September 12th, 2018

Global AI Narratives – Tokyo Workshop

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Table of Contents
Summary ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・2
Welcome remarks・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・5

・Dr Stephen Cave, Executive Director, CFI, University of Cambridge
・Professor Emeritus Shuji Hashimoto, Vice President, Waseda University

Session 1: UK AI Narratives ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ 7

・Dr Kanta Dihal, PI ‘Global AI Narratives’ CFI, University of Cambridge
・Dr Stephen Cave, Executive Director, CFI, University of Cambridge
・Dr Sarah Dillon, University Lecturer in Literature and Film and co-PI ‘AI Narratives’ at CFI, University ofCambridge

Session 2: JAPAN AI Narratives ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・9

・Professor Toshie Takahashi, Faculty of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Waseda University
・Mr Masayoshi Sakai, visiting research fellow, GLOCOM(Center for Global Communications, International
University of Japan)
・Professor Osamu Sakura, the Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, University of Tokyo, and RIKEN
Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP)・Dr Kentaro Watanabe, Planning Officer, Research Planning Office for Artificial Intelligence, Department ofInformation Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology(AIST)

Session 3: KOREA AI Narratives・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ ・13・Professor Kyung Sin Park, Korea University Law School, Director, Open Net Korea
・Professor Chihyoung Jeon, KAIST・Professor So-Young Kim, Head of the Graduate School of Science & Technology Policy, KAIST・Dr Kyoungmi Oh, Seoul National University of Science and Technology

Session 4: Interactive Exercise on Global AI Narratives“Cultural Differences between East and West about AI Imaginings” ・・・・・・・・ ・16
Closing Remarks・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ ・20
Professor Hironori Kasahara, Waseda University, IEEE Computer Society 2018 President

Speakers and Participants・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ ・22

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Summary
Dr. Stephen Cave & Dr. Kanta Dihal, the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence in Cambridge
Japanese and South Korean imaginings of robots
and intelligent machines are frequently evoked as analternative to Western depictions. But to what extent
are they really different, and how? How do East
Asian imaginings shape the public perception andtechnological advancement of AI in those areas? On
12 September 2018, we held the second Global AI
Narratives Workshop at Waseda University Tokyo to
explore these questions.
Professor Toshie Takahashi, from the School ofCulture, Media and Society at Waseda University, hadorganised the workshop in collaboration with CFI,
the Research Institute for Letters, Arts and Sciences
at Waseda, The Japanese Society for Artificial
Intelligence and The Robotics Society of Japan. It was
opened by the Vice President of Waseda University,
Professor emeritus Shuji Hashimoto. He emphasised
the importance of narratives at a time when AI was
posing many challenging questions, citing Umberto
Eco’s The Name of the Rose (1980): “Those things
about which we cannot theorise, we must narrate.”
There followed four sessions. First, the AI Narratives
team from CFI – Dr Kanta Dihal, Dr Stephen Cave,and Dr Sarah Dillon – presented some of theirwork so far: Dr Dihal on the influence of Asimov’slaws of robotics on science policy; Dr Cave on the
predominant hopes and fears for AI in the Anglophone
West; and Dr Dillon on her ‘What AI Researchers
Read’ project. The question and answer session
brought out a point that recurred throughout the day:while in Japan many AI researchers are influenced bycomics and anime, the role of the graphic in Western
Anglophone narratives is much smaller, and the mostinfluential ones (the Marvel and DC comics) only
tangentially deal with AI.
The next panel featured four Japanese researchers,

starting with Professor Takahashi herself. Her surveyof young people in Japan brought out fascinating
perspectives: for example, that 73% of Japaneseyouths view AI positively, while at the same time,
60% do not want robots to look humanoid. Her work
has taken her to the oldest as well as the youngest
citizens of Japan: also featured on the panel was thefamous robot seal PARO, whose maker, Professor
Takanori Shibata, was present at the workshop. In
nursing homes, the introduction of PARO reduced
the tension between residents and nurses. The roleof assistive technology for elderly-care services, apressing issue in ageing Japan, was also touched uponin the presentation of Dr Kentaro Watanabe. Japan,
as well as South Korea, as we learned later, is facing
a serious social problem in a society that is ageing at
an extremely high rate. AI and robots therefore havesignificant potential for social good in these societies.
Masayoshi Sakai returned to graphic genres in his
presentation on AI and robots in manga and animé.
He introduced the two concepts according to which
Japanese AI and robot characters can be categorized:the ‘buddy’ and the ‘extension’. Astroboy andDoraemon are the two ‘buddy’ characters that havemost strongly shaped Japanese conceptions of AI
and robots. Respectively in the form of a child and acat, they are also notably different from the two mostinfluential Western equivalents, Robby the Robot andthe Terminator. The ‘extension’ characters, whichhave been around in manga and anime since at least
1956 (Tetsujin-28 or ‘Iron Man 28’), are notablefor explicitly being (mere) tools: Tetsujin is notautonomous, but a servant of good or evil dependingon who possesses his remote control.
Professor Osamu Sakura from the University of Tokyo
touched upon another major theme in comparing
Eastern and Western AI narratives: while the West

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juxtaposes humans to both non-human animals
and to AI/robots, Eastern narratives emphasise
continuity between these categories. This is a resultof the different philosophical and religious traditions
prevalent in Japan, which, he argued, have been more
influenced by Taoism and relatively unaffected by the
Abrahamic religions.
The South Korean panel followed. It had an equal
gender balance, an approach the CFI team actively
facilitates throughout our Global AI Narratives project.
Professor Kyung Sin Park noted that this balanceis unfortunately not common in South Korea itself,
which he said is one of the most unequal societies
for women to live in. Nonetheless, the Korean panel
had a strong emphasis on feminism, including Dr
Kyoungmi Oh presenting on the history of computing
as a profession for women.
Professor So-Young Kim emphasised first andforemost the shock South Korea experienced whenin 2016 the British AlphaGo system defeated their
Go champion Lee Sedol (a theme picked up by otherpanellists). The media used the phrase ‘Robot Spring’,
reminiscent of the ‘Arab Spring’. A large amount offunding was subsequently poured into AI and robotics
research in Korea. The government framed this as acatch-up strategy, an attempt to reduce a perceived
gap between Korea and more advanced countries. She
explained that AI was communicated to the publicfollowing familiar narratives that had been used for
emerging technologies in the past.
Professor Chihyoung Jeon explained that the problemof an ageing society is equally pressing in South
Korea. Therefore, in both Japan and South Korea, theolder generation in particular does not consider robots
a threat to jobs as in Western countries: they are notreplacing people – they are being introduced in areas
where there is not enough human labour. However,Professor Jeon showed several examples of reality TV
shows in which human-robot interactions failed. Theseshows explored the effects of introducing humanoid

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robots in elderly people’s lives, including a woman
who was given a robot ‘grandchild’ and a man givena robot drinking buddy; the woman’s quality of life
was improved much more through interaction with the
production team.
After the three panels, the workshop attendees weredivided into groups for a discussion session. One
group consisted of Professor Takahashi’s students,
who had been immensely helpful throughout the day,to discuss what young people in Japan thought of AI.
With the average student in the group being born in
1997, their perspectives surprised some other Japanese
attendees. First, they found that their attitudes towards
AI were divided by gender, with the men in the grouphaving a more positive view of AI, and the women amore negative one. Second, the students stated thatmanga and anime such as Astroboy and Doraemon
had not influenced them as much as it had earlier
generations.
Doraemon, nonetheless, was used as the default
picture for illustrating AI stories in newspapers,
another discussion group found. This was a striking
contrast to the Terminator picture so prevalent in the
UK. Nonetheless, another discussion group noted that
the Terminator was not entirely absent: in Korea, thisimage was used to illustrate more cautious narratives
about AI, although these were seen as external toSouth Korea’s techno-utopian outlook.
Professor Takahashi and the CFI team are working on
a more detailed report of this meeting, and we lookforward to building on the many links it forged. In themeantime, this is a summary of the clearest points toemerge. Japanese and Korean narratives around AI
are:much less concerned about automation related
job loss than those of the UK and US;
much less concerned with themes of robot
rebellion;
tend to portray intelligent machines as friends,

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helpers or (reliable) extensions of humans, instead ofas murderous, rebellious Others;
influenced by a different philosophical tradition,
which emphasises connectedness between kinds ofentity (such as human, animal, machine);
concerned with keeping up with, or catching up
with, other countries (like the UK and US) that they
perceive to be ahead.
This summary was published on the CFI website on
8/10/2018 at: http://www.lcfi.ac.uk/news/2018/oct/8/
global-ai-narratives-japan/

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Welcome Remarks
Dr Stephen Cave, Executive Director, CFI, University of Cambridge

is portrayed and talked about in the Anglophone West.
But the impact of AI will be global, and managing
it for the benefit of all will require international,
cross-cultural collaboration. Different cultures see
AI through very different lenses. Diverse religious,
linguistic, philosophical, literary and cinematic
traditions have led to different conceptions ofintelligent machines. To build trust and collaboration
across cultures, and to make the most of this amazing
technology, we must understand these different waysof seeing what AI can and should be.

We are enormously grateful to Waseda University, andin particular Professor Toshie Takahashi, for hosting
this workshop with us in Tokyo. I am the Executive
Director of the Leverhulme Centre for the Futureof Intelligence, an interdisciplinary research centre
focused on the nature, ethics and impact of Artificial
Intelligence (AI). We are a collaboration between the
University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford,
Imperial College London, and the University ofCalifornia at Berkeley.
This event is part of our ‘Global AI Narratives’project. This project developed from the original ‘AI
Narratives’ project, which was conceived in 2016 asa collaboration between our Centre and the Royal
Society, the UK’s national academy of science. The
overall aim of the original ‘AI Narratives’ project was
to examine the stories we tell about AI, and the impact
those stories have on how the technology is developed,
deployed and regulated. Initially we looked at how AI

This is why we set up the ‘Global AI Narratives’project, in which we want to explore the way AI isperceived outside of the Anglophone West -- including
narratives both from developing countries and AI
superpowers like Japan. Through workshops like thisone, we want to identify the dominant narratives about
intelligent machines in different cultures. In the next
phase of the project, we aim to compare, translate anddisseminate these different ways of thinking about AI
around the world.
We know already that Japan and Korea have a richtradition of envisioning life with AI. We are very
grateful to Waseda University for the opportunity
to explore these traditions in depth at this importantworkshop.

Professor Emeritus Shuji Hashimoto, Vice
President, Waseda University
Although I have been serving as the senior executive
vice president for academic affairs and provost of
Waseda University, my field of research is Robotics
and Machine Learning. Therefore I am very interested
in today’s workshop.
For more than a half century, research on the

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principles, method and implementation of artificial
intelligence has been conducted. Many times, we havedeclared "finally real artificial intelligence has beenachieved" but we were betrayed each time for various
reasons. However, looking at the recent progress in
AI technology, it seems that this time it may be true.
IoT, Big Data and machine learning, seem to haveassembled a global brain system. The connectedcomputers are presenting adequate answers to many
complicated problems that could not previously havebeen solved.
Science and technology are inextricably linked.
Science organizes knowledge and new discoveries,
constructing the theory within which to understand,
while technology provides the means and methods
to put theory into practice, and provide solutions toreal world problems. But AI changes this paradigm
by instead producing solutions directly from a huge
accumulation of data. It seems that science is displaced
from the traditional picture “science and technology”,
with a new picture of emerging of technology alonedelivering solutions. At the moment, AI gives us
really good answers, but it does not tell us why these06

answers are correct. There is no proof of validity.
There is no theoretical explanation. The output of AI
often sounds like God's revelation.
In such a situation, all we can do is believe in AI,
saying that "the computer is aware of all." I see a crisisof science in such a situation. I believe we need tostart a new story of science together with a new tool of
AI. At, present, we know a lot of facts. Next what wewant to know is the truth behind them. Human beings
are sometimes satisfied with clear explanations, even
if they cannot get the best solution. AI is not yet in
the final stage but nor is human intelligence. There isanother story to come.
I have not asked the Organizer, Professor Toshie
Takahashi, about the exact meaning of “narrative” inthe title of this workshop. However, it reminds me ofUmberto Eco’s phrase “Whereof one cannot theorize,
thereof one must narrate”, on the inner sleeve of his
first novel, “The Name of the Rose”.
Finally I would like to thank the Centre for the Futureof Intelligence, University of Cambridge for the great
support to make this workshop possible. And needlessto say, we must thank Professor Toshie Takahashi forher valuable efforts as the organizer.

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Session 1: UK AI Narratives

Chair
Dr Sarah Dillon, University Lecturer in Literature andFilm and co-PI ‘AI Narratives’ at CFI, University ofCambridge

real world. What the laws really show us is the limitof any simple programmed principles- or laws-based
approach to AI ethics. Nonetheless, these laws are being
relied on for ethics guidance. Some influential works,
such as the US Navy’s report on autonomous military
robotics, uncritically accept them as guidelines forthe development of intelligent robots. Others display
indirect influence, acknowledging that Asimov’s laws areintentionally flawed, interpreting this, however, as a needfor other, better laws. The principles that came out of the2017 Asilomar conference are an example. This paperargues that Asimov’s laws should be neither directly
nor indirectly relied on to shape real AI and robotics
regulations.

Panelists
Dr Kanta Dihal, PI ‘Global AI Narratives’ ,CFI, University of Cambridge
From Asimov To Asilomar: How IntentionallyImperfect Plot Devices Shape Our Understandingof Robot Ethics
Abstract
Isaac Asimov’s Laws of Robotics have influenced not
only AI and robotics research, but also its ethical andlegal governance. This paper argues that this influence isproblematic. Asimov’s laws were never intended to be
used as real guidelines for AI ethics, and are unsuitable
for this purpose: as literary devices, they are intentionallyflawed in order to create a compelling story. Asimov
shows throughout his literary career that these laws
fail as soon as they encounter the complexities of theSeptember 12th, 2018 Global AI Narratives – Tokyo Workshop

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Dr Stephen Cave, Executive Director, CFI,
University of Cambridge

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Dr Sarah Dillon, University Lecturer in Literatureand Film and co-PI ‘AI Narratives’ at CFI,
University of Cambridge

Hopes and Fears for AI

Abstract
This paper categorises
the fundamental hopes
and fears that underpin
narratives of artificial
intelligence from Homerto the present day. Basedon a survey of affective
associations in fictionaland nonfictional narratives,
we argue that these hopes
and fears can be structured
into four dichotomies
on the themes life, time,desire, and power. Each dichotomy comprises a hope and aparallel fear, which we describe as: immortality / inhumanity,ease / obsolescence, gratification / alienation, and dominance /uprising. We argue that the idea of control is crucial to whether
the hope or fear predominates, and that understanding thisdynamic is central to understanding public responses to AI
systems. This is based on joint work with Kanta Dihal.

What AI Researchers Read:
The Role of Literature in Artificial Intelligence
Research

Abstract
This paper investigates the role that literature plays
in artificial intelligence research through a qualitativeinterview study of 20 active AI researchers. The
paper situates its interview study in the context ofan emerging field of investigation into the influenceof literature on science. It highlights the lack of
research in the sociological study of science into thefunctioning of literature as an agency that transmits
knowledge. The paper outlines and justifies themethodology of the study before moving on to present
the findings and discussion. The findings evidence
the influence AI researchers’ leisure reading can haveon career choice, research direction, community
formation, social and ethical thinking, and science
communication.

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Session 2: JAPAN AI Narratives
Chair
Professor Toshie Takahashi, Faculty of Letters,
Arts and Sciences, Waseda University

Panelists
Professor Toshie Takahashi, Faculty of
Letters, Arts and Sciences, Waseda University
AI Narratives and Social impact of Robots
Abstract
Arguably, we are seeing the dawn of “the fourthindustrial revolution”. With the disruptive potentialof new and emerging technologies such as Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and robots comes both a slew of risks
and opportunities, locally and globally. Technologicaldevelopments in AI and robotics have been discussed in
the context of a dichotomy between utopia and dystopia.
European views tend to be dystopian, with fears such as
unemployment and AI-driven inequality, while Japanese
views tend to be utopian with hopes of social benefits inan aging society.
Western portrayals of the Japanese embrace of AI androbotics are influenced by a long history of technoorientalism. But how are the Japanese different fromwesterners and why?

In my talk, I shall begin by briefly introducing thetheoretical framework I developed for a deeper
understanding of the social impact of AI and robots. I
will then share some observations from my three ongoingprojects. The first one is “Global AI Narratives” - within
a Japanese context -, the second one is “Youth and AI”
and the last one is “Robot Engagement.”
In terms of the Global AI Narratives project, AI imaginings
in Japanese media texts could be summarized as follows:
In fiction such as novels, manga, animation, TV drama:
1.AI has been portrayed as robotic or humanoid, rather
than as a computer programme.
2.AI is depicted much more positively, possessing thecapacity for love and emotion and helping and coexisting with humans rather than being depicted as anenemy.
In non-fiction such as TV documentaries, newspapers,
magazines and SNS:
3.AI has been introduced as a useful tool for businessas well as of benefit for an aging society.
However recently, we can see AI has been portrayed
as intellectually superior to humans, e.g., in the caseof Alpha Go.
4.There are also negative discourses such as AI
replacing humans in their jobs
The analysis of both media texts and their audiences
are needed to understand AI narratives in Japan.
Therefore we have conducted in-depth interviews
and surveys with 354 young people aged between 1529 to elicit their views on AI. These surveys showedthat about 70% of young people have positive imagesof AI/robots. However, 60% of young people do
not want AI/robots to be humanoid. Having both
positive and negative imaginings, how do Japanesepeople actually engage with robots? To start to adress
this question, I will talk about my “Robot Engagement”
project.

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AI and robots are truly global issues. Ethical guidelines
on AI as well as strategies on AI and data-driven
innovation are needed and heavily discussed both locallyand globally. I hope the case of Japan could be helpful
to consider “smart wisdom” in order to create a better AI
society together.

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people tend to humanize AI and robots naturally
even if they are so big that no one can recognize
them as humanlike.
It is difficult to reconcile the idea of AI as human or ahuman equal with the sense that they are accessories forhumans, since they are designed by them. There can be
two approaches to solving this, either to prohibit the designof robots that fully resemble humans, or to approve 'robot
rights' equivalent to 'human rights' socially. Japanese manga
and animé prefer the latter and the world where humans androbots can somehow equally coexist.
Therefore, Japanese manga and animé tend to illustrate
robots and AI with similar flaws and imperfections tohumans. A perfect AI often is an object of fear even if
they are apparently useful for human beings. This mightsuggest that we should prohibit the development of aperfect AI with unlimited authority but instead embrace amodel of designing AI and robots that are more similar tohumans with limited capabilities and authority.

Mr Masayoshi Sakai, Visiting Research Fellow,
GLOCOM (Center for Global Communications,International University of Japan)
AI and Robots in Japanese Manga/Comics
and Anime/Cartoons
Abstract
Manga and Animé have had a strong influence on
Japanese society across all generations for decades.
Robots and AI have appeared in manga and animé fromthe beginning and have been forming the imaginings ofthese technologies in the minds of Japanese people.
We can identify two main roles of Robots and
AI in manga and animé. One is as a buddy to themain character, with superpowers and a senseof justice. In this role, they act just the same as
humans do but sometimes do more than humans,for example, flying to the sky, breaking a rock andso on. The other role is as a half-autonomous big
robot that the main character controls. JapaneseProfessor Osamu Sakura, the Interfaculty
Initiative in Information Studies, Universityof Tokyo, and RIKEN Center for AdvancedIntelligence Project (AIP)
Toward Cultural Studies of AI/Robots
Abstract
It has recently been rather commonly said that artificial

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intelligence (AI) and robots will defeat, dominate andeven exterminate human beings in the near future. We
can detect at the base of such discourse about artifacts
the following specific frameworks: a perspective thattreats humans and machines as opposites, a view of
mechanics in which machines are expected to run
automatically and efficiently, regarding human beingsas special creatures different from other beasts.
The process of human evolution has always involved
interaction with various artifacts such as making stone
tools, dressing in clothes, building houses, plowing
and hoeing the land, and building rafts and boats fortransportation. The oldest tool use by humankind canbe traced back to 3.3 million years ago. Artifacts are
an inevitable part of human life, and human beingsare partners to artifacts. AI/robots are still put into thesame category with those artifacts. I believe that theargument becomes biased when we place artifacts andhuman beings in binary opposition and only consider
which would be dominant over the other.
Instead, we should treat humans and machines as
an inseparable, single system, and then analyze thecharacteristics and potential of this system. I believe
this is a more productive and constructive way toconsider the relationship between AI/robots andhuman beings in the near future. To establish such
perspective, the Eastern view of nature is helpful, in
which humans are regarded as parts of nature rather
than emphasizing a human/nature dichotomy.

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Dr Kentaro Watanabe, Planning Officer, Research
Planning Office for Artificial Intelligence,
Department of Information Technology and
Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)How should we design AI for society?
Abstract
AI is a general-purpose technology that is no longer
only for research institutes and digital high-techcompanies, but for all industries and parts of society.
Modularized AI software/hardware, computerresources, practical skills and use cases have alreadybecome available through the Internet and othersources at a small cost. To adress potential threatscaused by AI, a number of ethical principles andguidelines about the development and application of
AI have been discussed and proposed by governments,
international organizations and research institutes.
The basic condition to try out AI for various kinds ofbusinesses and social challenges is gradually being
set up. However, this still requires a lot of studies on
how to design and develop AI for industry and society.
While the research on AI engineering is anticipated torealize a more efficient and formal AI development
process, I would like to shed light o n how to design,develop and implement AI in way that is valuable forstakeholders in different socio-economic and culturalcontexts. This requires us to shift our focus from AI
itself to humans, their activities and value. I introduce
a new concept: “technology-assisted service system.”In this concept, the role of technology including
AI is placed in the value creation processes among
stakeholders. The AI design and development process
based on this concept will incorporate analysis andredesign of the service system in which AI is used.
As an example of the research being done on thetechnology-assisted service system, I will introduce aJapanese-Finnish international collaborative projectcalled Meaningful Technology for Seniors (METESE).
In this project, a comparative study on the Japaneseand Finnish service systems for elderly care wasconducted with the goal of better integration ofassistive technologies.

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Based on experience from this project, I would like todiscuss the necessity of an international study on AI
design methodology in different societies.

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Session 3: KOREA AI Narratives
Chair
Professor Kyung Sin Park, Korea University
Law School, Director, Open Net Korea

instinct, which other animals meet also. At that point,
what becomes more important is whether we WANT totreat AI as a human being, that is program AI in a waythat self-preservation becomes its singular goal against
the scarcity of resources such as electric power andcomputer chips. A brief thought experiment supports
the prediction that we will NOT treat or program in sucha way. Although more detailed research is due on thatissue, I postulate that AI's effects on the digital rights
landscape will be rather limited for this reason.

Panelists
Professor Kyung Sin Park, Korea University
Law School, Director, Open Net Korea
Ethical Issues Arising From of AI
Abstract
The emergence of AI profoundly affects digital rights.
Much of our thinking about privacy and free expression
is built on premises about what constitutes a humanbeing. For example, having a paper "record" with private
thoughts written on it is not deemed to invade anyone's
privacy because paper is not a human being. Intermediaryliability norms are justified by the argument that
posting contents online should be subject to approvalof other human beings. Hence the importance of thequestion of AI's humanity. What are the qualificationsof humanness? Intelligence as a requirement suffersfrom its inability to explain our willingness to accept
thoroughly unintelligent human behavior as human. Free
will also fails because of our inability to understand ourown freeness. What is clearly a necessary (as opposed
to sufficient) condition of humanity may be survival

Professor Chihyoung Jeon, KAISTWill Robots Take Care of Us? Emerging Narrativesof Robots in South Korea
Abstract
In this presentation, I examine recent technoculturalexperiments with robots in Korea, such as education
programs, TV shows, international competitions, andgovernment R&D plans, in which robots are imagined,
anticipated, celebrated, and experimented with. I am
interested in the emerging narratives of robots in a society
burdened with an aging population and natural disasters.
I choose two areas in which robots are being mobilized

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to deal with imminent social issues: elderly care anddisaster rescue. Both have become serious agenda
topics in Korea, though these are not, of course, uniqueto Korea. Robots in Korea are considered relevant tothese issues in a way that reveals anxieties from unequalsocioeconomic conditions (for aging populations) as
well as frustrations about the incapable state (in saving
citizens’ lives). I examine the conditions under which
the use of robots is suggested, and even seems to makesense, in addressing impending issues in Korea. Whatmakes using robots seem like a viable option? What are
the narratives that support and precipitate the emergenceof robots? I point out that robots in Korea contribute to
the narrative of “technofuturistic escape”: a tendency topromote idealized scenarios of the future, in which all
problems will have been solved by technosciences, while
avoiding the socioeconomic realities and dysfunctional
systems of today

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the nine National Strategic Projects (NSP). This research
looks into the perception and promotion of AI in R&D
policy discourses in South Korea with a focus on NSP
development. Three key features of policy discourses on
AI are identified through the analysis of various policy
documents and events. First, the R&D policy discourse
on AI in South Korea is heavily driven by economic andindustrial needs as exemplified by AI technology beingclassified primarily as a “growth engine” rather thanas enabling or promoting quality of life or happinessof citizens. Second, added to this utilitarian view, AI isfrequently singled out (or even equated to) the Fourth
Industrial Revolution (4IR) that is now driving numerous
policy initiatives in virtually every area of government
policy. In light of the growing concern that 4IR is being
used as an excuse for a more growth-oriented strategy
at a time of increasing inequality and injustice, thisassociation is quite worrisome as it can limit the potentialof AI for more inclusive growth and innovation. Finally,
the ways in which the government promotes R&D in AI
and related technologies are permeated with the catch-up
mentality, in which technological levels are numericallymeasured against those of advanced countries so as
to generate a feeling of urgency among policy agentsand citizens alike. In short, despite the image of AI as anovel, innovative, emerging technology enabling social
innovation, the South Korean government's promotionof R&D for AI relies heavily on the age-old strategy ofcatch-up to overcome technological laggard status.

Professor So-Young Kim, Head of the Graduate
School of Science & Technology Policy, KAISTAI in South Korea R&D Policy Discourses
Abstract
The South Korean government has significantly
increased its funding for AI research since the widely
televised AlphaGo match of March 2016. The numberof government-funded R&D projects has since tripled,with the government formally announcing AI as one of

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Dr. Kyoungmi Oh, Seoul National University of
Science and Technology
Why is the Default Setting of Alexa Female?
Abstract
Apple’s Siri, Amazon’s Alexa, Samsung’s Bixbi, Naver’s
Clova, and KT’s Gini are well-known voice recognition AIs
widely called “AI secretaries”. These secretaries on-demand
search, choose, and process data to provide the exact datanecessary for resolving the problems and situations that users
face. Notably, they are usually presented as female while
the developers of AI are usually presented as male geniuses
or nerds. Is this a coincidence or a natural manifestation ofgender roles? I think that it is neither but is instead the resultof deep-rooted practices of gender discrimination. I go on to
explore the pathways through which history intersects withtechnology.

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Session 4: Interactive Exercise on Global AI Narratives“Cultural Differences between East and West about AI Imaginings”
Chair
Dr Kanta Dihal, PI ‘Global AI Narratives’, CFI,
University of Cambridge
Group1:What do young people think of AI in
Japan?
This group discussed whether famous AI characterssuch as DORAEMON influenced young people’s
thinking and understanding of AI. A view that emerged
was that these characters are less influential on young
people’s perceptions of AI than non-fiction media suchas news and SNS. This is because they (DORAEMON)
are perceived as characters.They are not AI or Robots,
but more like Mickey Mouse.

In past work we conducted a survey among youth inJapan,exploring questions about how young people got
information about AI. This showed that young people got
most of their information from media such as the Internet,
news media, and SNS.
The stereotype that DORAEMON is the most influential
character on Japanese perceptions of AI could be viewed
as a result of techno-Orientalism.

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Group2: Narratives of AI in GamesIn the discussion group on AI in games, AI as a topic
or motif in games was first discussed, such as whether
AI is depicted as a friend or an enemy. Though an
example of the companion robot in a game wasintroduced, no further concrete remark was given.
However, it would be natural that games as a major
media affect conceptions of AI.
Much of the discussion was about how AI is usedin games. There were three roles. The first role is as
an autonomous player. AI in this role can be seen invarious types of games, including role playing, action,
simulation and puzzle games. Especially in the recent
evolution of board games, AI is impressive, froma weak opponent to kill time to an effective trainer
even for professional game players. The second roleis an adjuster. For recent online games, AI adjusts thegame level for each player, which is essential to retain
players’ attention. Such AI is highlighted from thebusiness perspective also. The third role for AI is as acreator. Though this type of AI has not yet matured, it
can be used to create maps in a game, for example.
The impact of games on real life was also discussed.
Serious games were identified as having positive
impacts. For example, some interactive games for theelderly and patients with disabilities are effective formaintaining or even improving physical and cognitive
capabilities. AI is also available for assessing users’
capabilities and customizing training programs
accordingly. There are also negative aspects of games
such as bullying behaviour and excessive real money
trades of virtual items.

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Group3: Narratives of AI in News MediaWe discussed how AI is treated in the media in the UK,
Korea, and Japan.
We started by asking each participant what image mostfrequently appears alongside articles on AI.
In the UK, it is "Terminator," an immortal android who tries
to conquer and annihilate human society with tremendously
powerful technology.
In Japan, it is "Doraemon," a manga and TV anime characterrobot who came from the future to help Nobita, a 4th-grade boy.
The Images in Korea are rather neutral, including images ofbrains or networks of lighted dots with lines connecting them.
So why the difference? The UK is among the leading
countries in the develpment of AI, with prominent AI
companies such as DeepMind. But people in the UK are notas aware of this fact as they are fearful of the technology as
something that exploits their privacy and monetizes theirdata without their permission.

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Alpha Go's victory over a top Korean Go player in 2016,
left a big impression on Koreans that AI technology
has come to be capable of carrying out a tremendous
amount of computation that was previously thought to be
impossible.
Are there factors in play other than literature, animeand movies? We focused on the government's attitudes
toward AI as demonstrated by policymaking. The UK
government seems to pay more attention to protecting
individuals' privacy on the Internet, which nurtures
more cautious attitudes among citizens than optimistic
expectations In Korea and Japan, governments aretrying to promote AI technology as a growth engine forthe economy, cajoling people to develop technologies
domestically because they are lagging behind Europe,
the U.S. and China. This results in more positive news
reports on AI than negative ones and sometimes too
many headlines containing the word "AI."
Especially in Korea, AI and Robotic technology are
expected to help lessen the negative effects of an aging
society, so these technologies appear frequently in news aswell as on TV programs .

On the contrary, long-loved manga characters havecontributed a lot to instill a positive image of AI in theJapanese public consciousness.

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Group4: Which Western narratives are popularin the East? And which Eastern narratives in theWest?
The group began with agreement that the WesternEastern difference is not the issue. What’s far more
serious is divided countries, that is, different opinions
within countries. Education, class, and the strength ofthe connection with science and technology can create
lateral transnational similarities which can elide morevertical differences within countries themselves.
Participants suggested that there is a very positive
acceptance of AI in South Korea, whilst the sense
was that Japan is closer to the Western narrative. The
content of the discussion then diverged (and in someinstances questioned) this original suggestion:
1.Cultural differences:
It was suggested that South Koreans have a stronger
inclination to risk taking and tend to look to the futurewith optimism, whilst the Japanese are more hesitant,and tend to worry about things first. There is therefore
more black and white thinking in South Korea, whilst
the Japanese are more cautionary when thinking about
AI and inclined to a less certain position: it may bepartially good.
2. Legal situation:
Japan has adapted the data protection law to facilitate
working with big data, whereas the data law changes inSouth Korea keep getting blocked. Korea has a narrative
about data monopoly – that internet companies and19

government agencies have access to too much personal
data which is not good. This is a narrative coming fromcivil society organisations.
3. Source of AI Narratives:
South Korea’s positive images of AI and robots areinternally generated by the government’s agenda.
More cautionary narratives are taken from Western
narratives e.g. the Terminator. These kinds of criticalnarratives are seen as external to South Korea’s more
techno-utopian outlook. Positive images are linked tothe promotion of this.
4. Generational Differences
Younger people in South Korea are more worried about AI
in terms of replacing their jobs. South Korea has a highly
educated young population, but high unemployment. In
Japan, the narratives also differ by age. Younger people
who like to use AI for their benefit, are forward-looking,whereas older and more educated people are worried that
AI is monopolised by the tech giants. Implicit anxiety
still dominates here. Elder Japanese people do not use
the internet widely and there is a perception that Japan isbehind on the research front. There is no word for ‘AI’in the lexicon of the older generation. ‘Electric brain’ isa phrase that is instead used - for the elderly this phrase
evokes the idea that the computer controls everything,which leads to fear. One interesting suggestion was inrelation to the Japanese idea of Okami – which would
translate as ‘great upper existence’ – and a fear of whatmight happen if Okami were to be dominated by AI.

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Closing Remarks
Professor Hironori Kasahara, Waseda University, IEEE Computer Society 2018 President
on April 7 in 2003 in Takadanobaba, the home town of
Waseda University.
ATOM was a robot with AI as well as human emotion,
an atomic energy generator, and a jet engine for flying.
However, Dr, Temma sold ATOM to the Circus since
ATOM’s body did not grow like a human boy. Dr.
Ochanomizu helped ATOM and created his family: parents, elder brother and younger sister. ATOM
always helped human beings and sometimes fought
against evil robots. In the original story, he died tohelp human beings. So, every robot hero in Japanobeys laws of Robotics like Asimov’s Laws.

I am Hironori Kasahara, IEEE Computer Society
President 2018 and a professor at the Departmentof Computer Science and Engineering at Waseda
University.
First of all, I would like to thank Professor Toshie
Takahashi for organizing this wonderful event “Global
AI Narratives Tokyo” and all participants including
distinguished international researchers from the United
Kingdom and Korea.
There are many different feelings for robots and AI
that vary by country. In Japan, robots and AI live
together as friends, with AI thought of as helpful tohumans, like the famous “Manga” and “Animation”
Astro-Boy and Doraemon.
Manga Astro-Boy, or in Japanese ATOM, was createdin 1952. In the story, ATOM was created instead of ason of Dr. Temma, who was killed in a car accident,

At Waseda University, Prof. Ichiro Kato started
development of WABOT-1, a human like robot with
two arms, two legs and a man-machine conversation
system in 1970. Since then, there have been many
humanoid robot developments, like Musician Robot,
or WABOT-2, that played Electron, or keyboardsfor hands and legs, with Orchestra in Tsukuba Expo.
1985. It could read a musical score autonomously
and communicate with humans by voice. TWENDYONE, an elderly care robot by Prof. Shigeki Sugano,a president of SICE; Flute and Clarinet Playing robots
and two - legged walking robots by Prof. Atsuo
Takanish, a president of Japan Robotics Society, andmany more. All the robots in Waseda University havebeen safe for humans and obeyed the laws of robotics.
If you can find time to visit Waseda University
robotics research teams, it will be very interesting.
Please enjoy the robots at Waseda University.
Thank you very much again for participating in thisevent and for the interesting discussions.

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September 12th, 2018

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Speakers and Participants

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Speakers

Chair &Local Organiser
Professor Toshie takahashi
Professor, WasedaUniversity
Toshie Takahashi is Professor in the School of Culture, Media and Society, Waseda University, Tokyo andhas held visiting appointments at the University of Oxford, Harvard’s Berkman Klein Center for Internet andSociety as well as the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence, the University of Cambridge, andColumbia University. She conducts cross-cultural and trans-disciplinary research on the social impact of robots
as well as the potential of AI for Social Good. Her latest book, entitled "Towards the age of Digital Wisdom”(2016, Shinnyosha, in Japanese) is based on the collaborative project on “Young People and Digital Media” with
the University of Oxford and Harvard’s Berkman Klein Center won the first prize for the Telecommunicationsocial science award. Finally, Takahashi sits on the technology advisory committee of The Tokyo Organising
Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games 2020.

Dr. Stephen Cave
Executive Director,CFI, University of Cambridge
Dr Stephen Cave is Executive Director of the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence, Senior Research
Associate in the Faculty of Philosophy, and Fellow of Hughes Hall, all at the University of Cambridge.
Stephen earned a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge, then joined the British Foreign Office, where he served
as a policy advisor and diplomat. He has subsequently written and spoken on a wide range of philosophicaland scientific subjects, including in the New York Times, The Atlantic, and on television and radio around theworld. His research interests currently focus on the nature, portrayal and governance of AI. He is co-editor of
the forthcoming collection AI Narratives: A History of Imaginative Thinking About Intelligent Machines and iscurrently working with Dr Kanta Dihal on the monograph AI: A Mythology.

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Professor Emeritus Shinji Hashimoto
Vice president, Waseda University
Shuji Hashimoto is the Senior Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs & Provost, Waseda University.
He graduated from the Department of Applied Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University
in 1970. He continued his studies at the Graduate School of Science and Engineering at Waseda University,and earned his Ph.D.in 1977 (Doctor of Engineering).After working as an assistant professor at the School of
Science and Engineering, Waseda University, he assumed his positionas a professor at the School of Scienceand Engineering, Waseda University in 1993, and then as a professor of the current Faculty of Science andEngineering in September 2004.Among other positions, he was the Senior Dean of the Faculty of Scienceand Engineering from September 2006 to September 2010.He assumed his current post in November 2010.
He is an expert in instrumentation and information engineering, the application of stochastic processes, image
processing, roboticsand artificial intelligence.

Dr Kanta Dihal
PI 'Global AI Narratives' CFI, University of Cambridge
Dr Kanta Dihal is a Postdoctoral research associate and PI 'Global AI Narratives' Project at the Leverhulme
Centre for the Future of Intelligence, University of Cambridge. As a researcher on the AI Narratives project
she explores how fictional and nonfictional stories shape the development and public understanding of artificial
intelligence. Kanta's work intersects the fields of science communication, literature and science, and science
fiction. She obtained her DPhil in science communication at the University of Oxford: in her thesis, titled 'The
Stories of Quantum Physics,' she investigated the communication of conflicting interpretations of quantum
physics to adults and children. She is co-editor of the forthcoming collection AI Narratives: A History of
Imaginative Thinking About Intelligent Machines and is currently working with Dr Stephen Cave on themonograph AI: A Mythology.

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Dr Sarah Dillon
University Lecturer in Literature and Film and co-PI'AI Narratives' at CFI, University of Cambridge
Dr Sarah Dillon is Director of the AI: Narratives and Justice Programme at the Leverhulme Centre for the Futureof Intelligence, co-PI of the AI Narratives project and co-I of the Global AI Narratives project. She is also a
University Lecturer in Literature and Film in the Faculty of English at the University of Cambridge. Dr Dillon isa scholar of contemporary literature, film and philosophy, with a research focus on the epistemological function
and role of fictional narratives, and on the public humanities. She is author of The Palimpsest: Literature,
Criticism, Theory (2007) and Deconstruction, Feminism, Film (2018), and editor of David Mitchell: Critical
Essays (2011) and Maggie Gee: Critical Essays (2015). Forthcoming books include AI Narratives: A Historyof Imaginative Thinking about Intelligent Machines (co-edited with Stephen Cave and Kanta Dihal) and Listen:
Taking Stories Seriously (co-authored with Claire Craig).

Professor Hironori Kasahara
Waseda University, IEEE Computer Society 2018 President
Hironori Kasahara is an IEEE Computer Society President 2018 and a professor in the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering at Waseda University. He is an IEEE Fellow, an IPSJ Fellow, a professional memberof the IEEE Eta Kappa Nu, a member of the Engineering Academy of Japan and the Science Council of Japan.
He received a PhD in 1985 from Waseda University, Tokyo, joined its faculty in 1986, and has been a professorof computer science since 1997 and a director of the Advanced Multicore Research Institute since 2004. He wasa visiting scholar at University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign’s
Center for Supercomputing R&D.Kasahara received the CS Golden Core Member Award, IFAC World Congress
Young Author Prize, Sakai Special Research Award, and the Japanese Minister’s Science and Technology Prize.
He led Japanese national projects on parallelizing compilers and multicores, and has presented 216 papers,161
invited talks, and 43 international patents. His research has appeared in 569 newspaper and Web articles.

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Mr Masayoshi Sakai
visiting research fellow,
GLOCOM(Center for Global Communications,International University of Japan)
Masayoshi Sasaki is a specialist on the information industry and entertainment industry in the Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan, which he joined just after graduating from the University ofTokyo (B.A in Law). Before joining IPA, he worked as the general-manager of the Tokyo International Film
Festival, a visiting associate professor at Waseda University, and a senior analyst for global strategy (informationindustry) in METI. He was responsible for concept design of Japan’s participation as a Partner Country for
CeBIT2017 in Germany, where Japan’s PM Shinzo ABE revealed the “Society 5.0” concept.

Professor Osamu Sakura
the Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, University of Tokyo
AIP-RIKEN
Dr. Osamu Sakura is Professor of Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, the University of Tokyo and PI
of Research Project for Science, Technology and Society, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP),
Japan. His research centers on the general and theoretical aspects of science communication. His main interests
are neuroethics, historical comparison of evolutionary theory, and cultural aspects of AI and robotics. He has
also been engaged in the relation between experts and local people in the Fukushima disaster area. He taught inYokohama National University (1993-2000) and worked as visiting scholar on the University of Freiburg (199596) before moving to his current position. He has published hundreds of journal papers and several books.
Osamu SakuraInterfaculty Initiative in Information Studies,The University of Tokyo,3-7-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo, 113-0033, Japansakura@iii.u-tokyo.ac.jp

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Dr Kentaro Watanabe
Planning Officer, Research Planning Office for Artificial
Intelligence, Department of InformationTechnology and Human Factors,
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
Dr. Kentaro Watanabe is a planning officer, Research Planning Office for AI, Department of Information
Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST),
Japan. He received M. Eng. at the University of Tokyo (2005), and Ph.D (Eng.) at Tokyo Metropolitan
University (2012) after experience in technology and business development in industry. His research interest isin engineering design, service design, service engineering and other related topics on design / service research.
Since he joined AIST (2012), he has been studying a design methodology for technology-assisted service
system, in which multiple stakeholders co-create value with support of technology including ICT, robotics andAI. He has led or joined a number of research projects, especially on care work and assistive technology. He
was also a visiting researcher at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd (2016-2017). He is currently
working for research planning on AI and international collaboration.

Professor Kyung Sin Park
Korea University Law School, Director, Open Net Korea
Professor, Korea University Law School. Co-founder of www.opennetkorea.org. Served as Commissioner at
Korean Communication Standards Commission, a Presidentially appointed Internet content regulation body(2011-2014). Served as Member of the National Media Commission, a Parliament-appointed advisory bodyon newspaper-broadcasting co-ownership bans and other media and Internet regulations (2010). Served as
International Relations Counsel to the Korea Film Council and arranged the Korea-France Film Co-production
Treaty, and advised on the UNESCO Cultural Diversity Convention (2002-2007). Has served both as Executive
Director, PSPD Law Center (2008-), and Open Net Korea (2013-) which have pursued and won several
high profile impact litigation and legislative advocacies in freedom of speech, privacy, net neutrality, web
accessibility, digital innovation, and intellectual property. Founded Korea University Law Review and the Law
Schools' Clinical Legal Education Center and founded www.internetlawclinic.org and www.transparency.kr
under that Center.

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Professor Chihyoung Jeon
KAIST
Chihyung Jeon teaches STS (Science, Technology, and Society) at the Graduate School of Science andTechnology Policy at KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology). He is involved in theemotion-based AI digital companion research project, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT in Korea,
and is serving as a chair for the ethics subcommittee at the KAIST Institute for AI. He is also a group leader
at the Center for Anthropocene Studies, which was recently launched at KAIST with funding from Korea
Research Foundation to examine emerging scientific and social concerns in the "human epoch," ranging fromclimate change to artificial intelligence. Jeon's research focuses on the shifting relationship between humans andtechnologies with case studies in Korea such as AI with political values and robots for elderly education.

Professor So -Young Kim
Head of the Graduate School of Science & Technology Policy, KAISTSo Young Kim is the Head of the Graduate School of Science & Technology Policy at KAIST. Her research deals with highstakes issues at the interface of S&T and public policy such as R&D funding and evaluation, basic science policy, science
workforce, science-based ODA, and governance of emerging technologies. She is the editorial member for the East AsianScience, Technology, and Society and a program committee member of the biennial Atlanta Conference on Science andInnovation. Kim has also served numerous governmental committees including the National S&T Vision Committee, theNational R&D Evaluation Review Committee under the Ministry of Science and ICT, She is currently chairing the Long-term
Policy Planning Committee of the Korea Federation of Women’s S&T Associations and co-chairing the Fourth Industrial
Revolution Net of the Korea Federation of S&T Association. She sits on the World Economic Forum’s Global Future Council
and on the Expert Panel for the Public Understanding of Risk Institute of the National University of Singapore.

Dr Kyoungmi Oh
Kyoungmi Oh holds a Ph.D in Digital Cultural Studies from the Graduate School of Public Policy and Information
Technology at Seoul National University of Science of Technology and has studied and spoken on techno-feminism.Has
jointly published Hyundai gisool midiuh choelhakui galaedeul, translatable into Contemporary Philosophies of Technology
and Media, published by Greenbee, 2016.

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Participants

Jaan Tallin
Founding engineer of skype and Kazaa as well as a co-founder of theCambridge Centre for the Study of Existential Risk and the Future of Life Institute
Jaan Tallinn is a founding engineer of Skype and Kazaa. He is a co-founder of the Cambridge Centre for the
Study of Existential Risk, Future of Life Institute , and philanthropically supports other existential risk researchorganisations. Jaan is on the Board of Sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, member of the HighLevel Expert Group on AI at the European Commission, and has served on the Estonian President's Academic
Advisory Board. He is also an active angel investor, a partner at Ambient Sound Investments, and a former
investor in and director of the AI company DeepMind.

Dr. Tohru Asami
Tohru Asami received B.E. degree and M.E. degree in electrical engineering from Kyoto University in 1974
and 1976 respectively, and Ph.D. from University of Tokyo in 2005. In 1976, he joined KDD (KDDI). Since
that time, he has been working in several research areas such as UNIX-based data communication systems,
network management systems (especially expert systems for transmission line faults), etc. After C.E.O. of
KDDI R&D Labs. Inc., in 2006, he moved to The University of Tokyo as a professor of Dept. of Information
and Communication Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology. Since 2017, he has
been President of Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Japan. He is a member of theIEEE and IEICE (The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Japan). From 2003
to 2005, he was a vice chairman of the board of directors of Information System Society in IEICE (IEICE-ISS).

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Tomoyoshi Inoue
Director-General of Institute for Information and Communications
Policy at the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC)
Mr. Tomoyoshi INOUE is Director-General of Institute for Information and Communications Policy at the
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC), presiding over “the Conference toward AI Network
Society.”He joined the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications in 1989 (reorganized into MIC in 2001).
After serving various positions including Director of Economic Research Office, Director of Regional
Information Policy Office, Counsellor of the Cabinet Secretariat, and Principal Economist of the Japan Center
for Economic Research (JCER). He has served in his current position since 2018.

Satoru Otake
Senior Fellow of JST
Satoru OHTAKE joined the science and technology administration in the Government of Japan in1984, just after graduating
the Graduate School of the University of Tokyo where he was conferred Master Degree of Science in high energy physics.
In his public service career in science administration, he engaged in policy planning and R&D management; establishmentof the Government’s Science and Technology Basic Plans (in 1996, 2001 and 2011), establishing and running research
programs and projects in photonics, mathematical science; engaging International Human Frontier Science Program in the
HFSP Organization in Strasbourg in France between 1990 and 1992. He has worked in international collaborations, bothbilateral and multilateral programs like Global Science Forum of OECD, Future Earth, Group of Earth Observation (GEO)and Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). In Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), he is incharge of management of international affairs, science and technology information exchange and dissemination, and science
communication programs, in addition to overall management of JST as a deputy to the president from 2013. In recent years
he is working for with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and emerging technology. He also works as a visiting
professor of Policy Alternative Research Institute of the University of Tokyo.

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Yasuo Kawakami
Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda university
Yasuo Kawakami received Bachelor of Education, Master of Science, and Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo(1989-1995). Following his career as an assistant and associate professor at the University of Tokyo, he ispresently a professor of the Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University. His expertise is in biomechanics andexercise physiology with the main research interest in the area of muscle mechanics, particularly on the in vivo
skeletal muscle behavior during various human movements. Effects of exercise training, growth, aging, andfatigue on the human musculoskeletal system are also in the scope of his research. He has been a member of thesocieties and organizations including Japanese Society of Biomechanics, Japanese Society of Physical Fitness
and Sports Medicine, the Japanese Society of Bone and Muscle Ultrasound, and Science Council of Japan.
He is a director of Human Performance Laboratory, Organization for University Research Initiatives, Waseda
University.

Tadahiro Kawada
President of Kawada Industries, Inc.
Tadahiro Kawada is the fourth generation President of Kawada Industries, Inc., Japan’s leading manufacturer
and constructor of large-scale civil engineering and architectural steel structures. The company has supplied
steel structures for the largest suspension bridges in Japan as well as iconic high-rise buildings and dome
stadiums. As President of Kawada Technologies, Inc., parent company to all Kawada Group companies,
Tadahiro oversees multiple businesses including construction, ICT, aviation, environmental, and robotics.
Passionate about innovative technologies and with degrees in mechanical and aerospace engineering, Tadahiro
led the research and development of humanoid robots at Kawada, collaborating with the University of Tokyoand Japanese government agencies. From the year 2000, the company has developed over 10 variations of
biped humanoid robots. Kawada’s newest robotics product, NEXTAGE, is an industrial-use collaborative robot(cobot) that empowers manufacturing companies by facilitating factory innovation and labor efficiencies.

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Yoichi Kanda
Waseda University, Centre for Research Strategy(CRS)
M. Eng. in Electrical Engineering, Waseda University, joined the Ministry Posts and Telecommunications(1992), The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (1995), Washington DC Office of the National
Institute of Information and Communications Technology (2005) , IT Policy Office of the Cabinet Secretariat(2009), worked for Director of International Frequency Policy Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications(2016), Professor CRS of Waseda University(2017-)

Jiro Kokuryo
Professor of Keio University, Permanent Director of Keio University
Professor Jiro Kokuryo, Vice-President of Keio University, is concurrently a professor at the Faculty of
Policy Management. He joined Keio in 1993 as an associate professor at the Graduate School of Business
Administration, where he was appointed professor in 2000. He served as Executive Director of the Keio
Research Institute at SFC (2005-2009) and Dean of the Faculty of Policy Management (2009-2013), before
being appointed Vice-President for International Collaboration and Education in 2013.
Vice-President Kokuryo graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1982 and acquired a Doctor of Business
Administration (1992) from Harvard Business School while an employee of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
Corporation (1982-1993). His major publications in Japanese include "Open Architecture Strategy," DiamondInc. (1999), and "Business Strategy in an Onymous Economy," Nikkei Publishing Inc. (2013).

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Tomohiro Shibata
Professor at KyushuInstitute of Technology
Professor of Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology
He received Ph.D from the University of Tokyo, Japan in 1996, continued his robotics study as a JSPS
researcher, and then worked on computational neuroscience research at ATR as a JST researcher. After working
as an associate professor at Nara Institute of Science and Technology, he currently works as a professor at
Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan. He is a member of working group for the national strategic
special zone in Kitakyushu focusing on nursing-care robots. He was an editorial board member of Neural
Networks and an executive board member of the Robotics Society of Japan (RSJ). He is an executive board
member of Japanese Neural Network Society, a committee member of RSJ for international affairs, and agoverning council member of The Robotics Society (former Robotics Society of India).

Takanori Shibata
Chief Senior Research Scientist, National Institute ofAdvanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
Dr. Takanori Shibata has been Chief Senior Research Scientist at AIST since 2013. His research interests include human-robot
interaction, robot therapy, mental health for astronauts in long-term mission (e.g. to Mars), and humanitarian demining. He wascertified as the inventor of a seal robot named PARO, the World’s Most Therapeutic Robot, by Guinness World Records in 2002.
He has received many awards including the Robot of the Year by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan in 2006, The
Outstanding Young Person (TOYP) of the World by Junior Chamber International (JCI) in 2004, and the Japanese Prime Minister’sAward in 2003. In 2015, PARO was awarded the “Patient Trophy” as innovation of non-pharmacological therapy for dementia
by the Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France, that is one of the largest medical groups in the World. In 2017, PARO wasawarded the “Best of the Best” by the Argentum in the U.S. Dr.Shibata born in 1967 and received B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. in Electronicand Mechanical Engineering from Nagoya University in 1989, 1991 and 1992, respectively. He was a research scientist at AIST
from 1993 to 1998. Concurrently, he was a visiting research scientist at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT from 1995 to 1998, anda visiting research scientist at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at the University of Zurich in 1996. At the AIST, Dr. Shibata was a seniorresearch scientist from 1998 to 2013. Concurrently, he was the Deputy Director for Information and Communication Technology
Policy, Bureau of Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan in 2009 and 2010.

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Yoshiyuki Shirakawa
Waseda University, Centre for Research Strategy(CRS)
M.Eng. in Electric/Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology (1980), worked for Nippon SteelCorp. (1980-1996),
studied in Harwell Laboratory, Oxford, UK (1985-1987), earned
PhD. in Engineering (1993), joined Fukui University (1996-1988), transferred to National Institute ofRadiological Sciences (1998-2015), Director of Technical Development (2010-2015), joined Kobe University as
Professor (2015), Professor, CRS Waseda (2015- ).

Nobuhiro Takeuchi
Audit & Supervisory Board Member
NTT Communications Corporation
Apr. 1978 Joined Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications
Jan. 2003 Director, Telecommunications Policy Division,
Telecommunications Business Department,
Telecommunications Bureau, Ministry of Internal
Affairs and Communications
Oct. 2003 Concurrently Director, General Affairs Division,
Telecommunications BureauJan. 2004 Director, General Affairs Division,
Telecommunications Bureau
Apr. 2005 Concurrently Director, International Policy Division,
International Department,
Telecommunications Bureau
Aug. 2005 Director, Policy Planning Division, Minister's
Secretariat
Jul. 2006 Director General, Kinki Telecommunications Bureau

Jul. 2007

Director General, Telecommunications Business
Department, Telecommunications Bureau
Jul. 2009 Director General, Kanto Telecommunications
BureauJul. 2010 Director, Management Organizationfor Postal
Savings and Postal Life
Insurance (seconded as an officer)
Nov. 2013 Retired from Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications
Jan. 2014 JoinedNEC Corporation Full-time Advisor
Jun. 2015 Joined NTT Communications Corporation
Audit & Supervisory Board Member (to present)

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Shintaro Matsumoto
1996
2014
2015

Ministry of International Trade andIndustry
Director, Reconstruction Agency
Director-General, New Energy Technology
Department
New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization

2017

Director, Industrial Science and Technology
Project Promotion Office,Research and Development Division,
Industrial Science and Technology Policy
and Environment Bureau,
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

Taizo Yoshikawa
Honda R&D Co., Ltd. Center X
I joined Honda R&D Co., Ltd. fundamental research center in 1997 and had been working for humanoid robot
project. I worked not only for fundamental research of robotics but also development of Honda ASIMO robot.
In 2000, I started up a collaborative project with Stanford AI laboratory, manipulation group Professor Oussama
Khatib's laboratory and executed the project until 2013. From 2000 to 2010, I belonged to Stanford CS as avisiting scholar. From 2005 to 2010, I was transferred Honda Research Institute USA to execute Stanford projectat Silicon Valley. From 2010, I belong to Stanford ME to study more and execute the Stanford project remotelyin Japan. Through the project, most advanced technologies, which enable the robot to coexist with humans, werecreated. In 2015, I joined human motion assist robotics project. I am operating not only human dynamics project
but also human motion analysis and machine learning project.

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Noriyuki Yoshida
A science journalist and editorial writer at The Yomiuri Shimbun,
a Japanese daily.
He joined The Yomiuri Shimbun in 1991 and covers mainly basic science, nano technology, robotics, ICT,
environment and science policies.

Miwa Araki
Japan Broadcasting Corporation Radio Centre NHK journal

Fumiko Tanaka
Organization for University Research Initiatives

Takashi Maruyama
Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Women’s Medical University

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Global AI Narratives Tokyo is organised by the Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence in Cambridge,
University of Cambridge, and Research Institute for Letters, Arts and Sciences at Waseda University incollaboration with The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence and The Robotics Society of Japan.

Local Organiser
Professor Toshie Takahashi,& Her Research Student Team
Aina Ikoshi, Ryotaro Sogo, Hiroki Nagakura, Misaki Mikuriya, Yuki Kohara, Yutaro Iwasaki, Yui Otsuki,
Ryotaro Saito, Yohei Suzuki, Yuumi Takano, Yukari Yagi, Youta Kinoshita, So Kubota, Hikaru Sano, Maki
Shima, Nana Tachikawa, Ryota Nagase, Mai Nakamura, Eiko Fukushima, Mika Matsumoto, Hanae Miyata,
Shiori Murata, Mizuki Muramoto, Takahide Morimoto, Hiroki Akita, Shota Ara, Risa Ando, Kaho Omura, Toru
Okaniwa, Atsunori Komori, Yuto Sekine, Mirai Tosa, Takahiro Tomii, Marin Niiyama, Mitsuki Hori, Tomomi
Honda, Rie Yamamoto, Hinako Yonenaga

September 12th, 2018 Global AI Narratives – Tokyo Workshop

Project Team:Dr Stephen Cave, Executive Director, CFI, University of Cambridge
Dr Kanta Dihal, PI ‘Global AI Narratives’ CFI, University of Cambridge
Dr Sarah Dillon, University Lecturer in Literature and Film and co-PI ‘AI Narratives’ at
CFI, University of Cambridge
Ms Diana Robinson, Research Assistant, CFI, University of Cambridge
Professor Toshie Takahashi, Faculty of Letters, Arts and Sciences, Waseda University;
visiting scholar, CFI, University of CambridgeWorkshop & Report Funding:
Waseda University