ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

GROUP REPORT

TeraHertz technology (THz);
Identification of frequency bands of interest for
THz communication systems

Disclaimer
The present document has been produced and approved by the TeraHertz (THz) ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) andrepresents the views of those members who participated in this ISG.
It does not necessarily represent the views of the entire ETSI membership.

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Reference
DGR/THz-002

Keywords
coexistence, incumbent, spectrum,
spectrum regulation

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Contents
Intellectual Property Rights ................................................................................................................................6
Foreword.............................................................................................................................................................6
Modal verbs terminology....................................................................................................................................6
Executive summary ............................................................................................................................................6
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................7
1

Scope ........................................................................................................................................................92

References ................................................................................................................................................9

2.1
2.2

3
3.1
3.2
3.3

4
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.3.1
4.2.4
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.2.1
4.3.2.2
4.3.3
4.3.3.1
4.3.4
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.2.1
4.4.2.2
4.4.3
4.4.3.1
4.4.4
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.2.1
4.5.2.2
4.5.3
4.5.3.1
4.5.4
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.2.1
4.6.2.2
4.6.3

Normative references ......................................................................................................................................... 9
Informative references ........................................................................................................................................ 9

Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations .....................................................................................15
Terms................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................ 15
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................... 16

Frequency range 100 - 275 GHz ............................................................................................................16
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Frequency band 102 - 109,5 GHz..................................................................................................................... 17
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 17
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 17
Globally................................................................................................................................................. 17
Regionally ............................................................................................................................................. 17
Other services with allocated spectrum ...................................................................................................... 18
Service descriptions and protective methods ........................................................................................ 18
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 18
Frequency band 141 - 148,5 GHz..................................................................................................................... 18
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 18
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 19
Globally................................................................................................................................................. 19
Regionally ............................................................................................................................................. 19
Other services with allocated spectrum ...................................................................................................... 19
Service descriptions and protective methods ........................................................................................ 19
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 20
Frequency band 151,5 - 164 GHz..................................................................................................................... 20
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 20
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 20
Globally................................................................................................................................................. 20
Regionally ............................................................................................................................................. 20
Other services with allocated spectrum ...................................................................................................... 21
Service descriptions and protective methods ........................................................................................ 21
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 21
Frequency band 167 - 174,8 GHz..................................................................................................................... 21
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 21
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 22
Globally................................................................................................................................................. 22
Regionally ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Other services with allocated spectrum ...................................................................................................... 22
Service descriptions and protective methods ........................................................................................ 22
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 23
Frequency band 191,8 - 200 GHz..................................................................................................................... 23
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 23
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 23
Globally................................................................................................................................................. 23
Regionally ............................................................................................................................................. 23
Other services with allocated spectrum ...................................................................................................... 24

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4.6.3.1
4.6.4
4.7
4.7.1
4.7.2
4.7.2.1
4.7.2.2
4.7.3
4.7.3.1
4.7.4
4.8
4.8.1
4.8.2
4.8.2.1
4.8.2.2
4.8.3
4.8.3.1
4.8.4
4.9
4.9.1
4.9.2
4.9.2.1
4.9.2.2
4.9.3
4.9.3.1
4.9.4
4.10
4.10.14.10.24.10.2.1
4.10.2.2
4.10.34.10.3.1
4.10.4

5
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.2.1
5.2.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.3.1
5.2.4
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.2.1
5.3.2.2
5.3.3
5.3.3.1
5.3.4
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.3.1
5.4.4
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Service descriptions and protective methods ........................................................................................ 24
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 24
Frequency band 209 - 226 GHz........................................................................................................................ 24
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 24
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 25
Globally................................................................................................................................................. 25
Regionally ............................................................................................................................................. 25
Other services with allocated spectrum ...................................................................................................... 25
Service descriptions - regional differences ........................................................................................... 25
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 26
Frequency band 231,5 - 239,2 GHz.................................................................................................................. 26
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 26
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 26
Globally................................................................................................................................................. 26
Regionally ............................................................................................................................................. 26
Other services with allocated spectrum ...................................................................................................... 27
Service descriptions - regional differences ........................................................................................... 27
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 27
Frequency band 252 - 275 GHz........................................................................................................................ 27
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 27
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 28
Globally................................................................................................................................................. 28
Regionally ............................................................................................................................................. 28
Other services with allocated spectrum ...................................................................................................... 28
Service descriptions - regional differences ........................................................................................... 28
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 29
Other frequency bands between 100 - 275 GHz............................................................................................... 29
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 29
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 30
Globally................................................................................................................................................. 30
Regionally ............................................................................................................................................. 30
Other services with allocated spectrum ...................................................................................................... 31
Service descriptions - regional differences ........................................................................................... 31
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 31

Frequency range 275 - 1 000 GHz .........................................................................................................32
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 32
Frequency bands 1, 3 and 5 (275 - 296 GHz, 306 - 313 GHz, 318 - 321 GHz) ............................................... 32
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 32
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 32
Globally................................................................................................................................................. 32
Regionally ............................................................................................................................................. 33
Other services with identified spectrum...................................................................................................... 33
Service descriptions and possible protective methods .......................................................................... 33
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 33
Frequency bands 2 and 4 (296 - 306 GHz, 313 - 318 GHz) ............................................................................. 33
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 33
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 33
Globally................................................................................................................................................. 33
Regionally ............................................................................................................................................. 33
Other services with identified spectrum...................................................................................................... 34
Service descriptions and possible protective methods .......................................................................... 34
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 34
Frequency bands 6 and 8 (327 - 333 GHz, 356 - 368 GHz) ............................................................................. 34
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 34
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 34
Other services with identified spectrum...................................................................................................... 34
Service descriptions and possible protective methods .......................................................................... 34
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 34
Frequency band 7 (333 - 356 GHz) .................................................................................................................. 34
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 34
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 35

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5.5.3
5.5.3.1
5.5.4
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.3.1
5.6.4
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.7.3.1
5.7.4
5.8
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.8.3
5.8.3.1
5.8.4
5.9
5.9.1
5.9.2
5.9.3
5.9.3.1
5.9.4

6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2

7

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Other services with identified spectrum...................................................................................................... 35
Service descriptions and possible protective methods .......................................................................... 35
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 35
Frequency band 9 (391 - 433 GHz) .................................................................................................................. 35
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 35
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 35
Other services with identified spectrum...................................................................................................... 35
Service descriptions and possible protective methods .......................................................................... 35
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 35
Frequency band 10 (452 - 520 GHz) ................................................................................................................ 35
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 35
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 35
Other services with identified spectrum...................................................................................................... 36
Service descriptions and possible protective methods .......................................................................... 36
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 36
Frequency band 11 (598 - 722 GHz) ................................................................................................................ 36
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 36
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 36
Other services with identified spectrum...................................................................................................... 36
Service descriptions and possible protective methods .......................................................................... 36
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 36
Frequency band 12 (786 - 953 GHz) ................................................................................................................ 36
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 36
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 36
Other services with identified spectrum...................................................................................................... 36
Service descriptions and possible protective methods .......................................................................... 36
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 37

Frequency range above 1 000 GHz ........................................................................................................37
Frequency band 1 000 GHz - 3 000 GHz ......................................................................................................... 37
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 37
Regulatory situation .................................................................................................................................... 37
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 37
Frequency bands 3 000 GHz - 10 THz ............................................................................................................. 37
Description.................................................................................................................................................. 37
Conclusive remarks and recommendations................................................................................................. 37

Mapping the discussed frequency bands and physical environments to relevant channel
measurements scenarios .........................................................................................................................37

Annex A:

Transmission Windows ........................................................................................................39

Annex B:FN 5.340 of the Radio Regulations ......................................................................................41

Annex C:FN 5.565 of the Radio Regulations ......................................................................................42

Annex D:FN 5.564A of the Radio Regulations ...................................................................................43

Annex E:

Change history ......................................................................................................................44

History ..............................................................................................................................................................45

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The declarations
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, are publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can befound in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to
ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the
ETSI Web server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI Directives including the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation regarding the essentiality of IPRs,
including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs notreferenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become,essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys noright to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
DECT™, PLUGTESTS™, UMTS™ and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its
Members. 3GPP™ and LTE™ are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP
Organizational Partners. oneM2M™ logo is a trademark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of theoneM2M Partners. GSM® and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association.

Foreword
This Group Report (GR) has been produced by ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) TeraHertz (THz).

Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to beinterpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.

Executive summary
The interest for higher frequency bands increases with the increasing demand for higher bandwidths and lower latencies
to serve critical applications. This is most pronounced in the research towards 6G technologies, which are expected tobe ready for early deployments around 2030. Furthermore, IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee publishedalready in 2017, and revised in 2023 covering more frequency bands, a first wireless communication standard working
in the sub-THz frequency range [i.30]. The so-called THz range is also becoming more accessible with the development
towards affordable transceiver and antenna technologies.
The frequency ranges from 100 GHz and upwards is already utilized for non-communications purposes, and therefore
there is a need to understand the regulatory landscape and identify the most interesting frequency bands for THz
communications. The present document describes the situation 'as is' at the time of publication, while regulatory work is
evolving.

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

The whole frequency range from 100 GHz to 3 THz is regulated by the ITU-R Radio Regulations (RR) [i.7], but on
different levels. Up to 275 GHz, frequency allocations exist, which is the strictest type of global spectrum regulations.
Further, the range between 275 GHz and 450 GHz is identified for fixed and mobile services. In this range, and further
up to 1 THz, several bands are also identified for so-called passive services. In some of the bands in this range, specificconditions to ensure protection of the passive services exist. Above 1 THz up to 3 THz, the whole spectrum can be usedfreely for both active and passive services, while above 3 THz, no regulations exist.
The present document gives a comprehensive overview of the frequency ranges from 100 GHz to 1 THz, with emphasison the regulatory status and the co-existence challenges. Between 100 GHz and 275 GHz, 8 bands with sufficient
contiguous bandwidths are allocated to FIXED and MOBILE services on a co-primary basis, constituting 90,7 GHz
bandwidth in total. Above 275 GHz, interesting bands have been identified for THz communications purposes based on
a combination of regulatory status and favourable propagation conditions. A new concept of transmission windows isdefined to help in identifying the interesting frequencies above 275 GHz. The resulting analysis have identified
12 bands of interest constituting 488 GHz of bandwidth. 91 GHz of this range is identified for fixed and mobile
services.
Many frequency bands are shared with passive services. These are typically monitoring and research applications likeearth exploration satellites, radio astronomy and space research. These are particularly vulnerable to interference from
active usage. Sharing and protective methods are therefore needed and are indicated up to 275 GHz. Potential sharing
scenarios between active and passive services have been investigated up to 450 GHz, but not for higher frequency
bands.
Eventually, regulations need to exist on a regional level for the applications intended. Given that there is currently nouse of mobile systems in sub-THz such a regional / national framework may not exist in most cases. The analysis istherefore focused on the availability of frequency bands allocated to the mobile and fixed service on a primary basis up
to 275 GHz on the ITU level. Above 275 GHz, the analysis is focused on bands either identified for mobile and fixed
services or having favourable propagation conditions based on the transmission window model. On ITU level all
allocations or identifications above 100 GHz in Article 5 of the RR are on a global basis.

Introduction
The frequency range 100 GHz - 10 THz is referred to as the 'THz range', as shown in Figure 1. The corresponding
wavelengths are from 0,03 mm to 3 mm. Below this range, the mm-wave and microwave frequency ranges are found,already heavily utilized for communications and non-communications applications. Above 10 THz the near- andmid-infrared spectrum starts.

Figure 1: Position of the THz band in the radio spectrum
ITU-R has published a technology trends study of active services above 275 GHz, listing some characteristics of theband, like high permittivity, rapid attenuation in water, high spatial resolution, and good directivity [i.1]. These are allimportant and attractive for wireless applications.
The ETSI ISG THz concentrates on establishing the technical foundation for the development and standardization of
THz communications (0,1 THz - 10 THz). However, non-communication applications cannot be overlooked. Visions
and studies towards 6G communications are clear that e.g. joint sensing, imaging and communications are key
components of future wireless systems [i.2]. It remains to be determined if an allocation to the Radiolocation service isneeded to allow such use cases since the allocation to the land mobile service is limited to exchange of signals between
stations.
Based on the regulatory status and application scenarios, the frequency band 100 GHz - 10 THz is discussed in threeranges, as shown in Figure 2.

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Regulated

Regulated

Regulated

Frequency allocations
exist

Frequency identifications
exist

No frequency
identifications

100 GHz275 GHz

1 THz

Not regulated

3 THz

10 THzFigure 2: Frequency ranges within the THz band with different regulatory status
Frequency bands between 100 and 275 GHz are already allocated for terrestrial services on an international level
through the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7]. Sharing and compatibility scenarios have been investigated up to
450 GHz [i.3]. Further needs for sharing studies should consequently be identified.
Parts of this frequency range has been covered by studies by the ETSI GR mWT 008 [i.4], ETSI GR mWT 018 [i.5],
ETSI GR mWT 022 [i.6], where analysis of spectrum, license schemes and network scenarios for the W-band(92 - 114,5 GHz) and D-band (130 - 174,8 GHz), and further, up to 275 GHz have been done. This overlaps with thelower range, 100 - 275 GHz, studied in the present document.
An important regulation for many bands up to 252 GHz is defined in the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7], Footnote 5.340(see Annex B) which explicitly protects a number of bands for passive use by Earth Exploration Satellites (EESS) andRadio Astronomy Services (RAS). Nevertheless, ITU-R Resolution 731 (WRC-23) [i.8] invites to continue studies on
sharing between active and passive services above 71 GHz. Specifically, studies on the specific conditions forland-mobile and fixed service applications to ensure the protection of EESS (passive) applications in certain frequency
bands are invited.
General sharing studies for frequencies above 100 GHz are published by Xing and Rappaport [i.9], where the focus ison interference from terrestrial networks towards satellites operating at 140 GHz. Further, Polese et al. [i.10] provides
both policy and technological guidance on sharing above 100 GHz. Both articles conclude that technological means canmake sharing possible in the bands defined by FN 5.340.
As technology evolves, the THz frequency band is becoming more feasible for exploitation, and the need to identify themost interesting parts increase. In the present document, the criteria for being of interest are based on current
international regulations, available bandwidths, possible conflicts with passive services and aspects of radio wave
propagation.

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Scope

The present document will:•

identify frequency bands of interest in the sub-THz and THz range;•

describe the current regulatory situation in the frequency bands of interest; and•identify the incumbent services to be considered for coexistence studies.

As an ETSI Group Report (GR), the present document is containing only informative elements, approved for
publication by an Industry Specification Group (ISG) not mandated for regulatory actions. Thus, the present document
is not intended to propose advocacy or modifications to current spectrum regulation.

2

References

2.1

Normative references

Normative references are not applicable in the present document.

2.2

Informative references

References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of thereferenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE:

While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long-term validity.

The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document, but they assist theuser with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1]

Recommendation ITU-R SM.2352-1 (07/2022): "Technology trends of active services in thefrequency range 275-3 000 GHz".

[i.2]

5G-IA White Paper: "European Vision for the 6G Network Ecosystem". V1.0, 7 June 2021.
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.5007671.

[i.3]

Recommendation ITU-R SM.2450-0 (06/2019): "Sharing and compatibility studies between
land-mobile, fixed and passive services in the frequency range 275-450 GHz".

[i.4]

ETSI GR mWT 008 (V1.1.1) (2018-08): "millimetre Wave Transmission (mWT); Analysis ofSpectrum, License Schemes and Network Scenarios in the D-band".

[i.5]

ETSI GR mWT 018 (V1.1.1) (2019-08): "Analysis of Spectrum, License Schemes and Network
Scenarios in the W-band".

[i.6]

ETSI GR mWT 022 (V1.1.1) (2021-04): "Analysis of Spectrum, License Schemes and Network
Scenarios in the RF bands above 174,8 GHz".

[i.7]

ITU Radio Regulations. Vol 1, Articles. Geneva 2020.

[i.8]

ITU-R Resolution 731 (Rev. WRC-23): "Consideration of sharing and adjacent-band compatibility
between passive and active services above 71 GHz". In: ITU-R World Radiocommunication
Conference 2023 (WRC-23). Provisional Final Acts. Geneva 2023.

[i.9]

Xing, Y., Rappaport, T. S. (2021): "Terahertz Wireless Communications: Co-Sharing for
Terrestrial and Satellite Systems Above 100 GHz". IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. 25,
No. 10, October 2021. doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2021.3088270.

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)[i.10]

Polese M., Cantos-Roman X., Singh A., Marcus M.J., Maccarone T.J, Melodia T., Jornet J.P.
(2023): "Coexistence and Sharing Above 100 GHz". Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 111, No. 8,
August 2023. doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2023.3286172.

[i.11]ITU-R. World Radiocommunications Conference 2023 (WRC-23). Provisional Final Acts. Geneva
2023.

[i.12]

Recommendation ITU-R RA.1272-1 (02/2002): "Protection of radio astronomy measurements
above 60 GHz from ground based interference".

[i.13]

Recommendation ITU-R RS.1861-1 (12/2021): "Typical technical and operational characteristics
of Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) systems using allocations between 1.4 and
275 GHz".

[i.14]

Question ITU-R 247-1/5: "Radio-frequency arrangements for fixed wireless systems"(2008-2012).

[i.15]

Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-2 (05/2003): "Protection criteria used for radio astronomicalmeasurements".

[i.16]ECC Recommendation (18)02: "Radio frequency channel/block arrangements for Fixed Service
systems operating in the bands 92-94 GHz, 94.1-100 GHz, 2012-109.5 GHz and111.8-114.25 GHz". Approved 14 September 2018.

[i.17]ECC Report 282: "Point-to-Point Radio Links in the Frequency Ranges 92-114.25 GHz and
130-174.8 GHz". Approved 14 September 2018.

[i.18]ECC Report 342: "Microwave PMP technologies based on active antennas for 5G backhaul above
27.5 GHz". Approved 7 October 2022.

[i.19]ECO Report 04: "Fixed Service in Europe. Implementation Status", 6 March 2023.

[i.20]ECC Recommendation (18)01: "Radio frequency channel/block arrangements for Fixed Service
systems operating in the bands 130-134 GHz, 141-148.5 GHz, 151.5-164 GHz and167-174.8 GHz". 27 April 2018.

[i.21]ETSI TR 103 498 (V1.1.1) (2019-02): "System Reference document (SRdoc); Short Range
Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band (UWB); Transmission characteristics; Technicalcharacteristics for SRD equipment using Ultra Wide Band technology (UWB);Radiodetermination application within the frequency range 120 GHz to 260 GHz".

[i.22]ECC Report 334: "UWB radiodetermination applications in the frequency range 116-260 GHz".
Approved January 2022.

[i.23]ECC Report 351: "UWB radiodetermination applications within the frequency range 116 GHz to148.5 GHz for vehicular use". Approved 3 February 2023.

[i.24]ECC Decision (22)03: "Technical characteristics, exemption from individual licensing and freecirculation and use of specific radiodetermination applications in the frequency range
116-260 GHz". Approved 18 November 2022.

[i.25]

Ted Rappaport (2023): "Looking towards the 6G era - what may we expect, and why". EUCNC
and 6G Summit, Gothenburg, Sweden, 6-9 June 2023.

[i.26]ITU-R Resolution 663 (Rev. WRC-23): "Studies on possible new additional allocations to theradiolocation service on a primary basis in the frequency range 231.5-275 GHz, and possible new
identifications for radiolocation service applications in frequency bands within the frequency range
275-700 GHz". In: ITU-R. World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 (WRC-23). Provisional
Final Acts. Geneva 2023.

[i.27]ECC Report 190: "Compatibility between Short-Range Devices (SRD) and EESS (passive) in the
122 to 122.25 GHz band". Approved May 2013.

[i.28]ERC Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)". Approved
1997, latest amended on 10 June 2022, editorial update on 14 October 2022.

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Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1483 of 8 August 2017 amending Decision
2006/771/EC on harmonisation of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices and repealing
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Official Journal of the European Union, L 214/3, 18.8.2017.

[i.30]IEEE Std 802.15.3™-2023: "IEEE Approved Draft Standard for Wireless Multi-Media Networks",(Revision of IEEE Std 802.15.3-2016), pp. 1-684, 2023.

[i.31]

FCC: "FCC Opens Spectrum Horizons for New Services & Technologies". Report and Order,
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Priebe S.; Britz D. M.; Jacob M.; Sarkozy S.; Leong,K. M. K.; Logan J. E.; Gorospe B.; Kürner T.
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C. Jansen, R. Piesiewicz, D. Mittleman, T. Kürner and M. Koch (2008): "The Impact ofReflections From Stratified Building Materials on the Wave Propagation in Future Indoor
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S. Priebe, M. Kannicht, M. Jacob, and T. Kürner (2013): "Ultra broadband indoor channel
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C. Jansen et al. (2011): "Diffuse scattering from rough surfaces in THz communication channels",IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 462-472, Nov. 2011,
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Kim S, Zajić A (2016): "Characterization of 300 GHz wireless channel on a computer
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Fricke A, Rey S, Achir M, et al (2013): "Reflection and transmission properties of plastic materials
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Fricke A, Achir M, Le Bars P, et al (2015): "Characterization of transmission scenarios forterahertz intra-device communications". IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas andPropagation in Wireless Communications (APWC), doi: 10.1109/APWC.2015.7300195.

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Cheng C, Kim S, Zajić A (2018): "Study of diffraction at 30 GHz, 140 GHz, and 300 GHz". IEEE
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Kürner T, Fricke A, Rey S, et al (2015): "Measurements and modeling of basic propagation
characteristics for intra-device communications at 60 GHz and 300 GHz". Journal of Infrared,
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[i.47]Fu J, Juyal P, Zajić A (2019): "THz channel characterization of chip-to-chip communication indesktop size metal enclosure". IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, doi:
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Cheng C, Kim S, Zajić A (2017): "Comparison of path loss models for indoor 30 GHz, 140 GHz,and 300 GHz channels". 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP),
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[i.49]

Piesiewicz R, Jansen C, Mittleman D, et al (2007): "Scattering analysis for the modeling of THz
communication systems". IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, doi:
10.1109/TAP.2007.908559.

[i.50]

Fricke A, Kürner T, Achir M, et al (2017): "A model for the reflection of terahertz signals fromprinted circuit board surfaces". 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP),
doi: 10.23919/EuCAP.2017.7928148.

[i.51]

Jacob M, Priebe S, Dickhoff R, et al (2012): "Diffraction in mm and sub-mm wave indoor
propagation channels". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2011.2178859.

[i.52]He D, Guan K, Ai B et al (2017): "Stochastic channel modeling for kiosk applications in theterahertz Band". IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology,
doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2017.2720962.

[i.53]

Recommendation ITU-R P.676-13 (08-2022): "Attenuation by atmospheric gases and related
effects".

[i.54]

Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3 (03-2007): "Specific attenuation model for rain for use inprediction methods".

[i.55]

Recommendation ITU-R P.840-9 (08-2023): "Attenuation due to clouds and fog".

[i.56]

Fricke A (2016): "Channel Modeling Document", In: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless
Personal Area Networks (WPANs).

[i.57]

Cheng C, Zajić A (2020): "Characterization of Propagation Phenomena Relevant for 300 GHz
Wireless Data Center Links". In: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 68, no. 2,
pp. 1074-1087, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2019.2949135.

[i.58]

Eckhardt J M, Doeker T, Rey S, Kürner T (2019): "Measurements in a Real Data Center at
300 GHz and Recent Results". In: 2019 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation(EuCAP), Krakow, Poland, 2019, pp. 1-5.

[i.59]

Cheng C, Sangodoyin S, Zajić A (2020): "THz Cluster-Based Modeling and Propagation
Characterization in a Data Center Environment". In: IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 56544-56558, 2020,
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2981293.

[i.60]

V. Petrov, J. M. Eckhardt, D. Moltchanov, Y. Koucheryavy and T. Kurner (2020): "Measurementsof Reflection and Penetration Losses in Low Terahertz Band Vehicular Communications", 2020
14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2020,
pp. 1-5, doi: 10.23919/EuCAP48036.2020.9135389.

[i.61]

Priebe S, Kürner T (2013): "Stochastic modeling of THz indoor radio channels". IEEE
Transactions on Wireless Communications, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2013.072313.121581.

[i.62]

Guan K, Peng B, He D et al (2019): "Measurement, simulation, and characterization oftrain-to-infrastructure inside-station channel at the terahertz". IEEE Transactions on Terahertz
Science and Technology, doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2019.2909975.

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J. Fu, P. Juyal, and A. Zajić (2020): "Modeling of 300 GHz chip-to-chip wireless channels in
metal enclosures". in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 19, no. 5,
pp. 3214-3227, May 2020, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2020.2971206.

[i.64]

L. Pometcu and R. D'Errico (2020): "An Indoor Channel Model for High Data-Rate
Communications in D-Band", in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 9420-9433, 2020,
doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2960614.

[i.65]

Guan K, Li G, Kürner T et al (2016): "On millimeter wave and THz mobile radio channel for
smart rail mobility". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,
doi: 10.1109/TVT.2016.2624504.

[i.66]

Rappaport TS, Xing Y, Kanhere O et al (2019): "Wireless communications and applications above
100 GHz: opportunities and challenges for 6G and beyond". IEEE Access, vol. 7,
pp. 78729-78757, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2921522.

[i.67]

Vitucci EM, Zoli M, Fuschini M et al (2018): "Tri-band mm-wave directional channel
measurements in indoor environment". In: 2018 IEEE 29th Annual International Symposium on
Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Bologna, Italy, 2018, pp. 205-209,
doi: 10.1109/PIMRC.2018.8580770.

[i.68]

Guan K, Peng B, He D et al (2019): "Channel characterization for intra-wagon communication at
60 and 300 GHz bands". IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 6,
pp. 5193-5207, June 2019, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2907606.

[i.69]T. S. Rappaport, K. A. Remley, C. Gentile, A. F. Molisch and A. Zajić (2021): "Radio Propagation
Measurements and Channel Modeling: Best Practices for Millimeter-Wave and Sub-Terahertz
Frequencies", Cambridge, U.K.:Cambridge Univ. Press, 2021.

[i.70]N. A. Abbasi et al. (2021): "Double directional channel measurements for THz communications inan urban environment", ICC 2021 - IEEE International Conference on Communications, Montreal,
QC, Canada, 2021, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICC42927.2021.9500510.

[i.71]

S. Kim and A. G. Zajić (2015): "Statistical characterization of 300-GHz propagation on adesktop", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 3330-3338, Aug. 2015,
doi: 10.1109/TVT.2014.2358191.

[i.72]

C.-L. Cheng, S. Sangodoyin and A. Zajić (2020): "Terahertz MIMO fading analysis and doppler
modeling in a data center environment", 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas andPropagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2020, pp. 1-5, doi:
10.23919/EuCAP48036.2020.9135695.

[i.73]

Y. Zantah, F. Sheikh, A. A. Abbas, M. Alissa and T. Kaiser (2019): "Channel measurements in
lecture room environment at 300 GHz", 2019 Second International Workshop on Mobile Terahertz
Systems (IWMTS), Bad Neuenahr, Germany, 2019, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/IWMTS.2019.8823666.

[i.74]N. A. Abbasi, A. Hariharan, A. M. Nair and A. F. Molisch (2020): "Channel measurements andpath loss modeling for indoor THz communication", 2020 14th European Conference on Antennas
and Propagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2020, pp. 1-5,
doi: 10.23919/EuCAP48036.2020.9135643.

[i.79]

Y. Li, Y. Wang, Y. Chen, Z. Yu and C. Han (2022): "Channel measurement and analysis in anindoor corridor scenario at 300 GHz", ICC 2022 - IEEE International Conference on
Communications, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 2022, pp. 2888-2893, doi:
10.1109/ICC45855.2022.9839013.

[i.80]

N. Abbasi et al. (2021): "Ultra-wideband double directional channel measurements for THz
communications in urban environments", ICC 2021 - IEEE International Conference on
Communications, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2021, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICC42927.2021.9500510.

[i.81]

S. L. H. Nguyen, K. Haneda, J. Järveläinen, A. Karttunen and J. Putkonen (2021): "Large-scaleparameters of spatio-temporal short-range indoor backhaul channels at 140 GHz", 2021 IEEE 93rd
Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2021-Spring), Helsinki, Finland, 2021, pp. 1-6,
doi: 10.1109/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448958.

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Y. Xing and T. S. Rappaport (2021): "Propagation measurements and path loss models for
sub-THz in urban microcells", ICC 2021 - IEEE International Conference on Communications,Montreal, QC, Canada, 2021, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICC42927.2021.9500385.

[i.83]

S. Ju, Y. Xing, O. Kanhere and T. S. Rappaport (2021): "Millimeter wave and sub-terahertz spatial
statistical channel model for an indoor office building", IEEE Journal on Selected Areas inCommunications, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1561-1575, June 2021, doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2021.3071844.

[i.84]

S. Ju, Y. Xing, O. Kanhere and T. S. Rappaport (2022): "Sub-terahertz channel measurements andcharacterization in a factory building", ICC 2022 - IEEE International Conference on
Communications, Seoul, Korea, Republic of, 2022, pp. 2882-2887, doi:
10.1109/ICC45855.2022.9838910.

[i.86]

S. Ju and T. S. Rappaport (2021): "140 GHz urban microcell propagation measurements for spatialconsistency modeling", ICC 2021 - IEEE International Conference on Communications, Montreal,
QC, Canada, 2021, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICC42927.2021.9500677.

[i.87]

S. Ju and T. S. Rappaport (2021): "Sub-terahertz spatial statistical MIMO channel model for urban
microcells at 142 GHz", 2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Madrid,
Spain, 2021, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685929.

[i.88]

D. Dupleich, R. Müller, S. Skoblikov, M. Landmann, G. Del Galdo and R. Thomä (2020):"Characterization of the propagation channel in conference room scenario at 190 GHz", 2020
14th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Copenhagen, Denmark, 2020,
pp. 1-5, doi: 10.23919/EuCAP48036.2020.9135404.

[i.89]

F. Undi, A. Schultze, W. Keusgen, M. Peter and T. Eichler (2021): "Angle-resolved THz channel
measurements at 300 GHz in an outdoor environment", 2021 IEEE International Conference on
Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Montreal, QC, Canada, 2021, pp. 1-7,
doi: 10.1109/ICCWorkshops50388.2021.9473891.

[i.90]

K. Guan et al. (2019): "Channel sounding and ray tracing for train-to-train communications at theTHz band", 2019 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), Krakow,
Poland, 2019, pp. 1-5.

[i.91]

A. Fricke, C. Homann and T. Kürner (2014): "Time-domain propagation investigations forterahertz intra-device communications", The 8th European Conference on Antennas andPropagation (EuCAP 2014), The Hague, Netherlands, 2014, pp. 1760-1764, doi:
10.1109/EuCAP.2014.6902134.

[i.92]G. A. Siles, J. M. Riera and P. Garcia-del-Pino (2015): "Atmospheric attenuation in wirelesscommunication systems at millimeter and THz frequencies [Wireless Corner]", IEEE Antennas
and Propagation Magazine, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 48-61, Feb. 2015, doi: 10.1109/MAP.2015.2401796.

[i.93]

T. Doeker, J. M. Eckhardt and T. Kürner (2022): "Channel Measurements and Modeling for Low
Terahertz Communications in an Aircraft Cabin", in IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation, vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 10903-10916, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2022.3191218.

[i.94]

A. Schultze, F. Undi, M. Peter, W. Keusgen and T. Eichler (2021): "Angle-resolved THz channel
measurements at 300 GHz in a conference room environment", 2021 XXXIVth General Assemblyand Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS), Rome,
Italy, 2021, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.23919/URSIGASS51995.2021.9560459.

[i.95]

D. Dupleich, A. Ebert, Y. Völker-Schöneberg, L. Löser, M. Boban and R. Thomä (2023):"Spatial/Temporal Characterization of Propagation and Blockage from Measurements at sub-THz
in Industrial Machines", 2023 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP),
Florence, Italy, 2023, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.23919/EuCAP57121.2023.10133323.

[i.96]ETSI GR THz 003: "TeraHertz modeling (THz); Channel measurements and modeling in THz
bands".

[i.97]

Recommendation ITU-R P.1238-12 (08/2023): "Propagation data and prediction methods for theplanning of indoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency
range 300 MHz to 450 GHz".

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Recommendation ITU-R P.1411-12 (08/2023): "Propagation data and prediction methods for theplanning of short-range outdoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in thefrequency range 300 MHz to 100 GHz".

[i.99]

Z. Xiao, Q. Yang, J. Huang, Z. Huang, W. Zhou, Y. Gao, R. Shu, and Z. He (2018): "Terahertz
communication windows and their point-to-point transmission verification", Appl. Opt. 57,
pp. 7673-7680 (2018). doi: 10.1364/AO.57.007673.

3

Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations

3.1

Terms

For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
allocation (of a frequency band): According to the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7], No. 1.16: "Entry in the Table ofFrequency Allocations of a given frequency band for the purpose of its use by one or more terrestrial or space
radiocommunication services or the radio astronomy service under specified conditions. This term shall also be applied
to the frequency band concerned".
fixed service: According to the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7], No. 1.20: "A radiocommunication service between
specified fixed points".
footnote (to the Table of Frequency Allocations): part of the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7] providing additional
explanations and restrictions on the use of the frequency bands to which they are referring to
identification (of a frequency band): definition of a frequency band for a specific use in accordance with a resolution
from the ITU-R WRC, which does not preclude the use of the frequency band by any other application of the services towhich they are identified and does not establish priority in the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7]interference: According to the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7], No. 1.166: "The effect of unwanted energy due to one or
a combination of emissions, radiations, or inductions upon reception in a radiocommunication system, manifested byany performance degradation, misinterpretation, or loss of information which could be extracted in the absence of such
unwanted energy".
mobile service: According to the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7], No. 1.24: "A radiocommunication service between
mobile and land stations, or between mobile stations".
primary service: Services whose names are printed in "capitals" in the Table of Frequency Allocations in the
ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7] (example: FIXED) are called "primary services".
radiodetermination: According to the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7], No. 1.9: "The determination of the position,
velocity and/or other characteristics of an object, or the obtaining of information relating to these parameters, by meansof the propagation properties of radio waves".
secondary service: Services whose names are printed in "normal characters" in the Table of Frequency Allocations in
the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7] (example: Mobile) are called "secondary services".
service (Radiocommunication service): According to the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7], No. 1.19: "A service as
defined in this Section [The ITU-R RR, ed. Note] involving the transmission, emission and/or reception of radio waves
for specific telecommunication purposes".
transmission window: frequency band defined between the 1/√2 values of transmittance relative to the peak value oftransmittance of each frequency band
NOTE:

3.2

The term transmission was adopted to refer to the use of such bands exclusively for telecommunications.
More details can be found in Annex A.

Symbols

Void.

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Abbreviations

For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AAS
BW
CDR
CEPT
ECC
ECO
EESS
FCC
FN
FS
FSS
ISAC
ISS
LPR
MSS
PMP
RAS
RDI
RF
RLS
RNS
RNSS
RR
SRD
SRS
TLPR
TW
UWB
WRC

Active Antenna System
BandWidth
Contour Determination and acquisition Radar
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
Electronic Communications Committee
European Communications Office
Earth Exploration Satellite Service
Federal Communications Commission
FootNote
Fixed Service
Fixed Satellite Service
Integrated Sensing And Communications
Inter-Satellite Services
Level Probing Radar
Mobile Satellite Service
Point-to-Multi-PointRadio Astronomy Service
RadioDetermination systems for Industry automation
Radio Frequency
RadioLocation Service
RadioNavigation Service
RadioNavigation Satellite Service
Radio Regulations (ITU-R)
Short Range Devices
Space Research Service
Tank Level Probing Radar
Transmission Window
Ultra Wide Band
World Radiocommunication Conference

4

Frequency range 100 - 275 GHz

4.1

Introduction

The frequency range 100 - 275 GHz is included in the Table of Frequency Allocations of the Radio Regulations [i.7],
with allocations for both active and passive services, including footnotes. Following decisions at WRC-23 [i.11] in total
20 bands are allocated MOBILE and FIXED services, some adjacent to each other, on a co-primary basis with otherservices, summing up to a total of 98,4 GHz of available bandwidth for terrestrial radiocommunications applications.
Based on this and limiting to available contiguous bandwidth of 6 GHz, the frequency range 100 - 275 GHz is
subdivided into the following eight frequency bands of interest:•

Frequency Band 1: 102 - 109,5 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 2: 141 - 148,5 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 3: 151,5 - 164 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 4: 167 - 174,8 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 5: 191,8 - 200 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 6: 209 - 226 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 7: 231,5 - 239,2 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 8: 252 - 275 GHz.

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Further, there are three narrower bands with FIXED and MOBILE primary allocations, which are discussed inclause 4.10. The reason being that RF technology evolution may prove it feasible to cost effectively implementtransceivers with narrower bandwidths than 6 GHz.
Especially Footnote No. 5.149 is worth noting, since it covers all the interesting bands in this range (as well as below):•

FN 5.149: "In making assignments to stations of other services to which the bands […] are allocated,administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the radio astronomy service from harmfulinterference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can be particularly serious sources ofinterference to the radio astronomy service (see Nos. 4.5 and 4.6 and Article 29) (WRC-07)".

Radio astronomy primary service allocations are partly overlapping with the fixed and mobile services. ITU-R has
published two recommendations on the protection of radio astronomy services (Recommendation
ITU-R RA.1272-1 [i.12] and Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-2 [i.15]).

4.2

Frequency band 102 - 109,5 GHz

4.2.1

Description

The frequency band 102 - 109,5 GHz comprises two adjacent bands in the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7]:•

102 - 105 GHz; and•105 - 109,5 GHz.

It comprises a total bandwidth of 7,5 GHz.

4.2.2
4.2.2.1

Regulatory situation
Globally

The whole frequency band 102 - 109,5 GHz contains an allocation to FIXED and MOBILE service on a co-primarybasis. The number of services with whom the spectrum is shared differs in the two sub-bands (102 - 105 GHz and
105 - 109,5 GHz). All allocations in this frequency band are made on a global basis and are identical to all three ITU-R
regions. Three footnotes apply:•

FN 5.149 (102 - 109,5 GHz): "... administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the radio
astronomy service from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can beparticularly serious sources of interference to the radio astronomy service…".

•

FN 5.341 (102 - 109,5 GHz): "In the bands 1 400-1 727 MHz, 101-120 GHz and 197-220 GHz, passive
research is being conducted by some countries in a programme for the search for intentional emissions of
extra-terrestrial origin".

•

FN 5.562B (105 - 109,5 GHz): "...the use of this allocation is limited to space-based radio astronomy only".

4.2.2.2

Regionally

In Europe, the frequency range 92 - 114,5 GHz is designated for the use of fixed services. The European
Communications Committee (ECC) of CEPT has in ECC Recommendation (18)02 [i.16] defined channel/blockarrangements for FS systems in this band. A common channel raster of 250 MHz slots for multiple bands have been
defined between 92 GHz and 114,25 GHz. ECC also recommends a paired block setup in the whole range with
duplexing distances of 11,5 GHz to 14,2 GHz.
Further, ECC Report 282 [i.17] provides supporting information and considerations on deployment of
Point-to-Point (PP) radio links in the frequency ranges 92 - 114,25 GHz (referred to as W-band) and 130 - 174,8 GHz(referred to as D-band). The frequency ranges above 100 GHz are considered attractive for 5G backhaul purposes. To
investigate this, ECC Report 342 [i.18] describes a Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) system intended to operate within Fixed
Service (FS) for backhaul applications which implements a star topology by leveraging on an Active Antenna (AAS).

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The European Communications Office (ECO) has recently published ECO Report 04 [i.19] the implementation status
for Fixed Services in Europe. For the bands above 100 GHz, only a few countries have implemented the recommended
channel plan from [i.16]. Some countries are considering and studying; however, most countries has not given any
information.
This clause is applicable for other bands between 100 GHz and 275 GHz.

4.2.3
4.2.3.1

Other services with allocated spectrum
Service descriptions and protective methods

Band 1FIXEDMOBILE
RAS
SRS

109.5 GHz

Adjacent below
EESS
RAS
SRS

102 GHz

Overview of co-primary frequency allocations:

Adjacent above
EESS
RAS
SRS

Figure 3: Co-primary service allocations in the band 102 - 109,5 GHz
Protective methods towards other co-primary service allocations:•

RADIO ASTRONOMY (RAS): Co-existence is based on the use of exclusion zones around the RAS stations[i.12], see FN 5.149 and FN 5.341.

•

SPACE RESEARCH (SRS) (passive) (105 - 109,5 GHz): Limited to space-based radioastronomy. Not
directed towards earth which ensures protection, ref FN 5.562B.

Interference from MOBILE and FIXED services in adjacent bands, below 102 GHz and above 109,5 GHz:
•

4.2.4

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (EESS) (passive): restrictions on out-of-band emissions, if Nadir orConical Scan. See Recommendation ITU-R RS.1861-1 [i.13].

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

For this frequency band allocations in the RR, which are relevant for THz communications already exist. These band
can be considered taking into account the regional situations and the protective methods defined for the band itself andthe adjacent bands. The ITU-R WP5C is currently working on "Radio frequency arrangements for fixed wirelesssystems" [i.14]. The results are expected to be prepared by 2027 and will complement the European regulations, seeclause 4.2.2.2.

4.3

Frequency band 141 - 148,5 GHz

4.3.1

Description

The band 141 - 148,5 GHz comprises a total bandwidth of 7,5 GHz in the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7].

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4.3.2
4.3.2.1

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Regulatory situation
Globally

The frequency band 141 - 148,5 GHz contains an allocation to FIXED and MOBILE service on a co-primary basis. All
allocations in this frequency band are made on a global basis and are identical to all three ITU-R regions. One footnote
applies:•

4.3.2.2

FN 5.149 (136 - 148,5 GHz): "… administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the radio
astronomy service from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can beparticularly serious sources of interference to the radio astronomy service…".

Regionally

In Europe, the frequency range 130 - 174,8 GHz is designated for the use of fixed services. The European
Communications Committee (ECC) of CEPT has in ECC Recommendation (18)01 [i.20] defined channel/blockarrangements for FS systems in this band. A common channel raster of 250 MHz slots for multiple bands have been
defined between 130 GHz and 174,8 GHz. ECC also recommends a paired block setup in the whole range with
duplexing distances of 15,5 GHz or 21,5 GHz.
ECC Report 282 [i.17], ECC Report 342 [i.18] and ECO Report 04 [i.19] is also covering this band. See clause 4.2.2.2.

4.3.3
4.3.3.1

Other services with allocated spectrum
Service descriptions and protective methods

Band 2FIXEDMOBILE
RLS
RAS

148.5 GHz

Adjacent below
RAS
RLS

141 GHz

Overview of co-primary frequency allocations:

Adjacent above
EESS
RAS
SRS

Figure 4: Co-primary service allocations in the band 141 - 148,5 GHz
In Europe, a number of bands between 116 GHz and 260 GHz has been designated for the use for UWB
radiodetermination applications compliant with the RADIOLOCATION primary service allocation. ETSITR 103 498 [i.21] is a system reference document describing UWB radiodetermination applications within thefrequency range 120 GHz to 260 GHz. ECC Report 334 [i.22] further considers the co-existence of UWB applications
between 116 GHz and 260 GHz to incumbent services. ECC Report 351 [i.23] explicitly focuses on UWB
radiodetermination applications between 116 GHz and 148,5 GHz for vehicular use and studies interference scenarioswith Radio Astronomy, Fixed Services, Earth Exploration Satellite Services (passive), and Amateur andAmateur-Satellite Services, and concludes with the conditions needed to fulfil co-existence.
Based on these reference documents and studies, the ECC Decision (22)03 [i.24] where the following bands aredesignated by CEPT administrations:•

122,25 - 130 GHz and 134 - 148,5 GHz for generic indoor surveillance radar.

•

174,8 - 182 GHz, 185 - 190 GHz and 231,5 - 250 GHz for RadioDetermination systems for Industry
automation (RDI).

•

116 - 148,5 GHz, 167 - 182 GHz and 231,5 - 250 GHz for Level Probing Radar (LPR), Tank Level Probing
Radar (TLPR) and Contour Determination and acquisition Radar (CDR).

This clause is applicable also for other bands between 100 GHz and 275 GHz.

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Protective methods towards other co-primary service allocations:•

RADIOLOCATION (RLS): The shared use with FIXED services is discussed in ECC Report 334 [i.22].
These are mainly based on e.i.r.p. limitations. Further studies are documented in ECC Report 351 [i.23], which
concentrates on vehicular radar usage. These studies handle primarily how UWB Radio determination may
interfere with FIXED services and not the opposite.

•

RADIO ASTRONOMY (RAS): Co-existence is based on the use of exclusion zones around the
RAS stations [i.12], ref FN 5.149.

Interference from MOBILE and FIXED services in adjacent band above 148,5 GHz:
•

4.3.4

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (EESS) (passive): Restrictions on out-of-band emissions, if Nadir orConical Scan. See Recommendation ITU-R RS.1861-1 [i.13].

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

The same remarks as in clause 4.2.4 are valid, see also clause 4.3.2.2.
No co-existence studies regarding interference from FIXED services towards UWB radiodetermination has been done,see clause 4.3.3.1.
The frequency band allows Integrated Sensing And Communications (ISAC) since the band is already allocated to the
MOBILE and RADIOLOCATION Service.

4.4

Frequency band 151,5 - 164 GHz

4.4.1

Description

The frequency band 151,5 - 164 GHz comprises three adjacent bands in the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7]:•

151,5 - 155,5 GHz;•

155,5 - 158,5 GHz;•

158,5 - 165 GHz.

It comprises a total bandwidth of 12,5 GHz.

4.4.2
4.4.2.1

Regulatory situation
Globally

The whole frequency band 151,5 - 164 GHz contains an allocation to FIXED and MOBILE service on a co-primarybasis. The number of services with whom the spectrum is shared differs in the three sub-bands (151,5 - 155,5 GHz,
155,5 - 158,5 GHz and 158,5 - 164 GHz). All allocations in this frequency band are made on a global basis and are
identical to all three ITU-R regions. One footnote applies for the two lower sub bands:•

4.4.2.2

FN 5.149 (151,5 - 158,5 GHz): "… administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the radio
astronomy service from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can beparticularly serious sources of interference to the radio astronomy service…".

Regionally

The same regulatory situation as in clause 4.2.2.2 applies in Europe.

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4.4.3
4.4.3.1

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Other services with allocated spectrum
Service descriptions and protective methods

164 GHz

Adjacent below
EESS
RAS
SRS

151.5 GHz

Overview of co-primary frequency allocations:Band 3FIXEDMOBILERLS
RAS

Adjacent above
EESS
RAS
SRS

FSS
MSS
Figure 5: Co-primary service allocations in the band 151,5 - 164 GHz
Protective methods towards other co-primary service allocations:•

RADIOLOCATION (RLS) (151,5 - 155,5 GHz): The shared use with FIXED services is discussed in
ECC Report 334 [i.22]. These are mainly based on e.i.r.p. limitations. These studies handle primarily how
UWB Radio determination may interfere with FIXED services and not the opposite.

•

RADIO ASTRONOMY (RAS): Co-existence is based on the use of exclusion zones around the
RAS stations [i.12], ref FN 5.149.

•

FIXED-SATELLITE (FSS) (space-to-Earth): No method specified.

•

MOBILE-SATELLITE (MSS) (space-to-Earth): No method specified.

Interference from MOBILE and FIXED services in adjacent bands below 151,5 GHz and above 164 GHz:
•

4.4.4

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (EESS) passive: restrictions on out-of-band emissions, if Nadir orConical Scan. See Recommendation ITU-R RS.1861-1 [i.13].

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

The same remarks as in clause 4.2.4 is valid, see also clause 4.4.2.2.
No co-existence studies regarding interference from FIXED services towards UWB radiodetermination has been done,see clause 4.4.3.1. Resolution COM6/5 from WRC-23 [i.11] invites studies for protecting EESS between
164 - 167 GHz, which is an adjacent band, towards agenda item 1.18 at WRC-27.
The frequency band allows Integrated Sensing And Communication (ISAC) since the band is already allocated to the
MOBILE and RADIOLOCATION Service.

4.5

Frequency band 167 - 174,8 GHz

4.5.1

Description

The frequency band 167 - 174,8 GHz comprises two adjacent bands in the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7]:•

167 - 174,5 GHz; and•174,5 - 174,8 GHz.

It comprises a total bandwidth of 7,8 GHz.

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4.5.2
4.5.2.1

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Regulatory situation
Globally

The whole frequency band 167 - 174,8 GHz contains an allocation to FIXED and MOBILE service on a co-primarybasis. The number of services with whom the spectrum is shared differs in the two sub-bands (167 - 174,5 GHz and
174,5 - 174,8 GHz). All allocations in this frequency band are made on a global basis and are identical to all three
ITU-R regions. Three footnotes apply:•

FN 5.149 (167 - 174,5 GHz): "… administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the radio
astronomy service from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can beparticularly serious sources of interference to the radio astronomy service…".

•

FN 5.558 (Related to Mobile Services): "In the bands 55.78-58.2 GHz, 59-64 GHz, 66-71 GHz,
122.25-123 GHz, 130-134 GHz, 167-174.8 GHz and 191.8-200 GHz, stations in the aeronautical mobile
service may be operated subject to not causing harmful interference to the inter-satellite service (seeNo. 5.43)".

•

FN 5.562D: "Additional allocation: In Korea (Rep. of), the frequency bands 128-130 GHz, 171-171.6 GHz,
172.2-172.8 GHz and 173.3-174 GHz are also allocated to the radio astronomy service on a primary basis.
Radio astronomy stations in Korea (Rep. of) operating in the frequency bands referred to in this footnote shallnot claim protection from, or constrain the use and development of, services in other countries operating inaccordance with the Radio Regulations. (WRC-15)".

4.5.2.2

Regionally

See clause 4.2.2.2 on the use of FIXED services in Europe.

4.5.3
4.5.3.1

Other services with allocated spectrum
Service descriptions and protective methods

Band 4FIXEDMOBILE
FSS
ISS

174.8 GHz

Adjacent below
EESS
RAS
SRS

167 GHz

Overview of co-primary frequency allocations:

Adjacent above
EESS
ISS
SRS

Figure 6: Co-primary service allocations in the band 167 - 174,8 GHz
Protective methods towards other co-primary service allocations:•

RADIO ASTRONOMY (RAS): Co-existence is based on the use of exclusion zones around the
RAS stations [i.12], ref FN 5.149 and FN 5.562D.

•

FIXED-SATELLITE (FSS) (space-to-Earth): No method specified.

•

INTER-SATELLITE (ISS) In space. At significant distance, therefore not a blocker, ref FN 5.558.

Interference from MOBILE and FIXED services in adjacent bands below 167 GHz and above 174,8 GHz•

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (EESS) passive: restrictions on out-of-band emissions, if Nadir orConical Scan. See Recommendation ITU-R RS.1861-1 [i.13].

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

The same remarks as in clause 4.2.4 is valid, see also clause 4.5.2.2. Resolution COM6/5 from WRC-23 [i.11] invites
studies for protecting EESS between 164 - 167 GHz, which is an adjacent band, towards agenda item 1.18 at WRC-27.

4.6

Frequency band 191,8 - 200 GHz

4.6.1

Description

The band 191,8 - 200 GHz comprises a total bandwidth of 8,2 GHz in the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7]. A water
vapour absorption line is present at 183 GHz [i.53].

4.6.2

Regulatory situation

4.6.2.1

Globally

The whole frequency band 191,8 - 200 GHz contains an allocation to FIXED and MOBILE SERVICE on a co-primarybasis. All allocations in this frequency band are made on a global basis and are identical to all three ITU-R regions.
Four footnotes apply:•

FN 5.149: "… administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the radio astronomy service
from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can be particularly serious
sources of interference to the radio astronomy service…".

•

FN 5.341: "In the bands 1 400-1 727 MHz, 101-120 GHz and 197-220 GHz, passive research is being
conducted by some countries in a programme for the search for intentional emissions of extra-terrestrial
origin".

•FN 5.554: "In the bands 43.5-47 GHz, 66-71 GHz, 95-100 GHz, 123-130 GHz, 191.8-200 GHz and252-265 GHz, satellite links connecting land stations at specified fixed points are also authorized when used inconjunction with the mobile-satellite service or the radionavigation-satellite service".

•

FN 5.558 (Related to Mobile Services): "In the bands 55.78-58.2 GHz, 59-64 GHz, 66-71 GHz,
122.25-123 GHz, 130-134 GHz, 167-174.8 GHz and 191.8-200 GHz, stations in the aeronautical mobile
service may be operated subject to not causing harmful interference to the inter-satellite service (seeNo. 5.43)".

4.6.2.2

Regionally

All allocations on the ITU-R level are made on a global basis.

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4.6.3
4.6.3.1

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Other services with allocated spectrum
Service descriptions and protective methods

Band 5FIXEDMOBILE
ISS
MSS
RNS
RNSS

200 GHz

Adjacent below
EESS
SRS

191.8 GHz

Overview of co-primary frequency allocations:

Adjacent above
EESS
RAS
SRS

Figure 7: Co-primary service allocations in the band 191,8 - 200 GHz
Protective methods towards other co-primary service allocations:•

INTER-SATELLITE (ISS): In space. At significant distance, therefore not a blocker, ref FN 5.558.

•

MOBILE-SATELLITE (MSS): No method specified.

•

RADIONAVIGATION (RNS): TBD.

•

RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (RNSS): TBD.

Interference from MOBILE and FIXED services in adjacent bands below 191,8 GHz and above 200 GHz:
•

4.6.4

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (EESS) passive: restrictions on out-of-band emissions, if Nadir orConical Scan. See Recommendation ITU-R RS.1861-1 [i.13].

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

For this frequency band allocations in the ITU-R RR, which are relevant for THz communications already exist. Thisband can be considered taking into account the regional situations and the protective methods defined for the band itself
and the adjacent bands.
Resolution COM6/5 from WRC-23 [i.11] invites studies for protecting EESS between 200 - 209 GHz, which is an
adjacent band, towards agenda item 1.18 at WRC-27.

4.7

Frequency band 209 - 226 GHz

4.7.1

Description

The frequency band 209 - 226 GHz comprises two adjacent bands in the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7]:•

209 - 217 GHz; and•

217 - 226 GHz.

It comprises a total bandwidth of 17 GHz.

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4.7.2
4.7.2.1

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Regulatory situation
Globally

The whole frequency band 209 - 226 GHz contains an allocation to FIXED and MOBILE service on a co-primary basis.
The number of services with whom the spectrum is shared differs in the two sub-bands (209 - 217 GHz and
217 - 226 GHz). All allocations in this frequency band are made on a global basis and are identical to all three ITU-R
regions. Three footnotes apply:•

FN 5.149: "… administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the radio astronomy service
from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can be particularly serious
sources of interference to the radio astronomy service…".

•

FN 5.341: "In the bands 1 400-1 727 MHz, 101-120 GHz and 197-220 GHz, passive research is being
conducted by some countries in a programme for the search for intentional emissions of extra-terrestrial
origin".

•FN 5.562B (217 - 226 GHz, related to Space Research): "...the use of this allocation is limited to space-based
radio astronomy only".

4.7.2.2

Regionally

All allocations on the ITU-R level are made on a global basis.

4.7.3

Other services with allocated spectrum

4.7.3.1

Service descriptions - regional differences

Band 6FIXEDMOBILEFSS
RAS
SRS

226 GHz

Adjacent below
EESS
RAS
SRS

209 GHz

Overview of co-primary frequency allocations:

Adjacent above
EESS
RAS
SRS

Figure 8: Co-primary service allocations in the band 209 26 GHz
Protective methods towards other co-primary service allocations:•

FIXED-SATELLITE (FSS) (space-to-Earth): No method specified.

•

RADIO ASTRONOMY (RAS): Co-existence is based on the use of exclusion zones around the
RAS stations [i.12], ref FN 5.149.

•

SPACE RESEARCH (SRS) (passive) (217 - 226 GHz): Limited to space-based radioastronomy. Not directed
towards earth which ensures protection, ref FN 5.562B.

Interference from MOBILE and FIXED services in adjacent bands below 209 GHz and above 226 GHz:•

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (EESS) passive: restrictions on out-of-band emissions, if Nadir orConical Scan. See Recommendation ITU-R RS.1861-1 [i.13].

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

For this frequency band allocations in the RR, which are relevant for THz communications already exist. These band
can be considered taking into account the regional situations and the protective methods defined for the band itself andthe adjacent bands.
Resolution COM6/5 from WRC-23 [i.11] invites studies for protecting EESS between 200 - 209 GHz, which is an
adjacent band, towards agenda item 1.18 at WRC-27.

4.8

Frequency band 231,5 - 239,2 GHz

4.8.1

Description

The frequency band 231,5 - 239,2 GHz is located in TW2 (see Annex A) and comprises four adjacent bands defined as
an outcome of the WRC-23 [i.11]:•

231,5 - 232 GHz;•

232 - 235 GHz;•235 - 238 GHz; and•238 - 239,2 GHz.

It comprises a total bandwidth of 7,7 GHz.

4.8.2
4.8.2.1

Regulatory situation
Globally

The whole frequency band 231,5 - 239,2 GHz contains an allocation to FIXED and MOBILE service on a co-primarybasis. The number of services with whom the spectrum is shared differs between the four sub-bands. All allocations inthis frequency band are made on a global basis and are identical to all three ITU-R regions. Three footnotes apply:•

FN 5.563A: "In the bands 200-209 GHz, 235-238 GHz, 250-252 GHz and 265-275 GHz, ground-based
passive atmospheric sensing is carried out to monitor atmospheric constituents".

•

FN 5.563B: "The band 237.9-238 GHz is also allocated to the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) andthe space research service (active) for spaceborne cloud radars only".

•

FN 5.B114 (New after WRC-23): "In the frequency band 235-238 GHz, stations in the Earthexploration-satellite service (passive) shall not claim protection from stations in the fixed and mobile
services" [i.11].

This frequency band is subject to Agenda Item 1.8 at WRC-27 on new allocations for the radio location service(Resolution 663 [i.26] and Resolution COM6/23 in [i.11]).

4.8.2.2

Regionally

All allocations on the ITU-R level are made on a global basis.

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4.8.3

Other services with allocated spectrum

4.8.3.1

Service descriptions - regional differences

Band
7
FIXED
MOBILE
FSS

239,2 GHz

238 GHz

235 GHz232 GHz

Adjacent below
EESS
RAS
SRS

231,5 GHz

Overview of primary frequency allocations:

Adjacent above
EESS
FSS

EESS
SRS
RLS
RNS
RNSS

RLS
RNS
RNSS

Figure 9: Co-primary service allocations in the band 231,5 - 239,2 GHz
Protective methods towards other co-primary service allocations:•

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (EESS) (passive) (235 - 238 GHz). No protective method required(see FN 5.B114).

•

FIXED-SATELLITE (FSS) (space-to-earth) (232 - 235 GHz, 235 - 238 GHz, 238 - 239,2 GHz).

•SPACE RESEARCH (SRS) (passive) (235 - 238 GHz): Limited to ground-based passive atmospheric sensing(see FN 5.563A).

•

RADIOLOCATION (RLS) (238 - 239,2 GHz): The shared use with FIXED services is discussed in ECC
Report 334 [i.22]. These are mainly based on e.i.r.p. limitations. These studies handle primarily how UWBRadio determination may interfere with FIXED services and not the opposite.

•

RADIONAVIGATION (RNS) (238 - 239,2 GHz): TBD.

•

RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (RNSS) (238 - 239,2 GHz): TBD.

Interference from MOBILE and FIXED services in adjacent bands below 231,5 GHz and above 239,2 GHz:
•

4.8.4

EESS passive: restrictions on out-of-band emissions, if Nadir or Conical Scan. See Recommendation
ITU-R RS.1861-1 [i.13].

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

For this frequency band allocations in the ITU-R RR, which are relevant for THz communications already exist. Thisband can be considered taking into account the regional situations and the protective methods defined for the band itself
and the adjacent bands. No further need for co-existence studies has been identified for this band.

4.9

Frequency band 252 - 275 GHz

4.9.1

Description

The frequency band 252 - 275 GHz is located in TW2 (see Annex A) and comprises two adjacent bands in the
ITU-R Radio regulations [i.7]:•

252 - 265 GHz; and•265 - 275 GHz.

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It comprises a total bandwidth of 23 GHz.

4.9.2
4.9.2.1

Regulatory situation
Globally

The whole frequency band 252 - 275 GHz contains an allocation to FIXED and MOBILE service on a co-primary basis.
The number of services with whom the spectrum is shared differs in the two sub-bands (252 - 265 GHz and
265 - 275 GHz). All allocations in this frequency band are made on a global basis and are identical to all three
ITU-R regions. Three footnotes apply:•

FN 5.149 (252 - 275 GHz): "… administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the radio
astronomy service from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can beparticularly serious sources of interference to the radio astronomy service…".

•

FN 5.554 (252 - 265 GHz): "In the bands (….) 252-265 GHz, satellite links connecting land stations at
specified fixed points are also authorized when used in conjunction with the mobile-satellite service or theradionavigation-satellite service".

•

FN 5.563A (265 - 275 GHz):"In the bands (….) 265-275 GHz, ground-based passive atmospheric sensing iscarried out to monitor atmospheric constituents".

This frequency band is under study with respect to agenda item 1.8 at WRC-27 on new allocations for the radio location
service (Resolution 663 in [i.26]).

4.9.2.2

Regionally

All allocations on the ITU-R level are made on a global basis.

4.9.3

Other services with allocated spectrum

4.9.3.1

Service descriptions - regional differences

Band 8

EESS

FIXED

RAS

MOBILESRSRAS

275 GHz

Adjacent below

252 GHz

Overview of co-primary frequency allocations:

Adjacent above
Identified for Fixedand Mobile
services

FSS
MSS
RNS
RNSS

Figure 10: Co-primary service allocations in the band 252 - 275 GHz
The regional/national regulations based on these allocations described above may differ.
Protective methods towards other co-primary service allocations:•

MOBILE-SATELLITE (MSS) (Earth-to-space) (252 - 265 GHz): No method specified.

•

FIXED-SATELLITE (FSS) (Earth-to-space) (265 - 275 GHz): No method specified.

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)•

RADIO ASTRONOMY (RAS): Co-existence is based on the use of exclusion zones around the
RAS stations [i.12], ref FN5.149.

•

RADIONAVIGATION (RNS) (252 - 265 GHz): TBD.

•

RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (RNSS) (252 - 265 GHz): TBD.

Interference from MOBILE and FIXED services in adjacent bands below 252 GHz:•

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (EESS) (passive): restrictions on out-of-band emissions, if Nadir orConical Scan. See Recommendation ITU-R RS.1861-1 [i.13].

4.9.4

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

This frequency band is part of IEEE 802.15.3d-2023. The corresponding channel allocation is presented in [i.30] and[i.34].

4.10

Other frequency bands between 100 - 275 GHz

4.10.1

Description

There are more frequency bands in the range between 100 - 275 GHz which are allocated on a co-primary basis to
FIXED and MOBILE services. Table 1 lists the frequency bands with less than 6 GHz contiguous bandwidth.
Table 1: Overview of other frequency bands between 100 - 275 GHzwith FIXED and MOBILE allocations

Band #
1
2
3Frequency range

111,8 - 114,25 GHz
122,25 - 123 GHz
130 - 134 GHz

Absolute bandwidth Fractional bandwidth
2,45 GHz
0,75 GHz
4 GHz

2,2 %
0,6 %
3%

Sufficient contiguous bandwidth is a limiting factor, not only regarding support for extreme bitrates, but it is also
limited by the implementation feasibility. Utilizing 'narrow' bands requires sharper filters in the transceivers with higher
quality factor (Q). High-Q filters are usually more expensive, but technology limits are pushed all the time. According
to [i.25], it may be technologically feasible to implement RF transceivers in the THz range with filtering down to 1 %fractional bandwidth. This corresponds to absolute bandwidths between 1 and 3 GHz for the range 100 - 275 GHz.
Taking into account that real filters are not infinitely sharp, the 3 dB bandwidth should be less than the available
spectrum bandwidth. Based on this, Figure 11 provides an evaluation of the feasibility.

Figure 11: Feasibility of other frequency bands between 100 - 275 GHz

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The evaluation shows that two out of the three bands (111,8 - 114,25 GHz and 130 - 134 GHz) might be feasible, andhence of interest for THz communications.

4.10.24.10.2.1

Regulatory situation
Globally

The frequency bands 111,8 - 114,25 GHz and 130 - 134 GHz contain allocations to FIXED and MOBILE service on aco-primary basis. The number of services with whom the spectrum is shared differs in the two bands. All allocations inthis frequency band are made on a global basis and are identical to all three ITU-R regions. Six footnotes apply:•

FN 5.149: "… administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the radio astronomy service
from harmful interference. Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stations can be particularly serious
sources of interference to the radio astronomy service…".

•

FN 5.341: "In the bands 1 400-1 727 MHz, 101-120 GHz and 197-220 GHz, passive research is being
conducted by some countries in a programme for the search for intentional emissions of extra-terrestrial
origin".

•FN 5.562B: "In the frequency bands 105-109.5 GHz, 111.8-114.25 GHz and 217-226 GHz, the use of thisallocation [SPACE RESEARCH (passive)] is limited to space-based radio astronomy only".

•

FN 5.558: "In the bands 55.78-58.2 GHz, 59-64 GHz, 66-71 GHz, 122.25-123 GHz, 130-134 GHz,
167-174.8 GHz and 191.8-200 GHz, stations in the aeronautical mobile service may be operated subject to notcausing harmful interference to the inter-satellite service (see No. 5.43)".

•

FN 5.562A: "In the bands 94-94.1 GHz and 130-134 GHz, transmissions from space stations of the Earthexploration satellite service (active) that are directed into the main beam of a radio astronomy antenna havethe potential to damage some radio astronomy receivers. Space agencies operating the transmitters and theradio astronomy stations concerned should mutually plan their operations so as to avoid such occurrences tothe maximum extent possible".

•

FN 5.562E: "The allocation to the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) is limited to the band
133.5-134 GHz".

4.10.2.2

Regionally

In Europe, the band 122 - 123 GHz has been designated for Short Range Devices (SRD). The band 122,25 GHz to123 GHz is allocated to FIXED and MOBILE services. The lower band 122 - 122,25 GHz, however, is co-primary
allocated to EESS, SRS and INTER-SATELLITE, and a separate compatibility study is done in ECC Report 190 [i.27].
For further details, see also description of European regulations for UWB radiodetermination applications in clause
4.2.3.1.
While the bands 122,25 - 123 GHz and 244 - 246 GHz are restricted by e.i.r.p. only, the band 122 - 122,25 GHz also is
restricted on power spectral density (psd) and on elevation angle for radiated power, in addition to a stricter e.i.r.p.
level. The requirements are updated and summarized in ERC Recommendation 70-03 [i.28], and as the European
Commission Decision 2017/1483/EU [i.29].
In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has made available some bands [i.31] with at least 5 GHz
bandwidth in 116 - 123 GHz, 174,8 - 182 GHz and 185 - 190 GHz. There is also a path using experimental licenses forany band above 100 GHz, but there are additional requirements to be met which essentially acts only as a temporary
way to market. While the band 116 - 123 GHz looks particularly interesting, it is shared with passive EESS which may
limit its future availability outside the US.

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

4.10.3

Other services with allocated spectrum

4.10.3.1

Service descriptions - regional differences

Overview of co-primary frequency allocations:

Adjacent below
EESS
RAS
SRS

114.25 GHz

Frequency band 118,8 - 114,25 GHz:

111.8 GHz•FIXEDMOBILERAS
SRS

Adjacent above
RAS
SRS

Figure 12: Co-primary service allocations in the band 111,8 - 114,25 GHz

Adjacent below
FSS
MSS
RNS
RNSS

134 GHz

Frequency band 130 - 134 GHz:

130 GHz•

Adjacent above

FIXED
MOBILEEESS (active)
ISS
RAS

AM
AMS

Figure 13: Co-primary service allocations in the band 130 - 134 GHz
Protective methods towards other co-primary service allocations:•

RADIO ASTRONOMY (RAS) (111,8 - 114,25 GHz): Co-existence is based on the use of exclusion zones
around the RAS stations [i.12], ref FN 5.149.

•

SPACE RESEARCH (SRS) (passive) (111,8 - 114,25 GHz): Limited to space-based radioastronomy. Not
directed towards earth which ensures protection, ref FN 5.562B.

•

INTER-SATELLITE (ISS) (130 - 134 GHz): Not directed towards earth which ensures protection.

•

EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (EESS) (active) (133,5 - 134 GHz): Method TBD.

Interference from MOBILE and FIXED services in adjacent bands below 111,8 GHz and below 231,5 GHz:•EESS passive: restrictions on out-of-band emissions, if Nadir or Conical Scan. See Recommendation
ITU-R RS.1861-1 [i.13].

4.10.4

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

In addition to the bands described in the previous clauses a couple of smaller fragmented spectrum parts exist between
100 GHz and 275 GHz. Due to the small channel bandwidth available in these spectrum parts, these bands are of lessinterest for THz communications and might be used for specific applications only. The ITU-R WP5C is currently
working on "Radio frequency arrangements for fixed wireless systems" [i.14]. The results are expected to be preparedby 2027 and will complement the European regulations, see clause 4.10.2.2.

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5

Frequency range 275 - 1 000 GHz

5.1

Introduction

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

The frequency range between 275 and 1 000 GHz is not allocated to specific services, but identified for use byadministrations for passive and active service applications as defined in FN 5.565 (see Annex C) and 5.564A (seeAnnex D) of the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.7]. Based on the restrictions defined in these footnotes and the definitionof Transmission Windows (TWs) (see Annex A), the frequency band 275 - 1 000 GHz is subdivided into the following
12 frequency bands:•

Frequency Band 1: 275 - 296 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 2: 296 - 306 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 3: 306 - 313 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 4: 313 - 318 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 5: 318 - 321 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 6: 327 - 333 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 7: 333 - 356 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 8: 356 - 368 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 9: 391 - 433 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 10: 452 - 520 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 11: 598 - 722 GHz.

•

Frequency Band 12: 786 - 953 GHz.

In the following, frequency bands belonging to the same TW and having the same regulations are grouped into one
section.

5.2

Frequency bands 1, 3 and 5 (275 - 296 GHz,306 - 313 GHz, 318 - 321 GHz)

5.2.1

Description

These three frequency bands are all within TW2 (185 - 321 GHz) and have been identified for the use by mobile andfixed service at WRC-19.

5.2.2
5.2.2.1

Regulatory situation
Globally

Identification for use for the implementation of land mobile and fixed service according to FN 5.564A (see Annex D).
No specific conditions are necessary to protect Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) applications. Exclusion
zones are required with respect to radio astronomy. This frequency band is under study with respect to agenda item 1.8
at WRC-27 on new identifications for the radio location service (Resolution 663 [i.26]). The frequency band
275 - 325 GHz will also be under study towards WRC-31 on possible new allocations for fixed, mobile, radiolocation,amateur, amateur-satellite, radio astronomy, Earth-exploration-satellite (passive and active) and space research(Resolution COM6/13 in [i.11]).

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5.2.2.2

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Regionally

All identifications on the ITU-R level are made on a global basis.

5.2.3
5.2.3.1

Other services with identified spectrum
Service descriptions and possible protective methods

Spectrum has also been identified for the use of passive service applications: Radio astronomy, Earth exploration
satellite service (passive), and Space research service (passive).
Possible protective methods towards other co-shared service identifications:•

Recommendation ITU-R FN 5.564A (see Annex D) applies to these bands: No specific conditions arenecessary to protect Earth exploration services (passive). For radio astronomy, exclusion zones might benecessary to protect the service.

Interference from mobile and fixed services in adjacent bands:•

Below 275 GHz is only affecting RADIO ASTRONOMY, see clause 4.9.3.

•

The bands 296 - 306 GHz and 313 - 318 GHz are not identified to fixed or mobile, but considered asinteresting, see clause 5.3. Further studies covering the broader range might be needed.

5.2.4

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

This frequency band is part of IEEE 802.15.3d-2023. The corresponding channel allocation is presented in [i.30] and[i.34]. Under agenda item 1.8 this frequency band will be studied at WRC-27 with respect to the identification ofspectrum for the radio location service. Further studies for possible new allocations will also be performed towards
WRC-31, see clause 5.2.2.
Airborne applications have not been subject to sharing studies in preparation of WRC-19, where the identification has
been made. Based on the results in [i.32] and [i.33] sharing studies for such applications might be necessary.

5.3

Frequency bands 2 and 4 (296 - 306 GHz, 313 - 318 GHz)

5.3.1

Description

These two frequency bands are all within TW2 (185 - 321 GHz) and have not been identified for the use by mobile andfixed service at WRC-19.

5.3.2
5.3.2.1

Regulatory situation
Globally

This part of the spectrum might be used by land mobile and fixed service according to FN 5.565 (see Annex C).
National administrations have to take all practicable steps to prevent the passive services form harmful interference.
This frequency band is under study with respect to agenda item 1.8 at WRC-27 on new identifications for the radio
location service (Resolution 663 [i.26]). The frequency band 275 - 325 GHz will also be under study towards WRC-31
on possible new allocations for fixed, mobile, radiolocation, amateur, amateur-satellite, radio astronomy,
Earth-exploration-satellite (passive and active) and space research (Resolution COM6/13 in [i.11]).

5.3.2.2

Regionally

All identifications on the ITU-R level are made on a global basis.

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5.3.3
5.3.3.1

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Other services with identified spectrum
Service descriptions and possible protective methods

Spectrum has also been identified for the use of passive service applications: Radio astronomy, Earth exploration
satellite service (passive), and Space research service (passive).
Possible protective methods towards other co-shared service identifications:
•

5.3.4

Recommendation ITU-R FN 5.564A (see Annex D) applies to these bands: These frequency bands may only
be used by fixed and land mobile service applications when specific conditions to ensure the protection ofEarth exploration service (passive) applications are determined in accordance with ITU-R Resolution 731(Rev. WRC-23) [i.8]. For radio astronomy, exclusion zones might be necessary to protect the service.

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

This frequency band is part of IEEE 802.15.3d-2023. The corresponding channel allocation is presented in [i.30] and[i.34]. Under agenda item 1.8 this frequency band will be studied at WRC-27 with respect to the identification ofspectrum for the radio location service. Further studies for possible new allocations will also be performed towards
WRC-31, see clause 5.3.2.
Airborne applications have not been subject to sharing studies in preparation of WRC-19, where the identification has
been made. Based on the results in [i.32] and [i.33] sharing studies for such applications might be necessary.

5.4

Frequency bands 6 and 8 (327 - 333 GHz, 356 - 368 GHz)

5.4.1

Description

These two frequency bands are all within TW3 (328 - 369 GHz) and have been identified for the use by mobile andfixed service at WRC-19.

5.4.2

Regulatory situation

The same regulatory situation as described in clause 5.2 applies.

5.4.3
5.4.3.1

Other services with identified spectrum
Service descriptions and possible protective methods

The same conditions as described in clause 5.2 apply.

5.4.4

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

This frequency band is part of IEEE 802.15.3d-2023. The corresponding channel allocation is presented in [i.30] and[i.34]. The bandwidth is significantly reduced for TW3 link distances larger than 15 m (see Annex A).
Airborne applications have not been subject to sharing studies in preparation of WRC-19, where the identification has
been made. Based on the results in [i.32] and [i.33] sharing studies for such applications might be necessary.

5.5

Frequency band 7 (333 - 356 GHz)

5.5.1

Description

This frequency band is within TW3 (327,5 - 368,5 GHz) and has been not identified for the use by mobile and fixed
service at WRC-19.

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5.5.2

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Regulatory situation

The same regulatory situation as described in clause 5.3 applies.

5.5.3
5.5.3.1

Other services with identified spectrum
Service descriptions and possible protective methods

The same conditions as described in clause 5.3 apply.

5.5.4

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

This frequency band is part of IEEE 802.15.3d-2023. The corresponding channel allocation is presented in [i.30] and[i.34]. The bandwidth is significantly reduced for TW3 link distances larger than 15 m (see Annex A).
Airborne applications have not been subject to sharing studies in preparation of WRC-19, where the identification has
been made. Based on the results in [i.32] and [i.33] sharing studies for such applications might be necessary.

5.6

Frequency band 9 (391 - 433 GHz)

5.6.1

Description

This frequency band is within TW4 (391 - 433 GHz) and has been identified for the use by mobile and fixed service at
WRC-19.

5.6.2

Regulatory situation

The same regulatory situation as described in clause 5.2 applies.

5.6.3
5.6.3.1

Other services with identified spectrum
Service descriptions and possible protective methods

The same conditions as described in clause 5.2 apply.

5.6.4

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

This frequency band is part of IEEE 802.15.3d-2023. The corresponding channel allocation is presented in [i.30] and[i.34]. The bandwidth of significantly reduces for TW3 link distances larger than 15 m (see Annex A).
Airborne applications have not been subject to sharing studies in preparation of WRC-19, where the identification has
been made. Based on the results in [i.32] and [i.33] sharing studies for such applications might be necessary.

5.7

Frequency band 10 (452 - 520 GHz)

5.7.1

Description

This frequency band is within TW5 (457 - 488 GHz) and has not been identified for the use by mobile and fixed service
at WRC-19.

5.7.2

Regulatory situation

This frequency band is under study with respect to agenda item 1.8 at WRC-27 on new identifications for the radio
location service (Resolution 663 [i.26]).

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5.7.3
5.7.3.1

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Other services with identified spectrum
Service descriptions and possible protective methods

Spectrum has been identified for the use of passive service applications: Radio astronomy, Earth exploration satellite
service (passive), and Space research service (passive).

5.7.4

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

No sharing studies have been performed in preparation of WRC-23. This band has been not yet been identified for theuse by mobile and fixed service but is subject to agenda item 1.8 at WRC-27 for the identification of spectrum for theradio location service [i.11].

5.8

Frequency band 11 (598 - 722 GHz)

5.8.1

Description

This frequency band is within TW6 (635 - 696 GHz) and has not been identified for the use by mobile and fixed service
at WRC-19.

5.8.2

Regulatory situation

The same regulatory situation as described in clause 5.7 applies.

5.8.3
5.8.3.1

Other services with identified spectrum
Service descriptions and possible protective methods

The same conditions as described in clause 5.7 apply.

5.8.4

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

No sharing studies have been performed in preparation of WRC-23. This band has been not yet been identified for theuse by mobile and fixed service but is partly, i.e. up to 700 GHz, subject to agenda item 1.8 at WRC-27 for theidentification of spectrum for radio location service [i.11].

5.9

Frequency band 12 (786 - 953 GHz)

5.9.1

Description

This frequency band is within TW7 (811 - 892 GHz) and has not been identified for the use by mobile and fixed service
at WRC-19.

5.9.2

Regulatory situation

The same regulatory situation as described in clause 5.3 applies, except for agenda item 1.8 at WRC-27, which does notcover this frequency band.

5.9.3
5.9.3.1

Other services with identified spectrum
Service descriptions and possible protective methods

The same conditions as described in clause 5.3 apply.

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5.9.4

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

This frequency band is not part of IEEE 802.15.3d-2023 [i.30]. The bandwidth is significantly reduced for TW3 link
distances larger than 15 m (see Annex A).
No sharing studies have been performed in preparation of WRC-23.

6

Frequency range above 1 000 GHz

6.1

Frequency band 1 000 GHz - 3 000 GHz

6.1.1

Description

The high path loss in this frequency band and the very short transmission ranges makes interference unlikely andenables sharing without further mitigation measures.

6.1.2

Regulatory situation

This frequency band is ruled by FN 5.565 (see Annex C) of the Radio Regulations [i.7]. All frequencies in this band
may be used by both active and passive services. No specific protections are required.

6.1.3

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

This frequency band can be used without any regulatory restrictions.

6.2

Frequency bands 3 000 GHz - 10 THz

6.2.1

Description

This frequency band is out of scope of the present document.

6.2.2

Conclusive remarks and recommendations

No further action is required.

7

Mapping the discussed frequency bands andphysical environments to relevant channel
measurements scenarios

To support the development of channel models for the frequency bands defined in the clauses above Table 2 below
summarizes each of the physical environments, classifies them into frequency bands and indicates related THz channel
measurement studies available in the existing literature for that particular environment. In order to group the available
literature a less fine-granular classification is used than in the clauses above. Furthermore, within the scope of ETSIGR THz 003 [i.96] deals with channel measurements and modelling for THz bands and will aim to provide channel
measurements and models for the physical environments identified in table 2. In addition, other typical indoor
environments as specified in Recommendation ITU-R P.1238-12 [i.97], such as conference room, corridors, railway
stations, airport terminals and commercial environments and outdoor environments as specified in Recommendation
ITU-R P.1411-12 [i.98], including residential, urban and suburban will be considered for typical deployment scenarios
may be considered.

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Table 2: Mapping the identified frequency bands and physical environments to relevant channel measurements and modelling scenarios

175 - 250

250 - 350

[i.33] [i.62][i.93] [i.65][i.68][i.56][i.57][i.58][i.59][i.72]

Beyond 350[i.73][i.74][i.82][i.83][i.62][i.79][i.88][i.95][i.39][i.41][i.48][i.61][i.71][i.81][i.42][i.44][i.46][i.47][i.50][i.52][i.56][i.63][i.91][i.94][i.35][i.40][i.43][i.45][i.49][i.51][i.92][i.53][i.54][i.55]ETSI

Relevant to all
Scenarios[i.70]

Square[i.45]

Stadium[i.69][i.90][i.33]

Highway[i.53][i.69][i.54][i.82][i.55][i.66][i.53][i.54][i.55][i.53] [i.60] [i.70][i.54] [i.90] [i.84][i.55][i.89]

Open space

Inter-machine

Intramachine/device

OfficeMeeting room[i.37] [i.36] [i.48][i.58] [i.38] [i.80][i.64] [i.83][i.94]

Urban canyon[i.84]

Hallway

Data centre

Classroom

Outdoor
Urban street

100 - 175

Factory

Train cabin

Airplane cabin

Living room

On-bodyFrequency Range in GHz

Medical facility

IndoorPhysicalenvironment

39

ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Annex A:
Transmission Windows
Recommendation ITU-R P.676-13 [i.53] is commonly used in order to predict the specific attenuation due to gases andrelated effects to frequencies up to 1 000 GHz, which can be used to predict Transmission Windows (TWs) for THz
communications. [i.99] introduces the concept of transmittance to define the transmission windows. Transmittance,
which is defined as the fraction of the incident electromagnetic power that is transmitted through the atmosphere. The
Transmittance (T) is given as a percentage and can be derived from the atmospheric attenuation. Figure A-1 shows thetransmittance and the derived transmission windows for a link distance of 100 meters at sea level, a temperature of 15°
and water vapor density of 7,5 g/m3.

Figure A-1: Transmission windows between 100 GHz and 1 THz at sea level,a temperature of 15° and water vapor density of 7,5 g/m3
The BandWidth (BW) of each TW is defined between the 1/√2 values of transmittance relative to the peak value oftransmittance of each frequency band. Since the transmittance depends on the link distance both position and BW of theTWs very with the link distance, see Figure A-2.

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Figure A-2: Transmission windows between 100 GHz and 1 THz for various link distancesat sea level, a temperature of 15° and water vapor density of 7,5 g/m3
Table A-1 lists the TW corresponding to Figure A-2.
Table A-1: Definition of transmission windows depending on the link distance(at sea level, a temperature of 15° and water vapor density of 7,5 g/m3)

TW

Link Distance(m)

Lower frequency(GHz)

Centre frequency
(GHz)

1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7

15
50
100
15
50
100
15
50
100
15
50
100
15
50
100
15
50
100
15
50
100

100
100
100
183
183
185
325
325
328
384
388
391
452
455
457
598
630
635
786
800
811

142
142
140
254
254
253
351
348
348
414
412
412
486
479
473
660
668
667
870
850
851

ETSI

Upper
frequency
(GHz)
183
183
180
325
325
321
376
371
369
443
436
433
520
502
488
722
705
696
953
900
892

Bandwidth
(GHz)
83
83
80
142
142
136
51
46
41
59
48
42
68
47
31
124
75
62
167
100
81

41

Annex B:FN 5.340 of the Radio Regulations"5.340All emissions are prohibited in the following bands:
1 400-1 427 MHz,2 690-2 700 MHz, except those provided for by No. 5.422,
10,68-10,7 GHz,
except those provided for by No. 5.483,
15,35-15,4 GHz,
except those provided for by No. 5.511,
23,6-24 GHz,31,3-31,5 GHz,
31,5-31,8 GHz,
in Region 2,
48,94-49,04 GHz, from airborne stations
50,2-50,4 GHz,52,6-54,25 GHz,
86-92 GHz,
100-102 GHz,109,5-111,8 GHz,
114,25-116 GHz,
148,5-151,5 GHz,
164-167 GHz,
182-185 GHz,
190-191,8 GHz,
200-209 GHz,
226-231,5 GHz,
250-252 GHz (WRC-03)".

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Annex C:FN 5.565 of the Radio Regulations"5.565 The following frequency bands in the range 275-1 000 GHz are identified for use by administrations for passive
service applications:•radio astronomy service: 275-323 GHz, 327-371 GHz, 388-424 GHz, 426-442 GHz, 453-510 GHz,623-711 GHz, 795-909 GHz and 926-945 GHz;•

earth exploration-satellite service (passive) and space research service (passive): 275-286 GHz, 296-306 GHz,
313-356 GHz, 361-365 GHz, 369-392 GHz, 397-399 GHz, 409-411 GHz, 416-434 GHz, 439-467 GHz,477-502 GHz, 523-527 GHz, 538-581 GHz, 611-630 GHz, 634-654 GHz, 657-692 GHz, 713-718 GHz,729-733 GHz, 750-754 GHz, 771-776 GHz, 823-846 GHz, 850-854 GHz, 857-862 GHz, 866-882 GHz,
905-928 GHz, 951-956 GHz, 968-973 GHz and 985-990 GHz.

The use of the range 275-1 000 GHz by the passive services does not preclude use of this range by active services.
Administrations wishing to make frequencies in the 275-1 000 GHz range available for active service applications are
urged to take all practicable steps to protect these passive services from harmful interference until the date when the
Table of Frequency Allocations is established in the above-mentioned 275-1 000 GHz frequency range. All frequencies
in the range 1 000-3 000 GHz may be used by both active and passive services (WRC 12)".

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Annex D:FN 5.564A of the Radio Regulations"5.564A For the operation of fixed and land mobile service applications in frequency bands in the range 275-450 GHz:
The frequency bands 275-296 GHz, 306-313 GHz, 318-333 GHz and 356-450 GHz are identified for use byadministrations for the implementation of land mobile and fixed service applications, where no specific conditions arenecessary to protect Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) applications.
The frequency bands 296-306 GHz, 313-318 GHz, and 333-356 GHz may only be used by fixed and land mobile
service applications when specific conditions to ensure the protection of Earth exploration-satellite service (passive)
applications are determined in accordance with Resolution 731 (Rev.WRC-23).
In those portions of the frequency range 275-450 GHz where radio astronomy applications are used, specific conditions(e.g. minimum separation distances and/or avoidance angles) may be necessary to ensure protection of radio astronomy
sites from land mobile and/or fixed service applications, on a case-by-case basis in accordance with Resolution 731(Rev.WRC-23).
The use of the above-mentioned frequency bands by land mobile and fixed service applications does not preclude use
by, and does not establish priority over, any other applications of radio services in the range of 275-450 GHz(WRC-23)".

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ETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)

Annex E:
Change history
Date2023-032023-06
2023-102023-102023-102023-112013-112024-02

Version
0.0.1
0.0.2
0.0.3
0.0.4
0.0.5
0.0.6
0.0.7
0.0.8

Information about changes
Initial table of contents
Included approved contributions from the ISG
Included approved contributions from the ISG
Included approved contributions from the ISG
Included approved contributions from the ISG
Cleaned after editHelp
Included approved contributions from the ISG addressing missing content
Included approved contributions from the ISG addressing changes after ITU-R WRC-23

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History
Document history
V1.1.1March 2024

PublicationETSIETSI GR THz 002 V1.1.1 (2024-03)