August 20–23, 2019
DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel
Dearborn, Michigan, USA

PRELIMINARYTECHNICAL PROGRAMNOTICE:The content in this preliminary technical program
was generated on June 19. However, changes
are still being implemented for the final technicalprogram. Please refer to the online session sheets
for the most up-to-date information.

TMS Structural Materials Division, TMS Composite Materials
Committee and, TMS Additive Manufacturing Committee.

SPONSORED BY:
The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society

www.tms.org/MetFoam2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Program Grid Preview.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 2Wednesday AM.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3Wednesday PM.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6Thursday AM.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Thursday PM.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
Friday AM .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17
Poster Session. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Index .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 28

PROGRAM GRID PREVIEW
Wednesday, August 21
Erie/Ontario/Huron

MichiganThursday, August 22
Erie/Ontario/ Huron

Michigan

Nanoporous Metals
8:55 AM
Page 4

Design of Porous
Metals I
8:55 AM
Page 3

Break 10:15 AM

Freeze Casting
8:35 AM
Page 11

Characterization II
8:35 AM
Page 10Freeze Casting, 3D Printing,& Fabrication
8:35 AM
Page 18

Break 10:10 AM
Industrial
Applications
10:30 AM
Page 4

Properties
10:30 AM
Page 5

Erie/Ontario/ Huron

Michigan
Plenary I
8:00 AM
Page 17

Plenary
8:00 AM
Page 10Plenary
8:00 AM
Page 3Friday, August 23

Design of Porous
Metals & Fluid Flow
10:30 AM
Page 12Fabrication &Fluid Flow
10:30 AM
Page 13

Nanoporous Metals &Fabrication
8:35 AM
Page 19

Break 10:10 AM
Shellular Materials
10:30 AM
Page 20

Composites & Designof Porous Metals
10:30 AM
Page 20

Plenary II
11:20 AM
Page 21Lunch 11:55 AM
Porous Biomaterials
1:30 PM
Page 7

Characterization I
1:30 PM
Page 6

Break 3:10 PM
Fabrication
3:30 PM
Page 9Design of Porous
Metals II
3:30 PM
Page 8Poster session (Great Room)
5:30 PM
Page 222

Lunch 11:55 AM
Fabrication of Composites,
Syntactic Foams, &Metallic Metamaterials
1:30 PM
Page 14Lunch 11:55 AM

Characterization III
1:30 PM
Page 13

Break 3:10 PM
Heat Transfer &Fluid Flow
3:30 PM
Page 16

Design of Porous
Metals & Fabrication
3:30 PM
Page 15

Conference Dinner (Superior)
5:30 PMMetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical ProgramMetFoam 2019 — Wednesday Plenary
Wednesday AM		August 21, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Nihad Dukhan, University of Detroit Mercy
8:00 AM Introductory Comments
8:20 AM Plenary
Multifunctional Nano to Macro Metallic Lattice Materials andStructures: Haydn Wadley1; 1University of Virginia
Numerous applications are emerging for metallic cellular materials madefrom alloys whose compositions and microstructures have been tailored toprovide compelling combinations of material properties. Structures that are
required to support high bending loads are often optimized by sandwich
panels. These are best made from high specific strength metals using opencell lattices with strut widths in the millimeter range; other applications
such as multifunctional heat plate structures made from high temperature
metals with high thermal conductivity also exploit open cell topologies, butwith strut widths in the micrometer range to promote liquid permeation andmaximize working fluid evaporation rates. Closed cell systems offer theopportunity to reach the theoretical limits of stiffness both, for anisotropic
and isotropic systems, and are therefore best fabricated from high specificstiffness metals. These closed cell systems also offer thermal insulation,
acoustic damping and impulsive load mitigation opportunities; expanding
the types of metal that maximize their performance. As lattice strut or
web thicknesses decrease into the nanometer regime, new functionalities
may emerge including the opportunity to manipulate phonon transport,
control chemical reaction rates, and, perhaps exploit defect starvation
concepts to increase lattice strength. However, none of these applications
can be realized without advances in scalable processes for the affordable
manufacture of metallic cellular materials that retain critical propertiesof the solid metal from which they are made. This presentation will use
emerging applications, such as those above, to motivate an assessment of
3D metal additive, new subtractive and metal forming methods for making
millimeter to micrometer scale open and closed cell lattices. Preliminary
results for a space-holding concept for making nickel nanolattices will also
be presented and the challenges of its scale-up discussed.
8:50 AM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Design of Porous Metals I
Wednesday AM		August 21, 2019		

Room: Erie/Ontario/Huron
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Donghui Yang, Hohai University
8:55 AM Invited
To Be Announced
9:15 AMTPMS Lattice Design for Additive Manufacturing: Ian Maskery1;1
University of Nottingham
This presentation describes the development and operation of a bespoke
design tool focussed on triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice
structure research. Such structures are uniquely manufacturable withadditive manufacturing (AM) processes and have recently been thesubject of great scientific interest owing to their high specific mechanicalproperties. TPMS lattice structures have a range of other characteristics
which may provide solutions to the challenges of impact protection,
thermal management and vibration isolation. The design considerations
relevant to AM TPMS lattice structures will be discussed, including the
choice of cell type, cell size, orientation and volume fraction. Lastly, anovel proposal will be put forward relating to the design of cellular-graded
TPMS lattices with predictable mechanical performance.

9:30 AM
Methane Sorption in a Family of qzd-MOFs: A MultiscaleComputational Study: Mikhail Suyetin1; 1Helmholtz-Zentrum DresdenRossendorf
A new family of metal-organic frameworks with qzd topology is proposedand exhaustively studied using multiscale computational analysis (grandcanonical Monte Carlo; molecular mechanics; density functional theory) toreveal the structure-property relationships for predicting frameworks withhigh total methane uptake and working capacity. Grand canonical Monte
Carlo simulations demonstrate for several frameworks (BB, BTB, andBBB) higher total gravimetric methane uptake than reported for the best
metal-organic frameworks known so far (UTSA-76, HKUST-1, PCN-14, NiMOF-74, and Al-soc-MOF-1). More importantly, the B, TT, TB, BB, BTB,
and BBB frameworks exhibit at 5-65 bar and 240 K higher gravimetric andvolumetric working capacities than the UTSA-76, HKUST-1, PCN-14, andNi-MOF-74 frameworks. With outstanding working capacity of 56 wt% and
264 cm3 (STP) cm-3 at 5-80 bar and 240 K the BB framework satisfies the
US DOE targets and therefore is suitable for application in cold weather
regions.
9:45 AM
Improved Metal Foam Projectiles in Simulating New Types of Blast
Loadings: Lang Li1; Qian-cheng Zhang1; Bin Han1; Tian-Jian Lu2; 1Xi’an
Jiaotong University; 2Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Metal foam projectiles accelerated using gas gun barrels have been
proposed to simulate blast loadings by Radford et. al. In the present study,
the metal foam projectiles are improved to simulate new types of blast
loading. (i) Density gradient is introduced into metal foam projectile thus togenerate blast loading with specific pulse shape. (ii) The foam projectile isembedded with a fragment simulation projectile to simulate the combined
blast loading and single fragment loading.For these two improvements,
experimental studies are first carried out to verify the validity and feasibilityof the improvements; then, finite element simulations are performed
to explore the underlying mechanism of such approaches in simulatingcomplex intensive loadings; finally, design approaches of the improved
metal foam projectiles are provided based on theoretical models. It isfound that the improved metal foam projectiles can well achieve the newrequirements of complex blast loadings simulations.
10:00 AM
Design of Energy Absorbing Materials for Space Crafts Based on
Voronoi Diagrams: Koichi Kitazono1; Keiji Matsuo1; Takuya Hamaguchi1;
Yuta Fujimori1; 1Tokyo Metropolitan University
Open-cell porous aluminum and titanium alloys were manufactured throughPowder Bed Fusion (PBF) process. Compressive properties of the porous
metals depend on the cell structure as well as the porosity. The authors
manufactured some ordered cell structures, truncated octahedron andrhombic dodecahedron, and disordered cell structure, based on Voronoi
diagrams using a 3D-CAD software. Compression tests revealed theanisotropic deformation of the porous metals with ordered cell structure.
On the other hand, the porous metals with disordered cell structure
showed relatively isotropic and uniform deformation, which is suitable asenergy absorbing materials for space crafts. Therefore, controlling thedisordered cell structure designed by Voronoi diagram enables to develop
the advanced porous metals having various mechanical properties.
10:15 AM Breakwww.tms.org/MetFoam2019

3

MetFoam 2019 — Nanoporous Metals
Wednesday AM		August 21, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Yu-chen Karen Chen-Wiegart, Stony Brook University
8:55 AM Invited
Studies of Bicontinuous Metallic Nano-structure by Dealloying with
Synchrotron X-ray Methods: Chonghang Zhao1; Lijie Zou2; Fei Chen3; Yuchen Karen Chen-Wiegart4; 1Stony Brook University; 2Wuhan Universityof Technology; Stony Brook University; 3Wuhan University of Technology;
4
Stony Brook University; Brookhaven National Laboratory
Dealloying, a selective etching process, can be used to fabricate avariety of nanoporous metals and nano-scale metallic composites witha characteristic bi-continuous structure. The bi-continuous patterns did
not exist in the alloy prior to the dealloying process, but rather formed
dynamically via an elegant self-organizing process while the dealloying
progressed. The most widely studied dealloying method is aqueous
solution dealloying. In addition, a molten metal in liquid state can also be
used as a dealloying agent, so-called liquid metal dealloying. Alternatively
this phase separation and transformation process can also be achievedby a solid-state interfacial dealloying, utilizing a solid-state metal as thedealloying agent to form bi-continuous structure. We study the nanoscalemorphology in the three different dealloying systems, in particular utilizing
advanced synchrotron-based X-ray imaging and microscopy methods. We
will highlight the characterization methods to shed light on their underlying
morphological evolution mechanisms.
9:15 AM
Designing Nanostructured Porous Surfaces to Enhance in Vitro
Osseointegration: Ana Fatima Civantos1; Akshath Shetty1; Andrea Mesa
Restrepo1; Jean Paul Allain1; 1University of Illinois
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been used for orthopedic and dentistry
applications due to its good mechanical and biocompatibility properties.
However, the stress shielding effect related to higher Young`s modulus
than bone tissue, and lack of bioactivity which contributes to poor
osseointegration, reduce their medical application. Designing surface
properties of biomaterials mimicking the nano level surface structure of
extracellular matrix (ECM) has become an interesting approach to activate
cellular functions. Therefore, the biocactivation of porous cp.Ti wasdeveloped by Directed irradiation synthesis (DIS). These nanofeatures
obtained by Argon ion irradiation were in the entire surface including poreswall. These nanoripples showed an important role on cellular process
and as a result, cell viability and adhesion of osteoblast (MC3T3) wereincreased (more than 85%) at 24h. Using DIS we could show remarkableeffect of osteoblast and macrophage cell lines which would improve porous
Ti application in bone tissue regeneration
9:30 AM
Fabrication of Nano Shellular: JongHyuck Jeong1; Kiju Kang1; 1Chonnam
National University
B-Shellular is a 3D shell architecture fabricated based on polymer
beads arranged in a regular pattern. The fabrication method enables thearchitecture to have a form of a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS),
which results in excellent mechanical properties. As the first trial to prove
the scalability of B-Shellular, this study reduces the unit cell size down
to a micro-meter order, thereby expanding the fields of applications.
Fabrication of the nano B-Shellular starts with a deposition of polymer
beads in a regular pattern such as FCC or PC. Through annealing andsintering process, the polymer beads are swollen and connected. A
TPMS-like architecture is then obtained through chemical treatment andO2 plasma etching. A nano B-Shellular consisting of nickel foil is obtainedby using electroless plating and etching out the polymer beads. Throughobservation by SEM and nano CT, the topology is proved to resemble amathematical model of TPMSs.

4

9:45 AMElectro-mechanical Response of Porous Metals at the Small Lengthscales: Sundeep Mukherjee1; 1University of North Texas
Understanding the mechanical and electrical response of porous metals
at the small length-scales is critical for their use in energy applications.
Nano-porous metallic film was obtained by electrochemical dealloying.
Mechanical and electrical properties were measured as a function of
depth for the nano-porous structure as well as the unaltered substrate. The
ratio of moduli of the nano-porous film and substrate was found to scalewith the square of the relative density in agreement with linear elasticity
models for cellular materials.
10:00 AM
Hierarchically Structured Copper Nanofoam for Use as HighPerformance Lithium-Ion Battery Anode: GiGap Han1; Um Ji Hyun2;
Park Hyeji1; Hong Kicheol1; Yoon Won-Sub2; Choe Heeman1; 1Kookmin
University; 2Sungkyunkwan University
Most previously proposed methods for the manufacture of dealloyednanoporous copper (Cu) could not be realized for practical applications,due to their poor mechanical properties caused by the use of metal‘powders’ to create a precursor alloy prior to dealloying. Therefore, a
new facile synthesis is proposed based on a pack-cementation processusing Cu foil instead of Cu powder. Depending on the pack-cementation
time and the amount of Al, a hierarchical micro/nanoporous Cu was also
created and coated with tin. The coin-cell test exhibited a four-fold higher
areal capacity (7.4 mAh/cm2 without any performance degradation up to
20 cycles).
10:15 AM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Industrial Applications
Wednesday AM		August 21, 2019		

Room: Erie/Ontario/Huron
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Thomas Hipke, Fraunhofer-IWU
10:35 AM Invited
Metal Foams – From Research to Industrial Application: Thomas
Hipke1; Friedrich Schuller2; 1Fraunhofer-IWU; 2Havel Metal Foam
The paper presents the development of metal foam history (1996 - 2018)
form first research steps up to the founding and industrialisation with theHavel metal foam company. The overview will cover some highlights inresearch and development, in manufacturing and the application side.
Compared to the worldwide activities in cellular metals it can be pointed outthat Germany still has one of the leading positions. During the last years
the main activities in R&D in cellular metals are focused in energy related
applications, thermal insulation and combustion and all kind of lightweight
design and crash protection. Havel metal foam is a new manufacturer ofaluminium foam. A wide range of products are manufactured like panels,
3d net shape parts and sandwich structures. In the last years some newreal applications coming up in the field of automotive, railway, ship building,machine tools and for design purposes.

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical Program10:55 AM
Effect of Spent Air Removal Scheme on Jet Impingement Heat
Transfer onto Thin and High Porosity Metal Foams: Srivatsan
Madhavan1; Prashant Singh1; Srinath Ekkad1; 1Department of Mechanicaland Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University
High porosity metal foams find application in removal of large heat loads
such as in electronic cooling owing to their increased wetted surface area.
In addition to this, metal foams can be subjected to array jet impingement tofurther enhance the heat transfer. Steady state heat transfer experiments
have been conducted on high porosity (95%) thin metal foams under
an array of orthogonal impinging jets for Reynolds number in the rangeof 3000 and 12000. The jets are arranged such that spanwise jet-to-jet
spacing (X) is equal to 4D while streamwise jet-to-jet spacing (Y) is equal
to 8D, where D is the diameter of the jet. Upon impingement, the fluid
exits the channel under two different crossflow schemes (maximum andintermediate). Metal foams used in this study are 6.35 mm thick with apore-density of 40 pores per inch (ppi). It is observed that in the caseof smooth surface impingement, the maximum HTC is obtained in thecenter of the domain while for the foam impingement case, it is obtained
around the channel exit. An average enhancement of about two times overbaseline case of impingement without metal foam is observed in the flow
range tested for intermediate crossflow orientation.

11:40 AM
Pore Size Effect on Oil/Water Separation Efficiency of Hydrophobic
Surface in Aluminum Foams: Laura Álvarez1; Patricia FernándezMorales2; Juan Ramírez1; Viviana Marcela Posada Pérez; 1Universidad
Nacional de Colombia; 2Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
Porous materials with modified surface have been presented as analternative for the attention of oil spills in water sources, due to theirapplicability as a selective barrier. The selective barrier effect on thealuminum foams was achieved using a process of maximization of thesurface area by pickling with sodium hydroxide and the formation of a low
energy layer by immersion in lauric acid. This work focus on the definitionof parameters of manufacture, functionalization and valuation of aluminum
foams in pore sizes of 425, 850 and 1200 µm for separation of water / oil
mixtures to static and dynamic conditions. The evaluation of the applied
treatment was based on the volumetric efficiency of a pump coupled to thematerial manufactured and the quantification of the surface area before
and aftertreatment, finding significant differences between the different
pores used.

11:10 AM
Stochastic Modeling of the Effects of Structural Randomness on the
Mechanical Behavior of 3D Printed Metals: Skylar Mays1; Katherine
Moody1; Mujan Seif1; Matthew Beck1; 1University of Kentucky
Additive manufacturing in the form of 3D printed metals allows forthe production of complex metallic shapes; fabrication of parts ondemand; and opportunities to reduce cost and carbon footprint. Additive
manufacturing of metals is a layer-by-layer process involving the laser
sintering of a porous metallic powder precursor. Since laser sinteringof powders induces a massive temperature gradient, it is crucial tounderstand the thermomechanical behavior of the porous precursor
under those conditions. Furthermore, because sintered powders have an
inherently random configuration, computational models of their behavior
are difficult to construct. Here, we present a computational approachcapable of generating representative volumes of spheroid-based porous
powders. With finite element analysis, computation of thermomechanicalproperties reveals macroscopic sensitivity to reduced density, spheroid
quantity, and relative sphere overlap. These results provide great insight
into the continuum-scale behavior of porous metallic powder precursor
during sintering and will catalyze other ongoing efforts in the field.

Wednesday AM		August 21, 2019		

11:25 AM
Metal Foams with Ceramic Inserts for Security Applications: Rene
Vogel1; Claudia Drebenstedt1; Stefan Szyniszewski2; Teresa Fras3; Ludovic
Blanc3; Florian Bittner4; 1Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools andForming Technology IWU; 2University of Surrey; 3French-German ResearchInstitute of Saint Louis ISL; 4Fraunhofer Institute for Wood ResearchProtective performance and a low weight of armor-plates is the mostimportant objective in security applications. Metallic foams can provide
a high level of protection without an extensive mass and are used as apart of various laminated armor systems in the past. Embedding ceramic
spheres in metallic foam combines the hardness of ceramics with theflexibility of the lightweight cellular matrix. Interestingly, the material has
also an extreme cutting resistance against mechanical tools such as angle
grinder, drill bits or other cutting devices.In several testing campaigns
aluminum foam was combined with an internal layout of stacked ceramicparts. The cellular core was foamed directly to steel cover sheets or wasbonded to different steel alloy face plates. Blast wave propagation of themetallic foam ceramic composite (MFCC) panels was evaluated during thetests. Furthermore several ballistic tests were performed and compared tostate of the art armor materials.

MetFoam 2019 — Properties
Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: David Dunand, Northwestern University
10:35 AM Invited
Coupling Effect of Porosity and Cell Size on the Deformation Behaviorof Close-cell AlCu5Mn Alloy Foam Fabricated by Melt-foaming Routein Quasi-static Compression: Donghui Yang1; 1Hohai University
Closed-cell AlCu5Mn alloy foam with porosity range of ~45-90% were
fabricated by the melt-foaming route. The pore structure of the fabricated
Al alloy foam was analyzed and the coupling effect of porosity and cell sizeon the quasi-static compression behavior of the foam was investigated.
The results show that the cell size of the foam decreases with the porosity
decline and the hierarchical pore structure characteristics becomes
obvious when the foam porosity is low. During the compression process,for the foam with high porosity (>74%), the stress-strain curve is serrated
due to the large cell size being easy to deform and more strain needed to
let the stress recover. Meanwhile, the compression curve of the foam withlow porosity (<74%) is smooth without serration, which is attributed to thehierarchical pore structure and less strain needed to let the stress recover.
10:55 AM
Improvement in Energy Absorption Capacity of Al-SiCp-CNT Hybrid
Composite Foam by Addition of SiCp and CNT: Bishnu Yadav1; Dehi
Mondal1; S Sriram1; Dilip Muchhala1; Pradeep Singh1; Amit Abhash1;
1
AMPRI
Hybrid composite foam (HCFs) of varying relative densities were made byliquid metallurgy route through stir casting technique using AlSi12Cu1Mg1
aluminium alloy as the base metal and SiCp and CNT were used asstrengthening as well as a thickening agent. The CaH2 was used as afoaming agent, varies between 0.5 to 0.8 wt.% to get varying densities inthese foams. The deformation behavior of these HCFs were investigatedat a strain rate of 0.01/s. The HCFs exhibit uniform distribution of CNT and
SiCp particles within the matrix when these are added together in the alloy.
But when CNTs are added separately in the alloy, it has the tendency of
agglomeration. These have been confirmed with the FESEM micrograph,
Raman mapping, and microhardness. It was examined that plateau stress,
energy absorption, and Young’s modulus of hybrid composites foams
are much higher(40 to 50% higher energy absorption )than monolithic
composite foams.

www.tms.org/MetFoam20195

11:10 AM
Recent Progress in Particle-metal Syntactic Foams: Thomas Fiedler1;
Steffen Broxtermann1; Nima Mohavedi1; Kadhim Al-Sahlani1; 1The
University of Newcastle
Particle-Metal Syntactic Foam is produced by combining porous filler
particles with a metallic matrix. This technology has the potential tominimize cost by pairing inexpensive raw materials with automatedmanufacturing. Furthermore, the usage of filler particles to introduce foam
porosity provides increased geometry control and thus frequently morereliable properties compared to the melt foaming route. In addition, large
unit dimensions are possible as gravity does not introduce a relevant
density gradient into the material. This work provides an overview over the
recent advances of particle-metal syntactic foam. Physical and mechanicalcharacterisation as well as property tailoring and manufacturing are
discussed.
11:25 AM
Microstructure Design of Open-cell High Strength Steel Foams: Jan
Frömert1; Alexander Matz1; Norbert Jost1; 1Pforzheim University
This study presents a novel manufacturing process for high strength opencell steel foams using investment casting. The influence of microstructureon the compressive properties of a martensitic stainless steel foam (AISI420) was investigated. To enhance ductility and strength, quenching andpartitioning heat treatment was applied to the steel foams, resulting ina microstructure consisting of annealed martensite and fine metastable
austenite. Through the adaption of heat treatment parameters, a definedvolume fraction of austenite can be stabilized up to room temperature inthis martensitic steel. The composition of the dual phase microstructure
greatly affects the compressive properties. Especially, time and degreeof martensitic transformation in metastable austenite defines whether the
steel foams possess brittle or ductile behavior. Therefore, it is possible totailor the properties of the foams to fit the needs of possible applications
by using just one material.
11:40 AM
High-fidelity Numerical Simulation of Open-cell Aluminum Foams
Using Crystal Plasticity Modeling: Dongfang Zhao1; Joseph Tucker2;
Ashley Spear1; 1University of Utah; 2Exponent
The objective of this work is to investigate the dependence of bulk- andligament-scale mechanical response on grain structure of open-cellaluminum foam using a high-fidelity numerical framework. The grain-tocontinuum compressive response of foam is investigated using the Finite
Element Method (FEM). To accurately predict the local, micromechanicaldeformations at the grain scale, a crystal-plasticity constitutive model has
been incorporated into the FEM driver. Also, grain-boundary strengthening
and free-surface softening mechanisms have been implemented into the
CPFEM framework to simultaneously account for the Hall-Petch effectin polycrystalline materials. A parallel effort focuses on algorithmic
development for generating representative synthetic, polycrystalline, 3D
foam models to help populate and expand an aluminum-foam design space.
The foam features, along with the simulated compressive responses, areused as training data in a multi-variate optimization algorithm to provide
insight into the correlation of local and global mechanical properties withfoam microstructural features.

MetFoam 2019 — Characterization I
Wednesday PM		August 21, 2019		

Room: Erie/Ontario/Huron
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Manas Mukherjee, Indian Institute of Technology Madras
1:30 PM Keynote
A Novel Method to Produce Foams from Metallic Melts: Melt Injecting
Technique: Venkat Pamidi1; Manas Mukherjee1; 1Indian Institute ofTechnology Madras
We present a novel method to produce metal foams. In this method,
bubbles are created inside melt buy injecting a metallic jet into a pool ofmolten metal. This melt injection causes air entrainment inside the melt,
which in turn results in bubble formation. We refer this method as melt
injection technique. Al and Al-TiB2 foams were produced with about 90%

6

and 80% porosity, respectively. Al foams were produced without any
additional step to create or add stabilising particles. It was observed thatduring the foaming process alumina layer and alumina particles formedat the gas-liquid interface of foam. The stabilisation of these foams was
attributed to the combined action of oxide layer and particles. Structuraland mechanical properties of these foams are comparable to the foams
produced by other existing techniques. We also studied the mechanism of
bubble formation due to air entrainment using a water model.
1:55 PM
Structural Control of Fe-based Porous Layer Fabricated throughCombustion Synthesis for Joining with Resin Parts: Asuka Suzuki1;
Kazuki Noritake1; Naoki Takata1; Makoto Kobashi1; 1Nagoya University
In order to reduce CO2 emission, multi-material structure has been
focused on, in which the most suitable material is used at each componentof vehicles. Joining technologies between dissimilar materials like metals
and resins are required. We have developed a mechanical interlocking via
porous layer. A resin is infiltrated into porous layer synthesized on a metal
substrate to form interpenetrating phase layer (IPL), in which the metal andresin interlock three-dimensionally. We demonstrated that Al/resin joints
via IPL exhibited high bonding strength. In the present study, to achieve
Fe/resin joint, Fe-based porous layer was fabricated on a Fe substrate
through the combustion synthesis reactions among Fe-Ti-B powders.
Effects of Fe particle size and blending ratio of raw powder mixture on the
porous structure was investigated. In addition, the bonding strength of Fe/
epoxy resin joints via the porous layer was evaluated. Concept to establish
high-strength Fe/resin joints will be discussed.
2:10 PM
Development of Rotational Incremental Hammering Process for
Porous Metals: Han Cui1; Ryo Matsumoto2; Hiroshi Utsunomiya2;
1
Stanford University; 2Osaka University
Porous metals have huge potential in various engineering applications, but
their applications have been limited due to the lacking of studies on plastic
working and metal forming. In this study, a new forming process named
rotational incremental hammering was developed. Inspired by the friction
stir welding process, the forming punch was rotated at high speed while
indenting the workpiece to introduce localized heating and more intense
plastic deformations. Open-cell nickel foam plates were shaped into
simple stair-shape components with different forming parameters to exam
the effects of tool rotational speed and indentation speed with respect toforming accuracy. It was found that the tool rotation at a higher speed
and indentation at a lower speed are beneficial. Moreover, the component
with complicated 3D stepped-shape was successfully manufactured withthe developed process, and the feasibility of the developed process to be
implemented in industries as a fast-prototyping technique was justified.
2:25 PMThe Challenge of Open Cellular Metal Foam Production: Christian
Hannemann1; Mandy Uhlig1; Thomas Hipke1; 1Fraunhofer Institute for
Machine Tools and Forming Technology
Five years ago Fraunhofer IWU started research in open cellular structures
as the market is growing caused by their large surface. Heat exchangers,
filters and battery electrodes are examples for potential applications.
Casted Aluminum foams are in serial production and we cooperate withthe manufacturer but for prototyping of individual foams especially in
combination with solid regions for fixing, encasing or sub-division newparameters and technological processes were developed. Advantageous,
limitations and potentials will be shown. Alternatively, galvanic coating of
PUR foams with Copper, Nickel and other metals is common, again buyable
and state of the art. R&D activities related to application development andadapted geometries not yet realizable by conventional mass production
will be shown. Investigations for graded strut-structures and cylindricaltube-like parts were intensified to reach serial production level. The lecture
represents investigations, results, dropped and new approaches of allroutes.

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical Program2:40 PM
Deformation of Porous Structure during Bonding Porous Aluminumwith an Al–Si-based Alloy Brazing Sheet: Tomohito Kurosaki1; Makoto
Kobashi2; Naoki Takata2; Asuka Suzuki2; Hiroki Tanaka1; Tadashi Minoda1;
1
UACJ; 2Nagoya University
Improving the thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCMs) by
combining with porous aluminum has been reported. Bonding technologies
between porous aluminum and other aluminum components is required fora practical application. In the present study, porous aluminum fabricatedby space holder method were attempted to braze with an Al–Si-based
alloy brazing sheet. Cross-sectional observation after brazing showedthat the porous aluminum was metallurgically bonded to the brazing
sheet. However, the porous aluminum was deformed, and the amount of
deformation increased with increasing brazing temperatures, resulting in
the reduced porosity near the interface between the porous aluminum andthe brazing sheet. Electron probe microanalysis revealed the presenceof silicon in the cell walls after brazing. Therefore, the liquid phase
containing silicon migrated to the cell walls from the brazing sheets. We
have concluded that the liquid phase migration into the cell walls caused
deformation of the porous aluminum.
2:55 PM
Liquid Metal Route Foaming of Mg Alloy and Mg Matrix Composite:
Goarke Kumar1; Akshay Devikar1; Deepak Bhosale1; Francisco Moreno2;
Manas Mukherjee3; John Banhart2; 1SRM Institute of Science andTechnology; 2Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy; 3Indian
Institute of Technology Madras
We developed a novel liquid metal processing route for foaming Mg alloy
with large pore volume, uniformly distributed pores, comparable with theAlporas foam. Mg alloy containing Al and Ca at different concentrations,with and without stabilizing particle (SiC) are used for foaming. MgCO3
and CaCO3 are used as blowing agents and the gas evolution kinetics
is studied using thermo-gravimetric and colorimetric techniques. The
foams obtained are characterised using X-ray computed tomography forpore size distribution and pore circularity. The foaming behaviour of theMg, influenced by the modified surface tension and viscosity of the melt
is studied systematically. Microstructural investigation is performed tounderstand the effect of Al and Ca on providing stable and continuousoxides layer over the discontinuous MgO, that delays gas out-diffusionand enables foaming. The quasi-static compressive strength and energy
absorption behaviour of Mg foams produced are also investigated.
3:10 PM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Porous Biomaterials
Wednesday PM		August 21, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Olaf Andersen, Fraunhofer Society
1:30 PM Keynote
Reticulated Titanium Foams for Intraoperative Manipulation ofCustomized CMF Implants: Peter Quadbeck1; U. Jehring1; G. Standke2; B.
Kieback1; 1Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing and Advanced Materials
IFAM, Branch Lab Dresden; 2Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies
and Systems IKTS
The therapy of cranio-maxillofacial defects typically require patient specificconcepts. However, high costs and the need for rapid availability of such
implants affect the attractivity of such solutions. Therefore a new approachon the basis of cellular metals has been developed. The main idea of theconcept is to use pre-assembled open cell titanium foams with high porosity
and thin struts, and intraoperatively adapt their shape with the help of a
3D-printed defect pattern. After post processing by cutting and bending,these structures are infiltrated by a pasty-like resorbable CaP-cement,
which hardens after contact with water and provides the needed stabilityof the CMF-implant. Commercial pure Titanium foams have been realized
by means of PM slurry replication method. In order to allow for appropriate
post processing, low carbon, oxygen and nitrogen contents are needed.
Thus, further development has been done in each processing step. As
a result, low carbon containing raw materials have been selected andchemically pretreated to improve their debinding properties. The thermal
debinding has been optimized by FTIR process gas analysis, which allows
the efficient adjustment of the heat treatment regime. Further improvement
has been realized by implementing a new concept of integrated debinding
and sintering. In this way implant materials with contamination levels close
to ASTM standards and adequate ductile properties have been developed.
1:55 PM
Effect of Interlamellar Spacing and Eutectoid Phase Content on
the Mechanical Properties of TixAlyCo Foam: Amit Abhash1; Pradeep
Singh1; Bishnu Yadav1; D Mondal1; 1CSIR AMPRI Bhopal
The mechanical properties of TixAlyCo foam have been examined asa function of the eutectoid phase (EP) between a-Ti and Ti2Co content
and interlamellar spacing. The Ti alloy foam had been treated with Kroll’s
reagent in order to obtain the microstructure of the sintered pellets. It wasobserved that the increase in EP content and the decrease in interlamellar
spacing, increases the microhardness and strength of the sintered foam.
It was further observed that the eutectoid phase content and interlamellar
spacing significantly depend on the Co wt%. Increase in Co wt% increased
the EP content and decreased the interlamellar spacing. The Al present in
the sample made the solid solution and has an insignificant effect on the
EP content. The cell sizes are measured and found to be invariant whilea small change in cell wall thickness of the foam is observed with the EP
content.
2:10 PM
Mechanical and Biocorrosive Properties of Magnesium-aluminumAlloy Scaffold for Biomedical Applications: Kicheol Hong1; Hyeji
Park1; Yunsung Kim2; Michal Knapek3; Kristián Máthis3; Akiko Yamamoto4;
Heeman Choe1; 1Kookmin University; 2University of Michigan; 3Charles
University; 4National Institute for Materials Science
Magnesium (Mg)-aluminum (Al) alloy (AE42) scaffolds were synthesized
via a camphene-based freeze-casting process with precisely controlled
heat treatment. The average porosity was ~52% and the median pore
diameter was ~13 micrometers. Deformation mechanisms were identified
using acoustic emission (AE) signals and adaptive sequential k-means(ASK) analysis. Twinning, dislocation slip, strut bending, and collapse
were dominant during compressive deformation. The corrosion potentialof the Mg alloy scaffold (-1.44 V) was higher than that of pure bulk Mg(-1.57 V) owing to the inherent benefits of alloying. However, the corrosion
rate of the Mg alloy scaffold was faster than that of bulk pure Mg due
to the enhanced surface area of the Mg alloy scaffold. As a result ofcytocompatibility evaluation following ISO10993-5, the concentration of
the Mg alloy scaffold extract reducing cell growth rate to50% (IC50) was
10.7%, which is higher than 5%, suggesting no severe inflammation by
implantation into muscle.
2:25 PM
Fabrication of Antireflective Ni-Cu Films in the Broadband: Baorong
Ji1; Yuqiao Zeng1; 1Southeast University
Due to its ability to capture almost all incident light, antireflective materials
are widely used in stealth, detection and efficient optical energy conversion
facilities, which have high practical value and strategic significance inaerospace, defense industry and energy. Such materials generally havehigh absorbance and low reflectivity. Here, we demonstrate a simple andcost-effective approach -- dynamic hydrogen bubble template (DHBT)
method to fabricate antireflective Ni-Cu films. The antireflective films
appear as a honeycomb-like structure on the microscopic scale andas a dendritic structure on the mesoscopic scale. It is this micro-nanocomposite hierarchical structure that enables the low reflective metal
films in broadband. And we have successfully regulated the morphology
and composition of the metal films in a certain range. With the optimal
experimental parameters, the reflectivity of the mental films is lower than
3.7% in the UV-VIS-NIR region.

www.tms.org/MetFoam2019

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2:40 PM
Biological Response to Magnesium-based Foams Modified by
Directed Plasma Nanosynthesis: Viviana Marcela Posada Pérez1;
Patricia Fernández-Morales2; Juan Ramírez1; Ana Civantos3; Jean Paul
Allain3; 1Universidad Nacional de Colombia; 2Universidad Pontificia
Bolivariana ; 3University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Directed Plasma Nanosynthesis (DPNS) is a surface modification methodthat can penetrate the pores and produce dynamic interactions between
magnesium foams and physiological environments. Since Mg foams arepotential orthopedic biomaterials, the in vitro response of magnesium
foams modified by DPNS was evaluated. In this case, the DPNS effectinduced the surface transformation on CaP phases that improved on 65%
the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production of hBMMSC compared to theno treated foams. Moreover, the in vitro results suggested that the cultured
cells (hBMMSC and J774) presented two different behaviors dependingon their location on the foam. hBMMSC cells were wider and spread on theinternal part of the pore while they were smaller and more rounded on thesurface. In vitro cell proliferation assays, ALP, Alamar blue, TNF-alpha andIL 10 were performed on the foams. The materials were also characterized
in terms of chemistry, morphology, and mechanical properties.
2:55 PM
Influence of the Composition and Deposition Process on theProperties of Bioactive Coatings in Porous Titanium: Yadir Torres
Hernández1; Cristina Domínguez-Trujillo1; José Rodríguez-Ortiz1; Eduardo
Peón Avés2; Ernesto Chicardi Augusto1; Rocío Moriche1; Eugenio VelascoOrtega1; Aldo Boccaccini3; 1University of Seville; 2University of La Habana;3
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
Titanium implants fail due fundamentally to two reasons: bone resorption
due to stress-shielding phenomena and a deficient osseointegration,
which indicates the necessity of improving the biomechanical/biofunctionalbalance. In this context, the use of porous titanium to reduce the stiffnessof implants, as well as coatings of hydroxyapatite and bioactive glasses
to improve osseointegration, is widely recognized.However, the use of
porous titanium and the demonstrated poor adherence and fragility of
the coatings compromise the behavior during the implant’s service life. In
this work, the role of the substrate porosity (0, 30, 40, 50 and 60 vol. %,with size ranges of 100-200 and 355-500 µm) in mechanical performance,
infiltration and adhesion of coatings is analyzed. Additionally, the correlation
between the composition of the coatings (HA, BG and polymer based
composites), deposition routes parameters (sol-gel, drop sedimentationand electrophoretic deposition) and properties (adhesion, micro-hardness
and bioactivity) are also evaluated and discussed.
3:10 PM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Design of Porous Metals II
Wednesday PM		August 21, 2019		

Room: Erie/Ontario/Huron
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Norbert Babcsán, Innobay Hungary Ltd.
3:30 PM InvitedHybrid Aluminium: Composites, Foams, Sandwiches – 3 to the 5thPower Industry Overview: Norbert Babcsán1; 1Innobay Hungary Ltd.
Hybrid aluminium means the group of aluminium matrix composites,
aluminium foams, and sandwich structures with aluminium foam core.
The hybrid aluminium structure is deliberately designed at nano-, microor macroscopic levels. Depending on the complexity of the structure, we
define mono- (aluminium matrix composite - AMC), double- (AMC foam)
and triple- (AMC foam sandwich) hybrid aluminium. Closed cell aluminium
foams are invented nearly 100 years ago. They are mainly targeted as
structural materials. There are three main technologies: blowing agent
mixing into foamable melt, powder compaction foaming, foaming withgas injection which are used to produce closed cell aluminium foams.
Besides the light weight of the closed cell aluminium foams there are threemain properties as aesthetics, specific stiffness and mechanical energy
absorption which are driving three industrial customer groups: Design andbuilding industry – key property is aesthetic. Defence and safety industry– key property is mechanical energy absorption Mobility and machinery

8– key property is specific stiffness.Based on public information the recent
producers, the main products, the largest projects and market possibilities
will be summarised. It will be shown that the most attractive product is thealuminium foam sandwich panel for replacing existing materials on themarket if finally, large-scale cost-effective production starts.
3:50 PM
Viscoplastic Behavior of Additively-manufactured Polymeric Lattices
with Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces: Aliaa Abu Ali1; Oraib Al-Ketan1;
Reza Rowshan2; Rashid Abu Al-Rub1; 1Khalifa University; 2New York
University Abu Dhabi
Recently, the development of additive manufacturing techniques triggereda paradigm shift in the design of functional components allowing forcomplex topology-driven cellular lattices to be incorporated within thesecomponents for the aim of reducing the overall weight, enhancing
multi-functionality, and facilitating manufacturability. In this paper, thecompressive mechanical properties of different polymeric lattices basedon triply periodic minimal surfaces are investigated and compared bothexperimentally and computationally. Cubic samples were designed,
fabricated using powder bed fusion technique, and characterizedusing Computed Tomography and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The
compressive mechanical properties were deduced and a finite-deformation
hyperelastic/viscoplastic constitutive model was calibrated and employed
to capture the full behavior of the lattices. The numerical simulations werein good agreement with experimental results for the ligament-based TPMS
while significant deviation from experimental results was obtained for the
sheet-based lattices which were attributed to uncertainty in measuring theactual relative density and manufacturing defects.
4:05 PMAn Auxetic Sandwich Panel for Mobile Devices: Eun Byeol Park1; Kiju
Kang1; 1Chonnam National University
Panels for mobile devices should be deformable to adhere to curved
surfaces of human body, such as hips and thighs. However, most of solids
have a positive Poisson’s ratio and deform into an anticlastic-curvature
under bending, resulting in inconvenience to carry in pockets. To date, theonly way to let a panel deform into a synclastic-curvature for good physicaladhesion is to use a 3D auxetic material composed of lots of unit cellswith the size of tens micrometer. However, the fabrication of thin panelof 3D auxetic materials is technically difficult even with a top-notch 3D
printer and costly. In this study, we introduce a novel method to fabricate
an auxetic thin panel by sandwiching a polyurethane foam core between
a pair of 2D auxetic face-sheets of stainless steel. The fabrication process
is simple, inexpensive, and virtually no size-limitation. The properties areevaluated through FEA, tensile, and bending test.
4:20 PMUse of Metalic Foam to Solve Shock Absorption Issies: Cyrille
Grimaud1; 1NEOLATTICEThe French GRIMS GROUP, expert in metallic foams commercial
production since 5 years, developed new design foams in Vénissieux France(suburbs of Lyon). Significant efforts have been made devoted to identify
nice metallic foam properties able, in many applications, to improve thebehavior and the characteristics of the final products.A significant exampleof this performance will be presented during the presentation. It is relative
to the anti-shock characteristics of a specific foam design wich can be ofinterest for industries that have to process and transport hazardous or
dangerous materials in or out of the plant. A validation campaign at scale
1 of those properties has been organized in a specific testing installation.
This will be shown in detail during the presentation.

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical Program4:35 PM
Fabrication and Properties of Protective Coatings on Pore Walls
for Lotus-type Porous Copper: Hao Du1; 1Institute of Metal Research,
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Recently, coating has been deposited on pore walls of porous metals
for not only fabrication of an alloy layer but also surface protection. In
this case, the pore structure presents certain degree of difficulty to
the deposition due to the shielding effect from pore walls. In our work,
depositions of Ni coating, Ti coating, Al coating and Ni-P coating wereachieved on pore walls of lotus-type porous copper by electroplating,arc ion plating(PVD), aluminization and electroless plating respectively.
The structure of the coatings on pore walls including thickness, phasecomposition and its uniformity (distribution) were characterized, as wellas the interface layer between coating and pore walls. The properties of
the coatings including hardness, compressive properties, wear resistanceand corrosion resistance were also evaluated. It is concluded that coatings
can be employed to modify surface properties and supply protection forlotus-type porous metals.

3:50 PM
Production of Metal Foam with Sub-mm Bubbles Using a Rotating
Gas Injector: M.A. Noack1; Ningzhen Wang1; Francisco García-Moreno2;
John Banhart2; 1Technische Universität Berlin; 2Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin/
Technische Universität Berlin
Usually metal foams produced by the gas injection route have large andless uniform cells compared to foams made by the powder metallurgicalroute. In this work, a rotating gas injection system was used to produce
uniform and small-sized gas bubbles in liquid metals. The system wasapplied to producing foam based on two materials: AlMgSi alloys in which
Al2O3 or SiC particles were dispersed and ZnSn alloy containing ZnO. In
the latter case, particles were produced in-situ by introducing SnO2 into
a ZnSn melt to produce cluster-like ZnO particles surrounded by a Snrich phase in the melt. For AlSiMg-alloys, the influence of different particle
sizes on the gas bubble diameter and uniformity of foams generated by
the rotating system are shown. For both alloys, the influence of the innerdiameter of the rotating canula, gas flow rate and the velocity of the canula
tip are discussed.

4:50 PM
Microstructure Characterization and Investigation on Energy
Absorption Properties of LM 9 Foam by Optimization Techniques:
Dipen Rajak1; S Das2; Nikhil Mahajan1; 1Sandip Institute of Technology& Research Centre (SITRC) Nashik; 2Formerly with CSIR-Advanced
Materials and Processes Research Institute, Bhopal-India
This paper deals with deformation characteristics of Aluminium alloy(LM9)-SiC composite foam prepared by melt-route. For evaluation of
deformation characteristics and energy absorption capabilities, Aluminium
composite foam is subjected to axial compression stress at different strain
rates. The study shows improvement in energy absorption as a functionof strain rates. In addition to the compression tests, two optimization
techniques viz. Taguchi and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are employed
for co-relating effect of pore size, absolute density, relative density, mass,
strain rate on the mechanical properties of the foam. Taguchi method
helps to establish optimizing parameters whereas ANOVA determines thecontribution of each parameter to the plateau stress and energy absorption
properties through S/N ratio. These techniques are useful for co-relating
the different parameters and to improve the properties of composite
foam by optimization of parameters. The LM9 alloy composite foam ischaracterized by FE-SEM for in-depth analysis of deformed samples.

4:05 PM Cancelled
Manufacture of Open-cell Al Foams with Recycled Al Scraps
Using NaCl Ball Space Holder: Seksak Asavavisithchai1; Kantapong
Nantakantrong1; Karnkawin Jintagetkam1; 1Chulalongkorn University

MetFoam 2019 — Fabrication
Wednesday PM		August 21, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Ashley Paz y Puente, University of Cincinnati
3:30 PM Invited
Fabrication of Metallic Lattice Structures via a Decoupled Printing
and Alloying Approach: Ashley Paz y Puente1; 1University of Cincinnati
Metallic scaffolds are excellent candidates for various structural andthermal applications due to their decreased density and increased
surface area as compared to their bulk counterparts. However, manytechnologically relevant alloys are difficult, if not impossible, to fabricate
in such geometries using either traditional manufacturing or newer
additive manufacturing techniques. One alternative approach is todecouple the geometry and composition control by using 3D printing tocreate the geometrically complex scaffold structures from a pure metalor simple alloy as a precursor and then further alloy the part to reachthe target composition. This talk will highlight two examples of scaffolds
produced using this approach where either direct metal laser sinteringor particle-based ink-extrusion 3D printing and gas-phase alloying via
pack cementation are combined. Additionally, a route to producing such
scaffolds with dual level porosity by hollowing the individual struts of thestructure via the Kirkendall effect will be discussed.

4:20 PM
Ultra-light and Nanostructured Metallic Foams Synthesized by
Plasma Electrolysis: Ronan Botrel1; Frédéric Durut1; Julien Pinot1; Cédric
Chicanne1; Marc Theobald1; Vincent Vignal2; 1CEA; 2CNRS
In order to study laser-matter interactions on the Megajoule Laser facility,
CEA has developed an innovative process using the Contact Glow
Discharge Electrolysis technique (CGDE) to synthesize metallic foam.
Under specific conditions, an uniform gaseous envelop is formed aroundthe immersed cathode in the ionic solution. Due to the high electrical field at
the electrode surface, plasma streamers are formed between the cathodeand the liquid surface. When the electrical arcs meet the liquid, metallic
cations are reduced to form metallic strands with a bush-like shape. In
these conditions, several metallic foams can be obtained (Au, Cu, Pt, Ag,alloys …) with a relative density of 0.5%. All strands of the foam are about
100 nm in diameter and are interconnected together to form porosity about
1 µm. This original process gives access to a new kind of metal foams
which could be interesting for the development of new technologies.
4:35 PM
Numerical Simulations and Experimental Studies on theMicrostructure and Properties of Nickel-based Lattice Materials:
Yanpeng Wei1; Bo Yu1; Quanzhan Yang1; Peng Gao1; Jingchang Cheng1;
Xun Sun1; Zhiquan Miao1; 1Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry
As a new type composite material, nickel-based lattice materials
presented the higher stiffness, strength and higher temperature resistancein comparison with the other metals. In this study, the microstructure ofnickel-based lattice materials fabricated through casting combining withindirect addictive manufacturing technology has been studied, and thegrain structure of nickel-based lattice materials has been simulated byusing of a cellular automaton coupled with finite-element model(CAFE).
The calculated grain structure is compared with the microstructure of thereal lattice nickel. The results show that pouring temperature and coolingcondition are found to be the most important parameters.

www.tms.org/MetFoam2019

9

4:50 PM
Controllable Continuous Porosity via Powder Bed Fusion: Scott
Roberts1; Ben Furst1; Takuro Daimaru1; Ryohei Gotoh1; Timothy O’Donnell1;
Eric Sunada1; 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory
In general, porosity is seen as a failure in additive manufacturing
processes. However, in some instances, controlled porosity can be used
as a positive. Through careful control of various machine parameters ina powder bed fusion machine, we have been able to crate tunable open
porosity structures in SS316L, Ti-6-4, AlSi10Mg, and Inconel 625. Poresizes can range from sub-micron to 250 μm. Porosities span 0 to 60%.
Additionally, structures with multiple porosities (or fully solid) regions canbe created, enabling greater design freedom than previously available. By
combining our porous settings with microtrusses, pore sizes can be aslarge as desired. We demonstrate this capability to fabricate heat pipes,
non-planar 2-phase evaporators, and more. Additionally, we characterize
their performance and compare it to current state of the art technologies.

MetFoam 2019 — Thursday Plenary
Thursday AM		August 22, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Nihad Dukhan, University of Detroit Mercy
8:00 AM Plenary
Porous Metals by Freeze Casting: Challenges and Opportunities:
Ulrike G.K. Wegst1; 1Dartmouth University
In contrast to freeze-cast ceramics and polymers, few systematic studies
on freeze-cast metals have been reported, to date. Reviewed in thispresentation will be challenges and opportunities associated with thefreeze casting process and its application to metals, also in comparison
to polymers and ceramics. Described will be the different mechanismsthat drive self-assembly and structure formation during the processing ofwater-based solutions and slurries by directional solidification, and how
the resulting scaffold architecture and mechanical properties are affected,
also by further processing steps such as sintering and infiltration witha second phase. Highlighted will be through case studies on the freeze
casting of SS316L and Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds, how sedimentation in the slurry
during freezing as well as volume shrinkage during burnout and sintering
affect both their microstructure and mechanical performance.
8:30 AM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Characterization II
Thursday AM		August 22, 2019		

Room: Erie/Ontario/Huron
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Francisco Garcia-Moreno, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin FürMatl Und Energie
8:35 AM
Design and Fabrication of a Bronze Syntactic Foam by Low
Pressure Injection Molding: Myranda Spratt1; Joseph Newkirk1; K
Chandrashekhara1; 1Missouri University of Science & Technology
Metal matrix syntactic foams are particulate composite foams composedof a supporting metal matrix and high strength hollow particles. Thesematerials have higher specific strengths and specific stiffnesses comparedto solid metals and metal foams. Reinforcement of the porosity in thesefoams is the primary cause of this increase in strength to density ratio.
Metal matrix syntactic foams can be difficult to manufacture, however,
without extensive fracture of the hollow particles. The goal of this study
was to produce a component with little to no glass sphere fracture and low
matrix porosity. Two testing parameters for this study were the compositionof the aqueous binder and the sintering temperature. The strength-todensity ratios of the composite samples were measured with 3-point
bending tests. A low-pressure injection molding machine was then used tofabricate components with the optimal binder composition. These samples
were used to test the manufacturability of the chosen system.

10

8:50 AM
Ultra-stiff, Flexible and Damage Tolerant Macroporous Metallic
Composite Based on 3D Graphene Foam: Pranjal Nautiyal1; BenjaminBoesl1; Arvind Agarwal1; 1Florida International University
A lightweight macroporous metallic composite is fabricated by depositionof Aluminum on 3D Graphene Foam. Graphene foam has brilliant
mechanical attributes because of graphene’s intrinsic properties,
combined with an interconnected architecture for effective load transfer.
In-situ indentation of the foam inside electron microscope reveals
remarkable flexibility and damage-tolerance, with over 70% recovery of
deformation. Cyclic indentation of for up to 50 loading-unloading-reloading
cycles shows excellent fatigue-resistance. Digital Image Correlation (DIC)
analysis of the real-time high resolution deformation videos demonstrates
strain redistribution in the microstructure, which imparts superior failureresistance to the fabricated metallic composite foam. In-situ tensile
investigation reveals stress transfer from Aluminum to ultra-strong andstiff graphene scaffold. This 3D metamaterial can be a game-changing
candidate for developing flyweight metallic structures for applications in
automotive and aerospace industries.
9:05 AM
Effect of Gravity on Drainage and Liquid Imbibition in Evolving
Metal Foams: Felix Bülk1; Francisco García-Moreno2; John Banhart2;
1
Technische Universität Berlin; 2Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin/Technische
Universität Berlin
The examination of foams under varied gravity conditions – specifically
microgravity – is a well-researched topic. Past research focused on
metallic foams under microgravity in order to study viscosity, surface
tension, coalescence and drainage. This study concentrates on theeffect of drainage, but also of capillary forces and a consequential liquid
imbibition. Creating artificial microgravity in parabolic flights allowed for
X-ray radioscopic investigation of the foaming process. Hypergravity
conditions were produced by a rotation stage, which was used at thesame time for tomoscopic monitoring. Samples made of a foamable PM
precursor and non-foamable aluminum alloy cast materials were used toanalyze imbibition. First results show the ability to imbibe liquid against
gravity-induced drainage in not only 1g but 1.8g condition and of drainage
in radial liquid redistribution and density. The influence of smaller bubble
sizes – due to smaller specimen geometry – towards centrifugal force
respectively gravity is discussed.
9:20 AM
3D Characterization of an Open-cell Aluminum Foam underCompression Test with Combined In-situ High-energy X-ray
Computed Tomography and Diffraction Microscopy: Quinton Johnson1;
Jayden Plumb1; Kristoffer Matheson1; Peter Kenesei2; Hemant Sharma2;
Ashley Spear1; 1University of Utah; 2Argonne National Laboratory
Characterization of open-cell, investment-cast, aluminum foam tocompressive loading at the micro- and mesoscale is relatively unexploredand can facilitate a better understanding of foam deformation mechanisms.
This work investigates the relationship between 3D grain structure andligament-scale deformation through integration of far-field high-energy
x-ray diffraction microscopy (FF-HEDM) and x-ray computed tomography(CT) data. A sample of 40 PPI foam was crushed in-situ at beamline 1-IDof the APS, allowing FF-HEDM and x-ray CT data to be gathered at four
displacement steps. The result is a truly unique 3D foam representation
where deformation of ligaments and cells can be analyzed in relation to
grain size, grain (crystal) orientation, ligament shape, ligament orientation,and local strain tensor. Conclusions are drawn that highlight preferential
ligament and grain orientation leading to deformation or fracture ofligaments and cells. The findings could shed new light on multiscale
deformation mechanisms and potential foam size effects.

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical Program9:35 AM
Energy Absorption and Deformation Mechanisms of Porous
Magnesium/Carbon Nanofiber Composites: Qizhen Li1; Huiru Xu1;
1
Washington State University
Porous magnesium is appealing to be employed in various fields such as
automobile, aerospace, and biomedical industries. To further broaden its
practical applications, it is crucial to understand the material’s mechanicalbehavior. This work studied energy absorption and deformation
mechanisms of porous magnesium/carbon nanofiber composites. The
samples were prepared through powder metallurgy, characterizedmechanically and observed under scanning electron microscope. The
results show that (1) the addition of carbon nanofibers increased thematerial’s energy absorption capability at a given deformation strain levelfor each overall porosity; (2) both yield strength and ultimate compressive
strength decrease with the increase of the overall porosity when theconcentration of carbon fiber is fixed; and (3) the porous magnesium
composite samples with different porosities show different deformation
mechanisms: the composite samples with low porosity exhibit stretchdominated deformation with hard modes, while the composite samples
with high porosity show bending-dominated deformation with soft modes.
9:50 AM Invited
Dynamic Phenomena in Liquid Metal Foams Studied by X-ray
Tomoscopy: Francisco Garcia-Moreno1; Paul Kamm2; Tillmann Neu3; Felix
Bülk3; Christian Schlepütz4; John Banhart3; 1Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin fürMaterialien und Energie; 2Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin Für Matl Und Energie;
3
Technische Universität Berlin; 4Paul Scherrer Institute
Dynamic phenomena in liquid metal foams are difficult to observe due tothe complex nature of structure evolution and challenging environmental
conditions. For this purpose, we use real-time in-situ X-ray tomography withacquisitions rates of up to 200 Hz and above, which we call “tomoscopy”.
With this technique we are able to observe and clarify key dynamic
phenomena in evolving liquid aluminium foams such as nucleation andgrowth, bubble rearrangements, liquid retraction, liquid imbibition, bubble
coalescence and the rupture of films time-resolved and in 3D. Here wealso show that two different gas nucleation stages can be observed andthat bubble coalescence is mainly caused by local pressure peaks causedby the blowing agent and to less extent by gravity-induced drainage as
experiments under weightlessness and samples foamed without blowing
agent show.
10:10 AM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Freeze CastingThursday AM		August 22, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: To Be Announced
8:35 AM
Manufacturing of High Surface Area Aluminium Foams by a
Combination of Replica Technique and Freeze Casting: Alina
Sutygina1; Ulf Betke1; Michael Scheffler1; 1Otto von Guericke University
Open cell foams including have received a great deal of attention due
to their properties as high thermal/electrical conductivity material in
combination with high liquid/gas permeability. These foams are attractive
as catalyst carriers, host for active components or filters, for which a highspecific surface area is needed. Replica technique leads to open cellular
foams with hollow struts, however, the surface area is moderate. In order
to increase the specific surface area, the replica process was combinedwith the freeze casting process.In this study this process combination ispresented, after our knowledge, for the first time. As a result mechanicallystable and thermal conductive open cell aluminium foams with high open
strut porosity were obtained. The influence of the slurry composition
and the freezing-sintering conditions (temperature and atmosphere)on the strut microstructure, porosity, compressive strength and thermal
conductivity were studied and the most relevant process-structure
relations are discussed.

8:50 AM
Effects on the Process Condition on the Fabrication of Iron Oxide
Porous Materials by Freezes Casting: Pedro Lloreda-Jurado1; Ranier
Sepúlveda Ferrer1; Antonio Paul-Escolano1; Javier Herguido2; Jose Peña2;
1
Universidad de Sevilla; 2Universidad de Zaragoza
Freeze-casting process is an attractive method to obtain porous materials
with different pore morphology and sizes. It has the advantage of being
scalable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Porous materials
are manufactured in a 4-step process: 1) stable particle dispersion; 2)
directional solidification; 3) solvent sublimation, and 4) sintering. The useof camphene as liquid base has certain advantages, its sublimation occur
at ambient conditions and porous structures are created by dendritic
replication. Nonetheless, the first step of the process is to ensure a stableparticle dispersion in camphene, but literature concerning the interaction
within this non-polar liquid is limited and scatter. Moreover, no rigorous
study have correlate the effectiveness of the mixing process variables
with the formation of a stable dispersion, to our knowledge.The aims ofthis work is determined the influence, of the mixing time, particle size anddispersant amount, over the viscosity and the final pores microstructure.
9:05 AM
Effect of Gravity during Solidification of Aqueous Particle
Suspensions for Freeze-casting: Kristen Scotti1; Lauren Kearney1; Emily
Northard1; Jared Burns1; Lucas Duros2; David Dunand1; 1Northwestern
University; 2Trinity College
Freeze casting produces materials with aligned, elongated pores via
directional solidification of particles slurries, rejection of particles between
dendrites, sublimation of ice, and sintering of particles into walls that
template the ice. Freeze-casting has the potential to produce porous
metals with application-specific microstructures provided solidification
conditions are properly controlled. However, the underlying principles thatgovern microstructure formation are only partially understood, making
a priori predictions difficult. Here, we report the results of solidification
studies of powder slurries where gravity-induced forces, which contributeto complexity during solidification (e.g., sedimentation, buoyancy, andnatural convection), are minimized. Solidification experiments wereconducted under reduced gravity conditions on parabolic flights; undernormal gravity conditions, the effect of solidification direction with respect
to gravity was studied. Through microstructural investigation of sinteredsamples, several gravity-driven defects have been identified, including
tilting of wall orientation and ice lens defects (cracks oriented perpendicular
to the freezing direction).
9:20 AM
Sensorization for the Modelling and Simulation of the Freeze-casting
Technique: Paloma Trueba1; Ana Beltran1; J Bayo1; David Dunand2;
Diego Larios1; Yadir Torres1; Jose Rodriguez-Ortiz1; 1University of Seville;
2
Northwestern University
One of the suitable techniques for manufacturing c.p.-Ti with porosity
gradient is freeze-casting. In this work, the authors are modelling thisprocess and mechanical properties of the samples. It is based on
experimental data: temperature, material and size of the mold, total andinterconnected porosity (by Archimedes’ method and image analysis) andmechanical behavior (by ultrasonic technique, uniaxial compression tests
and instrumented micro-indentation). Here, we present more experiments,
performed at different conditions (temperature, size of the Titanium
particles); the characterization of the porosity of the samples fabricatedunder these new conditions are used to validate the model and perform
simulations of the process. In particular, temperature is registered at threedifferent distance (near, middle and far) from the cold focus, throughthe thermal sensorization of the device, so its variation is related to theresulting porosity distribution.

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9:35 AM
Fabrication of Fe-Ni Laminated Porous Material by Sequential Freezes
Casting: Ranier Sepúlveda Ferrer1; Pedro Lloreda-Jurado1; Antonio PaulEscolano1; 1Universidad de SevillaOver the last decade, an increasing scientific research and industrial interes
have been devoted to metallic porous materials. The freezes casting (FC)manufacturing process is able to create materials with elongated and highlyinterconnected pores and porosity range from 50-85%. During FC, a stableparticle suspension is pour into directional solidification molds, in orderto fabricate a sample. However, it is propose here to modify the pouring
process, by switching alternatively suspension with different composition.
Therefore, by using camphene suspension of Fe2O3 and NiO nanoparticle,
a laminated porous material can be created. This work evaluates theinfluences of the process parameters such as cooling temperature, preheat treatment, and sintering conditions, over the final microstructure andcompression strength. The sample microstructures were characterized byfield emission scanning electronic microscopy (FSEM) and tomographymeasurements (TOM). Mechanical performance, on the other hand, wasdetermined by uniaxial compression test.
9:50 AM Invited
Porous Ni-based Alloy Cathodes with Oriented Pore Structure for
Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Freeze Casting: Xinli Liu1; LiGuo Zu1;
1
Central South University
Hydrogen is one of the most promising renewable energy owing to its highgravimetric energy density, relatively high energy conversion efficiency,
and zero carbon emission. Ni and Ni-based alloys exhibit distinguishedelectrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), excellent
chemical stability in strong alkaline solution, relatively low cost anddesirable mechanical properties. Porous electrodes with high porosity
will provide more activity surface and promote the reaction rate. Freeze
casting, which is also be called ice template method, can be employed
to prepare porous materials with oriented pore structures. The porosityand pore structure of the porous materials achieved by this method canbe adjusted by particle size and morphology of the powders, additive typeand content, solid volume, freezing temperature, sintering technology, andso on. Here we prepared Ni-based porous alloys by this method, and theapplications of the porous alloys as anodes for HER were investigated.
10:10 AM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Design of Porous Metals & Fluid
Flow
Thursday AM		August 22, 2019		

Room: Erie/Ontario/Huron
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Louis-Philippe Lefebvre, National Research Council
Canada10:35 AM
High-performance Micro/Nano-hybrid Porous Cobalt Oxide/Cobalt
Anode for Use in Lithium-ion Batteries: Hyeji Park1; Kyungbae Kim1;
David Dunand2; Jinsoo Kang3; Heeman Choe1; Jaehun Kim1; Yungeun
Sung3; 1Kookmin University; 2Northwestern University; 3Seoul National
University
An “integrated” micro/nano-hybrid porous Co oxide/Co anode design wasachieved using a facile processing method including freeze-casting andthermal oxidation for use as a high-capacity anode material of lithiumion batteries. First, three-dimensional Co foam containing elongatedand aligned micropores was synthesized using a freeze-casting method.
Second, it was thermally oxidized to form nano-structured Co oxide coatingon the surface of the Co foam. In this electrode design, the hierarchical Co
foam was used as both a current collector and a nanowall-like Co oxide
anode, which can react with lithium ions during discharging/charging. The
integrated porous Co oxide/Co anode exhibited reversible capacity of 989
mAh g-1 even after 50 cycles with an initial coulombic efficiency of 99.4%,
being superior to those of the conventional anode design based on Co
oxide/Co foil anode (245 mAh g-1). The integrated porous Co oxide/Co
anode has promising potential as self-supporting advanced anode forhigh-performance LIBs.

12

10:50 AM
Synthesis and Characterization of Metallic Syntactic Foams: JoãoRoberto Moreno1; 1Universidadade Tecnologica Federal do Paraná
The method for obtaining the metallic foam was Stir Casting, where themolten composite is agitated by a mechanical impeller. The foam synthesis
was successful, and the results of the analyzes could show low wear
rate, decrease in the density of the composite in relation to its matrix andhomogeneity in the dispersion of reinforcements in the microstructure. The
metallic foams are considered MMCs (Metal Matrix Composites), materials
that have two or more constituent materials, a matrix that is necessarily
metallic, and another material as reinforcement and not necessarily ametal. Generally light alloys such as aluminum, magnesium or titanium
are used as a matrix in conjunction with ceramic particles or fibers. Finally,
metallic syntactic foams are solid metallic foams, where porosity occurs
due to the presence of hollow particles in their structure.
11:05 AM
Analysis of Bubble Accumulation Mechanisms and Cell Structure
Evolution in Aluminum Foam with Sub-mm Sized Cells: Ningzhen
Wang1; Mike Noack1; Francisco García-Moreno2; John Banhart2;
1
Technische Universität Berlin; 2Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin/Technische
Universität Berlin
The cell structure of aluminum foam affects its performance. If the cell size
is small enough, the cells could be stable and round. In this work, the cellsize of aluminum foam was reduced to less than 1 mm using a rotating
gas injection system. The bubble accumulation process was observed byin-situ X-ray radioscopy. It was found that the foam can be divided into an
upper dry foam and a lower wet foam as inverted conus. This is mainly
formed by the friction between bubbles, which is caused by the pinning ofparticles between bubble walls. The angle of the inverted conus was also
analyzed, which is related to the bubble size. The cell structure of the solid
foams was characterized by X-ray tomography, and we found that nearly
all cells are spherical if the cell size is concentrated around 0.8 mm.
11:20 AMThe Deformation of Expanded Clay Syntactic Foams during
Compression Characterized by Acoustic Emission: Csilla Wiener1;
Kristián Máthis2; Frantisek Chmelik2; 1Loránd Eötvös University/MTA-BME
Lendület Composite Metal Foams Research Group; 2Charles University
The deformation and failure mechanisms in metal matrix syntactic foams
were investigated in this study. The syntactic foam was produced by the
infiltration method using lightweight expanded clay of different shapes asspace holder and eutectic Al-12%Si alloy for the matrix. The samples
were compressed at room temperature and the acoustic emission (AE)
response and the surface deformation were monitored and collated withthe deformation curve. Sequential k-means method was performed on
the AE data in order to separate the AE events by their origin. Since thedifferent deformation mechanisms during compression were overlapping,a new approach was applied in order to find the dominant deformation
processes at a given deformation, making the recognition of the formationof deformation bands possible.
11:35 AM Invited
Structure and Permeability of Porous Structures Deposed by ShockWave Induced Spraying: Louis-Philippe Lefebvre1; Nihad Dukhan2;
B. Guerreiro1; E. Irissou1; C. Cojocaru1; A. Hmad2; O. Saad2; 1National
Research Council Canada; 2University of Detroit Mercy
A new process (shock wave induce spraying) has been recently adapted
to produce porous structures. During the deposition, the particles remainin the solid state. Unlike sintering, the new process allows the deposition of
coatings with porosities up to 40%. This presentation describes the process
to produce porous titanium and stainless steel structures, and presents
the structure and permeability of the materials. In order to measure thepermeability, thick specimens were deposited and detached form the
support layer. Layered structures were produced to modify the porosity
by depositing powder with different particle size distribution. Thick selfstanding specimens allowed the evaluation of air permeability. The results
indicate that the material is permeable if the porosity is sufficiently highbut the porosity is significantly lower than those generally measured on
metallic foams. Consistent with the results in the literature, the pressure
drop is inversely proportional with the porosity and pore size.

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical ProgramMetFoam 2019 — Fabrication & Fluid FlowThursday AM		August 22, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Frédéric Topin, Aix-Marseille University-CNRS,
Laboratory IUSTI
10:35 AM
Foaming of Al-Mg-X (X = Cu, Zn, Si) Alloys Using Mg as blowing
Agents: Georgy Kurian Kaladimadathil1; Biswaranjan Muduli1; Manas
Mukherjee1; 1Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Al-15Mg-10Cu alloy foams produced by powder metallurgy route using
Mg powder as blowing agent show uniform structure with high strength.
The foams produced from this alloy are expected to have poor corrosion
resistance. Also, a high amount of Mg in this alloy makes it brittle in nature,
which is not suitable for industrial production. In this study, we replaced
Cu in Al-15Mg-10Cu alloy by Si and Zn in order to improve the corrosion
resistance of such foams. Similar foam structure was obtained by using
Si and Zn. Since Si is lighter than Zn, further studies were carried out
using Si. Later part of the study dealt with reducing Mg content withoutcompromising the expansion and structure of foams. Mg was varied in therange of 2.5 to 15 wt.%. It was observed that 5 wt.% Mg results in similar
expansion and structure as obtained using 15 wt.% Mg.
10:50 AM
Stabilization Mechanism of Cell Wall during Semi-solid Foamingof Al-Si Alloy: Takashi Kuwahara1; Akira Kaya1; Osaka Taro1; Satomi
Takamatsu1; Shinsuke Suzuki1; 1Waseda University
Aluminum foams have ultralight and excellent shock absorbing properties
and they are expected to apply for light weight shock absorbing material.
To fabricate aluminum foams, aluminum alloy can be thickened by primary
crystals at a semi-solid temperature. This method can fabricate foams
without additional thickener. However, the stabilization mechanism ofcell walls during semi-solid foaming is not evident. To solve the problem,
aluminum films were formed by dipping rings into the semi-solid Al-Si
alloy at different temperatures (various fractions of solid). Films were
held over the melt to generate drainage for various holding times. It wasable to form the stable films when the fraction of solid was high, while thefilms sometimes raptured in low fraction of solid. This is because primary
crystals tend to clog inside the film preventing the drainage to accelerate.
Also, relationship between morphology of film and drainage time wasdiscussed.
11:05 AM
Shaping of Aluminum Foam by Press Forming during Precursor
Foaming: Yoshihiko Hangai1; Masataka Ohashi1; Ryohei Nagahiro1; Kenji
Amagai1; Takao Utsunomiya2; Nobuhiro Yoshikawa3; 1Gunman University;
2
Shibaura Institute of Technology; 3The University of Tokyo
Aluminum (Al) foams are expected as components of vehicles andconstruction materials. Among the several routes for fabricating Al foams,
a precursor foaming route has been commonly used to produce Al
foam. In this study, optical heating, which can directly heat a precursor,
was employed through metal mesh to obtain Al foam. Fundamental
investigations on the press forming of the Al foam using a metal mesh as adie, which can transmit light during foaming, were conducted.

11:20 AMThe Stabilization Mechanism of Semi-solid Foaming Method byPrimary Crystals: Satomi Takamatsu1; Takashi Kuwahara1; Ryunosuke
Kochi1; Shinsuke Suzuki1; 1Waseda University
In the semi-solid foaming method, the primary crystals act as thickener tostabilize the cell walls. As the size and the fraction of the primary crystals
are usually larger than those preferable range of the conventional meltroute, the stabilization mechanisms should be different between the semisolid foaming and the conventional one. The objective of this study is to
propose the stabilization mechanism by primary crystals. Aluminum alloyfoams were fabricated by adding TiH2 as blowing agent into Al-6.4mass%Si
in semi-solid state and solidifying them. Microscopic images on the crosssection through the center of the foams showed that some cell walls were
agglomerated by primary crystals and thus should be stable since thedrainage was disturbed by primary crystals. Following the percolation
theory, the percentage of clogged cell walls exceeded the threshold, thatis, the drainage in whole cell walls were disturbed. The foams are therefore
expected to be stable.
11:35 AM Invited
Flow Laws and Heat Transfer in Metal Foams: State-of-the-art
Correlations and Current Problems: Frédéric Topin1; 1Aix-Marseille
University-CNRS, Laboratory IUSTIDespite the many works dealing with flow low (and heat transfer)in metal foam and similar media during the last half century, manyquestions remains open. The relation between morphological andtransport properties are not still well understood and thus, leads todispersed results in the literature. This scattering is mainly due to various
ambiguities in the definitions, possible misinterpretation of parameters andinconsistencies in the measured quantities definition/terminology. Usually,
porosity and pore diameter are used to correlate physical properties withmorphological ones (Ergun Like approaches) although several othergeometrical parameters play a significant role. On applied point of view
there is still huge discrepancies between the various existing state of theart correlations; moreover, the applicability of such correlation on a given
foam is not generally a priori known. Also, the growing use of 3D imaging
technique and associated numerical simulations lead to changes in theusual definition of geometric parameters and requirements for flow andheat transfer properties definitions/uses. On a more fundamental point ofview the flow regime thresholds (Darcy, cubic, Forchheimer, inertia) are still
discussed along with associated parameters and conjugate heat transfer
dependence on morphology. This talk tries to present recent development
and discuss characterization issues by revisiting dedicated literature (withemphasis on fluid flow aspects) and confronting the various results against
a dataset obtained from 3D numerical calculations on idealized Kelvin cellstructures chosen.

MetFoam 2019 — Characterization III
Thursday PM		August 22, 2019		

Room: Erie/Ontario/Huron
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Dinc Erdeniz, Marquette University
1:30 PM Keynote
Performance of Composite Metal Foams against Various Threats, from
Insect to Large Bullets: Afsaneh Rabiei1; 1Department of Mechanicaland Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University
Composite metal foam (CMF) is a new class of metal foams created by
combining the metal matrix composite with metal foams. In this material,
prefabricated hollow spheres are packed tightly into a metallic matrix
creating a type of foam that contains both open and closed porosities. As
such the performance of the material against various threats have been
proven to be very unique. In this talk the performance of composite armors
that are manufactured using CMF panels against blast and ballistics will
be discussed. Moreover, some recent numerical and experimental studies
on the performance of the material against simulated pool fire environment
will be discussed. Last but not least, the results of some recent studies
on resin infused CMF and its properties against abrasion, and insect
adhesion will be discussed.

www.tms.org/MetFoam201913

1:55 PM
Cenosphere/Aluminum Matrix Syntactic Foam via Stir Casting:Characteriastion and Deformation Behaviors: Jeki Jung1; Su-Hyeon
Kim1; Cha-Yong Lim1; Yun-Soo Lee1; Hee-Ju Kim1; Yong Ho Park2; 1Korea
Institute of Materials Science; 2Pusan National University
Aluminum matrix syntactic foams can be useful for energy-absorbing
materials due to their low density and improved absorption efficiency of
impact energy. Stir casting process can significantly help lower production
costs as well as increase the homogeneity of aluminum matrix syntactic
foams compared to the pressure infiltration process and powder metallurgy.
In this study, we have attempted to synthesize the aluminum alloy matrix
syntactic foams dispersed with cenospheres by stir casting. Through thisprocess, the cenospheres could be distributed homogeneously into the
Al-Mg matrix up to 50% of volume fraction. The magnesium in the meltenhanced the interfacial bonding between the matrix and cenospheres byformation of the MgAl2O4 at the interface. Quasi-static deformation tests
and impact tests were carried out in order to understand the deformation
properties of the foams. The relationship among microstructure,mechanical properties, and energy absorption capabilities in aluminum
matrix syntactic foams was discussed in detail.
2:10 PM
3D- Morphology Evolution of Bimodal Porous Cu by Ex-situ X-ray
Nano-tomography: Lijie Zou1; Chonghang Zhao2; Mingyuan Ge3; WahKeat Lee3; Xianghui Xiao3; Fei Chen1; Yu-chen Karen Chen-Wiegart2;
1
Wuhan University of Technology; 2Stony Brook University; 3Brookhaven
National Laboratory
A bimodal porous copper structure has been fabricated in our study by dealloying Cu-Fe-Al ternary precursor alloys. A hierarchical porous copper
consisting of two different sizes of pores were fabricated –– the micronsized pores can increase the de-alloying efficiency and the nano-sizedpores can enhance the mechanical strength, enable functionalities uniqueto nanoporous metals, and further increase the porosity. By this approach,
we can achieve the objective of fabricating bulk porous Cu with highporosity and high strength. In addition to developing processing methods,
in order to precisely control the structure of the bimodal porous Cu andexplore the relationship of the microstructure between precursor alloy andporous Cu, focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM,)
and synchrotron x-ray methods – ex-situ X-ray nano- tomography (FullField X-ray Imaging beamline) — have been used to investigate the 3D
morphology evolution of Cu-Fe-Al alloy dealloyed at different temperatureand different time.
2:25 PM
Compressive Behavior of Porous Aluminum with Aligned
Unidirectional Pores with Various Relative Cell Wall Thicknesses:
Mahiro Sawada1; Tomoya Tamai1; Daiki Muto1; Tomonori Yoshida1; Shinsuke
Suzuki1; Matej Vesenjak2; Zoran Ren2; 1Waseda University; 2University of
MariborCompressive deformation behavior of porous aluminum with aligned
unidirectional pores was studied at various relative cell wall thicknesses.
Although porous metals are used as materials for shock absorbers, its
compressive behavior remains to be clarified. This research was done toclarify the cause of occurrence of the plateau region. Compression tests
perpendicular to the pores were conducted. Equivalent plastic strain was
obtained by digital image correlation. Also, stress and strain distributions
were simulated by finite element analysis. Building a beam model enabledcalculating plastic collapse stress for unit cell wall. This study revealed thatflattening in the stress-strain curve was caused by the plastic collapse ofcell walls. Following the collapse, deformation can be distinguished in 3
modes: plastic buckling, fracture, and deformation with neither of them.
It turned out that these modes change according to the order of themmentioned above as relative cell wall thickness increases.

14

2:40 PMIn-situ Observation of Bubble Coalescence in Metallic Foams: Paul
Kamm1; Tillmann Neu2; Christian Schlepütz3; Francisco García-Moreno1;
John Banhart1; 1Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin; 2Technische Universität Berlin;
3
Paul Scherrer Institute
In order to observe dynamic phenomena in evolving liquid metallic foams
such as bubble nucleation, growth, rearrangement and coalescence,
it is important to have a sufficient temporal resolution of the underlying
method. The time span in which films burst (less than a millisecond) isdifficult to resolve by conventional X-ray tomographic means. Limitations
due to the usable photon flux, the image acquisition rate and the rotationof the sample should be considered. Our latest experiments attempt toinvestigate these events using a combination of cutting edge tomoscopic
techniques and alternative reconstruction methods. It is shown how theorder of topological bubble rearrangements induced by their coalescencecan be specified, although this does not seem to be possible considering
the high temporal resolution required.
2:55 PM
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of Mechanical
Properties of Aluminum Foam Materials at High Strain Rate Using
Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) Methodology: Leonardo
Gunawan1; Ahmad Muzzamil1; Afdhal Afdhal1; Sigit Santosa1; 1Institut
Teknologi Bandung
Aluminum foam is a type of material having a large energy absorption
capability. Therefore a study is conducted to apply it for crashboxes andlower floors of armored combat vehicles. The evaluation of its energy
absorption capability needs its mechanical properties especially at highstrain rates.In this work, Aluminum foam mechanical properties is modeledfrom test results using the SHPB technique that has been designed forsoft material. Curve fitting of stress-strain relationship obtained from SHPB
was performed to get material parameters for numerical simulation. Solidcylinder and cruciform developed by Santosa e.a. were used in geometry
models while Deshpande Fleck Foam and Linear Piecewise Plasticity
were used in material models. The results were then compared to theexperimental result in order to find the best model. It is shown that the
Deshpande Fleck Foam with solid cylinder model had a smaller error
compared to other models.
3:10 PM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Fabrication of Composites,
Syntactic Foams, & Metallic Metamaterials
Thursday PM		August 22, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Simone Mancin, University of Padova
1:30 PM Keynote
A Novel Micro-architected Material, Shellular in a Minimal Surface:
Kiju Kang1; 1Chonnam National University
Shellular is a ultralight and micro-architectured material, composed of asingle thin, smooth, continuous shell. In the form of a triply periodic minimal
surface (TPMS), a Shellular exhibits superior strengths, because it has
a constant curvature over the entire shell without stress concentration,and supports a load only by means of coplanar stresses, i.e., deforms
stretching-dominated. Thus, the surface roughness that inevitably occurs
during an additive manufacturing likely significantly decrease the strengthand stiffness of a Shellular. A TPMS Shellular divides space into two subvolumes that are equivalent, independent of, and intertwined with eachother. Hence, it can play a role as an interface that blocks or transfers
mass or heat between two sub-volumes in addition to supporting an
external load. In this talk, the properties, fabrication methods, and potential
applications are elaborated.

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical Program1:55 PMEnhancement of Aluminum Based Auxetic Lattice Structures with
Polymer Filling: Yingying Xue1; Wen Wang1; Fusheng Han1; 1Institute ofSolid State Physics
Auxetic lattice structures show unique mechanical behavior in addition tonegative Poisson’s ratio phenomenon. An enhancing method was studied
in this report by filling two polymer materials in an aluminum based auxetic
lattice structure. Compared with original lattice structure, the composites
exhibited significantly increased elastic modulus, compressive strengthand energy absorption capacity. As expected, the stronger the polymer
filler, the greater the enhancement. The enhancement should be attributed
to the polymer fillers themselves and the restriction to the deformation of
struts. The latter effect would be more important due to the resistance offillers to the movement of re-entrant struts that were responsible for thenegative Poisson’s ratio effect. It is also found that the stress distributions in
the composites were much more uniform than that in the original structure,
which was certainly beneficial for the load bearing ability of struts and thus
for the mechanical properties of lattice structures.
2:10 PM
Study on the Infiltration Process of the Steel Matrix Syntactic Foams:
Quanzhan Yang1; Bo Yu1; Yanpeng Wei1; Guang Hu2; Zhiquan Miao1;
Jingchang Cheng1; 1Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry Co. Ltd.;
2
Xi’an Jiao tong University
Metal matrix syntactic foams have been attracting considerable attention
in recent years due to their potential for weight saving in packaging,armors, and vehicle structures. In this paper, the steel matrix syntactic
foams prepared by infiltration casting technology under the gravity and a
program code were developed to generate the 3D model. The infiltration
behavior was studied by experiment and numerical simulation, and thepaper analyzed the influencing parameters on infiltration height including
the preheating temperature,pouring temperature and diameter of hollow
ceramic spheres. Under the condition of experiment and simulation,theinfluence regularity of parameters on infiltration height and the selectivity
scale were achieved,The obtained simulation results were in good
agreement with the experimental results.
2:25 PMA Novel Integrated Preparation Method and Its Process Optimizationof the In-situ Ordered Porous Aluminum Filled Tubes: Hai Hao1; Han
Wang1; 1Dalian University of Technology
Foam filled tubes (FFTs), as important lightweight structural materials toautomobile industry, are usually prepared by inserting foam fillers into thinwalled tubes. However, there is no metallurgical bonding between foam
fillers and thin-walled tubes. The aim of this study is to fabricate the in-situ
ordered porous aluminum filled tubes by a novel integrated preparation
method. The models of in-situ ordered porous aluminum filled tubes withdifferent wall thickness were designed. The corresponding sand molds
were fabricated by selective laser sintering technique. The in-situ ordered
porous aluminum filled tubes were prepared by infiltrating the sand moldswith molten aluminum at appropriate temperature condition. Due to thecomplicated internal structure and thin wall thickness, it is necessary toinvestigate the preparation process of infiltration casting by simulation.
By the optimal preparation process, the in-situ ordered porous aluminum
filled tubes were fabricated successfully. Their compressive properties andenergy absorption behavior were investigated.

that while the hard phase ensures a larger fraction of the load, the softer
phase confines cracks and prevent catastrophic failure. The IPCs follow
a bending-dominated deformation behavior and are potential candidates
for applications were damage toleration and vibration damping is arequirement.
2:55 PM
Topology-property of Metallic TPMS Metamaterials: Reza Rowshan1;
Oraib Al-Ketan2; Rashid Abu Al-Rub2; 1New York University Abu Dhabi;
2
Khalifa University
Mechanical metamaterials exhibit properties that depend largely on
their topological attributes. In this work, stretching-dominated metallic
metamaterials with triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) topologies
have been proposed and fabricated using the powder bed fusion additive
manufacturing (AM) technique. The manufacturability of the proposed
metamaterials has been assessed using SEM and CT-scanning. The
samples were mechanically tested and their compressive mechanicalproperties were deduced. Results showed that the as-built sheet-basedlattices yield better overall mechanical properties as compared to other
stretching-dominated strut-based lattices due to the reduced stressconcentration effect that is driven by the smoothly-curved shell of TPMSbased lattices. The Diamond lattice showed the best mechanical properties
among all the examined topologies. Heat-treated samples exhibited muchhigher strength values than the as-built samples but at the expense of theductility.
3:10 PM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Design of Porous Metals &Fabrication
Thursday PM		August 22, 2019		

Room: Erie/Ontario/Huron
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Afsaneh Rabiei, North Carolina State University
3:30 PM Invited
Fabrication and Mechanical Testing of Micro-architectured ShapeMemory Alloys: Dinc Erdeniz1; Ryan Weidinger2; Keith Sharp3; David
Dunand2; 1Marquette University; 2Northwestern University; 3Tex Tech
Industries
Porous NiTi (nitinol) is of interest for bone implants because of its unique
combination of biocompatibility, high strength, low stiffness, and shapememory or superelasticity. In this work, micro-architectured scaffolds withhigh permeability and high surface area were 3D woven from shapememory NiTi wires with a diameter of 190 µm. Subsequently, the following
method was applied to bond the wires at contact points to achieve
structural integrity: (i) a slurry consisting of a blend of NiTi and Nb powders
is deposited on the surface of the NiTi wires after the weaving operation,(ii) the powders are melted to create a eutectic liquid phase which collects
at contact points and (iii) the liquid is solidified and binds the NiTi woven
structures. A bonded woven sample was deformed in bending and showednear-complete recovery up to 6% strain and recovered nearly half of thedeformation up to 19% strain.

2:40 PM
Mechanical Properties of Periodic Interpenetrating Phase Composites
Based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces: Oraib Al-Ketan1; Rashid
Abu Al-Rub1; 1Khalifa University
IPCs are composites with co-continuous phases that interpenetrate eachother. if one of the phases is removed the remaining phase will form a selfsupporting cellular structure. In this work, we investigate the mechanicalproperties of novel types of 3D printed interpenetrating phase composites(IPCs) with periodic architectures. The topology of the architected phaseis based on the mathematically-known triply periodic minimal surfaces(TPMS) that minimize the effects of stress concentrations and provide
better reinforcement. Samples were designed using computer-aided
design (CAD) and polymer-polymer two-phase IPCs were fabricatedusing Polyjet 3D printing technology. The mechanical behavior of theseprinted IPCs is investigated under uniaxial compression. Results show

www.tms.org/MetFoam201915

3:50 PM
Micro-architected TPMS Shell-based Lattices: Fabrication andMechanical Testing: Oraib Al-Ketan1; Rachid Rezgui2; Reza Rowshan2;
Huifeng Du3; Nicholas Fang3; Rashid Abu Al-Rub1; 1Khalifa University;
2
New York University Abu Dhabi; 3Massachusetts Institute of Technology
In nature, biological systems exhibiting topological hierarchy that spansover multiple length scales show extraordinary mechanical properties.
Mimicking these architectural features can lead to the creation of manmade lightweight, yet mechanically robust materials. Despite theircomplexity, the emergence of advanced fabrication techniques such asadditive manufacturing that can achieve complex architectures at small
scales (i.e., nanometer and micrometer) facilitated the fabrication of such
topologies. In this work, the fabrication and mechanical testing of microarchitected nature-inspired cellular materials are reported. The proposedlattices are based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS). These shellbased micro-architected metamaterials with high geometrical complexity
were fabricated with feature sizes in the order of several microns using
the direct laser writing two-photon lithography technique. The material
orientation in the TPMS-based lattices alternates between different
geometrical segments providing much efficient load-bearing capacity ascompared to strut-based lattices.
4:05 PM
Study on the Technology of Manufacturing Foam Magnesium Alloyby Negative Pressure Penetration Casting Method: Yihan Liu1;
1
Northeastern University
In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the developmentof magnesium alloys and its application.As magnesium is used to prepare
the foamed metal, then the foamed magnesium alloy will display both thesuperior properties of the foam metal and the magnesium alloys.Thus
further increase the family members of foam metal, and expand theirapplication field. The fashionable preparation methods of foam magnesium
alloys are as follows:Negative pressure penetration casting method,
smelting foaming, investment casting, directional solidification, powder
metallurgic method,and so on. The preparation methods of opened porous
magnesium alloy are negative pressure percolation method, investment
casting method and directional solidification method, the others are
the preparation methods of closed porous materials. In this paper, thepreparation of magnesium foams by negative pressure percolation
method is discussed, and the properties and application fields of the foammagnesium materials prepared by this method are briefly introduced.
4:20 PM
Dynamic Behavior of Metallic Microlattices: Prasenjit Khanikar1; Akshay
Namdeo1; 1IIT Guwahati
The additively manufactured metallic cellular structures like microlattices
have great potential in light-weight energy absorbing applications. With
relative density being the most important factor for the mechanicalproperties of cellular structures, the shape of the microlattice cell also
controls the deformation behavior of the microlattice. In this study, themechanical properties of microlattice structures with a variety of shapes
and different relative densities are investigated using finite element method.
The analysis is focused primarily on the dynamic mechanical properties
along with the quasi-static properties. The study is intended to understandthe deformation mechanisms, progressive damage and failure modes ofdifferent shapes of microlattice cell and also the strain rate sensitivity, overa range of strain rate. The comprehensive analysis is proposed to uncover
the appropriate shape and relative density of microlattice structure underdynamic loading to develop a microlattice material with high strength toweight ratio and high energy absorption.

dendritic, the other with equiaxed pore structure - were redox-cycled at
800°C under hydrogen and steam. The cycled samples were examined by
optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and synchrotron X-ray
tomography to assess the evolution of their porosity, as driven by threebasic mechanisms: pore closing by sintering and pore formation by the
Kirkendall effect (both due to mismatch in vacancy diffusive fluxes), andiron/oxide spalling (due to mismatch stresses from volumetric changes).
4:50 PM
Modeling of the Tape-cast Open-porous Microstructures: Samih Haj
Ibrahim1; Tomasz Wejrzanowski1; 1Warsaw University of Technology
This study deals with modeling of open-porous metallic structures used
for high-temperature gas catalysis (i.e. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells).
Numerical models of the open-porous 3D microstructures were generated
basing on the tape casting fabrication procedure. Each of the slurry
casting components (nickel powder, porogen, liquid polymer and water) isrepresented by spheres with volume fraction based on real manufacturing
recipes and the same size distribution as the powder particles. The
discrete element method implemented in LAMMPs software withadditional potentials was used to simulate packing and sintering process.
To validate the obtained model, porous characteristics were comparedwith results from quantitative analysis of micro-tomographic images of thereal materials. The results indicate that the model reflects the open-porous
microstructures with sufficient accuracy. Further studies were extended toinvestigations of the influence of pore structure on the permeability of thematerial.

MetFoam 2019 — Heat Transfer & Fluid FlowThursday PM		August 22, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Kamel Hooman, University of Queensland
3:30 PM Invited
Metal Foam Applications: From Laboratory to Market: Simone Mancin1;
1
University of Padova
Porous media have been subject of intense research for more than acentury so far. Open-cell metal foams present high surface area tovolume ratio as well as enhanced flow mixing and attractive stiffness andstrength. Metal foams have considerable applications in heat exchangers,
cryogenics, combustion chambers, cladding on buildings, strain isolation,buffer between a stiff structure and a fluctuating temperature field,
geothermal operations, petroleum reservoirs, catalytic beds, compact heatexchangers for airborne equipment, air cooled condensers and compact
heat sinks for power electronics. This talk presents the most advanced
research activities carried out at the NHT Lab of the University of Padova
and at different international laboratories on the direct implementation of
metal foams to commercial and industrial applications.Furthermore, thistalk will tentatively present which are the still open questions and related
issues that in some cases are hindering the deployment of this technology
in many different applications.

4:35 PM
Effects of Pore Structure on the Cyclical Oxidation/Reduction of Iron
Foams: Teakyung Um1; Stephen Wilke2; Kicheol Hong1; Heeman Choe1;
David Dunand2; 1Kookmin University; 2Northwestern University
Packed beds of iron powders can cyclically liberate/store hydrogen via
theiron/iron-oxide reactions using hydrogen/steam, but they have limited
cycle life due to powder sintering which limits, and eventually chokes,
gas flow and increases diffusion distances. To address this issue, we
synthesized iron foams with open porosity by directional freeze-castingof iron oxide slurries with two types of solvents (water or camphene) toachieve iron foams with elongated porosity. Two such foams - one with

16

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical Program3:50 PM
Convective Heat Transfer Performance of TPMS Lattice Structures:Richard Sélo1; Sam Catchpole-Smith1; Ian Maskery1; Ian Ashcroft1;
Christopher Tuck1; 1Centre for Additive Manufacturing, The University of
Nottingham
With the rise of additive manufacturing, Triply Periodic Minimal Surface(TPMS) lattice structures are regarded as promising candidates
for heat exchanger applications. However, geometrical complexity
makes Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) very complicated andcomputationally expensive, and the accuracy of the results cannot be
verified without experimentation. A range of apparatus are detailed in theliterature, but they are tailored for specific sample types and studies werefocused towards strut-based lattice structures. In this study, an in-houseforced convection heat transfer apparatus has been developed and used
to measure fluid flow and heat transfer properties of various TPMS lattice
structures. From these results, influence of lattice design parameters isreported and guidelines to achieve tailored fluid flow and heat transfer
lattice components are discussed.
4:05 PM
Characterizing Interstitial Heat Transfer in Metal Foam Enhanced
Phase Change Materials: Wim Beyne1; Kenny Couvreur1; Michel De
Paepe1; 1Ghent University
Thermal energy storage can be an important component for matching thefluctuating supply of renewable energy to an energy demand. One of themethods to store thermal energy is by using the latent heat of solid liquid
phase change. To increase the power density, phase change materials
can be combined with highly conductive fin structures such as metal foam.
Presently, the heat transfer phenomena of solid liquid phase change insuch complex three dimensional fin structures is not fully understood.
Therefore, the present study investigates the temperature difference
between phase change material and metal foam during melting. A set up isconstructed which allows melting a rectangular enclosure filled with a metal
foam enhanced phase change material. During melting, the temperatureof the metal foam and of the PCM is measured for different heat fluxes.
The resulting temperature differences allow determining criteria for using
thermal equilibrium in modeling.
4:20 PMThe Effect of Geometry on the Thermomechanical Behavior of Metal
Foams for Use in Heat Exchangers: Katherine Moody1; Skylar Mays1;
Mujan Seif1; Matthew Beck1; 1University of Kentucky
Heat exchangers are used to transfer heat from one medium to another.
They are composed of an open-cell metal foam capable of effectivelytransporting heat. Because the foam has a complex random structure,
thermomechanical properties are not isotropic throughout the volume.
This complexity is generally overlooked, and properties are typicallysimplified to an imprecise macroscopic average. Here, we present a
stochastic modeling approach for metal foam that allows for a thoroughassessment of thermomechanical properties as a function of quantifiable
structural factors (network coordination state, ligament aspect ratios,
reduced density). The approach includes a computational toolkit for
generating representative volume elements (RVE’s), and a methodology
for computing the distributions of thermomechanical properties for eachdistinct geometry. We report that the geometry has a significant effecton thermomechanical behavior, even while maintaining solid fraction.
Based on these results, it is clear that geometry must be a major design
consideration moving forward.

is observed. The deformation and damage modes of sandwich panels are
obtained. Besides, the influence of geometrical parameters (face sheet
thickness, corrugation core thickness, etc) are analyzed. This work ushers
in designing ultralight protective structures to resist the combined loadingof blast and fragment, and contributes as further fundamental research on
applications, such as military vehicles.
4:50 PM
Oxidation/Reduction Cycling of Freeze-cast Iron Foams: Stephen
Wilke1; Robert Lundberg1; David Dunand1; 1Northwestern University
Iron-based material systems are attractive for a variety of energy conversion
applications, such as solid oxide iron-air batteries, hydrogen production
via the steam-iron process, and carbon capture in chemical looping
combustion. However, the lifetime of these active iron materials is limitedby sintering and pulverization caused by large volumetric expansions andcontractions during oxidation/reduction cycling. To address this challenge,
we use water-based freeze casting to create iron foams with lamellar
macrostructures (50-80% porous) designed to accommodate the redox
volume changes and mitigate sintering. We have characterized the macroand micro-structural evolution of these foams using ex-situ metallography
and SEM, as well as in-situ X-ray tomography. The in-situ study provides
mechanistic insights and enables porosity measurement during cycling,which serves as a performance metric to compare the iron foams with ironcomposite foams (containing 5-10 vol. % ceria or yttria-stabilized zirconia).
The compositing phases dramatically improve foam structural stability andinhibit sintering.

MetFoam 2019 — Friday Plenary I
Friday AM		August 23, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Nihad Dukhan, University of Detroit Mercy
8:00 AM Plenary
Additive Manufacturing of Porous Metallic Structures with Designed
Mesostructure: Christopher Williams1; 1Virginia Tech
Taking inspiration from nature, metallic foam processing technologies
have afforded the opportunity to fabricate lightweight, porous structuresfeaturing either periodic or stochastic cellular topologies. Additive
manufacturing technologies (AM, also referred to as 3D Printing) provide
another processing route for metal foams; their layer-wise fabrication
approach affords the opportunity to realize metallic structures withdesigned mesostructure, i.e., where the mesoscale topology is tailoredto satisfy multiple design objectives. In this talk, Dr. Williams will present
opportunities for leveraging AM to facilitate production of porous metal
structures. His talk will highlight both direct printing routes (e.g., binder
jetting of porous metal structures) and indirect printing routes, wherein AM
is used to print a pattern/mold for traditional processes (e.g.., casting oflightweight metallic truss structures). The opportunities and applications
for printing ultra-lightweight structures with hierarchical porosity for gradeddensity and tailored absorption properties will also be discussed.
8:30 AM Break

4:35 PM
Dynamic Response of Corrugated Sandwich Panels Subjected to a
Composite Foam Projectile Impact: Xin Wang1; Lang Li1; Qian-Cheng
Zhang1; 1Xi’an Jiaotong University
The combined dynamic loading of blast and fragment caused by cased
explosives such as improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and roadsidebombings pose serious threat to both military and civilian vehicles innumerous conflict areas. It is an important task to design the corresponding
protective structures. In the current work, a modified laboratory technique isemployed to simulate this type of combined dynamic loading through using
a composite projectile consisting of foam projectile and fragment simulation
projectile. Upon this method, the dynamic response of fully clamped
corrugated sandwich panels subjected to the composite projectile impact

www.tms.org/MetFoam2019

17

MetFoam 2019 — Freeze Casting, 3D Printing, &Fabrication
Friday AM		August 23, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: To Be Announced
8:35 AMTi-TiB Composite Micro-scaffolds by 3D Printing and Sintering of
TiH2+TiB2 Powder-loaded Inks: Binna Song1; Christoph Kenel2; David
Dunand2; 1Soochow University; 2Northwestern University
Open-porosity micro-scaffolds, with regularly arranged Ti-TiB composite
struts (~200 µm in diameter), are prepared by 3D-extrusion, at ambient
temperature, of inks containing TiH2 and TiB2 particles. Upon heattreatment of the deposited structures, TiH2 decomposes to Ti and a
Ti-TiB composite is formed in-situ by dissolution of TiB2 particles andre-precipitation of TiB whiskers. We study here the kinetics of TiH2
decomposition, TiB2 dissolution, TiB precipitation and densification of
the Ti-TiB composite struts for various sintering times and temperatures(1050-1200°C). The microstructure and mechanical properties of theprinted Ti-TiB scaffolds are also investigated. This novel strategy for
additive manufacturing is demonstrated here for in-situ reinforced Ti-TiB
composites micro-scaffolds, but can be generalized to other system, withfull control of macroporosity (open channels between struts, via printing)and microporosity (within the struts, via incomplete sintering).
8:50 AM
Effect of Pore Structure on the Sound Absorption Properties of
the Ultra-thin Complex Sound Absorption Structure: Ao Qingbo1;
J.Z. Wang1; J. Ma1; H.P. Tang1; 1State Key Laboratory of Porous Metals
Materials, Northwest Institute for Non ferrous Metal Research
In this paper, focusing on the exigent requirement of ultra-thin soundabsorption structure in the limited space of precision electron device fornoise treatment, the porous metal fiber materials, the micro-perforated
plate and the film will be studied. Ultra-thin complex sound absorption
structure(PPF), which has excellent sound absorption performance, will be
prepared using the activation sintering process with low temperature. The
sound absorption performance of the PPF was tested, and the influencesof pore structure and the composite patterns were investigated to optimal
the performance of acoustic enclosure. The results indicated that soundabsorption composite structure with perform plate and porous materials
had obviously improved sound absorbing performance of stainless steel
fibrous porous materials under frequency of 3000Hz. And the maximum
sound absorbing coefficient of the gradient stainless steel fiber porous
materials is 0.8 (5mm). The maximum sound absorbing coefficient of the
PPF is 0.5 at frequency of 1000Hz (4mm).
9:05 AM
Iron and Nickel Micro-scaffolds with Porous Struts Created via
3D-extrusion-printing and Reduction of Oxide-particle Inks:
Christoph Kenel1; Nicholas Geisendorfer1; Ramille Shah1; David Dunand1;
1
Northwestern University
We study the densification and pore shape evolution of 3D-printed, porous
Fe and Ni micro-trusses produced by extrusion of inks (consisting of oxide
powders, removable space-holder particles and binder) into continuous,interconnected struts. Upon heat-treatment in hydrogen, the binder isremoved, the submicron oxides are reduced to metal and the microstruts
are densified by sintering of these metallic powders while the spaceholder particles create interconnected porosity within the metallic struts.
The resulting scaffolds exhibit hierarchical porosity, combining inter-strut
channels (~400 μm in diameter, e.g., for osseo-integration) with intra-strut
pores to tailor the mechanical properties (~5-20 μm in diameter, e.g., toachieve lower stiffness). During the heat-treatment, the evolution of poreshape, size and fraction, the sintering of metal particles, and global andlocal shrinkage are occurring simultaneously. Using both metallographic
cross-sections and in-situ tomographic reconstructions, we present here astudy of the kinetics of, and interactions between, these various processes.

18

9:20 AM
Influence of Sintering Temperature on Fabrication of Open-cell
6061Aluminum Alloy Foams: Tan Wan1; Yuan Liu1; 1Tsinghua University
The influence of the sintering temperature of space holders on fabricationof open-cell 6061 aluminum alloy foams was studied, while the spherical
CaCl2 particles with diameter ranging from1.25-1.60 mm were used as
space holders in this research. The results show that the appropriate
sintering temperature range is 690-720°C, space holders could be sintered
together, and open-cell 6061 aluminum alloy foams with higher porosity
could be obtained. Moreover, the space holders could be removed easily.
When the space holders were held 2 hours in the range of 690-720°C, thespherical CaCl2 particles were sintered together. Therefore, the contact
among particles changed from point to surface, and the number of thecells with opening and connecting was increased , which made the space
holders remove easily, and the open-cell 6061 aluminum alloy foams had
higher porosity.
9:35 AM
Thermohydraulic Characterization of Additive Manufactured Twophase Heat Exchangers Using Lattice Structure: Cédric Septet1;
Olivier Le Metayer2; Georges El Achkar3; Jean-Michel Hugo4; 1TEMISTh
SAS, Hôtel Technologique/IUSTI Laboratory, CNRS UMR 7343; 2IUSTILaboratory, CNRS UMR 7343; 3Tianjin Key Laboratory of Refrigeration
Technology, Tianjin University of Commerce; 4TEMISTh SAS, Hôtel
Technologique
Heatsinks are extensively used to maintain electronic devices below criticaltemperatures. Due to the increasing power dissipated by integrated circuits
and the compactness constraints, improved heatsinks design is needed toenhance the heat transfer released by the working fluid. Besides, the useof a working fluid with phase-change becomes necessary to reduce thetemperature gradient inside the electronic component. Moreover, actual
manufacturing processes impose additional constraints on the methods
used to design the heatsinks. For all these reasons, manufacturers needappropriate tools to assist them in heatsinks design, optimization andmanufacturing. In this context, additive manufacturing techniques wereused to overcome many of these obstacles, forcing us to reconsider theapproach used during the design. Therefore, the design phase requires
appropriate numerical models and solvers to describe the fluid flow andheat transfer in the domain, which remains a major challenge in thecase of multiphase flows with phase change. This step, however, could
be expensive in time as the number of geometric parameters increases
and the mesh needs to be fine due to complex treatment of interphase
phenomenon. In this paper, an approach involving a combined numericaland experimental study was presented. A 4-equations model, developed
for the thermohydraulic characterization of additive manufactured twophase heat exchangers, was firstly introduced. In this model, the presenceof solid matrix and fluid phases were represented at macroscopic scale byhomogeneous media and the physical interactions by source terms. Someof the used source terms were linked to intrinsic characteristics of thesolid matrix, whose formulations could be found experimentally. Therefore,
experiments were carried out for different flow configurations in two-phaseheat exchangers prototypes produced by additive manufacturing. The first
results and the accuracy of the formulations proposed for the source terms
were presented and analyzed.

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical Program9:50 AM Invited
Additive Manufacturing of Tantalum Lattice Structures by Selective
Electron Beam Melting: Wang Jian1; K. Yang1; H. P. Tang1; 1State Key
Laboratory of Porous Metal Materials, Northwest Institute for Nonferrous
Metal Research
The medical device industry’s interest in porous metallic biomaterials has
increased significantly in response to the rapid development of the additive
manufacturing (AM) techniques, which have enabled the commercial
production of intricate devices that cannot be produced by conventional
techniques. Tantalum (Ta) is a refractory metal that shows high ductility,
excellent biocompatibility and high chemical resistance. The combinationof these properties in a micro-architectures lattice form opens potential
new applications of Ta in the medical sector. In this study, we reportour recent experimental results on the additive manufacturing of solidand lattice-structured Ta by selective electron beam melting (SEBM) of
spherical Ta powder made by plasma rotating electrode process (PREP).
Their microstructure and mechanical properties are discussed.
10:10 AM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Nanoporous Metals & Fabrication
Friday AM		August 23, 2019		

Room: Erie/Ontario/Huron
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Lorenzo Valdevit, University of California, Irvine
8:35 AM
Yielding of Dealloyed Nanoporous Metals under Multiaxial Loading:
Ipsita Mohanty1; Kodanda Ram Mangipudi1; 1Indian Institute of Technology
Bhubaneswar
Overall mechanical response of dealloyed nanoporous metals under
uniaxial loading has been investigated by several experimental andnumerical works. However, very little is known about their multi-axial
behavior. While multi-axial experiments on these nanoscale volumes
may be challenging, conventional finite element analysis can be easily
applied if the three-dimensional nanoporous geometry is accessible. Suchan approach will be helpful to verify the applicability of phenomenologicalfoam yield theories of engineering foams to dealloyed morphologies. The
author and his co-workers have recently found that the multi-axial behaviorof nanoporous gold (np-Au) from finite element analysis on tomographicallyreconstructed structure does not follow the isotropic foam yield criterion
while shows sharp corners. The present work extends this investigation
using isotropic computationally-generated spinodal structures (that aremorphologically similar to np-Au) to understand the mechanisms leading
to the shape of the initial yield surface of dealloyed morphologies.
8:50 AM
Thermal Decomposition of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides as aRoute to Synthesize Nanoporous Metals: Swarnendu Chatterjee1;
Joshua Snyder1; 1Drexel University, Chemical and Biological Engineering
Traditional dealloying techniques for synthesis of nanoporous metals
are restricted to few noble metals and the primary challenges lie withobtaining homogeneity in precursor alloy and limiting the pore size within
100 nm upon spinodal decomposition. Here, we present gas phasethermal decomposition of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) as analternative to dealloying that generates nanopores for a broad class ofmetals including refractory metals like W, Mo, Re etc. The chalcogen isremoved from the surface by both reaction with hydrogen and evaporation
at temperatures which lead to the rearrangement and surface diffusionof the remaining metal that evolve into an interconnected bicontinuous
nanoporous network. Based on varying dynamics of pore formation andresidual chalcogen contents for different TMDs, we have proposed amechanism that emulates the decomposition process. The availability ofvast library of TMDs makes it a universal technique that can be utilized tomake nanoporous metals.

9:05 AM
Hierarchical Bulk Nanoporous Aluminum for On-board Hydrogen andHeat Generation by Hydrolysis in Pure Water: John Corsi1; Jintao Fu1;
Eric Detsi1; 1University of Pennsylvania
Despite the remarkable advantages of hydrogen energy technology,
challenges such as clean hydrogen generation and effective hydrogenstorage still need to be addressed before a sustainable hydrogen
economy can be realized. I will present a sustainable method to producehydrogen on-board which involves: (i) selective alloy corrosion to fabricate
hierarchical bulk nanoporous aluminum composed of both macroscopic
and mesoscopic ligament/pore structures, with mesoscopic ligaments in
the range of 10-20 nm; (ii) simultaneous recovery of sacrificial material
during corrosion; and (iii) use of nanoporous aluminum to producehydrogen and heat by hydrolysis with pure water with a yield of ~52-85%
without any additives. The aluminum hydrolysis product can be recycled
by a carbon-free aluminum extraction pathway developed by Elysis, a joint
venture composed of high-profile aluminum suppliers and consumers.
Finally, I will present the combustion of bulk nanoporous aluminum inambient air to demonstrate its application as a combustion fuel catalyst.
9:20 AM
Real-time USAXS and WAXS Studies of Morphology Evolution in
3D Nanoporous Gold during Electrochemical Dealloying and Postdealloying Coarsening: Samuel Welborn1; John Corsi1; Eric Detsi1;
1
University of Pennsylvania
I will present a fundamental study on microstructural and crystallographic
evolution during electrochemical dealloying and post-dealloying coarsening
by combining in situ and operando Ultra Small Angle X-Ray Scattering(USAXS) and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS) experiments we havedeveloped to measure structural change on several length scales.[1] Theexperiments were realized with the simultaneous WAXS/USAXS capabilityof the University of Pennsylvania’s Dual Source and Environmental
X-Ray Scattering facility. Soyarslan and co-workers have investigated themorphological and topological similarities of nanoporous gold and Cahn’s
spinodal decomposition.[2,3] By fitting WAXS/USAXS curves with thismodel, we can map material properties to (specific surface area, ligamentsize), the sample as it evolves under both electrochemical and thermal
treatments. 1.Welborn, S.S. & Detsi, E. Nanoscale Horiz. (Invited paper in
preparation). 2.Cahn, J. W. J. Chem. Phys. 42, 93–99 (1965).3.Soyarslan,
et al. Acta Mater. 149, 326–340 (2018).
9:35 AM
Influence of Heat Treated Calcium on the Stability of 6061 Aluminium
Alloy Foam: Vinothkumar Sundharamoorthi1; Sankaran S2; Sathyan
Subbiah1; 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute ofTechnology Madras; 2Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Madras
Closed cell aluminium alloy foams are manufactured through liquid meltroute with the addition of gas releasing agent such as TiH2, ZrH2 or CaCO3
to the melt. Solidification of this molten alloy containing gas bubbles
leads to formation of a closed cell metallic foam. Stability of the closed
cell aluminium foams produced by Alporas route is achieved with theaddition of calcium. Aluminium alloy foams produced by liquid route arealso stabilized through the addition of silicon carbide, aluminium oxide, ormagnesium oxide. In this work, heat treated calcium is added to the 6061
aluminium alloy melt to stabilize the liquid foam. Presence of calcium oxidein the heat treated calcium is expected to reduce the coalescence of poresand significantly influence the rheology of liquid in the interfacial region
which enhances the stabilizing action. Studies on cell size distribution, cellwall thickness, and mechanical properties are reported.

www.tms.org/MetFoam2019

19

9:50 AM Invited
Deformation and Damage Mechanisms in Nano-architected
Metamaterials with Spinodal Topologies: Lorenzo Valdevit1; MengTing Hsieh1; Yunfei Zhang1; Anna Guell1; Cameron Crook1; Jens Bauer1;
1
University of California, Irvine
The mechanical response of nano-architected materials with spinodal
topologies is numerically and experimentally investigated. Spinodal
microstructures are generated by the numerical solution of the CahnHilliard equation. We show that, thanks to their uniform negative Gaussian
curvature, spinodal shell-based materials in the density range of 0.011% are exceptionally stiff and strong, outperforming most lattice materials
and approaching theoretical bounds for isotropic cellular materials. Next,
we fabricate nano-architected ceramic metamaterials with spinodal
topologies by pyrolysis of polymeric preforms printed by two-photon
polymerization Direct Laser Writing: with the polymeric precursors
fabricated at the nanoscale, virtually defect-free ceramic metamaterials
ensue, which exhibit unprecedented combinations of specific strength andstrain to failure. We show that the combination of the efficient spinodal
topology and the exceptional strength of the base ceramic material at thenanoscale result in isotropic nano-architected ceramic metamaterials withexceptional specific strength and progressive failure. Finally, opportunities
for scalability are discussed.
10:10 AM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Composites & Design of Porous
MetalsFriday AM		August 23, 2019		

Room: Erie/Ontario/Huron
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: John Banhart, Helmholtz-Centre Berlin
10:30 AM
Innovating Architected Self-healing Materials as Adaptive Plasmafacing Components Designed for Extreme Plasma-burning Fusion
Environments: Jean Paul Allain1; Aveek Kapat1; Heather Sandefur1; Ana
Civantos1; 1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
One of the most significant design challenges for materials performance
exposed to extreme environments (e.g. heat, pressure, radiation) is
maintaining structural integrity while preventing or minimizing long-term
damage. In this work biomimetic properties are adopted to introduce
hierarchical surface structures from the nanoscale to the mesoscale toenhance the interface properties of refractory alloy porous metals fordesign of self-healing, adaptive nuclear fusion materials able to have
two specific functions: 1) self-healing in the bulk structural material and2) surface self-healing properties on the plasma-facing interface. Liquidphase Li and SnLi coatings and nanoparticles act as a healing agent when
the porous tungsten structure is damaged under plasma irradiation. The
Li-Sn NPs upon melting begin to “fill” the porous tungsten structure andthe lithium predominantly segregate to the surface of the tungsten-basedmaterial facing the plasma. Surface nanopatterning within the porous
metal structure to enhance wettability and self-healing will be presented.
10:45 AM
Open-cell Aluminum Foam Core Sandwich with Density-graded
Foam Core and Multi-metal Sandwich: Vasanth Shunmugasamy1; Bilal
Mansoor1; 1Texas A&M University at Qatar
In this work, we have prepared aluminum foam core sandwich (AFS)
using soldering methodology. The methodology is adopted to create
heterogeneous foam core containing density-graded core having varying
relative density (ρ*= 7%, 29%, and, 42%) foams. The as-received foams(ρ*= 7%) are uniaxially compressed by rolling at room temperature toprepare different relative density foams. The density – graded foams were
soldered using zinc filler to Al 1100 facesheets. Similarly as-received
foams were soldered to 304 stainless steel (SS) facesheets using Al-Zn
based solder to create a multi-metal AFS. The similar and dissimilar solder
joints were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopes
and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The joints mechanicalintegrity are evaluated using Vickers microhardness and nanoindentation.
Mechanical properties of sandwich were studied under compression

20

and flexural loadings. The adopted methodology presents a novel way tocreate density-graded AFS and also multi-metal (Al foam/SS facesheet)sandwich composites.
11:00 AM
A Very Thin Sandwich Panel Reinforced with Diamond-like-carbon:
Yoonchang Jeong1; Kiju Kang1; 1Chonnam National University
A new kind of 3D micro-architectured materials named Microlattice wasintroduce in 2011. The material is composed of hollow truss elements andhas superior mechanical properties at density below 10-2g/cc. In this study,a fabrication method of very thin sandwich panel with Microlattice core andthe overall thickness less than 1mm is described. In this process, diamondlike-carbon (DLC) are deposited on the face sheets to maximize its
flexural strength and rigidity. To attain material properties of the constituent
materials, the tensile test of Ni-P foils, DLC foils, and their composite areconducted. And an optimal design is sought for achieving the highest
strength for a given weight. The mechanical behavior of the sandwich withthe optimized dimensions is investigated by FEA and three-point-bending
tests.
11:15 AM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Shellular Materials
Friday AM		August 23, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Kiju Kang, Chonnam National University
10:30 AM
Mechanical Behavior of Shellular under Internal Pressure: SeungChul
Han1; Chenghan Wu1; Kiju Kang1; 1Chonnam National University
Shellular is composed of a thin, continuous and smooth shell. A triply
periodic minimal surface (TPMS) has a continuous geometry with zeromean curvature at every point over the surface. we have found that the
deformation of Shellular in a TPMS is stretching-dominated like theprevious micro-architectured materials. The shell in a Shellular divides
space into two sub-volumes, which can be independently used for mass
exchanging, infiltration or electro-chemical reaction. For the applications,
its resistance under a pressure difference between the two sub-volumes
should be studied. The critical pressure for plastic yielding and elastic
buckling and the transition between the two failure modes are investigatedby FEA and experiments. And the empirical equations for the criticalpressures are presented as functions of two non-dimensional parameters,i.e., volume fraction and relative thickness. Also, the pre-straining effect asa method for improving the pressure resistance and stress equalization of
Shellular is investigated.
10:45 AM
Mechanical Properties of Shellular with Minimal Surfaces: SeungChul
Han1; Kiju Kang1; 1Chonnam National University
Shellular is a combination of “shell” and “cellular”, and is a new type of
micro-architectured material with its density lower than below 10-2g/
cc, composed of a smooth thin shell. We believe that the triply periodic
minimal surfaces (TPMSs) is the most ideal as the micro-architecture for
Shellulars. In this work, we investigate the mechanical properties of TPMS
Shellular, fabricated using a novel technique to naturally form a templatewith the minimal surface. That is, polymer beads are arranged in a regularpattern, and then transformed into a TPMS shape of the template througha chemical process, named Han’s treatment. The strength and stiffness ofthe metallic Shellulars fabricated from the templates are measured undercompression, and the deformation is monitored in-situ using a Micro-CT
and the results are compared with those of previous micro-architectured
materials, composed of hollow trusses.

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical Program11:00 AM
Deformation Behavior of Closed Cell Aluminum Foams Stabilized byDifferent Types of Particles: Sasikumar Samuthiram1; Georgy Kurian K2;
Manas Mukherjee2; G.S. Vinod Kumar1; 1SRM Institute of Science andTechnology; 2Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Aluminium alloy A356 closed cell foams containing stabilizing particles(TiB2, SiC and CaO) are produced by the melt route using TiH2 as a
blowing agent. These foams are subjected to quasi-static and interrupted
compression loading at required strain values with constant strain rate.
After every interruption, the foam samples are scanned by X-ray CT for
macro-level deformation studies. Subsequently, in order to understandmicro (cell wall) level deformations, sliced foam samples are characterizedby optical and electron microscopy. Elastic modulus is determined for all
foams using a non-contact type video extensometer which is also employed
for monitoring the collapse/deformation bands occur on the foam surface.
Plateau strength, elastic modulus, energy absorption capability andefficiency of all foams are compared. The effect of cell morphology and thestabilizing particles on the macro and micro level deformation mechanisms
are analyzed and compared in detail.
11:15 AM BreakMetFoam 2019 — Friday Plenary II
Friday AM		August 23, 2019		

Room: Michigan
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Nihad Dukhan, University of Detroit Mercy
11:20 AM Plenary
Metal Foam Research Direction: Simplicity Versus Accuracy: Kamel
Hooman1; 1University of Queensland
This presentation summarises our recent work on metal foams mainly asheat exchangers in different industrial applications. Challenges that we facealong the commercialization path will be touched on while some peculiar
behaviours observed in different experiments, specific to metal foams, will
be discussed. Numerical, experimental and theoretical techniques that
we have developed or are under development will be presented alongwith approaches to lower the cost of the foams for application in lighting
industry, fuel cells, condensers, waste heat recovery, heat pipes andthermal storage systems.
11:50 AM Concluding Comments

www.tms.org/MetFoam2019

21

MetFoam 2019 — Poster Session
Wednesday PM		August 21, 2019		

Room: Great Room
Location: Doubletree by Hilton Hotel

Session Chair: Nihad Dukhan, University of Detroit Mercy

exhibit unique microstructure and higher strength than the same alloys
manufactured by conventional casting methods. Heat treatments decrease
strength and improve ductility, which affects compressive properties of thelattice-structured Al alloys. In this research, effects of heat treatments oncompressive properties of lattice-structured Al-Si alloy with bcc type unit
cell were investigated. Shear bands formation depends on heat treatment
conditions, indicating that compressive properties of lattice-structured AlSi alloys can be improved by controlling material properties.

A Novel Bioreactor System with a Shellular Scaffold: Jiafei Gu1;
Shiyi Tan1; Yun-Jin Jeong1; Sin-Gu Jeong1; Dong-Weon Lee1; Kiju Kang1;
1
Chonnam National University
In tissue engineering, limited nutrients and oxygen medium cause
hypoxic regions during cell proliferation due to mass transfer limitation.
The main approaches to deal with this problem are vascularizationof scaffold and culture with bioreactors. Here, we develop a circulationbioreactor system with a Shellular scaffold. The system is composed of
Shellular scaffold, peristaltic pump, bioreactor chamber, pressure sensor
and so on. The Shellular scaffold comprises two distinct sub-volumes
intertwined with each other and separated by a single continuous semipermeable membrane. One sub-volume is used for cell culture, while theother serves as perfusion channel, which is connected with circulation
tubes for proliferation medium. The scaffold made from poly (L-lactic acid)has strength enough to withstand the working pressure and support thecells for bone and cartilage. The mechanical properties, microstructure,
and wettability of scaffold are evaluated. The circulation permeability
performance and cell growth of the system are also investigated.

Compression Behavior of Low-pressure Casted AMC Syntactic
Foams with High Porosity: Pierre Kubelka1; Alexander Matz1; Norbert
Jost1; 1Pforzheim University
Metal foams represent a class of material, which provides attractive
mechanical properties due to the combination of a porous structure witha metallic matrix. This leads to high specific strength with high energy
absorption during compressive deformation. In this field, the aluminum
matrix composite (AMC) syntactic foams are representing a novel classof closed-cell metal foams. Past investigations of such structures were
subjected to the compression behavior of syntactic foams made of Al
combined with different ceramic spheres. This work examines the impact ofdifferent Al wrought- and cast-alloys on the compressive behavior of AMC
syntactic foams with Al2O3 hollow spheres. To gain a hollistic understandingon the compression behavior, the influence of the microstructural andcasting behavior are taken into account. This includes the interfacialinteraction between the aluminum matrix and Al2O3 hollow spheres as wellas the microstructure of the alloys themselves in the compressed and uncompressed state.

A Novel Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell with Shellular Microarchitecture: Hai Nguyen1; Kiju Kang1; 1Chonnam National University
We introduce a new type of PEM fuel cell with a monolithic shell offreestanding membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in the microarchitecture of Shellular, which creates two sub-volumes acting as gas
channels. Unlike a conventional MEA that consists of separate layers of
Nafion, gas diffusion layers, and catalyst layers, which needs carbon backplates to hold the layers together, this new MEA comprises all the layers
in a single freestanding shell. Hence, this MEA is expected to be not only
compact and lightweight but also provide good performance. This MEA
has good mechanical properties as shell. In addition, the gas channels in a
triply-periodic-minimal surface have the good permeability for fluid, which
reduces the mass transport loss at high current density and helps water
management. The designing ideas, fabricating methods, and performance
tests are described in detail.

Compressive Performance Evaluation of APM (Advanced PoreMorphology) Foam-polymer Filled Tubes: Yanli Wang1; Qiaoyu Guo2;
Lucai Wang2; 1North University of China; 2Taiyuan University of Scienceand Technology
The aim of this paper focus on the quasi-static compressive crush
performance of thin-walled structures filled with Advanced PoreMorphology (APM) foam elements, exploring their deformation and energy
absorption properties. It is that epoxy-bonded and epoxy foam-bonded
APM-foam elements were assembled, tested and evaluated. The results
show that the application of an adhesive to join the individual APM foam
elements and bond them to the outer tube leads to a general change inthe deformation behaviour and the mechanical response, asymmetricdiamond fold deformation mode on thin-wall steel tube,both diamond andhexagonal shape deformation on epoxy-bonded and hexagonal shapedeformation mode on epoxy foam-bonded; the tube filled with epoxy foambonded APM-foam elements higher stress levels, showing higher 88% the
average ideal energy absorption efficiency compared to the empty tube
and higher 13% compared to the tube filled with epoxy-bonded APM-foam
elements.

Bonding Properties of Lotus-type Porous Cu/Sn-Ag-Cu/Cu Joint:
Sang-Wook Kim1; Ji-Woon Lee1; Taek-Kyun Jung1; Soong-Keun Hyun1;
1
Inha University
Lotus-type porous metals which have arranged long cylindrical pores haveanisotropic mechanical and physical properties due to their anisotropic
pore structure. In particular, louts-type porous metals have superior
strength and fluid permeability in the pore direction compared to isotropic
porous metals. Thus it is expected to be applied to various industrial
fields. To use lotus-type porous metals in various industries, a bonding
techniques of lotus-type porous metals are essential. Previously, althoughwelding properties of lotus-type porous Cu have been investigated by laser
beam irradiation, works with the bonding of lotus-type porous Cu using
filler metal have been reported rarely. In this study, lotus-type porous Cu
was soldered using Sn-Ag-Cu solder paste with different pore directions.
The bonding strength and interfacial microstructures were evaluated andthen the relationship between bonding properties and pore structure werediscussed.
Change in Compressive Properties of Lattice-structured Al-Si Alloy
Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting under Various Heat Treatment
Conditions: Takafumi Wada1; Asuka Suzuki1; Naoki Takata1; MAkoto
Kobashi1; 1Nagoya University
Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the additive manufacturing (AM)techniques and makes it possible to fabricate lattice-structured materials
with complicated shapes. Lattice-structured materials are expected to be
applied as light-weight energy absorber. However, it is known that thelattice-structured materials show local shear deformation (shear band)due to its ordered periodic structure, resulting in a decrease in energy
absorption efficiency. On the other hand, SLM-fabricated Al alloys

22

Decomposition Behaviour of Ti and Zr Hydrides Studied by Neutron
Diffraction: John Banhart1; Clemens Ritter2; 1Technische Universität undHelmholtz Zentrum Berlin; 2Institute Laue-LangevinTiH2 and ZrH2 are the most frequently used blowing agents for foaming low
melting alloys based on aluminium or zinc. In order to tailor the temperature
range of decomposition such hydrides are sometimes oxidised prior to theiruse. Their decomposition behaviour is usually studied by thermogravimetry
and calorimetry. We applied neutron diffraction to gather more information
about the decomposition of treated and untreated hydrides. In order toavoid strong incoherent scattering effects from hydrogen (1H) we used
deuterated variants and could obtain high-quality diffraction patterns. In
this way we were able to quantify the amount of hydrogen for different
decomposition stages as well as changes of the lattice structure for arange of Ti and Zr-based blowing agents.

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical ProgramEffect of Process Parameters Manufacture on Aluminum Foams
Acoustic Properties: Masoud Golestanipour1; Amir Izadpanahi1; Armin
Dehnavi1; 1Materials Research Group, Iranian Academic Center for
Education, Culture and Research
Metallic foams are a novel branch of engineering materials have a wide
range of industries application as good energy and acoustic absorbers.
The current state of the art with regards to the production of aluminum
foams is reviewed, with direct foaming of Al melt processing and a CaCO3
foaming agent used to generating lower material cost, a relatively low levelof impurity presence, more uniform and finer cell structures to produce
aluminum foams, consequently acoustic properties investigated. Calcium
carbonate is found to be a highly effective foaming agent for aluminumand silicon carbide used to stabilize foam structure added to the aluminum
molten so led to defects elimination, which result significant reduction in
the thickness of melt drainage to achieve more uniform foams. Acoustic
absorption investigated at various thicknesses and cell sizes which isindicated that enhancing the thickness and decreasing cell size causes
improvement of Al-foam as acoustic absorbers
Enhanced Osteoblast Adhesion and Differentiation by Porous Ti
Scaffolds Designed Using Space Holder Technique: Ana Fatima
Civantos Fernandez1; Mercedes Giner-Garcia2; Ana Maria Beltran3; MariaAngeles Vasquez-Garcia2; Rocio Moriche3; Maria Jose Montoya-Garcia2;
Jose Antonio Rodriguez-Ortiz3; Jean Paul Allain3; Yadir Torres3; 1Universityof illinois; 2Medicine Department, University of Seville; 3Department ofEngineering and Materials Science and Transportation, University of
SevilleThe fabrication of porous scaffolds has become an interesting biomimetic
approach to anchor implants through bone growth, however, the designof pore volume, size and morphology remains a challenge. In this study,
Porous Ti (PTi) samples were manufactured by a powder metallurgy
technique (PM) using three different spacer particles size (100-200,
250-355 and 355-500 µm). PTi scaffolds were evaluated in terms of cell
viability, adhesion and differentiation of murine and human osteoblasts
cell lines. At day 1, PTi did not produce any cytotoxicity effects reaching
more than 80 % of osteoblast viability. Osteoblast adhesion was similar to
non-porous substrates, but ALP expression was enhanced in PTi. Thesefinding suggest that PTi implants, designed by PM, are good candidates toreduce stress shielding limitation and the required cellular interactions topromote in vivo osseointegration and therefore, implants fixation.
Fabrication of an Ultrahigh Pressure Vessel Based on Shellular:
Yoonchang Jeong1; Kiju Kang1; 1Chonnam National University
Pressure vessels are widely used for fluid storage, under-water vehicles,
and aerospace applications. Shellular is a new type of micro architecture,
which consists of a continuous smooth shell and has superior mechanicalproperties at a low density. The unique micro-architecture provides aninterface between two distinct sub-volumes that intertwine each other.
In this work, a novel pressure vessel that has morphology of Shellularin a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) and its fabrication process is
described. To achieve high strength for a given weight, a bi-layered shellof diamond-like-carbon and copper is used to form the Shellular. And
finite element analysis is carried out to obtain the optimal morphology
and dimensions. The mechanical behavior of the pressure vessel isinvestigated by internal pressure test.

Fabrication of Porous Layer on Fe Substrate through Laser-induced
Combustion Synthesis: Yuto Ueda1; Asuka Suzuki1; Naoki Takata1;
Makoto Kobashi1; 1Nagoya University
Metal/resin joint has been required for multi-material structures, in which
the most suitable material is used at each component of vehicle. We havesuggested “metal/resin joint via porous layer.” Resin was infiltrated into
porous layer synthesized on a metal substrate to form interpenetratingphase layer (IPL), in which metal and resin interlocked three dimensionally.
In the present study, laser-induced combustion synthesis reaction among
Fe-Ti-B powder mixture was applied to fabricate porous layer on a Fe
substance. Influence of laser conditions on structure of porous layer
and adhesiveness between granular products and Fe substrate wasinvestigated. It was observed that porous layer composed of many granular
products was formed in specific ranges of laser power and scanning speed.
Area fraction and the number of granular products changes dependingon laser conditions but the size did not change much. The results of theadhesiveness will be also presented.
Fabrication of Shellulars with Various Minimal Surfaces Basedon Beads Arranged in Regular Patterns: Anna Na1; Eunbyeol Park1;
Hyuntaek Kong1; Hojung Seo1; Jonghyeon Seon1; Jaehong Seol1;
Myeongcheol Jung1; Yongju Lee1; Seungchul Han1; Kiju Kang1; 1Chonnam
National University
Shellular is a new type of micro-architectured material. The first Shellular
was fabricated based on a template formed by self-propagating
photopolymer waveguide (SPPW) technology. Thereafter, the template
was coated with a hold material on the surface and then the template
was etched out. This configuration was similar to the P surface, one of
the Triply Periodic Minimum Surface (TPMS). Subsequent studies showedthat the constant curvature of the minimum surfaced shell supports theexternal load by the coplanar stress without causing bending. In this study,
we propose a new fabrication method of Shellular based on regularly
arranged beads. The Shellular specimens with various configurations of
TPMSs such as P, I-WP, F-RD, N-14, D, and complementary D surfaces
are fabricated and compared with mathematical models to check thesimilarity using X-ray tomography.
Finite Element Simulation of Compressive Behavior of Disordered
Cellular Solids: Takuya Hamaguchi1; Keiji Matsuo1; Koichi Kitazono1;
1
Tokyo Metropolitan University
Compressive responses of 3D open-cell foams with regular and irregularstructures are analyzed using the finite element method in this work.
Structures of foams with different levels of randomness are characterized
by a cell regularity parameter. Also, 3D Voronoi division is used to create
FE model with such open cell foam structures with different cell regularity
parameters. First, the effect of cell regularity on mechanical properties offoams is studied. Second, relationship with cell regularity and anisotropy ofcompressive properties. Subsequently, the effect of regularity parameteron macro destruction of cell structure is also studied. Simulations suggestthat cell regularity has significant influence on the plastic characteristics.
Also, the lower cell regularity, the smaller anisotropy of compressive
properties. Macro destruction at an angle of 45 degrees of cell structure issuppressed according to decreased cell regularity.
Fluxless Soldering of Aluminium Foams: Amir Izadpanahi1; Meysam
Mahdavi Shahri2; Masoud Golestanipour1; 1Materials Research Group,
Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR),
Mashhad Branch; 2Nomad Neshan Research Center
Present research introduces a novel soldering method for joining aluminum
foams to aluminum plates. In this method, a rotating aluminum plate issoldered to the aluminum foam using zinc-based solder material. Rotationof the aluminum plate over the solder material drags the solder materialand stirring it during the soldering process and help the wetting in platesolder-foam interfaces. Mechanical properties of the joint were investigated.
Excellent tensile strength was obtained compared to those samples
that are welded with the soldering flux but with no rotation involved. The
method is introduced as flux-less stir soldering (FSS). Scanning electron
microscope examinations showed diffusion has occurred between thesolder alloy with both the aluminum foam and the aluminum plate.

www.tms.org/MetFoam2019

23

Foaming Behaviour and Evolution of Cell Structure of Aluminum
Foam with Extrusion Forming Precursor on Condition of Restrictive
Foaming: Lucai Wang1; Yanli Wang1; 1Taiyuan University of Science andTechnology
A study of foaming behavior and pore structure of Al foams of PCM(Powder
Compact Melting) process ,with extrusion forming precursor on conditionof restrictive foaming , by integtrating real-time image pick up into digital
analyzing of cross-section image ,has been presented in this paper. The
results show that heating time t (sample temperature Ts) and heating rate
(furnace temperature TL) are two main factors to affect foaming behavior
and cell structure of Al foams for PCM process. When temperature ofprecursor reaches to its melt point, it will expand slowly with the molten
process ongoing.
Impact Energy Absorption of Additively Manufactured Porous
Aluminum Alloys with an Axisymmetric Acorn Shape: Yuta Fujimori1;
Koichi Kitazono1; Chami Kigawa1; 1Tokyo Metropolitan University
Porous aluminum will be used as an energy absorbing mechanism for thelanding leg of the spacecraft landing on a celestial body. It is expectedthat the landing angle will be accrued when the spacecraft lands.
The anisotropy of the compression behavior of the energy absorbing
mechanism becomes a problem. In order to suppress the anisotropy at thetime of compression, a hemispherical shape was planned to be adopted
for the shape of the impact absorbing mechanism. However, when thelanding angle is accrued, it is impossible to maintain a sufficient stroke andit is impossible to achieve the designated amount of energy absorption. For
that reason, acorn shapes in which hemispherical shapes and cylindricalshapes are stuck are adopted. Therefore, in this study, the compression
behavior when diagonal compressed porous aluminum is considered isconsidered.
Influence of Metal Foam Morphology on Heat and Mass Transfers
Inside Methanol Steam Reforming Reactor: Abou Houraira Abaidi1;
Brahim Madani2; 1USTHB; 2FGMGP/USTHB Algeria
Metal foam provides an ideal prerequisite for construction of heatexchangers, their porosity of up to 85 per cent makes easy for gases
or liquids to flow through them, whereby the large surface area of themetal foam pores with the good conductivity of the metal enables thetransmission of large amount of heat and low resistance to fluid flow. Many
papers used the metal foam for intensification of heat and mass transfers,
Settar et al founded that the macro-patterned design is a promisingstrategy that allows a significant improvement of temperature distribution
in a reforming reactor of methane steam reforming.For the current study,
we treat the performances of a methanol steam reformer to producehydrogen, equipped with various metallic foam layers. The principal goalis the investigation of the influences of the metallic foam morphology onheat and mass transfers inside the methanol steam reformer.
Influence of Temperature on Deformation of Closed-cell Aluminum
Foams in Solid-liquid-gas Coexisting State: Zhiyong Liu1; Yanxiang Li2;
Ying Cheng2; Xu Zhou2; 1Heze University; 2Tsinghua University
The influence of temperature on deformation of the closed-cell aluminumfoam(CAF) in solid-liquid-gas coexisting state was studied. The results
showed that the suitable deformation temperature was 635°C, themaximum deformation of the CAF could be obtained, and its characteristic
parameters were kept. When the CAF was deformed at 635°C, thesolidification microstructure among dendrites, fine dendrites and partof dendritic arms were melted into liquid, resulting in the degenerate
dendrites were ripened into the rose-like grains, the fraction of the liquid in
the CAF reached 50%, and rose-like grains were distributed discretely inliquid, the results mentioned above made cell walls thixotropic deformed
easily. At the same time, the gas pressure in cells increased near threetimes that at room temperature that approximated to the rheological stressof the cell walls. Therefore, the cells can be moved together with thixotropic
deformation of cell walls.

24

Manufacturing and Characterization of Ti, Mg and Mg-Ti Samples for
Biomedical Applications: Julio Guzmán1; Tillmann Neu2; Ana Beltrán1;
Yadir Torres1; José Rodríguez-Ortiz1; Lia Stanciu3; Francisco GarciaMoreno4; 1Universidad de Sevilla; 2Technische Universität Berlin; 3Purdue
University; 4Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie
The low mechanical resistance of porous bioceramics and polymers
compared to that of natural bone provides an opportunity for biodegradable
metals such as Magnesium and its alloys to become a new benchmark inthe manufacture of scaffolds and bone tissues. Magnesium is biodegrade
and it can be completely reabsorbed avoiding the need for second
surgeries. The use of magnesium with adequate interconnected porosity
improves the stress-shielding.and allows the transport of body fluids
through damaged tissues and the colonization of osteoblasts inside thepores. In this work, samples of porous Mg, Ti and Mg/Ti are manufacturedby the space holder technique and characterized. The relationship between
the variables of the manufacturing process, the porosity characteristics(analyzed by Archimedes’ method, image analysis and X-Ray microtomography), the degradation rates (assays in simulated fluid), as wellas the influence on macro (uniaxial compression and ultrasound) andmicromechanical (P-h curves) behavior are studied.
Manufacturing Process and Characterization of Bioactive Gelatins
Coated Porous Titanium: Aldo Boccaccini1; Jose Rodriguez-Ortiz2; Rocio
Moriche2; Juan Cauich-Rodríguez3; Yadir Torres2; 1University of ErlangenNuremberg; 2University of Seville; 3Centro de Investigación Científica deYucatán
Porous titanium substrates coated with gelatinous composites are
considered potential candidates to solve the stress-shielding problems
and the osteochondral defects present in joint cartilages. Porous titanium
substrates are coated with different gelatin and alginate based composite(using bioactive glass particles as reinforcement) and evaluating the effectof glutaraldehyde in the crosslinking of the gelatin. The gelatin successfully
coated the surface and penetrated inside the pores of the substrate. The
highly interconnected porosity of the gelatinous composite is thought topromote cell growth and vascularization. The evaluation of the properties
was carried out in terms of elastic recovery, coefficient of friction and wear
resistance of the coatings. From these results, the best biomechanical andbiofunctional balance was achieved by porous titanium substrates withpore size of 100-200 µm and the coating with a composition of alginate
and gelatin (50:50 vol.) filled with 5 vol.% of bioactive glass particles.
Microstructural Effects on Compressive Behavior and Deformation
Band Propagation in Open-pore Metal Foams: Alexander Matz1; Bettina
Matz1; Norbert Jost1; 1Pforzheim University
Open-pore aluminum foams show high potential for usage in a great
variety of applications, which is due to their highly porous structure in
combination with its base material. In most cases and independent of theirscope of application, their mechanical properties are always of interest.
In the present investigation, the mechanical properties of investment
casted open-pore metal foams are studied on the example of the binary
alloy Al-11Zn subjected to different ageing treatments. Their effects areinvestigated by mechanical characterization methods. By compression
testing of open-pore Al-11Zn foams, we notice microstructural effects
being present to a differing extend as a function of the strain ε. At low
strains, we observe these differences in mechanical performance to avery high extent, wherein this behavior is in direct conjunction with thedeformation band propagation during compressive deformation. Our
results are discussed with regard to the microstructural effects induced by
the ageing treatments.

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical Program

Preparation and Properties of Porous Titanium with a Hierarchical
Structure Porous by Fibers and Powders: Shifeng Liu1; Mingjun Shi1; Xin
Yang2; 1Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology; 2Xi’an Universityof Technology
Spherical titanium powder was prepared by plasma rotary electrodetreatment and mixed with titanium fibers (D50 = 110 µm) according todifferent mass ratios.Porous titanium with a fiber/powder hierarchicalstructure porous was prepared by spark plasma sintering at sintering
temperatures of 800°C, 900°C and 1000°C under a sintering pressureof 20 MPa. The results showed that there were no new phases occurredof porous titanium with porosity of 1.24-24.6% after sintering. Titanium
fiber and titanium powder were sintered using powder/powder, powder/fiber and fiber/fiber to form composite pore structures. The formation andgrowth mechanism of the sintered neck was a diffusion-dominated material
migration mechanism during sintering. At higher sintering temperatures,the grain size is larger and the grains on the fibers are finer than the grainson the powder. The stress-strain curve of porous titanium showed no
obvious yield point, and the compressive strength was higher at higher
sintering temperatures.
Processing and Electrical Properties of Ni Foams Synthesized via
Freeze Casting: Sukyung Lee1; Jason Tam2; Weiwei Li2; Hai Jun Cho2;
Bosco Yu2; Heeman Choe1; Uwe Erb2; 1Kookmin University; 2University ofTorontoOwing to the inherent properties of Ni, including high electricalconductivity, catalytic activity, and corrosion resistance, Ni foams are
excellent candidate materials in energy applications such as electrodes
for batteries and dye sensitized solar cells, as well as current collectors insolid oxide fuel cells. In this study, we fabricated Ni foams with controlled
structure and porosity through a simple and scalable directional freezecasting technique. Multiscale structural characterization techniques,
including XCT, SEM, and EBSD were employed to study the structure of
the Ni foams. To demonstrate the applicability of the freeze-cast Ni foam
for functional applications, electrical resistivity was measured by four-pointprobe technique. We found that the effective electrical conductivity of thefreeze-cast Ni foam is substantially higher than commercially available
Ni foam, owing to higher relative density and greater fraction of S3 twinboundaries present in the freeze-cast Ni foam.
Spaceborne In-situ Laboratory to Study the Solidification of Powder
Suspensions during Freeze-casting in Microgravity: Robert Lundberg1;
Kristen Scotti1; Maytham Alzayer1; Theodore Broeren1; Luke Duros2;
Dominic Herincx1; Yingda Hu1; Richard Kunde3; Lawrence Luo1; Andrew
McIntosh1; Chelsea Ye1; David Dunand1; 1Northwestern University; 2Trinity
College; 3University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Space Interface Convective Effects (SpaceICE) is a 3U CubeSat mission
to be launched in 2019 that is designed to investigate freeze-casting in the
microgravity environment of low-earth orbit. Freeze-casting is a low-cost,scalable technique for the fabrication of porous materials with applicationspecific architectures. During freeze-casting, slurries are directionallysolidified and subsequently freeze-dried to create porous green bodystructures with anisotropic, aligned channels and walls. The goals of theSpaceICE mission are (i) to improve Earth-based freeze-casting methods
by building a better fundamental understanding of the role of gravity
during the solidification of suspensions; (ii) to produce benchmark data to
improve modeling efforts of the solidification process; and (iii) to advancethe freeze-casting technique as an in-situ resource utilization (ISRU)
technology for space- and planetary-based load-bearing structures. Here,
we discuss the design and functionality of the SpaceICE CubeSat—the
first in-situ laboratory of its kind for microgravity solidification experiments.

Study on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Metal Foam Core
Sandwich Panels: Jacob Marx1; Afsaneh Rabiei1; 1North Carolina State
University
Metal foams are known for their energy absorption under compression,
but generally lack strength in tension. Metal foam core sandwich panels
can offer a non-porous surface and improve the material’s corrosion
resistance as well as improving their strength in tension. Composite
metal foam (CMF) is a type of metal foam that has superior mechanicalproperties compared to other metallic foams due to the presence of
matrix in between its porosities as well as their uniform cell structure. The
mechanical properties of CMF under various loading scenarios are wellestablished, but mechanical properties of CMF core sandwich panels have
yet to be reported. This work will report the mechanical properties of CMF
core sandwich panels and compare those to bare CMF panel properties.
The comparison of the two will offer further understanding of CMF core
sandwich panels with variety of different combination of the face sheets
and CMF core materials under tension, compression, and bending.
Synthesis and Application of Porous NiO/Ni Anode for Use in
Advanced Lithium-ion Batteries: Youngseok Song1; June-sun Hwang1;
Sukyung Lee1; Hyeji Park1; Jae-hun Kim1; Heeman Choe1; 1Kookmin
University
Lithium-ion batteries are used in a wide range of applications such as
mobile phones, electronic devices and automobiles; however, they havenot fully satisfied the issues raised by the low theoretical capacity ofgraphite anode for the current market demanding high capacity and highoutput. Therefore, transition metal oxides among various high-capacity
anode materials are attracting significant attention as a potential highcapacity anode material with high theoretical capacity. Among them,nickel oxide (NiO) has a considerable theoretical capacity of 718 mAhg-1,
but its conductivity is rather poor, lowering the charging and discharging
time. In this study, Ni foam was fabricated via a freeze-casting method
and porous NiO/Ni anode system was then created through a simple
thermal oxidation. The microstructure of the fabricated porous NiO/Ni
anode system was analyzed using FE-SEM, EDS and XRD. Additionally,
its battery performance was evaluated using a standard half coin-cell test.
The Study on the Usage of Foamed Magnesium and Its Alloy: Yihan
Liu1; 1Northeastern University
Due to their good damping performance, impact resistance,electromagnetic shielding performance, sound absorption performanceand biocompatibility, the foamed Mg alloys are widely used in theautomotive, aviation, aerospace, shipbuilding industry, and they also havepotential applications in all the weapons and equipment, constructionindustry, medical industry and so on. This paper summarized theFabrication,characteristics and its usage of the foamed Magnesium andits alloy. The Potential application was Predicted for automobile structure
body, spacecraft landing gear, shock absorber, buffer, filters, silencers,
signal cabin, human skeletal repair and replantation.
Cooling of PEM Fuel Cell Stacks Using Open-cell Metal Foam: Ali
Hmad1; 1University of Detroit Mercy
For safe and efficient operation of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell
(PEMFC), effective thermal management is needed. This study presents
the use of aluminum foam in PEMFC’s thermal management using forced
air. An analytical study was performed using a bipolar plate air- cooledchannel to examine the effects of temperature on fuel cell efficiency, andto study heat transfer and temperature distribution in the stack. The heattransfer and fluid flow for a thin layer of metal foam inserted between two
bipolar plates of fuel cell stack was simulated using ANSYS- Fluent. The
outcomes, such as local and average Nusselt number, axial pressure drop,
and friction factor, were calculated. The velocity and temperature contours
were drawn. Numerical results were verified by comparing to experimental
results. Based on this simulation, a new design was provided to improve
the thermal design of an air-cooled fuel cell by using metal foam.

www.tms.org/MetFoam2019

25

Barium Transport Mechanisms in Porous Scandate Cathodes: Mujan
Seif1; Thomas Balk1; Matthew Beck1; 1University of Kentucky
Thermionic cathodes are key components in a wide range of vacuum
electron devices (VEDs), including traveling wave tubes, microwave
devices, thermionic energy converters, and more. A high performance
subset of these, scandate cathodes, are fabricated by impregnating
porous Sc2O3-doped W matrices with xBaO-yCaO-zAl2O3. The lifetimeof these high performance cathodes is thought to depend on the rate at
which evaporated surface Ba is replenished by Ba from within the porous
bulk. To compute this rate, an understanding of the mechanisms by which
Ba moves through porous W is critical. These mechanisms likely include
surface diffusion and vapor flow, the latter being our focus. Previous work
has calculated surface energies of a number of configurations of adsorbed
Ba and O on the dominant facets present in the W grains. Currently, we
use ab initio molecular dynamics to investigate conditions that instigate
barium desorption from the aforementioned surface configurations.
Characterization and of Metal-foam Flow Field for PEM Fuel Cells:
Yussef Awin1; Nihad Dukhan1; 1University of Detroit Mercy
The efficiency of Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells depends on theperformance of the bipolar plates, which depends on the flow field design.
The plates are typically graphite with parallel or serpentine channels.
The drawbacks of graphite include weight, fabrication inaccuracy, costand brittleness. Open-cell metal foam is investigated, via simulation andexperiment, as a flow field/bipolar plate and compared to conventionalgraphite bipolar plates. The benefits of the novel design are establishedvia comparison to conventional flow fields. Results for metal foam flow
field show that the cell current and voltage densities were improved,
and temperature distribution on the membrane was even, and within theallowable limit. As importantly, there was a significant weight reduction.
Corrosion Studies of Open Cell Aluminum Foam in Simulated Marine
Environments: Ho Lun Chan1; Kevin Guo1; Rogine Gomez2; Vilupanur
Ravi1; 1California State Polytechnic University; 2Cal Poly Pomona
Aluminum foams are used in aircraft components, e.g. landing gear
energy absorbers, breather plugs, etc., because of their high impact
absorption capability, low density, and cost-effectiveness. These materials
can be subjected to chloride corrosion in marine environments, with thepotential to lower the service life of these components. In this project,the microstructure and mechanical strength of aluminum foams pre-and
post-corrosion were examined. The corrosion behavior of UNS A96101-T6
aluminum foams was studied as a function of pore density. Corrosion tests
were performed by immersing aluminum foams in simulated seawater(ASTM G31) and also by exposing them to salt spray environments (ASTM
B117) for periods of time ranging from 1 to 100 hours. The microstructuresof the test coupons were subsequently characterized using scanningelectron microscopy (SEM). Compression tests (ISO 13314) wereconducted on pre-and post-corrosion coupons. The results of thesestudies will be presented and discussed.
Cylinder-pack Modeling of Open-cell Metal Foam for Flow and Heat
Transfer: Nihad Dukhan1; Omer Saad1; 1University of Detroit Mercy
Because of its morphology, accessible and huge surface and highporosity, the foam has investigated for flow and heat transfer applications.
This study investigates certain staggered arrangement of thin cylinders
that can provide the same transport effects as a given foam with known
morphology and flow and heat transfer factors. The average cell diameter,surface area density and porosity are used to describe the foam. The
transverse pitch of the cylinders is chosen such that the surface area
density of the foam and that of the cylinders are equal. The diagonal pitch
is determined such that the tortuosity of the foam is equal to the tortuosityof the cylinders, while the diameter of a typical cylinder from the porosityof the foam. By founding a robust, yet minimal, technique for representing
the complex morphology of the, substantial savings in computational timeand effort will be realized.

26

Sonication for the Porosity Gradation of Foams Meets Replica
Templating: A Hybrid Manufacturing Process for Lightweight
Multifunctional Structures: Carmen Torres-Sánchez1; 1Loughborough
University
Advancements in the design of porous structures with high performance
properties offer a bright future to many industries such as transport(towards diminished fuel emissions) or medical devices (achieving
personalised orthopaedics). However, the manufacturing of those parts
lags behind because it is difficult to realise a complex porous structure
design via conventional routes. Traditional manufacturing methods (e.g.
casting) cannot produce complex porous distributions and new ones (e.g.
3D printing) have a limited palette of processable materials. We proposea hybrid manufacturing process in which a sacrificial cellular structure(i.e. polymeric porous foam) is tailored using a sonication technology[1] that increases density in zones where reinforcement is needed (e.g.
stress loading) and decreases it where mass is not needed, achieving
lightweight topologically-optimised structures [2]. This template is thenused in a replica process to create porous metal structures with an adhoc porosity distribution for a bespoke application. [1] DOI: 0.1088/09641726/18/10/104001[2]
https://uk.comsol.com/paper/3d-acousticstructure-interaction-of-ultrasound-in-fluids-for-the-manufacture-of-50351
Elastic Properties of Open Cell Aluminum Metallic Foam Transformed
through Hydrostatic Loading: Mark Cops1; J. McDaniel1; 1Boston
University
The microstructure of open cell metallic foams can be transformed throughplastic deformation. This preferential buckling of the foam struts can leadto dramatically different ranges of material properties such as Poisson
ratio. Traditional methods reported in the literature include incremental,
orthogonal compression using a vice. The drawbacks of this method arethat first, it is very time consuming. Second, in uniaxial compression,
foam specimens tend to shear, resulting in distorted deformation. In thispresentation, a method of hydrostatic loading is described in which themetallic foam is sealed and placed in a hydrostatic pressure chamber.
Control of applied pressure yielded nearly instantaneous volume
reduction. The resulting microstructure was then prepared and tested
mechanically to evaluate elastic properties utilizing a load cell and digital
image correlation.
Research of Mechanical Characterization for Hypercube Models
Created by Direct Metal Laser Sintering Method: Jeongho Choi1;
1Kyungnam University
The objective is focus on finding mechanical properties for two models
defined as Type 1 (core-filled) and Type 2 (core-spaced) model made bydirect metal laser sintering (DMLS). There uses aluminum alloy AlSi10Mg
powder and each model created as vertical additive manufacturing with
the DMLS. After quasi-static compression, it showed Type1 shows 19%
higher elastic modulus, 12% higher compressive yield strength, and51.6% higher elongation. From the experiment, there found two reasons
to make weaker models: melted metals by DMLS are not connected witheach other preciously. In addition, anisotropy in a specimen created by the
DMLS is the significant factor to decide stiffness or strength. Continuously,
the two models hope to be made a sandwich core structure and to beinvestigating more deeply about bending or shear properties continuously.
In a future, it is hope to see more upgraded 3D printing technologies formaking more precise complex structures.
Design and Mechanical Performance of Metallic Sandwiches for
Functional Lightweight Applications: Olaf Andersen1; Michael Franke1;
Ulrike Jehring1; 1Fraunhofer Society
Fully metallic sandwiches with an open porous core that allows for thethrough-flow of fluids for cooling purposes can be of use in functional
lightweight applications. The design of optimized sandwich constructions
with maximized weight-specific stiffness was carried out based on an
extended linear sandwich theory. Different core materials such as sponges
and sintered fiber structures were taken into account. Resonant frequency
and damping analysis was used in order to determine the elastic propertiesof the sandwich cores. Sandwiches were manufactured with steel coversheets and mechanically tested. The experimental results were comparedwith the theoretical results.

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical Program

Influence of Zinc on the Compaction and Foaming of AlSi8Mg4
Alloy: Tillmann Neu1; Jennifer Heßmann1; Paul Kamm2; Francisco GarcíaMoreno2; John Banhart1; 1Technische Universitität Berlin; 2Helmholtz
Zentrum Berlin
In order to improve powder compaction, additives such as different
stearates are often added to metal powders and are then usually removed
during sintering. Low-melting or highly reactive metals such as Zn, Snor Mg have also been found to improve compaction quality. Foamable
AlSi8Mg4 precursors with additions of 1-5 wt.% zinc are produced by uniaxial hot pressing and an optional heat treatment afterwards. The quality ofcompaction is assessed by measuring green density, electrical resistanceand by microstructure analysis. The precursors are then foamed on aheating plate and foam evolution observed by means of X-ray radioscopy.
The number and size of pores of the resulting foams are determined by
X-ray tomography. The influence of the addition of zinc on the precursors is
an increase in relative density and in nucleation site density together witha slight increase in overall foam expansion.

www.tms.org/MetFoam2019

27

INDEXA
Abaidi, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 24
Abhash, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5, 7
Abu Ali, A. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8Abu Al-Rub, R.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8, 15, 16
Afdhal, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Agarwal, A.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Al-Ketan, O .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8, 15, 16
Allain, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4, 8, 20, 23
Al-Sahlani, K.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6Álvarez, L. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5Alzayer, M .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Amagai, K .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
Andersen, O .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7, 26
Asavavisithchai, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Ashcroft, I .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17
Awin, Y. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 26

B
Babcsán, N .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8Balk, T.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 26
Banhart, J .  .  .  .  .  . 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14,
20, 22, 27
Bauer, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20
Bayo, J. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11
Beck, M.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5, 17, 26
Beltran, A. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11, 23, 24
Betke, U. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11
Beyne, W.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17
Bhosale, D.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Bittner, F .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5Blanc, L.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5Boccaccini, A.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8, 24
Boesl, B.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Botrel, R. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Broeren, T.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Broxtermann, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6Bülk, F.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10, 11
Burns, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11

C
Catchpole-Smith, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17
Cauich-Rodríguez, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 24
Chandrashekhara, K.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Chan, H.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 26
Chatterjee, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Chen, F.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4, 14
Cheng, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9, 15
Cheng, Y.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 24
Chen-Wiegart, Y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4, 14
Chicanne, C. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Chicardi Augusto, E.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8Chmelik, F.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12
Choe, H.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7, 12, 16, 25

28

Cho, H.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Choi, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 26
Civantos, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4, 8, 20
Civantos Fernandez, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Cojocaru, C.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12
Cops, M.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 26
Corsi, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Couvreur, K.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17
Crook, C .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20
Cui, H. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6

DDaimaru, T. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Das, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Dehnavi, A.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
De Paepe, M .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17
Detsi, E .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Devikar, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Domínguez-Trujillo, C .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8Drebenstedt, C .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5Du, H.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9, 16Dukhan, N.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3, 12, 26
Dunand, D.  .  .  .  .  .  . 11, 12, 15, 16, 17,
18, 25Duros, L.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11, 25
Durut, F.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9

EEkkad, S .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5El Achkar, G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Erb, U .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Erdeniz, D .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13, 15

FFang, N .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 16
Fernández-Morales, P.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5, 8
Fiedler, T.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6Franke, M. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 26
Fras, T.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5Frömert, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6Fu, J. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Fujimori, Y.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3, 24
Furst, B .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10

G
Gao, P.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Garcia-Moreno, F .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10, 11, 24
García-Moreno, F .  .  .  .  . 9, 10, 11, 12,
14, 24, 27
Geisendorfer, N.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 18
Ge, M. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Giner-Garcia, M.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Golestanipour, M.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Gomez, R .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 26

Gotoh, R .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Grimaud, C .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8Guell, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20
Guerreiro, B.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12
Gu, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22
Gunawan, L.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Guo, K.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 26
Guo, Q.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22
Guzmán, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 24

H
Haj Ibrahim, S .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 16
Hamaguchi, T .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3, 23
Han, B.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3Han, F .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 15
Han, G.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4Hangai, Y.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
Hannemann, C .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6Han, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20, 23
Hao, H.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 15
Heeman, C .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4Herguido, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11
Herincx, D .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Heßmann, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 27
Hipke, T.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4, 6
Hmad, A. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12, 25
Hong, K.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7, 16
Hooman, K. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 16, 21
Hsieh, M .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20
Hu, G.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 15
Hugo, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 18
Hu, Y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Hwang, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Hyeji, P .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4Hyun, S .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22

I
Irissou, E.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12
Izadpanahi, A. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23

J
Jehring, U .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7, 26
Jeong, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4Jeong, S .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22
Jeong, Y. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20, 22, 23
Jian, W. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Ji, B.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Ji Hyun, U .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4Jintagetkam, K. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Johnson, Q .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Jost, N.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6, 22, 24
Jung, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Jung, M .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Jung, T. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical ProgramINDEX
K

M

P

Kamm, P.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11, 14, 27
Kang, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12
Kang, K.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4, 8, 14, 20, 22, 23
Kapat, A. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20
Kaya, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
Kearney, L.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11
Kenel, C. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 18
Kenesei, P.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Khanikar, P .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 16
Kicheol, H .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4Kieback, B.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Kigawa, C .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 24
Kim, H.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Kim, J. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12, 25
Kim, K .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12
Kim, S .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14, 22
Kim, Y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Kitazono, K .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3, 23, 24
Knapek, M.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Kobashi, M. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6, 7, 22, 23
Kochi, R.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
Kong, H.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Kubelka, P.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22
Kumar, G.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Kunde, R.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Kurian Kaladimadathil, G. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
Kurosaki, T. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Kuwahara, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Madani, B .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 24
Madhavan, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5Mahajan, N .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Mahdavi Shahri, M. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Ma, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 18
Mancin, S. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14, 16
Mangipudi, K.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Mansoor, B .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20
Marx, J. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Maskery, I .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3, 17
Matheson, K .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Máthis, K.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7, 12
Matsumoto, R .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6Matsuo, K .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3, 23
Matz, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6, 22, 24
Matz, B .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 24
Mays, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5, 17
McDaniel, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 26
McIntosh, A.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Mesa Restrepo, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4Miao, Z. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9, 15
Minoda, T. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Mohanty, I .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Mohavedi, N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Mondal, D .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5, 7Montoya-Garcia, M .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Moody, K .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5, 17
Moreno, F .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Moreno, J. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12
Moriche, R.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8, 23, 24
Muchhala, D .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5Muduli, B.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
Mukherjee, M. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6, 7, 13
Mukherjee, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4Muto, D .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Muzzamil, A.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14

Pamidi, V.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6Park, E. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8, 23
Park, H. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7, 12, 25
Park, Y.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Paul-Escolano, A.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11, 12
Paz y Puente, A.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Peña, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Peón Avés, E.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8Pinot, J. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Plumb, J. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Posada Pérez, V .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5, 8L
Larios, D .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11
Lee, D .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22
Lee, J. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22
Lee, S .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Lee, W.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Lee, Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 23
Lefebvre, L. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12
Le Metayer, O .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 18
Li, L.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3, 17
Lim, C .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Li, Q.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11
Liu, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Liu, X.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12
Liu, Y.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 16, 18, 25
Liu, Z.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 24
Li, W .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Li, Y.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 24
Lloreda-Jurado, P .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11, 12
Lundberg, R. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17, 25
Luo, L. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Lu, T. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

NNa, A.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Nagahiro, R.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
Namdeo, A. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 16
Nantakantrong, K. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Nautiyal, P.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Neu, T .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11, 14, 24, 27
Newkirk, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Nguyen, H.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22
Noack, M.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9, 12
Noritake, K. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6Northard, E .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11

O
O’Donnell, T. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Ohashi, M .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13

Q
Qingbo, A. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 18
Quadbeck, P .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7

RRabiei, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13, 15, 25
Rajak, D. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Ramírez, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5, 8
Ravi, V.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 26
Ren, Z .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Rezgui, R. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 16
Ritter, C.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22
Roberts, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Rodriguez-Ortiz, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11, 23, 24
Rodríguez-Ortiz, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8, 24
Rowshan, R.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8, 15, 16S
Saad, O.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12, 26
Samuthiram, S. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 21
Sandefur, H.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20
Santosa, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Sawada, M. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Scheffler, M.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11
Schlepütz, C .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11, 14
Schuller, F.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4Scotti, K.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11, 25
Seif, M.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5, 17, 26
Sélo, R. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17
Seo, H .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Seol, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Seon, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Septet, C.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 18
Sepúlveda Ferrer, R. . . . . . . . . 11, 12
Shah, R.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 18
Sharma, H.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Sharp, K. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 15
Shetty, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4Shi, M .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Shunmugasamy, V. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20
Singh, P.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5, 7

www.tms.org/MetFoam2019

29

INDEX
Snyder, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Song, B.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 18
Song, Y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Spear, A. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6, 10
Spratt, M .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Sriram, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5S, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Stanciu, L. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 24
Standke, G. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Subbiah, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Sunada, E.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Sundharamoorthi, V. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Sung, Y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12
Sun, X .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Sutygina, A .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11
Suyetin, M.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3Suzuki, A.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6, 7, 22, 23
Suzuki, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13, 14
Szyniszewski, S. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5

TTakamatsu, S. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
Takata, N.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6, 7, 22, 23
Tamai, T.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Tam, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Tanaka, H .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Tang, H .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 18, 19
Tan, S .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22
Taro, O.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
Theobald, M. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Topin, F.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
Torres Hernández, Y.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8Torres-Sánchez, C. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 26
Torres, Y. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11, 23, 24
Trueba, P.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11
Tuck, C. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17
Tucker, J .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6

UUeda, Y.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Uhlig, M.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6Um, T.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 16
Utsunomiya, H.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6Utsunomiya, T.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13

V
Valdevit, L .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19, 20
Vasquez-Garcia, M .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 23
Velasco-Ortega, E.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 8Vesenjak, M.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Vignal, V .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9Vogel, R.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5

30

WWada, T.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22
Wadley, H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Wang, H. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 15
Wang, J.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 18
Wang, L.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22, 24
Wang, N. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9, 12
Wang, W .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 15
Wang, X. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17
Wang, Y.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 22, 24
Wan, T.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 18
Wegst, U.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 10
Weidinger, R .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 15
Wei, Y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9, 15
Wejrzanowski, T .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 16
Welborn, S. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Wiener, C. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12
Wilke, S.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 16, 17
Williams, C. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 17
Won-Sub, Y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4Wu, C. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20

X
Xiao, X.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Xue, Y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 15
Xu, H.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 11

Y
Yadav, B. .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 5, 7
Yamamoto, A.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Yang, D .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3, 5
Yang, K .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 19
Yang, Q.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9, 15
Yang, X .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Ye, C .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 25
Yoshida, T .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 14
Yoshikawa, N.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 13
Yu, B .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 9, 15, 25

ZZeng, Y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 7Zhang, Q.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 3, 17
Zhang, Y .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 20
Zhao, C.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4, 14
Zhao, D.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 6Zhou, X .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 24
Zou, L .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 4, 14
Zu, L .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 12

MetFoam 2019 Preliminary Technical Program