International relations and solutionsof environmental issues

D1 LE ANH TUAN
D1 CAO RUOMING
1Contents:
 Literature introduction
 Environmental issues
 Global warming International relations
 Case introduction: Toyota Motor Corporation
 Future trend of environmental issues solution
under globalization: sustainable development Summary2Literature introduction
Title: “Environmental issues and international relations, a
new global (dis)order - the role of International Relations inpromoting a concerted international system”
by Joana Castro PereiraRev. Bras. Polít. Int. 58(1): 191-209 [2015]
DOI: 10.1590/0034-7329201500110

This article analyzes the growing importance of environment in international relations,and aims to raise awareness among International Relations scholars to the potential
positive impact of the development of the discipline in integration with global
environmental change studies

3

Environmental issues
 Environmental issues are harmful effects of humanactivity on the biophysical environment (source:
Wikipedia).
 Human activities includes agriculture, industry, fishing,irrigation, mining and war, etc.
 Environmental
issuesincludesclimatechange,pollution,
environmental
degradation
and resource depletion, etc.
 A basic characteristic of environmental issues is thatthey are cross-disciplinary and it is this characteristicthat so often makes them difficult to solve.
4Environmental issues

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry#/media/File:Global_Carbon_Emissions.svg

Global fossil carbon emission
by fuel type increase year by
year (1800-2007). And it
would lead to the global
warming.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper#/media/File:PulpAndPaperMill.jpg

Pulp and paper manufacturing
requires large amounts ofenergy, and a portion of itcomes from burning wood
residue.
5

Environmental issues

http://www.sjzast.org.cn/twdl/5595.htm

https://e‐info.org.tw/node/102420

With climate change, some glaciers Deforestation occurred would
are also thinning. And it affects the lead to resource shortage andsurvival of animals.
soil erosion.
6

Global warming Global warming is a long-term rise in the average temperatureof the Earth's climate system (source: Wikipedia). It has
become one of the most severe challenges facing humansociety.
 The environmental effects ofglobal warming are broad: Artic sea ice decline
 Sea level rise Extreme weather
 Extreme events
 Tropical cyclones
 Ecosystem changes
 and etc.
https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/414713/Consequences-of-global-warming-over-Iran-and-the-Middle-Eastern

7

Causes of global warming

8
https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/

Situations and solutions of global warming by country
USA
Japan
Germany
FranceUnited Kingdom
Italy
CanadaChina
Brazil
Spain
USA
China
Japan
Germany
United Kingdom
India
FranceBrazilItaly
Canada

1675
517
484
353
238
224
172
161
122
114
19391
12238
4872
3677
2622
2597
2583
2056
1935
1653

With the rapid
economicaldevelopment,
what about thesituationofenvironment
behind of that?

9

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/animation‐the‐worlds‐10‐largest‐economies‐by‐gdp‐1960‐today/

Greenhouse gas emission increased year by year10

http://www.wikiwand.com/zh‐tw/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8F%98%E6%9A%96

Effects of global warming

Frost-free season (andseason) will lengthen

growingChanges in precipitation patterns

https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/

More droughts and heat waves

Sea level will rise 1-4 feet by 2100 Arctic likely to become ice-free
11

Global warming is very serious!

https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/

12

International relations
International Relations is a field of study dealing with hownations with vary power, interest, and identity interact with eachother in the absence of a global government.

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-does-globalization-mean.html

Globalization

13

Globalization
Globalization is considered as a “double-edged sword”. With
rapid economical and social development, environmental
challenges are important parts of these ambiguous andunpredictable effects of globalization.

Cooperation among countries forsolving environmental issues
The international community faces many environmental issues,and the chaos might become much greater than what we haverecently seen unless it cooperates to solve them.
14

Environmental organizations• UnitedNations
Environment Program• Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)• International Union
for Conservation of
Nature• Partnerships
inEnvironmental
Management for theSeas of East Asia

• European Environment
Agency (EEA)
15

Solutions of environmental issues

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316691239_Global_War
ming_Causes_Effects_and_Solutions

Using renewable energy

http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/03/the-epa-is-set-to-roll-back-vehicle-emissionsstandards.html?gtm=top&gtm=bottom

Strictly controlling the CO2 emission from factories

https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green‐science/5‐green‐myths5.htm

Reducing CO2 emission from transportation

Green activities
16International cooperation on global warming
1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) The UNFCCC (1992) is the primary framework for international climatechange cooperation. Its objective is to stabilize greenhouse gas
concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous human induced
interference with the climate system.
 The UNFCCC’s Kyoto Protocol (2007) was ratified. The Kyoto Protocol
binds developed countries to target to limit and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
 Climate summit in Paris (2015) was held. Targets in detail were set.
Targets for reducing CO2 emission in each countries

Countries Target for decreasing CO2 emission
China

60–65 % by 2030 compared with 2005EU

40 % by 2030 compared with 1990

India

33–35 % by 2030 compared with 2005Japan

26 % by 2030 compared with 2013

Europe70–75 % by 2030 compared with 1990

America

26–28 % by 2025 compared with 2005

17

2. Mission innovation
 Mission Innovation (MI) is a global initiative of 23 countries andthe European Union to dramatically accelerate research anddevelopment efforts for innovative clean energy technologies.

http://mission-innovation.net/countries/

Distribution of MI members18 Innovation challenges are global calls to action aimed at accelerating
research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) in technology areas
where MI members believe increased international attention would make asignificant impact in our shared fight against climate change.
 The innovation challenges were developed through a collaborative process
between MI members.

19

3. The climate and clean air coalition
 It is a voluntary partnership of governments, intergovernmentalorganizations, businesses, scientific institutions and civil society
organizations committed to improving air quality and protecting
the climate through actions.
 Activities to reduce black Carbon (aerosol) and methane emissions:20

Case introduction: Toyota Motor Corporation
Establishing a future society in harmony with nature“Enriching lives of the community”

Toyota’sforestry

Contribution toenvironmental
education

Environmental
activity grant

21

Toyota’s forestry
Collaborative activities with employees
communities, and various organizationsofToyota’saffiliates,

Approximately 8.6 million trees planted in total
22

Examples of Toyota plants

23

Planting trees at plants
 Employees and family members,
and community members haveplanted native species.
 Employees of all the plants
cultivate the trees to grow intoabundant forests.

24Planting trees at plants
Along with the growth of the forests and biotope, surrounding native
living creature and plants increasingly build nests, and these richnature environments are starting to connect with the communities.

25

Environmental activities grant
In addition to forestry, Toyota has launched environmental conservation
projects in the company-owned fields and has gradually expanded therange of nature and habitats.

100 projects per
annum
26

Contribution to environmental education
Environmental education at each plant, community, and outsidecompany-owned fields implementing environmental educationaccording to the local culture.

Over 430,000 participants

27

Problem awareness
Habitats in each region are still segregated due to economic
development, and biodiversity losses has not stopped.

It is important to restore the fragmented habitats quickly!!!
28

Future trend of environmental issue solution underglobalization
 Sustainable development can be classified as development thatmeets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations.
 In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly formally
adopted the "universal, integrated and transformative" 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development, a set of 17 Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).

Scheme of sustainable development

29

SummaryGlobalization has created an era of rapid economic
development, but environmental issues occurred one byone. It appeals that countries should cooperate to solvethem.
For global warming, one of the most serious
environmental problems, international cooperation has
been making much efforts to mitigate it.
Toyota company, which we visited in Dec. 2018, also
aims to establish a future society in harmony withnature and is giving its efforts.
Sustainable world is expected to establish in the future.30

Thank you very much for your attention

31

Environmental Solution I
January, 11th 2019Land Use and its Impacts:
An Observation in Tokyo JapanCAHYO WISNU RUBIYANTOERDA RAHMILAILA DESFITRI
LI WENJIAO

1Contents
1. What is Land Use?
2. Case study of Land Use in Northern Laos and its
Impacts
3. Method to Observe the Land
4. Land Use in Tokyo: Problems and its Regulation
5. Land Reclamation: an Observation in Odaiba, Tokyo
6. Summary2What is Land Use?

https://www.sgu.se/en/physical‐planning/planning‐and‐land‐use/

Land use is the function that humans apply to the land available tothem.
Land use involves the management and modification of naturalenvironment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements
and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, andmanaged woods.
3Land Use Type

Recreational

Transport

Agriculturaland Forestry
Residential

Commercial
4

https://study.com/academy/lesson/types‐of‐land‐uses‐recreational‐transport‐agricultural‐
residential‐commercial.html

PARK

MUSEUM

RECREATIONAL
LAND

https://www.londoncitybreak.com/parks‐and‐gardens

SPORTSGROUNDhttps://www.eye.co.jp/projects/sports/gakushuin_gr.html

https://www.indesignlive.sg/articles/in‐
review/toilet‐museum‐in‐kyushu‐officially‐opens

RECREATION
AREA
http://time.com/money/4759910/universal‐studios‐tickets‐cost‐price‐orlando‐florida/

5

RAILWAYS

ROAD

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road

PORT

TRANSPORT

https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/fourth‐railway‐package‐technical‐pillar‐is‐approved/

AIRPORT

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Cape_Town

6

SINGLE-HOUSE

APARTMENT

https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/fourth‐railway‐package‐technical‐pillar‐is‐approved/
http://www.rumahajaib.com/jual‐tiffany‐kemang‐village/

RESIDENTIAL

CONDOMINIUM

TOWNHOUSE

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Cape_Town
http://www.sancgroup.com/news‐updates/

7

FACTORYSHOPPING MALL

https://www.popularhttps://emsnews.wordpress.com/2009https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/fourth‐railway‐package‐technical‐pillar‐is‐approved/

COMMERCIAL

MARKET PLACE
https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160912/p2a/00m/0na/019000c

MINI MARKET
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news

8

PADDY FIELDANIMAL RAISING

https://www.bayjournal.com/article/a_maryland_chicken_fa
rmer_goes_organic

AGRICULTURALAND FORESTRY

https://tokyo.digi‐joho.com/trips‐excursions/98‐tanbo‐rice‐
fields.html

FOREST

https://www.mnn.com/earth‐matters/wilderness‐resources/blogs/21‐
reasons‐why‐forests‐are‐important
https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20160912/p2a/00m/0na/019000c

FARM
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news

9

For what we have to know the land use?
• Land use is the purpose that humans give to land that theyown or settle on. It’s the way humans have adapted the natural
world to their needs and in what proportions that changed land isutilized.
• Zoning for land use is the permission governments and cities(policy) give regarding what can be built on a particular piece ofland. This can be done for reasons of efficiency, desirability andenvironmental protection.
• Understanding land use helps us to predict issues that mightoccur in the future, including environmental change, and tobetter and more efficiently plan our settlements.
• Land use planning can affect social and economic impacts, aswell as environmental impacts
10Case study of Land Use in Northern Laos and
its Impacts
Brief Introduction in Laos:• Forest area (% of land area) in Laos was reported at 81.29 % in 2015,
according to the World Bank collection of development indicators,
compiled from officially recognized sources.

Changes of Forest Area in Laos

11

Policies play an important role in changing land use
Before 2000
After the withdrawal of France from Indochina in 1954, civil war and consequent social
disorder continued until the beginning of the 1970s.
The introduction in 1986 of Chin Tanakan Mai, a market-oriented economic policy,
and “converting Indochina from a battlefield into a market place” policy

After 2000
The overarching policy of the Lao government related to shifting cultivation
has mostly remained the same over the past three decades, but during 1990s,
the Land and Forest Allocation Program began in earnest, which wasintended to be used as a mechanism to stabilize and eventually eradicate
shifting cultivation.
This Program also supported by FAO program. It will be implemented
through the FAO Technical Cooperation Programme project “Promoting
Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) in selected Southeast Asian Countries.”
12

Research Period of time: 1975-1999

13

Period 1 (1975-1982)
1. Napa Tai Village

3. Oudom Village

2. Samkang Village• Land use conversion from forest to
agricultural land was caused by population
increase due to increasing demand for food.
• Before 1975, during the civil war, the local
Villagers had to construct shelters in theforest and move there to escape from bombing• After 1975, Bombing stopped, they tried to
produce rice through shifting cultivation
activity to improve their economic activities(Drastically change and social regimes
collapse In transition)
14

Period 2 (1982-1999)
1. Napa Tai Village

2. Samkang Village• Period 1982-1999, in 1997 introduced theland-forest allocation program in the
study area. The government held up a policy
target of banning shifting cultivation and, asa transitional measure.

3. Oudom Village• The government also promoted a migration
program for shifting cultivators settled in
mountainous areas and far from the road
network to move them to areas of the valley
bottom and near the road.
15

1. Changes in Land Use of Napa Tai Village

2. Changes in Land Use of Samkang Village

Year

1973

1982

1999

Year

1973

1982

1999

Dense forest

95.0

56.8

57.8

Dense forest

82.6

30.7

29.9

Open Forest

1.0

13.1

9.3

Open Forest

6.4

10.4

15.4

Bush

0.7

12.4

8.7

Bush

4.4

22.3

15.3

Grass

0.7

10.6

17.6

Grass

1.7

22.8

22.3

Upland field

0.4

4.6

3.6

Upland field

1.8

9.9

11.6

Paddy Field

2.2

2.3

2.8

Paddy Field

3.0

3.6

5.0

Settlement

0.0

0.2

0.2

Settlement

0.1

0.3

0.5

3. Changes in Land Use of Oudom Village
Year

1973

1982

1999

Dense forest

80.7

46.6

49.2

Open Forest

11.3

13.2

9.9

Bush

3.5

17.3

22.2

Grass

3.6

18.4

9.5

Upland field

0.7

4.3

8.4

Paddy Field

0

0.1

0.4

Settlement

0.2

0.1

0.4

Result shows:• Percentage of forest in the study area
drastically decrease in two period time
• Forest change to agricultural land due tothe demands of food at the village level.
• It has a good impact on their livelihood
and the economic each household.
• But, the other hand it has a negative
impact, natural resources from the forest
disappear caused by deforestation.
16

Method to Observe the Land
 Geographic Information System (GIS)
GIS is a computer-based tool thatanalyzes, stores, manipulates andvisualizes geographic information,
usually on a map.
https://gisgeography.com/what-gis-geographic-information-systems/

GIS comes down to just four simple ideas:• Create geographic data
• Manage geographic data
• Analyze geographic data
• Display geographic data on a map
These are the primordial functions of a GIS.
17

http://icodeit.org/2014/04/intro-map-gis/

Method to Observe the Land
 Remote sensing (RS)RS is the process for detecting and monitoring the physicalcharacteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted
radiation at a distance from the targeted area. Special cameras
typically from aircraft or satellites will collect remotely sensed
images of the earth, which help us “sense” things about the earth.

http://maps.unomaha.edu/Peterson/gis/notes/RS2.htm

18

Method to Observe the Land
Global Change Observation Mission - Climate“SHIKISAI” (GCOM-C)
The SHIKISAI was launched from the Tanegashima Space
Center at 10:26:22 on December 23, 2017 (Japan Standard
Time). The image shown in the left is a true color
composite image and the image in the right is a false color
composite image of 250 m spatial resolution captured over
Kanto area in Japan by the SHIKISAI around 10:30 on
January 6th 2018 (JST).

Color composite image of vegetation in Japan

19

Method to Observe the Land
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
Earth Observation Research Center (EORC)

EORC receives data from Japaneseand foreign earth observation
satellites, then processed, inspected
and analyzed.
The data are provided to regional public organizations, research
institutes, and universities which utilize it in various fields, such asenvironmental problem resolution, disaster observation, and resource
exploration. Also, for the effective use of the observation data, EORC
cooperates internationally to collect data and provide as data sets.
20

Type of Satellite: An Observation in JAXA

ALOS

GOSAT

ADEOS
and
ADEOS
II

MOS‐1

JERS‐1

LAND‐
SAT

ERS‐1

SPOT

Source: Obersvation in JAXA, Hatoyama‐Machi, Saitama on 7 December 2018

Type of
Satellite

21

PurposeALOS

Advanced Land Observation Satellite to precise land coverage

GOSAT

Green house gases observation

ADEOS
ADEOS-I
ADEOS-II

Advanced Earth Observing Satellite - Earth environmental research: integrated
observation of geophysical parameters, global observation of land, ocean andatmospheric processes (ocean color and sea surface temperature)

MUOS 1(Mobile User Objective System) is a next-generation narrowband tacticalsatellite communications system designed to significantly improve groundcommunications for U.S. forces on the move.

JERS-1

Japan Earth Resources Satellite focus on survey of geological phenomena, land
usage (agriculture, forestry), observation of coastal regions, geologic maps,
environment, disaster monitoring, etc.

LANDSATLandsat for global change research and applications in agriculture, cartography,
geology, forestry, regional planning, surveillance and education, and can beviewed through the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 'Earth Explorer' website.

ERS-1

European Remote Sensing for Earth’s land surfaces, oceans, and polar caps

SPOT

exploring the Earth's resources, detecting and forecasting phenomena involving
climatology and oceanography, and monitoring human activities and natural
phenomena22Land Use in Japan
Brief Introduction in Japan:• 73% of Japan is mountainous• The terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous with 66% forest

23

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Changes in area of protected
forests in Japan• From 1955 to 2007, the total
area of protected forest in Japan
gradually increase due to thepolicy of forest protected area

Changes of Forest in Japan in 1951‐2007
Sources: Forest Agency, Japan

Sources: Forest Agency, Japan24

Land use in Tokyo:
Problem and Its Regulation• Tokyo is Mega Metropolitan
City with the highest
population city in the world.
• 37 million people are living in
the metropolitan area (United
Nations)
Tokyo in 2018Land use in Tokyo
A booklet Kurashi to Tokei 2016
くらしと統計 2016

Where is theForest?

Land
in TokyoLand use
use in Tokyo(2016)
Land for buildings
Paddy fields
Ordinary fields
Forests
Waste land
Ponds and swamps
Miscellaneous land

Changes inChangesinForests
forestes(Hectares)(Hectare)

Changesordinary
fieldsChangesinin
ordinary
fields(Hectares)(Hectare)8500

Changes
Areaforforbuildings
Buildings
Changes ininLandland area(Hectares)(Hectare)http://nbakki.hatenablog.com/entry/Land_Use_of_Tokyo_2015

8400
8300
8200
8100
8000
7900
7800
7700

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

25

57600
57500
57400
57300
57200
57100
57000
56900

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2014

2015

2016

2017

25300
25200
25100
25000
24900
24800
24700

2013

http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/kurasi/2016/ku‐index2016.htm

26

Journal of Earth Science and Geography

This paper shows the population
and urban land use change inJapan between two periods:
Period 1 : 1975 – 2010
Period 2 : 2005 – 2010

Basic landscape types in Tohoku, Kanto,
Hokuriku and Tokai wide regions

27

Population changes between 1975 and 2010 in Tokyo

Period 1: 1975-2010

Period 2: 2005-2010
Source: Shimizu, 201728

Urban land use changes between 1975 and 2010

Period 1: 1975-2010

Period 2: 2005-2010
Source: Shimizu, 201729

Spatial distribution of combination changes of
population and urban land use in Tokyo

Period 1: 1975-2010

Period 2: 2005-2010
Source: Shimizu, 201730

The Policy in Japan• To improve the economic: In 1950s there is the Japanese
economic policy after the world war 2, during Japan’s post-war,
various coastal areas across Japan undertook vast land
reclamation projects to house maritime and industrial factories,
including Tokyo Bay.
• To keep the food sufficiency due to increased population: In
1992, Japan designated roughly 13,000 hectares of urban landnationwide, and around 3,200 hectares in Tokyo, as “Productive
Green Space”, offering 30 years of tax incentives to those who
would use the area for Agriculture Purpose.
• To increase the society and economy: in the 1990s, Tokyo
governor redevelops Odaiba as a Tokyo Teleport Town ashowcase for a futuristic living, with new residential andcommercial development housing a population of over 100,000
peoples.
As the biggest city in the world, Tokyo has no more land.
31

Kano Kuro in 1958

Otaka Masato in 1958

First Capital Region Plan

Tokyo Bay Plan

Nanomura Soitsu and Tsubata Suichi in 1959

Tange Kanzo in 1960

Source: Pernice, 2007

Neo Tokyo Plan

Plan for the urban reorganization of Tokyo

Land Reclamation: An Observation in
Odaiba, Tokyo
Currently Odaiba is an area where being kind to theenvironment for a way of business and life.

33
https://explorernippon.com/travel/odaiba‐tokyo/

History of Odaiba
Odaiba’s Maritimes
past•Hundreds of years ago(Called Shinagawa)•Japan used ships forcargo transportation•Place to transfer big
freighters to smaller
vessels•The good things broughtto ”Edo”

The origin of the placecalled Odaiba

The shook incident inJapan (1639-1854)•Foreigners was forbidden toenter Japan except Dejima(Nagasaki Prefecture) as awindow for trade•1853
four warships arrived
in Kanagawa
Prefecture
carrying letter from the President
USA to open the country andgave Japan ultimatum for a year.

•To protect Edo Castle fromthe gunfire of warships, thegovernment of the time
decided to erect fortresses• The name “Odaiba” isderived from this historicalbackground, as the Japaneseterm for fortress is “daiba”.

Convention of Kanagawa

After Convention

Because the construction processof Odaiba’s fortresses took a longtime, finally government changed its
policy and ultimately signed theConvention of Kanagawa (March
31th 1854)• Odaiba has never seen a single dayof combat• Then Odaiba was used as a
shipyard.
• After the 2nd World War, it became
the home of a camp for war
orphans.
34

Odaiba in Tokyo Reclamation landOdaiba

-

1923
1960
1973
1990
Now
35

Is Odaiba the solution of land use problem in Tokyo?
What is the reclamation land made in Tokyo?
• Reclaimed land in Tokyo is made up of the landfill fromwaste materials, sand from dredging, soil removed fromconstruction sites.
• It is not only used to create man-made islands in harbors but
also used to make embankments/dams in inland areas.
• Land use planning for Odaiba was already thinking
about the negative impacts of reclamation. Decision
makers had considered preventing the effects.

36Wasteland: Tokyo grows on it own trash
The island is composed ofash from incinerated trash,pulverized
non-burnable
trash, and processed sewage
sludge along with real soil.
Exhaust pipes for methanegas seeping from the garbage
underfoot stud the mass,
while exposed sedimentarylayers reveal plastic scraps
and other refuse.

Reclamation of The Central Breakwater landfill
sites (left, middle) and the New Sea Surface
Disposal Site (right)
Source: Japan Times

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/02/18/environment/wastelandtokyo-grows-trash/#.XDL-uFwzbIU

37

How its process?

Collecting

Landfills

Intermediate Processing

6

3

2

1

After Incineration and
Pulverization

Intermediate Processing

4

5

Control of Incineration

https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/02/18/environment/wasteland‐tokyo‐grows‐trash/#.XDL‐uFwzbIU

38

Water Management System in Odaiba
As a big city and has lot of population , Tokyo has many good management water
systems. For example Shibaura, Sunamachi, Ochiai, and Ariake Water Reclamation
CenterDiagram Proses of Ochiai Water Reclamation Center

39

Prevent the Coastal Erosion

To prevent the coastal erosion several types ofprotection works have been employed:(1) Sea wall
(2) Submerged breakwater,(3) Artificial nourishment,(4) Their combination
Over a stretch of 5 km, the shoreline was protectedwith coastal jetties and sea walls

40

Eco-Housing (20% CO2 Emission Reduction)

http://www.solar‐
frontier.com/eng/news/2016/C059787.html

Sunlight Energy Collector

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/S
olar_panel_orientation
41‘Umi no Mori’ plan in Land Reclamation

Umi no Mori was created to turn something
negative garbage from people’s everyday lives
into something positive for making a beautiful
42
forest.
https://tokyogreenspace.com/tag/sea‐forest/

Tokyo Now! Odaiba has become the center of all humanactivities
Education• Education center(museum)• Introduce newtechnologies(Eco-element)• E-Learning

Recreation

Economic

Social Gathering• Business and Commercial
Center• Port, Offices, and Shopping
mall.

•
•
•
•

• The Ferris Wheel• Park, Garden,
and the coastal

Ceremony
Reunions
PartiesCompetition
43

Summary Land use is the backbone of agricultural economies, and it provides substantial
economic and social benefits. Land use change is necessary and essential for
economic development and social progress;
 Land use change is arguably the most pervasive socioeconomic force driving
modifications and degradation of ecosystems. Deforestation, urban development,
agriculture, and other human activities have substantially altered the Earth’s
landscape. Such disturbance of the land affects essential ecosystem processes andservices, which can have wide-ranging and long-term consequences; Land use provides many economic and social benefits but often comes at a
substantial cost to the environment. Although most economical costs are figure
into land use decisions, most environmental externalities are not.
 The policy of land use in Japan cannot provide the positive impacts to theenvironment, but every policy had considered preventing the negative impacts on
the environment, and every decision was already decided to minimize
environmental damage and improve the economy and human activities to reachsustainable development.
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Thank You

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