地球環境研究,Vol.8(2006)

Remote Sensing and Field Survey for Mojos Remains Excavation
Susumu Ogawa＊, Kohta Imai＊, and Naoki Okada＊
Key words：archaeology, Bolivia, ASTER, JERS1

1. Introduction
Analysis for the Mojos Project in August, 2005, wasreported using satellite data, the field survey, soil
tests and X-ray diffraction. The satellite data wereLandsat ETM, ASTER, and JERS1/SAR for land
cover classification and identification for the objects.
The objective remains were Loma (hill), artificial reservoirs, agricultural fields, and circles. The field sur-

Figure 1 Trinidad and Loma Pancho Román, Bolivia

veys were carried out by the total station. The results
were plotted on the GIS software to make contour

identification of the objects. The objective remains

maps and bird's-eye views. Soil tests were soil size

were the loma, artificial reservoirs, agricultural

analysis for samples at digging areas. X-ray

fields, and circles. First, the satellite data for the arti-

diffractions were carried out for iron pieces, beads,

ficial reservoirs were ASTER/VNIR in an L1A prod-

and earthenware dug.

uct shot on September 8 in 2001 and Landsat/ETM+
with 30-m resolution shot on September 19 in 2001,

2. Method
2-1. Study Area

downloaded from the home page of Maryland University. The center site is at 14.8 degrees on the south
latitude and 64.3 degrees on the west longitude. The

Bolivia has three times area as much as Japan, con-Landsat scene is on the path of 232 and the row of 70.

stituting the Andes Mountains with more than 4000-

Next, the satellite data for terrapln (causeway) werem height on the west and tropical low lands with

JERS1/SAR with the center site of 13.46 degrees on

21000-km wide area on the east. The Mojos Plains ex-

the south latitude and 63.28 degrees on the west longi-

tend on the north of the low lands in the Amazon wa-

tude, and on the path of 416 and the row of 323. The

tershed. This study covers satellite data analysis andother satellite used for the remains are listed in

the field survey for loma, artificial reservoirs, agricul-

Table 1.

tural fields, and circles. Figure 1 shows Trinidad andLoma Pancho Román, where the excavation research

2-3. Analysis for Satellite Data

was carried out in this study.

Images for the artificial reservoirs were abstracted
from ASTER. First, noises in the original image were2-2. Used Satellite Data

deleted with a linear smoothing filter keeping theUsed satellite data were Landsat ETM, ASTER,

edge components. Next, the differential operator,

and JERS1/SAR for land cover classification and theLaplacian 8 filter, was used for enhancing the edge in＊Faculty of Geo-environmental Science, Rissho University1Remote Sensing and Field Survey for Mojos Remains Excavation (Ogawa, Imai, Okada)

Table 1 Used Satellite Data
Satellite
ASTER

Senser
VNIR

ASTER

DEM

JERS/１SAR

JERS/１VNIR

PATH/ROW
231/194
231/194232/193232/193232/195
232/195
232/196232/196232/195
232/196232/196414/330
414/331415/322415/323
415/323
416/323
417/322417/323
417/323
417/325
417/326
418/323
418/325
418/326
419/324
419/325
419/325
419/326
420/325
420/326
415/322415/323
416/322416/323
416/323
416/323
418/322418/323

Acquired Date
2002/07/13
2003/02/22
2001/08/27
2002/12/27
2001/04/12
2001/08/27
2001/04/19
2005/04/07
2001/08/27
2005/04/07
2002/12/27
1997/06/26
1997/06/26
1997/03/31
1997/05/14
1997/03/31
1997/06/28
1997/06/29
1997/04/02
1997/06/29
1996/05/29
1996/05/29
1997/05/17
1996/05/30
1996/05/30
1997/07/01
1996/05/31
1997/07/01
1996/05/31
1996/06/01
1996/06/01
1994/08/13
1994/08/13
1994/08/14
1994/08/14
1994/08/14
1993/04/17
1994/08/16
1994/08/16

Remarks

the image. Finally, the digitizing process for the

10-m intervals. The watercourses surrounding theimage was carried out to abstract the artificial reser-

loma were measured in longitudinal and cross sec-voirs.

tions. The agricultural fields were measured in the

1:25000 maps for the remains were produced fromlongitudinal and cross sections with the area of 50m

Landsat and ASTER images. The images were geo-

by 50m. The circle was measured along the perimeter

metrically corrected and added with parallels of lati-with 10-m intervals. The artificial reservoir was also

tude and meridians for the maps.

measured in depth with 10-m intervals. These results
were summarized as figures.

2-4. Field Survey
The field surveys were carried out for the loma and2-5. Three-dimensional Images from the Field Survey

its surrounding, agricultural fields, and the circle

Datawith the total station measurement. The artificial

The field survey data were indicated as contour

reservoir was measured in depth with a measure polemaps with GIS software, ArcMap. The interpolationfrom the boat. The loma was measured with a grid of

method was used with a spline curve. The contour2

地球環境研究,Vol.8(2006)

Figure 2 Original mage of ASTER/VNIR

Figure 4 Original image of JERS-1/SAR

Figure 5 Reversal image of JERS-1/SAR
Figure 3 Extracted image of ASTER/VNIR
2.5 m in depth. At the site 4 soil samples were taken
map for the artificial reservoir was made as the wa-

from the surface, 0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m, and 2.0 m in

ter's edge from Landsat/ETM+.

depth. The soil textures were categorized by the international method. Over 2 mm grain sized particle is a2-6. Hydraulic Calculation
Hydraulic characteristics were obtained for thegravel, over 0.02 mm is sand, over 0.002 mm is silt,
and under 0.002 mm is clay. These particle distribu-

water courses surrounding the loma. The average ve-

tions in weight determine soil textures.

locity was estimated by the Manning's formula.
    
where : the average velocity in m/s, : roughness,

2-8. X-ray Diffraction

: the water depth in m, and : the slope. The rough-beads, and colored pottery. From peak positions eachness was 0.02.

diffraction pattern, elements and molecular struc-

X-ray diffraction was carried out for iron pieces,tures were identified. An Fe-C system was applied for2-7. Soil Tests
The grain size distributions were examined by sam-iron pieces, a CaCO3 system for the beads, and metalelements and clay minerals for the colored pottery.

pling soils from each site in the loma. The minimum
grain size was 0.075 mm, while the maximum grain
size was 2 mm. At the site 1 soil samples were taken

3. Resultsfrom the surface, 0.5 m, and 0.83 m in depth. At the

3-1. Analysis Results for the Satellite Datasite 2 soil samples were taken from the surface, 0.66

3-1-1. Extraction of Artificial Reservoirs

m, and 1.25 m in depth. At the site 3 soil samples were

Figures 2 and 3 show ASTER images before andtaken from the surface, 0.5 m, 1.0 m, 1.5 m, 2.0 m, andafter image processing. The extracted reservoirs turn3

Remote Sensing and Field Survey for Mojos Remains Excavation (Ogawa, Imai, Okada)

Figure 6 Loma Pancho RománFigure 8 Agricultural field

Figure 7 Terraplénes and canals
Figure 9 Circle

to the same direction. Their forms were also confirmed as a rectangle or a duck foot. The major axes

surround Loma Pancho Román on the south as showncoincide with the direction of the north east to southin Figure 7. In Figure 8, the agricultural field consti-

west. The areas also coincide each other.

tutes three ridges with 1.5-m height free from inundation in the wet season and ditches between the

3-1-2. Extraction of the Terraplén (causeway)

ridges as a watercourse in the dry season. The Mojos

Figure 4 shows the original image of JERS-1/SAR

Plain has clay soils on the surface with poor drainage;

before image processing, while Figure 5 shows the re-therefore these ridges were mounded with nutritive

versal image of JERS-1/SAR after image processing.

soils in the ditches to improve the drainage and crop

These lineaments are terraplénes at Baures in Eastern

productivity. In Figure 9, the circle is surrounded by

Beni State. If the terraplénes have wider width than

the watercourse.

the resolution, they can be extracted easily from
JERS-1/SAR images. Terraplénes were confirmed to3-3. Contour Map of Artificial Reservoir

extend from one loma to another loma radially. Un-

Figure 10 shows a satellite image for the artificial

fortunately the terraplénes surrounding Loma Pancho

reservoir, and Figure 11 shows a contour map inRomán were not detected from the satellite data.

depth produced from this image and the survey data.
The major axis is over 3 km. But the most depth

3-2. Reconstruction of Remains in 3D

ranges between 1.2 and 1.3 m, and indicates almost a

The remains were reconstructed in 3D from theconstant value: a uniform distribution, which is dif-field survey. Figures 6, 7, 8, and 9 show Loma Pancho

ferent from natural lakes. In general, the natural

Román, terraplénes with canals, agricultural fields,

lakes show an exponential distribution. Therefore,

and made a circle from the field survey data in threethese disperse lakes might be artificial.

dimension. A view of Loma Pancho Román is observed
from Figure 6. Terraplénes with canals extend and4

Flow rates for five canals of the loma were地球環境研究,Vol.8(2006)

Figure 12 Survey plots for canals
Figure 10 Landsat/ETM+ image for the artificial reservoir

Figure 13 H-Q curves each canal

3-4. Soil Tests
The soil at the loma was Ferralsol, ferro-alumina or
ferrous soils, with yellow and red colors. Particles
were sands and silts, and soil textures were loam,
sandy loam and silty loam with over 50 % of sand as
Figure 11 Contour map of the reservoir

shown in Figures 14 to 17. All the sites have the similar soil size distributions and independence of depth.

estimated. In Figure 12, each canal is shown as survey

That means all sites were covered with almost uni-

plots. Based on the survey plot data, height-flow rate

form soils from the surface to 2-m depth.

curves were estimated as shown in Figure 13. The
slopes of the canals were 0.0037 for Canal 1, 0.0069 for

3-5. X-ray Diffraction

Canal 2, 0.0040 for Canal 3, 0.0112 for Canal 4, andElement and structure analysis with X-ray diffrac-0.0040 for Canal 5. Estimated flow rates were 12.7

tion was applied for iron pieces, beads, and pottery

3

3

3

m /s for Canal 1, 13.6 m /s for Canal 2, 8.3 m /s for3

3

dug at Site 2. Each sample was radiated on the surface

Canal 3, 26.9 m /s for Canal 4, and 17.9 m /s for Canaland matrix. The iron pieces were almost alpha-iron

5. The average estimated flow velocity and rate of thewith smooth surface, which suggests modern process-3

canals were 2.8 m/s and 14.1 m /s, and the range ofing for commercial products as shown in Figures 18

the estimated flow velocity and rates were between 1.9

and 19. Dating technique showed the bones were bur-3

and 4.0 m/s, and 8.3 and 26.9 m /s. These values mean

ied about 1000 years ago. Therefore, iron pieces mightthat the canals had the same capacity as the medium

be mixed in modern times. Beads constitute CaCO3 ,rivers, which would allow small balsa boats run in thewhich especially indicated one of fresh water shells as

canals and prepared for agricultural water.

shown in Figures 20 and 21. Pottery constitutes clay5

Remote Sensing and Field Survey for Mojos Remains Excavation (Ogawa, Imai, Okada)

Table 2 Flow velocity and rate each canal
Canal 1
Water depth(m)Flow veloeity(m/s)
Flow rate(m^3/s)

0.00
0.0
0.0

0.05
0.4
0.1

0.10
0.7
0.3

0.15
0.9
0.8

0.20
1.0
1.6

0.25
1.2
2.6

0.30
1.4
3.9

0.35
1.5
5.6

0.40
1.6
7.6

0.45
1.8
9.9

0.50
1.9
12.7

Canal 2
Water depth(m)Flow veloeity(m/s)
Flow rate(m^3/s)

0.00
0.0
0.0

0.05
0.6
0.1

0.10
0.9
0.2

0.15
1.2
0.5

0.20
1.4
0.9

0.25
1.6
1.4

0.30
1.9
2.1

0.35
2.1
3.0

0.40
2.3
4.0

0.45
2.4
5.2

0.50
2.6
6.5

0.55
2.8
7.9

0.60
3.0
9.5

0.65
3.1
11.5

Canal 3
Water depth(m)Flow veloeity(m/s)
Flow rate(m^3/s)

0.00
0.0
0.0

0.05
0.4
0.0

0.10
0.7
0.2

0.15
0.9
0.4

0.20
1.1
0.7

0.25
1.2
1.1

0.30
1.4
1.6

0.35
1.6
2.2

0.40
1.7
2.9

0.45
1.9
3.7

0.50
2.0
4.6

0.55
2.1
5.7

0.60
2.2
6.8

0.65
2.4
8.3

Canal 4
Water depth(m)Flow veloeity(m/s)
Flow rate(m^3/s)

0.00
0.0
0.0

0.05
0.7
0.1

0.10
1.1
0.5

0.15
1.5
1.3

0.20
1.8
2.5

0.25
2.1
4.2

0.30
2.4
6.1

0.35
2.6
8.4

0.40
2.9
10.9

0.45
3.1
13.6

0.50
3.3
16.6

0.55
3.5
19.8

0.60
3.8
23.3

0.65
4.0
26.9

Canal 5
Water depth(m)Flow veloeity(m/s)
Flow rate(m^3/s)

0.00
0.0
0.0

0.05
0.4
0.1

0.10
0.7
0.2

0.15
0.9
0.4

0.20
1.1
0.6

0.25
1.2
1.0

0.30
1.4
1.4

0.35
1.6
1.9

0.40
1.7
2.6

0.45
1.8
3.3

0.50
2.0
4.2

0.55
2.1
5.2

0.60
2.2
6.3

0.65
2.4
7.5

minerals as shown in Figures 22 and 23. Colored surface also indicated clay minerals. As die any metal elements were not detected. Colored elements should be
different from clay elements.

0.70
3.3
13.6

0.70
2.5
8.8

5. Conclusions
This study follows the remains excavation for the
Mojos culture and a series of analysis for the satellite
data and field survey were carried out to obtain 3D

4. Discussion
4-1. Satellite Data Analysis for Archaeology

maps and hydraulic characteristic for the canals. The
next conclusions were drawn.
 The extraction of artificial reservoirs and produc-

Preliminary investigation was successful for the re-tion of maps were completed with the satellite data

mains excavation by using satellite data, ASTER andand the field survey. Especially the satellite data

Landsat images. Thereby, before the remains excava-

were available widely and timely for the objectivetion the preliminary research could start with the sat-area and the preliminary research of the remains

ellite data. Next, 3D images estimated the flow rate of

excavation.

canals from field survey data. Moreover, these results

 3D maps were obtained for the remains and theirmight estimate the agricultural products and thesurroundings with the field survey data. 3D images

population archaeologically.

are available for some estimates and restoration of
the remains.

4-2. Surface State from Soil Size Distribution

 Flow rates for the ancient canals were estimatedFrom soil size distributions, the soil texture wasfrom the field survey. The average estimated flow

uniform from the surface to 2 m depth, which means

rate was 14.1 m3/s and the same as the urban me-

the remains might be on almost the same date in thedium rivers. Next, these results might estimate thesoil. Soil textures were silty loam, loam, and sandy

agricultural products and the population archaeo-loam with 50-90% sand, the elements of which were

logically.

Ferralsol, ferro-alumina or ferrous soils, with yellow

 From soil size distributions, the soil texture was

and red colors. These soils cover the loma thick. The

uniform from the surface to 2 m depth, which

remains dug this time were in these soils.

means the remains might be on almost the same6

地球環境研究,Vol.8(2006)

Figure 14 Soil size distribution (Site 1)
Figure 18 X-ray diffraction for the iron surface

Figure 15 Soil size distribution (Site 2)

Figure 19 X-ray diffraction for the iron matrix

Figure 16 Soil size distribution (Site 3)

Figure 20 X-ray diffraction for the bead surface

Figure 17 Soil size distribution (Site 4)7

Remote Sensing and Field Survey for Mojos Remains Excavation (Ogawa, Imai, Okada)

Figure 21 X−ray diffraction for the bead matrix

Figure 23 X-ray diffraction for the pottery matrix

CaCO3 , which especially indicated one of fresh
water shells. Pottery constitutes clay minerals. Colored surface also indicated clay minerals.

Acknowledgement: The authors greatly appreciate for Professor Fumie Seki's analysis of X-ray diffraction for ironpieces, beads, and pottery.

References
１) Sanematsu, K. 2005. Impact of the Ancient Amazon Civi-

Figure 22 X-ray diffraction for the pottery surface

lization: The Fifth Great River Civilization Could Rewrite
the World History, Kodansha.

date in the soil. Soil textures were silty loam, loam,２) Imai, K., Okada, N., Ogawa, S. and Sanematsu, K. 2005.

and sandy loam with 50-90% sand, the elements ofPreliminary investigation for relic excavation of the an-which were Ferralsol, ferro-alumina or ferrous

cient Amazon civilization from JERS-1/SAR and ASTER

soils, with yellow and red colors.
 In the analysis of X-ray diffraction, iron pieces
might be mixed in modern times. Beads constitute8

images. The 26th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing,
Hanoi.

地球環境研究,Vol.8(2006)

Remote Sensing and Field Survey for Mojos Remains Excavation
Susumu Ogawa, Kohta Imai, and Naoki Okada
Rissho University(Abstract)
Analysis for the Mojos Project in August, 2005, was reported using satellite data, the field survey, soil tests and X-ray diffraction. The satellite data were Landsat ETM, ASTER, andJERS1/SAR for land cover classification and identification for the objects. The objective remains
were Loma (hill), artificial reservoirs, agricultural fields, and circles. The field surveys were carried out by the total station. The results were plotted on the GIS software to make contour maps
and bird's-eye views. Soil tests were soil size analysis for samples at digging areas. X-ray
diffractions were carried out for iron pieces, beads, and earthenware dug. The extraction of artificial reservoirs and production of maps were completed with the satellite data and the field survey.
Especially the satellite data were available widely and timely for the objective area and the preliminary research of the remains excavation. 3D maps were obtained for the remains and their surroundings with the field survey data. 3D images are available for some estimates and restorationof the remains. Flow rates for the ancient canals were estimated from the field survey. The average
estimated flow rate was 14.1 m3/s and the same as the urban medium rivers. Next, these results
might estimate the agricultural products and the population archaeologically. From soil size distributions, the soil texture was uniform from the surface to 2 m depth, which means the remains
might be on almost the same date in the soil. Soil textures were silty loam, loam, and sandy loamwith 50-90% sand, the elements of which were Ferralsol, ferro-alumina or ferrous soils, with yellow
and red colors. In the analysis of X-ray diffraction, iron pieces might be mixed in modern times.
Beads constitute CaCO3, which especially indicated one of fresh water shells. Pottery constitutes
clay minerals. Colored surface also indicated clay minerals. The research will discover the total
Mojos civilization in the next investigation.

9Remote Sensing and Field Survey for Mojos Remains Excavation (Ogawa, Imai, Okada)

モホス遺跡発掘調査のためのリモートセンシングと測量
小川

進・今井

厚太・岡田

尚樹

立正大学地球環境科学部

2005年８月に実施したモホス遺跡発掘予備調査において､ 衛星データおよび測量の解析､ 土質試験､X 線回折結果について報告する｡ 衛星データは､ Landsat ETM, ASTER, JERS1/SAR を使用し､ 土
地被覆分類を中心に対象の同定に使用した｡ 対象遺跡としては､ ロマ､ テラプレン､ 人造湖､ 農耕地､サークルである｡ 測量はトータルステーションで行われた｡ 測量結果は GIS 上に入力され､ 等高線図と鳥瞰図を作成した｡ 土質試験は､ 発掘場所より採取し粒度試験を行った｡ X 線回折は､ 採掘した鉄試料､ ビーズ､ 土器顔料に対して行った｡ 衛星画像を使用して人造湖の抽出と現地図が作成できた｡ 衛
星画像は広範囲にリアルタイムで現地情報を得ることができ､ 遺跡発掘の事前調査に利用することができる｡ 現地測量結果を使用して､ 遺跡とその周辺地を３次元化することができた｡ 作成した立体画像は様々な角度から遺跡を見ることができ､ 復元も可能である｡ 測量結果から古代水路の流量を推定した｡
推定平均流量は14.1m3/s となり､ ほぼ都市の中小河川程度の流量があった｡ 今後､ この結果をもとに当時の人々の農業生産量や人口推定が可能であると考える｡ 土壌の粒度は､ 表層から２m まではほぼ相似であり､ 砂分が50−90％含むシルト・ローム､ ローム､ 砂質ロームであり､ 黄色ないし一部赤色であった｡ この範囲で発掘された遺物はほぼ同一年代と推定される｡ 遺物の X 線回折では､ ごく表層の鉄試料は近代のものが混在したが､ ビーズは淡水性貝類､ 土器の彩色は､ 粘土鉱物であると判断された｡
今後の継続調査により､ 3000年前と同定された年代におけるアマゾン古代文明の全体像が明らかになることが期待される｡

10