Water environment

Masaya Toyoda
Fenglan Wang
SuozhuChen Fang
1

Lecture contents• Water cycle• Water use• Water management• Relationship between humanactivities and water environment

Water
environment

Human
activity2

Through this lecture
We expect that you can deepen the understanding of the following: What is water cycle and why it is important Water use and the related issues
 Importance of water management and water
management strategies
 Relationship between human activities and water
environment
3

Water Cycle

4

Water cycle on the Earth• Small scale water cycle
It is a water cycle occurring in a single water area suchas sea, river, lake or in a small water area of those.
Circulation in a single ecosystem• Large scale water cycle
It is a water cycle occurring on intercontinental,
oceanic, global scale etc.
Circulation across different ecosystems
5

Small scale water cycle Sea and River are dynamic and changing…
but water cycle is not only occurring on the surface.
 Lake looks calm ---- seems to be in a static state…
but water cycle is always occurring in the lake.
 Main factors affecting water cycle
i. Water temperature
ii. Rainfall
iii. Outflow of water outside the basin
iv. Evaporation
http://www.kashiwaya.org/blog/wp‐content/uploads/2016/06/DSC3886.jpg

6Concrete example of small scale water cycle
 LakeWind blow

i. Boreal-circulation lake
ii. Temperate lake (Two-cycle lake)iii. Subtropical lake (One-cycle lake)
iv. Partial-circulation lakev. Tropical lake (Multi-circulation lake) Vertical circulation occurs in these lakes
due to changes in water temperature.
 Changes in temperature are caused bysolar radiation and wind blow.

Solar radiation

Warm water

Cold water
7

Large scale water cycle
 It is a large-scale circulation, a global water movement.
 It is the continuous transfer of water between water bodies(mainly refers to the sea ), the land and the atmosphere.

 Pattern diagram

8

Concrete example of large scale water cycle Atmosphere

vapor

cloud
air

i. A monsoon winds
ii. Sea and land breezesiii. Tropical cyclone
iv. Convectively mixed layer

https://news.mynavi.jp/article/20140912‐a220/

 Has the effect of moving water from south to north Promote mixing of atmosphere and sea surface
9

Concrete example of large scale water cycle
 Sea
I. Surface water circulation --- “Wind-driven circulation”
It occurs at less than 1 km of the depth of the ocean.
The main cause is surface wind.
II. Deep water circulation --- “Thermohaline circulation”
It is phenomenon that theseawater subducted to the bottomof the sea in the high latitude
region spread to the open ocean
around the world.
https://enviroliteracy.org/water/oceans/the‐great‐ocean‐conveyer‐belt/ 10

11

Water cycle and ecosystem A healthy water cycle system is a state in which the functions ofwater to fulfill human society's activities and conservation of theenvironment are secured together under an appropriate balance in thecourse of a series of water flow mainly in the basin.
(by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport) Structure of ecosystem
I.

Biotic: all living things
such as animals, plants,
microorganisms etc.

II. Abiotic: all non-living
things such as weather, soil,
climate, atmosphere etc.
12
https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?p=ecosystem+&aq=‐1&ai=rUC3XfUeTPmabspLNVh5.A&ts=4032&ei=UTF‐
8&fr=top_ga1_sa#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D1%26st%3D0

Water cycle and ecosystem
If we runoff wastewater to nature continuously…
• Pollutants come back through water cycle• Cause deterioration of the natural environment;
also interferes with human activities
i. Minamata diseaseii. Itai-itai diseaseiii. Acid rain
iv. Desertificationetc.
http://www.kyoritsuwu.ac.jp/nichukou/sub/sub_gensya/Social_pr
oblem/environment_problem/global_environment_problem.htm

Therefore we must treat wastewater for clean water cycle

Water on the EarthOur earth is also called “planet of thewater”.
Total water : 1,351 million
We can use right now : 0.1 million%%%

We can use directly Only 0.01%

14

Source: World Water Resources at the Beginning of the 21st Century,2003

Fresh water resource݉ଷ /day

With the increase in world
population
Water consumption
will increase

Fresh water resource will beinsufficient

Fresh water demand15

Source: Assessment of Water Availability in the World

Water use
• We need to use water efficiently.

Nature1. Sea water
2. Fresh water
3. Rain water

Use water
resource
efficiently

Our life• We also need to manage wastewater effectively.

Our life

Waste water

Clean water

Nature16

Brief summary of the lecture There are different kinds of water cycles on the Earth.
・Small scale water cycle
・Large scale water cycle
 Water resource on the Earth is very limited, we need touse water efficiently.
 We have to use water appropriately towards a healthywater cycle.

17

Water Use

18

Water use patterns in the world
Average of country ratios
Agriculture
Industry
Domestic

11%
19%

70%

Domestic

Fresh water

Global use of freshwater, 2016 FAO data

Includes: surface water (rivers and lakes), and ground water

19

Ratio of water consumption byregionWater withdrawal ratios by continent
World
Europe

12

19

69

22

57

21

America
Oceania

15

34

51

25

15

60

Asia

81

10

Africa

82

5

0%

10%

20%

30%
40%
Agriculture

50%
60%
Industory

70%
80%
Domestic

9
13
90%

100%

20
Date of preparation: September 2015
http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/water_use/index.stm

Agricultural water use
The water which is mainly used for irrigation
to the fields or for animal breeding.
 Irrigation to the fields

Crops(rice, wheat, corn and etc.)

Vegetables

FruitsFor growing grass

Washing barns

 For animal breeding

Livestock: cows, horse, pigs, chicken and etc.

21

Water consumption for food production• High water consumption in food production
1. Water of 1900ℓ is necessary for growing 1kg rice.
We can say rice is made by using of 1900 times
water in weight.
2. Meat production also needs much water,
especially for producing beef and lamb. Since
animals not only drink water but also they needto eat grass which need much water to grow up.
22

Water consumption for food production

Minimum water requirement (L)Minimum water requirement for producing for 1kg food
16000

15000

14000
12000
10000
8000

3500

4000
2000

900

500

1650

1100

Cheese barker
around 2,700 L

Rice for 1 dishes 400 L
Rice production: Japan 1 person
per day for 700 L

6000

Japan: one person 300~350 L per day

1900

USA: one person around 600~700 L
per day0

Potato Wheat

Corn Soybean Rice

ChikenBeef

23

Problems of agriculture water use• In the irrigation process, water loss will
occur.
LOSS WATER
Duringsupply to thefarm
15%
Irrigation
System25%

15%

fieldsThere is a little part (around40%) of water is consumed bycrops, and most of them return inwater cycle.
However, the quantity of return
water which is polluted byoveruse of mature is increasing
year by year in developing
countryanddeveloped
country(1960~1980).

石井 優, 「世界の水資源と農業管理について」24

Industrial water use
Water is essential to most industries. It is used
for a variety of purposes:
As raw materials water Boiler water Cooling water Process water Temperature control waterand etc.
The amount of water a country needs for industrial purposes
varies widely and is low in mainly rural economies.
25

Industrial water use• Raw materials: as a raw material in the foodindustry or pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Ex)Ice creamLactic acid bacterium drink
Soft drink
Tofu and so on

26
https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF‐8&p=%E4%B9%B3%E9%85%B8%E8%8F%8C%E9%A3%B2%E6%96%99#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D1%26st%3D0

Industrial water use• Boiler water• burning fuels• energy transmitting to the water• generate steam or heat27
https://www.suezwaterhandbook.com/water‐and‐generalities/what‐water‐should‐we‐treat‐and‐why/industrial‐water/boiler‐waterIndustrial water use• Cooling water: to cool engines and othermachinery and nuclear reactors
https://kotobank.jp/word/冷却水‐687801

28
https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF‐8&gdr=1&p=cooling+water+in+industry+for+generation#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D0%26st%3D0

Industrial water use• Cooling water29
http://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs‐public/uploads/2017_Blog‐Water‐Generation‐01.png

Industrial water use• Process water : water used in different process such as coating
and plating; rinsing and spraying; washing and etc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_water_treatment

http://www.chemtronicsindia.com/images/ozone‐flume‐wash.jpg

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search;_ylt=A2RimVsHrU9bL2gATBmU3uV7?p=washing+water+in+indu
stry&aq=‐1&oq=&ei=UTF‐8#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D18%26st%3D586.6666870117188

30

Industrial water use• Control temperature water:•

Among industrial water, water used for adjusting the temperature or humidity the factory
inside.

Humidity rate of the room(%)

Low temperaturehumidity
controller:

Water
supply tankhttps://www.webshiro.com/syouhinsetumei2/M812TC‐Z02A‐SK.html

Humidity rate of the room(%)

Temperature of room(℃)

After using several days (day)https://astamuse.com/ja/published/JP/No/2015175553

This is the machine which is used for regulating of temperature and humidity of the storage
room in which food products will be stored. In recent years, from the viewpoint of providing
safe and fresh foods, there is a demand for sophistication of techniques for maintaining the
freshness of food products.

31

Industrial water use
Approximately 20% of fresh water is used for industry. Half ormore of this are used for hydraulic power generation andcooling at thermal power stations. Then water use for productprocess is also relatively large.

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in Japan , 199732

Industrial water use
Water type industries: such as• chemistry and oil plants• metal industry• wood, pulp, paper manufacture industry• the food industry• the machine manufacturing and etc.

33

Industrial water consumption in theworld
Annual Industrial Water consumption in the World

Annual Industrial Water consumption(Km3/ year)

1400

1170

1200
1000
800

713

776

600
400
200

204

0

1950

1980

2000

2025 (Prediction)

Robin Clarke, The Atlas of Water
Industrial water consumption have been increasing it because
emergence of industrialized countries.

34

Problems of water use in industry
 Water leakage occurs because of aging facilities.
In many industrial waterways that were developed during the period of highgrowth, water leakage increased due to the deterioration of facilities (in Japan).

economic

http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/sankoushin/chiikikeizai/kougyou_suidou/pdf/007_02_00.pdf#search=%27%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E7%94%A8%E6%B0%B4%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E7%82%B9%27

 Problems of water treatment in developing countries.
Water pollution caused by factories and industries can be the most serious problem
the lack of technology in water treatment is apparent in manufacturing in developincountries. Long term pollution and health hazards are common in industrial35areas ideveloping countries.

Domestic water use
Domestic water classified as:
Home water:
Cooking ;Washing ;Bathing; Cleaning ;Flushing lavatory

City activity water:• Hotel• Restaurant• department store• Supermarket• the public bath• air-conditioning• fire extinguishing water• the maintenance water of the park
• road sprinkling water• the cleaning of the sewage pipe.

36Current situation of domestic water use• In general 1 person basically need 61.5L water a day(11.5L for drinking and sanitation+50L for bathing, cooking
and sanitary purpose).
• However, in developed countries (although there aredifferences depending on region and climate), water fordaily use of more than 200 liters per day is used, about 30%of which is water for flushing in the toilet .
• In the past 50 years, the amount of water use increased byabout 2.6 times, but if only focused on water for daily life, it
increased by about 6.7 times.
• Water consumption in people’s daily life increased with theincreasing of life quality.
37

Current situation of domestic water use• Water consumption in daily life in developed countries
is much higher than that in developing countries.
• Water consumption per capita varies around the world.
For example,in American: needs in average 400 liters per day,in western European: 150 litersin Africa: only 50 liters per day• In rural areas people uses less water than in urban
areas.
38

Current situation of domestic water use
Domestic water use in USA

End uses of water for households in the U.S. in gallons
per household per day and percent of indoor use.

About 89 gallons (337 liters) per person per day in2010 and 83 gallons (314 liters) in 2015 wereconsumed in USA.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_water_use_in_the_U.S._and_Canada

Domestic water use in JapanThe Tokyo Waterworks Bureau,2012, Japan
In Japan, average 307L water in 2005 and 297L
water in 2010 of daily water were consumed byper day for per person.
http://www.mlit.go.jp/mizukokudo/mizsei/mizukokudo_mizsei_tk2_000014.html

Domestic water consumption
in the world
Annual domestic water consumption in the world
700

Annual domestic Water consumption(Km3/ year)

607
600
500

384

400
300

219
200
100

87

0

1950

1980

Robin Clarke, The Atlas of Water

2000

2025 (Prediction)

Domestic water consumption is increasing year by year. It because an increase in theamount of water used for living by improving living standards in developing countries.

40

39

Domestic water use related problems• Water quality of domestic water is a big problem in developing
countries.
• Disease occurs: many people especially children bear diseases of poor
water supply and sanitation, for example diarrheal disease occurs due tounsafe water, it reaches 1.73 million deaths each year.
• Other diseases are related to poor water, sanitation and hygiene such astrachoma, schistosomiasis, ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm disease,malaria and Japanese encephalitis.
• Lack of technology (sewerage systems or purification systems)
more than 1 billion people can not easily use reliable water (pollution andpathogen free water, clean water) until 2000, and 2.3 billion people aresuffering from diseases related to water (unreliable water). Many of them
are living in developing countries that do not have sufficient water supply
and sewerage systems, water purification plants, etc. and no money to buy
clean water.

41

Summary• Water is used by three main patterns: foragriculture, for industry and for domestic.
• Agricultural water consumption is largest, andfood production consume large water quantity,
loss water also occur during the irrigation process• How the industry water to be used in industry
and its problems.
• Consumption of domestic water quantity isdifference between developing countries anddeveloped country, and its problems.
42

References
https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search;_ylt=A2RCA90cy0JbVV8A7w.U3uV7?p=irrigation+for+rice+field&aq=-1&oq=&ei=UTF8#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D19%26st%3D480

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search;_ylt=A2RCL5P2y0JbP1gAKQ.U3uV7?p=irrigation+for+frui
ts+and+flowers+picture&aq=-1&oq=&ei=UTF-8#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D3%26st%3D192

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?rkf=2&ei=UTF8&gdr=1&p=irrigation+for+vegetables+picture#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D0%26st%3D0

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search;_ylt=A2RCL6LDzkJbTgkAlAiU3uV7?p=agriculural+water+fo
r+cows&aq=-1&oq=&ei=UTF-8#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D18%26st%3D576

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search;_ylt=A2RCL6KO0EJbzBwAOxmU3
uV7?p=washing+cattle+shed&aq=-1&oq=&ei=UTF8#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D5%26st%3D384

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search;_ylt=A2RCL7BYz0Jb0AcAAzGU3uV7?p=irrigation++for+grass+of+breeding+animals&aq=-1&oq=&ei=UTF-8#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D55%26st%3D2112

43

Water environment

Masaya Toyoda
Fenglan Wang
SuozhuChen Fang
44

Lecture contents• Water cycle• Water use• Water management• Relationship between humanactivities and water environment

Water
environment

Human
activity
45

Water management

46

Water scarcity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity

47

Over exploitation of groundwater• Land subsidence• Sandstorm• Saltwaterhttps://www.google.co.jp/search?q=sandstorm&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzicT24tncAhULg
rwKHZXBDSgQ_AUIDygA&biw=1920&bih=934&dpr=1#imgrc=lDbgJr5r‐wQwfM:&spf=1533604762605

sandstorm

https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=land+subsidence&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0
ahUKEwjhwOfH49ncAhVGVbwKHUZYA9sQ_AUICigB&biw=1920&bih=934&dpr=1#imgrc=8jfN
VM5YndRt7M:&spf=1533604934990

Land subsidence

https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=saltwater&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj58bOV5NncAhUFE7w
KHX12BxMQ_AUICigB&biw=1920&bih=934&dpr=1#imgrc=cUcamnm6HkcNIM:&spf=1533605095774

Saltwater48

Water pollution

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=MRWzSHor&id=CE803F992A3D855430B2922AD68D67D8FC149136&thid=OIP.MRWzSHorNL55rd6QZsA1Xw
HaDb&mediaurl=http%3a%2f%2fearthuntouched.com%2fwp‐content%2fuploads%2f2014%2f08%2fwater‐pollution‐is‐a‐worldwide‐problem‐
1728x800_c.jpg&exph=800&expw=1728&q=water+pollution&simid=608054976571836593&selectedIndex=20&ajaxhist=049

Water management• Water management is the activity of planning,developing, distributing and optimum use of water
resources under defined water polices and regulations.
• It is the control and movement of water resources tominimize damage to life and property and to maximize
efficient beneficial use.

50

Types of water management• Management of water treatment(drinking water, industrial water, sewage or
wastewater)• Management of water resources• Management of flood protection• Management of the water table• Management of irrigation
51

South-to-north Water Diversion Projectin China

52

Water distribution in China

http://www.iwhr.com/zgskyww/ztbd/nsbd/dybf/webinfo/2013/03/1360423714906319.htm

53

Per capita water use in China
3180/910= 3.5

South part:
3180m3

North part:
910m3

http://www.iwhr.com/zgskyww/ztbd/nsbd/dybf/webinfo/2013/03/1360423714906319.htm• 60% of the water used by people in the North China Plain comes from groundwater.
• Scientists estimate the aquifers beneath the North China Plain will dry up in 30
years.
54

55

56

South-to-north Water Diversion Projectm.sdmy168.com/index/6ZW%2F5rGf5L2N572u.html

57

Yangtze River: main water resource

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search;_ylt=A2RimE2qklpbkTkArB6U3uV7?p=%E9%95%B7%E6%B1%9F%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F&aq=‐1&oq=&ei=UTF‐58
8#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D14%26st%3D0

Yangtze River: main water resource

https://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1920&bih=934&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=KfdoW6KqMI
f68QX5‐5vYDA&q=yangtze+river&oq=yangtze+river&gs_l=img.3..0j0i30k1l9.127394.138233.0.13
8707.36.17.4.6.6.0.559.2823.4j0j7j5‐
1.12.0....0...1c.1j4.64.img..19.17.3786.0..0i4k1.0.8OepfX34KEw#imgrc=AdXO2tgGMC8mJ
M:&spf=1533605812386

https://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1920&bih=934&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=Kfd
oW6KqMIf68QX5‐5vYDA&q=yangtze+river&oq=yangtze+river&gs_l=img.3..0j0i30k1l9.127394.138
233.0.138707.36.17.4.6.6.0.559.2823.4j0j7j5‐
1.12.0....0...1c.1j4.64.img..19.17.3786.0..0i4k1.0.8OepfX34KEw#imgrc=CQ1U8f
ygF2e3OM:&spf=1533605812386• 3rd longest river in the world, the longest in Asia.
• It flows from the glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibet
Plateau in Qinghai eastward across southwest, central
and eastern China before emptying into the East
China Sea at Shanghai.
• Average discharge is 30,166m3/s. (max discharge
110,000m3/s, mini discharge is 2,000m3/s)
59

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?p=%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E3%80%80&aq=0&oq=%E4%BD%95%E5%80%8D+%
E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E&at=s&ai=kN8DzXPETgaG0Mt7qT8MRA&ts=2878&
ei=UTF‐8&fr=top_ga1_sa#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D44%26st%3D1590

60

The Yellow Riverhttps://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1920&bih=934&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=Kfd
oW6KqMIf68QX5‐5vYDA&q=yellow+river&oq=yellow+river&gs_l=img.3..0j0i30k1l9.2406.9806.0.
10389.29.18.1.2.2.0.144.1884.4j12.16.0....0...1c.1.64.img..14.15.1695.0..35i39k
1j0i4k1.0.QOfrlX_‐tUI#imgrc=TQW9sLtxDf9HOM:&spf=1533605961738

https://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1920&bih=934&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=Kfd
oW6KqMIf68QX5‐5vYDA&q=yellow+river&oq=yellow+river&gs_l=img.3..0j0i30k1l9.2406.9806.0.
10389.29.18.1.2.2.0.144.1884.4j12.16.0....0...1c.1.64.img..14.15.1695.0..35i39k
1j0i4k1.0.QOfrlX_‐tUI#imgrc=NvF_3CI9IpVIhM:&spf=1533605961738• 6th Longest River in the world and the 2nd longest river in
Asia.
• It is the largest source of surface water for northern China. It iscalled the Huang He by the Chinese.
• Average discharge is 2,571m3/s ( max discharge is 58,000
m3/s, mini discharge is 1030 m3/s )61

The Yellow River
Stream cease:frequently occurred

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?p=%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3+%E6%96%AD%E6%B5%81&aq=3&oq=%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3+&at=s&
ai=DvtUSD3vQ9iQMGY_mQhH8A&ts=6813&ei=UTF‐8&fr=top_ga1_sa

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?p=%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3+%E6%96%AD%E6%B5%81&aq=3&oq=%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3+&at=s&ai=DvtUSD3vQ9iQMGY_mQhH8A&ts=6813&ei=UTF‐
8&fr=top_ga1_sa#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D44%26st%3D841

https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?p=%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3+%E6%96%AD%E6%B5%81&aq=3&
62
oq=%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3+&at=s&ai=DvtUSD3vQ9iQMGY_mQhH8A&ts=6813&ei=UTF‐
8&fr=top_ga1_sa#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D22%26st%3D841

44.8 billion cubic meters of water per year from the Yangtze River and its tributaries insouthern China to the northern China is planed to be diverted .
https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=south+to+north+water+diversion+project&source=lnms&tbm=isch&s
a=X&ved=0ahUKEwiFmJHQ6tncAhUX7LwKHb35D0wQ_AUICygC&biw=1920&bih=934#imgrc=wyJoaz3sRhT
RsM:&spf=1533606832257

63

Several reasons behind
1. Ecological effects• Saltwater intrusion: due to the vast amount of water
movement in this project through several bodies ofwater the Yangtze Delta is at risk for increased levelsof saline.
• Habitat Destruction: construction for the project has
relocated over 300,000 people and has destroyed thelandscape of areas causing an animals to be
displaced.
• Increase in concern over seismic activity:
earthquakes are common in China and theirdestructive power runs of running the project.
64

2. Financial regulation• The projected cost of 37 billion US$ does notincorporate the 80 million US dollars that mustbe spent on new water treatment facilities

65

Mao Zedong first authorized the Project in 1952.
There is a lot of water in the south, less water in the north. And a big
project has been carried out to transfer some of "South Water" to the north.
But for transferring water, important points are "how to transfer?", “ transfer
water to where?”, “ how much water is transferred?”, “ what route to betaken?”, “where to supply?”. In order to complete these steps, for the Southto-North Water diversion Project, long-term (last 50 years) and thoroughexamination has been carried out.
https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=maozedong&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja9a6D69
ncAhVDurwKHYVMAVsQ_AUICigB&biw=1920&bih=934#imgrc=h8RgrhKx_BYIzM:&spf=1533606933883• 1952～1961：Exploration stage• 1972～1979：Mainly Eastern Route planning stage• 1980～1994：Simultaneously carry out the researchphase of the eastern, central and western route.
• 1995～1998：Demonstration stage

https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=zhurongji&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwigvZ_W69ncAhXHfrwKHRHqBTkQ_AUIDCgD&biw=1920&bih=9
34#imgrc=bx9Sw2ZVTI0WBM:&spf=1533607111042• In 2002, The construction has
been started by declaration of
the then Prime minister, Zhu
Rongji.

66

Benefits• More sustainable groundwater supply-The project limits the strain on groundwater, causing theresource to remain controlled.

• Increase Per-Capita Water Supply- All families can receive water, not just the wealthy family.

• Decrease Water Shortages Throughout China- The large population of northern China demands morewater than the aquifers can give them. This project will help inthis shortage.

• GDP growth is expected to increase

67

Water receiving areas

Central Route

Eastern Routehttp://www.iwhr.com/zgskyww/ztbd/nsbd/dsbf/webinfo/2013/03/136042371822
685121.htm

Eastern Routehttps://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1920&bih=934&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=kP1oW9r8OoOh8QW‐vZSwDA&q=south+to+north+water+diversion+project&oq=sou&gs_l=img.3.0.35i39k1l2j0i4k1l8.11841.14
087.0.16126.16.9.0.0.0.0.641.1351.3j3j5‐
1.7.0....0...1c.1.64.img..12.4.1116.0..0i19k1j0i30i19k1j0i8i30i19k1j0i5i30i19k1.0.ub78‐
YFp7yw#imgrc=ZYJ43MX_HQfEpM:&spf=1533607332462• Began in Dec. 27th 2002.
• Finished in Dec. 8th 2013.
• Total 1150km in length.
• From Yangzhou City,
Jiangsu.
• Through Shandong,
Hebei to Tianjin.
15 billion

Overall length: 1150 km
m3/yearJiangduYellow River
Tianjin
660km

69

490km

Eastern Route
Pumped Sections: 23

TianjinNorth

Jiangduhttps://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1920&bih=934&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=kP1oW9r8OoOh8QW‐vZSwDA&q=south+to+north+water+diversion+project&oq=sou&gs_l=img.3.0.35i39k1l2j0i4k1l8.11841.14
087.0.16126.16.9.0.0.0.0.641.1351.3j3j5‐
1.7.0....0...1c.1.64.img..12.4.1116.0..0i19k1j0i30i19k1j0i8i30i19k1j0i5i30i19k1.0.ub78‐
YFp7yw#imgrc=mgLNmlUcsbmyPM:&spf=1533607395519

South

Dongping
Lake
Nansi
Lake
TianjinHongzeLake
JiangduLake70

To lift water 40m

http://www.iwhr.com/zgskyww/ztbd/nsb
71
d/dsbf/webinfo/2013/03/136042371777

Central Route• Began in Dec. 31st 2003.
• Finished in Dec. 12th
2014.
• Total 1432km in length.
• From Danjiangkou
Reservoir on the Han
River.
• Through Henan, Hebei to
Beijing and Tianjin.
https://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1920&bih=934&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=kP1oW9r8OoOh8QWvZSwDA&q=south+to+north+water+diversion+project&oq=sou&gs_l=img.3.0.35i39k1l2j0i4k1l8.11841.14087.0.16
126.16.9.0.0.0.0.641.1351.3j3j5‐1

72Danjiangkou Reservoir
http://www.iwhr.com/zgskyww/ztbd/nsb
d/dsbf/webinfo/2013/03/136042371792
5381.htm

The dam of the Danjiangkou Reservoir has been heightened andthickened, and the normal water level has been raised from 157
meters to 170 meters.

73

Aqueduct or tunnel

http://www.iwhr.com/zgskyww/ztbd/nsbd/dsbf/webinfo/2013/03/1360423717936745.htm

74Central Routehttps://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=aCKpzqeY&id=F5C563BCC030A00262AF4AC995B382A28
5A6E52E&thid=OIP.aCKpzqeYPX0golCQqbLDwQHaEz&mediaurl=http%3a%2f%2fphotos.wikimapia.org%2fp%2f00%2f
03%2f83%2f38%2f68_big.jpg&exph=454&expw=700&q=danjiangkou+&simid=607990874225773291&selectedIndex=8&ajaxhist=0Danjiangkou
Reservoir

462 kmhttps://www.bing.com/images/search?view=
detailV2&ccid=K9jnElA
O&id=7A423E0F045B6
9E3BAAFFBB4E5BEBBC
067F55A59&thid=OIP.
K9jnElAOVMMzZX3Hld
kraAHaEG&mediaurl=
http%3a%2f%2fimg.zc
ool.cn%2fcommunity%
2f033dcda554c784b0
0000158fcc662f9.jpg&
exph=1912&expw=34
56&q=%e5%a4%a9%e5%ae%89%e9%97%a8&simid=60799059504
6411241&selectedInd
ex=1&ajaxhist=0

14.6
billionm3/yearYellow Rivertunnel774 kmBeijing

Tianjin19.3 km

https://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=
1920&bih=934&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=pf
1oW8‐
nIYGa8QWYj7roBA&q=tianjin+&oq=tia
njin+&gs_l=img.3..0l3j0i30k1l7.240096.
243936.0.244593.46.20.0.0.0.0.356.24
89.8j3j1j3.15.0....0...1c.1.64.img..40.6.1
713.0..35i39k1j0i30i19k1j0i8i30i19k1j0i
19k1j0i5i30i19k1j0i4k1.0.JnpV9u4knr4#imgrc=nR3oU26BROBeLM:&spf=1533
75
607641383

Western Route (in preparation)

Yangtzeresource:
TongianYalongDadu
https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=cEgL6YRH&id=F5ABB7F087680D5CCB3F6A9AF458E7EC52C7CC05&t
hid=OIP.cEgL6YRHUKyN3HPMZ2CldgHaEv&mediaurl=http%3a%2f%2fwww.chinesetimeschool.com%2fPortals%2f2%2fcms%2fi
mages%2f201401%2fBayan‐Har‐Mountains‐travel‐to‐china‐qinghai‐
0.jpeg&exph=382&expw=597&q=bayankara&simid=607996187116178019&selectedIndex=1&ajaxhist=0

Yellow
River’s
resource
Bayan
Har
Mountains

The project will bring 4 billion cubic meters of water from three tributaries of the
Yangtze – the Tongtian, Yalong and Dadu rivers – nearly 300km across the
Bayan Har Mountains and then on to northwest China.
76

Western Route

302 m

175 m
Tongtian River’s Dam

Yalong River’s Dam

Yellow
River

3860 m3795 m3378 m
Sea level
77

Western RouteYellow
River

458 m
296 m
Dadu River’s Dam

2920 m

Sea level78

Current situation• The project began as an idea in 1952 and has
yet to be 100% completed.
• Water is diverted along three routes:
 Eastern Route- Takes water from the lower reaches of the
Yangtze River to Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Hebei and Tianjin.
 Central Route- Carries water from the Danjiangkou reservoir tomany cities including Beijing.
 Western Route- Carries water from three Yangtze tributaries.
Water is moved through the Bayankala Mountain Range.

79

Summary• Towards efficient and sustainable water use, water
management (activity of planning, developing,
distributing and optimum use of water resources) is
indispensable.
• The South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China
is an example of water management planned by
Chinese government and has been carried out partly,
focusing on the how and where to transfer, how muchwater is transfer and what route would be the best forwater supply and optimum use at a reasonable cost.
80Relationship between human activities andwater environment

81

Lecture points• The impact of human activities on water
environment: water cycle, water quality and water
quantity;• The impact of water environment on humanactivities: food culture and living culture;
Human
activities

Water
environment

82

The impact of human activities on water
environment• Our water resources face many serious threats, allof which are caused primarily by human activities.
They include, pollution, deforestation, landscapechanges, and urban growth.

https://food.ndtv.com/health/about-1-7-million-childrendie-each-year-due-to-pollution-who-1666551

https://spineofindia.com/deforestation-inindia/

http://cur.org.au/blog/ideas-australia-city-v4-0new-model-urban-growth-governance-australia/

83

The impact of human activities on water
environment• First part
Water
cycle
Impacts ofhumanactivities

Water
qualityWaterquantity84https://pmm.nasa.gov/education/water-cycle

Evaporation

Cool and condensation

Precipitation

Collection

85

Impact of human activities on the water
cycle• Human activities directly change the quantity or quality ofwater cycle elements and their spatial distribution, such as
the construction of reservoirs, crop irrigation, cross-basin
diversion works, urbanization and industrialization, etc.
Construction of reservoirs

Crop irrigation

https://nation.com.pk/01-Apr-2018/icci-forconstruction-of-water-reservoirs-to-overcome-watercrisis

http://wenku.baidu.com/view/ae9b2451227
916888486d78e.html

Cross-basin diversion works

http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/irrigation/86

Impact of Reservoir Construction on
Water Cycle• The reservoir intercepts surface runoff andreduces the flow into the sea, thus it will change
the water balance factors in the basin.
• With the elevation of the water level in the
upstream of the reservoir dam raising, thegroundwater level in the upper reaches of thereservoir will increase.

https://nation.com.pk/01-Apr-2018/iccifor-construction-of-water-reservoirs-toovercome-water-crisis

https://constructionreviewonline.com/2017/09/300m-setaside-kondo-dam/

87

Impact of irrigation on water cycle• Large-scale irrigation causes significant changes in river runoff
and its distribution during the year, watershed evaporation,
groundwater levels in the irrigation area.
• Irrigation causes soil salinity to be drained into rivers, changing
the chemical composition of the river.

http://12.000.scripts.mit.edu/mission2017/irrigation/

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-crop-irrigation-center-pivot-sprinklersystem-sprinklers-work-under-sunrays-badajoz-spain-image70254682

88Impact of cross-basin diversion works onwater cycle• Large-scale water transfer projects will have a profound
impact on the water cycle and water balance. The first is tochange the path of the water, and in addition it will destroy
the already formed ecological balance.
Transferring water
Humid
area

Arid anddry area

Diagram of cross-basin diversion work
http://www.globalwaterforum.org/2014/03/04/divertedopportunity-inequality-and-what-the-south-north-watertransfer-project-really-means-for-china/

89

Impact of urbanization andindustrialization on water cycle• Landscape is changed with the development of urbanization andindustrialization. Therefore, it will have a evident impact on thesurface runoff and groundwater use. According to one report, therunoff coefficient is changed to about 80% from 60% with thedevelopment of our society.

http://thecontextofthings.com/2014/04/10/urbansprawl-and-politics-republicans-tend-to-live-insprawling-metros-and-democrats-tend-to-live-incompact-ones/

https://wsimag.com/architecture-and-design/32403-planetary-urbanization

90Impact of human activities on Water
quality
Urban residents'
domestic sewage
Farmland spraying alarge amount ofchemical fertilizers andpesticides

Water
quality

Waste discharged fromindustrial production……

Water quality is stressful
91

Impact of human activities on water
quality• For example, China's total wastewater volume in2012 is 68.48 billion tons, 67.8% of China's rivers
are reported to be contaminated.

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20091024/13346812

http://nongye.ce.cn/gdxw/201307/08/t20130708_963577.shtml

92

Impact of human activities on water
quality
Water quality monitoring result in Indonesia(411 sample points, 2013)

Heavy polluted
Moderate polluted
Slight polluted
Meet the standard

In Indonesia, diarrhea (下痢) is among the top five causes ofmortality.

93

Impact of human activities on water
quality
Percentage of water wells contaminated with arsenic
1. Of 160 million people in
Bangladesh, 4 million lack
Bangladesh safe water and 85 million
lack improved sanitation.
2. Long-term exposure toarsenic in drinking water cancause cancer in the skin,lungs and kidney.

https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/04/06/nepotism-and-neglect/failing-responsearsenic-drinking-water-bangladeshs-rural

94

The deterioration of the water
environment
Dissolved oxygen descent process

Aquatic ecological balance destruction
process

Low toxicity to high toxicity process

Low to high concentration conversion
process
95

Impact of human activities on water
quantity•

Impact on lake area
In the past half century, the area of Xinjiang Ebinur Lake has
decreased by 286.8 km2 (the area of Gifu city is 203.6 km2),
mainly due to water use for human activities (water demand
for agricultural irrigation is the main factor) (Ma et al., 2014).
• Impact on water level
Guo et al. (2015)discovered that the water level of Bosten
Lake and area of the lake decreased because of humanactivities (direct water consumption upstream and indirect
runoff response to land use change).

96Impact of human activities on water
quantity• Impact on runoff
1. He et al. (2012) showed that human activities
contributed 40.29%, to the increased runoff in the upper
reaches of the Heihe River, and that human activities
contributed 74.77%, to the decrease in runoff in the
middle reaches.
2. Dong et al. (2014) discovered that in thehydrological processes of the Jinghe River, humanactivities (mainly cultivated land) contributed to a
reduction in runoff of about 85.7% from 1981 to 2008.
97

Benefits of human activities on water
environment• The quality of any surface or ground water body is a functionof either or both natural influences and human activities.
• Without human activities, water could contain substances thatare harmful to life. These include metals such as mercury,organic toxins and radioactive contaminants.
• Therefore, necessary treatment for natural water should be done byhuman.

Technology is necessary
and important !!!
98

Impact of water environment on humanactivities• Second part
1. Food culture

https://kuaibao.qq.com/s/20180322A19ZK900?refer=spider

http://www.tianqi.com/news/212746.html

In China, land in the north is a dry land, which is suitable for wheat
and sorghum and other pasta plants; while the land in the south is apaddy field, which is suitable for rice cultivation. Therefore,
northerners like to eat pasta while southerners like to eat rice.

99

Impact of water environment on humanactivities
2. Living culture
Kummu, M. et al (2011) tells the results like these:
1. Over 50% of the world's population lives closer than 3 km
to a surface freshwater body, and only 10% of the population
lives further than 10 km away;
2. Population distributions in arid zones show statisticallysignificant relationships with a combination of climatic factors
and distance to water.

100
https://borgenproject.org/water-pollution-in-china/

http://newhouse.fs.fang.com/2017-03-27/24779582_all.htm

Summary of my part
• The relationship between human activities
and water environment is mutual impact,
however, because of human independent
creativity, it seems like that impact of humanactivities on water environment is stronger
than the other side.
• For the water quality and water quantity, we
should keep a clear brain, so as to protect ourliving water environment.
Humanactivities

Water
environment101

References
•
•
•
•
•

Kummu, M., De Moel, H., Ward, P. J., and Varis, O. (2011): How Close Do We Live to Water? A Global Analysis
of Population Distance to Freshwater Bodies, PLoS ONE, 6, e20578.
X.Q. He, B. Zhang, L.W. Sun, et al. (2012), Contribution rates of climate change and human activities on therunoff in upper and middle reaches of Heihe River basin, Chin. J. Ecol., 31 (11), pp. 2884-2890.
W. Dong, B. Cui, Z. Liu, et al. (2014), Relative impacts of human activities and climate change on the river runoff
in an arid basin in Northwest China, Hydrol. Process., 28 (18), pp. 4854-4864.
L. Ma, J. Wu, W. Liu, et al. (2014), Distinguishing between anthropogenic and climatic impacts on lake size: amodeling approach using data from Ebinur Lake in arid Northwest China,J. Limnol., 73 (2), pp. 350-357.
M. Guo, W. Wu, X. Zhou, et al. (2015), Investigation of the dramatic changes in lake level of the Bosten Lake inNorthwestern China,Theor. Appl. Climatol., 119 (1–2), pp. 341-351.

102

Summary of this lecture Water cycle: Types of water cycle on Earth and our life
are connected with water environment (20th/7).
 Water use: Present use condition and problems inindustry, agriculture and daily life (20th/7).
 Water management: Importance of water management
and water management strategies (27th/7).
 Relationship between human activities and water
environment: The relationship between them is mutual
impact, we should try our best to maintain the balance
between them (27th/7).

103