3 Accumulation and Provision of Information on Natural
Disasters and Disaster Reduction
3-3 Cases of Disaster Counter Measures
In order to reinforce disaster reduction measures in the future, it is extremely important to know how disasters in
the past were dealt with by victim countries as well as by the international community.
In fiscal 1998, we collected examples of disaster countermeasures on the Internet and those for the Great HanshinAwaji Earthquake. During this fiscal year, we have collected examples of disaster measures for the earthquakes
which hit Turkey and Taiwan in 1999, as well as the measures which were implemented during unique disasters which
struck the countries of the foreign staff at ADRC from Korea, Viet Nam, Nepal, and Indonesia.

3-3-1 Measures Implemented After the Great Turkey Earthquake1)(1)Date
Outlineof the earthquake
and time of earthquake: 3:01 a.m, local time, August 17, 1999
(2)Magnitude: 7.4 on the Richter scale(3) No. of deaths: 15,135(4) No. of missing persons: Unknown(5) No. of injured: Approx. 24,000 (number treated at hospitals)(6) No. of totally destroyed houses: Approx. 24,000(7) No. of partially destroyed houses: Approx. 64,0002)(1) Earthquake-prevention
systemHistory and experience of earthquake-prevention activities

The Republic of Turkey has a system which ensures that the government provides compensation for damages
incurred from natural disasters such as earthquakes, in accordance with the Sultan's official announcement during
the survey of damages and recovery phase after the Istanbul Earthquake of 1509, which hit the country under therule of the Ottoman Empire.
Turkey's disaster reduction measures are implemented mainly by the General Directorate of Disaster Affairs(GDDA), which addresses a wide range of tasks including the establishment of disaster management policies andstaff training. The Ministry of Public Works and Housing, mayors, army force, and the Red Crescent Society
cooperate with the GDDA in implementing the disaster reduction measures. The GDDA handles earthquake
research, emergency transportation, disaster survey, damage assessment, of plans and laws, temporary housing,prefabricated housing production and construction, and disaster funds management and supply. While most of thecosts for rehabilitation can be covered by the government's budget, the disaster funds which are provided via
various routes is managed by the GDDA. Every year, a certain amount of the government's budget is incorporated
into the fund. The GDDA's budget for Fiscal 1998 was about 35 million dollars, with a staff of 1000. Apart from theabove activities, GDDA handles the development and revision of earthquake zoning maps and earthquake-resistancestandards, earthquake observations, and international cooperation on reducing earthquake damages.
(2) Administrative Organization
Figure 3-3-1-1 Disaster-management system in Turkey

In Turkey, both governors dispatched by the interior Ministry and mayors elected are in same administrative
districts. Provinces, cities, and other organizations listed below work together to deal with disaster management.
Figure 3-3-1-2 Disaster-reduction organization at local-government level

Cities have responsibilities for regular urban development projects and disaster management, including fire fighting.
Figure 3-3-1-3 Municipal organizations

3) Disaster response achievement by government (central and local)(1) Emergency measures
Emergency measures and concerned authorities prescribed in accordance with Disaster Reconstruction Law are as
follows;
1.Drawing up of plans and establishment of rescue organization (jointly with ministries concerned such as Internal
Affairs Ministry). The following items are included:
・ Rescue plans
・ Treatment for injured
・ Temporary housing
・ Fire-fighting
・ Removal of debris
・ Distribution of food supplies
Competent authorities: GDDA, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture , Ministry of Forestry
and Local Affairs
2. Implementation of emergency measures
・ Implementation of rescue plans (1)・ Assignment of service and requisition for vehicles
・ Requests to army forcemilitaryCompetent authority: Governors
3. Determination of Emergency Risk Assessment
・ Competent authority: Ministry of Public Works and Housing
It is specified that all emergency measures, excluding emergency risk assessment are to be planned by central
government and implemented by each governor. It is also provided that military troops can take action without
instructions from the military head when ordered by governor.
(Articles 7 to 11 of the Disaster Reconstruction Law)
While participation of each ministry is essential in the drawing up of rescue plans, the rescue committee directly
responsible to the prime minister has served as the coordinator until now. The government took the following
measures in this earthquake:<Responses by the government>
Aftermath (Day 17)
Set up a crisis management center in the Prime Minister's office to supervise the overall rescue activities of armed
force, Red Crescent Society, and civilian volunteers.
Day 18Set up a crisis management center in all administrative offices of prefectures affected by the disaster.
Day 19The government dispatched numerous rescue troops in addition to civilian defense troops and the Red CrescentSociety.
Day 22
The government announced the following personnel assignments and measures:
The Minister of State, was appointed the head of the crisis management center at Izmit; the Minister of Education,
the head of the crisis management center at Adapazari; and the Minister of Labor, the head of the crisis
management center at Yalova.
All public and private facilities and possessions (equipment, supplies) were used for rescue.

To accommodate victims at all public and private facilities, governors were instructed to vacate all of thedesignated facilities by the evening of the 22nd.
Day 23
Tourist boats were used for transporting victims from the 23rd.
The military opened all camps in the Marmara region to victims.
The Red Crescent Society was entrusted with collecting and distributing rescue supplies.
At each crisis management center, the following two committees were establised:*Temporary housing committee for victims headed by the Minister of Reconstruction*Long-term restoration committee (prepared by the GDDA)Day 24The prime minister announced the complete restoration of roads to the disaster affected areass and railroads
between Ankara and Istanbul.
The Turkish air force started air transport services between the disaster areas (Yalova, Kocaeli, Sakarya) andAtaturk Airport in Istanbul. In addition, the government also planned air transportation from the air force's airports
at Yalova and Jankistpel.
Minister of Reconstruction, announced that plans were being made to build a total of 30,000 temporary housings,
15,000 of those by winter as the first step.
Day 25
Deputy Prime Minister, announced that they will complete the 15,000 housings that are currently being constructedby the Housing Development Bureau in one month for the victims.
Day 26
Crisis Management Center of Prime Minister's Office decided that they would build tent villages, provide 71 national
railway train cars, another 150 temporary housings (Gokceada Island, Canakkale), and the training centers (Izmir)
owned by Ministry of Health to the victims.
The Minister of State in charge of housing development administration, announced that they were negotiating within
the government to complete housings under construction in the seven areas hit by the earthquake within one totwo months.
They also announced that they would provide 4,500 housing stocks to the victims.
Day 27
The government announced that they were planning to build 100,000 to 120,000 housings within the next twelve
months.
The Ministry of Forestry and Local Affairs dispatched 1,931 construction machines and 3,295 operators to thedisaster areas.
Wireless communication systems were built in the tent villages to convey the latest news to victims.
Most power generation and transmission problems were restored, but water system construction was still being
conducted.
Day 29A temporary housing construction company in Ankara with experience in providing temporary housing to the UN
announced that they would be able to build 60,000 housings within 3 months.
Costs for the temporary housings were estimated at 120 to 130 US dollars per square meter.
The Prime Minister Office crisis management center announced that the Turkish armed force had rescued 40,646
victims who had been buried under debris.
Day 30The Minister of Reconstruction announced that they had reached an agreement with the government on thetemporary housing issue.
Free public telephones were set up at disaster areas: Yalova (170), Adapazari (248), Kocaeli (2020), and Bolu (30).
< Crisis Management Centers>
The crisis management center make emergency decision coordination and implementation in order to rescue victims
and support disaster areas.
Members
1. Director: Deputy parliamentary vice-minister, Prime Minister Office
2. National Safety Secretariat
3. Ministry of Interior
4. Ministry of Foreign Affairs
5. Ministry of Public Works and Housing
6. National Safety Committee
7. Army Headquarters
8. General Directorate of Local Affairs
9. General Directorate of Disaster Management Affairs
10.The Red Crescent Society (Turkey Red Crescent) board of directors
According to the head of the Crisis Management Center, the center coordinates related organizations for a shortperiod of time. In addition to the above members, TUBITAK, National Treasury Vice Minister, and Ministry of Public
Works and Establishment cooperate with the center. Most ministries and bureaus set up their own crisis

management center.
The main activities of SPO are to implement reconstruction plans in disaster area on a mid-and long-term basis.
The plans are compiled by the General Directorate of Economical Sectors and Coordination and the General
Directorate of Regional Development and Structural Adjustment .
<Victims>
Prefecture
Sakarya
Kocaeli
YalovaGolcukBolu
Istanbul
Total

Red
Crescent
Society
9,846
8,784
8,800
5,357
3,730
963
37,480

Armed
Forces
600
400
230
355
20
1,605

International General
Aids
Companies
12,53924,573
4,608
7,673
4,996
54,389

2,524
2,942
1,704
750
50
7,970

Total No.
of refugee
tents
25,50936,69915,342
14,135
8,726
1,033
101,444

No. of
camps
39
27
19
22
44
5
156

The Kocaeli governor announced that they had already set up 51 test villages, but were still short of 50,000 tents,
and appealed the need for the prompt installation of winter tents.
<Clearing up debris>
The pollution of the Ismit Gulf was caused by the petroleum and fuel spilling from oil refineries, and disposed debris.
According to the OCHA team who visited the Abujural and Buyuchekmeje district in Istanbul, they had alreadycleared the debris as of August 28, and lives of the residents were back to normal.
Disposal of debris to sea and rivers was prohibited by the concerned authorities.
The government has announced the need for debris disposal measures.
<Emergency Risk Assessment>
Emergency Risk Assessment comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, and was
implemented immediately after the earthquake. The primary assessment was carried out one to three weeks after
the earthquake. The assessment was divided into seriously damaged buildings (require urgent demolition, entry
prohibited), moderately damaged buildings (require structural reinforcement, entry restricted), and mildly damagedbuildings (no structural damages, entry allowed). The survey was conducted not on a building, but household or officebasis. The results were compiled into a ledger that includes records of lump sum allowances, temporary housing rent,
fees for reconstruction or reinforcement of buildings, or low-interest loans of expenses. The results of the primaryassessment were announced promptly so that households could protest their dissatisfaction or appeal for moredetailed surveys. In previous earthquakes, the number of totally damaged households was found to double several
weeks after quakes, since many households pressed the authorities for lump sum allowances. Due to theconsiderable damage in this earthquake, each officer was assigned 500 to 1,000 households. Thus there have been
opinions that these officers recorded the damages as filed by households, and totaled them without checking before
reporting them to the central government. It has also been reported that some officers in charge of evaluationcommitted suicide due to the stress of the work.
As of September 16, there were 130,000 households classified as serious damage and moderate damage. In respect
to this, the Red Crescent Society set up 40,680 tents, the armed forces 2,122, overseas aid 54,841, and private
assistance 7,970, totaling 105,000.
Recovery and reconstruction measures
The recovery and reconstruction measures specified by the Disaster Reconstruction Law and the Competentauthorities are as follows. Implementation falls under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing.
1. Town relocation plan
Jurisdiction: Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Health, Ministry Agriculture ,Ministry of Forestry and local affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Trade and Industry.
2. Implementation of town relocation
3. Construction of temporary and permanent housing
4. Procurement of machines and equipment
5. Procurement of funds
At first, the government announced the plan of relocating the central town of Adapazari to a hilly area 8 km to thesouth, but this yet to be realized.
The SPO announced that, to raise the funds required for reconstructionrestoration, " 3.5 billion dollars went to theconstruction of temporary housing, permanent housing, and the repare of housing out of the 6.2 billion dollars borneby the national treasury." The World Bank and Turkish government agreed to a loan of 1.7 billion dollars forrecovery and reconstruction, which will be implemented in mid-December.

3-3-2 Countermeasures after the Occurrence of the Taiwan Earthquake

1)In Taiwan,
Reactionof Authorities
as the main body of disaster control is the central government, a centralized system where the central
government constructs organizations and implements plans after the earthquake disaster is formed.

2)(1) Emergency
Measures
Information and Public Affairs Activities

As to information collection, the damage situations were not grasped without delay in mountain-ringed regions, sincecommunication with the outside was disabled due to breakage of roads, communication networks and the like.
As to information transmission and public affairs activities, immediate actions and positive information disclosure
were made by various means. That is, the Executive Yuan formed a list of 19 items of Emergency Relief Measures
including payment of consolation money, on September 25 immediately after the occurrence of the earthquake. It isnoteworthy that the items include quick responses such as the amount of payment of consolation money for thefatalities and persons whose houses were completely collapsed, and housing loan.
Further, as the Internet is widely utilized mainly by young generations, the authorities publicize the measures on
homepages. The Executive Yuan has a web page on 921 Great Earthquake including pages by related ministries anda page often updated with information on the post-disaster situations.
(2) Security of Traffic for Emergency Transportation and Emergency Transportation
Activities
For several days after the occurrence of the disaster, there was confusion in attainment of traffic for relief andrescue and for emergency transportation. In the disaster areas, the roads had bumps and cave-ins, and further,fragmentation of roads and bridges occurred, due to influence of fault and the like.
Note that as to isolated regions such as the mountain-ringed regions where the roads were broken, the militaryused helicopters to conduct midair dropping of relief materials and conveyance of injured people.
(3) Relief and Rescue Activities
In addition to the military's activities, the relief and rescue activities were conducted by special teams from firefighting offices and police. Further, civil volunteer groups and rescue parties dispatched from the respective
countries (according to the investigation by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs,
20 relief and rescue teams having staff of about 670 were dispatched from 17 countries) joined the teams, thus
making strenuous efforts.
The Disaster Control Local Head Office had the Central Command Post, the Local Disaster Control Head Office,further, the police, the fire-fighting offices, the military, the civil volunteer groups together, thus conducting relief
and rescue activities, material distribution, cooking and various consultations.
(4) Activities for Acquisition and Supply of Food, Drinking Water and Living Necessities, andStabilization of Prices
About the third day from the occurrence of the earthquake, food, drinking water and living necessities wereacquired mainly by the military and the volunteer groups, and the serious shortage was gradually dissolved. On theother hand, problems occurred in uneven material distribution. For example, some disaster areas still suffered fromshortage of drinking water and food in spite of arrival of large amount of medicine, otherwise, suffered from shortageof medicine, tents and the like. The materials arrived one after another were carelessly stacked in school
gymnasium or the like, which provided a problem in efficient classification.
As to prices, the Fair Trade Commission prohibited artificial price raising and cornering of important national living
materials, and at the same time, enhanced the supervision by providing special-purpose telephones for investigation
and apprehension in the disaster areas.
(5) Emergency Accommodations (Provision of Evacuation Sites)
Nearly 380,000 disaster victims at the maximum became homeless, and some of them were accommodated in billets
provided by the military and state-owned buildings, but most of them lived in tents in school yards, parks, military
grounds and the like. Partially because of the delayed house judgment by experts, many disaster victims afraid ofcollapse of buildings by aftershock spent their own houses in daytimes but spent in nearby tents in night times.
Accordingly, the number of people who lived in tents was more than that of the actual disaster victims by completeor partial collapse of houses.
In many cases, temporary accommodations were big temporary tents having a support center presented byvolunteers, a food distribution corner, a power generator and the like, with outdoor tents and temporary toilets forthe disaster victims around such big tents.
(6) Emergency Measures for Lifeline Facilities
As to electric power, the very-high voltage wire connecting the south and the north of the country, which was aliterally lifeline, was broken by collapse of substations in the disaster areas and breakdown of the power supply
system. The power supply failure influenced the capital Taipei as one of the most prominent high-tech industrial
districts as well as the disaster areas.
The power outage was made in consideration of influence on the high-tech industries as assigned higher priority
than daily life. It was determined to ①first, ensure power supply to industrial electric utility customers using a
special-purpose very-high voltage wire for use of 1000 kW or higher power, then ② release limitations on power
supply to high-pressure and low-pressure industrial electric utility customers, and ③ release limitations on power
supply to civil electric utility customers. As a result, the limitations on power-supply for industrial use were releasedon October 5, and all the power supply limitations were released on October 9.
As to attainment of water supply, the damage to water supply dams due to raise of faults caused breaks in watersupply service in 280,000 houses. However, acquisition of water from the outside and use of pumped ground water,
recovery of water pipes and the like, attained normal-level water supply in mid-October.

Note that the following measures were taken for the disaster victims' convenience.
・ Payment expiration dates of telephone, electric power, gas services and the like were postponed.
・ The disaster victims were exempted from payment of telephone basic fees for 6 months. The domestic call fees
were uniformly reduced to half. Further, the disaster victims were excused from pay compensation for broken
telephones, and were able to had new telephones installed at no charge.
・ Free telephones were placed in the disaster areas for the disaster victims.
・ Calls to the disaster areas from the respective parts in the country were made at half of original fees.
(7) Activities for Hygiene, Epidemic Control and Retrieval of Dead Bodies
Mainly the evacuation sites reported hygienic control problems such as pulmonary troubles due to dust caused byrubble removal, diarrhea due to shortage of sanitary institutions including toilets, insufficient waste disposal, further,food poisoning related to eating and drinking.
As to retrieval of bodies, especially in the mountain-ringed regions, remains were left in many collapsed houses or
exposed on the streets in extended high temperature due to delayed rescue activities and shortage of mortuary. As
a result, in some villages, a stench wafted through the air.
(8) Emergency Risk Assessment on Houses and Acknowledgment of Damages
Two-stages of emergency risk assessment was conducted. At the first stage, experts classified risk levels as "safe","care needed" and "dangerous" by visual observation. Among these levels, the houses judged as "dangerous" were
examined at the second stage, and again classified as "safe", "care needed" and "dangerous". As a result, thehouses were classified into (A) houses completely unrecoverable, (B) houses recoverable with 75% or more ofreconstruction cost, and (C) houses recoverable with 50% or more of reconstruction cost. The houses (A) wereregarded as completely collapsed, and the houses (B)(C), as half-collapsed.
However, actual designation of damages were relegated to village headmen (elected). In case of complete collapse,
200,000 Taiwan yuan was to be paid, and in case of half-collapse, 100,000 Taiwan yuan was to be paid. However,many applicants worried about judgment of complete collapse since the houses judged as completely collapsed were
pulled down. The village headmen hardly ignored the applicants' feelings, thus fair designation was not made without
difficulty.
(9) Waste and Rubble Disposal
As to building pull-down works and rubble disposal, waste dumps were selected regardless of usage of land, and themilitary support was determined, by the emergency order by the President. The military pulled down four-story or
lower buildings, and the local governments pulled down five-story or taller buildings by using dismantlers.
Reusable ferroconcrete and construction materials and the like were selectively used for construction of highways.
The valleys were permanently sealed, and the materials at the riverbeds were utilized for construction of parks andlevees.
The rubble disposal as a whole was completed in about one month.
(10) Secondary-Disaster Prevention Activities
In some of the mountain-ringed regions, villages vanished due to landslips. It is predicted that the widespread
vanishment of forest trees will prolong currently-formed forest conservation projects. Further, there are fears ofdamages by landslides and mud flows.
(11) Voluntary Support Activities by Volunteers etc.
In the emergency time immediately after the occurrence of the earthquake disaster, volunteers arrived at thedisaster stricken sites earlier than the officials of the authorities, and started life saving, delivery of relief materials,
emergency medical services and the like. After the full-scale activities were conducted by the authorities, thevolunteers positively continued the activities avoiding overlapped works with those by the authorities. Suchvoluntary activities were highly evaluated by the ordinary citizens.
The activities by these volunteer groups were not limited to the emergency relief and rescue activities. For example,
a Buddhist organization "Tzu Chi Association", having 4,000,000 or more members and holding a network overTaiwan and foreign countries, conducted, as well as software support such as mental care, construction of
temporary houses and temporary school buildings, and further, recovery and rehabilitation activities which originallywere to be performed by the authorities, such as construction of permanent school buildings.

3) Recovery and Reconstruction Activities(1) Living Recovery and Reconstruction① Consolation Money
1,000,000 Taiwan yuan was paid for the fatalities; and 200,000 yuan, for the injured. 200,000 yuan was paid forcompletely-collapsed buildings; and 100,000 yuan, for half-collapsed buildings.
② Measures for Socially Disadvantaged
To support orphans who lost their families and aged people, "Aid Act" was established.
③ Mental Care for Residents in Disaster-Stricken Areas
The authorities, and the military and civil organizations as well, dispatched alienists, psychological counselors and thelike to the disaster areas, to open counseling windows and conduct circular guidance.
④ Taxation
Tax break measures were taken in consideration of the disaster victims by reduction/exemption of income tax,

house tax, business tax, land value tax, freight tax, and inheritance tax.
⑤ Insurance
The disaster victims, with consideration of indigenous people, were exempted from payment of their share of
insurance expense by March 2000, regardless of presence/absence of certificate of national health insurance. Thus
confusion accompanying presence/absence of certificate of insurance was prevented. More specifically, "921
Earthquake Disaster Insurance Card" was issued for exemption of payment of all the medical treatments andhospitalization and the card holder's share of other payments.
⑥ Employment
Employment measures for disaster-caused unemployed workers were positively made, through support toparticipation to free job training and job mediation (during a training period, allowance was paid) mainly for bluecollar workers.
⑦ Educational Measures
By the latest earthquake disaster, 619 schools were damaged and disabled to continue classes.
(Classification)
Universities, junior colleges andacademies
High schools
Junior high schools and elementary
schools
Total

: 33
: 20
: 566
: 619

Note that among the disaster-stricken schools, 1,186 schools including closed schools re-started classes by the endof October by preparation of prefab school houses including school houses constructed by civil organizations.
For school children and students, apart from the general consolation money, the following consolation money was tobe paid for fatalities and injured.
・ 10,000 yuan was paid for 1 dead student; 30,000 yuan, for an educational worker; and uniformly 5000 yuan, for an
injured person.
・ In elementary and junior high school students, 250,000 yuan was to be paid for a dead/seriously-injured students;
140,000 yuan to slightly wounded; and maximum 10,000 yuan, as ambulant support.
Further, if an elementary/junior high school student moved to another school, 100 yuan per day as allowance forfood expenses, and 200 yuan per day as allowance for dormitory expenses were paid. Further, in case of movement
within a disaster area, 40 yuan as an allowance for lunch expense was paid.
In addition, students whose houses had been completely collapsed were exempted from payment of school fees andother expenses, and students whose houses had been half collapsed were exempted from payment of school fees.
Further, disaster-stricken high-school entrance examinees were given priority by obtaining additional points in
examinations.
⑧ Identification Including Family Registration
To prevent delay of various procedures due to loss of identification, the Executive Yuan set up family registration
offices in the disaster areas, to issue temporary identification to identify the disaster victims (without photograph).
The issuance of family registration certificate was made at no charge, and further, registration of change ofresidence was accepted without certificate.
(2) Recovery and Reconstruction of Houses① Provision of Temporary Houses
According to a survey on January 4, 4651 houses were completed, and 4248 households were already settled in thehouses. At the beginning of construction, the floor space was about 26.4 m2; however, in response to the requestfrom the disaster victims, the floor space was widened to about 39.6 m2. Thus the construction of temporary
houses was made in a flexible manner. As a general arrangement of the rooms, each house has two bedrooms, akitchen, a living room, a dining room and a bath room. In consideration of community formation, a meeting place, alibrary, a dispensary, a supermarket, a children's playground and the like were set within the ground of thetemporary houses.
② Provision of National Houses
The 5,988 national houses were provided at 70% of posted prices to the owners of completely or half collapsed
houses.
As to housing loan, by emergency loan from the Central Bank, the ordinary banks conducted financing within
1,500,000 Taiwan yuan at no interest, and over 1,500,000 to 3,500,000 Taiwan yuan, at an annual interest of 3%, withpayment due within the maximum 20 years. The national house was purchasable with 100,000 Taiwan yuan down.
③ Rental Subsidy
As rental subsidy, 3,000 Taiwan yuan was paid per one disaster victim for one year. As it was possible to rent anearly about 132 m2 house without payment by the disaster victim himself/herself even in an urban area, many
application was submitted.
④ Housing Loan to Damaged Houses
The capital repayment was postponed until a 5-years later date (exemption of payment in 5 years), at 4%-reduced
interest. Further, payment of the interest was postponed until a 6-months later date.
⑤ Housing Policy to Laborers
As in the case of the employment measures, low-price houses were provided to laborers at construction cost of
60,000 yuan per about 3.3 m2 by utilization of lands provided from large companies in the disaster areas. For thispurpose, "Laborer's House Purchase Loan", with an upper limit of 2,200,000 Taiwan yuan, was made at an annualinterest of 5.075%. Further, "Laborer's House Repair Loan", with an upper limit of 500,000 Taiwan yuan, was madeat an annual interest of 5.075%.
⑥ Trends in Private Housing
Since there had been many empty rooms, private condominiums were sold at 20% discount of the market prices.
(3) Industrial Recovery and Rehabilitation
Since the disaster-stricken mountain-ringed regions are most prominent tourist attractions in Taiwan, tourism
industries, small and medium local and traditional industries such as Shaoxing rice wine makers, and agriculture were
fatally damaged.
Accordingly, a 60,000,000 Taiwan yuan low-interest loan preferential measure at an annual interest of 3% was
implemented for the tourism businesses, and 6-month postponement of capital repayment to financial institutions
was implemented for commerce and industry. Further, measures of construction of collective commercial andindustrial region, development of mass merchandisers, rehabilitation of tourism and traditional industries bymarketing and the like were considered.
Further, in the agriculture, washed-away and buried farms were subsidized. Specifically, in case of 0.05 ha or larger
washed-away farm, 100,000 Taiwan yuan per 1 ha was paid, and in case of 0.05 ha or larger buried farm, 50,000
yuan per 1 ha was paid. Further, industrial low-interest loan with the maximum 3,000,000 yuan at an annual interestof 3% was made for the people engaged in the agriculture, forestry, fishery and livestock farmers.

4) Reconstruction Plan
(1) Outline of Entire Plan
①Plan Goals and Basic Rules②Preparation Works* Enhancement of earthquake resistance and designing standards* Survey on geology and damage conditions* Basic land survey* Specification and publication of construction-prohibited area
* Establishment of data center on human resources and disaster information③Entire Reconstruction Plan
* Public building plan
* Industrial reconstruction plan
* Life reconstruction plan
* Regional reconstruction plan
④Necessary Measures* Enactment of special act and revision of existing laws and regulations* Enhancement of relief and disaster prevention system* Usage of sites of public projects* Cadastral survey* Provision of human resources(2) Enhancement of Earthquake Resistance
The earthquake resistance of buildings was to be studied so as to attain resistance against earthquake of seismic
intensity 7 levels as in the United States and Japan. Especially, public buildings were to be inspected byconstruction consultant companies by administrative regulations for compliance with the earthquake resistancedesigning standards. Further, introduction of new construction methods was to be promoted by tax reduction upon
improvement of infrastructure including highways.
(3) Public Construction Plans
As to reconstruction of schools, since the damage to the school houses was being suspected of results of shoddy
construction works, the system to inspect use of cheap construction materials and construction situations was to
be enhanced.
Further, in consideration of load on the government in public reconstruction, the construction of traffic
infrastructure, waste disposal institutions, schools and the like by private companies by BOT or BT method waspromoted.
(4) Industry and Life Reconstruction Plans
The industry reconstruction plans were made for reconstruction of the agriculture in counties and mountain-ringed

areas, local industries including Shaoxing rice wine makers and tourism industries.
As to the life reconstruction plans, participation by civil volunteer organizations mainly in mental care services waspromoted.
(5) Regional Reconstruction Plans
The local governments were to take initiative to implement the regional reconstruction plans with participation by
private companies and support by the central government, while the central government was to drive the otherthree plans driven. Conventionally unused methods in Taiwan, e.g., to require participation by residents as well as
persons of learning and experience from the planning stage, was considered.
① Implementation of Regional City Planning without Construction Prohibition Limitation
In principle, reconstruction was positively supported by simplification of reconstruction procedures, low-interest
loan, mitigation of capacity volume ratio and the like.
② Reconstruction of Vanished Mountain-Ringed Counties
Mainly in mountain-ringed deep regions where the indigenous people live, nearly 20 villages vanished. Accordingly,
reconstruction or movement of villages were planned.
i) Reconstruction of Village* First stage: making of reconstruction plan (99.10.16-99.12.15)* Second stage: implementation of reconstruction plan (99.12.16-01.12.31)ii) Movement of Village* First stage: making of movement plan (99.10.15-99.12.15)* Second stage: implementation of movement plan (99.12.16-01.12.31)

3-3-3 Investigation of Drought Disaster Countermeasures in Korea
3-3-3-1 Introduction

Recently, natural disaster such as earthquake, flood and drought occurs frequently in the world. Then, it isnecessary to endeavor to establish countermeasure of the world climate change. Total volume of water in the worldis 1.4 billion cubic kilometer. Water could be classified into two categories, which are sea-water and fresh-water. The
former takes 97.5%, and the latter takes 2.5%. Most of fresh-water is glacial situation in the south and the north ofpole region. Only about 0.8% of total water in the world could be used. The utility of water-resources is prepared for
drought as a storage of water because of characteristic of precipitation. However water is limited with storage
reservoirs. As usage of the water is increases, coefficient of utilization to surface water is raised gradually. It has
been known that most of the regions are very weak at drought. Damage of drought is enlarged to the world at large
such as weakening of national competitiveness. Then, it is necessary that drought countermeasure should be
prepared for the minimum damage. As water resources can not be compatible to the situation immediately,
additional water in drought has to be found as soon as possible. Steady investment and interest for primary droughtcountermeasures would be required.

3-3-3-2 Definition of Drought
It is difficult to overcome drought perfectly. In early 1970s and 1980s, many people were starved due to drought
disaster in northern Africa. Drought brought difficulties to the national economy, and destroyed to natural
ecosystem. It is difficult to define drought simply. Depending on the definition of drought situation, it has many kindsof standard. In water resources engineering, drought depended upon lack of channel flow and storage water volume
in reservoir. But in hydrology engineering, drought depends upon lack of rainfall and deficiency of outflow. Of course,
drought situation is identified as the deficiency of water and unbalance of demand and supply. The drought here isdefined as;"Drought is a condition of moisture deficit sufficient to have an adverse effect on vegetation, animals, and man overa sizeable area."
Concretely, drought can be explained in many ways such as the precipitation phenomenon and water use. They are
as follows;
・ Meteorological drought : A period of abnormally dry weather sufficiently prolonged for the lack of water to cause
serious hydrologic unbalance in the affected area.
・ Climatological drought : A explanation as percentage of annual average to same period of monthly or yearly
precipitation.
・ Atmospherical drought : A definition as temperature, wind and humidity
・ Agricultural drought : A climatic excursion involving a shortage of precipitation sufficient to adversely affect crop
production or range production.
・ Hydrological drought : A period of below average water content in streams, reservoirs, ground-water aquifers,
lakes and soils.
Fig3-3-3-1 Draw of drought connection

Drought phenomenon seldom occurs individually or independently. If meteorological drought is sustained, it influences
agricultural drought which causes deficiency of soil moisture. As a result, agricultural drought is connected withhydrological drought by decreased channel flow or storage in water reservoir. Fig. 1 explains to connection of
meteorological drought, agricultural drought and hydrological drought.

1)If theMeteorologicaldrought
meteorological drought is sustained, it affects to the various fields. If meteorological drought is connected toatmospherical drought, humidity would be lower gradually. It is promoted that evaporation would be accelerated byhigh temperature. And it is brought to agricultural drought with soil moisture dehydration. It is very important toforecast long-range meteorological drought. If hydrological drought can be predicted, drought disastercountermeasures can be established.

2)Agricultural
Agricultural
droughtdrought caused by meteorological drought is connected with reduction of yield and quality of crops. For
instance, in 1995, 5 billion dollars crop yield reduction was measured in spite of supporting 4 billion dollars for the
drought countermeasures, then the damage of agricultural drought was reached 9 billion dollars.

3)HydrologicalHydrologicaldroughtdrought can be displayed by numerical index from runoff simulation model of water circulation course inconcentrated area. The drought is assessed by the amount of money consumed with living water, industrial water,
channel maintenance water and the drought damage. Proceedings of the drought could be predicted if the conceptof hydrological response in watershed is defined.
If the proceedings of drought can be predicted, it is possible to recognize that the frequency of the drought, thedamage and the lack of water supply in the future, the amount of rainfall necessary for drought disaster prevention.
Based on the results acquired above, we can announce a drought-flash and establish the drought countermeasures.

3-3-3-3 Drought disaster countermeasures
In this report, the drought countermeasures of each state in short term drought disaster or emergency situation in
Korea and Japan have been stated, and the internet reports of Fiji and Papua New Guinea(PNG) have been used.

1)(1) Korea
Korea's background

Korea is located in south of Korean-peninsula in Asia. The territory is 98,480 square-kilometers and reservoir area
is 290 square-kilometers. The irrigation area was 13,350 square-kilometers in 1993 and population was about 46.4
million persons in 1998. The average precipitation is 1,274 millimeters in a year and the length of channels is 1,609
kilometers. The national per capita income was 13,700 USdollars in 1997.
(2) Korea's drought countermeasures
Development of ground-water-Development of the artesian well, the small deep well and the gathering well.
Simple water source- Excavation work of channel bottom, field spring and movable pumping facilities.
Pumping water supply- Using water supply and many step pumping with pumping implements.
Each self-government body
- Countermeasure of water supply according to each steps in district situation
Announcement of water saving movement :- Water saving movement using broadcasting medium.
- Production and showing of public information movie.
- 10 percent water saving movement of living water.
Water supply for suspensive area :- Use the facilities of idle well and agricultural well.
- Drinking-water supply with cooperation of drinking-water company.
- Drinking-water supply for island using ship-cleaning the navy.
Table3-3-3-1 Countermeasures according to each steps of drought disasterSteps
1 step2 stepCriterion
10 percent
saving supply

Contents- Carriage supply of deficient water area
- Public information of water saving- Strengthening of water quality maintenance (disinfectionof purification facilities, inspection of feed-valve )10-30 percent - Operation the headquarter of emergency water supply
saving supply countermeasure with each city
- Shrinkage of operating business-time against usingmuch water facilities- Enlargement water saving of public facilities and tallbuildings- Saving of factorial water and enlargement of reuse

3 step4 step- Execution of controlled water supply once in two daysor three days
30-50 percent - Once in two days of using much water facilities
saving supply- Transfer agricultural and industrial water to drinking
water
50-60 percent - Once in three to five days according to actual
saving supply circumstances- Supply to minimum living water

5 step6 step2) Japan- Enlargement to public use of private well and only
drinking-water supply
over 60- Shutdown to operations of using much water facilities topercent saving drinking-watersupplyexhaustion of - Transport to water from other placewater
resources- Operation to minimum water distribution system

(1) Japan's background
Japan is located in Asia and it is consisted of islands. The country area is 377,835 square kilometers and reservoir
area is 3,091 square kilometers. The average rainfall is about 1,700 millimeters in a year and the length of channels
is about 1,770 kilometers. Irrigation area was 27,820 square kilometers in 1993. Population was about 125 million
people and the national per capita income was 24,500 dollars in 1997.
(2) Japan's drought countermeasures
Improvement of system-Establishment headquarters of drought countermeasures and hydraulic control organization.
Guarantee of using water- Supply water with moving truck.
- Security of equipment gained from salt-water to fresh-water.
- Reusing of electrical water and sewage disposal water.
- Utility of reservoir storage water.
Thoroughness of water saving- Offer of water saving guidance and drought information.
- Formation of conference to limit of using water.
- Understanding and opposition of water quality according to economic impact.
- Support measure for business-man and farmers.
For example, as the yearly average rainfall in Hyogo prefecture is 1,200-2,400 millimeters, it is prepared for drought
each region. In Hyogo prefecture, the area is about 8,385 square kilometers and it has about 44,000 reservoirs as adrought countermeasure. And Japan has about 50 equipments which can convert salt-water to fresh-water.

3) Fiji(1) Fiji's background
Fiji is located in the Oceania of South-Pacific and it is composed of 332 islands. Population was about 800,000 in
1998 and national per capita income was 6,500 dollars in 1996. The country area is 18,270 square kilometers and it
does not have any reservoir. The average rainfall is about 2,500 millimeters in a year. The length of channels is 203
kilometers and irrigation area is 10 square kilometers.
(2) Fiji's drought countermeasures
Water and food are transported by truck and boat to water deficient area.
The ministry of agriculture, health, education and public works are also running similar education programs.
Corporation is providing relief funds for crop rehabilitation.
In order to avoid possible drought disaster, there is a planned river dredging.
There are inspections of sanitary and supply of water tank in important area.
They are investing to sea and developing irrigation techniques for new crops.
There is a supply to implement irrigation improvement.

4) Papua New Guinea(1) PNG's backgroundPNG is located in the Oceania of South-Pacific in around equator and it is close to Indonesia. The country area is462,840 square kilometers and reservoir area is 9,980 square kilometers. The average rainfall is 2,800 millimeters in a
year, the length of channels is 10,940 kilometers. Population was about 4.6 million in 1998 and national per capita
income was 2,650 dollars in 1996.
(2) PNG's drought countermeasures
Build wells in the country.
Provide a portable sawmill for shelters.
Provide irrigation facilities for production and seeding of crops.
Solve problems for urgent health.
Maintenance of foundation facilities for transportation.
Public information to drink boiled water.
Supply water tanks to island regions.
Provide technical assistance and excavator of ground water.
Provide small-scale pump and purification facilities for fresh water.
Inspection of level and quality in ground water.
Supply seeds to farmers.

3-3-3-4 Comparison and analysis of drought disaster countermeasures
1)WhenComparisonof general characteristics to each country
drought disaster occurs, each country requires drought countermeasures. The general characteristics arelisted in Table 2.
Table 3-3-3-2 General characteristics of each country

Country area
Reservoir area
Irrigation area
Population
Channel length
Average precipitation
National per capita
incomeKorea
98,480 km2
290 km2
13,350 km2
46.4 million
1,609 km
1,274 mm13,700 $Japan
377,835 km2
3,091 km2
27,820 km2
125 million
1,770 km1,700 mm24,500 $Fiji
18,270 km2
0 km2
10 km2
0.8 million
203 km
2,500 mm6,500 $

PNG
462,840 km2
9,980 km2
4.6 million
10,940 km
2,800 mm2,650 $In Table 3-3-3-2, average population density, the ratio of reservoir area by country area, reservoir area by
population and irrigation area by channel length is produced as follows.
Table 3-3-3-3. Comparison of characteristics to each country
Population density(persons/ km2)
Reservoir area bycountry area
Reservoir area by
population(km2/10,000
persons)
Irrigation area bychannel length (km2)

Korea

Japan

Fiji

PNG

471

331

44

10

0.29%

0.82%

0.0%

2.16%

0.06

0.25

0.0

21.70

8.30

15.72

0.05

Unknown

As shown in Table 3-3-3-3, Japan has 2.8 times larger than Korea in irrigation area ratio because reservoir area islarger. Japan seems to overcome its drought with many reservoirs.PNG has 2.6 times larger than Japan's reservoir
area ratio. If PNG well maintains and operates reservoirs, it can overcome the drought.

3-3-3-5 Comparison of drought countermeasures
The below is comparison by important subjects in drought situation to each country.
Table 3-3-3-4. Comparison of drought situation to each country
Establishmentof organization

Guarantee ofusing water

Water saving
movement

Korea
National disasterprevention andcountermeasures
headquarters

Japan
Headquarters ofdrought countermeasure

Fiji

PNG

Supply watertanks

Hydraulic control
organization

Drought disaster
report office
Development ofground-water

Reservoirstorage water

Dredging ofchannelbottom

Simple water
sourceElectric usingwater

Development
Establishment of groundof water tank water

Pumping facilities Sewage
treatment water Using ofirrigationequipment
Broadcasting
Guidance
Drought
mediumeducation
Conference forShowing movie
limit use water

Facilities ofpurification

Supply with
Under-standing
counter-measure of water savingwith steps
impactWater supply
Cooperation ofsuspensive region drinking-watercompany
Using shipcleaning
Increasing ofincomeInfrastructure

Support measure
Moving truck
Moving truck Supply
medicine
Equipment gained Support
from salt water measure
Supply shelter
to fresh water
HealthmanageUsing the sea Supply seed
Improvement Roadof irrigation
pavement
technique
Irrigation
facilities

In Table 3-3-3-4, we know that Korea and Japan is different from Fiji and PNG in drought countermeasures. Korea
is focusing on development of ground water and water saving movement. While, Japan's focus is reuse of water,
announce of water saving movement and converting facilities from salt water to fresh water. In case of Fiji, it isdredging channel bottom, and PNG is excavating of ground water and supplying medicine.
Japan prefers to use reservoir than developing ground water for drought countermeasures. The ratio of reservoir
area in Japan is 2.8 times larger than that of Korea. Korea prefers to develop ground water than storing water inreservoir for drought countermeasure. But it is necessary that ground water level should be checked because
Korea is in peninsula which has territory area like Fiji where the development of the facilities convert salt water tofresh water is recommended. In the case of Fiji, more economic converting facilities are needed. PNG has 2.6 times
larger reservoir area than that of Japan. It is necessary for PNG to make a research about more effective
reservoir management. And, it is recommended that PNG develops ground water because it has territory of twice
larger than Japan's territory.

3-3-3-6 Conclusions
The report is concerned about the drought countermeasures of Republic of Korea, Japan, Fiji and PNG (Papua New
Guinea).
The conclusions are based mainly on the Internet data. General characteristics of 4 countries were analyzed anddrought countermeasures were compared in this report.
It has been revealed that Korea has reasonable groundwater compared to Japan which has many reservoirs as acountermeasure against drought disaster. Fiji has better develop groundwater and purifying facilities from salt-waterto fresh-water. It is recommended that PNG also need to develop irrigation system and operate system forreservoirs. And it is recommended to both Fiji and PNG to conceive a plan for water saving movement against
drought disaster.
In conclusion, circumstances in each country such as geographical and climatological conditions should beconsidered to prepare for drought disasters.

3-3-4 Coping with Century Flood Disasters in Central Vietnam

1)Vietnam
Backgroundis very high disaster prone country. The Central Vietnam is most vulnerable compare to other regions of

the country. This area is home to 7.5 million people and is one of the country's poorest regions. Disasters are theannual event in this region ranging from flood, typhoon, inundation, drought and others. Over the past 20 years, theregion has suffered up to 70% of
the damage nationwide caused by floods and storms. Exposure to disasters is one of the causes of poverty andmalnutrition here.

2)The
synopsis of flooding
Due to the effect of cold air in combination with the tropical convergence zone and tropical depression, the record

floods had occurred that devastated the Central provinces of Vietnam in late 1999 - first in early November andthen later in early December. Torrential rain occurred on a large scale and concentrated in a short period. Maximum
daily rainfall reached 1,384 mm in Hue City. This is the highest level of rainfall ever recorded in 100 years in Vietnam
since 1886.
Heavy rains in a short period caused large flooding in many areas. Flood stage on some rivers surpassed historicallevels.
In these disasters, nine provinces in all were flooded -- Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Thua Thien Hue, Da Nang, Quang
Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen and Khanh Hoa. Thua Thien Hue and Quang Tri were the worst affected in thefirst round of flooding, and Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh and Quang Nam were hit badly in the second.
In the first flood, all districts of Thua Thien Hue Province and many districts of Quang Tri, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai,
Quang Binh, Da Nang, and Binh Dinh Provinces were in deep inundation: 20 districts in this region were 2 to 4m
under water. The National Highway 1A was 2 m under water. Transportation from the North to the South wasparalysed for many days. Communication link is cut off for many hours in Hue City.
In the second hit, heavy rainfall, mainly concentrated on the west of the Truong Son Range, caused flash floods inmountainous provinces such as Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Quang Nam, Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa Provinces. Flooding on alarge scale occurred in provinces from Khanh Hoa to Thua Thien - Hue.
In this double tragedy, 745 people lost their lives, 55,000 families were left homeless, while hundreds of thousands ofothers lost all their property and livestock. Bumper crop food reserves, built up in September/October, were swept
away or spoiled. Over 60,000 hectares of fertile paddy were either washed away or rendered useless through sandinundation.

3)RightQuick
response of the government
after the outbreak of the events, the high-ranking people were informed promptly and they immediately took

necessary actions to cope with disasters.
At the first flood, after briefing with information on disasters, Prime Minister sent urgent telegrams to the Provincial
People's Committees, requesting them to immediately implement preparedness and response activities and provide
people in flood-stricken areas with emergency relief. He requested the Central Committee for Flood and Storm
Control, in co-ordination with relevant Ministries and Sectors, to immediately support and assist localities in
responding to floods.
A Special Mission of Government was set up and dispatched to the Central region in an attempt to directly monitor
the response activities. Based on the flood and rain situation, the Mission advises the Government to implement
emergency measures.
Army was promptly ordered to take over rescue and relief operations. Ministry of Defence mobilize forces andmeans of transportation to help transport aid commodities to the flood-affected areas. Air Force planes andhelicopters were mobilized to rescue stranded residents and drop the relief goods while naval ships search formissing fishing boats.
Air bridges was set up across the country as in airports of Gia Lam - Vinh - Dong Hoi - Phu Bai - Da Nang Tan
Son Nhat - Da Nang - Chu Lai - Phu Bai to transport the most urgently needed communities to the flood stricken
areas once the weather allowed flights to resume.
All forces were mobilised to clear air and land transportation and create favourable conditions for transporting foodand aid commodities to flood-stricken areas.
24 army planes, 280 trucks, 2 information-monitoring cars, 2 switchboard cars, and many means of transportation
were mobilised to support the relief mission.
In the first days, 800 tones of aid commodities (which included noodles, life buoys, clothes, medicines, blankets,
mosquito nets, and other necessities) were transported to flooded-stricken areas.
In the first round of flooding, the government supply free-of-charge 33,000 tons of food-stock from the National
Reserve Source to help the victims in flood-stricken areas.
Relief forces and local people rescued 600 people who were caught by flooding; 28 thousands of people were taken
to safe areas; 1 million people were provided with foods and aid commodities.
The Health Care Sector immediately set up its emergency Health Care Network. Medicines and water-filteringchemicals were transported to flooded provinces. Many doctors and nurses came to the areas to treat and takecare of flood victims.
The Transportation Sector quickly repaired the roads and railway to help transport aid communities from the Northand the South to the Central provinces.
During flooding, the Post and telecommunication Sector had tried their best to establish a communication hot line tohelp Thua Thien - Hue Province, and other isolated provinces revitalise the contact with Central Government.
The Electric Sector immediately repaired electric network and the 110 kV line in Da Nang and Hue Cities. At thesame time, the cable wires, and high - low voltage networks were also restored as soon as the floodwaters fell.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development mobilised rice from the two Food Incorporations in the Southand the North and organised the transportation of salt and aid commodities to flood-affected people.
Other Ministries and Sectors actively implemented the Instruction Telegram of the Prime Minister. They quickly
prepared materials to help the Central Provinces restore production as soon as floodwater fell.
At the time of flooding, the Standing Office of CCFSC and the Hydro-Meteorology Service's staff were working
around the clock to bridge the communication between Localities and Sectors in an effort to sum up situation
reports and monitor the co-ordination among sectors and localities.
The Government requested the Ministry of Labour, War Invalids, and Social Affairs, Ministry of Trade, the CCFSC,
the Fatherland Front, and the Red Cross Organisation to work out optimal measures on relief missions to ensure
proper and quick aid commodity distribution.
Media, radio, and television quickly broadcast the synopsis of the flooding in the Central Provinces. Information on
flooding immediately attracted great attention of people all over the country. This creates a sense of emotion andunity nation-wide. People immediately gathered aid commodities and raise funds that would later be sent to theflood-affected areas. Many people went to the airports, the television and broadcasting stations, the Fatherland
Front, relief organisations and donation points to make their contribution.
Right after the outbreak of the disasters, the Fatherland Font had launched an appeal for support to the victim inflood stricken areas. The general public responded by providing hundreds of metric tonnes of food and clothing to
the two agencies designated by the Government of Vietnam for collecting assistance -- the Fatherland Front, andthe Vietnam Red Cross. In the first days of the November floods much of this was transported by air, until rail androad links were resumed.
Viet Nam Father Land Front, in co-operation with the Aid Reception and Management Committee of the Ministry of
Finance and the Viet Nam Red Cross have received and delivered aid to Gia Lam, Tan Son Nhat, Da Nang, and Chu

Lai Airports. Ministries and branches co-operated with the armed forces and local people to gather all means andstocks for facilitating the aid relief.
The contribution of the Vietnam Red Cross has been recognised as a fundraiser alongside the Fatherland Front, but
the greatest recognition has been for the effective performance in the field on rescue and relief mission.
While the relief operation was getting underway, another wave of floods hit these same provinces, this time slightly
further south, and in particular devastating the province of Quang Ngai. In this flood the agriculture sector was
badly hit. The crop seed reserves were seriously damaged. Farmers who had been able to plant rice following thefirst flood saw it washed away in the second round. Local residents exhausted with previous long flood have again
suffered with hash condition of another flooding.
One again, all forces was mobilised to cope with disasters. By this time, the rescue operation and logistics system
was working well.
The government responded promptly, 214 MT of instant noodles and 100,000 raincoats was sent to Quang Ngai andQuang Nam within the first 48 hours. Senior ministers and high-ranking people went to the affected areas. High-levelmeeting took place with Prime Minister, deputy Prime Minister and other concerns agencies. Army personnel andequipment were once again swiftly mobilised to rescue and assist people and protect the main reservoirs. Ten of
thousands of people have been evacuated by the authorities from vulnerable areas.
When the second wave of floods hit, the planting season was almost at an end. This could have spelt disaster,causing severe food insecurity for six to nine months ahead for millions in these provinces. Thanks to the quickintervention of the Central government reserves, many farmers were able to plant rice and other food crop for the
next harvesting season.
The Government of Vietnam has facilitated the work of the international humanitarian organisations throughout therelief operation such as providing military aircraft and rail transport free of charge for International Federation of
Red Cross and Red Crescent Society, Vietnam Red Cross during their operation. Bureaucratic obstacles have beenswiftly overcome by the intervention of senior officials.
At local level, the People's Committees have established the Aid Receiving Boards to help receive and transport aid
commodities to flood-affected areas. Local staffs worked diligently and try their best to bring relief goods to thevictims on time event they some time faced with dangerous condition during their relief missions.
After the flood receded, the government has quickly implemented necessary actions to prevent the outbreak of
secondary disasters. Soldiers were mobilised to clean up the environment, restore the water and sanitation utilities
and help local communities repair and construct temporary houses for the immediate needs. Doctors and medical
volunteers come to the flood affected areas to provide free treatment and vaccinate to prevent the outspread of
the post-flood diseases. The relief system continues its operation to ensure proper distribution of relief goods
among the affected local communities.
All the sectors and branches used reserve funds to help their local branch offices recover its normal operation.
Micro credit funds were provided for the affected households to restore the production and business.
Thank to extensive efforts of Central and local governments in disaster respond and rehabilitation, no diseases orhungers has occurred in the area in the aftermath of disasters, although local economy has seriously damaged.

4)Currently,
Long-termplanefforts are underway to seek suitable solutions for mitigating the natural calamities in this region. Socio-

economic development plan for the region are focused on disaster control and mitigation.
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in cooperation with the Netherlands Embassy has triggered an
initiative to study of the disaster preparedness and mitigation solution for the affected area.
In early January, a team comprising UNDP, Dutch and Vietnam's Flood and Storm Control Department experts
surveyed the five central provinces hardest hit by the floods.
At the beginning of March, Vietnamese officials and international organizations gathered at a seminar in the central
city of Danang to identify the tasks for a second survey, which is expected to start sometime in the next few
months, and will lay the groundwork for a forthcoming donor conference in Hanoi.
Much effort still needed for the natural disaster mitigation programme in the Central Vietnam. The government planshould receive a strong support from International communities to reduce the impacts of calamities and increase
the living standards of local communities in this region and helping them better resist with natural disasters.

3-3-5 Countermeasures at the Tsho Rolpa Glacier Lake

1)NepalBriefis aintroductionof Nepal
small and land locked country in South Asia. It is situated between the two large and densely populated

countries of Asia - China in the North and India in the South, East and West. It has an area of 147, 181 sq. kms.
Within the short span of the country, all varieties of climate and topography can be found ranging from the subtropical to the alpine. The lowest altitude starts from 60 meters above the sea level to 8, 848 meters in the
Northern part. Mt. Everest the highest peak in the world with an altitude of 8,848 meters.
Rugged and fragile geophysical structure of the country has made Nepal vulnerable to various types of natural
disasters like: Glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF) flood, landslide, fire, earthquake, windstorm, hailstorm, thunderbolt,
epidemic, avalanche, etc. These disasters occur almost every year in one part of the country or the other causing
loss of life and heavy damage to physical properties.

2)A glacier
Glacieris aLake
Outburst Floodhuge flowing ices mass. The flow is an essential property defining a glacier. Usually a glacier develops

under condition of low temperature but the cold climate in itself is not sufficient to create a glacier. There are suchregions on the earth where the amount of total depositing mass of snow exceed the total mass of snow melting
during a year in both the polar regions and high mountain regions. Stretch of such an area is defined asaccumulation area. Thus, snow level is piled up year after year in the accumulation area because of the fact thatthe annual net mass balance is positive. As a result of snow layers piling of continuously, the deeper snow layers arecompressed by the over burden pressure due to their own weight .As a consequence the density of the snow layers
increases where by snow finally change to ice beyond a certain depth. Actually a glacier change sometimes change
in size and shape subject to the influence of climate change. Glacier would advance with climate changing to a coolsummer and a heavy snowfall in winter and monsoons seasons; the size would expand and the terminus would shiftdown to a lower attitude.
In the Himalayan region of Nepal glacier lakes are common. Mainly there are two types of glacier in the Himalaya
One is debris covered type glacier and the other is clean type glacier free from debris on the glacier surface. A
total of 159 glacial lakes have been found in Koshi basin and 229 in Tibetan Arun basin. Among them 24 arepotentially dangerous. The areas like: Upper Barun, Lower Barun, Chamlangtsho, Tsho Rolpa, Sabou, Dudh Kunda,
Majang, Inja, Thulari have potentially dangerous glacier lakes. These lakes contain huge volume of water and remainin unstable condition, as a result, they can burst any time and such disaster may cause heavy loss of human life andphysical property. About 14 such glacier lake outburst floods have taken place in the past.

3)TshoTheRolpa
TshoGlacierRolpaLake
GlacierLakeis located in Gaurishanker Village Development Committee, Dolakha District of Nepal. It issituated at an altitude of 4580 meters from the sea level and its area is 1.65 square kilometers. Water volume inthis lake has been estimated to be 80 million cubic meters. It has been observed that the physical size of this lake
has increased by five times since 1960. In 1997 Glacier Lake Outburst (GLOF) Specialist Dr. J. Reynolds warned
that the lake might burst in the summer of the same year. Moreover, a report of the Ministry of Science andTechnology stated that if the lake bursts, it would affect 18 Village Development Committees (VDCs) of Dolakha and
Ramechhap districts. It was also stated in the above reports that some very necessary countermeasures should betaken immediately to reduce the extent of damage by the probable flood: Therefore, in view of the above reports
and the increasing physical size of the lake and the trend of ice melting the Central Natural Disaster Relief
Committee (CNDRC) decided to adopt necessary countermeasures. For this purpose the CNDRC constituted the
Tsho Rolpa glacier lake Water Induced Disaster Prevention .
Thus, some countermeasures are being adopted since June 1997.
A glance of Tso Rolpa Glacier Lake

4) Countermeasures at the Tsho Rolpa Glacier Lake
Reduce the water volume in the glacier: At the beginning, to reduce water volume of the glacier five siphons were installed by the Water Supply and Sewage
Management Department. Besides the siphons, at present, the mouth of the lake is being cut to reduce the water
volume of the lake
Move the endangered population:
Inhabitants of the downstream of the Tsho Rolpa glacier lake i.e. Rolwaling river have been moved up and above 20

meters from the riverbank.
Trial Siphon System

Establishment of the early warning system: - Sirens are being kept at the following places:
1. Nagau Dolakha District
2. Beding Dolakha District
3. Bhorle Dolakha District
4. Singhati Dolakha District
5. Dhumbu Dolakha District 6. Nayapul Dolakha District
7. Kirne Dolakha District
8. Khimti khola Ramechhap District
9. Manthali Airport Ramechhap District 10.Prakashpur Sun saris District
11.Kosibarrage-Sunsari District
Components of the first early warning system introduce at Tsho Rolpa Glacier Lake:
Master Station - 1
Glacier lake Sensing - 2
Glacier lake Warning monitoring - 2
Glacier lake Warning (Sirens) - 19
Early Warning Relay Station - 3.
Establishment of surveillance posts: A surveillance team comprised of Royal Nepal Army, communication personnel, specialists from the Department ofHydrology and Meteorology and Nepal Telecommunication Corporation have been posted to carry out regularmonitoring of the glacier and to provide instantinformation to the concerned authorities during the rainy season.

5)An Budgetary
Provisionamount of NRs. 5 million was made available from the Prime Minister Disaster Aid Fund for the above

management at the Tsho Rolpa Glacier Lake in 1997. Since then His Majesty's Government of Nepal has spent NRs.
1.8 million in FY 1997/98, NRs. and 4 million in 1998/99. His Majesty's Government of Nepal is going to spend NRs.
5.4 million in the FY 1999/2000. Besides, the World Bank made available NRs. 50 million in the FY 1997/1998
whereas the Government of Netherlands provided NRs. 120 million for the FY 1999/2000. In addition, theGovernment of Netherlands will provide NRs. 200 million for the management of Tsho Rolpa Glacier Lake.
*1.00 US$ equivalent to Nepalese Rs 69.00

6)In theConclusion
view of the physiographical situation and resources constrains of the country it is very difficult to manage

with glacier lake outburst disaster in Nepal. Moreover, the system of the hazard mapping, vulnerability assessment,risks analysis, scientific detection system to monitor change in the physical environment, effective early warning
system are much more needed in Nepal.

3-3-6 Two Recent Disasters that Occurred in Nepal

Introduction
Nepal is vulnerable to various types of natural disasters such as earthquake, landslide, flood, fire, epidemics,

hailstorm, windstorm, thunderbolt, avalanches, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), drought and so on. Among allthese disasters flood and landslide cause heavy amounts of losses and damages each year. Two very prominent
events of flood and fire will be presented below which happened in August 1999 and February 2000.

1)VeryA highBriefintensity
Descriptionof Flood in the Chitawan Districtof rainfall with thunder and lightening occurred in Kalyanpur, Ayodhyapuri, Baghauda and Gardi

Village Development Committees of Chitawan district on 24 August 1999 between 2:00 to 5:00 A.M. which resulted
into a devastating flood in that area. All the rivers in that area were swollen which caused heavy loss of human lives
and enormous damage to physical properties.
(1) Consequence of the FloodDue to the devastating flood of 24 August 1999 in the above area of the Chitawan district 22 people died, 6 people
missed, 900 cattle heads were lost, 510 houses and 502 cattle sheds were destroyed and 482 families were affected.
This unfortunate event caused an estimated loss of NRs. 30 million.
(1.00 US $ equals to NRs. 69.30)(2) Reasons of Flood
The main reason of flooding in the above mentioned area was very high intensity of precipitation in three hours
period. Moreover, precipitation was highly localized.
(3) Reasons of High Death Toll
As some fishermen and their families were living along the river bank of that area the swollen rivers swept away
such a high number of people.
(4) Measures to be Adopted
In order to prevent the loss of lives and physical properties, the people should be convinced not to settle along theriverbanks. Moreover, flood forecasting/ warning system should be developed and established in the vulnerable
areas, which are still undeveloped in Nepal.
It is also necessary to monitor and collect necessary precipitation data. Monitoring and data collection should be
carried out throughout the year. Rain gauge station and installation of piezometers are necessary to understand thehydrology of the area.

2)A devastating
Brief Descriptionof the Fire Hazard in the Saptari District
fire hazard took place on 21 February 2000 at 15:00 hours in Ward No. 1 & 2 of the Tarahi Village
Development Committee of the Saptari district of Nepal. The policemen and the local people controlled thedevastating fire at 18:00 hours.

(1) Consequence of the Fire
Due to the devastating fire of 21 February 2000 in the above area of the Saptari district 41 thatched houses and64 cattle sheds were destroyed and 41 families were affected. This unfortunate event caused an estimated loss of
Rs. 27 million. Luckily there was no loss of human life in the above said fire hazard.
(2) Reasons of FireDry weather, strong wind and thatched houses and cattle sheds which were build closely were the main contributing
factors of fire hazard in the above mentioned area.
(3) Measures to be Adopted
To safeguard the human life and the physical properties from such fire hazards it is very necessary to raise thepublic awareness and convince them not to build thatched houses and cattle sheds and also not to build closely.

3-3-7 Analyzing the Problem of Forest Fire in Indonesia1)TheForest
Management
Ministry of Forestry manages approximately 60% of Indonesia's 190 million hectare land area (113.8 million

hectares). The National Forest Inventory recently determined that 120.6 million hectares of the nation is still
forested (GOI/FAO 1996), although the actual figure is thought to be about 25% lower. Only 91.7 million hectares
remain forested within the designated national forest estate (Ramon and Wall 1998). Approximately 26 million
hectares of the forest estate are eligible to be converted to other uses. Deforestation rates are estimated to be
between 0.6 and 1.2 million hectares annually (Sunderlin and Resosudarmo 1996).
The most basic problem with the government's management of forests is that land was designated as production
forest with little knowledge of the characteristics of the land, the traditional rights of communities already living
there, or the conservation importance of forest ecosystems. The negative effects of uninformed land allocation
decisions were exacerbated when concessions were awarded to companies and individuals with no experience intimber harvesting, supervised by forestry officials lacking the political support, incentives, and resources to providemeaningful oversight of harvesting operations (Barber et. al. 1994). These weak forest management institutions
resulted in inefficient extraction of timber, unnecessary damage to remaining trees, excessive waste wood left in theforest, unnecessarily severe impacts on animal populations, soil erosion, and stream pollution (World Bank 1995).
Short duration concession contracts, low government royalties on timber, and weak performance supervision givethe concessionaires little incentive to reduce timber waste, mitigate environmental impacts, or sustain ably manage
their concessions (Barber et. al. 1994). Virtually all of the lowland forests in Sumatra and most of the economicallyharvestable lowland forest in Kalimantan have been logged, leaving behind a legacy of social and ecologicaldisruption, with little thought to sustain ably managing the logged forests.

2)In 1982/83
Backgroundof Forest Fireone of the largest forest fires in this century raged for several months through an estimated 5 million haof Borneo's tropical rainforests. The Indonesian province East Kalimantan was the area worst hit by the burning.
Since then, fire has been a recurring feature of the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, burning large areas in 1986,
1991, 1994 and 1997.
Since the 1986 fires, Indonesia has been at odds with neighboring Malaysia and Singapore, as the haze from thesefires covered the South East Asian region for weeks, causing health problems, disruption of shipping and aviation,and culminating in the closure of international airports. Economic losses and ecological damage were enormous. In
1991 Indonesia asked for international help.

3)MuchCausesof Forest Fireof the haze was caused by huge conversion burns in order to prepare land for pulp wood and oil palm

plantations. The use of fire is officially forbidden, but every company uses fire, because this is the only viable andeconomic method of reducing the huge amounts of biomass. The underlying cause is hence the policy that targets
to convert 500.000 ha of forests every year into plantations. This policy needs to be revised immediately.
Plantations should be established in the abundant areas of already degraded and unproductive land, and not throughconversion of remaining rain forests. This of course, is much less profitable because there is no marketable timberyields to provide huge profits at the time when the plantation is prepared. The establishment of a pulp woodplantation is profitable only because of the marketable timber, which is logged prior to planting, and the highsubsidies paid from the reforestation fund. But pulp wood plantations carry an extreme fire risk and work only for
one rotation if at all. Then the soils are exhausted and savanna is what will be left behind.
When logging companies enter into a new area, they automatically bring with them the fire problem. They are
opening up the forests and making them more susceptible to forest fires through roads, logging waste, bulldozing
through the stands and opening up the canopy and finally, by bringing in people as the source of fire. But theyusually don't have a fire management concept nor are they prepared to handle wildfire emergencies. Many of theforests in Kalimantan can be used to sustain ably, but fire is a crucial factor. Fires have now burned through all
types of vegetation. Where ground fires burned through primary or logged-over forests they left behind a hugevolume of dead trees as potential fuel for the next fire. There is a chance for these forests to recover, but anotherfire would mean the death penalty. So, timber companies have to be forced to do the utmost to protect themagainst fire and rehabilitate them where appropriate. In the future companies should only be given licenses for theirannual cut when they prove to have a sufficient record in fire prevention and control.
A very complex but crucial factor is land use and land tenure policies. Basically all the forests are public forests.
But people do live in and around the forest and many of them are newcomers. They don't have a traditional
attachment to the forests or live in-tune with their natural environment like the Dayak tribes. In general people do
not have the right to own or even use the forest. So they don't care for the forest when they cultivate a piece ofland for their livelihood using fire. If an agricultural burn gets out of control and some public forest burns, who cares?
There are impressive examples, that people do protect the forests from fire, when they have the right to use its
products. The land tenure system urgently needs revision.
There is no lack of laws, though too often laws are contradictory and inconsistent, but law enforcement isparticularly weak or almost non-existent. Too often public servants have to top-up their miserable salaries byturning a blind eye on unlawful activities in the forests.
Arson and land speculation has played an important role also during the 1997/98 drought. Stories are being of thatmany fires being lit in areas where people anticipated mining or plantation companies showing up in the near future.
They would pretend to cultivate this land and ask for compensation. Other stories are of plantation companies
burning the land of Dayak people who have traditional rights and rattan gardens and don't want to move out, oftimber plantations being set ablaze as revenge for taking away a person's land. Illegal loggers are said to use fire to
distract forests guards.
And finally, the economic crisis and the drought that caused crops to fail have added to people's hardship andcaused fire to become a large-scale hunting tool. People would set forests ablaze with the objective to catch turtles
or hunt dear.

4)ThePreventing
from the Forest Fire
most important steps to be taken to tackle the real causes of the fires and the haze are a revision ofIndonesia's forest conversion policy and the policy on land use rights, law enforcement against timber companies
and all too often well-known illegal loggers, a comprehensive fire management plan compulsory for timber andplantation companies and last but not least help for the poor to overcome their hardship so that they don't have todevastate the forest.

Fight fires is not the conclusion of forest fire, because Indonesia in principle does not have a fire-fighting problem.
Indonesia has the problem that too many people set too many fires, for whatever reason. There is the key toovercome this region's haze and fire problem. Hence it is pointless to focus on fire fighting, though of course suchcapacities are also urgently needed. It should not go unmentioned that it is not Indonesia alone, but the economic
involvement of the whole region, including Singapore and Malaysia which contributes to the fire and haze problem.