2123

45

3(a taking(a left‑behind142

5(rights ofof access)

LBP
exeac63(1)7nationalMissing and Exploited

89JO(2)411{1)

12

13(3)

14

15

5(1)

16

17

18

19

20

21

(1)

Nigel Lowe & Michael Nicholls, International Movement of Children, 2. ed. (LexisNexis,2016), para. 13.1, R o b George et al., Relocation: A Practical Guide, 2. ed. (Family Law,2016), para. 1.8.

22(3)(2019)(4) Children Act(2014)

(5)

(6)

(7)
(8) George et al, supra note (1), para. 1.29.

(http://www.moj.go.jp/contenc/001318629.

(10)

Permanent Bureau of H C C H , "Preliminary Note on International Family Relocation,”

Prel. Doc. N o 11 (2012), pp.

at https://assecs.hcch.nec/upload/wop/abduct2012

pdlle.pdf.
(11)

Family Law Act(12)Family Law Act(13) Children Act(14)supra note (1) , para.

23

Report on the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention ,”Elisa
83, 84, at:
Schuz, the Hague Child Convention (Hart Publishing, 2013), p.

supra note (15),(17)

66, 68.

Schuz, supra note (15), p.

supra note (15), para. 71; Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria), July 11, 1990,
C A D A T H C / E / A T 572.

supra note (, para. 71.

supra note (, para. 71.

'~ctes et documents de la

6octobre 1980," Working Document N o 5‑ Proposal of the Canadian delegation, p. 267, at
h ttps://assets.hcch. nee/docs/05998e0c‑af56‑4

t22J Abbott v. Abbott, 130 S. Ct. 1983 (2010), I N C A D A T : HC/E/USf 1029.

“ What isof Custody for Convention Purposes?” of I N C A D A T : HC/E/U S f 1029; Lowe & Nicholls, supra note (1),& Nicholls, supra note (1),House of Lords (United Kingdom‑England and Wales), 2 March 2000 Re H. (A Minor)

24(Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2000] 2 A C 291, I N C A D A T HC/E/UKe 268.
Lowe & Nicholls, supra note (1). para. 19.84.

(26)

Permanent Bureau of HCCH ,“ Conclusions and Recommendations of the Fourth Meetingof the Special Commission to Review the Operation of the Hague Convention of 25 Octoｷ
her 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (22‑28 March 2001) ,'’200 I. para. 7 .3, at https://assers.hcch.net/upload/concl28sc4̲e.pdf.
Permanent Bureau of the HCCH ,“ Conclusions of the Special Commission of M a y 2000
General Affairs and Policy of the Conference,'’ Prel. Doc. N o 10 (2000), p. 34, para. D, at
https://assets.hcch.net/docs/al(31)Permanent Bureau of H C C H , supra note (29), para. 7.3.

(32)

William Duncan ,“ Transfrontier Access/Contact and the Hague Convention of 25 Octoｷ

her 1980 on the Civil Aspects of Internacional Child Abduction. A Preliminary Report ,”Prel. Doc. no 4 (2001), para.8 (c), at

Freeman,“ Relocation: The ReｷResearch,” 2009, pp.

at

Bureau ofand Recommendations of the Fifth Meetingof the Special Commission co review the Operation of the Hague Convention of 25 October1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and the Practical lmplementaｷtion of the Hague Convention of 19 October 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recogniｷtion,

Measures for the Protection of Children (30 October ‑ 9 November2006) adopted by the Special Commission,” paras. 1.7.4, 1.7.S, at https://assers.hcch.ner/upｷload/concl28sc5& International Centre forand Exploited Children, The Judges' Newsletter.

Edition No. I: International Judicial

on CrossｷBorder Family Relocation 23ｷ25

D. C United States2010) ,pp. 5ｷ6, at https://assecs.hcch.ner/upload/jn̲special201

25

supra note (15), pp.
Practice in the UnitedPeter J. Messitte,“ Relocation of Children: Law andin H C C H & International Centre for Missing and ExploitedChildren, supra note (35), p. 28.

00

Payne v Payne [2001] E W C A C I V 166, [2001] 1 F L R

V[2011] E W C A C I V 793, [2012] 2 F L R

George et aL, supra note (I), pp.

supra note (36), pp.

Bureau of HCCH ,“ Questionnaire

desirability andof a proｭ

cocol to the Hague Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International
Child Abduction ,'’ Prel. Doc. N o 2 (20 IO), at.https://www.hcch.net/en/publicaｭ
details4/?pid=5292&dtid=33.
Permanent Bureau of H C C H , supra note (IO), pp.
p.9.
(42) Special Commission on the practical operation of the 1980 and 1996 Hague Conventions
OctoberCouncil on Generaland Recommendations,” 2017, p. 4, at https://assets.
and Policy of the Conference (17‑20 April 2012 ),“ Conclusions and Recommendations," 2012, para. 7, at https://assets.hcch.net/upload/wop/gap
20 l2concl̲en. pdf.
on Generaland Policy of the Conference (MarchExplanatory Note on ho w an agreement madearea of family law involving children

can be recognized and enforced in a foreign State under the 1980 Hague Child Abduction
Convention, the 1996 Hague Child Protection Convention and the 2007 Hague Child Supｭ
port Convention, in “ Revised draft Practical Guide:
ment of agreementsin the course of family

N o 4 (2019), paras.

at https://assets.hcch.net/docs/97681

and enforceｭchildren,” Prel. Doc.

26

Council on General
Policy of che Conference (March 2019), supra noteand,para.

on General Affairs and Policy of che Conference (15‑17 March 2016 ),“ Conclusions and Recommendations,” 2016, para. 17, ac~9) Council on General Affairs and Policy of the Conference
sions andparas.

March 2019 ),“ Conclu-ac hctps://assecs.hcch.net/docs/c4

ab4a56.pdf.

(Council on General Affairs and Policy of the Conference (March 2019 ),“ Revised draft
Practical Guide: Cross‑border recognition and enforcement of agreements reached in thecourse of family maccers involving children ,” supra note (45) , para.
on General Affairs and Policy of the Conference (March 2019), supra note (4 5) ,para. 2.
$~ Id., paras. 134‑148.

on Generaland Policy (March 2020 ),“ Overview of the findings of theExperts' Group on cross‑border recognition and enforcement of agreements in family maccers
involving children in relation co the development of a normative instrument," Info. Doc. 2(2020), paras.

atof Europe ,“ Recommendation C M / R e c (2015) 4 of the Committee of Ministers
co member States on preventing and resolving disputes on child relocation,” at https://rm.
coe.int/ I6807096c9.

Trans.frontier Contact Concerning Children‑Generaland a Guide to Good

Practice (Family Law, 2008), para. 8.2, atnote (32), para. 8 (c); H C C H ,1996 Hague Child Protection Convention (2014), para. 13.24, aton thedocs/

27
supra note (55), para. 8.4; Georgeta/., supra note (1), para. 2.59.

Georg et al, supra note (1), p. 45 fn. 92.

et al, supra noce (1), para. 2.60.

(2016)(64)

HCCH ,“ Oucline 1996 Hague Child Protection Convention," 2008, p. 1, at hcrps://www.

euromed‑juscice.eu/en/syscem/flles/20090707140300̲HCCH.190ct 1996.0utlineoftheConvencion.pdf.

of Europe, supra note (54), p.

.

Rauscher, Art. 1 Brussel Ila‑VO Rdnr. 24,
in Europiiischesund Kollisionsrecht Kommentar (sellier. European law publishers,28Paul Lagarde,“ Explanatory Report on che 1996 Hague Child Protection Convention ,”para. 86, at hccps://assecs.hcch.net/upload/expl34.pdf; H C C H , supra note(69)

H C C H , supra note (56),(71} H C C H , supra note (56), para. 13.22.
(72)

Lagarde, supra note (67), para. 129, at(73)

H C C H , supra note,para. 8.5. l; H C C H , supra note (56), para. 13.27.

(74)

H C C H , supra note,para. 8.5.4; H C C H , supra note (56), para. 13.27.

29

H C C H , supra note,para. 8.5.4; H C C H , supra notepara. 13.27

Regulation (EC) N o 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction
and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial

mattersof parental responsibility, repealing Regulation (EC) N o 1347/2000 (OJ L 338, 23.12.2003,pp.

(COM/2016/0411(Council Regulation (EU) 2019/1111 of 25 June 2019 onrecognition andenforcement of decisions in matrimonial matters and the maners of parental responsibility,
and on international child abduction (OJ L 178, 2.7.2019, p.

Commission,“ ~doprion of new

better protect children caught incross‑border parental disputes ,” Press Corner, 25 June 2019, at https://ec.europa.eu/commi

Lowe & Nicholls, supra note (1), para. 4.14.
Lowe & Nicholls, supra note (1), para. 4.17; Bettina Heiderhoff, Brilssel Ila‑VO Art.9,
Rdnr. 3, in: Munchener Kommentar zum BGB, 7. Aufl. (CH.Beck, 2018).

supra note (1), paras. 4.14‑4.16; Nigel L O W E , The Impact of the30
vised Brussels II, Regulation on Cross‑Border Relocation, in H C C H & International Centrefor Missing and Exploited Children, supra note (34), p. 71; Rauscher, supra note (65), Arc. 9Brussel Ila‑VO1‑2.

et al, supra note (1), para. 2.66.
(Lowe, supra note (82), p.

supra note (,Arc. 9 Brussel Ila‑VO Rdnr.

Commission, Practice Guide

theof the Brussels Ila Regulation(2016), para. 3.6.1, fn. 47, at https:/1op.europa.eu/en/publication‑detail/‑/publicacion/(96)

Committee on the Rights of the Child ,“ Concluding observations on the combined fourthof27, at31

Parliament,“ Resolution of 8 July 2020 on the international and domestic parenｭ
tal abduction of E U children in(RSP), at https://oeil.secure.europarl.

europa.eu/oeil/popups/prindkheglobal. pdf?id=? 12517 &l=en.

supra note (67), para. 86; H C C H , supra note (56),011.t Lagarde, supra note (67),supra note (67),

H C C H , supra note

H C C H , supra note (56), para. 9.15, example 9 (E).

para. 9.14.

32

Committee on the Rights

Child, supra note (4) , para. 27, at https://www.