ASIAN DISASTER REDUCTION CENTER
Visiting Researcher Program(FY2019A)

Turkey Country Report 2019

ADRC Visiting Researcher
Ozgur Tuna OZMEN
Disaster and Emergency Management Agency (AFAD)
Ministry of Interior, Turkey

Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries. The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect theviews of the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on
the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the
ADRC.

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Contents
1. General Information .............................................................................................. 4
1.1 Geographical data ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.2 Climate information --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
1.3 Demographic data ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
1.4 Economic ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
2. Natural Disaster in Turkey ..................................................................................... 8
2.1 Natural Hazard Profile------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
2.1.1 Earthquake------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
2.1.2 Flood ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11
2.1.3 Landslide ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
2.1.4 Forest Fires ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
2.2 Recent Major Disasters -------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
3. Turkey Disaster Management System ................................................................ 21
3.1 Instituonal and Legal Framework -------------------------------------------------------- 21
3.1.1 National Policy and Legal Framework ------------------------------------------- 21
3.1.2 National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction -------------------------------- 24
3.1.3 National DRM legislations ---------------------------------------------------------- 25
3.1.4 Cooperation---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
3.1.5 Implementation ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
3.1.6 Evaluation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 33
3.1.7 International Lessons Learned ---------------------------------------------------- 34
3.2 Responsibilities and Capasities for DRM ---------------------------------------------- 34
3.3 International Cooperations ---------------------------------------------------------------- 35
3.3.1 Scientific Development -------------------------------------------------------------- 35
3.3.2 Statistical Data ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37
3.3.3 Regional Cooperation --------------------------------------------------------------- 39
4. Disaster Management Strategy, Policy and Plan................................................. 41
4.1 National Strategy for Disaster Management of Turkey ----------------------------- 43
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4.2 National Earthquake Strategy and Action Plan (UDSEP-2023) ---------------- 43
4.3 Turkey National Disaster Response Plan (TAMP) --------------------------------- 44
5. Budget Size on National Level ............................................................................ 49
6. Recent Projects on Disaster Risk Reduction ....................................................... 50
6.1 Turkey Integrated Disaster Hazard Map Project ------------------------------------- 50
6.2 TAF-RISK ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51
6.3 Disaster Sensiitive Settlement Convenience Maps of Turkey (TADYUS) ----- 52
6.4 Disaster Management and Decision Support System (AYDES) ----------------- 54
6.5 Disaster Temporary City Management System (AFKEN) ------------------------- 58
6.6 Turkey Ready for Disaster ---------------------------------------------------------------- 59
6.7 Turkey Earthquake Data Center System (TDVMS) --------------------------------- 60
6.8 Integrated Warning and Alarm System (IKAS) --------------------------------------- 60
6.9 The Technological Disasters Road Map ----------------------------------------------- 62
7. Counterpart of ADRC .......................................................................................... 63
8. References ......................................................................................................... 64

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Turkey
1. General Information
1.1 Geographical data
Turkeyisa transcontinental country

locatedmainlyon

the Anatolian

peninsula in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast
Europe. East Thrace, the part of Turkey in Europe, is separated from Anatolia by the Sea ofMarmara, the Bosphorous strait and the Dardanelles. The Asian part of the country - Anatolia
is a high hilly plateau with narrow coastal plains. Its northern part is covered by
the Pontic and Köroğlu mountain ranges, the southern by Taurus Mountains. Eastern Turkey
has a more mountainous landscape. The rivers Euphrates, Tigris and Aras spring there.
Anatolia is surrounded by the Black Sea to the north, Aegean Sea to the West and theMediterranean Sea to the south. The European part is covered by parts of Eastern Thrace
plane and Strandzha mountain. It is separated by Anatolia (Asia Minor) by the Black Sea,
Bosphorus, Marmara, Dardanelles and Aegean Sea. Turkey is bordered by Greece andBulgaria

toits

northwest;

Georgiatoitsnortheast;

Armenia,the

Azerbaijani

exclave of Nakhichevan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south, covering thearea of 785,347 square kilometers with a total coastline of 8,430 km. Istanbul is the largest
city while Ankara is the capital (Figure1).

Figure 1. Geographic Location of Turkey

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1.2 Climate information
The climate in Turkey varies according to the region. Generally, the country’s climate
is moderate. The Black Sea region is moderate and rainy; the south and Aegean region
feature a Mediterranean climate; and the central, east and southeast regions have acontinental climate. Most of the coastal areas have a high level of relative humidity during
most of the year which makes hot weather feel hotter and cold weather feel colder than it
actually is.

1.3 Demographic data
Turkey is divided into 81 administrative provinces and 7 geographical regions (Figure2). The first census in Turkey was conducted in 1923; the census had been conducted inevery year ending with 0 and 5 digits during the period falling between years 1930-1990.
According to the results of the last 2016 Address Based Census, the population of Turkey is
82.003.882.

Figure 2. Regions of Turkey
While the male population is 41.139.980 people, the female population is 40.863.902
people. According to this, 50.2% of the total population is male and 49.8% is female. In 2018,
the ratio of the population in the 15-64 age group (working age) increased by 1.4% comparedto the previous year and was realized as 67.8%. The proportion of the 0-14 age group,
defined as the child age group, declined to 23.4%, and the proportion of the population aged
65 and over increased to 8.8%. Annual population growth rate was 8 12.4 in 2017 and ı 14.7
in 2018.
According to TurkStat data, population density is expressed as "A number of people
per square kilometer," Turkey in general and has increased by 2 to 107 people in comparison
for 2017. Istanbul is the province with the highest population density with 2,900 people per
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square kilometer. This is respectively followed by Kocaeli with 528 people and İzmir with 360
people. The province with the lowest population density is Tunceli with 12 people per square
kilometer as in the previous year. The population density of Konya, which ranks first in termsof surface area, is 57 and the population density of Yalova with its smallest area is 310 people.
In 2017, the proportion of those residing in provincial and district centers was 92.5%, which
was 92.3% in 2018. The rate of residents living in towns and villages was 7,7%.

1.4 Economic
Turkey is a free market economy that can change hands in the process of thecompetition rules, leading the economy's private and public sector to play a regulatory role in
the implementation of liberal foreign trade policy as the barrier between the goods andservices to individuals and institutions.
A great emphasis has been given to structural reforms in the economy in recent years
in Turkey. Over the past period, the privatization process has accelerated, which broughtorder to the public finances as well as agriculture. Different enterprises tarting from thefinancial markets, social security, significant reforms in sectors such as energy andcommunication were carried out.
Infrastructure of economic institutions has been enhanced through reforms, and thecreation of autonomous institutions economy against the fluctuations that may occur in theinternational market has become more resistant. Capital markets have been revised inaccordance with the approaches to the modern era, and most bureaucratic obstacles havebeen removed, or have been brought to the minimum size.
Economic Developments: with the world's 18th and Europe's 7th largest economy,
Turkey, which is an active member of the G-20, represents one of the most powerful
economies in the world.
The Turkish economy achieved a period of economic slowdown in 2008 and 9.2%
respectively in 2010 and 2011 after shrinking in 2009 and 8.5% growth rate, the economy
contracted in many countries due to the global financial crisis. In the 2002-2014 period, due
to the average GDP growth rate of 4.9% and 5.4% in 2010-2014, development plants wereprepared. In the first nine months of 2015, the growth rate was achieved by 3.4%. In 2017, it
was realized as 7,4% and as 2,6 % in 2018. In this context, the per capita GDP in the year
2002 reached 3.492 US dollars and in 2018 10.000 US dollars.
Medium-Term Programme (2016-2018), based in Turkey, is 2,3% in 2019, while in2020 is expected to capture the growth rate of 3,5 and 5% in 2021.
Foreign Trade: Turkey has been pursuing a growth-oriented trade policy since the1980s. The economic reforms carried out by import restrictions have been lifted, protectionist
policies released and foreign exchange transactions reduced.
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As a result of the economic reforms implemented in recent years, volume andstructure of the trade have changed greatly.
In 2015, Turkey's trade volume reached 351 billion US dollars, while exports wererealized as 144 billion US dollars. The main target export for the year 2023, the centenary of
the founding of the Republic of Turkey, is to increase the level of 500 billion US dollars.
Turkey's foreign trade statistics for the last five years are presented below in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Turkey`s Foreign Trade.
Tourism: due to its rich geography and historical riches that Turkey has, it also has astrong infrastructure not only in coastal tourism, health, culture, religion, sports, caves,hunting, upland and in areas such as conference tourism. Located between the world's top
10 tourism destinations in 2018, 45 million foreign visitors have made entry to Turkey, andtourism revenues reached 29,5 billion dollars.
Monetary Policy: the monetary policy implemented in Turkey has played an
important role in controlling inflation over the last decade and achieving macro-economic
stability. Inflation, which is one of the priorities of the government in the last 30 years, reduced
to single digits in the middle of the year 2000.
Consumer price index became 20,30% in 2018.

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2. Natural Disasters in Turkey
2.1 Natural Hazard Profile
Turkey, due to its geological and topographic structure and climatic features,
frequently faces natural disasters. Besides loss of lives, natural disasters also bring aboutsignificant economic loss for Turkey (Özmen, 2005).
Various natural disasters often occur in Turkey at various times. Earthquakes, floods,
landslides, avalanches and rock falls are among the most frequent disasters experienced in
Turkey (Ildır, 1995).
Due to its tectonic and geological structure, topography and climatic features, Turkey
time to time faced various natural disasters (Table 1). In consideration of probable andpotential disasters, such disasters could result in considerable loss of lives, injuries and lossof property. Taking the geological and geomorphological structure of our country into account,earthquakes being in the first place, various disasters such as landslides, floods, overflows,
and rock falls are experienced. Besides, forest fires and erosion are among important natural
disasters that Turkey face. These disasters also bering about important environmental
problems.
Number of people lost their lives in Turkey at natural disasters occurred in the last 70
years is 100.000, number of damaged houses is 600.000, and number of houses affectedfrom earthquakes by some means is around 500.000. 1000 people on average die atearthquakes each year, 2100 injured and 7000 buildings damaged (Keleş, 2002; Erdik, 1999;
Kiper, 2001).

Table 1. Some of Natural Disasters Occurred in Turkey (2000 - 2015)

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As seen in the above table, natural disasters caused considerable loss of lives andproperty even in recent history of Turkey. Because of natural disasters such as earthquakes,
landslides, floods, avalanche, extreme winter conditions, storms and fires, over 60.000
people died in Turkey since the beginning of 20th Century, 35.000 people injured, over
145.000 buildings demolished, and over 1.350.000, buildings damaged (TR, MoI, Disasterand Emergency Management Authority).
2.1.1 Earthquake
Turkey has frequently suffered from major damaging earthquakes since the lastcentury. Epicenters of this destructive earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 5.5 (Ms)that occurred in the period 1900-1995 and present earthquakes with magnitudes greater than
4.0 from 1989 to 1995 were relocated to understand the long-term variations in seismic
activity and to compare with present seismic activity. They are particularly concentrated in
the segment boundaries of the main active faults and this shows that there are fourteen or
fifteen probable spatial seismic gaps enraptured in the last century. The present earthquakes
have occurred at the boundaries of these enraptured segments which are the probable sitesof the next earthquakes to be occurred in the future. These seismic gaps represent doughnut
pattern which is a kind of temporal seismic gap in the present seismicity from 1989 to 1996.
Based on the relocated epicenters of these earthquakes, these boundaries have revealed to
distinguish seismic segments along the main active tectonic lines. These segmentation will
provide a basis for earthquake hazard analysis in the near future by using initiation andtermination points of the ruptures that control the rupture lengths determined in this study.
The distribution of the seismic gaps which deserve attention mentioned above are as
follows with respect to the main active tectonic regions: 4 gaps in the Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus arc region(Gökova Bay, northern part of Antalya Bay, the segment between Antalya Bay
and Arnavut prominent of Cyprus and Zafer prominent of Cyprus andİskendurun Bay,
 2 or 3 gaps in the Eastern Anatolian Fault (the segment between Ceyhan and
Türkoğlu junction, the segment between Türkoğlu junction and Çelikhan andthe Hazar lake segment)
 3 gaps in the North Anatolian Fault (the segment between Karlıova and theErzincan segment, the Geyve segment and 1894 segment)
 4 gaps in the East Anatolian Contractional province (Yüksekova segment, Vansegment, Ardahan segment and Çayırlı-Aşkale segment)
 1 gap in the Aegean Graben System (the segment, northwest of Argithani)

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Temporal (20-year intervals) and spatial variations in seismic activity over past century
in and around Turkey were investigated in terms of long-term earthquake forecasting toprovide a basis for short-term prediction. Briefly summing up the activity this period, therewas (1) an active period (1900-1920) prior to the great Erzincan earthquake (Ms=7.9), whichis the biggest quake in Turkey, (2) active period (1921-1940) of the eastern part of the North
Anatolian Fault including the great Erzincan Earthquake of December 26, 1939 andincreasing activity in Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus arc region, (3) the
western part of the North Anatolian Fault is very active in the period of 1941-1960 after the1939 earthquake, (4) the subsequent quiescent period (1961-1980) in the NAF, increasing
activity in the eastern segment (Varto segment) of the 1939 rupture and decreasing activity
in the subduction zone and (5) Overall quiescent period from 1981 up to present andgradually increasing activity in the Eastern Anatolian Fault that is the most probable site of
the next earthquake sequence in the coming century.

Figure 4. Earthquakes (M>4.0) Occurring 1900-2015 in Turkey
As shown in Figure 4, earthquakes bigger than M 4.0 are concentrated along the main
fault zones; the North Anatolian Fault System, East Anatolian Fault System, Aegean Graben
System and Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus Arc.
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2.1.2 Flood

Figure 5. Flood Map by Spatial Distrubition
Flooding occurred in all provinces of Turkey (Figure 5). Total number of flood incidents
are 4067 and 22157 people were affected by floods between1944-2008 (Table 2). After
earthquakes, floods are the most economically damaging natural disasters (Figure 6).
According to available data, floods cause approximately 100 million $ of damages
related to economical loss each year.

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Figure 6. Number of Flood Events and Loss of Life During Periods of 1955-1969, 19701997, 1998-2012

Table 2. Number of disasters and disaster victims according to disaster type

According to table, earthquakes, landslides, and floods are disasters causing the mostdamage in Turkey. This data summarizes the overall disaster profile of Turkey for the past
50 years and consists of evaluations of the database of AFAD (Disaster and Emergency
Management Authority).

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Table 3. Search and Rescue Operations in 2012 by Provincial Directorates

At present times in Turkey, there is a wide range of actors that are involved in the flood
management sector, be it before, during or after the flood events. Their fields of competencies
may include, protection works and river management, land use policies, civil protection,
disasterandemergency

response,landmanagement,riskmanagement,

hydrometeorology…
 Directorate General of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ), Directorate General of Water Management (SYGM), Directorate General of State Meteorological Service (MGM), Metropolitan Municipalities,
 Local Authorities(governorships and municipalities), Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD)

2.1.3 Landslide
As is known, excessive casualties and damages are experienced in many parts of theworld due to disasters. Extremely high economic losses are suffered. Furthermore, besides
these direct losses, loss of markets, production, and labor, unemployment, andenvironmental damage should be taken into consideration. Thus, it is evident that the actual
losses are far beyond the estimated ones. It is a fact that Turkey has all conditions required
for natural disasters due to its geologic, geomorphologic, and climate characteristics.
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Furthermore, unplanned urbanization and uncontrolled population increase are importantfactors triggering the increase of losses. Many citizens have lost their lives, and immense
economic losses have been incurred to date in Turkey due to natural disasters. Table 5
provides an assessment demonstrating this.
Table 4. Number of disasters and disaster victims according to disaster type (Gökçe
et al., 2008).

Earthquakes, landslides, and floods are disasters causing the most damage in Turkey(Table 4). This data summarizes the overall disaster profile of Turkey for the past 50 years
and consists of evaluations of the database of AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management
Presidency), furthermore, when the distribution of disaster types affecting settlements(province, district, township, and village) based on the said database is examined (Table 6),
earthquakes, floods, and landslides once again appear to be the disaster types causing themost damage.
Table 5. Number of settlements affected by disasters according to disaster type
(Gökçe et al., 2008).

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When Table 4 and Table 5 are evaluated together, even though rock-falls have been
dealt with separately in these tables, if rock-falls are fundamentally considered to be included
under landslide types and mass movements, it can be said that landslides are the disastertype having the most damaging effect for Turkey.
Considering geological and geomorphologic properties, the Black Sea Region, inparticular, as well as the Eastern Anatolian and Central Anatolian Regions include areas
where landslides frequently occur in Turkey. In the study carried out by Gökçe et al. (2008)
analyzing the spatial and statistical dispersion of disasters, 13494 of disasters are recorded
to be landslides and 2956 are recorded to be rock-fall in the disaster data inventory among
disasters occurring in Turkey between 1950 and 2008. The total number of disaster victims
affected is given as 78,767 for the abovementioned two types of natural disasters (Gökçe etal., 2008). Another concern emphasized in the mentioned study is the observation of alandslide incident in 5472 settlements (% 15.31) out of 35741 kept in the concerned database(province, district, township, municipality and villages). This rate is 1703 (% 4.76) for rockfalls; the number of incidents and locational distribution of landslide and rock-falls according
to provinces have been presented in Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9 and Figure 10.

Figure 7. Locational distribution of landslides in Turkey between 1950 and 2008 (Gökçe etal., 2008).

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Figure 8. Distribution of the number of landslide incidents occurring in Turkey between 1950
and 2008 as to the provinces (Gökçe et al., 2008).

Figure 9. Locational distribution of rock-falls occurring in Turkey between 1950 and 2008
(Gökçe et al., 2008).

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Figure 10. Distribution of the number of rock-fall incidents occurring in Turkey between
1950 and 2008 as to the provinces.
The landslides of 1929, 1950, 1952, 1985, 1988, and 1990 in Turkey, caused loss oflife and property to a great extent, particularly in the Black Sea Region. The Tortum, Geyve,
Ayancık, Sinop, Of, Sürmene, Sera/Trabzon and Maçka/Çatak landslides are some of them.
For example, 65 people lost their lives and substantial damage arouse due to the landslideon 21.06.1990 in the Maçka/Çatak region following heavy rainfall (Öztürk, 2002). Anotherdebris/mud flow type landslide on 13 July 1995 in Senirkent (Isparta) caused 74 casualties
and buried thousands of houses under the earth. 15 people died and the village mosque and21 houses were buried under the earth after a landslide on 17.03.2005 in the Kuzulu
neighbourhood of the Sugözü village of the Koyulhisar district of Sivas province. The volumeof the material moving at the time of the landslide was approximately 12.5 million m3 and thelandslide occurred in the form of rotational instability. As a result of the landslide on
26.08.2010 in the Gündoğdu town of the Rize province, 13 citizens lost their lives andsubstantial damage was suffered. These landslides records are reflected in the press and it
can be said that the problem of landslide in Turkey is of much more critical extents
considering thousands of other landslides, which could not be kept in records and occurredaway from settlements.
As it can be understood from these examples, landslides and consequent damages
in Turkey are extremely important. Considering the number of natural disaster types (Figure14) occurring in Turkey between 1900 and 2014, it can be said that landslides (the numberof ones kept in records and occurring in settlements) occur much more frequently, taking thenumber of unrecorded ones into consideration, and that arising loss and damages are much
more than expected or estimated.

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2.1.3 Forest Fires
The Turkey National Progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework
for Action (2013-2015) indicates: “Forest Fire Early Warning System and Fire Management
System” has been established by the General Directorate of Forestry under the Ministry ofForest and Water Affairs in order to prevent forest fires. The primary element of extinguishingforest fires is early detection and early response. Notices concerning the forest fires arecollected through the 775 Forest Fire Observation Tower personnel, who are on duty 24
hours during the summer; Early Warning and Observation System (OYEUS) that is carriedout by TÜBITAK and Bilkent University and the calls that citizens make to the 177 Free Forest
Fire Detection line.

2.2 Recent Major Disaster
Turkey is prone to three main types of natural disaster: earthquakes, floods andlandslides. The majority of the population (72 %) live in seismically active areas (Figure 11)
and earthquakes have caused two-thirds of total disaster losses over the last century, with
16 % due to landslides and 15 % due to floods.

Figure 11. Seismic Zones in Turkey
The Major disasters occurred in Turkey and their economic impacts were shown in
Figure 12.

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Figure 12. Disaster Ranking in Terms of Economic Demages and Killed People.
Earthquake (1999) - the 7.4 magnitude Marmara Sea region earthquake on August
17, 1999 that centered around Golcuk in the province of Kocaeli was really a succession ofseveral major earthquakes, each triggering the next one. The length of the observable faulting
was 130 km, and cut a narrow swath of destruction through Yalova, Karamursel, Golcuk,
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Izmit (capital of Kocaeli province), Adapazari and Duzce within Bolu. The number of certified
deaths in this event are 20,000, with 50,000 injuries. Close to 350,000 residential andcommercial units were destroyed. This calamity caused widespread destruction also to majortransportation routes, sea front facilities, factories, refineries and the many industrial units in
Kocaeli that accounts for 35 percent of Turkey's GDP. Sakarya was similarly impacted.
Though it is improbable according to conventional seismological circumstances, amagnitude-7.2 earthquake hit Duzce on November 12, 1999 (86 days after the first shock)that caused further destruction in that area.
Earthquake (2011) - the 2011 Van earthquakes occurred in eastern Turkey near thecity of Van. The first earthquake happened on 23 October at 13:41 local time. The shock had
a Mw magnitude of 7.1 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). It occurred at ashallow depth, causing heavy shaking across much of eastern Turkey and lighter tremors
across neighboring parts of the South Caucasus and Levant. The earthquake killed 604 andinjured 4,152 people. At least 11,232 buildings sustained damage in the region, 6,017 ofwhich were found to be uninhabitable. The uninhabitable homes left as much as 8,321
households with an average household population of around 7.6 homeless in the province;
this could mean that at least around 60,000 people were left homeless. The other 5,215 havebeen damaged but are habitable. A separate earthquake within the same earthquake systemhappened on 9 November at 21:23 local time (19:23 UTC). 40 people were killed and 260
people were injured in the 9 November earthquake.
Flood (1998) - in 1998, in May and August there were floods in the Black Sea regionand some 2.2 million persons over an area of 37,000 sq. km were affected. Although lessthan 100 people lost their lives.
Earthquake (1992) - on 13 March, the 1992 Erzincan earthquake struckeastern Turkey with a Mw magnitude of 6.7 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe).
Originating on the North Anatolian Fault, it rocked the country, leaving at least 498 people
dead, roughly 2,000 injured.
Earthquake (1998) - on June 27, 1998, a major earthquake with a magnitude of 6.2
occurred near Ceyhan, in the Mediterranean region. This earthquake was felt over manyurban centers in the area, and caused 145 deaths and either destroyed or seriously damaged
25,000 residential or commercial units.

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3. Turkey Disaster Management System
3.1 Institutional and Legal Framework
3.1.1 National Policy and Legal Framework
Turkey is located on a high-risk geography that is heavily affected from disasters due toits geological structure, topography and climactic characteristics. Turkey has learned some
bitter lessons from the disasters it has experienced, and has consequently abandoned thecrisis management mentality and taken necessary steps to prioritize risk management indisaster management.
In this scope, promoting a culture of risk prevention and mitigation in the society,accelerating training activities, using modern technologies and communication facilities,
expanding cooperation at the local, regional and international level and playing a leading rolein these platforms are among Turkey priority objectives. We have to make Turkey strategic
policies and prepare for the unexpected based on the foresight that the global climate change
and instability.
Because of the lessons learned from management and coordination problems inparticular from the earthquake of 1999 and various subsequent disasters, the former postdisaster central-to-local crisis management mentality was replaced with pre-disastermitigation activities and local-to-central risk management. In this framework, with thefounding law passed in 2009, AFAD was established at the central level, with Disaster andEmergency Directorates attached to Governorates under Special Provincial Administrations
established at the local level. Starting to work on its strategic plan following its founding,
AFAD has extensively revised the draft strategy document in consideration of changes inhigher experiences from the Van Earthquake and studies on social disorders taking place invarious countries in the recent years. AFAD has identified its vision as:“Being a leading and coordinating organization which offers a model that can be taken
at the international level as being, based on sustainable development, riskcentered, efficient,effective and performing reliable service in the studies related to disaster and emergencies.”and its mission as “Building a disaster resilient society.”
AFAD identified its goals parallel to its vision and mission as follows:• Being a constantly developing and learning organization,• Establishing a risk-centered integrated disaster management system,• Generalizing disaster management standards, • Launching out an educational
campaign for disaster preparedness,• Being a leading organization in the international arena.

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The first of these five goals, identified on the basis of risk management, seeks toensure institutionalization and information management, as we believe that “AFAD should
first effectively manage itself in order to effectively manage disasters.” The second goal
incorporates all the steps contained in an integrated disaster management cycle, fromestablishment of support systems to execution of necessary activities, and seeks to spreadthis system nationwide. The third goal reflects the necessity to introduce standardization into
disaster management so as to ensure effective, efficient and economic utilization of all
resources with relevant actors acting within specific rules in full cooperation. One of the mostimportant pillars of integrated disaster management is society’s preparedness for hazards
and risks. An education campaign will be launched to prepare Turkey for disasters, which isplanned under objective four. The final objective of the plan is to strengthen Turkey
international relations, increase visibility and become a leading country in the international
arena in parallel with Turkey vision.
The values and principles of Turkey are the most important factors that affect the wayof doing business of organization. As a result of the studies AFAD’s values and principles
determined as follows:
Values: Dedicated, human-focused, reliable, sensitive and self-confident Principles:
Openness and transparency, participation and sharing, accountability, effectiveness andefficiency, consistency and integration
With its strategic plan, AFAD aims to: Place its decisions and actions in a strategic management framework, Plan development and change in its services, Create an organizational culture and ensure that its employees takeownership of that culture, Prepare its budget in a way that will enable it to realize the goals set in its
strategic plan, and base its resource allocations on predeterminedpriorities, and Fulfil its accountability obligation towards the public.
AFAD has structured its strategic plan to confidently carry Turkey to the year 2023
with all its axes, and has established the necessary infrastructure to put it into practice withspeed.
RELATION WITH HIGHER LEVEL POLICY DOCUMENTS
The main higher-level policy documents used when developing the plan are as
follows:

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 HYOGO Framework for Action Plan (2005-2015) NEW: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030)
 Ninth Development Plan (10th development plan) Medium Term Programme (2013 – 2015)
 60th and 61th Government Programmes
 2012 Annual Programme
 KENTGES Rural Development Plan National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan
Turkey is preparing National Framework for Disaster Management of Turkey with an
integrated approach. The Strategy covers all the phases and all the actors (Public Institutions,NGO’s, Academia, Private Sectors and Media) of the disaster management cycle andidentifies the policies and actions that can be implemented over the long run to reduce risk
and future losses. It concentrates on the prevention and mitigation phases in order to reduce
possible future risks and loses and is the guideline to manage disaster and support
sustainable development. It targets building disaster resilient community.
National Strategy for Disaster Management of Turkey is a document that makes all
institutions and organizations in the country, aware of national disaster management
understanding, concepts and strategic objectives; ensure the development of a sharedunderstanding and modality about disaster preparedness; and law down a framework about
what must be done and what must be provided to secure efficient disaster management.
Within the framework of Turkey disaster management framework is taken into
consideration as a governance model through which: Disaster management is dealt with in a multi-stakeholder structure that assigns
important responsibilities to the central government, is based on local
governance and allows the effective participation of the academia, private
sector, civil society institutions and the community.
 All systems, processes and products related to disaster management are
defined in the legislation and are established based on the technicalregulations (standardization, accreditation/designation and certification).
 Implementations are carried out with the utilization of a strong and efficient
infrastructure and capacity.
The basic policy and principles of disaster management in Turkey are consist of Risk
Focusing, Participation, Local governance, Integrity with Sustainable Development,
Continuous Development, Flexibility, Give Priority for Distinctive Systems and Domestic
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Technologies. These policies are backed by principles of transparency, accountability,
efficiency, effectiveness, scientific, environmental awareness, sustainability, availability,
flexibility, comprehensiveness, continuity and impartiality, sensibility for diversity andharmony with ecosystem.

3.1.2 National Platform for Dısaster Rısk Reductıon
The aims of the Platform are to; provide public awareness against disasters, ensure
coordination and cooperation in order to maintain disaster related issues sustainable,
assessment of needs, monitoring and evaluation of implementations in order to contribute tointegration of disaster risk reduction policies into sustainable development plans and policies
at all levels. The platform is limited by local governments to, comply with the objectives of therecord related to public institutions and organizations, professional associations, private
sector organizations, non-governmental organizations, with representatives of written and
Visual Media. However, the reduction of disaster risks internationally operating specialist
institutions and organizations may be invited to work on the platform. There are a total of 53
members. Turkish Disaster Risk Reduction National Platform was established by the
2011/1320 numbered and 17.01.2011 dated Cabinet Decision and published on the 27844
numbered, 12.02.2011 dated formal newspaper.
National Platform is a coordination and advisory group of several actors from thedisaster community. The National Platform is formed by the decision of Cabinet and chaired
and managed by AFAD. Members of the platform, as of March 2011 are as follows:
Governmental Organizations:
1. Prime Ministry (was abolished), 2. Chief of General Staff, 3. Ministry of Interior 4.
Ministry of Education 5. Ministry of Public Works and Settlement 6. Ministry of Health 7.
Ministry of Transportation 8. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs 9. Ministry of Energy
and Natural Sources 10. Ministry of Environment and Forestry 11. Ministry of Culture andTourism 12. The Council of Higher Education 13. Prime Ministry (was abolished),
Undersecretary of Treasury (DASK) 14. Prime Ministry (was abolished), State Planning
Organization 15. General Command of Mapping 16. Boğaziçi University, Kandilli Observatory
and Earthquake Research Institute 17. The Scientific and Technological Research Councilof Turkey
Non-Governmental Organizations and Professional Organizations:
1. Search and Rescue Association (AKUT) 2. Neighbourhood Disaster Support Group(MAG) 3. Environment Foundation of Turkey 4. GEA Search and Rescue Group 5.
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Psychiatric Association of Turkey 6. Chamber of Geological Engineers 7. Chamber ofGeophysical Engineers 8. Chamber of Civil Engineers
Universities:
1. Middle East Technical University 2. Istanbul Technical University 3. KaradenizTechnical University 4. Kocaeli University 5. Dicle University
Local Authorities:
1. Governorate of Istanbul 2. Governorate of Erzincan 3. Governorate of
Kahramanmaraş 4. Governorate of Denizli 5. Governorate of Hatay 6. Governorate of Bİngöl
7. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality 8. Erzurum Metropolitan Municipality 9. Bursa
Metropolitan Municipality 10. Municipality of Trabzon 11. Municipality of Giresun 12.
Municipality of Manisa 13. Municipality of Afyonkarahisar 14. Turkish Union of Municipalities
15. Union of Governors
Private Sector:
1. Turkish Industrialists’ and Businessmen’s Association (TUSIAD) 2. The Union of
Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey (TOBB) 3. Turkish Contractors Association(TMB)
Media:
1. Prime Ministry (was abolished), General Directorate of Press and Information 2.
Turkish Association of Journalists 3. Turkish Radio and Television Cooperation (TRT) 4.
Anadolu Agency
National Association:
1. Turkish Red Crescent
3.1.3 National DRM Legislations
The list of laws which are directly related to disaster risk management could be seen
below.
1. Law No. 5902 on Organization and Functions of the Disaster and Emergency
Management Authority (AFAD): This law covers the matters of taking necessary
measures for efficient country-wide execution of services related with disasters,
emergencies and civil defence, making preparations prior to occurrence of incidents,
mitigating the damage sustained, providing coordination among related institutions
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and organizations which manage the responses during incidents and recovery works
to be performed afterwards, and creating and implementing policies on these matters.
2. Law No. 7269 on Measures and Assistances to Be Put into Effect Regarding
Disasters Affecting the Life of the General Public: Beside other regulations, this law also
takes “possible disaster” term into consideration and covers the determination of “disaster
exposed area” which obligate disaster risk reduction practices in the area.
3. Law No. 7126 on Civil Defense: Beside other regulations, this law contains regulations
about civil defense planning, warning and alarm and civil defense educations which will
evaluated with mitigation.
4. Law No. 5302 on Special Provincial Administrations: Special provincial administrations
are appointed to make up disaster and emergency plan which must contain disaster risk
reduction elements in their territory with this law.
5. Law No. 5216 on Metropolitan Municipalities: Metropolitan municipalities are appointed
to make disaster and emergency plan up which must contain disaster risk reduction elementsin their territory with this law. To demolish buildings which have disaster risk is also duty ofmetropolitan municipalities within this law. In addition, metropolitan municipalities are
responsible from urban transformation within their territories.
6. Law No. 5393 on Municipalities: Municipalities are appointed to make disaster andemergency plan up which must contain disaster risk reduction elements in their territory withthis law. To demolish buildings which have disaster risk is also duty of municipalities within
this law. In addition, municipalities are responsible from urban transformation within theirterritories.
7. Law No. 5403 on Soil Preservation and Land Utilization: In order to reduce soil loses
because of landslides, floods and winds, governorates are appointed to constitute soil
protection projects according to this law.
8. Law No. 5363 on Agriculture Insurances: This law also covers assurance about drought,
flood, typhoon, earthquake, landslide, fire, hail and freeze.
9. Law No. 2958 on Housing Development Administration (TOKİ): TOKİ is an importantpartner for urban transformation.

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10. Law no. 5366 on Usage of Timeworn Historical and Cultural Real Property with
Restoration and Protection: One of the main aim of this law is to protect historical andcultural real property from natural disasters.
11. Law No. 3194 on Land Development Planning: The law states its aim as achievementof ‘appropriate formation of settlements and buildings. Due to this law, relevant ministry haveright to make land development plans in the disaster affected area.
12. Law No. 3234 on Organization and Duties of the General Directorate of Forestry:
Beside other regulations, this law contains regulations about protecting forests andecosystem against disasters like fires, erosion, desertification, floods, avalanche and etc.
13. Law No. 3234 on Organization and Duties of the General Directorate of Meteorology(MGM): MGM has a duty to make research and development on meteorological natural
disasters, hydrometeorology, sea and agricultural meteorology, climate, climate change andother related topics according to this law.
14. Law No. 6200 on Organization and Duties of the General Directorate of State
Hydraulic Works (DSI): DSI has a duty to create facilities against floods according to thislaw.
15. Law No. 6831 on Forests: Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs has duties to constituteprojects on erosion, flood, avalanche and landslide mitigation in the forest areas.
16. Law No. 6305 on Catastrophe Insurance: The objective of this Law is to determine theprocedures and principles for the compulsory earthquake insurance to cover the financial
losses which may arise in buildings due to earthquakes and for the insurance and reinsurance
coverages to be presented in order to cover the material and physical damages which may
arise as a result of various disasters and risks which cannot be covered by insurancecompanies, or which bring about challenges with regards to offering coverage.
17. Law No. 6306 on Restructuring of Areas under Risk of Disasters: It aims to makecities and buildings resilient against disasters in Turkey. By means of this law, particularly
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, central administrations (Ministry of Interior andHousing Development Administration (TOKİ), local administrations (municipalities, special
directorates), professional chambers, NGOs and the society are encouraged to cooperate inorder to create disaster resilient buildings and cities.
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18. Decree-law No. 644 on Organization and Functions of the Ministry of Environment
and Urbanisation: Beside other regulations, this law also covers determination of rules
related to make and approve of risk management and mitigation plans and to do, to get
someone done or to approve research criteria about these plans.
19. Decree-law No. 655 on Legislative Decree on Organization and Duties of the
Ministry of Transport, Maritime Affairs and Communication: One of the duties of the
Ministry is “through utilizing space environment and technologies, making or having others
make studies in order to protect human health and environment, to diminish damages ofnatural disasters by forecasting, to utilize natural resources and to develop the country”.
REGULATIONS
The list of other regulations which are directly related to disaster risk management
could be seen below.
1. Regulation on Buildings to be constructed in Disaster Areas: The purpose of thisregulation is to determine standards of constructions in disaster areas which are identified
due to the Law no. 7269 on Measures and Assistances to Be Put into Effect Regarding
Disasters Affecting the Life of the General Public.
2. Regulation on Specification for Buildings to be Built in Seismic Zones: The generalprinciple of earthquake resistant design to this Specification is to prevent structural and nonstructural elements of buildings from any damage in low-intensity earthquakes; to limit thedamage in structural and non-structural elements to repairable levels in medium-intensity
earthquakes, and to prevent the overall or partial collapse of buildings in high-intensity
earthquakes in order to prevent the loss of life.
3. Regulation on Disaster and Emergency Expenditures: Due to Law no. 5902, there is afund which is allocated to disaster management and it could be used in a fast and efficientway. This regulations is determining the rules for this fund. One of the spending item
according to this regulation is making studies, etudes, projects to prevent losses in any kindof disasters.
4. Regulation on Duties regarding Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear
Threats: The main purpose of this regulation is to determine duties and responsibilities ofTurkey country report | VR2019A ADRC

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public and private organizations and other instructions’, before, during and after a CBRN
incident.
5. Regulation on Disaster and Emergency Response Services: The purpose of thisRegulation is to plan all power and resources which may require in case of response fordisaster and emergencies, to provide the arrival of those power and resources to the event
area rapid and efficiently, to determine the duties and responsibilities of the stakeholders
responsible for the coordination of these services.
6. Regulation on Implementation of Law on Restructuring of Areas under Risk ofDisasters: The purpose of this Regulation is to set out the principles and the procedures todetermine the risky structure and risky area, pull the risky structure down, make build backbetter codes and the plans in accordance with the Law no 6306.
7. Regulation on Emergencies in the Workplaces: The purpose of this Regulation is to set
out the procedure and principles of preparing emergency plans regarding the working places,
determining the studies that include prevention, protection evacuation, firefighting, first aid
etc. and the staff who is charged with these issues.
8. Regulation on Infrastructure for Disasters: The purpose of this Regulation is to set out
the procedure and principles to create disaster resilient infrastructures like water pipelines,
sanitation and waste water purification facilities.
9. Regulation on Road Construction for Disasters: The purpose of this Regulation is toset out the procedure and principles to create disaster resilient roads.
10. Regulation on Environment Planning: Due to this regulation, land planning has to bemade according to the ecologic, geologic and hydrological risks.

11. Regulation on the Operation Principles of Natural Disaster Insurance Institution:
The purpose of this Regulation is to set out the operation principles and procedures of Turkish
Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) which is established in order to provide the compulsory
earthquake insurance and the other natural disaster insurance coverage.
12. Principles on Establishment, Duties and Working Procedures of Turkish Disaster
Risk Reduction Platform: The purpose of this Principle is to establish National Disaster Risk
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Reduction Platform to enhance the awareness for disaster in society and sustainability forrisk reduction studies, determine the requirements of risk reduction in accordance with all
types of plan, policy and programs, contribute for monitoring evaluating the practices and set
the duty and working principles of the Platform.
13. Regulation on Expenditures of Metropolitan Municipalities and Special Provincial
Administrations for Disaster and Emergency Management and Civil Defence from
Investment Budget of Their Own: Due to the Law no 5902, metropolitan municipalities andspecial provincial administrations have to spare specified ration of their budget for disasterrisk reduction activities. Main purpose of this regulation is to determine rules of this issue.
14. Regulation on Protection of the Buildings against Fires: The purpose of thisregulation is to identify the procedure and principles of organization, training, audit andprecaution issues before and during fire in order to minimize fires, reduce loss of life andproperty and extinguish fires.
As mentioned above these laws and regulations could be related directly with disaster risk
reduction.
3.1.4 Cooperation
Turkey National Platform for DRR has been established and carrying out its activities
within AFAD includes 53 stakeholders from public institutions, universities, local
administrations, NGOs, professional associations, media and platforms and the private
sector. National Platform in line with the Hyogo Framework for Action has duties forpresentation of views on reducing disaster risk to public opinion, raising public awareness forthe disaster, consistent effort for cooperation and coordination to reduce disaster risk. The
Platform has been examined in accordance with the UN’s assessment and recommendations
regarding the structure and functioning of national platforms. Those works have been carriedout with the participatory scope, and parallel to this understanding, a meeting was held withbroad participation in March 2014. The members of the structure and the number of membersof the National Platform in this context, has been updated and improved. Regulation of
National Platform is revised in line with UN recommendations. In addition, a workshop wasorganized as part of the preparatory works of “National Progress Report (2013- 2015)” withthe participation of Platform Members. Activities to expand the platform members and ensure
representation of all sectors have been continuing and National Platform is developed withthe evaluation of the shortcomings in the reports for more effective platform operation
prepared by the UN.
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For further information:
Turkey National Progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for
Action (2013-2015)“Improving

International

Cooperation

InfrastructureforDevelopment”

isprogrammed in the Tenth Development Plan. Within the framework of this project, whose
coordination is provided by AFAD, the implementation of the Program is planned for 20152017 period. Public agencies and institutions, universities, professional chambers are thedomestic stakeholders and other countries are included as foreign stakeholders of the Project.
The goal of the Project, with a budget of 9.400.000 TL, is to share Turkey’s knowledge,
experience and opportunities in the field of development with other stakeholder countries.
3.1.5 Implementation
Turkey conducts the coordination of the integrated disaster management system
under the Prime Ministry (was abolished) from a sole source. Integrated disaster andemergency plans, Turkey Disaster Management Framework, preparedness, response,
mitigation, rehabilitation, reconstruction plans and development and sectorial plans areprepared and implemented by means of modular system. Turkey has opened up a separate
heading to disaster management issue in Tenth Development Plan and has emphasized thedisaster risks and disaster reduction policies in an effective way. The legal infrastructure isavailable for the usage of the data related with vulnerable and disadvantaged groups suchas women, children, elderly, disabled and minorities in order to integrate disaster risk
reduction policies within economic and social life.
The aim of the National Earthquake Strategy and Action Plan is to minimize thepossible physical, economical, social, environmental and political damage and losses or
effects of earthquakes and to create living areas that are resistant, prepared against
earthquakes.
National Earthquake Strategy and Action Plan (UDSEP-2023) which was prepared at
the national level will provide the fulfilment of short, medium, and long term actions.
Responsible and Associated organizations are determined. Three principal thematic groups
have shaped the objectives, strategies and actions of UDSEP-2023 as given in the following; Learning about earthquakes,
 Earthquake safe settlement and construction,
 Coping with the consequences of earthquakes.
The periods for realization of the Action Plan tasks have been based on the frameworkof Short Term (2012-2013), Medium Term (2012-2017) and Long Term (2012-2023)
durations.
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The types of action have been considered under four principal headings as; Cooperation and Coordination (CC), Legislation Revision (LR), Institutional Structuring (IS), Capacity Enhancement (CE)In addition, economic and social development is guided by Five-Year Development
Plans, medium-term programs and annual programs at national scale. Though there were
provisions for disaster management in development plans in the past, there did not exist
separate subtitle for it. For the first time, disaster management was given place as a separate
title in Tenth Development Plan (2014-2018), in parallel with the international developments
regarding disasters and strategic goals and action priorities of Hyogo Framework for Action.
In the Tenth Development Plan, considering disaster risk and mitigations in macroeconomic,
sectorial and spatial planning processes; increasing the level of social resilience andconsciousness against disasters and constructing durable and safe settlements were statedas main goals. The goals stated in the Development Plan as constructing resilient societies
and settlements could also be found in common strategies that are Integrated Urban
Development Strategy and Action Plan – 2023 and National Earthquake Strategy and Action
Plan – 2023. Work in order to achieve the goals in both action plans such as doing analysis
of risk and emergency, determining evacuation roads, constructing shelter areas,
strengthening the infrastructure for emergency communication and making inventory ofbuildings is still continuing. In order to fulfil its own liabilities in the scope of United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, Turkey’s National Climate Change Action Plan
2011-2023 was prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MoEU). Also,
Upper Catchment Flood Control Action Plan (2013-2017) was prepared by Ministry of Forest
and Water Affairs.
In Turkey for developing an integrated disaster system to reduce disaster risks isstated as a goal in the Strategic Plan of AFAD for the 2013-2017 periods. AFAD, having avision of being a leading and coordinating organization offering a model that can be taken at
an international level, has an understanding based on sustainable development, riskcentered, efficient, effective and reliable service in its efforts related to disaster andemergencies.

3.1.6 Evaluation
All studies and national plans have been evaluated and monitoring by Ministry ofDevelopment in Turkey.
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UDSEP’s realization process, shall be monitored by UDSEP MONITORING AND
EVALUATION COMISSION, which will be formed by Disaster and Emergency Management
Authority (AFAD) Earthquake Advisory Board. At the same time, this group will be in chargeof coordination of work with AFAD Earthquake Department, holding meetings withresponsible and related institutes and providing necessary guidance, monitoring principles
and strategies of UDSEP, and, if necessary, proposing changes in strategies or creating new
strategies. AFAD is authorized to issue directives, guidelines or regulations in order tomanage UDSEP-2023 nation-wide effectively.
For the evaluation of AFAD Strategic Plan: Monitoring means systematic following andreporting of the implementation of the strategic plan. Evaluation is assessment of
implementation outcomes by comparing them against goals and objectives and analysing theconsistency and relevance of said goals and objectives. Actions that should be taken toachieve AFAD’s goals and objectives, and responsible parties, resources and performanceindicators are defined in the action plan. An effective monitoring and evaluation system will
be built in cooperation with Departments, so as to monitor realization levels of AFAD goals
and take effective measures in time. In addition, IT systems (for electronic monitoring) will
also be incorporated into this system. However, monitoring and evaluation will basically be
carried out in consideration of performance criteria. On the other hand, annual Performance
Programmes will be prepared to increase the effectiveness of monitoring. Monitoring of
implementation will start as soon as the AFAD Strategic Plan is approved by the Presidency
and put into effect. With the participation of responsible and coordinating Departments
associated with the objectives included in the strategic plan, the Department of Strategy
Development will prepare a monitoring plan and directive within 3 months following theeffective date of the plan, and will notify the responsibilities to relevant people. The basis of
the monitoring plan will be the objective action tables prepared and published whendeveloping the strategic plan. In addition, said directive will also explain the computing
methods for performance indicators. In parallel, basic monitoring systematic will be built on
indicating what all the activities and in particular the expenditures by the Presidency
correspond to in the strategic plan. Evaluation is assessment of implementation outcomes bycomparing them against goals and analysing the consistency and relevance of said goals
and objectives. This is essentially done through annual activity reports prepared by the
Department of Strategy Development. However, evaluation systematics will be carried out infrequencies parallel to monitoring.

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3.1.7 International Lessons Learned
The foundation of the Disaster Management System in Turkey resists on the lessons
learned from a major earthquake of 1939 in Erzincan. The regulations have been developedby various changes which have frequently made after major disasters.
The fundamental legislative changes have been made after the major earthquakes of1999 in Marmara Region. This regulations were prepared as statutory decrees so they could
enter into force immediately by a general legal basis and they play an important role indevelopment of legal space of disaster management.
After Syrian crisis which broke out in 2011 to defray current needs in the managementof immigrants and to keep up with the latest developments Law on Foreigners andInternational Protection was enacted in 04/04/2013. As a result of the legislative amendments
carried out in accordance with international and national legislations, the Regulation on
Temporary Protection entered in force in 22/10/2014.
After the lessons learned from Van Earthquake 2011, as a part of legal space ofdisaster response management, the studies for Regulation of National Response Services
had been out on fast track and the Regulation entered into force in 2013.
U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) conducts root cause investigations of chemical
accidents at fixed industrial facilities. After the two major mining accidents happened in Somaand Ermenek Regions of Turkey, the ILO convention number 176 (Safety and Health in
Mines Convention) accepted by government. In addition, some changes are made in national
regulations in order to improve occupational health and safety in mining sector.

3.2 Responsibilities and Capacities for DRM
Disaster management has been established at two levels: locally and nationally. Thereis no regional level disaster management unit. However, according to AFAD Search andRescue Association and Regulations, 11 regional rescue unit was created. This unit showing
regional activities are included in the provincial disaster response planning. In addition,
disasters and regional logistics warehouse was built 22 AFAD for emergencies. Establishedto serve the logistics warehouse capacity at the regional level are shown in local level
planning (Fıgure 13).
Due to the lack of regional structure of the organization AFAD, regional plans prepared
are made. However, regional natural disaster and prepared by different agencies with
relevant policy where the actions are regional plans.
 Development Agency and Regional Plans Watershed Protection and Action Planning studies
 Developing the capacity to implement the Floods Directive work
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 Upper Basin Flood Control Action Plan (2013-2017)
 Territorial Plans
However, due to legislative amendment to a restructuring at the regional level, it is notclear coordination and cooperation between the institutions.
It targets the development plan prepared by the Regional Development Agencies areprepared with timeframes, policies and priorities.

Figure 13. AFAD Search Rescue Brigades and Logistics Warehouses
At the local level as a priority intervention in disaster and emergency situations is
responsible for the execution of the activities of the Governor's office. The local-level service
group operational plans are prepared and the responsibility is assigned according to TAMP.
All activities are coordinated by provincial disaster and emergency management centers incase of disaster or emergency.
Provincial disaster and emergency centers, working on a 7/24 basis. It provides
coordination on behalf of the governor in disaster and emergency situations. All activities thatare carried out at local level reported to MoI Disaster and Emergency Management Center.
In cases when there is insufficient provincial resources is demanded from the MoI`s Disasterand Emergency Management Center.

3.3. International Cooperations
3.3.1 Scientific Development
AFAD is actively attending the European Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction (EFDRR)
and Disaster Risk Reduction Global Platform meetings within the scope of operations thatare being carried out with UNISDR as the organization responsible for the application of the“Hyogo Framework for Action: 2005-2015 (HFA)” that had been accepted by the UN member
countries in 2005. Through the “Turkey HFA Progress Monitoring and Assessment Reports”
that are regularly submitted to UNISDR every 2 years, the progress that is achieved in theTurkey country report | VR2019A ADRC

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disaster risk reduction work in Turkey is shared with the world public. In addition, within theframework of active cooperation with UNISDR “Southeastern Europe Disaster Risk Mitigation
and Adaptation Programme (SEEDRMAP)”, Building resilience to disasters in the Western
Balkans and Turkey”, “Building Disaster Resilient Cities Project” and “School Safety Global
Initiative Project” are carried out.
As the UNHCR is responsible for coordinating and executing international activities
aimed at resolving refugee problems and protecting refugees through- out the world,
Emergency Communication and Image Transmission Vehicles Project, Emergency Mobile
Co- ordination Vehicles Project, Providing Psycho-Social Support for Syrians Project, Worker
Aid for the Personnel in the Camps Project (1 and 2) and Visionary Leadership, CampManagement and Coordination Training Project, Emergency Mobile Healthcare Units Project,
Prosthesis and Orthotics Production for Dis- abled Syrian Citizens Project are being carriedout through the cooperation of AFAD and UNHCR.
AFAD is continuing the work towards further strengthening and developing theregional cooperation with Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Initiative of South Eastern
Europe (DPPI SEE) in the field of pre- paring for disasters and combating them. Other international programs with which AFAD is connected are; Prevention, Preparedness andResponse to Natural and Human Caused Disasters Program (EURO-MED- PPRD South –membership to which has ended in the year 2013), Natural and Technological Disaster
Prevention Open Partial Agreement (EUR-OPA) and European Commission IPA (Instrumentfor Pre-Accession Assistance) program for candidate and potential candidate states.
Turkey is planning to start a capacity building program with IPA funds. Increasing thecapacities and cooperation between AFAD and other institutions, raising the levels ofconsciousness and resilience of the society in Turkey and improving the disaster andemergency system are aimed with this program. AFAD is continuing its work to make thesubject of disaster a priority during the IPA II Period, which lasts from 2014 to 2020. For thisnew period there are nine projects, suggested by AFAD, three of which are for the year 2014,
within the scope of “Environment and Climate Change”. On the other hand the work of“Building resilience to disasters in the Western Balkans and Turkey” ” that is carried out by
UNISDR and WMO according to Hyogo Framework for Action Plan with the aim of reducing
vulnerability against natural disasters and increasing resilience against climate change in the
countries which use IPA, continues.
Among other organizations that aim economic co-operation of countries within thecontext of reducing disaster risks that Turkey is a member of are: Economic Cooperation
Organization (ECO), Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), Joint
Hellenic-Turkish Standby Disaster Response Unit Disasters (JHET-SDRU), Humanitarian

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Aid Task Force Initiative (HOPEFOR), World Humanitarian Summit (WHS) and Civil-Military
Emergency Planning Council for South Eastern Europe (CMEPC SEE).
Furthermore, Turkey is a member of UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF),
OCHA Donor Support Group (ODSG), Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Initiative ofSouth Eastern Europe (DPPI SEE), International Seismology Center (ISC), Europe
Mediterranean Seismology Center (EMSC), Observatories and Research Facilities for
European Seismology (ORFEUS) and Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology(IRIS) and a determined amount of funds are transferred yearly by AFAD.
Turkey participates in European Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction (EFDRR) –Governance and Accountability in Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group, Organization ofBlack Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) “Emergency Cooperation” Working Group,
Organization for Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) “Seismic Risk Specialists” Sub
Working Group, European Seismology Commission and performs the roles of Authority of
UNICEF Children Centered Humanitarian Aid Force and communication unit for the South
Eastern Europe Disaster Risk Mitigation and Adaptation Program (SEEDRMAP).
3.3.2 Statıstıcal Data
Turkish Disaster Data Bank (TABB), which aims to carry different electronic andpublished material in Turkey into a common platform, has started a test broadcast online at
the address tabb.afad.gov.tr since the year 2013 by Disaster and Emergency Directorate(AFAD). Turkey National Disaster Archive System (TUAA) has been established and data ofthe disasters that have taken place in Turkey are aimed to be provided to the users of national
disaster archive system (decision makers, administrators and researchers) in order to help
their work and to raise public’s awareness about disaster risks.
The purpose of the Turkish Data Bank is to establish a web-based, user-friendly databank for disasters open to disaster researchers and workers, with an infrastructure that
ensures its benefit well into the future. The data bank will bring together the correct
information and current work being undertaken regarding natural disasters experienced inour country, in particular, earthquakes. The latest technology and related information havebeen followed, and both national and international example applications have been taken into
account in the realization of this purpose.
As a decision support system; TABB is able to collect all the information about
disasters (disaster date, location, deaths, houses, infrastructure etc.) in Turkey from 1923 to
the present day. The Turkish Disaster Data Bank (TABB) consists of Analysis and Document
Modules. The Analysis Module’s aim is to archive data obtained after a natural disaster; thestatistical analysis, mapping, and reporting of this data. The Document Module’s aim is toeasily reach universities, local government, state institutions and NGOs with information
related to natural disasters from a single source .
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On the other hand, Earthquake Data Centre of Turkey (TDVM) which started its workin the year 2013 and which was established in order to provide the data on earthquakes tousers in an accurate, standardized and rapid manner provides the data on earthquakes on
the website. (tdvm.afad.gov.tr)
Disaster Management and Decision Support System (AYDES) Incident Command,
Recovery and Location Information System Project is being brought to life in order toestablish decision making support system centered management model and the information
system that is needed for effectively execute the processes related to Disaster andEmergency Management (planning, preparation, response and recovery) and to make themsustainable. AYDES, conforming to the scope of TAMP, is an integrated platform that enables
the processes to be carried out effectively and quickly and was designed in such a way thatthe information related to the disasters can be reached by all the stakeholders (AFAD, related
ministries and local administrations) through the AYDES network. The AYDES software iscomprised of three main systems which are Event Command System, Location BasedInformation System and Recovery System. The work related to the project is scheduled to becompleted in the year 2016. Turkish Land Registry and Cadastre Information System(TAKBİS) which provides the standardization of the proceedings related with land andcadastre and ensures their compliance with the regulations and on a digital platform is
operated as an integrated information system based on Geographical Information
System/Land Information System by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization General
Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre. Database of the systems are updating according
to recent events.
A total of 20 measurement stations within “Turkey’s National Sea Level Monitoring
System (TUDES)” operated by General Command of Mapping and sea level data as to 7 ofthem (Iskenderun, Erdemli, Bozyazı, Bodrum, Gökçeada, Marmara Ereğlisi, Sinop) has beenshared with institutions.
All kinds of meteorological data archived at the Meteorological Data Archive System(TUMAS) can be reached on the Internet.
The first step of DRM is developed seismological observation network in the country
wide scale. In this context, AFAD is the official authority and responsible institution regarding
the all earthquake studies in Turkey. Within this scope, AFAD-TDVM project started in 2011.
Thanks to this project, it is aimed to be center where all real-time (or offline) data recorded atexistent station that have been operated by AFAD (weak and strong motion), anotheruniversities and institutions in Turkey is collected, stored, archived and shared with all users.
In AFAD-TDVM structure, it has been provided that integration of different kind of data,
merging and sharing to all users by using internet standards, web service and various
software. On the other hand, as a legally, AFAD has possessed authorization on this matter.
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According to Turkish Parliamentary Law No:6525, All universities, local authorities and all
institutions which have performed earthquake observations, transfer to their data to the AFAD
as online and main information related to earthquake like magnitude and intensity have beenannounced to the public from only AFAD. Under favour of AFAD-TDVM, all seismic data thatis coming from the different seismic network will merge and archive system will develop.
Although such kind of centers are in America, England, Japan and Europe, in Middle East,
Caucasus, Arabian Peninsula and Middle Asia there are no this type of center. Within thisscope, AFAD-TDVM is planning to be international data center in collaboration withmentioned countries seismological centers. This transformation will provide to Turkey
achieve its objective to be the leading country in this area.
3.3.3 Regıonal Cooperation
Regarding the regional cross-border cooperation and cooperation between countries,
AFAD has provided collaboration with neighbouring countries Georgia, Hungary and Serbia
Seismological Center. In this context; seismic data exchange is performed as mutually withmentioned countries. On the other hand, AFAD is the member of EMSC (EuropeanMediterranean Seismological Center), ORFEUS (Observatories and Research Facilities for
European Seismology) and ISC (International Seismological Center) and AFAD continue thecooperation with aforementioned institutions in terms of both seismic data sharing and projectbased.
1. CERF-The United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund
2. DPPI SEE- Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Initiative for South Eastern
Europe3. ISC- International Seismological Center
4. EMSC- Central Seismology for Euro Mediterranean
5. ORFEUS- Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology
6. Natural and Technological Disaster Prevention Open Partial Agreement (EUROPA)
7. UN OCHA ODSG -Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Donor
Support Group
8. OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development Risk Forum
9. IPA CPM- IPA Civil Protection Mechanism
10. GFDRR- Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction
11. BSEC- Black Sea Economic Council
12. ECO- Economic Cooperation Organisation

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Internatıonal Agreements, MoU and Protocols
Macedonia, Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Romania, Kazakhstan, Bosna and Herzegovina,
Indonesia, Afghanistan- Pakistan, Hellenic Republic, UNHCR, OCHA, Pakistan Islamic
Republic, UNDP, Albenia, Dominican Republic, DPPI SEE, UNICEF-Myanmar, Georgia,
Kosovo, Japan

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4. Disaster Management Strategy, Polıcy and Plan
Turkey is located in a geographical region where Europe, Asia and Africa are joined.
The active fault lines lead to major earthquakes (Figure 15). The earthquake is being in anarea where the population is dense, its duration, frequency, occurrence of the daytime ornight, the damage to sensitive industrial and infrastructure facilities are likely to increase theloss of life and property. On the other hand, when the landslides, avalanches, floods, rockfalls, tsunami etc. that occurs with the effects of the earthquake, come together with theearthquakes, the size of the disaster and its impact on society is also growing. Turkish society,who learns to live with disasters, has achieved to overcome wounds and difficulties due toeconomic and social solidarity. However, the increase in the mass migration from rural tourban areas and from the east to the west has led to an increase in weak building stock andurban sprawl within the last 60 years. This process caused clustering of 75% cities with heavy
industry and 41% of the dam in the second-degree dangerous earthquake zones. A disasterthat occurs in a region where large industrial and infrastructure facilities exist not only affects
all of Turkey but also can affect the other countries where economic relations are intensivewith Turkey.
The most common disaster type in Turkey is earthquakes. 75% of earthquake related
deaths occur due to collapse of the buildings. According to the active earthquake zone map,
96% of the Turkey’s lands and 98% of the population are living in the earthquake zone. Threequarters of the city’s where the industry is intense, half of the dams are located in second
degree dangerous earthquake zones. On the other hand, in recent years, very large energy(nuclear power plants, oil refineries, natural gas and oil pipelines and storage facilities),
infrastructure (continent linking offshore bridges and marine underground passages,
highways, dams) and industrial facilities have been planned and maintained. Despite having
experience with large disasters, Turkey’s vulnerability towards disaster risks that can harm
critical facilities and can have huge social and economic effects still continue.
On the other hand, while the fight against climate change continues disasters with thelong process such as soil loss due to wind and flooding, landslides, desertification andpotholes resulting from the withdrawal of the deep waters, rapid decline of the forest reserves
and agricultural land are still highly critical (Figure 14). It is thought that when a tsunami
danger appears in the sea sides of the Turkey, which has 8,333 km length, as in the otherparts of the world the existing plans are expected to be ineffective.
In Turkey’s developments plans, disaster and emergency plans, annual programs,
sectorial and strategic plans, Turkey has taken serious measures towards disaster risk
reduction. However, in case of more than one danger mentioned above at the same time orwithin the same periods, the developed risk reduction and risk transfer mechanisms are
expected to be insufficient. In this context, activities conducted for prevention, mitigation,
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preparedness and vulnerability reduction with the sustainable development policies, plansand programs should be integrated with each other in a more effective manner.

Figure 14. Dısaster Rısk Profıle of Turkey

Figure 15. Major Earthquakes in Turkey

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4.1 Natıonal Strategy for Disaster Management of Turkey
Turkey is preparing National Strategy for Disaster Management of Turkey with an
integrated approach. The Strategy covers all the phases and all the actors of the disastermanagement cycle and identifies the policies and actions that can be implemented over thelong run to reduce risk and future losses. It concentrates on the prevention and mitigation
phases in order to reduce possible future risks and loses and is the guideline to manage
disaster and support sustainable development. It targets building disaster resilient community.
National Strategy for Disaster Management of Turkey is a document that makes all
institutions and organizations in the country, aware of national disaster management
understanding, concepts and strategic objectives; ensure the development of a sharedunderstanding and modality about disaster preparedness; and law down a framework about
what must be done and what must be provided to secure efficient disaster management.

4.2 National Earthquake Strategy and Action Plan (UDSEP-2023)
The main aim of National Earthquake Strategy and Action Plan-2023 (UDSEP-2023)
is to minimize the possible physical, economic, social, environmental and political damage
and losses or effects of earthquakes and to create living areas that are resistant, preparedagainst earthquakes. With UDSEP, safe accommodation and structuring and also ways tostruggle with the effects of earthquakes have been clarified and establishments andfoundations responsible or relative for every step have been determined. The vulnerability is
tried to be reduced with the project, in which duty distributions are made to the related andresponsible institutions and organizations in Turkey after a potential earthquake. So this aims
to reduce the vulnerability. The steps of this project that has increased intervention ability
after an earthquake has occurred could be presented systematically with a chart.
The strategy document is formed along; 3 principal themes, 7 objectives, 29 strategies
 87 action items
 13 responsible agencies have been designated for implementing thecooperative work.

4.3 Turkey National Disaster Response Plan (TAMP)
Turkey is a disaster-prone country due to geological, topographical and meteorogicalconditions. Hence, we face frequently with disasters that lead to loss of life and property. %96
of Turkey’ s land is on various seismic hazard regions, with larger part being located on 1st
and 2nd degree earthquake zones. Urban and rural areas must live and fight with not only
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earthquakes but landslides, floods, rock falls, avalanches, etc. In order to manage andprevent these situations, Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD in Turkish)
was established in 2009 under Prime Ministry (was abolished).
After Van Earthquake (October 2011) the need for a plan was clear as the current
legislation in Turkey are no longer fulfilling today’s needs. New studies and plans on disastermanagement emerged due to the advancement in technology and increase in disasterawareness among people. Following a detailed inspection on types of events; a plan was
created to define the roles and responsibilities for every involving party in disaster andemergency response situations to determine the basic principles of response plan in all threephases: before, during and after the disaster and emergency situations. AFAD named thisplan as Turkey National Disaster Response Plan (Türkiye Afet Müdahale Planı - TAMP in
Turkish) (Figure 16).

Figure 16. Structure of TAMP
TAMP is flexible, modular-structured and adaptable to all types and scales of disasters
and is responsible for the planning and coordination of the public institutions and nongovernmental organizations in the event of a local/national level disaster to minimize the lossof life and property by efficient resource management (Figure 17). TAMP gives
responsibilities to the personnel of all the parties involved (ministries, the public institutions
and non-governmental organizations) in the wake of a local/national level disaster to work
under 28 service groups. Personnel, equipment and resource analysis will be carried out toanalyze the current situation and identify the strengths and weaknesses to increase thedisaster and emergency management capacity in Turkey.
TAMP was created under these four basic principles:
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44 Extensive and detailed (preparation, response, recovery phases)
 Covers disasters of all types and scales Contains full responsibilities and roles of each and every one of the major andsupporting associates
 Essentially based on taking immediate action using local, regional and national
response capacity.

Figure 17. Vertical and Horizontal Integration of TAMPIn the light of these basic principles, the aim was to create a flexible, quantitative andtherefore scalable and effective plan using information management and communication on
all cylinders to keep all parties in the same page for continuous coordination.
The goals of TAMP: Saving lives
 Returning interrupted lives and activities to normal as soon as possible
 Fast and planned response Protect and maintain public health Protect property, environment and cultural heritage
 Reduce economic losses Prevent secondary disaster or mitigate the effects
 Ensure efficient use of resources
The plan is based primarily on coordination, cooperation and collaboration. There are
28 service groups under a total of 4 services to ensure minimum hierarchy and maximum
efficiency with modular structure according to the event type and size of response

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organization. 4 services are coordinated under Prime Ministry (was abolished) or AFAD
Disaster and Emergency Management Center depending on the severity of the situation.
1. Operation Service: The basic unit responsible for implementing the responseorganization.
2. Information Service: During the response, this service is responsible for
identifying the sources for needed data, data collection and analysis,
conducting reconnaissance, situation reports, situation assessment and also
to create alternative strategies by modelling and risk calculation by analyzing
data from geographic information systems (GIS), maps, databases, remotesensors.
3. Logistics and Maintenance Service: Is responsible for establishing facilities,
providing the necessary equipment to support the service groups involved in
response activities.
4. Finance and Administration Service: In the scope of the preparation works
before the disaster, the financing needs that may be required should take placein the strategic plans of instructions and organizations within the framework of5018 Public Financial Management and Control Law. For administrations
using the general budget administration, all types of disaster and emergency
management investments from the general budget is monitored andcoordinated by AFAD.
Ensuring the sustainability of interrupted services in disaster and emergency
situations requires coordination and organization at ministry level. In this regard national levelservice groups were established and for each service a ministry/NGO was assigned as amajor associate (Table 6). These service groups are created according to the needs inemergency and disaster situations.
A major associate is the responsible party for the service group, and determines theroles and tasks of ministries, intuitions and organizations they choose to work with, thus the
supporting associates. All service groups should work in coordination with AFAD.
The supporting associates should take part in preparation of operational plans,
support the execution of operations, and meet the demands of the major associates whileproviding trained personnel, equipment, tools etc.
There are a total of 10 ministries and NGO’s assigned as major associates and over
100 of supporting associates.

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Table 6. National Service Groups

TAMP serves as an upper plan outlining how to conduct response works in disasterand emergency situations, capable of adapting to all scales in local and national incidents.
Primarily, National Level Service Group Plans are prepared together with all thenational level major and supporting associates with the help of TAMP. The next step is the
preparation of Provincial Disaster Response Plans and Local Level Service Group Operation
Plans. Through these plans, just like in the national level, the roles and responsibilities will
be clarified at the local level in case of disaster and emergency.
The national service group plans that are established in the ministerial and institutional
level form the “Service Model” by preparing the plans, coordinating and being responsible for
their related services. Each service group will serve as a sub-model for the system and an
example and guideline for local level service group plans. The national response system isdesigned to give qualified support to the local system, thus the disaster zone.
The relationship between the service groups at the national level and the local level isthe execution of national support function to the disaster zone. The disaster and emergency

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response management at local level is designed as a single model to ensure standardization
nationwide.
Response Levels:
Response levels are divided into four groups in terms of the degree of impact.
Level 1: Provincial Disaster and Emergency Management Center (DaEMC) is active
and AFAD DaEMC follows and evaluates the situation. If needed AFAD informs the required
service groups and may use their capacity for the requested assignment.
Level 2: Provincial DaEMC is active, teams from supportive neighbouring provinces
and regional Search and Rescue (SAR) brigades move to disaster zone without waiting for
further orders. If needed, AFAD informs the required service groups and may use theircapacity for the requested assignment.
Level 3: AFAD DaEMC is active, representatives from all service groups gather at
Prime Ministry (was abolished) DaEMC. Teams from supporting provinces and regional
Search and Rescue brigades move to disaster zone without waiting for further orders, andnational capacity is at full use.
Level 4: In addition to full national capacity used at Level 3, calls for international
support are made by the government.

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5. Budget Size on Natıonal Level
There are two types of budget for DRM Issues.
1. Project/investment budget: Wıth the approval of Ministry of Development all DRR
and risk assessment project proposals are evaluated based on the criteria. At lastthis budget is legalized and put into practice with publishing Budget Law in Official
Gazette.
2. Current Expenditures/ Cost Budget: are proposed by AFAD based on evaluations
including identification and estimation. Then this budget are discussed in Ministryof Finance with AFAD and finalized develop on evaluations including identificationand estimation. At last this budget is legalized and put into practice with publishing
Budget Law in Official Gazette.
Reservation of funds: after both budgets are published in Official Gazette of Turkish
Republic, it means that all those budget allocations were done and reservation of fund areprovided with this process.

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6. Recent Projects on Disaster Risk Reduction
6.1 Turkey Integrated Disaster Hazard Map Project
Integrated Disaster Hazard Map Project has been developed as a vital tool to minimize
damage caused by disasters at national, regional, and provincial level. Studies on the content
of the guidelines explaining preparation of integrated disaster hazard maps specific tolandslides, avalanches and rock falls have been completed. Guidelines are;
 Focusing on disaster risk assessment and risk management, The first and only national document in the natural disaster platform, The first technical document in this platform, The only standard about national disasters in Turkey,
 The baseline studies for vulnerability studies.
Within the context of “Integrated Disaster Hazard Map Project” which will bebasis for risk reduction studies, AFAD has taken a leading role in raising disasterawareness in our country and in putting this awareness into practice.
The preparation of the disaster hazard maps is one of the most important productsof these efforts (Figure 18). The guidelines prepared within the context of Turkey
Integrated Disaster Hazard Map Project can be given as a “best practice."

Figure 18. Mass Movements Guideline
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6.2 TAF-RISK
Within the scope of TAF-RISK, disaster and emergency analysis work have been donein earthquake, flood, mass movements (landslide, rockfall, avalanches), forest fires, storms,
drought, mining accident, travel and transportation accidents (air, rail, road, sea), marine
pollution causing accidents, major industrial accidents, events CBRN (chemical, biological,
radioactive, nuclear), population movement (migration, asylum), and risk algorithms havebeen researched and developed and impact analysis have been carried out in 4 specific typesof disasters (earthquake, flood, mass movements, major industrial accidents) in the selectedpilot province.
In the second leg of the project; sensor technologies for disasters have been investigated.
TAF-RISK aims to build a resilient society in Turkey by using more R&D activities topredict the risk. Various statistical analyses have been made after the determination of the
population and buildings that vulnerable to disaster regions. As a result of this analysis thedisaster risk index in the provinces exposed to the dangers is intended to be prepared.
TAF-RISK is planned to be adapted to the existing software before a disaster happens
to determine the risk evaluation of different types of disasters by creating a variety of models.
Thus, predictions may be made according to the graded provincial disaster risk values inphysical and economic losses and social impacts. As the output of the project; provincial
disaster risk values can be estimated, mitigation and budget planning R&D activities can be
carried out more effectively in advance.

6.3 Capacity Building for Effective Disaster Risk Management Project“Capacity Building for Effective Disaster Risk Management Project” is being carried out
with JICA – AFAD cooperation since August 2013. As an outcome of the project; “Local
Disaster Risks Reduction Plan and Risk Evaluation (earthquake/tsunami, landslide and manmade disasters) Draft Guidelines” are to be completed.
In addition, organizations detect 27 and analyze risks, ranking in the framework of
ISO 31000 Risk Management System considered to be related to risk management. This
standard encourages a framework to integrate the processes associated with risk
management, namely to proactive management, in line with the organizations’ management,
strategy and planning, reporting processes, policies, values and culture. It is the first time thatoccupational health and safety issues are regulated by a law (Law No. 6331). This law
includes all employees regardless of the public and private sector, which reflects a preventive
approach. In accordance with the Law, some studies have been started by the Ministry ofLabour and Social Security in order to engage domestic law with internationally accepted
principles, norms and sanctions in the areas of occupational health and safety. Turkey has
signed the “Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention (No.
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51187)” in 2014. In addition to this, work on “Safety and Health in Mines Convention (No.176)”
and the “Safety and Heath in Construction Convention (No.167)” continues. The Ministry ofLabour and Social Security is implementing a project named “Improving Occupational Healthand Safety Conditions at Workplaces in Turkey “(ISGIP)” in order to improve those conditions
particular to mining and construction industry in which intensive work accidents andoccupational diseases are observed. Within the project, training on OHS Management
System and Risk Assessment Methods has been completed. Another phase of the project isdevoted to high-risk sectors such as “Textiles, Leather, Food, Furniture, and Manufacture ofChemical Products”.

6.3 Disaster Sensitive Settlement Convenience Maps of Turkey (TADYUS)
The aim of the project is to digitize geological, geotechnical investigation report andany attachments (maps-layouts) stored in paper. Thus, all 22.000 pieces of geological,
geotechnical investigation report has been converted into numeric document (pdf-tif-jpg) andthus these maps will be transferred as a numeric data so that geographical information
system software can open them. Another study conducted by AFAD is “Digitizing Geological–
Geotechnical Survey Appendix Settled Land Maps and Geological Survey (Disaster Survey)
Reports Appendix Disaster Area Plan / Maps”. The project aims to pilot areas determined as“Disaster Exposure Zones” in the scaled maps. Thus, digitized disaster exposure zones canbe questioned spatially, be offered as a spatial map and the map as a result of expanding or
narrowing the boundaries of those zones will be able to prevent ownership problems. “TheLand Registry and Cadastre Information System” prepared by the Ministry of Environment
and Urbanization in 2012 aims to produce interoperable geographic data models fromnational scale to local scale regarding building, land / cadastre, administrative units, andtransportation. Spatial Real Estate System has been launched by the Ministry of Environment
and Urbanization and the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre in 2012. Thissystem is an application aimed to match technical data regarding real estate with land title
data and present to citizens by means of map services at international standards, and sharewith organizations and municipalities.
To provide safe areas and housing for low-income households and communities, it isregulated by the Law on Restructuring of Areas under Disaster Risk 57 (Law No. 6306) thatprovides subsidies for the interests of credits that people use from banks. Also, with the Law,
it is proposed that temporary housing or workplace allocation and monthly rent benefit canbe made. By the end of November 2014, 171.436 buildings and totally 387.743 independent
units within the 150 proclaimed risk areas and 52.933 buildings, determined as under the riskthat are out of risk areas, and 187.247 independent units have benefited from the financial
supports provided for their renewal within the scope of the Law. The demolition and rebuildingof 6.500.000 independent units, being almost 1/3 of total building stocks, is projected until
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the year of 2023. The Earthquake Regulation implemented since 2007 is among the best in
the world. Also, evaluation on the quality building materials, market monitoring and control
activities are institutionalized. The legislation for construction business developed andarrangements were made for the use of construction supervisor and certificated workers.
Additionally, the design and construction of the buildings and facilities of Turkish Armed
Forces are provided as resilient against natural disasters such as earthquake, strong wind,fire, streak of lighting etc., according to the legislation.
In Turkey, compulsory earthquake insurance implementation began in 2000 and theTurkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) is responsible for insurance coverage against
earthquakes. The increase in the number of insured housing has been achieved by adding
utility services subscription as compulsory requirement insurance applied to the land registerand housing credit transactions with the Turkey Catastrophe Insurance Law No. 6305 thatbe-came effective in 2010. The law allows insurance for other disasters. When insurancecompanies failed to provide coverage, Insurance Pool provides coverage including food,storm, land sliding, hail, snow slide and the like natural disasters with the decision of Councilof Ministers. Compulsory earthquake insurance covers the areas within the borders ofmunicipalities as a priority (Figure 19). However, works are going on to include settlements
within the boundaries of villages in compulsory earthquake insurance scope. The number ofhousings entering into the compulsory earthquake insurance system has increased from 28%
to 36% in 2014. The target of TCIP is to raise this to 60% until the year 2017.

Figure 19. Earthquake and Agriculture Insurance

6.4 Disaster Management and Decision Support System (AYDES)Disaster Management and Decision Support System (AYDES) developed by AFAD
will enable the integrated management and follow-up of all stages of disasters electronicallyso that decision makers can reach the data needed rapidly and most correctly within disastermanagement processes (Figure 20). AYDES aims to provide a management model thatentails the necessary informatics infrastructure and the decision support system base needed
to perform the planning, preparation, response and recovery processes regarding thedisaster and emergency management, and it will make disaster management sustainable.
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Figure 20. System Components of AYDES
AYDES is a smooth and flexible system that is constructed on the secure anduninterrupted system infrastructure, and is based on Geographical Information System andCommon Operating Picture, and has the database integrated with the relevant institutions
and organizations, and can be used by all stakeholders that have a duty in disastermanagement, that can perform resource management efficiently which has the Central
Command Control and Decision Support Mechanisms (Fıgure 21).

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Figure 21. General Structure of AYDESDisaster Management and Decision Support System that is developed to ensure allthat coordination will be used in pre-disaster preparation and mitigation stage, in response
stage during a disaster, and in recovery stage in post-disaster period. AYDES will compriseof all emergency stages within the scope of Disaster Response Plan of Turkey. It is a webbased information management system that will enable the monitoring and management of
resources such as personnel, vehicles, material, equipment, Service Team information, andfacilities as well as providing information on the needs and demands of the service teams. It
will also define the situations by answers the questions of what, where, how, when, why, whoand with whom in addition to providing an opportunity to work together with the institutions
and organizations related to disasters. It is a sustainable system that creates a common
language for disaster management.
AYDES creates a disaster and emergency database by collecting all data from related
institutions and organizations that can support decisions to be taken in response phase andbe used in disaster management. To that end the aim is to reach the data in disaster region
in a rapid and correct way for disaster management, so that information can be quickly
produced from that data which can efficiently and effectively support the activities to be
carried out in the disaster zone.
Definition of the situation and identification of the area of its influence are crucial inorder to know to activate the disaster response plan during a disaster and to estimate thedamage. AYDES ensures definition of situations by manual or automatically data entry
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receive and deliver the news to the right correspondents about any disaster or emergency.
After the first evaluation of the disaster, AYDES sends automatic notifications via SMS, email and intra-AYDES messaging channels as per its pre-defined notification templates.
Thanks to this system all institutions ensure coordination during disaster, meaning zerominute and avoid losing life saving time. Definition of incident activates the provincial
response plan, and Province, AFAD, Ministry, Prime Ministry (was abolished) Disaster andEmergency Management Centres come into play according to the magnitude of the incident.
Automatic modelling is a possibility to carry out various Area of Impact Analyses byusing top-notch technological tools besides the manual definitions which may result in a more
rapid and precise response by using the advanced technological tools such as the images
obtained from satellites and air vehicles. For instance, Earthquake Preliminary Damage
Estimation System developed by AFAD calculates the area of impact of an earthquake
automatically and displays it on AYDES screen during earthquakes encountered by Turkey
frequently.

Figure 22. One Example for Flood (in Edirne Province)
AYDES provides the estimation of information like broken down damaged buildings
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material and the amount of it at the beginning of a Disaster and Emergency Response
Process. This information helps decisions to be taken on amount of tents, blankets and foodto be sent. Taking decisions as per the statistical estimation data increases the efficiency of
the response.
AYDES establishes an efficient resource-demand management system. Dataobtained via disaster information forms from the area of incident appear on the display panel
and maps of Disaster Management and Support System to perform incident analyses andreporting. Resource management is very dynamic thanks to the flexible structure within the
resource management and the efficient data updating approach. Through that it is aimed todeliver the necessary help and support efficiently by transforming the coordination of
response among Disaster and Emergency Management Centres and service teams into data
rapidly.
Data obtained from the service teams in disaster region comprise information aboutdamaged buildings, number of people affected, closed roads, collapsed communication
networks, number of people in need of accommodation (Figure 22). This information is sent
to Disaster and Emergency Management Centre via a form called ABIF, namely disaster
information form. Thanks to the light shed by these information AYDES enables an efficientmanagement of resources and demands in the disaster zone; and it provides information to
the decision makers to set the estimations on search and rescue teams, number of healthpersonnel as well as accommodation and nutrition.

6.5 Disaster Temporary City Management System (AFKEN)
The Disaster Temporary City Management System (AFKEN) is a software system forthe management of temporary accommodation centers, including container and tent cities,
which are established for the temporary accommodation of the survivors of disasters or
extraordinary situations. The system is under the coordination of AFAD, with the intention
being to provide the best possible service to disaster survivors.
The Disaster Temporary Urban Management System (AFKEN) allows the following
processes to be carried out. All statistical data and reports can be followed up electronicallyfrom a single center:
Data input regarding the creation of temporary accommodation centers, as well as
capacity, settlement area and sufficiency data pertaining to these accommodation centers(Figure 23).

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Figure 23. System Process of AFKEN Registration and identification processes of guests living in the temporary
settlement centers.
 Entry-exit controls of temporary accommodation centers.
 Education and Course Management.
 Healthcare Processes Management.
 Aid Management.
 Warehouse Management.
 Staff Management.
The spread of the AFKEN system has facilitated the establishment of a standard
approach to the management and administration of accommodation centers.

6.6 Turkey Ready for DisasterStarting with individuals to all segments of society, objectives of Turkey are to bringpreparedness of disaster culture for the first 72 hours of disasters, to raise awareness, toshare basic disaster countermeasures in their residence, to teach and ensure them to carryout proper pattern of behaviour during disasters, to share basic precautions they can takewith the information towards disaster and emergency plans, to popularize places where they
can get trainings for disaster and set up easily accessible substructures for these places, tostandardize disaster trainings which are given by various channels in nationwide, to makeuse of studies performed by international organizations and constitute accredited training
ways with enough knowledge and experience.
“Disaster-Prepared Turkey” campaign to raise public awareness of disaster issues
and create a disaster-sensitive culture. Four different projects have been planned, focusing
on disaster-prepared families, schools, workplaces and young volunteers (Figure 24).
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Figure 24. Disaster-Prepared Family Training Material.

6.7 Turkey Earthquake Data Center System (TDVMS)
The Project of Turkey Earthquake Data Center System aims to establish a system
where all the data that comes from the observation stations which are managed by different
establishments, research centres and universities in Turkey including stations that aremanaged by AFAD, is stocked, kept and is presented to share with all the users.
The system in question, has been put into use with 29459 numbered legislation issued
in the official newspaper dated 28/08/2015. The Project got its support for establishing its
data processing ground work from TÜBİTAK – ULAKBİM which are Turkey’s academic
network establishers and managers. The keeping, presenting and providing safety of the data
gathered under the roof of AFAD-TDVMS are also subjects that TÜBİTAK – ULAKBİM takecare of. The steps of transfer, control, arranging and of course the changing to common
formats, distribution of data is continuing to be made by the data processing centre alreadyestablished under AFAD. And this helps scientist and related establishments to get the
information about earthquakes. This system has provided accessing the data by thecommunity, general public, academia and all other stakeholders easily.

6.8 Integrated Warning and Alarm System (IKAS)
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The Civil Defence Act No. 7126 in accordance 24-29; air strikes, natural disasters,chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear hazards in time to provide for precautions
against the public's stimulated, in order to prevent or minimize loss of life and property
retrieval across the country and news dissemination, warning and alarm system wasestablished (Figure 25).
In order to provide communication between the relevant agencies in disaster andemergency situations as a pilot in Ankara, Ankara, Eskişehir and Zonguldak disaster andemergency centers and METEOROLOGY - TAEK - OGM - DSI - TRT between seamless andsecure communication system was established.

Figure 25. Early Warning and Alarm System
The news received from news source institutions may be under threat of danger topeople in the area who have been warning that the current system established to provide
renewed in accordance with today's technology, it is also performed in order to assist with awarning siren audible alerts, SMS, mobile and social Messaging, the integrated warning andalarm system installation has been completed as a pilot project in Zonguldak.
IKAS System consists of three subsystems;
System retrieval and dissemination of news; news from the institutions news source
hazards in areas that remain under threat of disaster and emergency provincial disaster andemergency Centers, seamless and secure communication system through on-line will betransferred as quickly.
Warning and alarm systems; disaster and emergency centers reaching air raids, and
CBRN hazards news, sirens and voice announcements with institutions/organizations, andmaking available to the public will be provided. Electronic communications and Alternative
Energy with the support of a warning siren system with a single or bulk can be made. As well
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as audio recording alert and a live announcement can be made in the system.
Textual warning system; “IKAS” Project within the scope of disaster and emergency
news messages to be sent to mobile cellular phones living in the danger zone outside thefield of public and relevant public officials warned of the sirens and the announcement, while
Facebook, Twitter, etc. via social media will be published. Also, iOS/Android application formobile phones with operating system IOS AFAD has been developed; with this application
the news of the disaster can be transmitted via smartphones to the public as the aggrieved
citizens in the event of a disaster a "disaster declaration" button, using location data to theemergency center and the provincial disaster status, image, and video will be able to convey
pulling. The application in question can be queried with past disasters, the closest meeting
places and centers to help the victims of the disaster themselves, will be able to see on themap.

6.9 The Technological Disasters Roadmap Documents
These documents covered Major Industrial Accidents, Accidents Caused by Mining
and Mining Wates, Enhancing and strengthening the standards on protection from radiation,
Protection of critical infrastructures, accidents of dangerous substance transportation,
accidents causing marine pollution, biosafety of modified organisms, climate change andassociated disasters. AFAD tell the standards and legal issues with these road maps to therelated and responsible institutions (Figure 26).

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Figure 26. Early Warning and Alarm System

7. Counterpart of ADRC
Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, Ministry of Interior
Address: Üniversiteler Mah. Dumlupınar Bulvarı No: 159 06800 Ankara-TURKEY.
Tel: +90 312 258 2323
Fax: +90 312 258 2082
E-mail: disiliskiler@afad.gov.tr
Website: www.afad.gov.tr

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8. References
Presidential Decree No. 4 on Organization and Functions of the Disaster and Emergency
Management Authority (AFAD)
Law No. 7269 on Measures and Assistances to Be Put into Effect Regarding Disasters
Affecting the Life of the General Public.
Law No. 3234 on Organization and Duties of the General Directorate of Forestry.
Law No. 3234 on Organization and Duties of the General Directorate of Meteorology(MGM).
Law No. 6200 on Organization and Duties of the General Directorate of State HydraulicWorks (DSI).
Law No. 6831 on Forests.
Law No. 6305 on Catastrophe Insurance.
Law No. 6306 on Restructuring of Areas Under Risk of Disasters.
Decree-law No. 644 on Organization and Functions of the Ministry of Environment and
Urbanisation.
Decree-law No. 655 on Legislative Decree on Organization and Duties of the Ministry ofTransport, Maritime Affairs and Communication.
National Progress Report On The Implementation of The Hyogo Framework for Action(2013-2015)
Desk Research Report, Peer Review Turkey (2015).
Peer Review Report, Turkey (2015).
REGULATIONSRegulation on Buildings to be Constructed in Disaster Areas.
Regulation on Specification for Buildings to be Built in Seismic Zones.
Regulation on Disaster and Emergency Expenditures.
Regulation on Duties regarding Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Threats.
Regulation on Disaster and Emergency Response Services.
Regulation on Implementation of Law on Restructuring of Areas Under Risk of Disasters.
Regulation on Emergencies in the Workplaces.
Regulation on Infrastructure for Disasters.
Regulation on Road Construction for Disasters.
Regulation on the Operation Principles of Natural Disaster Insurance Institution.
Principles on Establishment, Duties and Working Procedures of Turkish Disaster Risk
Reduction Platform

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