２）2008 年 中国四川地震災害
Item

Sub-item
Date and Timeof Occurrence

USGSCSB

M.7.9, 19 km (USGS)

USGS

Epicenter

N31.0, E103.4(Wenchuan County, Southwest Beijing, China)
79 km Off Northwest Chengdu of Sichuan Province, China

CSB

Intensity ofShaking

Intensity scale:10,

CSB

Depth

Ground Motion

TsunamiMajor Affected
Area

HumanDamage

Damage ofBuildings

Data onDamages

2:28PM, May 12, 2008(Beijing Time),

DataSource

Mw. 8.0, 33 km (China National Earthquake Bureau)

Magnitude

Data on Hazard

Information

Infrastructure/Li
feline Damage

The earthquake occurred as a result of motion on a northeast striking
reverse fault or thrust fault on the northwestern margin of the Sichuan
Basin. The earthquake's epicenter and focal-mechanism consistent withit have occurred as a result of movement on the Longmenshan fault ora tectonically related fault. The earthquake reflects tectonic stresses
resulting from the convergence of crustal material slowly moving fromthe high Tibetan Plateau, to the west, against strong crust underlying
the Sichuan Basin and southeastern China.
N/A
More than 116,700 sq.km, including Sichuan, Gansu and Shannxi
provincesDead:69,227

Missing:
Injured:17,824
374,643

Complete destruction: and Partial destruction: 4,140,000 houses

MCA,China(June,2008)

Road- Highway:
21 lines (seriously damaged)- Rural Road:
24,103 km (seriously damaged)
Railway- Baoji to Chengdu: 669 km (Stop Operation more than 12 days)
Airport: Shuangliu Airport at Chengdu
Electricity: millions houses power outages (May 12)
Water Supply:
391 reservoirs damaged differently, more than 5million
people need water supply (May13)
Sewage System:
39 counties waste water treatment plants andpumping stations stop operation in 3 provinces.
Telephone:- Land line
51 counties lines stop operation- Cell phone
2,500 base-station stop operation

China
news

More than 95% death and missing were killed by the earthquake.
After earthquake, lots of mountains collapsed and also killed somepeople.
Majority of human casualties were caused by the earthquake.

Characteristicsof Damages(Physical/SocialAspects)

MCA
MCA,
China
(Sept.18,2008)

Most of human and physical damages were caused by the earthquake.
Main Damage
Cause

USGS

The majority of the building damages were also caused by theearthquake while many of collapsed houses were found and certain
amount of damages are caused by earthquake.
Many of damaged buildings were constructed because of lack of theenforcement of rural building codes .
Factories in the disaster area were kept stop operation for a while and it
affected the global “supply chain” (especially parts production to car
industry), and eventually it affected the global industry and economy.

35

Item

Sub-item

Information

Data
SourceTotal: about 845.1 billion yuanDirect
Economic Loss

Buildings (House, Shop, Office, Factory, etc.): 27.4%
Lifelines and Infrastructures(Water, Gas, Electricity,Telephone, Road, River, etc.): 21.9%
Others (School, Gov office, Hospital, etc.).: 20.4%(6.8 yuan = 1 USD)

StatCouncilofChina<Building codes and disaster reduction are very important>Lessons
LearnedEmergency
Response

Because the earthquake differed from the assumptions, the earthquake
degree height and more than 130,000,sq. km, and the disaster area
exceeded expected districts. In China, there are no codes orstandards about the rural buildings. Even in Sichuan, the protecting
earthquake standard was still below 7 degree which actually canprotecting earthquake below M. 5. There are short of the disastermanagement materials including hazard maps. The evacuation
exercise program is not popular in schools and communities.
In such situation, 5335 students died, only some school students
evacuated to the safer place on their own decisions. The most famouscase is Sangzao Middle School, and this shows a good example ofdisaster education and proper risk evacuation.
<Damage to structures>
Because the structure measures are not so good and also short ofsystematic procedures, after earthquake, a lot of conflicts happened
between local governments and victims parents. The massive victims
and colossal damages witnessed during this disaster exposed thelimitations of disaster management measures of the ordinary building
codes to an excessive degree.
<Early warning system>
In government, the China Earthquake Bureau is very strong, even at
the county level, it also has associated with this organization. Chinese
tradition believed that the scholars can resolve all problems, so if
appointed experts as leaders,then they can do early warning. As aresult, reports asked officials why they cannot do early warning.
Changing this conception, maybe is very important, so should
strengthening communities building including family activities.
<Disaster Management Measures>
Because damages caused by the earthquake greatly exceed thepre-disaster damage estimate, the former policies for disaster relief andreduction need to be fundamentally reviewed and the disastermanagement measures have to be rebuilt.

Rescueactivities

Rescue activities were carried out mainly by local governments, army,
police, firefighters, volunteers. As for the army case, about 157,000
personnel were dispatched for rescued and other emergency operationactivities.
As a result of the efforts, about 5,000,000 people were rescued.

MCA

Medicalservices

DMAT (Disaster Medical Assistance Team): Total of 65,000 doctors andassistances were dispatched and provided medical service for about 3months.
Other Medical Team: Total of 14950 doctors from other provinces andmedical associations, Red Cross, national hospitals, medical volunteers,etc. provided emergency medical services. In addition to theemergency medical care, 200 foreign doctors have being provided
mental care for the disaster districts.
Sichuan sent 10015 injurers to 340 hospitals in 20 provinces.

CDRC

Evacuation
shelter

Public facilities e.g. schools, community centers, public gymnasium
were played as evacuation shelters and most of them were designatedas shelters, especially in Mianyang city.
3 days after the disaster event, disaster people kept evacuated got thepublic buildings.after 30 days, 15,000 thousand people got more than
1,500 thousand tents and other 1,000 thousand shelters.

CDRC

36

Item

Sub-item

Information

DataSourceFood, water andother relief
goods supply

Foods and other relief goods were supplied by the central government,
local government and others (NGO, other institutions, etc.)
Central government provided 10 yuan and 0.5 kilo rice each day forevacuees during 3 months and after that reduce half, then into thenormal assistance system.

CDRC

Information andcommunication

To provide the information to the evacuee, the followings wereconducted.
1. Handbook- Livelihood support- Livelihood and business reconstruction- Guide for temporary shelter life
2. Flyer
3. Broadcast
4. Each village at least one soldier
Handbooks and flyers were distributed through not only official channel
but also various channels e.g. volunteers (with explanation) and shops.

CDRC

Support fromPrivate
Companies
And NGO

Many private companies and NGO provided food and relief goods to theevacuated people in their areas of expertise. More than 3 millions
volunteers to the disasters.
Internet service providers, other website operators and privatecompanies who had intention to contribute to assist disaster victims
opened the site for donation, and donation through the Internetbecomes one of the channels for donation.

Media

Support fromother provinces
and cities

Central government arrange 21 provinces and cities such as Beijing,
Shanghai, Tianjin and Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, etc., support todisaster districts, the framework is one province or one city to one
county. This policy established on May 22.
In June, central government arrange this framework into recovery.

Media

171 countries and territories and 20 int’l agencies stated assistance.
Support fromabroadReceived rescue team (incl. medical assistance team) from 6 counties,territories and agencies.
Received relief goods and money totally more than 5 billion yuan. 273
foreign experts into disaster districts involved the rescue.

LessonsLearned

Based on the lessons learned previous large-scale disasters,
mobilization of China State Council and other government institutions
were rapid.
A lot of new policies were created in the rescue process. Especially thepolicy "one provine to one county" made the relief action more efficient.
Another policy is "open the door", government encouraged NGO
participation, and welcome foreign rescue team into China.
While many collaboration activities were made, supply of relief goods tothe affected area was in time even the affected areas were so big androads severely damaged by the earthquake.

Infrastructure/Lifeline

Roads and highways were opened after earthquake except the section
Yingxiu to Wenchuan town, about 80 km, that road was seriously
damaged until after more than 3 months.
The Highway from Dujiangyan city to Jiuzhaigou was destroyed.
All railways were restored in 12 days.
Electricity: Repaired the temporary line to the main towns or townships
in about 1 week
Water Supply: repaired 13649.6 km temporary pipeline to disasterdistrict.
Telephone: 100% was restored in 10 days at township.
Note: Restoration of lifelines in the areas affected by the earthquake
finished after the implementation of reconstruction plan in 2 years.

Other services

Under the framework of "one province to one county", each province
established the office at the county, if they find some questions, theywould be in charge of resolving them. So, a lot of food supply got fromother provinces.

Recovery37

CDRC

CDRC

Item

Sub-item

Information

DataSource

After 30 days, 15,000 thousand people got in more than 1,500
thousand tents and other 1,000 thousand shelters.

CDRC

Disaster
Waste/Debris

Because of the rehabilitation' s need, after 6 months, according thereconstruction plan, most disaster waste/debris already cleared.

MediaFinanceCentral government provided more than 50 billion yuan to supply therecovery. Tents and shelters all provided by central government.

Media

Support from
PrivateCompanies andNGO

Whole donation is about 76 billion yuan. Some NGOs participated in theprocess of recovery.

CDRC

Support from
AbroadN/A

Shelter

Lessons
LearnedAfter the Wenchuan Earthquake, Chinese central government believedthat this national disaster must mobilize whole nation involved the relief
and recovery. Different ministries made effort to do early recovery fromearthquake damages, and another policy is "one province to one
county", this made the risk to be reduced, the recovery is not only justcentral government's task, but also other provinces' task.
Encouraging media to report the recovery process is also important. If
the reporters found something was wrong, the government could
resolve the problems.

PrinciplesJune 8, 2008, The State Council made the regulation of reconstructionof Wenchuan Earthquake. The reconstruction principles include:(1) For disaster districts, the reconstruction should rely on local,especially encourage to do production, but must combine withcentral government support and the policy of "one province support
one county".
(2) Government should play the leading role but also encourage NGO'sparticipation;(3) Reconstruction on the original place but combine with the project ofmoving other places.
(4) Reconstruction quality must be ensured, but the efficient alsoshould be combined.
(5) The reality must be considered but combine with the designingfuture.
(6) On the one hand, economic and social development should beensured, on the other hand, must combine with the protection of
the ecological environmental resources.

Key issues

N/AOrganizations

National Level: Reconstruction Committee (established in June 2008)
Province level:
Reconstruction Committee of three provinces, governors
were the director.
City/Town Level:
Implementing body for reconstruction

Finance

Since required amount of fund for reconstruction is too large to bear by
the local governments. Therefore, central government allocated 302.6
billion yuan budget for recovery, other budget is provided by otherprovinces and cities.

Reconstruction

Support from
PrivateCompanies

Some of NGOs such as Wanke Compony established one townshipbuilding.

Support fromabroadSome international companies did the donations about hospitals orschools, etc.
Especially Hongkong and Taiwan gave a lot of support.

Reconstruction
Schedule

As a result, till September, 2010,1908.5 thousand rural houses, 288.3
thousand urban houses, 3839 schools, 2169 hospitals, and more than
5000 projects of infrastructure were established in three provinces
including Sichuan, Gansu, Shannxi .

38StateCouncil

StateCouncil

StateCouncil

Item

Sub-item

Information

DataSource

Key Target,featured
strategies/approaches etc.

Because of the policy of "one province to one county", there wascompetition among different provinces. So the new policy is "3 years
task will finish in 2years".

StateCouncil

Economic
RecoveryEconomic development recovery was strong. Sichuan, Gansu, andShannxi provinces got lots of support,and that made the mountain poor
district change a lot, and the buildings more modernized. Only inSichuan, the reconstruction plan included 29692 projects and morethan 800 billion yuan investment. Whole reconstruction investment isabout 1000 billion yuan.

StateCouncil

Other
Characteristics

Lessons
LearnedOpen policy is important, at the process of reconstruction, and theinternational experience were adopted by the government.
First the central government must provide the main budget to localgovernment. This is the central government's responsibility.
But secondly reconstruction can not be just centralized. It must be
combined decentralized projects. Using the policy "one province toone county", it is a very important decision. Actually this is the big
reform of the administration management of China.
Thirdly reconstruction must combined the economic with socialconstruction. This is the weak in the reconstruction process.
Also, the reconstruction law and regulation, especially the overall plan isvery important.
Opening the process of policy making to the society, it is anotherexperience in the reconstruction process. Some experts send a lot
valuable suggestions to central and local governments.
http://www.xinhuanet.com/xhwenchuan

Reports
References

Data/photos

USGS: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/
http://www.512.gov.cn/
http://www.cea.gov.cn/
http://www.ceic.ac.cn/
http://www.eq-igl.ac.cn/
http://www.mca.gov.cn
http://www.jianzai.gov.cn/
http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/
Http://www.scio.gov.cn
http://www.audit.gov.cn/n1057/n1072/n258889/
www.sc.gov.cn/10462/10929/11076/11077
Richard A. Kerr. Chinese Quake Likely a Mega-Catastrophe. Daily News.
ScienceNow. 2008-05-12
UNDP-China Project: Working Report about Relief and Reconstructionof Wenchuan Earthquake, by CDRC.

３）2004 年 スマトラ沖地震・津波災害

Item

Data onHazard

Sub-item

Information

Date and Time ofOccurrence

Aceh

:

07:58AM, December 26, 2004

Nias

:

11:09PM, March 28, 2005

Magnitude(source)

Aceh

:

M 9.1

Nias

:

M 8.6

Aceh

:

250 km South west of ACEH (3.316oN, 95.854oE)

Nias

:

2.074oN, 97.013oE

Epicenter

39

Data
SourceUSGSUSGSUSGS