November 13th, 2013
LectureFunctional Carbon Materials forEnergy and Environmental Devices
Yoon, Seong-Ho, Jin Miyawaki

IMCE, Kyushu University
6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan 〒 816-8580
yoon@cm.kyushu-u.ac.jp

IMCE, Kyushu University

1Bonding
Hybridization

Allotropes

SP3

Cubic diamond

Derived and Defective Forms

Diamond-like Carbon

Polycrystalline
Graphite

Pyrocarbons

Carbon Black

SP2

Cokes andActivated
Carbons
Carbon Fibers

Hexagonal graphite

Bucky Onions

Toroidal Structures

Acetylene Blacks

SP2+

rehybridization

Nanotubes

FullereneRef.) Bourrat, X. Structure in Carbons andCarbon Artifacts. In: Sciences of Carbon
Materials. Marsh, H.; Rodriguez-Reinoso, F.,
Eds., Universidad de Alicante, 2000. pp1-97.

SP1
CarbyneCarbon Allotropes
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Application of carbon materials
Electric and Heat Conductions
 Conductor and Semi-conductor

Energy Storage Battery anode Super capacitor
 Gas storage

MechanicalReinforcement

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Environmental Protection
 Activated surface

High Temperature
Materials

3Applications of Carbons
FED

ITO
alternative

Nano-robot

Bio-chipDisplay

MemorySolar cell
Field emission
Wastewater
treatment
Organic
reactionNanoreactor

DDS

Bio

IT

Fibril,biocompatibility

AFM/STM

Nano-Eng.

Environmental

Nano-lithography

Nano-fibril

FET・TMR

Catalyst
SupportElectron spintransportation

Electric Devices

Nano-poreGasstorage

Dielectric

EnergyIon
storage

EMS

Electric
salination

CVD/synthesis

Package
Antistatic

Etc.
Arc/Laser ablation

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4Characteristics of carbons● Thermal stability● High thermal and electric conductivities
SWNT, Diamond : 4000 W/mK, K-11
carbon fiber: 1100 W/mK
● Small heat expansion● High thermal shock properties● High chemical stability● Abrasion and lubricant properties● High mechanical properties
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5Thermal characteristics of carbons

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Molecular structures of graphite

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Conventional Fossil Fuels

Petroleum

Exploration and Production, Refiningof Heavy Fraction to Very Clean Fuel

Coal

Clean Coal Technologies
Efficient Combustion
Gasification
Liquefaction

Natural Gas Transportation
LNG or Pipe Line
GTL: Small Resources
Price and Cost :IMCE, Kyushu University

Ultimate Recoverable Quantity14化石燃料の将来

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1515炭素材料原料
Raw materials
Coal tar
Polymer: Thermosetting and thermoplastic
Heavy oil and residues
Biomass
Precursor• Pitches: CF, ACF, MCMB, Ball type AC, Binder pitch,
Additives• Polymer: AC, ACF, Glassy carbon, CF• Cokes: Electrode, Capacitor, Battery anode, AC,
Additives• Char: AC, Additives, Reducer for Solar cell
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From fossil fuel to functional carbons
Carbonaceous
resources

Side products

Advanced Carbon Materials for Energy Saving, Storing,
And Environmental Protections and Improvements

Effective conversion and utilization of fossil fuels and their residues
Petroleum

Heavy
residues

Natural Gas

C10+

Syngas

Coal

Coke

COG

Energy Saving

Energy Storing

Environmental
Protections

Fuel Cell

Battery

Water

Catalyst

Li-ion battery

Purification

Separator

Na-S battery

Water conversion

Bipolar Plate

Air battery

NO3-, PO4-3 removalSuper capacitor

Atmosphere

EDLC for EV, FV

AC, ACF for DeSOx,
DeNOx, deVOCs

Hydrogen

AC, ACF for
Sick-house gases

Advanced
Generation
Structural Materials
For IGCC, IGFC

Structural Materials
H-storing Bombe
For Atomic Reactor

Tar

Biomass

Char

Light Weight

MethaneCarbon Fibers

Methane storage

CO2 separation &Concentration

Synthetic Carbon

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17ピッチ系高性能炭素繊維
メゾフェーズ
ピッチ

紡糸

不融化

炭化・黒鉛化

高弾性、高引張強度、高熱・電気伝導度

問題点：低圧縮強度 > 複合材料使用制限
原因：ドメイン（プリット構造）の大きさ・均一さ

Pleat構造 ＞ 均一・縮小 ＞ 圧縮強度向上IMCE, Kyushu University

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Classification of Carbon Fiber
8.0
T1000G

7.0

・ Ultra High Modulus Type（ＵＨＭ）
Young’s Modulus > 600ＧＰａ
Tensile Strength > 2500ＭＰａ

Tensile strength (GPa)

6.0

5.0
T700S
T300J

4.0

3.0

T800H

I
M
T400H

H
T

・ High Modulus Type（ＨＭ）
Young’s Modulus ：350～600ＧＰａ
Tensile Strength > 2500ＭＰａ

M35J
M40J
M46J
M50J

M30

Granoc YS series
M60J

HM

UHM

Granoc XN seriesT300
M46

LU・ Standard Modulus Type（HT）
Young’s Modulus ：200～280ＧＰａ
Tensile Strength > 2500ＭＰａ

Kureha CFs

・ Low Modulus Type（ＬＭ）
Young’s Modulus < 200ＧＰａ
Tensile Strength < 3500ＭＰａ

M40

M50

2.0

・ Medium Modulus Type（ＩＭ）
Young’s Modulus ：280～350ＧＰａ
Tensile Strength > 3500ＭＰａ

1.0

0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900 1000

Young’s Modulus (GPa)

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Carbon Fiber

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20CFs for Construction

21 IMCE, Kyushu University

21WindmillWind power generation which has
become popular recently is
expected to require bigger andbigger blades to have higher andhigher output capacity for each unit.
In order to support big size blades,
use of CFRP becomes vitallynecessary. And as the material
for high speed rotating body for
fly wheels which are attracting
public attention as a technology
to store energy effectively basedon theory of top spinning, use of
CFRP is becoming popular.

22 IMCE, Kyushu University

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Carbon is key element for Batteries !!
②Dry Battery①Li-ion[Cheap][Easy Available][High capacity](+) : LiCoO2(-) : Carbon(Graphite)
Conductor :Carbon(+) : MnO2(-) : Zn
Conductor :Carbon③Ni-MH[High power][Total balance](+) : (Ni-Co )(OH)2(-) : Mm(Ni-Mn-Al-Co)5
substrate:Nickel and Carbon
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Research background : Battery Road

SafetyIonic liquid (IL)Air
Si

Li polymer battery

Li
metal

SulfurSolvent free Li-ion
conducting membrane(e.g. PEO/LiCF3SO3)
LTO

BatteryRoad

Fluorine

LiFePO4
GraphiteElectric
VehicleHardcarbon

Metal
oxide
(SnO)

Si/C
composite

Sn,
Sb

High
capacity

Interface(ElectrodeElectrolyte)

LiCoO2

LiMn2O4

Nanostructure

LTO(Li4Ti5O12)

Composite(e.g. Sn/C,
Si/C)

TO (TiO2,
Anatase)Good
cyclability

Coating oncarbonHardcarbon

LiFePO4

Nanostructure

Anode

CarboncoatedLiFePO4
Composite

CathodeElectrolyte

Low
cost

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 J. Thomas, Nat. Mater. 2 (2003) 705.
 J.-M. Tarascon, Nature 414 (2001) 359.
 B. Scrosati, J. Power Sources 195 (2010) 2419.

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LTO

High
power
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Carbons for Battery, Capacitor, Atomic and Coal Power Plants

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Small fuel cells

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Semi-conductors

Tray for Wafer : CFRP composites

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Carbon blacks
Activated Carbons
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Carbons for Nuclear28

ガラス炭素（Glassy Carbon)
Resin

硬化

熱処理

加工・後処理熱・電気伝導性、耐腐食性、高強度、ガス不浸透性
問題点例）放電加工用電極 >>半導体Wafer上の汚れ
原因：加熱放電時熱振動によるミクロドメイン粒子の落ち●高純度の炭素製品>金属系不純物元
素に よる汚染なし●プラズマによる材料消耗を少なく、長寿命●フッ硝酸で、洗浄しても材料自体の消耗な しIMCE, Kyushu University29ピッチ系活性炭素繊維
等方性
ピッチ

紡糸

不融化

活性化

高表面積、ミクロポア、繊維状、導電性

問題点：吸着量、連続吸着、選択性
原因：ポア構造、大きさ、表面特性-KOH 賦活：Nanoporeサイズ制御：キャパシタ 物性
画期的向上-1050℃熱処理：表面性質制御：DeSOx性能画期的
向上-硝酸処理：表面性質制御：Chloro-compounds除去
能向上
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Air Purification Using ACF (Remote Watching System)

Set-up of
ACF Fences
H 1.8m × W 1m

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Ox
SO2

CO
CO2

NO
NO2

SPM

NVOCs
Benzene
VOCs
Toluene etc.

HCHO
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hexane2,4-dimethyl pentane
heptaneoctanenonanedecaneundecanebenzenetolueneethyl benzene
xylenestyrene
1,3,5-tr
imethylb
enzene1,2,4-tr
imethylb
enzene1,2,3-tr
imethylb
enzeneα -pinenelimonenechloroform
1,2-dic
hloroethane
1,1,1-trichloroethane
carbontetrachloride1,2-dic
hloropropane
chlorom
ethylene bromidetrichlor
oethylenetetrachloroethylene
p-dichlorobenzeneethyl acetate
butyl acetate
methylethyl ketone
methylisobutyl ketonebuthyl alcohol(ppb)
Concentration
Concentration（ppb)

The VOC’s concentrations on the road andscavenging effect of ACF-unit.

5.0

4.0

3.0

BenzeneHexane2.0

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TolueneMedian strip

Ethyl benzene
after ACF-unit(after 106 days)

XyleneEthyl acetate

Trimethyl benzene

1.0

0.0

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Characterization of ACF purificationNONO

Natural ventilation

NO2
NO2

ACF

(SPM)
Hazardous
chemicals
Odor
NH3
SO2

Room temperature, ozonizer is no need,no light irradiation, compact design
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Ｃ/Ｃ０（％）

Ｆｉｇ．３ CNF-ACF複合体を利用したSO2連続除去プロファイル
100

OG15A-AS80

OG15A-H1100

OG15A-H1100を利用した
硫酸回収型排煙脱硫装置は、パイロットテストを終え、2004年4月から実証Ｐｌａｎｔ稼動（九大－三菱重工－大阪ガス）

OG15A-CNF20min-H1100

60

OG15A-CNF5min-H1100

40
20

0
0

10

20

30

40

時間（ｈ）

OG15A-AS: Pitch based as-prepared ACF from Osaka Gas
OG15A-H1100: Heat treated OG15A-AS at 1100oC for 0h
OG15A-CNF5min-H1100: Heat treated CNF-OG15A-AS composites(CNF生成時間：5分）

OG15A-CNF5min-H1100を利用し、 OG15A-H1100
よりさらに高い排煙脱硫性能を達成した。
（完全脱硫：28時間以上、定常脱硫率：8５％
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CNF-ACF 複合体（OG15ACNF5min-H1100）の開発によってプラント容積を1/2まで縮小可能

さらに高い脱硫率を目指している
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Sun Light (Solar Cell)
Carbon coated solar cell panel

SiO2

Reduction
Agent

Si

Silica reduction agent

Silicone growing furnace

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Atomic Reactor

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IGCC & IGFCHigh Temperature Gasification Reactor & Fuel Cell
The Higher Temperature the operation, The higher Efficiency.
→ Carbon structural materials

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CCS - Carbon Dioxide Sequestration -CO2

Our Lab;Using CNF as a filler for
anofluidall, Volume 3, Issue 7, Date: July 2, 2007, Pages: 1209-1213

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Storage
Disposal / Re-use

Separation &Concentration(Over 98%)
PSA with Activated Carbon
Separation membrane with carbon ceramic filter
Absorption separation with organic amines
40Graphite Electrode

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Iron Smelting in Electric Arc Furnace.
Needle Coke Electrode.
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42Advanced carbons from Biomass

Cheap Hard Carbons for EVs
Capacitor
Electrode carbons
From Biomass

Reducing Agentsfor Solar Cell

CO2 Separator frombiomass

Trees fromIndonesia

DeSOx,DeNOx
DeNOx用
活性炭素繊維フェンス

CCS
原料需給の合理化
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役割分担：
インドネシア：精製と前処理
日本：先端炭素材の調製

廃資源の高付加価値化

CO2の削減ボルネオ低地帯の熱帯雨林
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炭素材の製造

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Phase of reaction
Heat treatment
Temperature
(oC)

Vapor

Solid

LiquidOrganic materials

Structural units
Molecular

Structures

Cluster

RadicalPyrolysis

Pore

From
From
solid and liquid
vapor phases phases

Aromatization
Crosslinking

Polycondensation

500
Carbon materials

600

DomainMicrodomainsrawmaterials

Organic materials

200
탄
소
화

Microdomain

Applications

Carbonaceous
materials

CokingPartialmergerNucleation of Microof cluster
domainsLa
increasing

PyroCarbons
Nucleation(Coatingof domain
Nucleation C/C etc)
by mergerof microof microporesdomains
Fibrouscarbons

1000

탄화

CarbonMaterials
1500

Decreasing
microspores

Shrinkage ormetamorphosisof microdomains Shrinkage ormetamorphosis
Lcof domains
increasing

Activatedcarbons

GlassyNeedleor hardcoke
carbons Carbon
fiber
(HT)

DLC

2000
흑
연
화

Graphites

Glassy Carbon
carbons fiber(HM)

Lc(112)increasing

3000

ElectrodeLibattery C/C

HOPG

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Heat treatment
Temperature (oC)

Phase of reaction
Vapor

Solid

LiquidGas
volatilization

Chemical andPhysical changes

Organic materials

200
탄
소
화

RadicalPyrolysis

Aromatization
Crosslinking

Polycondensation

500
Carbon materials

600

Carbonaceous
materials

Coking1000

탄화CarbonMaterials
1500

2000
흑
연
화

Graphites

Molecular
Structures
Organic materials

H2O
Main chain rearrangements
Low mol. Paraffin or Olefins
Aromatization, Condensation
Low mol. Aromatic carbons
Polymerization, Cross-linking
CokingCH4, CO, NO2
H2S, CO2
H2 etc.

Devolatilization
Crack nucleation
Stacking start
Loss of viscosity (Inorganic Mat.)

H2
CO, CO2
H2S
etc.

Removal of heterogeneous atoms
Dehydrogenation
Micropore nucleation
La increasing

H2S
HCN
CS2
N2 etc.
H2
H2S
N2 etc.

Removal of heterogeneous atoms
Lc increasing
Reducing micro pores

Removal of inorganic materials
Formation of 3 D graphitic structure

3000

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化石燃料から高機能性炭素材の製造と応用

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人造カーボンの構造の由来

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PAN系炭素繊維の構造

IMCE, Kyushu University49単位構造と構造の制御
fiber axis
Aromatic planar molecule
spinning

Lc(002)
Deformed micro-domain

Stacking unit of planar molecules(Molecular assemble unit)

Closely packed microdomains in mesophase
pitch

Aligned micro-domains in
the mesophase pitch fiber

Graphitic unit
Micro-domain(Quasi-aligned molecular assemble unit)

DomainHeat
Treatment

Pitch fiber

Pleat unit

Graphitized fiber

IAMS, Kyushu University “Axial nano-scale microstructure in the graphitized fiber inherited from liquid crystal mesophase pitch”
IMCE, Kyushu UniversityCarbon, 34, 83-88 (1996) S. H. Yoon, Y. Korai, K.Yokogawa, S. Fukuyama, M. Yoshimura, I. Mochida 50

構造概念からの炭素材

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構造の制御はどこから?

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Purities of Advanced Materials• High performance pitch based carbon fibers:less than 50 ppm• Capacitor : less than 500 ppm• High performance needle coke : 500 ppm• Carbon medicines: less than 300 ppm?
• Carbon anode for LIB: less than 100 ppm• …

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Mesophase Pitch
Kyushu University and Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co.
Catalytic Condensation of Aromatic Compounds into Oligomers
Non-hydrogenation Condensation: Naphthalene Rings
Inheritance of Stacking Structures
Aromatic Rings
Hetero-atomic Constituents in the Reaction Substituents
Aromatic Resin (AR)Mesophase Pitch
Large Variety of
Mesogen Molecules• Removal, Recovery,
and Repeated Use of
HF/BF3 Catalyst

Models of mesophase constituent
molecules

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Typical mesogen units in various
mesophase pitches(Mochida et al. Carbon 1990, 28,
311)

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Relationship between the structures and mechanicalproperties in carbon fibers

PAN CF

IMCE, Kyushu University“Pleat structure of mesophase pitch based carbon fiber”
S. H. Yoon, Y. Korai, I. Mochida Carbon, 32, 1182-1186 (1994)

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Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fibers○ PAN-CF△ Rayon-CF□ Pitch-CF

Tensile Strength（kgf/mm2)

800
700
600
500

AR Mesophase Pitch
Based HPCF

400
300
200

Conventional Pitch
Based HPCF

100
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Young’s Modulus（ton f/mm2)

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Nanoscopic Structure of PAN Based CF
Cross-section

Outer surface

1500
℃

1500℃

2000℃

2500℃

Figure SEM & STM images of heat treated PAN based CFs at 1500、2000、2500℃

NMP CF

MNMP CFPAN CF

2500℃

Domainarrangementin Pitch based
CF

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Domainarrangement
in PAN based
CF

Domainarrangement in
Pitch based CF(Cross-section)“Structural comparison of mesophase and PAN based carbon fibers”
S.H. Hong, S. H. Yoon, I. Mochida Carbon2006、 (2006、7) England

Domainarrangement in
PAN based CF(Cross-section)

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Nano-carbons
58
Fullerene

Zero dimension
Basal surface
Nano-size

High price, very limited application
Mass-production (Solved)(Frontier Carbon)

CNT

One dimension
Basal surface
Nano-size

Relatively high price (Under study)
Patent problems (?)
Mass-production
Limited application

Various surfaces
and structures
Nano-size

Relatively low price
Patent problems (Solved)
Mass-production (Solved)
Various applications
Large diameter (Solved)

Dimension-lessParticular surfaces

Relatively low price
Patent problems (Solved)
Mass-production (Solved)
Various applications

CNF

Graphene

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58Selective Preparation of CNFs and Relatives
Standard CNFs
PCNF, HCNF, TCNF
Accordion CNF

Target optimized CNFs

Mass Production of CNF
Batch process
Pressurized Process
CNFs from Waste Gases

Small CNF,
High SA CNF,
Highly Graphitic CNF
Highly Dispersive CNF
N-doped CNF

Structural Modifications
Mesoporous CNFs
Activation

CNF functional composites
CNF-Si, SiO, TiSi
CNF-NG、CB
CNF-SiO2, CNF-MgO

Metal & Metal Oxide Nano-chain

Electric oxidation

Electro-spun CNF
Indoor pollutions
Dilute NOx
De-metal, De-particulates¥

Fe3O4, MoO2 nanochain
SiO2, SiC nanofibers
Pt, PtRu, Pd, Au nanochain

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59Standard CNFs
Sample #SEM

KNF-SPR
PlateletNano-rod

TEM

Properties
Applications
Platelet
電池材料, 触媒担
high grapht. deg.
体, 触媒担体
80 ~ 400 nm, SA 90 m2/g例) 高活性水素化
d002 3.36Å, Lc(002) 30
触媒Ru/PCNF
nm

Etc.
70 g/日KNF-SH
Herringbone

Herringbone
high surface area
70 ~ 500 nm, SA 150
m2/gd002 3.45Å, Lc(002) 3 nm

複合材料, ガス貯蔵, 吸着剤,触媒担体, FED例)DMFC用PtRu触媒担体

100 g/日KNF-ST
Tubular
高黒鉛化
性Tubular
複合材料, 吸着剤,
thin walls, open tips
触媒担体, 触媒
high grapht.deg.
20 ~ 50 nm, SA 90 m2/g
d002 3.37Å, Lc(002) 13nm

20 g/日KNF-FM
Tubular
小繊径

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tubular, hollow
5~15 nm, 4 -7 walls

複合材料、触媒担体、FED

20 g/日60

1. Preparation of graphene 61discs
Preparation of uniform graphene discStep-by-step cutting of graphenes of platelet carbon nanofiber (PCNF)

PCNF consists of nano-sized platelet structuralunits stacked perpendicular to fiber axis.
The plate unit has the thickness of 2-3 nm
consisted of 6-10 graphene layers.
Graphene
PCNF

Structural unit

Yoon SH et al. Carbon 43, 1828 (2005).

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Cutting to structural unit, and then graphene61

1. Preparation of graphene 62discs
Chemical reduction of GPCNF oxide
Hydrothermal reduction using NaBH4 at 130oC for 5 h
Oxidation

K/GP= 1University
IMCE,
Kyushuxxxx Sonication xxxxx

K/GP = 3

K/GP = 5xReductionxx

K/GP = 662

Nitrogen-Doped Graphenes by a Combined Chemical andHydrothermal Reduction

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6364 CNFs
2. Preparation of mesoporous

Preparation of mesoporous HCNF and TCNF
From graphitized HCNF and TCNF (GHCNF and GTCNF)
GPCNF
SBET = 307 m2/g

GHCNF
SBET = 215 m2/g

GTCNF
SBET = 168 m2/g

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65
4. Electrochemical applications

TCNF

TCNF oxide(o-TCNF)

PU-TCNF

Pt@PU-TCNF

40 wt% Pt loading

Pt@
TCNF

Pt@TCNF
Pt@PU-TCNF

Pt@
PU-TCNF

XRD patterns
IMCE, Kyushu Universityd(avg.) = 3.2 nm65

What is a functional Nano-material
Functional
Material
Adsorption
Support

Improvement of
Functions by
Growing CNFs
Function improvement
Function Hybridization
Novel Function Creation

Electrode
Filleretc.
Pretreatment ofSurface

Catalyst supporting

CNF Growth

Functional
Material

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Various CNF Composites

IMCE, Kyushu University“Surface Control of Activated Carbon Fiber by Growth of Carbon Nanofiber”
Seongyop Lim, Seong-Ho Yoon, Yoshiki Shimizu, Hangi Jung, and Isao MochidaLangmuir; 2004; 20(13) pp 5559 – 5563

67

Pyrolytic carbon coated Si-CNF composite
Pyrolytic carbon

Step I P/C provides the catalyst
to be impregnated easily
and strongly on Si surface

Fe catalyst

Pyrolytic carbon

Carbon nanofiber

Step II

Step III Strong bond bet. Si and CNF
 Effective to relieve volume expansion(Good cycle life)

Step IV Re-coated p/c improved initial efficiency
by the decreased surface area, andshowed good cycle life After removal catalyst,
the composite is changed to
unstable ( bad cycle life)

All of the p/c coated Si-CNF composite
showed the improved reversible capacity and cycle lifes
IMCE, Kyushu University

68Research scope of Yoon’s Lab

 Synthesis and applications of functional materials
 Energy and environmental engineering- Outline and Interrelation of Research Topics
Advanced Catalytic Reaction

Environmental Preservation

Coal and Petroleum - Selective Reactions
Hydrogenation・C1, C4 Chemistry、Highly-purified Fuel

Adsorptive Reaction：DeSOｘ、DeNOｘ
Selective Ads.：VOC、CO2、Black carbon,
Sick house gas, Nano-particles
Gas storage and separation：CH4, H2

Catalyst Preparation
Metal, Oxide, Complex, Oxygen, Microorganism

Liquefaction・gasification
refining and reforming

Calcination
Graphitization

Refined Precursors
Gas Oils

Meso-fication
Carbonization

Coal and Petroleum
Oil Shell
Tar

Functional Carbons

Functional Composites

Activated Carbons and Fibers (AC, ACF)
Carbon Fibers (CF)Needle Cokes
Green Cokes and Calcined Cokes
Binder Pitch
Mesophase Pitch
Carbon Nanofibers （CNF)
Fullerene and its Derivatives

Hydrocarbons
Organic Materials
Biomass

Composite
Artifact
Carbonization
CVD
Mixing

CF-Composites
AC, ACF Adsorption
Electrode
Cokes, Binders
CNF-Composites
Nano-particle Composites
Inorganic Nanofibers

Chemical, Electrochemical Modification
Composite and Functionalizing

Fundamentals of Carbon Engineering

EnergyAdvanced Materials

Carbon Structure Fundamentals：modeling and functional prediction of
structural units of CF, ACF, and CNF
Control and Uses of Surface and Pore Structure
IMCE,
University
Thermaland Kyushu
Electrochemical
Characterization of Carbons

High Functional Li-ion secondary battery
Supercapacitor Materials
Desalination：fresh water making
Fuel Cell Catalysts, Separators

Field Emission Display
Transparent Conductive Films
EMI Shield、Sensors
ER Fluid, Nano-fluid69Effective Utilization of Coals and Biomass

Jcoal Journal Vol.1 2005 Cover

IMCE, Kyushu University

70

Stacked Structure of Catalyst for Petroleum
NMACZ-1 MoS2 Average Stacking Layers；4-6
Zeolite coated with alumina
Al2O3

S
Co(Ni)
Mo

ZeoliteAl2O3S
Co(Ni)
Mo
5 nm

MoS2
Average Stacking Layers ；2-4
IMCE, Kyushu University

NMAZ
71

Carbons from now
Era of nano-carbons are almost finished. Only special applications are promising!
Era of GOOD Raw material to GOOD Product are almost finished. China and otherdeveloping countries will take over whole markets!

Era of BAD Raw material to GOOD Product are coming. Developed countries only havechances on such materials
Novel carbon, if it can be found, still has a chance to change the paradigm.
But what is that?

Nano-carbons(Concept, methodology)

FusionConventional carbons(Waste Materials)

New carbon materials, New processes for manufacturing, New markets for carbon
applications
72

IMCE, Kyushu University

72

New Carbonaceous Materials Technology
New feasible technology to solve urgent energy and environmental
problems which fusion conventional fuel science, carbon technology
and nano-carbon technology.
Fossil Fuel Science & Technology• Petroleum Chemistry, Technology• Coal & Biomass Sciences• Catalyst, Mining

Conventional Carbon Technology• Carbonaceous Materials Sciences• Carbon Technology• Carbon alloy science• Activated carbon science

Nano Carbon Technology• Nano structural concept• Nano technologic method

Why New Carbon Technology through the fusionof Conventional and Nano Carbon Technologies ?
 Innovation of performances of carbon materials.
 Consumption of fossil fuels grows by 2~3 times up to 2050.
- High utilizations of fossil fuels and biproducts,
73- Decreasing environmental burdens
IMCE, Kyushu University

73

Conclusion• Carbon is Key Materials for Energy andEnvironmental Devices.
• High Utilization of Fossil Fuels and Their Biproducts is most urgent task to solve.
• New Structural Concept and Producing Method
Can Increase the Industry Realization.
• Best Structure Must Be Selected For Each
Objective and Prepared.
 Preparation step (Selective and Controlled Synthesis)
 Modifications⇒• It is time to re-innovate!
74 IMCE, Kyushu University74

Report1. 炭素材が省エネルギー・環境保全デバイスのKeyマテリア
ルになる理由を分子構造、物性の側面から記述せよ。
（半ページ程度）
2. 比表面積を増やすにはどうすればよいか？
炭素材に細孔を導入する手法としてガス賦活（物理賦活）と薬品賦活（化学賦活）がある。それぞれを説明せよ。
• 提出期限：次の授業時間まで• Word Processorを使わずに作成すること。
• A4 1枚で作成すること。
• 授業日時と講義者（Yoon教授）を明記すること。
IMCE, Kyushu University

75