Country Report ：The Islamic Republic of Iran
On Disaster Risk Management

By Ali Bakhtiari
Iranian National Disaster Management Organization (NDMO)And Visiting Researcher at ADRC

Kobe, Japan
February 2014

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Disclaimer

This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC member
countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADRC.
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps in thereport also do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the ADRC.

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Contents
Basic Information .............................................................................................................................. 4
Iran at a glance .............................................................................................................................. 4
Geography .................................................................................................................................... 5
Resources and land use .................................................................................................................. 5
Climate ......................................................................................................................................... 6
History.......................................................................................................................................... 6
Religion ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Iran's Attraction ........................................................................................................................... 10
Nature ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Natural Hazards and Disaster Risk Management, Strategy and Implementation mechanisms in Iran ......... 12
The Iranian Emergency Response System: ...................................................................................... 16
Specialized Working groups .......................................................................................................... 16
Regional (Provincial) and Local (District) Structures ......................................................................... 17
Implementation of Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) ........................................................................ 17
Academic programmes .................................................................................................................... 17
ADRC Counterpart ........................................................................................................................... 19
References: .................................................................................................................................... 20|Page3

In The Name of God

Basic Information
Iran is a county in southwest Asian, country of mountains and deserts. Eastern Iran is dominatedby a high plateau, with large salt flats and vast sand deserts. The plateau is surrounded by even higher
mountains, including the Zagros to the west and the Elburz to the north. Its neighbors are Turkmenistan,Azerbaijan and Armenia on the north, Afghanistan and Pakistan on the east, and Turkey and Iraq on
the west.
Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial
center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy
security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. [1]Iran at a glance
Capital (and largest city)

TehranOfficial language(s)35°41′N 51°25′E / 35.683°N 51.417°E / 35.683; 51.417
Persian (Farsi)

Spoken languages
Government

PersianAzeri, Kurdish, Lori, Balochi, Gilaki, Arabic, Turkmen,
Armenian, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Islamic republic
Ayatullah Al-Uzma Seyed Ali Khamenei

Supreme Leader
President
Legislature

Hassan Rohani

Unification

Median Empire

Islamic Consultative Assembly
625 BC- Safavid Empire

1501- Islamic Republic

1 April 1979

Area

- Current constitution 24 October 1979
Total 1,648,195 km2 (18th) 636,372 sq mi

Population- Water (%)
0.7
2013 estimate 77,163,154 (17th)|Page4

Currency
Time zone- 2010 census

74,700,000- Density

45/km2 (163rd) 116.6/sq mi

Rial (‫( )لاير‬IRR)
IRST (UTC+3:30)- Summer (DST)(IRDT) (UTC+4:30)

Internet TLD.ir

Calling code98

Iran Daylight Time[1], [10],[11]Geography
Iran is located in southwest Asia and borders the Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, and Caspian Sea.
Its mountains have helped to shape both the political and the economic history of the country forseveral centuries. The mountains enclose several broad basins, or plateaus, on which major
agricultural and urban settlements are located. Until the 20th century, when major highways andrailroads were constructed through the mountains to connect the population centers, these basinstended to be relatively isolated from one another.
Typically, one major town dominated each basin, and there were complex economic relationships
between the town and the hundreds of villages that surrounded it. In the higher elevations of themountains rimming the basins, tribally organized groups practiced transhumance, moving with theirherds of sheep and goats between traditionally established summer and winter pastures. There are no
major river systems in the country, and historically transportation was by means of caravans that
followed routes traversing gaps and passes in the mountains. The mountains also impeded easy
access to the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea.
With an area of 1,648,000 square kilometers (636,000 sq mi), Iran ranks eighteenth in size among
the countries of the world.
Iran shares its northern borders with three post-Soviet states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, andTurkmenistan. These borders extend for more than 2,000 kilometers (1,200 mi), including nearly 650
kilometers (400 mi) of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. Iran's western borders arewith Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south, terminating at the Shatt al-Arab, which Iranians call theArvand Rud.
The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the entire 1,770 kilometers (1,100 mi) southernborder. To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the south. Iran's diagonal distancefrom Azerbaijan in the northwest to Sistan and Baluchestan Province in the southeast is approximately
2,333 kilometers (1,450 mi) [1].

Resources and land use
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc,
sulfur|Page5

Arable land: 10%
Permanent crops: 1%
Permanent pastures: 27%
Forests and woodlands: 13%
Other: 49% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: 94,000 km2 (36,000 sq mi) (1993 est.)[1]

ClimateIran's climate ranges from arid or semiarid, to subtropical along the Caspian coast and thenorthern forests. On the northern edge of the country (the Caspian coastal plain) temperatures rarely
fall below freezing and the area remains humid for the rest of the year. Summer temperatures rarely
exceed 29 °C (84.2 °F). Annual precipitation is 680 mm (26.8 in) in the eastern part of the plain andmore than 1,700 mm (66.9 in) in the western part.
To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures, severe winterswith below zero average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The eastern and central basins arearid, with less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain, and have occasional deserts. Average summer
temperatures exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F). The coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman insouthern Iran have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers. The annual precipitation ranges
from 135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in) [1].

History
Recent archaeological studies indicate that as early as 10,000 BC, people lived on the southernshores of the Caspian, one of the few regions of the world which according to scientists escaped the Ice
Age. They were probably the first men in the history of mankind to engage in agriculture and animalhusbandry.
Though the history of Iran is long and complex, its shape is determined by the rise and fall of
successive dynasties - with intervals of chaos and confusion.
The Persian Empire, the Medes, the Assyrian Kingdom, the Macedonians, the Huns, theSassanians, the Arabs, the Seljuks and Mongols, the Timurids and the Safavids, all held sway here at
one time or another.
In the 6th century BC Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire, which was destroyed in 330
BC by Alexander the Great. In succeeding centuries, Persia was invaded by the Parthians, the Arabs,
the Mongols and various Turkish dynasties.
Persia continued to be overrun by foreign powers for another thousand years. The Seljuk arrived
in the 11th century, followed by the Mongols in the 13th century and Tamoriane in the 14th century. The
Safavids took control in the 16th century, only to be ousted by the Qajar, in the 18th century.

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In 1921 Reza Khan, an army officer, came to power. He was subsequently elected hereditary Shah,thus ending the Qajar dynasty and founding the new Pahlavi dynasty.
In 1963 Iran's most important religious nation-wide uprising led by Ayatollah Khomeini, took place inprotest to the so-called White Revolution.
After the victory of the Islamic Revolution of 1979 the shah was overthrown and Iran, officiallyrenamed the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Constitution of 1979 designated Ayatollah Khomeini as thepious jurist or faqih. April 1, 1979 became the Islamic Republic Day [1].

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Cyrus Cylinder(6th century BC) oldest
known charter of universal humanrightsElam’s woman(2200BC)

Tak tok(6th century BC)

Parsi’s Soldier (250BC)(100 -250 BC)
Salt Man- (1700 BC)(400-800BC)|Page8

Religion
Based on the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Article 12, the official religion of Iran is Islam and theTwelver Ja'fari School, and this principle will remain eternally immutable. Other Islamic schools are to be accorded fullrespect, and their followers are free to act in accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their religious rites.
These schools enjoy official status in matters pertaining to religious education, affairs of personal status (marriage,
divorce, inheritance, and wills) and related litigation in courts of law. In regions of the country where Muslims
following any one of these schools constitute the majority, local regulations, within the bounds of the jurisdiction of
local councils, are to be in accordance with the respective school, without infringing upon the rights of the followers ofother schools.
Article 13 the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran address Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian Iranians are theonly recognized religious minorities, who, within the limits of the law, are free to perform their religious rites andceremonies, and to act according to their own canon in matters of personal affairs and religious education.
Pilgrimage to the shrines of Imams is a specific Shia custom. The most important shrines in Iran are those for the
Eighth Imam in Mashhad and for his sister Fatima in Qom. There are also important secondary shrines for otherrelatives of the Eighth Iman in Rey, adjacent to south Tehran, and in Shiraz. In virtually all towns and in many villages
there are numerous shrines, known as imamzadehs. The shrines in Iraq at Karbala and An Najaf are also revered by
Shias [5].

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Iran's Attraction
Iran is one of the few countries that have all four distinguished seasons. And at any time of theyear, in each section of the country, one of the four seasons is visible. Iran's variety in terms oftemperature, humidity and rainfall differs from place to place and season to season. Length of theseasons differs in different regions. One of the world's most mountainous countries, the mountain
Damavand (5671 m above sea level) is the highest peak in Asia west of the Himalayas .The well-known
deserts of Iran are at two major regions: 1) Dasht-e-Kavir, and 2) Kavir-e-Lut. They are both some of
the most arid and maybe hottest areas of their kinds in the world. There is a vastly extended network ofrivers in Iran most of which seasonally are filled with water. Some permanent rivers run from the Alborz
or the Zagros to the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Some temporary rivers either run into abody of water or get dried before reaching any watershed [1].

Golestan Palace –Tehran

Persepolis- Fars -Shiraz

Arg e Bam- Kerman Province

Masule village- Gilan Province

Bazar –Tabriz province

Falak al aflak-Lorestan Province

Biston – Kermansha Province

Water Structures –shoshtar –khozestan

Ahvaz bridge- Khozestan

33pol- Esfahan

Saad abad Palace-Tehran

Shire sangi(stone-lione)-Hamadan| P a g e 11NatureNorth of Iran,
Tehran-the Damavanf Mountain

Southwest of Iran.

Center & South East of IranWest of IranSouth of Iran

| P a g e 11Natural Hazards and Disaster Risk Management, Strategy and Implementation mechanisms
in IranIran has a high level of exposure to multiple disaster risks. Situated in one of the most arid regions of
the world, it suffers from frequent, droughts. Moreover, floods, forest fires and sand and dust storms
increasingly affect different parts of the country. Iran’s main concern however continues to be seismic
risk. Due to its particular location in the Alpine-Himalayan mountain system, Iran is also highly
vulnerable to numerous and often severe earthquakes. The Bam earthquake at 1:56 AM UTC (5:26 AM
local Time) on Friday, December 26, 2003 (magnitude of 6.6 Mw) was one of several deadly tremorsthat have repeatedly struck Iran's towns and villages throughout its modern and ancient history. 13
years before other devastating earthquakes with a magnitude of 7.7 on the Richter scale hited the Northof Iran at 00:30:09 on June 21, 1990 (21:00:09 June 20, 1990 UTC). The disaster estimated left 40,000
dead, more than 400,000 homeless, 60,000 or more injured. Around 100,000 homes and commercial
building damaged and hundreds of towns and villages destroyed. Seismic Hazard Map of Iran isillustrated as below:

Seismic Hazard Map of Iran. Source: www.IIEES.ac.ir

Iran has developed an effective and internationally recognized disaster preparedness and response
capacity at the national and local levels, but disaster prevention and risk reduction are areas that will
require extensive longer-term efforts as well as multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder planning indevelopment sectors such as health, education and urban planning. At the same time, comprehensive
concepts and standards of risk reduction – which include social dimensions as well as physical aspects
of disaster prevention – can be further improved [3], [4] and [6].
Iran has significant experience and capacity in relief and emergency response as well as in sometechnical areas of disaster risk management, such as hazard mapping, earthquake engineering and| P a g e 12

reconstruction planning. In terms of disaster preparedness and response, Iran has strong technicalinstitutions and institutional arrangements for disaster management at the national level.
In the last two decades, the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran took a number of steps toenhance its national disaster management capacity. This has resulted in strong disaster preparedness
and emergency response capabilities at national and local levels.
The 5th National Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2011-2015) addresses the issueof disaster risk reduction and management in several areas, including enhancement of disaster
preparedness and response, upgrading building and construction codes and standards and earthquake
prevention measures, improving safety in rural settlements, and importantly, allocation of 2% of annual
national budget to disaster risk reduction and management [3].
Iran had developed a fruitful cooperation with other countries, International Institutes and UN
agencies. in 2011 the NDMO was joint Asian Disaster reduction Center (ADRC). Cooperation with
UNDP In the field of disaster management following the Manjil earthquake of 1990 Iran in the area ofseismic hazard mapping was more Strength. Over the years, this cooperation has gradually expanded
through the implementation of several programmes for strengthening national capacities in disaster risk
reduction and preparedness.
The United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) for 2012-2016 in the Islamic
Republic of Iran was signed in September 2011. Disaster Risk Management is one of the 5 priority
areas in the new UNDAF and reflects the determination of the Government of Iran to deal with the riskof disasters triggered by natural hazards through long term, foundational and comprehensive solutions.
The Disaster Risk Management component of new UNDAF set the key areas for cooperation on
disaster risk management through the following outcomes:)1 Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and management concepts and standards are integrated into
national development policies/programmes, and institutional, operational and coordination capacities for
effective DRR and response are strengthened;)2 National and local capacities are enhanced to ensure systematic monitoring and multi-hazard early
warning of disaster risks ;3) All communities, particularly those most at risk, have enhanced abilities to prevent, prepare for,respond to, and recover from disasters
In 2008 the National Disaster Management Organization(NDMO) is formed in order to utilize thenational, regional and local capacities to confront the natural and unexpected disasters as well as
creating an integrated management system for policy making, planning, coordinating research andexecutive activities in a cohesive manner, concentrated information dissemination and supervision over

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different phases of disaster management as well as rehabilitation and reconstruction of disaster stricken
areas[3].
In order to coordinate the activities of the organizations and institutions affiliated to the three State
governing branches, the Armed Forces and the other institutes and agencies under the auspices of theSupreme Leader (with regard to delegation of authority by His Honor) as well as for enacting of
regulations and standards governing the four phases of disaster management, the High Council of the
National Disaster Management Organization (hereinafter referred to as the High Council) is formed. The
High Council is chaired by the President and its membership will include relevant Ministers, Mayor of
Tehran, Commander of Armed Forces, one of the deputies of the Speaker of the Islamic Consultative
Assembly, First deputy of the Judiciary, Heads of Management and Planning Organization, the Islamic
Republic of Iran Broadcasting Corporation, Head of Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of
Iran, care taker of the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee, Head of State Meteorological Organization,
Head of Housing Foundation of the Islamic Revolution, as well as the Head of the Organization.
Disaster Management Coordination Council has been formed under the chairmanship of the
National Disaster Management Organization Head and membership of the plenipotentiary
representatives deputizing the related organizations and organs in order to coordinate activities.
Disaster Management Coordination Council in the provinces is formed under the chairmanship ofGovernor Generals and Governors in the provinces and cities respectively. Its membership includes theentire related organizations.
The NDMO is affiliated to the Ministry of Interior and the Head will be appointed on the proposal
made by the Minister of Interior, endorsed by the High Council and the decree given by the Minister ofInterior

The functions of the organization are as follows:
1- Development of policies and plans of action related to the four phases of disaster management,
and planning for provision or making possible use of the potential & capacities pertaining to thegovernmental, non- Governmental organizations and the Armed forces during the preparedness
and response operations, in order to be presented to the Cabinet of Ministers for approval.
2- Facilitate coordination and create cohesion among the various organizations in the country
regarding the four phases of disaster management.
3- Arrange for review and develop policies and comprehensive plans on culture, research, training,and propagation, dissemination of information, as well as rehearsal and testing activities in thefour phases of disaster management in order to be proposed to the High Council.
4- Strengthen regional and international cooperation, exchange of views and make use ofexperiences and the know- how of countries and international organizations in relation with the| P a g e 14

four phases of disaster management, as well as representation of the country in theinternational communities with coordination and collaboration of related organizations.
5- Documentation of disasters, the measures taken and the analysis made in this regard.
6- Planning and coordinating the organization and training of the entire people- centered organizations
including non-governmental institutions, Basij forces and volunteers in the four phases of thedisaster management.
7- Follow up to the ratifications and decisions of the High Council
8- Coordination and supervision over development and expansion of effective prevention systems,
retrofitting and seismic improvement of constructions, infrastructures, buildings and crucial andimportant lifelines as well as reconstruction and improvement of the old textures, development ofreinsurance and compensatory methods including different insurances, financial support andencouraging mechanisms in cooperation with the related organizations.
9- Supporting the development and expansion of active scientific and consultative institutes andbenefiting from their collaboration for the purpose of standardization and safety control of products,
services, building and infrastructural facilities, as well as supervision of approved standards thatshould be taken into account.
10- Develop the system of national work division for enhancing the culture of safety for each member ofthe community with cooperation of the Ministries, organizations, institutions and the organs related
to disaster management in order to be presented to the Cabinet of Ministers for approval.
11- Develop directives on determining the level of disasters as being of national, regional or local
significance, including emergency situations and the methods by which the crises resulting from
unexpected disasters are announced.
12- Provide directives to related organizations on procedures of the emergency and contingency plansthat can be executed in the event of or likely occurrence of a disaster.
13- Coordinate deployment of the entire potentials and capacities of both governmental or non –governmental organizations and the Armed forces which are required by the disaster management
during the disaster response phase.
14- Develop appropriate rules and regulations concerning the investigation of violations and breach of
approvals and orders of the High Council and the organization as well as negligence in performanceof duties by officials in the entire related organizations, public non- governmental organizations, theArmed forces and the organizations under the auspices of the Supreme Leader during the disaster
response phase with cooperation of the Judiciary and the Armed forces general staff to besubmitted to the Cabinet of Ministers for approval and the consequent implementation and follow –up.
15- Develop draft on rules and regulations concerning the pre-emptive measures to address abusers,
rioters and plunderers during the disaster with cooperation of the Judiciary and the Armed forces| P a g e 15

General staff to be submitted to the cabinet of ministers for approval, the consequent follow up andmonitoring the implementation.
16- Develop operating procedures and guidelines with cooperation of related organizations on receiving
and distribution of national, international and foreign aids to be submitted to the Cabinet of Ministers
for approval and the subsequent follow – up.
17- Develop a comprehensive information management system assisted by information networks of thescientific and research centers and the responsible executive organizations as well as establishing
the Disaster Information Management Center in the organization in order to provide timely warning
before occurrence of the likely disaster together with sound dissemination of information to theauthorities and the public at the time of disaster.
18- Overseeing at the highest level and evaluating the activities of the related organizations on the fourphases of disaster management (particularly preparedness and response) in order to be reported to
the High Council.

The Iranian Emergency Response System:
Disasters are categorized as being of National, Regional or local significance. Depending on theclassification of disasters, the respective authorities take control to direct relief efforts. During thedisaster, the entire relevant organizations are obliged to participate in the response operations upon thecall of the Head of the High Council in accordance with pre-planned programs. A report will bepresented to the organization accordingly. The cessation and termination of the response operations
will be announced by the Head of the High Council.

Specialized Working groups
14 Specialized Working groups under the overall supervision of the Ministry of Interior and headed bytheir ministries are responsible for managing, coordinating, administrating all activities related to Natural
Hazards in their Organizations. The Specialized Working groups are as follows:
1- Communications
2- Health and medical care
3- Droughts, Vegetation diseases and cold
4- Transportation, lifelines and weather disasters
5- NGO’s
6- Recovery , Hazardous material, Insurance, Firefighting
7- Security
8- Flood, power, sanitations and sea level rise9- Fuel and oil supply
10- Earthquake and landslide
11- Reconstruction
12- Environment hazards
13- Media and public Awareness
14- Rescue and relief and public Training
These working groups are at three levels: Local, national and provincial.

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Regional (Provincial) and Local (District) Structures
The national structure of the Ministry of Interior is mirrored at provincial level. The provincial andtownship sub- units formed under the supervision of Governor Generals and Governors respectively.
The deputy Governor General for development affairs and the deputy Governor will respectively
substitute the Governor Generals and Governors in the Disaster Management Coordination Council inprovinces and cities, who will be obliged to play their role as coordinator and reporting to theorganization.

Implementation of Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA)The Government of Iran was one of the first countries to establish an Executive Secretariat to follow
up on the implementation of Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) at the national level.
As a signatory of the HFA 2005–2015, Iran, along with another 167 nations and multilateral
institutions, is formally committed to mainstreaming DRR into national/sectoral development. This tenyear framework resolves to reduce disaster losses and is centered on the more effective integration ofdisaster risk considerations into sustainable development policies, planning and programming at alllevels, with a special emphasis on disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness and vulnerability
reduction.
The Executive Secretariat works under the supervision of the National Disaster Management
Organization (NDMO) hosted by an academic Center (Building and Housing Research Center (BHRC))[4].

Academic programmes
The majority of universities in Iran offer courses related to Disasters including Earthquake, Civil,
Water Science, Agriculture Science, geology, Environment Science and etc. The following universities
and institutes offers Course directly related to DRM:

1) University of Tehran, Institute of geophysics
Level: Doctorate &Masters in geophysics
Web: http://geophysics.ut.ac.ir

2) University of Tehran, Graduate Faculty Environment| P a g e 17

Level: Masters in Disaster management
Web: http://env.ut.ac.ir

3) University of Tehran, Medical Sciences
Level: PHD & Masters in Disaster and Emergency health
Geographical coverage: Global
Language: Farsi, but if there is international interest, English as well
Web: http://nihr.tums.ac.ir

4) Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS)
Level: PHD in Disaster and Emergency health
Geographical coverage: Global
Language: Persian (Farsi) but English language students can apply after coordination
Web: http://shmis.iums.ac.ir

5) International Institute of Earthquake Engineering & Seismology (IIEES)
Level: PHD &Masters in geophysics, Masters in Disaster Risk Reduction
Web: http://www.iiees.ac.ir

6) Shahid Beheshti University (SBU)
Level: Masters in Disaster management and masters in Reconstruction after Disasters.
Web: http://www.sbu.ac.ir

7) Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
Web: http://www.uk.ac.ir

8) Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS)
Web: http://www.inio.ac.ir

9) Natural disaster InstituteWeb: www.ndri.ir| P a g e 1810) Applied and science university, Natural disaster Institute branch
Level: Masters in Disaster management, bachelor in Disaster management, bachelor in relief andrescue.
Web: www.ndri.ir11) Iran Helal Institute of Applied-Science & Technology
Level: Masters in Disaster management, bachelor in Disaster management, bachelor in relief andrescue.
Web: http://www.helal-uast.ac.ir

ADRC Counterpart
Ministry of Interior, National Disaster management Organization (NDMO)
Address: 16th floor, Ministry of Interior Building, Fatemi sq, Tehran, Iran.
Tel :( +98)21848661-63
Web: www.ndmo.ir| P a g e 19

References:[1] ICT Ministry of Iran Islamic Republic Of, http://www.en.iran.ir[2] Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, http://www.ichto.ir[3] ‘Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction in the Islamic Republic of Iran’ Project Document[4] National Disaster Management Organization of Iran, www.NDMO.ir[5] Majlis Research Center, http://rc.majlis.ir[6] International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction, http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries[7] International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), www.iiees.ac.ir[8] U.S. Geological Survey, www.usgs.gov[9] National Museum of Iran, http://www.nationalmuseumofiran.ir[10] http://en.wikipedia.org[11] Statistical Centre of Iran, www.amar.org.ir[12] Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran, http://geophysics.ut.ac.ir[13] University of Tehran, Faculty of Environment, http://env.ut.ac.ir[14] University of Tehran, Faculty of Medical Sciences, http://nihr.tums.ac.ir[15] Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), http://shmis.iums.ac.ir[16] Shahid Beheshti University (SBU), http://www.sbu.ac.ir[17] Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, http://www.uk.ac.ir[18] Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS),
http://www.inio.ac.ir[19] Natural disaster Institute ,www.ndri.ir[20] Iran Helal Institute of Applied-Science & Technology, http://www.helal-uast.ac.ir| P a g e 21