3 Accumulation and Provision of Information on Natural Disasters andDisaster Reduction

3-1 Background and Policy
We at the Asian Disaster Reduction Center are helping member countries develop disaster-reduction systems by collecting information on
natural disasters, as well as keeping a record of their disaster management laws, plans and concrete measures and putting them onto a
database to enable them to be shared with others, and are developing fundamental information infrastructures with which to promote
cooperation on a multinational scale concerning disaster reduction.
In fiscal 1998, we got a grip on the outline of the following by gathering and storing in the database information from existing materials,
contact persons in each country and other disaster-reduction-related organizations, and started disseminating the following information:(1) Disaster-reduction systems (judicial system, organization, basic plans, disaster management manuals, etc.);(2) Actual cases of disaster countermeasures (measures taken during great natural disasters in the past, such as the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake);(3) Natural disaster information (descriptions and damage incurred by earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters in the past); and(4) Human resources information (persons of learning and experience, etc.).
Prior to our collection of data, we carried out investigations into disaster-reduction-related home pages on the Internet, with a view toestablishing collaboration and cooperation with other organizations.
Table 3-1-1 Disaster Information on the Internet< Entire table→https://www.adrc.asia/annual98/h3-1-3-1eg.xls>
General Disaster Earth Tsunami Volcano Hurricane FloodquakesTyphoonOCHA(United Nations
Office for the Coordinationof Humanitarian Affairs）

OCHA(Office for
the Coordinationof Humanitarian
Affairs）

UN

ReliefWeb○（Menu:Natural Disasters, andSearch engine）

IDNDR(International
RADIUS
Decade for Natural Disaster
Reduction)

Switzerland ×

○

×

×

×

×

×

Direct from the field

IFRC ＆ RCS (International IFRC（International Federation ○Federation of Red Cross and of Red Crescent Societies)
Red Crescent Societies)(the report on the state of thearea where disaster happened
and the response of IFRC)

Belgium○

Institute of Industrial
INCEDE
Science ,University of Tokyo

Japan

×

Emergency Management
Australia

EMA（Emergency
Management
Australia)

Australia○

Natural Hazards ResearchCentre, Macquarie
University

Natural Hazards
Research Centre

Australia○

MINISTRY OF CIVIL
DEFENCE

Emergency
Management andCivil Defence

New
Zealand○Department of Seismology,
University of ParisGEOSCOPE
Network of IPGPFrance○IRIS(Incorporated Research Seismic Monitor
Institutions for Seismology)

USA○

The United States
Govrment

FEMA(Federal
Emergency
Management
Agency)USA○

Earthsat

EarthSatUSA○

National hurricane Center(
Tropical Prediction Center)

National
Hurricane Center

USA

Natural Hazards Centre at
the University ofColorado,Boulder

Natural Hazards
Center at the

USA

CRED（Universite
Catholique de Louvain）

CRED

EMDAT

○

×

×

×

×

×

1. Hazards,Disasters and Survival
Info②Emergency Management Projects
Natural Hazards Quarterly○

Some New Zealand Natural○

Disasters 1840〜1980
Seismic data from the 25 stations in
the world
Seismic Monitor(location maps ofseismic events）
○

○

○

○

○

Preparedness(risk of the disasters,
Preparedness to them)○○

Area map at risk of flood in US○Hurricanes

Past Hurricane History in US

Quick Response Reports

University ofColorado,Boulder
Simon Fraser Univeresity

Hazard Net

USA

NOAA・National Weather
Service,The Office ofHydrology

NOAA・National
Weather Service

USA

NASA

VOLCANOWORLD

USA

Institute for Astronomy

Tropical Storms,
Worldwide

USA

○

○

○

○

○

Links to various databases,
Organisations○

River Conditions in the
United States
Volcanos of the World○○ Hurricanes

Tropical Storms, Worldwide

University of Hawaii（Individual:Thomas R.
Metcalf）
GeoHazards International

GEOHAZARDSUSA
INTERNATIONAL

Natural Museum of Natural Global Volcanism
History(Smithsonian
ProgramInstitution)

USA

NGDC (National
Geophysical Data Center)

USA

Natural Hazards
Data Available
Online

×

○

○

×

○

○

Holocene Volcano Basic Data○

Natural Hazards Data available
on lineTable 3-1-3-2 Home Page of ADRC Member Countries< Entire table→https://www.adrc.asia/annual98/h3-1-3-2eg.xls>
Country

Bangladesh

Cambodia

The address of homepages of Govenments*

Government of the People's Republic
http://bangladeshoneline.com/gob/ofBangladesh

×

Information on the disaster

Info. ondisaster
peparedness

Information on responses to disasters

Disaster Countermeasures

Response to Disasters○（only on the Flood in 1998)

×○(as the left cell states)○(as the left cell states)

×

×

×

×

China

National Meteorological Center http://www.nmc.gov.cn/

×

×

×

×

India

Ministry of External Affairs http://www.indiagov.org△ ("News" providing the information issued by
the government.Search engine by the date ofissue for 1998&99）

×△(as the left cell states)△(as the left cell states)

Indonesia

House of People's Representatives, Parliament of Indonesia
http://www.dpr.go.id？

×

Kazakhstan△ ("News" providing the information issued byPresidentof
Kazakhstan
the government.Search engine by the date of
http://www.president.kz/main/mainmenu.asp?lng=en
issue for 1998&99）

×△(as the left cell states)△(as the left cell states)

×

×

×

△(as the left cell states)△(as the left cell states)

Laos

×

×

Malaysia① △ （ "Press release" and "News①
MinistryofForeign
Affairs
update"providing the current information
http://www.kln.gov.my/ ② Malaysian Meteorological Service
issued by the Ministry) ②○（Meteorological
http://www.kjc.gov.my/
information and warning）

×

Mongolia①
Governmenton
Mongolia
http://www.pmis.gov.mn/MAINPGE/Defengg.htm②
Ministryof
Defensehttp://www.pmis.gov.mn/mdef/english/index.htm③
Ministryof
NatureandEnvironment
http://pmis.gov.mn/env/new.htm①?"GovernmentNews"(notfound) ②×③ △ （ The map of the current state of clouds,
snow & fire)×

Myanmar×(The golden pages of Myanmar, http://www.myanmar.com/)

×

×

Nepal

×

Papua New Prime Minister and National Executive
Guineahttp://datec.com.pg/pgsoffice.nsf/pages/home

Philippines

(as

the

left

cell ①？
states) ②×
③×

(as

the

×

×

le

×

Council

Office of the Press Secretary http://www.ops.gov.ph/frmail.htm

Russia?

S.Korea

Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs(which Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Bureau belongs
to)(No English version) http://www.mogaha.go.kr/htm

Singapore

Ministry of Civil Defence Force http://www.mha.gov.sg/scdf/

Sri Lanka
Tadzhikistan①？
states) ②×③×△ （ "Media Releases"providing the current
information issued by the government）

×△(as the left cell states)△(as the left cell states)○ （Search Engine for the news issued by thegovernment in 1997～99）×

×(as the left cell states)

×(as the left cell states)×？(Written in Korean)

×

？

？

△ （"SCDF News-Online"providing the current
information issued by the Ministry）

×△(as the left cell states)△(as the left cell states)△（"Pressrelease"and"News
Ministry of Foreign Affairs http://www.lanka.net/fm/for_1.html update"providing the current information
issued by the government）

×△(as the left cell states)△(as the left cell states)

×

×

×

×

×

Thailand

The Secretariat of the Prime Minister, Spokesman Bureau △ （ "Press Releases"providing the current
http://spokesman.go.th/index/press.htm
information issued by the Bureau）

×△(as the left cell states)△(as the left cell states)

Uzbekistan

InfoCentre of the Office of the President of the Republic of△ （ "Official News" providing the current
Uzbekistan(MassMediaOfficial
news)
information issued by the government）
http://uzinfo.uzpak.uz/massnedi.html

×△(as the left cell states)△(as the left cell states)

VietnamDisaster Manegement Unit(DMU) (Project of government and○(natural disaster information)
UNDP) http://www.undp.org.vn/dum/dum/en/intro.htm○ （ Floodcontrol
measure△（there is a link to the United Nations, IFRC, △（there is a link to the United Natanda and so on）
and so on）
degreeoflaw）* The Ministries and Departments assumed to be related to Disaster information or to issue such information○：there is a specific way to obtain the information on natural disasters△：it is likely to include the information on natural disasters

3-2 Information on Disaster-reduction Systems
3-2-1 Information on Disaster-reduction Systems Gathered by the Center
Information on disaster-reduction systems ranges from judicial systems, disaster management organizations and disaster-reduction basic
plans to disaster-reduction measures manuals for each country. In fiscal 1998, we aggressively gathered information from existing materials,
member countries, field investigations and the International Experts' Meeting.
(See https://www.adrc.asia/nations/)
1) Legal System of the ADRC Member/Advisory Countries
Below are brief descriptions of the legal system of the ADRC member/advisory countries.
Country

Descriptions

Bangladesh

Disaster Management Law under deliberation. Waiting for government
approval

Cambodia

Civil Defense Act passed in 1993

India

Natural disasters are dealt with at the national, district and sub-districtlevelsIndonesia

Presidential Decree No. 43/1990(1995)

Japan

Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, passed in 1961

Kazakhstan

Law on Civil Defense, Law on Emergency Situations of a Natural andTechnological Character, Law on Fire Safety, Law on the Emergency
Rescue Services and the Status of Rescuers, Law on National Safety in
the Republic Kazakhstan, Law on the Health and (Epidemiological)
Welfare of the Population, etc.

Korea

Civil Defence Act of 1975 is the basic legislation for managing disasters.
This act covers war, natural and man-made disasters. For natural
disasters, Storm and Flood Disaster Act of 1967 was revised as Natural
Disaster Countermeasures Act of 1995. Others include Agriculture andFishery Disaster Countermeasures Act, Disaster Relief Act, River Act,etc. For man-made disasters, there are Disaster Management Act, Forest
Act, Public Road Act, etc.

Nepal

Natural Disaster Relief Act, formulated in 1982, and amended in 1989
and 1992

Malaysia

National Security Council Directive No. 20

Mongolia

Civil Defense Law, passed in 1995, only. Applies to both man-made andnatural disasters

Papua New Disaster Management Act, passed in 1975. Currently studying
Guineaequivalent acts for provincial and local governments
Philippines

Presidential Decree No. 1566, promulgated in 1978

Russia1)Law on Protection and Territories against Disasters of Natural andTechnological Origin, (2) Law on Disaster Relief, (3) Law on Civil
Defense, (4) Law on Deliveries for the Federal State Needs, (5) Law on
State Reserves of Material Assets for Response to Disasters

Singapore

Civil Defense Act of 1986

Sri Lanka

Disaster Countermeasures Bill under deliberation

Tadzhikistan

Civil Defense Act, passed in 1996

Thailand

Civil Defense Act, passed in 1979

Uzbekistan

Law on Protection of the population against acts of nature andtechnological accidents, formulated in 1998

VietnamPrime Minister's Directives and Political Bureau's announcements

Australia

6 out of 8 States and Territories have disaster management legislation.

Switzerland

Civil Defence Law, Federal Law of 1976 concerning International
Development Cooperation and Humanitarian Aid2) Disaster Management Organizations of the Member and Advisory Countries.
Below are brief descriptions of the disaster management organizations of the member and advisory countries.
Country

Descriptions

Bangladesh

Has a Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief, which coordinates
different government agencies, as well as the National Disaster
Management Council (headed by the Prime Minister), an InterMinisterial Disaster Management Co-ordination Committee, and a
Cyclone Preparedness Programme Implementation Board

Cambodia

Disaster management policy formulated in 1995 with the establishmentof the National Committee for Disaster Management, which consists of
16 cabinet members, is supervised by the Prime Minister, and is fully
supported by the Cambodian Red Cross

India

In ordinary times: Crisis Management Group (headed by the Cabinet
Secretary). Natural disasters are taken charge of by the Ministry ofAgriculture with support from other ministries. At the state level, theRelief and Rehabilitation Department or the Department of Revenue,
and on the district level, the District Level Coordination and Review
Committee (chaired by the Collector), are responsible for administrative
response.
In the event of disaster: the Multi-disciplinary Central Government
Team offers assistance to affected StatesIndonesia

The National Natural Disaster Management Coordinating Board(Bakornas PB) is responsible for overall coordination for disastermanagement, with the Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare andPoverty Alleviation serving as a secretariat. Consisting of the Agency for
the Assessment and Application of Technology, the Ministry of Public
Works, the Meteorological and Geophysical Agency, the Environmental
Agency and others, the Board deals with any type of disaster and advises
ministries.

Japan

The Central Disaster Prevention Council (consisting of cabinet members
and chaired by the Prime Minister) formulates the Basic Plan for
Disaster Prevention. The National Land Agency serves as thesecretariat. Specific policies are formulated by ministries and agencies
concerned. Main responsibility for local governments is rescue activities
under the supervision of the Ministry of Home Affairs.

Kazakhstan

The Agency for Emergencies is in charge of disaster management
through cooperation with City Departments, the Civil Defense Division,
the Centre for Emergency Medicine, the Republican Emergency Rescue
Unit, the Water Rescue Service and other local bodies. The Prime
Minister heads the civil defense of the country.

Korea

Chain of command for disaster mitigation: President -> Prime Minister > Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs -> Civil
Defense and Disaster Management HQ, under which are placed theDisaster Prevention and Preparedness Bureau (on the basis of the
Natural Disaster Countermeasures Act), the Civil Defense and Disaster
Management Bureau and the Fire Administration Bureau (ditto). At the
district level, local governments are in charge.

Nepal

The Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee commands the Regional
Natural Disaster Relief Committee, the District Natural Disaster Relief
Committee, the Local Natural Disaster Relief Committee, the Relief andTreatment Sub-Committee and the Supply, Shelter and Rehabilitation
Sub-Committee. The Natural Disaster Relief Section of the Ministry ofHome Affairs is responsible for the formulation of national disastermanagement policies, preparedness for disasters, rescue operations, datacollection, and distribution of funds to victims. Has a nationwide disastermanagement network. Coping with disasters in remote areas needs to beconsidered.
Lao PDR

The Ministry of Welfare serves as a secretariat for the Prime Minister's
Department.

Malaysia

Under National Security Council Directive No. 20, the National Security
Division in the Prime Minister's Department is responsible forcoordination. The Disaster Management and Relief Committee
formulates and implements specific action plans. Disaster management
is carried out at the federal, state and district levels.

Mongolia

In addition to the Ministry of Nature and Environment (formulating
policy) and the State Civil Defense Department (carrying out day-to-day
operations), the State Permanent Emergency Commission (consisting of
cabinet members and chaired by the Prime Minister) is convened when adisaster occurs. District commissions are also convened.

Papua New

The National Disaster and Emergency Services were established by theDisaster Management Act. The National Disaster Committee declares astate of disaster and recommends action plans to the Government. Eachprovince has a Provincial Disaster Committee.

GuineaPhilippines

The National Disaster Coordination Council formulates disastermanagement plans and takes emergency and rehabilitation measuresthrough cooperation with the private sector. Consisting of heads of 14
national ministries, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of thePhilippines, the Secretary-General of the Philippine National Red Cross,
the Administrator of the Defense Ministry's Office of Civil Defense andothers, the committee designs solutions and advises the President if astate of emergency is announced.

RussiaHas a Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies
and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, which, unlike
similar organizations in other countries, has its own personnel andresources.

Singapore

The Ministry of Home Affairs is responsible for disaster management.
The Civil Defence Force and Police Force are responsible for
implementing various activities. The Disaster Management Committee
is convened when a large-scale disaster occurs.

Sri Lanka

The Ministry of Social Services set up a National Centre for Disaster
Management. A framework for disaster management not yet in place atthe provincial and district levels.

Tadzhikistan

Prime Minister oversees disaster reduction and countermeasures. The
Committee for Emergencies and Civil Defense of the Government of
Tajikistan plays a coordinating role. Each province and district has its
own committee and Civil Defense Headquarters.

ThailandThe National Civil Defence Committee (chaired by the Interior Minister)was established under the Civil Defence Act of 1979. Consisting of 17
representatives from ministries concerned, including the Defence
Ministry, Agriculture and Cooperative Ministry and the Public Health
Ministry, the committee coordinates civil defence measures and policies.
NGOs offer assistance at the regional and local levels.

Uzbekistan

Five members of the Department of Emergency Situations, the Cabinet
Ministry of Uzbekistan coordinate governmental ministries and disastercountermeasures.

Viet-nam

The Central Committee for Flood and Storm Control is responsible fordisaster management through cooperation with the Provincial People's
Committees and Army Headquarters. The National Centre for HydroMeteorological Forecasting issues early warnings against natural
disasters.

Australia

Each State and Territory has its own emergency management
committee. Local committees, regional committees, Emergency
Management Australia and the National Emergency Management
Committee deal with disasters in the order named. When occasion
demands, a Federal Emergency Management Special Committee isorganized to play a coordinating role at the state level.

New ZealandCurrently reconstructing emergency management arrangements basedon a risk management plan.

Switzerland

Switzerland: Responsibility for emergency management rests mainlywith local governments. District authorities take leadership when adisaster occurs. On the federal level, the Ministry of Defense has
jurisdiction over disaster management

Shown below are two different models of a disaster management organization. The first (Indonesia) features a cross-ministerial organization(National DM Coordinating Board), whereas the second features a ministry specializing in disaster management (Ministry of DisasterManagement & Relief).
(1) Indonesia(2) Bangladesh

3) Basic Plans for Disaster Management of the Member and Advisory Countries
Below are brief descriptions of the basic plans for disaster management of the member and advisory countries.
Country

Descriptions

Bangladesh

No basic plans, but disaster countermeasure bylaws apply to eachministry and agency, in accordance with which state, local and village
disaster management committees are constituted. Bangladesh hopes toformulate a disaster countermeasures plan by June 1999. Only one
disaster management manual is available, mainly for man-madedisasters, prepared by civic organizations.

Cambodia

Disaster Management Act under preparation at the state level. Also
formulating plans to foster leadership, build manpower and expand
financial resources at the district level. Formulating provisional plans
for relief activities and training.

India

Links disaster mitigation plans with the Vision 2020 development plan
to incorporate the latest information technology, insurance and legal
support.

Indonesia

With support from UNDP, has completed a Disaster Information System,
which includes a disaster management GIS system and a disaster andrescue information database.

Japan

In accordance with the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, the Central
Disaster Prevention Council approves basic plans for disasterprevention, which stipulate prevention, initial response andreconstruction for 4 categories of natural disasters and 8 categories ofman-made disasters (fires, train accidents, etc.). Revised in '95 and '97
after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, the plans also lay down thespecific responsibilities of each ministry and agency, enterprises,municipal governments, volunteers and public service corporations.

Kazakhstan

The Agency for Emergencies is formulating disaster management
emergency action plans in line with principles set within the frameworkof IDNDR. Formulation of a comprehensive Kazakhstan natural
Disaster Preparedness Plan started.

Korea

Has disaster management programs, reserve plans and civil defense
plans (for the Red Cross, volunteers, etc.). Approx. 42,000 people wereeducated from March to May 1998, and the government carried out
exercises under computer-simulated typhoon conditions. As part of their
Basic Five-Year Disaster Prevention Plan (1997 - 2001/Budget: U.S. $22bn.), the government invested U.S. $4 billion in 22 key items fromdisaster countermeasures to technical development.

Nepal

The 9th Plan (1998 - 2002) underlines the need to strengthen thenational disaster management system and fire fighting capability
through more advanced technology. The National Committee for IDNDR
formulates the National Action Plan. Has prepared a National
Comprehensive Plan on Disaster Management in cooperation with
UNDP and other organizations.

Lao PDR(1) Development of disaster preparedness act and action plan, (2) Humandevelopment plan, (3) Improved communications system, (4) Secure
financial sources, and (5) Early warning system

Malaysia

Formulating its own plan, modelled after the Indonesian plan, which
includes mid- and long-term perspectives and requests for technicalsupport. Also formulating forest fire fighting plan through cooperation
with Australia, which stipulates the roles of ministries and agencies
concerned and actions to be taken for each of the four individual cases
including industrial disasters and landslides.

Mongolia

Drafting a natural disaster mitigation action plan. Civil defense forces
have manuals.

Papua New

(1) District disaster management plan (for small-scale disasters that are
taken care of by provincial authorities), (2) National Disaster
Management Plan (under review). Ministry of Industry formulates plansfor each category of disasters (oil spills, plane crashes, fires, etc.), which
are reviewed by the ministries and agencies concerned every quarter.

GuineaPhilippines

The Government and each ministry have and review their disastermanagement plans on a regular basis.

RussiaThe Government formulates a basic plan for disaster management,
which stipulates the roles of ministries and agencies concerned fordisaster reduction, relief and rehabilitation. The Disaster Preparedness
Plan stipulates a plan for each category of disaster, such as forest fires,
earthquakes and floods. Depending on the scale of the disaster, either
central or local authorities implement response strategies in accordancewith the plan. No federal manual available.

Singapore

Has an executive group plan, which responds to any kind of disasters
and consists of 16 specific action plans (train accidents, explosions,chemical disasters, tunnel disasters, plane accidents, etc.)

Sri Lanka

Formulated its Basic Plan for Disaster Countermeasures in 1990.
Currently considering revising the plan. No manual forcountermeasures.

Tajikistan

Every year, the Government adopts an annual civil defense plan, which
describes geographical conditions and disaster preparedness plans for
local governments. One of the biggest natural disasters in the territory of
Tajikistan was an earthquake in 1911. Held a disaster management
meeting in May 1999.

ThailandThailand: A typhoon in 1988 made the Government recognize theimportance of disaster countermeasures, leading to inclusion of theDisaster Countermeasures 5-Year Plan (1997 - 2001) in the National
Development Plan. Based on the plan, the Civil Defense Master Plan
was introduced in 1998, which defines the responsibilities of ministries
and agencies concerned at times of disaster, and stipulates interministerial disaster cooperative setups, efficient communications andcooperation with NGOs. Currently evaluating its effect over the last 6-7
months (as of Febrary 1999).

Uzbekistan

A 1997 flood in Kyrgyz Republic took 116 lives. Needs a satellite early
warning system.

Viet Nam

The Department of Dyke Management & Flood Control, Ministry ofAgriculture & Rural Development, plans to formulate a disastermanagement action plan up to 2010.

Australia

All States and Territories have a disaster reduction plan and support
plan, which stipulates the provision of support for overseas disasters.

The Australia Emergency Management Manual Series covers most of thenecessary responses.
Switzerland

Basic plan for domestic disaster management in place under the
Ministry of Defense (includes terms and definitions for unified
understanding of central and local governments). Has by-disaster-type
plan for day-to-day operation. International cooperation in strategic
responses to natural disaster management, which are under thejurisdiction of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

3-2-2 Future Policy
In fiscal 1998, we mainly gathered information on the disaster management systems of the member and advisory countries. Our next task is toanalyze and put the information into a database, and gain an understanding of each country's specific needs, while continuing to accumulate
detailed information on legislative systems including laws, regulations and orders, as well as on disaster management policies and plans, suchas governmental policies, basic plans, countermeasures and manuals.
We at the Asian Disaster Reduction Center are determined to continue contributing to improvements in member and advisory countries'
disaster management systems by providing the above information.

3-3 Cases of Disaster Counter Measures
3-3-1 Accumulated Cases of Disaster Reduction Measures
To secure a good understanding of the basics of how Asian countries and concerned organizations have dealt with disasters in the past, we havegathered information from materials issued by member countries, research institutes around the world and other organizations, as well as
information on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, which inflicted the greatest economic damage for a single disaster, and categorized them.
1) Cases of Disaster Counter Measure by Member Countries
After a disaster occurs, OCHA Situation Reports, which summarize the extent of damage and how it is dealt with, are made available on theInternet via the relief web of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA).
We selected and developed a database comprised of cases of disaster counter measures from information posted on the relief web, country
reports that member countries provided to the Center, and other databases.
(Excerpts shown in Table 3-3-1-1. The entire table can be found at https://www.adrc.asia/annual98/h3-3-1-1eg.xls)
Table 3-3-1-1 Cases of Counter Measures against Natural Disasters <1998> (Excerpts)< Entire table→https://www.adrc.asia/annual98/h3-3-1-1eg.xls>
Country

China

Disaster

Flood

Date

Jun-98SourceReportDate ofIssue

The outlines of the case against disaster

OCHA

China - Floods OCHA 9-Jun-98
Situation Report No. 1

The governments dispatched task forces to the areas to coordinate therelief materials were distributed ,and to treat the victims and to preventthe occurrence of epidemics.Authorities are organizing repair ofdamaged infrastructure facilities.

OCHA

China - Floods OCHA 3-Jul-98
Situation Report No. 3

The Ministry of Civil Affairs allocated 100 million RMB(approximately
USD 12.1 million) and delivered 2,200 tents to the disaster areas, aswell as assessment and relief teams.

OCHA

China - Floods OCHA 15-Jul-98
Situation Report No. 4

Sichuan provincial government has allocated USD 3,627,570 for
emergency flood prevention and disaster relief. At present, the social
situation is stable, and relief activities and productions in the disaster
stricken areas are running in order.

OCHA

China - Floods OCHA 21-Aug-98
Situation Report No. 7

The Government has provided relief funds and large quantities of reliefmaterials. People's Liberation Army personnel and others are currently
deployed to fight floodwaters.

China

Flood

Jun-98

OCHA

China - Floods OCHA 3-Sep-98
Situation Report No. 8

The Government departments concerned dispatched to the disasterareas more than 100 working teams. The Army, military police, public
security troops and militia played an important role in rescue.

Bangladesh

Flood

Jul-98OCHA

Bangladesh - Floods 17-Jul-98
OCHA
Situation
Report No. 1

The Emergency Control Room (ECR) are in the process of compiling theinformation of the affected districts. The district administrations havebegun emergency relief operations where necessary.

OCHA

United Nations Flash 4-Sep-98
Appeal in support of
the Government of
Bangladesh for Relief
to the Victims of the
Floods in Bangladesh

The Government of Bangladesh has mobilized all resources andpersonnel to mitigate the suffering of the victims ,and has distributed
cash from the Prime Minister's relief fund ,and has distributed
rice,biscuit,saris,lunghis,old clothing and medicalteams.

Indonesia

Bangladesh Country Report(1998)

The Bangladesh government properly evacuated isolated inhabitants
and kept watch on the situation of the flood with the maximum
attension, so the number of the dead was minimum for the large
disaster.

Volcanic
eruption

Jul-98

OCHA

Indonesia - Volcanic 15-Jul-98
eruption
OCHA
Situation Report No.1

The provincial administration has sent relief teams, including medical
workers, to the affected areas.

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul-98IFRC

Papua
Guinea:Tidal
Information
No. 1

New 18-Jul-98
Wave
BulletinRescue teams from the capital, Port Moresby, have been despatched.
Helicopters are being used to search for survivors and food shipments
are on the way, according to the Government's National Disaster Centre.

OCHA

Papua New Guinea - 21-Jul-98
Tsunami
OCHA
Situation Report No. 4

Both public hospitals in Vanimo and Wewak are coping well with the
influx of injured. In addition to treatment of the injured, priorities now
are shifting to the location and burial of the dead, shelter of thehomeless and resettlement.

2) The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake
With a view to sharing with the global population the lessons learned from this terrible earthquake, we constructed on our web site the "Great
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Database (on full-text basis)," which is linked to other information accessible on the Internet. At the time ofwriting, 219 pieces of Japanese data and 82 in English are available from our home page (https://www.adrc.asia/hanshin/database/).
We also excerpted descriptions of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake from the 1995 through 1998 issues of the Government's Disaster
Prevention White Paper, which serves as an official record in Japan of the quake, and posted them on our home page in both Japanese andEnglish.
(Disaster Prevention White Paper: https://www.adrc.asia/hanshin/hakusho/default.asp)

3-3-2 Future Policy
We will select cases of large-scale disaster reduction measures in member countries in the past, ask them to provide us with information onthese cases and accumulate them in our database of natural disaster, which we will continue to develop in a systematic manner.
We will also keep track of new entries of information on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake to the Internet, ask existing link’s owner andothers for the provision of information to further expand the database (link page) and continue to translate some Japanese information into
English.
Table 3-3-2-1 Database of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake(Excerpts)<Entire table→ https://www.adrc.asia/hanshin/default.asp?lang=en>
Top Page

Title-1

Title-2

Title-３

Outline of the Earthquake

AuthorDESCRIPTION

Hyogo Prefecture

The Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake: theExperience andReconstruction

Hyogo Prefecture

Fire & Disaster
Management Div.

Hyogo Prefecture

Outline of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Reconstruction
Plan (Phoenix Plan)

Hyogo Prefecture

City of Kobe

The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Statistics andRestoration Progress

City of Kobe

City of Kobe

The Disaster of KOBE
City

City of Kobe

Kobe City Board of
Education

100 days after The Great Hansin Earthquake - Education in
Kobe City

Kobe City Earthquake Relief Headquarters:
School Affairs

United Nations
Centre for Regional
Development(UNCRD)

Comprehensive Study of
the Great Hanshin
Earthquake

United Nations
Centre for
Regional
Development(UNCRD)

Comprehensive report(Retyped by ADRC)

Rokko Sabo Work
Office, Kinki
Regional
Construction
Bureau, Ministryof Construction

THE HYOGO SOUTH
GREAT EARTHQUAKEAND SABO

Oklahoma
Geological Survey

Seismogram graphical datawith a few lines ofdescription.

UNCRD Research Report Series
No.12

ROKKO I-NET NEWS

Seismogram: 1995 Jan 16, Kobe,
Japan

Official Report /City ofKobe

OKLAHOMAGEOLOGICALSURVEYSEISMOGRAMS AND
SPECTROGRAMSUSGSARCHIVES &"Slip History Of The Kobe,
RESEARCH,RESEARCH Earthquake& PUBLICATIONSDavid J. WALD

8 page academic paper on
the tectonic content of theKobe EQUSGS / WESTERNREGIONGEOLOGIC INFOSERVER

EARTH-SCIENCEINFORMATIONOTHERREGIONSEARTH
SCIENCEDATASETS

U.S. Geological
Survey2 page report with map
showing the EQ spreadaround Kansai

USGS
EARTHQUAKEINFORMATIONSTUDYING
EARTHQUAKES

Use of Fault striations anddislocation models to infer tectonic
shear stress

U.S. Geological
SurveyReport about Rokko andNojima fault causes of theKobe EQUSGS
EARTHQUAKEINFORMATION

Tectonic Setting of the Kobe Earthquake. A geological map.

U.S. Geological
Survey1 page map of Japanshowing Kobe EQ
compared to other quakes
around the country

USGS
EARTHQUAKEINFORMATION'Kobe Earthquake was Deadliest, but not largest in '95'

U.S. Geological
Survey2 page report about 25 big
quakes in 1995 around theworld

GLOBAL
EARTHQUAKERESPONSE
CENTER

EARTHQUAKE LINKSSPECIFIC
EARTHQUAKES

Kobe map of fault line

The Global
Earthquake
Response Center

Map of fault line throughKobe

GLOBAL
EARTHQUAKERESPONSE
CENTER

EARTHQUAKE LINKSSPECIFIC
EARTHQUAKES

Kobe map of fire damage

The Global
Earthquake
Response Center

Map of fire damage in Kobe

GLOBAL
EARTHQUAKERESPONSE
CENTER

EARTHQUAKE LINKSSPECIFIC
EARTHQUAKES

Kobe photos gathered by USGS
Menlo Park CA

The Global
Earthquake
Response Center

photographs in jpeg format

GEOSCIENCES:
NSF
DIRECTORATE
FOR THEGEOSCIENCES

ABOUT GEO / NEWSSTORIES AND PRESSRELEASESNSF PR 95-12
February 23,
1995

Modern Buildings National Science
fared well in theFoundation
Kobe Quake

TURNERFAIRBANKHIGHWAYRESEARCH
CENTER

PUBLIC ROADSARCHIVE

Aftermath of theKobe Earthquake

Turner-Fairbank
Report about roads andHighway Research bridges after the quake.
CenterTURNERFAIRBANKPUBLIC ROADSARCHIVE

Lessons from theKobe Quake

Turner-Fairbank
Report about roads andHighway Research bridges after the quake.

Preliminary Map
Of Peak
Horizontal
GroundAcceleration

Discussion about thestronger Kobe buildings

HIGHWAYRESEARCH
CENTER

Center

WESTERN STATESSEISMIC POLICYCOUNCIL (WSSPC)

EARTHQUAKERESOURCES

Index of Kobe Images

Western States
Seismic Policy
Council

40 thumbnail images ofKobe EQ

3-4 Information on Natural Disasters
3-4-1 Information on Natural Disasters Gathered by the CenterWe accumulated basic materials with which to build a new database of information concerning natural disasters. The database allows various
types of information to be easily obtained on past disasters by combining in an organic manner on our home page a wide range of information
on natural disasters in the past made available by different institutes.
To survey occurrences of past natural disasters in member countries, we sought out the Emergency Disaster Events Database (EMDAT) of theCenter for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium (CRED), to provide us with information. (Table
3-4-1-1)
While the EMDAT consists mainly of statistical data, the data stored in the Relief Web covers details and the background of disasters andcountermeasures taken inside and out of the country. Because of this, we made a list of locations for information on past disasters on theInternet by integrating the EMDAT with the Relief Web and database of governments, research institutes and universities, as well assummaries of country reports. (Table 3-4-1-2)
In addition, after discussions at the ADRC First International Expert Meeting in February 1999, we prepared a draft format that covers all theitems necessary to compile data on past disasters. (Table 3-4-1-3)
Table 3-4-1-1 Natural Disasters in Member Countries <1900 - 1998><https://www.adrc.asia/annual98/h3-4-1-1.xls><ADRC Member Countries>
Country

Number of Disasters

Dead①

InjuredDead;1099

100999Bangladesh

74

62

Cambodia

1

2

China

136

96

46

11,829,273

India

124

156

86

Indonesia

78

43

Japan

105

50

Kazakhstan

11

Rep of Korea

34

25

Laos

6

1

Malaysia

10

1

Mongolia

Affected
Population②HomelessAmount ofDamage (US$)

①/②

Over
1000
27

2,571,744

845,006

362,270,426

41,810,667

9,024,279,000

0.71%

7,850,000

29,1003,542,000

0.01%

647,641

1,119,679,656

31,504,490

162,638,015,000

1.06%

1,817,013

35,602

1,796,380,834

23,674,100

28,887,161,000

0.10%

11

57,613272,122

10,572,436

773,028

18,429,556,000

0.54%

25

220,779

35,957

7,639,217

1,705,100

165,332,600,000

2.89%

638,000

8,000

31,775,000

0.02%

665

121
1

8,217

3,366

7,571,945

1,002,601

4,040,554,000

0.11%

431

372

5,699,400

17,600345,559,000

0.01%

559

24

815,009

23,00075,100,000

0.07%

4

1

1,360

61

355,000

20,0001,847,800,000

0.38%

Myanmar

11

7

3

7,630

200

6,680,540

757,939566,615,000

0.11%

Nepal

19

19

3

17,146

7,088

7,026,525

96,350580,613,000

0.24%

ＰＮＧ

13

4

3

9,858

947

1,563,299

121,500

452,275,000

0.63%Philippines

151

84

12

61,57841,262

68,732,385

9,199,354

7,737,068,000

0.09%

Russia

34

12

10

***

16,9806,454,295

633,369

94,517,500,000***

Sri Lanka

14

5

2,099

6,000

16,486,317

2,351,140

440,060,000

0.01%

Tajikistan

4

1

1,714

39

280,100

67,105

539,400,000

0.61%

Thailand

19

7

3,553

3,416

27,373,807

247,140

4,231,266,000

0.01%

1

96

67,8003,900Singapore

Uzbekistan

1

0.14%

Viet Nam

38

33

4

23,83966,836

46,256,065

2,139,239

2,128,970,000

0.05%

Total

872

614

233

23,009,917

1,982,919

3,500,393,056

116,184,722

501,849,708,000

0.66%

Australia

21

2

1,583

13,53922,930,049

12,015

18,245,233,000

0.01%France

23

1

865

214

849,240200

4,044,620,000

0.10%

2

447

39

38,7165,600

381,500,000

1.15%

357

16

2,070

1,250,560,000

17.25%

3,252

13,80823,820,075

23,921,913,000

0.01%〈Advisor Countries〉

New Zealand
Switzerland

5

1

Total

49

6

0

17,815This data was made available from the EM-DAT Disaster Database, Centre for Research into the Epidemiology

Table 3-4-1-2 Locations of Information on Major Natural Disasters in the World <1995 - 1998 Exerpt>< Entire table→https://www.adrc.asia/annual98/h3-4-1-2.xls>
Country

Disaster

Date

Japan

Earthquake

Jan95

ReliefWeb

Japan

Earthquake

Jan95

ADRC

Jul-

ReliefWeb

Papua New Tsunami

Home Page

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul
98

ReliefWeb

Papua New Tsunami
Guinea

Jul98

ADRC

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

Australian Geological Survey Organization

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

DISASTER RELIEF

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

IFRC&RCS

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

JET

Papua New Tsunami
Guinea

Jul98

NOAA

Papua New Tsunami
Guinea

Jul98

NVNAD

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

The AGE online

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

The USC expedition team

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

United States Geological Survey

Papua New Tsunami
Guinea

Jul98

WEST

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

IFRC&RCS

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

Machizukuri Planning InstitutePapua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

BRIAN CASSEY photographer

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

Center for Tsunami Inundation Mapping Efforts

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

Japan Meteorological Agency

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

National Defense Academy (NDA)

Papua New Tsunami
Guinea

Jul98

NOAA

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

NTF

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

OCHA-Online

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

Siberian Center for Global Catastrophes Computing Center

Papua New Tsunami
Guinea

Jul98

USGS

Papua New Tsunami
Guinea

Jul98

VITA

Papua New Tsunami
GuineaJul98

Water Cycle Change and Impacts Laboratory

Bangladesh Flood

Aug98

BANGLADESH-FLOOD '98

Bangladesh Flood

Aug98

DISASTER RELIEF

India

Floods andLandslides

Aug98

ADRC

India

Floods andLandslides

Aug98

IFRC&RCS

India

Floods andLandslides

Aug98

OCHA-Online

India

Floods andLandslides

Aug98

ReliefWeb

India

Floods andLandslides

Aug98

VITA

India

Floods andLandslides

Aug98

IFRC&RCS

Nepal

Flood

Aug98

ADRC (Country Report 1998)

Nepal

Flood

Aug98

OCHA-Online

Nepal

Flood

Aug98

ReliefWeb

Nepal

Flood

Aug98

VITA

Rep. of
Korea

Flood

Aug98

ADRC (Country Report 1998)

Rep. of
Korea

Flood

Aug98

IFRC&RCS

Rep. of
Korea

Flood

Aug98

OCHA-Online

Rep. of
Korea

Flood

Aug98

ReliefWeb

Rep. of
Korea

Flood

Aug98

VITA

RussianFederation

Flood

Aug98

ADRC

Viet Nam

Drought

Aug98

VITA

Viet Nam

Drought

Aug98

ADRC

Viet Nam

Drought

Aug98

OCHA-Online

Viet Nam

Drought

Aug98

ReliefWeb

Viet Nam

Drought

Aug98

UNDP

Philippines

Flood

Sep98

VITA

RussiaForest Fires Sep98

ADRC

RussiaForest Fires

IFRC&RCS

COAST & ALASKA TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER Home Page

Sep98RussiaForest Fires Sep98

ReliefWeb

RussiaForest Fires Sep98

OCHA-Online

RussiaForest Fires Sep98

VITA

Papua New Volcanic
GuineaEruption

Oct98

Bangladesh Cyclone

Nov- VITA
98

VolcanoWorld Starting Points-Univ.of Dakota

Bangladesh Cyclone

Nov- ADRC
98

Bangladesh Cyclone

Nov- DISASTER RELIEF
98

Bangladesh Cyclone

Nov- OCHA-Online
98

Bangladesh Cyclone

Nov- ReliefWeb
98

Bangladesh Cyclone

Nov- VIETNAM WEB
98

Table 3-4-1-3 Draft Data Format

DATA FORMAT
COUNTRYLOCATION(Village, City, Region, Epicenter-Earthquake)

KIND(Earthquake,Landslides, Flood, Typhoon,---)NAME(Ex. Kobe Earthquake---)DATEOUTLINE
Human Life Losses
Missing
InjuredAffected Population
Homeless

Evacuated, Resettled

Houses destroyed

Totally
Partially

Loss of Cattle
Loss of Cattle Sheds
Estimated Amount of
Damage/Losses
Measures, Aid, Contribution

International
National
Local
OthersRecoveryReconstruction
Rehabilitation
Causes of Disasters
International Appeal

Yes NoDate, Contents

Miscellaneous/Remarks

3-4-2 Future Policy
We will ask CRED and others to provide all the statistical data available on major disasters since 1900 and add locations of information on
those disasters by countries and organizations concerned to it.
At the same time, while helping member countries develop a home page on disaster-reduction-related information, we will develop a
networking system which enables them to provide their own information on disasters, which includes items in the draft data format for
information on natural disasters, via their home pages.

3-5 Risk Assessment/Evaluation
3-5-1 Risk Assessment/Evaluation Methods Gathered by the CenterWe gathered risk assessment/evaluation methods from country reports and materials made available through field surveys, as well as regionalrisk assessment, damage estimation methods, hazard maps and other disaster-specific risk assessment /evaluation methods that are carriedout in Japan from past documents. We then sorted out their principles and evaluation and implementation methods.
Listed below are materials taken from country reports and field surveys (Table 3-5-1-1), risk assessment/evaluation methods on the Internet(Table 3-5-1-2) and model cases in Japan (Table 3-5-1-3).

Table 3-5-1-1 Risk Assessment/Evaluation Methods of Member Countries (from 1998 country reports)
Republic of Korea
Risk Assessment Evaluation System of Disaster Impact (RAESD)
Introduced on October 21, 1996 to protect lives and property downstream. Of the 50 projects deliberated up to August 31, 1998,
37 projects were approved.
Philippines
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Aiming at preparing a hazard map with which to locate activities of active volcanoes, ash flow and damage-prone areas
Volcanic hazards identification and mapping: identification, cataloguing and characterization of volcanic activities andpotentially active volcanoes, and mapping of the extent of emplacement, thickness of deposition, stratigraphy and source vents.
Anticipates hazards and risks from future eruptive episodes.
Laban La Nina
Hazard and risk maps for flood due to the La Nina phenomena, communities and lifelines at risk, capacity and vulnerability
assessment, and strategic interventions

Table 3-5-3-2 Risk Assessment/Evaluation Methods on the Web
Disaster

SourceReportEarthquake National Land Earthquake
Agencydamageestimation
supportmanualEarthquake National Land Earthquake
Agencydamageestimation
support tool
Earthquake Fire Defence
Agency,Ministry ofHome Affairs

Web Address (report)
http://www.nla.go.jp/boushi/manual/index.html

http://www.nla.go.jp/boushi/manual/index.html

Home Page
National Land
Agency homepage

National Land
Agency home
page

Re: Development of the simplified earthquake damage estimation Fire Defence
system Ver. 2
Agency home
page

Earthquake Fire Defence Re: Simplified earthquake damage estimation system
Agency,MinistryofHome Affairs

Fire Defence
Agency home
page

TsunamiMeteorological New
Agencytsunamiforecast

Meteorological
Agency home
page

TsunamiFire Defence Re: Formulation of "Guide to Enhanced Preparedness against Fire Defence
Agency,Tsunami in Regional Disaster Reduction Plans" and "Tsunami Agency home
Ministryof Damage Estimation Manual"
pageHome Affairs

Volcanic
eruption

Volcanological Volcanic
Societyof disasters
Japan
and
eruptionpredictions

http://www.kishou.go.jp/info/981102/tsunami.html

http://hakone.eri.utokyo.ac.jp/kazan/jishome/koukai98/ida.html

VolcanologicalSocietyofJapan home
page

Earthquake Institute For Damage
Fire Safety & estimation
DisasterPreparedness

Fire Defense
Science
Center home
page

Fire ResearchInstitute, Fire
Defence
Agency,Fire ResearchInstitutehome pageMinistryofHome Affairs
NuclearPower
Engineering
Corporation

NUPEC

Table 3-5-3-3 Main Risk Assessment/Evaluation Methods in Japan (Excerpts) <https://www.adrc.asia/annual98/h3-5-3-3.doc>
Earthquake

National Land Agency:
Earthquake damage estimation manual(and earthquake damage estimation support tool)Fire Defence Agency, Ministry of Home Affairs:
Simplified damage estimation system

Metropolitan Tokyo:
Estimation of damage from vertical-thrust earthquakes in Tokyo

Metropolitan Tokyo:
Estimation of Risk Concerning Earthquakes in Each Region
2) Tsunami

Meteorological Agency:
New tsunami forecast and tsunami damage estimation manual
3) Volcanoes

National Land Agency:
Guide to preparation of maps forecasting areas vulnerable to volcanic eruption
disasters

Mt. Sakurajima Volcanic Eruption Disaster Estimation and Survey
Conference:
Map forecasting areas vulnerable to Mt. Sakurajima volcanic eruption disaster4) Floods

Ministry of Construction:
Flood and overflow simulations

3-5-2 Future Policy
In fiscal 1998, we mainly gathered risk assessment/evaluation methods in Japan. From now on, we will gather and classify regional risk
assessment/evaluation methods in Asian countries and industrialized countries in other parts of the world, examine the merits and demerits ofeach method, and compare them with their Japanese equivalents.

3-6 Human Resources Information
3-6-1 Human Resources Information Gathered by the Center

When it comes to disaster reduction, it is important to form a three-cornered network among researchers, government officials in charge ofdisaster reduction who make decisions on the basis of knowledge and the technologies provided to them by researchers, and citizens whocomply with governmental policies and feed comments back to the administration, so as to facilitate exchanges of information.
To this aim, we have developed a comprehensive database of human resources information that covers learned persons, disaster reduction
researchers and engineers, government officials in charge of disaster reduction, experts from disaster-reduction-related NGOs and contact
persons at disaster-reduction-related international organizations.
The following were surveyed for each individual.
Title, Name, Date of birth, Sex
Place of work, Office address, Country where place of work lies, Office phone number, Office fax number,
Office e-mail address, Position, Highest academic degree, Educational institute most recently graduatedfrom, Year of graduation, Linguistic proficiency, Work experience (home), Work experience (overseas), Fieldof study, Key words, Abstract

The above information was gathered through registration via e-mail to our home page or via fax or mail.
As shown in Table 3-6-3-1, 1,383 persons from 58 countries have registered. Of the figure, 1,290 are from ADRC member countries.
The information is stored in the Center's database, and can be searched by country, field of study, name, etc.
The accumulated information is provided in two different forms: abbreviated data and detailed data. The former is a list of applicable persons,
whereas the latter contains every single piece of information made open concerning a certain individual. Displayed on the abbreviated data list
are 8 items only: Name, Place of work, Position, Office address, Office phone number, Office fax number, Office e-mail address and Specialized
field. Select a certain person from the list, and detailed information including Highest academic degree, Linguistic proficiency, Work experience(home) and Work experience (overseas) will be provided. A detailed data column is shown Figure 3-6-3-1.

3-6-2 Future Policy
As shown in Table 3-6-3-1, information posted on the human resources network varies greatly between different countries and regions. This is
not because some countries and regions have fewer experts than others, but because of the way the Center chose areas for survey in the initialyear. We plan to gather more information from areas for which information was scarce in fiscal 1998. We will also improve the service andinterface by listening to what users have to say.
Table 3-6-3-1: By-country Human Resources Information

Table 3-6-3-2: Search Results by Disaster Category

Disaster

NumberDisaster

NumberTyphoon1

Flood

Cyclone17

Drought

66
20

Hurricane0

Earthquake

101

Tsunami3

Volcanic
Eruption

36

Tidal Wave0

Forest Fire

4

Landslide1

Fig. 3-6-3-1: Detailed Data (Sample)