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Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"

Development of mitigation technologies toclimate change in the agriculture sector:
Summary of the research project1 Background
Agriculture currently produces 14 percent (6.1 Pg CO2eq.) of the world’s annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which
could increase to 7.9-8.5 Pg CO2eq./year by 2050, as the agricultural sector seeks to meet an expected doubling of fooddemand. On the other hand, there are opportunities to reduce agricultural GHG emissions or promoting soil carbon
sequestration through improved management technologies of agricultural lands and livestock production.
The 5-years (FY2010-2014) research project entitled “Development of Mitigation Technologies to Climate Change in the
Agriculture Sector” is promoting to accumulate scientific knowledge for mitigating agricultural GHG emissions by a seriesof process studies, field monitoring, and modeling approaches.

2 Objectives
The project aims at:— Conducting precision measurements of GHG emissions in agricultural lands and livestock waste treatment facilities inorder to estimate the emission factors for each source;— Elucidating the mechanisms involved in GHG emissions and absorption in agricultural lands and livestock production,
thereby developing efficient universal and regional technologies to reduce GHG emissions in the agriculture sector;— Making future predictions with regards to GHG emissions and absorption in Japanese agriculture, based on global
warming mitigation scenarios, as well as their potential impact on crop production and the environment.

3 Research Themes➊ Monitoring and modeling in croplands and grasslands for nationwide assessment
Precise measurement of carbon balance and GHG emission/absorption
Development of a carbon–nitrogen integrated cycle model
Nationwide assessment of global warming mitigation potentials
Development of long-term carbon storage technology in bringing about farmland➋
improvements
Development of technology for long-term carbon storage in the subsurface soil layer➌ Development of technologies to reduce GHG emissions in agricultural soils
Development of technologies to reduce GHG emissions in rice paddy fields
Development of technologies to reduce GHG emissions in upland fields➍ Development of technologies to reduce GHG emissions in livestock waste treatment
Precision measurement of GHG emissions in livestock waste treatment
Development of technologies to reduce GHG emissions in the livestock waste treatment
Development of technologies to reduce GHG emissions in animal manure managementby feeding strategy and its evaluation from life-cycle perspective➎ Development of technology to reduce GHG emissions from ruminant livestock
Development of technology to reduce CH4 emissions from the rumen of dairy cows by afeed additive or nutritional management
Development of technologies to reduce GHG emissions through the use of natural➏energies
Utilization of micro-hydro power generation systems and underground heat exchanges

4 Participating Institutes and Universities

Contact Address : Kazuyuki YAGI , e-mail39

kyagi@affrc.go.jp

11110 Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"
Greenhouse gas budget of grasslands and forage crop fields
in Japan and influence of manure application
A. Miyata1, A. Mori2 , R. Hatano3 , M. Shimizu3, M. Tsuiki4, T. Arita5, S. Matsuura2,
M. Niimi6, M. Hojito7, T. Matsumoto5, T. Saigusa5, T. Shibuya2, M. Mano1, K. Ono1

1 Natl. Inst. Agro-Environ. Sci., 2 Natl. Inst. Livest. Grassl. Sci., 3 Hokkaido University, 4 Iwate University,

5 HRO Konsen Agricultural Experiment Station, 6 Miyazaki University, 7 Kitasato University

Summary

From results of monitoring greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes at grasslands (hay meadow) and forage crop fields (maize) of four study sites
across Japan, we found that carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are main components in the annual GHG budget. Manure
application generally increased net carbon uptake or decreased net carbon release at all the sites, while influence on harvest was
insignificant. Manure application also reduced N2O emission because of reduced amount of applied chemical fertilizers. The annual
heterotrophic respiration increased with temperature and the amount of applied carbon as manure, whereas the annual N2O
emission increased with temperature and precipitation. These empirical relationships can be used for estimating the GHG budget on
national scale and assessing effects of manure application as a mitigation option.

1 Monitoring of GHG fluxes

2 Annual budget of GHG

NKS

NKS

ManureHarvestMF plot

SZN, SHD
40°N

NSS

*

Fig. 1 Study sites. KBY was closed in 2009 andmoved to MYZ in 2010.

Experimental design

Table 1 Climatic conditions and cropping pattern
SymbolSite

CH4Fig. 2 Measurement of fluxes of CO2, N2O
and CH4 from grassland.

Precipitation* Mean temp. *Grassland**（mm/yr）（℃）

 F plot: only chemical fertilizers were applied MF plot: manure (2-3 tC/ha/yr for grassland, 9-11
tC/ha/yr for maize) with supplementary chemicalfertilizers
 -N plot: no nitrogen• Carbon (CO2) flux: the biometric method withheterotrophic respiration by the automated and/or
the manual chamber method.
• N2O and CH4 fluxes: the mannual chamber method.
• CO2 flux at grassland (F and MF plots) was alsomeasured by the eddy covariance method.

Forage crop
field

NKS

Nakashibetsu

1158

5.4

Timothy-

SHD

Shinhidaka

1290

8.0

OG

Maize

NSS

Nasushiobara

1561

12.2

OG, IR

Maize

MYZ

Miyazaki

2508

17.6

-

Rotational*1981-2010 (Japan Meteorological Agency). **OG: Orchardgrass, IR: Italian ryegrass.

F
MF
-N

10
5
0
0

5

10

15

Air temperature（℃）

20

Decomposition rate（tC/ha/yr）

Decomposition rate（tC/ha/yr）

r=0.25, p=0.08
r=0.44, p=0.12

15

20

1
0

0

5

5

10

15

Air temperature (℃)

20

y = 0.0019x - 1.3
R2 = 0.57 (p < 0.01)

4
3
2

0

5

10

0
-1

2
1
5

10

15

20

Air temperature (℃)
6

y = 0.000022x - 0.012,
R2 = 0.50 (p < 0.01)

5
4
3

1000

2000

3000

Precipitation (mm)

4000

0

Livestock
waste

-3
0

* Converted from forage crop field in autumn 2009.

CO2 exchange withthe atmosphere
RH
NPP

Climate data

Bedding
litter-2-4

ForageNSS

Grasslands

Manureapplication

5

10

15

20

1000

2000

3000

4000

Air temperature (℃)

Forage crop
fieldsCrop statistics
HarvestManureCarbon accumulation

Area

2
1
0
-1
-2

1
0

Grass

1

3

0

Forage2

40Grass*
SHD

15

Manure application rate（tC/ha/yr）

2

10

Fertilizer-induced EF (%, kgN/kgN)

2

Grass

NKS

0

y = 0.0023x - 0.0039,
R2 = 0.23 (p = 0.06)

5

3

Grass

Livestock statistics

5

Manure-induced EF (%, kgN/kgN)

4

Background N2O emission (kgN/ha/yr)

6

y = 0.30x - 1.5
R2 = 0.60 (p < 0.01)-N

Fig. 4 Greenhouse gas budget in2010 (tCO2eq/ha/yr). Positive values
indicate emission. Biometric method
was used to estimate carbon (CO2)budget. CH4 was generally absorbed,
but its magnitude was negligible in
the annual GHG budget comparedwith CO2 and N2O.

Monitoring data

10

Fig. 5 Dependence of the annual decomposition rate of soil organic matter (heterotrophic
respiration) in grasslands and forage crop fields on the annual mean air temperature (left)
and the manure application rate (right). Symbols in red color denote data in 2010.
5FMFof manure application as a mitigation option

r=0.75, p<0.01
r=0.67, p<0.01

15

40
30
20
10
0
-10
40
30
20
10
0
-10
40
30
20
10
0
-10
40
30
20
10
0
-10

4 Strategies for upscaling and assessing effects

3 Factors controlling annual GHG fluxes
20

CO2(=-NBP)

Fig. 3 Interannual variations in the annual carbon budget at grassland in NSS without (Fplot) and with manure application (MF plot) measured by the eddy covariance method.
Positive net ecosystem production (NEP) indicates net carbon uptake of gaseous CO2.

KBY

N2O

30°N

140°E

GHG

KBY, MYZ
130°E(Net biome production)
Positive NBP indicates
net carbon uptake by
the ecosystem.

SHD

NSS

-3
0

1000

2000

3000

Precipitation (mm)

4000

-4

0

Precipitation (mm)Fig. 6 Dependence of the annual background N2O emission rate, the fertilizer- and manureinduced emission factors (EFs) from grassland on the annual mean air temperature and theannual precipitation.

Fig. 7 The flow of estimating carbon accumulation into grasslands and forage crop fields
in Japan with/without manure application. Results of monitoring are used for estimating
CO2 exchange with the atmosphere (heterotrophic respiration, RH). Large uncertainties
still remain in estimating how much manure is produced and applied to the fields.

Contact Address : A. Miyata, e-mail40

amiyat@affrc.go.jp

11120Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"

Intensive monitoring and mechanistic modeling of watercarbon-nitrogen dynamics in agricultural ecosystems

Eguchi S1, Asada K1, Itahashi S1, Mishima S1, Fumoto T1, Hasegawa T1, Tokida T1, Hayano M1, Sudo
S1, Nishina K1, Kishimoto A1, Oura N1, Shima T2, Fujita Y3, Tsuji M4, Tsunekawa A4, Yamada Y5,
Hirayama Y5, Sawamoto T6, Toride N7, Chin T7, Koga N8, Iwata Y8, Mori A9, and Kimura SD10
1 National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences; 2 National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
National Agricultural Research Center (NARC) for Kyushu Okinawa Region; 3 Ibaraki Agriculture Institute; 4 Aichi Agricultural ResearchCenter; 5 Nagasaki Agricultural and Forestry Technical Development Center; 6 Rakuno Gakuen University; 7 Mie University; 8 NARO NARC
for Hokkaido Region; 9 NARO National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science; 10 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology

Summary

1. National scale long-term soil water-carbon-nitrogen monitoring network was developed forunderstanding the N2O emission and NO3–N leaching processes under various types oforganic matter application conditions. Mechanistic models for predicting N2O emission and
NO3–N leaching from agricultural soils have been modified and applied to different soils.
2. By determining the mechanisms by which climate change affects carbon dynamics in the
paddy field using Free-Air CO2 enrichment and warming experiments, we improve the DNDCrice model to predict future CH4 emission from paddy field. We use this model to evaluate
adaptation/mitigation measures in future rice agriculture at both field and regional scales.

2

Monitoring N2O emission & NO3–N leaching

40

5000

6000

Sand-dune Regosol30

3/24/87 9/22/87 3/22/88 9/20/88 3/21/89 9/19/89 3/20/90 9/18/90 3/19/91
Measured

Humic Andosol

90

Modified LEACHM
LEACHM

60

1000

30
20

2010

10/10

12/10

2/9

4/11

6/11

4

Intensive monitoring for elucidating CH4 emission process in rice paddy
field by using FACE (Free-Air CO2 Enrichment) and warming facilities
Tokida et al., Global Change Biology, 2011.

3/24/87
Mar 9/22/87
Sep 3/22/88
Mar 9/20/88
Sep 3/21/89
Mar 9/19/89
Sep 3/20/90
Mar 9/18/90
Sep 3/19/91
Mar

1987

1987

1988

1988

1989

1989

1990

1990

Organic C in soil (0–20 cm)

Measured 0-20cm
Predicted 0-20cm

0

0

2011

Measured 0-20cm
Predicted 0-20cm

10

30
8/10

LEACHM
Light-colored Andosol

2000

0

00
120

Organic N in soil (0–20 cm)

3000

2007/1/1

60

2003/1/1

Org-N (kg ha–1)

900Monitoring CH4 emission from paddy in FACEOver 80% enhancement in seasonal CH4 emissions
by the additive effects of FACE (+200ppm) andwarming (+2°C for water and soil).

4000

2007/1/1

2000

3000

2003/1/1

6/11

2000

4-year field lysimeter experiment

1999/1/1

4/11

Andosols：●
01 Memuro
02 Memuro
03 Sapporo
05 Tsukuba
08 Fukushima
11 Goushi

1999/1/1

2/9

4000

1000

120

Nitrogen concentration (mg L−1)

12/10

一酸化二窒素フラックス
N2Oemission

Andosol
1000

1995/1/1

Soil water NO3-N conc. (mg/L)

降水量
(mm)

NO3-N(mg/100g)
NO3-N(mg/L)

0
N2O flux (μg N/m 2/h)

Daily precipitation (mm)Tile drainage water NO3-N
concentration (mg/L)

100

10/10

Non-Andosols：○
04 Mikasa
06 Bibai
07 Yamagata
09 Tsukuba
10 Nagaoka

Sandy soil
2000

Cumulative precipitation (mm)2011/1/1

2010/1/1

Chemical fertilizer (CF)CF + Cattle manure compost
CF + Swine manure compost

6000 8/10

2011/1/1

3

Soil water NO –N concentration
10/10 12/10 3 2/9
4/11
6/11
土壌溶液中硝酸態窒素濃度
60 cm depth

200

Matsumaru (1997)
LEACHM
Matsumaru (1997)
LEACHM

3000

02009/1/1

Date（April 2010~）

2010/1/1

1Aug10250

豚ふん堆肥区

A mechanistic model “DNDC (DeNitrificationDeComposition)” for predicting N2O emission
was modified in Soil Microbial Index (SMI) for
Andosols (Sawamoto et al. unpublished).

0

堆肥無施用区
牛ふん堆肥区

2008/1/1

200

NO3-N

2009/1/1

12Jun10rain

土壌中硝酸態窒素含量

2007/1/1

0
23Apr10150

2008/1/1

10

Chemical fertilizer +Cattle manure compost

20

2006/1/1

100

20

2007/1/1

30

Chemical fertilizer (CF)化肥区
CF + Swine manure compost
堆肥区40

2005/1/1

50

2006/1/1

40

100 cm depth60

2004/1/1

0

2005/1/1

8/10
300

2004/1/1

5
0

50

80

0

10

4000

20
0

80
40
0
15

A mechanistic model “LEACHM (Leaching
Estimation and Chemistry Model)” wasmodified & parameterized; and then be
applied & validated for different soils(Asada et al. unpublished).

20 cm depth60Org-C (Mg ha–1)

80

Development & validation of mechanistic models for predicting water,
carbon, and nitrogen dynamics in agricultural soils

1995/1/1

Soil water NO3-N conc. (mg/L)

Long-term soil water-carbon-nitrogen monitoring network undervarious types of organic matter application conditions

Modeling water, carbon & nitrogen dynamics

Cumulative water drainage (mm)

1

1991

Estimating paddy CH4 emission by DNDC-Rice

Estimating national scale CH4 emission from rice paddy fields in Japan
by DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition)-Rice model.

Significant of CH4 production
from current-season photoassimilates (new C), with atendency toward even larger
new C contribution with soil
warming.

Gg CH4-C / yr

Fast and close coupling
between photosynthesis andanoxic decomposition in soil.
Positive feedback of global
warming by enhanced CH4
emission through greater rhizodeposition.

Input data
•Daily meteorological data (1980–1990)•GIS data of soil & land-use types•Regional crop management calendar•MAFF-recommended scenario for ricestraw & manure compost application

Tokida et al., Biogeosciences, 2010.

DNDC-Rice model

The current project attempts 1) to reveal the mechanism bywhich elevated [CO2] and temperature increase CH4 emission
from the paddy field and 2) to determine rice traits that will
improve adaptation and mitigation to climate change.

○CH4 emission (1990)= 188 Gg C = 5,260,000 t CO2○About 25% lower than the value of
7,000,000 t CO2 in GHG Inventory of Japan○Higher CH4 emission in northern part ofJapan as affected by larger paddy area,
snowy climate, wetter water management,
etc. ⇒ Mitigation in northern part is important

For details of the model, see Fumoto et al (2008 GCB 14:382-402;
2010 GCB 16:1847-1859)

Contact Address : Sadao Eguchi, e-mail41

sadao@affrc.go.jp

11130 Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"
Country-scale estimation of GHG mitigation potential
Y. Shirato1 , Y. Takata1 , S. D. Kimura2, S. Mishima1, H. Sugiura3, Y. Tezuka4,
S. Furuya4 , Y. Inoue1 , K. Okamoto1, N. Ishitsuka1
1 National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences,
2 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,
3 National Institute of Fruit Tree Science,
4 Yamanashi Fruit Tree Experiment Station

Summary: We validated and modified the Rothamsted carbon model. Together withactivity data, such as carbon input to soils from crop residue or manure, and land use map
created by satellite data, we estimate GHG mitigation potential of Japanese cropland.

1 Re-modified RothC model for Andosols

2

The conventionally-modified RothC for Andosols required pyrophosphateextractable Al (Alp) for changing humus decomposition rate.
Using SOC to calculate Alp,then using the calculated
Alp to calculate SOC.

Japanese soil database did
not have Alp dataset.

! Alp prediction error! Circular logic

For up scaling the SOC turnover modeling tonational level, Alp prediction was required using SOC

Activity data

To quantify the carbon input flow for whole Japan it is important toobtain precise and activity data. The necessary activity data are
identified as shown in Figure XX. For the top-down approach a
database of the initial land use and livestock numbers must first be
created. Then the mass can be quantified using inventory data ofvarious management methods. There is another bottom up method,where first the input mass to the soil is quantified based on inquiry
from the national soil survey. The whole mass flow cannot bemeasured. So the comparison of different quantification methods isthe only way to verify the accuracy of the quantification.
out side the system

Phosphate adsorption coefficient (PAC) was tested to replace Alp
1.6 b

Estimated SOC/Measured SOC

1.4

a

a

b

a

a

b

a

a b

a

a

b

a

a

c

a

b

c

a

Food

Concentrate

Livestock
type/No.

Roughageb

Bedding

ManureProduct

1.2

By product

1.0
Type
A

0.8
0.6
0.4 After 0-10
years

After 10-20
years

Original RothC

After 20-30
years

After 30-40
years

After 40-50 After 50-60
years
years

Conventionally-Modified RothC

After 60-70
years

Land use
type/area
Residue Product
Incorporation

Type
B

Type
C

Burning

Manure Manure
A
B

ManureC

Residue Residue Residue
A
B
C

Surf
ace

Estimation

PAC-Modified RothC
Soil
CarbonTime t0

PAC can replace Alp for changing the decomposition rate of humus poolin RothC model with accuracy enhancement.

Fertilization
Tillage
Water control

Food

Soil
CarbonTime ｔ1

Legends
Management
Mass
Landuse/livestock
type
Flow
ＧＨＧ
Emission

Flow chart of carbon input to Japanese farmland soils

3 Total carbon changes in soil at orchards

4with long-term experiments1

T-C (%)

03

Zoning based onplanting date,harvesting date, andduration of rice crop.

6
T-C (% )2

7

NPK
NPK+FYMNPK+SCS

5
4
3(0-10cm)NPK
NPK+SCS

2
7

NPK+FYM(0-10cm)

6

2

T-C (% )T-C (%)

3

1

5
4
3

0

Mapping land-use using satellite data

(10-20cm)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Year after treatment(20-30cm)

2

Summary of Methodology
1) Use of coarse resolution satellite imagery
is feasible for nation-wide land-use
mapping.
2) Land-use classification is based on theseasonal change of spectral data and/or
vegetation indices such as NDVI.
3) Due to the mosaic land-use at fine scale,use of within-pixel relative area for eachcategory may result in the most
reasonable product for the purpose.
4) Overall procedures and examples areshown in Figures.

0

5
10 15 20 25
Year after treatment
Total carbon (T-C) changes in orchard soil with long-term experiments.
Left side shows T-C changes in the peach orchard soil (Brown lowland soil).
Right side shows T-C changes in the vineyard soil (Andosol).
(NPK: Chemical fertilizer, FYM: Farm-yard manure, SCS: Sod culture system)

Contact Address : Yasuhito Shirato, e-mail42

yshirato@affrc.go.jp

12110-1 Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"
Evaluation of organic carbon stock technologies by
subsurface drainage system
KITAGAWA Iwao 1, NAKATSU Satoshi 2, TSUKAMOTO Yasutaka2, YAMAGUCHI Satoru3
1 NARO National Institute for Rural Engineering,

2 Hokkaido Research Organization, Central Agricultural Experiment Station,
3 Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Research Center

Summary

On this study, we are developing same organic carbon stock technologies by subsurface drainage system.
These technologies are subsurface drainage that under drain with organic filter materials and filter drains by
subsoil improvements. Also, for these technology, we enhance organic carbon stock by using durable organic
materials. In addition, we evaluate the quantity of organic carbon stock by these technologies of farmland
consolidation.

1 Outline of organic carbon stock technologies

2 view of new technologies
The new organic filter material of under drain “Woodchip”

Role of subsurface drainage
The major purpose of subsurface
drainage is more stable and multi
purpose land use, improved land
productivity and farm working
environment.

This under drain use woodchip for heighten
durable filter material.

For Increasing durability ofsubsurface drainage system

Lurch woodchip filter material

The new economy method of subsoil improvement
we are developing sameorganic carbon stock
technologies by subsurface
drainage system.

Using durable Filter materials
Main under drain use a durable
organic filter material.

This machine bury superficial organic
materials in trench.
Compost or
straw, etc..

Filter material of supplementary drains use mostavailable or durable organic amendments.

Filter drain Filter drainof usingof using
straw
bark compost

3 Secular changes of organic filter materials
0.15

5 years

16yearsvoid

1 year

5 years

0.14

0.13

11years
7 years
Passed years

16years

22years

Organic carbon
residue of filter
materials（tCO2eq /ha）
Wood
Rice
chip
husk

Initial state

23.1

11.0

5 years

21.1

8.8

7 years

18.6

5.4

11 years

12.9

0.8

Estimated valueof 15 years

11.4

0.6

0.12
0.17

0.47

0.6

22years

Decay part
Filter material

0.13

0.15

0.14

0.20

0.55

0.21 0.12

0.15
0.40

7 years
11years
Passed years

Number ofyears elapsed

0.06

0.14

0.4

0.8

0.14

0.31

0.2

1 year0.14
0.16

Rice husk filter material
0.06

0

0.50

0.56

0.6

Secular changes of organic carbon
in filter materials

0.13

0.13

0.4

0.8

Depth (m)

0.15

0.55

D epth (m)0.2

4Evaluation of organic carbon stock technologies

In the case of organic carbon stock technology by under drains
Woodchip filter material
0.06

0Filter drain witha bark compost

30cm

The completion of a filter
drain with bark compost
30cm

plow

60cm
apart

Bark compost

Bark compost

30cm
30cm

Work process of this subsoil improvement

15 years elapsed

80(tC O 2 e q /h a)②This machine bury afilter material in a trench.

30cm

O rg an ic c arb on r es idu eThis subsoil improvement
machine carry out a filter
drain. This improvement
method uses barkcompost .

Initial value of oganic carbon
73.28tCO2 /ha (100%)40
34.62tCO2/ha(47.2%)

0

0

Item

Under drainwith woodchip
filter materiala. Organic carbon residueof filter materials after
15years（tCO2 eq /ha）b. CO2 emission due toland consolidation（tCO2 eq /ha）a-b. quantity of organiccarbon stock of filter
materials over15years（tCO2 eq/ha/15yr)
As above,
per a year（tCO2 eq /ha/yr)

Under drain Filter drainwith rice husk with barkfilter material
compost

11.41

0.59

34.62

4.65

4.36

3.21

6.76

-3.77

31.41

0.45

-0.25

2.09

 Results

In the case of organic carbon stock technology by subsoil improvement①Plowing up top soil

16 years elapsed

10

20

Years elapsed

Secular change of organic carbon in a bark compost filter

We evaluated organic carbon stock technologies by the subsurface
drainage system with organic materials. We investigated quantity ofcarbon residues in each organic filter materials more than ten years
elapsed. In addition, CO2 emissions of these subsurface drainage
consolidations were calculated.
In the case of durability of subsurface drainage system is 15 years,
The quantity of carbon stock by subsurface drainage system was able
to estimate 6.76 tCO2 eq/ha in a woodchip of main under drainage
filter material, and 31.41 tCO2 eq/ha in a bake compost of
supplementary drainage filter material. On the other hand, rice husk
was not able to estimated quantity of carbon stock. The selection offilter material is important.

Contact Address : KITAGAWA Iwao, e-mail43

kitagaiw@affrc.go.jp

12110-2 Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"
Aged deterioration of underdrain with organic filter
materials
Yasutaka TSUKAMOTO1, Satoshi NAKATSU1, Ryuichi NAKAMURA1,
Takao TACHIBANA2, Takashi IGARASHI2, Akihisa SENZAKI2, Iwao KITAGAWA3
1 Hokkaido Research Organization, Agricultural Research Department, Central Agricultural

Experiment Station.

2 Hokkaido Government, Department of Agriculture.
3 National Institute for Rural Engineering, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization.

About underdrain with filter materials of farmland in Hokkaido, many kinds of filter
materials have been used. Because of aged deterioration, the volume and carbon-tonitrogen (C/N) ratio of the filter materials has decreased and soil particles in the filter
materials have increased. Furthermore, since the degree of aged deterioration was
greater in fields with good drainage, filter materials there were strongly affected by thesoil water condition.

1 Decreased volume of filter materials with time.

in the C/N ratio of filter
2 Decreasematerials with time. The degree of

25cm

34cm
Soft andporous

15cm

9cm

Rice husk
filtermaterials

14.5cmStandard cross section

C/N of filter materials (%)

decrease is greater in fields with gooddrainage.

200

Poor
drainage

150

Gooddrainage

100
50
0
9

After 14 years

14

14

Rice husk

8

10

10

WoodchipPassed years

After 8 years

After 10 years
Poor drainage

4

After 10 years
Good drainage

Increase in soil particles mixed in thefilter materials with time. The degree ofincrease is greater in fields with gooddrainage.

Soil particles mixed in thefilter materials（g/100mL）

3 The rotting of woodchip filter materials.

20
15
10
5
0

Contact Address : Yasutaka TSUKAMOTO, e-mail44

GooddrainagePoordrainage

9

14

14

8

10

10

Rice husk
WoodchipPassed years

tsukamoto-yasutaka@hro.or.jp

13110 Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"
Mitigation of GHGs and improvement of GHGs sink in rice
paddy fields
Osamu Nagata1 , Miyuki Nakajima2, Fumiaki Takakai3 , Yoich Konno4 , Yasuhiro
Kominami5, Yutaka Shiratori6, Tomoaki Nemoto7, Toshiya Oga8
1 NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, 2 NARO Tohoku Research Center,3 Akita Prefectural University, 4 Yamagata Integrated Agricultural Research Center ,5 NARO Hokuriku Research Center, 6 Niigata Agricultural Research Institute,
7 Fukushima Agricultural Technology Center, 8 Aichi Agricultural Research Center

Objectives
Our research objectives is to mitigate GHGs and improve GHGs sink in rice
paddy fields by organic matter arrangement and cultivation of feed rice.
Mitigation options
Organic matter arrangement

NARO/Hokkaido Agricultural
Research Center
Niigata Agricultural
Research Institute

Akita Prefectural University

NARO/
Hokuriku Research Center

NARO/Tohoku Research Center
Yamagata Integrated Agricultural
Research Center
Fukushima Agricultural Technology Center

Aichi Agricultural Research CenterTiming of cultivation (Autumn/Spring) and cultivation depth(Conventional/Shallow) →Fig.1
Acceleration of organic matter mineralization by nitrogen
addition (Ammonium sulfate, Calcium cyanamid) →Fig.1
Variety of application organic matter(Rice straw, rice husks Charcoal of rice husks)
Water management in fallow season (During Winter) →Fig.2
Continuous application of organic matter

Cultivation of feed rice

Organic matter arrangement Cultivation of feed rice

Using of high nitrate concentration irrigation water
Using of compost

Experimental sites

Research goals

58

10
0

Timing
Depth

AutumnShallow

AutumnConventional

AutumnShallow
N addition

SpringSpringConventional Conventional
N addition

Fig.1 Effects of timing and depth of cultivation, and acceleration
organic matter mineralization by nitrogen addition on CH4emission in Yamagata.

Numbers in bar graph are ratio to conventional style in Yamagata, cultivation in Spring withno organic matter application.

34.8%
*

49.1%

200
200
00

Drainage

CH4
CH4

400
400

Drainage-200
Rice straw-200(RS)
Rice husks (RH)70

DrainageeffectYes
RS
RH

No drainage

No
RS
RH

Yse
RS

No
RS

Yes
No
Rice husks

NoNo

未排水・無施用

20

100

600
600

N2O
N
2O
*

排水・無施用

30

90

800
800

51.6%

未排水・稲わら

101

*

1000
1000

排水・稲わらConventional style in Yamagata

40*:Statistical significance by student's t-test, Error bar: Standard deviation

未排水・稲わら+籾がらCH4 emission(g CH4-C/m2/cultivation period)

Shallow

1200
1200

排水・稲わら+籾がらConventional(10-15cm)

Shallowg CO2 eq m-2

7-8 cmg CO2 equivalent/m2/cultivation period)

Closed chamber technique

Early spring in Niigata

Estimation of GHGs emission/absorption by DNDC-riceand Roth-C models in regional scale
Evaluation of mitigation potential in the whole agricultural
production systems by using life cycle assessment(LCA) in
consideration of cost performance

Rice straw

Fig.2 Effect of water management in fallow season on GHGs emissions
in Niigata

Contact Address : Osamu Nagata, e-mail45

nagaosa@affrc.go.jp

13120 Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"
Development of mitigation technologies for arable farming

N. Koga1 , K. Hayashi2 , T. Iwata3, Y. Hirono4, K. Nonaka4, H. Kobayashi5, T. Uchida5,
N. Yoshino5, S. Shimoda6, H. Kubotera7, T. Yamane7and Y. Wakiyama7

1 Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center (NARO) ,2 National Institute of Agro-Environmental
Sciences, 3 Okayama University, 4 National Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NARO) ,5 National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region (NARO) ,6 National Agricultural ResearchCenter for Western Region (NARO), 7 National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region (NARO)

The greatest potential of greenhouse gas mitigation in arable (non-paddy) farming reside
in increasing soil C sequestration and a reduction in soil N2O emissions. Various
technologies, applicable to arable farmlands, tea gardens and abandoned croplands, arebeing assessed to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from Japan’s agriculture. Field
measurements in various locations also serve as a basis for the Japanese inventory ofgreenhouse gas and aerosol emissions, and soil C storage in agriculture.

1 Technologies at various locations

Biochar, burned residue, cover crops
and animal manure pellets

2

Soybean production with a covercrop (sub-standard seeds of wheator barley are sown as a cover crop)(Fukushima)

In terms of soil C storage (as a result of C balance between soil andatmosphere) and soil N2O emissions, application of biochar, burned cropmaterials, cover crops and manure compost pellets to farmlands has
great potentials of greenhouse gas mitigation.
Impacts of manure compost pellets (MCP)on soil C stocks and soil N2O emissions(Kumamoto)Application of biochar (coarse wood
residue-derived biochar) to a crop
rotation system (Tokachi)

Mitigation technologies studied at different locations in Japan

Gas collection from burned
residues

The impacts of theses promising technologies on soil C stocks and soil N2O
emissions as well as crop yields are assessed. Taking into account CO2
emissions from fuel-consuming processes (e.g. tractor operations) in addition
to soil-associated emissions and absorption, life cycle inventory analysis is
imposed on all technologies to select genuine mitigation technologies.

3

Rice straw and stubble with or without burning

Measurements of GHG emissions underresidue burning (Okayama and Tsukuba)

4 Management of abandoned cropland

Mitigation of N2O in tea gardens

Mitigation of N2O emissions from green
tea plantations (Shizuoka)

150cm

30cm

Chamber

Relationships between
management factors
and soil C stocks inabandoned cropland(Fukuyama)

Fertilizer

Typical green tea garden in JapanN2O emissions from manure compost
pellets (MCP): Nitrogen-enriched MCP
represents lower N2O emissions.

A change in land use can alter the vegetation coverand cause an associated change in belowgroundcarbon stocks. This change (from cropland toabandoned land) in land use might also affect theregional carbon cycle. How the cessation ofcultivation influenced the belowground carbon
pools in former agricultural fields?

Field measurements of N2O

Abandonment

1) Control ( ): Conventional N
application (510 kg N/ha/yr)
2) LN ( ): Lime nitrogen plot (31%of total N applied is replaced bylime nitrogen.)At the regional scale, estimates of plant species and belowgroundbiomass production can help researchers gauge the efficiency ofmanagement systems for fallow paddy fields and enhance thepotential for carbon sequestration.

3) DCD ( ): Dicyandiamide plot
(6.1% of total N applied is replacedby dicyandiamide.)Contact Address : Nobuhisa Koga, e-mail46

nkoga@affrc.go.jp

14110 Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"
Precision measurement of the greenhouse gas in livestock
waste treaｔment process

Makoto Shiraishi1, Takuji Sawamoto 2, Kenji Nekomoto2, Motoo Nakayama3,
Keiko Minato4, Izumi Tuchiya5, Takashi Osada6

1 Institute of Okayama Animal Production, Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

2 Rakuno Gakuen University , 3 Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Kumamoto Prefectural Agricultural Research Center4 Animal Research Center, Hokkaido Research Organization , 5 Ishikawa Prefectural Livestock Research Center
6 National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science

Summary
In the recent research, livestock manure has been suspected to contribute significantly to the emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide(N2O) . These gases are implicated in environmental concerns such as acid rain or global warming. The few studies so far done have confirmedthat greenhouse gases are universally generated from livestock barns and the attendant manure treatment processing.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate CH4 and N2O emission rates from livestock waste treatment processes.
In order to measure the total amount of these gases, we had studied there waste treatment processes below;
1) Emission from the slurry storage of dairy cattle.
2) Emission from the waste water purifications for liquid part of dairy cattle manure and the composting of beef cattle manure .
3) Emission from the solar drying for layer waste.
According to those experimental studies, we are successful for measurement of these gases. In the near future, we will propose high-precisionemission rates from livestock waste treatment processes in Japan.

1

Measurement from stored dairy slurry
Measurement
Air

Average gas flux
(mg/m2/hr)

Slurry Tank (for dairy cow)

CH4； 1800mg
NH3； 17mg
N2O； 0.5mg

100,000

mg/m2/hr

10,000Slurry pit (for daily cow)(B) Development of gas-sampling device for underground slurry tank

1,000
100
10
1
0
5/27

6/3

6/10

6/17

月/ 日

Floating chamber

Measurement
Incubation experiment(A) Development of gas-sampling device for large slurry tank

2(C) Prediction of CH4 emission

3

Measurement from waste water treatment process& composting process with forced aeration
CH4

Measurement from solar drying process
Plastic house with
Ventilation fan

N2O

Waste water treatment chamber
Measurement

Composting
equipment

Ｎ２Ｏ，NH３,ＣＨ４Introduce(low material)

Contact Address : Makoto Shiraishi, e-mail47

Remove(product)

makoto_shiraishi@pref.okayama.jp

14120-1 Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"
Development of Mitigation Technologies of
GHGs Emissions from Animal Waste Treatment
Yasuyuki Fukumoto1, Koki Maeda2, Takahiro Yamashita1, Hirofumi Kawahara3,
Keiko Minato4
1 NARO Institute of Livestock & Grassland Science, 2 NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center,

3 Saga Prefectural Livestock Experiment Station, 4 Hokkaido Research Organization Animal Research Center

Summary

Treatment and/or handling of livestock wastes is a major source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as nitrous
oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). The purpose of this project team (14120) is to develop the mitigation
technologies of GHGs emitted from the composting of daily and swine manure, the activated sludge treatmentof livestock wastewater, and the slurry storage. We try to reduce GHGs by 25% by the developed technologies.

1 Daily Cattle Manure and Swine Manure Composting

DGGE profile of microorganisms in each position of compost pile

Nitrogen conversion and emission during the composting process

Maeda et al. (2011) Microbial Biotechnol.

Nitratation promotion process for reducing N2O emission

Fukumoto et al. (2006) Environ. Sci. Technol.

Effect of bulking agent addition on GHGs emission

The source of N2O emissions during daily cattle
manure composting is studied by a molecularanalysis of bacteria and a N2O isotopomer
analysis in order to develop the mitigation
technology in this project. It was revealed bystable isotope analysis that the most active
position of the compost pile contributing to gas
generation is top of the pile. Moreover, it wasalso discovered by isotopomer analysis that theN2O generated at the top of compost pile is comefrom denitrification process. Addition of bulking
agent gives a positive effect on mitigating GHGs
emissions from daily cattle manure composting.

2 Wastewater Treatment
PerliteLow cost and floatable perlite
Treatment
water

Perlite3 Slurry Storage
Carbon Fiber

Carbon fiber

Water layer

Water layer
Perlite is made fromvolcanic glass byheating treatment andhas a highly porous
structure.

Carbon fiber
maintains ahigh densityof biomass.

Perlite particles moveby aeration.

Influent

Treatment
water

Fiber size
Φ７μm

Wastewater Influent(3 L/day)

Tubular reactor
diameter: 15cm
active volume: 10 L

P
Swine wastewater storage tankIn swine manure composting, most N2O emission begins after the thermophilic phase ofcomposting, and the emission correlates with nitrite (NO2-) accumulation in thecomposting material. This NO2- accumulation is caused by the delayed growth ofindigenous nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) compared with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
during the maturation phase of swine manure composting.
Nitratation (oxidizing NO2- into NO3-) promotion process has been developed to reduce
N2O emission induced by NO2- accumulation during swine manure composting. This
mitigation technique is very simple, which is only to add NOB source after thethermophilic phase. Mature compost can be used as NOB source; therefore, thistechnique incurs no additional cost. Moreover, this technique shows high mitigation
effect on N2O emission (average reducing rate of N2O was 60% in our past study).
Now, we try to make this technique to suitable for actual usage in this project.

Aerationblower
(18 m3/m3/h)

Effluent

Settlement tank（5L）

During the activated sludge treatmentof wastewater, the accumulation of
nitrite/nitrate nitrogen enhances N2Oemission. The purpose of this study is todevelop a new wastewater treatment
system with low nitrite/nitrate nitrogenaccumulation, which will lead to low N2Oemission. Bioreactor packed with biofilm
carrier has an advantage of maintaininga high concentration of biofilm. Twotypes of biofilm carrier are evaluated in
the treatment of swine wastewater
about the nitrite/nitrate removal activity
and N2O emission in this project.

To make the aerobic zone on thesurface of slurry is effective to reduce
CH4 emission. However, there is also
a possibility of increasing N2O
generation by NH3 oxidization. The
present study tries to evaluate theeffect of surface covers consisting ofvermiculite, wheat straw, chaff
charcoal, and a natural surface cruston the emission of CH4, N2O and CO2
from stored cattle slurry using
laboratory-scale apparatus. Finally,
the most suitable covering material
will be shown in this project.

Intermittent aeration process (IAP) in the activated sludge treatment has high removal efficiencies
for organic substances, nitrogen and phosphorous in swine wastewater. In addition, IAP also has amitigation effect on N2O emission. During the treatment of swine wastewater by IAP, N2O emission
is started after the nitrite nitrogen accumulation, and it forms multiple peaks at every restart ofaeration. To improve the mitigation effect on N2O emission by IAP, this study tries firstly toconstruct the model in order to predict the N2O emission when nitrite nitrogen is accumulated, andthen, the most suitable operation condition will be developed using the model.

N2O flux (mg N/L/h)

N compound (mg N/L)

Changes in the inorganic N compounds and N2O emission during the treatment of swine wastewater by IAP

Time (h)Time (h)Contact Address : Y. Fukumoto, e-mail48

yasuyuki@affrc.go.jp

14120-2 Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"
Model simulation of NO2- accumulation during swine
wastewater treatment

Hirofumi Kawahara 1 , Yuichiro Wakiya 1 , Takahiro Yamashita2, Takashi Osada 2
1 Saga prefectural livestock experiment station
2 National Institute of livestock and Grassland Science

Summary

For prediction of N2O emission during the wastewater purification, the model simulation of Nitrite(NO2-)
accumulation in wastewater could be useful. In this study, we modified the basic Activated Sludge Model3(ASM3) for adapting two-step nitrification-denitrification during the intermittent aeration process(IAP)
treating swine wastewater. The measured ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, oxygen conversions and NO2- accumulation
phenomena in a experiment were well described by the modified model. This result suggests that the model
could simulate NO2- accumulation in swine wastewater treatment.

2 Methods

Introduction

・Nitrite(NO2-) is known to increase the N2O emission both the nitrificationand denitrification.

・A bench-scale study was carried out to collect experimental data on theevolution of the nitrogen species during the intermittent aeration process(IAP).

・Consequently, for prediction of N2O emission during the wastewater
treatment, the model simulation of NO2- accumulation in treatedwastewater could be useful.
・The Activated Sludge Models(ASMs) proposed by the International water
Association (IWA) is widely used for biological wastewater treatment
processes.
・ But ASMs can’t simulate the nitrite accumulation because ASMs model
nitrification/denitrification as one-step process, thus neglecting nitrite as
the intermediate(Fig 1).

・The results were compared with the simulation data obtained using themodified ASM3.

Experiment
ChargeDenitrification

DO meter

Air Pump

Effluent

Simulation

N2

Estimation of model parameters

The modified ASM3
(two step model)①Respirometric experiment②Default values from literature

The basic ASM3
(one step model)

Results and discussion

3.1 Experimental results

Figure 4. Experimental and simulated
nitrogen, oxygen concentration

3.2 Model evaluation

・ Up to 12 hrs after daily charge, dissolved
oxygen(DO) concentration in the treatedwastewater was low(below 1.5 mgO2/L) (Fig. 4),
as a result of the high oxygen consumption forthe oxidation of NH4 and organic substrate.
・A transient NO2- accumulation was started 5
hrs after charge (Fig 4). Fundamentally this NO2accumulation occurred for the inhibition of
nitrite oxidation at low DO concentration.
・Just after ammonia disappeared in the treatedwastewater, the accumulated NO2- was gradually
removed by denitrification(Fig 4).

・Figure 4 shows that the measured ammonia,
nitrite, nitrate, oxygen conversions and NO2accumulation phenomena were well described by
the modified model.

80

・The results suggest that the modified ASM3 could
simulate the NO2- accumulation during theintermittent aeration process(IAP) treating swine

Nitrogen(mgN/L)

3

N2

NO2-

Settle(2 h)Time schedule of the operation

Figure 1. Nitrification /denitrification model
One-stepTwo-step
Nitrification
NH4+ NO2- NO3NO3NH4+
NO3-

Aeration off(1 h)

Aeration on(1 h)・In this study, we modified the basic Activated Sludge Model 3(ASM3) for
two-step nitrification-denitrification(Fig 1), to simulate the accumulationof nitrite during the intermittent aeration process(IAP) treating swine
wastewater.

NO3-

Figure 2. Method of Model evaluation

wastewater.

Figure 3. Nitrogen removal via nitrite
NH4+

Nitrification
NO2-

NO3-

・NO3- accumulation was not observed (Fig 4).

Denitrification
NO2N2
Via nitrate(NO3-)
Via nitrite(NO2-)

・These results suggest that the major nitrogen
removal was via nitrite rather than via nitrate (Fig 3).

Contact Address : H. Kawahara, e-mail49

NH4+(meas)
NH4+(sim)NO2-(meas)NO2-(sim)NO3-(meas)NO3-(sim)

60
40
20
0
0

Oxygen(mgO 2/L)

1

4

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

8

12
16
TIME(h)

20

24

12
16
TIME(hr)

20

24

meas
sim

0

4

8

kawahara-hirofumi@pref.saga.lg.jp

14130-1

Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"

GHG mitigation in animal manure management by feeding
strategy and its evaluation from life-cycle perspective
Akifumi Ogino1 , Takashi Osada1, Fumihiro Ohtani1, Yoshiaki Kimura2,
Takahisa Hinata2, Motoo Nakayama3, Tsukasa Inada3
1 Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO

2 Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Hokkaido Research Organization

3 Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Kumamoto Prefectural Agricultural Research Center

Summary♦GHG mitigation in animal manure management by feeding low-protein diet is implemented. Reduction of GHG
emissions by 39% has been achieved for swine manure management by feeding low-protein diet supplemented withamino acids and resulting reduction of nitrogen excretion. Studies for dairy cattle and layer are in progress.
♦Frameworks and life-cycle inventories are being developed to evaluate GHG mitigation techniques for animal manure
management using life cycle assessment (LCA) and then to estimate the mitigation potential in the entire country.

1

GHG mitigation by feeding
low-protein diet
Quantification of N2O
reduction from manure
management

Development oftechnique feeding lowprotein dietAmino acids
Bypass protein

GHG mitigation in swine manure
management

2

GHG mitigation in layer
manure management

3

Abstract
Effects of a low crude protein (CP) diet fed to barrows on N excretionand subsequent GHG emissions in feces and urine after composting
and wastewater treatment were assessed. Results reveal that underad libitum feeding, a low CP amino acid supplemented diet can
reduce N excretion in manure with no impact on animal growth. Thus,
the amount of N excreted was reduced by 28.7% in the low CP group.
The reduction of the manure’s GHG emissions was even higher, with a
39.1% reduction of GHG from the low CP amino acid supplemented
diet compared with manure from the high CP non-amino acid diet.

Multi-gas monitor(INNOVA 1412)

Backgroundgas sample

Gas sample

BlowerFormulation of
low-protein dietsupplemented withamino acids etc.
and its feeding

Measurementof N2Oemission fromwaste treatment

Description of GHG measurements of poultry manuredrying using experimental equipment(GHG reduction under
38kg weight condition)

Adding manure

N2O (g/h)
0.025
0.02

Verifying stableproductivity

0.015

Verifying reductionof nitrogen excretion

0.01

Composting

Outline of GHG mitigation in manure
management by feeding low-protein diet4

GHG mitigation in dairy manure
management

Wastewater
purify5

Results of previous studies

Development of mitigation
technique for dairy cattle(2011-12)

Feeding experiment

Large-scale trial of developed
mitigation technique(2013-14)

Development oftechnique feeding
low-protein dietsupplemented withbypass protein oramino acids

GHG measurements ofwaste treatments using
experimental equipment

GHG measurements ofactual manure
management

12

Days
日数

15

18

CP13%
ＣＰ１３＋LMT区

CP17%

CP15%

CP13%

1.48

1.25

1.26

Evaluation of mitigation techniques using LCA
System boundary

Composting
Feces, urine,
litter (solid)
Barn cleaner

CO2 ,CH4, N2O

Slurry treatment
Manuremixture(slurry)

Electricity (CO2)Electricity (CO2)
CH4, N2O
CH4, N2O
Composting facility
Urine pit
Piling or forced
Storageaeration

CH4, N2O

Liquid Compost

Application to
grassland/forage field

Application to
grassland/forage field

Application to
grassland/forage field

Corn (imported)

Outline of manure management for evaluation of techniques
under development: an example of dairy cattle

Manure treatment

Slurry Composting(t/d)
Number of animals (heads)
Total annual number of animals
Total solids (TS)(%)
Volatile solids (VS)(%)
Nitrogen excretion (gN/head/d)

6.5
100
100
9.0
7.2

Manure excretion (kg/head/d)

65

305.5

6.7*
100
100
30.0
24.0
50

Poultry
Broiler
Layer
Floor
Batteryraising
cage

Swine

Tie-stall

Slat

Solid
LiquidComposting
Composting Purification
30
1.3
1.4
5.7**
10,000*** 10,000
3,000
3,000
40,00010,00025.0
0.8
25.0****
22.0
20.0
0.6
20.0
17.6
8.3
25.9
2.6
3.3
1.9

3.8

Setting the standard farms for evaluation of GHG
mitigation techniques

0.13

115

42

175

35

22

3

0

1

0

0

170

0

1

0

0

Cultivation/harvest

Preparation

Transport

Processing

Transport

CO2

CH4

N 2O

Livestockfarm

Unit：g CO2eq/kg-feed
GWP: CO2 = 1, CH4 = 25, N2O = 298

Example of life-cycle inventory of feed ingredients

0.14

Evaluation throughout the entire country

Contact Address : Akifumi Ogino, e-mail50

Housing

Lowprotein
diet

System boundary

Liquid Compost

CubicleManuremanagement

Housing

Conventional (CNV) and low-protein-diet (LP) pig production
systems evaluated using life cycle assessment (LCA)

Compost

Housing system

Crystalline
amino
acid
Feed
production

Slurry pit
Storage

Data collection by measurements
and site investigation

Conventional
diet

Feed
production

Pump
Electricity (CO2)

SolidsElectricity (CO2)
Solid-liquid separation

Amount of treatment

Verifying andquantifying
N2O reduction

9

CP15%
ＣＰ１５＋MT区

Preliminary results of N2O emissions from poultry manuredrying (changes in emissions and total emissions)

40% reduction

Dairy cattle

Feeding trial using dairy herd

6

N2O-N, g

Solids►Feeding a diet with 14.1% CP in which bypass soymeal was substituted forsoymeal reduced nitrogen excretion from mid-lactation cows by approximately 10%.
►Supplementation of diets with methionine to early-lactation cows increased milk
production and milk protein content significantly for low-protein diet, and feeding a
low-protein diet had a lower nitrogen excretion.

3

CP17%
CP!17区

LP

Possible reduction of nitrogen excretion by feeding lowprotein diet supplemented with bypass protein or
rumen-protected amino acids.

0

CNV

All kinds of amino acid aresynthesized by rumen microbes;
however, they are not synthesized in
response to requirements of eachamino acid.

0

Reducing potential for GHG
emission from swine
manure treatments under
low-protein diet withsynthetic amino acids

Cattle has rumen
Rumen

0.005

aogino@affrc.go.jp

14130-2

Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"

A New “Milk Roadmap” in Japan-A Trial Focused on milk productionTakahisa Hinata , Yoshiaki Kimura

Central Agricultural Experiment Station, Hokkaido Research Organization

Summary♦In order to reduce GHG emission in Japan efficiently, we should get our priority right in what process to reduce.
Japan has been required to set an action plan that reduces GHG from dairy sectors.
In UK, The Milk Roadmap was published in 2008, which shows an action plan for each producers, processers and retailers
to reduce environmental impacts including GHG.
♦As a result of stream-lined life cycle assessment (LCA) limited to producer’s (On-farm) GHG emission, 26-43% of GHG isgenerated in manure management. Therefore, it is a bottleneck to reduce GHG, and developing new techniques in manure
management is one of the most effective way.

1 What is “The Milk Roadmap”?

2 Life cycle assessment
As some basic unit to measure GHG emission in processing,
distribution, retailing, and consumption are missing in Japan,
We measured GHG emission in producing with streamlined life
cycle assessment at first. In this LCA, Large-scale farm model(100head of milking cows, 60ha of grassland), and regular-scale
farm model (40head, 10ha) are examined.

The Milk Roadmap is an action plan for Producing, Processing &Distribution, and Retail & consumption to reduce environmental
impacts from dairy sectors in UK.
Japan has been required to set the plan like this roadmap formany years.
Targets for GHG reduction are also consist of 3
parts, producers, processers, and retailers.

Items & targets for producers

Manure Management
Producing

ITEMS for Producers

TARGETS

Environmental stewardship

50% of dairy farmers

Reduction in water use

By 5-15%

Nutrient planning

65% of dairy farmers

Anaerobic digestion

30 farms

Manure manegement plan

95% of dairy farmers

Farm health plans

95% of dairy farmers

New technologies to reduce emissions

20-30% of producers

Improving energy efficiency

By 15%

Chemicalfertilizer

Processing
Distribution

Flux
N2O

Milk
Purchased
feed

Flux
N2O

Retailing
Consumption

SlurryFeces urine

Burp
CH4

Grass

Milking Cows

Grassland: items on target: items now gathering data

The Milk Roadmap

Flux
CH4

CompostSystem boundary of this LCA

3 Result of life cycle inventory analysis

4 Who is the object of new mitigation

A result of LCA is as below. Emission from cows’ burp
accounts for 41-57% of all emission, although it is essential forcows to digest grasses to a certain extent.
Emission related to manure management (manure management
and applied slurry etc from grassland) accounts for 26-43%,
especially high percentage in regular-scale farm.
Accordingly, it is considered as a bottleneck to reduce GHG,
and developing new techniques in manure management is oneof the most effective way.

Figures below are heads/farms distribution in Japan categorized
into 6 farm size (number of milking cows) . A mode category of
Hokkaido is larger than other prefectures in both.
A new mitigation techniques need to be for less numbers offarms and more numbers of cows to extend efficiently.

Life cycle GHG inventory in 2 type of dairy farms

A number of farms categorized into farm size

(t-CO2eq)

Large-scale farm

ManureManagement
DirectGrasslandemission

total

１～19

96

20%

101

39%

28

6%

11

4%

9

2%

2

1%

57%

107

41%

Chemical fertilizer

27

6%

4

2%

Purchased feed

44

9%

35

13%

472

100%

260

100%

Chemical fertilizer
burp

Based on the above, it is found that the new techniques should
be aimed at farms holding 100 cows in Hokkaido, and 30-49 cows
in other prefectures.

regular-scale farm

268

Milking Cows
Indirect
emission

Slurry etc

techniques ?

Japan

20～29

30～49

50～79

80～99

100～

total

5,090

3,450

5,960

4,580

1,330

1,860

Hokkaido

419

396

1,730

2,800

949

1,220

22,270
7,514

Others

4,671

3,054

4,230

1,780

381

640

14,756

A number of head categorized into farm size
１～19
Japan

20～29

30～49

50～79

80～99

100～

total

70,000106,900

304,200

378,400

160,600

446,600

1,466,700

Hokkaido

9,230

17,500111,500

245,400

120,800

300,000

804,430

Others60,77089,400192,700

133,000

39,800146,600

662,270

Source: Statistics of Livestock Industry, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries (2010)

Contact Address : Takahisa Hinata, e-mail51

hinata-takahisa@hro.or.jp

15110Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"

Ruminal methane reduction in cattle
Takumi Shinkai 1, Osamu Enishi1, Makoto Mitsumori1, Hirotaka Kasuya2,
Tamako Tanigawa2, Kyo Nagashima3, Masami Mochizuki3, Yasuo Kobayashi4
1 National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science
2 Hokkaido Research Organization Konsen Agricultural Experiment Station
3 Environment and Biotechnology Laboratory, Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.
4 Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University

Summary
Cashew nut shell liquid can reduce methane production and increase propionate in rumen
fermentation.
Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles can reduce methane emissions from lactating Holsteincows fed grass silage-based total mixed ration.

1 Methane reduction by cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)
Cashew(Anacardium occidentale) Shell liquid

CNSL pellet A

Powderedmaterial

CNSL (60%) + Silica powder (40%)

Feeding speed

nut

CNSL pellet B
CNSL (22%) + Alfalfa meal (41.3%)+ defatted rice bran (20.0%)+ Silica powder (11.3%)+ Crude sugarcane molasses (3.0%)+ Tapioca flour (2.4%)

nut shell

Rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)
Methane production

Batch culture technique

Propionate production

Methane production(ml/day)(mmol/dl)

Short chain fatty acids production

81-83% reduction
Max 70% reduction
Control

50 100 200

Control

50

100

CNSL μg/ml

200

CNSL μg/ml

2 Mitigation approaches to reduce enteric methane emissions
from dairy cows fed grass silage-based ration

Grassland

Silage making

Methane production, g/day

Gaseous exchange
measurement

Grass Silage

280

250
240

25

22

ab

ab

24
23

273.1

269.7

230

262.1

b

235.1

220
210
10%
20%
Concentration of DDGS

30%

Methane Production

b

24.2

23.9

a

24.5

22.3

21
0%

10%
20%
Concentration of DDGS

Milk Production

30%

Methane production，g/ｋｇ of FCM

Bioethanola0%Open circuit respiratory systemusing a hood over the animal’s headFat corrected milk yield, kg/day

Corn

a

260

Mixed
rationDistiller's Dried Grains（DDGS)

a

270

13

a

12

ab

11
10

12.4

9

10.9

c

9.6

8
0%

10%
20%
Concentration of DDGS

30%

Methane Production per unit of milk production

Contact Address : Takumi Shinkai, e-mail
52

11.4

bc

tshinkai@affrc.go.jp

16110-1 Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"
Development of micro hydro power system using
agricultural irrigation water
TAKIMOTO Hiroshi1

1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University

The micro hydro power system we developed is suitable for a drop of irrigation channel. The
hydroelectric resource is determined by the discharge and the head. The built-in blades of the micro hydropower system are formed with a spiral shape. Their spiral blades can catch both the kinematic energy andthe potential energy thoroughly. Therefore, even if it is a small channel, the spiral water wheel can convert
the water energy into electrical or mechanical energy efficiently. The micro hydropower system generates
a clean energy that can be reduced CO2 emissions utilizing the local resources.

2 The characteristics of the spiral water

1 The Revival of the Spiral Water Wheel

wheel and its possibility to generate
electric power

In pursuit of the possibility for the micro electric power byagricultural irrigation water

In the close-up of the global environment problem, the utilization of the natural energy
resources is expected. Especially the water power is utilized stably as the sustainable energy resources
and it is important for the future of the new development in the regional society. In the case of theutilization of water energy, the source is the potential energy of water. The head is H[m], the discharge
is Q[m3] and its work rate by the head is 9.8QH[kW]. The real work rate is less than the theoreticalone by the control of the character of the utilized technology. Until now, the water wheel is used as theutilized technology. In Toyama Prefecture as the water kingdom, many water wheels have been
adopted. The spiral water wheel which is introduced here is one of them.
The spiral water wheel is unique in Toyama Prefecture and it is characteristic that had been
invented in the twentieth century. It had the advantage that it had been operated enough in thecomparatively low heights with a certain volume of water and the higher efficient than the conventional
water wheel. The setting of the spiral wheel is simple. It is dammed up with the 50cm heights and thewheel is leaned toward the approximately 30 degree ideally.
In this study, we tried to generate electricity at an agricultural irrigation channel by utilizing thisexcellent characteristics of the spiral water wheel.

The spiral water wheel is the almost similar structure of the Archimedes pump. It is possible totransform the energy of water effectively to the power of the water wheel by contacting the water
stream and the wing continuously because of the spiral wing.

Photo 1 Micro hydro power system using thespiral water wheel
Fig.2 Structure of the spiral water wheel

Photo 2 Improved vertical spiral water power systeminstalled at an irrigation channel.

Fig.3 Improved vertical spiral water wheel(patent pending)Fig.1 Ranges of application of different types of water wheel and the target area of our manufactured
goods.

3 Developing the various purpose of its use

Fig.4 Relationship between the potential hydropower
and the efficiency .
Stored potential energy=9.8QH
Efficiency=(Output power)/(Stored potential energy)

Many purposes for its use are thought in accordance to the regional characteristics for the micro
generating power system.

Fig.5 Estimation of the hydro potential energy in the Tedori
alluvial fan area in Ishikawa prefecture
Irrigation season: 16000kW Non-irrigation season: 6600kW
Even if it is the non-irrigation season, this region has the hydropotential energy equivalent to the electricity consumption of
about 2000 households.

1) The energy source of managing the farming operation such as lighting for the operation housenearby and managing the vinyl house and storage house when the farming water is used for generating
electric power.
2 ) The electric source to sound a siren for the harmful animal and prevent harmful worms.
3) The electric source to light the pedestrian street.
4) The electric source for home by the independent generating.
5) The electric source for the septic tank at the public toilet room in the park.
6) The electric source for the emergency in the disaster.
7) The electric source for charging the battery of the electric vehicle.
8) The electric source for the communication by the meteorological observations.

4 The consideration to the environment
In the development of the improved spiral water wheel, the influence to the environment is
considered. That is the reduction effect of CO2 consumption. It is expected the reduction of about
0.5kg-CO2/kWh with the introduction of the water power generation. In case of introducing thewater power generating machine it has merits of saving the construction costs and at the same time
it is important that the original function of permeating water for the waterway must be secured.
It is necessary to pay attention to the preventing factor such as the structure of water wheel
generating power. The products by this development have the characteristics of its hardness to thedusts, but the flowing in of the dusts must be avoided. Therefore the screen for eliminating the dusts
is set up as a part of products.

Photo 4 Examples of use of micro hydro power system

Contact Address : TAKIMOTO Hiroshi, e-mail53

taki@ishikawa-pu.ac.jp

16110-2 Research project on "Development of mitigation technologies to climate change in the agriculture sector"
Utilization of undersurface heat exchange for horticulture
as a technique against global warming
Shohei Shibata1 , Teruo Hidaka2 , Johshin Tsuruyama2

1 National Agricultural Research Center for Western Region, NARO, Japan
2 Yamaguchi Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture and Forestry, Japan

Greenhouse environmental control technique has been required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and accommodate hightemperatures caused by global warming. Then we developed an artificial cave for undersurface heat exchange and a partial
environmental control system of greenhouse.
High temperature damage on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) can be avoided with partial cooling and 20% higher productivity oftomato fruit was achieved under 1.5 degree Celsius higher condition. In the winter, productivity of tomato could be maintained
without any heating with oil. On a farm in Yamaguchi Prefecture, reducing the ratio of damaged tomato fruit by high temperature,
increased high-quality fruit in summer. Throughout one year, this method is proved to be acceptable qualitative mitigation
technique. In future, the quantitative evaluation of this method is the next goal.

1 Artificial Cave and Partial Control

2 Effect on Tomato Fruit Production
Control
Fruit Production(g/stump)

Partial Cooling

10000

5000

0

Fig. 4 State of the Comparison Test and Fruit Production in Summer 2008

Fig. 1 Schematic of Artificial Cave

1000

0

Fig. 5 State of the Comparison Test and Fruit Production in Winter 2010
Fig. 2 Air Temperature in the Artificial Cave

Fig. 3 Schematic of Partial Control

ControlWarmingJan. - Apr. 2011
N=4, P<0.01 （t-test）

Table 1 Effect of partial cooling with undersurface heat exchange system on fruit quality of tomato

A pipe made of polypropylene whose diameter is 0.6m and the length is 70m
was buried in the ground at the depth of 3m. The heat exchange air can beextracted forcedly from undersurface by an AC duct fan (Fig.1).
For efficient use of limited air, as shown in Figure 2, we develop a method tocontrol the thermal environment only the growth point and root zone of tomato.
This is because to reduce costs to introduce the facilities and minimize the size ofthe heat exchanger. As shown in Figure 3, we can be taken out of the air whose
temperature nearly achieving a state of equilibrium with soil temperature in thedepth of 3m in both summer and winter.

3

Control

N=8, P<0.005 （t-test）

2000

Control
Fruit Production(g/stump)

Partial heating

Cooling

The air temperature of greenhouse was settled 1.5 degree Celsius higher and we
confirmed the effects of partial cooling in warming condition in summer. The leaf
color and plant vigor was better and the fruit yield was higher than control bypartial cooling at the root zone and growing point （Fig.4）. The reason for this isthought to be due to avoid the high-temperature injury of tomato. On a farm in
Yamaguchi, a vertical-type heat exchanger was applied and they are developing ahigh-performance exchanger. Then the ratio of damaged tomato fruit by hightemperature was reduced and increased high-quality fruit in summer (Table 1). In
winter, the productivity of tomato was maintained by partial heating, but thetomato of control was died due to the freezing of growing point (Fig.5).

Complete Transition to Renewable Energy
And Potential of Mitigation

There is a report that in the case of the forcing culture of tomatoes,
undersurface heat exchange heating load is equivalent to 8,580 kcal per 1are ofgreenhouse floor area. In other words, this means that it can reduce emissions ofabout 1759kgCO2/1are/year.
The planted area of horticulture is 3658ha in the Chugoku and Shikoku region
alone. If we can develop more efficient undersurface heat exchange technique toaccommodate various crops and types of cultivation, it has high potential toreduce enormous CO2 emissions that can greatly improve CO2 emissions in the
agricultural field.

Fig. 6 Power Shift to Renewable Energy

In the Japanese agriculture, horticulture has been the most greenhouse gas
emissions, which is accounted for 45% of the total. Many are from the
combustion of oil is used for the heating of greenhouses. We assumed a power
shift in Figure 6 in order to allow a system driven by only renewable energy inorder to reduce CO2 emission additionally and made a simple calculation. At last
the costs of power sift devices will be over JPY1,000,000 to reduce
272kgCO2/year and it seemed too expensive to be borne by farmers at the
moment.

Contact Address : Shohei Shibata, e-mail54

shibata@affrc.go.jp