Volume 13

WPI-AIMR NEWS

August 31, 2011

World Premier International Research Center
Advanced Institute for Materials Research
Tohoku University

Volume 13

WPI-AIMR NEWS

August 31, 2011

World Premier International Research Center
Advanced Institute for Materials Research
Tohoku University

Contents
Preface …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1

Interviews
Motoko KOTANI (Deputy Director, PI, WPI-AIMR) ………………………………………………… 5
Li-Jun WAN (PI, WPI-AIMR) ………………………………………………………………………… 24
Taro HITOSUGI (Associate Professor, WPI-AIMR) …………………………………………………… 32

News Update
Site Visit by International Working Group of the WPI Program ……………………………………… 59
WPI-AIMR – Cambridge Symposium ………………………………………………………………… 60
WPI-AIMR Opens its New Building …………………………………………………………………… 63
Iron-based Superconductors: Borrowing from Graphene by Seigo SOUMA ………………………… 64
Fabrication of Li-intercalated bilayer graphene by Katsuaki SUGAWARA …………………………… 66
Direct Measurement of the Out-of-Plane Spin Texture in the Dirac Cone Surface State of a TopologicalInsulator by Seigo SOUMA …………………………………………………………………………… 68
Voltage induces superconductivity: new era of searching for matters by Masashi KAWASAKI ……… 70
Voltage induces magnetism: new era of magnetic devices by Masashi KAWASAKI ………………… 71
Gradient biomaterials for soft-to-hard interface tissue engineering by Ali Khademhosseini’s Group … 72
FY 2011 List of Major Governmental Research Funds (As of August 1, 2011) ……………………… 74
WPI-AIMR Outreach Activity Report ………………………………………………………………… 76
Award Information ……………………………………………………………………………………… 77
The Fourth Series of WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars FY 2011 …………………………………………… 78

Research Prospect
Kazue KURIHARA …………………………………………………………………………………… 85
Tomokazu MATSUE …………………………………………………………………………………… 95

Newly Appointed Research Staff ……………………………………………………………………… 105
Global Intellectual Incubation and Integration Lab (GI3 lab) ……………………………………… 109

Announcement
Junior Faculty/Post-Doctoral Positions ……………………………………………………………… 113
Graduate Student Scholarship in Materials Science/Engineering …………………………………… 114
WPI-AIMR Workshop Guideline …………………………………………………………………… 115

Appendix
Snapshots …………………………………………………………………………………………… X-1
WPI-AIMR Staff List ………………………………………………………………………………… X-7

Recovery from the Terrible Disaster on March 11
and New Deputy Director Professor Motoko Kotani
Yoshinori Yamamoto
Director, WPI-AIMR, Tohoku University
Nearly five months have passed since the terrible triple disasters happened on March
11—an extremely strong earthquake with a magnitude of 9.0, gigantic tsunami withheights of 10-20 meters (in some places greater than 30 meters), and the Fukushima
Nuclear Power Plant problem. Now, things in Sendai have recovered to a level similar
to that before the disasters. However, people in the coastal area are still experiencing
serious problems. The activity of our AIMR institute, as well as of Tohoku University,
has recovered to the same level as before. The situation at Fukushima is gradually being
improved, but it will take a long time until the problem is settled completely. During thepast few months, people all over the world have supported us both materially andspiritually, and I deeply appreciate all the offers you provided. It is a pleasure for me tosay that now we are proceeding vigorously to recover from the disasters and to carry out
the research activities and education at a much higher pace than before and withincreased awareness about the earthquake.
Recently, Professor Motoko Kotani joined us as a deputy director. She is awell-known mathematician around the world. Please look at the Figure 1, which
illustrates how the vector of AIMR research activities is changed by the injection of themathematical perspective, in comparison with the conventional approach to materials
science. In the first term of the WPI program (2007-2011), our team consisting of four
research groups (BMG, material physics, soft materials, and device/system) has carriedout world-class research of the highest level and performed extensive fusion research.
For example, the creation of metallic nanoporous catalysts is an excellent example offusion research between modern metallurgy and chemical science, and the developmentof MEMS devices is another example of fusion between device and modern metallurgy.
Concerning both the outcome of those fusion research and accomplishments in eachdiscipline, I think that the quality of science of AIMR has been at the world’s top level.
AIMR is a very unique materials research institute, in which seemingly totally different
substances (metals and soft materials) are handled under one roof. This research
condition has induced the unique fusion research mentioned above. In the second termof the WPI program (2012-2017), in addition to this unique fusion research, theintroduction of mathematical science into the AIMR research groups is sure to not only12Interviews

3Interview with Professor Motoko Kotani,
Deputy Director, Principal Investigator, WPI-AIMR

Mathematical Challenges at AIMR
Interests in Mathematics – from Harmonic Map to Discrete Geometric Analysis
Administrative Director Iwamoto (I): Thank you for taking time today. You joined WPIAIMR as Principal Investigator at the end of March and are now working as Deputy Director.
First of all, I’d like to ask where you are from.
Professor Motoko Kotani (K): I was born in Osaka and lived there until I was ten years old.
Then, we moved to Kamakura City in Kanagawa Prefecture.
I: I see.
K: I went to Kamakura Junior High School affiliated with Yokohama National University,
Tokyo Gakugei University Senior High School, and then the University of Tokyo. Because I
went to a high school and a university in Tokyo, I feel like a quasi-Tokyo native.
I: Were you interested in science when you were a junior high school or high school student?
K: Yes.
I: Do you think your teachers had influences on that?
K: Yes, I think so.
I: Were you also interested in mathematics?
K: Yes, I became interested in mathematics when I was at junior high school.
I: In addition to your interests in mathematics and science, were you also involved in a lot ofother activities such as club activities?
K: I preferred to read books or draw pictures alone rather than joining group activities.
I: Mathematics is a kind of study that you work alone diligently too, isn’t it?
K: Yes, I think so. A mathematician is just happy without talking to anybody for a week or so
I: I guess the research style is very different
from experimental researchers who work in agroup. The library in the Mathematics
Department is well stocked, which would
help.
K: I think so, too.
I: You received a doctor’s degree in 1990.
What was the theme of your dissertation?

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K: Differential Geometry, in particular harmonic map was my specialty. Harmonic map is, in
simple words, a mathematical model of soap films and soap bubbles.
I: That was the theme for your doctoral dissertation, and what were your interests after that?
K: Next, I started working in Discrete Geometric Analysis, which has led me to my current
research. There are two opposing concepts in mathematics, “Continuous” and “Discrete”, andcontinuous spaces had been the main field of Geometry until at least the 20th century.
However, in recent years there has been a trend to study discrete geometry.
One of the backgrounds is the advancement of computers and the fact that it is now
possible to handle a large volume of discrete data. It is not, however, a smart way to process alarge volume of data one by one. A core structure should be extracted from the data;
otherwise there would be no end to the process, even with a very advanced computer. What’s
needed is a smart method that can detect hidden structures in discrete data, and mathematics
is very good at that.
I: So, traditionally only continuous object was studied, but now discrete object is studied too.
Does it mean the data handled is detached from each other?
K: Yes. Data is generally discrete, isn’t it?
I: Yes.
K: In science, we aim to extract meaningful information
form a vast amount of data. You draw graphs based on
experimental data. The data is actually plotted as dots.
However, you do not get any meaning just through looking
at these dots. So, you draw a curve to connect the dots, andthen understand the trend of the data. Like this (see diagram).
I’ve just drawn a curve readily, but is there any logic? If I
draw differently, like this, it also goes through all the dots,
but which one is correct? In science, the process of drawing
curve must be justified. If there is no theory to justify it, itmeans that the process is based on experience and includes
some arbitrariness. In order to avoid that, you ask yourself if
more detailed analysis is needed around here, and if this partis really correct, or you come up with an assumption andinsert different data to prove your conjecture. There is no end to it, and it will require more
and more data. On the other hand, a small number of dots can capture the fundamental trend.
If there is a theory that can determine how a curve goes through these dots, there is no need tocreate new dots between the existing dots.
I: I see.
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K: This is where mathematics should be used. In other words, it is necessary to create atheory that explains how to draw a continuous curve to connect dots. Then, you will not needto take most of data.
I: I see. That’s how you moved from harmonic map to discrete geometric analysis.
Aim of Research by CREST
K: My research proposal was approved by CREST Program in 2008. Before then I was
studying so-called pure mathematics. Despite the background that I mentioned earlier, myresearch before 2008 was to find hidden structures in discrete data from a mathematicalinterest, rather than collaborating with other researchers in different fields. Then, I applied to
CREST in 2008. This CREST is the first program that provided a large competitive researchfund for mathematics, apart from Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research.
I: Indeed.
K: Then, I wanted to apply in collaboration with materials science.
I: I see.
K: When I applied I took it easy and thought that I would carry on my research on puremathematics and occasionally talk to the researchers in other fields; however, soon after I
started I realized that there were a lot to learn and I had more opportunities to talk to thepeople in other fields. Around that time I started thinking about collaboration with otherfields more seriously.
I: This CREST is supervised by Professor Nishiura at Hokkaido University, and yourproposal “A Mathematical Challenge to a New Phase of Material Science -Based on Discrete
Geometric Analysis-” was approved as one of the projects with high social needs. I often hear“pure mathematics” and “applied mathematics”. Is your research regarded as appliedmathematics?
K: It does not necessarily mean that I have switched to applied mathematics. I have justexpanded my previous mathematical research. Traditionally pure mathematics and appliedmathematics were considered to be pair concepts; however, recently it is regarded that they
can be integrated to create a new academic study, namely, mathematical science. I domathematical science with pure mathematics background.
I think mutually beneficial relationship between mathematics and other fields can beestablished. Mathematicians directly contact with other researchers in different fields andlisten to their problems in order to stimulate and expand mathematics into a new direction.
On the other hand, I hope the researchers in other fields will understand the advantages ofmathematics.
I: I see. I understand.

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Then, your current research for CREST is not something different from discrete geometricanalysis that you mentioned earlier, but it is rather an extension of it.
K: Yes, it is more like a development and expansion (smile).
I: Professor Adschiri from WPI-AIMR is also participating in this CREST group. You andProfessor Adschiri jointly published a paper about new metallic carbon crystal in 2009 (Phys.
Rev.Lett.102,055703(2009)). So, you were already collaborating with materials science
before the start of the CREST.
K: Yes, it is based on the research with Professor Sunada who is now Adjunct Professor of
AIMR. Professor Sunada and I have been studying crystal lattices as a part of the study of
discrete geometric analysis for about ten years since 2000. Later, Professor Sunada made amathematical discovery of the K4 lattice in his own study. Based on mathematicalrequirements, there are only two crystal structures which satisfy natural properties; diamondlattice and K4 lattice. If one of the two is diamond, then does the other one - K4 lattice really exist? Professor Sunada and I did not know the answer at that point. However, this was
definitely significant issue and started discussing with various people in the university.
Professor Adschiri was very much interested in this and we decided to try to compose it.
Of course, we didn’t think we could make it easily, so we started from simulations todetermine the possibility. Then, Professor Sunada, Professor Adschiri, Professor Kawazoe,
Professor Naito from Nagoya University and I had several discussions and conductedsimulations, which resulted in the paper that you mentioned earlier. We came to a conclusionthat although it may not be very stable it will be metastable and can be synthesized. So, we
decided to make it, and I thought it would be good if we could do this as a subject in my
CREST project.
I: So, your research on crystal lattices, which you mentioned arose from the mathematics
world.
K: Yes. It is completely in the world of mathematics. I incorporated the viewpoint of
harmonic map that I had been studying into discrete geometric analysis, and thought about
what would be the most stable and balanced crystal structure based on the theory of harmonic
map. That is the theme of the joint research with Professor Sunada: standard realization of
crystal lattices. Standard realization is very
useful in mathematics as it explains various
issues. Therefore, I thought it would be usefulin the real world.
I: I had a preconceived idea that you would
abstract various data that was found inmaterials science, but based on what you’ve

8just told me, now I understand that the research came from the mathematics world.
K: We mathematicians are amateurs in the materials science field. It has its own great
accumulated knowledge. Our understandings and opinions on this field will be just anamateur’s suggestion. I would rather like to bring a brand-new viewpoint into the materials
science to hopefully produce a new theory. Of course, this will not be an easy task.
Mathematics in AIMR
I: I remember that you emphasized at AIMR’s meeting that mathematics will not be fusedwith materials science, but it will rather help other fields to be fused.
K: I think of the role of mathematics as a “catalyst”. Each of the four groups in AIMR isforming a high peak. If we lower these peaks once then put them together, we can create aneven bigger peak. To achieve this, it is necessary to input some catalysts in order to promote
fusion. I think that is the role of Mathematics Unit in AIMR.
However, at the same time I would like Mathematics Unit to be stimulated by other fields
and developed further. Then we may be able to start a totally new mathematics from there;that is also a motive for my participation.
I: I see. There are two purposes. Talking about the latter point of view, in the mathematics
field, for example, the OECD report “Mathematics in Industry” was published and also
“Mathematics as Deserted Science” was published in Japan in 2006. As a background, did
you have a concern that it was necessary for mathematicians to send out information to theoutside world?
K: Yes. It is of course necessary to do so, and I also think mathematics should change andexpand. As with any academic field, there is a period for expansion in response to external
stimulation, and a period for understanding itself based on its own value. I think mathematics
has had a significant achievement in the latter direction in the last half century. However, as it
becomes more and more advanced, I think it is becoming more restricted. This is my personal
opinion and I suppose there are many people with different views.
I: The latest draft of the 4th Science and Technology Basic Plan also mentions about
promoting mathematical science.
K: Yes, indeed. It is for the first time that mathematics is mentioned in the plan.
I: In addition, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology set up theUnit of Mathematical Innovation, and the government seems to start tackling it seriously.
How about in other countries? You were invited to the Max Planck Institute in Germany and
IHES in France. How mathematics is positioned in those countries?
K: I think Japan is rather behind in such matters.
I: I see. As Poincaré was from France, I guess mathematics is very popular there.
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K: I think so. Mathematics is strongly linked to the science and technology policy and has ahigh status in France.
I: By the way, how do you describe the difference between theoretical physics andmathematics?
K: The traditional flow starts with pure mathematics and applied mathematics, followed bymathematical physics, theoretical physics and experimental physics, and then phenomena.
Also, some theoretical physicists have a lot more focus on experimental physics while others
focus on mostly mathematics. However, recent mathematicians are willing to change thetraditional relation and be more involved in the study of phenomena. It is often the case thatthe same mathematical theory is used in various different academic fields, therefore, I expect
if mathematics can be involved in these fields directly, various phenomena can be dealt in a
uniform way. As the state-of-the-art science has become specialized, communication between
different fields is not very easy at the moment; however, I think if those fields are put on thecommon foundation, namely mathematics, we can share a great source of ideas that has beendeveloped individually in each field.
I: Does it mean that mathematics is used to translate and transfer highly specialized andadvanced science issues? If so, mathematics will be a keyword in AIMR that is expected toaccelerate fusion of various fields.
K: I think that is the role of Mathematics Unit.
Expectations to AIMR
I: You have been in AIMR for a few months now. What do you think of the atmosphere?
K: According to other people, it seems to have changed a lot in one year. I think it seems to
be improving to a great extent.
I: Yes. Currently the whole AIMR is working very hard. In addition to the hard work of PIs,
all researchers, especially mid-career ones, are having discussions diligently.
K: I can feel there is willingness to discuss seriously and challenge the new directions in
AIMR. I think AIMR can implement something very advanced that will make it a model for
WPI.
I: I see. We hold tea time and joint seminars,
and young researchers also hold study sessions.
I would like to develop these activities further.
Although fusion research is making a progress,
there may be still a wall between laboratories.
K: Fusion of different fields is not an easy task.
You hear a lot of interesting things from people10

in the different fields, which you think you may be able to develop using your methods.
However, in reality it is rather difficult to spend energy on these things. You have your own
research and are competing against the world, so you would like to use 100% of your energy
for that. Even if you become interested in other things in your research, it is difficult to spend
time on those, unless there is a strong force that can drive me towards them.
I: Yes, indeed.
K: I think WPI can create such systems. Research will not move forward if nobody thinks it
is interesting. However, if there is an environment that enables us to challenge the issues that
we have been interested in but have not taken any actions, things may move forward. This isa valuable opportunity and I would like to make it successful. It will be great if I can do so.
I: I agree with you. As you said, it is normal to compete against the world to reach the top ofa certain field in academic world. It is of course important, but a new academic study may be
produced as a result of fusion. You already have seen WPI in Kyoto University and Osaka
University, and you know the University of Tokyo very well for a long time. What do you
think of AIMR compared to these WPIs?
K: AIMR is more advanced in several aspects. There has been a trend to create a newacademic study in research and the result has started to be produced. I think from theorganizational point of view, it is ahead of others. One of the purposes of WPI program is tobreak the tradition of the university and reform the system for building the world’s top
research base. Tohoku University has set up an action plan called “Inoue Plan”, and has been
implementing various system reforms for five years. It is also actively promotinginternational collaborations and public relations. It also supports building independent
environment for young researchers as well as new academic studies. These are the aim of thehost university, and AIMR is characterized as a model for these activities. So, I guess thesystem reform is going comparatively well.
I: I think so too.
Nurturing Female Researchers
I: Changing the subject again, you won Saruhashi Prize in 2005, and also play an active partin Office for Women Researchers, Tohoku University. It is sometimes pointed out that thepercentage of female researchers is low in AIMR. How do you think it can be improved?
K: I am often asked why it is necessary to nurture female researchers. There are several
viewpoints, but I think it is important to nurture female researchers from the viewpoint ofdiversity. A breakthrough in research is a result of multiple rare events and the possibility of
its occurrence is really minute. That is why it is important to keep the population rich anddiverse. It is a waste of opportunity not to have many female researchers for traditional11

reasons, as they consist of the half of the human resources. Similar tomathematics that we talked about earlier, it is an opportunity to incorporate
a new female point of view, and nurturing female researchers will expand
the possibility of the development of science significantly. The otherviewpoint is the improvement of research environment. One of the missionsof WPI is to create an ideal environment that attracts the world’s top researchers. For thisreason, creating a better environment for women can be a benchmark. An environment where
you can concentrate on research and at the same can cherish your private life. A female
friendly environment is not only beneficial for women but also for human beings.
I: Yes, indeed.
K: Especially for the researchers who come from abroad, support for their family life andchildren has to be in place before they can concentrate on their research and to conduct firstclass research. Life-work balance is also important. Creating a female friendly environment
will naturally create an ideal research environment. For these reasons, I am thinking ofproviding an environment and designing a system where female researchers can flourish.
I: Basically, issues of female researchers are not just the issues of themselves.
K: For example, Tohoku University has set up a daycare center for children. It is open atconvenient hours for researchers, from early in the morning to late in the evening. There isalso a support system to maintain research activities during child-rearing period. It is notdifficult to do both research and child-rearing, if there is support from the university andunderstanding of the people around you. It is common for a father researcher to bring hischildren to his lab in other countries. I think such environment will improve the quality of
research after all.
I: I think so too. It will improve both private lives and the quality of research. It is also
important to switch on and off, as you mentioned.
K: Yes, a new idea will not come out if you cannot relax. When you are in the lab, youconcentrate. Then when you are attending tea time, you relax and exchange new ideas andinformation. I think “work hard and play hard” attitude is important.
I: As you kindly suggested various proposals for the new AIMR building, such as
combination rooms, common spaces, we would like to take them into account from theviewpoint of providing a better research environment.
Study and Passion
I: By the way, I did some research on your books to see if there was any book that a personwith arts background like me can understand. Then I found Book Guide Bunko de Yomu
Kagaku (Book Guide Science Series) published by Iwanami and read your article about

12

recommended books on mathematics for university students. You entitled the article as“Were Not Our Hearts Burning Within Us?”, which is a quote from Luke Chapter 24 Verse
32. Why did you choose this title?
K: Because I wrote about the “importance of passion” at the end of the article.
I: Yes, I remember. Passion.
K: These words are from the scene in Luke where the followers met Jesus Christ after his
resurrection. The followers argued whether it was really him or not. And then, they asked
each other “Were not our hearts burning within us while he talked with us?” So, they said
they could believe it was him. In research, when you meet something that burns your heart, it
is very important to pursue it, otherwise the research will not be the real thing. I introduced abook called Sanpô Shôjo (Mathematics Girl) in this article. It is a story of Japanesemathematics in the Edo period. A girl asks herself why she studies mathematics. Some people
study it because it is a useful tool, and others do so in pursuit of beauty, such as culture or art.
But she is neither of them. She reaches a conclusion that the reason why she studies
mathematics is because she had met something that drives her passion and she just wants topursuit it. I suppose research is something like that. There are many elements in research that
contribute to human society, such as improving human knowledge, culture or our lives.
However, after all, in order to conduct a good research you need to pursuit something thatburns your heart and drives your passion. I think that is the real thing.
I: I see.
K: Something that burns your heart must have something very important in it, so pursuingthat will naturally produce useful things for the world that also have cultural and academic
values. This is what I think of the nature of research, and the reason why I chose that title.
I: I understand. It’s very interesting. Although the world of academic study is driven by logic,
passion, not logic, is necessary to get into the world or develop the world.
K: Yes.
I: This is also your message for young people.
K: Yes, it is.
I: From this point of view, do you think young researchers now are all right?
K: Of course. When I talk to the young researchers of AIMR, I can see they are highly
motivated and very active too.
I: I agree.
K: Some researchers in my generation are rather shy and do not speak very much ininternational conferences, but the young researchers now take initiatives to talk about theirresearch. It is often said that young people have inward-looking attitude or are not interested
in science, but I do not feel that way at all. I think it is getting much better than my generation.

13

I: I see. It is true that there are more people who do not hesitate and are more proactive.
Thank you very much for taking your time today. It was very beneficial. Thank you again.

Interviewer: Administrative Director, W. Iwamoto
At Kotani Laboratory,
Science and Engineering General Research Building
June 28, 201114

WPI-AIMR ೽ᯏ᭴㐳, PI ዊ⼱రሶᢎ᝼ߦ⡞ߊ(Interview with Professor Motoko KOTANI㧙Japanese version)

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ᢙቇ߳ߩ⥝๧⺞๺౮௝߆ࠄ㔌ᢔ⸃ᨆᐞ૗ቇ߳
ጤᧄ㧦ᧄᣣߪ߅ᔔߒ޿ߣߎࠈ‫᦭ޔ‬㔍߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬వ↢ߦߪ㧟᦬ᧃߦWPI-AIMRߦਥછ⎇ⓥ⠪ߣߒߡടࠊߞߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߡ⃻࿷ߪ೽ᯏ᭴㐳ߣߒߡ߽߅਎⹤ߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᣧㅦߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬వ↢ߩ߅↢߹ࠇߪߤߜࠄߢ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ᄢ㒋ߢ↢߹ࠇߡ㧝㧜ᱦߋࠄ޿߹ߢߘߎߦ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫␹ޔ‬ᄹᎹ⋵㎨ୖᏒߦᒁߞ⿧ߒ
ߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ᮮᵿ࿖┙ᄢቇ㒝ዻ㎨ୖਛቇᩞ߆ࠄ‫᧲ޔ‬੩ቇ⧓ᄢቇ㒝ዻ㜞ᩞ‫᧲ޔ‬੩ᄢቇߦㅴߺ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㜞ᩞ࡮ᄢቇ߇᧲੩ߢߒߚ߆ࠄ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᗧ๧ߢߪ᧲੩࿤⢒ߜߣ޿߁᳇ᜬߜߢ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ਛቇ޽ࠆ޿ߪ㜞ᩞߩߎࠈ߆ࠄ⑼ቇߦߏ⥝๧ࠍᜬߚࠇߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߪ޿‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߪ߿ߪࠅవ↢ߩᓇ㗀߇ᄢ߈߆ߞߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߿ߪࠅᢙቇߦ⥝๧ࠍᜬߚࠇߚߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ਛቇᩞߩߣ߈ߦᢙቇ߇ᅢ߈ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߩ㗃ߪᢙቇ߿ℂ⑼ߦ߽ߏ㑐ᔃ߽޽ߞߚߢߒࠂ߁ߌࠇߤ߽‫ࡉ࡜ࠢࠈ޿ࠈ޿߽ߦ߆߶ޔ‬ᵴേߥߤࠍ⚿᭴߅߿ࠅߦߥߞߚ߶߁ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ࠢ࡜ࡉᵴേ‫ޔ‬࿅૕ߢ‫ߦ✜৻ߣߥࠎߺޔ‬૗߆߿ࠆࠃࠅߪ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽ৻ੱߢᧄࠍ⺒ࠎߛࠅߣ߆⛗ࠍឬ޿ߚࠅߣ߆ߩ߶߁߇ᅢ߈ߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ᢙቇߣ޿߁ߣ‫ޕߨࠃߔ߹ࠅ޽߇ࠫ࡯ࡔࠗ߁޿ߣߟߎߟߎߢੱ৻ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫߽ߣ⺕ߢੱ৻ޕ‬ญࠍ߈߆ߕߦ㧝ㅳ㑆ߋࠄ޿ᐔ᳇ߢߥ޿ߣ‫߆ߥ߆ߥޔ‬ᢙቇߪߢ߈ߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߎࠄㄝߪታ㛎♽ߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩࠃ߁ߦࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߢ߿ࠆߣ޿߁ߩߣߪ߆ߥࠅ⎇ⓥߩࠬ࠲ࠗ࡞
߽㆑߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ߩࠄߜߎޕ‬ᢙቇኾ᡹ߩ࿑ᦠ㙚߽㕖Ᏹߦలታߒߡ޿߹ߔ߽ߩߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦㧥㧜ᐕߦඳ჻ภࠍขᓧߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬ቇ૏⺰ᢥߩ࠹࡯ࡑߪߤ߁޿߁߽ߩߢߒߚ߆
ዊ⼱㧦ᓸಽᐞ૗ቇ‫⺞ߦ․ޔ‬๺౮௝ߩ⎇ⓥࠍߒߡ޿ߚߩߢ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬㑐ߔࠆ߽ߩߢߔ‫⺞ޕ‬๺౮௝ߣߪ‫ޔ‬ಽ߆ࠅ߿ߔߊ⸒߁ߣ‫ࠍ₹ࠎ߷߾ߒ߿⤑ࠎߌߞߖޔ‬ᢙቇ⊛ߦ᛽⽎ൻߒߚ߽ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇ߇ඳ჻⺰ᢥߩߎࠈߩ࠹࡯ࡑߢ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓟߪߤ߁⸒߁࠹࡯ࡑߦ㑐ᔃࠍᜬߚࠇߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘߩᓟ‫ޔ‬㔌ᢔᐞ૗⸃ᨆቇࠍᆎ߼‫⎇ߩ੹ޔߪࠇߎޔ‬ⓥߦߟߥ߇ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᢙቇߢኻᾖ⊛ߦᛒࠊࠇࠆ᭎ᔨߣߒߡ‫ޟ‬ㅪ⛯‫ޟߣޠ‬㔌ᢔ‫ޔ߇ߔ߹ࠅ޽߇ޠ‬ዋߥߊߣ߽㧞㧜਎♿߹ߢߩᢙቇߪㅪ⛯15ߥⓨ㑆ࠍਥߦᛒߞߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߦߥߞߡ㔌ᢔ⊛ߥ߽ߩࠍ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߦߒࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ᵹࠇ߇↢߹ࠇߡ߈ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬   ⢛᥊ߩ৻ߟߪ‫⊒߇࡯࠲࡯ࡘࡇࡦࠦޔ‬㆐ߒ‫ޔ‬ᄢ㊂ߩ㔌ᢔ⊛ߥ࠺࡯࠲ࠍᛒ߃ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߎ
ߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢ㊂ߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍߒࠄߺߟ߱ߒ⊛ߦಣℂߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊߡ‫ࠄ߆ߎߘޔ‬ᗧ๧ߩ޽ࠆ᭴
ㅧࠍขࠅ಴ߐߥ޿ߣ‫ߩ࡯࠲࡯ࡘࡇࡦࠦޔ‬ᕈ⢻ࠍ޿ߊࠄ਄ߍߡ߽ಾࠅ߇ߥ޿ࠊߌߢߔ‫ޕ‬㔌ᢔ⊛ߥ࠺࡯࠲ߦ㓝ࠇߚ᭴ㅧࠍ⷗಴ߔࠬࡑ࡯࠻ߥᚻᴺ߇ᔅⷐߢߔ‫ޔ‬ᢙቇߪ㓝ࠇߚ᭴ㅧࠍ⷗޿ߛߔߎߣ߇ᓧᗧ
ߢߔ‫߈▽ߦߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬਄ߍࠄࠇߚᢙቇߩ⍮ᕺࠍ㔌ᢔ⊛ߥኻ⽎ߦㆡ↪ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆ‫߁ࠃߩߘޔ‬ߥ⎇ⓥࠍ㔌ᢔᐞ૗⸃ᨆቇߣ޿޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦᣂߒ޿⎇ⓥಽ㊁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߟ߹ࠅㅪ⛯⊛ߥ߽ߩࠍߕߞߣኻ⽎ߦߒߡ߈ߚࠊߌߛߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬㔌ᢔ⊛ߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ‫ⷐޔ‬ߔࠆߦ߫ࠄ߫ࠄߥ߽ߩࠍᛒ߁ߣ޿߁⸶ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦߃߃‫ߡߞ࠲࡯࠺ޕ‬᥉ㅢߪ㔌ᢔ⊛ߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߪ޿‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦⑼ቇߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢ㊂ߩ࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄᗧ๧ߩ޽ࠆᖱႎࠍ
ขࠅ಴ߒߚ޿ࠊߌߢߔ‫ޕ‬ታ㛎ߩ࠺࡯࠲߆ࠄ⊝ߐࠎߪࠣ࡜
ࡈࠍᦠ߈߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߦߪ࠺࡯࠲ࠍὐߣߒߡࡊࡠ࠶࠻ߒ
߹ߔ߇‫ޕ‬ὐߛߌ⷗ߡ޿ߡ߽ᗧ๧߇ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿ߩߢ‫ࠇߘޔ‬ࠄߩὐࠍ⚿ࠎߢ✢ࠍᒁ޿ߡ‫޿߁ߎߪߦ࠲࡯࠺ߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬߁௑ะ߇޽ࠆߣℂ⸃ߔࠆ‫ߥࠎߎޕ‬㘑ߦ‫ޕ‬㧔࿑ෳᾖ㧕ߢ߽ߎࠇߪ੹‫ޔ‬ㆡᒰߦᒁ߈߹ߒߚߌࠇߤ߽‫ߣࠎ߾ߜޔ‬ℂዮ߇
޽ࠆߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬೎ߩ߿ࠅᣇߢߎ߁߿ߞߡ✢ࠍᒁ޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬ోㇱߩὐࠍㅢߞߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߇‫ࠄߜߤߩࠇߎߣࠇߎޔ‬߇ᱜߒ޿ߩ߆‫⑼ޕ‬ቇߢ޽ࠆߥࠄ߫‫ࠍ✢ޔ‬ᒁߊᚻ㗅߇߈ߜࠎߣᱜᒰൻߐࠇߡ޿ߥߌࠇ߫޿ߌߥ޿ࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᱜᒰൻߔࠆℂ⺰߇ߥ޿ߣ‫⚻ߦޘᤨߩߘޔ‬㛎ߦၮߠ޿ߡ‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬ᗧ๧ᕭᗧᕈ߇౉ࠅㄟߺ߹ߔ‫ࠍࠇߘޕ‬ㆱߌࠆߚ߼ߦ‫ߩߎޔ‬ㄝࠍ߽ߞߣ⚦߆ߊ⸃ᨆߒ
ߥ޿ߣⴕߌߥ޿ߣ߆‫ᧄߪߎߎޔ‬ᒰߦߎࠇߢ޿޿ߩ߆‫ߣ߆޿ߥߪߢ߁ߎࠄߚߒߣߞࠂ߭ޔ‬೎ߩ࠺࡯࠲ࠍߣߞߡၒ߼ߡ޿ߞߡ‫ߪߢࠇߘޕ߁޿ߣߥߛ߁ߎࠅߪ߿ޔ‬ಾࠅ߇ߥ޿ߒ‫ࠎߤࠎߤ߇࠲࡯࠺ޔ‬ᔅⷐߦߥࠆࠊߌߢߔࠃߨ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇߢዋᢙߩὐߢ޽ߞߡ߽‫ߥ⊛⾰ᧄޔ‬௑ะࠍ᝝ࠄ߃ࠆ߽ߩߢ‫ࠍࠄࠇߘޔ‬ㅢࠆ✢ࠍ᳿ቯߔࠆℂ⺰߇޽ࠇ߫ߎߩ㑆ߩὐࠍߣࠆᔅⷐߪߥ޿ࠊߌߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣࠍᢙቇߢ߿ࠆߴ߈ߥߩߢߔ‫޿⸒ޕ‬឵߃ࠇ߫‫߱⚿ࠍ࠲࡯࠺ޔ‬ㅪ⛯ߥ✢ߪߤ߁
޿߁ℂዮߢᒁߌ߫ࠃ޿ߣ޿߁ℂ⺰ࠍ૞ࠆ੐‫߫ࠇ޽߇ࠇߘޕ‬ᄢ᭎ߩ࠺࡯࠲ߪߣࠄߥߊߡ߽ࠃߊߥࠅ
߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߥࠆ߶ߤ‫⺞ߢࠇߘޕ‬๺౮௝߆ࠄ㔌ᢔᐞ૗⸃ᨆߦ⒖ߞߡⴕ߆ࠇߚߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬

CRESTߦࠃࠆ⎇ⓥߩ⋡ᜰߔ߽ߩዊ⼱㧦㧞㧜㧜㧤ᐕߦCRESTߦណᛯߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ࠇߘޕ‬એ೨ߪ޿ࠊࠁࠆ⚐☴ᢙቇߩ⎇ⓥࠍߒߡ޿߹

16ߒߚ‫⺑੹ޕ‬᣿ߒߚࠃ߁ߥߎߣ߇⢛᥊ߦ޽ࠆߣߒߡ߽‫ઁߦ․ޔ‬ಽ㊁ߩੱߣ૗߆ㅪ៤ߔࠆߩߢߪߥߊ
ߡ‫ޔ‬ᢙቇߩ┙႐ߢ‫ޔ‬㔌ᢔ⊛ߥ߽ߩߦ㓝ࠇߚ᭴ㅧࠍ⷗಴ߘ߁ߣ޿߁ߩ߇㧞㧜㧜㧤ᐕ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥߢߔ‫ޕ‬ߘࠇߢ㧞㧜㧜㧤ᐕߦCRESTߩ൐㓸߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᢙቇߢ⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⾌એᄖߦᄢဳߩ┹੎⊛⾗㊄߇ߟ޿ߚߩߪߎߩCREST߇ೋ߼ߡߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘࠇߢ‫᧚ޔ‬ᢱ⑼ቇߣߩࠦ࡜ࡏ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢᔕ൐ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ᔕ൐ߩᤨὐߢߪ‫ߣߢ߹੹ޔ‬หߓࠃ߁ߦ⚐☴ᢙቇࠍ߿ࠅߟߟ‫ઁޔ‬ಽ㊁ߩੱߩ⹤߽⡞޿ߡߺࠃ߁߆ߥߋࠄ޿ߩシ޿᳇ᜬߜߛߞߚߩߢߔ߇‫ࠅ߿ޔ‬಴ߒߚࠄ⚿᭴޿ࠈ޿ࠈീᒝߔࠆߎߣ߽ߢ߈‫ޔ‬߹ߚ‫ߩ߆߶ޔ‬ಽ㊁ߩ߆ߚߣ⹤ࠍߔࠆᯏળ߽Ⴧ߃‫ઁࠎߛࠎߛࠄ߆ࠅߚ޽ߩߘޔ‬ಽ㊁ߣߩㅪ៤ߣ޿߁
ߎߣࠍ⌀೶ߦ⠨߃ࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߎߩCRESTߪ‫ޔ‬ർᶏ㆏ᄢቇߩ⷏ᶆవ↢߇✚᜝ߐࠇߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬ਛߩ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥ␠ળ⊛࠾࡯࠭ߩ㜞޿⺖㗴ߩ৻ߟߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ዊ⼱వ↢ߩឭ᩺ߐࠇߚ‫ޟ‬㔌ᢔᐞ૗ቇ߆ࠄឭ᩺ߔࠆᣂ‛⾰ഃᚑߣ‛ᕈ⊒⃻ߩ⸃᣿‫߇ޠ‬ណᛯߐࠇߚࠊߌߢߔߨ‫☴⚐ޔߊࠃޕ‬ᢙቇߣᔕ↪ᢙቇߣ⸒޿߹ߔ߇‫⎇ߚߒ߁ߎ߁߽ޔ‬ⓥߪᔕ↪ᢙቇߦ౉ߞߡߊࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦એ೨ߪ‫☴⚐ޔ‬ᢙቇߣᔕ↪ᢙቇߪኻ┙᭎ᔨߛߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭߢߪ‫☴⚐ޔ‬ᢙቇߣᔕ↪ᢙቇ߇৻૕ൻߒߡᢙℂ⑼ቇߣ޿߁ᣂߒ޿ቇ໧ࠍ૞ࠆߩߛߣ⠨߃ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬   ⑳ߪ‫ޔ‬ᢙቇ⠪߇ઁಽ㊁ߩ߆ߚߣ⋥ធធ⸅ࠍ߽ߜ‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߩ໧㗴ࠍ⡞ߊߎߣߢᢙቇ߇ೝỗࠍฃߌߡᣂߒ޿ᣇะߦᐢ߇ࠆ‫৻ޔ‬ᣇߢઁಽ㊁ߩੱߦ߽ᢙቇߩ⦟ߐࠍಽ߆ߞߡ᰼ߒ޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᔅߕߒ߽ᔕ↪ᢙቇߦォะߒߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߪߥߊ‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬ᢙቇࠍ߽߁ዋߒᐢߍߚߣ޿߁ߟ߽
ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬
ጤᧄ㧦ߥࠆ߶ߤ‫ޕߚߒ߹ࠅ߆ࠊޕ‬   ߘ߁ߔࠆߣ੹ขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ߅ࠄࠇࠆCRESTߩ⎇ⓥߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޔ‬వ߶ߤߩ㔌ᢔᐞ૗⸃ᨆቇ߆
ࠄᄌࠊߞߚߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߓ߾ߥߊߡ‫ߩߘࠈߒ߻ޔ‬ᑧ㐳✢਄ߦ޽ࠆ߽ߩߣ޿߁ߎߣߦ߽ߥࠅ߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦⊒ዷ࡮ዷ㐿ߣ޿߁ᗵߓߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ㧔╉㧕‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߎߩCRESTߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߦߪᧄᯏ᭴ߩ㒙ዥవ↢߽ࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߣߒߡടࠊߞߡ߅ࠄࠇ߹ߔߌࠇ
ߤ߽‫ޔ‬㒙ዥవ↢ߣߪ߽߁ᣢߦ౒⪺ߢ࠾ࡘ࡯ࡔ࠲࡝࠶ࠢࠞ࡯ࡏࡦࠢ࡝ࠬ࠲࡞ߦߟ޿ߡߩ⺰ᢥ(Phys.
Rev.Lett.102,055703(2009))ࠍ㧞㧜㧜㧥ᐕߦ⊒⴫ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬CRESTߩᆎ߹ࠆ೨ߋࠄ޿߆ࠄߘ߁
޿ߞߚ᧚ᢱ⑼ቇߣߩࠦ࡜ࡏ࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍታ〣ߐࠇߡ޿ߚ⸶ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦⃻࿷AIMRߩㅪ៤ᢎ᝼ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ⍾↰వ↢ߣߩ౒ห⎇ⓥ߇ࡌ࡯ࠬߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㔌ᢔᐞ૗⸃ᨆቇߩ⎇ⓥߩ৻Ⅳߣߒߡ‫⚿ޔ‬᥏ᩰሶߩ⎇ⓥࠍ⍾↰వ↢ߣ㧞㧜㧜㧜ᐕ㗃߆ࠄ㧝㧜ᐕ㑆ߋࠄ޿৻✜ߦ߿ߞߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫↰⍾ޔ‬వ↢න⁛ߩߏ⎇ⓥߢK4ᩰሶߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇ᢙቇ⊛ߦ⊒⷗ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᢙቇ⊛ߥⷐ⺧߆ࠄߊࠆ⥄ὼߥᕈ⾰ࠍᜬߟ⚿᥏ࠍಽ㘃ߔࠆߣ‫࠼ࡦࡕࡗࠗ࠳ޔ‬ᩰሶߣK4ᩰሶߣߚߞߚੑߟߩ᭴ㅧߒ߆ߥ޿ߩߢߔ‫ߚߞߚߩߘޕ‬ੑߟߒ߆ߥ޿߁ߜߩ
ߢ‫߁߽޽߾ߓޔ‬৻ᣇ߇࠳ࠗࡗࡕࡦ࠼

৻ᣇߩK4ᩰሶߪታ࿷ߔࠆߩߛࠈ߁߆㧫 ዋߥߊߣ߽ߘߩᤨὐߢߪ⍾↰వ↢߽

⑳߽⍮ࠄߥ޿߽ߩߛߞߚߩߢߔ‫⛘ߪࠇߎޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ኻߦᗧ๧߇޽ࠆ߽ߩߦ㆑޿ߥ޿ߣᕁߞߡ‫ޔ‬ቇ17ౝߢ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥੱߦ⡞޿ߡ޿ߊ߁ߜߦ㒙ዥవ↢߇ᄢᄌ⥝๧ࠍᜬߞߡߊߛߐߞߡ‫ߪߢࠇߘޔ‬૞ߞߡߺࠃ߁ߣ޿߁⹤ߦߥߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬   ૞ߞߡߺࠆߣ޿ߞߡ߽‫ࠅߥ߈޿ޔ‬૞ࠇࠆ߆ߤ߁߆߽ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿߆ࠄ‫ࡘࡒࠪߕ߃޽ࠅߣޔ‬࡟࡯࡚ࠪࡦߢน⢻ᕈ߇޽ࠆ߆⺞ߴߡߺࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ‫↰⍾ޔ‬వ↢ߣ‫ޔ‬㒙ዥవ↢‫ޔ‬Ꮉᷝవ↢‫ޔ‬⑳ߣ‫ޔ‬ฬฎደᄢቇߩౝ⮮వ↢ߢ૗ᐲ߆⼏⺰ࠍ㊀ߨ‫ߚߞ߿ࠍࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯࡟ࡘࡒࠪޔ‬ᚑᨐ߇వ⒟ߩ⺰ᢥߢߔ‫ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦ቟ቯߢߪߥ޿߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬Ḱ቟ቯߢ޽ࠅ‫ޔ‬วᚑߢ߈ࠆน⢻ᕈ߽޽ࠆߣ޿߁⚿ᨐߦߥߞߚߩߢ‫ߪߢޔ‬૞ߞߡߺࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬CRESTߢታ⃻ߢ߈ߚࠄ޿޿
ߥߣᕁߞߚߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߔࠆߣవ߶ߤ߅ߞߒ߾ߞߚ৻⇟ೋ߼ߩ⚿᥏ᩰሶߩ⎇ⓥߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᢙቇߩ਎⇇ߩਛߢ⠨߃ࠄࠇߚߎߣߛߞߚߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ቢోߦᢙቇߩ਎⇇ߩ⹤ߢߔ‫ޕ‬㔌ᢔᐞ૗⸃ᨆቇߦ‫⎇ߢ߹ࠇߘޔ‬ⓥߒߡ߈ߚ⺞๺౮௝ߩⷰὐࠍ౉ࠇߡ‫⚿ޔ‬᥏᭴ㅧߩ৻⇟቟ቯߢࡃ࡜ࡦࠬ߇ߣࠇߚ⟤ߒ޿ᒻߣߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߦߥ
ࠆ߆ࠍ⺞๺౮௝ߩℂ⺰ࠍ૶ߞߡ⠨߃ߚߩߢߔ‫↰⍾߇ࠇߘޕ‬వ↢ߣߩ౒ห⎇ⓥߢ޽ࠆ‫⚿ޟ‬᥏ᩰሶߩᮡḰ⊛ታ⃻‫ޕߔߢޠ‬ᢙቇߩਛߢߪᮡḰ⊛ታ⃻ߪ㕖Ᏹߦᓎߦ┙ߞߡ‫ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ޔ‬໧㗴߇‫૶ࠍࠇߘޔ‬߁ߎߣߢ߁߹ߊ⺑᣿ߢ߈߹ߒߚ‫⃻ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ታߩ਎⇇ߢ߽߈ߞߣᓎߦ┙ߟߛࠈ߁ߣᕁ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߎࠇߪ৻଀ߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬ᢙቇߩ⍮ᕺߪ߈ߞߣ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥ႐㕙ߢᓎߦ┙ߟߛࠈ߁ߣᕁߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫ߘޔ‬ߩࠃ߁ߥ႐ࠍዷ㐿ߒߚ޿ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⑳ߪߤߜࠄ߆ߣ޿߁ߣ᧚ᢱ⑼ቇߢ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥ߽ߩࠍ⷗ߟߌߚߎߣࠍ᛽⽎ൻߒߡ߹ߣ߼ߡ
޿ߊߣ޿߁‫ߩࠄߜߘޔ‬ᵹࠇߩ߶߁߫߆ࠅవ౉ⷰߣߒߡ޽ߞߚߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ߡߞુࠍ⹤߅ߩ੹ޔ‬޿ࠆߣߎࠇߪ߻ߒࠈᢙቇߩ਎⇇ߩਛ߆ࠄ↢߹ࠇߡ߈ߚ߽ߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦⑳ߚߜᢙቇ⠪ߪ᧚ᢱ⑼ቇߢߪ⚛ੱߢߔ‫᧚ޕ‬ᢱ⑼ቇߦߪ᧚ᢱ⑼ቇߩߎࠇ߹ߢߩᷓ޿⫾Ⓧ߇
޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ࠍࠇߘޕ‬ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ℂ⸃ߒߡ૗߆⸒߁ߣ޿߁ߩߪ⚛ੱ߇ߚߛญ಴ߒߒߡ޿ࠆߛߌߛߣᕁ߁ߩ
ߢߔ‫᧚ߦߢ߹੹ޔߡߊߥߪߢ߁ߘޕ‬ᢱ⑼ቇߦߥ߆ߞߚᣂߒ޿ⷞὐࠍᢙቇ߆ࠄᜬߜㄟࠎߢ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿
ℂ⺰߇↥߹ࠇߥ޿߆ߣᦼᓙߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫◲ߦߥࠎߘޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬නߥ⹤ߢߪߥ޿ߣߪᕁ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޕ‬
AIMRߦ߅ߌࠆᢙቇ
ጤᧄ㧦ߎߩ㑆߽వ↢ߪ‫ޔ‬ᢙቇߣ᧚ᢱ⑼ቇ߇Ⲣวߔࠆࠊߌߢߪߥ޿‫ޔ‬ᢙቇߪ߻ߒࠈฦಽ㊁߇Ⲣวߔࠆߩࠍᚻഥߌߒߡ޿ߊ߽ߩߣߒߡ⠨߃ߡ߶ߒ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍജ⺑ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߒߚߌࠇߤ߽‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ᢙቇߩᓎഀߪ‫⸅ޟ‬ᇦ‫ߣߛޠ‬ᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬AIMRߩ㧠ߟߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߪ޿ߕࠇ߽㜞޿ࡇ࡯ࠢࠍߥߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫৻ࠍࠢ࡯ࡇߩߘޔ‬ᣤਅߍߡ‫ޔߢߣߎࠆߖࠊ޽ޔ‬૗߆߽ߞߣᄢ߈ߥࡇ࡯ࠢ߇ߢ߈
ࠆߪߕߢߔ‫⸅ޔߪߦ߼ߚߩߘޕ‬ᇦࠍ౉ࠇߡⲢวࠍᵴᕈൻߒߥ޿ߣ޿ߌߥ޿ߢߔࠃߨ‫߇ࠇߘޕ‬AIMRߦ߅ߌࠆᢙቇ࡙࠾࠶࠻ߩᓎഀߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬   ߚߛ‫ޔ‬ᢙቇ࡙࠾࠶࠻ߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬หᤨߦᢙቇ߇ઁಽ㊁߆ࠄೝỗࠍฃߌߡ⊒ዷߔࠆߎߣ߽⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ᧄࠄ߆ߎߘޕ‬ᒰߦᣂߒ޿ᢙቇ߇ߢ߈ߚࠄߣ‫߇ߣߎ߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ෳ↹ߩേᯏߣߥߞߡ޿߹
ߔጤᧄ㧦ߥࠆ߶ߤ‫ޕ‬ੑߟ޽ࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ߦ․ޕ‬ᓟ⠪ߩὐߢߔߣ‫ޔ‬ᢙቇࠍขࠅᏎߊ⁁ᴫߩ⹤ߦߥࠅ

18߹ߔ߇‫߫߃଀ޔ‬OECDߩ࡟ࡐ࡯࠻“Mathematics in Industry”߇⊒⴫ߐࠇߚࠅ‫ޔ‬࿖ౝߢ߽㧞㧜㧜㧢ᐕߦ㨬ᔓࠇࠄࠇߚ⑼ቇᢙቇ㨭ߣ޿߁࡟ࡐ࡯࠻߇಴߹ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬⢛᥊ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᢙቇ⠪ߩਛߢ߽߽ߞߣᄖ
ߦะ߆ߞߡ⊒ାߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣ޿߁໧㗴ᗧ⼂߇޽ߞߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᄖߦะ߆ߞߡ⊒ାߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽߽ߜࠈࠎߢߔߒ‫ޔߚ߹ޔ‬ᢙቇ߇ᄌࠊࠅ
ߚ޿‫ޔ‬ᐢ߇ࠅߚ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߤޕ‬ቇ໧ಽ㊁ߢ߽หߓߛߣᕁ߁ߩߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬ᄖ߆ࠄೝỗࠍฃߌߡᐢ߇ࠆᤨᦼߣ‫ࠆ޽ࠄ߆ࠇߘޔ‬⒟ᐲ⥄ಽߩਛߩଔ୯ⷰߦᓥߞߡᷓ߼ࠆᤨᦼߣ߇
޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᢙቇߪߎߎඨ਎♿ߋࠄ޿ᷓ߼ࠆᣇะߢ㕖Ᏹߦ㜞޿ࠕ࠴࡯ࡉࡔࡦ࠻߇޽ߞߚߣ
ᕁ߁ߩߢߔ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬వ┵ൻ߇ㅴߺ‫߁߽ޔ‬ዋߒ⵿㊁ࠍᐢߍߥ޿ߣߜࠂߞߣ߈ࠀ߁ߊߟߦߥࠅߟ
ߟ޽ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ‫ߪࠇߎޔ‬୘ੱ⊛ߥᗵᗐߢ‫ޔ‬㆑߁ᗧ⷗ߩ߆ߚ߽ᄙߊ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦╙㧠ᦼ⑼ቇᛛⴚၮᧄ⸘↹ߩᦨᣂߩ᩺ᢥߢ߽ᢙℂ⑼ቇߩផㅴߦߟ޿ߡ⸅ࠇࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘ߁ߢߔࠃߨ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ೋ߼ߡߩߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߹ߚᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߩਛߢ߽‫ޔ‬ᢙቇࠗࡁࡌ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ࡙࠾࠶࠻߇ߢ߈ߡ‫ޔ‬᡽ᐭ߽ᧄ⣶ࠍ౉ࠇߡߣ޿߁ߣߎࠈ߇⷗߃߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᄖ࿖ߢߪ޿߆߇ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬వ↢ߪ࠼ࠗ࠷ߩࡑ࠶ࠢࠬࡊ࡜ࡦࠢߦ᜗⡜ߐࠇߚࠅ‫ߩࠬࡦ࡜ࡈߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬IHESߦ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߒߚ߇‫ߩࠄࠇߎޔ‬࿖ߢߪᢙቇߩ૏⟎ߠߌߣ޿߁ߩߪ޿߆߇ߥߩߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᵹࠇߢߪ߻ߒࠈᣣᧄߪᓟㅊ޿ߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ߆‫ࠅߪ߿ޔߢߣߎ߁޿ߣ࡟ࠞࡦࠕࡐߣ߁޿ߣࠬࡦ࡜ࡈޕ‬ᢙቇߪ⋓ࠎߥࠎߢߒࠂ߁ߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫⑼ޕ‬ቇᛛⴚ᡽╷ߦ߽ᢙቇ߇ᷓߊ߆߆ࠊߞߡ޿߹ߒߚߒ‫ޔ‬ᢙቇߩ࿾૏߇㜞޿ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߣߎࠈߢ‫ޔ‬ℂ⺰‛ℂߣᢙቇߩ㆑޿ߪ‫߁ߤޔ‬⠨߃ߚࠄࠃ޿ߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦વ⛔⊛ߦߪ߹ߕ⚐☴ᢙቇ߇޽ࠅᔕ↪ᢙቇ߇޽ࠅ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߘޔ‬ᢙℂ‛ℂ߇޽ࠅℂ⺰‛ℂ߇޽ࠅታ㛎‛ℂ߇޽ࠅ‫ߦ⽎⃻ޔ‬ଥࠊࠆߣ޿߁‫߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ᵹࠇߛߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬ℂ⺰‛ℂߩਛ
ߢ߽߆ߥࠅታ㛎ߩੱߦㄭ޿ੱߚߜ߽޿ࠇ߫‫ߤࠎߣ߶ޔ‬ᢙቇߣ޿߁ੱ㆐߽޿߹ߔ‫߁޿߁ߘޕ‬વ⛔⊛ߥଥࠊࠅ߆ߚߢߪߥߊ‫ޔ‬ᢙቇ߇⋥ធ⃻⽎ߦଥࠊࠅߚ޿ߣ޿߁᳇ᜬߜ߇ᦨㄭߩᢙቇ⠪ߦߪ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⇣ߥࠆቇ໧ಽ㊁ߢ૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆᢙቇߪታߪหߓߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ㗫❥ߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔߩߢ‫⋥ޔ‬ធߦᢙቇ߇
߆߆ࠊࠆߎߣߢ‫ߦ⊛৻⛔߇⽎⃻ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ޔ‬ᛒ߃ࠆߣ⸒߁ᦼᓙߢߔ‫ᦨޔ੹ޕ‬వ┵⑼ቇ߇ኾ㐷ൻߒߡ޿ߡ‫߅ޔ‬੕޿ߦ⸒⪲߇ㅢߓߦߊߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆߌࠇߤ߽‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ᢙቇߣ޿߁౒ㅢၮ⋚ߦਸ਼ߖࠆߎ
ߣߢ‫ߦࠇߙࠇߘޔ‬㐿⊒ߒߡ᧪ߚࠕࠗ࠺ࠕߩቲᐶࠍ߅੕޿ߦᵴ↪ߢ߈ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿ߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿ߞߚᭂ߼ߡ⚦ಽൻߐࠇߚ‫⑼ޔ‬ቇߩᦨవ┵ߩߎߣࠍᢙቇߩ⸒⪲ߢ⠡⸶ߒ⒖ォߔࠆߣ޿߁߆ߎߣߢߔ߆‫ߡߞ߽ߔ߹ߔ߹ޔߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬AIMRߩਛߢ߽ᢙቇߣ޿߁⸒⪲߇৻ߟߩࠠ࡯ࡢ
࡯࠼ߦߥߞߡ‫ߥࠎࠈ޿ޔ‬ಽ㊁ߩⲢวߺߚ޿ߥ߽ߩ߇ߐࠄߦടㅦߢ߈ࠆߣᦼᓙߢ߈ࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘࠇ߇ᢙቇ࡙࠾࠶࠻ߩᓎഀߛࠈ߁ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬

19

AIMR߳ߩᦼᓙ
ጤᧄ㧦 AIMR⥄૕ߦ౉ࠄࠇߡᢙ߆᦬ߢ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬㔓࿐᳇ߥߤߤ߁ᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦⊝ߐࠎߩߏᗧ⷗ࠍ⡞ߊߣ‫ߎߎޔ‬㧝ᐕߋࠄ޿ߢ㓐ಽᄌࠊߞߚߣ⸒ࠊࠇ߹ߔߨ‫޿޿ޕ‬ᣇะߦะ߆ߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ߥߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫⃻ߦ߆⏕ޕ‬࿷AIMRో૕߇޿ࠈ޿ࠈ㗎ᒛߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬PIࠢ࡜߽ࠬ⊝ߐࠎ৻↢ ๮߿ߞߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ߦ․ޔ‬ਛၷߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߪ߆ߥࠅߺࠎߥᾲᔃߦ⼏⺰ߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ
߁ߦᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦AIMRߦߪ‫⌀ޔ‬೶ߦ⼏⺰ࠍߒ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿ᣇะߦ᜸ᚢߒࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ᗧ᳇ㄟߺࠍᗵߓ߹ߔ‫ߒ߻ޕ‬
ࠈઁߩWPIߩࡕ࠺࡞ߦߥࠆߋࠄ޿ㅴࠎߛߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ߆‫⧯ߪߦࠄߐ࡯࠽ࡒ࠮࠻ࡦ࡚ࠗࠫޔࡓࠗ࠲࡯ࠖ࠹ޕ‬ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪߇৻↢ ๮ീᒝળࠍ߿ߞߚࠅߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫ࠎߤࠎߤࠍࠇߘޔ‬િ߫ߒߡ޿߈ߚ޿ߥߣߪᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫Ⲣޕ‬ว⎇ⓥ߇ㅴ
ࠎߢ޿ࠆඨ㕙‫⎇ߛ߹ޔ‬ⓥቶ㑆ߩოߣ޿߁ߩ߽޽ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦⇣ಽ㊁Ⲣวߪߘ߽ߘ߽㔍ߒ޿߽ߩߢߔ‫ઁޕ‬ಽ㊁ߩ߆ߚߩ⹤ࠍ⡞޿ߚߣ߈ߦ㕙⊕޿ߥߣᕁ߁ߎߣߪᐞࠄߢ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔࠃߨ‫⥄ޕ‬ಽߩᚻᴺߢ⊒ዷߢ߈ࠆߥߣߪᕁ߁‫ࠡ࡞ࡀࠛߦࠇߘߪߢ߽ߢޕ‬࡯ࠍ૶߃ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߣታ㓙ߦߪߥ߆ߥ߆㔍ߒ޿ߢߔߨ‫⥄ޕ‬ಽ߇੹߿ߞߡ޿ࠆ⎇ⓥ߇޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬਎⇇ߣ┹ߞߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔߩߢ‫ޔ‬㧝㧜㧜㧑ജࠍߘߩߎߣߦ૶ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ਛߢ‫޿ࠈߒ߽߅ߦઁޔ‬ߣᕁߞߚߎߣ߇޽ߞߡ߽‫ߢ߹ߎߤޔ‬ജࠍߐߌࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߣ‫߳ࠄߜߘࠅߪ߿ޔ‬േ߆ߔᒝ޿ജ߇ߥ޿
ߣߥ߆ߥ߆ߘߎ߹ߢⴕߌߥ޿ߢߒࠂ߁ߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘߩ઀⚵ߺࠍߟߊࠆߩ߇WPIߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߢߔ߆ࠄ㕙⊕޿ߣᕁࠊߥߌࠇ߫േ߈߹ߖ
ࠎ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬૗߆߿ࠇࠇ߫߅߽ߒࠈ޿ߩߦߥ޽ߣᕁߞߡ੹߹ߢ᡼ߞߡ޽ߞߚߎߣߦ᜸ᚢߢ߈ࠆⅣ
Ⴚࠍឭଏߢ߈ࠇ߫‫ޔ‬േߊߎߣ߇޽ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫⾆ޕ‬㊀ߥᯏળߥߩߢߗ߭ᚑഞߐߖߚ޿ߒ‫ޔ‬ᚑഞߒߚࠄߔߏ޿ߎߣߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߅ߞߒ߾ࠆߣ߅ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬వ↢߇߅ߞߒ߾ߞߚߣ߅ࠅ᥉ㅢ‫ޔ‬ቇ໧ߩ਎⇇ߢߔߣ߿ߞ߬ࠅ਎
⇇ߣ┹ߞߡ޽ࠆಽ㊁ߩ㗂ὐࠍߨࠄ߁‫ࠎࠈߜ߽ߢࠇߘߪࠇߘޔ‬㊀ⷐߛߒ‫৻ߛߚޔ‬ᣇߢⲢวߒߚߣߎ
ࠈ߆ࠄ߹ߚᣂߒ޿ቇ໧ߣ޿߁ߩߪ಴ߡߊࠆࠊߌߢߒࠂ߁߆ࠄߨ‫ޕ‬వ↢ߪᣢߦ੩ㇺᄢቇ‫ޔ‬ᄢ㒋ᄢቇ
ߩWPI߽ߏⷩߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔߒ‫᧲ޔ‬੩ᄢቇߪ߽߁೨߆ࠄࠃߊߏሽߓߢߔ߇‫ߣࠄࠇߘޔ‬Ყセߒߡ
AIMRߪ޿߆߇ߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦AIMRߪઁࠃࠅ߽ㅴࠎߢ޿ࠆߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔࠃ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥ㕙ߢ߽ᣂߒ޿ቇ໧ࠍ૞ࠈ߁ߣ޿߁᳇
ㆇ߇⋓ࠅ਄߇ߞߡ߈ߡ޿߹ߔߒ‫ޔ‬ᚑᨐ߽಴ᆎ߼ߡ޿߹ߔ‫❱⚵ޕ‬㕙ߢߪ‫޿ߡߒ࠼࡯࡝ࠍઁࠈߒ߻ޔ‬ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿ߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬WPIࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߪ‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ᄢቇߩવ⛔ࠍ߿߱ߞߡ‫ޔ‬਎⇇࠻࠶ࡊ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ⎇ⓥ᜚ὐࠍ᭴▽ߔࠆߚ߼ߩ೙ᐲᡷ㕟ࠍⴕ߁੐߇⋡⊛ߩ৻ߟߢߔ‫ᧄޕ‬ቇߪ੗਄ࡊ࡜ࡦߣ޿߁
ࠕ࡚ࠢࠪࡦࡊ࡜ࡦࠍ╷ቯߒ‫ޔ‬㧡ᐕ㑆᭽‫ߥޘ‬೙ᐲᡷ㕟ࠍታᣉߒߡ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬࿖㓙ㅪ៤߿ᐢႎ߽Ⓧᭂ⊛ߦ߿ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫⧯ޕ‬ᚻߩ⥄┙ⅣႺ߿⇣ಽ㊁Ⲣวߦࠃࠆᣂߒ޿ቇ໧ߩ᭴▽ߩᡰេ߽ߢߔ‫࠻ࠬࡎޕ‬ᄢቇ߇‫⋡ࠍߣߎߥ߁ࠃߩߎޔ‬ᜰߒߡ߅ࠅ‫ߡߒߣ࡞࠺ࡕߩߘޔ‬AIMRࠍ૏⟎ߠߌߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬೙ᐲᡷ㕟߇Ყセ⊛߁߹ߊⴕߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿ߢߒࠂ߁߆㧫20ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩ⢒ᚑጤᧄ㧦 ੹ᐲߪ߹ߚ߅⹤߇ᄌࠊࠅ߹ߒߡ‫ޔ‬వ↢ߪ㧞㧜㧜㧡ᐕߦ₎ᯅ⾨ࠍฃ⾨ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߒߡ‫߹ޔ‬ߚ㧞㧜㧜㧢ᐕ߆ࠄߪ᧲ർᄢቇߩᅚᕈ⎇ⓥ⠪⢒ᚑផㅴቶߢ߽ᵴべߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬
AIMRߪᅚᕈ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩഀว߇ዋߥ޿ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥߎߣࠍᤨ‫ޘ‬ᜰ៰ߐࠇࠆࠊߌߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ߩߘޔ‬ߚ߼ߦߪߤ߁ߒߡ޿ߞߚࠄ޿޿ߣᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ᅚᕈ⎇ⓥ⠪⢒ᚑߪ૗᡿ᔅⷐߥߩ߆ߣࠃߊ⾰໧ߐࠇ߹ߔ‫ⷞߩ߆ߟߊ޿ޕ‬ὐ߇޽ࠆ߆ߣᕁ޿
߹ߔ߇‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥߩ⊒ዷߦߪᄙ᭽ᕈ߇ᔅⷐߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄᅚᕈ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩ⢒ᚑ߇㊀ⷐߛߣ⑳ߪ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߦ߅ߌࠆࡉ࡟࡯ࠢࠬ࡞࡯ߪ⒘ߥ੐ᨩ߇޿ߊߟ߽㊀ߥߞߡ⿠ߎࠆ‫ᧄޔ‬ᒰߦ⚦޿น⢻ᕈߩ߽ߩߥߩߢߔ‫ߩߘޔߘߎࠄ߆ߛޕ‬࿯ფࠍߥࠆߴߊ⼾߆ߢᄙ᭽ߦߒߡ߅ߊߎߣ߇ᄢಾߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᱧผ⊛ߥℂ↱ߢ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩਛߢᅚᕈ߇߈ࠊ߼ߡዋߥ޿‫ޔ‬ඨಽߩੱ᧚ࠍᵴ↪ߒߥ޿ߩߪ޽߹ࠅߦ߽߽
ߞߚ޿ߥ޿‫߽ࠇߎޕ‬వ⒟ߩᢙቇߩ⹤ߣหߓߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ߚߞ߆ߥߦߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ᅚᕈߩⷞὐࠍขࠅ
౉ࠇࠆ࠴ࡖࡦࠬߥߩߢߔ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ⎇ⓥ⠪⢒ᚑߪ⑼ቇߩ⊒ዷߩน⢻ᕈࠍᄢ߈ߊᐢߍ߹ߔ‫৻߁߽ޕ‬ߟߪ⎇ⓥⅣႺߩᡷༀߣ޿߁ⷞὐߢߔ‫ޕ‬WPIߩࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߩ৻ߟߪ਎⇇࠻࠶ࡊ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩ⎇ⓥ⠪߇ߘߎߦ᧪ߚ޿ߣᕁ߁ℂᗐߩ⎇ⓥⅣႺࠍ૞ࠆߎߣߢߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬႐ว‫৻ޔ‬ᅚᕈ߇௛߈߿ߔ޿ⅣႺࠍ૞ࠆߎ
ߣ߇৻ߟߩᜰᮡߦߥࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߦ㓸ਛߒߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬หᤨߦ↢ᵴ߽ᄢಾߦߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈ߇௛߈߿
ߔ޿ⅣႺߪ‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦߪᅚᕈߦ․᦭ߩ߽ߩߢߪߥߊߡ‫ੱޔ‬㑆ߦߣߞߡ௛߈߿ߔ޿ⅣႺߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦․ߦᄖ࿖߆ࠄ᧪ࠄࠇߚ⎇ⓥ⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬ኅᣖߩ↢ᵴ߿߅ሶߐࠎߩᢎ⢒ߥߤ߇ߒߞ߆ࠅࠨࡐ࡯࠻
ߐࠇߡ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ೋ߼ߡ⎇ⓥߦ㓸ਛߒ╙৻⚖ߩ⎇ⓥ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣᕁ߁ߩߢߔ‫ࡈࠗ࡜ޕ‬㧒ࡢ࡯ࠢࡃ࡜ࡦࠬ
߽㊀ⷐߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᅚᕈߦߣߞߡ௛߈߿ߔ޿ⅣႺࠍ૞ࠆߣ⥄ὼߦℂᗐߩ⎇ⓥⅣႺ߇ߢ߈ࠆ‫ߎ߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ߣ߽޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩᵴべߢ߈ࠆⅣႺᢛ஻߿೙ᐲ⸳⸘ࠍ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߟ߹ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᅚᕈ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩ໧㗴ߣ޿߁ߩߪᅚᕈ⎇ⓥ⠪ߛߌߩ໧㗴ߢߪߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦଀߃߫ᧄቇߦߪቇౝ⸤ఽᚲࠍ⸳ߌ߹ߒߚ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥ⠪߇૶޿߿ߔߊᦺᣧ߼ߩᤨ㑆߆ࠄᄛ߽ㆃ
߼ߩᤨ㑆߹ߢ೑↪ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⢒ఽਛߦ⎇ⓥߩࠕࠢ࠹ࠖࡆ࠹ࠖࠍਅߍߥ޿ߚ߼ߩᡰេ೙ᐲ߽޽ࠅ߹
ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇ߇ᡰេߒ‫ޔ‬๟ࠅߩℂ⸃߇޽ࠇ߫⎇ⓥߣ⢒ఽߩਔ┙ߪ㔍ߒߊߥ޿ߩߢߔ‫߅ޕ‬ῳߐࠎ߇ሶߤ
߽ࠍ⎇ⓥቶߦㅪࠇߡ߈ߚࠅ‫ޔ‬ᄖ࿖ߛߞߚࠄᒰߚࠅ೨ߦ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣߢߔ߽ߩߨ‫ߣߎ߁޿߁ߘޕ‬߇⚿ዪߪ⎇ⓥߩࠢࠝ࡝࠹ࠖ࡯ࠍ਄ߍࠆࠃ߁ߥ᳇߇ߔࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫↢⑳ޕ‬ᵴ߽ߘ߁ߛߒ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥߩࠢࠝ࡝࠹ࠖ࡯ߣ޿߁㕙ߢ߽਄ߍߡ޿ߊ‫߈ߞߐޕ‬߅ߞߒ߾ߞߚ✭ᕆߩ૶޿ಽߌߣ޿߁ߩ߽㊀ⷐߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦߿ߪࠅ࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒߥ޿ߣᣂߒ޿ࠕࠗ࠺ࠕߞߡ಴ߥ޿ߢߔࠃߨ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥቶߦ౉ߞߚࠄ㓸ਛߔࠆ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩࡓࠗ࠲࡯ࠖ࠹ޕ‬႐ߢߪ࡝࡜࠶ࠢࠬߒߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿ࠕࠗ࠺ࠕ߿ᖱႎ੤឵ࠍⴕ߃ࠆߣ
޿߁‫ߡߞ࡝ࡂ࡝ࡔ߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ᔅⷐߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦੹࿁‫ޔ‬AIMRߩᣂ᫟ߩઙߢ߽వ↢߆ࠄ੤ᵹࠬࡍ࡯ࠬ╬ߦߟ޿ߡ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߏឭ᩺ࠍ޿ߚߛ޿
ߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫⎇ޔߡ޿ߟߦࠄࠇߘޔ‬ⓥⅣႺߩᢛ஻ߣ޿߁㕙ߢ⠨߃ߡ޿߆ߥߊߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿ߣᕁߞ

21ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ቇ໧ߣᖱᾲጤᧄ㧦ߣߎࠈߢ‫ޔ‬వ↢ߩᦠ߆ࠇߚᧄߢᢥ⑼♽ߩ⥄ಽߩࠊ߆ࠆᧄߪߥ޿߆ߣតߒߚࠄ‫ࠟࠢ࠶ࡉޟ‬ࠗ࠼ᢥᐶߢ⺒߻⑼ቇ‫߁޿ߣޠ‬ጤᵄᦠᐫ߆ࠄ಴

ߐࠇߚᧄࠍ⷗ߟߌ‫ߩߘޔ‬ਛߦ‫ޔ‬వ↢߇ᄢቇ↢ะߌߦᢙቇߦ㑐ߔࠆᧄࠍផ⮈ߔࠆᢥ┨ࠍᦠ߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆߩࠍ⺒ߺ߹ߒߚ‫ޟޔߪ࡞࠻ࠗ࠲ޕ‬ᔃߪΆ߃ߡ޿
ߚߢߪߥ޿߆‫⑔ߩࠞ࡞ޔߪࠇߎޔߡߞ޿ߣޠ‬㖸ᦠ㧞㧠┨㧟㧞▵߆ࠄߣࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬ߥߗߎߩ࠲ࠗ࠻࡞ࠍߟߌࠄࠇߚߩߢߔ߆
ዊ⼱㧦ᢥ┨ߩ⚳ࠊࠅߩᣇߦ‫ޟ‬ᖱᾲ߇㊀ⷐ‫ޕߢߩ߽ߚߒ߹߈ᦠࠍߣߎߥ߁ࠃ߁޿ߣޠ‬ጤᧄ㧦޽޽‫ޕߨߚߒ߹޿ߑߏޔ‬ᖱᾲߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦࡞ࠞߩ⑔㖸ᦠߢߘߩ⸒⪲߇⺆ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᓳᵴߒߚࠠ࡝ࠬ࠻ߣᒉሶ㆐߇಴ળ߁႐㕙ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᒉሶ㆐߇੹ߩੱߪᧄᒰߦ޽ߩੱߛߞߚࠎߛࠈ߁߆ߣ⼏⺰ߒ߹ߔ‫⚿ޕ‬ዪ‫ߣߚߒ⹤ߣੱߩ޽ޔ‬߈ߦᔃ߇Ά߃ߚߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ‫ࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ାߓߡ޿޿ࠎߛߣ޿߁⹤ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᔃ߇Ά߃ࠆࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߦ
಴ળߞߡ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ㅊ᳞ߔࠆߎߣ߇⎇ⓥߦߣߞߡᄢಾߛߒ‫߰߁޿ߣ޿ߥߪߢ‛ᧄ߫ࠇߌߥߢ߁ߘޔ‬߁ߦᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫▚ޟޕ‬ᴺዋᅚ‫ߩߎޔࠍᧄ߁޿ߣޠ‬ᢥ┨ਛߢ⚫੺ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᳯᚭᤨઍߩ๺▚ߩ⹤ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ਥੱ౏ߩዋᅚ߇‫⥄ޔ‬ಽߪߤ߁ߒߡ๺▚ࠍ߿ࠆߩ߆ߣ⥄໧ߔࠆ‫ߪੱࠆ޽ޕ‬ᓎߦ┙ߟ㆏ౕߣߒ
ߡ๺▚ࠍ߿ࠆ‫ߪੱࠆ޽ޔ‬ᢥൻߣ޿߁߆⧓ⴚߣ޿߁߆‫ࠍߩ߽޿ߒ⟤ޔ‬ㅊ᳞ߔࠆߚ߼ߣ޿߁‫⥄ޕ‬ಽߪߘߩߤߜࠄߣ߽㆑߁‫ޕ‬๺▚ߣ޿߁ᖱᾲࠍ߆߈┙ߡࠄࠇࠆኻ⽎ߦ಴ળߞߚ‫ࠍࠇߘࠄ߆ߛޔ‬ㅊ᳞ߔࠆߩߛߣ޿߁⚿⺰ߦਥੱ౏ߩዋᅚߪ㆐ߒ߹ߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߪ‫ߪ⑳ߣߥ߆޿ߥߪߢߩ߽߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ੱޕ‬㘃ߩ⍮ᕺߣ߆ᢥൻ࡮↢ᵴࠍ⼾߆ߦߔࠆߥߤ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ߇ੱ㘃␠ળߦ⽸₂ߔࠆⷐ⚛ߪ޿ߊߟ߆
޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫⚿ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ዪߪ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽ߇ߘࠇߦ಴ળߞߚߣ߈ߦᔃ߇Ά߃ࠆࠃ߁ߥᕁ޿ࠍߒߚ߽ߩࠍㅊ᳞
ߔࠆߩߢߥߌࠇ߫߈ߞߣ޿޿⎇ⓥߪߢ߈ߥ޿ߒ‫ߣߛ‛ᧄ߇ߩ߽߁޿߁ߘࠅߪ߿ޔ‬ᕁ߁ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ᔃ߇Ά߃ࠆᕁ޿ߩ߽ߩߣ޿߁߽ߩߩਛߦ߈ߞߣᧄᒰߦᄢಾߥ߽ߩ߇޽ࠅ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ㅊ᳞ߔࠆߣߘߩߥ߆ߢ਎ߩਛߩᓎߦ┙ߟߎߣ߽⥄ὼߦ↢߹ࠇߡߊࠆߒ‫ޔ‬ᢥൻ⊛ߦ߽ቇⴚ⊛ߦ߽ଔ୯߇޽
ࠆ߽ߩ߇↢߹ࠇࠆ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߣߪߘ߁޿߁߽ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁ߁ߩߢ‫ߩߚߌߟࠍ࡞࠻ࠗ࠲߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦޽޽‫ߊࠃޔ‬ಽ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߪߎߘޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦ߅߽ߒࠈ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ቇ໧ߩਛߩ਎⇇ߪ⺰ℂߢേ
޿ߡ޿ߊࠊߌߢߒࠂ߁ߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬ቇ໧ߩ਎⇇ߦ౉ߞߡ޿ߊ‫ߦࠄߐߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬ㅴ߼ߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁ߩ
ߪ‫⺰ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬ℂߣߪ㆑߁ᖱᾲ߇߿ߪࠅߥ޿ߣήℂߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦߃߃‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇ߇߹ߚ⧯޿ੱ߳ߩࡔ࠶࠮࡯ࠫߦ߽ߟߥ߇ࠆ⸶ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ὐ߆ࠄ⷗ߡ޿ߊߣ੹ߩ⧯޿ੱߣ޿߁ߩߪᄢਂᄦߣᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦߽ߜࠈࠎߢߔ‫ޕ‬AIMRߩ⧯ᚻߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߥߤ‫ޔ‬りㄭߦ޿ࠆੱߣ⹤ࠍߒߡߺࠆߣ‫ࠪ࡯ࡌ࠴ࡕޔ‬࡚ࡦ߽㜞޿ߒⓍᭂ⊛ߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬22ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ዊ⼱㧦ᶏᄖߩ⎇ⓥ㓸ળߢ߽‫ߩ⑳ޔ‬਎ઍߛߣ‛߅ߓߒߡߒ߾ߴࠄߥ޿ߣ߆޿߁ੱ߇⚿᭴޿ߚߣᕁ
߁ߩߢߔ߇‫⧯ߩ੹ޔ‬ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪ߪ⥄ಽߢߤࠎߤࠎⓍᭂ⊛ߦߒ߾ߴࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬਎㑆ߢౝะ߈ᕁ⠨ߣ߆
ℂ⑼㔌ࠇߣ߆޿ࠈࠎߥߎߣࠍ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ోޔ‬ὼߘࠎߥ߰߁ߦߪᗵߓ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ޘ‬ߩᤨઍࠃࠅ߽࿶ୟ⊛ߦࠃߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥ᳇߇ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ࠎߤࠎߤߢ޿ߥߒߓ߅‛ߦ߆⏕ޕ‬᡹߼ࠆੱߪߛࠎߛࠎ಴ߡ߈ߡ޿߹ߔ߆ࠄߨ‫ޕ‬   ᧄᣣߪ߅ᔔߒ޿ߣߎࠈ‫᦭ޔ‬ᗧ⟵ߥ߅⹤ࠍ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕߔ߹޿ߑߏ߁ߣ߇ࠅ޽߽߁ߤޕ‬㧞㧜㧝㧝ᐕ㧢᦬㧞㧤ᣣ᧲ർᄢቇℂቇ♽✚ว⎇ⓥ᫟ ዊ⼱⎇ⓥቶߦߡ
ጤᧄ ᷤ

23

Interview with Professor Li-Jun Wan, Principal Investigator,
WPI-AIMR“Importance of the Face-to-Face Communication”
Administrative Director Iwamoto (I): Thank you very much for accepting the interview
immediately after your presentation on structure and the structural transition in organic nanodevices at our Annual Workshop. You are our PI and you are the Director of the Institute ofChemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences with which AIMR has a very close
relationship as our satellite.
First, can you tell me where you were born in China?
Professor Li-Jun Wan (W): I was born in Dalian in northeastern China. People always say
the shape of Mainland China is like a rooster and the northeastern part is just the rooster’shead.
I: So you were in Dalian until university.
W: Yes, in 1978, I entered the Dalian University of Technology.
I: When you were a child, were you already interested in science and technology?
W: Hardly, because I was born in the countryside, about 150 kilometers away from thecenter of the city.
I: So did you like literature instead?
W: Yes.
I: Your country has many classical novels like “Romance of the Three Kingdoms”(Sangokushi in Japanese) and “Water Margin” (Suikoden) about the 108 heroes.
W: Yes, you are right. I liked history and classical literature.
I: Recently I read a Japanese translation of “The Dream of the Red Chamber” (Kouroumu),
and I was very fascinated by this beautiful love story.
W: Yes, this is a very famous novel. In China, we call “Four great classical novels”, thesethree novels and “Journey to the West” with the monkey hero. “Saiyuki” in Japanese.
I: I would like to know how a literature youth like you got interested in science andtechnology.
W: I think it was after I entered university. When I was very young, almost all the schools
and universities were closed, so I had enough time to learn history and some novels, but I
did not have the chance to contact real science.
I: I see. Is it through experiments in scientific subjects at university that you got interested
in the sciences, especially in the chemical field?

24

W: My major was material science when I was an undergraduate student. At first, I learned
the traditional metallic materials. There was a boom for materials research and many newmaterials appeared in the world during the 1980s. In universities some traditional majors
changed to Department of Material Science and Engineering, so we had the chance to learn
about new materials.
I: Yes, I see. Until then, there was the Faculty of Metallurgy etc in a classical sense.
W: Also there were disciplines like casting and heat treatment.
I: But at that time, new materials and methodologies were developed and so we can say that
this is a kind of the birth of actual Material Science.
W: In particular in material science, I think. The discourse maybe was interdisciplinary
resource theory, compiled with metallic chemistry and physics. Therefore, I had the chance
to learn chemistry, physics, and other new materials.
I: I see. After your undergraduate course, did you go straight to the master course?
W: No, I was at a factory related to surface treatment for almost two and a half years.
I: So you experienced working in the private sector.
W: Yes, and then I went back to Dalian University of Technology for my master’s degree.
During this period, I was still working on surface treatment like surface plating and metallic
deposition. I studied the structure of the surface field. At first I studied the film structure
and then imparted the interfacial production by using TEM (Transmission Electron
Microscopy).
I: I heard that the Nobel Prize Laureate, Wolfgang Pauli, said, “God made solids, but
surfaces are the work of the devil.”
W: Then after finishing my master’s course, I went to Dalian Maritime University where I
started my research. At that time I used TEM to study film, surface and interface. As I said,
this is because material science, in particular surface treatment, is very close to chemistry,
like surface plating, electro-deposition and the electrochemical process.
I: I see. So knowledge of chemistry is very important for analyzing surfaces.
W: I had experience of using TEM for a long time and I am always interested in newtechnique. Around 1984 to 1987, a new technique was STM (Scanning TunnelingMicroscope). Dr. Rohrer who is participating in this Workshop is the Father of STM. In
China, I looked for it in the world, where there is a lot of this technique now. Then, I foundTohoku University and Professor Itaya.
I: So is it as a doctorate student that you came to Tohoku University?
W: Yes, we published the paper in the same journal “Journal of Vacuum Science andTechnology”.

25

I: At that time were you already acquainted with Professor Itaya?
W: Yes, I know him and his STM technique from journal. I used TEM to study the
structure of film and the surface structure between film and the substrate. I published apaper in the journal. I read the paper from Professor Itaya in the same journal. He imaged
electrode surface by STM. The results were very interesting.
I: How long have you stayed in Sendai?
W: I stayed in Sendai for a long time, continuously for seven years. The first year was from1992 to 1993 as a visiting scholar in Itaya Laboratory, and then I entered my PhD course.
I: I see.
W: In March of 1996 I finished my PhD at Tohoku University.
I: Sendai, as you know, is linked with the Chinese writer Lu Xun, and he wrote a very
moving essay on Professor Fujino.
W: Professor Fujino is very famous in China.
I: I have met many Chinese people who, not knowing the city of Osaka, know the name of
Sendai because of Lu Xun.
W: He lived here for a long time. When I was in Sendai, I visited the apartment that Lu Xun
lived in.
I: I see. What was the theme of your PhD paper?
W: In situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy of molecular adlayers on
Rh(111) and Pt(111)
I: So at that time, did you notice that these researches were very interesting to analyze?
W: Yes, as a first step I prepared the atomic flattened and clean surface of rhodium,
palladium and iridium by the technique called flame annealing and quenching. The
preparation of these atomically flat surfaces is not easy and I think that to this day, not many
people can do this.
I: So this is a very sophisticated technique.
W: Yes. Then by using electrochemical STM we got in situ images which show
electrochemical reaction process on rhodium surface or platinum surface in solution. The
observation in electrolyte solution is the most important feature of our STM techniquecompared to other uses of STM. For example, the physicists use STM in
vacuum condition. But most chemical
reactions take place in solutions. Many
people have interest in understanding
chemical reactions in solutions.
I: So even using the STM, thephysicists’ approach and the chemists’26

ultrahighapproach is different.
W: Yes.
I: Great! Since 2009, you have been a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
haven’t you?
W: Yes. I am very lucky.
I: No, you are worthy of it. I can understand this from your presentation at the Workshop.
On the other hand, you presented the outline of the Institute of Chemistry which you lead as
Director. I am surprised to know the great achievements in your Institute. In the Institutethere are 97 professors, 450 Researchers and 900 PhD students.
W: Yes, there are.
I: I see. So this means that you receive the Ph D students from ordinary universities.
W: Yes. From individual universities all over China. They take an examination.
I: I see.
W: Then, they take a vigorous course, and get credits before going back to the laboratory
for their research.
I: Your Institute is really a frontier research center. You have 3 State Key Labs, 7 CAS Key
Labs, 2 ICCAS Labs and 3 Research Centers.
W: These are four very important fields that we focus on. Namely, Molecular Nanoscience& Technology, Organic/Polymer Functional Materials, Chemical Biology and Environment
Energy and Green Chemistry.
I: What is interesting for me is Environment Energy and Green Chemistry.
W: This can be divided into three parts. First is environmental protection, in particular How to control the pollution. Second is water treatment. By the way, yesterday, I read anarticle in a journal “Kahoku Shimpou (local newspaper in Tohoku region),” according towhich some Japanese companies and institutes gathered together to discuss water economy,
and in the future those Japanese companies want to work with some Chinese companies.
I: That is right. As you know, Japanese technology in water treatment is very developed.
The Japanese government also wants to export this technology to various parts of the world.
W: I think this is very good.
I: And what is the third field?
W: We will focus on chemical energy, such as lithium-ion batteries, and solar cells withfunctional organic materials and semiconductors.
I: Excellent. Our Institute also wants to focus on green materials as you mentioned. So it isimportant not only to prevent pollution but also how to economize energy like with solar
cells.

27

W: Most of the solar cells are now made from silicon and other inorganic semiconductors.
But for chemists, there is still a great challenge in terms of organic solar cells.
I: I see.
W:There are several groups in our Institute working in this field to design and synthesize
new inorganic molecule compounds. They use these new compounds to fabricate different
solar cells.
I: On what elements are these new organic compounds based?
W: Just like some oligothiophene, xylophene and conjected xylophene molecules and othermolecules with bigger pi electron systems.
I: That is very interesting. Also AIMR should make an effort to reinforce the soft materials.
In China also, is there this approach? Not only hard metal; is the field of soft materials now
very important?
W: We have a lot of people working in this field of soft materials. The research activities ofmany researchers focus on this field.
I: Does your Institute of Chemistry have close relations with other institutes?
W: Yes.
I: So, under the umbrella of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, are there interactions
between the institutes?
W: There are. Our academy organized projects that included several institutes. For example,
besides ours, there are also the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Material Research etc.
and we have a number of collaborative projects.
I: So this means there is no wall, and collaboration is very easy. In Japanese universities, if
one belongs to a faculty, sometimes it is difficult to have good collaboration, but in yourcase it is easy to do that.
W: We have collaboration.
I: Good! And I heard that the Institute of Chemistry also has relationships with foreign
institutes like our AIMR.
W: Yes. For example, in Japan, we have official agreements with Riken, with Tohoku
University, and with Institute for Molecular Science. Now, about 20 students from ourinstitute are in Okazaki. We organized a winter school; the students flew here for winterschool.
I: Winter school? Did Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) in Okazaki Research Instituteorganize this?
W: Yes. This is co-organized by the institutes of several Asian counties and regions such as
our Institute, IMS and a Korean institute. This year we have winter school in Okazaki, next

28

year it is in Beijing and then to Korea, and also to Taipei. This year theschool maybe includes Singapore.
I: Is this to attract young students to the study of chemistry?
W: And also to exchange emotions.
I: Yes, I think that for international collaboration, not only at theexcellent researchers’ level but also at the level of younger researchers
like doctoral students or post-doctoral student’s level is important. If a researcher stays forseveral years in a foreign country, that will also develop the individual emotionally.
W: Yes, you are right. First we can learn science and then we can understand foreignsociety and make friends. Friends are also very important.
I: I myself stayed in a foreign country for a total of 13 years. Naturally, I sometimes feelmyself that I have another eye to look at Japan. If I have stayed all my life in Japan, I would
not have known the different angles to see my society. That is also important, I think.
W: Since our Institute, as you said, collaborates with AIMR, we are exchanging researchers,
including post-doc students
I: That’s right. We are now discussing on the possible summer school for graduate students
to stay in our Institute using our experimental facilities.
W: Although China is an open country now, we still have a lot of students who have noexperience in foreign countries. They do not understand sometimes how life is in a foreigncountry, how the society is and how the city is likely to be. Everything is new for them.
I: That is right. Nowadays, many young Japanese researchers have a tendency to stay inJapan. Some say that this is due to the progress of the internet with which, they can collectinformation from all over the world.
W: Although we have internet, face-to-face is also very important. In China, we have a
proverb that says “To see once is better than to hear about a hundred times”.
I: We have the same proverb in Japanese. That is right, so now we want to encourage young
Japanese researchers to go to China, the United States or the United Kingdom where wehave satellites. As you said, face-to-face is very important and it is essential to know youractivities on the spot.
W: It is important not only for exchanging science but also for understanding society. I
have many friends in Japan. The visiting students from Japan stay in our institute as well as
in my laboratory for one to two months. The young students become friends very quickly.
I: I see. This is very important.
W: Yes, I think in particular for Japan and China, because of the Second World War we still
have some problems to be solved. So Japanese people may not understand the present China

29

and the Chinese present situation. And the Chinese people also may not understand theJapanese very well.
I: That’s right.
W: Sometimes we will have some arguments about the policy, however, we can discuss it.
I: I think that in international relations there is, of course, a difference of views andopinions, but nevertheless, what is important is that we can discuss, and as you said, we
have unfortunate problems in history, but nowadays we can communicate and we can makean effort to solve them for the future generation.
W: Of course. Japan and China are really close geographically and culturally. Therefore, wehave many connections.
I: Yes, and we have imported many things from your country.
W: We also imported many things and introduced advanced technologies from Japan. The
collaboration is very important. For me, first I am a scientist and also now, I am engaged inmanagement as director. I would like to become a bridge that connects Japan and China, inparticular for the younger generation.
I: Yes, thank you very much. At the senior researchers’ level, Professor Yamamoto andseveral PIs of AIMR went to your institute to participate in a joint symposium last October.
I heard that it was very successful.
W: It was very successful, and at that time there were five professors from AIMR. Although
they stayed in our Institute for a very short time, we were able to have enough discussions
with our professors. On our side, our professors also have a very good impression about the
research and the organization of AIMR.
I: Yes, and your Institute is a very important partner and satellite of AIMR. I would like toreinforce our relationship.
Finally, I would like to know what your hobby is?
W: If I have time, what I do first is reading and listening to classical music.
I: You like classical music? Who is your favorite composer?
W: Bach.
I: Bach? Great! I heard that there is a Chinese pianist who recorded the Goldberg Variations
on piano.
W: Lang Lang maybe.
I: I forget… But Lang Lang is very popular in Japan. He is very talented.
W: Yes, romantic.
I: That’s right. In your country, there are so many excellent scientists and so many gifted
artists.

30

W: We have a large population. We still have a long way to go to reach your level ofdevelopment as a country. We are still a developing country.
I: But concerning Japan, as you know, some say we have lost our power since 1990, so weneed to be revitalized. Thank you very much indeed for finding the time for this interview.

Interviewer: Administrative Director, W. Iwamoto
At Sendai International CenterFebruary 23rd, 201131

Interview with Associate Professor Taro Hitosugi, WPI-AIMR

The Best of Man is like Water
Encounter with Science
Administrative Director Iwamoto (I): I recall that you grew up in Kanagawa Prefecture,and graduated from a high school in Kanagawa.
Associate Professor Taro Hitosugi (H): I graduated from a prefectural high school in
Kanagawa. Before that, I lived in the US because my father was a semiconductor engineer. I
think that is where I first came into contact with science and technology.
I: How old were you when you went to the US?
H: I lived in the Silicon Valley from third to sixth grade. It is the city where the headquartersof Apple Computer is located. I was sent to a local school when I was in the third grade, but I
did not understand any English and did not have any friends, so I kept crying for about aweek (laugh).
I: That is only natural.
H: But after a week I had already blended in with the new environment. You do not needlanguage to communicate with one another when you are a third grader or so. You cannaturally make friends by playing ball and other things. So I was soon Americanized.
I: That is right. Because your father was a semiconductor engineer, were you familiar withsemiconductors and the like since you were little?
H: Yes, these things were in my head at least. I think my father had an influence on me onthat point.
I: So you came back to Japan after you finished elementary school.
H: Yes. And there was the superconductivity boom at the end of 1986, when I was in highschool. There were reports about superconductivity in the newspaper every day, and although
I did not understand much, I thought science was interesting. I think that was one of theturning points in my fate.
I: Oh, I see.
H: The impression I had at that time that “science is interesting” later came to have ameaningful impact. At that time it was only drummed into my head, and the impact was notstrong enough for me to decide my path back then.

32

Until then, the superconducting transition temperature, which is the temperature at whichmaterials become superconductive, had not increased much for decades. However, thediscovery made by Dr. Bednorz and Dr. Müller of the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory led
to a major paradigm shift in the world of physics, in which the superconducting transition
temperature exceeded the liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) all at once. And many
researchers ceased their previous research and made a dive into the research ofsuperconductivity.
I: These things happened then.
H: Yes. At academic meetings in the US, discussions normally continue from 9:00 a.m. tillaround 6:00 or 7:00 p.m., but at that time they continued till 6:00 a.m. I hear that discussion
sessions were held all night long. This shows how excited everyone was and how eager they
were to hear the latest reports on superconductivity at that time.
I: That is surprising.
H: People had the rosy idea of putting it into practical use, which can be said to resolve manyof the challenges we are facing today. For example, with respect to electric energy, electric
power is now produced and consumed in Japan. If the superconducting technology isestablished, however, it will become possible to generate power in the Sahara by photovoltaic
power generation to be transmitted to Japan without any loss. This is just one example of how
we would be able to resolve the energy issue. Therefore, my final goal in my research is toachieve superconductivity at room temperature.
I: I see. So while you were in high school you decided that you would absolutely major inscience.
H: Yes, although at that time I did not intend to become a researcher.
I: Then you entered the University of Tokyo, and studied industrial chemistry in yourundergraduate course.
H: Yes, I studied in the Department of Industrial Chemistry. But during the four years of myundergraduate course, I did not study at all.
I: What were you doing?
H: I was playing rugby all the time. I was playing rugby so much that my professor said,“You are among the five people in the Faculty of Engineering with the worst grades,” but I
somehow graduated.
I: It is impossible to imagine you like that now.
H: Now that I think of it, what is important is the fact that I put all my energy into it for four
years. Then, after I entered graduate school, I made a complete shift to studying.
I: So you concentrated on rugby during the undergraduate years.
H: I enjoyed it.
33

I: Did the University of Tokyo have a strong rugby team at that time?
H: It had quite a strong team then. It was like risking my life for it.
I: So you still have that kind of spirit.
H: Yes, I still have that spirit, really.
Company and University, and the Time Leading Up to the Decision to Become a
Researcher
I: As was described in Nature (Vol. 466), after you completed your doctoral course, you firstworked for a private company.
H: Yes.
I: And then you changed your path from a private company to a university. When you could
have stayed at the university immediately after you obtained a Ph. D. from the graduate
school, why did you choose to work for a private company?
H: At that time I wanted to see how my achievements would become truly useful in atangible way. I wanted to make the technology I was involved in help improve people’s lives
and make people enjoy my technology. I thought I would be able to do such things if I
worked for a company.
I: So you joined Sony Corporation.
H: Yes.
I: What kind of work did you mainly do at Sony?
H: I was first involved in the development of the optical disk. At that time we weredeveloping new technologies that would go beyond the Blu-ray disk. So we had to think
about what the market will be like in about 10 years, and develop products and technologies
accordingly. We were in charge of optical disk development, so we had to envisage the futureof the DVD. But then we reached a conclusion that in the future high-speed internet would be
widely used at homes, and that very high density semiconductor memories would come into
the market; and that therefore there would be no room where optical disks such as DVDs
could succeed. And so our development was discontinued.
I: Is that the way it goes?
H: As it turned out, that is the exact social trend seen today. Digital distribution is on theincrease, and computers without CD-ROMs are becoming more common. Hard disks are
increasingly replaced by semiconductor memories. Right now we have the Blu-ray
technology ahead of the DVD, but we cannot think of many suitable applications after the
Blu-ray. It means that the optical disk technology will go out of use.
I: So you were of course carrying out your research, but the company had to focus on suchmarket trends in 10 or 20 years. That was the kind of environment you were in.

34

H: Yes.
I: Were you with Sony for about four years?
H: Yes, for four and a half years.
I: And then you went back to the university again.
H: Before that, there was one event that marked my life. As you know, we are manufacturingexperts. We are very good at thinking what kind of technologies should be combined andwhat kind of technology development is required to produce products. On the other hand, Ialso felt that it would be impossible to see what would really happen to the technologies in
the future without paying attention to how the technologies were delivered to people after
they were made into products. That feeling is still with me today. So I wanted to have theactual experience of spreading the technologies and products I created. Sony is a very
interesting company that allows even Ph.D. holders to be transferred to product planning or
marketing or sales.
I: I understand.
H: I already mentioned that the optical disk development project was discontinued. I am by
nature a person who pushes ahead with things I want to do, so I said I wanted to do marketingor sales which I had never actually had any experience in, and I started doing sales activities
to sell Sony products to the world. I was in charge of sales of small VAIO, which was like
today’s iPhone. I was making presentations at press conference myself, explaining “This isSony’s new product, and this is Sony’s strategy!” and making statements in magazine andnewspaper interviews. I was involved in sales promotion in such ways.
While doing this kind of work, I was always thinking of what kind of work I should spend
my lifetime doing. And then when I was 30, I finally found out what I should spend mylifetime doing; I decided to devote myself to research. Looking at the wide range of functions
from research to the frontline of sales allowed me to find out for the first time what position I
would enjoy the most. So I decided to go back to research, and make it my lifetime’s work.
Of course, I think this decision was greatly influenced by the fact that the idea that science
was interesting was drummed into my head when I was in high school.
I: Oh, I see. Your experience in a wide range of things contributed to your decision.
H: There is another important thing. As I mentioned before, we were indeed making products
such as the iPhone when I was in Sony, but they did not become hit products like today’s
iPhone. It was very frustrating, and I tried to figure out the reason. I came up with aconclusion that I was trapped in and bound by the belief that I was not allowed to do things incertain ways. So now I am constantly trying not to set limitations on myself as much as
possible.
I: What was the limitation that was in your head at that time?
35

H: Let’s take the example of listening to music. Sony has a music company and therefore isvery sensitive about copyrights. But the MP3 technology that triggered the success of theiPhone does not take the issue of copyright into consideration. Because we had a musiccompany, we believed that we were not allowed to adopt technologies like the MP3technology. That naturally made the product less user-friendly. That is one example of thelimitations. Now I am telling myself never to set limitations on myself. If I succeed insomething, it always serves as a restraint and it will become more difficult to achieve the next
success.
I: There are no such limitations in research at universities by nature.
H: That is right. There are definitely fewer limitations than in companies. So I genuinely
enjoy my research. Research at the university is fun. I always tell my students that if there issomething they are interested in, they should take a shot at it and look for work they canspend their lifetime doing so they can live their lives to the fullest. I think there are quite a lotof people who are interested in something and want to do it, but cannot try it out and are
reluctantly doing their current work with some dissatisfaction. I hope the students will not belike that, and that is the point of my message.
I: So it means that you should take interest in a variety of things to find out what you want to
do for yourself.
H: Yes. I think you can have the greatest happiness if you can find out what you are going tospend your lifetime doing.
I: I agree. And then you became a researcher at the University of Tokyo and joined the
AIMR about two months after its establishment.
H: That was in December 2007. If I am not mistaken, I heard that I was the first full-time
researcher employed from outside Tohoku University. I also attended the opening ceremonyof the AIRM that was held in November that year.
Characteristics of Research
I: Can you explain very briefly your research at the AIMR?
H: I can summarize it as an attempt to examine
the characteristics of solid substances toachieveapplications

utilizingthesecharacteristics. In simple terms, it is materials
research for electrical products, to downsize
and enhance the performance of mobile phones
or to achieve higher speed and lower power
consumption of computers, for example.

36

I: Therefore, it is important to measure the materials at an extremely micro level or examine
their characteristics, among other things.
H: Yes.
I: I understand that the main tool you use for your research is the Scanning TunnelingMicroscope (STM). You recently wrote a book called Sosa Tonneru Kenbikyo Gijutsu(Scanning Tunneling Microscope Technology) with Professor Hashizume as part of the
Butsuri-no-Sekai (World of Physics) series of Iwanami Koza.
H: Yes.
I: Upon your recommendation, I read the first chapter of the book. People like Dr. Rohrer and
Dr. Binnig appear in that chapter. You use the characteristics of waves and so on using theprobe a sample.
H: We examine the atomic ordering or atoms themselves. Atoms are just so small at 10–10
meters, so people do not think that all things are made of particles. For example, water looks
smooth, but it is also a collection of particles. The amazing technology that enables us to seeeach one of these particles became available in the early 1980s. And it caused a sensation in
the fields of physics and chemistry.
I: Yes, and that was indeed the huge achievement made by Dr. Rohrer and Dr. Binnig.
So the microscope you have here in the AIMR is the STM?
H: Yes. The equipment we have on the first floor is the STM. We created laboratory
equipment that we can boast to the world about, and we intend to press on with researchusing it.
I: I understand.
H: Things are comprised of atoms or molecules. So we are trying to understand them first,
and then understand their aggregation. We are frequently discussing hierarchic structure at
the AIMR, recently. It is the idea of viewing the clusters made up of atoms and molecules asa group, and viewing more than one cluster sticking together as a mass as well. We areheading for the direction of reestablishing materials science by breaking down the materials
to such hierarchic structure.
I: In the end you are going to take a look at bulk properties.
H: Yes. In reality, at some level the materials start to have functions. We are trying to
identify the origins of the functions and introduce a mathematical perspective, and establish
new materials science by expanding this approach to more materials. These are the things weare discussing.
I: What you are working on now is very basic research. By the way, the AIMR has
announced that the future direction of its output will be “green materials.” How will yourresearch contribute to this end in specific terms?

37

H: One of the several projects we are working on is the development of lithium-ion batteries.
We are quite focused on this project.
I: What kind of research is it specifically?
H: An electric car with a nominal range of 200 km was recently brought to the market. But
the actual range will be decreased to around 100 km if the air conditioner is turned on or if
the car is caught in a traffic jam. A range of 100 km is not even enough for a trip from Sendai
to Tokyo. In order to make electric cars that can travel 500 or 600 km, technology to increase
the capacity of batteries becomes important. Moreover, it is important that the batteries canbe charged instantaneously. It would be a big problem if it took hours to charge the batteries,
so it is necessary that batteries can be charged promptly. We are working to develop atechnology to achieve these things, and the materials hold the key to its success.
I: I see. These things are important.
H: The other project is the research on transparent conductors, which are used in lightemitting diodes, solar cells and liquid crystal displays. An innovative improvement oftransparent conductors will enable brighter lighting with lower power consumption and leadto the improvement in the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation. These things will leadto more green society. It is important here that we are heading for the direction of not using
scarce metals. As the phrase “rare metal (critical material)” often appears in newspapers,
there is the risk that we are going to use up all the elements with small reserves on earth, andindustries will no longer be able to continue. For example, if the current situation continues,
the liquid crystal display industry will be dead when the supply of indium runs out. So,
transparent conductors that do not use indium will play an important role. On such a
backdrop, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) is
promoting the Elements Science and Technology Project, and Ministry of Economy, Tradeand Industry (METI) is pushing ahead with the Rare Metal Substitute Materials Development
Project. The research on transparent conductors is part of such projects.
I: I understand. So in that sense, your research will contribute greatly to green materials.
H: Yes. Our research consists of three pillars.
I: The three pillars are the understanding of oxides by the STM, lithium-ion batteries andtransparent conductors.
H: Yes. These are all oxides. We are carrying out projects to understand oxides on the atomic
level to put them to use for society.
I: That is wonderful. One of the characteristics of the AIMR is the fusion research. You
stressed the importance of the fusion of research in the May 2010 issue of “The Monthly
Journal of MEXT”. Specifically, which groups are you advancing the fusion research with?
H: We often carry out research with people in the chemistry field, such as the Teizer
38

Laboratory or the Adschiri Laboratory.
I: In concrete terms, what kinds of research are these?
H: For example, together with Assistant Professor Hojo in the Adschiri Laboratory, we areattempting to create new materials by combining the technology of producing tiny
nanoparticles using liquids, which the Adschiri Group excels at, and the vacuum technology
in which we have strength. Currently the Adschiri Laboratory is able to produce squarenanoparticles of 10 nanometers or less, and we are trying to add a function to them. We aretrying, for example, to attach material B to the nanoparticle of material A, and create a newdumbbell-like material of A-B as a material with a new function.
I: That is indeed the fusion research.
H: It would be quite a challenge if we had to bring results in one or two years, but we havebeen making gradual progress through such efforts.
I: Do you think that the AIMR provides you with a favorable environment in which to workon such a fusion research?
H: I think it is a very comfortable environment because each laboratory is making efforts toenable cross-laboratory research. The other thing I like about it is that the people on the
Katahira Campus of Tohoku University attach great importance to horizontal ties. In otherwords, I have a lot of opportunities to get to know people, even in laboratories I do not know.
I: Do you feel that Tohoku University has more opportunities like that compared to otheruniversities?
H: Yes. I feel that there are definitely more such opportunities compared with the Universityof Tokyo, where I worked before. I think this Katahira has the culture that enables people toget to know various kinds of people. People who have worked for both the University ofTokyo and Tohoku University say that Tohoku University is extremely good in that you canhave more horizontal connections. I have connections not only within the AIMR but alsowith the Institute for Materials Research (IMR) and the Institute of Multidisciplinary
Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM). Maybe I get to know people at the pub inIchiban-cho (laugh).
I: Do you especially feel that way about the Katahira Campus?
H: Yes, I love the Katahira Campus. People are very friendly. I get to know a lot of people. It
starts with lending or borrowing the equipment for collaborative research, and then yourrelationships widen. Connections are vital for research.
I: Within the AIMR, various active discussions are held among associate professors or
lecturers in particular.
H: Yes, very active discussions are held. Those of us, particularly the people in this building(the AIMR Annex Building) are all new here, and we have a strong sense of unity from the39

beginning, so we have a lot of exchanges.
Lessons Learned from the Earthquake Disaster—Safety and Security
I: You told me about the STM, but what happened to the microscope when the earthquake hiton March 11?
H: There was less damage caused to the microscope itself than expected. I first thought it wasa serious situation, but as a result of precise examination, we found that there was little
damage.
I think there were two reasons for this. For one thing, it was fortunate that it was located on
the first floor. The other reason is that there are a lot of devices incorporated in the
microscope to isolate vibrations because it is easily affected by vibrations. Specifically, themicroscope is equipped with a vibration isolation device called active damping system, whichworks to suppress vibrations that can be constantly felt when cars drive in the street, forexample. So I think it suppressed the strong shaking, and it was able to avoid the worst
shaking successfully. The STM that weighs 1.5 tons moved about 5 cm on the anti-vibration
plate, but actually there was minimum damage.
I: That was good.
H: Yes, I really think it was good. The situation on the fifth floor was terrible, though.
I: Then the STM on the first floor can actually be used now.
H: Yes. However, we cannot conduct any experiment because of the continued aftershocks,
since the STM is very vulnerable to the shaking of the ground. So although the equipment
may be repaired, that is not the end of our battle. In short, we cannot conduct any experiment
until the aftershocks are over. So time is very important.
I: Yes, that is the problem.
H: That is the very tough part. Further, in the laboratory on the fifth floor, gas cylinders thatwere fixed to the floor as part of the earthquake countermeasures fell, and various laboratory
equipment and measurement instruments also fell, which are currently under repair. But wecan manage things as long as they can be resolved with money. The problem is the time. A
vast amount of time is being spent on recovery.
I: Because various kinds of research are advanced in the world in the meantime.
H: Yes. The most important aspect of the damage caused by the recent earthquake is that it
has a great influence on a researcher’s career. There is no way of recouping the time during
which you cannot conduct any research. It is fatal for a researcher’s career.
I: I understand.
H: This can only be overcome using your brains. It would mean that we may not be able toconduct any full-fledged research using the STM during the next six months or year, but we40

have to do what we can ahead of time. All we can do is make changes to theresearch plan in a well-coordinated manner.
I: If you just sit and complain that things cannot be fixed or aftershocks do
not end, you cannot move forward.
H: If you just sit and pray that the aftershocks will be over as soon as
possible, it is not going to do any good. So you have to change the research plan. This is truly
survival. At any rate, I think what is required of us is to produce output by using our brains.
Also, we suffered from a lot of psychological damage. After March 11, everyone wassaying that we would pull things together somehow, and the new school year started on April
1, and we all thought we would make a new start, making preparations to resume our research.
Then we were hit by an aftershock on April 7, and many things were destroyed again. If thisis repeated, we are going to lose a lot of time....
I: It is a difficult situation from the perspective of maintaining motivation for research.
H: I think it would require less time and cost until recovery if we expected earthquakes todefinitely occur and prepared for future earthquakes with thorough measures.
I also think that the earthquake posed a big question as to the modality of science. I had
always used the words “safety” and “security” as synonyms, but I learned that they are quite
different. I realized that the sense of “safety” is to understand in your head that your bodywill not be hurt and so on, and the sense of “security” is to understand in your heart that you
can live a truly quiet and really peaceful life, I mean, a relief from the bottom of your heart. I
think today’s science had focused on the aspect of “safety.”
I: You are referring to the announcements from governments such as, “the numbers are
below the standard, so there is no problem,” and things like that.
H: Yes. You do understand that it is okay in your head because it does not harm you when
seen from a statistical perspective. This is “safety.” But that alone is not sufficient. The
absence of “security (a relief from the bottom of your heart)” leads to hoarding and harmful
rumors. The important challenge for science to tackle is to consider what should be done torecover the sense of “security.”
When an accident occurs, for example, if it takes a long time till you can feel you are “safe,”
it will be difficult to recover your sense of “security,” but if you can recover a sense of“safety” quickly, you may be able to recover your sense of “security” promptly as well. It is
not only how fast you can do it, but I think the role of science is to help people recover theirsense of “security.”
I: I agree. I believe that will then lead to social contribution.
H: Yes. I feel that Japan has the great ability of providing not only “safety” but also “security”
to countries in trouble, and that by doing so Japan may be able to truly contribute to these41

countries. I do not know clearly what Japan should do, though. I strongly feel that we need tofocus on the area of “security.” What are the materials that can help people recover theirsense of security? There is a lot left for materials science to do.
I: It is important for Japan to learn lessons from these things and communicate to the people
in other countries what we have learned.
H: It will be great if we can do that. I think Japan is good at these things; learning andcreating new things based on what it has learned. I think that is the very thing that Japanought to do.
I: I agree. This is important.
Research Environment Surrounding Young Researchers
I: From our point of view, you are a young researcher.
H: Thank you for calling me young (laugh).
I: You are Independent Investigator at the AIMR as well. As we head for the second phase,
can you give advice to the people who are in the generation younger than you as to how theyshould move ahead with their efforts?
H: They are definitely all very motivated, so I have nothing more I can say to them. Rather, I
feel it is more important to think about what we can do for them.
In that sense, one thing that is necessary is to establish a good research environment. Thisis also a challenge for the WPI. We receive a harsh evaluation every year, but we need to takea longer-term view of research. So a researcher needs to be properly evaluated based on his or
her views or potential, even in cases where there has been no output yet. That way we candevelop them as good human resources.
I: It is difficult, but that is the important point.
H: Currently, the researchers are often not evaluated based on such standards, but only basedon their output such as the annual number of papers. I feel this approach is adversely
demotivating them, which is not good. They are making their best efforts, so I think it isimportant that we view them from a long-term perspective.
At companies, it often happens that the mission of your division changes or the division
becomes unnecessary because the policy of the entire company changes. Then people become
preoccupied with these things the moment they happen, and they can no longer concentrateon their work. So unless it is decided in advance, from a long-term perspective, to which
extent things are surely going to be completed, you cannot focus on your work. For example,
suppose you are developing superior experimental equipment in the AIMR, if you feel you
have to go to the next place soon, you cannot concentrate on your research.
I: Yes, I see your point.
42

H: So it is important that the management people have a strong will. If their policies are clear
and solid, I think the research performance will naturally follow.
I: That is the difficult part. Nowadays we surely have accountability, with the amount ofcompetitive funds on the increase. On the other hand, it is understandable if it is a span offive years or so, but we are asked the number of papers every single year. It may be
acceptable if it is at the level of being reflected in the annual salary and so forth, but thesituation is quite harsh if it is going to change the direction or the destiny of the organization.
H: Yes, it is an important point because it is also related to the morale of the researchers. I
think the current situation is that if the policies at the management level are not stable, people
at the research level are not able to engage in research comfortably.
I: This issue is also related to the government’s science policy.
H: I think that is exactly the point. If the government’s science policy is to foster the WPI,
and there is a certain timeframe set from the beginning, of ten years for example, it isnecessary to at least ensure the management of the research institute without discussing
whether it should be continued or not. Of course, when a certain degree of policy change isnecessary, it needs to be implemented. But when the positions of the researchers are notguaranteed, solid research cannot be conducted. I think this is a big issue.
I: That may be true.
H: So I think all of us need to discuss again what kind of research institute would produce
results. We need to reconsider both the policy decision of the research institute and theimprovement of the research environment as combined issues.
I: I think the mobility of human resources is also important on the other hand.
H: It is very important. But I think it is more wasteful than anything when even the superior
human resources become unnecessarily nervous and cannot achieve good performance. Thisis a very important point.
I: After all, research institutes are supported by the human resources.
H: If talented human resources do not come to us, our program will not succeed, either.
I: Yes, you are right.
H: When questioned whether the AIMR has an environment that attracts talented humanresources, we should not hesitate in our answer even for a moment. It is a question of whether
we can tell talented people to “come work with us” with confidence. We need to improve theorganization so we can say that. I think this is the challenge we are going to face in thesecond phase.
I: Yes. This is probably going to be a major topic of discussion.
H: Yes. There are a lot of good things about AIMR, but I think there is still a lot left to do interms of how to support foreign researchers. I do not think there is sufficient structure to43

incorporate the opinions of foreign researchers. So I think we may want to have regular
opportunities to listen to the opinions of foreign researchers about their research environment.
I: I think our communication in English has improved significantly.
H: Yes, we have seen a lot of improvement in that area, but I am concerned about whether
this place really provides positive opportunities for their career. In general, positive reports
come to us easily, but negative reports are shut down to a management level, so we have tobe particularly careful about that. I think we need to request the foreign researchers to provide
us with negative reports.
In a company, the human resources department would communicate with the employees
directly and listens to them to incorporate everyone’s opinions. So we also need to havesomeone reliable in charge, and incorporate people’s opinions without fail.
I: It is not that we are going to do that to evaluate people or anything, but rather to learn
about the environment…
H: Yes, it is absolutely vital to ask about their research environment.
I: It is at least necessary to listen to them.
H: I think such a system should be established to provide active support to foreigners. If we
can incorporate their opinions and create a good research environment, they feel happy about
joining the AIMR, and they will tell other people, in the next institute they work, that they
liked the AIMR
I: And they will speak to many people about us.
H: Yes. Without that, I do not think the brain circulation, which is the motto of the WPI
program, will be realized. So the point is whether people can move to the next workplace,feeling happy that they spent time in the AIMR. In order to help people become happy here,of course it is important to make efforts by themselves, but I think how we approach them isalso important. So it will be our challenge in the second phase to create such a system.
I: This is indeed a point we should think about as management.
H: I ask you to do so. I think it is one important point.
Everyone is motivated, so the issue is how to enhance their performance. I always believethat “the best of man is like water.” It is not a sake brand (laugh). These are the words of Laotse, which mean that good things or successful events are like water. Water can freely change
its shape and blend in with its surroundings, and benefits all things. Since the researchers are
sufficiently motivated, if a good research environment is established, things will naturally runsmoothly like water. Therefore, I think our role is to remove any obstacles that demotivate
young researchers.
I: That is right. Thank you very much for sharing your opinion on a variety of issues today.

44

Interviewer: Administrative Director, W. Iwamoto
At Hitosugi Laboratory, WPI-AIMR Annex Building
May 17th, 201145

WPI-AIMR ৻᧖ᄥ㇢ಎᢎ᝼ߦ⡞ߊ(Interview with Associate Professor Taro HITOSUGI㧙Japanese version)਄ༀᅤ᳓⑼ቇߣߩ಴ળ޿
ጤᧄ㧦৻᧖వ↢ߪ‫␹߆⏕ޔ‬ᄹᎹ⋵ߩ߅⢒ߜߢ‫ޔ‬㜞ᩞ߽␹ᄹᎹ⋵ߩ㜞ᩞߢߒߚߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦␹ᄹᎹߩ⋵┙㜞ᩞߢߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬೨ߦ‫ޔ‬ῳⷫ߇ඨዉ૕ߩࠛࡦࠫ࠾ࠕߛߞߚ߽ߩߢࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߦ
૑ࠎߢ޿߹ߒߚ‫ᦨ߇ߎߘޕ‬ೋߦ⑼ቇᛛⴚߦធߒߚߣߎࠈߛߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߦߪ߅ᐞߟߋࠄ޿ߩߣ߈޿ࠄߒߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ዊቇ㧟ᐕ↢߆ࠄ㧢ᐕ↢߹ߢࠪ࡝ࠦࡦࡃ࡟࡯ߦ޿߹ߒߚ‫␠ᧄߩ࡯࠲࡯ࡘࡇࡦࠦ࡞ࡊ࠶ࠕޕ‬߇޽ࠆⴝߢߔ‫ޕ‬ዊቇ㧟ᐕ↢ߢ޿߈ߥࠅ⃻࿾ᩞߦ౉ࠇࠄࠇ‫ߒ޿ߥࠄ߆ࠊ߽⺆⧷ޔ‬෹㆐߽޿ߥ޿ߒ㧝ㅳ㑆ߋࠄ޿ᵅ޿ߡ޿߹ߒߚ(╉)‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߪᒰὼߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߢ߽‫৻ޔ‬ㅳ㑆⚻ߞߚࠄ߽߁ߥߓࠎߢ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ዊቇᩞ㧟ᐕ↢ߋࠄ޿ߛߣ⸒⪲ߪⷐࠄߥ޿
ߢߔ߆ࠄߨ‫࡞࡯ࡏޕ‬ㆆ߮ߣ߆ߒߡ޿ࠇ߫෹㆐߇⥄ὼߦߢ߈߹ߔ‫࠭ࠗ࠽ࠞ࡝ࡔࠕߦߋߔޔߢࠇߘޕ‬ߐࠇ߹ߒߡ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫߅ޕ‬ῳ᭽߇ඨዉ૕ߩࠛࡦࠫ࠾ࠕߛߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ‫ޔ‬ዊߐ޿ߎࠈ߆ࠄඨዉ૕
ߣ߆ߦߪⷫߒࠎߢ޿ߚ⸶ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦߃߃‫ޔ‬ዋߥߊߣ߽㗡ߩਛߦ౉ߞߡ޿߹ߒߚߨ‫ߩߘޕ‬ὐߪῳߩᓇ㗀߇޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ዊቇᩞࠍ⚳߃ߡᣣᧄߦᚯߞߡߎࠄࠇߚߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ߡߒߘޕ‬㧝㧥㧤㧢ᐕᧃ‫߇⑳ޔ‬㜞ᩞ↢ߩߣ߈‫⿥ޔ‬વዉࡈࠖ࡯ࡃ࡯߇⿠߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᣂ⡞ߢᲤᣣ‫⿥ޔ‬વዉߩߎߣ߇ႎ㆏ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩࠍ⷗ߡ‫⑼ߦࠅߥ޿ߥࠄ߆ࠊޔ‬ቇߞߡ߅߽ߒࠈ޿ߥ
ߣᕁ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߡߞߣߦ⑳߇ࠇߎޕ‬ㆇ๮ߩಽ߆ࠇ㆏ߩ৻ߟߛߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦޽޽‫ޕߤ߶ࠆߥޔ‬৻᧖㧦ߘߩᤨߦᗵߓߚ“⑼ቇߞߡ߅߽ߒࠈ޿ߥ”ߣ޿߁ශ⽎߇ᓟ‫ߦޘ‬ല޿ߡߊࠆߩߢߔߨ‫ߣߩߘޕ‬߈ߪ㗡ߩਛߦᡂࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚߛߌߢ‫ߛ߹ޔ‬ㅴ〝ࠍ᳿߼ࠆ߹ߢߦߪ⥋ࠄߥ߆ߞߚߩߢߔ߇‫ޕ‬ߘࠇ߹ߢ૗චᐕ߽⿥વዉォ⒖᷷ᐲ‫⿥ߜࠊߥߔޔ‬વዉߦߥࠆ᷷ᐲߪߘࠇ߶ߤะ਄ߒ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ߒ߆ߒ‫ޔ‬IBM࠴ࡘ࡯࡝࠶ࡅ⎇ߩߴ࠼ࡁ࡞࠷వ↢ߣࡒࡘ࡜࡯వ↢ߩ⊒⷗ߦࠃߞߡ‫⿥ޔ‬વዉォ⒖᷷ᐲ
߇৻᳇ߦᶧ૕⓸⚛᷷ᐲ(77 K)ࠍ⿥߃ࠆߣ޿߁‫‛ޔ‬ℂߩ਄ߢᄢࡄ࡜࠳ࠗࡓࠪࡈ࠻߇޽ߞߚࠊߌߢߔ‫ޕ‬ߘߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥ⠪߇ߘࠇ߹ߢߩ⎇ⓥࠍᱛ߼ߡ‫⿥ޔ‬વዉ⎇ⓥߦ㘧߮ㄟࠎߢ޿ߞߚߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ᤨᦼߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߪ޿‫ߩࠞ࡝ࡔࠕ߫߃଀ޕ‬ቇળߢߪ‫ޔ‬᥉ㅢߪᦺ㧥ᤨߋࠄ޿߆ࠄᄕᣇ㧢ᤨ‫ޔ‬㧣ᤨߋࠄ޿߹ߢ
⼏⺰ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨߪᦺߩ㧢ᤨ߹ߢߢߔ‫᥅৻ޕ‬ਛ࠮࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠍ߿ߞߡ޿ߚߣ⡞߈߹ߔ‫⥝߇ߥࠎߺޔߌߛࠇߘޕ‬ᅗߒߡ㜞᷷⿥વዉߩ⊒⴫ࠍ⡞߈ߚ߇ߞߡ޿ߚᤨߛߞߚߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦㛳߈߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬

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ࠄ

৻᧖㧦੹‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ᛴ߃ߡ޿ࠆ⺖㗴ߩᄙߊ߇⸃᳿ߢ߈ࠆߣ⸒ߞߡ߽޿޿߶ߤߩ‫ߩ⦡⭲⭼ޔ‬ታ↪ൻ߇⠨߃ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬㔚᳇ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߪ‫ޔ‬㔚ജࠍᣣᧄߢ↢↥ߒߡᣣᧄߢᶖ⾌ߒ߹ߔࠃߨ‫⿥ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬વዉᛛⴚ߇⏕┙ߔࠇ߫‫⍾࡜ࡂࠨ߫߃଀ޔ‬Ṽߢᄥ㓁శ⊒㔚ߒߡ‫ߊߥࠬࡠࠍࠇߘޔ‬ᣣᧄ߹ߢㅍ㔚ߔࠆߣ߆‫࡯ࠡ࡞ࡀࠛޔ‬໧㗴߇޿ࠈ޿ࠈ⸃᳿ߢ߈ࠆߩߢߔ‫⎇ߩ⑳ޔߡߞ߇ߚߒޕ‬ⓥߩᦨ
⚳⋡ᮡߪቶ᷷ߢ⿥વዉࠍ⿠ߎߔߎߣߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߥࠆ߶ߤ‫ޔߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬㜞ᩞᤨઍߪቢోߦ⥄ಽߪℂ⑼♽ߦⴕߎ߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ᳿߼ࠄࠇ
ߚ⸶ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߪ޿‫⎇ޔߛߚޕ‬ⓥ⠪ߦߥࠈ߁ߣߪᕁߞߡ޿ߥ߆ߞߚߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߩᓟ‫᧲ޔ‬੩ᄢቇߦㅴ߹ࠇߡ‫ޔ‬ቇㇱߢߪᎿᬺൻቇࠍቇࠎߛ⸶ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬Ꮏᬺൻቇ⑼ߢߔ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ቇㇱߩ㧠ᐕ㑆ߪోߊീᒝߒ߹ߖࠎߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦૗ࠍ߿ࠄࠇߡ޿߹ߒߚ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦࡜ࠣࡆ࡯߫߆ࠅߢߒߚ‫ޔߡ޿ߡߞ߿ࠍ࡯ࡆࠣ࡜ߣߞߕޕ‬వ↢ߦ‫“ޔ‬ำߪ㧡ᧄߩᜰߦ౉ࠆ߶
ߤᎿቇㇱߢᚑ❣߇ᖡ޿”ߣ⸒ࠊࠇߥ߇ࠄ‫ޔ‬૗ߣ߆තᬺߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦੹߆ࠄߪᗐ௝ߢ߈߹ߖࠎߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦㧠ᐕ㑆৻↢ ๮ᛂߜㄟࠎߛ‫߇ߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߛߣ੹ߪᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߘߡߒߘޕ‬ᓟ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮ߦ౉ߞߡ߆ࠄീᒝߦ߈ߞߜࠅߣಾࠅ߆߃߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ቇㇱᤨઍߪ࡜ࠣࡆ࡯ߦኾᔨߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ࠛࡦ࡚ࠫࠗߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦᧲ᄢߩ࡜ࠣࡆ࡯ㇱߪᒰᤨᒝ߆ߞߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘߩߣ߈ߪ⚿᭴ᒝ߆ߞߚߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨߪ‫ޔ‬๮ࠍ ߌߡ߿ࠆߺߚ޿ߥᗵߓߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ࠟ࠶࠷߇੹↢߈ߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᔃᗧ᳇ߣ޿߁ߩߪ੹߽↢߈ߡ޿߹ߔߨ‫ᧄޔ‬ᒰߦ‫ޕ‬ડᬺߣᄢቇ‫⎇ߡߒߘޔ‬ⓥ⠪ߦߥࠈ߁ߣ᳿ᢿߔࠆ߹ߢጤᧄ㧦Nature⹹㧠㧢㧢ภߢ߽⚫੺ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬వ↢ߪ‫ޔ‬ඳ჻⺖⒟ୃੌᓟ‫ޔ‬ೋ߼ߪ᳃㑆ડᬺߦⴕ߆ࠇߚߣߩߎߣߢߔ߇‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߢ‫ޔ‬᳃㑆ડᬺ߆ࠄᄢቇߦォりߐࠇߚ⸶ߢߔ߇‫ޔߕ߹ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮ߢඳ჻ภࠍߣࠄࠇߡ‫ޔ‬ߘߩ߹߹ᄢቇߦᱷࠆߣ޿߁㆏߽޽ߞߚߩߦ‫ޔ‬᳃㑆ડᬺࠍㆬᛯߐࠇߚߩߪߤ߁ߒߡߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘߩߣ߈ߪ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽߩᚑᨐ߇ᧄᒰߦੱߩ⋡ߦ⷗߃ߡᓎ┙ߟᆫߣ޿߁ߩࠍ⷗ߡߺߚ߆ߞߚߩ
ߢߔ‫⥄ޕ‬ಽ߇ᚻ߇ߌߚᛛⴚߢ⊝ߩ᥵ࠄߒ߇⦟ߊߥࠅ‫ߢ߹ࠈߎߣ߁޿ߣࠆ߃ࠄ߽ߡߒ࡚ࠗࠫࡦࠛޔ‬߿ࠅߚ߆ߞߚߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ડᬺߥࠄߘ߁޿߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߢ࠰࠾࡯ߦ౉ࠄࠇࠆ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߪ޿‫ޕߔߢ߁ߘޔ‬ጤᧄ㧦࠰࠾࡯ߢߪਥߦߤࠎߥ߅઀੐ߐࠇߡ޿ߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ᦨೋ‫ޔ‬శ࠺ࠖࠬࠢߩ㐿⊒ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᒰᤨ‫ޔ‬௢ࠄߪࡉ࡞࡯࡟ࠗ࠺ࠖࠬࠢߩవߩᛛⴚࠍ⁓ߞߡᣂ

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ᛛⴚߩ㐿⊒ࠍ߿ߞߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޔߢߎߘޕ‬㧝㧜ᐕᓟߋࠄ޿ߩᏒ႐߇ߤ߁ߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߆⠨߃ࠆࠊߌߢ
ߔ‫ߦࠇߘޔߡߒߘޕ‬วࠊߖߚ໡ຠ㐿⊒‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚ㐿⊒ࠍߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿‫ޕ‬௢ࠄߪశ࠺ࠖࠬࠢ㐿⊒ߛ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬DVDߩ዁᧪ࠍᕁ޿ឬߊ‫ޔࠄߚߒ߁ߘޕ‬዁᧪ߪ㜞ㅦࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻߽ኅߦ᥉෸ߒߡߊࠆ
ߒ‫ޔ‬ඨዉ૕ࡔࡕ࡝࡯߽㕖Ᏹߦ㜞ኒᐲߦߥࠆ‫ߣࠆߔ߁ߘޔ‬DVDߩࠃ߁ߥశ࠺ࠖࠬࠢߩᵴべߩ႐ߪߥߊߥࠆߛࠈ߁ߣ޿߁⚿⺰ߦ㆐ߒߡ‫ޔ‬௢ࠄߩ㐿⊒ߪਛᱛߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߳߃‫ޕ߆ߔߢߩ߽߁޿߁ߘޔ‬৻᧖㧦⚿ዪ‫ޔ‬਎ߩਛߩᵹࠇߪ੹ߘߩߣ߅ࠅߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫࡞࠲ࠫ࠺ޕ‬㈩ା߇Ⴧ߃ߡ߈ߡ‫ޔ‬CDROMߪࡄ࠰ࠦࡦߦ៞タߐࠇߥߊߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠎߤࠎߤߪࠢࠬࠖ࠺࠼࡯ࡂޔߚ߹ޕ‬ඨዉ૕ࡔࡕ࡝
࡯ߦ⟎߈឵ࠊߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ੹ޕ‬DVDߩవߩࡉ࡞࡯࡟ࠗᛛⴚ߇޽ࠆߌߤ‫ߩࠗ࡟࡯࡞ࡉߩߘޔ‬వߪ‫ޔ‬ᦨㆡߥࠕࡊ࡝ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇૛ࠅᕁ޿ߟ߆ߥ޿‫ߜࠊߥߔޕ‬శ࠺ࠖࠬࠢᛛⴚߪᑄࠇߡ޿ߊᛛⴚߦߥࠆ
ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߔࠆߣ‫⎇ࠎࠈߜ߽ޔ‬ⓥߪ⎇ⓥߢㅴ߼ࠄࠇࠆߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬ડᬺߪ‫ߚߞ޿߁ߘޔ‬Ꮢ႐ߩേะߩ㧝㧜ᐕᓟ‫ޔ‬㧞㧜ᐕᓟࠍ⷗ᝪ߃ߡߣ޿߁਎⇇ߛߞߚࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߪ޿‫ޕߔߢ߁ߘޔ‬ጤᧄ㧦࠰࠾࡯ߦ㧠ᐕߋࠄ޿࿷☋ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ߆ߨ……
৻᧖㧦߃߃‫ޔ‬㧠ᐕඨߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߢ߹ߚᄢቇߩ߶߁ߦᚯࠄࠇߚ⸶ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘߩ೨ߦ௢ߩੱ↢ࠍ․ᓽߠߌࠆ৻ߟߩࠗࡌࡦ࠻߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬௢ࠄߪࡕࡁߠߊࠅߩኾ㐷ኅߢߔߨ‫߁޿߁ߤޕ‬ᛛⴚࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖߡߤ߁޿߁ᛛⴚ㐿⊒ࠍ߿ࠇ߫ࡕࡁߠߊࠅ߇ታ⃻ߔࠆߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣߪߣߡ߽ᓧᗧߢߔ‫ߩߟ৻߁߽ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬㕙ߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚࠍ໡ຠߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬૞ߞߚᓟߦߤ߁߿
ߞߡ⊝ߦዯߌࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ὐࠍ⷗ߥ޿ߣ‫ޔ‬ᛛⴚ߇ᧄᒰߦߎߩవߤ߁ߥߞߡ޿ߊߩߛࠈ߁ߣ⷗ᷰߖߥ
޿ߣᕁߞߚࠊߌߢߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᕁ޿ߪ੹߽↢߈ߡ޿߹ߔ‫⥄ޔߢߎߘޕ‬ಽߩ૞ߞߚᛛⴚ߿໡ຠࠍ‫߁ߤޔ‬਎ߩਛߦᐢߍࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍታ㓙ߦ⚻㛎ߒߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߒߚ‫޿ࠈߒ߽߅߽ߡߣߪ࡯࠾࠰ޕ‬ળ␠ߢ‫ࠍ࡯࠲ࠢ࠼ޔ‬ᜬߞߡ޿ࠆੱߢ߽໡ຠડ↹ߣ߆ࡑ࡯ࠤ࠹ࠖࡦࠣߣ߆࠮࡯࡞ࠬߦ⒖ࠇࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦వ⒟‫ޔ‬శ࠺ࠖࠬࠢ㐿⊒ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻߇ਛᱛߦߥߞߚߣ⸒޿߹ߒߚ‫ߣߎ޿ߚࠅ߿ޔ᧪↢ޕ‬߇޽ࠆߥࠄߤࠎߤࠎ⓭ߞㄟࠎߢ߿ࠈ߁ߣ޿߁ᕈᩰߥߩߢ‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߦ߿ߞߚߎߣ߇ߥ޿ࡑ࡯ࠤ࠹ࠖࡦ
ࠣ߿࠮࡯࡞ࠬࠍ߿ࠅߚ޿ߣ޿ߞߡ‫ޔ‬਎⇇ਛߦ࠰࠾࡯ߩ໡ຠ‫ޔ‬௢ߩ႐วߪዊߐ޿ࡃࠗࠝ(VAIO)‫ޔ‬੹ߩiPhoneߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩࠍ਎⇇ߦ࠮࡯࡞ࠬߒ߹ߒߚ‫ߩ࡯࠾࠰߇ࠇߎ“ޕ‬ᣂ໡ຠߛ‫ߩ࡯࠾࠰ޔ‬ᚢ⇛ߪߎ߁ߛ㧍”ߣ‫ޔ޿ⴕࠍࡦ࠯࡟ࡊߢ⴫⊒ࠬ࡟ࡊࠄ⥄ޔ‬㔀⹹߿ᣂ⡞ߩࠗࡦ࠲ࡆࡘ࡯ߢ⊒⸒ߔࠆߥߤ‫ޔ‬⽼ᄁଦㅴࠍ߿ߞߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬   ߘߩࠃ߁ߥ઀੐ࠍ߿ࠅߟߟ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽ߇৻↢߆ߌߡߔࠆ઀੐ߣߪ૗߆‫ߣߞߕࠍߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ߢࠇߘޕ‬㧟㧜ᱦߩᤨߦ‫ޔ‬௢߇৻↢߆ߌߡ૗ࠍ߿ࠆߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ࠃ߁߿ߊࠊ߆ߞ
ߚߩߢߔ‫ ↢৻ޕ‬๮‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥࠍ߿ࠈ߁ߣ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥ߆ࠄ⽼ᄁߩᦨ೨✢߹ߢߩᐢ޿࡟ࡦࠫࠍ⷗ᷰߒߚ߅߆
ߍߢ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽ߇ߤߎߩࡐ࡚ࠫࠪࡦߦ޿ࠆߩ߇৻⇟ᭉߒ޿ߩ߆‫ޔ‬ೋ߼ߡࠊ߆ߞߚߩߢߔ‫⎇ߢࠇߘޕ‬ⓥ
ߦᚯࠈ߁‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥࠍ৻↢ߩ઀੐ߦߒࠃ߁ߣ᳿߼߹ߒߚ‫ߩߎޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬᳿ᢿߦߪ‫ޔ‬㜞ᩞ↢ߩᤨߦ

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̌⑼ቇߞߡ߅߽ߒࠈ޿ߥ̍ߣᡂࠅㄟ߹ࠇߚߎߣ߇ᄢ߈ߥᓇ㗀ࠍ෸߷ߒߡ޿ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦޽޽‫ߚࠇࠄߎߡߞ߿ࠍߣߎߩࠫࡦ࡟࠼ࠗࡢޕߤ߶ࠆߥޔ‬਄ߢߩ᳿ᢿߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦 ߽߁৻ߟ㊀ⷐߥߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬వ⒟⸒޿߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ‫߁⸒ߢ੹ޔߦᤨߚ޿ߦ࡯࠾࠰ޔ‬iPhoneߩࠃ߁ߥ⵾ຠࠍ߹ߐߦ௢ࠄ߇૞ߞߡ޿ߚߩߢߔ߇‫ߩ੹ޔ‬iPhoneߺߚ޿ߦߪࡉ࡟ࠗࠢߢ߈߹
ߖࠎߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦᖎߒߊᗵߓ‫ߣ߁ࠈߛߗߥޔ‬⠨߃߹ߒߚ‫ߥߌ޿ߪߡߞ߿߁ߎޔߪߡߒߣ⺰⚿ޕ‬޿ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥᕁ޿ㄟߺ߇޽ߞߡ‫⥄ߢࠇߘޔ‬ಽࠍ❈ߞߡ޿ߚߩߢߔߨ‫⥄ޔߪ੹ࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ಽߦߥࠆߴߊ೙⚂ࠍ⸳ߌߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦߣᏱߦᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߩᤨߩ㗡ߩਛߦ޽ߞߚ೙⚂ߞߡ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޔ‬૗ߛߞߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦㖸ᭉࠍ⡬ߊߎߣࠍ଀ߦߒ߹ߒࠂ߁‫ߪ࡯࠾࠰ޕ‬㖸ᭉળ␠ࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫⪺ޔ‬૞ᮭߦᢅᗵ
ߢߔ‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬iPhoneᚑഞߩ߈ߞ߆ߌߣߥߞߚMP3ᛛⴚߣ޿߁ߩߪ⪺૞ᮭ໧㗴ࠍήⷞߒߡ޿ࠆߩ
ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬௢ࠄߪ‫ޔ‬㖸ᭉળ␠ࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬MP3ᛛⴚߥࠎ߆ណ↪ߒߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿ߣ޿߁ᕁ޿ㄟ
ߺ߇಴ߡߊࠆ‫޿૶ߣߕߩ߅ޔߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬ൎᚻ߇ᖡߊߥࠆ‫߁޿߁ߘޕ‬೙⚂ߪ৻଀ߢߔ‫⥄ޔߪ੹ޕ‬ಽ⥄りߦ೙⚂ࠍ⛘ኻߦ૞ࠄߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦߣ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽߦ⸒޿߈߆ߖߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬૗߆ߦᚑഞߔࠆߣ‫ߥ߆ޔ‬ࠄߕ⿷߇❈ࠄࠇߡᰴߩᚑഞ߇㆙ߩߊߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ᄢቇߩ⎇ⓥߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫߁޿߁ߘ᧪ᧄޔ‬೙⚂ߪߥ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ᧄᒰߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ળ␠ߦᲧߴߚࠄᢿὼ೙⚂߇ዋߥ޿ߢߔࠃ‫ࠄ߆ߛޕ‬௢ߪᔃ߆ࠄࠛࡦ࡚ࠫࠗߒ
ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢቇߢߩ⎇ⓥߪᭉߒ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬௢ߪ޿ߟ߽ቇ↢ߦ⸒ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ߇‫⥝ޔ‬๧߇޽ࠆߎ
ߣ߇޽ߞߚࠄ㘧߮ㄟࠎߢߺߡ‫ޔ‬ᖎ޿ߩߥ޿ੱ↢ࠍㅍࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ߡߌ߆↢৻ޔ‬ขࠅ⚵߼ࠆ઀੐ࠍត
ߔߣ޿޿ࠃߣ‫⥝߽ࠇ޽ޕ‬๧޽ࠆߥ‫ߣߥ޿ߚࠅ߿ޔ‬ᕁߞߡ޿ߡ߽ߘߎ߳㘧߮ㄟ߼ߕ‫઀ߩ੹ޔ‬੐ߦ૗߆ਇḩࠍᜬߜߥ߇ࠄህ‫ࠅߥ߆ޔ߇ੱࠆ޿ߡߞ߿ޘ‬ᄙ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫߁޿ߣޔߦ߁ࠃ޿ߥࠄߥ߁ߘޕ‬ࡔ࠶࠮࡯ࠫߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥߎߣߦ㑐ᔃࠍᜬߞߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬ਛ߆ࠄ⥄ಽ߇តߒ಴ߔߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߪ޿‫⥄ޔ‬ಽ߇৻↢߆ߌߡ߿ࠆߎߣࠍ⷗ߟߌࠄࠇࠇ߫‫⇟৻߇ࠇߘޔ‬ᐘߖߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᓟ‫᧲ޔ‬ᄢߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߦߥࠄࠇߡ‫ޔߢࠇߘޔ‬AIMR߇⊒⿷ߒߡ㧞߆᦬ߋࠄ޿
ߢ࡚ࠫࠗࡦߐࠇߚࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦㧞㧜㧜㧣ᐕ㧝㧞᦬ߢߔ‫ޕ‬௢ߪ⏕߆ᦨೋߦቇᄖ߆ࠄᏱൕ⎇ⓥ⠪ߣߒߡ㓹↪ߐࠇߚߣ⡞޿ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᐕ㧝㧝᦬ߦ㐿௅ߐࠇߚ㐿ᚲᑼߦ߽᧪߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬⎇ⓥߩ․⦡
ጤᧄ㧦੹‫ޔ‬AIMRߢ߿ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ⎇ⓥౝኈࠍ‫⺑ߢ⸒৻ޔ‬᣿ߒߡߊߛߐ޿߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦൮᜝ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬࿕૕߇ߤࠎߥᕈ⾰ࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߆ࠍ⺞ߴ‫․ߩߘޔ‬ᓽࠍᵴ߆ߒߡᔕ↪ߦ⚿߮ߟߌࠃ߁ߣ޿߁߽ߩߢߔ‫◲ޕ‬නߦ⸒߁ߣ‫ޔ‬㔚᳇⵾ຠ‫߫߃଀ޔ‬៤Ꮺ㔚⹤ߩዊဳൻ࡮㜞ᕈ⢻ൻ߿‫ޔ‬ࡄ࠰ࠦࡦߩ㜞ㅦൻ࡮ૐᶖ⾌㔚ജൻߔࠆߚ߼ߩ᧚ᢱ⎇ⓥߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߎߢ‫ࠍ⾰‛ޔ‬ᭂ߼ߡࡒࠢࡠߥ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ᷹ቯߒߚࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᕈ⾰ࠍ⺞ߴߚࠅߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇
㊀ⷐߥߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬49

ጤᧄ㧦వ↢ߩ⎇ⓥߩਥߥ࠷࡯࡞ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫⿛ޔ‬ᩏ࠻ࡦࡀ࡞㗼ᓸ㏜(STM)ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆࠊߌߢ
ߔߨ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭ‫ޔ‬ጤᵄ⻠ᐳߩ‫‛ޟ‬ℂߩ਎⇇‫ޔߢ࠭࡯࡝ࠪ߁޿ߣޠ‬ᯅ⹣వ↢ߣ৻✜ߦ‫⿛ޟ‬ᩏ࠻ࡦࡀ࡞㗼ᓸ㏜ᛛⴚ‫ޕ߇ߚߒ߹ࠇ߆ᦠࠍᧄߏ߁޿ߣޠ‬৻᧖㧦ߪ޿‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⑳߽వ↢ߦ൘߼ࠄࠇߡ╙㧝┨ࠍ⺒߹ߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫࡯࡜࡯ࡠޕ‬వ↢ߣ߆ࡆ࠾࠶ࡅవ
↢ߣ߆಴ߡߊࠆ‫ޕ‬ᵄߩᕈ⾰ࠍ૶ߞߡ⴫㕙ࠍⷰኤߔࠆߩߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ේሶߩਗ߮߿ේሶߘߩ߽ߩࠍ⷗ࠆߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ේሶߪ‫ޔ‬㧝㧜ߩࡑࠗ࠽ࠬ㧝㧜ਸ਼ࡔ࡯࠻࡞ߣ
޿߁‫ߊ߆ߦߣޔ‬ዊߐ޿ߢߔ߆ࠄ‫ੱޔ‬㑆߇⷗ߡ߽‫ߣࠆ޿ߡ߈ߢߢ☸߇‛ਁޔ‬ᕁࠊߥ޿‫߫߃଀ޕ‬᳓ߛߞߡṖࠄ߆ߦ⷗߃ࠆߌߤ޽ࠇ߽☸ߩ㓸߹ࠅߢߔߨ‫ߩߘޕ‬㧝୘ߕߟߩ☸ࠍ⷗ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁
ߔߏ޿ᛛⴚ߇1980ᐕઍ೨ඨߦ↢߹ࠇ߹ߒߚ‫‛߽ࠇߘޕ‬ℂ߿ൻቇߩಽ㊁ߢᄢࡉ࡟ࠗࠢߔࠆߎߣߦߥ
ߞߚ⸶ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫࡯࡜࡯ࡠޔߦߐ߹߇ࠇߘޕ‬వ↢ߚߜߩᄢ߈ߥഞ❣ߛߞߚࠊߌߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬   ੹‫ߩߎޔ‬AIMRߩਛߦ޽ࠆ㗼ᓸ㏜ߣ޿߁ߩ߇‫ޔ‬STMߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬㧝㓏ߩⵝ⟎߇STMߢߔ‫ޕ‬਎⇇ߢ߽⹶ࠇࠆࠃ߁ߥ⦟޿ታ㛎ⵝ⟎ࠍ૞ߞߚߩߢ‫ޔ‬ߘࠇߢ⎇ⓥࠍߤࠎߤࠎㅴ߼ࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ߣߎࠈߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߪ޿‫ޕߔ߹ࠅ߆ࠊޔ‬৻᧖㧦ේሶߣ߆ಽሶ߆ࠄࡕࡁ߇᭴ᚑߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫ࠍࠇߘߕ߹ޔ‬ℂ⸃ߒ‫ߩߘߦࠄߐޔ‬㓸ว૕ࠍ
ℂ⸃ߒࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ᵹࠇߢߔ‫ޔ੹ޕ‬㓏ጀ᭴ㅧߦߟ޿ߡࠃߊAIMRߢ⼏⺰ߒߡ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ේሶ‫ޔ‬ಽሶ߇ߊߞߟ޿ߚ߽ߩ߇ࠢ࡜ࠬ࠲࡯ߦߥߞߡ‫ߩߟ৻ࠍࠇߘޔ‬㓸࿅ߣߒߡ⷗ࠆ‫ߚ޿ߟߞߊߚ߹߇ࠇߘޕ‬߽ߩࠍ߭ߣ࿕߹ࠅߣߒߡ⠨߃߹ߒࠂ߁ߣ‫߁޿߁ߘޕ‬㓏ጀ᭴ㅧߦࡉ࡟ࠗࠢ࠳࠙ࡦߒߡ᧚ᢱ⑼ቇࠍౣ
᭴▽ߒࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ᵹࠇߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߒߡᦨᓟߦߪ‫ޕߨߔߢߩߊ޿ߢ߹‛ߩ⁁ࠢ࡞ࡃޔ‬৻᧖㧦ߪ޿‫⃻ޕ‬ታߦߪߤߎ߆ߩ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢᯏ⢻߇಴ᆎ߼ࠆߩߢߔߌࠇߤ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᯏ⢻ߩḮߪߤߎߥߩߛࠈ߁ߣ⠨߃‫ߦࠄߐޔ‬ᢙቇ⊛ߥⷞὐࠍዉ౉ߒߡ‫᧚ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ߣߞ߽ޔ‬ᢱߦዷ㐿ߒߡᣂ᧚ᢱ⑼ቇ
ࠍᛂߜ┙ߡࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⼏⺰ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦వ↢߇੹‫ޔ‬ขࠅ⚵߹ࠇߡ޿ࠆߎߣߪ‫ޔ‬㕖Ᏹߦၮ␆⊛ߥ⎇ⓥߥߩߢߔߨ‫ޔߢࠈߎߣޕ‬AIMR
ߢ੹ᓟߩࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻ߩᣇะߣߒߡࠣ࡝࡯ࡦࡑ࠹࡝ࠕ࡞ߣ⸒ߞߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫⽸ߩ߳ࠇߘޔ‬₂ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ౕޔ‬૕⊛ߦߤ߁޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦௢ࠄ߇ᚻដߌߡ޿ࠆ޿ߊߟ߆ߩࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ߩ߁ߜߩ৻ߟ߇࡝࠴࠙ࡓࠗࠝࡦ㔚ᳰ㐿⊒ߢߔ‫⋧ߪߦࠇߎޕ‬ᒰജࠍ౉ࠇߡ߿ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߎࠇߪౕ૕⊛ߦߪߤ߁޿߁⎇ⓥߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ᦨㄭ‫〒ⴕ⿛ޔ‬㔌߇౏⒓㧞㧜㧜 kmߢ޽ࠆ㔚᳇⥄േゞ߇ᄁࠅ಴ߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ࠦࠕࠛޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ࡦࠍߟߌߚࠅᷦṛߦߪ߹ߞߚࠅߒߚࠄታ㓙ߩ⿛ⴕ〒㔌ߪ㧝㧜㧜 km⒟ᐲߦᷫࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ޔ‬㧝㧜㧜
kmߢߪ઄บ߆ࠄ᧲੩߽߳ⴕߌߥ޿‫ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬㧡㧜㧜߆ࠄ㧢㧜㧜 km⿛ⴕߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߔࠆߚ߼
ߦߪ‫ޔ‬㔚ᳰߩኈ㊂ࠍჇߔᛛⴚ߇㊀ⷐߦߥࠆ‫ޔߦࠄߐޕ‬⍍㑆⊛ߦల㔚ߔࠆߣ޿߁ߩ߇㊀ⷐߥߎߣߢ
ߔ‫ޕ‬ల㔚ߔࠆߩߦ૗ᤨ㑆߽߆߆ߞߚࠄᄢᄌߥߩߢ‫ߦߋߔޔ‬ల㔚ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߒߥߊߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿‫ޕ‬50ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣࠍታ⃻ߔࠆߚ߼ߩᛛⴚߢߔ‫᧚ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᢱ߇㎛ࠍីߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߥࠆ߶ߤ‫߇ߩ߁޿߁ߘޔ‬㊀ⷐߥߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ੑߟ⋡߇‫ޔ‬ㅘ᣿ዉ㔚૕⎇ⓥߢߔ‫⊒ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬శ࠳ࠗࠝ࡯࠼‫ޔ‬ᄥ㓁㔚ᳰ߿ᶧ᥏࠺ࠖࠬࡊ࡟
ࠗߦ૶ࠊࠇߡ߅ࠅ‫ࠍࠇߎޔ‬㕟ᣂ⊛ߦ⦟ߊߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ૐᶖ⾌㔚ജߥ߇ࠄ߽ߞߣ᣿ࠆ޿ᾖ᣿߇ታ⃻ߔࠆߒ‫ޔ‬ᄥ㓁శ⊒㔚ߩല₸߽߽ߞߣ਄߇ࠆ‫ߡߞ߇ߥߟࠎߤࠎߤߦ࡞ࠕ࡝࠹ࡑࡦ࡯࡝ࠣޔߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬޿ߊ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬Ꮧዋߥ㊄ዻࠍ૶ࠊߥ޿ߣ޿߁ᵹࠇ߇㊀ⷐߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᣂ⡞⚕਄ࠍ࡟ࠕࡔ࠲࡞ߣ޿߁⸒⪲߇⾟ࠊߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬࿾⃿਄ߦၒ⬿㊂߇ዋߥ޿ర⚛ࠍ૶޿ಾߞߡߒ߹޿‫↥ޔ‬ᬺ߇ᚑࠅ┙ߚߥߊߥࠆᕟࠇ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫߇ࡓ࠙ࠫࡦࠗߪߢ߹߹ߩ੹ޔ߫߃ߣߚޕ‬ᨗᷢߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᶧ᥏࠺ࠖࠬࡊ࡟ࠗ↥ᬺ߇ᑄࠇߡߒ߹޿߹ߔ‫޿ߥࠊ૶ࠍࡓ࠙ࠫࡦࠗޔߢߎߘޕ‬ㅘ᣿㔚ዉ૕ߣ޿߁ߩ߇㊀ⷐߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ߘޕ‬ߩࠃ߁ߥ⢛᥊߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᢥㇱ⑼ቇ⋭ߪర⚛ᚢ⇛‫⚻ޔ‬ᷣ↥ᬺ⋭ߪᏗዋ㊄ዻઍᦧߣ޿߁ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍផ
ㅴߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㅘ᣿ዉ㔚૕⎇ⓥߪߘߩ৻Ⅳߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߥࠆ߶ߤ‫߁޿߁ߘޕߚߒ߹ࠅ߆ࠊޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢߪ‫ߦ࡞ࠕ࡝࠹ࡑࡦ࡯࡝ࠣޔ‬ᄢ߈ߊ⽸₂ߒߡ޿ߊࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߪ޿‫ޕ‬௢ࠄߩ⎇ⓥߪ㧟ᧄߩᩇ߆ࠄᚑࠅ┙ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
ጤᧄ㧦STMߦࠃࠆ㉄ൻ‛ߩℂ⸃ߣ࡝࠴࠙ࡓࠗࠝࡦ㔚ᳰ‫ޔߡߒߘޔ‬ㅘ᣿ዉ㔚૕‫߇ࠇߎޔ‬㧟ᧄᩇߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ߩߎޕ‬㧟ᧄᩇߪߔߴߡ㉄ൻ‛ߢߔ‫㉄ޕ‬ൻ‛ࠍ߈ߞߜࠅߣේሶ߆ࠄℂ⸃ߒߡ਎ߩ
ਛߦᓎ┙ߡࠆߣ޿߁ࡊࡠࠫࠚࠢ࠻ࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߎࠇߪߔ߫ࠄߒ޿‫ޕ‬   AIMRߩ․⦡ߣߒߡⲢว⎇ⓥ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬వ↢߽‫ޟ‬ᢥㇱ⑼ቇᤨႎ‫ߩޠ‬ᤓᐕߩ㧡᦬ภߢߘߩ
㊀ⷐᕈࠍജ⺑ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ౕޔ‬૕⊛ߦߪߤࠎߥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߣⲢว⎇ⓥࠍㅴ߼ߡ޿߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦௢ࠄߪ‫߿⎇࡯ࠔ࠷ࠗ࠲ޔ‬㒙ዥ⎇ߩࠃ߁ߦൻቇߩੱߚߜߣ⚵ࠎߢ߿ࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ౕ૕⊛ߦߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ⎇ⓥߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦଀߃߫‫ޔ‬㒙ዥ⎇ߩർ᧦ߐࠎߚߜߣ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߪ‫ޔ‬㒙ዥࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߩᓧᗧߥᶧ૕ࠍ૶ߞߡ
ዊߐߥ࠽ࡁ☸ሶࠍ૞ࠅ಴ߔᛛⴚߣ‫ޔ‬௢ࠄߩᓧᗧߥ⌀ⓨᚑ⤑ᛛⴚࠍ⚵ߺวࠊߖߡ‫ޔ‬ᣂߒ޿‛⾰ࠍ૞ࠈ߁ߣ߽ߊࠈࠎߢ޿߹ߔ‫ޔ੹ޕ‬㒙ዥ⎇ߢߪ㧝㧜࠽ࡁࡔ࡯࠻࡞એਅߩ྾ⷺ޿࠽ࡁ☸ሶࠍ૞ࠆߎߣ߇
ߢ߈‫ߦࠇߎޔ‬ᯏ⢻ࠍᜬߚߖࠃ߁ߣߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫߫߃଀ޔߢߎߘޕ‬㧭ߣ޿߁‛⾰ߩ࠽ࡁ☸ሶߦ‫ޔ‬㧮ߣ޿߁‛⾰ࠍߊߞߟߌߡ‫ޔ‬㧭࡮㧮ߣ޿߁࠳ࡦࡌ࡞⁁ߩᣂ‛⾰ࠍ૞ࠅ‫ޔ‬ᣂᯏ⢻ࠍᜬߟ‛⾰ࠍ૞ࠈ߁ߣ
ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߹ߐߦߘࠇߪࡈࡘ࡯࡚ࠫࡦߦߥࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦㧝‫ޔ‬㧞ᐕߢᚑᨐࠍ᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆߣᄢᄌߥߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ขࠅ⚵ߺࠍ߿ߞߡᓢ‫ޘ‬ߦㅴዷߒߡ߈ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
ጤᧄ㧦AIMRߪ‫Ⲣ߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ว⎇ⓥࠍߒߡ޿ߊߦߪᕺ߹ࠇߚⅣႺߦ޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ฦ⎇ⓥቶ߇၂ᩮࠍขࠅᛄ߁ദജࠍߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫ޔ‬㕖Ᏹߦ߿ࠅ߿ߔ޿ⅣႺߛߣߪᕁ޿߹ߔ
ߨ‫᧲ޔߪߟ৻߁߽ޕ‬ർᄢߩᐔ࿾඙ߩੱ‫ޔ߇ޘ‬ᮮߩߟߥ߇ࠅࠍᄢ߈ߊ㊀ⷞߔࠆߣߎࠈ߇޿޿ߢߔ

ߨ‫ޔߦࠆߔⷐޕ‬⍮ࠄߥ޿⎇ⓥቶߢ߽ੱߣ⍮ࠅว߁ᯏળ߇ᄙ޿ߢߔ‫ޕ‬51ጤᧄ㧦᧲ർᄢߪഀߣߘ߁޿߁ߣߎࠈ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ᄙ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬೨છߩ᧲ᄢࠃࠅߪᢿὼᄙ޿ߣᗵߓ߹ߔ‫ߣੱߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ߪߎߎޕ‬⍮ࠅว߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ㘑࿯ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫᧲ޕ‬ᄢߣ᧲ർᄢ‫ޔ‬ਔᣇ⚻㛎ߒߚੱߪ‫᧲ޔ‬ർᄢߩ߶߁߇ᮮߩߟߥ߇
ࠅ߇↢߹ࠇߡ㕖Ᏹߦࠃ޿ߣ⸒޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬AIMRߛߌߦ㒢ࠄߕ‫ޔ‬㊄⎇߿ᄙర⎇ߣ߽੤ᵹ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬৻⇟↸ߩ㘶ߺደ߇⸅ᇦ߆߽(╉)‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦․ߦ ᐔߪߘ߁ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ᐔߪ޿޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦࡈ࡟ࡦ࠼࡝࡯ߢ‫ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ޕ‬⍮ࠅว޿߇Ⴧ߃ࠆߒ‫౒ޔ‬ห⎇ⓥ߇‫ߒ⾉ߩ⟎ⵝߪߕ߹ޔ‬୫ࠅߣ޿߁ߣߎࠈ߆ࠄ౉ߞߡ‫ࠎߛࠎߛޔ‬ᐢߍߡ޿ߌ߹ߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߦߪੱ⣂߇㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߢߔ߆ࠄ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦․ߦAIMRߩਛߢ߽‫ޔ‬ಎᢎ᝼߿⻠Ꮷ࡟ࡌ࡞ߩᣇ‫ߒ⹤ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ߩޘ‬ว޿ߣ޿߁߆࠺ࠖࠬࠞ
࠶࡚ࠪࡦߪ⋓ࠎߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦ⋓ࠎߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬௢ࠄ‫ߩߎߦ․ޔ‬ᑪ‛(AIMRࠕࡀ࠶ࠢࠬ᫟)ߩੱ‫ࠎߺߪޘ‬ߥߎߎߦᣂߒߊ᧪ߚੱ‫ᦨޔߢޘ‬ೋ߆ࠄ⚿᧤ᗧ⼂߇޽ࠆߩߢ޿ࠈ޿ࠈ߿ࠅߣࠅߪᄙ޿ߢߔ‫ޕ‬㔡ἴ߆ࠄߩᢎ⸠቟ోߣ቟ᔃ
ጤᧄ㧦⿛ᩏ࠻ࡦࡀ࡞㗼ᓸ㏜ߩ߅⹤߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬㧟᦬㧝㧝ᣣߩ㔡ἴߢߪ‫ߩ޽ޔ‬㗼ᓸ㏜ߪߤ߁
ߛߞߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦޽ߩ㗼ᓸ㏜⥄૕ߪ‫ޔ‬ᕁߞߚ߶ߤⵍኂߪߥ߆ߞߚߢߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ೋᄢᄌߛߥߣᕁ޿߹ߒߚߌߤ‫ޔ‬ࠃߊࠃߊ♖ኒߦ⺞ߴߡߺࠆߣ࠳ࡔ࡯ࠫߪ߶ߣࠎߤߥ߆ߞߚߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬   ߘࠇߦߪੑߟℂ↱߇޽ߞߚߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪ⋡ߟ৻ޕ‬㧝㓏ߛߞߚߎߣ߇⦟߆ߞߚ‫ޔߡߒߘޕ‬߽߁৻ߟߦߪ‫߽ߘ߽ߘޔ‬ᝄേࠍህ߁ⵝ⟎ߥߩߢ‫ޔ‬ᝄേࠍ⛘✼ߔࠆߚ߼ߦ޿ࠈࠎߥⵝ⟎߇⚵ߺㄟࠎߢ޽ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫ౕޕ‬૕⊛ߦߪࠕࠢ࠹ࠖࡉ࠳ࡦࡇࡦࠣߣ޿߁ⵝ⟎ߢ‫ޔ‬㆏〝ߦゞ߇ㅢߞߚࠅߒߚߣ߈
ߦᏱߦવࠊࠆᝄേࠍᛂߜᶖߔࠃ߁േ૞ࠍߔࠆ㒰ᝄⵝ⟎߇౉ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ំߚ᧪ߣࡦ࠷ࠟޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ࠇࠍᛂߜᶖߒߡߊࠇߡ‫ߊ߹߁ࠍࠇំ޿ߤ߭⇟৻ޔ‬ㆱߌࠄࠇߚߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߥߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㒰ᝄบ਄ߢ㧝㧚㧡࠻ࡦߩ⿛ᩏဳ࠻ࡦࡀ࡞㗼ᓸ㏜߇5 cm߶ߤࠪࡈ࠻ߒ߹ߒߚ߇‫ᦨߪࠫ࡯ࡔ࠳ޔ‬ዊ㒢ߦߥߞߚߣ޿߁ߩ߇ታ㓙ߩߣߎࠈߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߪ⦟߆ߞߚ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁‫ᧄޔ‬ᒰߦ⦟߆ߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ⵍޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ኂߪᕁߞߚࠃࠅዋߥ߆ߞߚߢߔ‫ޕ‬5㓏ߪ߭ߤ߆ߞߚߢߔ߇‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬㧝㓏ߩSTMߪታ㓙ߦ੹૶߃ࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ߢߎߎޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬㊀ⷐߥߎߣ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫⿛ߩߎޕ‬ᩏဳ࠻ࡦࡀ࡞㗼ᓸ㏜ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޔ‬వ߶ߤ⸒޿߹ߒߚࠃ߁ߦ࿾㕙ߩំࠇ߇ᄢᢜߥߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬૛㔡߇੹߽⛯޿ߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫ߔ߁ߘޔ‬ࠆߣታ㛎߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ߩߢߔ‫ߢࠇߘޔ߽ߡߞ⸒ߣߚߒ߹ࠅ⋥߇⟎ⵝޔࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬௢ࠄߩᚢ޿ߪ⚳ࠊࠅߓ߾ߥ޿‫ޔߦࠆߔⷐޕ‬૛㔡߇⚳ࠊࠄߥ޿ߣ௢ࠄߪߕߞߣታ㛎߇ߢ߈ߥ޿‫ᤨࠄ߆ߛޕ‬㑆߇㕖Ᏹߦ
㊀ⷐߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߎߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬52৻᧖㧦ߘߎ߇㕖Ᏹߦߟࠄ޿ߣߎࠈ‫ޕ‬㧡㓏ߩታ㛎ቶߢߪ‫ޔ‬⠴㔡࿕ቯߒߡ޿ߚࡏࡦࡌ߇ୟࠇߚࠅ‫ޔ‬޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥታ㛎ⵝ⟎‫⸘ޔ‬᷹ⵝ⟎߇⪭ਅߒߡ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷ୃℂਛߢߔ‫߅ޔߛߚޕ‬㊄ߢ⸃᳿ߢ߈ࠆߣߎࠈߣ
޿߁ߩߪ߹ߛ૗ߣ߆ߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬໧㗴ߪᤨ㑆ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᓳᣥߩߚ߼ߦ⤘ᄢߥᤨ㑆߇ߣࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߩ㑆ߦ਎⇇ਛߢ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥ⎇ⓥ߇ㅴࠎߢ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߆ࠄߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫⎇߇ࠇߘޕ‬ⓥ⠪ߩࠠࡖ࡝ࠕߦᄢᄌ㗀޿ߡߊࠆ߆ࠄ‫੹߇ߎߘޔ‬࿁ߩ㔡ἴⵍኂߩᦨ
߽㊀ⷐߥࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿ᤨ㑆ߣ޿߁ߩߪขࠅᚯߖߥ޿‫⎇ߪࠇߘޕ‬ⓥ⠪ߩࠠࡖ࡝ࠕߦߣߞߡᧄᒰߦ⥌๮⊛ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ಽ߆ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߎࠇߪ㗡ࠍ૶ߞߡਸ਼ࠅಾࠆߒ߆޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ߩߎޕ‬ඨᐕ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬㧝ᐕ㑆ߋࠄ޿ߪSTMࠍ
↪޿ߚᧄᩰ⎇ⓥߪߢ߈ߥ޿߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ߌࠇߤ߽‫ࠍߣߎࠆ߈ߢ੹ޔ‬వขࠅߒߡ߿ߞߡ߅ߊߣ޿߁
ߎߣߢߒࠂ߁‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥ⸘↹ࠍ਄ᚻߦ⚵ߺ߆߃ࠆߒ߆ߥ޿ߢߔߨ
ጤᧄ㧦ߚߛᐳߒߡ޿ߡ߽⋥ࠄߥ޿‫ޔ‬૛㔡߇⚳ࠊࠄߥ޿ߣ⸒ߞߡ޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬ㅴ߹ߥ޿ߢߔ߽ߩߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ᐳߒߡ“ᣧߊ૛㔡߇⚳ࠊࠄߥ޿߆ߥ”ߣ␨ߞߡ޿ࠆߛߌߢߪ࠳ࡔߢߔ‫⎇ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ⓥ⸘↹ࠍ⚵ߺ߆߃ࠆ‫ᧄ߁߽ޕ‬ᒰߦࠨࡃࠗࡃ࡞ߢߔࠃߨ‫ޔߊ߆ߦߣޕ‬㗡ࠍ૶ߞߡࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻ࠍ಴ߒߡ޿ߊ
ߣ޿߁ߩ߇௢ࠄߦ᳞߼ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ߐࠄߦ‫߽ࠫ࡯ࡔ࠳ߥ⊛␹♖ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߊߡ‫ޕ‬㧟᦬㧝㧝ᣣߩᓟߦ૗ߣ߆┙ߡ⋥ߘ߁ߣ޿߁߰߁ߦߺࠎߥ
⸒ߞߡ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬㧠᦬㧝ᣣߦᣂᐕᐲߣߥߞߡ‫ޔߒࠃޟ‬ᔃᯏ৻ォߛ‫ߣޠ‬ᕁߞߡ⎇ⓥౣ㐿ߦะߌߡḰ஻ߒߡ޿ߚߩߦ‫ޔ‬㧠᦬㧣ᣣߦ૛㔡߇ⷅ޿߹ߒߚ‫߇ߩ߽ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ߚ߹ߦ߈ߣߩߘޕ‬უࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ࠇߘޕ‬߇➅ࠅ㄰ߐࠇߡ޿ߚࠄ‫ᤨޔ‬㑆߇ߤࠎߤࠎࡠࠬߔࠆ߆ࠄ……
ጤᧄ㧦⎇ⓥߩࡕ࠴ࡌ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߆ࠄ⸒ߞߡ߽෩ߒ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߛ߆ࠄ‫⛘ޔ‬ኻߦ࿾㔡߇᧪ࠆߣᕁߞߡ஻߃‫ߥోਁޔ‬ኻ╷ࠍᢛ߃ߚ߶߁߇‫⚿ޔ‬ዪᓳᣥ߹ߢߩ
ᤨ㑆߽⍴޿ߒ⾌↪߽ዋߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬   ߘࠇߣ‫੹ޔ‬࿁‫⑼ޔ‬ቇߩ޽ࠅᣇ߇ᄢ߈ߊ໧ࠊࠇߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޔߢ߹ࠇߎޕ‬቟ో࡮቟ᔃߣ޿߁
ߩߪ‫ޔ‬௢ߪ‫ޔ‬ห⟵⺆ߣߒߡ૶ߞߡ޿ߚߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬㓐ಽ㆑߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒ
ߚ‫ޟޕ‬቟ో‫⥄ޔߪߩ߁޿ߣޠ‬ಽߩりߪᕋᚒߒߥ޿ߣ߆ߘ߁޿߁ߩࠍ㗡ߢℂ⸃ߔࠆߎߣߢ‫ޟޔ‬቟ᔃ‫ޠ‬ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᔃ߆ࠄℂ⸃ߔࠆ‫ޔ‬ᔃ߆ࠄ⪭ߜ⌕޿ߡᧄᒰߦᐔⓏߦ᥵ࠄߔߣ޿߁ߎߣߛߣᕁ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
੹ߩ⑼ቇߪ‫ޟޔ‬቟ో‫ߦޠ‬ኻߒߡߪࡈࠜ࡯ࠞࠬߒߡ޿ߚߣᕁ߁ߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ᢙ୯⊛ߦ߽ၮḰ୯ࠍਅ࿁ߞߡ޿߹ߔߣ߆ߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫⥄ޔߡ⷗ߦ⊛⸘⛔ߦ߆⏕ޕ‬ಽߦኂߪߥ޿߆ࠄᄢਂᄦߣ㗡ߢℂ⸃ߒ߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬‫ޟ‬቟ో‫⚿ޕ޿ߥߪߢ߁ߘޔߣ߁޿ߣ߆޿޿ߢߌߛࠇߘޔߤߌߛޕߔߢޠ‬ዪ‫ޟޔ‬቟ᔃ‫߇ޠ‬ή޿ߩߢ‫ޔ‬⾈޿ߛ߼߿㘑⹏ⵍኂ߇޽ߞߚࠅߔࠆ‫ޟޕ‬቟ᔃ‫ࠍޠ‬ขࠅᚯߔߦߪߤ߁޿߁ߎߣࠍߔࠇ߫޿޿ߩߛࠈ
߁ߣ޿߁ߩ߇‫⑼ޔ‬ቇ߇ขࠅ⚵߻ߴ߈ࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬   ߛ߆ࠄ‫ࠆ޽߫߃଀ޔ‬੐᡿߇⿠߈ߚߣ߈ߦ‫ޟޔ‬቟ో‫ߣޠ‬ᕁ߁߹ߢߦ㐳޿ᤨ㑆߆߆ߞߚࠄ‫ޟ‬቟ᔃ‫߆ߥ߆ߥߪߩ߁޿ߣޠ‬ขࠅᚯߖߥ޿ߌࠇߤ߽‫ޟޔ‬቟ో‫ߦߋߔࠍޠ‬ขࠅᚯߖࠇ߫‫ޟ‬቟ᔃ‫ߋߔ߽ޠ‬ߦขࠅᚯߖࠆ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ᤨޕ‬㑆ߩᣧߐߛߌߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߇‫ޟޔ‬቟ᔃ‫ࠍޠ‬ขࠅᚯߔߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇‫ޔ‬⑼ቇߩᓎഀߢߪߥ޿߆ߥߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬53ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫␠ޔߚ߹߇ࠇߘޕ‬ળ⽸₂ߦߟߥ߇ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߒࠂ߁ߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߪ޿‫ޕ‬࿾㔡ߥߤߩἴኂߢ࿎ߞߡ޿ࠆ࿖ߦ‫ޟ‬቟ో‫ޟߡߊߥߢߌߛޠ‬቟ᔃ‫߽ࠍޠ‬ឭଏߔࠆߎ
ߣ߇ᣣᧄߩᄢ߈ߥജߢ‫߫ࠇ߈ߢ߇ࠇߘޔ‬ᣣᧄ߇ᧄᒰߦ⽸₂ߢ߈ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߥߣ੹࿁ᕁ޿߹ߒ
ߚ‫ޔߛߚޕ‬૗ࠍߔࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޔ‬᣿⏕ߦߪ߹ߛ⷗߃ߡߥ޿ߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޟޕ‬቟ᔃ‫ߣ߁޿ߣޠ‬ߎࠈߦࡈࠜ࡯ࠞࠬߒߥߌࠇ߫޿ߌߥ޿ߥߣᒝߊᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᔃߩ቟ᔃࠍขࠅᚯߔߚ߼ߩ“᧚ᢱ”ߣߪ૗߆‫᧚ޕ‬ᢱ⑼ቇߩ߿ࠆߴ߈ߎߣߪᄙ޿ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߻ߒࠈ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߛ߆ࠄߎߘߘ߁޿߁ߣߎࠈ߆ࠄቇ߮ขߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᄖ࿖ߩੱߚߜߦ߽ߎ߁޿߁ᢎ
⸠ࠍᓧߚߣ޿߁ߩࠍવ߃ߡ޿ߊߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘࠇ߇ߢ߈ࠇ߫ᦨ㜞ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߪߘ߁޿߁ߩߪᓧᗧߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ቇࠎߢ‫ߦࠇߘޔ‬ኻᔕߒߡ૞ࠅ਄ߍࠆߞߡ‫ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ᣣᧄ߇߹ߐߦߘࠇࠍ߿ࠆߴ߈ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬㊀ⷐߥߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬⧯ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩ⎇ⓥⅣႺጤᧄ㧦వ↢ߩ႐วߪ‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫⧯ߣߔ߹⷗ࠄ߆ޘ‬ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪ߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠆߩߢߔ߇‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫⧯ޕ‬ᚻߢ(╉)‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦AIMRߢ߽ࠗࡦ࠺ࠖࡍࡦ࠺ࡦ࠻࡮ࠗࡦࡧࠚࠬ࠹ࠖࠥ࡯࠲࡯ߢ߅ࠄࠇ߹ߔ‫ࠄ߆ࠇߎޕ‬ᚒ‫߽ޘ‬╙㧞ᦼߦะ߆ߞߡ޿ߊࠊߌߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫᧖৻ޔ‬వ↢ࠃࠅ߽⧯޿਎ઍߩੱߚߜߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫޿߁ߤޔ‬߁߰߁ߦ㗎ᒛߞߡ޿߆ߥߊߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥࠕ࠼ࡃࠗࠬࠍ޿ߚߛߌ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦߹ߕ‫ࠆ߿ߥࠎߺޔ‬᳇߇޽ࠆߩߪ⏕ታߢߔ߆ࠄ‫߁߽ޔ‬ᓐࠄߦ⸒߁ߎߣߪߥ޿‫ࠈߒ߻ޕ‬௢ࠄ߇੹‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߩߚ߼ߦ૗߇ߢ߈ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣߩᣇ߇߽ߞߣ㊀ⷐߥ᳇߇ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬   ߘߩ㕙ߢ޿߁ߣ‫⎇޿޿ޔߪߟ৻ߕ߹ޔ‬ⓥⅣႺࠍᢛ߃ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬㨃㧼㧵ߩ⺖㗴ߢ߽޽ࠆߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬Ფᐕ෩ߒ޿⹏ଔߦߐࠄߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫⎇ޔߤߌߛޕ‬ⓥߪߘࠎߥ㧝ᐕߏߣߩ⹏
ଔߢߪߥߊߡ‫ߣߞ߽ޔ‬㐳޿⋡ߢ⷗ߥ޿ߣߛ߼ߢߔߨ‫ߛ߹ߪ࠻࠶ࡊ࠻࠙ࠕޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬಴ߡߥ޿ߌߤ‫ޔ‬ߘߩੱߩ⠨߃ᣇ߿዁᧪ᕈߣ޿߁ߩࠍ⷗ߡ‫ᧄޔ‬ᒰߪߘߎߢ߈ߞߜࠅ⹏ଔߒߥߊߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿ߣߎࠈ
ߢߔࠃߨ‫ߦ᧚ੱ޿⦟ޔߢࠇߘޕ‬⢒ߡߡ޿ߊ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦㔍ߒ޿ߌࠇߤ‫߇ߎߘޔ‬㊀ⷐߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦੹ߪߘߩࠃ߁ߥ⹏ଔၮḰߢߪߥߊߡ‫ޔ‬ᐕ㑆ߩ⺰ᢥᢙߣ޿ߞߚࠕ࠙࠻ࡊ࠶࠻ߢߒ߆⷗ߡߥ
޿ߣߎࠈ߇޽ࠆ‫ޔߪࠇߘޕ‬ㅒߦᓐࠄߩ߿ࠆ᳇ࠍ೥޿ߢ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥ᳇߇ߒߡ‫ߣߥ޿ߥߊ⦟ߪߎߘޔ‬ᗵߓ߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄ߽৻↢ ๮߿ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫ޔ‬௢ࠄ߽㐳޿⋡ߢ⷗ߡ޽ߍࠆߣ޿߁ߩ߇㊀ⷐߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬   ળ␠ߢߪ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽߩㇱ⟑ߩࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦ߇ᄌࠊࠆߣ߆‫ޔ‬ળ␠ో૕ߩᣇ㊎߇ᄌࠊࠆ߆ࠄߘߩㇱ⟑ߪⷐࠄߥߊߥࠆߣ߆‫߇ߣߎ߁޿߁ߘޔ‬㗫❥ߦ⿠ߎࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩߘޔߣࠆߔޕ‬⍍㑆ߦߺࠎߥߘ߁޿߁ߎ
ߣߦ᳇ࠍߣࠄࠇߡ‫⥄ޔ‬ಽߩ઀੐ߦᚻ߇ߟ߆ߥߊߥߞߡߒ߹߁‫ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬㐳ᦼ⊛ߦⷞ㊁ߦ┙ߞߡ‫ޔ‬ߎߎ߹ߢߪ߈ߞߜࠅߣ߿ࠆߞߡ޿߁᳿߼ߏߣ߇ߥ޿ߣ‫ޔ‬ኾᔨߢ߈ߥ޿ߢߔࠃߨ‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬ఝࠇߚታ㛎ⵝ⟎ࠍAIMRߦ૞ߞߡ⦟޿⎇ⓥࠍߒࠃ߁ߣᕁߞߡ߽‫ߦߋߔޔ‬ᰴߦ಴ߡ޿߆ߥߊߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿
ߣᕁߞߚࠄり߇౉ࠄߥ޿ߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬54ጤᧄ㧦ߘߎߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߛ߆ࠄ‫ߩ࠻ࡦࡔࠫ࡯ࡀࡑޔ‬ᣇ‫ߡߒࠅ߆ߞߒߦޘ‬㗂ߊᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬਄ߩᣇ㊎߇᣿ᔟߢ߈ߞߜࠅߒߡ޿ࠇ߫‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥߩࡄࡈࠜ࡯ࡑࡦࠬߪ⥄ߕߣ಴ߡߊࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߎߪ㔍ߒ޿ߢߔࠃߨ‫┹ޔߪ੹ޕ‬੎⊛⾗㊄ߩ㗵ߪߤࠎߤࠎჇ߃ߡ߈ߡ޿ߡ⺑᣿⽿છߣ޿߁߽ߩ߇⏕߆ߦ޽ࠆ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇ‫ޔ‬㧡ᐕߣ߆ߘ߁޿߁ࠬࡄࡦߥࠄ߹ߛߒ߽‫ޔ‬Ფᐕ‫ޔ‬Ფᐕ‫⺰ޔ‬ᢥᢙߪߣ໧
ࠊࠇ߹ߔ‫߽ࠇߘޕ‬ᐕ୊ߦ෻ᤋߣ߆ߘ߁޿߁࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߪ޽ߞߡ߽⦟޿ߩ߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿ߌࠇߤ߽‫ߘޔ‬ࠇ߇⚵❱ߩᣇะߣ߆ㆇ๮ࠍᄌ߃ࠆࠃ߁ߢߪ෩ߒ޿ߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߪ޿‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ⠪ߩ჻᳇ߦ㑐ࠊࠆߩߢ㊀ⷐߥὐߢߔ‫ޕ‬਄ጀㇱߩᣇ㊎߇⪭ߜ⌕޿ߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ‫ޔ‬ߥ߆ߥ߆ਅ߽⪭ߜ⌕޿ߡขࠅ⚵߼ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߩ߇⃻⁁ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߎߩὐߪ‫ޔ‬࿖ߩ⑼ቇ᡽╷ߦ߽㑐ࠊߞߡ᧪߹ߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘߎߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬࿖ߩ⑼ቇ᡽╷ߢWPIߣ޿߁߽ߩࠍ⢒ߡࠆߩߥࠄ߫‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬⒟ᐲߩᐕ㒢‫ޔ‬ᦨೋ߆ࠄ㧝㧜ᐕߣ᳿߼ߡ޿ߚࠄ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥᚲߩሽ⛯ࠍ⺰ߓࠆߥࠎߡߎߣߪήߊ‫ޔ‬ㆇ༡ࠍᦨૐ㒢‫଻⏕ޔ‬ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ࠆ޽ޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޕ‬⒟ᐲᣇ㊎ߩୃᱜ߇ᔅⷐߥ႐วߪ‫ߚߞ߿ࠍࠇߘޔ‬߶߁߇޿޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⎇ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ⓥ⠪ߩࡐ࡚ࠫࠪࡦ߇଻⸽ߐࠇߥ޿ߣ‫ޔ‬㛽ᄥߩ⎇ⓥ߇ߢ߈ߥ޿
ߢߔࠃߨ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᄢ߈ߥ⺖㗴ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߪߘ߁߆߽ߒࠇߥ޿‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߛ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᚑᨐߩ಴ࠆ⎇ⓥᚲߣߪߤߩࠃ߁ߥ⎇ⓥᚲߥߩ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ‫߁߽ߢ⊝ޔ‬㧝࿁⼏⺰ߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠄߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥᚲߩᣇ㊎᳿ቯߣ⎇ⓥⅣႺᡷༀࠍ࠮࠶࠻ߢ߽߁৻ᐲ⠨߃ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߽ߜࠈࠎੱ᧚ߩᵹേᕈߣ߆‫ߢࠇߘߪࠇߘޔ‬ᄢ੐ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘࠇߪߣߡ߽㊀ⷐߢߔ‫ޔߤߌߛޕ‬ఝࠇߚੱ᧚߹ߢ߇ᄌߥਇ቟ߦ㚟ࠄࠇߡࡄࡈࠜ࡯ࡑࡦࠬ
߇಴ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߩ߇৻⇟߽ߞߚ޿ߥ޿ߎߣߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫߇ߎߘޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐߥὐߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⚿ዪ‫ߡߞࠃߦੱޔ‬ᡰ߃ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߆ࠄߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ఝࠇߚੱ᧚߇᧪ߥ޿ߣ‫ޕߨࠄ߆ߔߢ޿ߥ߆޿ߊ߹߁߽ࡓ࡜ࠣࡠࡊߩߎޔ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁‫ޕߔߢࠅ߅ߣࠆ߾ߒߞ߅ޕ‬৻᧖㧦AIMR߇ఝ⑲ߥੱ᧚ࠍᗖ߈ߟߌࠆⅣႺ߆ߣ໧ࠊࠇߚߣ߈ߦ‫߁ࠈߛࠎߥ߁ߤޔ‬㧫ߣ৻⍍ߚࠅߣ߽ぷふߐߖߡߪߥࠄߥ޿ߩߢߔ‫⥄ޕ‬ାࠍᜬߞߡ‫ߡߞ߆ࠆ߃⸒ߣ”ࠃߢ޿߅ߦࠄߜߎ“ߦੱ޿޿ޔ‬޿߁ߣߎࠈߢߔߨ‫ࠍ❱⚵ߦ߁ࠃࠆ߃⸒߁ߘޕ‬ᡷༀߒߥߌࠇ߫ߥࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫╙ߪߎߎޕ‬㧞ᦼߩ⺖㗴ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ߪߎߘޕ‬ᄙಽᄢ߈ߥ⼏⺰ߦߥࠆߣߎࠈߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦߃߃‫ޔߣ޽ޕ‬AIMRߩ޿޿ߣߎࠈߪ޿ߞ߬޿޽ࠅ߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬ᄖ࿖ੱ⎇ⓥ⠪ࠍߤ߁ࠨࡐ
࡯࠻ߔࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߣߎࠈߪ‫ߣࠆ޽߇ߣߎࠆ߿ߛ߹ߛ߹ޔ‬ᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᄖ࿖ੱ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩᗧ⷗ࠍๆ޿
ขࠆ઀⚵ߺ߇੹޽߹ࠅߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޔࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬ᄖ࿖ੱ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩ⎇ⓥⅣႺߦߟ޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ቯᦼ⊛ߦ⡞ߊᯏળ߇޽ߞߡ߽޿޿ߣᕁ߁ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⧷⺆ߦࠃࠆࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߪ㘧べ⊛ߦࠃߊߥߞߡ߈߹ߒߚߌࠇߤ߽‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘߎߪᄢಽ޿޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ߇‫ᧄޔ‬ᒰߦߎߎ߇ࠠࡖ࡝ࠕߩࡊ࡜ࠬߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ߞߡ޿߁

55

ߣߎࠈ߇᳇ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫޿⦟ޕ‬ႎ๔ߪ޿ߟ߽᧪ࠆߩߛߌߤ‫ޔ‬ᖡ޿߶߁ߩႎ๔ߪ᧪ߥ޿߆ࠄ․ߦᵈᗧߒߥߊߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿ߢߔࠃߨ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᖡ޿ႎ๔ߣ޿߁ߩࠍ‫ޔ‬ᄖ࿖ੱ⎇ⓥ⠪ߦ௢ࠄߩ߶߁߆ࠄ᳞߼ߡ
޿߆ߥߊߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬   ળ␠ߢ޽ࠇ߫ੱ੐ㇱ߇࠳ࠗ࡟ࠢ࠻ߦᧄੱߣ߿ࠅߣࠅߒߡ‫ߩੱߩߘߢࠇߘޔ‬ᗧ⷗ࠍ⡞޿ߡ‫ޔ‬ߤࠎߥᗧ⷗ࠍߺࠎߥᜬߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ߞߡ޿߁ߩࠍๆ޿਄ߍߡ޿߈߹ߔ‫߇ੱߚߒߣࠅ߆ߞߒࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ߘ߁޿߁ᜂᒰߢ޿ߡ‫ߣࠅߜߞ߈ޔ‬ๆ޿਄ߍߥ޿ߣ޿ߌߥ޿‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦೎ߦߘߩੱࠍ⹏ଔߔࠆߣ߆૗ߣ߆ߞߡ޿߁ߩߢߪߥߊߡ‫ࠈߒ߻ޔ‬ⅣႺࠍ⍮ࠆߣ޿߁ᗧ๧
ߢ……
৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥⅣႺߪߤ߁ߢߔ߆ߣ޿߁ⷞὐ߆ࠄ⡞ߊߩߪ⛘ኻ㊀ⷐߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ዋߥߊߣ߽⹤ࠍ⡞޿ߡ޽ߍࠆࠃ߁ߥߎߣߪᔅⷐߢߒࠂ߁ߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁޿߁ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍᜬߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᄖ࿖ੱࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦࠨࡐ࡯࠻ߒߡ޿߆ߥߊߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿ߣᕁ
޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᓐࠄߩᕁ߁ߣߎࠈࠍ㈨ߺขߞߡ޽ߍߡ⦟޿ⅣႺߢ઀੐ࠍߒߡ߽ࠄ޿‫ߢ࡯ࡇ࠶ࡂޔ‬ᰴߩ⎇ⓥᯏ㑐ߦ⒖ࠇ߫‫ޔ‬AIMRߪ⦟߆ߞߚࠃߞߡ⸒ߞߡߊࠇࠆߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᄙߊߩੱߦᐢ߼ߡ޿ߚߛߌ߹ߔ߽ߩߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ߣ޿ߥ߇ࠇߘޕ‬WPIࡊࡠࠣ࡜ࡓߩᮡ᭙ߔࠆ㗡⣖ᓴⅣ߇ታ⃻ߒߥ޿ߣᕁ߁ߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ߛ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬AIMRߦ޿ߡࡂ࠶ࡇ࡯ߛߞߚߣᕁ޿ߥ߇ࠄᰴߩ⡯႐߳⒖ࠇࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߞߡ޿߁ߣߎࠈ߇
ࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߥߩߢߔ‫⁁ߥ࡯ࡇ࠶ࡂޕ‬ᘒࠍߎߎߢታ⃻ߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫߇ੱߩߘޔ‬㗎ᒛࠆߛߌߢߥߊߡ‫ޔ‬௢ࠄ߇ߤ߁ࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߔࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߩ߇㊀ⷐߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫߽ߺ⚵઀߁޿߁ߘޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬૞ࠆߣ޿߁ߩ߽‫╙ޔ‬㧞ᦼߩ⺖㗴ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߎࠇߪ⏕߆ߦࡑࡀ࡯ࠫࡔࡦ࠻ߣߒߡ߽⠨߃ߥߊߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿ߣߎࠈߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬৻᧖㧦ߗ߭߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ‫ߟ৻߇ߎߘޕ‬㊀ⷐߥࡐࠗࡦ࠻ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬   ⊝߿ࠆ᳇ߪ޽ࠆ߆ࠄ‫ߦ߆޿ࠇߘޔ‬ᚑᨐߦ⚿߮ߟߌࠆߩ߆‫ޕ‬௢ߪ޿ߟ߽‫ޟ‬਄ༀᅤ᳓(ߓࠂ߁ߗࠎߺߕߩߏߣߒ)‫ߣޠ‬ᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫߅ޕ‬㈬ߩ㌏ᨩߢߪߥ޿ߢߔࠃ(╉)‫ޟޕ‬਄ༀᅤ᳓‫޿⦟ޔߪߣޠ‬ߎߣ߿߁߹ߊⴕߊߎߣߣ޿߁ߩߪ᳓ߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߛ‫߁޿ߣޔ‬⠧ሶߩ⸒⪲ߢߔ‫ޕ‬᳓ߪ⥄࿷ߦᒻࠍ߆
߃ߡ๟࿐ߣ⺞๺ߒ‫ߦ‛ਁޔ‬೑ࠍਈ߃߹ߔ‫ࠆ߿ޕ‬᳇ߪචಽߢߔ߆ࠄ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥⅣႺߐ߃ᢛ߃߫᳓ߩࠃ߁
ߦ⥄ὼߣߐࠄߐࠄߣ޿ߊ‫ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ᚑᨐ߇಴ࠆߎߣࠍᅹߍࠆⷐ࿃ࠍขࠅ㒰ߊߎߣ‫߇ࠇߘޔ‬௢ࠄߩ઀੐ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫੹ޕ‬ᣣߪᄙጘߦࠊߚࠆ߅⹤ࠍ޿ߚߛ߈ߤ߁߽޽ࠅ߇ߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧞㧜㧝㧝ᐕ㧡᦬㧝㧣ᣣ
WPI-AIMRࠕࡀ࠶ࠢࠬ᫟ ৻᧖⎇ⓥቶߦߡ
ጤᧄ ᷤ

56

News Update

Site Visit by International Working Group of the WPI Program
Program Director Toshio Kuroki and the International Working Group of the WPIProgram led by the Program Officer in charge of AIMR, Yoshihito Osada, made a site
visit to AIMR on August 10 through 11, 2011. The site visit has been held once a year
since FY2007 for the purpose of assessing the state of our project implementation
through discussions with AIMR members and a site observation. This year, the exercise
has high importance as the objective of the visit is especially to ascertain the progress
made since the WPI’s founding in 2007, in view of an interim evaluation.
On the first day, Director Yamamoto gave an overall briefing on the AIMR’s
progress, the group leaders presented the research of each of their groups, and young
researchers made poster presentations. Following these sessions, overall discussion was
conducted between visitors and AIMR members. On the second day, the Center
Director gave a briefing on the new AIMR main building and facilities, and the visitors
went around them. Finally, a post-site-visit discussion was conducted between visitors
and AIMR members. Very fruitful discussions with the visitors were held throughout
the sessions. The International Working Group will report their views to the WPIProgram Committee which will make a final evaluation of the performance of WPICenters.
International Working Group Members:
Yoshihito Osada, Program Officer, Special Advisor at RIKENSamuel M. Allen, Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Hideo Hosono, Professor at Tokyo Institute of Technology
Colin Humphreys, Professor at University of Cambridge, UK
Yasuhiko Shirota, Professor at Fukui University of Technology
Samuel I. Stupp, Professor at Northwestern University, USA
Tomohiko Yamaguchi, Deputy Director at Nanosystem Research Institute,
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Toyonobu Yoshida, Professor at the University of Tokyo

59

WPI-AIMR – Cambridge Symposium
Susumu Ikeda
The WPI-AIMR – Cambridge Symposium was held on June 14, Tuesday, 2011 at Pfizer
Meeting Room in the Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University ofCambridge. So far, our collaboration has been carried out mainly in bulk metallic glasses(BMG). The purpose of this symposium was to extend the collaboration to other discipline,
such as chemistry, physics, and device/system construction in order to enlarge the scope ofcollaboration with University of Cambridge, one of the satellites of AIMR. In this
symposium, theoretical groups covering chemistry and physics, chemists, biochemists,surface scientists and optoelectronic physicists got together and prospect of ourcomprehensive and interdisciplinary collaboration was confirmed.
The delegates from two institutions are as follows.
Cambridge: Prof. Lindsay Greer, Prof. Michiel Sprik, Prof. Daan Frenkel,
Prof. Neil Greenham, Dr. Erwin Reisner, Prof. Paul Midgley, Dr. Caterina Ducati
WPI-AIMR: Prof. Yoshinori Yamamoto, Prof. Kazuto Akagi, Dr. Ikutaro Hamada,Prof. Masaru Tsukada, Prof. Tadafumi Adschiri, Prof. Taro Hitosugi, Prof. Katsumi Tanigaki,
Prof. Motoko Kotani, Prof. Susumu Ikeda
The symposium was started with the opening remarks by Prof. Lindsay Greer and Prof.
Yoshinori Yamamoto. Prof. Greer kindly welcomed us and expressed his deep concern
about the situation of Sendai after the disaster. Prof. Yamamoto replied to this comment andappreciated the thoughtfulness and hospitality of Prof. Greer and delegates from Universityof Cambridge. Recent research interest and results were presented as follows and meaningful
discussion was made for our future cooperation.
Atomistic Studies on Solid-Liquid Interfaces
Dr. Ikutaro Hamada showed his results of first-principles calculations of theelectrochemical reactions, which are relevant to the hydrogen fuel cell reaction. Dynamical
process of the chemical reaction H+ + e- l 1/2H2 at the water/Pt(111) electrode interface, via
Heyrovsky and Tafel steps, were studied using the blue-moon ensemble molecular dynamics
simulation, and microscopic mechanism of the reaction was discussed.
Prof. Kazuto Akagi presented the first-principle calculation of the structure and dynamics
of water at the solid/liquid interfaces. He emphasized that analysis of the higher-orderinformation such as size distribution and life-time of ring structures in the hydrogen bond

60

network can provide important clues to understand various properties of the interfacial region
including chemical reactivity.
Theoretical Studies in Physics and ChemistryProf. Masaru Tsukada introduced current activity of his group to establish the theory ofmolecular nanostructures. He also emphasized the importance of their SPM simulators which
his group has developed pioneeringly. In order to investigate the nanostructures bycollaboration between experimental and theoretical researchers, such simulators are very
useful for discussing the phenomena observed by SPMs.
Prof. Michiel Sprik presented the recent results using a combination of density functional
theory based molecular dynamics (DFTMD). He showed the computed result of the
TiO2/H2O interface and compared the calculated conduction- and valence-band edges withthe experimental data. The main purpose of this calculation was to study the oxidative
dehydrogenation of a water molecule absorbed on the TiO2 surface.
He suggested that using the solvation free energy of H+ as energy
reference led to good computational result of the conduction-bandedge while not good in the estimation of the valence-band edge. He
concluded that the activation by the surface is largely due, not to a
reduction of the ionization energy, but the increase of the acidity of
the water molecule.
Prof. Daan Frenkel described his current study on the numerical
exploration of routes to design novel, self-assembling structuresand materials; simulation of equilibrium and nonequilibrium
properties of soft materials. He introduced novel Monte Carlo techniques to predict thethermodynamic stability of complex structures such as DNA-coated colloids. He alsomentioned their exploration of novel dynamical simulation techniques to predict the processof structure formation from a meta-stable parent phase.
Hybrid Material
Dr. Erwin Reisner showed the catalytic activity of enzymes. He described [NiFeSe]Hydrogenase from Desulfomicrobium baculatum (Db) attaced to dye-sensitised TiO2
produces H2 with high efficiency. Hydrogenases are microbial enzymes that catalyze theselective and reversible interconversion of H2. He also described that TiO2 nanoparticles(NPs) modified with a photosensitizer and the CO2-reducing enzyme CODH I from theanaerobic microbe Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans (Ch) provide an extraordinary
catalyst for CO2 photoreduction (CO2 o CO).
Prof. Tadafumi Adschiri talked about his material synthesis technique using supercriticalwater and focused his talk on the results of CeO2, the catalytic oxide widely used for cleaning

61

automobile emission. He first introduced the previous data of CeO2 nanocrystals investigationand showed the latest challenge to obtain the most active crystal surfaces for improving thecatalytic activity. They succeeded in obtaining such nanocrystals exposing the most reactive(100) surfaces by attachment the organic molecules to the surfaces, hindering growth in that
direction. He also commented on possibility of collaborative study with Dr. Reisner's group.
Electron Microscopy and Optoelectronics
Prof. Taro Hitosugi introduced the strategy of his research group. In particular, he focusedon the oxide thin films and showed some recent results of the high quality oxide thin films
such as LaAlO3 grown on SrTiO3 by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique and STM
investigation of the surface. One of their goals is to obtain novel electronic properties bymaking atomically ordered oxide films and/or atomically controlled oxide-oxide interface
structures with homo- and hetero-epitaxy.
Prof. Katsumi Tanigaki talked about recent advancement of light-emitting organic fieldeffect transistors (LE-OFETs). He described that their goal was to realize electrically-driven
organic laser using LE-OFETs and for this purpose he encouraged the fusion research with
Prof. Yamamoto’s group to obtain new organic semiconductors with high mobility and highluminescence efficiency. He emphasized that the molecular design appropriate for LE-OFETs
has gradually been clarified.
Prof. Paul Midgley presented the vivid 3D images of the nano-structured materials obtainedby the tomography technique using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the same
way as X-ray computed tomography (CT), many projection (transmission) images are
acquired with sample rotation and reconstruction computation is carried out to obtain the 3D
data set. So far, their Electron Microscopy Group succeeded in 3D imaging of many kinds ofmaterials, including a result obtained in collaboration with Prof. Adschiri. He also mentioned
the use of electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) technique for imaging.
Dr. Caterina Ducati showed some instances of 3D imaging with the TEM tomography, forexample, the observation of Grätzel Cell. She also presented her recent challenge, imaging
the photo active sites in materials by irradiating the specimen in the TEM equipment using
the light introduced through an optical fiber from outside light source to the specimen side.
After each presentation we had an animated discussion. For example, some challenges
which should be attempted in our collaboration were proposed. The symposium made animportant step for our further collaboration and provided many suggestions for our joint
research. The success in this symposium largely due to the careful arrangements by Prof.
Greer and we would like to thank his great hospitality.

62

63

Iron-based Superconductors: Borrowing from Graphene
Seigo Souma
The paper “Observation of Dirac Cone Electronic Dispersion in BaFe2As2” waspublished in Europhysics Letters (EPL) has been selected for one of the EPL Most Cited
Articles for last 25 years (1986-2011).
The outcome was also featured on Physics Today on April 25.
The following paragraphs give a detailed description of the title.
The discovery of iron-based superconductors in 2008 reenergized the field ofsuperconductivity research, all the more so because the electronic properties of these
new compounds have proved to be complex and full of surprises. Few, however, would
have expected that these superconductors would display features similar to those ofanother material that has recently attracted the excitement of scientists — graphene.
A team of researchers led by Takashi
Takahashi of the WPI-AIMR had been
studying the iron-based compoundBaFe2As2 in order to gain new insights
into its magnetic properties, particularly
with respect to the ‘spin-density wave’(SDW) order previously reported for thismaterial. The team discovered that thecompound has a Dirac cone-likeelectronic band structure1 — the samefeature that gives graphene its
exceptional properties.

Fig. 1: Schematic illustration of the Diraccones in BaFe2As2 and the bright points () in
momentum–energy (k–E) space. The atomic
structure of the compound is shown on theright.

BaFe2As2 is the parent compound of one member of the iron-based superconductorfamily. It is widely accepted that superconductivity in these iron-based compounds, asin the cuprate superconductors, is present in the parent compound but suppressed byanother property, usually magnetism. The parent compound is induced into its
superconducting state by adding impurity atoms and cooling it to extremely low
temperature.

64

The researchers examined the parent compound BaFe2As2 using a technique known as
angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, which revealed two bright points of photon
emission in momentum space below the SDW temperature (Fig. 1). Focusing on thesepoints and studying emission as a function of energy and momentum, the team thendiscovered the Dirac cone — a band structure that describes how electrons behave likemassless relativistic particles at certain points in momentum space.
The similarity with graphene is not complete, however. While the Dirac cone ofgraphene is symmetric with respect to momentum, that for BaFe2As2 is distinctly
asymmetric and displays small pocket-like features and nodes, features that present
intriguing targets for future research.
The team’s results have broad implications for many of the actively studied topics insolid-state physics. Aside from graphene, Dirac cones have also been observed in‘topological insulators’, a class of materials that are at once both insulating in the bulk
and metallic at the edges. “Whoever would have thought that iron-based
superconductors, one of the hottest materials in materials science, would exhibit
low-energy physics similar to graphene?” says Pierre Richard, one of the leadresearchers involved in the discovery. “With our findings, people will have to think
more carefully on the connection between all of these materials, which could lead to thedevelopment of new functional materials with exotic properties.”
Reference
Richard, P., Nakayama, K., Sato, T., Neupane, M., Xu, Y.-M., Bowen, J.H., Chen, G.F.,
Luo, J.L., Wang, N.L., Dai, X., Fang, Z., Ding., H. & Takahashi. T. Observation of
Dirac cone electronic dispersion in BaFe2As2. Physical Review Letters 104, 137001(2010).
Physics Today:
http://blogs.physicstoday.org/thedayside/2011/04/fashionable-physics.html
EPL:
http://iopscience.iop.org/0295-5075/83/4/47001

65

“Fabrication of Li-intercalated bilayer graphene”
K. Sugawara1, K. Kanetani2, T. Sato2, and T. Takahashi1,2
1

WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
2
Department of Physics, Tohoku University

Intercalation of atoms or molecules into layered materials causes various interestingchanges in the electrical and chemical properties. Graphite intercalation compounds(GICs) have a high potential for technological applications like chemical catalysis andstorage of intercalants [1]. Lithium (Li) intercalated graphite (Li-GIC) has been widelyused as an anode material in the rechargeable battery [2]. However, it is unclear
whether the intercalation of Li atoms is possible in the thinnest limit, namely in bilayer
graphene. Fabrication of Li-intercalated bilayer graphene is very important fordeveloping a new nano-scale ion battery with a high charge/discharge rate [3].
We have succeeded in fabricating Li-intercalated bilayer graphene for the first timeand studied the electronic structure with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy(ARPES) [4]. We have tried to fabricate Li-intercalated bilayer graphene by depositing
Li atoms with a SAES getter on a graphene sheet grown on a SiC surface. Figure 1
shows a comparison of Fermi surface (FS) determined by ARPES between pristine andLi-deposited bilayer graphene. Pristine bilayer graphene shows a single FS at the K
point in the Brillouin zone, while Li-deposited
bilayer graphene exhibits two different typesof FSs in the same momentum region; aclosed triangular-shaped FS (S1 FS) and a
relatively larger open-type FS (S2 FS). There
are additional FSs (S3 and S4) around the G
point, which are produced by the band-foldingof S2 and S1 FSs, respectively, due to the3x3R30° superstructure of ordered Li ionsas observed by the LEED measurement. Theseexperimental results unambiguously indicate
Figure 1 Fermi surface of (a) pristinethat deposited Li atoms are certainlyand (b) Li-intercalated bilayerintercalated in the bilayer graphene sheet withgraphene determined by ARPES. (c)a well-ordered manner as in bulk GIC (Fig 1
Crystal structure of Li intercalated(c)). The present experimental result opens abilayer graphene.
promising pathway for developing a new66

nano-scale ion battery with a higher charge/discharge rate and a reduced volume change.
References[1] M. S. Dresselhaus and G. Dresselhaus. Adv. Phys. 51, 1 (2002).
[2] J. R. Dahn et al., Carbons and Graphite as Substitutes for the Lithium Anode,
Industrial Chemistry Library 5, 1 (1994).
[3] A. S. Aricó et al., Nature Mater. 4, 366 (2005).
[4] K. Sugawara et al., AIP Adv. 1, 022103 (2011).

67

68

69

“Voltage induces superconductivity: new era of searching for matters”
Masashi Kawasaki
WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University & School of Engineering Univ. Tokyo

Discovery of new superconductors is one of the most influential events in materials science.
This has been accomplished by experiments based on empirical knowledge or alchemy; mixing
some elements to produce new materials phases. Soon after the Onnes’s discovery ofsuperconductivity 100 years ago, people had mixed metallic elements to synthesize newinter-metallic compounds in the first generation (See Fig. 1). When new discoveries had stopped(Nb3Ge, critical temperature (Tc) of 23K), people shifted the strategy to mixing some dopant
elements into insulating materials to make them conducting (second generation). The significant
breakthrough in this approach was the discovery of high critical temperature (Tc) cuprates (Tc <135K). Instead of these dopants, one could use a concept of field effect transistor (FET), wherecharge carriers are electrostatically injected into insulating (semiconducting) compounds.
Collaborating with Prof. Y. Iwasa, we have developed a new way of accumulating charge carriers
with a density two orders of magnitude greater than ever accomplished in conventional FET. This is
the electric double layer (EDL) transistor. This EDL concept was revealed 130 years ago by
Helmholtz and is now used as super-capacitor in modern electric vehicles. Figure 2 shows aschematic of EDL transistors where insulating crystal is in contact with an ionic liquid that behaves
as electrolyte. With applying a few volts to the gate, one can accumulate up to 1015cm-2 charge
carriers; note that it is greater than the surface atomic density of 6x1014 cm-2. This accumulationinduced superconductivity in SrTiO3 and ZrClN, which were known to be superconducting also bychemical doping1,2). Now, we discover KTaO3 can be superconducting by electron doping, which has
been impossible because of the lack in miscibility of any dopant element3). This discovery is a clear
indication that we are entering the third generation of finding new superconductors that may give us
even higher Tc.
1) K. Ueno, et al. Nature Mater. 7, 855 (2008).
2) J. T. Ye, et al. Nature Mater. 9, 125 (2010).
3) K. Ueno, et al. Nature Nanotech. 6, 408 (2011).

Fig. 1 History of superconductor discoveries.

70

Fig. 2 A schematic of EDL transistor.

“Voltage induces magnetism: new era of magnetic devices”
Masashi Kawasaki
WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University & School of Engineering Univ. Tokyo

When you heat a matter, the temperature goes up. Similarly, applying a magnetic field induces
magnetization and an electric field generates charge accumulation in a capacitor. Imagine, if there iscross term of these input-output relations. If you can control magnetism by electric field, you will beable to make useful magnetic devices with ultra-low power consumption that can replace existing
memories and logic circuits in computers and smart-phones. There is an interesting materials system
to accomplish this hard task, called ferromagnetic semiconductors. If you mix magnetic impurities ina semiconductor AND inject charge carriers, magnetic moment of impurities are aligned byexchange coupling with charge carriers. We made a significant advance 10 years ago1) by finding aroom temperature ferromagnetism in an oxide semiconductor TiO2 doped with a few % of CoO. The
magnetism can be turned on and off by changing the oxygen deficiency that defines electron density
in this semiconductor. The interaction between spin-aligned Co ions and electrons was confirmed byso-called anomalous Hall effect; electrons cannot run straight even in zero-magnetic field because offerromagnetic magnetization2). This also implies that the electron spin is also aligned. We now
demonstrate that the ferromagnetism can be switched on and off by the control of charge carrier
density in a field effect transistor geometry3). Figure 1 (a) shows a transmission electron microscope
image of our (TiCo)O2 films taken by Prof. Ikuhara of WPI-AIMR that clearly indicates Co and Ti
ions are homogeneously mixed. By accumulating emulous amount of charge carriers in an electric
double layer transistor with (TiCo)O2 as a channel, one can switch on and off the ferromagnetism
even at room temperature. Fig. 2 shows the switching behaviors represented by the emergence ofmagnetic hysteresis in anomalous Hall effect. We hope this new finding will trigger further
development in applications for post-silicon technology.
1) Y. Matsumoto, et al., Science 291, 854 (2001㧕
2) H. Toyosaki, et. Al., Nature Mater. 3, 221 (2004)
3) Y. Yamada et. Al., Science 332, 1065 (2011)

Fig. 2 Emergence of magnetic hysteresis inanomalous Hall effect by a voltage application.

Fig. 1 Scanning transmission electron
microscope image of a (TiCo)O2 film.

71

72

cues due to the incorporation of immobilized or soluble factors have been notably used
for high throughput screening, cell migration studies, axonal guidance and celldifferentiation. Also, electrospun fibers have a large surface to volume ratio, highporosity and good mechanical properties which are favorable for interaction with cells
and tissue engineering applications. Technical approaches to generate gradientnanofibers have been mostly based on surface modification of the ejected fibers
post-electrospinning. Both, gradient hydrogels and gradient nanofibers, as their
combination, offer very promising perspectives for ITE due to their design flexibilities
and functional properties, which could match the complex environment seen at thetissue interface and could promote the required heterotypic cell interactions.
References[1] M. Singh, B. Tech, C. Berkland, M. Detamore, Tissue Engineering B, 14, 4, 341-366,(2008).
[2] A. Seidi, M. Ramalingam, I. Elloumi-Hannachi, S. Ostrovidov, A. Khademhosseini, Acta
Biomaterialia, 7, 4, 1441-1451, (2011).
[3] S. Sant, M. J. Hancock, J.P. Donnelly, D. Iyer, A. Khademhosseini, The Canadian Journal ofChemical Engineering 88, 6, 899-911, (2010).

Fig. 1 Illustration of the concept of Interface Tissue Engineering.

73

FY2011 List of Major Governmental Research Funds(As of August 1, 2011)
A. Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI)(Unit: thousand yen)
BudgetDistribution (*1)

Representative's Name

Categories

Scientific Research on Priority Areas

Scientific Research on Innovative Areas

Scientific Research (S)Scientific Research (A)Scientific Research (B)Scientific Research (C)Challenging Exploratory Research

Young Scientists (A)Young Scientists (B)

TANIGAKI, Katsumi (PI)TANIGAKI, Katsumi (PI)ASAO, Naoki
HITOSUGI, Taro
Subtotal
KURIHARA, Kazue (PI)ASAO, Naoki
HAMADA, Ikutaro
Subtotal
ESASHI, Masayoshi (PI)ADSCHIRI, Tadafumi (PI)
YAMAGUCHI, Masahiko (PI)
TAKAHASHI, Takashi (PI)Subtotal
KOTANI, Motoko (PI)TSUKADA, Masaru (PI)MIYAZAKI, Terunobu (PI)
YAMADA, Kazuyoshi (PI)
MATSUE, Tomokazu (PI)IKUHARA, Yuichi (PI)
YAMAMOTO, Yoshinori (PI)Subtotal
NISHI, Toshio (PI)Subtotal
ASAO, Naoki
TAKEUCHI, Akira
SHIMOMURA, Masatsugu (PI)NAKAJIMA, Ken
SAITO, Mitsuhiro
Subtotal
KOTANI, Motoko (PI)ISHII, Daisuke
NAKAYAMA, Koji
ADSCHIRI, Tadafumi (PI)Subtotal
ISHII, Daisuke
HITOSUGI, Taro
HOJO, Daisuke
Subtotal
LIU, Hongwen
YOSHIDA, Shinya
MCKENNA, Keith Patrick
XU, Limei
JIN, Tienan
FUJINAMI, So
OHSAWA, Takeo
HIRATA, Akihiko
WANG, Zhongchang
LIU, Yanhui
TANABE, Yoichi
JI, Sungdae
TSUKIMOTO, Susumu
Subtotal

Subtotal

74

13

15,10013,3002,100
800
31,30014,6903,510
1,950
20,1504,810
33,28036,40072,410146,900
9,620
9,880
6,240
11,57013,91014,82015,86081,900
650
650
1,170
1,430
910
2,210
2,990
8,710
1,300
2,080
2,730
2,080
8,190
3,510
17,94022,88044,330
650
1,560
1,040
1,170
2,340
650
650
1,300
1,560
1,560
3,510
1,430
2,470
19,89044362,020

4

3

4

7
1

5

4

3

B. Other Grant-in-Aid(Unit: thousand yen)

Representative's NameDistributing Organization

ESASHI, Masayoshi (PI)Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science (JSPS)

BudgetDistribution (*1)

Project Title

Funding Program for WorldLeading Innovative R&D on
Science and Technology

679,000

1

Subtotal

C. Research funds consigned from government directly

ADSCHIRI, Tadafumi (PI)TSUKADA, Masaru (PI)KURIHARA, Kazue (PI)
SHIMOMURA, Masatsugu (PI)
KOTANI, Motoko (PI)
YAMADA, Kazuyoshi (PI)ESASHI, Masayoshi (PI)ADSCHIRI, Tadafumi (PI)HITOSUGI, Taro
NAKAYAMA, Koji
FUJITA, Takeshi
IWAYA, Katsuya
SATO, Toyoto

HITOSUGI, Taro

(Unit: thousand yen)
BudgetDistribution (*1)

Distributing Organization

Project Title

Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)
Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)
Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)
Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)
Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology (MEXT)
Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)

Core Research Evolutional Scienceand Technology (CREST)
Core Research Evolutional Scienceand Technology (CREST)
Core Research Evolutional Scienceand Technology (CREST)
Core Research Evolutional Scienceand Technology (CREST)
Core Research Evolutional Scienceand Technology (CREST)

Representative's NameNew Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)

Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)
Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)
Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)
Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)
Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)
New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)NISHI, Toshio (PI)
SHIMOMURA, Masatsugu (PI)TSUKADA, Masaru (PI)TSUKADA, Masaru (PI)TANIGAKI, Katsumi (PI)HITOSUGI, Taro

New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)
New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)
Japan Science and Technology Agency(JST)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology (MEXT)
Misitry of Economy, Trade and Industry(METI)
Japan Society for the Promotion of
Science (JSPS)

7,800
71,76019,50037,7139,555

Strategic International Cooperative
Program

4,620

Technical Development of Ultrahybrid Materials (Technological
Development of Contradictory
Functional Materials by nano-scale
Structure Control)

197,157

Precusory Research for Embryonic
Science and Technology (PRESTO)

22,880Research Seeds Quest Program

5,200

Research Seeds Quest Program

5,850

Research Seeds Quest Program

5,200

Research Seeds Quest Program

2,950

Grant for Industrial Technology
Research (Financial support to young
researchers)

9,750

14

414,885

D. Research funds reconsigned through the private enterprise/university
Distributing Organization

14,950Elementary Strategic Project

Subtotal

Representative's Name

679,000(Unit: thousand yen)
BudgetDistribution (*1)

Redistributing Organization
Bridgestone Corporation

13,908

Fujifilm Corporation, Japan Tissue
Engineering Co., Ltd. (J-TEC)
Advanced Algorithm and Systems
Co., Ltd.

9,300
3,120

University of Tokyo

7,000

Kuramoto Co., Ltd.

2,394

University of Tokyo

30,193

Subtotal

6

65,915Total

65

1,521,820*1:Budget includes indirect expenses.

75

76

77

The Fourth Series of WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars FY2011

The topics of the Fourth WPI-AIMR Seminar Series of Fiscal Year 2011 are“Cooperation between Materials Science and Mathematical Science” and composed of
two parts, i.e., (1) ”Mathematical (Math-Mate) lecture + discussions”, and (2)“Materials science presentation + discussion” meetings. The first half of the seminaris assigned to lecture/presentation, and the latter half to questions/ (panel) discussions.
Initial several Seminars should be introductory to form a common understanding among
WPI staffs on the aim/problems of the collaboration with mathematics.
As for the part (2), the speakers are chosen from younger/senior researchers mainly
from WPI-AIMR and they provide topics concerning on the following questions;[1] How does he/she expect the cooperation with mathematics or mathematical science?
[2] What does he/she expect from the concept of “Functon㧔see below㧕”
for creating a novel research strategy of materials science?
[3] How can his/her research topics be seen from the view point of Functon?
Proposals of a presentation at the Seminar providing any opinions and related topics
by research members at WPI-AIMR will be most welcome. But Committee membersof Seminars may ask research members to give a talk at one of the Seminars at any
occasion.
Please remind that the participation to this Seminar Series is mandatory.

㧖㧖㧖 about Functon 㧖㧖㧖
Definition of the concept of “Functon” itself is the important theme which will be
discussed through this seminar series. Here is a starting point for you to think of it by
yourself.
What is Functon㧔“ᯏ⢻ሶ” in Japanese and Chinese㧕?
Functon is a constituent element of materials showing a certain definite function orproperty, and every material is composed of one or many kinds of assembled functons.
The size of functons ranges over from the size of atom/molecule to macroscopic size.
Functons often take spatial or temporal nesting structures, i.e., the structures likematryoshka (Russian doll); higher rank functon is formed as an assembly of lower rankfunctons.

78

Why Functon?
Functon is a central concept introduced at WPI-AIMR to create a novel researchstrategy of materials science. Namely we consider materials science can be performed
without going back to atom/molecule, but by introducing the concept of minimum
function unit, i.e., functons. Working on functons, materials science can be effectively
executed with a help of mathematical science. So far existing materials science
remained the science of matter where properties of matter is solved in turn from thelower to higher rank, i.e., from atom/molecule level to macroscopic level, which
therefore treats ordinary (non-inverse) problems in terms of mathematics. However, atrue materials science should treat an inverse problem to finding out necessary functons
to create novel materials with desired function. Mathematical science should play
important role for that cooperating with materials science.
Functons as a target of mathematical sciences
Mathematical science, of which important tool is the concept of functon helping abridge with the materials science, is needed for solving the difficult inverse problem.
It should solve how to combine complicated multilayer functon systems for the inverse
problem. Furthermore the mathematical science is also expected to help developing
materials as sensitive but robust, and those with multi-functions responding
environment change. Mathematics is also necessary for the control of rare events, andfor device processes utilizing pattern formation and so on. These can be also achieved
with the help of the concept of functons.
Establishing the concept of Functon
Elucidation of easy processes forming higher rank functons from the lower rankfunctons, even from those of atoms/molecules level, and forming functons in artificial
materials, which are related with non-equilibrium open systems, phase transition andnucleation core, interface processes, and self-organization, have been major topics ofindividual materials science so far. However, to create a guiding principle ofinnovative materials science, it is essentially important to explore and establish ageneral concept of “Functon”, and with its bolster, establishing a strategy of a novel
materials design by solving the inverse problem.

79

Report on the 1st Seminar
Nobuaki Aoki
June 24, 2011
“A Role of Mathematics in a New Context– Seek for Possible Collaborations with Materials Science”
Prof. Motoko Kotani“Algorithms for Segment Packing and Generalized Kakeya's Problem”
Prof. Takeshi Tokuyama (GSIS, Tohoku University)
Panel Discussion
The main topic of the 4th WPI-AIMR Joint Seminar Series is “Cooperation between
Materials Science and Mathematical Science”, and having the knowledge on therelationship between mathematics and materials science is the first step for establishing
the cooperation. In the 1st seminar, we had two mathematical lectures and held panel
discussion as a starting point of our scientific exploration.
For the first math lecture, Prof. Kotani presented change in the historical role ofmathematics. She pointed out problems the human society encounter have become
more and more complicated and larger in data-size in the late 1980s, and complexity
beyond the efficiency zone of the existing tools encourages mathematics toacknowledge a new position to handle them. Earlier applications by European Science
Foundation were also introduced and examples of successful collaboration withmaterials science were reported.
In the second lecture, Prof. Tokuyama illustrated a suggestive instance of solving aproblem with the help of accumulation of mathematics over the past hundred years.
The problem was to determine the smallest area from given line segments. It was
solved in the context of computer science, but finding optimal geometric structures
should be an important theme also in material science. He mentioned that such asolving methodology may bridge mathematics and computational material science.
The panel discussion was also held. In order to promote the cooperation withmathematics, we started comprehensive consideration on the materials science as the
combination of element of functions. Following the introductory talk by Dr. Akagi,
several examples of “functional unit (electric circuit, structure of document,
concentration blob in polymer, etc.)” were given by the organizing committee, which
include a suggestive clue to find a non-material functional unit in materials science.

80Report on the 2nd Seminar
Ryo Nouchi
July 8, 2011““Functon” in Adschiri Group’s Research, Fusion of Ideas in WPI, Analogy & Math”
Prof. Tadafumi Adschiri“What Is Functon, Why Functon and What Can Be Functon”
Prof. Katsumi Tanigaki
Panel Discussion
In this seminar, two Math-Mate talks were given by Prof. Adschiri and Prof. Tanigaki,
which were followed by open discussions entitled “What can be Functon (2)” and“Functon as a Bridge between Materials Science and Mathematics”. In succession to
the 1st seminar, the efforts were made to help materials scientists think of the possible
collaboration with mathematics.
In the first lecture, Prof. Adschiri emphasized needs for high heat conductive
materials to make an efficient recovery system of exhaust heat from automobiles. To
obtain materials possessing this function, Adschiri group has developed super hybridmaterials such as surface-modified nanoparticles, which can be a basic functional
element of this function. He also introduced the research results in WPI-AIMR, which
unveiled similarities between different materials. This kind of analogy between different
materials can be found further in other materials with the help of mathematics.
In the second lecture, Prof. Tanigaki mentioned three inventions that have mostcontributed to science and technology: namely, lasers, transistors, and integrated circuits.
Next, he introduced main research subjects in Tanigaki group, i.e., light-emittingorganic transistors, Dirac-cone states in Fe-based superconductors, and cage-likethermoelectric materials. He also discussed possible basic functional elements forthese three subjects. Finally, he encouraged us to make researches for energy
harvesting without using pseudoscience like Feynman's ratchet.
Following the two Math-Mate talks, we had open discussions, which were led by Dr.
Akagi. At first, Dr. Ikeda made an introductory talk about the role/importance ofmathematics to establish a new scientific principle in materials science. After that, in
succession to the previous seminar, we discussed about re-examination of functional
materials as a combination of basic functional elements in order to make effective
collaborations with mathematics.

81Research Prospect

85

86

relatively specific tool in the field of colloid
and interface science. A major drawback ofsurface forces measurement employing
surface forces apparatus (SFA) is restrictionof samples: it is applicable only fortransparent substrates and liquids because it
uses FECO fringes for the distancedetermination [1].
We have recently
developed a novel SFA, a twin-path SFA(Figure 1), which is a practically only SFA
Figure 1. Photograph of a major
for opaque samples [16].
part of the twin-path SFA.
Another instrumentation we have
involved is the shear force measurements. Taking an advantage from an ability of thesurface forces apparatus to regulate the surface separation with a high resolution,
various shear measurements have been developed to study confined liquids. This paper
describes the resonance shear measurements (RSM) which we have also recently
developed [17]. Using this measurement, it is possible to perform measurement fornano-rheology and nano-tribology.
2. Experimental Section
2.1 Twin-path Surface Forces Apparatus(Twin-path SFA)
A schematic diagram of the twin-path
SFA is shown in Figure 2. The top
surface is fixed to the stainless steel
chamber and the bottom surface ismounted on a double-cantilever spring
supported by a shaft connected to thesurface drive system.
The distance
between surfaces was mechanicallycontrolled by the drive system composedof a pulse motor (Oriental Motor Co.,
Ltd.) in combination with the differential
spring. The displacement of the bottom
surface was measured using the twin-path
distance measurement unit.

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the twin
path SFA. Laser light ( = 670 nm) goes
through the window at the bottom ofchamber and is reflected by the back of
the disk holder. The reflected light ismonitored by the twin path unit. The
surface distance is controlled by asurface drive system.

87

The mica surfaces glued on silica
lenses were mounted in the SFA chamber,and the distance between them wasmeasured by FECO (Fronges of Equal
Chromatic Order) using the common
procedure [1]. The lower surface wasdriven by a certain number of counts and Figure 3. Schematic figures of thethe change in the distance was twin path distance measurement unit
determined.
The displacement/pulse ((a) front view and (b) side view).
The +1st and –1st order beams arethus determined was 0.0050 ± 0.0002 nm
reflected by the bottom of the disk
in the working range of 4 m.
holder and that by the fixed mirrors,
The detail description of the twin path respectively and are recombined on
Theunit is shown in Figure 3. The collimated the diffraction grating.
recombined beam is detected by thelight beam emitted from a laser diode ( 4-sectored photo diode and analyzed= 670 nm) (Applied Techno Corp.), was by the PC.
split into several orders ofinterferometric
light
by
a
diffraction grating. The +1st orderdiffracted light was entered to the
SFA chamber from the bottom
window and reflected by the mirrorof the lower sample holder, while
the –1st order diffracted light isreflected by the fixed mirrors in the Figure 4. Schematic figure of the changes
twin path unit. These reflected in the intensities of laser light (CH1, solid
lights are recombined with each circles; CH2, open circles; CH3, solid
triangles; CH4, open triangles) and obtained
other on the four diffraction
phase differences shown as jagged curves
gratings attached to the four- ( I , solid line; I , broken line) on
1
2
sectored photo diode (Hamamatsu approach.
Photonics K. K.). The different
intensities of the interference pattern with the phase shift of 0, 90, 180, 270 degrees
were detected by the four-sectored photo diode (Figure 4). The phase difference
between the ± 1st order lights is calculated using the following équation[18],I1arctan^ I 4  I 2 / I 1  I 3 `

88

(1)

where I1 is the phase difference (degree) and I1, I2, I3, and I4 are the intensities of thelight recorded by Channel 1 (CH1), 2 (CH2), 3 (CH3), and 4 (CH4) of the four-sectored
photo diode, respectively. This phase difference shows the jagged curve with thechange in the surface displacement as shown in Figure 3. The surface displacement, D(nm), can be obtained from the équation [18],
D

1 I1
uO
2 360

(2)

where O is the wavelength of laser light ( O = 670 nm).
The resolution of the surface displacement would be low at the steep gradient parts of
I1 as shown in Figure 3. To avoid this problem, we calculate simultaneously the phasedifference, I 2 , by equation (3),I2arctan^ I 3  I 1 / I 4  I 2 `(3)to replace I1 in equation (2), when the I1 is in steep gradient parts.
2.2 Resonance Shear Measurement (RSM)
A photograph and a schematic drawingof the device for resonance shear
measurement are shown in Figure 5. The
droplet of a liquid was confined between
upper and lower solid (typically mica orsilica) surfaces. The upper surface waslaterally oscillated with various frequencies
by applying the sinusoidal voltage (Uin and–Uin) to the two opposite electrodes of the
four-sectored piezo tube. The movement of
the upper surface is monitored by thecapacitance probe, and the output voltage(Uout) was plotted as the amplitude ratio of
Uout /Uin as a function of frequency. This is
the shear resonance curve, which shows the
maximum amplitude at a characteristic(resonance) frequency. When the upper andlower surfaces are in a large separation, theheight of this resonance peak is sensitive to89

Figure 5. The device for resonanceshear measurement : a photograph (top)and a schematic drawing (bottom).

the viscosity of confined liquid and decreases with decreasing the surface separation.
When the surfaces come closer, the resonance frequency usually shifts to a higher
frequency due to the coupling of the upper and lower surfaces mediated by confined
liquid (due to the contribution of the spring of the lower unit).
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Linearity and Resolution of Distance Determination by Twin-path SFA
We first examined the linearity in the displacement measurement by the twin pathunit for large displacement range. The movement of a mirror fixed at the end of thesurface drive unit was measured by both of a capacitance probe (ST-0535A, IWATSU
Electric Co., Ltd.) and the twin path unit. The surface drive unit was operated by apulsed motor with a differential spring (see Figure 2). The displacement measured by
the twin path unit and by the capacitance probe well agreed with the calculated value
using the data (0.008 nm/pulse by FECO for this drive system). The deviations between
the measured and the calculated values were ca. 2% for twin-path method and 4% forcapacitance probe over the 5 Pm, respectively. The measurements by the twin path unit
showed higher accuracy and linearity than the capacitance probe used in this study.
In order to examine the resolution of displacement measurement by the twin pathmethod, the stepwise motion of
mirror was given by the pulse motor
was monitored. The mirror surface
was moved by 1 nm (pulse counts,
200; velocity, 400 counts/s) every 5
seconds interval and the total
displacement was measured every
second. Figure 6 plots the data at
every second together with thecalculated value based on the given Figure 6.
The displacements in air
pulses. The measured data agreed measured by the twin path method (solid
well with the estimated value, and line) compared with the calculated value
from the pulse number of motor (dotted
the resolution of a current set-up isline).
0.2 nm, which is close to theresolution by FECO (0.1 nm).
3.2 Double Layer Force between Mica Surfaces Measured by Twin-path SFA
In order to demonstrate the reliability of the apparatus, we performed typical90

measurements. The surface forces
between mica surfaces in aqueous
KBr (MERCK, suprapur) (0.1 mM,
1.0 mM and 10.0 mM) were
measured by injecting the KBrsolution into the chamber. Thesesurface force profiles are plotted in
Figure 7. The decay lengths of 32 ±3 nm, 11 ± 1 nm, 4 ± 1 nm for 0.1
mM, 1.0 mM and 10.0 mM, Figure 7. Surface forces between mica
surfaces in aqueous KBr solution. The
respectively, were well agreement
solid triangles, open squares, and solidwith the theoretical Debye lengths squares are the profiles of 0.1 mM, 1.0 mM(30.4 nm, 9.6 nm, 3.0 nm) [1]. The and 10.0 mM KBr solutions. The broken
brokenlines
indicated
the lines denote the theoretical DLVO curves
at constant surface potential and constanttheoretical fits to DLVO forces of surface charge conditions.
the constant surface potential (0.1mM, 90 mV; 1.0 mM, 90 mV; 10.0
mM, 50 mV) and constant surface
charge (0.1 mM, 0.02 charge/nm2;
1.0 mM, 0.06 charge/nm2; 10.0
mM, 0.08 charge/nm2) conditions.
The pull-off force was detected
only in 0.1 mM KBr solution as
2.6 ± 1.6 mN/m. These results arewell agreement with previous
results
measuredbytheFigure 8. Resonance curves for NaCl
conventional SFA[1,2].
solution (7 mM) confined between mica
surfaces at seven distances: 345.9 nm,
3.3
Aqueous NaCl Solution 1.8 r 0.3 nm (load = 0.14 mN), 1.1 r 0.3
Conned between Mica Surfaces nm (0.24 mN), 0.6 r 0.3 nm (0.55 mN),
0.5 r 0.2 nm (1.33 mN), 0.3 r 0.2 nm (2.15
Measured by RSM.
mN), 0.0 r 0.3 nm. The reference states of
The dynamics of conned water the separation and mica-mica contact in air
thinner than a few nanometers are shown together. The arrows denote thewere in controversial in previous peak position of the resonance curve at thesurface distances. The solid lines denotestudies [19, 20].
Our study
the fitting curves to our mechanical model.
employing RSM provided a91

comprehensive picture for this complicated situation[21]. The viscoelasticity of the thin
lm of aqueous NaCl solution conned between mica surfaces was measured by shear
resonance apparatus. The observed shear resonance curves (Figure 8) at separations
less than ca. 2 nm indicated that the solution exhibits the high lubrication effects undersome loads. The distances were measured using FECO. The effective viscosity (0:1–
10 Pa s) obtained for the separations less than 1 nm from a mechanical model was 2 – 4
orders of magnitude larger than the bulk value.
3.4 Ionic LIquids Conned between Silica Surfaces Measured by RSM.
Recently, we applied RSM forionic liquids.
Two types ofimidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL),
1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumbis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide([C4mim][NTf2]) and 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium
tetrafluoro
borate ([C4mim][BF4]), confined
between silica surfaces were
investigated by RSM together withsurface force measurement [22].
The surface force profiles in the ILs
showed oscillatory solvation forces
below the characteristic surface
separations:
10.0
nm
for
[C4mim][NTf2] and 6.9 nm for[C4mim][BF4].
The
more
pronounced solvation force found in[C4mim][NTf2] suggests that the
crystalline property of the IL Figure 9.
Resonance curves for (a)contributes to the stronger layering [C4mim][NTf2] and (b) [C4mim][BF4]of the Ils adjacent to the surface. confined between silica surfaces at various
separation distances under applied load N.
The resonance shear measurement
Reference curves for separated in air (AS)
(Figure 9) and the physical model and connected by silica-silica contact (SC)analysis revealed that the viscosities are also shown. Solid lines denote the bestof the confined Ils were 1í3 orders fitting curves on the basis of a physicalmodel [23].
of magnitude higher than that of the92

bulk IL. This study also focused on the correlation between the resonance shear
behaviour and the lubrication property of the Ils, and the suspension rheology in the Ils.
An understanding of the solid-IL interface and of Ils confined in nanospace will
facilitate the further development of novel applications employing Ils.
4. Conclusion
This paper reviews a new surface forces apparatus (twin-path SFA) and resonanceshear measurement, both we have developed recently. With the twin-path SFA, it ispossible to use metals, ceramics and other opaque samples for substrates. They are not
only interesting materials but provide opportunities for broader applications of theforces measurement: for example, we have constructed electrochemical SFA using gold
as electrodes [24]. The twin-path SFA is compact compared with the conventional SFA
using FECO, and easily operated by a computer. Combining with a spectroscope,
spectroscopic SFA for fluorescence lifetime measurement was developed [25].
The properties of confined liquids are different from those of the bulk due to theconfinement effect and the interaction of liquid molecules with the surfaces. They
attract increasing attention because of recent progress in the preparation of many porous
materials including nanotubes and the nano-fabrication processes such as nanoprinting[25]. Shear measurement based on SFA can offer a useful tool for studying confined
liquids. Especially, the resonance method is relatively easy to operate, and applicablefor both nano-rheology and –tribpology. Resonance responses are sensitive to changes
in properties of confined liquids, so it is possible to monitor changes in viscosity,
traction and triblogical properties, and even stick-slip phenomena, which are often
correlated with structural and/or packing properties of liquids. We expect thesemeasurements will be more widely used in material science.

References[1] J. Israelachivili, Intermolecular and Surface forces 3rd ed., (2011).
[2] A. W. Adamson, A. P. Gast. Physical Chemistry of Surfaces 6th ed. New York: John
Willy& Sons (1997).
[3] K. Kurihara, Nano-Surface Chemistry M. Rosoff ed., Marcel Dekker Inc., 1 (2002).
[4] J.-M. Lehn, Supramolecular Chemistry, Weinheim: VCH (1995).
[5] D. V. Talapin, J.-S. Lee, M. V. Kovalenko, E. V. Shevchenko, Chem. Rev. 110, 389(2010).
[6] G. Decher, Science 277, 1232 (1997).

93

[7] J. Israelachvili, H. Wennerstrom, Nature 379, 219 (1996).
[8] G. Reiter, A. L. Demiral, S. Granick, Science 263, 1741 (1994).
[9] M. Mizukami, K. Kurihara, Chem. Lett. 28, 1005 (1999); ibid. 29, 256 (2000).
[10] M. Mizukami, M. Moteki, K, Kurihara, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 124, 12889 (2002).
[11] T. Abe, K. Kurihara, N. Higashi, M. Niwa, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 1820 (1995).
[12] T. Suzuki, Y.-W. Zhang, T. Koyama, D. Y. Sasaki, K. Kurihara, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
128, 15209 (2006).
[13] K. Kurihara, Adv. Colloid Sci. 71-72, 243 (1997).
[14] N. A. Burnham, R. J. Colton. In: D. A. Bonnel, ed. Scanning TunnelingMicroscopy and Spectroscopy. New York: VCH, 191 (1993).
[15] G. V. Lee, L. A. Chrisey, R. J. Colton, Science 266, 771 (1994).
[16] H. Kawai, H. Sakuma, M. Mizukami, T. Abe, Y. Fukao, H. Tajima, K. Kurihara,
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 043701 (2008).
[17] C. Dushkin, K. Kurihara, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 2095(1998).
[18] K. Creath, in Progress in Optics (Ed. by E. Wolf), Elsevier Science Publishers B.
V., 26, 349 (1988).
[19] Y. Zhu and S. Granick, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 96104 (2001).
[20] U. Raviv and J. Klein, Science 297, 1540 (2002).
[21] H. Sakuma, K. Otsuki, K. Kurihara, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 046104 (2006).
[22] K. Ueno, M. Kasuya, M. Watanabe, M. Mizukami and K. Kurihara, Phys. Chem.
Chem. Phys. 12, 4066 (2010).
[23] M. Mizukami and K. Kurihara, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 113705(2008).
[24] T Kamijo, M. Kasuya, M. Mizukami and K. Kurihara, Chem. Lett., 40, 674 (2011) .
[25] D. Fukushi, M. Kasuya, H. Sakuma and K. Kurihara, Chem. Lett. 40, 776 (2011) .

94

Bioelectrochemical Imaging with Micro/Nanoelectrode Systems
Tomokazu Matsue1,2, Kosuke Ino2, Yasufumi Takahashi2,3, Andrew I. Shevchuk3,
Pavel Novak3, Yuri E. Korchev3 and Hitoshi Shiku1,2
1
WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University,
Sendai 980-8579, Japan
2
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University,
Sendai 980-8579, Japan
3
Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus,
London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
1. Introduction
Recently, the development of multipoint measurements and imaging of biomaterials
has received a great deal of attention due to the strong demand for rapid, comprehensive,and high-throughput analyses. These techniques allow simultaneous detection andquantification of multiple analytes. A variety of array-based biosensing systems havebeen developed so far. Most of them are based on fluorescence detection or imaging
because fluorescence measurements typically have high sensitivity and a variety oftools for performing the measurements is commercially available.
However,
fluorescence detection has some disadvantages, such as undesired fluctuations due toquenching or emission from non-target materials, shielding by turbid solution, and theneed to label non-fluorescent species, which may cause toxic side effects during
analyses. As an alternative method, electrochemical detection or imaging has also been
applied for detailed analysis of biomaterials. Array-based electrochemical devices havealso been used for multipoint measurements. The electrochemical signal can beprocessed by conventional electronics in a very cheap and fast manner. Furthermore,miniaturized electrochemical transducers can easily be integrated in a microsystem by
employing conventional microfabrication technologies. In the past decade, various
types of amperometric microelectrode arrays for multipoint measurements andbioimaging have been designed and applied to chemical and biological analyses. Theseelectrochemical array devices have substantial advantages, including rapid responsetime and qualitative and quantitative detection. Scanning electrochemical microscopy(SECM) is also a popular electrochemical imaging system [2]. SECM uses a
micro/nanoelectrode as a scanning probe and provides sample surface electrochemical
property under physiological conditions without physical contact. Because of uniqueproperties SECM has been applied localized electrochemical measurements.

95

96

accommodated in the wells [4]. We demonstrate the rapid electrochemical detection of
the reporter protein—secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP)—from a single geneticallyengineered HeLa cell (HeLa-pSEAP) using the addressable microelectrode/microwellarray device. Figure 1 shows the operation principle of detection of the reporter proteinwith the addressable device. The HeLa-pSEAP cells that secrete ALP were randomly
seeded in the microwells and the amplified current was detected. The reduction current
for the microwell with a single HeLa-pSEAP cell increased with time, while nomeaningful response was detected for the empty wells. These results indicate that
SEAP secreted from the cell catalyzes the hydrolysis of PAPP to produce PAP, which isaccumulated in the well.
Figure 2 shows an image of theab
reduction current of each microwellafter 20 min of incubation time. The
responses in the empty microwell is0.754 ± 0.996 pA while in cell
occupied microwell is 16.3 ± 5.49 pA.
cFigure 2(c) shows histogram of thebcurrent responses distribution from thecells, unlike the case for ALP beads,
each single HeLa-pSEAP cell showed adifferent
current
response,
approximately 20 % of the cells show
Fig. 2. a) Scheme of cells in the
responses similar to those observed for c
microwells. The number represents thewild-type cells. These variations in thenumber of cells in each well. b) Imaging
response are due to the differentof the current responses at 10x10
expression levels of ALP frommicrowells. This image was taken 20
individual cells and the size variations
min after the injection of PAPP. c)of single cells. The average amount ofHistogram of the current response
PAP generated from the catalytic
distribution of the cells.
reaction of a single HeLa-pSEAP cell
was calculated from the current
responses and found to be 3.6 × 10–17 mol for an incubation time of 20 min. These
results demonstrate that the present device can be used for highly sensitive and highthroughput screening to detect the protein expression activity of genetically engineered
cells at the single-cell level. Since the ALP has been widely used as a labeling enzyme
and reporter protein, the present device can be used for the screening of a97

comprehensive analysis of DNA, proteins, and cells [5]. 㩷
3. Bioimaging with micro/nanoelectrodedevices
Although the device described above is very
useful for high-throughput electrochemical
detection, careful assembly of the device isrequired to align two different glass substrates
with the row or column electrodes at exact
locations upon each measurement, which is timeconsuming and results in low reproducibility.
Furthermore, there is no open space on the device
Fig. 3. Images of the 32 × 32
for handling samples such as cells, because thecrossing points and the sensor
sensor areas are surrounded by glass substrates
point.
with electrodes.
In this study, we havedeveloped a new device to solve these problems.
The general architecture, outlined in Fig. 3, provides a means for creating a new
detection system that enables electrochemical detection based on local redox cycling
and 1024 addressable sensor points incorporated into a small area (40 mm2) for thecomprehensive imaging of electrochemical species [6]. Interdigitated array (IDA)
electrodes were incorporated onto glass substrates to arrange a single IDA at eachsensor point of the device. IDA electrodes have two interdigitated comb-type arrays,
each of which consists of planar and parallel metal fingers.9 When the potential of eachcomb-type electrode is appropriately controlled, a species oxidized at an electrodefinger can be reduced back at the neighboring fingers, resulting in redox cycling foramplification of the electrochemicalsignal. In this study, one comb-type
electrodes of the IDA connected to acolumn electrode and the other to arow electrode. 㩷
The device was applied forbioelectrochemical imaging of ALP
Fig. 4. Electrochemical imaging of ALP. The
aggregates. The image followed theelectrochemical response was acquired after
position of the ALP aggregate in theadding the ALP/BSA aggregate (approximately 1solution and the intensity was
mm diameter) (right image).
dependent on the ALP activity of theaggregate (Fig. 4).

98

Enzymes, such as ALP, were successfully detected using the device; therefore, thisdevice could be used as a comprehensive, high-throughput lab-on-a-chip tool for
applications such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reporter gene assay
for monitoring gene expressions, DNA analysis, and cell culture array. Although anapplication of electrochemical potentials to electrodes may be a critical issue foradhesive cells and spheroids, it is unnecessary to bound cells on the electrodes of thedevice since the device has microwells that can trap cells or spheroids on the sensors forcell assays.
4. Bioimaging with SECM
SECM has been applied for evaluating the enzyme and cellular activity estimatingcell membrane permeability and detecting electroactive metabolic chemicals with shortlife spans. Membrane protein has also been detected with SECM. Miniaturization of
the probe electrode is important for improving the temporal and spatial resolution. In
addition, a fine distance regulation system is required to approach the probe electrodeagainst live cell surfaces.
Significant efforts have been made to bring the electrode proximate with sample
surface. Nevertheless, it was difficult to apply the system to the measurement of soft
samples because the force interaction was usually very unstable to serve as a feedback
signal. Shear force feedback regulation has also been used for control of the probe
electrode sample distance [7]. We reported the simultaneous imaging of the topography
and electrochemical signals of single living cells using shear force distance regulationof a ring type nanoelectrode probe. However, preventing probe-cell contact was still
difficult because the solution viscosity interfered with the shear force detection. We
adopted the feedback regulation used inscanning ion conductance microscopy(SICM) which uses a nanopipette as ascanning probe. SICM is based on thephenomenon that the ion flow through asharp fluid filled nanopipette is partiallyoccluded when the nanopipette approaches
the surface of a sample. Living cell surface
topography and dynamic measurements have
Fig. 5. SEM micrographs of the
been performed. Topographical information
SECM/SICM probe.
of the live cell surface can be used to improve
the resolution of other analytical tools [8].

99We demonstrate a hybrid system of Ascanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)
B
and SICM with ion current feedback nano-positioning control for simultaneous imaging
of non-contact topography and spatial distribution electrochemical species [9]. A
nanopipette/nanoring electrode probe provided submicron resolution of theelectrochemical measurement on surfaces with complex topology. The SECM/SICM
pipette had an aperture radius of 220 nm. The inner and outer radii of the SECM Au
ring electrode were 330 and 550 nm, respectively (Fig. 5). Characterization of theDCprobe was performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry,
and approach curve measurements. SECM/SICM was applied to simultaneous imaging
of topography and electrochemical responses of enzymes (horse radish peroxidase(HRP) and glucose oxidase (GOD)) and single live cells (A6 cells, SCG cells, andcardiac myocytes). The measurements revealed the distribution of activity of the
enzyme spots on uneven surfaces with sub-micrometer resolution. SECM/SICM
Fig. 6.images
Topographic(A,C) and
electrochemicalacquired high resolution topographicof cells
togetherwith theimages
map of(B,D) combinedof a GOD immobilized
and lower
electrochemical signals (Fig. 6). This
technique substrate.
was alsoUpper
appliedto theimages werespecies
capturedthroughwith 8 m
× 8 mmembranes.
and 2 m × 2 m,evaluation of the permeability of electroactive
cellularrespectively. The probe-sample distances were held at 100
nm.
Summary
Bioelectrochemical sensing systems with micro/nanoelectrodes has been applied to
localized characterization of biomaterials. The results so far obtained clearly indicatethat electrochemical measurements afford indispensable information particularly onelectron and ion-transfer at various biomolecules-related interfaces. Also, incorporationof modern micro/nanofabrication technologies into electrochemical devices will leadunique bioelectronics devices which ensure the realization of safe and secure society.

References[1] S. Szunerits, and L. Thouin, “Microelectrode array” in “Handbook ofElectrochemistry”, Elsevier (2007).
[2] A. J. Bard and M. V. Mirkin, “Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy”, Marcel
Dekker (2000).
[3] Z. Y. Lin, Y. Takahashi, Y. Kitagawa, T. Umemura, H. Shiku, T. Matsue, Anal.
Chem., 80, 6830 (2008)[4] Z. Y. Lin,Y. Takahashi, T. Murata, M. Takeda, K. Ino, H. Shiku, T. Matsue,
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 48, 2044 (2009)100

[5] Z. Y. Lin, K. Ino, H. Shiku, T. Matsue, Chem. Commun., 46, 559 (2010); Z. Y.
Lin, K. Ino, H. Shiku, T. Matsue, G. Chen, Chem. Commun., 46, 234 (2010).
[6] K. Ino, W. Saito, M. Koide, T. Umemura, H. Shiku, T. Matsue, Lab Chip, in press[7] Y. Takahashi, T. Miyamotoa, H. Shiku, R. Asano, T. Yasukawa, I. Kumagai, T.
Matsue, Anal. Chem., 81, 2785 (2009); Y. Takahashi, H. Shiku, T. Murata, T.
Yasukawa, T. Matsue, Anal. Chem., 81, 9674 (2009)[8] Y. Takahashi, Y. Murakami, K. Nagamine, H. Shiku, S. Aoyagi, T. Yasukawa, M.
Kanzaki, T. Matsue, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 1001 (2010)[9] Y. Takahashi, A. I. Shevchuk, P. Novak, Y. Murakami, H. Shiku, Y. E. Korchev, T.
Matsue, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 10118 (2010)101Newly Appointed Research Staff

Curriculum Vitae

Xingbo GE
Research Associate
TEL: +81-22-217-5959
E-mail: xbge@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

Photo
40mm30mm

ACADEMIC:
2006 B.E. in Chemical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, P. R. China
2011 Dr. in Physical Chemistry, Shandong University, P. R. China
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2011-present Research Associate, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH:࡮Fabrication and applications of nanoporous metal materials
࡮Electrocatalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cell reactions

Qinli MA
Research Associate
TEL: +81-22-217-6004
E-mail: qinli-ma@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2006 B.S. in Physics, Lanzhou University, P. R. China
2008 M.S. in Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
P. R. China
2011 Dr. Eng. in Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
P. R. China
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2011-present Research Associate, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH:
࡮Poly-crystal CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB MTJ optimization and transport property investigation
࡮Transport property investigation on epitaxial MgO based MTJs
࡮Optimization of MnGa based MTJs

105

Curriculum Vitae

Xu ZHANG

Research Associate
TEL: +81-22-795-6582
E-mail: zhangxu.chem@gmail.com

ACADEMIC:
2006 B.S. in Material Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, P. R. China
2008 M.S. in Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China
2011 Dr. in Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. R. China
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2011-present Research Associate, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH:
࡮Investigation of surface-catalyzed or surface-assisted reaction employing nanoporous metals
࡮Development of functional composite materials based on nanoporous metals

106Global Intellectual Incubation
and Integration Lab (GI3 lab)109㪞㫃㫆㪹㪸㫃㩷㪠㫅㫋㪼㫃㫃㪼㪺㫋㫌㪸㫃㩷㪠㫅㪺㫌㪹㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪠㫅㫋㪼㪾㫉㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㪣㪸㪹㫆㫉㪸㫋㫆㫉㫐㩷㩿㪞㪠 㫩㩷㪣㪸㪹㪀 㪄㩷㪘㫇㫉㫀㫃㩷㪉㪇㪈㪈㩷㫋㫆㩷㪤㪸㫉㪺㪿㩷㪉㪇㪈㪉㪙㪅㩷㪡㫌㫅㫀㫆㫉㩷㪩㪼㫊㪼㪸㫉㪺㪿㪼㫉㫊㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㪪㫋㫌㪻㪼㫅㫋㫊㩷㪓㪭㫀㫊㫀㫋㫀㫅㪾㩷㪪㪺㫀㪼㫅㫋㫀㫊㫋㫊㪕㪥㪸㫄㪼㪈 㪝㪩㴽㪤㪜㪣㪃㩷㪡㴾㫉㪾㪟㫆㫊㫋㪜㫊㪸㫊㪿㫀
㩿㪞㪼㫊㫊㫅㪼㫉㪀㪁㪧㫆㫊㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅
㪭㫀㫊㫀㫋㫀㫅㪾㩷㪪㪺㫀㪼㫅㫋㫀㫊㫋

㪫㪼㫉㫄
䌾

㪝㫉㫆㫄
㪉㪇㪈㪈

㪌

㪥㫆㫋㪼㪑㩷㪁㩷㫀㫅㪻㫀㪺㪸㫋㪼㫊㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㫅㪸㫄㪼㩷㫆㪽㩷㪧㪠㩷㫎㪿㫆㩷㪻㫀㫊㫇㪸㫋㪺㪿㪼㪻㩷㫋㪿㪼㩷㫊㪺㫀㪼㫅㫋㫀㫊㫋㪅㪈㪈䌾㪘㪽㪽㫀㫃㫀㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪫㪿㫉㫆㫌㪾㪿
㪉㪇㪈㪈

㪈㪈

㪊㪇

㪝㫉㪸㫌㫅㪿㫆㪽㪼㫉㩷㪜㪥㪘㪪㩷㪃㪞㪼㫉㫄㪸㫅㫐

㪧㫆㫊㫀㫋㫀㫆㫅
㪛㪼㫇㫋㫐㪛㪼㫇㪸㫉㫋㫄㪼㫅㫋㪤㪸㫅㪸㪾㪼㫉

㪥㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㪸㫃㫀㫋㫐㪞㪼㫉㫄㪸㫅㫐

㪘㪾㪼㪩㪼㫊㪼㪸㫉㪺㪿㩷㪫㫆㫇㫀㪺㪊㪋㪘㫇㫇㫃㫀㪺㪸㫋㫀㫆㫅㩷㫆㪽㩷㫄㪼㫋㪸㫂㫃㫃㫀㪺㩷㪾㫃㪸㫊㫊㩷㫊㫋㫉㫌㪺㫋㫌㫉㪼㫊㩷㫀㫅㫋㫆㩷㫊㫀㫃㫀㪺㫆㫅㪤㪜㪤㪪㩷㫕㩷㫌㫊㫀㫅㪾㩷㫃㫆㫎㩷㫋㪼㫄㫇㪼㫉㪸㫋㫌㫉㪼㩷㫊㫆㫃㫀㪻㩷㫃㫀㫈㫌㫀㪻㫀㫅㫋㪼㫉㪻㫀㪽㪽㫌㫊㫀㫆㫅㩷㪹㪸㫊㪼㪻㩷㫆㫅㩷㪾㪸㫃㫃㫀㫌㫄㩷㪸㫅㪻㩷㫀㫅㪻㫀㫌㫄㩷㫋㫆㩷㪽㪸㪹㫉㫀㪺㪸㫋㪼㫇㪸㪺㫂㪸㪾㪼㪻㩷㪻㪼㫍㫀㪺㪼㫊110

Announcement

Junior Faculty/Post-doctoral Positions
Tohoku University
WPI-AIMR
Effective October 1, 2007, Tohoku University created a new Research Institute, theAdvanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), based on an initiative of theJapanese Department of Education (MEXT) for World Premier International ResearchCenter Initiative (WPI) to bring together scientists involved in research on nano-scienceand technology.
In the 21st century, material science, broadly defined as the study of how complex/novel
properties arise in matters/materials from the interactions of individual components, willcomprise of inter-discipline collaboration.
(http://www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp)
Over the next few years, as many as one hundred new appointments at the levels of
post-doctoral fellows and junior faculty will be available. All innovative researchers
are welcome as active promoters of basic/applied sciences in the fields of physicalmetallurgy, physics, chemistry, precision mechanical engineering and electronic /informational engineering.
We are continuously looking for excellent applicants throughout the year.
Please submit
1) a curriculum vitae,
2) research proposal (<3,000 words),
3) summary of previous research accomplishments (<2,000 words),
4) copies of 5 significant publications, and
5) 2 letters of recommendationby email to:
aimr@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp
All files must be submitted electronically in pdf or Word format.
Applications from, or nominations of, women and minority candidates are encouraged.
Tohoku University WPI-AIMR is an affirmative action / equal opportunity employer.

113

Graduate Student Scholarshipin Materials Science/Engineering
WPI-AIMR
Graduate Student Scholarship
Effective October 1, 2007, Tohoku University created a new Research Institute, theAdvanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), based on an initiative of theJapanese Department of Education (MEXT) for World Premier International ResearchCenter Initiative (WPI) to bring together scientists involved in research on nano-scienceand technology.
In the 21st century, material science, broadly defined as the study of how complex/novel
properties arise in matters/materials from the interactions of individual components, will
becomes an essential and most important research topics(http://www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp)
TU WPI-AIMR is now looking for young motivated Ph.D. graduate student candidates
in the fields of physical metallurgy, physics, chemistry, mechanical engineering andelectronic / informational technology. All innovative M. S. students are welcome asactive promoters of basic/applied sciences in these fields.
Applications are continuously screened throughout the year.
Please submit
1) a curriculum vitae,
2) research proposal (<1,000 words),
3) 2 letters of recommendation,4) by email to:
aimr@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp
All files must be submitted electronically in pdf or Word format.

114

WPI-AIMR
Workshop Guideline
Tohoku University’s new Research Institute, the Advanced Institute for Materials
Research (WPI-AIMR) solicits several applications per year for International
Workshops in the field of “broadly defined Materials Science.”
Guidelines:
1) Organizers
Qualified research staff of academic institutions and public or private researchestablishments can submit the application for an international workshop to be held at
WPI-AIMR or its Satellite branches, jointly with the WPI-AIMR principal
investigator(s) whose research interest overlaps with the scope of the workshop.
2) Financial support
Under normal circumstances, WPI-IMR supports up to 2/3 of the workshop budget,
while the organizer is expected to cover the rest.
3) deadline
The application must be received at least four months in advance to:aimr@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp
All files must be submitted electronically in pdf or Word format.

115

Appendix

WPI-AIMR – Cambridge Symposium
Introductions and Welcome

Prof. Lindsay Greer

Prof. Yoshinori Yamamoto

Atomistic Studies on Solid-Liquid Interfaces

Dr. Ikutaro HamadaProf. Kazuto Akagi

Theoretical Studies in Physics and ChemistryProf. Masaru Tsukada

Prof. Michiel Sprik

Prof. Daan Frenkel
X-1

Discussion and Tea BreakDiscussion and Tea BreakHybrid Material

Dr. Erwin ReisnerProf. Tadafumi AdschiriElectron Microscopy and Optoelectronics

Prof. Taro Hitosugi

Prof. Katsumi Tanigaki

Prof. Paul Midgley

Dr. Caterina Ducati
X-2

The City of Academia“Sendai-Miyagi” Science Day 2011

X-3

The City of Academia“Sendai-Miyagi” Science Day 2011

X-4

WPI-AIMR Staff List
(As of August 1st, 2011)

Bulk Metallic Glasses GroupCHEN,Mingwei㒸 ᣿உ

FUJITA,Takeshi⮮↰ ᱞᔒPrincipal Investigator,Professor
+81222175992
mwchen@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

HIRATA,Akihikoᐔ↰ ⑺ᒾ

AssociateProfessor
+81222175959
tfujita@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

LIU,Yanhuiᩉ ᑧノAssistantProfessor+81222175959
hirata@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

AssistantProfessor+81222175959
yhliu@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

CHEN,Luyang㒸 ᑢ㓁KANG,Jianliᐽ ᑪ┙ResearchAssociate+81222175959
chenly@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ResearchAssociate+81222175959
kangjianli@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

GE,Xingbo⪾ ᕈᵄ
ResearchAssociate+81222175959
xbge@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

LOUZGUINE,Dmitri V.
䊦䉵䉩䊮 䊄䊚䊃䊥

TAKEUCHI,Akira┻ౝ ┨Principal Investigator,Professor
+81222175957
dml@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

AssociateProfessor
+81222175956
takeuchi@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

NAKAYAMA,KojiS.
ਛጊ ᐘੳ

YOKOYAMA,Yoshihikoᮮጊ ཅᒾ

AssociateProfessor+81222175950
kojisn@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

AssociateProfessor (Concurrent)+81222152199
yy@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

WANG, Junqiang₺ ァᒝCHEN,Na㒸 ᆹ

ResearchAssociate+81222175956

AssistantProfessor+81222175956
chenn@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

junqiangwang@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ZADOROZHNYYVladislav
䍙䍼䍢䍼䍹䍛䍼䍤䍐 䍪䍼䍵䍟䍡䍼䍐䍛䍵䍪䍼ResearchAssociate+81222175956
vuz@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

X-7

XU,Limeiᓢ ⩐᪢

TOKUYAMA,Michioᓼጊ ㆏ᄦAssistantProfessor+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5954
limei.xu@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

Principal Investigator,Professor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5953
tokuyama@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

KIMURA,Yuto
ᧁ᧛ ␭ੱ
ResearchAssistant
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5954
kimura@athena22.wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

GREER,Alan L.
䉫䊥䉝䊷 䉝䊤䊮

MADGE,ShantanuV.
䊙䊄䉠䉭 䉲䊞䊮䉺䊆䊠PrincipalInvestigator+44Ͳ1223Ͳ334308
alg13@cam.ac.uk

ResearchAssociate
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5956
S.Madge.99@cantab.net

HEMKER,KevinJ.
䊓䊮䉦䊷 䉬䊯䉞䊮PrincipalInvestigator
+1Ͳ 410Ͳ 516Ͳ4489
hemker@jhu.edu

YAVARI,AlainR.
䊟䊋䊥 䉝䊤䉟䊮GEORGARAKIS,Konstantinos
䉭䉥䉧䊤䉨䉴 䉮䊮䉴䉺䊮䊁䉞䊉䉴
Assistant Professor
georgara@minatec.inpg.fr

PrincipalInvestigator+33Ͳ(0)476826516
yavari@minatec.inpg.fr

X-8

Materials physics GroupTANIGAKI,Katsumi⼱၂ ൎᏆ
Principal Investigator,Professor

NOUCHI,Ryo㊁ౝ ੫+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6469
tanigaki@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

AssistantProfessor+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6468
nouchi@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

XU,Jingtao
ᓢ 㕒ᶢ

TANABE,Yoichi↰ㆺ ᵗ৻

ResearchAssociate+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6468
jtxu@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

ResearchAssociate+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6468
youichi@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

MITOMA,Nobuhikoਃ⧴ િᒾResearchAssistant+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6468
mitoma@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

TAKAHASHI,Takashi㜞ᯅ 㓉

SOUMA,Seigo⋧㚍 ๋ᷡ

Principal Investigator,Professor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6417
t.takahashi@arpes.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

SUGAWARA,Katsuaki⩲ේ స᣿

AssistantProfessor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6477
s.souma@arpes.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

ARAKANE,Toshiyuki⨹㊄ ବⴕ

AssistantProfessor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6477
k.sugawara@arpes.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

Research Associate+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6477
t.arakane@arpes.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

TSUKADA,MasaruႦ↰ ᝰ

AKAGI,Kazuto⿒ᧁ ๺ੱPrincipal Investigator,Professor+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5937
tsukada@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

AssociateProfessor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5940
akagi@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

HAMADA,Ikutaroự↰ ᐞᄥ㇢TAMURA,Hiroyuki↰᧛ ብਯ

AssistantProfessor+81Ͳ22Ͳ 217Ͳ5938
ikutaro@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

AssistantProfessor+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5938
hiroyuki@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ARAIDAI,Masaakiᵞᐔ ᣽ᤩResearcher+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5939
araidai@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

X-9

YAMADA,Kazuyoshiጊ↰ ๺⧐

SATO,Toyoto૒⮮ ⼾ੱPrincipal Investigator,Professor+81222152035
kyamada@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

AssistantProfessor+81222152039
toyoto@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

JI,Sungdaeᳰ ⡛ᄢAssistantProfessor+81222152039
jsungdae@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

IKUHARA,Yuichiᐞේ 㓶৻

TSUKIMOTO,Susumu⌕ᧄ ੨

Principal Investigator+81358417688
ikuhara@sigma.t.utokyo.ac.jp

Lecturer+81222175934
tsukimoto@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

SAITO,Mitsuhiroᢪ⮮ శᶈ

WANG,Zhongchang₺ ਛ㐳AssistantProfessor
+81222175933
saito@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

AssistantProfessor
+81222175934
zcwang@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

CHEN, Chunlin㒸 ᤐᨋ
ResearchAssociate+81222175933
chen.chunlin@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

SHLUGER,Alexander䉲䊠䊦䉧䊷 䉝䊧䉪䉰䊮䉻䊷

MCKENNA,KeithP.
䊙䉾䉬䊅 䉨䊷䉴

PrincipalInvestigator
+442076791312/+81222175942
a.shluger@ucl.ac.uk

AssistantProfessor
+81222175942
k.mckenna@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

TREVETHAN,ThomasP.
䊃䊧䊯䉢䉰䊮 䊃䊷䊙䉴
AssistantProfessor
+81222175942
tomt@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

XUE,QiKun⮀ ౔ဗ

LIU,Hongwenഏ ⰂᢥPrincipalInvestigator+861062795618
qkxue@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

AssistantProfessor+81222175948
liu@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

WEISS,PaulS.
䊪䉟䉴 䊘䊷䊦
PrincipalInvestigator+13102675993
psw@cnsi.ucla.edu

X-10

TEIZER,Winfried䉺䉟䉿䉜䊷 䊎䊮䊐䊥䊷䊄

OLIVEIRA,Daniel䉥䊥䊯䉢䉟䊤 䉻䊆䉣䊦JuniorPrincipalInvestigator+19798457730
teizer@tamu.edu

ResearchAssociate+81222175979
oliveira@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

SIKORA,Aurelien䉲䉮䊤 䉥䊷䊧䊥䉣䊮KIM,Kyongwan㊄ ⠹ቢ

ResearchAssociate+81222175979
a.sikora@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ResearchAssociate+81222175979
kkim@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

HITOSUGI,Taro৻᧖ ᄥ㇢

SHIRAKI,Susumu⊕ᧁ ዂ

AssociateProfessor
+81222175944
hitosugi@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

Lecturer
+81222175948
shiraki@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

OHSAWA,TakeoᄢỈ ஜ↵

IWAYA,Katsuyaጤ⼱ స਽AssistantProfessor
+81222175948
ohsawa@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

AssistantProfessor
+81222175948
iwaya@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

KUMATANI, Akichikaᾢ⼱ ᣿຦

SHIMIZU,Ryotaᷡ᳓ ੫ᄥ
ResearchAssociate+81222175948
shimizu@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ResearchAssociate+81222175948
kumatani@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

SUZUKI, Toru
㋈ᧁ ┥Researcher+81222175948
suzuki@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

X-11

Soft Materials GroupADSCHIRI,Tadafumi㒙ዥ 㓷ᢥHOJO,Daisukeർ᪯ ᄢ੺

Principal Investigator,Professor+81222175629
ajiri@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

AssistantProfessor+81222175631
dhojo@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

AOKI,Nobuaki㕍ᧁ ት᣿

HARTON,Shane䊊䊷䊃䊮 䉲䉢䊷䊮

AssistantProfessor+81222175631

ResearchAssociate+81222175630

nobuakiaoki@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

shane.harton@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

TOGASHI,Takanari౷ᮯ ⾆ᚑ

LU,Jinfeng⋝ ㊄㡅Researcher+81222175630
togashi@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

Researcher+81222175630
lujf@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp 

WATANABE,Eiichi
ᷰㆺ⧷৻

RANI,Varu䊤䊆 䊋䊦

Researcher+81222175631
eiwata@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

ResearchAssistant
+81222175630
chauhan@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

ITAYA,Kingo᧼⼱ ⻯ᖗKIM,YoungͲGeun㊄ Ảᩮ

Principal Investigator,Professor+81222175977
itaya@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp

AssistantProfessor
+81222175974
ygkim@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp

IKESHOJI,Tamioᳰᐣม ᳃ᄦMUKKANNAN,Azhagurajan䊛䉦䊅䊮 䉝䉱䉫䊤䉳䊞䊮ResearchAssistant+81222175974

Researcher+81222175974
ikeshoji@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

mazhagurajan@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp

KURIHARA,Kazueᩙේ ๺ᨑ

TEO,BoonMian䍡䍓 䍪䍼䍎䍻 䍮䍏䍻

Principal Investigator,Professor+81217 5673
kurihara@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

ResearchAssociate+81222175675
boonteo@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

INOMATA,Kyeongaⁿୀ ᢘᆿ

SAHA,SwapanKumar䉲䊞䊊 䉲䊞䊌䊮 䉪䊙䊷䊦Researcher+81222175675
saha@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

Researcher+81222175675
inomata@wpiaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

KAJIWARA,Takeshi᫃ේ ೰ผ

NAKANO,Shinyaਛ㊁ ⌀਽

Research Assistant+81222175675
kajiwara@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

Research Assistant+81222175675
nakano@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

X-12

NISHI,Toshio⷏ ᢅᄦ

NAKAJIMA,Kenਛ᎑ ஜ

Principal Investigator,Professor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5926
nishi.toshio@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

AssociateProfessor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5927
knakaji@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

WANG,Dong₺ ᧲

FUJINAMI,So⮮ᵄ ᗐ

Assistant Professor+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5928
wangdthu@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ResearchAssociate+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5928
fujinami@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

LIU,Haoഏ ᶈ

LIANG, Xiaobin᪞ ᥙᢩResearchAssociate+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5928
liuhao@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ResearchAssistant+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5928
Lxb@s.tohoku.ac.jp

YAMAGUCHI,Masahikoጊญ 㓷ᒾAN,Zengjian቟ Ⴧᑪ

Principal Investigator,Professor+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6812
yama@mail.pharm.tohoku.ac.jp

ResearchAssociate+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6815
zjan@m.tohoku.ac.jp

YAMAMOTO,Yoshinoriጊᧄ ཅೣ

ASAO,Naokiᵻየ ⋥᮸

PrincipalInvestigator,Professor+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5130
yoshi@m.tohoku.ac.jp

Professor+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ3898
asao@m.tohoku.ac.jp

JIN,Tienan
㊄ ㋕↵

ZHANG,Xuᒛ ᣩ
ResearchAssociate+81Ͳ022Ͳ795Ͳ6582
zhangxu.chem@gmail.com

AssociateProfessor+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ3585
tjin@m.tohoku.ac.jp

TANAKA,Shinya↰ਛ ା਽Menggenbateer
ቃᩮᏉ․ዌ 䋨䊛䊮䉫䊮䊋䊷䊃䊦䋩Researcher+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6582
battor7831@yahoo.co.jp

Researcher+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6582
tanaka@orgsynth.che.tohoku.ac.jp

FERRARAGiovanni䊐䉢䊤䊤 䉳䊢䊋䊆ResearchAssistant
+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ3585
giovanniferrara84@yahoo.it

RUSSELL,ThomasP.
䊤䉾䉶䊦 䊃䊷䊙䉴PrincipalInvestigator
+1Ͳ413Ͳ545Ͳ2680
russell@mail.pse.umass.edu

WAN,LiJunਁ ┙㛁PrincipalInvestigator+86Ͳ62558934
wanlijun@iccas.ac.cn

X-13

Device / System Construction GroupESASHI,Masayoshiᳯೝ ᱜ༑

MUROYAMA,Masanoriቶጊ ⌀ᓼPrincipal Investigator,Professor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6934
esashi@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

YOSHIDA,Shinyaศ↰ ᘕ຦

AssistantProfessor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6937
muroyama@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

KAUSHIK,Neelam䉮䊷䉲䉾䉪 䊆䊷䊤䊛ResearchAssociate+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6936
neelam@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

AssistantProfessor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6936
sͲyoshida@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

WANG,Weishan₺ உᆏ

CAKIR,Sabri䉼䊞䉨䊦 䉰䊑䊥

Researcher+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6936

Research Assistant+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6936
sabri@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

wswang@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

MATSUE,Tomokazu
ᧃ᳗ ᥓ৻

JAVIER,RamonAzcon
䊊䊎䉣䊦 䊤䊝䊮䉝䉴䉮䊮

Principal Investigator,Professor+81Ͳ22Ͳ 795Ͳ7209
matsue@bioinfo.che.tohoku.ac.jp

ResearchAssociate+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ6140
javier@bioinfo.che.tohoku.ac.jp

OZAWA,Fumisatoዊᴛ ᢥᥓ
ResearchAssistant+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ7281
f.ozawa@bioinfo.che.tohoku.ac.jp

MIYAZAKI,Terunobuች㦮 ᾖት

MIZUKAMI,Shigemi᳓਄ ᚑ⟤Principal Investigator,Professor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ6000
miyazaki@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

KUBOTA,Takahide┄↰ ፏ⑲

AssociateProfessor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ6003
mizukami@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ZHANG,Xianminᒛ ᙗ᳃

ResearchAssociate+81Ͳ22Ͳ 217Ͳ6004
takahide@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp 

ResearchAssociate+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ6003
xmzhang@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

MA,Qinli㚍 ൕ␞
ResearchAssociate+81Ͳ22Ͳ 217Ͳ6004
qinliͲma@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp SHIMOMURA,Masatsugu
ਅ᧛ ᡽༹

ISHII,Daisuke⍹੗ ᄢ␭

Principal Investigator,Professor+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5329
shimo@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

AssistantProfessor
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5824
dishii@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

KAWANO,Takahito
ᴡ㊁ ༜ੳ

IWASAKI,Junkoጤፒ ⚐ሶ

ResearchAssociate+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5825
kawano@macro.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

TechnicalStaff+81Ͳ11Ͳ758Ͳ0056
iwasaki@poly.es.hokudai.ac.jp

X-14

X-15

Mathematics Unit
KOTANI, Motokoዊ⼱రሶPrincipal Investigator,Professor+81Ͳ22Ͳ 795Ͳ6387

kotani@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

X-16

International Advisory Board Members
BEDNORZ,JGeorg

GLEITER, HerbertFellow,IBMZurichResearchLaboratory,
1987PhysicsNobelLaureate

Professor,
KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology(KIT)
InstituteofNanotechnology

INOUE, Akihisa
੗਄ ᣿ਭ

NARAYANAMURTI,VenkateshJohnA.&ElizabethS.ArmstrongProfessor
HarvardUniversity

President,
TohokuUniversity

NEGISHI,Eiichiᩮጯ ⧷৻
HerbertC.BrownDistinguished
Professor,PurdueUniversity,
2010ChemistryNobelLaureate

X-17

Administration
YAMAMOTO,Yoshinoriጊᧄ ཅೣ

KOTANI, Motokoዊ⼱రሶInstituteDirector+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5130
yoshi@m.tohoku.ac.jp

DeputyInstituteDirector+81Ͳ22Ͳ 795Ͳ6387
kotani@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

HASHIMOTO,Keiichiᯅᧄ ࿻৻

IWAMOTO.Wataru
ጤᧄ ᷤSpeciallyAppointedProfessorand
Administrative Director+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ 5965
iwamoto@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

DeputyAdministrativeDirector
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5980
kͲhashi@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

IKEDA,Susumuᳰ↰ ㅴ
DeputyAdministrativeDirectorOutreach Manager+81Ͳ22Ͳ795Ͳ6468
sikeda@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp
outreach@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

Administrative office
GeneralAffairsSectionᐼോଥ+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5922OR 5972
wpiͲoffice@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp
wpiͲshomu@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp
NAGANUMA,Hiromi᳗ᴧ 䈵䉐䉂OIKAWA,Hiroshi
෸Ꮉ ᵗ

Chief
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5922
naganuma@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp 

+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5922
hiroshi@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp 
CHIBA,Yokoජ⪲ ᵗሶ

SHISHIDO,Atsuko
ባᚭ ᷷ሶ+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5956
ykchiba@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5922
atsukoͲ36@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp
UNOURA,Sayaka㡻ᶆ 䈘䉇䈎

ONODERA,Marikoዊ㊁ኹ 㤗㉿ሶ+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5922
unouraͲ0@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5922
m.onodera@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

AccountingSection⚻ℂଥ+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5923
wpiͲkeiri@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp
SATO,Hiroto૒⮮ ඳੱ

ZENIYA,Ippei㌛⼱ ৻ᐔ

Chief
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5923
hirotoͲs@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5923
zeniya@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

AKASAKA,Natsuko⿒ဈ ᄹᵤሶ

KOBAYASHI,Yukiዊᨋ ෹♿

+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5923
n.akasaka@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5923
yͲkobayashi@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

X-18

PropertyManagementSection↪ᐲଥ+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5924
wpiͲyodo@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp
HIRAYAMA,Hirotakaᐔጊ ඳ㓉

YOSHIDA,Masahiroศ↰ ᡽ᒄ
Chief
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5924
masaͲy@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5924
hͲhiraya@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp
ONO,Toshio
ዊ㊁ ବ↵

YOSHIDA,Hajimeศ↰ ৻+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5924
toshiͲono@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5924
hyoshi@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp
DAIGAKU,Norikoᄢቑ ♿ሶ+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5924
daigaku@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

InternationalAffairsSection⎇ⓥදജଥ
+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5971OR5972
wpiͲkenkyo@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp

YANAGAWA,Yasukazu᪞Ꮉ ଻৻

SAITO,Ikuoᢪ⮮ ㇚ᄦ+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5971
yanagawa@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5971
sͲikuo@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

HAGITA,Etsuko⪤↰ ᖝሶ
BranchOffice+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5978
hagita@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

OKAMOTO,Ayumiጟᧄ ੝↱⟤
BranchOffice+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5978
aͲokamoto@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

SafetyandHealthManagement
Office቟ోⴡ↢▤ℂቶ+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5970
wpiͲsafety@wpiͲaimr.tohoku.ac.jp
UMEZAWA,Akiko᪢Ỉ ੝ᏗሶKAMOSHIDA,Kazuyoshi㡞ᔒ↰ ๺⦟
Manager+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5970
kamoshida@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp+81Ͳ22Ͳ217Ͳ5970
akiko_umezawa@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

X-19

N

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World Premier International Research Center
Advanced Institute for Materials Research
Tohoku University
2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577
Japan
Phone: +81-22-217-5922
FAX: +81-22-217-5129