“STRATEGIES ON PREVENTING FURTHER LOSSES OFLIVES AND DAMAGES TO PROPERTIES DURING
EARTHQUAKES AND OTHER COMPLEXEMERGENCIES:LEARNING THE JAPANESE EXPERIENCE”

A paper submitted to the
ASIAN DISASTER REDUCTION CENTERby:

Ms. JANICE MONTES PADAGDAG
Civil Defense Officer II
Office of Civil DefenseDepartment of National Defense (OCD-DND)
Republic of the Philippines

ADRC Visiting Researcher Program 2018B
Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
April 2019

2

Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC member
countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the ADRC.
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps in thereport also do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the ADRC.

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher would like to express her heartfelt gratitude to the following who
contributed much to the success of her research work.
First and foremost, to the Eternal Father, for the good health, protection and wisdomthat enabled her to complete the program efficiently and effectively;
To her family for their continuous support and understanding; for their kindindulgence while she was learning and developing her skills away from home;
To Asian Disaster Reduction Center and its wonderful staff who untiringly tooktime out to hear, gave guidance and unsolicited advices and ensured her safety andcomfort especially during travels and visits to places in Japan;
To the Government of Japan who continuously supports the activities of ADRC andunselfishly shares the knowledge and learning in DRR to the other countries;
To the Office of Civil Defense-Department of National Defense (OCD-DND) whose
commitment to provide leadership and administration of a comprehensive civil defense
and DRRM Program in the country provided a great opportunity to enhance her DRR
knowledge;
To the DRR experts and professors of various institutions for sharing their invaluable
time and expertise;
To her co-Visiting Researchers from Thailand and Myanmar, her Japanese teacher,
Mr. Kawahara and ever-supportive travel companion Shiomi san for the gift offriendship which made the three-month journey in Japan more enjoyable; and,Finally, to her friends and colleagues who have helped her directly and indirectly tofinish this paper, thank you.
It was said that “Any great achievement is preceded by many difficulties andlessons; great achievements are not possible without them.” With that, her profoundand heartfelt gratitude to all of you!

JMP

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DEDICATIONThis study is dedicated to:
My dearest husband and prayer partner, Ricky, and my children Enrico Gabriel,
Eliana Mari and Ethan Liam who are the sources of my inspiration, endurance andmotivation;
My Parents Papa Gregorio & Mama Marietta and Tatay Felipe;
My brothers Boyet, Erwin and Thadeau Jude and sister Shiela Mae;
My Brothers and Sisters in Christ; and,Above all, to my Almighty Father.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
TITLE PAGE1DISCLAIMER

2ACKNOWLEDGMENT

3

DEDICATION

4TABLE OF CONTENTS

5

LIST OF FIGURES

7CHAPTER
1

2

3

INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study

11

Statement of the Problem

17

Significance of the Study

18

Scope and Limitation of the Study

19

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Foreign

20

Local

23

Related Studies

24

Definition of Terms

32

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design

Janice Padagdag – Philippines34

6

Research Locale

34

4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

36

5SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary

109

Conclusions and Recommendations

111

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES

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LIST OF FIGURESFIGURE NUMBER

1

PAGE

Graph showing the natural incidents monitored
for CY2014-2018

2

Graph showing the human-induced incidents monitored
for CY2014-20183

13

Graph showing summary of casualties for natural incidents
for CY2015-2018

4

12

14

Graph showing summary of casualties for human-induced
incidents for CY2015-2018

145

Summary of damage to properties due to disasters for CY2015-2018 15

6

Summary of effects of major disaster events for CY2016-2018

16

7

Roles of the Community in Multihazard DRM

27

8

Diagram showing the outline of countermeasures against
large –scale earthquakes

937

Diagram showing the Map of the 18 Earthquake Scenarios
based on MMEIRs

38

10

Records of Damages Past Earthquakes along Nankai Trough40

11

Distribution of Tsunami Wave Height during occurrenceof Nankai Trough Earthquake

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

40

8

12

Damage Estimation from Tokyo Inland Earthquake

13

Overview of Revisions to the Basic Plan for Disaster
Risk Reduction (April 2017)

14

41

47

The Formulation Situation of the Fundamental Plan for
Regional Resilience in Prefectures

54

15

Feature Map of the Museum

62

16

Trends in Voluntary Disaster Management Organizations

71

17

Awareness of Self-Help, Mutual Support, and Public
Support Measures

71

18

Creation of VDMOs according to hazards

75

19

Project Concept by. Dr. Mitamura

82

20

QZSS Application to Communities

85

21

Working diagram for the Operationalization of the IRRof RA 10639

86

22

Tsukugawa Water level indicator

87

23

Tsukagawa downstream

87

24

Myohoji River Monitoriing Camera

88

25

Image from PAGASA website

90

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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26

Takuwa Corporation Application Field

93

27

Three measures for tsunami defense

95

28

Trends in Numbers of Fire Corps Volunteers

105

29

Trends in Numbers of Flood Fighting Corps Personnel

106

30

Goals for Promoting Earthquake Resistant Buildings andProgress

107

29

Concept of Risk Management concerning natural disasters

107

30

Trends in the Number of Earthquake Insurance Contracts

108

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
1Root Causes, Early Warning Signs, Effects andExisting Mitigating Measures for Earthquake

2

Estimates on Dead, Missing, Injured and Displacedin Metro Manila

3

Estimates on Dead, Missing, Injured and Displacedin Central Luzon

4

Estimates on Dead, Missing, Injured and Displaced
in CALABARZON

5

Indicators of Bad, Worse and Worst Scenarios for
the Earthquake due to the WVF Movement

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

PAGE

10

6

List of Voluntary DM Organizations

7

List of Organizations with Regulations

8

List of Municipalities with VDMO inclusions

9

No. of Municipalities provided with trainings
and their methods of training

10

No. of Organizations provided with training
during pre and actual disaster11

No. of Frequencies/Occurrences in Conducting the Activities

12

No. of Organizations with Personal Protective Gears (PPGs)

12

Earthquake Resistance Rate of Houses

14

Earthquake Resistance Rate of Buildings

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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study
The Philippines is geographically situated along the highly-seismic Pacific Ringof Fire, the area where the Philippine Sea and Eurasian Tectonic Plates meet. For thisreason, the Philippines is prone to occurrences of earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic
eruptions. In fact, it has three hundred (300) volcanoes in the country and twenty four(24) are active, per latest figures from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology andSeismology (PHIVOLCS).

Aside from being situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire, Philippines is also locatedalong the Pacific Typhoon Belt. This explains the occurrences of different weather
disturbances such as typhoons. Floods and storm surges are also inevitable. In fact,
the Filipinos experience an average of twenty (20) typhoons per year according toPhilippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration(PAGASA).

Other complex emergencies that may occur as a consequence of thesehazards may be mentioned like fire, urban/flash flooding, epidemics and landslides.

Learning from the past disaster and devastating effects of Typhoon Ondoy(international name “Ketsana”) in 2009 led to the enactment of the Republic Act no.
10121 or the “Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Act of2010”, which transforms the paradigm shift from response or “reactive” to “proactive”
approaches on disaster risk reduction. Through RA 10121, the National Disaster
Coordinating Council or NDCC was transformed into National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Council or NDRRMC. The DRRM law grants the NDRRMC with theoverall policy-making, coordination, integration, supervision, monitoring andevaluation functions focusing on DRRM. It is further provided for in the law that the
NDRRMC shall establish an Operations Center. This is the 24/7 facility for monitoring
and coordination of the forty-five (45) member agencies chaired by the Secretary of
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National Defense. By law, the Office of Civil Defense (OCD), being the secretariat andexecutive arm of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council(NDRRMC) functions operationally through the manning of the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Emergency Operations Center (NDRRMOC) where it
disseminates situation reports, alerts and communications to all Council members andvarious stakeholders.

As seen on the following tables below are the consolidated data on hazards
that occurred for the past five years and disasters statistics gathered and evaluatedby the NDRRMOC to be submitted to the Council on a yearly basis as a tool to facilitate
effective management of the consequences of disasters.

For the period CY 2014 to CY 2018, a total of 398 natural and 1057 humaninduced incidents were monitored by the NDRRMOC, declaring on emergency
condition for a total 726 days or 40%1, as seen on Figure 1 below:

50
40
30
20
10
0

Natural Disaster Incidents Monitored(2014-2018)

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Figure 1. Natural incidents monitored for CY2014-2018

Of the natural incidents monitored, flashfloods topped the list with 146 or
36.77% incidents followed by earthquake with 43 or 10.83% and tornado with 43 or

1

Percentage of the total actual calendar days from CY2014-2018

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10.58%. For natural incidents, others include the following: sinkholes, LPA, sea
swelling, disease outbreak, coastal erosion, El Nino, ground movement and big waves.

Human- Induced Disaster Incidents Monitored (2014-2018)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Figure 2. Human-induced incidents monitored for CY2014-2018

Meanwhile, as shown on Figure 2 above, of the human-induced monitored,
structural fire had a record high of 402 or 38.0% incidents, followed by vehicular
accidents with 190 or 18.0% and armed conflict with 122 or 11.5%. For human-induced,
others include the following: missing person, vehicular fire, caving accident,
electrucotion, Hostage taking, mining and train accident, pest infestation, burning soil,
fish kill and water tank explosion.

Effects of Disasters

For the period CY 2015 to CY 2018, a total of 3,296 casualties were recorded
due to natural incidents as shown on Figure 3. (Note: Data is not per 100,000
population). Statistics show that 32% involves death, 49% injuries, and 20% missing.
The apparent cause of the high quantity of injuries in CY 2017 was due to several
earthquakes happened in that year.

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Summary of Casualties: Natural Incidents
1000

persons

800
2015

600

2016

400

2017

200

2018

0
dead

injuredmissing

Figure 3. Summary of Casualties for Natural Incidents for CY2015 - 2018

Shown on Figure 4 is a total of 13,348 casualties monitored due to humaninduced incidents for CY 2015 to CY 2018 of which, 1,061 or 8% are deaths; 12,158
or 91% are injuries; and 129 or 1% are missing persons. Due to the notable increaseof human-induced casualties in CY 2015 and CY 2016, recommend the conduct ofregular public information drives to notify and alert the populace of the evolving
situation for them to take necessary precautionary measures.

Summary of Casualties: Human-induced Incidents

persons

6000
2015

4000

2016

2000

2017
2018

0
dead

injuredmissing

Figure 4. Summary of Casualties for Human-induced Incidents for CY2015-2018

Shown on Figure 5 that for CY 2015 to CY 2018, a total of Php 78,368.391
Million properties were damaged due to natural and human-induced incidents. As
shown, damage on agriculture registered the highest with a total of Php 62,898.427
Million. Meanwhile, damage to infrastructure comes second with the amount of Php
14,278.940 Million. The major damages were contributed much in CY 2018 due toseveral typhoons such as Ompong and Usman and structural fire incidents.
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40000

Damage to Properties due to Disasters(In Million Pesos)

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000

0
Infrastructure
2015

Agriculture
2016
2017

Private/Commercial
2018

Figure 5. Summary of damage to properties due to disasters for CY2015-2018

As shown on Figure 6 is the data on affected families, displaced families anddamaged houses due to major disasters in CY 2016 and 2018, such as tropical
cyclones, earthquake, monsoon rains, inter-tropical convergence zone, and the armed
conflict in Marawi City. It shows that 70% or 1,215,327 out of 1,746,327 displaced
families in the major disasters are served outside the evacuation centers.

Figure 6. Summary of effects of major disaster events for CY2016-2018

Government efforts

Individuals and families, especially in marginalized sectors, are often the mostvulnerable to all forms of risks and shocks – economic instability, weather disturbances,
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health-related

shocks,political

disruptions,amongothers.

Building

theirsocioeconomic resilience by reducing their exposure to risks and increasing theiradaptive capacities is the focus of Chapter 11 of the Philippine Development Plan
(PDP) 2017-2022. Collaborative efforts were made by the government and otherorganizations to align the PDP to the Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030.

There are certain individuals and groups that have inherent vulnerabilities,
these are: the poor and transient poor, children, women, persons with disabilities,
indigenous peoples, overseas Filipinos and their families, farmers and landless rural
workers, solo parents, workers in the informal sector, victims of disasters andcalamities and senior citizens, among others. Non-vulnerable individuals and groups
are also exposed to risks such as low and irregular incomes, and financial andeconomic crises.

Although significant steps were made in reducing the vulnerability and building
the socioeconomic resilience of Filipinos, several challenges in terms of mitigating therisks still need to be addressed. These include: 1) continuous innovation on structuraland non-structural measures in DRRM; 2) prioritization of the DRRM in all walks oflife; 3) resources available from the government; and, 4) cooperation and buy-in of our
stakeholders. Also, there is a need to correct the notion that DRRM is only agovernment concern. Rather, it requires the whole-of-society approach including thecommunity.

Following the occurrences of major disasters after 2010, particularly Typhoons
Sendong, Pablo, Yolanda, Ruby and Glenda, and all the other disasters that wreaked
havoc in the country afterwards, the global call to be more proactive became louder.
The international community worked together to enhance and review the existing
approaches and strategies to come up with a more responsive, climate-change
adaptive and resiliency-focused plans and frameworks. The Sendai Framework for
Action, for one, shifted much of the focus on the prevention and mitigation of hazards,
and has prioritized understanding of disaster risks, strengthening of disaster risk
governance, and investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience. The other plans andpolicies crafted after 2015 are all geared towards the same purpose.
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In this note, Japan, as compared with the Philippines as being a disaster prone
country, has a lot to showcase their great efforts to prevent and mitigate the risks andvulnerabilities brought about by the climate change, progressive society and increaseof human and ageing population.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to provide information on the various specific strategies,
mechanisms and disaster countermeasures on Japan’s adaptive capacities on thestrengthening of disaster risk reduction and management.

Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

1.

What are the scenarios on the future disasters being undertaken by Japanand Philippines?

2.

To what extent can these scenarios on the future disasters cause possible
damages to properties, economic losses and losses of lives?

3.

What are the innovations of disaster risk reduction strategies andcountermeasures in terms of the following:

4.

3.1

Non-structural measures; and,

3.2

Structural measures.

What are the best practices of Japan’s learning experience from pastdisasters that can best replicate from a developing country?

5.

What are the challenges faced by the government and community on
future disaster risk management?

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6.

What are the goals and approaches on disaster risk reduction for theabove-mentioned hazards?

Significance of the Study

This paper will give discussions on the various strategies and best practices ofJapan’s almost-a-decade-old learning experience on disaster risk management(DRM) system and how these contribute in mitigating measures to further reduce theeffects of losses of lives and damages to properties caused by the consequences of
the natural hazards. Thru this paper, the findings may give clear view or better
appreciation on the importance of the non-structural and structural measures which isprimordial reason of all the government efforts to attain a whole-of-society approachat the global context to be localized and replicated to other countries like thePhilippines. The examples of the non-structural and structural measures will beemphasized on how it contributed to the prevention and mitigation approaches fromthe past disasters recorded. This will help demonstrate the importance of theachievement and replication of these strategies and innovation and subsequently
come-up with policy enhancements, more extensive approach on risk assessments
and recommendations for the improvement of the Philippines’ DRRM system.

The findings of this study could benefit the DRR experts and institutions,
Governments of Japan (thru the Asian Disaster Reduction Center) and the Philippines(thru the Office of Civil Defense), as the researcher will endeavor to come up withproposals on addressing challenges and approaches in promoting disaster risk
governance and investment in DRR. It also helps future researchers by providing
validated data on similar subject.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The government of Japan and other public and private organizations haveexerted great efforts in combating the great loss of people’s lives and properties due
to natural disasters. Until the second half of 1950s, large-scale typhoons andearthquakes caused extensive damage and thousands of casualties.
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Thereafter,

Japan’s

capabilities

toresponddisasters

andmitigate

vulnerabilities to disasters are very much evident world-wide. The country has
continuously developing its disaster management systems, promoting national landconservation, improve weather forecasting technologies and upgrading disaster
information communication systems, public awareness and DRR education, among
others.

In this note, the researcher limits the study on the effects of disasters due to theoccurrence of typhoons and earthquakes and the consequences of these hazards
such as structural fires, storm surges, ground shaking, ground rupture, landslides, andtsunami for the recent years.

The research enumerates the best practices and the recent innovations
focusing on prevention and mitigation measures currently being undertaken by Japanin terms of structural and non-structural measures. Scenarios for the preparation of
the future disaster to come are limited to the Nankai Trough earthquake throughout
central to west Japan and Tokyo Inland Quake as well as the Philippine scenario on
the magnitude 7.2 earthquake resulting from the movement of the West Valley Fault(WVF) or we simply call “The Big One”. The scenario may yield a PHIVOLCS
Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) of VIII that will affect not only Metro Manila, but also
the nearby regions of Central Luzon and CALABARZON.

The discussion is limited only to the accounts of actual experiences andlearning that the researcher has encountered in the various study tours all over Japan,
seminars, lectures and conferences with local and international experts, and personalreadings of reference materials provided during the term under the Visiting Researcher
Program of the Asian Disaster Reduction Center for the period January 09 to April 05,
2019.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESThis chapter presents a review of related literature and studies to include
summaries of books, journals and other forms of publication that provide information
relevant to this study, both from international and local sources. Research findings ofthe studies related and relevant to the current study were presented in summarized
form, and conceptualized in a paradigm.

Foreign
According to Sakiko Kanbara (2016) on his article, “Operational Definition ofDisaster Risk Reduction Literacy”, he defined “disaster prevention” or “bousai” and“gensai” in Japanese, as a legal plan outlined on the basis of natural scientificmeasurements. Disaster prevention emphasizes both the saving of lives after an eventand structural countermeasures such as reconstruction and restoration. It is also
defined as “prevention against disasters” and “every type of initiative, action, andpolicy aimed at taking precautions to prevent disaster.” He further cited that citizens
demanded initiatives for independent “disaster prevention actions” (Fire and Disaster
Management Agency, 2011). Moreover, the government’s Reconstruction Design
Council, which was established immediately after the Great East Japan Earthquake of2011, declared that “a way of thinking that incorporates ‘disaster reduction’ is very
important for the future.” Thus, the key word for thinking about countermeasures fordisaster in Japan shifted from disaster prevention (“bousai”) to disaster reduction or
mitigation (“gensai”).

Disaster risk reduction, as defined by the United Nations Office for Disaster
Risk Reduction (UNISDR, 2007), is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks
through systematic efforts to analyze and reduce the causal factors of disasters.
Reducing exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability of people and property, wise
management of land and the environment, and improving preparedness and early
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warning for adverse events are all examples of disaster risk reduction. It includes
disciplines like disaster management, disaster mitigation and disaster preparedness,but DRR is also a part of sustainable development. In order for development activities
to be sustainable, they must also reduce disaster risk.

In fact, the Sendai Framework is a 15-year, voluntary, non-binding agreement
which recognizes that the State has the primary role to reduce disaster risk but that
responsibility should be shared with other stakeholders including local government,
the private sector and other stakeholders. It aims for the following outcome:The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods andhealth and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets ofpersons, businesses, communities and countries.

The Sendai Framework is the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework
for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities toDisasters. It is the outcome of stakeholder consultations initiated in March 2012 andinter-governmental negotiations held from July 2014 to March 2015, which were
supported by the UNISDR upon the request of the UN General Assembly.
UNISDR has been tasked to support the implementation, follow-up and review of the
Sendai Framework.

Among the four (4) priorities under the first goal on preventing new andemerging risk and reducing existing risk include Priority 2: strengthening disaster risk
governance which means having a clear strategy, strong institutions, laws and budget
to ensure the efficient management of disaster risk; and Priority 3: investing in disasterrisk reduction for resilience which includes public and private investment andmeasures which would prevent and reduce disaster losses.
According to Jan C. Vermeiren, in his article, “Disaster Risk Reduction as a
Development Strategy”, hazard mitigation is defined as any action taken topermanently eliminate or reduce the long-term risk to life and property from naturaland technological hazards. The wide variety of actions that fall under this definition
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can usefully be categorized as risk avoidance measures—primarily of a nonstructural
nature—risk spreading measures, and structural vulnerability reduction measures.

In his paper, he discussed about how structural and non-structural measures
can be selected to complement each other, and can be effectively integrated in a multisectoral or area-wide disaster mitigation plan.

Hazard Mitigation Options

He further added that opportunities for natural hazard mitigation can be foundanywhere where population, infrastructure or economic activities are at risk of
disruption or destruction from extreme natural events. In selecting opportunities forhazard mitigation it is essential to remember that the most effective approach to
reducing the long-term impact of natural hazards is to incorporate hazard assessmentand mitigation activities into the process of integrated development planning andinvestment project formulation and implementation as illustrated on the table below.

Targets for Vulnerability Reduction
Family Shelter

Community Infrastructure

Self-help retrofittingCommunity-based hazard assessment



Local-level hazard mappingParticipationProtection vs. relocation

Safe areas for expansion

Productive Sector

inmonitoring

maintenanceBack-up systems

Standards for critical facilities

National Infrastructure and Utilities



Assets and Infrastructure

Systematic vulnerability analysis

Stimulate private sector initiatives

Retrofitting

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

Zoning and standards

Standards for new constructionIncentives for mitigation

Sound capitalizationInsurance premium credits for mitigation

Local
According to Republic Act 10121 or “An Act Strengthening the Philippine
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, Providing for the National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Framework and Institutionalizing the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, Appropriating Funds Therefore andfor Other Purposes” defined "disaster risk reduction" as the concept and practice of
reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal
factors of disasters, including through reduced exposures to hazards, lessened
vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment,
and improved preparedness for adverse events. Meanwhile, Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management (DRRM) is the systematic process of using administrative directives,
organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies
and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards andthe possibility of disaster. Prospective disaster risk reduction and management refers
to risk reduction and management activities that address and seek to avoid thedevelopment of new or increased disaster risks, especially if risk reduction policies are
not put in place.

Section 4 of RA 10121 provides for the development of policies and plans andthe implementation of actions and measures pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk
reduction and management, including good governance, risk assessment and early
warning, knowledge building and awareness raising, reducing underlying risk factors,
and preparedness for effective response and early recovery.

The NDRRMC or the National Council plays a very critical role in shaping thecountry’s disaster risk reduction and management system as a strategy for sustainable
development and poverty reduction in the Philippines.

The National Council is

empowered with policy-making, coordination, integration, supervision, monitoring andevaluation functions which will be carried out through the seventeen (17) main
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responsibilities stipulated in the law. The NDRRMC Chairperson is authorized, as
provided for in Section 7 of the law, to call upon other instrumentalities or entities of
the government, including the reserve forces, and non government organizations forassistance in terms of the use of their facilities and resources for the protection andpreservation of life and properties in the whole range of disaster risk reduction andmanagement.

The Office of Civil Defense, on the other hand, plays a strategic role, in theimplementation of disaster risk reduction and management programs, projects andactivities in the Philippines. The OCD is mandated to have the primary mission ofadministering a comprehensive national civil defense and disaster risk reduction andmanagement program by providing leadership in the continuous development ofstrategic and systematic approaches as well as measures to reduce the vulnerabilities
and risks to hazards and manage the consequences of disasters. The Administratorof the OCD serves as the Executive Director of the National Council. The National
Council utilizes the services and facilities of OCD as secretariat of the National Council.

Related Studies
On the published article, “Knowledge Notes from the Learning from Megadisasters Project”, a knowledge-sharing project sponsored by the Government ofJapan and the World Bank, Japan’s DRM system, built up during nearly 2000 years of
coping with natural risks and hazards, proved its worth. The loss of life and property
could have been far greater if the country’s policies and practices had been lesseffective. The main elements of that DRM system are:i.

Investments in structural measures (such as reinforced buildings andseawalls) cutting-edge risk assessments, early-warning systems, andhazard mapping—all supported by sophisticated technology for datacollection, simulation, information, and communication, and by scenariobuilding to assess risks and to plan responses (such as evacuations) tohazards;

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ii.

A culture of preparedness, where training and evacuation drills are
systematically practiced at the local and community levels and in schools
and workplaces;iii.

Stakeholder involvement, where the national and local government,
communities, NGOs, and the private sector all know their role;iv.

Effective legislation, regulation, and enforcement—for example, ofbuilding codes that have been kept current;v.

The use of sophisticated instrumentation to underpin planning andassessment operations.

According to Kenzo Hiroki on his article, “Strategies for Managing Lowprobability, High-impact Events”, every country should develop strategies for
managing low-probability, high-impact extreme events—strategies that reflect theirown as well as global experiences with mega-disasters. These strategies should
integrate structural and nonstructural measures tailored to local conditions.
Forecasting and early warnings, land-use planning and regulation, hazard maps,
education, and evacuation drills are all vital. Lessons from the Great East Japan
Earthquake (GEJE) can help improve these nonstructural practices, which in Japan
have been shaped by trial and error after experiences with many natural disasters.
The international community should develop knowledge-sharing mechanisms to help
countries prepare for low-probability, high-impact extreme events.
The Knowledge Notes briefly discussed important detailed Japan’s bestpractices and strategies on the structural and non-structural measures based on thefindings and recommendations from the GEJE. For structural measures, Although 190
kilometers of the 300 kilometers of dikes in the area collapsed, they decreased theforce of the tsunami and, in some areas, delayed its arrival inland, buying extra
minutes for people to evacuate. All bullet trains stopped safely without casualty, thanks
to a cutting-edge system of detecting the earliest sign of ground movement. The GEJE,
however, exceeded all expectations and predictions in the extent of its ensuing
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tsunami, demonstrating that exclusive reliance on structural measures will ultimately
prove ineffective and must be supplemented with nonstructural measures and a basic
understanding of the uncertainties surrounding the estimation of events such as
earthquakes and tsunamis.

Because it is not practical—from a financial, environmental, or social
perspective—to build tsunami dikes 20 to 30 meters high, Japan’s government intends
to accelerate the current paradigm shift in its thinking about disaster management,complementing its structure focused approach to prevention with soft solutions toachieve an integrated approach to disaster risk reduction. Understanding that the risks
from natural hazards can never be completely eliminated, the new, balanced approach
incorporates community-based prevention and evacuation and other nonstructural
measures such as education, risk-related finance and insurance, and land-use
regulation.
Thanks to Japan’s strict and rigorously enforced building codes, earthquakerelated losses from March 2011 disasters were limited. Since Japan’s first buildingcode was adopted after the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, the government has
made regular revisions in light of experiences with a range of natural disasters.

A multilayered approach to DRM is needed, employing both structural andnonstructural measures. Defensive infrastructure alone is not enough to cope with
infrequent disasters of high impact. Nonstructural measures also need to beestablished, including early-warning systems, rigorous planning and regulation,
prompt evacuation of residents, and a variety of institutional and financial measures,such as insurance, rehabilitation funds, and emergency teams. New measures tofacilitate evacuation by vehicle – for example, rules to mitigate traffic jams and training
for drivers on evacuation during disasters, should also be considered.

The early earthquake detection system saved thousands of passengers in the
Shinkansen. Nineteen bullet trains (Shinkansen) were running when the GEJE
occurred, including two at 270 kilometers per hour, almost top speed. All were able tostop safely because of the early earthquake detection systems. The Japan
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

27

Meteorological Agency issued earthquake information based on nationwide
seismography and observations of seismic intensity. The agency operates anearthquake early warning system that quickly estimates an earthquake’s focus andmagnitude and forecasts seismic intensities and the arrival time of ground shaking.

The Knowledge Notes Executive Summary also furthers stresses the importantroles of the community in multihazard DRM (figure 7). Successful evacuations dependon prior measures such as hazard mapping, warning systems, and ongoing education,
all of which proved essential in the evacuation that followed the GEFE.

Figure 7. Roles of the Community in Multihazard DRM

Community-based organization saved lives and needs to be nurtured. Whenthe tsunami overwhelmed coastal defenses, local communities were forced to use
their own knowledge and resourcefulness to survive on March 11. Fortunately,
throughout the Tohoku region, communities had been intently engaged in tsunami
preparedness. Given the unreliability of predictions and the limitations of defensive
structures, community engagement should be put at the center of the disasterresponse system.
Evacuation drills and DRM education, staples of the country’s schools, kept
children safe in Kamaishi City. The famous “Kamaishi Miracle” was not really a miracle
at all, but rather the result of a sustained effort to instill a culture of resilience andprevention based on continuous learning.
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

28

According to Mr. Toshitaka Katada, a professor of civil engineering at Gunma
University, he said that “the top priority of disaster prevention is to save lives. To
accomplish that, we need to educate children who can save their own lives”. A primeexample was the children in Unosumai, the hardest-hit district in the city. Immediately
after the magnitude 9.0 earthquake struck that afternoon, the students of Kamaishi
East Junior High School ran out of the school to higher ground. Their quick response
prompted the children and teachers of the neighboring Unosumai Elementary School
to follow, and consequently drew in many local residents.

As they continued to run, older students supported the younger school children,and together they reached a safe location while behind them the mega-tsunami
swallowed their schools and the town. The city lost more than 1,000 lives to thedisasters, but only five of them were school-age children, and they weren't at school
when the quake hit. This successful evacuation is known as the "Kamaishi Miracle". It
is the result of a tsunami disaster prevention education program which was
implemented in Kamaishi schools under his leadership.

Under Cluster 5 on Hazard and Risk Information and Decision making still on
the article, “Learning from the Mega-disasters”, effective risk communication does notnecessarily require a sophisticated communication system. Although science-based
early-warning systems are important during a disaster, regular sharing of predisaster
information at the local level is equally important. The sharing should beaccompanied—over time and with the community’s involvement—by disaster drills,
community mapping, and other measures. In recent years, remote-sensing data has
been used around the world to rapidly map the damage resulting from natural disasters.
Japan has a well-established track record in disaster mapping: As early as 1995,
remotely sensed data were used to map the damage from the Kobe earthquake.

The volunteer fire corps traces its history to the 18th century. Corps members
have regular jobs but, when disaster strikes, they take part in disaster management
activities in their own communities, such as firefighting, issuing warnings, assistingevacuations, conducting search and rescue operations, and operating facilities. There
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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are currently some 890,000 active volunteers across Japan, which is almost six times
the number of career firefighters. The Fire Defense Organization Act and its bylaws
stipulate the corps’ roles, organizational structures, members’ status as part-timegovernment staff, and compensation and allowances. The local government has
principal responsibility for the corps, while the central government subsidizes theirfacilities.

According to the head of the Jichikai, the participation rate in Kojirahama is low,while in Kerobe most people participate in the drill. In Kerobe and Oishi, community
members have a strong sense of solidarity, as the population is much smaller than in
Kojirahama and they have lived there for years. Toni residents have written books
about the effects of past tsunamis, which are used by the communities as anawareness-raising tool. In addition, there are two tsunami maps: one issued by the
Kamaishi City government and the other developed by the community members
themselves. The former includes the expected flood area, expected height of thetsunami, and expected arrival time. The latter includes local information about whichareas were flooded in the Meiji-Sanriku and Syowa-Sanriku-tsunamis, evacuationsites, evacuation routes, and dangerous areas. These maps are distributed to allfamilies in the town of Toni (KN 5-3). Finally, a number of community festivals are used
as opportunities to engage local schools in disaster awareness and preparedness
activities (figure 3).

The volunteer fire corps plays a critical role in DRM for several reasons: – Since
the volunteers come from the community, they have local knowledge of the context
and are familiar with those residents who may need special assistance to evacuate,
such as the disabled or bedridden. – The total number of volunteers is some six times
that of the professional firefighting staff, providing a cost-effective way of mobilizing
large-scale emergency response capacity. – The members receive regular training
and can respond immediately because they are locally based.

Community-based DRM activities are well integrated in the daily lives of theresidents, ensuring that awareness of natural hazards is maintained, for example, bymarking the anniversary of a large catastrophe with disaster drills, and linking
Janice Padagdag – Philippines30

awareness-raising activities with local festivals. • The role of communities in DRM isformally recognized and supported by local and national authorities through linkages
with local institutions. (Knowledge Note 2-1, Learning from Past Disasters, 2012)

Statistics show that in the 1995 Kobe earthquake, 80 percent of those rescued
were saved by their neighbors. So, while local and national authorities have key
responsibilities for civil protection in hazard events, communities are always the first
responders and should be empowered in that role.

The role of the Semi-Public Private Sector in Disaster Risk Reduction
Electricity, Gas and Telecommunication companies as well as major transportationcompanies are private companies in Japan. Due to the nature of services and products
they provide, they are regarded to be a vital player in disaster risk reduction. They arecalled “designated public organs” in the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act and are
given duties to prioritize emergency response and be resistant against possible
disasters. They are also called “Life Line” companies in Japan and there are public
expectations for them to be resistant against various natural disasters. Therefore they
have developed advanced engineering systems for disaster mitigation, emergency
response and quick recovery. For example the major Gas companies in Japan are theones who have first fully utilized 3D GIS systems for gas pipeline management.
Telecommunications companies have developed specialized emergency voicemessage systems to avoid over congestion of telephone lines.

The important role of Private Companies in Disaster Risk Reduction It is not
only the “Life Line” companies who are expected to contribute to disaster risk reduction.
In Japan, the Annual Official Report on Disaster Management 1991 defined the threereasons for private companies to be active in disaster risk reduction.

(1) Companies own and/or occupy space. The safety of employees, customers
and visitors who are inside this space must be assured by the company who occupies
this space. Buildings and Shops must be safe against disasters. They must be
designed in accordance with seismic building codes, be equipped with safety
apparatus, and be fire proof. Security and safety is the basics for all private enterprise
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

31

operations. Furthermore they can contribute to disaster risk reduction by developing
technologies and methodologies for securing safety of space.

(2) Companies are members of the communities they are surrounded.
Companies must be good neighbors and are expected to perform corporate citizenship.
They can contribute to disaster 3 risk reduction activities of their communities. They
can initiate goodwill for disaster risk reduction.

(3) The goods and services provided by companies should not be interrupted.
It is not only the “LifeLine” companies who are expected to continue operations. Let
us imagine what would happen if a major pharmaceutical company stops its operations.
The same applies to others as well. Business continuity is expected for various kindsof industries and commerce. To minimize economic damage, business continuity
planning (BCP) is essential for all industries. These three reasons came to be widely
acknowledged over the years in Japan, especially after the Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe)
Earthquake in 1995 and the Tokai Flooding in 2000.

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Definition of Terms

For clarity, the following terms are defined operationally:1)

Community empowerment refers to the process of enabling communities toincrease control over their lives.

2)

Disaster Mitigation is the lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts ofhazards and related disasters. Mitigation measures encompass engineering
techniquesandhazard-resistantconstruction

as

well

as

improved

environmental policies and public awareness.

3)

Disaster Prevention is the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards
and related disasters. It expresses the concept and intention to completely
avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance such as
construction of dams or embankments that eliminate flood risks, land-use
regulations that do not permit any settlement in high-risk zones, and seismic
engineering designs that ensure the survival and function of a critical building
in any likely earthquake.

4)

Disaster Risk Areas refer to areas are designated by local government
regulations as being highly vulnerable in a disaster situation. Building newresidential structures is prohibited in the area.

1)

Mutual help refers to helping each other and protecting their community,
examples of which are rescue activities to ave people buried alive, supervising
the vacation of children and people with special needs or other kinds of mutual
assistance within a regional community.

2)

Non-structural measures are measures not involving physical construction
which use knowledge, practice or agreement to reduce disaster risks andJanice Padagdag – Philippines

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impacts, in particular through policies and laws, public awareness raising,training and education.

3)

Public help refers to public support at the hands of administrative bodies, asseen in education, preparation and maintenance in anticipation of a disasteroccurring, as well as disaster response measures such as information provisionand operating evacuation centers.

4)

Self-help refers to safeguarding one’s own life, examples of which include
stocking up supplies in anticipation of disasters, and being able to judge one’s
circumstances by oneself and taking the appropriate action for evacuation.

5)

Structural measures are any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible
impacts of hazards, or the application of engineering techniques or technology
to achieve hazard resistance and resilience in structures or systems.

6)

Whole of society approach is “Acknowledging the contribution of andimportant role played by all relevant stakeholders, including individuals, families
and communities, intergovernmental organizations and religious institutions,civil society, academia, the media, voluntary associations and, where and as
appropriate, the private sector and industry, in support of national efforts for
non-communicable disease prevention and control, and recognize the need tofurther support the strengthening of coordination among these stakeholders inorder to improve the effectiveness of these efforts;”. (Source: 2011 Political
Declaration, (37))

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter discusses the research design used in this study, the research
locale and data gathering procedure.

Research Design

Descriptive-exploratory method was found by the researcher to be the mostappropriate research design for this study. This research design is focused oncollecting either secondary or primary data and using an unstructured format or
informal procedures to interpret them. Interviews were conducted to validate andfurther expound the data gathered. This method is preferred for this kind of researchbecause the expected responses and results are best presented by descriptions.

Research Locale

The researcher conducted her study in different strategic places at the Kansai
Region through the use of the Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) office. The
ADRC was established in Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, in 1998 with the mission ofenhancing the disaster resilience of its 31 member countries, building safe
communities and creating a society where sustainable development is attainable.

The interviews were conducted at the Hyogo Prefecture Education and Training
Institute, Hyogo Prefectural Government Office, Cabinet Office of Japan, CERD Osaka
City University, Sendai City government, Universities of Kobe, Tokyo and Tohoku,
Sojiji Temple from a monk leader and Tsurukabuto Community Welfare Council Office.

In the case of ocular visits and survey of community DRR knowledge, theresearcher visited the Kobe City, Osaka City, tsunami affected areas in Sendai City,
Ishinomaki City, Onagawa town and Natori City and Miki City with the assistance ofthe staff and supervisors of ADRC. The conduct of town mapping with JICA

Janice Padagdag – Philippines35

participants was done at the Otani area in Kobe City. The group also conducted atsunami hazard map at a small community in Kamakura City in Kanagawa Prefecture.

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CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data on the study toprovide information on the various specific strategies, mechanisms and disastercountermeasures on Japan’s adaptive capacities on the strengthening of disaster risk
reduction and management.

For a clear and broad presentation of the findings, this chapter is organized intosix (6) parts corresponding to the specific statement of the problem in Chapter I of thisstudy.

Problem 1. What are the scenarios on the future disasters being undertaken by
Japan and Philippines?

Japan's 4 main islands - Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu - and morethan 3,000 small islands cover a combined area of 377,727km2. These islands extend
over 2,000km in total length but spread only about 300km in width.

Located in the Circum-Pacific Mobile Belt or the Ring of Fire, Japan is
predominantly mountainous - about three-fourths of the national land is mountains and long mountain ranges form the backbone of the archipelago. The dramatic Japan
Alps, studded with 3,000-meter peaks, bisect the central portion of Honshu, the mainisland. Japan has around 200 volcanoes, about 60 of which are active. Consequently,
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are common.

This mountainous setting creates rivers that generally are short and have steep
channel slopes. The rivers carry their sediment to the flatlands where they deposit it
to form moderately sized alluvial plains.

In fact, there is also a high probability of the occurrence of large-scale
earthquakes in the near future including impending possibilities of Japan’s Nankai
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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Trough Earthquake and Tokyo Inland Earthquake. As such, natural disasters
remain a menacing threat to the safety and security of the country.

In the area along the Nankai Trough, trench typemega earthquakes have occurred on a 100 to
150 year cycle, causing great damage to the area.
The

study

of

large-scale

earthquake

countermeasures in this has been conducted.
Based on the lessons learned from the GEJE in
March 2011, the Central Disaster Management
Council decided to assume the “maximum
possible earthquake and tsunami” to occur.
Figure 8: Diagram on Outline ofCountermeasures against large-scale EQ
Photo Credit: Japan Medical Association
Journal 2016 July 1

Likewise, it is estimated in Tokyo, massive
trench-type earthquakes with a magnitude of 8 orgreater like the Great Kanto Earthquake (1923),

will occur at intervals of 200-400 years. Additionally, it is presumed that several Tokyo
Inland Earthquakes of M7 scale will occur before a M8 scale earthquake.

Moreover, according to the 2018 World Risk Report, the Philippines rank third
on the index, behind Vanuatu and Tonga. This is the country’s third year in third place,after moving down from second place in 2015. The Philippines also ranks third on the
WRI’s list of countries with the greatest exposure to natural disasters, with a score of
49.94%, just ahead of Japan (46.55%).

With that said, the Philippines is certainly at risk to earthquakes generally
caused by the movement of active faults and trenches. Many earthquake generators
are distributed all over the country including the Philippine Fault, Manila Trench,
Philippine Trench, Negros Trench, Cotabato Trench and Sulu Trench. Specifically,
Metro Manila is located in Luzon Island between Manila Bay which extends to theWest Philippine Sea, and Laguna de Bay. As the National Capital Region, it is where
the seat of government is, is central to businesses and economic activities, and ishome to more than 12 million people.
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

38

The Harmonized National Contingency Plan for Earthquake (National CP, forbrevity) issued in 2018 and currently updated its version in early part of 2019,illustrated the 18 earthquake scenarios that may affect Metro Manila and the vicinity.
The projected impacts of the West Valley Fault (WVF) earthquake were updated andenhanced in the Greater Metro Manila Area (GMMA) Risk Analysis Project (RAP) in
2013.
The identification of hazards on a magnitude 7.2 earthquake scenario resulting
from the movement of the WVF was derived from the results of the Metro Manila
Earthquake Impact Reduction Study (MMEIRS) conducted by PHIVOLCS, Metro
Manila Development Authority (MMDA), and the Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA) from August 2002 to March 2004.

Figure 9: Diagram on the Map of the 18 Earthquake Scenarios based on MMEIRSSpecifically, the worst case scenarios identified in the MMEIRS are:
1.

SCENARIO 8: Generated by the WVF, causing a 7.2 magnitude
earthquake and leading to severe damage in Metro Manila

2.

SCENARIO 13: Generated by the Manila Trench, causing a 7.9 magnitude
earthquake and leading to the occurrence of tsunami

The WVF moved four (4) times and generated strong earthquakes within the last
1400 years. The approximate return period of these earthquakes is between 400 to
600 years and no large event along the West Valley Fault is known after 17th century.
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The table below displays the analysis of earthquake as a natural hazard, basedon consultations and discussions with technical experts from PHIVOLCS and various
representatives from the member agencies of the National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Council (NDRRMC):
ROOT CAUSE

Movement ofearthquake
generators(faults andtrenches)EARLY
EFFECTSWARNING
SIGNS
NONE
Ground shaking
Ground rupture
Liquefaction
Earthquake-induced
landslide
TsunamiCollapsed structure
Fire
Hazardous materials(hazmat) incidents
Industry-related
explosion

EXAMPLES OF EXISTINGMITIGATING MEASURES
Implementation of building
design standards
Assessment of structural
integrity of buildings andfacilities
Conduct of structural
retrofitting
Relocation of communities
to areas safe fromearthquake hazards

Table 1: Root Causes, Early Warning Signs, Effects and Existing Mitigating Measures for Earthquake

In this context, mitigating measures and strengthening the DRRM in thePhilippines are being undertaken by the NDRRMC, local government and otherstakeholders. Meanwhile, Japan, as being named the leader in disaster prevention,
the government through the Cabinet Office continuously updated the strategies andmechanisms on disaster risk reduction to align and achieve the SFDRR global target
until year 2030.

Problem 2. To what extent can these scenarios on the future disasters cause
possible damages to properties, economic losses and losses of lives?

2.1 Nankai Trough Earthquake Scenario

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Figure 10: Records of Damages Past Earthquakes along Nankai Trough (Source: Cabinet Office)Figure 11: Distribution of Tsunami Wave Height during occurrence of Nankai Trough Earthquake(Source: Cabinet Office)Shown on Figures 10 and 11, the massive earthquakes that occur along the
Nankai Trough for over 100-150 year cycle caused several deaths and damages tohouses and buildings. With the above assumption on the worst-case scenario on the
movement of Nankai Trough and other trenches simultaneously, the possible
maximum seismic movements and tsunami height were simulated. According to the
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

41

simulation, maximum death toll is estimated at 323,000, of which death by tsunami
would amount to 230,000. Maximum possible economic loss could be approximately
170 trillion yen for asset and 45 trillion yen for degradation of production andservices. It is estimated to about 2.5 million units of total collapsed buildings. It isestimated, however that these damages could be reduced substantially by taking
countermeasures in advance.

2.2

Tokyo Inland Earthquake

According to the final report, the earthquake with an epicentre in the southernpart of Tokyo would cause extensive damage including a death toll of as many as
23,000 people, number of people in need of rescue of 72,000, total collapse of
610,000 buildings and a maximum possible economic loss of 47 trillion yen for
assets and 48 trillion yen for degradation of production and services. Breakdownof figures are shown on Figure 12.

Figure 12: Damage Estimation from Tokyo Inland Earthquake

Janice Padagdag – Philippines(Source: Cabinet Office)42

2.3 Magnitude 7.2 earthquake Scenario resulting from the movement of theWest Valley Fault (WVF)
According to the study, the earthquake or being called as the “Big One” would
cause extensive damage including a death toll of as many as 52,000 people andfive million or more people being displaced and around 520,000 collapsed buildings(totally or partly damaged).

Relatedly, data sourced from the National CP by the NDRRMC are theestimated breakdown of casualties and displaced persons for the three affected
region: National Capital Region, Central Luzon and CALABARZON.

Below is the table of estimated number of dead, missing, injured, and displaced
population across the LGUs in Metro Manila2:
REGION
NCR
East
NCR
North

NCR
West
NCR
South

LGUS
Pasig
Marikina
CaloocanMalabonNavotasValenzuela
Quezon City
ManilaSan Juan
Mandaluyong
Las Pinas
Muntinlupa
Paranaque
Pasay
Taguig
Makati
Pateros
TOTAL

DEAD
2,387
1,617
3,114
874
740
1,169
5,524
5449
306
817
1491
1206
1385
1117
2366
1,427
239
31,228MISSING
12,420
8,280
6,560
3,300
3,280
6,600
13,16013,7505,500
8,250
11,640
2,716
3,492
3,104
3,880
11,6402,328
119,900

INJURED34,692
24,297
54,105
13,774
12,431
20,52296,65284,515
4,818
3,664
25,42921,45024,50817,18339,247
20,737
3,698
501,722DISPLACED475,774
317,182
198,478
99,24099,000198,000
396,478535,246
214,098
321,147
333,042
77,71099,91388,811
111,014333,042
66,6083,964,783

Table 2: Estimates on Dead, Missing, Injured and Displaced in Metro Manila

2

Reference for Dead and Injured (consolidated for slight, serious and very serious injuries): GMMA RAP 2013
Reference for Missing: INSARAG ERE, 2018
Reference for Displaced: INSARAG ERE, 2018

Janice Padagdag – Philippines43

Below is the table of estimated number of dead, missing, injured, and displaced
population for the affected LGUs in Central Luzon3:
LGUS
BulacanPampanga
TOTAL

DEAD
9,000
6,000
15,000MISSING
12,0008,000
20,000INJURED
30,00020,00050,000DISPLACED
277,650
63,000340,650

Table 3: Estimates on Dead, Missing, Injured and Displaced in Central Luzon

Further, below is the table of estimated number of dead, missing, injured, anddisplaced population for the affected LGUs in CALABARZON4:
LGUS
Rizal
CaviteLaguna
TOTAL

DEAD
500
3,000
3,145
6,645

MISSING
2,000
3,443
100
5,543

INJURED
12,00050,39865,600127,998

DISPLACED
331,360
563,840
119,680
1,014,880

Table 4: Estimates on Dead, Missing, Injured and Displaced in CALABARZON

Please take note that all of the estimates above are not to be taken as absoluteprojections. The figures may be subject for changes or revisions when anotherestimation of risks and vulnerabilities maybe carried out by DRR experts.

Below are the scenarios that can possibly occur should there be WVF
movement:

SITUATIONSBAD SCENARIOWORSE SCENARIO

WORST SCENARIO

Description

The WVF moved with a
The WVF moved with a
The WVF moved with amagnitude of 6.0 – 6.9 and/or magnitude of more than or
magnitude of 5.0 – 5.9
intensity VII
equal to 7.0 and/or
and/or intensity VI
intensity VIII and higher

Impacts on
Human Lives

Fatalities: Around 1,000 Fatalities: Around 5,000
Injuries: Around 3,000
Injuries: Around 10,000

Impacts on
Human Lives

Very old or poorly built
houses and man-madestructures are slightly
damaged though wellbuilt structures are not

Fatalities: Around 52,000
Injuries: Around 700,000

Old or poorly-built structures Most buildings are totally
suffer considerably damage. damaged. Bridges andSome well-built structures are elevated concreteslightly damaged. Somestructures are toppled or
cracks may appear on dikes, destroyed. Water sewer

3
Reference for Dead, Missing and Injured: RDRRMC III Contingency Plan for Earthquake 2018
Reference for Displaced: INSARAG ERE 20184
Reference for Dead, Missing and Injured (consolidated for slight, serious and very serious injuries) in CALABARZON: CP for Earthquake for
Rizal, Cavite and Laguna 2018
Reference for Displaced: INSARAG ERE 2018

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

44

affected. Wall plastermay crack.

fish ponds, road surface, or
concrete hollow block walls.

Heavy objects or
furniture move or may
be shifted.

Heavy objects and furniture
overturn or topple.

Trees and utility posts
are noticeably shaken

Trees and utility posts areshaken strongly.

pipes are bent, twisted or
broken.

Numerous trees are utility
posts are tilted, toppled or
broken.

Limited liquefaction, lateralLandslides andspreading and landslides are liquefaction with lateralobserved.
spreadings and sandboils
Limited rockfalls andare widespread. The
rolling boulders occur inground is distorted into
hilly to mountainous
undulations. Boulders are
areas andcommonly thrown out.
escarpments.
River water splashes
violently on slops overdikes and banks.
50% of roads and bridges are 80% of roads and bridges
not passable
are not passable
Concrete dikes andfoundation of bridges aredestroyed by groundsettling or toppling.
Railway tracks are bent or
broken.

All roads and bridges
remain passable

Power and50% of power, energy andcommunication facilities communication facilities areremain operational
no longer operational

No outbreak of hazmat

Response
Capabilities

80% of power, energy andcommunication facilities
are no longer operational

Outbreaks of fire and hazmat Outbreaks of fire andincidents in some areas inhazmat incidents occurred
Metro Manila.
in most areas in Metro
Manila, Central Luzon and
CALABARZON.

Around 70% of manpowerand equipment of Metro
Local capacities are still
Manila, Central Luzon andfunctional in Metro
CALABARZON can still be
Manila, Central Luzon,
mobilized for response.
and CALABARZON

Even the response groups
in Metro Manila, Central
Luzon, and
CALABARZON are
victims. They have limited
capacity to respond within
their respective areas forthe early days of response
operations.

Table 5: Indicators of Bad, Worse and Worst Scenarios for the Earthquake due to the WVF Movement

Problem no. 3. What are the innovations of disaster risk reduction strategies
and countermeasures in terms of the following:

3.1 Non-structural measures
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UNISDR has defined, non-structural measures as measures not involving
physical construction which use knowledge, practice or agreement to reduce disasterrisks and impacts, in particular through policies and laws, public awareness raising,training and education. Common non-structural measures include building codes,
land-use planning laws and their enforcement, research and assessment, information
resources and public awareness programmes. Note that in civil and structural
engineering, the term “structural” is used in a more restricted sense to mean just theload-bearing structure, and other parts such as wall cladding and interior fittings are
termed “non-structural”.

Below are the components grouped together by the researcher for clear
illustration and categorization of the non-structural measures.

3.1.1 Current DRR laws, plans and policies
Japan’s disaster management system has been in place since Disaster Relief
Act of 1947 and has long used the learning from past disasters to continuously improve
this system. Recently, it addresses all phases of disaster preparedness, prevention
and mitigation and emergency responses, as well as the recovery and rehabilitation.

Since the GEJE, the national and local DRM planning systems to prepare forand react to large-scale of disasters has been assessed, and revisions were proposed
through new legislation.

Hence, after Hyogo Framework for Action for 2005-2015 has ended its term, a
new DRR framework came into its being in 2015 and adopted globally. The Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 was formulated. The frameworkoutlines seven clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new and reduce
existing disaster risks: Understanding disaster risk; Strengthening disaster risk
governance to manage disaster risk; Investing in disaster reduction for resilience, and;Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to "Build Back Better" inrecovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
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It aims to achieve the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives,
livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural andenvironmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries over the
next 15 years.
Japan’s Basic Disaster Management Plan, as revised after the GEJE aims torigorously enforce earthquake and tsunami countermeasures. Addressing a new setof scenarios that take into account the largest possible disaster and multiple
simultaneous hazards, the plan calls for the development of disaster-resilient
communities, the promotion of disaster awareness, increased research and scientificobservation, and stronger systems to warn of tsunamis and deliver evacuation
information.

In its recent revision in April 2017 as shown on Figure 9, descriptions wereadded as responses to the issues that emerged at the Kumamoto Earthquake andTyphoon 10 in 2016. Specifically, an increasing support for local governments wasemphasized, including training courses for heads and senior officials of prefectural
governments, and the utilization of ICT based on lessons learned from the Kumamoto
Earthquake. The revised plan also clearly describes the clarification of people subject
to evacuation recommendations, etc., changes in the evacuation information titles andthe development of specific plans for emergency disasters concerning the facilities
used by persons requiring special care based on lessons from 2016 Typhoon 10
disaster.

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Figure 13: Overview of Revisions to the Basic Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction(April 2017) (Source: Cabinet Office)

The Central Disaster Management Council has developed the “Policy
Framework for Large-Scale Earthquake Disaster Prevention and Reduction”, a masterplan of the countermeasures for the large-scale earthquake, that includes a range ofactivities from preventive measures post-disaster response and recovery:

the“Earthquake Disaster Reduction Strategy”, to determine an overarching goal ofdamage mitigation and strategic targets based on the damage estimation.

Based

on

GEJE

experience,

the

“Act

on

PromotionofTsunamiCountermeasures” which includes enhancement of the tsunami observation systems,
education and training about tsunami and construction of necessary facilities, and the“Act on Development of Areas Resilient to Tsunami Disasters” prescribing formulation
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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of comprehensive plan and restriction of development in areas estimated to beinundated by tsunami have been enacted.

Further, Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act was revised in 2011 to enablelocal entities to designate emergency shelter areas. Based on these laws, morecomprehensive tsunami countermeasures were being undertaken.

Based on the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake experience, the Central
Disaster Management Council drafted the “Urgent Countermeasures Guidelines for
Promoting the Earthquake-resistant Construction of Houses and Building” in 2005,
which stipulates the earthquake-resistant construction throughout the country should
be urgently and strongly enforced in close cooperation with related ministries as anational priority. In November 2013, the said act was revised, making obligatory to
conduct a seismic qualification test and make reports on large-scale buildings,
including hospitals and shops, which are available to the general public, as well as
schools and nursing homes, which are used by those who need special attention in
the event of evacuation.

Further, Article 17 of the Law concerning Promotion of Seismic Rehabilitationof Buildings (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Notification No. 217 in
Heisei 21) specified details concerning criteria for designation of seismic retrofit
support center.
In March 2014, on the basis of “Act on Special Measures for Promotion of
Nankai Trough Earthquake Disaster Management” areas were designated to makeprogress in the measures against the earthquake (29 prefectures including Tokyo,
Osaka and Kyoto, and 707 municipalities as of April 2014), and further, areas
encompassing 14 prefectures including Tokyo and 139 municipalities were designatedto reinforce the evacuation plan against tsunami triggered by the earthquake.
In November 2013, the “Act on Special Measures for the Tokyo Inland
Earthquake” was enacted, and in March 2014, areas were designated as in need ofurgent measures to be taken (Tokyo and 9 prefectures and 309 municipalities as of
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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March 2015). At the same time, the Basic Plan for urgent implementation of measuresand the Business Continuity Plan by Central Government were formulated.

The Basic Plan stipulates that the continuity of core functions of the metropolis
be maintained and the damage would be significantly reduced by preparedness forthe disaster and by emergency response plans. Thus, it is critically necessary thatsuch measures be planned ahead and strategically implemented. As the basic policy,
the Plan includes:
Construction of the systems for continuation of the services of core
institutions and the infrastructure supporting such systems;

Construction of earthquake and fire resistant structures as the basis for all
countermeasures taken, and measures against anticipated serious roadtraffic paralysis and measures for enormous number of evacuees andworkers having difficulties getting home;Promotion of whole-society cooperation on a “self-help”, “mutual-help” and“public help” basis; and,Measures toward the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games.

Furthermore, in compliance with a decision made at the Cabinet in March 2015,
the Plan sets numerical targets for disaster reduction with a time limit, and includes
concrete targets for measures to achieve those numerical targets.

The countermeasures against the earthquakes also include promotion ofdisaster management measures in the city areas with high concentration of wooden
houses, damage reduction plan for the cultural heritages in the Kyoto and Nara areas,and security plan for the petrochemical plant complex concentrated in the Osaka andIse bays.
Since the enactment of “Flood Control Act” in 1949, several revisions weremade to improve flood countermeasures and reduce damage caused by severe
weather disasters. Based on this Act, 417 rivers subject to flood warning and 1,555
rivers subject to water-level notifications are designated. Of these, inundation risk
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areas are currently designated and published for 1,931 rivers (as of March 2014). As
non-structural countermeasures, the warning and evacuation systems for the possible
inundated areas and landslide prone areas have been developed in accordance with
the Flood Control Act and the Sediment Disaster Prevention Act. Furthermore, in 2013,
the Act was amended stipulating the participation of diverse entities including rivermanagement organizations in flood control activities, acquisition of appropriate
maintenance and management need in river management facilities, etc.

To minimize the damage against large-scale floods, the Central Disaster
Management Council has formulated the Basic Policies for Metropolitan Area LargeScale Water Hazard and measures have been promoted so that prompt evacuation
can be effected.

With the objective of improving the resilience of communities to disasters,
related government ministries have set out and revised laws such as the following:1) Act No. 41 of Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act (amended on June27, 2012) specifies the obligation of residents to hand down to younger
generations the lessons of disaster resilience. It also specifies that eachdisaster prevention organization including regional public bodies, private
business etc must endeavour to implement disaster resilience education,and pursuant to this are permitted to seek the cooperation of educational
bodies and public/private organizations.
2) Guidelines for school disaster resilience education that nurtures “Zest forLife”, enacted on March 2013, was created as reference materials
outlining the ideal state of school disaster resilience education anddisaster prevention management, reflecting new item of concern
emanating from schools in the wake of recent natural disasters.

A new frame of reference was added to the definition of safety in the existing
government curriculum guideline: this included nurturing “the attitude of
acting with an independent mind” and the “awareness of contributing to
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creating a safe and secure society” in consideration of the report issued by
the “council of advisors related to disaster resilience education and disasterprevention management post 3-11” (July 2012).
In particular, based on “School Health and Safety Act” and “School Safety
Promotion Plan” (Cabinet Decision in April 2012), the guidelines make it
clear to schools that they must set aside time for teacher disaster resilienceand in order to bolster their instruction should organize structured andsystemic contents.

3) Act No. 110 on Law on Strengthening Regional Disaster Resilience with
Volunteer Fire Fighting at the Core (amended on December 13, 2013)
specifies that national and local public bodies shall enact measuresnecessary to promote learning regarding disaster resilience in education
at both the school and societal level. It also specifies that fire brigades
shall assume a leadership role in the education and training forautonomous voluntary disaster management organization women fire
safety clubs, junior fire resilience clubs and public entities within theboundaries of municipalities and any other organizations related todisaster reduction.

Notably, some basic principles from the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act
in the organization of community volunteers (Jishu Bosai Soshiki) are enumerated asfollows:a) Article 2-2 states that “disaster control measures shall be taken with thebasic principles of the following matters:(ii) while ensuring proper division of roles and mutual coordination andcooperation among the national and local governments and other public
institutions, disaster prevention activities conducted voluntarily by eachresident and those conducted voluntarily by voluntary disaster prevention
organizations (which means voluntary disaster prevention organizations

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based on a spirit of mutual cooperation among residents; the same applies
hereinafter) and other various actors in the area shall be promoted as well.

b) Article 5 (1) is based on the Basic Principles and in the interest of protecting
the area of a municipality, the lives, bodies, and properties of its residents
from disaster, the municipality as a local government at the base shall havethe responsibility to formulate, with the cooperation of related organs andother local governments, a disaster prevention plan concerning an area of
said municipality, and implement the plan on the basis of laws andregulations.

(2) The mayor of municipality must, in order to fulfill responsibilities under
the preceding paragraph, endeavor to employ to the highest degree all
capacities of the municipality, by keeping the organization of fire-fightingorgans, flood prevention units, etc., in good condition, by enhancing
organizations related to disaster prevention, voluntary disaster prevention
organizations, and other public groups within the area of the municipality,and by promoting voluntary disaster prevention activities among theresidents.ereinafter) and other various actors in the area shall be promoted
as well.

c) Article 8 (xiii) stipulates matters on the encouragement of the citizens toengage in voluntary disaster prevention activities such as fostering
voluntary disaster prevention organizations, enhancing the environment fordisaster prevention activities by volunteers, supporting activities to handdown lessons learned from past disasters, and others.

d) Article 15 (viii), on the organization of a prefectural disaster prevention
council stating that “persons appointed by said prefectural governor fromamong persons consisting of voluntary disaster prevention organizations or
persons with relevant knowledge and experience”.

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53e) Under Article 49-11 (2), the mayor of municipality shall give Information on
the Name Lists to fire-fighting organs, prefectural police, welfarecommissioners prescribed in the Welfare Commissioners Act (Act No. 198of 1948), municipal social welfare councils prescribed in Article 109,
paragraph (1) of the Social Welfare Act (Act No. 45 of 1951), voluntarydisaster prevention organizations and any other persons engaged in
implementation of Evacuation Support, etc. (referred to as "Evacuation
Supporters" in the following paragraph) in order to prepare for theoccurrence of a disaster, to the extent necessary for implementation of
Evacuation Support, etc. and pursuant to the provisions of the area disasterprevention plan. If, however, except as otherwise provided by the ordinanceof said municipality, said municipality is unable to obtain the approval of theperson (which means a particular person identified by said Information on
the Name Lists; the same applies to the following paragraph) regarding theprovisions of Information on the Name Lists, this shall not apply.

As part of the initiatives to promote national resilience, the National Resilience
Promotion Office approved the Action Plan for National Resilience 2017 (“Action Plan
2017”, for brevity) on June 6, 2017. The Action Plan 2017 sought to make relevantmeasures more effective in response to the Kumamoto Earthquake in April 2016 anda series of typhoons in August and September and boost initiatives to broaden thebase of national resilience by encouraging local governments and the private sector
to implement initiatives and raising awareness; both within Japan and overseas. With
regard to the Kumamoto Earthquake in 2016, existing measures were inspectedagainst 45 “worst cases that should not occur,” and after reviewing approaches for anecessary response to the issues identified, the results of the inspection were reflectedin the Action Plan 2017. Moreover, a PDCA cycle based on a newly emerging largescale natural disaster in future will be added to the periodic review and evaluation of
the program for the current PDCA cycle used to date to promote the action plan forfurther sophistication in a planned and steady manner.

Local governments are in the process of formulating their relevant Fundamental
Plan for Regional Resilience (“Regional Plan, for brevity). As of April 1, 2018, 45
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54

prefectures and 74 municipalities had already formulated the Regional Plan while two
prefectures and 52 municipalities were in the process of doing so (Fig. 14).
Government officials held briefings to support local governments in formulating theRegional Plan. In addition, 29 grants and subsidies under the jurisdiction of relevant
ministries and agencies are made available to help fund initiatives undertaken by local
governments based on their Regional Plan. Follow-up surveys are also conducted toascertain the implementation status of support provided via these ministries andagencies, and the results are informed to local governments.

Figure 14: The Formulation Situation of the Fundamental Plan for Regional Resilience in Prefectures

Similar with Japan’s recent developments on DRR, the Philippines has likewise
undergone development and updates on certain DRR laws, plans and policies
addressing the global call of the Sendai Framework for Action 2015-2030, Paris
Agreement, APEC DRR Framework, and Sustainable Development Goals.
Section 27 of RA 10121 stipulates that a conduct of “Sunset Review’ after thepassage of RA 10121 in 2010. Therefore, as mandated by law, the OCD is delegatedto undergo review of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the RA 10121, as
well as updating the National DRRM Plan (NDRRMP), which plan fulfil the requirementof the DRRM law.
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Generally, the updating of the NDRRMP Plan for CY 2018 aims to review andevaluate the implementation of the NDRRM Plan and ensure the relevance of the plan
towards the attainment of the long-term vision of a safer, adaptive and disaster resilient
Filipino communities towards sustainable development.

Specifically, the NDRRM Plan review aims to:1.

Evaluate the accomplishment in the seven-year implementation of the
NDRRM Plan;

2.

Align the NDRRM Plan with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction(SFDRR),

2030

Sustainable

Agenda,otherrelatedframeworks, and the national development plans;
3.

Reinforce convergence of the national strategy on disaster risk reduction(DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA);

4.

Streamline and establish updated sets of outcomes, outputs, indicatorsand priority activities;

5.

Reinforce the prevention and mitigation targets and indicators; and6.

Establish monitoring and evaluation tool on the accomplishments andimpact of the plan implementation.

The National Disaster Preparedness Plan as adopted by the NDRRMC its firstedition in 2015, has a primary goal of preparedness to avert the loss of lives and assets
due to threats and emergencies. RA 10121 defines preparedness as the “knowledge
and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery
organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, andrecover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions.”
While essentially implementation of preparedness is before any hazard or any
disasters strikes, preparedness outcomes straddle between pre-disaster, disaster andpost disaster phases based on existing definitions.

The objectives of the National Disaster Preparedness Plan (NDPP) emanatesfrom the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP). The
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NDPP helps the national and local governments and other stakeholders contribute to
the following objectives:

1.

To increase level of awareness and enhanced capacity of communities
to anticipate, avoid, reduce and survive the threats and impacts of allhazards;

2.

To fully-equip communities with the necessary skills and capability toface and survive hazards and cope with the impacts of disasters;

3.

To increase Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) andClimate Change Adaptation (CCA) capacity of Local DRRM Councils,
Offices and Operation Centers at all levels;

4.

To develop and implement comprehensive national and local
preparedness and response policies, plans and systems; and5.

To strengthen partnership and coordination among all key players andstakeholders.

Consistent with the NDRRMP and other mandates, the NDPP aims tocontribute to the broader vision of reducing loss of lives and assets due to hazards
and its potential impacts, by aiming at safe and resilient communities. National andlocal public and private stakeholders need to work together to contribute to attain thisobjective, with the government taking the lead in facilitating synergy of interventions
and ensure that communities are able better to anticipate, cope with, and recover fromhazards.
The Harmonized National Contingency Plan is the NDRRMC’s contingency
plan intended to address the response requirements resulting from the anticipatedoccurrence of the magnitude 7.2 earthquake scenario due to the movement of theWest Valley Fault that will greatly affect Metro Manila Central Luzon and
CALABARZON. The goal of the National CP is to provide effective, efficient, timely
and well-coordinated response arrangements for all DRRMCs from the national,
regional and local DRRMCs in the unlikely occurrence of the magnitude 7.2
earthquake. It was approved on 12 January 2018 as a “working document” andsubjected to continuous review and enhancement by the NDRRMC Technical Working
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57

Group based on latest scientific studies about geological hazards, risk assessment
findings and innovations in DRRM policies and standards.

To lay down the foundation for more inclusive growth, a high-trust and resilient
society and a globally competitive knowledge economy, the Philippine Development
Plan for 2017-2022 (PDP, for brevity) was approved on February 2017. By the end of
the planning period, Filipinos will have greater socioeconomic resiliency. A universal
and transformative social protection will be provided to all, to empower the people andmake them capable of preventing, responding to, and recovering from various risks(i.e., economic, governance, and political risks, risks from natural hazards andindividuals’ inherent vulnerabilities). Strategies to deal with natural hazards on
prevention and mitigation measures include the rolling out of climate and disaster
vulnerability and risk assessment nationwide and developing facilities for adaptation
in local communities including risk transfer mechanisms. Hence, Executive Order No.
27 directs all government agencies and instrumentalities, including local government
units to implement the PDP.

In the pursuit of national resilience, Executive Order No. 29 dated 28 June 2017,
renamed the National Disaster Consciousness Month to National Disaster Resilience
Month (NDRM), shifting its focus from disaster awareness building to disaster
resilience. NDRM is observed throughout the country for the whole month of July of
every year, through the conduct of activities relative to building resilience.

3.1.2 Public Awareness Raising

One of the best practices that we can replicate from Japan is institutionalizing a cultureof safety and public awareness among the citizens. Below are some of the many institutions
and programs established for disaster risk reduction knowledge and learning from the pastdisasters.
 Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution

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Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution (DRI) also known as
the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Memorial was founded by Hyogo Prefecture in
April 2002 with the support of the Japanese government. It is located in Kobe Cityand being supervised by the Hyogo Earthquake Memorial 21st Century ResearchInstitute. Hyogo co-manages the DRI in cooperation with the national government as
a base for sharing the experiences and lessons learned from the earthquake.

The DRI aims at cultivating disaster prevention culture, mitigating social
vulnerability, and developing policies for disaster reduction by transferring experiencesof the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and applying lessons learned from theearthquake for a better future, thereby contributing torealizing a safer and more secure civil society along witheducation

regarding

the

value

of

life

and

the

preciousness of co-existing. Likewise, the DRI also aims
to be an international research and study hub, which
contributes to disseminating information on effective
measures for all types of disasters. It receives many visitors, both domestic andinternational. Along with its role of an earthquake museum by collecting, preserving,and exhibiting earthquake-related resources, DRI conducts practical research on DRR
using its unique research and survey functions.

The institution trains DRR

practitioners and deploys specialists to disaster-affected areas both at home andabroad to provide advice on disaster response activities. DRI takes advantage of theexperiences and lessons learned from the earthquake in on-site disaster management
and acts as an international hub for DRR activities.
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The DRI established the Museum Exhibits which features actual experiences
and lessons learned from the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake. This is in collaboration
with disaster victims themselves, local citizens and volunteers. The museum is open
for the rest of the world to learn from, especially for thechildren who are to create a safer future. The knowledge
gained from this is for the children to consider in every
decision they make so as to contribute in making a resilient
Tsunami Simulation Experience

society. Through this institution, DRI motivates citizens
and visitors to take a sincere interest in, deliberate upon,

and understand the importance of disaster reduction, precious human life, and thevalue of mutual dependence of people.
 Honjo Life Safety Learning Center

The Tokyo Fire Department (TFD) was formed as a municipal fire service bodyon March 7, 1948. In 1949, the TFD then saw the foundation of a command and control
center, the Music Band and others as part of its organization. In 1960, the TFD
extended its mission over to the Tama area, shouldering the fire service duties in thiscounty region. This was followed by the establishment of the Fire Science Laboratory(Fire Technology and Safety Laboratory at present) in 1961, the Aviation Unit in 1966,
and the Special Rescue Team in 1969. It was in 1976 that the TFD relocated itself tothe present location (Otemachi, Chiyoda Ward). The TFD has Tokyo “divided” into ten
districts for its mission; about 18,000 personnel protect Japan’s capital, working at
firefighting, EMS, rescue and fire prevention. In case of a catastrophe beyond Japan,
the TFD also sends its members over to the disaster scene on request as part of theInternational Rescue Team. The TFD has so far played a prior role in many locations
out of Japan.

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The TFD’s Life Safety Learning Centers (“BOUSAI-KAN”)
are the places for everyone to have experience mockdisasters and learn how to protect themselves in the eventof a fire, earthquake, typhoons or other hazards.

One of the facilities is the Honjo Life Safety Learning Center
is located at 130-0003 4-6-6 Yokokawa Sumida-ku, Tokyo, Japan. This four-storey
building includes the following activities to enhance public awareness on the multihazards and risks and effects on these disasters.
o Earthquake experience corner
Earthquake Simulation Section
Pleaseexperiencethegenuineexact

earthquake, know its horror and acquire thebehavior

in

case

of

emergency.

In addition, we explain the importance of preparing for earthquakes in an easyto-understand manner.
o Urban resilience Experience Corner
Urban Flooding Experiential Section
Images relating to local concentrated
torrential rain and tsunamis, opening
underground doors and doors where waterpressure is flooded by cars can be opened.
o Smoke experience section Corner
Smoke Maze Section
After knowing the characteristics and dangers of smoke, we evacuate theneutral zone which is the boundary between smoke and air. Learn the proper
way to evacuate, please provide calm judgment and reliable action power.
o Firefighting experience corner
Fire Fighting Training Section
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61

Learn how to use a fire extinguisher or an indoor fire hydrant against a large
screen simulating the actual fire.
o First Aid Experience CornerFirst Aid Training Room
Here, you can experience first aid such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation byactually using the doll for training. Also, you can actually use and train AED(automatic external defibrillator).

o Storm experience corner
Rainstorm Simulation Section
Experience the strong wind and heavy rain that will
cause

wind

and

flood

damage,know

thewidespreadness, and enhance your knowledge aboutstrong wind and heavy rain.
o Disaster Theater
Disaster Prevention Theater
We will show powerful images with the theme of earthquake using sound effect,
vibration of seat, etc. with impact.
(Source: http://www.tfd.metro.tokyo.jp/hp-hjbskan/honjo-sisetu.htm)
 Meteorological Science Museum
The Meteorological Science Museum located on the firstfloor of the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) in Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan is an observation space displaying panelsand devices related to weather and earthquake observation
instruments, weather forecast mechanism, emergency earthquake bulletin, tsunami,
volcano, global warming problem, disaster prevention knowledge against natural
disasters. The JMA has provided services to protect people and their property against
disasters by monitoring and predicting natural events for over a century since it was
inaugurated as the Tokyo Meteorological Observatory in June 1875. JMA has set up
this facility for the public to freely understand the hazards and risks brought about by
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the geological situation of Japan and can apply the learning experiences on
preparedness back at home. Figure 15 provides the different features when roaming
inside the hall.

Figure 15: Feature Map of the Museum (Source: JMA Pamphlet)

 Tsunami and Storm Surge Disaster Prevention Station
Osaka has been a hub for the world’s leading corporations and one of theinternationalized and globally competitive prefectures in Japan. It also possesses a
vibrant and lively culture that has attracted many people from all over the world.
However, little has it known that Osaka also is at high risks to many hazards. In Osaka
Prefecture, there are approximately 40km2 of areas below sea level, home toapproximately 1.08 million people. Aside from the fact that the city is below sea level,
Osaka experienced several typhoons and tidal surges, earthquakes and tsunamis in
the past decades. Because of this, the facility named Tsunami and Storm Surge
Disaster Prevention Station was built for knowledge and public awareness for Osaka
residents to protect their lives from disasters.

The facility comprises the Disaster Prevention Building and Display Building.
The former building provides collective control for tsunami and tidal surge protection
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facilities, such as seawalls and gates, administered by the Nishi Osaka Flood Control
Office. The latter building seeks to enhance awareness of disaster prevention among
Osaka residents. The Display Building, open to the public, helps visitors gain correctknowledge of tidal surges that have struck Osaka in the past, as well as of the
Tonankai/Nankai Earthquakes and tsunamis believed to surely hit Osaka in the near
future. The building also enables the people to learn about how to react when an
earthquake or tsunami occurs. By “looking, listening and touching,” you can enjoy
learning, and realize the importance of preparing for disasters.

The recent developments of the facility include Remembering Tidal Surge
Disasters, Functions of Tidal Surge Protection Facilities and Flood Prevention Teamsof the Community.

It also showcases the Model Exhibition Section,with the floor regarded as sea level, enables you tokeenly realize that Osaka is a city below sea level withpotential risks. Integrated use of film, sound andillumination stirs your imagination on what would happen
when a typhoon hits the city.

Model Exhibition Section

The

Tidal

Surge

on

Osaka’s

three largest typhoons to

on

the

tunnel are typhoon picturesand news films, as well as

diorama of a submerged city.

The tunnel is a symbolic

space allowing you to feel as

information
date.

Displayed

if you were lost in a disaster area, stirring up anxieties.

DisasterTunnelprovidesTidal Surge Disaster Tunnel

As a symbol of facilities to protect people in Osaka from tidal surge disasters,a real iron gate is set up inside the building, helping you learn about reliablecountermeasures against tidal surges, with an explanation of the functions andmechanisms of various disaster protection facilities. Using a movable model,
explanation is also offered on an arched flood gate, which is rare in the world. Then,
Osaka City is very proud of the flood prevention teams in their community. Their role
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is to shut these tide protection gates when a threat of floods due to typhoons or otherdisasters happen. They work very hard to protect the general public.

Experiencing Dynacube, a Tsunami Disaster Experience Theater is a must to
see and feel the fear of tsunamis in an overwhelming dynamic atmosphere. Also, a 3D Hazard Map was created based on aerial photographs. By touching the map monitor
panel and choosing an area, you can view a focused and enlarged image of the areawith disaster prevention information for the area (such as evacuation sites andexpected submersion depths).

Another best practice from Japanese culture is to learn the lessons of history
and using these to work and plan in the future. Inside the facility is the display of thedescriptions of O-Jishin Ryokawaguchi Tsunami-Ki and Yogo-Ji Stone Monuments.
This monument seeks to let future generations know of the tragedy, with the hope thatthe monument’s inscription continues to be well-marked to ensure it can always beclearly read. As the experience dictates, let us learn from our forerunners who
witnessed large scale tsunami disasters and use their lessons into the future.
 E-DEFENSE
The three-dimensional full-scale earthquake testing facility is nicknamed “Edefense”. The symbol E indicates Earth, suggesting the critical need for the promotionof research and development on the mitigation of earthquake disasters and protectionof our lives and properties in a global scale. The log represents earth rupture andearthquake, with colors suggesting the three-dimensional motion that can be producedby E-Defense.
The earthquake test performed enables the verification of the collapse process
and new quake-resistant techniques for the various structures. The wooden house
experiment is useful for the comprehensive safety examination and development for
new quake-resistant enforcement technology. The long period earthquake motion

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against the high-rise buildings is reproduced to grasp the possible phenomena suchas the damages it might cause. Dissemination is
expected as the grassroots disaster prevention
measures carried out through the activities suchas public institutions, schools and neighborhood
communities. Hence, the testing facility starts to
conduct seismic analysis and recommend
retrofitting

or

other

prevention

measuresdepending on the results of the test. Important buildings that may sound risky can doretrofitting. Common way to do seismic retrofitting is putting braces on the building.
Seismic resistant design of building in Japan is very much important.
 Sendai 3/11 Memorial Community Center
Thinking about the future, talking to each other, and expressing oneself freely,
while facing the past again, looking back at things so far, with that day as the origin –the day that, with a great pain, awakened many important things within us. In addition
to being a place to study and learn about the GEJE, the Sendai 3/11 Memorial
Community Center is also a gateway to the Eastern Sendai coastal areas, which wereseverely damaged by the tsunami. It constitutes a base for weaving wisdom andlessons through communication, with memories and experiences as vehicles,
connecting them to the future and to the world.
 Iza! Kaeru Caravan“Iza! Kaeru Caravan” is a disaster prevention art program launched as part of
the ten-year commemorative project for the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. This
educational combines a local disaster drill program and “Kaekko Bazaar”, a toy
exchange program designed by artist Hiroshi Fuji. In this event, children learn about
disaster prevention as a continuation of playing games. These disaster drill programs,
developed
to

the

and
provideandvictimsofimproved
the

Great

Hanshin-Awaji

those

of

the

Great

East

not

only

fun

activities

but

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

by

Japan
also

Earthquake
Earthquake

practical

activities

listening
in

1995

in

2011,

that

are

66

helpful at times of earthquake disasters. Workshops that influence disaster prevention
measures include the use of miniature furniture and furniture overturning prevention
devices so participants can learn how to use and understand the importance of theirinstallation. Learning how to make simplified plates, slippers and emergency toilet outof old newspapers and flyers are initiatives from the community volunteers to share
their small invention to the children. There is also a disaster prevention picture-story
show told by volunteer members mostly belonging tosenior citizen sector about the first tsunami happened inJapan and how the village people were saved by running
up to the nearest hill and used fires to inform other peopleof the evacuation area.

As a result of this program, young families who rarely participated in disaster
drills before began to actively participate in the program. The participants especiallythe children can learn about disaster prevention and acquire related skills throughplaying with families and friends.

Influence of Disaster Imagination Games

There are a variety of disaster imagination games, which seek to increase
people’s ability to deal with disasters. Participating in these games provides an
enjoyable way to think about disaster and learn about many other people’s views. The
following are some of the examples of frequently used disaster imagination games
where it can be part of Kaeru Caravan’s activities.
a) Crossroads. This is a card game marked “Yes” and “No”. Each participant,
who has both cards are asked a yes-noquestion at random. (for example, “not enoughfood has been distributed to the evacuation
center, but everyone is hungry. Do you decide
on an order of priority and distribute the foodaccordingly, do you refrain from distributing thefood until more supplies arrive? Each person decides on what they would
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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do and they all show the card corresponding to their choice at the same time.
This enables people to see the majority view, but it is not the case that the
majority view is the best course of action. The important thing is to sharewith other members of the group one’s thoughts about why that course ofaction should be taken. It is therefore better to split up into small groupsof five or six people, rather than playing as a large group, so thatparticipants can spend time discussing each other’s opinions.

b) DIG: Disaster Imagination Game. This is a tabletop exercise game in which
participants add information about their local community — such as thelocation of evacuation centers, public telephones, hazardous areas, andresidents requiring assistance during a disaster — to a map (ground plan)of the area in which they live. In addition, participants consider evacuationroutes that would need to be taken to reach evacuation sites or centers in adisaster scenario and think about preparedness measures.

c) EVAG: Evacuation Activity Game. This is a role-playing game that tests
evacuation behavior. First, each person takes an “attribute card” andconsiders the timing at which the person on that card would leave for an
evacuation center if a torrential rain disaster struck their neighborhood.
There are dozens of different types of card, covering different genders, ages,
and nationalities; conditions on the card impose constraints on the meansof transport that the person on the card can use. Young people can take on
the role of an elderly person and imagine their thought processes, whileable-bodied people can think about the situation from the perspective of aperson requiring special care.

d) HUG: Hinanjyo Unei Game. The Hinanjyo Unei Game (evacuation center
management game) was devised by Shizuoka Prefecture to prepare for a
Tokai earthquake. It uses site plans (ground plans) of evacuation centersand gymnasiums. The “evacuee card” detailing the evacuee’s age, gender,
nationality, and personal circumstances is used to represent the space
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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actually required by the evacuee (three square meters per person).
Participants then lay the cards on the ground plan to see how appropriately
they can arrange them, and think about how to deal with problems that could
actually arise in an actual evacuation center. To prepare for a major disaster,
the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology issued
a notice in January 2017, regarding key points concerning cooperation in
the running of evacuation centers in schools. In response, elementary
schools in Tokyo’s Taito-ku used HUG for a drill involving teachers and otherschool staff.

e) LODE. Acronym of Little children, Old people, Disabled people andEvacuation. Designed to explore responses to issues involving people who
would be vulnerable in the event of disaster and people living in mediumand high-rise residential buildings, this game uses simplified elevation viewsof condominiums and colored stickers providing information about theresidents in each apartment. More than other tabletop exercises, this gamefocuses on providing evacuation guidance to people requiring assistance toevacuate in the event of disaster.

 Ruins of the Great East Japan Earthquake Sendai Arahama Elementary
SchoolDirectly after the earthquake struck, the four storey reinforced concrete schoolbuilding became the evacuation area for 320 residents, students and school personnel.
The tsunami surged up to the 2nd floor, and everyone who had evacuated to theschool building managed to escape safely to the rooftop.
It is Sendai City’s goal to never again fall victim to a tsunami, to pass on thelessons we learned also and to show the real threat of tsunami to future generations.
For these reasons, the ruins of the Arahama Elementary School Building will bepreserved, along with other records and opened to the public.
The Arahama area is located on the Pacific coastline approximately 10km awayfrom the center of Sendai City. Approximately 800 households and about 2,200 people
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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have settled in the area around the historical Teizan Canal which runs along thecoastline. Arahama Elementary School was established in 1873, located about 700m
inland from the shoreline. The school had 91 students in total.
The school reviewed their disaster prevention measures before the earthquake
based on the experience of the earthquake and tsunami which occurred in Chile in2010. Based on the events which took place in Chile, as a strong measure against a
possible tsunami, the evacuation site was changed from the gymnasium to the rooftop,
and the blankets which were kept in the gymnasium were transferred to the 3 rd floorof the school building. This action alone helped to save the lives of many children andevacuees.
Based on the real life accounts of those affected and of records from the timeand by looking at photos and debris show after-effects from the tsunami and extendof the damage to the school. Understanding the threat of the tsunami that hit Arahama
Elementary School, visitors will be able to learn about the importance of preparing fordisasters. We look back at the life-endangering events that took place in the 27 hours
from the time the earthquake happened, the following evacuation, the extent of thetsunami itself, and up until the evacuees were rescued from the school.

 Ishinomaki Okawa Elementary School Memorial Monument
Ishinomaki was among the municipalities most seriously affected by the 2011
Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Several tsunamis, up to about 10 metres (33 ft) high,traveled inland up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the coast. Many public schools werecompletely destroyed. One could not forget the ruins of the Okawa Elementary School
and the lessons learned from this tragedy. According to the local folk and a guidetouring the historical landmark of the tsunami debris, the tsunami came at about 51
minutes after the tsunami warning was released. However, for some time, the children
and teachers who tried to move to a higher ground were caught up with the big waves
from the sea.

3.1.3 Community Empowerment

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Community empowerment refers to the process of enabling communities toincrease control over their lives. The recognition of the community involvement on
DRR and empowering them as well is as important as getting them engaged in all of
the DRR phases: prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.
Empowering the community by internalizing the tools and methods of disaster risk
reduction is a good way to deal with the future potential risks. In order to build disasterresilient communities, they first need to be empowered so that community members
can cope with the adverse effects of natural hazards. This is the most effective
approach to achieving sustainability in dealing with natural disaster risks. Further,community empowerment contributes to the global call that “no one can leave behind”
in every disaster that may happen in the future by using the three initiatives thoughtby self-help, mutual help and public help.
Guided by the various laws in Japan, voluntary disaster management (DM)organization rose again as early as 1971, triggered by LA earthquake. It started inurban areas for earthquake countermeasures, gradually reaching to the rural areas.

There are three kinds of volunteer DM organizations, most popularly known inJapan as, Jishu Bosai Soshiki, Shobo-dan and Suibo-dan. Kobe City calls communitybased voluntary organization for DRR as “Disaster-Safe Welfare Community”. The
short name for a Disaster-Safe Welfare Community is “BOKOMI, short for Bosai Kobe
Mirai”. In Nada Ward, there are sixteen (16) disaster prevention welfare communities
formed. Disaster prevention welfare community regularly carries out disasterprevention drills and others. Everyone can participate actively and raise the disasterprevention power. Learning from the past disasters during the Great Hanshin-Awaji
earthquake, self-help came into publicity. In the recent years, a significant increase ofvolunteers DM organizations (Figure 16), probably because of the valuable support
from the national and local governments in the creation of the organization andcarrying out their activities through annual subsidies and protection from DRR laws
and ordinances.

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Figure 16: Trends in Voluntary Disaster Management Organizations

Sustainability of the community volunteer DM organization is often a challenge.
But, in Japan, it has recognized the collaborative efforts of the three initiatives: selfhelp, mutual help and public help, summarized on Figure 17.

Figure 17: Awareness of Self-Help, Mutual Support, and Public Support Measures

As previously mentioned, these volunteer DM organizations are given
importance to the government. As a matter of fact, they are constantly empowered
and strengthened on capacities on DRR (soft and hard measures) with the trust andclose collaboration by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FMDA), whose
roles are to provide “safe and secure regional development with the cooperation withresidents” and “national response in times of need”. Soft measures are other actions
taken by government to change behavior. They usually involve the provision of factual
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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information or the linking of behavior with positive or negative outcomes. Softprograms include but not limited to as evacuation drills, training, and education. On
the other hand, hard measures are those targets and accomplishments achieved by
the soft measures such as the increase in numbers on population and these people
trained or capacitated and the provision of DRR equipment.

The following data on the tables (Tables 6 to 12) are compilation of theconsolidated submissions of these particular prefectures sourced from the Voluntary
Disaster Management Organization Guidebook Information (rev 2017) issued by the
FDMA annually that would be useful statistics in evaluation and possible enhancementof laws or policies in the improvement of the effectiveness of the community volunteer
DM organizations. (Complete list in Japanese text can be found on the annexes)
Prefecture

Municipalities

Name

No. ofNo. ofNo. of Households%ageHouseholds

Municipalities

Covered by VDMO

(B/A) %(A)

with VDMO5(B)

Hokkaid179
2,743,797oMiyagi35
968,076
Hyogo
41
2,495,847
Osaka
43
4,190,016
Kyoto
26
1,192,774
Nara
39
581,640
Wakayama
30
437,909Shiga
19
560,689Mie
29
776,962Tokyo
626,914,473
Table 6: List of Voluntary DM Organizations
Neighborhood
Unit

142

1,489,259

54.3%

35
41
43
24
38
30
19
29
54

797,294
2,404,553
3,772,317
1,068,504
441,326
381,816
451,145682,735
5,272,641

82.4%
96.3%
90.0%
89.6%
75.9%
87.2%
80.5%
87.9%
76.3%

Prefecture
Name

No. of VDMO

Elementary
SchoolOthersHokkaidoMiyagi
Hyogo
Osaka
Kyoto
Nara
Wakayama

4,577

4,454

36

87

4,467
5,703
2,763
2,120
1,790
1,598

3,813
5,280
2,355
1,846
1,709
1,584

4
244
326
255
49

650
179
82
19
32
14

Zone

5

Voluntary Disaster Management Organization

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

No. of
Persons

No. of VDMO
with

Involved

regulations

587,735

1,960

1,074,104
2,372,020
1,112,345
1,878,807
472,074
585,962

4,074
4,732
1,918
1,715
1,487
1,255

73

Shiga
2,221
2,151
38
Mie
3,702
3,672
29
Tokyo
7,128
6,368
143
Table 7: List of Organizations with Regulations
Prefecture

Municipalities

32
1
617

177,82253,741
4,046,410

Municipal

Municipality

Municipality

Municipality

Plan with
VDMO

with
Ordinance

with
Guidelines

with Joint
VDMO

Name

1,783
3,486
5,190

Inclusion

Hokkaido
179
124
Miyagi
35
34
Hyogo
41
38
Osaka
43
39
Kyoto
26
23
Nara
39
31
Wakayama
30
27
Shiga
19
19
Mie
29
27
Tokyo
62
55
Table 8: List of Municipalities with VDMO inclusions
Particulars

Hokkaido

Miyagi

Hyogo

23
8
18
31
15
12
13
5
6
35

2
4
2
1
3
1
6

Osaka

Kyoto

Nara

Wakaya

13
16
7
18
6
7
12
1
10
21

Shiga

Mie

Tokyo

25

46

11

3

16

42

15

34

14

19

27

48

ma

Municipalities inrelation with Fire Dept Provision of training at
43
32
38
34
19
26
18
16
ordinary times
 Provision of training
24
13
7
2
9
9
6
9
during disastertimes
 Training separate
71
23
32
27
18
17
20
14
with fire dept.
 Training by fire dept
41
25
32
21
14
12
11
12
 Training by shubodan
11
13
21
6
11
10
11
11
 Training with Mun. DM
65
28
35
31
18
24
20
18
Officers
 Training with Police
1
1
1
1
2
1
 Others
9
1
3
8
1
4
1
1
Methods of Training
 Drill
65
34
38
29
18
21
19
15
 Guidebook/pamphlet
44
26
31
23
13
20
12
10
 Talk/lecture/movie
38
24
26
2
14
12
14
12
 Leader’s Training
16
26
21
20
13
8
6
12
 Others
8
8
9
6
3
3
2
1
Table 9: No. of Municipalities provided with trainings and their methods of training
Particulars

Hokkaido

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

Miyagi

Hyogo

Osaka

Kyoto

Nara

Wakayama

Shiga

5
4

6

25

47

16

34

20

39

16

32

2

5

Mie

Tokyo

74

(During Normal
Activities)
 Disaster Drill
3,860
4,334
5,146
2,150
1,423
1,497
1,546
2,002
2,963
 Public Awareness
3,861
4,362
5,033
2,104
1,480
1,320
1,556
1,722
2,530
Raising Patrolling during
3,163
3,725
4,023
1,213
1,060
1,201
976
1,898
2,026
disaster Buying,
415
738
1,882
351
1,025
930
683
1,102
838
distributing
materials like fire
extinguishers Others
2,558
821
1,105
818
720
128
51
795
203
(During Disaster) Patrolling
2,947
3,523
3,533
1,433
1,213
1,066
818
1,277
1,321
dangerous areas IECs
4,154
3,880
4,262
2,493
1,277
1,396
1,481
1,890
3,560
 Firefighting
3,682
3,908
5,206
2,304
1,527
1,445
1,475
1,976
2,846
 Rescuing /First
3,721
3,645
5,139
2,216
1,234
1,334
1,465
1,848
2,820
Aid to Injured
 Evacuation
4,015
3.549
5,142
2,188
1,393
1,447
1,499
1,964
3,295
Instruction
 Cooing/Food/Water 3,689
3,904
4,343
2,095
1,169
1,109
1,087
1,777
2,511
 Others
2,404
760
835
724
710
62
79
661
279
Table 10: No. of Organizations provided with training during pre and actual disaster
Particulars
Hokkaido
Miyagi
Hyogo
Osaka
Kyoto
Nara
Wakayama(During Normal
Activities)
 Disaster Drill
2,626
2,701
7,219
2,182
945
867
618
 Public Awareness
2,540
1,898
3,980
1,206
523
693
452
Raising Patrolling during
2,373
2,303
1,638
371
692
669
57
disaster Buying,
92
108
235
141
288
254
35
distributing mat
like fire ext.
 Others
2,111
171
1,534
408
503
42
36
(During Disaster) Patrolling
1,891
376
114
173
43
97
27
dangerous areas IECs
1,951
855
382
644
279
31
111
 Firefighting
1,921
634
174
473
94
57
89
 Rescuing /First
1,919
472
123
467
77
23
82
Aid to Injured
 Evacuation
1,949
489
374
476
117
39
128
Instruction
 Cooing/Food/Water 1,910
439
31
465
53
27
92
 Others
1,850
63
40
36
517
19
Table 11: No. of Frequencies/Occurrences in Conducting the Activities

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

6,680
6,458

4,109

2,078

1,626

4,688

6,247
6,059
6,133

6,102

5,612
2,380

Shiga

Mie

Tokyo

1,437

951

5,359

953

412

2,806

2,135

276

2,964

191

5

652

826

1,424

257

162

594

214

172

731

323

168

960

190

88

759

213

213

755

53

88

631

9

1

330

75

Particulars

Hokkaido

Miyagi

Hyogo

Osaka

Kyoto

Nara

Wakaya

Shiga

Mie

Tokyo

1,104

2,190

4,789

138

674

874

728

2,385

3,892

801

2,437

4,880

750

2,530

4,126

467

1,377

1,572

414

2,370

3,793

1213

1,930

4,326

191

680

98

1,008

242

2,684

ma

Firefighting
2,194
1,166
4,103
1,071
832
1,065
603
Equipment
Portable
135
500
601
574
191
165
255
Radio
Megaphones
562
2,845
3,351
894
453
356
513
Jack for SAR
2,513
1,444
3,306
1,783
562
684
776
Evacuation
2,400
2,087
2,545
1,341
498
522
626
items (tent,
stretcher etc.)
Flood fighting
126
498
3,014
487
591
373
314
materials(sandbags, ropes
etc)
Medical/first
2,400
2,410
2,442
1,109
204
344
502
aid kitIndividual
2,423
1,293
3,677
1,435
972
513
670
PPEs (helmet,
fireproof gear)
Equipment for
17
13
164
57
15
24
88
awareness(video),Portable
187
96
744
621
101
112
17
pump
Table 12: No. of Organizations with Personal Protective Gears (PPGs)

To cap it off, Figure 18 is an illustration of the history of the community
organizations of their different hazards with respect to the legal act and the time they
were established.

Figure 18: Creation of VDMOs according to hazards (Source: Cabinet Office)

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

76

3.1.4 Implementation of Disaster Resilience Education
The primary objective of disaster resilience education is to bolster the disaster
resilience (the capability to proactively prevent disasters and in the event of weatheringa disaster, the capabilities to prevent the damage from worsening and to enact
restoration measures) of communities, by heightening the disaster resilienceawareness of each individual belonging to a community and by forging strong links
within the community.

In order to do this, it is vital to create an educational climate that fosters
equilibrium of the three elements of knowledge of the disaster history of a particularcommunity, the attitude required to work together in standing strongly against
disasters, and the skills necessary for safe evacuation and precise lifesaving andemergency aid.

In the GEJE of March 11, 2011, disaster resilience education initiatives bore
fruit, exemplified by the case of Kamaishi City Kamaishi Higashi Junior High School(Kamaishi High School, for brevity) in Iwate Prefecture, where lives of many school
children and students who were at school were saved from the tsunami.

Kamaishi High School has implemented a disaster resilience education
program on an ongoing basis with the following three aims, from the desire for each
student to become project leader in the community’s disaster prevention in theircapacity as members of the regional community. The aims are:a) Be responsible for protecting your own life.
b) From rescued to rescuer.
c) Passing on the culture of disaster resilience.

The disaster resilience education program was implemented with the aim ofcultivating the ability of students to judge circumstances by themselves and to
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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proactively take the initiative in reacting. The program encompassed collaborative
initiatives with the region including joint evacuation exercise with the neighbouring
Unosumai Elementary School and a disaster resilience learning program involving all
school members called “East Rescue”.

When the GEJE struck, the 570 students of Kamaishi High School andUnosumai Elementary School follow what they had been trained to do over and overagain, and all begun to evacuate toward higher ground as soon as the earthquake
began. Thanks to their ability to calmly judge their situation as it unfolded around themand to respond swiftly, they were able to protect their own lives from the surging
tsunami.

In a similar case, like Kamaishi High School, the students and teachers of the
Arahama Elementary school went up to the rooftop of the school building and were
safe from the ravaging debris and tsunami waters. Using the three elements:
knowledge, attitude and skills, the principal of the school decided to revise theevacuation planning from the gymnasium to the top of the building, notunderestimating the tsunami to occur.

Below are the five basic principles to remain mindful of when implementing
disaster resilience education:

1) Learn about the problems and peculiarities of a community, as well as its pastexperiences in suffering disasters. It is important to precisely gauge theenvisaged disaster risk of a community by using materials and site visits tounderstand its vulnerabilities.

2) Act on your own initiative, witness everything firsthand. It is important by taking
action yourself, setting an example to others.

3) Set smart and realistic goals. While it is fine to set ideas and goals, it isimportant to confirm the resources necessary for your programs, and to go

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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about implementing them within realistic boundaries in a reasonable mannerwithout being greedy in one’s objectives.

4) Be proactive in mingling with key people in various fields and disciplines. It is
important to take onboard new insights and know-how by networking andcooperating with key persons in the field, always looking to reinforce theframework of your initiatives.

5) Keep your approach positive, fun and lighthearted. Connect disaster resilience
with having fun, and ensure that your initiatives and programs can be
comfortably accommodated within daily life on an ongoing basis. Also, develop
initiatives that provide people with knowledge of the beneficence of nature,
rather than focusing exclusively on seismic and wind/water disasters and indoing so engender a sense of pride in living in that particular community.

Notably, disaster resilience education occurs through the following 3 phases:

Preparation Phase
Do the necessary preparations forcommencing disaster resilience education

Implementation Phase
Actually commence disaster resilienceeducation

Continuation Phase
Enact disaster resilience educationthat is ongoing and sustainable

Below are some of the case studies implemented by some schools andcommunities and how the following phases were carried out in the whole process.

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

791) Toba City Arashima Children’s Club (Toba City, Mie
Prefecture) on appointing a graduate of the children’s club
who is also a local mentor as project leader who won’t be
impacted by staff alternation.
2) Kamaishi Higashi Junior High School (Kamaishi City, Iwate
Prefecture) on consultation with PTA chairman and district
head to introduce people who could help the local residents
passing on the wisdom of “Tsunami Tendenko”6 and distributing “safe andsound placards”7 to residents.

3) Chiba Prefectural Togane Special Support School (Togane City, Chiba
Prefecture) by setting up “Sanbu Resilience Universal Network” comprised ofvarious organizations involved in disaster resilience/welfare/education within
the Sanbu Community. This was conducive to a coordinated, aligned
approach across the community and implementation of an integrated disaster
resilience education program.

4)

Toba City Arashima Children’s Club (Toba City, Mie

Prefecture) established a principle dictating that leaders
would be active within their spare time and that they would
not exhaust themselves trying to broaden networks withgovernment agencies and schools. They were able tocontinue the program by avoiding labor and cost-heavy tasks such as printing
and distribution of Arashima Resilience Maps.

6“Tsunami Tendenko” is a slogan coined during a panel discussion with tsunami disaster researcher Fumio
Yamashita, at the first “All-Japan Tsunami Summit for Coastal Cities, Towns and Villages” held in November
1990 meaning “if a tsunami comes, save yourself and flee to higher ground, even if your family is in trouble”.
7 Safe and Sound Placards: By hanging a placard on the front door, during a disaster, that tells emergency

responders that you have already gone to an evacuation center save them confirming the safety of those in thehouse.

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

805) Aichi Prefectural Handa Commercial High School(Handa City, Aichi Prefecture) by using computer
graphics to design the base pictures and creating
picture story shows panels by painting acrylic onto thebase pictures.
Also, through outreach classes run by thestudents, they had to switch their frame of mind
from “learner” to “high school teacher”. On eachoccasion, they divided into two groups, one incharge of “instructor role” and one in charge of“student role”. They alternated these roles eachtime and in doing so were able to experience both sides of the process.

6)

Kunitachi Local Foreigners’ Disaster Resilience Network(Tokyo Metropolitan) by designating a local public hall as a hub
for disaster p revention information for foreigners in its disaster
resilience plan.

7) Shiga Prefectural Hikone Technical HighSchool(Hikone

City,

Shiga

Prefecture)

students were able to get inspiration about
initiatives that they could carry out themselvesfrom disaster resilience equipment exhibited at a disaster resilience exhibition.

8) Kobe Gakuin University Disaster Prevention-Social Contribution Unit (Kobe
City, Hyogo Prefecture) especially the 5th graders createdteaching materials that incorporated disaster resilienceelements into general subjects (8 subjects). A teaching
manual for each teaching material was formulated, eventeachers with no experience whatsoever in disaster resilience education can
use them with ease.

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

819) Itoigawa City Nechi Elementary School (Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture)received advice from the community coordinator of the “Regional Head Office
Project for Supporting Schools” about how to utilize school support volunteers.

10) Tokushima City Tsuda Junior High School (Tokushima
City, Tokushima Prefecture) created tsunami evacuation
support maps collaboratively between neighbourhood
community groups, universities and the city and put up atroad crossings. Thanks to disaster resilience initiatives
becoming a tangible entity that was returned to the community, the school
was able to gain a high level of understanding from the community towards
disaster resilience education.

11) Yasashii Nihongo Volunteer Association (Kyoto
City) created an open and accessible system for
implementing
foreigners,

disasterincludingresilienceclaasess

education

held

by

for

variouscommunities that are familiar with the needs of foreign
residents. They also created “Disaster Resilience Goods
Cards”. These cards express disaster resilience goods with simple
illustrations and easy to understand Japanese.

12) MIzu no Jiyujin Shinsui Sentai Akazatai (Hofu City, Yamaguchi Prefecture),
an organization with limited funds, was able to organize with various relatedbodies to teaching materials and venues free of charge. For example, for therainfall experience event, they utilized the outreach class to have the Ministryof Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism provide a booth with a staff
dispatched from a local observatory of the Japan Meteorological Agency.

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8213) NPO Himawari no Yume Project (Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture) leased the“Disaster Resilience Fun Maze”8, which was developed as a teaching material
for disaster resilience education, as a disaster resilience training facility to
exhibition facilities countrywide (such as the famous “DRI”).

Implementation of disaster knowledge to community was an approach of theDisaster Prevention Research Project by Osaka City
University Center of Education and Research for
Disaster Management (CERD) lead by the CERD
Director Dr. Sci. Muneki Mitamura. The project
concept is illustrated in Figure 19. The project carries
out several free educational programs together with

Figure 19: Project Concept

young and elder people to local community in Osaka (Photo Credit: Dr. Sci. Mitamura)
City University and Southern part in Osaka City.
In fact, it conceptualized the “Inochi Lab”. It
simply means that in an area where a community with
10,000 people, a 10% or 1,000 people may bedesignated as supporters and 1% or 100 leaders will
also be designated as one. The proponents of the(Photo Credit: Dr. Sci. Mitamura)project provide the community people the important of disaster response at thecommunity through the self-help and mutual assistance approach by the local
residents during disasters. Knowledge of stockpiling at every family and re-recognitionof the disaster risk by local community. It educates also the importance of constructionof disaster-prevention facility for the disaster response which facility has a diverse use
in the community from a center for disaster prevention education (e.g. storage facility
for disaster stockpile, sports) to a shelter operations base and a haven for vulnerable
people.

8 “Disaster Resilience Fun Maze”: using a 4-way 10 meter wooden maze, and based on the scenario that yourhouse has collapsed during a disaster and has ended up like a maze, participants enjoy games including looking
for hidden picture cards, and making disaster resilience maps through assembling the maze to look like a small
town.

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Risk learning, exercise on response to extraordinary and living environment
improvement are participated by young children and elderly together with community
leaders for disaster prevention. They were taught to establish a disaster classroom
with three (3) subjects: Risk Learning and Making Hazard Map (hazard mapping and
DRR subjects), Disaster Response Training and My Safety Portfolio and Living
Environment Improvement / Planning on our Improvement. The seven (7) learningmaterials to be used are categorized such as the “Drill for our safety, Checkup kit on
disaster risks, Self-care kit, Evacuation kit, Kit for evacuation area, Mutual assistanceand Theater act company”.

3.1.5 Investment in Disaster Risk Reduction
3.1.5.a Early Warning and Monitoring System

Japan invests heavily in disaster risk reduction and becomes the first andadvanced in terms of the innovations on early warning and monitoring systems.

One is the Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) by Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) which is in service since 2007. It is a system to detect earthquake and issue awarning in seconds so that people can prepare before being shaken by strong
earthquake motion. The JMA quickly determines the hypocenter and magnitude of anearthquake based on real-time monitoring data. The agency estimates the distributionof strong ground tremors, and issues warnings to government officials and the mass
media, such as radio, television, and communication companies before the tremors
reach them. For example, gas and train companies use this warning to control theiroperations. Also, warnings are issued to the public through SMS alerts.

During the GEJE, the JMA issued the first EEW 8.6 seconds after detecting thefirst primary wave (P-wave) at the nearest seismic station. There were 15 to 20
seconds of lead time after the warning and before the main shock hit Sendai. At Seisho
High School, Kanagawa Prefecture, students used this time to get under their desks
or leave at-risk spots before the main ground tremors arrived. Also, at a primary school
where teachers and students had conducted practice evacuation drills, they calmly
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began evacuating as soon as they got the warning. (Source: Knowledge Note 2-5, p.
8)

EEW is useful only in a certain distance range
from the epicenter, from where the warning isgiven early enough before shaking, and to where
the damage is significant and it is worth
responding. The distant limit (the damage radius),
depends on earthquake sizes and fragility of thebuildings. It means EEW works more efficiently indeveloping countries to reduce loss of lives where buildings are weaker than in Japan
where buildings are strong.

Another example of EWS is the advanced technology for satellite based Quasi
Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) early warning message platform. QZSS is one of the
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) which is developed, operated andmanaged by Japan. The other GNSS includes GPA, by the United States of America,
GLONASS by Russia, GALILEO by European Commission, BEIDOU by China and
IRNSS by India.

Its main function is its capacity to send & receive early warning
message/information. Figure 20 below is a clear illustration of how the system works.
QZSS-EWM is available when and where Wi-Fi, radio, TV and telephone are notavailable.

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Figure 20 : QZSS Application to Communities

By applying QZSS technology, you can receive early warning messages with asmall QZSS signal receiver. The message can be translated into local languages andvoice messages with local languages. With the receiver, you can check the message
on smart phones and signboards or hear messages from loud speakers. This projectis in collaboration with EC-GALILEO to cover the entire globe and to develop
information format. QZSS-EWM Platform is public goods for DMOs in Asia and thePacific. (Source: Abstract Paper from Mr. Koji Suzuki, 4th GSRIDRR)

Similarly, NDRRMC has issued a Joint Memorandum Circular No. 001 on July21, 2015 pursuant to the Republic Act No. 10639 otherwise known as the “Free Mobile
Disaster Alerts Act”, RA 7925, E.O. 546 and in order to establish and operate a National Early
Warning System that is capable of near real-time delivery of critical and informational
messages like emergency announcements, storm warnings, tsunami alerts, evacuation
directives and others related to disaster management to active mobile devices in targeted andspecific locations.

All warning agencies shall be the source of Emergency Alert and Warning
Messages (EAWM), which shall be submitted to NDRRMC for validation andconfirmation for transmission by the Mobile Phone Service Providers. All processed
EAWM shall emanate from the NDRRMC through the NDRRMOC. The system works
in two (2) ways as illustrated on Diagrams 2 and 3. One is through direct coordination
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

86/communication between NDRRMC and the TELCOs as shown in Diagram 1; and/or,a simple interface between NDRRMC and the TELCOs as shown in Diagram 2. All
messages sent should be hazard specific, area focused and time bound. Second isthrough an automated Mobile Emergency Alert System (MEAS) that shall serve as aninterface between the NDRRMOC and the TELCOs. This MEAS shall be established,
owned and maintained by the NDRRMC.

Figure 21: Working diagrams for
the Operationalization of the IRRof RA 10639

The rivers flowing through the urban area of Kobe City have steep slopes with
the Rokko mountain behind, and when heavy rainfall continues in the upstream
mountain areas, the rivers will rapidly increase.

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At the Kobe City Policy Research Council, a plan was put forth and discussed
to install cameras, in addition to the existingwater level observation systems, to monitor
therivers. However,systemwasinstallingthestate-installed

extremely

expensive

and

same

equipment

was

the

problematic in terms of budget. Whilegathering information, an article about the“NetEye”

cameraArkSystem,

anservice
Axis

providedbyFigure 22: Tsukagawa downstream

partner,

attracted (Image credit: Kobe City Webpage)attention. The possibility of installing a network

camera system was reviewed. In 2006, 4 Axis network cameras were evaluated andthe results were as follows: Image quality was good (both day and night) and thecameras gave good value for the price. The next year 16 additional cameras were
installed for a current total of 20 AXIS 221 Network
Camerasoperatingin20

locations.

The

monitoring screen displays not only images of theriver, but the water level indicator as well.
Monitoring can be done via the Internet at theRivers Section or the Fire Department. In addition,
Figure 23: Tsukugawa Water level indicator(Image Credit: Kobe City Webpage)

monitoring footage is publicly available on a

website so citizens can confirm the current situation using the image information andraise damage prevention awareness.
At Myohoji River9, three river cameras (Figure 24) have been installed to collectdata for flow velocity analysis, and two of them are available for viewing. Also, threewater gauges were installed for data collection.

9

Located at Yokoo, Suma Ward, Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture

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Figure24: Myohoji River Monitoring Camera

It is noteworthy to say that Philippines has also developed and updated theearly warning and monitoring systems for disaster prevention and mitigation measures
for the past decades. As for the early detectionof possible flood and sediment disasters,
Philippines

acquireHIMAWARI-8,

a

geo-

stationary weather satellite, successor to Japan
Meteorological

Agency's

Multi-functional

Transport Satellite (MTSAT) series. It was
installed at PAGASA last December 2015. It is(Image Credit: PAGASA webpage)

the most utilized satellite imagery in real time

weather forecasting, tropical cyclone analysis and for research purposes as it
generates images every 10 minutes.

Another one is the FY-2G Fengyun Cast Receiving System. The FY-2G
receiver was installed in 2007 as a donation by the Chinese government to thePhilippines. A geosynchronous meteorological satellite generating images twice perhour. It is used as a back up to the MTSAT in real time weather forecasting. Products
are Composite, Infrared IR-1 and IR-2, Visible, Water Vapor.

COMS DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM
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The Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) is the firstgeostationary multi-purpose satellite of Korea which
was launched in 2010. It was inaugurated at
PAGASA in partnership with the Korea International
Cooperation Agency (KOICA) in May 2017. Images
generated every 15 minutes is used in weather
forecasting and numerical weather prediction
including cloud detection, estimation of radiation(Using COMS satellite image)(Source: PAGASA)

level in cloud-free region, land and sea surface temperature, fog detection, and rainfall
intensity.

Recently, the Korean government, through the Korea International Cooperation
Agency (KOICA), and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA) inaugurated in December 2018 the PasigMarikina-Tullahan River Basin Flood Forecasting and Warning Center located in
Quezon City. The center marks the completion of KOICA and PAGASA's Automationof Flood Early Warning System for Disaster Mitigation in Greater Metro Manila project.
The said project aims to improve responsiveness to natural disasters and mitigate
damages to residents in Tullahan and Pasig-Marikina river basins. The project will help
minimize property damages and casualties since this will enable PAGASA to forecast
way ahead of flooding incident.

According to Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Secretary
Fortunato dela Peña, KOICA provided PAGASA with a USD5.2 million for the project.
The grant will be used to establish a command center with state-of-the-art equipment,
specifically, for the installation of automatic water level gauges, automatic rain gauges,
warning posts, close-circuit camera television units (CCTVs); the development of 10
units of software; and setting up relay stations and wireless network for the CCTVs.
As part of this project, Korean experts will share their technical know-how, andenhance the capabilities of PAGASA personnel to respond to natural disasters.

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Image Credit: PAGASA webpage

Figure 25: Image from PAGASA website

As seen on Figure 25 are the designated stations in Greater Metro Manila area
showing on each station at the right side the warning status which the public could be
notified in real time.

3.1.5.b Promotion of Public and Private Sectors PartnershipsoThrough public-private partnerships (PPPs), governments can attract
private sector partners who can provide financing for infrastructure investment,
management skills, and expertise to address the challenges of natural
disasters. Leveraging private finance is important especially for developing
countries prone to natural disasters and suffering from insufficient access tobasic infrastructure—an approach fully in line with the World Bank
Group’s Maximizing Financing for Development approach. Governments
overseeing DRM efforts and infrastructure development will have to coordinate
and find ways to provide incentives for the private sector to invest in resiliencethat are technically and commercially viable. The national government
communicates with the Private Sectors to encourage in their engagement in
DRR. Private Sectors in contributing to the DRR initiatives and innovation can

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also protect their own business thru BCP. It also strengthens strong
relationships between the national and local level partnerships

1. Oyo International Corporation (OIC) is a geological, geotechnical andgeophysical consulting company and manufacturer of instruments as well.
The corporation is established since 1957. It specializes on the geologicalhazard and risk assessment, disaster risk reduction planning, hydrogeology,
environment management. The OYO Group endeavors to support andprovide safety and security, which are unchanged values of mankind,through its proprietary technologies in an effort to contribute to building asustainable society.
One of the most important issues in risk
management is to estimate the seismic
intensity of earthquakes, landslides ad slope
failure hazards; caused by typhoons or(Photo credit:
http://www.oyointer.com/english/)torrential rain, and damage by floods inadvance. In the field of earthquake disaster management, the building
damages and casualties for scenario earthquakes are calculated
considering: ground conditions, building vulnerabilities, and scenario
earthquakes. OIC is contributing to improve the risk management capacityof recipient government by collaborating with risk assessments and risk
management planning. The disaster evacuation drills and disaster
imagination games aimed at students and local residents are also planned
and implemented by OIC, to utilize the potential abilities of the local
communities in risk management. For the disasters caused by landslides
and slope failures, OIC supports local authorities in establishing effective
monitoring systems of hazardous slopes and advise them about safer,reliable, and cost effective countermeasures. They also provide technicalsupport to improve the accuracy of soil analysis, slope stability surveys, andrisk assessments to their counterparts.

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2. Furuno Electric Co. Ltd. is a Japanese electronics company whose main
products are marine electronics, including radar systems, fish finders andnavigational instruments. The company also manufactures global
positioning systems, medical equipment andmeteorologicalmonitoring

andanalysis

systems. Furuno was founded in Nagasaki,
Japan in 1938 and has subsidiaries in theUSA, Panama, Europe and China. Recently(Photo credit:

https://www.furuno.com/en/

the company's GNSS Receiver Modules
were

used

in radiocontrolled flying

quadcopters. Its current contribution to DRR is the Furuno Compact
Weather Radar. The purpose for radars is demonstration of effects ofreducing damage from flood accidents by water level prediction of sewage
networks. Furuno provided radar sensors. The systems were demonstrated
in two cities, Toyama and Fukui. Three radars were deployed in each city.
A distance between two radars is set to 15 km to ensure observation of
precipitations up to 50mm/h without data dropouts.

3. Takuwa is a leading company in flood control and disaster prevention in
Japan. For more than 50 years, they have continued to provide
technologies and solutions specialized in Japan's flood control and disastercountermeasures, "Water Measurement Techniques for Measuring Water"
including water level gauges. Thanks to its high technology and quality, it
has realized a country-resistant country with water disasters, and has
supported the recovery and high growth of Japan after the war. It has been
nurturing Japan quality technology to the world. In fact, their major clientsin Asian countries include the Philippines. Its specializes water
management and sediment disaster monitoring system as seen on Figure
26. (Source: Public-Private Seminar for DRR with Cabinet Office, 06 February 2019)

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Figure 26: Takuwa Corporation Application Field

4. Challenge Co Ltd. introduces its Earthquake Sensor Alarm System (ESAS).
The system based on network of EQ guard can work as a standalone, andalso can work as a local network with several installations. It is possible toconstruct a regional earthquake alarm system by making network of EQ
guard. This system works without nationwide dense seismometer network.
Its contribution to global targets is, “Reduce fatalities and injured people byESAS”. Meanwhile, it contributes to Sustainable Development Goals byrectifying inequality and ensure the safety of all people by introduction of
ESAS and Establish a resilient infrastructure through ESAS. The benefit of
EW guard is to that 5 seconds extra warning can make a difference
between life and death by preventing 80% of deaths using the early andaccurate alarms.

5. Takeda Cardboard Co., Ltd. is engaged in the
manufacture and sale of corrugated cardboard boxes
and sales of sub-materials for gardening with the motto"Creating products friendly to people and the earth". In
additiontomanufacturing

cartonsfordisasterprevention goods and drinks, they are also handmade
to order from small lot to meet the needs of various customers.
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94

The company Takehi Naka Corporation effectively utilizes natural materials
and aims to be a company with high reliability in order to deliver gentle items
to people and the earth with the theme of environment, safety andsecurity. One of the products that they can offer to the public is the “warmdan room”) wherein it has lots of cardboard designs and parts and cantransform into the different items according to your purpose. It can beconverted as a bench, bed with partition, tables, cabinets and cubicle which
are very useful in achieving a safe place and private space in theevacuation areas during disasters.

6. At Mitsubishi Corporation Insurance Co., Ltd. (MCIC), they coordinate
property and casualty insurance and life insurance plans while providing
integrated risk management services. In doing so, they meet the needs ofnumerous partner firms and organizations across Japan and around theworld including the more than 600 companies of the Mitsubishi Corporation
Group. Drawing on the vision of true risk professionals and the expertisethey have gained through long experience, they propose optimal solutions
for all lines of insurance. In this way, they strive to satisfy the needs of thecustomers while providing them with safety and security.

The MCIC provide risk management support and advice by listening closely
to their clients. They retain a group of highly experienced risk consultants
capable of providing integrated risk management services, an unrivalledstrength of Mitsubishi Corporation Insurance. These management services
encompass risk assessment, risk treatment (i.e. implementing measures toremove, mitigate, and prevent risks), and the evaluation of risk treatment
measures. Appropriate risk management is an indispensable factor in orderto maintain the soundness of corporate management and continue todevelop.

(Source:

MCIC

http://www.mcic.co.jp/corporations/risk/)

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

brochure

and

link:

95

3.2

Structural Measures

3.2.1 Countermeasures for Tsunami and Storm Surge Defense

Sendai City has multiple lines of protection against tsunamis, such as a coastal
levee, coastal disaster prevention forests and evacuation hills and an elevated road
as illustrated on Figure 27.

Figure 27: Three measures for tsunami defense(Source: City of Sendai)

Coastal levee of about 9km in length and a height of T.P. plus 7.2km wasconstructed jointly with the national and Miyagi Prefectural government. The levee wascompleted in March 2017. The coastal levee will protect against large tsunamis andhigh tides which occur only once every few decades or centuries. Construction toelevate a prefectural road running approximately 10km north-south through the coastal
areas is expected to complete by the end of FY 2018. The road will be elevated by 6
meters using, in part, tsunami sand and mud deposits, and debris from the earthquake
and tsunami disaster. In this way, if a tsunami as devastating as that which occurred
during the GEJE were to occur, the elevated road would act as a coastal levee together
with the coastal disaster prevention forests to considerably mitigate flood damage. The
areas that are designated disaster risk areas have been replaced by the city’s coastal
disaster-prevention forests since construction of homes is prohibited and former
residents have moved to safer inland areas. It is also a measure to slow down the
momentum of tsunamis. At the same time, the development of Kaigan Park restoresthe natural environment and landscape around the coastal areas. A hill 10-15m in
Janice Padagdag – Philippines

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height designed for temporary evacuation has been built in each of these zones,
allowing for the evacuation of nearby residents and visitors up to the hills when atsunami strikes.

Furthermore, the city is equipped with facilities that place importance on
evacuation. In fact there are thirteen (13) evacuation facilities, including six towers,
five buildings and fire corps’ stations, and two sets of outdoor tsunami evacuation
stairs for existing elementary and junior high schools. The evacuation tower in Nakano
5-chome is a two-story steel-framed structure that stands over 6m above the ground,allowing 300 people to evacuate at any given time. Even so, in areas where safety
cannot be secured, the city promotes measures including home relocation that places
importance on “disaster mitigation” and minimizing damage.

Ajigawa River Flood Gate in Osaka City

Osaka City is surrounded by the Yodo-gawa, Kanzaki-gawa, Yamato-gawa,and Neya-gawa Rivers, as well as the sea. With up to 90% of its urban area on flat
lowlands, natural water drainage is a challenge and the city is extremely vulnerable toflooding due to heavy rains and tsunamis. The City of Osaka is presently upgrading
its sewage system to handle up to 60 mm/h of rainwater.

There was great damage from high flood tides during Typhoon Jane and the
Muroto No.2 Typhoon. Because of this, Ajigawa River flood gate and Shirinashigawa
River flood gate were build in 1970, modeled on the flood gates on Holland's River
Lek, to prevent flood tides from breaking through during typhoons. It is an arched gateagainst storm surges in the mouth of Ajigawa River. In September 2018, Typhoon Jebi,
the most powerful storm in twenty five (25) years hit Japan greatly, to include Osaka
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Prefecture. As a preventive measure, the Osaka Government closed the Ajigawa floodgates prior to the threatening storm surges and water overflow due to the typhoon.
Problem no. 4. What are the best practices of Japan’s learning experience frompast disasters that can best replicate from a developing country?

4.1

Strict implementation of the Building Code and its importance of regularseismic diagnosis of structures

One of the main concerns in building control has been to construct buildingsthat can withstand earthquakes. The Japanese Building Code has required structural
calculation in considering seismic force since 1924 (The next year of the Great Kanto
Earthquake). This was the first such requirement in the world. The current earthquake
resistance standard based on Building Standard Act was introduced on June 1, 1959.
Learning from the past disasters like the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and GEJE,
the national government has constantly updated relevant laws or policies on
earthquake-resistant buildings. At present, Japan’s earthquake-resistance technology
is at a high level and has been recognized all over the world.

The statistics below serves as proof of how Japan has championed inpromoting the seismic resistance buildings with the significant increase in the numberof houses and buildings with or without earthquake resistance surveyed once in every
five years.
Particulars

平成１５年(CY2003)

平成２０年(CY2008)

平成２５年(CY 2013)

47M

49.50M

52M

Total
With EQ
resistancew/o EQ
resistance
Shockproof
Rate

35.50M

39M

43M

11.50M

10.50M

9M

75%

79%

82%

平成３２年
（目標）

(CY2025)(CY 2020)
52.50M 耐震性を有しな
50M
い住宅ストックの比率 → おおむ
2.5M
ね解消
Houses without
95%
resistance ratio isalmost eliminated

Table13: Earthquake Resistance Rate of Houses (Source: FDMA)

Janice Padagdag – Philippines

平成３７年 (目標）98Particulars
Total

平成１５年
(CY2003)

平成２０年(CY2008)

平成２５年(CY 2013)

0.36M

0.41M

0.42M

平成３２年
（目標）

(CY 2020)
0.44M

With EQ
0.27M
0.33M
0.36M
0.42M
resistancew/o EQ
0.09M
0.08M
0.06M
0.02M
resistance
Shockproof
75%
80%
85%
95%
Rate
Table 14: Earthquake Resistance Rate of Buildings (Source: FDMA)

As a means of promoting the seismic resistance of the buildings, the Tokyo
Metropolitan Government provides technical assistance to owners so that they willtake the initiative in enhancing their building’s resistance to earthquakes. This includes
the establishment of a consultation system; provision of information on seismic
retrofitting methods and selection; registration and introduction of offices fulfilling
conditions necessary to conduct seismic evaluations; and opening a portal site forcentral provision of information on earthquake resistance. Due to their highly public
nature, the TMG is also working to advance seismic resistance of wooden framedhouses in closely-packed housing districts, condominiums and buildings alongemergency transportation roads by subsidizing seismic inspection an retrofitting costs.
TMG is also expanding the subsidy system for seismic inspections and the seismic
retrofitting of buildings, and is advancing seismic resistance in cooperation with themunicipalities. Furthermore, the TMG’s own Seismic Certification System has been
established so that the people can be reassured about the safety of buildings throughthe wide availability of information on the seismic resistance of buildings. Through thissystem the TMG will heighten the awareness and sentiment of residents with respect
to seismic retrofitting in order to promote efforts to make the city more resistant toearthquakes,

Moreover, using the E-Defense facility on testing the seismic analysis would
also help the construction companies to test the strength of their model houses before
selling out to the market. That is why, it is a must to indicate the year the building wasconstructed as an indication that the structure has actually followed the building codeand has passed the seismic test through the E-Defense facility.

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As a practice, Arahama Elementary School, which building
constructed in 1985, also conducted regular seismic retrofitting
prior to the tsunamis and after tsunami for preservation of the“ruins’ for future generations to see. The school structure withstood
the ravaging flow of water and debris coming into the building
because of the support of the braces on the walls as acountermeasure for any earthquake hazard to occur.

Undeniably true is that Japan has achieved its 100% target goals for achieving
earthquake-resistant buildings for public schools (elementary and junior high).

4.2

Promoting Widespread Adoption and Awareness of Community Disaster
Management Plans (CDMP)

Citizens must gain an understanding of the regional attributes and risks of thearea where they live and build relationships of trust with their neighbors before disasterstrikes, to ensure that self-help and mutual support functions effectively in coordination
with public support in the event of a disaster. An effective way of achieving this is for
citizens to independently formulate action plans and share them with their neighbors
before disaster strikes. As such, the Cabinet Office revised the Basic Act on Disaster
Management, positioning CDMPs under the Local Disaster Management Plans(LDMPs) of municipalities from April 2014. It implemented model projects in 44 districts
over the three fiscal years through to FY2016, promoting initiative in which local
citizens put together plans for their community.

In this three-year model project, 27 of the 44 districts drafted CDMPs and six
districts’ successfully revised the municipal disaster management plans and reflect
their plans in the CDMPs. This report pointed out the effects of CDMPs, noting the factthat participation in the model project awakened an awareness of disaster
preparedness and a spirit of mutual support among local residents who did not actually
talk about disasters, and also triggered regional revitalization.

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In line with the CDMPs, the Cabinet Office issued (2010, 2011)
Information and Tips for organizing groups for community resilience:
Introducing good examples from Voluntary DRR Groups, business
communities, etc.

The local governments also work hand inhand with the communities in carrying out DRR
activities and the development of several voluntary
DM organization guidebooks. Samples of theguidebook can be seen on the Annex.

As a matter of fact, Kobe City has made a template for the CDMP (seeAppendix). As a verification of the CDMP, they conducted regular community drills.
For example, as an initiative, Volunteer Fire Corps and Motomachi shopping mall had
a tsunami evacuation drill held on 01 March 2019. The drill was actively participatedby 30 shopping mall owners, Kobe city Central Volunteer fore corps, government
officers from National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster, Fire and Disaster
Management Agency, Kobe city Crisis Management Officers and Kobe Central Fire
Station officers. The objective of the said drill is a reverification of the 4 items describedin CDMP, namely: 1) confirmation of the linkage between the broadcast equipment of
the shopping mall owners and an emergency administrative radio system; 2)evacuation preparations; 3) evacuation with vulnerable people using trolleys andwheelchairs as a measure of transportation; and, 4) establishment of a disaster
operations headquarters in Hanakuma Park using only a table, tsunami map and a
copy of CDMP.

4.3 Manifestation of Self-Help and Mutual Support Initiatives
Before March 11, 2011, Japan had already developed sophisticated hightechnology tsunami-warning systems that included satellite communications andhundreds of real-time monitoring stations. But on March 11, the community-level
response (and community-based warnings) was the key that saved countless human
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lives. The volunteer fire corps—which are community-based organizations(CBOs) trained in disaster management - used various tools such as handheld loudspeakers, fire bells, sirens, and fire engine loud speakers to warn communities
throughout the affected areas. In Katsurashima, Shiogama City, all community
members including 30 disabled people were safely evacuated because the fire corps
went door to door to every house, helping community members move to higher ground.
In Otsuchi and Natori cities some members of the corps kept ringing fire bells or giving
directions on their loud speakers right up until the tsunami hit—some at the expenseof their own lives.

On April 17, 2016, the Cabinet Office published and circulated the Evacuation
Center Management Guidelines, the Guidelines for Securing and Managing Toilets at
Evacuation Centers and the Guidelines for Managing and Operating Welfare
Evacuation Centers, to facilitate appropriate operation of evacuation centers byaffected local governments.

Right after the issuances, at the evacuation centers, community association
members do initiatives by:- Involvement of community association committee members to performs
functions before, during and post evacuation activities. (as illustrated)- Improvised simple emergency toilet using plastic and container box inside aclosed tent.
- Disaster well installed in the parks- Installation of manhole toilet (need intervention of govt efforts and funds)
about million yens used to build this)- Ensuring privacy through partition using cardboard /thick paper materials,
curtains, providing changing rooms for women and suckling room
- Consideration for elderly people – more space for them, improvised
cardboard box bed, roll away bed, relaxation space.
- Simple Evacuation plan and procedures for community members- Early warning signs for evacuation.

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Disaster Resilience Education (DRE) should start from the family and citizens.
People saw the importance of “self-help” and “mutual help” especially when “publichelp” showed its limitations against such a large-scale wide area disaster. It made“disaster resilience education” receive a great deal of public attention, as an initiative
to strengthen both self-help and mutual help.

Japanese community has long been institutionalized DRE since after learningfrom the past disasters (Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake and GEJE). With the help of
several guidebooks issued and government subsidies, the voluntary DM organizations
have been increasing in numbers and were able to sustain “Bosai” community
initiatives in their own backyard.

For example, conduct of community drills,

participation to disaster management trainings from different DRR learning centers
and FDMA for capacity building activities and widespread distribution of hazard maps
and public awareness information materials to every household.

“Build Back Better

Town Planning” by community-initiative is also very evident. A community (六甲道南公園)in Sakuraguchicho, Nada Ward in Kobe City, once hardly hit by an earthquake,were re-built with the help of the community planning through set up of a well for
emergency use and fire hydrants strategically located in their area.
Picture from (Left) A view of the community park
in Nada Ward; (Right) a well is setup bycommunity people for immediate water supply on
disasterTown-Watching for Disaster Reduction is a simple and practical tool for
efficiently implementing community based hazard mapping in various local
communities around the world. The major merits of town-watching are that, after
experiencing physical involvement in such activities as walking, observing, mappingby hand and discussing findings, people are better able to:1) Develop a concrete image of disaster reduction activities;
2) Autonomously identify problems in their own communities;3) Share opinions arrived at various viewpoints;
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1034) Build confidence within the local community through face-to-face
discussions; and,
5) Reach a reasonable social consensus.

Objectives of town watching are: to involve local residents in developing hazard
maps for their community; to reflect the opinions of local residents in local policy
making; and, to promote common understanding of risks among local residents,
government and experts.

The understanding on risks
and useful facilities in our community
leads you to think about the effective
countermeasuresanddisaster

preparedness. This serves as an initial

Output of Town Mapping at Kamakura City

risk assessment tool in developing the other hazard maps in the locality. Saving lives
is the most vital thing when a mega-disaster might happen. First thing that must be
learned from this initiative it the information about the evacuation areas and nearest
lifelines where to seek for help or survival (convenience stores, supermarkets, gas
stations, pharmacy etc.)

As a disaster prevention tool and mainly practiced all over Japan, several
communities were able to develop community hazards maps whose information were
useful in the formulation of the cities and municipality hazard maps. In fact, places thatthe researcher visited like Kobe City, Kamakura City and Chiyoda city showcased
several hazard maps which were collaborated with the their respective communities.

Problem no. 5: What are the challenges faced by the government and thecommunity in carrying out future disaster risk management?

5.1

The early warning message is very important in contributing to managing

the risks and reducing impact due to disasters. People can promptly prepare before
the impact and any impending danger to come. There are a lot of researches about
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how to achieve advanced early warning systems for multi-hazards. There are sciencebased and information technology application through the use of SMS, Wi-fi, Radio
Television, radars, satellites and other paraphernalia to transmit early warning signals
and messages to everyone. But when and where those communication infrastructures
are out of service or unavailable, they sometimes fail.

For example, the application of QZSS in Japan, its capacity of sending
message is not large for now. The message needs to be coded to make thevolume short. In the case of the EAWM in the Philippines, it has to address on
how to send the message to all networks and receive by the receiver on a realtime basis. Sending and receiving messages due to the volume of messages
sent to network subscribers is very crucial especially in the decisions and carefulplanning for contingencies if there is an impending danger to come.

5.2

Another issue pointed out from the study was the difficulty of maintaining

the continuity of initiatives through public awareness raising campaigns and measures
which may connect “awareness” to “preparedness” to “prevention” between
government officials, local citizens and tourists while building trust between them.
There are still indifferences of some cultural diversity in areas which preservation of
the culture is high. The laws and ordinances on the protection of the privacy ofhousehold is also another challenge between the government and the “BOSAI”
leaders. It also pointed out the need to familiarize the citizens of surrounding districts
with the content of the plans and to make sure of the active participation of allcommunity people from all walks of life. This challenge was expressed from a BOKOMI
member, Mr. Hatori, in Tsurukabuto, Nada in Kobe City. It has always been very
difficult to carry out DRR activities in the community since not everyone spontaneously
cooperates in such activities especially from the young population. However, the goodthing is that BOKOMI receives assurance of everyone’s help as necessary.

5.3

Emerging shortage of disaster management leaders has been achallenge in an ageing society like Japan. The number of fire and flood fighting corps
volunteers, who directly support local disaster resilience, is on a long-term downtrend,
and at the same time, aging is proceeding among such volunteers (Fig. 28 and 29).
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The decrease in and aging of fire corps volunteers not only means the shrinkage ofthe pool of personnel who directly support disaster resilience but also raises concernsthat disaster resilience may not necessarily be effectively exercised.

Figure 28: Trends in Numbers of Fire Corps Volunteers

Figure 29: Trends in Numbers of Flood Fighting Corps Personnel

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5.4

Another challenge is the reluctance of affected households for pre-emptive evacuation and leaving their homes for fear of losing their valuables andlivelihood or they may feel uncomfortable to the alternate location. The safety of thesenumerous number of affected families is the primary consideration but the readinessand available resources for this purpose is constantly an issue of every local
government depending on the magnitude of the disaster. Evacuation planning
management is regarded as the most difficult tasks to undertake and manage when
done only during emergencies.

Problem no. 6. What are the goals and approaches on disaster risk reduction forthese hazards?

Goals for promoting earthquake-resistant buildings and their progress are set.
(Fig 29). Based on the figure, it shows a progressive trend of achieving a “DisasterResilient Country” in terms of structural capacity. By 2020, it is targeted to attain 95%
of houses but it has believed to achieve a 100% compliance of critical facilities toinclude public schools and hospitals).

Figure 29: Goals for Promoting Earthquake Resistant Buildings and Progress

Janice Padagdag – Philippines107(Source: Cabinet Office, March 2015)

Based on the policy for the Nankai Trough Earthquake Disaster Management,
the Plan set clear goals to be achieved within ten (10) years:“More than 80% in the number of deaths and more than 50% in the economic
value of damage to houses and buildings”.

The policy also defines concrete measures and target dates to accomplish thegoals, such as promoting earthquake-proof or fireproof buildings, developing tsunami
hazard maps, and improving the capacity for disaster management for local
communities. Various support systems have been established at national and local
governments in order to alleviate individual burden on seismic diagnosis and seismic
retrofitting and to promote earthquake resistance of houses and buildings. They makeuse of the quad media pronouncements featuring a system to support seismic
diagnosis / earthquake repair. "(Cabinet Office website)

More so, disaster risk management by business operators to prepare fordisaster can be divided into two categories: disaster risk control initiatives, which aim
to reduce the level of risk itself through such measures as preparing a business
continuity plan and seismic retrofit of facilities; and disaster risk finance initiatives,
which seek to alleviate any impacts on business management by sharing (relocating)risk through such measures as taking out insurance or securing credit lines. (Fig. 30).

(Source: Cabinet Office)Fig 30: Concept of Risk Management concerning natural disasters

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A key concept in risk finance is that desire to utilize these insurance
mechanisms and encourage individuals to enroll in the method. With the collaborative
efforts of relevant ministries, agencies and organizations, the Cabinet Office provided
approaches in informing the public and encouraged them in the enrollment of
insurance. It made use of pamphlets for the general public. Figure 31 illustrates thetrend in the increasing number of earthquake insurance contacts for a span of ten
years.

Figure 31: Trends in the Number of Earthquake Insurance Contracts

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CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONThis chapter summarizes the findings of the study, draws conclusions from thefindings and advances relevant recommendations.

The findings of this study are as follows:

1)

Japan has been continuously improving and updating the disaster risk

reduction laws, policies, regulations, even up to their DM plans right after a disaster.
Learning from the past disasters is a key point to improving and coming up withpossible solutions to the issues and problems. The trend on the formulation andrevision of these rules and regulation is traced back to what hazard or disaster thattriggered it. Similarly, the Philippines is currently updating the Implementing Rules
and Regulations of RA10121, the National DRRM Plan and the National Prevention
and Mitigation Plan to adopt with the recent improvements on the global context.

2)

Effective legislation, regulation and enforcement of the basis disastermanagement laws and systems manifest Japanese cultural mindset and discipline
which is inherent in every people’s lives. Japan’s strict and rigorously enforced building
codes generate almost all earthquake-resistant buildings. Seismic retrofitting ofhouses was supported partially through government subsidy in order to encourage
homeowners. The national government has urged the local government to do theirown initiative in promoting and becoming a disaster resilient environment for the future
generations to enjoy.

3) Importance of public awareness raising measures can save lives. It isevery government’s goal to never again fall victim to any disaster, to pass on thelessons learned and to show the real threat of these disasters to future generations.
For these reasons, Japan had kept this advocacy as part of their culture and discipline.
The monuments serve as memories of the past disasters. The preservation of thedebris and ruins are kept as if the disaster was still fresh in their memory. Lastly, theJanice Padagdag – Philippines

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existence of disaster risk reduction facilities and institutions for public viewing is oneof the best strategy for increasing public awareness, a venue for research and a havenfor DRR knowledge.

4)

There were several events in the past that tested the capacity of thesestructural and non-structural measures. First, the EEW were able to reduce economic
damages and loss of life by shutting down bullet trains during the GEJE and providing
lead time for people to take protective measures. Japan has developed newtechnologies to improve these systems. Second, the Osaka flood gates installed in the
Ajigawa river saved many Osaka residents of storm surges in September 2018. Third,
the Tsunami gate in Fudai caused zero casualties. Lastly, learning from Date
Masamune’s intelligence on countermeasures of tsunami defense, the navigation(Teizan canal) reduced the flow velocity of tsunami water to flow inland.

5)“BOSAI” (Disaster prevention) is a Japanese culture. One realizationfrom the study is that hazards and risks has been part of Japanese historical, culturaland emotional aspects of their lives. It has long been part of history and since thenthey have been accustomed to these hazards and risks. The increasing awareness of
disaster prevention is very much evident in Japan. For one, Japan has preserved
cultural heritages and sites by using indigenous materials as part of disasterprevention measures. Methods to improve such have been under its way. Becauseof the cultural mindset and discipline, they are the perfect example of showcasing selfhelp and mutual help initiatives amidst disasters. They put DRR into their body systemthrough the formation and development of citizens groups, by sustainability on
community DRR programs, environmental protection, and evacuation planning
management. “Bosai” is not exclusive to Japan. The awareness is growing overseas
as well after the experiences of various disasters such as the large-scale eruption of
Mount Merapi in Indonesia, the heavy flood in Thailand, and the damage caused by
Typhoon Haiyan on the island of Leyte in the Philippines.

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Conclusions and Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the research draws the following conclusions
and recommendations:1)

The importance of investment for disaster risk reduction has alreadybeen recognized in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
One of the guiding principles says “Addressing underlying disaster risk factors throughdisaster risk-informed public and private investments is more cost-effective than
primary reliance on post-disaster response and recovery and contributes tosustainable development”, while one of the four priorities for action indicates“investment in disaster risk reduction. Emphasis that national government should takepart in fulfilling DRR advocacy by investing on DRR technology and shifting themindset from “costs” to “investments” for future generations to benefit.

2)

The need for voluntary disaster management organizations (VDMOs) is

an important investment for human capabilities. Community empowerment is thefirst line of defense for immediate survival and safety. So, while local and national
authorities have the key responsibilities for civil protection in hazard events,
communities are always the first responders and should be empowered in that role.
They can be empowered if they have the skills through DRR training and knowledge,
active involvement from the planning, implementation and execution of the DRRM
initiatives and most especially resources that they can get from the government’s
support for sustainability of their own initiatives.

The promotion of the development of community disaster management
plans is also a tool for community empowerment which serves as a good strategy inminimizing death tolls in a catastrophe. Local and national governments should
develop legislation on and institutionalize the role of the community people throughthe implementation of such plan. The national effort on promoting of widespread
adoption and awareness of community disaster management planning system is an
inclusive effort of the government and the community. The government recommended

Janice Padagdag – Philippines112that drills be conducted on the basis of the plans to check the plan’s effectiveness andidentify any areas for improvement

3)

One of the best practices that Japan could share to the world is thatJapan uses the lessons learned from the past disasters and recognizes the structuraland non-structural limitations of the risks from natural hazards in order to improve its
policies, laws, plans and regulations. Resolving the issues of the problems
encountered from the disaster helps in the decision making process and investment
patterns thus, continues to develop a more effective disaster risk management system.

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PRESENTATION MATERIALS

Community activities for DRR in Asia and its sustainability by Ms. Miki Kodama, 27
February 2019

Disaster Management in Japan by Mr. Junji Moriwaki, International Cooperation
Division, Disaster Management Bureau, Cabinet Office of Japan

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Disaster Risk Reduction Policies in Japan by Mr. Kazuko Ishigaki, Director for Disaster
Preparedness, Cabinet Office of Japan, 6 February 2019DM Issues by Ms. Shiomi Yumi of Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC)

Earthquake Engineering Studies in Japan after the 1995 Kobe Earthquake by Prof.
Yasuko Kuwata, Department of Civil Engineering, Kobe University, 26 February 2019

Evacuation Place in Japan by Prof. MUneki Mitamura, CERD, Osaka City University,
30 January 2019

Hyogo DRR Measures (2018), Hyogo Prefecture

Implementing Disaster Knowledge to Community- an Approach of the Disaster Prevention Research Project by Osaka City University
by Prof. MUneki Mitamura, CERD, Osaka City University, 30 January 2019

Public and Private Seminar for Disaster Risk Reduction (Company Profile andCompilation), 6 February 2019

Tsunamis and countermeasures in Tohoku Region by Anawat Suppasri, 20 March
2019

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