TABLE OF CONTENTS
Islam MD Rashidul, Naoki Akiyama, Kaoru Kadowaki
How can we secure safe and healthy water environment?

 1

Takanori Ishii, Lei Han, Cahyo Wisnu Rubiyanto
Water environment under global warming 23

Chen Fang, Akito Kato, Maulana Yusuf Rosadi
Which natural energy sources have the realistic potential for the future?
 40
Masaya Toyoda, Ruoming Cao, Yuta Nakano
Development and environmental assessment in coastal areas 58

Zaw Min Han, Yuri Matsui, Soyeon Kang
Air pollution and the impacts on the life of Asian countries 77

Aini Nurjanah, Muhammad Arifin, Tomoka Hayashi
Ozone depletion and its impacts on life of Asian countries 94

Panyapon Pumkaeo, Annisyia Zarina Putri, Haruka Shimizu, Tetsu Kawakami
Particulate Matter (PM): its origin and composition, and effects on our health andenvironment 110

Chatani Issei, Erda Rahmilaila Desfitri, Wang Fenglan
Population ageing in Asian countries 128

Li Wenjiao, Shinohara Kenichi, Ulung Muhammad Sutopo
Is eco-business an activity for environmental improvement?

 147

Naohiro Makita, Aldilla Afiani Alda
Future Prospects of Eco-Business in Asia 167

Keisuke Ozeki, Takuya Okada, Bejoy Kumar Barman
Rural population decrease and urbanization -Thinking from the influence to environment 180

Yuto Ito, Bhuiyan Mst Afrin Akter, Wang Siyi
Overpopulation in Asian countries195

Takumi Sato, Haruki Kanayama, Suozhu, Nayla Majeda Alfarafisa
Various problems induced by land subsidence and the resolutions 211
Yurie Itagaki, Takumi Sakakibara, Faisal Arsyad
ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and environmental issues 234
Hiroki Maruyama, Jiang Shuqin, Poltak Sandro Rumahorbo
Is Bali Island a true paradise?

 249

Raj Kishan Agrahari, Li Shuailei, Misato Hayashi
E-books are more eco-friendly than paper books?

 261

How can we secure safe and healthywater environment?
ISLAM MD RASHIDUL(M1)
NAOKI AKIYAMA(M1)
KAORU KADOWAKI(M1)

1

Contents
What is water environment ?
Types of water environment
Roles of water environment
Water environment evaluation
Current situation of water environment in the world
Concrete examples of securing safe and healthy water
environments (in Switzerland, Japan and Bangladesh)・Water environment problems
・Solutions
・Future prospects of securing water environments
Conclusions
Discussion topics

1What is Water Environment
1. Environment
The environment is everything that makes up our surroundings andaffects our ability to live on the earth, the air we breathe, the waterthat covers most of the earth's surface, the plants and animals aroundus.

https://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1280&bih=882&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=hV7

What is Water Environment
The components of water environments are-

1. Water quality

2. Water quantity

3. Aquatic life2

What is Water Environment
2.Water Environment landscape.soilweb.ca/water‐environment
A water environment is an environment
where plants and animals and microbes
interact with the chemical and physicalproperties of that water environment or,
A water environment is an ecosystem in abody of water where communities oforganisms are dependent on each other andon their environment.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

https://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1517&bih=641&tbm=isch&s

https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=wetlands&tbm=isch&source

https://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/

Types of water environment3

Types of water environment
Large fresh Water environment around the world
Among the total ice sheet, Antarctic ice sheet holds about 90
percent of the fresh water.
Among the lakes,
1. the American Great Lakes account for 21 percent fresh water.
2.Lake Baikal in Russia holds about 20 percent of the Earth’s
unfrozen surface fresh water.
Lake Victoria, which spreads across the African countries of
Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, is the second largest freshwaterlake in the world by surface area.
https://www.the71percent.org/the-worlds-fresh-water-sources/

Types of water environment
Based on the distribution of water, the two major types are

A . Single water environment
According to salinity there are two types
1. Marine water environment
2. Fresh water environment

https://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1504&bih=676&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=

B. Complex water environment
4

Types of water environment
Complex water environment

https://www.google.co.jp/search?biw=1280&bih=882&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=oWL_W_6

Roles of Water environment
Water environment provides many critical services, such as Serves as water resources Plants (both macro-phytes and algae) carry out photosynthesis &production of oxygen; Bacteria process organic waste products and maintain good water
quality; Riparian vegetation mitigates floods and provides more stableriver and spring flows; More reliable flow regimes can be utilized for food production,transport, water supply or to support terrestrial ecosystems andwildlife;
 Healthy ecosystems ensure maintenance of biodiversity andhence resilience to the pressures of utilization.
http://www.thewaterpage.com/aq_eco_july_01.htm

5Roles of Water environment
Some roles of particular water environment
1. Marine water environment

Roles of Water environment
2.Wet land water environment

6Roles of Water environment
2.Wet land water environment
In fact, natural wetlands are able
to eliminate 20-60% of metal, 7090% of nitrogenous compounds,
and around 90% of sedimentfrom freshwater sources.
Coastal wetlands, such as
saltmarsh and mangroves, arelikely to have the highest rates ofgreenhouse gas capture
Wetlands also reduce the risk of flooding greatly by retarding the
movement of floodwaters towards nearby residential areas.

Roles of Water environment
3. River water environment

https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=roles+of+river+ecosystems&tbm=isch&tbs=ri

7

Roles of Water environment
This schematic provides an overview of the major provisioning
regulatory and supporting (e.g. soil formation, nutrient andwater cycling) services provided by water environment.
Water Environment services
River

Floodplain/
Wetland

Riparianarea

Source: https://phys.org/news/2016-09-reservoirs-substantial-role-global.html#jCp

Water environments evaluation
Commonly evaluated from the following aspects:
 water quality: refers to the chemical, physical, biological,
and radiological characteristics of water Index of the nature ofwater (from Wikipedia)

 water quantity: water amount aquatic life: the plants, animals and other organisms thatlive in the water environment

Especially, water quality and quantity are importantfactors directly affecting the water use

8Water environments evaluation
Water quality• It is necessary to maintain desirable quality in terms ofprotection of human health, preservation of living
environment and conservation of aquatic life.
• Water quality variables: Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical
oxygen demand (COD) pH
 Coliforms
 Specific conductance Alkalinity
 Chloride TN, TP………………….

Water environments evaluation
Water quantity: is the most criticalaspects of a water body’s health, as
without water there are no water
environment.
• Water volume: maintain proper volume
of water while taking into accountconservation of water quality andaquatic life

River is drying up
https://blog.goo.ne.jp/aimutsu/e/6daef1d03c0cf9d
7c6b2cd95fe9bc633• Water flow: maintain proper flow rate
(neither high nor low)
• Groundwater level: maintain proper
groundwater level (to maintain water
retention and penetration function ofsoil)
9Liquefaction phenomenon(High groundwater level)
http://www.city.okazaki.lg.jp/1100/1113/1177/p00
1667.html

Water environments evaluation
Aquatic life:• Native species: a species that has been observed in the form of a naturally
occurring and self-sustaining population in historical times.

• Invasive species: a species that is not native to a specific location (anintroduced species), and that has a tendency to spread to a degree believed tocause damage to the environment, human economy or human health. (fromwikipedia)
Invasive species may result in extensive changes in the structure, composition and global
distribution of the biota of sites of introduction, leading ultimately to the homogenisation of theworld's fauna and flora and the loss of biodiversity

Japanese rice fish
(Native
species in Japan)
http://www.kannousuiken-

Red swamp crawfish(Invasive species in Japan)

osaka.or.jp/zukan/zukan_database/tansui/8450b2c298b2683/9950b6e7394c5f6.html

https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/ishidamasahiko/20180102-00080025/

Current situation of water environment in the world
 Water quantity

Depletion of valuable resources

Uneven distribution of fresh waterhttps://peakoil.com/enviroment/bbc-billions-at-risk-of-water-insecurity

https://digiphoto.techbang.com/posts/2459-worldwater-day-322-36-photos-to-let-you-know-howimportant-is-the-waterhttps://www.cnn.co.jp/world/350271
08.html

Destruction of nature
1020Current situation of water environment in the world
 Water quality
Water Pollutants: pathogens (bacteria, viruses…), inorganic materials(heavy metals like As, Hg, Cu, Cd…), organic materials (pesticides, otherorganic chemicals…), macroscopic pollutants…
http://www.who.int/heli/risks/water/en/wshmap.pdf

Toxic green algae

・Water polluted byindustrial wastewaterhttps://www.epochtimes.jp/jp/20
08/06/print/prt_d96962.html

・Eutrophication

http://www.pollutionissues.com/VeZ/Water-Pollution-Freshwater.html

https://www.epochtimes.jp/jp/20
08/06/print/prt_d96962.html

Pollutants enter waterfrom point sources,
which are readily
identifiable andrelatively small locations,or nonpoint sources,
which are large andmore diffuse areas.
21

Current situation of water environment in theworld Aquatic life
Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.
Most of them are leaking from the Asian continent.
Large plastic pieces drifting off the ocean have a
direct effect on marine life. Also, microplastic withplastic granulation has caused far more complicatedtypes of contamination

https://marineplastic.net/marinedebris

http://blog.livedoor.jp/sagittariun/archiv
es/3673062.html

https://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Calendar_2011_03_AMERICANA/Science-2015Jambeck-768-71__2_.pdf

11

http://blog.livedoor.jp/sagittariun/archives/3673
22062.html

Concrete examples of
securing safe and healthy water
environments(in Bangladesh, Switzerland andJapan )

Water Environments in Bangladesh
Bangladesh The country is bounded by India on the west, the northand the northeast; Myanmar on the southeast and the Bay of Bengal
on the south.
In Bangladesh, two type of water environment are present, such as
fresh water and saline water.

The Ganges‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna river basins(Abu Musa et al.2009)www.ruposhibangladesh.com/sylhet-part-2/

12

Problems of water environments
Groundwater is the main source of water supply in urban and rural
areas of Bangladesh.
Problems of ground water (BUET, 2004)
Arsenic in groundwater;
Excessive dissolved iron;Salinity in the shallow aquifers
in the coastal areas;Lowering of groundwater level;
Rock/stony layers in hilly areas;

https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=arsenic+problem+in+bd

Problems of water environments
Salinity problem
Bangladesh is highly vulnerable
to saline water inundation due
to sea level rise. World Bank
(2000) showed 10 cm, 25cm
and 1.0 m rise in sea level by
2020, 2050 and 2100
SRDI 2010 showed 1.5 m sea level
rise in Bangladesh coast by 2030,
affecting 22,000 Sq. km (16% of
total land mass)
Soil salinity increase over year due to sea level
rise (SRDI, 2010)13

Solution in Bangladesh Bangladesh Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, to which the WorldBank has committed $43 million since 2012, aims to increase a safe watersupply and hygienic sanitation in the rural areas
 Scaling-up MFI lending for improved rural sanitation in Bangladesh, that
promotes sanitation marketing and includes private-sector engagement.
 The Chittagong Water Supply Improvement and Sanitation Project ($144
million from the Bank for Fiscal Year 2011 to 2018) is supporting to increase thesustainable access to safe water and improved sanitation, river and cannels
utilization
 Dhaka Water Supply and Sanitation Project for Bangladesh during Fiscal
Years 2009 to 2016, which supported the improvement of storm-water drainage
in select catchments in Dhaka, and DWASA’s planning capacity in the areas ofsanitation and drainage.
http://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2016/10/07/bangladesh-improving-water-supply-and-sanitation

Solutions in Bangladesh
Sheikh Hasina Water Treatment Plant” in 2017(previously named as Karnaphuli Water
Treatment Plant).has the capacity to treat 143 million liters of water daily. Able tomeet nearly 70% of the demand,” Chittagong Water Supply and also releases
treated water in Karnaphuli river.

https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2017/03/11/chittagongs-first-water-treatment-plant-ready-inauguration

14

Solutions in Bangladesh

http://www.jwrc-net.or.jp/aswin/en/newtap/report/NewTap_037.pdf

Future prospects of securing water environment in Bangladesh

Water Resources Planning Organization (WARPO) is an organization, which
was created to perform planning of water resources by: Preparing environmentally compatible master plan for water
environment development.
 Formulating strategy and policy for scientific utilization and conservation ofwater environment.
 Collecting and analyzing data and information on particular water environment
and arrange for dissemination.

15

Future prospects of securing water environment in Bangladesh
Veolia and Suez will design, build and operate a new drinking water production facility thatwill take water from the Meghna River 22 km upstream of the plant. Located in the districtof Gandharbpur, the plant will produce 500,000 m3 of water per day to supply 4.3 million
people with drinking water with no contamination and release treated water in Meghnariver river.

https://www.veolia.com/en/newsroom/news/drinking-water-production-dhaka-bangladesh-veolia-suez

Future prospects of securing water environment in Bangladesh
The attached figure indicates the proposed catchment boundaries and location ofprimary infrastructure, including trunk sewers, main pump stations and wastewater
treatment plants (trickling filter process). Plan to complete in 2035.

16

Water environment in Switzerland Switzerland is one of the
exemplary countries for water
quality.
 In Switzerland today, river andlake are very beautiful.
https://www.swissinfo.ch/image/42271546/3x2/640/426/494e7319f745d37

 It rains a lot in Switzerland and efc5e8662abf16f68/RV/bruecke-jpg.jpg
Switzerland is rich in water.
 People can directly drink waterfrom the fountain in the city.

https://img.myswitzerland.com/515603/329

Water environment problem in Switzerland
However, just in 1960s, Switzerland’s water environment was poor.
And sewerage diffusion rate was only about 15% .
 In 1963, typhus occurred in thesightseeing area Zermatt. 3 dead andmore than 450 got sick.
 Cause: most of wastewater wasdischarged directly into rivers and lakes.
 Solutions• The government made great efforts toimprove sewerage.
• Sewerage diffusion rate: remarkably
increased
1960s : about 15%↓
2005 : 97%

A woman next to a sign written“No swimming“ In 1964
https://www.swissinfo.ch/image/43243752/3x2/640/426/4ebfdabd7f75bf83f364acd418aea62/Sv/296462
639.jpg

http://www.tokyoeiken.go.jp/files/lb_shokuhin/tyudoku/typhi/typhoid2.jpg

17Future prospects of securing water
environment in Switzerland
 Contamination problem by persistentchemicals is a major concern
・Pollutants derived from medicines, pesticide,cosmetics and other chemical products...
・Animals and plants in water environment areseriously affected by the pollutants (fishdiseases and infertility have been caused).

Pesticide application
https://www.jica.go.jp/bangladesh/ba
ngland/cases/case26.html

 Solution
・Switzerland invested about 1 billion franc asa national project.
・Switzerland aims to sequentially introduce
trace chemical treatment facilities into
domestic main sewage treatment plants by
2040.

Microbeads included incosmetics etc.
http://www.greenpeace.org/japan/ja/
news/blog/staff/blog/58911/

Water environment in Japan

Nagara-river, in Gifu prefecture
https://otsukyon.at.webry.info/201407/article_1
8.htmlAzusa river, in Nagano prefecture
https://matome.naver.jp/odai/2144471452008080301/2144471734714684903

18Japan is rich inwater resourcesamong the world,
depending on its
climate and landform.

Water environment problems in Japan• Red Tide in the Closed Marine Waters
Because Japan is an island country, there are many closed waters.
Water pollution by humans can lead to devastating environmental
destruction in closed waters where there are few opportunities forwater to enter and exit.
In the Seto Inland Sea, red tide
frequently occurred. Red tide
has a big impact on fishery

http://waterwoes.org/environment-issues/the-origin-ofthe-water-pollution-pollution-in-japan-minamata-diseaseand-itai-itai-disease

Water environment problems in Japan• Pollution Diseases by Industrial Wastewater
In Japan's economic growth period, pollution diseases such as Minamata
disease (1950s) and Itai-Itai disease (1950s) occurred. The cause is waterpollution of rivers and bay due to inflow of industrial wastewater (Methyl
mercury and Cadmium).
Harmful chemical substances discharged to the environment arebioaccumulated by the food chain.

http://www.fureaikan.net/minamata/img/image_kids_03.gif

19

Solutions in JapanEstablish environmental standards, measurewater quality regularly
Achieve high penetration rate of water supply
and sewerageBuild law for water quality conservation
Regulate wastewater discharge from factories

Solutionsin Japan
Trends in BOD and COD
BOD(biochemical oxygen demand)

The smaller these values are,the better the water quality is kept.

COD(chemical oxygen demand)20

Solutions in Japan
Reduction of phosphorus and nitrogen and the number ofoccurrences of red tide accompanying them

Future prospects of securing water environment in Japan
Promote efforts toward
conservation of local water
environment.
Minimize the impact on
biodiversity and make efforts
aware of biodiversity.

block
natural stone・Environmentally friendly
structures using natural stone
for the protection of the
airport island

・Transplanted
seaweed and createda habitat for various
aquatic life.
At the Chubu International Airport
21

Conclusions
Water is the most important component within water
environment.
There are various water environmental problems such as
eutrophication, salt damage, marine plastic, etc..., in
the world.
Evaluation of water quality is necessary for solving thewater environment problems.
We should work with global perspectives on conservationof water environment.

Discussion topics• Is the water environment in your country safe andhealthy?

• What should we do to secure safe and healthywater environment?

22

Water Environment
Under Global Warming
1.

Takanori Ishii (M1)

2.

Lei Han (M2)3.

Cahyo Wisnu Rubiyanto (M2)

Contents• What is Water Environment？
• What is Global Warming？
• Global Warming Effects on Water Environment• Water Environment Under Global Warming in Japan, China and Indonesia• Conclusion• Discussion Topics

23

Water sources on Planet

What’s Water Environment ?
Water environment is one of the basic elements of the global
environment. It is an important place for human society to live
and also the most serious area that is disturbed and destroyedby human beings. The pollution and destruction of water
environment has become one of the major environmental
problems in the world today.

https://baike.baidu.com/item/6070449?fr=aladdin

https://best.ca/2013/10/24/being-green-and-blue/

24

Water Environment is Important
Healthy water environment support native wildlife and humanactivities such as the industries, agriculture, fishery, forestry,etc.
Water environment also have great cultural and spiritualsignificance to the people. These landscapes provide a link to
traditional storytelling, beliefs and practices. They are also arich source of food, medicine and materials for shelter,
clothing and tools as part of their living culture.

Water Environment
The water environment is mainly composed of two parts: thesurface water environment and the groundwater environment.
1. The surface water environment includes rivers, lakes,
reservoirs, oceans, ponds, swamps, glaciers and so on.
2. The groundwater environment includes spring water, shallow
groundwater, deep groundwater and so on.

25

The Surface Water

https://image.baidu.com/search/detail?ct=503316480&z=0&• It is one of the important sources of water for living things.
• It is also a major component of water resources in all
countries.

The Groundwater
Due to stable water quality and good water quality, groundwater is
one of the important sources of water for agricultural irrigation,mining, and cities.
well

well

Shallow groundwater

deep groundwaterhttps://baike.baidu.com/item/6070449?fr=aladdin

26

What’s Global Warming?

https://whatsyourimpact.org/global-warming

The globe is heating up. Both land and oceans are warmer now thanrecord-keeping began in 1880, and temperatures are still ticking
upward. This temperature rise, called global warming.
https://www.livescience.com/37003-global-warming.html

Global Warming Mechanism

https://gifunctitb.wordpress.com/2012/08/14/introduction-2-impact-of-climate-change/

Global warming is primarily a problem a lot of carbon dioxide (CO2)in the atmosphere—which acts as a blanket, trapping heat and warming theplanet. Warmer water in the sea increases the moisture content of storms, andwarmer air holds more moisture – and it impacts to the intensity of rainfall.
27

Change of Temperature

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87359

Because of global warming, the temperature in the earth isincreasing year by year.

Global Warming

https://www.env.go.jp/en/earth/cc/impacts_FY2012.pdf

The global average temperature has been increasing over the long term, andsince1891, it has risen at a rate of 0.68℃ per 100 years. The temperature
increase is particularly significant at the high latitudes in the northern hemisphere.

28

Effects of Global Warming• Global warming will cause melt ice, extreme
weather, degraded water quality and water
shortage.
• It leads to rise in sea level, not only endangering thebalance of natural ecosystems, but also threatening
the survival of human beings.

Effects of Global Warming
Melt Ice

With global warming, both of the poles are warming quite
quickly, and this warming is causing ice to melt.
When land ice melts, the liquid water flows into the oceanand causes the water levels to rise.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-percent/2018/may/09/global-warming-is-melting-antarctic-ice-from-below

29Effects of Global Warming
Extreme
Weather Draught

Due to global warming, some regions are expected to see anincrease in the number of days without rain as well as increased
occurrences of drought due to decreased snowfall/rainfall.
http://www.gracelinks.org/2380/the-impact-of-climate-change-on-water-resources

Effects of Global Warming
Extreme
Weather - Flood

Flooding of the Kumano River (Kiho Town, Minamimuro District,
Mie Prefecture) caused by Typhoon No. 12 in 2011c• The risk of disaster due to heavy rain
could also increase.
• Global warming increases the risk offlooding because the amount of rainthat can fall during an extreme
downpour "increases exponentially"as temperatures rise.
• When more heat-trapping pollutantssurround the earth, more moisture isheld in the air, leading to more
rainfall.
https://www.env.go.jp/en/earth/cc/impacts_FY2012.pdf

30

Effects of Global Warming
Extreme Weather Landslide

Due to heavy rain, there is a possibility that the risk of mass
movement in mountainous areas will also increase.
https://www.env.go.jp/en/earth/cc/impacts_FY2012.pdf

Effects of Global Warming
Water Quality
The impact of global warming onwater temperature, water quality
and their interaction is very complex.
In rivers and lakes, water quality
may deteriorate due to less water
circulation and the increase inphytoplankton caused by risingwater temperatures.

http://www.fao.org/fishery/static/FAO_Training/FAO_Training/General/x6709e/x6709e02.htm

31

Water Environment Under Global
Warming in Japan
Wave Heights with Annual Exceedance Probabilities of 1in 50 in Japan’s Surrounding Waters[m]
1979-2003(current)

2075-2099(future)https://www.env.go.jp/en/earth/cc/impacts_FY2012.pdf

Projected heights of waves in Japan’s surrounding waters withannual exceedance probabilities of 1 in 50 [m]. It is predictedthat wave height will be high, mainly in western Japan.

Water Environment Under Global
Warming in Japan

https://www.env.go.jp/en/earth/cc/impacts_FY2012.pdf

There is a large area of land at 0 m above sea level along Japan’s three major bays (Tokyo
Bay, Ise Bay and Osaka Bay), but assuming a sea level rise of 60 cm, the area of land at 0 m
above sea level and the population in those zones would both increase by as much as 50%;
therefore, future sea level rise has the potential to cause serious problems. Furthermore,changes in the course and intensity of typhoons could lead to an increased risk of high waves
in coastal areas along the Pacific Ocean.
32

Water Environment Under Global
Warming in Japan

The impacts of global warming on coral bleaching has been
observed. In the future, these impacts are expected to continue
expanding.
https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/4/16849336/global-warming-coral-reefs-bleaching-rate-climate-changeCountermeasures against Global
Warming in Japan
Balancing mitigation and adaptation strategies.
IPCC（Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change） states;
To adapt to unavoidable impacts that climate change will
have on various fields over the long term, Japan will have toevaluate impacts and promote adaptation strategies in awell-planned manner.
Ex: We are promoting reducing energy consumption andshifting energy sources from fossil fuels to renewable energy.

33

Water Environment Under Global
Warming in China
Global warming has frequently cause flooding in many coastal cities
in China.

• Jiangxi province

https://baike.baidu.com/pic/

Water Environment Under Global
Warming in China
Ｔhe outbreaks of blue-green
algae in one of the five largest
Chinese lakes, Taihu, covering
about a third of the lake surface,caused several million people in
Wuxi city difficult to access
fresh water for more than one
week. The same problems also
happened in other two Chinese
Lakes, Chaohu and Dianchi.

34

https://www.sigmaxi.org/docs/default-source/Water Environment Under Global
Warming in China
There are many factors
influencing algae blooms, suchas nutrient, light, temperature,
wind driven mixing, water
retention time, species
competition and predation.

Temperature affects the photosynthetic
rates of different algae.

But rising temperatures as aresult of global warming
seemly have promoted theblooms in different ways.

https://www.google.co.jp/search

Countermeasures against Global
Warming in China• Together with setting annual guiding limits for carbon dioxide
emissions from energy use in 2016, carbon tax on fossil fuels
started.
• China explored to expand nascent local carbon credit markets
into a nationwide plan.

35

Water Environment under Global
Warming in Indonesia
INDONESIA’S CO2 EMISSIONS (MILLIONS OFMETRIC TONS) FROM 1980-2006• The increase in greenhouse gas
emissions will also continue to affect the“natural” climate variability, thus
leading to more intense weather
events.
• In Indonesia dramatic weather are
taking place because of global
warming.
• Extreme weather is predicted to increasein about 2 percent to 3 percent more
rainfall in Indonesia each year.

Measey, 2010. Indonesia: A Vulnerable Country in the Face of Climate Change Global Majority E-Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (June 2010), pp. 31-45

Water Environment under Global Warmingin Indonesia• As a result of extreme weather,Indonesia will experience a modest
temperature increase.
• Since 1990, the annual mean
temperature in Indonesia has
increased around 0.3 degrees
Celsius, and has occurred during allof the yearly seasons.
• In the year 2020, it is expected thatthe mean temperature in Indonesia
will have increased by 0.36 to 0.47
degrees Celsius, with the highest
temperatures increase projected tooccur in the Kalimantan islands.

PROJECTED CHANGE OF MEANTEMPERATURE INDONESIA IN 2020

Measey, 2010. Indonesia: A Vulnerable Country in the Face of Climate Change Global Majority E-Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (June 2010), pp. 31-45

36

Water Environment Under Global
Warming in Indonesia
Number Hazard Occurrences in Indonesia 1950‐2005

Measey, 2010. Indonesia: A Vulnerable Country in the Face of Climate Change Global Majority E-Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (June 2010), pp. 31-45

Global warming will increase the rise in the sea-level, which will
increase floods and simultaneously affect those people who aredependent on agriculture and fisheries.
Global warming and the induced sea-level rise are going todrastically effect the agricultural sector in Indonesia• Flood in Jakarta• Java Landslide

https://www.chinadailyhk.com/articles/156/117/118/1519352307099.html

http://iamproworld.com/2017/05/11/the-impacts-of-global-climate-change-inindonesia-jakarta-as-a-case-study/

A flooded roundabout in Jakarta paralyzing traffic on 9
February 2015 after heavy overnight rains.

• Floods in Jakarta occurred, caused by high intensity ofrainfall under global warming and also poor drainage
system in Jakarta.
• Landslides can be triggered by rainfall, changes in waterlevel, and stream erosion.
37

Countermeasures against Global Warming IN
Indonesia• Technical flood measures are undertaken for better drainage and toprevent floods• LULUFC (land use, land use change, and forestry) policy by thegovernment Indonesia to protect the forest from forest crime andforest fire.
• Jakarta has also invested in adaptation to extreme weather, such as
raising awareness, law enforcement, and early warning andemergency systems• Jakarta is currently working on a flood management plan which
includes the development of flood hazard maps and thedevelopment of shelters and FEWS (flood early warning systems)

Conclusions• Water environment is an important things for human society tolive and develop, and it is also the most serious area that is
disturbed and destroyed by human beings.
• Global warming is primarily a problem of too much carbon
dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere—which acts as a blanket,
trapping heat and warming the planet.
• Global warming affected water environment.

38

Discussion Topics• Do you think there are positive impacts of global
warming to the water environment？ Whats？
• How we can encounter global warming ？

39

Which Natural Energy Sources
Have the Realistic Potential for
the Future?
Content:
1. Natural Energy Sources
2. Key Drivers of the Renewable
Energy for the Future
3. Renewable Energy for the Future
4. Which Energy Sources Have theRealistic Potential in China,
Indonesia and Japan
5. Conclusion
6. Discussion

Chen Fang
Akito Kato
Maulana Yusuf Rosadi

D2
M2
M2

Natural Energy Sources
1. Energy Sources Natural energy is energy generated from natural resources and manifest itself inmany different forms, such as heat, light, sound, magnetism, gravity, movement,
and all life function.
 Non-renewable energy is energy from sources that will replenish in our lifetimes.
 Renewable energy is energy from sources that will not deplete when used.

Non-Renewable(84%)

 Petroleum
 Natural gas
 CoalNatural Energy

Renewable(16%)

 Solar Wind Hydro Geothermal Ocean wave and current
40Natural Energy Sources
2. Energy Uses

IEA World Energy Outlook 2006

 Energy uses for industry: electricity, heating and cooling, manufacturing,
distribution, construction and conditioning, etc.
 Energy uses for building: electricity, water distribution, etc.
 Transportation.

Natural Energy Sources
3. Why Do We Need Renewable Energy?
Total CO2 emission

IEA World Energy Outlook 2006

 Reserve-toproduction ratio offossil fuel (Oil : 40
years , Natural gas :67 years , Coal : 192
years).
 Energy consumption
causingenvironmental
problems such as
global warming andwaste disposal
problem.

 Most of CO2 that causes global warming is generated by combustion of fossil fuels.
 Renewable energy does not need combustion to generate the power.

Renewable energy produce less CO2 emissions
41

Key Drivers of the Renewable Energy for the Future
1. Energy demand growth A population, economic growth, and energy efficiency
improvements are the key influences on energy demand.
2. Security and energy supply challenges
 The geographical distribution of various sources of energy.
 Policymaking of the energy producing states.
 Technologies development.
 The price of various sources of energy.
3. Environmental impacts
 Low-emission natural gas generation.
 Zero-emission renewable energy.
 Advanced grid technologies and energy storage.
4. Technology and policy

Key Drivers of the Renewable Energy for the Future
1. Energy Demand
Global energy demand is projected to increase by just over one-half between
now and 2030 – an average annual rate of 1.6%. Over 70% of this increased
demand comes from developing countries.
18,000Global Energy Demand Growth by Region (1971-2030)

Energy Demand (Mtoe)

16,00014,00012,00010,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1971

OECD

1990

2004

Transition Economies

2015

Developing Countries

Notes: 1. OECD refers to North America, West Europe, Japan, Korea, Australia and New Zealand2. Transition Economies refers to Russian Federation and Eastern European nations
3. Developing Countries is all other nations including China, India etc.

42

2030

IEA World Energy Outlook 2006

Key Drivers of the Renewable Energy for the Future
2. Global Projection of Primary Energy Sources
Global projection of primary energy sources

Mtoe
18,00016,00014,00012,00010,0002004-2030 Annual Growth Rate
(%)
Other
Renew ables

6.5

Biomass &w aste

1.3

Hydro

2.0

Nuclear

0.7

Gas

2.0

Oil

1.3

Coal

1.8

8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1980

2004

2010

2015

2030

Note: ‘Other renewables’ include geothermal, solar, wind, tide and wave energy for electricity generation
IEA World Energy Outlook 2006

 The non-renewable energy still will be the primary energy sources in2030.
 The growth rate of renewable energy will increase about 6.5% in 2030.

Key Drivers of the Renewable Energy for the Future
3. Energy Related Technology
Primary Energy
Sources:

Extraction & Conversion
Technologies:

End UseTechnologies:•Light Crude•Heavy Oil•Tar Sands•Wet gas•Tight gas•Nuclear•Coal•Solar•Wind•Biomass•Hydro•Geothermal•Exploration•Liquefied natural gas (LNG)•Refining•Differentiated fuels•Advantaged chemicals•Gasification•Syngas conversion•Power generation• Photovoltaics•Bio-enzyimatics•H2 production & distribution•CO2 capture & storage•Advanced Batteries•Hybridisation•Fuel cells•Hydrogen storage•Gas turbines•Building efficiency•Urbaninfrastructure•Systems design•Retail technologies

43Renewable Energy for the Future
Renewable Power Capacities in World
Renewable Power Capacities

Renewable Energy Policy Network for 21st Century, 2018

 Wind is the largest renewable energy source in world followed by solar
power.
 China is the largest wind power and solar power producer.

Renewable Energy for the Future: Bioenergy
What is it?
• Biomass is arenewable energy
source made of
biological material
from living, or recently
living organisms.
• Energy is released by
combustion (burning).

Bioenergy Power Capacities

Advantages• Produces less pollution than fossil fuels.
• Does not cause acid rain.
• Can be found locally.
• It is renewable.
Disadvantages• Inefficient (only 30% efficiency).
• Releases harmful solid carbon
particles into the atmosphere.

Renewable Energy Policy Network for 21st Century, 2018

http://2014.igem.org/Team:UGAGeorgia/%E2%80%9Chttp://2014.igem.org/Team:UGA-Georgia/Overview%2244

Renewable Energy for the Future: Wind Power
What is it?
• Wind turbines are used
to generate electricity
from the wind.
• The wind turns the large
blades and the blades
turn a generator.

Wind Power Capacities

Advantages• Wind is renewable.
• Wind is free.
• No greenhouse gases are made.
• There are few safety risks.

Renewable Energy Policy Network for 21st Century, 2018

Disadvantages• Lots of wind turbines are needed to produce
enough energy.
• Turbines can only be put in windy areas.
• It is not always windy.

https://www.japanindustrynews.com/2016/09/japan-eyes-windfarms-power-energy-needs-sets-ambitious-goals/

Renewable Energy for the Future: Solar Power
What is it?
• Solar power
uses energy
from the sun.
• Solar panelstransfer the
sun’s energy to
power
generation.

Solar Power Capacities

Advantages• The energy from the sun is free.
• The sun does not produce greenhouse gases.
• The sun will always be there during our lifetime.
Disadvantages• Solar panels are expensive.
• When it is cloudy or at night there is not enoughlight to produce energy.
• It needs wide area.
45

Renewable Energy Policy Network for 21st Century, 2018

http://news.mit.edu/2016/mit-neutralize-17-percentcarbon-emissions-through-purchase-solar-energy-1019

Renewable Energy for the Future: Geothermal Power
Geothermal Power Capacities

What is it?
• Rocks under the
ground are hot.
• Water can bepumped throughthese hot rocks andwarmed up.
Advantages• Geothermal energy does notproduce greenhouse gases.
• The energy source is free andwill not run out.

Renewable Energy Policy Network for 21st Century, 2018

Disadvantages• There are not many places where wecan build geothermal power stations.
• Harmful gases and minerals may
occasionally come up from the groundbelow. These can be difficult to control.

https://financialtribune.com/articles/energy/51404/irans-geothermalpower-plant-launch-slated-for-2017

Renewable Energy for the Future: Hydro Power
Hydro Power Capacities

What is it?
• Flowing water
is used to turna turbinewhich
generates
electricity.
Advantages• When the electricity is generated, nogreenhouse gases are made.
• The water used is free.
• It is a renewable energy source.
Disadvantages• The dam is expensive to build.
• By building a dam, the nearby area has to be
flooded and this could affect nearby habitats.
• If it does not rain much we may not have enoughwater to turn the turbines.
46

Renewable Energy Policy Network for 21st Century, 2018

http://www.worldwatch.org/hydropower-and-geothermalgrowth-slows-0

Renewable Energy for the Future: Wave Power
Wave Power Capacities

What is it?
• Waves force air inand out of achamber.
• The air causes aturbine to generate
electricity.

Ocean energy technologies

UK

Ocean wave
Tidal current
OTEC
Salinity
gradient
USA

CanadaAdvantages• Waves are free and it isrenewable energy.
• Wave power does not produce
greenhouse gases.
• There are very few safety risks.
Disadvantages• Small waves generate small amounts ofelectricity.
• Electricity needs to be transported from the sea
onto the land.
• The equipment is expensive

Japan

China

https://www.powerengineeringint.com/articles/2013/08/isr
aeli-wave-energy-set-for-guinea.html

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in CHINA
1. Why Do We Need to Use the Renewable Energy?
FossilYear

Totalgeneration

Coal

Oil

Gas

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016

3,481,985
3,741,961
4,207,993
4,715,761
4,994,038
5,447,231
5,678,945
5,869,958
6,217,907

2,743,767
2,940,750
3,250,409
3,723,315
3,785,022
4,110,826
4,115,215
4,108,994
4,241,786

23,791
16,612
13,236
7,786
6,698
6,504
9,517
9,619
10,36731,02850,81369,02784,022
85,68690,602
114,505
145,346
170,488

NuclearTotal
renewables

68,394
70,13473,88086,35097,394
111,613
132,538
170,789
213,287

615,005
663,651
801,441
814,288
1,019,238
1,127,686
1,307,170
1,425,180
1,581,979%
Nonrenewables
82.34
82.26
80.95
82.73
79.59
79.30
76.98
75.72
74.56

Electricity production ( GWh ) in China by source, 2008-2016

 Climate change is one of the greatest environmental challenges that wehave ever faced, and the main cause behind it is our dependence on fossil
fuels.
 The increasing population in China need more energy sources. There is not alimitless amount available, therefore, non-renewables won’t be enough inthe future.

47

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in CHINA
2. Renewable Energy Production in China
Electricity Production ( GWh ) in China
by source, 2008-2016

 In the end of 2016 hydro power become the largest energy source of renewableelectricity production at 1,193 TWh.
 Wind power provided the next largest share with 237 TWh followed by Solar PV
at 75 TWh.
 Solar PV power started from a low base of just 152 GWh in 2008 and has grown
rapidly since then to reach over 75 TWh by 2016.
 The ratio of renewable energy increases every year.

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in CHINA
3. Hydro Power in China
1400000
1200000

GWh

1000000
80000060000040000020000002008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Year

1.

2.

Hydro power is currently China's
largest renewable energy source andthe second overall after coal.
The first hydro power plant in China
was built in Yunnan province in 1912,
with a capacity of 240 kW.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_China

48

3.

The Three Gorges Dam is thelargest power station (of anykind) in the world by installedcapacity, with 22.5 GW.

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in CHINA
4. Wind Power in China
Shan Xi Province

Shang Hai City
Wind power has been developed greatly in just
15 years.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_China

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in CHINA
5. Solar Power in China
Rooftopsolar water
heaters are
ubiquitousin China

Worldwide
new solar
hot water
installations
during2007,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_China

49

The first solar power was used in
China in Henan Province from1975. Solar power has beendeveloped a lot in recent 10
years. China is the world’s largest
market for both photovoltaics
and solar thermal energy.

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in CHINA
6. Geothermal Power in China

Yangbajain Geothermal Field

1. Geothermal exploration began in China
in the 1970s
2. The most famous field is Yangbajain
Geothermal Field. The field extension is
only 4 km2. The annual energy
production is approximately 100 GWh,
about 30% of the needs of the Tibetan
capital, Lhasa.
3. Until 2006, 181 geothermal systems had
been found on mainland China, with anestimated generation potential of 1,740
MW. However, only seven plants, with a
total capacity of 32 MW, had been
constructed and were operating in 2006.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_in_China

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in CHINA
7. National Policies
 The Chinese government is implementing multiple policies to promote renewableenergy:(1) From 2008 to January 2012, China held the top spot in clean energy investment;(2) The Renewable Energy Law passed in 2005 explicitly states in its first chapterthat the development and the usage of renewable energy is a prioritized area inenergy development and many other policies.

8. The 13th Renewable Energy Development Five Year Plan (20162020)
 Increase installed renewable power capacity to 680 GW by 2020.
 Increase installed wind capacity to 210 GW.
 Promote offshore wind and ocean power development.
 Lead renewable energy technology innovation.
 Further support development of the renewable energy industry in
China and decrease reliance on foreign companies in the domain.

50

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in CHINA
9. Potential for the Future Geothermal power Geothermal sources in China are abundant and widely distributed
throughout the country.
 Hydro power Big rivers, especially Yangtze River and HuangHe River, with big discharge
are abundant.
 Wind power China has the largest wind sources in the world and three-quarters of thisnatural source is located at sea.

Electricity production ( GWh ) in China by source, 2008-2016

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in JAPAN1. Current Situation
Billion kWh

Energy Mix (Japan)

Natural energy
Hydro power
Oil
Natural gas
coal
Nuclear power

FIT
http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/sougouenergy/shoene_shinene/shin_ene/pdf/001_03_00.pdf

The Great East Japan Earthquake
The accident in Fukushima Daichi
Nuclear Power Plant

After that, renewable energy iscommitted
51

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in JAPAN
Energy Mix (2013)

 Japan is depending on theimport of fossil fuels.

Renewable energy(exclude hydro power)

Hydro power

Nuclear
power
Natural gas

Oil Energy self-sufficiency : 6.5％
 Renewable energy supply
is increasing.
 In particular, solar power
generation is increasing.

Coal

Energy Mix(Renewable energy)

million kWh

Solar power
Wind power

Current renewable energy:

Hydro power(small and medium)
Geothermal
Biomass Solar power generation
 Hydro power generation

http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/sougouenergy/shoene_shinene/shin_ene/pdf/001_03_00.pdf

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in JAPAN2. Solar Power Generation
Trends in domestic introduction of solar power generation

FIT

Solar power generation has spread rapidly
Feed-In Tariff (FIT) Introduced in 2012.
 A system to disseminate renewable energy in large quantities.
 Requires electricity companies to purchase renewable energy at a certain price[Power selling price(Solar power) : 30 yen/kWh , electricity charges : 20 yen/kWh].
 After introducing the system, solar power generation has spread rapidly.
52Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in JAPAN3. Hydro power Generation
In Japan, there are many steep
mountainous areas, river flow rate is highbecause there are many precipitation(potential of power generation is high).
 Large hydro power (dam) Large hydro power plants with dam
has been constructed.
 Problems: environmental destruction,
getting local agreement is difficult.
 Micro hydro power Small burden to the naturalenvironment.
 Low cost (compared with largehydropower).
 To adjust water rights (the right to use
river water) is difficult, because inJapan water use is not free.

https://toyokeizai.net/mwimgs/1/4/1140/img_14ed38bc35a88be72b9
2ba32c96fe2b4336510.jpg

Micro hydro power

https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=%e3%83%9e%e3%82%a4%e3%82%af%e3%83%ad%e6%b0%b4%e5%8a%9b%e7%99%ba%e9%9b%bb&F
ORM=HDRSC2

Which
Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in JAPAN Geothermal power generation
4. Geothermal Power
Geothermal resource map

Japanhttps://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=7vBmJg7E&id=72A18D4
D2BB1FB3A8146C9E0DD4068CA1780B6D8&thid=OIP.7vBmJg7ErTQzmhLJZXc_Sw
HaE_&mediaurl=http%3a%2f%2fwww.enecho.meti.go.jp%2fcategory%2fsaving_and_nRanking (Geothermal resources)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

The U.S
Indonesia
Japan
Philippines
MexicoIceland
New zealand
Italy Japan is the 3rd largest geothermal resource in the world.
 The potential geothermal power generation is high inJapan.
but Japan is the world’s 10th largest geothermal electricity
producer.
 Geothermal power generation is not progressing very
much.
53

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in JAPAN5. Potential for the Future Solar power generation
 Renewable energy that is easy to develop.
 It may be unsuitable in Japan where the land areas is small andclimate change is intense.
 Hydro power generation
 Potential of power generation is high.
 Large hydro power plants with dam were already constructed.
 There are some problems, development potential is high formicro hydro power.
 Geothermal power generation
 In Japan, one of the world leading volcanic countries,
geothermal resources are abundant.
 Geothermal power generation is not progressing very much.
 Local hot spring right, development restriction in national parks.
 The potential geothermal power generation is high.

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in INDONESIA New Energy:
Liquefied coal, coal
bed methane,gasified gas, nuclear,hydrogen, othermethane.
Indonesian Institute for Energy Economics Foundation, 2007

 Renewable Energy:
geothermal, hydro,
bioenergy, solar, ocean wave
and current.

National Energy Policy, 2006

54

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in INDONESIA
1. Geothermal Power Development
 Geothermal plantinstalled capacity: 5,711
MW (2017).
 Indonesia is the world’s
third largest
geothermal electricity
producer.
U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2015

National Energy Policy, 2006

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in INDONESIA
2. Hydro Power and Solar Power Development

https://emerhub.com/indonesia/in
vesting-hydro-solar-powerindonesia/, 2016

Thomas Beauchamp, Solar PV microgrid costs in Indonesia, 2016

 Current Condition
 Hydro power plant installed capacity: 5258 MW.
 Solar power plant installed capacity: 27.23 MW.
 Development program Feed-in tariff.
 Enhancing the capability of domestic manufacturer.
 Improving capacity building.

55

http://www.vale.com/indonesia/en/busin
ess/energy/our-hydro-power-plant-inindonesia/karebbe-hydroelectricplant/pages/default.aspx

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in INDONESIA
4. Wind Power Development
Current Condition Wind power plant Installedcapacity: 1.4 MW.
 Potential areas are in South
Sulawesi and Lesser Sunda Islands.

M.H. Hasan et.al., Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2012

Development program Conducting feasibility study.
 Increasing foreign partnership.
 Encouraging domestic industrial
competitiveness.
 Feed-in tariff.

http://en.sumbaiconicisland.org/the-story-of-renewable-energy-in-sumba/

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in INDONESIA
3. Bioenergy Power Development
Current Condition
 On-grid installed capacity:
71 MW.
 Off-grid installed capacity:
612 MW.

global.mongabay.com, Indonesia increases biofuel target to 1o percent by 2010, 2008

http://convertnews.com/1785-bioenergy-5-facts-you-must-read-about

global.mongabay.com, Indonesia increases biofuel target to 1o percent by 2010, 2008

56

Which Energy Sources Have the Realistic Potential in INDONESIA
5. Potential for the Future Geothermal power Indonesia is the world’s third largest geothermal power producer.
 Indonesia is the biggest volcanic islands.
 Bioenergy More than 50% of Indonesia is covered by forest.
 Recycled waste from agriculture and food industry are abundant.
 Hydro power Big rivers with high debits are abundant.
 High annual rain intensity is enough to generate power from the river.
 Solar power Tropical season in Indonesia is beneficial to generate power from the sun.
 East Indonesia is the best area to establish solar power plant.

http://celebesnews.id/2017/10/06/dpr-kaji-panas-bumi-sebagaisumber-energi-terbarukan/

http://www.vale.com/indonesia/en/business/energy/ourhydro-power-plant-in-indonesia/karebbe-hydroelectricplant/pages/default.aspx

Conclusion Natural energy is energy that comes from nature and can be divided into
non-renewable energy and renewable energy.
 Non-renewable energy will run out in our lifetimes, such as oil, coal, etc.
 Renewable energy is not depleted when used, such as solar, wind, etc.
 Renewable energy can be used for power generation, heating, transportation.
 Renewable sources such as wind power, solar power, and hydroelectricity havethe advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce
CO2 emissions.
 Wind and solar are realistic energy sources in the future.

Discussion
1.

What kind of renewable energy now is mostly used in yourcountry and why?
2. Do you think which natural energy has realistic potential
in the future? And why?
57

Development andenvironmental assessment
in coastal areas
D2 Masaya Toyoda
D1 Ruoming Cao
M2 Yuta Nakano

Contents
1. Worldwide urban distribution with population over
500,000
2. Definition of coastal area
3. Coastal areas development
3-1 Main roles of coastal area
3-2 Purposes of coastal area development
3-3 Problems of coastal area development
4. Environmental assessment and efforts for thesustainable development
5. Trends and impacts of coastal area development inJapan and China

58

Worldwide urban distribution withpopulation over 500,000

https://honkawa2.sakura.ne.jp/1168.html

 70% of the earth is covered with sea.
 Most of mega cities in the world are located concentratedly in the
coastal area.

Definition of coastal area
 The coastal areas is a belt area which is sandwichedby marine side and land side divided by coastal line.
 The coastal areas varies greatly depending oncoastal geological, ecological and physical factors,
coastal ocean strength and scope by human activity,
development level, social system, etc.

Various land side ranges of coastal area in the world
Countries
Japan
CyprusTogo
Mauritius
BrazilColumbia
Australia

Land side range (m)
50
50
100
1000
2000
50
100

Countries
Spain
Costa Rica
Indonesia
Sri Lanka
Ecuador
Chile
GreeceBrunei1000

SwedenUSAdepending on
region and purposes

China

Land side range (m)500200
50-400
300
8
80
40
100
(prohabit building)different fromregion and purpose

http://www.nilim.go.jp/lab/bcg/siryou/tnn/tnn0473pdf/ks047304.pdf

59Countries
Venezuela
FranceUruguay
Denmark
New Zealand
Korea
IsraelMexicoPhilippines

Land side range (m)
50
100
250
1000-3000
16.76
500-1000
1000-2000
Range where waves
affect groundwater
Coastal administrative area

Main roles of coastal area
Population and industry concentrate in the coastal areas.
 Roles of coastal area

• Regional revitalization• Exchange baseChubu Centrair International Airport

Examples:• Airport• Port (Harbor)• Fishery• Trade window with foreign countries• Complex facilities (amusement park,
aquarium, shopping mall)https://www.pref.aichi.jp/uploaded/image

Purposes of coastal area development
Using coastal area for sustainable development
Concretely

For sustainable human life
It is necessary to position humans as a part of the ecosystemcomponents and to preserve the coastal ecosystem.

For much better human life
In addition to keep stable economic development, the role of costal
area as recreation places is an very important.

60

Problems of coastal area development
Artificially-derived

Naturally-derived• Water pollution• Decrease of tideland• Garbage by humanactivities…etc.

• Coast erosion• Drifting garbage tothe coast

Efforts are needed!!
https://www.umeshunkyo.or.jp/209/271/index.html

Definition of environmental assessment
Definition

Environmental Assessment is to forecast and assess theinfluence of human behavior on the environment in advanceSocialsustainability

If environment is destructed,
healthy human activities
cannot continue.

Economicsustainability

Environmental
sustainability

Environmental assessment is essential forsustainable development
61

Environmental assessment※So far, the environmental impact assessment was
conducted just before the project was implemented.

 Strategic Environmental Assessment; SEA (2011)
Assess development activities from viewpoint of policy andplanning stage with taking into account environment.

• Currently it is mainly implemented in developed
countries, but it is expected to be done in developing
countries in the near future.

Efforts for a better environment in coastal area
• Creation of artificial habitat for living things• Underwater afforestation• Promotion of rising bottom of sea water

Especially…

 Restoration and creation of thecoastal growth environment of
tidal flats and seaweed beds
http://fieldnote.harazaki.net/images/amamo1.jpg

62

International Efforts
PEMSEA（Partnerships in Environmental
Management for the Seas of East Asia）• Purpose of strengthening cooperation among countries
concerning sustainable development in harmony withenvironmental conservation in East Asian waters• 12 countries participated from 1994 under IMO(International Maritime Organization) and UNDP
(United Nations Development Program)• Sharing knowledge and experience on marine
environment, conduct activities based on cooperation /partnership between officials, people, and experts ineach country
https://www.spf.org/oprij/projects/information/forum/backnumber/pdf/31_01.pdf

Japan

63

Past situation of coastal area development-1880sFishery, fishing port, commercial port,
reclamation for agriculture

https://qkojimawan.jimdo.com/%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E3%81%AE%E5%85%90%E5%B3%B6%E6%B9%BE/

1890s-1910s

http://www.geocities.jp/shimizuke1955/371bezai2.html

Foreign routes became popular
Built landfill site
Urban → as residential areas
Harbor → for distribution facilities

Past situation of coastal area development

1910s-1940s
World War Ⅰ &World War Ⅱ

1955-1973
High economic
growth period

Along with the increase in military demand,
heavy chemical industry developed.
→ Industrialization of ports advanced,
landfill site for industrial use was built.

The location of the factory was closed to the
Pacific ocean→ Led to shoreline topography change at sametime caused obvious water pollution.

64

Development and Environmental Assessment
High economic growth led to deteriorate coastal environment.
Damage to the environment occurs with time difference.
Economic growth

Japanesegovernment

Coastal environment

As a result of ignoring the impact
of development on the environment,
serious environmental problems
occurred throughout Japan
https://www.env.go.jp/policy/hakusyo/zu/eav10/eav100000000000.html

Current situation
1950s-1970s

Coastal environment was deteriorated

1973

High economic growth period ended

1993
1997

The Basic Environment Law established
Environmental Impact Assessment Law

Increased awareness of environmental considerations
2011

Regulations were set by each local government

NowadaysEnvironmental assessment is carried out before
developing coastal areas
65Current situation
 Environmental assessment is not enough
Various problems occur
i. Eutrophication and poor oxygenation of bottom layer
ii. Disappearance of tideland and seaweed bediii. Contamination by hazardous chemicals

Environmental destruction
Managers:• non-execution or lack ofenvironmental assessment
Users:• Lack of consideration for
the environment

https://www.sankei.com/premium/photos/150722/prm1507220003‐p1.html

Future plan (case of Nagoya port)
 This long-term concept
was published in 2007.
 Target year is 2027.
 Nagoya port have set
basic goal, policies andcreated future visions
for five areas.
http://www.port‐of‐nagoya.jp/shokai/keikaku/koso/1001081.html

Goal is“Radiant port Loved by the people”
66Environmental assessment
Impact prediction and assessment of 2 types before
actually starting construction

Under construction• Generation of turbid water• Influence on animals and plants• Waste generation• Generation of noise and vibration• Generation of greenhouse gases
https://haveagood.holiday/articles/224

After completion of construction• Changes in water quality and flow conditions• Impact on ecosystems• Change in landscape

China

67

Coastal areas distribution
 According to China Marine Statistical
Yearbook, coastal area can be divided into 3
types:
1. Provinces (8)2. Autonomous region (1) (The Guangxi
Zhuang Autonomous Region)
3. Direct-controlledmunicipalities(2)(Shanghai and Tianjin city)332

 At present, there are 53 coastal cities and 242
coastal districts and counties in China.

https://baike.baidu.com/pic/沿海地区/1083210/0/203fb80e7bec54e71694752cbf389b504fc26a8
3?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=203fb80e7bec54e71694
752cbf389b504fc26a83

Coastal area distribution

2 1

3

Qingdao4567
8
Coastal provinces in China
68

http://www.cepii.fr/PDF_PUB/wp/2014/wp2014-04.pdf

GDP of Qingdao City

The GDP of Qingdao city was extremely increasing over the past
years. And the economy is next only to Beijing and Tianjin (directcontrolled municipalities) in the northern cities.

Qingdao city in past time
Germany
occupation period(1891–1914)• The city wasstarting to takeshape with thecompletionof
construction of
wharves, railway
line and so on.
• From 1910, it
focused on thedevelopment ofcommerce.

Japan occupation
period(1914–1922)• Exploitation ofnatural resource.

ROC-ruled period(1922–1938)• It consequently
distinguisheditself as a holiday
resortandsummer retreat.

• A number ofschools, hospitals
andpublicbuildings wereconstructed.

69

Japan occupation
period(1938–1945)• There were no
much
urban
progress,
although it was
strived for theconstruction ofthegreater
Qingdao.

Qingdao city at present time
After Second World War…
The city has been ruled under People's Republic of China
Since introduction of China's open-door policy to foreign
trade and investment, Qingdao city developed quickly as aport city.
Additional information about Qingdao city
2
• Total land area
11,282 km
2• Urban area
4,996 km2
• Water area
12,240 km• Population (2017)• Density

9,290,500–2823 person km(Tokyo city: 6000 person km–2)

Qingdao PortJapan occupation period (second period)

Present time

The Qingdao Port is a seaport facing the Yellow Sea, it was firstly
established in 1892 (Germany occupation period). Qingdao port
consists of four sites: Dagang port, Qianwan port, Huangdong oil
port and Dongjiakou port.
70

Development of Qingdao Port

The Qingdao port is prosperous under the lead of Chinese government.
It is one of the ten busiest ports in the world (2010).

Qingdao airport

https://www.worldatlas.com/airports/cn/qingdao-tao.html

https://baike.baidu.com/pic/青岛流亭国际机场
/4278281/0/d8f9d72a6059252d74008e133f9b033b5bb5b996?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=d8f9d7
2a6059252d74008e133f9b033b5bb5b996

Qingdao Liuting international airport was established in 1944. It is
about 31 km from the city center and serves as a hub for Shandong
airlines and Qingdao airlines as well as a focus city for Beijing
airlines and China eastern airlines.
71

Environmental assessment
Because China mainly focused on economicaldevelopment and protecting environment wasneglected in most case, environmental assessment
was not implemented before development.
Rapid economic development
environmental problems.

led

to

varioushttps://news.qq.com/a/20120713/000740.htm

Environment assessment

S. Liu et al. / Marine Pollution Bulletin 100 (2015) 483–488• Marinesurrounding
Qingdao city has beenpolluted by heavy metals.
• Amongthem,
Hgoriginated pollution is themost serious.
72

Eco-friendly circular economical system(a) After consumption, waste is directly discharged into theenvironment.
(b) While in circular economical system, the waste is transformed into
renewable resources.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2676/0c7a82b67a34496d9b80fd675c0d655e3091.pdf

Future development: new airport construction

https://baike.baidu.com/pic/青岛胶东国际机场
/4080653/6331351/060828381f30e924225dd61d4e086e061d95f725?fr=lemma&ct=cover#aid=6331351&pic=060828381f30e924225dd61d4e086e061d95f725

Qingdao Jiaodong international airport ishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao_Jiaodong_International_Airport#/media/File:China_Qingdao_location_map.svg

estimatedtocompletein2019.
Characteristics: internet application forpassenger, green building, stainless steel roof,
ocean culture.

73

Environmental assessment for new airport
 Environmental assessment was conducted on January 2015.
 Items:
 Acoustic environment
 Air environmental impact
 Ecological impact analysis
 Surface water Groundwater Solid waste The report is available to public online:
http://www.sda.cn/uploads/1/file/public/201502/20150204080301_p0mldj04lk.pdf

Conclusions
 Coastal area has many roles, and we should consider
environment when we use coastal area.
 Environmental assessment has been mainly conducted indeveloped countries, it is necessary to carry out in developing
countries in the future.
 In Japan, development that neglected the environment once has
been carried out, but environmental assessment is done at theplanning stage of each project.
 In China (Qingdao city), environmental problems was often
ignored with rapid economical development. But nowadays,
environmental assessment is necessary before development.

74

Discussion topics
What kind of coastal area development is carriedout in your country?
Do you think the current environmental
assessment in your country for coastal area isenough? And why?

coastal areas

Coastal line

Land

Sea

75

Transport

G20
G22

① G20
Qingdao-Yinchuan
Expressway (1610 kilometer;
construction period: 2003–
2006)
② G22
Qingdao-Lanzhou
Expressway(construction
period: 2002–2019)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20_Qingdao%E2%80%93Yinchuan_Expressway#/media/File:G20_map.svg

Expressways started from Qingdao city are established in order todrive development of western regions.

Future development in Qingdao city

https://www.weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404091286876491705

New bay city patternBlue economy

76

Joint seminar2018. 05. 25

Air pollution and the impacts on
the life of Asian countries

Air Pollution and the impacts on the life of Asian countries

2018 Joint seminar77

0.93%

0.04%
Nitrogen

21%

OxygenArgon
72%

Carbondioxide“We can not live without air “Air is necessary for breathing. Especially, the World HealthOrganization states that breathing Cleaner air can reduce the risk ofstroke , heart disease, lung cancer and so on.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/pollution/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAKyhfxxr7s

Air pollution is now one of the largest global health risks. The
World Health Organization estimates that air pollution is
responsible for up to 7 million deaths every year.

78

“Then, what matters affect our body and environment?”
Name

Definition

Main emission resources

Carbonmonoxide(CO)

A colorless toxic gasthat occurs when the
carbon content isincomplete

1) Burning of fossil fuels
2) Forest fires
3) Kitchen, cigarette smoke

NO, NO2

A toxic gas caused
1) Coal fired power plantby nitrogen oxidation 2) Cars, trucks

A toxic gas produced Coal, petroleum combustion
SOx(SO2, SO3) by sulfur dioxide
oxidation

https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants

Name

Definition

Main emission resources

Volatileorganic
compounds

A cause of ground levelozone (O3), which
affects human body
seriously

1) Industrial facilities
2) Electric utilities
3) Motor vehicle exhaustNH3

In response to sulfur
oxides, it produces
secondary air pollutants

1) Livestock sector2) Agriculture sector
3) Human activity

PM(Particulate
Matter)A complex mixture of
extremely small
particles (PM2.5,
PM10..)

Several resources
Ex) - construction sites- unpaved roads- smokestacks(VOC)

https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants

79

Air Pollution

Indoor Air
Pollution

Outdoor Air
Pollution80

https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants“Especially, women and children in developing country are being
exposed to these harmful air pollutants”

https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants

81How air pollutants affect human health?
http://www.gaiki-seijouki.jp/pm25/damage/

Main diseases elicited by air pollutants
Respiratory diseases
Ex) Emphysema CardiovascularTrachea
Bronchial
tube

Lung

diseasesEx) Heart
failurearrhythmia

CancersAir
pollutants
Eye diseases
Ex) Dry eye
Fire extinguisher
diseases
Ex) Intestinal
obstruction

Allergies

Ethnically diverse nation, 135 races

Rich natural resources
Total land area : 676,577 square kilometer,
Largest country in the mainland Southeast Asia
40% of the total land area still covered by forest

Total population : 51,486,253
70% of the population live in rural area
30% of the population live in an urban area

82

Ambient air quality in Yangon in 2007
(daily average, 3-day sampling period)
400

TSP : total suspended particulates

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
TSP

PM10

SO2

NO2

TSP

Summer(µg/m3)
Summer (μg/m3)

PM10

SO2

NO2

Winter(µg/m3)
Winter (μg/m3)

Yangon

TSP

PM10

SO2

NO2

WHO
(μg/m3)
WHO (Guideline)(Guideline )(µg/m3)

YangonYangonhttps://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants

Air pollution in Myanmar

Ambient air quality in Mandalay in 2008
(daily average, 3-day sampling period)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
TSP

PM10

SO2

NO2

Summer(μg/m3)
Summer(µg/m3)
Mandalay

TSP

PM10

SO2

NO2

WHO
(μg/m3)
WHO(Guideline)(Guideline )(µg/m3)
Mandalay

Mandalayhttps://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants

Air pollution in Myanmar

83

Source/Sink

CO2 Removal CO2e total emissions CO2e Net emissions
(Gg)
(Gg)
(Gg)

Energy sector

0

7,860

7,860

Industrial sector

0

460

460

Agricultural & Livestock
sector0

22,84022,840Land use change andforestry sector

142,220

40,400-101,820

Waste sector

0

2,830

2,830

Total

142,220

74,400-67,820

Air pollution in Myanmar

Air pollution in Myanmar84

7. Air pollution in South Korea

http://koreabizwire.com/korea-china-japan-to-step-up-cooperation-on-airpollution/92769

https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/seoul-free-public-transport-reduce-airpollution-smog-south-korea-government-commuting-hours-a8163741.html

According to 2016 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) compiled
by Yale and Columbia universities in collaboration with the World
Economic Forum, South Korea ranks a lowly 173rd out of 180
countries in terms of air quality.
Recently, deteriorating air pollution is an argent problem for Korea
government.

Pollutant emissions in 2014 and its main causes (unit : ton)
Coal
combustion

Burningof fossil fuel(Car)

http://airemiss.nier.go.kr/mbshome/mbs/airemiss/index.dohttp://airemi
ss.nier.go.kr/mbshome/mbs/airemiss/index.do

Petroleumrefining

Coal, petroleum
combustion

Agriculture
products

This graph shows the amount of air pollutants emitted from Korea and thesources of air pollution. According to the National Institute ofEnvironmental Research in Korea, NOx, mainly originated fromburning coal was the largest pollutant emission in 2014, followed by
VOC emitted mainly from petroleum refining, and third one was CO.

Air pollution in South Korea

85

Cause1. Heavy traffic“ Heavy traffic and air pollution is a part of everyday life in Seoul ” – Times corex10⁴

The number of vehicles in Korea

2500

•

2000
1500
1000

•

500
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014
http://www.road.re.kr/analysis/analysis_01_1.asp?main_no=5&sub_no=2

According to Ministry ofLand of Korea, the numberof vehicles started toincrease rapidly in 1995.
In 2014, Over 20 million
vehicles have been sold andthe number of vehicles in
Korea is still increasing.

Also, the number of personal cars per person is 2.46 which is much higher
than OECD average, 1.5. That means that Korea has double vehicles
compared to other OECD countries like Japan (1.6) or Germany (1.7).

Air pollution in South Korea

Cause2. Lots of coal fired power plants
Korea is small, but has high population density
Although Korea’s land area isvery small ranking 109 in theworld for land area, Korea has
too many people living in thelimited land space. Especially,
the population of Seoul (12million) has reached its
maximum.

22.4%

43.1%
30%
http://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Coal_fired_power_plant

In order to supply sufficient electricity, South Korea has produced
40% of total electricity by using 52 coal fired power plants. These
coal fired power plants are thought to be the main cause of NOx
which occupies the largest part of Korea's air pollutants.

Air pollution in South Korea

86

Solution 1. Zero or Low emission vehicle programBecause more than 70% of cars in Korea are private ones, Korea
government has started to implement programs on eco-friendly privatecar.
The type of car in Korea

26.1%
2.6%

Private car
71.3%

Bus
Truck

http://www.road.re.kr/analysis/analysis_01_1.asp?main_no=5&sub_no=2

http://www.lt-rentacar.net/review/view.asp?SEQ=321&Page=1&Category=2

In 2017, Korea government introduced a new program called as
Zero or Low emission vehicle program. Zero or low emission
vehicle represents a vehicle with low levels of pollutant emission
like NOx.

Air pollution in South Korea

Solution 1. Zero or Low emission vehicle program
A purchase grant

A tax cut

An electric car

Acquisition tax

Hybrid car

Excise tax

Hydrogen car

The program encourages the public to purchase zero or low emission
vehicles by providing several advantages. For example, those whopurchase low-emission cars can receive grant up to 12 million won(1.2million yen). In addition, purchaser can get a tax cut about
vehicle. As the number of purchasers is increasing, the government
predicts that the program would contribute to reduce NOx emission
from private cars.

Air pollution in South Korea

87

Solution 2. Shutdown old coal fired power plants

Old power plant
http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=004&oid=366&aid=0000369589

Older coal fired power plant emits more nitrogen hydrocarbons than newone. So, the Korea government is shutting down coal fired power plants
which have been running for more than 30 years and trying to reduce
emissions of nitrogen hydrocarbons.

Through these solutions, Korean government is making efforts toimprove air quality in Korea.

Air pollution in South Korea

Air pollution in South Korea

88

7. Air pollution in Japan
Air Pollutants from 1969 to 2016 in Japan

http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/kankyo/page/0000113810.html

SO2
NO2
Oｘ
(ppm)

SPM(Suspended particulate matter)
CO(×100pp)

①

Syowa
1969年

PM2.5
NO2
SPM
PM2.5
CO

NO2
SPM
PM2.5
O3
SO2

(μｇ/m^2)②

Heisei
1989年

2016年

1. High economic growth period（1960-）
Cause of air pollution since 1960
・Industrial reconstruction with coal as the main energy→ It causes air pollution problems mainly in dust and sulfur
oxides (SOx) in various places.
・NOx emitted from diesel vehicles

With these….

▪ The visibility was only 30 to 50 m
▪ A car could not drive without lighting even during the day▪ There was a stinky smell due to sulfur oxides

89

1. High economic growth period（1960-）-

Yokkaichi Asthma-

Collective asthma disorder caused by air pollution from
Yokkaichi Complex (Japan‘s first petrochemical complex)
in Yokkaichi City and Kusuna-cho of Mie Gun, Mie Prefecture
Symptoms : StuffinessThroat pain
Intense asthma※ A very sever asthma already led to death.
※ There were cases in which heart attack and lungcancer occurred at the same time.

1. High economic growth period（1960-）
How could Japan solve air pollution problem in the 1960s?
Dust collector: Equipment for
separating discharged harmful
particulate matters from a waste
incinerator and steelmaking plant

Clean gas exit

Filterpaper

Polluted gas input

6 types of dust collector
・ Gravity

・ Cleaning

・ Inertia

・ Filtration

・ Centrifugal

・ Electric※Air pollution control law（1968）

dust

http://www.ekouhou.net/disp-A,2009-213973.html

90

2. Current situation of air pollution in Japan
SO2
NO2
Oｘ
(ppm)

SPM(Suspended particulate matter)
CO(×100pp)

NO2
SPM
PM2.5
CO

NO2
SPM
PM2.5

O3
SO2

Syowa
1969年

Heisei
1989年

PM2.5

PM2.5
(μｇ/m^2)

2016年
http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/kankyo/page/0000113810.html

2. Current situation of air pollution in Japan૚

A fortieth part ( ૝૙ ) of Human hairPM2.5 (fine particle, size of 2.5 μm or less)
Human hair

PollenGolden sandSmoke of cigarettes
http://www.gaiki-seijouki.jp/pm25/damage/91

2. Current situation of air pollution in Japan
http://www.city.amagasaki.hyogo.jp/kurashi/kankyo/kogai/034taikankyou.html

Where PM2.5 comes from?
 Smoke emitted from factory.
 Exhausted gas emitted by car.
 Natural disaster.
Ex) Volcanic activity.
VolcanoForest fire  Burning field.

Natural origin

 Secondary pollutants generated bychemical reaction of atmosphericgases.

…..etc.

Exhausted gas

2. Current situation of air pollution in Japan※ Atmospheric environmental standard (2009)
Standard value○ Station within accepted
environmental standard

Year average : less than 15μg/m^3
Day average : less than 35μg/m^3■ Station beyond accepted
environmental standard

Area station beyond accepted
environmental standard West Japan is affected by
PM 2.5 from China
 Metropolitan area
Environmental standard achievement situation of PM 2.5

Both domestic measures and cross-border pollution control
are necessary
http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000417381.pdf

92

93

OzoneDepletion and
its Impacts on
Life of AsianCountries
Presented by :Aini Nurjanah (M1)
Muhammad Arifin (M1)
Tomoka Hayashi (M1)

Outline Introduction of ozone layer
 Description of ozone depletion
 General impacts of ozone depletion
 How ozone depletion affect Asian countries life?
 Countermeasure to reduce ozone depletion
 Conclusion

2

94

Introduction ofozone layer

Ozone and ozone layer Ozone consist of three atoms of oxygen that bound together (O3).
 Ozone is colorless and has a very harsh odour
 The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere which contains
relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3)
 Mostly found in
Stratosphere It protects us fromharmful ultraviolet
radiation(UVR
divided into: UVA, UV-B, UV-C ) Ozonelayer’s
average thickness
is 300 Dobson
Ozone layer in Stratosphere
Units (DU) or 3
Reference:
millimeters thickhttps://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov/ozoneholeposter/Ozone-Hole-Poster_hiRes_508.pdf
495

How ozone is formed?
O2

O

O3

O

UV-C

O2

UV-B

O

Heat

O3

O2

O

Ozone layer formation

Reference:https://theozonereality.weebly.com/the-ozone-oxygen-cycle.html• Ozone primarily created by sunlight.
• When (UV-C) meets (O2) molecule, themolecule will be split into 2 single
atoms, known as atomic oxygen.
• This single atomic oxygen will combineswith another to form ozone (O3)
• As oxygen concentration in ouratmosphere is abundant, so that “ozoneoxygen cycle” is continuously absorbing
high-energy of ultraviolet radiation (UVC) and completely blocking it fromreaching the Earth’s surface. This
process creates heat which warms theupper part of the stratosphere• However, if Ozone meets with UV-B, it
will regenerate the oxygen. It happen
when ozone absorb UV-B rays andsplitting back into molecular and atomic
oxygen.

5

Description of ozone
depletion

96

Ozone depletion
Ozone depletion is the damage of ozone layer due to humanactivity that released many harmful compound to environmentthat can attacks the ozone layers, its known as Ozone Depleting
Substances (ODS).
Ozone depleting substances (ODS) controlled by Montreal Protocol
include: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
 Halon Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
 Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)
 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
However, scientist reveal the other gas which potentially trigger
ozone depletion, e.g:
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
7

How ozone layer is depleted?
• CFCs are one group of notorious
substances that can destroy ozone.
• Actually CFCs are stable molecules, butwhen this molecules exposure by UV
radiation in the stratosphere, CFCs
break them apart, then release chlorine
atoms.
• Chlorine atoms (Cl) will react withozone molecules, taking one oxygen
atom and form Chlorine monoxide(ClO) and leaving oxygen molecules(O2).
• When Chlorine monoxide (ClO)
encounters an oxygen atom, the oxygen
atom splitting into Cl and O2.
• Then it can destroy ozone layer andcontinuously deplete it.

Cl(NO, HO)

O3

ClO(NO2,HO2)

O2

ClO

O

Cl

O2

Process of ozone layer depletion

Reference:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion
897

Current situation of ozone depletion

If ODS increase, ozone hole area also increase. The ban of ODS
decrease the ODS emission to atmosphere, however, to recover theozone hole need time.
Reference:https://aura.gsfc.nasa.gov
9

General impacts ofozone depletion98Impacts on ecosystems
1. Water ecosystem

Impact of UVR to phytoplankton and water ecosystem

UV-B penetrates to the water environment and damages water organism,
especially phytoplankton. UV-B radiation can change the structure andfunction of the microbial community, reducing the uptake of CO2 byphytoplankton and increasing CO2 release to the atmosphere.

References:
http://www.antarctica.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0019/112258/varieties/antarctic.png

11

2. Forest ecosystem

Impact of UVR to forest ecosystem

UVR will increase lignification in leaf. The abundant of lignin
concentration in leaf will make decomposition process slower and it
will effect to nutrient cycling process
References:
Bornman, F., Barnes, P. W., Robinson, S. A., Ballaré, C. L., Flint, S. D., and Caldwell, M. M. 2015. Solar ultraviolet radiation and ozone
depletion-driven climate change: effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci.14, 88-107. DOI: 10.1039/C4PP90034K.
12

99

3. Agroecosystem

Impact of UVR to Agroecosystem• Reduction in the photosynthetic efficiency• Damage the genetic material present in nuclei and organelle• Inhibit plant growth and reduction in the yield• Can enhances the pathogenicity of the organisms such as fungus
Reference: Verdaguer et al. 2016. UV-A radiation effects on higher plants: exploring the known unknown.
Plant Science http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.11.014
13

Example of UV radiation effect on plant• Slower stem extension rates• Shorter internode lengths leading to shorter plant height• Decreased of individual leaf size
• Increased leaf thickness• Leaf chlorosis• Increased epicuticular wax on leaf

Leaf chlorosis

From the left 0, 4, 8 and 12 kJ/m2/d UV-B
Zuk-Golaszewska K., et.al Plant Soil and Environment (2003)

Reference: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frangula_alnus_with_magnesium_deficiency.jpg/1280px‐
Frangula_alnus_with_magnesium_deficiency.jpg
14100

UV-B radiation that applied to the two species Avena fatua andSetaria viridis induced changes in leaf and plant morphology. It
was a decrease of plant height, fresh mass of leaves, shoots androots as well as leaf area

Effect of UV-B radiation on fresh parts of plants (leaves, stems, and roots) Avena fatua
and Setaria viridis
References :K. Zuk-Golaszewska, M.K. Upadhyaya, J. Golaszewski 2003. The effect of UV-B radiation on plant growth and development PLANT SOIL
ENVIRON., 49, (3): 135–140
15

1. Skin cancer

Impacts on Human Health

Cases of Basal cell carcinoma (BCC ), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC ), and melanoma (M ) in
Singapore from 1968 to 2006

• UVR is the major etiologic agent in the development of skin cancers• UVR causes DNA damage and genetic mutations, which subsequently lead to skin cancer• There are 2 types of Skin Cancer: Melanoma and Non-melanoma Skin Cancers
16

References : Narayanan DL, Saladi RN, Fox JL. 2010. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. International Journal of Dermatology 2010, 49, 978–986.

101Symptoms of skin cancer

Normal mole VS. Skin cancer

Visual symptoms of skin cancer

Distinguish between normal moleand skin cancer
References:
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4h_231rACz4/VV7p0ZoM2LI/AAAAAAAAJXI/OOuOssogQ5c/s400/types_of_skin_cancer.png
https://tenovuscancercare.org.uk/media/810067/moles2.png
17

2. Eye diseases
Pterygiumis an epithelial conjunctiva
bulbi and connective tissue
growth that could cause vision
problemCataract
is a clouding of the lens in the eyewhich leads to a decrease invisionSymptoms of Pterygium

Symptoms of Cataracts

References:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Large_Pterygium.jpg
https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2016%2F2%2Fclose_up_of_the_senile_cataract_during_eye_examination-ARZTSAMUI590.jpg
18102

3. Immune System

Impact of UVR to Imune system• Exposure to UVR can also result in suppression of immune response to skin cancer,
infectious diseases and other antigens• The immune suppression is due to changes in skin photoreceptors and antigen
presenting cells that are brought by UVR
References: Maglio DHG, Paz ML, Leoni J. 2016. Sunlight Effects on Immune System: Is There Something Else in addition to UV-Induced
19 Immunosuppression?. BioMed Research International: 1-10. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1934518

Beneficial effects of UV radiation• The most positive effects of ultraviolet-B (UVB) is inducing
production of vitamin D in skin
• Induction of cosmetic tanning (immediate pigment darkening,
persistent pigment darkening and delayed tanning)• Mood enhancing effects• Use for phototherapy• Pain relief
Reference:
Juzeniene A, Moan J 2012. beneficial effects of UV radiation other than via vitamin D production. Dermato-Endocrinology 4:2,109117.landesbioscience.com
20103How ozone depletion
affect Asian countries
life?

Population in Asia

Growth in urban population in the world

More than 60% of world population lives in Asia
Reference:
Johson et al. 2013. Private sector investment decisions in building and construction: increasing, managing and transferring risks. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3479.2084.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298022705
22

104

Threats of ozone depletion to Asian countries• Asia will face food security threat posed by UV radiation,
threatened because the population growth high, however the foodproduction by agriculture and fisheries is limited because ofincreasing of UV-Radiation• The population growth rate in low and middle income nations arehigher, resulted threats become more severe• Health threat also will increase, however, no money to preventand cure the disease

23

Countermeasure to
reduce ozone
depletion

105

CFCs, Halon and Methyl bromide

Example of products which contains CFCs, halon and methyl bromide Even though, CFCs, Halon and Methyl bromide have beenbanned in many countries, products which contain them still exist
in the market worldwide.
 Awareness in checking material of the product before buying andusing is the simplest way to reduce ozone depletion
Reference:
http://www.theozonehole.com/ozonedestruction.htm
25

N2O

Nitrous oxide emissions in several Asia countries

N2O emission has the largest potential for promoting ozone depletion in
the future. The substance like CFCs already started to control byMontreal Protocol, however, on the other hand N2O don’t control yet
and the emissions are predicted to rise by years.
Reference:https://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20170127/
26

106

Variations in NOx emissions for major regions of the world

During the 10-year period of 2005-2014, there was a large increase inNOx emissions in India and China (Developing countries). In other
hand, emission regulations in developed countries have real impact indecreasing the NOx emissions.
Reference:https://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/press_release/20170127/
27

Government• Ratify The Montreal Protocol• Policy in controlling,registration and licensing
system of using ODS• Regulation• Ban for import/ export ODS
product• Make emission
regulations• Make joint program withother internationalorganization
Student• Operate on non-HCFC
refrigerants• Stop to use ODS in theirproduct• Substitute with non-ozone
depleting substances

Industry• Develop products with lessN2O emission• Finding non-ozoneScientist
depleting substitutes
for ODS• Create the less N2Oemission technology• Advocating for ozone
protection to local
farms• Identify ODSusing equipment
and ODS in use• Avoiding ozonedepletingproducts• Other????

28

107

Conclusion

Conclusion
 Ozone depletion will result in an increase of UV-B radiation
reaching the Earth's surface
 Ozone depletion caused by man-made activity of using
Ozone depletion substances and emission of nitrous oxide
 Ozone depletion affect to ecosystem and human health We are strongly recommend you take the real action to saveozone for better life in the future.

30

108

Discussion• Why do we care about ozone depletion?
• As a student, what you can do to prevent ozone depletion?
• Will the ozone layer recover?

31

109

Particulate Matter (PM):its origin and composition, and effects
on our health and environment
粒子状物質(PM):
その起源と組成、健康と環境への影響

D1 Panyapon Pumkaeo
D1 Annisyia Zarina Putri
M1 Haruka Shimizu 清水 春佳
M1 Tetsu Kawakami 川上 哲

Outline• Introduction of Particulate matter (PM)• Health and environmental effects from PM• Effects of PM in Asian countries• Prevention from PM for our health• Conclusions• Discussion Topics

110What is Particulate matter (PM) ?

• A mixture of particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke,liquid droplets. Some of them are so small that individually they can only
be detected with an electron microscope (mold, spore, bacteria andpollen).
• These mixtures have different physical and chemical properties that areusually different by location.

Common PM Size

PM10

all particles withaerodynamic diameter< 10 micrometerall particles withaerodynamic diameter< 2.5 micrometer

most commonlymeasured size fraction

size fraction linked tovarious health impact

http://urbanemissions.blogspot.com/2017/01/infographic‐penetration‐of‐particulate.html

https://www.epa.gov/pm‐pollution/particulate‐matter‐pm‐basics

111

PM 2.5

About PM 2.5 and PM10
PM is divided with size, because the size is the most important element when
we think of health effect and behavior of PM in the atmosphere.
In the past time, scientists measured PM10 only because the limited equipment
could not detect the smaller size. But nowadays, scientists are able to analyze
smaller particulate matter PM2.5, which is more dangerous to our health.
PM2.5 (smaller than 2.5μm )Man-made sources

PM10 (smaller than 10μm )Natural sources

More pollutantsMore effects to human health
Stays in the air longer and spreads farther

PM2.5 is more dangerous than PM10, and it has more effects to our health
We mainly focus on PM2.5

The major composition of PM
There are 2 types of PM• One is Primary PM which is directly emitted by human and natural activities• The other one is Secondary PM which is produced by chemical reaction ofozone and sunlight with gases such as VOC, NOx, SOx and so on

VolcanoYellow sandNatural sources
Man‐made sources
Source: https://www.env.go.jp/policy/assess/5‐4basic/basic_h23_6/mat_6_4_2.pdf

112

The major composition of PM
Most PM mass in urban and rural areas is composed of a combination of thefollowing chemical components.
• Geological Material suspended
dust consists mainly of oxides of Al,
Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, and other metaloxides• Ammonium – ammonium bisulfate,sulfate, and nitrate are mostcommon• Sulfate – results from conversion of
SO2 gas to sulfate-containing
particles• Nitrate – results from a reversible
gas/particle equilibrium between
ammonia (NH3), nitric acid (HNO3),
and particulate ammonium nitrate• NaCl salt is found in PM near sea coasts
and after de-icing materials are applied• Organic Carbon (OC) – consists ofhundreds of separate compounds
containing mainly carbon, hydrogen, andoxygen• Elemental Carbon (EC) – composed ofcarbon without much hydrocarbon or
oxygen. EC is black, often called soot.
• Liquid Material – soluble nitrates,
sulfates, ammonium, sodium, otherinorganic ions, and some organic material
absorb water vapor from the atmosphere

Chow and Watson (1997)

Forest fires

Wood‐burning stove

Diesel engine

Where does PM
come from?
Natural sources

Products we buy

Transportations

Agricultural burning

113

Industry

Air Quality Guidelines and Interim targets
for PM2.5 and PM10

Good

Dangerhttp://aqicn.org/faq/2015‐05‐16/world‐health‐organization‐2014‐air‐pollution‐ranking/World Health Organization: Annual Ambient Air Pollution• According to World Health Organization (WHO) more 90 percent of the population lives inplaces with higher pollution than what’s considered healthy.
• As estimated by Ecology Global Network some 55 million die every year worldwide. Andagain WHO estimates that 4.6 million people die each year from causes directly
attributable to air pollution.
• In Iran around 33,000 people die each year because they are exposed to unhealthy
environment. In Tehran, the capital which suffers the most from air pollution, some 4,810
deaths occurred in 2016 are attributed to air pollution.
http://aqicn.org/faq/2015‐05‐16/world‐health‐organization‐2014‐air‐pollution‐ranking/114

Health effects of PM

http://www.health.utah.gov/utahair/pollutants/PM/

Health effects of PM

•
•
•
•

The particles having a size greater than 1 micron are easily intercepted and deposited in thenose and throat
Between 100 nm and 1 micron can reach up to the bronchioles
Smaller size (10nm-100nm) , the situation becomes more problematic, since the particles are
not retained by the nasal or bronchial mucosa and can penetrate to the alveoli
The hyperfine particles (<10 nm), it could emerge at the neuronal level of problems. Particles
might make their way to the brain and damage it directly, or they might attack it from a
distance, by triggering the release of inflammatory molecules
https://www.tecnosida.com/4133/ultra‐fine‐dust‐origin‐and‐effects‐on‐health‐and‐environment

115

Health effects of PM
Certain Groups Are Most at Risk from Exposure to Particle Matter Children– Lungs are still developing– Spend more time at high activity levels
 Senior citizens– May have undiagnosed heart or lung diseases
 People with existing heart or lung diseases– Particle pollution aggravates these diseases
 People who exercise or work outdoors– Breathe faster and deeper than sedentary adults

Health effects of PM• Number of deaths attributable to ambient PM2.5 in the 10 most populous
countries and the European Union
China
India

European Union

Trends in global health linked to fine particulate matter
Globally, deaths that can be linked to breathing ambient (outdoor) fine particulatematter (PM2.5) increased from about 3.3 million in 1990 to 4.1 million in 2016.

[Figure J, © HEI]

116

Environmental effects of PM

Visibility impairment
Fine particles (PM2.5) are the main cause of reduced visibility (haze) inparts of the United States, including many of our treasured national parks
and wilderness areas
https://www.epa.gov/pm‐pollution/health‐and‐environmental‐effects‐
particulate‐matter‐pm

Environmental effects of PM• Depleting nutrients in soil
• Damaging forests and farm crops• Affecting diversity of ecosystems• Making lakes and streams acidic• Contributing to acid rain effect

Causes deaths of fish and othercreatures that live in the area117

PM in Japan
Particular Matter (PM)PM

Yellow Sand

PM2.5

SourcePollenetc..

NOx, SOx

Yellow Sand

PollenExhaust gas

PM in Japan
Particular Matter (PM)PM

Yellow Sand

PM2.5

SourcePollenetc..

NOx, SOx

Yellow Sand

Pollen118

Exhaust gas

PM in Japan
History of PM
From 1960

From 2018

Kitakyushu Yokkaichi

Kitakyushu Yokkaichi

SOx, Nox (1000m3/Year)

Decreasing trend of SOx, NOx in Japan

1978

2014

Year

PM in Japan
Standard of PM2.5
 EU

25 (µg/m3・year) China 35 (µg/m3・year) Japan 15 (µg/m3・year) USA

12 (µg/m3・year)

PM2.5 (µg/m3)

Air pollution Motor vehicle exhaust
monitoring station monitoring station

http://www.env.go.jp/air/osen/jokyo_h27/full_h27.pdf

119

PM in Japan
PollenMucus

Itching throat and eyeE.X) Sugi, Hinoki etc…

Pollen + PM2.5

Sneeze

PM2.5

PM1.0
Diameter
1.0 µm

PM in Japan
PM1.0 effect on Health
PM2.5

PM1.0

Pollenosis

Pollenosis
Cough

D = 2.5 µm

D = 1.0 µm

AsthmaMuzzle・Throat
4.7 µm～11 µm
Bronchus
2.1 µm～4.7 µm
Air vesicle
less than 2.1 µm
http://www.st‐c.co.jp/plus/channel/2015_06.html
120

PM in Indonesia•

Based on a real-time air quality index
uploaded to the Airvisual website for a
recent survey, Jakarta ranks fourthmost polluted city in the world; below
only Dhaka, Karachi and Ulaanbaatar.

• Jakartaalreadyhasnotoriously bad air quality,
caused mainly by transportand residential emissions.

https://www.gettyimages.ca/event/jakartas‐air‐pollution‐third‐worst‐in‐the‐world

http://indonesiaexpat.biz/news/jakarta‐remains‐top‐5‐worlds‐worst‐air‐quality‐index/

PM in Indonesia• The difference in air condition in • New danger, which threatens to makeJakarta before and after people the situation much worse. A wave ofreturning to their hometown. Air massive coal-fired power plants - a total
became more clean because of seven large units - is being planned
within 100 km of Greater Jakarta
pollution from transport decreased
https://news.detik.com/berita/d‐3544174/viral‐begini‐beda‐langit‐jakarta‐sebelum‐dan‐saat‐lebaran

http://m.greenpeace.org/seasia/PageFiles/

121

PM in Indonesia
In September‐October 2015,
an enormous fires broke out in Sumatra and Borneo

Fires mainly occurred in Indonesia and persisted for about 6 weeks

Reasons for burning in Indonesia:• Clear tropical forests to make way for palm oil or timber plantation• Clear residue after harvest on small farms

PM in Indonesia
Effect from fires in Sumatera

Haze Hazard
Smoke from fires set in Indonesia has been
liked to premature deaths in Southeast Asia

Estimated early deaths fromcarbon-based particulate matter• The number of smoke-related “excess deaths” from July 2015 through October at
100,300 mostly in Indonesia, but also in Singapore and Malaysia• In 2015 , 72% of the fire activity on the island was on peatlands, up from 44% in
2006.

122

PM in Indonesia
How people in Indonesia deal with PM•

Recently, people in Jakarta already • If the Jakarta`s air quality getwear mask everyday if going outside
worse soon then Jakarta shouldfind the other source of clean air.
For example carry the bag ofoxygenhttps://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180517145138‐20‐298981/udara‐jakarta‐terkotor‐di‐dunia‐
sandiaga‐cuma‐bikin‐imbauan

http://m.greenpeace.org/seasia/PageFiles/

PM in Thailand

February, 2018

According to an air pollution report at http://aqicn.org, the PM2.5 level in
Bangkok reached peaked at 203 micrograms at around 7am, a levelconsidered “very unhealthy” and leading to calls for children, adults, andpeople with respiratory disease to avoid all outdoor exertion.
Greenpeace’s City Rankings for PM2.5 in Thailand

123

PM in Thailand
Bangkok

RayongChiang mai

Data on 04.06.2018

PM in Thailand
Thailand’s Weak Emission Standards

Thailand’s national air quality standards are weak compared to the World HealthOrganization's (WHO) recommendations.

Greenpeace’s City Rankings for PM2.5 in Thailand

124

PM in Thailand
Major Sources of PM2.5 in Thailand
SourcesPM2.5 (tons/year)

Transportation

50,240Electricity Generation

31,793

Manufacturing Industries

65,140Household/Businesses

28,265

Open Burning

209,937

Estimated emissions (tons/year) from different sources contributing to air
pollution (Source: Pollution Control Department, and Ministry of Energy)

Greenpeace’s City Rankings for PM2.5 in Thailand

PM in Thailand
Number of Deaths Attributable to PM2.5 (ug/m3)

PM 2.5: cause of premature death in Thailand

Years

A recent analysis of the State of Global Air website athttps://www.stateofglobalair.org/ showed that PM2.5 causes premature deathof approximately 30,500 in Thailand, 2015.
Greenpeace’s City Rankings for PM2.5 in Thailand

125

Prevention from PM for our health•

Use certain filters and room air cleaners to reduce indoor PM level•

Check the Real-time World Air quality Index website to know PM
level in your area•

Keep the car, boat, and other engines well-tuned, and avoid using
engines that smoke•

Reduce your activity time or substitute another that involves lessexertion (e.g. Go for a walk instead of a jog)•

Plan outdoor activities for days when particle levels are lower•

Don’t exercise near busy roads where particle levels generally arehigherConclusions• Particulate matter (PM) is a general term for very small
solid and liquid particles in the atmosphere.
• There are many different sources of PM, including naturaland anthropogenic (man-made) sources.
• PM is hazardous to human (e.g. Heart and lung diseases ).
• PM also causes variety of environmental effects, such as
visibility impairment, and environmental damages (e.g.
lakes and streams acidic, depleting the nutrients in soil,acid rain effects).

126Discussion Topics• What is the biggest cause of PM in your country ?
• Do you have any idea how to reduce PM in your country?

127

Joint Seminar
2018/11/02@302

Population Ageing in AsianCountries

Chatani Issei (M2)
Erda Rahmilaila Desfitri (D1)
Wang Fenglan (D2)Outline1. Definition of population ageing
2. Causes and problems of population ageing
3. Ageing progress and population pyramid in Asia
4. Concreate examples : Japan, China and Indonesia
a.
b.
c.
d.

Present condition
Causes of population ageing
Effects of population ageing
Measurements against population ageing

5. Conclusion
6. Discussion

128

1.Definition of population ageing• The increase of the share of old individuals in asociety due to fertility decrease and rising life
expectancy.
• Population ageing (also known as demographic
ageing and ageing of population) is often
measured by increase in the percentage ofelderly people of retirement ages. The
retirement ages may vary by country but atypical cutoff is 65 years.
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2016/05/02/two-solutions-to-the-challenges-of-population-aging/
Leonid A. Gavrilov and Patrick Heuveline (2003) Ageing of population: The Encyclopedia of Population

2. Causes and Problems of Population Ageinga. Causes of population ageing
Population ageing is driven by:a) Declines in fertility and birth rate
 Women’s participation in society Lack of nursery facilities Financial affairsb) Increasing in life expectancy
 Improvement in health Good diet and improved water supply

129

2. Causes and Problems of Population Ageingb. Problems of population ageinga. Social aspect More support services is needed.
 Fewer workforce.
b. Economic aspect
 Slow economic activity.
 Reduced taxation income for the government.
 More retired people increase pension cost.
 Increasing poverty in older population.
 Potential of slower economic growth for along-term.

3. Ageing progress in Asia
According to WHO (World Health Organization),• Society’s ageing rate: the proportion of elderly people
aged 65 or over 65 in the total population• Ageing society: Society’s ageing rate exceeds 7%
Society’s ageing rate
>=7%
>=14%
>=21%

Name of the society
Ageing society
Aged society
Super-aged society

Ageing society: Thailand (10), China (9.4)
Aged society: Korea (13.9), Singapore (about 15)
Super-aged society: Japan (26)130

3. Ageing progress in Asia
People under 4 years old is decreasing year by year, contrarily people 65
years old or more is increasing year by year. Number of people aged 0-4
Median age by regions

and 65 years and above in Asia

What kind of population pyramid?
①Expansive type

Patterns of economicallydeveloping countries• High birth rate
• High death rate
• Short life expectancy②Stationary type③Constrictive type

Patterns of a little
developed countries• High birth rate
• Low death rate
• Long life expectancy

Patterns of developed
countries• Low birth rate
• Low death rate
• Long life expectancy

https://populationeducation.org/what-are-different-types-population-pyramids/

131

Population pyramid in Asia (1950)①Expansive type

Age

Population is young andgrowing

Percent of population

Population pyramid in Asia (2018)
Age②Stationary type
Population is not growing

Percent of population132

Population pyramid in Asia (2100)
Age③Constrictive type
Population is elderly andshrinking

Percent of population

Concreate examples: Japan
https://otakaranet.com/nihontizu.html

http://dol.ismcdn.jp/mwimgs/4/c/670m/img_4c8aee460670d1113cf84765401c3111144652.jpg

133

Past condition in Japan (1950)①Expansive type

Age

Dispatch oftroops becauseof World WarⅡ

Percent of population

Present condition in Japan (2018)
Age③Constrictive typePrimary baby boom

Secondary baby boom

Percent of population

134

Future condition in Japan (2100)
Age③Constrictive type

Percent of population

Present condition in Japan
Major reasons for Japan’s famous longevity ismodern medicine and eating habits.
The national diet features little fat but plenty of fish,
tofu, natto, miso, and other soy products.
tofu

Male

Life expectancy
Female Average

81.1

87.1

84.2

World
Rank
1

https://erecipe.woman.excite.co.jp/article/E1471246114113/

natto

https://www.mag2.com/p/news/256772
https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/japan‐life‐expectancy

135

Present condition in Japan
Total fertility rate in Japan (1960-2016)
2.5

Total fertility rate

2

1.5

1

0.5

0
1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

year

 Total fertility rate decreases compared with the past.
 But it has a little recovered since 2005.
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=JP

Causes of population ageing in Japan
Declines in fertility and birth rate
Many choose not to marryWomen tend to marry later
https://www.irasutoya.com/2013/07/blog-post_6271.html
Lack of child care facilities(Few women would return to work; They must care for children)Increasing in life expectancy
Advance in medical science and technology(medical instrument, medicine)
http://www.gh.opho.jp/medical/1/
Result of baby boom from around 1945
Many child were born just after World War Ⅱ⇒Government needed labor force for Japanese reconstruction

136Problems of population ageing in Japan
Decreased rate of economic growthReduce working population→Difficulties in filling jobs

Larger tax bills
Increase pension, medical expenses and nursing careinsurance expenses

Increase careless traffic accidents
Elderly people tend to make mistakes in driving car

http://www.keishicho.metro.tokyo.jp/kotsu/jikoboshi/koreisha/koreijiko.html

Measures against population ageingIncrease retirement age
Japan can keep labor force by elderly people’s work

Reforms
Increasing benefits of having more child, providing tax
allowances for families, making child care moreaccessible

Encourage immigration
To solve labor shortages

https://seniorguide.jp/article/1001630.html

https://4.bp.blogspot.com/qKN4mN1C60w/VkLHUEzxqfI/AAAAAAAA0U4/ZTROn0ydo6w/s800/friends_kids.png

137

Concreate examples: China
https://www.abysse.co.jp/world/flag/asia/china.html

https://www.recordchina.co.jp/b144830-s0-c30-d0054.html

Past condition in China

Expansive type138

Present condition in China

Stationary type

Future condition in China

Constrictive type139

Present condition in China
Speed of population ageing is fast

Source: The International Silver Economy Portal• There are currently 194 million people aged above 60 in China and this number is predicted toincrease to 440 million by 2050.

• The average annual growth rate of the world elderly population is 2.5%, but compared tothis, the increase rate in China is 3.3% from 1999 to 2020 according to the prediction of theUnited Nations.
• The elderly person population increase by 8,600,000 every year.
http://www.silvereco.org/en/statistics/

Present condition in China
Being an ageing society before
becoming an advanced country
http://news.k618.cn/xda/201209/t20120923_2459792.html

For developed country, they entered the ageing society when
GDP per person exceeded 5,000~10,000 dollars.
In 2001, China entered the ageing society.
GDP(Gross Domestic Product) for per person,
 In 2001 is 912 US dollars (7,543 RMB) Fast
 In 2012 6,075.9 US dollars (42,528 RMB)

140

but

Ranked 87th
among 184
countries in
the world

Population density in China

Population density map of China (2011-2012)https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_des_subdivisions_de_Chine_par_population#/media/File:Population_of_China_by_first-level_administrative_regions(English).png

Present condition in China
Regional disparity in population ageing
Economy- rich
areas

Economy-poorautonomous region

City,
Province, Population
Autonomous region (person)

Ageing population(person)Ratio of ageing
population (%)

Chongching city

28,846,170

5,024,394

17.42

Shanghai city
Sichuan province

23,019,196
80,417,528

3,469,655
13,109,909

15.07
16.3

Jiangsu province

78,660,941

12,574,637

15.99

Liaoning Province

43,746,323

6,750,752

15.43

Peking city
Inner Mongolia

19,612,368
24,706,291

2,460,108
2,836,413

12.54
11.48

Ningxia
Xinjiang

6,301,350
21,815,515

609,295
2,107,617

9.67
9.66

Source: JETRO (2013)
 Ageing population density of economy-rich areas is higher than the economy-poorautonomous region.
 Ratio of population ageing of rural area is higher than that in urban area.
• Elderly person of rural area over 60 years covered 17 % of total population in 2012 and passed
20% in 2016.
141

Causes of population ageing One-child policy (1979~2015)
 Resulted in the drop of young
population by declining fertilities
https://ja.pngtree.com/freepng/family_1128011.html

 Extension of average life expectancy
 Drop of the death rate of newborn babies Improvement of the medical condition

Problems of population ageing in China
Decrease in labor participations
Depopulation of rural areas“Empty house” (children leave home for working) is increasing

https://baike.baidu.com/pic/空巢⽼⼈/63555/0/4b90f603738da977c52e4d3ebd51f8198618e
3a7?fr=lemma&ct=single#aid=0&pic=4b90f603738da
977c52e4d3ebd51f8198618e3a7

Weakening of the elderly person support
from home
Lack of the welfare service for elderly people142Measures for population ageing in China
Abolition of one-child policy (2016)• To be allowed to have a second child“The Twelfth Chinese Elderly Person Business
Development Five Years Plan” in 2011 To ensure the basic medical security
 To develop ageing service facilities
 To promote ageing culture, education and sports activities
 To strengthen the management of ageing society, and etc.

http://www.coe-cnas.jp/group_senior/manual/manual03/03.html

Social insurance
 Endowment insurance Basic medical insurance
https://www.senior-anshin.com/news/kaigo/20180907/

http://photo.china.com.cn/news/201605/17/content_38471946_3.htm

Concreate examples: Indonesia

Map of Indonesia (red color sign of population density)

Population Trend in Indonesia••

Indonesia is known as an archipelago country because it consists of many Islands.
Population in Indonesia is increasing year by year.
143

Indonesia has high population but low median age
No.

Country

Population (million)

Median Age( y)

1

China

1387.2

44.4

2
3

India
Indonesia

1324.0
255.5

27.9
28.6

4

Pakistan

191.8

23.8

5

Bangladesh

158.8

26.7

6
7
8
9
10

RussiaJapan
Philippines
Vietnam
Iran

144.0
126.9
100.7
91.8
82.0

38.9
37.4
23.5
30.9
30.1

www.Worldometers.info (world population prospects: the 2017 revision)

Present population ageing condition in Indonesia• Indonesia is known for having a young (and big) population.
• Around half of the population is below 30 years of age.
• A new study confirms that Indonesia has one of the world's mostproductive populations.

Comparison of young population and ageing population

Although ageing population in Indonesia is increasing year by year but the oldpopulation rate is still lower by comparing with young population rate till 2035.
144

Population Pyramid in Indonesia
Expansive

Expansive

Constrictive• There is no transformation population type from 1950-2018• Population pyramid will change from expanding type to constrictive with time (2100), but not inserious condition.
• It implies that Indonesia in the future will become a candidate of population ageing country.

Conclusion
Population ageing is driven by:
1. Declines in fertility and birth rate
2. Increasing in life expectancy

Problems of population ageing have two aspects:
1. Social aspect
2. Economic aspectJapan is the most population ageing country in Asia
Developing countries in Asia will happen population
ageing in the future
It’s important to think of measures against
population ageing for each country

145

Discussion topics
1. How is population ageing condition in yourcountry?
2. Do you think population ageing has positiveeffects? Why?

https://job.mynavi.jp/conts/2019/discussion/146

Is eco-business an activity forenvironmental improvement?

Li Wenjiao (D1)
Shinohara Kenichi (M2)
Ulung Muhammad Sutopo (M1)https://docdestruction.com

Contents
BackgroundEco-business definition
What is eco-business like?
Eco-business in China, Japan and Indonesia
Conclusion
Discussion topics

147

Background

What is environment?

 Environment is the place, people, things and nature that surround
any living organism. It is our basic life support system. It
provides the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat
http://keynoteias.com
and the land where we live.

https://www.london.gov.uk

https://4.bp.blogspot.com

https://www.downtoearth.org

https://www.siemens.com

Water

Air

Land

Food

Background

Environmental pollution
 Air pollution

http://images.china.cn

 Water pollution• 4.2 million deaths every year as a result of exposure to outdoor
air pollution.
• 3.8 million deaths every year as a result of household exposure
to smoke from dirty cook stoves and fuels.
• 91% of the world’s population lives in places where air quality
exceeds WHO guideline limits.
 Food waste

https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net

 Land pollution

http://cf.ltkcdn.net/greenliving/images/orig/212086-3499x2325-Trash.jpg

148

Background Environmental improvement activity
 Environmental improvement activities are programs or activities that
improve the health of persons in the community by addressing thedeterminants of health, which includes the social, economic and(By WHO)physical environment.

http://www.shimano.com/jp/img/csr/csr02@2x.png

http://www.sharp-world.com

 Common objectives of environmental improvement
activities are:
• Reduce pollution.
• Implement sustainability initiatives and cleaner
production techniques (reduce pollution at source).
• Provide public access to information on the natureand timing of the improvements being made.
• Assist someone who has intention and willingness toimprove environmental performance.
• Others(Environmental improvement programs) www.epa.nsw.gov.au

https://thumbs.dreamstime.com

Environmental improvement activity : Kurita Groups
The Kurita Group has accumulated the technological know-how on water
treatment since its foundation in 1949.

Customer
Needs

Reduction of environmental
footprint

The Kurita Groups
Environmental
Improvement
Activities

TechnologicalInnovation

Reduction of CO2 emissions
Reduction of environmentally harmful substancesInternal
ChangeReduction of energy consumption of
Kurita Group facilities and waste
generated during business activities.

www.kurita.co.jp/english/csr/csr_activity/environment/index.html

149

Environmental improvement activity : Yuken Groups
Yuken business boundary to all types of metal, plastics, new ceramic binders
and chemicals. Yuken Groups have developed products based on ideology ofenvironmentally friendly and human friendly.

http://www.yuken-ind.co.jp/en-US/environment/environment01.html

All stakeholders are expected to contribute to environmental protection“Eco-” and “business”

http://yournaperville.com

 What is “eco-”?
“Eco-” is a prefix mostly relating toecological or environmental terms.
Recently it is becoming established
as a general term “eco”, but theofficial name is “ecology”. Ecology
is the idea of protecting the naturalenvironment and aiming for people
and nature to coexist.

 What is “business”?
“Business” is the activity of making one's living or making
money by producing or buying and selling products (goods andservices). It is any activity or enterprise entered into for profit.

150

What is eco-business?
 Eco-business is an enterprise or activity that has minimal negative
impact on the global or local environment.

Environmental improvement activity?
 In general, business is described as eco-business if it matches thefollowing four criteria:• It incorporates principles of sustainability into each of its
business decisions.
• It supplies environmentally friendly products or services that
replaces demand for nongreen products and/or services.
• It is greener than traditional competition.
• It has made an enduring commitment to environmental
principles in its business operations.

What is eco-business like?
 Zero emissions
A typical example of eco-business is a project called “zero emissions”.
Zero emissions is an effort to zero emissions such as waste, dust, gas andwastewater in the process of generating products and services.

 Recycling

https://thesustainableinvestor.files.wordpress.com

https://newsonia.com

A process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.
It is an alternative to “conventional” waste disposal that can savematerial and help lower greenhouse gas emissions (compared to plastic
production, for example).

https://www.rumpke.com/for-your-home/recycling/acceptable-items

151

What is eco-business like?
 Sustainable energy
Including renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, solar energy,
wind energy, wave power, geothermal energy, bioenergy, tidal power andalso technologies designed to improve energy efficiency.

https://www.clearwater.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/TGEE_Summit_Banner.jpg

 Greening

The act of greening involves incorporating “green” products and processes
into one's environment, such as the home, work place, and general lifestyle.
“Green” product has less of an environmental impact or is less detrimental
to human health than the traditional product equivalent.

http://www.go-green.ae/images/green-products-banner.jpg

How does eco-business work?
 Flow chart

Ecomarketing

Ecobusiness
fund

Ecobusiness152

Eco-marketing
Also known as environmental marketing or green marketing American Marketing Association“Green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to beenvironmentally safe.”
 Oxford Dictionary of Business & Management“Green marketing implies marketing products that benefit the environment”

https://www.flickr.com/photos/63008913@N00/364367745/

https://www.yelp.se/biz/honest-green-market-providence-3

Eco-marketing Eco-marketing consists of all activities designed to generate and facilitate
any exchanges intended to satisfy human needs or wants, such that thesatisfaction of these needs and wants occurs, with minimal detrimental
impacts on the natural environment.
 By focusing on 4 elements to maximize marketing effectiveness.

Product

Place

Price

Promotion

https://inhabitat.com/is-it-green-clorox-green-works/
https://openclipart.org/detail/103369/eco-friendly-product-sticker

153

Eco-business fund
 The eco-business fund is a joint initiative of investors’ intent on supporting
the promotion of business and consumption practices that contribute tobiodiversity conservation, the sustainable use of natural resources, climatechange mitigation and adaptation to its impacts.
 In providing financing to the fund’s target group for investing in activities
that conserve nature and foster biodiversity, the eco-business fund seeks
investments that yield both financial and environmental returns.
 For businesses that are recognized as eco business, there are also privilegessuch as permission to use investment trusts called "eco funds", and in recent
years they have gained attention as a new business genre.

http://www.ecobusiness.fund/about-the-fund/Eco-business fund
 Investment mechanism
From investors to final borrowers

 Commercial banks
 Microfinance institutions
 Leasing companies

http://www.ecobusiness.fund/about-the-fund/154

Eco-business fund
 The eco-business fund concentrates on the following four sectors:

Agriculture and agri-processing

Fishery and aquaculture

Forestry

Eco-tourism
http://www.ecobusiness.fund/about-the-fund/Eco-business in China

155Promotion of eco-business in China
 Eco-business is also called green business and 绿色金融 in
Chinese character.

https://gss1.bdstatic.com

Eco-business product mark

 China’s latest round of green policies offers opportunities forenvironmental and renewable energy companies.
 Environmental improvement is one of the eight priorities in thisyear’s Government Work Plan, while the 13th Five-Year Plan
outline presented to the National People’s Congress also calls forstringent environmental regulations. Eco-business can reap
China’s environmental policy rewards.

Bicycle-sharing in China

https://www.travelchinaguide.com

 Bicycle-sharing programs have been flourished in China at an impressive
speed. These bicycles seem to have invaded most cities overnight.
 Nowadays, there are over 30 operators providing more than 10 million
bicycles hitting the streets in China. It has become a popular and healthytransportation option for short-distance journey.
156

Bicycle-sharing in China
 CO2 emission
Emission coefficients of different urban transportation tools
Emission coefficient (g/km)

CO

NO2

PM2.5

PM10

CO2

Bus (diesel)

1.62

8.64

0.126

0.14

73.8

Taxi (gasoline)

2.25

0.095

0.003

0.003

178.6

Personal car (gasoline)

0.46

0.017

0.003

0.003

178.6

Source: Bike Sharing and the Economy, the Environment, and Health-Related Externalities.

• Riding a bicycle accounts for about 21 g of CO2 emissions per
kilometer (date from the average European diet).
About 10 times less than a car!
•

Europeans still eat quite a lot of meat, which needs up to 1500 g of CO2
emissions per 100 calories produced. Climate-friendly, vegetarian and local
food produces much less CO2 (11 g for corn, 23 g for potatoes, for example).
If more people changed their eating habits, the bicycles’ carbon record could
be even better – not to mention the health benefits of both cycling and ahealthy diet.

Recycling sludge for energy in China
 Sewage—refuse liquids or waste matter usually carried off by
sewers—is at the front lines of a global movement for clean energy.
Innovative cities in the United States are digging into their dirtiest
depths to create new sources of power that optimize economic
benefits, generate clean energy, and control pollution.
 This wastewater-to-power movement is just beginning to catch on in
China. But with some of the largest and most densely populated
cities in the world, China could be poised to lead a sludge-to-energy
revolution.

http://www.eco-business.com

The pumping stations of the Sha Tin Sewage
Treatment Works in Hong Kong, China.

https://vertassets.blob.core.windows.net

157

Renewable energy in China
 China recently rolled out the world's largest investment in clean
energy to date and also committed to both manufacturing andadopting renewable energy technologies.
 According to Greenpeace, China installs an entire soccer field'sworth of solar panels and erects a new wind turbine almost every
hour. China accounted for more than 40 percent of capacity growthin global renewable energy in 2016.

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn

Solar power projects: giant pandas in Datong, Shanxi Province.

Green product in China
 Disposable chopstick demand is killing China’s forests as annual
production reaches 80 billion. 20 million 20-year-old trees would be
required to cover China’s annual chopstick production.
 Bamboo is considered as a good substitute of wood.
•
•
•
•
•
•

Grows in a variety of conditions
No fertilizer, pesticides, or herbicides needed
Very little waste, can use every single piece of bamboo
Amazing growth rate (can be harvested in one to five years)
Absorbs more CO2
Ediblehttps://ae01.alicdn.com

Wood

https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com
http://mae.supplies/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/bamboo-saves-the-planet-800x432.jpg

158

BambooEco-business in Japan

Promotion of Eco-business in Japan
Eco Mark

https://www.ecomark.jp/about/

http://bizmakoto.jp/makoto/articles/0709/28/news105.html

Eco Mark is an environmental label that can be attached to
products that are less burdened on the environment throughout
the entire lifecycle, from "production" to "disposal", among
various products (products and services), and are recognized as
useful for environmental conservation.

159

Zero emissions in Japan
Zero emissions by NISSAN
In order to realize a sustainable society, Nissan is committed to
becoming a leader in zero emission vehicles, aiming to spread zero
emission vehicles that do not emit CO2 at all when driving.

https://www.Nissan-global.com/JP/TECHNOLOGY/OVERVIEW/zero_emission.html

Recycling in Japan
Recycling by Sekisui House
Sekisui House has been working on recycling wastematerials generated at factory production and achieved zero
emissions of "zero incineration, zero landfill disposal" in
2002. Since then, while considering the quality of recycling,
the company maintains and continues operations.

Punch chips generated by bolt hole drilling

Regenerate to a steel frame etc
in a blast furnace

https://www.sekisuihouse.co.jp/sustainable/recycling/objective2_2/index.html

160

Recycled rebar

Renewable energy in Japan
Offshore wind power generation by Softbank group
 Offshore wind power generators are located in a wide area, and they
can obtain a relatively stable wind throughout the year compared toon land Offshore wind power Plant Mega Site Kashima can supply
electricity more than 60,000 households per year

Large Scale Offshore Wind Power Plant Mega Site Kashima in Ibaraki prefecture
http://www.komatsuzaki.co.jp/windpower/kamisu3.php

Greening in Japan
Greening Physiology/psychological effectRestoration of techno stress, creation of relaxation and peacefulness.
 Eco-up effectProtect and enhance biodiversity in urban areas.
 Physical environment improvement effect
Together with the green of parks, street, etc., air quality improvement, heat island
mitigation, rain water runoff alleviation, etc.

http://www.typosthes.gr/gr/topika/article/127646/thessalonikishedio-gia-ton-proto-kipo-se-toiho-tis-polis/

http://www.asahi-ko-san.co.jp/green_park.html

161

Eco-business in Japan
OthersWhen you buy an eco-gift,tree planting is done,a tree-planting certificate
and a message arrive

Eco-gift
https://wowma.jp/user/12834244/1

http://www.tupperwarebrands.jp/shopdetail/000000000026/

https://toyota-efami.com/use/exchange/entry-182.html

Eco-bottle

Eco-bag

Eco-business in Indonesia

162Promotion of Eco-business in Indonesia
It is the mark that is attached on a product which is available in our daily lives aswell as certified as contributing to environmental preservation in terms of lessenvironmental burden. It is also aimed for the consumers to make anenvironmental - friendly product choice, and also to consider the relation of lifeand environment.
The Indonesian Eco-Mark/labelling Institute promotes sustainable managementof Indonesia's forests through the establishment of an eco-labeling certification
system for Indonesia's forest products.

www.indonesiagreenproduct.com/ekolabel-dan-peningkatan-daya-saing-produk/

Eco business in Indonesia : eco-tourism

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4488Nirvandar.pdf

Indonesia is the largest archipelago andthe fourth most populous country in theworld.
Population : 237 million people
More than 17,100 islands
More than 300 distinct native ethnicities
742 different languages and dialect

Extending 5,120 km from east to west
and 1,760 km from north to south, withtotal land area 1.9 million km2 and 7.9
million km2 (including sea).

163

Eco-tourism in Indonesia
Foreign exchange sources in Indonesia

The Indonesian Tourism and Creative Economy Minister

The Indonesian Tourism and Creative Economy Minister said that in 2019, thetourism sector is predicted to be the largest foreign exchange earner forIndonesia.

Eco-tourism in Indonesia
Eco-tourism in Indonesia defined as“activities of responsible travelling in intact areas or in areas
which are named according to the role of nature”
The purpose of such activities are :Being to enjoy natural beauty.
Involving education, understanding and supports conservation.
As well as increasing the income of the local communities.

https://baswaramursyid.wordpress.com/2015/09/30/wonderful-indonesia-campaign/164

Destination eco-tourism in Indonesia

DerawanIslandBunakenNorth Sulawesi

Sianok Canyon
Bukittinggi

Komodo National Park,
Komodo Island

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4488Nirvandar.pdf

Importance of eco-tourism
Ecotourism Reduces our Carbon Footprint
Commuting is unavoidable when traveling, but there are adventurous
ways to cut back on transport that adds to pollution in the air. Whileon a trip, explore guided areas that offer tours on foot.

Ecotourism is valuable for people and the Planet
As an eco-tourist, you travel with more than personal satisfaction inmind. You help the planet and you enable people to lead a more
fulfilling life.

Ecotourism Promotes Economic Stability
Traveling to local attractions offers exciting experiences and thefunding you provide to these places is shared amongst thecommunity, contributing to more jobs and a boost in the local
economy.

165

Conclusion
Eco-business can• Prevent air pollution and global warming due to low
emission• Link energy efficiency and material efficiency initiatives
with efforts to reduce waste and some toxic• Enhance environmental awareness and reduce personalenvironmental hazards• Increase life expectancy by using green products

Eco-business is an activity for environmental improvement

Discussion topics
1. What kind of eco-business do you know in your country
or city and why it is promoted?
2. What kind of eco-business you will do if you are abusinessman or businesswoman?

Thank you for your kind attention!
https://www.gobarefoot.co/assets/img/slider1.jpg

166

Future Prospects of Eco-Businessin Asia
Presented by:

Naohiro Makita

Aldilla Afiani Alda

http://planetsave.com/2012/11/19/eco‐business‐carbon‐reduction‐generators‐and‐other‐tips/

OutlineBackgroundEco-business Definition
Basic Structure of Eco-businessCharacteristics
Advantages of Eco-business
Relations among Eco‐business stakeholders
Green business practices
Eco-business in the world
Eco-business in Asia and future prospects
Summary
Discussion Topic

167

Background
Biodiversity Losses
According to some estimates, between 13% and 42% of species will
be lost in Southeast Asia by 2100, at least half of which could
represent extinct species (Sodhiet al., 2010).
Abnormal Weather and Global Warming
Extreme weather occurs mainly due to irregular naturalin the atmosphere and the ocean.

variations

Air Pollution and Waste

Source:www.china.org.cn/environment/2011‐12/18/content_24184374.htm

Source:https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2012/11/garbage‐mountain‐and‐armoured‐cars‐new‐york‐still‐in‐ruins/

Background
Environmental Protection
All parts of our earth need to be protected from any pollutions anddamages
Hokkaido-Japan

Source:sounkyo‐kankou.co.jp/kanko/

Kapuas River-Indonesia

Yangshuo-China

Source : https://www.wwf.or.id/?26220/kualitas- https://tempatwisataunik.com/wisata‐
air-sungai-mendalam-di-kapuas-hulu-mulaidunia/wisata‐asia/tempat‐wisata‐di‐membaik#
china

Contribution to Solve Environmental Problems
All stakeholder (government, company, user, user’s user, society,environmental organizations, etc.) are expected to contribute to solutionof environmental problems.

Source:http://event21.co.jp/oth336_trash.htm

168

Eco-business Definition
Environmental
strategies?
Eco-business(One way)?

Source : https://kyotoreview.org/issue-2-disaster-andrehabilitation/trends-in-ecological-studies-of-west-malesianrainforests

What is Eco-business

System that pay attention and care to environmental, resources(environmentally sustainable), green output, renewable energy,
environmental protection, profitability, and humanity aspect of theiractivities (socially responsible)”

Basic Structure of Eco-business

Source : Kondoh, S. et al.2012.Analysis of Key Success Factors for Eco-Business Through Case Studies in Japan169

Characteristics
Increasing
Implementing
SystemReducing

 Environmental
impacts
 Exposure tounhealthy
substances

Characteristics
Improving

Financingand Investing

Providingmoreopportunities

Collecting anddisseminating Energy
Efficiency
 Resource
Productivity

Dennis D. Hirsch. 2010:11. Green Business and The Importance of Reflexive Law: What Michael Porter Didn’t Say,

Advantages of Eco-business

Source : http://all-free-download.com/free-vector/download/ecologo-idea-green-words-and-globle-icons_6826767.html

Produce renewable sourceImprove eco consciousness of daily work
Reduce cost
Environment and resources protection
Reduce the amount of resources used
Save human life170

Advantages of Eco-Business
Example: Bicycle Rental Business at Railway Stations

Source : Kondoh, S. et al.2012.Analysis of Key Success Factors for Eco-Business Through Case Studies in Japan

Relations among Eco-businessstakeholders

Source : Kondoh, S. et al.2012.Analysis of Key Success Factors for Eco-Business Through Case Studies in Japan

171

Green Business Practices
WastesortingGreenpackaging
NaturalSavingenergyReduce of
power
waste

Use of public
transportation

Eco-labellingLess
printing

EcocleaningGreenbuilding

Source: ISSN 1392-1258. EKONOMIKA 2014 Vol. 93(1)Eco-business in the World
America
Rental furniture
Rental furniture is often used when you know that the period is as
short as 1 to 3 years when borrowing a house or apartment in the
USA.
There is also a great set of beds and tables together, which can besaid to be a service unique to the United States, such as
international students and businessmen who have a temporary
stay.

CORT FURNITURE RENTALSFOR INTERNATIONALSTUDENTS
Source : https://studyusa.com/ja/a/788/留学生ハウジングガイド

172

Source : https://junkjam.jp/

Eco-Business in The World
EuropeFoodmiles.com

This site shows eco friendly information that the total transportdistance until foodstuff reaches consumers.
The shorter the miles, the lower the consumption of gasoline andthe emission of carbon dioxide. Moreover, since the economies of
local suppliers will benefit, they can also contribute to the
expansion of local employment.

You can get
freshness bybuying eggs as
close as possible
to miles.

Souce: https://www.jnews.com/eco/2015/001.html

Eco-business in Asia
Largest Absolute Value Low-Carbon Environmental Goods and Services

Source: Sam Fankhauser, Alex Kazaglis, and Sugandha Srivastav. 2017. Green Growth Opportunities for Asia

173

Eco-Business in Asia
Kind of Eco-Business in Asia
 Solar power Eco car(emission) Detergent refill Share cycle
Etc…

Source : http://yamaguchimasumi.blogspot.com/2012/04/blogpost_28.html

Source :http://prideproducts.com/?page=search&cat=3406

Source :https://www.allinallne
ws.com/vehicles/toyota-mirai

Source : www.gia-jsca.net/

Eco-Business in Asia and Future ProspectJapan
TOYOTA’s MIRAI

Fuel Cell Vehicle(FCV)Operating principals
1. Air (oxygen) taken in
2. Oxygen and hydrogen supplied
to fuel cell stack
3. Electricity and water generated
through chemical reaction
4. Electricity supplied to motor
5. Motor is activated and vehiclemoves
6. Water emitted outside vehicle

A. Motor, B. Fuel cell stack, C. Battery,
D. High-pressure hydrogen tank

Source : http://www.Toyota‐global.com/innovation/environmental_technology/technology_file/fuel_cell_hybrid.html

174

Eco-Business in Asia and Future ProspectJapan

TOYOTA’s MIRAI
Fuel Cell Vehicle(FCV)

Source : https://www.allinallnews.com/vehicles/toyota‐
mirai

The benefit of hydrogen:
1. Zero emissions,
ultimate eco-energy
2. Almost infinite
existence
3. It can be stored andcarried.

In general, electricity is difficult to keep after electricity generation orenergy to transport far. But for hydrogen, we use hydrogen made in thesummer for the winter.

Eco-Business in Asia and Future Prospect
Japan
Nowadayslocation of 90hydrogenstation in Japan

Future prospecton
CO2 emission &FCV sales
Source : , http://hydrogen.st/,https://www.toyota.co.jp/jpn/tech/environment/strategy.html

175

Eco-business in Asia and Future Prospect
China
Alibaba group
Eco-logistics movement

Recycling of resources and reuseof packaging throughout the logistics
market.
→ collecting cardboards, developing new energy, spreading eco
packaging, etc.
Alibaba President said about Future prospect"There will be an era in which the number of home delivery
items will reach an average of 1 billion a day soon, I want all
people to pay attention to" eco "once again.
Source:https://www.alibaba.com/

Eco-Business in Asia and Future Prospect
Indonesia

ASTRA international’s AGYA

New model for developing country
AGYA of cheap Asian car (a model in which Indonesian original
design merged with high reliability of Japanese manufacturer)→ This car certified by Indonesian policy "low cost green
car (LCGC) policy“Business tie-up with Japanese automobile manufacturer, low
fuel consumption
Indonesia
original
designSource : http://motordanmobil.blogspot.jp/2013/05/KumpulanGambarMobilToyotaAgyadanDaihatsuAyla.html

176

Eco-business in Asia and Future Prospect
Indonesia
Program for Pollution Control, Evaluation and Rating(PROPER)
ExcellentGold

Companies

Good

Green

Companies

Adequate

Blue

Companies

Very Poor
Poor

Black

Red
Companies

Companies
Not announced
Companies

Proper Criteria Rating-Proper Assessment Results 2015

https://www.performeks.com/media/downloads/vincent.pdf

Eco-business in Asia and Future Prospect
Proper Criteria Rating

Criteria for Blue vs Red vs Black Ratings

Criteria for Blue vs Green Ratings177

Eco-business in Asia and Future Prospect
Proper Criteria Rating

Criteria for Green vs Gold Ratings

Summary
Environmental problems including biodiversity
losses, abnormal weather and global warming, air
pollution and waste, environmental protection
and so on, are reasons for us to do eco-businessTo do eco-business needs all stakeholders
working together and having consistent policy
In Asia there are so many ways conducting ecobusiness such as hydrogen-fueled car, eco
packaging, power saving, program for pollution
control and evaluation, eco labelling, seminar,
waste sorting, etc.
178

Discussion TopicIf you are a businessman, how you do ecobusiness ?
Do you have any ideas for conducting eco
business in Asia?

179

Rural population decrease
and urbanization- Thinking from the influence to environment M1 Keisuke Ozeki
M1 Takuya Okada
M1 Bejoy Kumar Barman

Contents
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Rural population decrease and urbanization
The definition of urban
Pattern and trend of urbanization in the world
Causes of rural population decrease andurbanization
Environmental influences of rural population
decrease and urbanization
Concrete examples (in Japan and Bangladesh)Conclusions
Discussion Topics
180What is rural population decrease
and urbanization?
Rural population decrease
Rural population means the population who are living in the unurban area .
Decrease means population declines from that area.

When one occurs, the other progresses.
Urbanization
Urbanization is the increase in the number of people living
in cities due to migration from rural areas and natural increase.

How to define the area which is urbanized?
No common definition was founded to define an area which is urbanized.
But, every country in the world follow their own policy for identifying
the urban area.

Generally, there are some measuring parameterswhich are used to define an area an urban area.
1. Population size
2. Population density
3. Area
4. Economic and social organization
5. Economic function
6. Labor supply and demand
7. Administration

181

Most of the countries follow
the population size and density.
For example,
Denmark follow 250 person /km2,
USA : 2500 person/km2,
India : 5000 person/km2.

How does the United Nations define urban area?

The United Nations defines an area that meets the following
conditions as an urban area.

1. 50,000 or more inhabitants living there
2. 60 percent or more of the houses located in its main area
3. 60 percent or more of the population（including their dependents）
engaged in manufacturing, trade or other urban type of business.

Population（millions）

Pattern and trend of urbanization in the world
Trends in urban andrural populations from 1950-2050（Source : United Nations, World
Urbanization Prospectus 2014）

Urban
Rural

Currently, many countries
are already urbanized

If this graph is represented by a map…

1950

2018

Majority Rural area Majority Urban area
182

2050

Percentage of rural and urban populationin different countries
Japan

USA

Urban
Rural
1950

A clear difference on
urbanization
between developed anddeveloping countries is
acknowledged.

2050
China

Indonesia

Bangladesh

Percentage of Population, 1950-2050（Source : United Nations）

Why does urbanization happen?

Rural

Urban

（Source : https://sites.google.com/site/aphumangeographymigration/economic-push-and-pull-factors）• The majority of those who migrate are young adults.
Consequently, the rural area has a population that is aging
whereas the urban area has a youthful population.
• The younger population in urban areas has higher birth rate and lower
death rate, contributing to the increase of population in urban.
183

Merits and demerits of urbanization
MeritsDemerits

Better access to public health

Living costs is highIncrease in labor productivity

Transportation cost become highBetter possibilities to boost theeconomyLevels of crime increase

Urbanization offers real economic
opportunities to people

High level of environmental pollution

Improve technology at a faster rate

Decrease of green environment

Good communication system

Short of food security

Create job opportunity

Limiting housing facilities

What is the environment
in our presentation?
social environment?

home environment?

natural environment?

educational environment?

• There are various kinds of environments.
• However, in our presentation we assume the environment
including society where people can live comfortably.
• So on this slide, let's think about the influence of urbanization andrural population decrease on the environment where humans live.

184

Influence of rural population decrease on environment
Negative Influence Deterioration of energy efficiency• As the rural population decrease, facilities like supermarkets andhospitals rural is likely to be disappeared.
• Then people must travel long distances to go to hospital or supermarket.
• Energy consumption per capita becomes high.
→ lead to low energy efficiency
 Increase of disasterWith rural population decrease, management of forests become unable insome countries like Japan.
→ increase the possibility of disasters like landslides

Positive Influence Land recovery
Land has been degraded due to humans activities→ give land an opportunity for rebirth

Influences of urbanization on environment
Negative Influence

Air pollution（https://natgeo.nikkeibp.co.jp/atcl/news/18/090400390/）

Water pollution（https://www.indiacelebrating.com/
environmental-issues/water-pollution/）

Heat island phenomenon（https://www.cleantechloops.com/urban-heat-island-effect/）

Positive Influence
Improvement of energy efficiency• As the population concentrates, people living there will nothave to travel long distances.
• Also easy to manage facilities like wastewater treatment etc.

185

Concrete example -in case of Japan

Definition of urban area in Japan• DID (Densely inhabited Districts) – Indicator for urban
areas in Japan• Total population is 5,000 people per km2 or more.
• Population density of adjacent areas is 4,000 people per km2 or
more

How to define DID(Wikipedia)

186

Rural population decrease and urbanization in Japan• Current situation(Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya)

Metropolitan Area

Except Metropolitan Area

Projection

Tokyo

Nagoya

Tokyo

Osaka

(year)

http://makkuro-vr.doorblog.jp/archives/19884591.html

Urbanized areas in Japan

http://www.soumu.go.jp/johotsusintokei/whitepaper/ja/h24/html/nc1121
30.html• More than 50% of total population lives in metropolitan areas(Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka)• In 2050, more than 30% of total populations will lives in Tokyo

Environmental conditions in the past time of Japan
High economic growth period in (1954-1973)

http://blog.livedoor.jp/blog_de_blog/archives/51911485.html

Air pollution

https://www.kawasaki-gi.jp/gi-1-2/gi-1-2-2/

Water pollution

http://www.log-osaka.jp/history/vol15/hst_vol15_3.html

Traffic problem• In high economic growth period in Japan, there were manyenvironmental problems.
• Human health was affected by environmental problems in that
period.
187

Present environmental conditions in Japan

http://www.yokkaichi-port.or.jp/ut14/

https://matome.naver.jp/odai/2139981624317405101/21400075146989325
03

Air

Water

https://road.infobuild.jp/todo23/

Traffic• There are still problems of environment in Japan, but not so
serious.
• Due to the introduction of air filtration process in industries, air
quality is being relatively good.
• We can get clean water from anywhere in Japan.
• Transportation system is also in good condition.

Japan is going to next Phase

Influence of rural population decrease in Japan
Next phase• Most of the people in Japan lives in urban areas.
• Japan is facing the decreasing trend of total population.
• Super aging society is progressing.

• More and more people in rural areas will migrate tourban areas.
• People will not be able to maintain the public services
such as hospital, school, transportation, water treatment
facilities in rural areas.
188

Negative influence on environment in rural areas in Japan

https://ecotokigawa.wordpress.com/forest/

Managed and not managed rural areas

With decrease in rural population• Ecosystem such as paddy field, forest etc. will be hampered.
• Multiple functions that related to the ecosystem will also be
hampered.
• Natural disaster such as flood, landslide will occur due to hindering
the multiple function of ecosystem.

Concrete example -in case of Bangladesh

189

Rural population decrease and urbanization in Bangladesh

76%

62%

37%

1950

1975

2000

2018

Proportion of total population (percent)• Current situation

2025 2050

<10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
>60

Source: Banglapedia

Source: UN Report• Majorities of the urban people are living in the largest four
cities: Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi.

Definition of urban area in Bangladesh• Standard for urban area was not uniform in all thecensuses Bangladesh.
• Between 1901-1974, Paurasabha (municipalities or Shahar(town) committee or cantonment area
• But, in the 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 censuses, it waschanged.
• In 2011 Census Report, urban areas were defined where,• Amenities like metalled roads, communication
facilities, electricity, gas, water supply, sewerage,
sanitation, etc. usually exist.
• Densely populated and people are nonagricultural.
• Where community system is well-developed.
Source: http://www.sanei-network.net/uploads/research/sustainable-urbanization-in-bangladesh-delving-into-the-urbanization-growthpoverty-interlinkages1464584088.pdf

190

Definition of urban area in Bangladesh• The urban system consisted of 522 urban center.
• Urban areas are classified into six categories according to theirfunctions and sizes.
1. Mega City: It is metropolitan area having population 5 millions
or more.
2. City Corporation: It includes city corporations incorporated andadministered by the Ministry of Local Government.
3. Paurashava/Municipality Area (PSA): It includes paurashavas
incorporated and administered by local government.
4. City : Population 1,00,000 and above
5. Other Urban Area (OUA): It includes the upazila headquarters
which are not paurashavas.
6. Town : Population less than 1,00,000
Source: Population census of Bangladesh, 2011

Why rural people are decreasing and heading tourban area in Bangladesh?
• Reasons for decreasing rural population- In the case of migration to Dhaka

River erosion
Uprooted
Driven out
Abandoned
Meager income
Insecurity
For jobOthers

17%

13%

40%

20%

2
%
1%

https://dhakmegacity.weebly.com/push-and-pull-factors.html

191

Overall effects of urbanization in Bangladesh
1.
2.
3.
4.

Transportation problem
Housing problem
Environment pollution
Imbalanced administrative
development
5. Over population problem
Housing problem

https://www.amadershomoy.com/bn/2018/08/01/627878.htm

Transportation problem

http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/c
ache/cached-news-details-262229.html

Over population problem
https://pl-vision.com/wd/eid+2018+bangladesh

Environmental effects of urbanization in Bangladesh
Water Pollution• Due to urbanization, number of industries are
drastically increasing in Bangladesh• Most of the industries are dumping their toxic
effluents into neighboring water bodies andrivers.
• Huge amount of garbage comes from slums
area.
• Household waste material

https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/Dhaka-rivers-polluted-WASAmoves-to-supply-water-from-Meghna/11707

Water logging• Unplanned sewerage system

https://www.clickittefaq.com/dhaka-drowns-clogged-rainwater/

192

Environmental effects of urbanization in Bangladesh
Air pollution• According to the Department ofEnvironment, the density ofairborne particulate matter reaches
463 micrograms per cubic meter.

Climate change• Decreasing forest• Temperature isincreasing day by day• Natural disaster likeflood occurred
frequently

https://en.prothomalo.com/environment/news/167721/Bangladesh-loses-1pc-GDP-for-airpollution-WB

Past
http://theglobalhistory.blogspot.com/2010/08/history-of-dhaka.html

present
https://www.flickr.com/photos/monz/6181277238

Conclusions• Urbanization is good for the economic development of acountry specially for developing countries. But theenvironment is greatly affected by the urbanization.
• In Japan, environmental effect of rural people decrease isgreater than the effect of urbanization.
• For developing countries like Bangladesh, improved
urban environmental management is very much important.
• Conclusively, negative effect of urbanization on
environment is very much higher than the positive effectin all over the world.

193

Discussion Topics•How to increase rural population in yourcountry?
•What will happen if the world is being 100%
urbanized?

194

Overpopulation in
Asian Countries
YUTO ITO (M2)BHUIYAN MST AFRIN AKTER (M1)
WANG SIYI (M1)

Contents• What is overpopulation• Population status in Asia
• Overpopulation in China, India and
Bangladesh Current situation
 Causes Effects
 Solutions• Conclusion• Discuss topics
195

What is overpopulation?

http://foolishwisdom.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/06/overpopulation-Pic.jpg

Overpopulation occurs
when a species' population
exceeds the carrying
capacity of its ecologicalniche.
Moreover, it means that if
there are too many people
in the same habitat, people
are limiting available
resources to survive.

What is overpopulation
Overpopulation can be resulted from an increase in births (fertilityrate), a decline in the mortality rate, an increase in immigration, or anunsustainable biome and depletion of resources. To be brief, theoverpopulation is caused by the out-off-balance between individual
number and related resources.

water
Water
Food
Housing
housing
http://mindprod.com/image/environment/overpopulation.jpg

Adverse effects of overpopulation:
Society and economy, Natural resources, Environment
196

World population situation(2018/11/07)

World Population by Region

The United Nations projects
world population to reach 10
billion in the year 2056.

http://www.worldometers.info/world‐population/

Population density map
people/km2

There is large population density In India, Bangladesh and the eastern coastal
areas of China, so we will take the three countries as examples to introduce
the causes, effects and solutions related to our overpopulation issues.
http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/#density
197

Population status of China• Population (2018):
1,417,002,712.
• Share of world
population: 18.54%.
• Ranking: number 1• Population density:
151 (People/km2)
China population density map 2018

Population trend in China

Census of
population in 2018

• Births: 17,230,000
people• Birth rate: 12.43 perthousand.
• Mortality: 9,860,000
people• Mortality rate: 7.11
per thousand.
• Natural population
growth rate: 5.32 perthousand.
198

Causes of overpopulation in China

http://u.thsi.cn/fileupload/data/Input/2013/03/11/
c76562d066dab972a1a955772adcb267.jpg

http://img2.3png.com/a8d47cdb0dd72921b4
6cd5a737f1d555b421.png• High population base: from 1949
to 1953 encourage people to givebirth and limit contraception andabortion.
• Traditional view: many children
and many grandchildren represent
the prosperity of the family.

• Feudal thought: viewing sons as
better than daughters, because
they need labor to do the farmwork.
https://img0.utuku.china.com/381x0/news/20170612/
df10924f-25df-4a4e-84be-e7ad1df4952f.jpg

Adverse effects of overpopulation in
China• Water pollution
The population density of Taihu Lake
area has reached about 1000 people/
km2, and with the acceleration ofurbanization, the rapid development ofindustrial economy and the increase of
external population, the discharge ofurban industrial and domestic sewage
increased rapidly, which led to theoutbreak of eutrophication in Taihu
Lake.
http://wemedia.ifeng.com/66423380/
Water treatment is needed before
wemedia.shtml(May 29, 2007)
discharge.
199

Adverse effects of overpopulation in China• Air pollution
In Beijing, haze is a very serious problem，and the picture shows the air quality index ofBejing on Nov 14, 2018.

https://www.vcg.com/creative/815857810
http://www.86pm25.
com/city/beijing.html

From left to right means the air quality
from good to severe pollution, and on
Nov 14, 2018, Beijing’s air quality isunder heavy pollution.
And the haze was mainly caused by
vehicle exhaust, industrial pollution,
Coal-fired heating.
call for using environmentallyfriendly vehicles, treat the industrial gas
emissions and use clean energy.

The Imperial Palace under the haze
http://www.tuniu.com/g200/tipnews-5961/

Adverse effects of overpopulation in China• Food supply is not sufficientWith large population base, the grain produced in China
can not feed all the Chinese people. We need to import a
lot of food.
In 2017, China imported 13.62 million tons of grain,
while rice and soybean imports remained the world's top
level and continued to increase.
http://www.agrogene.cn/info-4673.shtml

Need to promote mechanization and improve
production efficiency
200

How to deal with overpopulation
In terms of population: continue to carry out its family planningpolicy (late marriage, late childbearing, eugenics and scientificnurture)to control population growth and improve the quality of the population.

In terms of resources: economize resources and improve theutilization ratio of resources.
‣Optimize energy consumption structure.
‣Improve the technical level of the oil and natural gas industry, coal industry,hydropower stations and nuclear power stations.

In terms of environment:‣Make the population distribution rationally.

‣Encourage green driver like bicycle sharing, car sharing, electric bus...
‣Advanced environmental protection industries like water treatment,
air monitoring and so on.

Population status of India
2018
1.1 billon people

2026
1.4 billion
people••https://www.bing.com•

Population density is higher
than 2.5 times that of China
Second largest economic
growth after China(economic growth rate 9.0%)
Hundreds of millions of poor
people will be born
201

Causes of overpopulation in India
2016

Population
 Many young
generation population
 More than half of the
population is under 25
years old
Good point The labor force population
increases

https://india-ryugaku.jp/india-population/

Causes of overpopulation in India
Povertyhttps://www.bing.com/images

 Economic instability of
500 million poor in India
 Make children makemoney

Education There is no sex education
https://www.bing.com/images
202

Adverse effects of overpopulation in India
Residence (poor condition)• 28,200 people live in 1 square
meters• The rent for housing of about 9
square meters is about 400 yen
to 600 yen per monthhttps://www.businessinsider.jp/post-171176

Garbage• Garbage is a big problem for
Mumbai in India• The amount of garbage in
Mumbai is about 9,500 tons perday

https://www.businessinsider.jp/post-171176

Adverse effects of overpopulation in India
Resource• One fourth of children can not
eat anything whole day• Agricultural wells are startingto dry up• 600 million people are sufferinghttps://www.businessinsider.jp/post-171176 from water shortage

Traffic• Traffic jam gets worse• There is no signal orlane and it is dangerous
https://www.businessinsider.jp/post-171176
203

Other problems caused byoverpopulation
 About 270 million people have no toilet
 Excretes can cause diseases like diarrhea by
contact with excreta The population of deaths of children under 5in India accounts for about 21% of the world.
The third leading cause of death is diarrhea
 43% of the toilets constructed by thegovernment have been diverted to warehouses
 Indian thinks that to excrete in the toilet isfilthyOther problems caused byoverpopulation
Air pollution in New Delhi is at the worst
level in the world
Air pollution concentration in New Delhi isthree times higher than BeijingChildren's respiratory illness is increasingAir pollution is caused by the rapid
increase of diesel vehicles
More than half of the pollution sources are
exhaust gas
204How to deal with overpopulation
Introduction of birth control restraint
from 1952
Improve education level
Give financial support to couples whowill not have children for two years
after marriage
Give financial support to couples whowill cut the pipe of children

Population status of Bangladesh The current population:
166,734,721.
 It is equivalent to 2.18%of the total world
population.
 The population density:
1278 per km2.

http://pranerbangla.net/2017/05/17/bangladeshs-problempopulation/

It ranks number 8 in the list of countries by population

205

Bangladesh’s population over ten years
In 2050 the population
will be 20 million!!!!

POPULATION STRUCTURE OFBANGLADESH

Many young
generation population

206

Causes of overpopulation in Bangladesh

Economic factors

Poverty: Large numbers of people
who are living under poverty line
believe, more children earn moremoney.
Agricultural economics: Economy of
Bangladesh depends on agriculture.
For helping in agriculture farmers takehttps://www.google.com/search?q=poverty+of+bangladesh&source
more children.

Natural Factors
Climate: The climate of Bangladesh is temperate means neither very
cold nor hot.
Configuration of land: Configuration of land and soil of
Bangladesh are very favorable to live and agriculture work.

Social Factors
Lack of Education: Education, more importantly theeducation of women.
Early marriage: Lead to earlier pregnancies
and without the use of contraception, it poses
the risk of multiple pregnancies.

Polygamy: Polygamy and civil
polygamous marriages are legal
in Bangladesh
Social and religious superstitions
Lack of willingness to use
contraceptives

207

https://themuslimtimes.info/2017/10/23/polyga
my‐in‐islam‐what‐it‐means/comment‐page‐2/

Adverse effects of overpopulation in Bangladesh
Traffic
Congestion in Dhaka eats up
3.2 million working hours
per day.
 The last 10 years, average traffic
speed has dropped from 21 km to 7
km (hour).

https://www.google.com/search?q=traffic+jam+in+dhaka&source

Residence About 23,234 people live persquare kilometer.
 About 57% of the middle class andlower income people cannot afford
to buy houses in Dhaka.
https://www.google.com/search?q=housing+problem+in+dhaka+city&source

Environment pollution

https://problemsofbd.wordpress.com/2017/11/15/environ
mental‐problems‐issues‐in‐bangladesh/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/environment/2018/05/04

 There are no systematic way for garbage disposal.
 Dust problem is very high.
 According to World Bank, 0.234 million people died in Bangladesh in 2015
linked to environmental pollution, of which 80,000 people in urban areas.

Educational problem
 Shortage of educational
institution
 Shortage of qualified
teachers
http://www.irinnews.org/report/82868/bangladesh

208

How to deal with overpopulation
Bangladesh Government has Taken Some Measurements…..

Better education:
 Specially for women in Bangladesh education upto college is free.
 Provide Book free of cost to all and stipen to the poor student.

Family planning: Made satelite clinic in more areas to make thepeople aware and family planning service available.

Preventing early marriages: More strict laws are expected.
Stopping early pregnancies: If girls start having children from anearly age, they are more likely to have more children because they
will be in their fertile years for longer.

CONCLUSIONSOverpopulation is a big problem in Asia.
The situation is most serious in China, India and
Bangladesh.
Many reasons work behind it. The main reasonsare poverty, lack of education, traditional view e.t.cThere are many adverse effect of overpopulation.
Major effects are traffic, housing problem,
shortage of resource, environmental pollution andso on.
 To deal with this problem we can take somenecessary steps like, Family planning, Better
education, Financial support and so on.
209

DISCUSSION TOPICS
1. Can you image any advantages of overpopulation
in your country?
2. What will be happened if there are 14 billion
people on the earth?

210

2018.5.25

Various Problems Induced by Land
Subsidence and the Resolutions

Ta k u m i S a t o ( M 2 ) , H a r u k i K a n a y a m a ( M 1 ) ,Suozhu (D2), Nayla Majeda Alfarafisa (D1)

Outline• Definition• Land Subsidence in Japan• Causes of Land
• Land Subsidence in
Subsidence
Indonesia• Impacts of Land
• Land Subsidence in China
Subsidence• Countermeasures• Methods for Monitoring • Conclusions
Land Subsidence211

DEFINITION OF LAND SUBSIDENCE

What Is Land Subsidence?
• Land subsidence is the gradual settling or sudden
sinking of land with respect to surrounding terrain or
sea level (Hu et al., 2004)• Land subsidence includes both gentle downwarpingand the sudden sinking of discrete segments of theground surface. Displacement is principally downward,
though associated horizontal deformation often has
significant damaging effects (Burbey, 2011)212

Land Subsidence in San Joaquin Valley

Land Subsidence in San Joaquin Valley, California, USA

San Joaquin valley is one of the most productive agricultural regions in USA. Groundwater
extraction was estimated as a main cause of land subsidence in San Joaquin Valley.
https://ca.water.usgs.gov/land_subsidence/
http://cdoovision.com/central‐valley‐ca‐on‐us‐map/central‐valley‐ca‐on‐us‐map‐subsidence1926‐70/

CAUSES OF LAND SUBSIDENCE

213

Main Causes of Land Subsidence• Groundwater Extraction• Oil or Natural Gas Extraction• Natural Disaster (Earthquake)• Building Load

Groundwater Extraction
It is estimated 80% serious
land subsidence was causedby excessive groundwater
pumping.
Soil stress changes whengroundwater is pumped out,
which will promote silt andclay’s compaction.
Thus, the total volume ofthe silt and clay is reduced,
resulting in the lowering of
the surface.
https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1392/pdf/circ1392.pdf

Schematic Depiction of Land Subsidence Caused by
Groundwater Extraction
214

Oil or Natural Gas Extraction
When natural gas is extracted from a natural gas field, the initial pressure in
the field will drop over the years.
The gas molecules help support the soil layers above the field.
When the gas is extracted, the overburden pressure sediment compacts andmay lead to subsidence of the ground level.

Schematic Depiction of Land Subsidence Caused by Oil and Gas Extraction Activity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidence

Earthquake

Schematic Depiction of Intensive Liquefaction of Saturated Sandy Soil

Soil liquefaction describes a phenomenon whereby a saturated or partiallysaturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an appliedstress, usually earthquake shaking or other sudden change in stress condition,
causing it to behave like a liquid.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10553-017-0856-9

215

Building Load
BeforeLoading

After
Loading

Soil
Water
Schematic Depiction of Land
Subsidence Caused by Building Load

Soil with clay and silt composition will possess high concentration of water.
Building load will stress the soil causing the water running out from the soil
and the total volume of the soil was decreased.
https://www.kg‐net2005.jp/study/saigai‐to‐taisaku/jibanchinka.html
https://blogs.ntu.edu.sg/hp331‐2015‐19/reasons‐for‐the‐sinking/

IMPACTS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE

216

Several Impacts of Land Subsidence• Damage to buildings• Damage to Lifeline facilities (waterand gas pipes etc.)• More High‐risk of tsunami andfloods due to declined embankment
capacity• Economic loss
• Health problems• Loss of soil fertility• Loss of fresh water availability• Threat of food scarcity
Damage to Buildings (above) and Damage by Floods (below),
as Results Affected by Land Subsidence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidence
http://www.higashi-nagasaki.com/e2012/E01-2012_108_2.html

LAND SUBSIDENCE MONITORING

217

Methods for Monitoring Land Subsidence
Vertical Extensometer•••
Vertical Extensometer Principle

This
instrumentcanmeasure the relative
depth
betweenthebottom of the borehole
and the ground surface
Suitable for monitoring insmall scale area
Measurement accuracy is±0.01 mmhttps://bditest.com/product/sensors/extensometers/retrieva
ble-extensometer/

Methods for Monitoring Land Subsidence
Leveling
GPS surveying is used to monitor
subsidence over greater distances or at aregional scale. Benchmarks or “geodetic
stations”, are used along a transect, or
network. Ground elevations at eachbenchmark can be obtained within plus
or minus one inch of accuracy with GPS
surveying. Elevations measured byleveling should be expected to meet an
accuracy of at least ±3 mm andmonument spacing needs to be plannedto achieve that level of accuracy.
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Diagram-showing-theconcept-of-levelling-by-GPS-Differential-GPS-providesellipsoidal_fig17_252900643

218

GPS Leveling Principle

Methods for Monitoring Land Subsidence
InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic
Aperture Radar)
InSAR is a space‐borne remote sensing
technology that uses changes in satellite
radar signals created by interferences on
the earth’s surface to measure changes
in land surface elevation. Results fromInSAR will depend on the site’s terrain,
ground and vegetation conditions, andsources of potential ground disturbancedue to cultural interference such as
agriculture or construction site grading.
InSAR Principle

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924271
615002269#f0005

LAND SUBSIDENCE IN JAPAN219

Land Subsidence in Tohoku, Chiba,
Tokyo and Niigata Areas
Causes of Land Subsidence in Japan• Earthquake (Tohoku, Chiba)• Groundwater Extraction(Tokyo, Niigata)• Building Load

TohokuNiigata
Gifu• Oil/ Natural Gas Extraction

Tokyo
Chiba

Map of Japan
https://matome.naver.jp/odai/2148393354184621901/2148409463660534403

Earthquake Frequency Around Japan

Spatial Distribution of Earthquake Occurred Around Japan (1960‐2011)

Located in one of the most active seismic zones in the world, Japan isfrequently struck by earthquakes.
http://www.data.jma.go.jp/svd/eqev/data/jishin/about_eq.html

220

The Great East Japan Earthquake in Tohoku

The Great East Japan Earthquake in Tohoku area

• According to the Japanese government, the direct financial damage from the disaster isestimated to be about 199 billion dollars.
• The huge earthquake of Mw (9.0) in Japan caused many kinds of damage that wascharacterized by a tremendous number over a vast area.
• Liquefaction caused land subsidence as well as the tilting of private houses, although
there were no resulting casualties.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003808061400078X

The Great East Japan Earthquake in Chiba

The Great East Japan Earthquake in Chiba area

• Obvious land subsidence occurred in the landfilled area (surrounded by Greenline) due to liquefaction.
• Land subsidence only less than 0.1 m was founded in the long‐existing naturalland (area surrounded by Red line).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0267726113001450

221

Trend of Groundwater Levels in Tokyo• Land subsidence in Tokyo lowland started in the 1920s.
• In the 1960s, the groundwater level dropped by an average of 2.5 m/year, andland subsidence advanced by an average of 10 cm/year.
• Japan consumed lots of underground water during high‐growth period.
• The pumping regulation of 1970s restored the groundwater level, but thesubsided land is not recovered.
http://www.deltaalliance.org/media/default.aspx/emma/org/10885863/170728+Land+Subsidence+Management+in+Japan+(Web+Page).pdf

Groundwater Extraction for Melting Snow in Niigata

Length of Pipes for Snowmelting in Japan

Snowmelting Pipes in Niigata• Remarkable subsidence due to groundwater extraction has been observed in thesouthern part of Niigata Prefecture.
• The maximum subsidence amounted to 73 mm/year and the area affected isestimated to be as much as 50 ‐ 60 km2.
• As Niigata is a thick snow‐covered area, a tremendous amount of groundwater isused for melting snow. The total discharge of groundwater is 1.26 x 103 m3 /dayduring winter.
http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a234/iahs_234_0487.pdf
222

LAND SUBSIDENCE IN INDONESIA

Land Subsidence in Bandung Basin••

The Bandung Basin is a large intra‐mountain basinsurrounded by volcanic highlands, located in WestJava province, Indonesia
The impacts of land subsidence can be seen inseveral forms, such as crack in buildings, damage ofinfrastructures (road and bridges), tilting anddamaged houses, and increases in flooding
inundation areas

Bandung Basin Location

Impacts of Land
Subsidence
Gumilar et al., (2015)223

Land Subsidence in Bandung Basin
There are 4 main causes of land subsidence in Bandung basin(Gumilar et al., 2015):
1. Groundwater Extraction
2. Building Load
3. Natural Compaction
4. Tectonic Activity

Groundwater Extraction andLand Subsidence in Bandung Basin

B

A

C

•

•

Gumilar et al., (2015)

D
224

Figure C showed an integrated
map of Bandung basin land
subsidence map (A) and aquifer
damage map (B)Figure D showed correlationshipbetween land subsidence (red)and decrease of groundwatertable (blue) in several areas ofBandung basin

Building Load and Land Subsidence in Bandung Basin

Industrial Activity in Several Areas of Bandung Basin

Most of land subsidence areas in Bandung basin are also industrial areas
with relatively high rate of building construction
Gumilar et al., (2015)

Soil Compaction and Land Subsidence in Bandung Basin

Porous(Loose‐fitting)
Crumbs andBlocks

Surface
Crust
Germinating
Seed

Several Formations in Bandung Basin

Tightly Packed
Geologically, Bandung basin is based on several types of
Crumbsformations (Kosambi, Cibeureum, Cikapundung) which
Large Blocks
with Few Cracks
mainly consist of clay, siltstone, and sandstones.
SubsoilGeological data showed that the formations had
Compaction
undergone compaction from Holocene age and remain
active until nowadays
Depiction of Soil Compaction
Gumilar et al., (2015)
https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/TextVersion/Soil-Degradation-Erosion-Compaction-and-Contamination/Soil-Tilth-and-Compaction225

Tectonic Activity and Bandung Basin Land Subsidence

Fault Activity in Several Areas of Bandung Basin

The geological structure in the Bandung basin area and its surroundings is fault
structure found in the form of fault straightness, fault shift (relative motion). There
are fault ruptures along the direction of West‐East, Southwest‐Northeast, andNorth‐South
Gumilar et al., (2015)

LAND SUBSIDENCE IN CHINA

226

Land Subsidence in China
More than 50 cities in china had undergone land
subsidence, mainly in these three regions:• North China Plain (Tianjin)• Fen‐Wei Faulted Basin (Xi An)• Yangtze River Delta (Shanghai)

https://www.iges.or.jp/en/natural‐resource/groundwater/PDF/5_LandSubsidenceChina‐CCOP.pdf

Land Subsidence in North China Plain

Land Subsidence in Tianjin City
1959‐1995 (mm/year)

Tianjin City
Land Subsidence in North China Plain

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397511000166

227

Land Subsidence in Fen‐Wei Faulted Basin

Fen‐Wei
Faulted basin

Land Subsidence in Fen‐Wei Faulted Basin
https://www.iges.or.jp/en/natural‐resource/groundwater/PDF/5_LandSubsidenceChina‐CCOP.pdf

Land Subsidence in Yangtze River Delta

Yangtze River Delta
Land Subsidence in Yangtze River Delta
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0197397511000166

228

Land Subsidence in Yangtze River Delta• About 10000 Km2 of land has dropped morethan 200 mm.
• The accumulative subsidence in Shanghai and
Wuxi are 2980mm and 2800mm, respectively.
Accumulative subsidence countour in the Yangtze Delta (until 2010)Land Subsidence in Yangtze River Delta—Shanghai City
• Figure a
Averageaccumulative
subsidence of Shanghai City

• Figure b
Accumulative subsidence ofLabor Park in Shanghai City

(GSCEB, 2002)

229

Main Causes of Land Subsidence in Yangtze River Delta• Geological conditions:
thick soft sediments with high compressibility• Human activities:
1. Groundwater extraction
2. Building load
Rapid expansion and development of industrialization
and urbanization are also most important factors foraccelerating land subsidence.

COUNTERMEASURES

230

Restoration of Healthy Hydrological Cycle
Measures for Drinking Water
Resources• Soil Pollution Measures• Prevention of Pollution
by Agricultural Chemicals• Effluent Control• Measures for Domestic
Wastewater• Groundwater Pollution
Measures• Soil Pollution Measures• Ground Subsidence Measures• Measures to Prevent
Eutrophication• Conservation and
Restoration of Seaweed
Beds and Tidelands• Water Quality Conservation Plan
for Lakes and Reservoirs• Measures to Prevent
Eutrophication

Restoration of Healthy Hydrological Cycle

http://www.env.go.jp/en/aboutus/pamph/html/00pan100.html

Example: Groundwater Management in Tokyo• Pumping regulations• Groundwater recharge• Water quality management

CONCLUSIONS

231

Conclusions• Land subsidence can bring serious consequences
if it is not well handled• Land subsidence is caused by human activities or
natural disaster such as groundwater extraction,
oil/natural gas extraction, earthquake, andbuilding load
• Several countermeasures can be done to slow
down the rate of land subsidence

DISCUSSION

232

Discussion Topics• Why should we need to care about land
subsidence?
• Are there any other countermasures against
land subsidence? What are they?

Countermeasure• Restoration of healthy hydrological cycle• Expand the recharge (permeable) area
• Prevent groundwater flow obstruction• Prevent unconfined ground water leakage into
the lower confined aquifer• Optimization of local allocations or distribution in
groundwater pumping volume• Optimization of pumping wells in depth andlocation• Optimal operation of pumping wells in avoiding a
rapid groundwater drop

233

ICT

(Information and Communication Technology)

and environmental issues

Yurie Itagaki(M2) , Takumi Sakakibara(M2) , Faisal Arsyad(M1)Contents• What is ICT ?
• ICT × environmental issues• ICT and environmental issues
in Japan and Indonesia• Conclusion• Discussion topics

234

What is ICT?
☞ The combination of a computer network technology with
telecommunication is called
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) .

☞ICT is a general term for industries and services that use
communications technologies like the Internet.
☞ICT can be definedas the set of technological tools andresources used to communicate andcreate, disseminate, store and manage
information.
☞These technologies include computers,internet, broadcasting technologies andtelephony.
https://hnavi.co.jp/knowledge/blog/ict/

What is ICT?
For example

IC cardSecurity gate

Check email

ICT in daily life

Net shopping

Bank withdrawals

Shop reservation
POS system
https://mypage.plus.i‐web.jpn.com/fjm/ict/index.html

235

Advantages of ICT☞Time saving.
☞Receive information faster and timely.
☞Enables and facilitates communication. http://gcti.com/how-cloud-phonesystems-provide-time-saving-solutionsfor-it-managers/☞Reduce the cost of communication such as e-mail andtelephone.(LINE , Skype, Facebook etc…)☞Safer and easier money transfer.
☞Creating new jobs.
☞It has various possibilities.

Disadvantages of ICT☞There is a security problem. (Hackers , Viruses)☞Diseases(Visual Display Terminal syndrome , Internet addiction disorder)☞e-waste☞Internet and child safety issues.
☞It takes time to recover when the system goes down.
and Not everyone can cure the system.
☞Job losses.
☞Slander on the net.
https://www.irasutoya.com/

236

What isenvironmental issues?
Air pollution

Soil pollution
Drought

https://www.jica.go.jp/bangladesh/bangland/
reports/report15.html

https://4meee.com/articles/view/1000954

Global warming

Water pollution

EnergyForest fires

Bad smell
http://news.livedoor.com/article/image_detail/9712871/?img_id=7838563

https://nikusiminorensa.at.webry.info/
201610/article_1.html

Etc…

https://en.wikipedia.org
http://ryuta‐komori.com//wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand
agi‐artificial‐general‐intelligenc‐3/

× ICT(Collaboration)

ICT ×Environmental issues
Advantages
For example, measures against global warming by ICT☞Using ICT tools and systems can cause CO2 emissions.
☞But, it is possible to improve “efficiency of energy use", "reductionof movement of people and goods” , “efficiency improvement andreduction of production and consumption of goods” by utilizing
ICT. In the end it is possible to contribute to reduction of
CO2 emissions in various fields by utilizing ICT.
☞Moreover , ”Environment measurement” and“Environmental prediction” is also possible
by using ICT.
https://hnavi.co.jp/knowledge/blog/ict/237

ICT ×Environmental issues
Advantages
For example, measures against global warming by ICT
Efficiency・reduction of production
and consumption of goods

Improve energy efficiency
・ITS ( Intelligent transport systems)
・BEMS (building energy management system)
・ HEMS (home energy management system)

Reduction of movement ofpeople and goods· Online shopping, online trading· Teleworking, TV conference· Music, video, software distribution· Electronic application

ordinary
homes

Production/
Distribution/
Transport· Supply chain management· Electronic Publishing, Electronic Distribution· Paperless officeEnvironmental measurement· Environmental prediction
Office /shops· Rider for measuring CO2· Sensing network· Earth Simulator

Utilizing ICT

Contributing to the mitigation of global warming
by promoting the spread of ICT utilization
http://www.soumu.go.jp/johotsusintokei/whitepaper/ja/h22/pdf/m2010000.pdf

ICT ×Environmental issues
Disadvantages
E-waste problem☞ICT needs electronic equipment.
☞E-waste is a term used to cover all items of electrical andelectronic equipment and its parts have been discarded
by its owners as waste.
☞E-waste includes a wide range of used e-products, almost
any household or business item with circuitry or electricalcomponents with power or battery supply.

http://www.palmeira.pr.gov.br/?attachment_id=4708

238

ICT ×Environmental issues
Disadvantages☞In the future E-waste will continue to increase at 4 - 5% per year,
and it was estimated that it’ll reach 49.8 million tons in 2018.
THE GLOBAL E-WASTE MONITOR 2014

ICT ×Environmental issues
Disadvantages
E-waste problem

Most of the e-waste
was generated in Asia

United Nations University ：Regional E-waste Monitor: East and Southeast Asia
THE GLOBAL E-WASTE MONITOR 2014

239

ICT and environmental issues
In Japan

Visualize power
consumption
Visualization
Recognize useless power
consumption
Conscious behavior
Reduction of unnecessary
p
p
power
consumption

Power plugs that can visualize
power consumption☞A joint experiment by FUJITSU with Yokohama City was
conducted and it was reported that Visualize power consumption
could suppress about 20% of power consumption for desktop PCs
and about 5% for laptop computers. Photo https://journal.jp.fujitsu.com/2014/08/01/01/

240

Monitor the forest
in case forest fires☞These years, in Japan, as agricultural community aged,
abandoned areas of cultivation are increasing.
If the abandoned areas of cultivation increase, forest fires
are expected to increase.

☞The cause of forest fires in Japan is mostly artificial
factors such as tobacco and bonfire.

Monitor the forest
in case forest fires

From Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries HP

241

Monitor the forest
in case forest fires
Recognizing
smoke

Remove fog

Original
Mist and smoke can not be
distinguished from each other

Processed
Difference becomes clearer
and smoke can be easily recognized☞Monitor the forest with a surveillance camera, detect smoke
when a fire occurs, and report it.
☞The verification test for monitoring the forest
in China has been finished.

Utilization of ICT
In case of disaster☞In Japan, we can’t avoid from natural disasters.
☞In this year, disasters were brought about by
earthquakes, heavy rains, typhoons, etc.

Photo https://www.nikkei.com/article/

Photo Kobe City HP

DGXMZO34943790U8A900C1000000/

242

Utilization of ICT
In case of disaster☞In recent years, many torrential rains have occurred in Japan.
Under such circumstances, a system that can grasp the flowrate of the river nearby by the GPS function of the smartphone
was developed and it is applied in Kanto prefecture.
☞Due to recent climate change, Japan is suffering from sudden
natural disasters. ICT is greatly expected to deal withthe sudden natural disasters.

ICT and environmental issues
In Indonesia

243

ICT and environmental issues
In Indonesia☞SIMBA is information
System for dissastermitigation based onremote sensing
provided by LAPAN(National Institute of
Aeronautics and Space)http://spbn.pusfatja.lapan.go.id/☞DAILY INFORMATION:
・Cloud Coverage (Satellite: TRMM, Qmorph)
・Fire (Fire Hotspot and Fire Danger Rating System)
・Flood Prediction
・Oceanic parameter (Lower Survival Temperature and Chlorophyll)

ICT and environmental issues
In Indonesia

https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/info-bmkg/id1114372539?mt=8☞BMKG mobile is IOS and Android application for weather,air quality and earthquake information, making it easier andquicker for the public to access the information.

244

ICT and environmental issues
In Indonesia☞SIGN-SMART is aplatform for greenhousegas inventory in Indonesia
to meet the principles of
TACCC (Transparency,
Accuracy, Completeness,
Comparability andConsistency)
http://signsmart.menlhk.go.id/signsmart_new/web/home/☞SIGN-SMART has been developed since the beginning of 2015.
☞This SIGN-SMART is a simplification of the IPCC method that is
widely accessible both nationally and internationally.

ICT and environmental issues
In Indonesia

http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/srn/index.php#stat245

ICT and environmental issues
In Indonesia

https://www.inovasee.com/bahaya‐sampah‐elektronik‐35710/☞Indonesia had not a special regulation for e-waste.
☞Referring to Law No. 18 of 2008 on Waste Management,e-waste is categorized as specific waste that means a wasteneeds a specific management because of its nature,
concentrate and/or volume.

ICT and environmental issues
In Indonesia

E-Waste Management in Indonesia

http://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/125265‐limbah‐elektronik‐akan‐
dikelola

https://pbde.bppi.kemenperin.go.id/files/materi/1.4_ED‐Perindust‐EEE‐PDBE‐08012018.pdf

246

ICT and environmental issues
In Indonesia

E-Waste Management in Indonesia

https://pbde.bppi.kemenperin.go.id/files/materi/1.4_ED‐Perindust‐EEE‐PDBE‐08012018.pdf

Conclusions☞ ICT and their applications can have both positive andnegative impacts on the environment.
☞ In Japan ICT application such as visualizing power
consumption used for reduction of unnecessary power
consumption contributes to environmental preservation.
☞ Due to natural conditions and location, Japan is a country
that is prone to various natural disasters and ICT alreadyapplied to mitigate the disasters.
☞ In Indonesia ICT application on mitigation and environmental
preservation still under development.
☞ E-waste management in Indonesia still become a big issue
that should be resolved.

247

Discussion topics

1. Do you think ICT is good for the environment
from the long term point of view?
2. What can we do with ICT against environmental issues?

248

Is Bali Island a true paradise?
Hiroki Maruyama (M1)
Jiang Shuqin (M2)
Poltak Sandro Rumahorbo (M2)

What is paradise?
The word "paradise" entered English from the French paradis, inheritedfrom the Latin paradisus, from Greek parádeisos (παράδεισος), froman Old Iranian *paridayda- "walled enclosure".

Religion

Meaning

Christianity

The earthly "school" for soul of the righteous dead.

Mormonism

The state of the righteous after death.

Greek Mythology

The place where the soul of the hero lives and is
loved by God.

Buddhism

Place where there is happiness

Islam

The ultimate pleasurable place after death for those
who believe in God.

Paradise is a place of exceptional happiness and delighthttps://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%BD%E5%9C%92_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)249

Why Bali Island is called paradise?
Images of Bali Island• Varied landscapes of hills and mountains• Rugged coastlines and sandy beaches• Lush rice terraces• Deeply spiritual and unique culture
・・・・・・・・・・

How many people visit Bali Island?
The number of visitors

Visitor numbers to Bali Island is steadily increasing
https://search.yahoo.co.jp/image/search?p=%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E5%B3%B6+%E8%A6%B3%E5%85%89%E5%AE%A2%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB&search.x=1&tid=top_ga1_sa&ei=UTF-8&aq=1&oq=%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E5%B3%B6+%E8%A6%B3%E5%85%89%E5%AE%A2%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB&ai=136l6Xr2TP.M7GA
rN27FPA&ts=10310&fr=top_ga1_sa#mode%3Ddetail%26index%3D11%26st%3D549

250

Is Bali Island a true paradise ・・・
or not?

SEVERAL ASPECTS
1.Geography
2.Culture
3.Tourisms
4.Environmental Issues

251

1. Geography

Where is Bali Island?

Bali Island
Indonesia

Bali Island

Indonesia

Area

5500 km2

1.89 million km2

Population

4 million
people240 million
people252

Bali AgaEthnic Groups
1%
Javanese
7%
Balinese89%

others[PERCENTAGE]Climate
temperature （℃）

rainfall (mm)

400

40
20

300 345
274
200
234

10

100

30

0

179
88 93 53 55 25 47 63

0

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

276

month
High
Low

month
https://www.compathy.net/magazine/2015/12/22/weather-forecast-bali-best-season/••

The annual temperature fluctuation is small throughout the year.
The climate is divided into the rainy season from November to March and the
dry season from April to October. However, its boundary is gentle. Rain has
many tropical peculiar squalls, but sometimes it lasts all day.

2. Culture

253

Religions
Christianit
y
2%
Islam
13%

Buddhism
1%

Hindu
Dharma84%

Indonesia …… Islam (90%)
Bali…… Hindu (84%)

God of New Beginnings, Success and Wisdom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesha#/media/File:Ganesha_Basohli_miniature_circa_1730_Dubost_p73.jpg

Festivals

Bali Event Calendars

Chinese New Year

Bali Arts Festival

Bali Kites Festival

Saraswati

Nyepi

254

Galungan and Kuningan
Bali's most important festival. It is a feast
and festival which is held throughout thewhole island and an annual event coinciding
with the wuku year.
It is believed that during the ten-day period,
all Balinese gods will descend to earth forthe festivities. Barongs prance from temple
to temple and village to village incelebration of Galungan with the gods. In
last day (Kuningan festival) gods will
ascend from the earth and return to heaven,then the festival finishes.
http://www.bali-indonesia.com/culture/festival.htm

Makepung Buffalo Races
Makepung is Bali's famous bullrace, which takes place aroundharvested paddy fields around thetown of Jembrana in the regency
of Negara in West Bali.

http://www.bali-indonesia.com/culture/festival.htm

The official grand prix ofbuffaloes is designated as theGovernor's Cup or 'Piala Bupati',
which is scheduled every year
around the month of July, andleads up to the finals and maincelebrations around the month ofNovember.

255

Traditional Dancing
Kecak Dance
Dance based on "Sanghyang Dance" of the ceremonial
dance which is transmitted from long ago.
The story depicts the battle between Prince Lama of
Ayodyia (the symbol of goodness) and King Lafwana(evil symbol) of the evil Kingdom of Aleenka.

Legong Dance
Dance with splendid costumes and delicate movements.
It has been developed as a court dance, glittering
female dancers dance brilliantly and is known as themost beautiful dance in Bali.
https://www.hirochan‐group.com/regular/bali‐information‐culture.html

Foods

Lawar

Nasi Ayam and Nasi Campur

Bebek and Ayam Betutu

Babi Guling

Traditional Cakes and Desserts

Jimbaran Seafood

http://www.bali-indonesia.com/dining/best-food.htm

2563. Tourisms

Temples

Besakih Temple

Goa Gajah

Tirta Empul Temple

Ulun Danu Beratan Temple
http://www.bali-indonesia.com/magazine/bali-must-see-temples.htm

257

Gunung Kawi Temple
It is one of Bali’s most uniquearchaeologicalsites.
The
templecomprises a collection of ancient shrine
reliefs carved into the face of a rock cliff.

http://www.bali-indonesia.com/magazine/bali-must-see-temples.htm

Beaches

Seminyak Beach – best for the hedonists

Nusa Dua Beach – best for a family day out

Jimbaran Bay – best for seafood sunsets

Balangan Beach – best for surf & sunbathinghttps://thehoneycombers.com/bali/best-beach-bali-swim-surf-sand/258

Other attractive places

Ubud Art Market

The Sidemen Valley

Mount Batur

Bali Safari and Marine Park

Sekumpul Waterfall

Ubud Monkey Forest

http://www.bali-indonesia.com/attractions/top-ten.htm
https://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/bali-ina-b-b.htm

4. Environmental issues

259

GarbageAverage volume of waste generation in Bali
is 10,849.10 m3 per day.
.

The local government deploys 35 trucks todispose 100 tons of garbage every day

Garbage in the sea

m3

https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=garbage+in+bali+sea&rlz=1C1KUBR_enJP807JP807&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=
0ahUKEwiW95HInuzdAhWKiLwKHU0BD4YQ_AUIDigB&biw=1600&bih=740#imgrc=biqk-2RrdsPZeM:

260

Garbage at beachBali Island has declared a "garbage emergency" after thecountry's most popular tourist beaches were inundated witha rising tide of plastic waste.
https://www.straitstimes.com/sites/default/files/styles/article_pictrure_780x520_/public/articles/2017/12/28/indonesiarubbish-bali-environment-012440.jpg?itok=jPaOGIzr&timestamp=1514439020

Traffic
Jam

https://www.google.co.jp/search?q=traffic+jam+in+bali&rlz=1C1KUBR_enJP807JP807&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzzZGguvdAhXJ0J8KHQMpDnQQ_AUIDigB&biw=1600&bih=740#imgrc=yA1vCfsZsqHvvM:

 Population boom in Bali Island is relatively high with 673 people/km2 compared tonational average which is 124 people/km2.
 Several main roads are over-crowded with numbers of cars and motor cycles. 71.81% ofvehicles are motorcycles while 19 % are cars.
 Traffic jams in Bali Island also produce more air and noise pollution.

261

Conclusion
1. Bali Island is a beautiful island withwonderful places.
2. Bali Island has unique culture such as
festivals, traditional dancing, foods …..
3. Bali Island attracts many tourists from all over
the world every year.
4. Bali Island has environmental problems,
especially related to garbage problem.

Discussion Topics
1. What is “true paradise” for you?
2. Is Bali Island a “true paradise”?

262

e-Books are more eco-friendly than Paper
Books?
Raj Kishan Agrahari (D1)
Li Shuailei (M2)
Misato Hayashi (M1)https://theecoguide.org/books-vs-ebooks

Contents• Introduction• Paper Books Vs e-books• e-book users in Japan, India & China• Future prospects of Paper Books & e-books• Impacts of Paper Books & e-books on Environment• Conclusion• Discussion topics

https://nghscrimsontimes.com/2901/student-life/ebooks-vs-print-books/

263

Introduction
What is a Paper book?
A book is a physical book that has the text, images, etc., printed on
paper. The pages are bound together, and the book has either ahardcover, or soft cover (paperback).
What’s an e-Book?
An electronic version of a printed book with more multimedia
attached.
History
Although there is no exact date known, between 618 and 907 AD–The periodof the Tang Dynasty (China) –the first printing of books started.
The first e-book:- The Index Thomisticus- 1946, by Roberto Busa.
Andries van Dam from Brown University. coined the term "electronic book", in1965.
Project Gutenberg- first digital library 1970.
https://www.tablethelpline.com/what-is-the-process-of-transfer-pdf-files-to-kindle-e-reader

e-reader?
Introduction
e-Readers?
An e-reader, also called an e-book reader or e-book device, isa mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the
purpose of reading digital e-books and periodicals.
Early e-Readers:
1. Rocket eBook -NuvoMedia [1998](can store up to ten e-books).
2. Gemstar International and Softbook Press Inc- reintroduced it as RCA eBook
Reader [2000].
The Young e-Reader
The Tech lab's Vinci Tablet for children from 0-5 years, by Dr. Dan Yang.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwuDacUN9NI
For Kinder garden kids:
http://www.raz-kids.com/main/ViewPage/name/sample
For School children:
http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/bookhub/reader/128?cid=&e=redden-chab
http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/catalog/editions/68
https://www.tablethelpline.com/what-is-the-process-of-transfer-pdf-files-to-kindle-e-reader

264Paper books Vs e-books
Disadvantages

Advantages

1. A possibility of terminal equipment canbe broken
2. A possibility of illegal copying
will rampant
3. Difficult to read it with different
standards
4. Difficult to lend and borrow

1. Easy to carry
2. A little cheaper
3. No deterioration
4. Zero consumption paper
5. Access from anywhere

Disadvantages

Advantages

1. Can not get it right away
2. Will take up space
3. Can be degraded
4. Can not make it without cutting wood
5. There is a possibility of going out‐of‐print

1. Easy to read
2. Less tiring than e‐book
3. Have a paper feeling
4. More fruitful for reading
5. Bookmark is easy

Paper books Vs e-books
Sales growth of paper books and e-books (world)Paper book$ 5 billion
About $ 50.6 billion

ExpandedE-bookShrinkingby$ 400 million

time

About $ 9.9 billion

About $ 46.3 billion
About $ 4 billion

According to the paper "Global Entertainment and Media Outlook ", contents competing withthe spread of the Internet and the development of mobile terminals are increasing, and sales of
paper books continue to decrease worldwide. Paper book market shrank by 8% from 2011 to2015. On the other hand, sales of e-books expanded 2.5 times during the same period.
https://vdata.nikkei.com/datadiscovery/21book/265e-book users in Japane-books and paper books market in Japan
paper

2000
1500

1,522 billion yen
2011

・ ・ ・

2015

 Sales of paper publications havedeclined for 11 consecutive years.

Weekly magazine of papere‐books¥ 158.4 billion

2500
2000

 In Japan, there is a feature not found inother countries where comics account for
80% of e-books.

1500
1000
500

 Japanese e-book market increased 2.5
times from 2011 to 2015.

¥ 145.4 billion
2011 ・

・ ・ ・

2015

NOVEL

‐2015‐
Percentageof e‐books

COMIC

https://vdata.nikkei.com/datadiscovery/21book/e-book users in Japan
Reading frequency of paper books
1. Frequency to read paper books(People with Experience e-books N=557/ People without Experience e-books N=1,235)

People with
Experience e-books [%]People without
Experience e-books[%]

https://mmdlabo.jp/investigation/detail_1422.html
266

e-book users in Japan
Reading frequency of paper books
2. Purchase frequency of paper books(People with Experience e-books N=545/ People without Experience e-books N=901)

People with
Experience e-books [%]People without
Experience e-books[%]

https://mmdlabo.jp/investigation/detail_1422.html

e-book library of JapanAs a method of browsing e-books, there is "National Diet Digital Collection" inJapan. Here, you can search and browse the digital materials collected and stored by
the National Diet Library.

http://dl.ndl.go.jp/267

e-book users in India

India

 The Indian market for e-book buyers forms the second largest e-Book
market in the world.
 India is considered to having a huge potential owing to burgeoning middle
class that speaks English aided with an increasing disposable income.
 Additionally, as Indian e-publishers producing content for Indian
consumers, global e-publishers have started outsourcing their e-publishing
service to Indian firms.
e‐Book‐Market Size & Growth
Growth in terms of %

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Year
https://www.hindustantimes.com

e-book users in India
Total internet User

Growth in terms of%

Growth in terms of
%

India

60

60
40
20
0

40
20

2011

2012

Rural Subscriber
Urban Subscriber

2013

2014

2015

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Year

Year
Total e-Book trade Revenues

100

60
40
20
0

%

%

Institute use internet for study

Adult e-Book trade Revenues

50
0

2011

2011

2012

Year
Children e-Book trade Revenues

2012

Religious e-Book trade Revenues

35

50

%

%

100

Year

0
2011
https://www.hindustantimes.com

30
25

2012

2011

Year
268

Year

2012

Indiae-book library of India

The National Digital library of India (NDLI) is a project under Ministry of
Human Resource Development, India. The objective is to integrate several national
and international digital libraries in one single web-portal. The NDLI provides freeaccess to many books in English and the Indian languages.

https://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/Indiae-book library of India

The National Mission on Libraries India, an initiative of the Ministry of
Culture under the Government of India, works to modernise and digitally linknearly 9,000 libraries across India to provide readers access to books andinformation.

http://www.nmlindia.nic.in/269

e-book users in China

China

Paper books and e-books market in China
8
Total book reading
7

paper booke-book

6

Book

5
4
3
2
1
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017Year

In 2017, the average Chinese per capita paper book reading was 4.66, andthe per capita e-book reading was 3.12. Paper books are still more popularthan e-books. However, in recent years, e-books contribute to the total
reading growth.
Source: Chinese press and Publishing Research Institute,2018

e-book users in China

China

Reading time per day
90
80.43

80

74.40

2017
2016

70

Time(min)

60.70

Paper Media

60

Electronic Media

50
40
30
20

27.22
20.38 20.20
12.61 13.88

12.00 13.15

10

8.12

6.88 6.61

5.51

0
Book

Newspaper Journal

OnlineMobilephone

Pad

e-readerIn the traditional paper media, the book reading time of adult Chinese people is about
20 minutes per day. In the new digital media, the per capita mobile phone reading in
China is 80 minutes per day.
People tend to spend more time on digital reading.
Source: Chinese press and Publishing Research Institute,2018

270

Chinae-book users in China
Adult digital reading population distribution

It can be seen that 84.9% of adult digital reading readers in
China are 18-49 years old.
Source: Chinese press and Publishing Research Institute,2018

China

e-book library of China

The National Library of China (NLC) serves as the repository of the nation's
publications, a national bibliographic center, a national center for preservationand conservation of ancient books, as well as the national museum of ancient
books.

Source: http://www.nlc.cn/newen/271

Future prospects
Cognitive usage of e-books
Age group [%]ALL [%]

Base: Overall (n = 2,890)

According to a net survey on the recognition of e-books by "Macromill", they found that therecognition rate of e-books is about 97%. In addition, it was about 41% who used it.
By age group, people who have used e-books became graphs.
In other words, it turned out that the usage experience of e-books declined as the age
increased.
https://honote.macromill.com/report/20160830/?cid=SL-PR

Future prospects
Forecast of e-books ～What do you think the future of e-books will become～Age group [%]ALL [%]

I think that paper books and e-books will be used properly
I think that paper books and e-books will be used properly
Paper books remain as main

I think that a paper book will be replaced with an e-book
I think that it will part partly a paper bookI think that it will be used properly depending on demands and merits
I think that it will part partly an e-book
I think paper books remain as main

Base: Overall (n = 2,890)

When “Macromill” also asked what you think about the relationship between future “e-books”
and “paper books”, They found that about 21% think that “paper books replace e-books”. The
tendency is higher as younger generation. Looking at the graph, 27.7% in teens , 26.6% in 20's,
24.6% in 30's, 21.9% in their 40s, 16.9% in their 50s and 15.4% in their 60s.
https://honote.macromill.com/report/20160830/?cid=SL-PR
272

Future prospects
Forecast of e-books ～Which do you like, e-books and paper books～
Base: Overall (n = 1,183)

On the other hand, they ask experienced users of ebooks “which do you like “e-book” and “paper
book?”, about 68 % of respondents said that they
liked “paper books”.
Some people support “e-books” from theviewpoint of convenience, but they seem to have
many people who support “paper books” in termsof legibility and preference.
I prefer paper books
If anything, I like paper books better
Neither
If anything, I like e-books better
I prefer e-books

https://honote.macromill.com/report/20160830/?cid=SL-PR

Future prospects
Forecast of e-books and paper books
Sales of e-books are growing, but it is found that there are more people who
like paper books than e-books

Based on the above results, e-books will secure certain markets by taking
advantage of its characteristics, but from the point of difficulty in reading andlack of satisfaction, it is considered that the age of exceeding printed books
will not come for a while

https://tokyop.com/dbook_intro/index.html
https://www.irasutoya.com/2013/09/blog-post_4710.html

273

Environmental impact
What is Eco-friendly?
Having a beneficial effect on the environment or at least notcausing environmental damage.
Based on some basic Googling (wikipedia and the like), I assumed the following:• 1 average sized tree produces about 680kg (1500lbs) of paper.
• Harry Potter all 7 books together mass approximately 2.9kg (Amazon).
• The Amazon has sold 450 million copies, Harry Potter Books complete series.

Q:How many trees did it take to print 450 million copies of thelatest Harry Potter?
Ans:

So a very rough estimate: (450,000,000sets) * (2.9 kg/ set) = 1,305,000,000 kg ofHarry Potter Books (1,305,000,000 kg) /(680 kg of paper/tree) = 1,919,000 trees
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_green_lantern

Result• The most dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of species• Eighty percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, andmany cannot survive the deforestation (due to wood and paper products)that destroys their homes.
• Trees also help perpetuate the water cycle by returning water vapor to
the atmosphere. Without trees to fill these roles, many former forest
lands can quickly become barren deserts.

1,919,000 trees

2TB hard Drive

450 million Harry Potter paper Books

450 million Harry Potter e‐Books

Lets See how Ecofriendly?
https://www.123rf.com/photo_6157620_a-cartoon

274

Environmental impact
Parameter which is used by different researcher to study the
impact of Paper Books & e-books on environment .
•
•
•
•
•
•

Material Inputs
Water inputs
Energy Intensity
Air emission
Water emission
Solid waste

http://www.edushi.com/zixun/info/2-12-n4404965.html

Environmental impact
e-book system

Paper book system

Source：Dowd-Hinkle, Dealva Jade, "Kindle vs. Printed Book An Environmental
Analysis" (2012). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology.

Source： https://www.keyoung.hk/ebook-conversion

There are three stages in the life of paper that have the greatest negative impact on theenvironment: harvesting the trees, processing the wood into pulp, disposal at the endof its life.
275

Environmental impact
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a technique to evaluate the environmental
impacts associated with the life of a product (or service), from cradle to grave.

Life cycle stages for printed reading materialLife cycle stages for e-readers
Source：Clean Techn Environ Policy (2015) 17:803–809

Environmental impact
Research 1
Functional unit
40 books (each 500 page), eachweighing 1.05 kg, Total weight
42.08 kg

The paper book system required more raw materials and water inputs, consumed moreenergy, and produced more air and water emissions and solid wastes than the e-Reader
system.
Source：Dowd-Hinkle, Dealva Jade, "Kindle vs. Printed Book An Environmental Analysis" (2012). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology.

276

Environmental impact
Research 1

The data compiled in this report looked specifically at CO2 emissions and foundthat e-books prevent the release of more CO2 than they release per year.

Source：Dowd-Hinkle, Dealva Jade,"Kindle vs. Printed Book An
Environmental Analysis" (2012). Thesis.
Rochester Institute of Technology.

Environmental impact
Research 2

Maria E. Environmental impact of printed and electronic teaching aids, ascreening study focusing on fossil carbon dioxide emissions, 2009

Functional unit: Use of teaching aids (books) for five years for 5,000 pupils per year, eachbook weighing 0.8 kg. The pupils reside in six different cities in Norway.

The results show that the pulp and paper production as well as the printing
process contribute significantly to the total impact on global warming ofprinted textbooks.
277

Environmental impact
Research 2

For the web based electronic reader, the production of computer equipment
for the users and the use phase contribute in a significant way to the total
impact of global warming of this type of product.

Environmental impact
Research 2

The study shows that the environmental impact of a web based electronic teachingaid is approximately 10 times higher than that of a printed textbook.

278

Environmental impact
Research 3

Brett Cohen. A life cycle assessment of e-books and printed books in South Africa, 2016.

Functional unit: reading 21 books. This figure represents the total number of books required for a fouryear commerce degree at a local university.

Environmental impact
Research 3

It shows that the print system requires approximately three times more energy (1525 MJ) to
offer the same service as the digital system (473MJ).
The findings of this study suggest that the environmental impact of e-books read on iPads
is less than that of reading printed books.

279

Conclusion• Paper books and e-books both serve its purpose forentertaining reading lovers.
• In point the of eco-friendly e-books are comparatively good frompaper book as it less disturb the biodiversity.
• For making paper books lots of forest get destructed and it effectenvironment, animal as it destroyed their ecological niche.
• e-books are more user friendly regarding caring, sharing, reading.
• e-books won’t replace paper books because people love
both. e-books may be selling more than paper books but it
won’t ever replace paper books.

Discussion Topics

1. Do you think the e-books will replace the paper books inthe near future?
2. For teenager, do you recommend electronic media forreading? And why?

280

ThankYouhttps://www.google.co.jp/search?q=save+green+lungs+of+earth+tree&tbm

281