Incorporating community lessons
in building disaster resilient housingof the Mekong river communities-The role of Technical Services & Building Materials Exhibit Complex in Bam Earthquake(2003)
Garden City

Historic City

Adobe Architecture

Lively City

Magnitude: 6.6 (R.Sc.)-Date: December 26- 2003- 26721 Dead
To Be Reconstructed828

To Be Reconstructed

24332

Total

PRESERVATION OF
IDENTITY

25562

To Be Repaired

PARTICIPATORYRECONSTRUCTION

50722

PHYSICAL RESILIENCETHE IDEAESTABLISHING TECHNICAL SERVICES & MATERIAL EXHIBIT COMPLEX
1. CREATING A SUITABLE SPACE FOR INTEGRATED PROCESS IN DESIGNING THROUGH THE VICTIMS, DESIGN CONSULTANTS
2. EXHIBITION OF BUILDING MATERIALS FOR THE LOCAL PROFESSIONALS, ARTISANS AND TECHNICIANS
3. PRODUCING DOORS, WINDOWS, FIXTURES AND JOINERY ELEMENTS
4. PROVIDING HOUSING APPROPRIATE SAMPLES PROPOSING ARCHITECTURAL & STRUCTURAL PATTERNSParticipatory Design

URBAN & ARCHITECTURAL
PRINCIPLESSPECIAL BUILDING CODES

Building Materials
Workshops

RECONSTRUCTION OPERATIONSBuilding Materials Exhibition

Architectural patterns& building technology

TALES OF FLOODYOURS AND MINE

Ong Ke ShinPhD Candidate, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Fellow, Japan Foundation HANDs Program 2017/2018
keshinong@gmail.com

crowdsourcing flood stories through social media
Background

Problem statement

Flood is the most destructive natural disaster in Malaysia. When flood strikes
Penang, be it natural or man-made, precious lives are lost, families broken,
infrastructure and personal assets are wasted. Despite its severity and thehigh possibility of reoccurrence of flooding due to the escalating climatechange, awareness and preparedness of communities previously affectedby flood remained lukewarm. Memories of flood faded, forgotten fleetingly,
deliberately or subconsciously when traces of flooding were effaced.

Objectives

Why Crowdsourcing

This pilot project “Tales of flood, Yours and Mine” aims to
explore the possibility of leveraging social media to recollect memoriesof the most severe flood in Penang, Malaysia that took place in 2017 via
crowdsourcing
to provide a virtual platform to engage the public in preserving,interpreting and reflecting and remembering on flooding
better understand how public perceive flood.

“Process of leveraging public participationin or contributions to projects and activities.”(Hedges & Dunn, 2018)
Foster civic participation and discussion by
engaging public that is not part of a formal
institution
Collect bottom up resources, amplifying
citizen's voices.

Conceptual framework
Dispersed memories/data

Ong Ke ShinPhD Candidate, Universiti Sains Malaysia

Growing interest in and active
contributiononFellow,
Japan Foundation
HANDs! Program 2017/18
social media provide a new approach for flood
keshinong@gmail.com
victims and witnesses to record and constructdisaster memory. The 2017 disastrous flood that
occurred in Penang, Malaysia left tremendous
traces and valuable records in social media, yetloads of these informal public generated dataremain unstructured and dispersed, therefore
underexplored.

Aggregationof dataInterpretation/reflection
Making sense of data

Integrating and formalizing data > knowledge
Potential User
- Malaysian Medical Relief Society(MERCY MALAYSIA)- Penang State Government- District Health Office and etc

Redistributionof data

Potential Application- Exhibition- Disaster preparedness video clips- Flood walking tour

Application of the framework to crowdsource flood memories in Penang, Malaysia

Constructing the crowd

Acquisition

Assimilation

Harnessing crowd capital

Who?

How?

Then?

How?

Making sense of the information#tagging
Type of content

Challenges

Acknowledgements

The challenges faced executing this on-going pilot project is
While the aim is to provide an inclusive platform for citizens to share
their stories, relying on social media exclude non – social media users
Users' information privacy concern limits participation and datacollection
Time consuming to create and maintain active crowd (Martí,Serrano-Estrada, & Nolasco-Cirugeda, 2019)

TeLL-Net for supports rendered

References
Labour intensive to process, validate and interpret large volume of dataHedges, M., & Dunn, S. (2018). Introduction. Academic Crowdsourcing in the Humanities, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100941-3.00001-2
Martí, P., Serrano-Estrada, L., & Nolasco-Cirugeda, A. (2019). Social Media data: Challenges, opportunities and limitations in urban studies. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,
74(May 2018), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2018.11.001-

Cyclone Nargis: A First Hand Narrative of the Aftermath (Presented by Nyi Soe, Myanmar)
The Worst Natural Disaster in Myanmar
Myanmar is the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia with a total
land area of 676,578 square kilometers and a population of 51.5
million. Its long coastline of about 2,000 km covers almost the entire
coast of the Bay of Bengal. As a country prone to heavy rainfall, floods
occur regularly during the mid-monsoon period (June to August) inareas traversed by the rivers.
On 2 and 3 May 2008, Cyclone Nargis, category 4 cyclone, swept infrom the Bay of Bengal and made landfall in
Yangon andAyeyarwady Regions, resulting in large-scale loss of life and destructionof infrastructure, property and livelihoods. Approximately 140,000
people were killed or unaccounted for following the Cyclone. One thirdof the inhabitants of Ayeyarwady and Yangon Regions, 2.4 million
people were affected. The Cyclone struck 37 townships, covering an
area of 23,500 square kilometers, a landmass slightly smaller than the
country of Haiti. Globally, Cyclone Nargis was the eighth deadliest
cyclone ever recorded and it was by far the worst natural disaster inhistory. Strong winds and heavy rain caused the greatest
damage in the Ayeyarwady Delta where a storm surge compounded theimpact of the cyclone.
Cyclone Nargis had a substantial long-term impact on
livelihoods and resulted in enormous physical losses, including thedestruction of homes and critical infrastructure such as roads, jetties,
fuel supplies, electricity and water and sanitation systems. A large
proportion of water supplies were contaminated and food stocks weredamaged or destroyed. The damage was most severe in the Delta
region also known as therice bowl, where the effects ofextreme winds were compounded by a 3-4 metre storm surge,
devastating most of the fertile areas and submerging countless villages.
Cyclone Nargis caused devastation to the environment of the tworegions where local livelihoods are heavily reliant on the natural
resource base. It destroyed 38,000 hectres of natural and replanted
mangroves, submerged over 63 percent of paddy fields and damaged
43 percent of fresh water ponds. Immediate action was required toaddress the basic humanitarian needs of the Nargis-affected population
given the immensity of human suffering and the social and economic
toll the disaster had on families and communities. An early recovery
programme that could ensure that transition into medium and longterm recovery was an urgent need to focus on the restoration of
livelihood, assets of the poor and essential services.

aid and international relief workers into the country. The SecretaryGeneral of ASEAN personally persuaded the leaders of Myanmar topermit the entry of relief workers in to the country to assist Cyclone
survivors in the spirit of ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Managementand Emergency Response (AADMER) so ASEAN-Emergency Rapid
Assessment Team (ASEAN-ERAT) was permitted. He was then urged by
the governments and organizations around the world to broker
agreements with Myanmar to open up space for humanitarianassistance. As a result, the ASEAN led mechanism was agreed and theASEAN Humanitarian Task Force (AHTF) was established. Aid and relief
workers from international community as well as medical teams wereallowed. After the establishment of ASEAN Task Force, ASEAN-UN
International Pledging Conference attended by representatives from 51
countries was successfully held on 25 May.
Message on Cyclone Nargis and is aftermath
The devastation of Cyclone Nargis was enormous.
Imagine the enormity of the Cyclone : killed 140,000 people andaffected 2.4 million people.
Estimated damage : US$ 4 billion
Winds up to 215 km/h and 3.5meter storm surge which travelled
40 km up the 2 regions and the tide was like a monster.
Unpreparedness & Negligence on the effective early warning
system.
Lessons learnt from this tragic experience : must notunderestimate the natural disasters.
One big challenge : Resilience from the people living in remoteareas.
Disaster awareness and DRR trainings
to disasters.
Updating early warning systems : vital in the struggle to prevent
disasters and save lives.
Blessing in disguise : A few years after Cyclone Nargis, 2010
General Elections: political change began to open Myanmar up
to the outside world.

HTF set up a Yangon based TCG (Tripartite Core Group composed ofrepresentatives from ASEAN, Myanmar and United Nations) as aworking mechanism for coordinating, facilitating and monitoring theflow of international assistance to Myanmar. To support the ASEAN led
coordinating mechanism, a Coordinating Office was established to work
closely with representatives from the government and UN under the
TCG. The first meeting of TCG agreed to conduct a Post-Nargis Joint
Assessment (PONJA) to determine the full scale of the impact of
Cyclone Nargis and requirements for both immediate humanitarianassistance needs and medium-to longer-term recovery. In early 2009,
TCG launched the Post-Nargis Recovery and Preparedness Plan
(PONREPP) to provide a platform for the transition from emergency
relief and early recovery towards medium-term recovery. The TCG set 3
levels of coordinating mechanisms:

strength of the NDPC was that it was positioned at the highest level ofgovernment and its strong leadership helped ensure continuity
throughout the recovery process and the smooth transition from one
phase to another, from relief to early recovery, early to mid-term
recovery and eventually to long-term development.
Post-Nargis experiences underline the need for any other countries tobe prepared for disaster but also to possess the knowledge and skills
to respond. Methods and needs for assessing needs, damage and loss,
community-based monitoring systems, aid tracking systems and all theother tolls and mechanisms required for post-disaster relief andrecovery efforts ought to be readily available prior to disasters. Training
for assessment teams should be conducted on a periodic basis andtheir capacity needs enhanced and supported so that they can be easily
dispatched when the need arises.
Effective assessment and monitoring are vital to guiding thecoordination and implementation of aid programmes and ensuring that
relief and recovery efforts reflect the needs of the affected community.
According to periodic reviews, the affected population must be active
participants in surveys and results must be grounded in meaningful
consultation. The initiatives were part of wider efforts to ensure thatthe post disaster relief and recovery programmes were people-centred
and focus squarely on the needs of the affected communities.
The aftermath of disaster like Cyclone Nargis provided an entry point tointegrate DRR (Disaster Risk Reduction) into relief and recovery
programmes. Several studies have concluded that investing in DRR
initiatives is more cost-effective than conducting post-disaster
activities. DRR is valuable because it encompasses a multi-hazard risk
reduction approach to ensure sustainable development. The outcomesof implementing DRR in Nargis-affected areas: enhanced engagementby communities in DRR measures; improved capacity to disseminate
and act on early warning; strengthened locally-adapted mitigation
measures in vulnerable areas; integration of disaster mitigation intocurrent recovery and reconstruction efforts; and improved
preparedness, mitigation policies and response mechanisms among
national and local institutions.
Cyclone Nargis made ASEAN to challenge its collective response to amajor disaster in a Member State. The experiences helped ASEAN
better understand the nature of humanitarian architecture after amajor-scale disaster and how DRR initiatives can mitigate the impact of
a disaster. It was the first time for ASEAN to work so closely with theUnited Nations at the operational level in the coordination of a joint
humanitarian effort in response to on the worst natural disasters to
strike the region in decades.
Applying the lessons from Cyclone Nargis requires recovery anddevelopment efforts to focus on the protection, restoration andenhancement of the environment in Nargis-affected areas, particularly
forests, land and freshwater resources. Investing in soundenvironmental management can provide a more sustainable basis forlivelihoods and food security and build resilience to future disasters andclimate change.

1) Recovery Forum: focused on strategy and policy with widestakeholder membership;2) Recovery Coordination Centre : technical coordinating unit at theoperational level and aimed to exploit opportunities for enhanced
coordination of funding;

Source: ASEAN Secretariat
National Response and International AssistanceThough the National Disaster Preparedness Central Committee(NDPCC) was activated the next day and assigned rescue, relief andrehabilitation tasks to ministers and deputy ministers, the scale of thedevastation quickly proved overwhelming and supply stocks existing
within the country were limited and soon exhausted. In this context, it
was vital that the international community be granted access to bringin relief for the Cyclone-affected communities. The
reaction to the international assistance sparked confusion and it said
that it would only accept bilateral aid and welcomed donations of cash
and emergency aid but was not ready to receive search and rescue
teams or journalists from foreign countries.

3) Recovery Hub : coordinating unit at the field level both at townshipand village levels.
The TCG set out a three-year framework to guide recovery efforts
following Cyclone Nargis provided a platform for transition fromemergency relief and early recovery towards a medium-term recovery
with three themes: productive lives, healthy lives and protected lives.
commissioned a series of interim assessments refers to as Periodic
Reviews to gauge the status of relief and recovery and revolving needsof the Cyclone affected population and could implement up to Periodic
Review IV.
The TCG was successful in building trust and confidence in the postNargis humanitarian relief and recovery effort and facilitating
cooperation between the Myanmar Government and the international
community. The TCG has been lauded as an innovative example of abody that ASEAN and other regional associations around the world
could replicate in response to future emergencies. The mandate of the
AHTF and TCG were extended to the end of July 2010 by the ASEAN
Summit and the ASEAN led coordinating mechanism completed on 31
July 2010.

Source: ASEAN Secretariat

impacts were exacerbated by earlier damage to theenvironment, including deforestation and degradation of mangroves,
over-exploitation of natural resources such as fisheries, and soil
erosion. The heavy loss of life as a result of the storm surge wasprimarily due to prior loss of about 75 percent of the original mangrove
cover n the Delta which could have served as buffer against the storm
surge.
Experiences from Cyclone Nargis clearly demonstrate the vicious circle
in which pre-existing environmental degradation increased
vulnerability, turning a natural hazard into a major disaster. The
disaster resulted in in further environmental damage, jeopardizing thesustainability of livelihoods and ecosystem functions.

Lessons Learnt

Lessons Learnt
Coordinating Mechanism for International Aid
Amidst the chaos and confusion ASEAN took the lead in braking down
the communication and trust barriers that were preventing the flow ofHigh-level government leadership is critical to the success of any
disaster response especially in the case of large-scale disasters.
high-level natural disaster coordinating body called the
National Disaster Preparedness Central Committee was established in2005 in accordance with the Hyogo Framework for Action. A key

The areas of affected by Cyclone Nargis illustrated the interdependent
linkages between the environment, livelihoods and disaster
vulnerability. The driving forces of degradation in the Delta and Yangon
Region are closely related tolivelihoods and their natural
resource management practices as well as the way in whichgovernment policies are implemented. Low input and unsustainable
farming practice, lack of awareness and knowledge, deforestation andover-exploitation of forest resources, over harvesting of fisheries, weakland use planning, inadequate information on natural resources are thekey factors for environmental degradation.
Last but not least, Cyclone Nargis provided opportunity to theGovernment of Myanmar which was a military regime in power fortwenty years to have cooperation with international community not
only with the regional associations and international organizations but
also with donor countries especially the western world and a few years
later, political change began to open Myanmar up to the outside
world. In 2010 Myanmar citizens voted for their first elected leaders in
two decades and the political opening pushed the country to
collaborate with neighboring countries and international partners.

Struggle for Heritage Conservation:
Post 2015 Gorkha Earthquake Reconstruction ofRanipokhari in Kathmandu, Nepal

Introduction/ Background

Heritage Value

The devastating Gorkha earthquake-2015 in Nepal has
affected about 2,900 structures with cultural, historical andreligious heritage value. Among these, was the Ranipokhari(Queens Pond) built from 1664 to 1669 AD by King Pratap
Malla to console his wife who was mourned by theuntimely demise of their son. The originally iconic SikharaHindu temple Balgopaleshwor Mandir in the
middle of the pond, rebuilt in Gumbaz style after the great
Earthquake in 1934, was completely damaged during 2015
Gorkha quake. The popular myth is that the pond wasconstructed filling it with holy waters from 51 different
holy pilgrimages of Nepal and India.

The pond is a testimony of the use of ancient knowledge ofMalla-era archeology and water distribution system ofmedieval city of Kathmandu which is characterized by:Construction of several wells in pond bed for water supply,
recharge and drainage with sand and black cotton soil,
construction of dykes using traditional bricks (Ma Appa) inlime mortar
The live heritage site serves as a melting pot of various
cultures and religions in the Kathmandu valley; Bhai Tika
(festival for brother), Chat Puja (worship to Sungod by
Terai people)

Ranipokhari Complex(Source: Creative Commons, 2014)

Temple in Shikhara Style by Pratap Malla

Temple reconstructed by Jung Bahadur Rana

(Source: Study Report of Ranipokhari Restoration, 2018)(Source: Study Report of Ranipokhari Restoration, 2018)

During Bhaitika Festival

During Chatth Festival

Ranipokhari before earthquake(Source: Creative Commons, 2010)(Source: The Kathmandu Post, 2015)(Source: Creative Commons, 2006)

Heritage Risk

Civic /Community Protest

Loss of traditional wisdom of water
urbanism and cultural faithPlanning to turn the pond complex
into a commercial park using RCC
construction of pond bed, dykes,
templeRanipokhari after earthquake(Source: Creative Commons, 2016)

Under-construction in 2016
(Source: Kantipur, 2016)

President inaugurates
Ranipokhari
reconstruction

The
Disaster(Source: The Himalayan Times, 2017)

Youth activists
stage
demonstrations

16th Jan, 2016

25th April, 2015
4th March, 2019

NRA starts reconstructionin original style

28th Jan, 2019

Use of bulldozer and excavators forremoving of debris-loss ofappa

Use of bull dozer and excavator(Source: The Himalayan Times, 2017)

Politicization of reconstruction
Locals and conservationists padlock the gates - Deputy mayor
promises to refrain from RCC construction >>> Mayor refutes

Reconstruction halted
by Archaeology
Department

24th Aug, 2016

26th Dec, 2017

8th Jan, 201922nd June, 2018

4th March, 2018

Municipality promises
to remove RCC
constructions

30 concerned groups
filed a police complaintdemanding action

Shifting Institutional Responsibility to
NRA from KMC and DOA

Symbolic Protest against delay
Student union turns it into
football ground28th Dec, 2017

ImpactActivists and conservationists united for authenticity inheritage reconstruction >>>> Activism led Government
to change its reconstruction approach to authentic
conservation of several other heritage sites in the valley

Lessons Learnt

Civic protests can be instrumental in bringing positive
decision and policy changes to save heritage frommishandling of post-disaster reconstruction

Protest as football ground(Source: The Himalayan Times, 2019)

Protest by gifting grass to Deputy Mayor(Source: The Kathmandu Post, June 2018)

Protest by activists(Source: Glocal Khabar, September 2016)

Reconstruction by the NRA(Source: The Kathmandu Post, November 2019)

Presenters: Sanjaya Uprety (Ph.D) | Barsha Shrestha

DOA- Department of Archaeology; KMC Kathmandu Metropolitan City;
NRA National Reconstruction Authority

This is an ancient 200 years old community building & rest housecalled Om Bahal sattal located in Patan city. This building was heavily
damaged after 2015 earthquake in Nepal. Date:- May 13 2019

Community of Om Bahal is rebuilding its heritage with support from
Nepal Government and technical support from KVPT. Newar craftsmen& community play a pivotal role in rebuilding. Date:- July 28 2019Before
I have never been to Yame before the disaster23.9

I have participated in the activities of Yame’ volunteer

13.4

Have visited family, relatives and acquaintances

18.0

More event
participants

20.6

Have participated in festivals and events
Visited Yame City Tourist Facilities

After disaster

29.7

54.9

21.6

I have experience to come for farming.

9.8

9.8

I have experience to come for forest volunteer

11.1

11.4

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

Disaster areas / municipalities

Government
agencySocial
WelfareCouncilNPO
organization

Agricultural
Cooperative
JA)

Government
agencyMountainous
area local
group

Business group
NPO organization(%)

Many local visitors rushed to support.

Countryside volunteers at nomal
time continue to support

Water union

Local resident
Administrative district

Nationwide

NPOorganization

Central JA
Local JA(Shows the ratio of multiple response formats, N = 306.)

What volunteers did before coming to Yame city

Damagedprefectures

City residents

Town of Toshima
26 were killed

Our house before the earthquake
Joyama, castle

Dissemination of various kinds of Experience at Educational Site
The Case Study of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake
Yosuke Nakamura , Asuka Maebayashi , Go Urakawa and Hayao Morinaga(Graduate School of Disaster Resilience and Governance , University of Hyogo)
Contents(previous research, documents)

Analyze

Imagination
Realities on Site
What teachers had
experienced
at school

When, Where, What
Happened?
Who did mission?

method : interview

Characteristicof Damage level andDamage area

Educational materials
for disaster response

method : GIS

movie / manual

Codified Knowledge
from Individual Memory

When the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake occurred,
many teachers had to support victims in the shelter atschool in spite of their suffering damage. It was very hardfor them to implement operations because they had
never experienced them. It was also difficult to resume
education for students. 25 yeas have already passed
since the disaster, teachers who had experienced
disaster were more less. Their valuable experiences will
be a personal memory. It is indispensable for us toconserve memories and share as social knowledge.

Collecting of various kinds of experiences
We held forums to research realities what teachers had
experienced disaster responses at school in those days. We
invited some teachers and undergraduates in University of Hyogo
interviewed each one as shown pictures. In addition, I collectedvarious kinds of experiences by visiting others. It is not only
important to collect information but also education for students.

Interviewee : Kobe city teachers
Interviewer : University of Hyogo students

True Story-map (Nagata-ku Ward, Kobe City)
Mikura elementary school
The principal
On that day, I went to my
But we were caught in traffic,
so I get off the car. I rented a bike at
Wakamiya elementary school (3.5km frommy school).
There were 1200~1300 evacuees in theschool. (Usually, there are 300 children.)
We were short of space, so evacuees were

Explanatory notes
Damage rank of buildings
Green : no damage
Yellow : a little damage
Orange : partially destroyed
Red : completely destroyed
Surrounded by bold lines :there was a fire damage

setting up a tent on the ground.
123 people were died in thesouth area because of fire.
I gave three directions to mysubordinates.
3 Make sure the damage situation.

Takatori junior high school
The teacher of curriculum coordinator
On that morning, I went to school on footbecause of traffic jam. I rescued peopleburied alive.
Evacuees were in the classroom,a gym, and corridors. There
were almost 3000 evacuees.
We laid about 50 dead body at fourth floor.
Supplying water and electricity stopped,
so the toilet was clogged.
We ran short of food. There was a scene ofcompeting for food between evacuees.

Goinoike elementary school
The teacher in charge of the sixthgrade
On that day morning, the area aroundmy house was a disastrous fire.
I wanted to go my school, but I had to
do fire fighting. I felt a dilemma
There were 1200 evacuees.
We asked them to entera lecture hall andclassrooms.
A principal got injured because of his
house was damaged. But he led theoperation shelter.

Nagataminami elementary school
The teacher in charge of the fifth grade
Kagura()
elementary school.
On that day morning, many
evacuees rushed for the school.
On the second day, It was not
until we distribute lunch box that we knew
there were 1200 victims in the school.
A kind person brought rise balls for evacuees.
But they were smaller than number of
evacuees. I had no choice but to threw awayit.

25

YOU CAN SUPPORT DISASTER VICTIMS
We introduce our method how to support suffers( REFUGE SUPPORT )

1995

1

1995

NPO

1

2011

3

2011

4

SUPPORTING TEMPORARY HOUSES FOR VICTIMS

2004

11

2004

12

2009

10

2011

8

2011

10

2016

5

2011

2016

6

10

SUPPORTING MENTAL CARE SUPPORT

2001

7

20013

2005

2004

3

5

3

7

208

5

2013

6

2018

3

2005

6

2017

1

5

The International Forum on Telling Live Lessons from Disasters 2020

An Education Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
byYokai(
as Intellectual Resources
Kobe City College of Technology
Tomoki TAKADA
What is Yokai()?

Yokai() is made up of two Kanji. Both " " and " " denote strangeness, mystery, or suspicion.
Kazuhiko Komatsu, who is the leading academic authority on the supernatural in Japan, said that theconcept of yokai has three domains. The first one is yokai as event(dekigoto,). The second is yokai aspresence(sonzai,). And the third one is yokai as object(zoukei,). Such yokai which is drawn inJapanese anime is yokai as object. However, the Japanese people before Edo period thought that a mysterious
and unfavorable phenomena is caused by work of yokai.

Diversity of Yokai
There are many kind of yokai. In addition, theenvironment in which yokai appears is also
diverse. For example, yokai that appears in themountain is tengu (Fig.1), yamauba and konakijiji and so on. Representative of yokai appearing
on the waterfront is kappa (Fig.2) or umibouzu.
Furthermore, there are yokai that appears in thehouse such as akaname (Fig.3) andzashikiwarashi.
What is important is that many kind of yokai
have been told set with types of environment. In
other words, yokai lore is told with a placeness.

Figure 1
Tengu()

Figure 2
Kappa()

Figure 3
Akaname()

Role of Yokai for Disaster Risk Reduction
Yokai lore often tell us the importance of preparing for a disaster. Yokai lore of yaroka-mizu is the content
that people heard a strange voice from the upstream of the river before the flood occurs. And, yokai of konakijiji cry in the mountain before the earthquake occurs. Work of yokai relating natural disaster can be classified
in occurrence factor, omen, situation description, prevention scheme, and disaster history transduction.

Yokai Safety Workshop(
Yokai
yokai lore as a social device
to transmit disaster risks. In this workshop, first of all, the children search for the dangerous places of theirregion (Fig.4, 5). Next, they consider the original yokai that appears in the dangerous places (Fig.6). At thattime, the children propose how to avoid the damage caused by the yokai. Finally, in order to make "Yokai
safety map", the original yokai is plotted on the map (Fig.7).
Through the work to create new yokai, the children who participated in the workshops were able torecognize the risks in the region and suggest how to avoid disaster risks.

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Passing Down the History of theDamages Caused by Mt.Unzen
Volcano and the Issues at Hand
Yoji Higshiyama
Mt.Unzen Disaster Memorial Hall
(Gamadasu Dome)* e-mail: gakugei@udmh.or.jp

1. Introduction

4. The New Efforts
2. Background

3. The Current Situations and Issues

5. Summary