1

2Interviews

Interview with Professor Mingwei CHEN, Principal Investigator,
WPI-AIMR“Never Give Up”

Professor Chen (C): I was born and grew up in the eastern part of China, a city calledSǌzhǀu.
Professor Komatsu (K): And how do you write in Chinese character?
C: This is recorded in the “Three country (Three Kingdom Saga)”, Sangoku Shi inJapanese. It’s a very famous city in the book.
K: In Japanese, we pronounce this as Joshu.
C: Chinese call it Sǌzhǀu.
K: How far is it from your home to sea coast?
C: I think it is about 50 km or 60 km.
K: Very near compared to the size of the country.
C: Yes, it takes about 1 hour or 2 hours to get to the beach. This is a very old city in
Chinese history. Actually the first emperor we called Dongyu. He set 9 states in China.
One is Sǌzhǀu. This is also an important city in Chinese history since a lot of important
battles that changed Chinese history are related to this city.
K: I see, even the modern Joshu is also a busy town?
C: Yes, it is. We have about 2 million or 3 million populations. We always call thiscity as the door of south part of China and the lock of the north part of China.
K: Historically very important city. Also climate should be nice.
C: It is pretty similar to Sendai.
K: You were born and spent your childhood there.
C: Yes. People like my age, around 40 to 45, are a pretty lucky generation in China
since we didn’t need to pay for tuition and boarding when we passed the national exams
and enrolled into colleges. At that time, the Chinese government covered almost
everything.
K: Wonderful.
C: These days a lot of kids from poor families do not have chances to go to colleges
because of the expensive tuitions in China. We frequently heard some sad stories that asmart student passed the national exams and accepted by a top university, but his/herparents could not afford to support him.
K: It is very expensive to attend college.

5C: For a lot of families in China, it is. But at my time the Chinese Government covered
everything.
K: How long the good time lasted?
C: I think it stopped in the middle of the 1990s.
K: About 15 years. Good time, I see.
C: But at that time very few students can pass the national exams. If you can pass theexams, regardless you come from a poor family or a rich family, Chinese government
sponsors your education. I had a lucky time to get my education from college tograduate school. So, I have to say I owe the Chinese Government that gave me all myeducation for free.
K: Your generation has grown up now.
C: Yes.
K: Core persons.
C: These days you can see a lot of famous Chinese are at the age between 40 and 50.
K: Do you have some good memory of your school time, high school or middle school?
No difficult time, everything always happy?
C: From primary school, most of my teachers liked me. They all said I was a smart
student. But I was not always the best student. It is a little bit different, you know. I
never ranked number 1 in my classes. If 50 students are in the class, I could rank the
top 2 or 3. If 100 students in the class, I also could rank the top 2 to 5, but I do notremember I ranked the number 1 in my classes from primary to graduate schools.
K: And how did you select your specialty or major?
C: Well, actually that’s another story. In China, when you apply for the college, youhave to select your major first. At high school, I liked pure science very much. My
physics, chemistry and mathematics were very good, and my Chinese writing was also
very good too.
K: Chinese writing?
C: Writing essay.
K: Essay, sort of composition.
C: My teachers always read my essays in the class. When I was selecting the major, I
had difficult time because personally I liked to be either a writer or a scientist. But myparents wanted me to major in engineering. They simply worried about my future.
They said “If you do an engineering major, you can find a job easily when you
graduate.”
K: But if it is a pure scientific part, it is difficult to find a job.
C: Yes. That’s my parents’ concern. But I didn’t like engineering too much. When my6father’s good friend came to visit us, my father asked me to talk tohim. He was a senior mechanical engineer. He told me “Even you
like science, you can also do something in engineering. The best
major is physical metallurgy because it includes both engineering
part and science part, and requires strong background in both
physics and chemistry.”
K: Practical theory.
C: That is the reason why I selected the physical metallurgy as my major. Now myresearch is a little bit far from engineering side and more close to the basic science.
K: Very interesting. Then for your Ph.D. work, what sort of subject did you choose?
C: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
K: That microscope was produced in China?
C: No, in Japan.
K: JEOL or Hitachi?
C: Hitachi. My first TEM was Hitachi’s machine.
K: How much was accelerating voltage?
C: 200Kev.
K: 200Kev, quite popular.
C: That’s a conventional TEM. You can do bright field imaging; dark field imaging
and selected area electron diffraction.
K: And how was the resolution of the microscope at that time?
C: I don’t remember exactly but it was about 0.3 nm.
K: What sort of material did you handle with this?
C: Intermetallic compounds. Actually, the intermetallic research started from IMR by
Prof. Izumi in 1979. He is the first to find boron doping can improve the ductility ofbrittle Ni3Al.
K: That was the knowledge you had at that time.
C: Intermetallics research was a very hot topic in 1980 and 1990s, just like today’s bulk
metallic glasses. I used electron microscopy to characterize the microstructure,
deformation behavior and defects of intermetallics.
K: So you really enjoyed your Ph.D. work by yourself.
C: I had a very good time. My two major researches related to the metallic materials,
intermetallics and now bulk metallic glass (BMG), both started from IMR.
K: I see. And is it already understood why boron changes the property of the material
ductility?
C: Now people have pretty good sense on this issue. The boron addition leads to7

stronger grain boundaries.
K: Oh I see, the boundary becomes stronger by boron doping. And is it practically usednow?
C: Some intermetallic alloys like TiAl have been used in the aircraft engines.
K: So that work was quite useful then.
C: Yes.
K: It is very interesting. So intermetallics were a sort of a hot subject all over China
then.
C: In the 1990s, it was the hottest topic in the metallic materials field not only in China,
but also in the United States and Japan. I think, all around the world, just like today’sbulk metallic glasses.
K: You spent good time for continuing these new topics.
C: I came to IMR in 1997 and started the research on crystallization of metallic glasses
using atom probe and TEM. At that time, bulk metallic glasses just became hot.
K: Very lucky in a sense.
C: I worked in Sakurai lab for 2 years. I have done two important works which are still
very valuable in today’s metallic glass research. I am the first person who used electron
microscopy to find the quasicrystal phase in annealed metallic glasses. People always
thought about the correlation between metallic glasses and quasicrystals, simply
because icosahedron is the most stable structure in metal liquids and metallic glasses are
just the frozen metal liquids.
K: After annealing, you found that the…
C: The quasicrystals.
K: And this is a kind of Junkessho. It was proved in a way.
C: Using the electron microscope, we can see the beautiful 5-fold pattern.
K: This was published in…
C: Applied Physics Letters in 1999. This is still one of the important papers in themetallic glass community.
K: Very interesting. Because I am a layman of this field, this sort of story is very
interesting to me and very instructive.
C: We also used atom probe to prove impurity elements, like oxygen, can dramaticallyaffect the stability and formation of the metallic glasses.
K: Because light element is not easy to detect…
C: You have to use atom probe. This is still a pretty important topic in today’s metallic
glass research. People are still trying to understand how the impurity elements affectthe metallic glass formation.

8

K: Carbon and oxygen. Not hydrogen?
C: Hydrogen, we cannot detect actually by atom probe, it’s too light.
K: And did you find something proved?
C: We proved oxygen induces the crystallization and leads to the loss of glass stability.
K: Stability of metallic glass will reduce, so easy to be….
C: Crystallized during cooling from liquid state.
K: That means…
C: You cannot get a large metallic glass sample at a low cooling rate.
K: Capability of glass forming is reduced.
C: It reduces because of crystallization.
K: So little impurity may act as nucleation centre of crystals, yes?
C: Exactly right.
K: But to make bulk metallic glasses available for the industry, you need to makemetallic glasses as large as possible. How did you do that?
C: My work suggests that purer elements are better for glass formation.
K: I see. It’s quite reasonable because nucleation centre is taken off.
C: I stayed in Japan for 2 years, and then I moved to the United States. That’s in 1999.
K: In 1999, you went to the United States. What part?
C: I got a NRC Fellowship from the United States National Research Council. This
fellowship sponsors foreigners to work in the research labs managed by the Federal
Government.
K: And how many years did you stay?
C: With this fellowship, I worked for one year in the United States Naval Materials
Research Center in Monterey, California. It’s a very beautiful city. My apartment was
nearby the beach and we can see the ocean from the windows.
K: And did you meet nice Professors there?
C: Yes, I met a nice professor, Prof. Indranath Dutta. Now he is a professor in
Washington State University. In 2000, I moved to Johns Hopkins University where a
new high-resolution transmission electron microscope, Philips CM300, was justinstalled.
K: This is also a lucky chance.
C: The new TEM. I was really interested to do the high-solution TEM study at thattime. You cannot do anything without a good machine. So when I saw that the TEM, I
felt very exciting.
K: Accelerating voltage was how much?
C: It’s 300Kev. The point-to-point resolution is about 0.19nm.

9K: So, how long did you stay there?
C: Almost four years. I left there for Japan in November of 2003.
K: Then you came back to Japan?
C: Yes, to IMR as a Professor. At Hopkins, I also had an enjoyable time and met anumber of intelligent and knowledgeable young scientists and gifted students. At
Hopkins, I authored and coauthored about 20 papers, including two papers in Scienceand one in Nature. The average citation per paper is about 50. I also broadened myresearch fields from traditional physical metallurgy to ceramics and nano-scicence.
K: So you expanded your field in ceramics as well?
C: Yes. The electron microscope is just a research tool. You can do everything. My
ceramics research started from the collaboration with Dr. Jim McCauley who is afamous scientist in ceramic field.
K: What sort of material?
C: Boron carbide.
K: Boron carbide, a very hard material.
C: Yes, B4C.
K: B4C. And what did you find?
C: We found the shock loading induced local amorphization in the super-hard material.
This material is very hard along with light weight and has been used as the armor
ceramic. About 30 years ago, people found that this material is good for low-pressure
impact, but not good enough for high pressures. At a pressure of about 20 GPa, thismaterial dramatically loses the shear strength and becomes very soft. People didn’tknow why. Using high resolution electron microscopy, we found that the loss of shear
strength is associated with pressure-induced local amorphization.
K: Amorphization takes place.
C: That makes this material lose the strength.
K: I see, very interesting.
C: Yes, this paper was published in Science in 2003. Because we have a good electron
microscope, I also started the study on the deformation behavior of nanocrystalline
metals. It’s well known that materials become stronger and stronger when grains
become smaller and smaller,.
K: The diameter becomes smaller.
C: And the strength gets up.
K: Irrespective of materials?
C: Yes, all the ductile metals show this behavior.
relationship.

10

This is called the Hall-PetchK: This is the famous equation.
C: It tells us an important way to improve material strength and we always try to get
small grains. At that time, people wondered whether there are new mechanicalphenomena when the grain size is small enough, say down to the real nano-regime. For
an example, can the Hall-Petch relationship be held when the grain sizes fall into thenanometer scale.
K: To what extent can we go?
C: Yes, that’s an open question. There were a lot of discussions about this kind ofissues. For the fundamental research, people were looking for new phenomena thatwere induced by the nanosize effect.
K: What sort of properties did you measure?
C: Hardness, yield strength and fracture strength.
K: And how do they measure hardness?
C: There are a lot of ways; you can use the indenter you can use…
K: Can you indent such a small…?
C: Well, you don’t need to measure individual grains. It’s still a bulk sample but insidegrains are small.
K: I see. Just like Vickers?
C: Yes. Actually, we can also measure the mechanical properties by tension andcompression testing.
K: Because I thought it might be very difficult to measure the mechanical properties
when this grain size is very small.
C: For the individual grains, it is difficult. Since we still work with bulk samples, they
just like conventional materials.
K: Okay, this is the average.
C: Yes. The bulk samples are comprised of nanograins.
K: So that means that the grain boundary must be counted?
C: Yes, actually the nanosize effect mainly comes from the grain boundaries. For
example, the Hall-Petch relationship originates from the interaction between
dislocations and grain boundaries.
K: When the material becomes very small it’s…
C: When the grain size becomes small…
K: Then it’s not easy to hold dislocations.
C: That’s the point. The theoretical grain size is just about 2 nm for most materials.
Below this, dislocations cannot be held in individual grains. But experimental
observations tell us the critical grain size is about 10-20 nm, much larger than the11theoretical one.
K: Not 2 nm.
C: We find actually something happened at a grain size of about 10-20 nm.
K: The experiment you found out that…
C: There is a transition in deformation behavior when grain sizes are down to about 1020 nm. Using pure aluminum, unusual staking faults and deformation twins can beobserved in nanocrystalline samples. In general, aluminum has high stacking-fault
energy and thus stacking faults and twins are not supposed to operated as textbooks tellus.
K: Pure aluminum.
C: Yes. When the grain size is down to to about 10 nm, the deformation of aluminum is
no longer carried out by normal dislocations, but by twins and stacking faults. This is atrue nanosize effect.
K: I see. So aluminum behaves as a pure FCC with low stacking fault energy when it
becomes a small crystal…
C: This paper was also published in Science in 2003 and it gets a high citation, around
300 times, up to today.
K: One thing I was worrying about is that aluminum is very sensitive to oxygen, very
easily oxidized so not easy to really eliminate oxygen effect.
C: Yes, but this was observed in bulk samples and thick films.
K: The sample preparation is very critical.
C: Very important. They can be prepared by heavy plastic deformation at low
temperatures and by PVD.
K: I see. Very interesting. So this is really coming already in the past exciting findings,
you know. So I would like to have your papers related to exciting findings. And yourprinciples in research. This is a kind of motto or your confidence or your belief about
research…
C: Big topic.
K: Anyway, don’t take it very serious. When you come to something difficult toovercome, how do you think? When you meet with a failure, how can you recover?
C: I always talk to my friends, my students, “First we have to work hard and worksmart. I learned this from Prof. Sakurai. But, the most important thing to do great work
is to do something you really love to do. When you find the thing you love to do, thennever give up.”
K: Never give up. Very good.
C: That’s important personality, I think, for a good scientist. When you love it from12

your deep heart, you should not give up. You need to keep trying, and keep thinking.
K: Very good.
C: For good researchers, I believe they all love what they are doing.
K: Love?
C: Yes, love. If you want to do something great, it starts from love.
K: So the intellectual curiosity kind of, scientific curiosity.
C: I think if you see the history, the great achievements all started from love, and ofcourse, scientific curiosity.
K: Okay, very good, very good. So this can be also a message to the next generation or
the younger generation.
C: Actually, you know the founder of the Apple Inc, Steven Jobs.
K: Steven Jobs, who raised Apple Company.
C: Yes. I have heard his speech many years ago. I forgot where but I remember one
sentence he said, “All great work started from love.”
K: Oh I see, love to what?
C: Love to do what you are doing. If you can find a thing you really love to do, just doit.
K: Not brain, but from heart.
C: From your deep heart.
K: Okay, sure. And have you got any hobbies? Working is your hobby; scientificresearch is your hobby.
C: That is a part. I like reading. I like listening music.
K: What sort of books do you read?
C: I like the topic on history. I read a lot of these books, partly because China has along history.
K: Yes sure, several thousand.
C: I also like music.
K: What kind of music?
C: I like classical music.
K: What is your favorite composer?
C: I do not have a very specific composer. I like most of the famous ones in theclassical music.
K: Such as Beethoven, Mozart.
C: Yes. I really enjoy listening the classical music.
K: Violin, piano. Yes, piano is also a very nice instrument. The best instrument ismaybe piano.

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C: I really like the sound of piano. But, when I was young, China was so poor and myparents could not afford to buy a piano. I did not have any chance to learn the piano.
When I came to the United States, I encouraged my son to learn piano.
K: So is he still continuing to play piano?
C: Yes, now he likes piano very much.
K: How many children have you?
C: I only have one son.
K: How old is he?
C: He is now 18. This summer he just got into college.
K: And majoring?
C: Life science.
K: Life science. Oh, this is also a very top field.
C: Yes, I think understanding ourselves may be the most important research in the next
20 years or even 50 years.
K: 100% I agree. That is why I studied 10 years protein crystallization even in IMR.
C: I see. That’s exciting.
K: Yes, indeed. Okay, thank you very much for very nice talk and interesting stories.
C: Okay. Thank you.

Interviewer: H. Komatsu
in Prof. Chen’s office in the WPI-AIMR Integration Laboratory Bldg,
December 16th, 200914

Interview with Professor Kazuo NAKAJIMA, Graduate School ofEnergy Science, Kyoto University (Former Director of IMR, Tohoku
University)“Multi-dimensional Intellectual Curiosity
and Persistence Are the Source of Breakthrough”
Professor Nakajima (N): I am originally from Kyoto and earned my doctorate in
Kyoto. Since there were so many excellent doctors working in the laboratory ofProfessor Yotaro Murakami, there was no room for me to stay there and I got a job at acompany. There were not many openings since the economic situation was very badwhen I graduated from university.
Professor Komatsu (K): So you are a dyed-in-the-wool Kyotoite.

What year was it?

N: I think it was in 1975.
K: I see. Where did you go in elementary school?
N: The school faced the botanical garden across the Kamo River.
K: You were born and brought up around there.
N: Yes, I used to play around the Kamo River. I liked sports in my childhood and used
to play baseball on the bank of the river. The water was clean with a lot of fish to
catch and I enjoyed swimming there. When I was in elementary school, I liked
reading books. When I was in the fifth grade, a school library was built. The firstbook I read was Two Years’ Vacation.
K: The book by Jules Verne. That is an interesting one.
N: The book made me like reading novels.
K: You encountered a good book.
N: Around that time science books were not readily available but my parents bought me
a big science book with various topics including biology and astronomy.
K: So was your father related to the field?
N: He was in a technical position. I read the book again and again and came to likescience. Since I read science books earnestly, he told me that I should be a scholar in
the future and I myself agreed with him.
However, I decided to work for a company since I could not remain in the laboratory.
In spite of the bad economic condition, Fujitsu Laboratories welcomed me and I got a
job there based on the recommendation of my professors. I was working on thefour-element phase diagram of compound semiconductors in the doctorate course, so forfive years after I joined the company I could leverage what I had studied for my work.

15

I was so lucky that I was able to experience the moment when the business was growing
with the development of long-wavelength semiconductor lasers and light-sensitiveelements at the burgeoning phase of optical communication.
K: I agree. You experienced a good time.
N: I was not sure what the four-element phase diagram was useful for, but as I joined
Fujitsu I could utilize it there. I was very lucky in that way.
However, I could only work as a researcher to the fullest for the first five years since
I became a manager early. I also worked on experiments as much as possible on myown as a manager since I wanted to come back to the university some day. The main
responsibility that I had was leading my people. I left the company when I was around52 years old, but I was still working as a researcher at that time.
K: How many people did you manage?
N: I managed about 15 people when I was a section chief.
K: That’s a lot.
N: Yes. More people to manage means more work to be done.
director, I managed about 30 people.

When I became a

K: That’s tough.
N: Yes, so I was very happy to be able to come to the Institute for Materials Research.
K: Good for you. You also talked about that at the last class you gave the other day.
N: You can choose what you study at your discretion in university but you cannot dothat in a company. That is a big difference.
You also can acquire research funds by yourself and take overseas trips freely when
you are in university, which you cannot do in a company. However, when I joined thecompany, even the employees who just joined the company could take business-classflights.
K: You had a nice environment.
N: That was a little fringe benefit. I could only take an overseas trip every 2-3 years.
When you work for a university, you can go overseas every month. That is really
wonderful.
When I was working as a director, I spent a large amount of time on overseas trips.
As I resigned as a director, I suddenly got more time for myself and I was really
impressed by that. The Institute for Materials Research is like heaven for me.
K: We need to take note that this environment leads to freedom in ideas and researchflexibility, enabling the expansion of individual free ideas.
N: In comparison to the company environment, freedom in ideas for research isreserved in university. So I suppose university teachers are doing what they want to do

16

to the fullest. Research is useful either in application or in basic research. Those
researchers working on basic research should provide some results on the basics andthose who are working on application should make the results useful for the society. I
aimed at application. The reason why I moved from the company to the laboratory
was that I wanted to study energy materials. My objective was clear that I wanted to
study solar batteries.
I also became responsible for the Science Department, which required the study ofbasic elements. I specialized in crystal growth and there are many opportunities tostudy basic elements here. I worked on silicon, but no other people had worked on
silicon crystal growth from melting based on in situ observation. I could observe what
was happening, of which no one could dispute the validity. I discovered various basic
phenomena that were actually taking place. This basic research had a great impact onapplication. You need to understand the crystal growth mechanism to come up withthe real technology.
K: I see. I understand your goals.
N: I think I am lucky to be able to experience both corporate culture and university
culture. Management, which I used to work on in a company, makes some sense in auniversity setting.
K: I suppose so.
N: Management means making your own decision at the end of the day. I could also
leverage my company experiences for doing something based on commitments.
K: I see. Did your approaches and attitude change a lot as you joined the company incomparison with your middle school and high school days?
N: I had never thought about commercialization or commitment until I joined thecompany.
K: You only had intellectual curiosity.
N: If I had more books around me in my childhood, I would have been indulged in them.
I had more intellectual curiosity thanothers. I really loved science.
K: The book which your father said wasinteresting and gave you included all the
topics of natural science.
N: Yes, it covered electricity, earthscience, biology, astronomy, and all otherareas. I was really excited about naturalscience. It was superbly written to17

make the stories really interesting.
K: What was the name of the publisher?
N: I don’t remember it. A book has a great influence on your life. The first bookgiven to me captured my interest and made me feel I was cut out for science.
K: Did you join any clubs related to science in middle school and high school?
N: I was not very active in club activities. By the way, do you know what a slide ruleis?
K: Yes.
N: I was very good at handling it.
K: I see. We used to have slide rules made by Henmi. They were made of bamboo.
N: Right. We were given problems and competed to solve them as fast as possible.
K: It was like a competition of abacus calculation.
N: Yes. I remember I was ranked second in a competition held by the City of Kyoto
when I was in middle school. I only missed one problem.
K: Did you join any club in high school?
N: My high school was co-ed and thought to be strict in education around that time.
At school festivals, I enjoyed participating in folk dances and various events.
K: I see. It could be very different from the current high school life. Students do nothave that much fun since they are given more work to do.
N: Everybody studied properly but there was an atmosphere to enjoy life.
K: Could you name some impressive books you read when you were in high school oruniversity?
N: When I was in High School, I read Jean Christophe, Les Thibaults, and War andPeace.
K: You read a lot of classic literature.
N: I read a lot of those kinds of books.
K: Did that liberal arts background have an influence on you when you joined thecompany? Did it change how you interacted with people or how you made decisions?
N: I think so. I tried not to cause friction with other people. I tried to be nice to all
the people.
K: You did not like disputes.
N: At least up until I joined the company, I did not like disputes. As I joined thecompany and became a manager, I could not just be nice to people. The life of myteam members hinged on me. It is the manager who evaluates the people in the team.
You need to be strict and rigid. You also need to be logical enough to be able toclearly explain what you have decided. That is where you need commitment.

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K: I think I understand what you mean. Before you became a researcher, how did you
choose the dissertation theme for your Ph. D., your key to becoming a researcher?
N: I was majoring in metals as a researcher but I picked up semiconductors for myresearch area. I thought they would open up a new world. There were so few
researches in semiconductors in the metallurgy major. And I selected the four-element
phase diagram for my doctorate dissertation.
K: Did you choose it by yourself?
N: I was studying phase diagrams in the laboratory with Professor Murakami. I was
mainly involved in the study of precipitates in aluminum. Classes by Professor
Murakami focused on how to read phase diagrams and how to analyze precipitates inalloys, so I was familiar in the topic. Professor Osamura suggested that I work on four
elements.
I needed to select the number of elements myself. At that time even thethree-element phase diagram of compound semiconductors was not yet worked on andwhat was available then was only the AlGaAs three-element phase diagram created by
Dr. Panish of Bell Laboratories.
Professor Iwao Hayashi, who was at Bell Labs, was studying double-hetero-structure
lasers based on AlGaAs semiconductors. A few years ago a Russian named Alferov
became a Nobel laureate and he worked on AlGaAs lasers. I think it was professor
Hayashi who improved its efficiency.
When I was in the doctor course, the three-element phase diagram not based on
AlGaAs drew almost no attention. However, I thought someone would do the samething if I had started with the study of the three-element phase diagram and picked up
the four-element phase diagram in my doctorate dissertation. The four-element phase
diagram involved complicated calculation and I did not how to decipher results basedon experiments. It required three-dimensional analysis. I had to work on it based ona trial and error process at the beginning.
K: You needed to assemble pseudo binaries.
N: Since I worked on the four-element phase diagram, I could have been more trained
intellectually. I found out that it included many phenomena related to the four-element
phase diagram. At first I discovered that the four-element phase diagram of compound
semiconductors had miscibility gap areas where solid solutions were not formed. A
few years later miscibility gap areas for the four-element phase diagram became a hot
topic and many research results were published. The topic drew a lot of attention sinceno miscibility gap was detected for the initially-studied AlGaAs semiconductors. This
basic research I had worked on based on the four-element crystal helped me in my work

19

immediately after I joined the company.
K: It was a perfect preparation to join Fujitsu.
N: If I had not worked on the four-element phase diagram when I was a student, I could
have needed more time to produce the InGaAsP four-element crystal after I joined thecompany. Many researchers in the company specialized in electronics. So evenresearchers who specialized in materials needed to understand what was being discussed
about lasers and light-sensitive elements at a minimum.
K: You just mentioned that Dr. Parnish was working with Professor Hayashi.
N: That’s right.
K: When Professor Hayashi came back to Japan, the late Professor Masaharu Aoki andProfessor Sugano of the University of Tokyo suggested we go meet him since we had
also succeeded in room-temperature laser transmission.
N:The double-hetero-structure lasers were incredible. Up until that time, theefficiency was quite low, but the carrier was contained inside the active layers and thestructure became the foundation for semiconductor lasers.
It was Dr. Panish who produced double-hetero-structure AlGaAs semiconductor
lasers based on the liquid phase epitaxial growth method and he used the sliding boat
method.
K: And it was Dr. Shigeyuki Kimura who assisted him. He later became the directorof the National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials. He was hired while hewas doing postdoctoral research and worked on creating phase diagrams day in and day
out based on the same experiments. He said he would never do that again.
N: Liquid phase epitaxial growth requires an accurate phase diagram.
from liquid-solid equilibrium proximity.
K: So you had been working on something Fujitsu needed.
hire you.

It is the growth

Fujitsu was so lucky to

N: Yes, that was a win-win situation. If Fujitsu had been unsuccessful in quickly
developing the four-element crystal based on InGaAsP, it could not have made a headstart in optical communication.
When I joined Fujitsu, the company did not know how to make InGaAsP crystal.
In those days, NEC, NTT, and Bell Labs were also working on it but no company was
successful in creating the phase diagram based on InGaAsP. So I wrote a book on the
InGaAsP four-element semiconductors with researchers from Bell Labs.
K: I can see that. Basic research cannot be used for application immediately but
contributes to advancement after some time.
N: After all, studying the basics is critical.

20

K: It gives you the impetus to move forward.
N: If you do not have the basis, you cannot deal with different situations.
K: That’s right. If you just seek for the immediate commercialization of technology
and focus on the accountability towards tax payers, research capabilities will be
impaired. That sort of foundation enables ecological solar batteries. If you just focus
on one specific area, your ideas will be narrowed down even if you go to research inuniversity.
N: I agree. When I came to the Institute for Materials Research, I did not think about
working on silicon. I wanted to work on solar batteries but compound semiconductors
looked more interesting. Since the university had limited facilities in comparison withthe company, I felt scared about using arsenic and phosphorus. I did not want mystudents to handle them and decided to pick up silicon.
K: You have got a point there. In university you need to think, about risks and costs
will increase as the equipment you use get more sophisticated. As a result, you need tofocus on something you want to work on with as little cost as possible.
N: I did not think silicon would be a leading area at the onset. I currently believe it isa leading area, though. You need to adapt your strategy based on changing situations.
The study of silicon multicrystal solar batteries is one of the areas where we canleverage crystal growth to the fullest. You can apply bias to light-emitting elementsfor optical communication, so they emit light with carrier injection even if they havedefects and lower luminescent efficiency.
Solar batteries do not have any bias applied to them externally, so the carrier dieswith crystal faults. What is required is almost fault-free, perfect crystal. Creating
perfect crystal is the name of the game for crystal growth. Solar batteries arenever-ending issues for researchers working on crystal growth. What I am working on
is something far from perfect. This is a theme I can work on forever. As the quality
is improved, so is efficiency. It is as simple as that. This is a good theme for acrystal growth specialist to work on.
I have come across two good themes as a crystal growth specialist. First, I was able
to experience the burgeoning phase of light-emitting and light-sensitive elements for
optical communication based on the creation of the InGaAsP four-element phase
diagram. Second was the silicon I selected in order to work on solar batteries.
Semiconductor devices did not usually use silicon multicrystal bulks but solar batteries
were the only exception. You used to put silicon melt in the cubicle so that silicon
multicrystal for solar batteries was concreted naturally with almost no concept of crystal
growth applied to it.

21

As we brought the concept of crystal growth to it, controlled the structure of silicon
multicrystal, aligned crystal grain orientation, enlarged crystal grain size, and changed
grain boundary characters, it came closer to the quality of single crystal. So far there
has been hardly anyone who tried to control the structure of silicon multicrystal bulks,
but multicrystal has become more sensible as we have discovered the method to utilize
dendrite crystal by chance and studied how to control the structure. Then theefficiency of solar batteries has been improved with more people paying attention to it.
It was so lucky for a crystal growth specialist to encounter the theme of silicon crystal
for solar batteries.
K: The success of this sort requires the combination of intellectual curiosity and social
situation changes or the availability of certain materials. With a good combination, a
new technology comes out.
N: As I study silicon more, I find more interesting aspects to it. I observe silicon
crystallization in situ, control freely the crystal structure of ingot, and deform silicon
crystal three-dimensionally at my discretion. It is an interesting material with more
aspects to discover. I have just begun to notice how interesting it is.
K: I see. How are you going to work on it going forward?
N: I am going to work on donation-based research, i.e. silicon crystal science for solar
batteries, at the Energy Science Laboratory of Kyoto University.
K: You have a clear-cut plan. How are you going to staff the operation?
N: At the initial stage, two assistant professors will help me. I think it is important forthem to work on donation-based research while still young so that they can experience
the significance and methodology of social contribution. The staff here requires
management sense. Donation-based research should be maintained based on the
responsibility of each individual.
K: I see. It is challenging. Those two assistance professors will help you withexperiments. They need to show consistent results in consideration of next steps.
N: You are right. In particular, commercialization requires you to present the crystal
wafers you produce in the laboratory to corporations, let them evaluate them based on
their own process, and show good characteristics.
You need to produce
commercial-sized wafers you can place on corporate assembly lines and show equal or
better characteristics. Through the process of improving the quality of ingot, you will
come up with various techniques and excellent technologies which cannot be found incompanies.
K: You need to be creative.
N: Yes. I am trying to design brand-new devices to be utilized across the world.

22

Asyou go through hardships, you come across good results. You need
to work your way out in order to accomplish something good.
K: You said it right. Could you specify what you can call yourexciting findings?
N: In the area of solar batteries, as we precisely controlled the degreeof supercooling, we succeeded in making dendrite crystal run throughthe bottom of the cubicle at the initial stage of growth, leading to thediscovery that we could use it to control the structure of silicon multicrystal ingot. In
the high-temperature pressure processing method, we found out we could deformsilicon crystal three-dimensionally at our own discretion so we could use it for the
X-ray spot light-gathering lens. In the area of optical communication, device
specialists showed more results than crystal growth specialists.
K: It cannot be helped. Just like in soccer, those who have scored the goals get thebiggest attention but defense players have to support the whole operation all the time.
N: It happens all the time as you work on basic research. However, in the area of
optical communication, a Nobel prize was awarded last year to the person who
incrementally improved the purity of optical fibers.
K: You are talking about Dr. Kao.
N: Yes. He was the first Nobel laureate in optical communication. It was so
reassuring for us to be able to think that working on technology could lead to a Nobel
Prize.
K: The recent Nobel Prizes have focused on technology as the area for their evaluation.
LSI research also received a Nobel Prize.
N: Those people who have created devices and shown good characteristics do not knowthat phase diagram is the basis for the production of crystal. Since I thought I should
not continue to support the technology behind the scenes, I decided to show the best
device characteristics in the world. In the research of silicon multicrystal, I was able todeliver conversion efficiency of 18.2%, a leading number for device characteristics.
K: What was the efficiency ratio until then?
N: 15 to 16% for solar batteries based on multicrystal.
K: It went that far.
N: The average cell efficiency for silicon multicrystal solar batteries would be 15 to
16%. If we enlarge the crystal production device of this laboratory, I expect that we
can come up with 18% on a constant basis. We need to carefully work on thechallenges of purity and crystal faults in order to attain 18%. To attain 20%, we needto come close to the quality of single crystal.

23

We are proposing the floating cast growth method where we float silicon crystal insilicon melt and make it grow as the technique to realize the quality of single crystal
based on the cast growth method in a cost effective manner. This is the next theme wewill work on. Another discovery we came up with is the high-temperature pressure
processing of silicon. In many fields, more attention is given to the flexibility ofsilicon, which can be deformed in any manner. Possible examples of the application
include X-ray spot light-gathering lenses, crystal lenses for neutrons, and X-ray lenses
for space telescopes. We discovered this technology when we came across mistakes
while working on crystal growth.
K: What is the mechanism like?
N: We leverage the plastic deformation of silicon crystal just below the melting point.
As we deform silicon crystal, it goes through elastic deformation. As we further
deform it, it usually gets cracked and destroyed, but we have found out that it does not
go through work hardening just below the melting point and is deformed in any mannerbased on plastic deformation.
K: So you lower temperature and enable the flexibility of transposition.
N: We shift transposition and find conditions where superfluous transposition is
avoided.
K: Does that create an offset between plus and minus effects? Is it more likely to takeplace as the temperature goes up? Will the plus edge and minus edge combine anddisappear?
N: We have not yet verified that far.
K: One side is tension and the other is compression, so they could offset each other andlose their effects. That mechanism must be in place. So as you adjust annealing
temperature and time, you may be able to come up with more possibilities.
N: No one has ever done deformation tests at a high temperature just below the melting
point, so more discoveries will come out of this. We have actually found out
deformation behaviors are greatly influenced by plain orientations.
K: That’s interesting.
N: As I discussed this discovery at the applied physics meeting in March, industries we
did not at all expect showed great interest in this technology. For example, those in thearea of laser nuclear fusion observe the reaction of nuclear fusion based on themeasurement of feeble X-rays and use X-ray spot light-gathering crystal lenses for that
purpose.
However, they can only use the crystal lenses deformed based on elasticity limit andhave difficulty due to impaired accuracy. Many researchers will be tempted to use the24crystal lenses based on this technology.
K: That sounds interesting. It is what you call serendipity.
you find out it is actually useful.

As you miss your target,

N: That’s right. I was so surprised to find out it could be so flexible.
K: I see. That is very interesting. Could you give some advice to young people?
N: First of all, it would be better to determine what you want to do. I myself havebeen working on research based on a strong conviction to work on solar batteries, so I
have never been daunted by various problems. You also need to make a lot of
mistakes. Mistakes are there for you to overcome and they give you new discoveries
as you find something interesting there. And what is most important is your own
intellectual curiosity.
K: I agree. Did your intellectual curiosity change when you were in the company andwhen you were in university?
N: I think there is some difference.
K: You are not framed into a mold.
N: Even those working for companies could be doing what they like. However, thosepeople who are involved in the development of important products within companies
are less likely to satisfy their intellectual curiosity since they cannot do what they like.
K: Unless you cannot satisfy your intellectual curiosity, you cannot boost your morale.
In most cases, you are not motivated. As I hear about success stories of Bell Labs andothers, I somehow sense the atmosphere raising intellectual curiosity.
N: Bell Labs used to be like that.
K: Yes, I think so. Big companies like Fujitsu and Toshiba have some room for it but
smaller companies need to work on their impending issues.
N: They need to keep their head above the water. It was great that Fujitsu let me workon the phase diagram.
K: I think so. Working on the phase diagram was so wild and very unlike acommercial company.
N: Fujitsu was commendable in that sense. They had that sort of discretion.
K: Many people now could be questioning the validity of the phase diagram and think it
is just a waste of money and time.
N: Fujitsu did not keep the information closed and let us disclose the data. Somecompanies try to keep the data unpublished since it is considered as privileged
information.
K: As you keep your information open, you get more information.
N: Universities can keep their information open. Those companies who let us disclose25

information are very generous and motivate researchers. Many good researches havecome out based on that reason.
K: And it led to the development of people.
N: Many people who learned their skills in those days went to research at universities.
K: In the long run, those laboratories that do not develop the capabilities of staff
members are failures. Laboratories creating capable staff are great laboratories in theend.
N: That’s right. We used to have the energy to do something big although we did notknow how to do it. We were so full of energy.
K: So we need to remind young people of intellectual curiosity.
N: You need to satisfy your intellectual curiosity. You need to have your objectives.
That is the starting point.
K: In the liberal arts education for the Materials Science Department of Cambridge
University, professors are required to lecture not on their specialty but areas outside
their specialty based on their analysis and observation. It is college professors
themselves who keep their intellectual curiosity.
N: That’s wonderful. It is a little bit off the topic, but when I captured data forcommercialization, I used to obtain vast ranges of partly meaningless data for the sole
purpose of writing a paper. But that made a difference later. Materials specialists
should capture data to the broadest possible degree even if it seems to be a waste.
K: I heard a nice story. The predecessors of the Institute for Materials Research placed
dots based on experiment data that were in turn connected into lines. Materials
specialists at Tohoku University should not just work based on their brain but take as
many dots as possible through experiments.
Torahiko Terada once said that intelligent folks could not accomplish something
meaningful since they thought they knew the results before they came out, and thatfaithful and consistent efforts would lead to new discoveries.
N: I think it is the essence of materials specialists.
K: You cannot achieve good results as far as you are thinking with your brain. Could
you talk about your hobby in the end?
N: When I became the director, I started playing golf.
K: I see. That is your recent hobby.
N: I like playing golf. I also like history and read a lot of history books.
K: As you get satisfied with reading books, you may want to go here and there. I
enjoyed talking with you today and covering various topics in great detail. Thank you
for your time.

26

N: Thank you for bearing with my chitchat today.

Interviewer: H. Komatsu
At Nakajima Lab, IMR Bldg. I,
March 24th, 201027ி㒔኱Ꮫ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮⛉Ꮫ◊✲⛉୰ᔱ୍㞝ᩍᤵ(ᮾ໭኱Ꮫ㔠ᒓᮦᩱ◊✲ᡤ๓ᡤ㛗)࡟⪺ࡃ(Interview with Professor Kazuo NAKAJIMA-Japanese version)ከ㠃ⓗ࡞▱ⓗዲወᚰ࡜⢓ࡾࡀࣈࣞ࢖ࢡࢫ࣮ࣝࡢ※୰ᔱ㸸⚾ࡣࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ி㒔ࡢฟ㌟࡛ࠊி㒔ࡢ኱Ꮫ࡛ࢻࢡࢱ࣮ࢆྲྀࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊᮧୖ㝧ኴ㑻ඛ⏕ࡢ◊✲ᐊ࡟ࡣඃ⚽࡞ࢻࢡࢱ࣮ࡀἑᒣ࠾ࡽࢀࡲࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ◊✲ᐊ࡟ṧࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠼ࡿ
వᆅࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᑵ⫋ࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ⚾ࡀ኱Ꮫฟࡓࡇࢁࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟୙ἣࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ᑵ⫋ඛࡶᑡ࡞࠿ࡗ
ࡓࠋᑠᯇ㸸⏕⢋ࡢி㒔ࡗᏊ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ㸯㸷㸮㸮ఱᖺࡈࢁ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸㸯㸷㸵㸳ᖺ࠿࡞ࠋᑠᯇ㸸࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠋᑠᏛᰯࡣ࡝ࡢ㎶࡛ࠋ୰ᔱ㸸㬞ᕝࢆᣳࢇ࡛᳜≀ᅬࡢ཯ᑐഃ࡛ࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࠶ࡢ㎶ࡢ⏕ࡲࢀ࡛࠶ࡢ㎶࡛⫱ࡗࡓࠋ୰ᔱ㸸࠼࠼ࠋ㬞ᕝࡀ㐟ࡧሙ࡛ࡍࠋᏊ౪ࡢࡇࢁࡣࢫ࣏࣮ࢶࡀዲࡁࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ㬞ᕝ࡛㔝⌫ࢆࡼࡃࡸࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ᫇ࡣࡁࢀ࠸࡛㨶ࡶ࡜ࢀࡓࡋࠊࡑࡇ࡛Ὃ࠸࡛࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋᑠᏛᰯࡢ࡜ࡁࡣᮏ
ࢆㄞࡴࡢࡀዲࡁࡔࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋ5 ᖺ⏕ࡢ㡭ᑠᏛᰯࡢᅗ᭩㤋ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚ࠊ᭱ึ࡟ㄞࢇࡔᮏࡣࠕ༑
஬ᑡᖺ⁻ὶグ࡛ࠖࡋࡓࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡣ࠸ࠊࢪ࣮࣭ࣗࣝ࣋ࣝࢾࡢࠋ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠊ࠶ࢀࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸࠶ࢀㄞࢇ࡛ࡍࡈࡃᑠㄝዲࡁ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࠸࠸ᮏ࡟ฟ఍࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊࡑࡢࡇࢁ⌮⛉ࡢᮏࡗ࡚࡞࠿࡞࠿ᡭ࡟ධࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊぶࡀࡇࢇ࡞኱ࡁ࡞⌮⛉ࡢᮏࢆ㈙ࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣ⏕≀࠿ࡽᏱᐂ࠿ࡽ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀධ
ࡗ࡚࠸࡚͐ࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࡛ࡣࠊ࠾∗ࡉࢇࡣࡑࡕࡽࡢ㛵ಀࡢேࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ᢏ⾡ᒇ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡢᮏࢆ㝮࠿ࡽ㝮ࡲ࡛ఱᅇࡶㄞࢇ࡛ࠊ⌮⛉ࡀዲࡁ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ⌮⛉ࡢᮏࢆ⇕ᚰ࡟ㄞࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ࠾ࡲ࠼ࡣᏛ⪅࡟࡞ࡿࡢࡀ୍␒࠸࠸࡜༢⣧࡟ゝࢃࢀ࡚ࠊᏊ౪
ࡢ㡭࠿ࡽࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࠿࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ◊✲ᐊ࡟ࡣṧࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊᑵ⫋ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࡣ୙ἣ࡟ࡶ㛵ࢃࡽࡎᐩኈ㏻◊✲ᡤ࠿ࡽ࠾ㄏ࠸ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊඛ⏕ࡢ່ࡵࡶ࠶ࡗ࡚ᐩኈ㏻◊✲ᡤ࡟ᑵ⫋ࡉࡏ࡚㡬ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ༤ኈㄢ⛬࡛ࡣ໬ྜ≀༙ᑟయࡢ 4 ඖ⣔ࡢ≧ែᅗࡢ◊✲ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ఍♫࡟ධࡗ࡚㸳ᖺ㛫ࡣࠊ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡸࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀࡑࡢ
ࡲࡲάࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡶග㏻ಙࡢ㯪᫂ᮇ࡟ᙜࡓࡾࠊ㛗Ἴ㛗ࡢ༙ᑟయ࣮ࣞࢨࡸཷග⣲Ꮚࡢ㛤
Ⓨ࡛ࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࣅࢪࢿࢫࡀ኱ࡁࡃ࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡑࡢ▐㛫࡟࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ኱ኚࣛࢵ࣮࢟ࡔࡗ
ࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ

28ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ᫬௦⫼ᬒࠋ୰ᔱ㸸ᅄඖ⣔≧ែᅗࡣఱࡢᙺ࡟❧ࡘࡢ࠿࡞࡜ᛮࡗࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᐩኈ㏻◊✲ᡤ࡟ㄏࢃࢀ࡚ࠊ
ࡑࡇ୍࡛␒ᙺ࡟❧ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᖾ㐠ࡔࡗࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕ࡟
࡞ࡿࡢࡀ᪩࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ◊✲ࡣ᭱ึࡢ㸳ᖺ㛫ࡄࡽ࠸ࡋ࠿⮬ศ࡛ᛮ࠸ษࡾ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡔ
ࡅ࡝኱Ꮫ࡟ᡠࡾࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺Ẽᣢࡕࢆࡎࡗ࡜ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡶ
⮬ศ࡛࡛ࡁࡿ㝈ࡾࡢᐇ㦂ࡣࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ࣓࢖ࣥࡢ௙஦ࡣ㒊ୗࢆᣦᑟࡋ࡚ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ
఍♫ࢆ㏥⫋ࡍࡿ᫬ࡣ㸳㸰ṓࡄࡽ࠸࡛ࡋࡓࡀࠊࡲࡔ⌧ᙺ࡛◊✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸㒊ୗ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣఱேࡄࡽ࠸ࡢࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ᐊ㛗ࡢ࡜ࡁࡣ㸯㸳ྡࡄࡽ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸⤖ᵓ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡣ࠸ࠊ㒊ୗࡀከ࠸࡜௙஦ࡶቑ࠼ࡲࡍࡋ኱ኚ࡛ࡍࠋ㒊㛗࡟࡞ࡿ࡜㸱㸮ྡࡃࡽ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸⤖ᵓ኱ኚ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡣ࠸ࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࠊ㐠ࡼࡃ㔠ᒓᮦᩱ◊✲ᡤ࡬᮶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚ࠊᮏᙜ࡟ᴦࡋ࠸
ᛮ࠸ࢆࡉࡏ࡚㡬ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡼ࠿ࡗࡓ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡇࡢ㛫ࡢ᭱⤊ㅮ⩏࡛ࡶࡑ࠺ゝࡗ࡚࠾ࡽࢀࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸኱Ꮫ࡛ࡣࢸ࣮࣐ࢆ⮬⏤࡟㑅࡭ࡲࡍࡡࠋ఍♫࡛ࡣࡲࡎࢸ࣮࣐ࡣ⮬⏤࡟㑅࡭࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ
ࡇࢀࡣ኱ࡁ࡞㐪࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡣ◊✲㈝ࢆ⋓ᚓ࡛ࡁࡲࡍࡡࠊ⮬ศ࡛ࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽࠊ
ࡶ࠺୍ࡘᾏእฟᙇ࡟⮬⏤࡟⾜ࡅࡲࡍࡡࠋ఍♫࡛ࡣࡑ࠺ࡣ࠸ࡁࡲࡏࢇࠋ࡛ࡶ఍♫࡟ධࡗࡓࡇ
ࢁࡣࠊ᪂ධ♫ဨ࡛ࡶࣅࢪࢿࢫࢡࣛࢫ࡛⾜ࡅࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡐ࠸ࡓࡃ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡑࡇࡔࡅࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜ࡐ࠸ࡓࡃ࡛ࡋࡓࠋᾏእฟᙇࡣࡏ࠸ࡐ࠸஧ࠊ୕ᖺ࡟㸯ᅇࡃࡽ࠸ࡋ
࠿⾜ࡅࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࡋࡓࡡࠋ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡣẖ᭶⾜ࡇ࠺࡜ᛮࡗࡓࡽ⾜ࡅࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠊᴟ➃࡟ゝ࠼ࡤࠋࡇࢀࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ኳᅜࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋᡤ㛗ࡢ᫬ࡣከࡃࡢ᫬㛫ࢆࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟౑ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᡤ㛗ࢆࡸࡵࡿ࡜࠸ࡁ࡞ࡾ᫬㛫ࡀ✵࠸࡚ࡁࡲࡋ࡚ࠊᩍᤵࡗ࡚ࡇࢇ࡞࡟⮬⏤᫬㛫ࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠶
ࡿࡢ࠿࡜௒᭦࡞ࡀࡽឤᚰࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ㔠◊ࡣኳᅜࡳࡓ࠸࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡋ࠿ࡋࡑࢀࡀ⮬⏤࡞Ⓨ᝿࡜࠿ࠊ◊✲ࡢᰂ㌾ᛶ࡜࠿࡟⤖ᵓࡣࡡ㏉ࡾࠊಶேࡢ⮬⏤࡞Ⓨ᝿࡟⧅ࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸఍♫࠿ࡽぢࡓࡽ◊✲ࡢⓎ᝿ࡣ⮬⏤࡟࡛ࡁࡲࡍࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊᩍဨࡣᛮ࠸ษࡾ⮬ศࡢࡸࡾࡓ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ◊✲ࡣᛂ⏝࡛ᙺ࡟❧ࡘ࠿ᇶ♏࡛ᙺ࡟❧ࡘ࠿ࠊ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿
࡛ࡍࠋᇶ♏ࢆࡸࡗࡓேࡣఱ࠿ᇶ♏࡛ࡢᴗ⦼ࢆṧࡉ࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࡋࠊᛂ⏝࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡽ♫఍࡟㑏ඖࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࠋ൅ࡣᛂ⏝ࢆ┠ᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ఍♫࠿ࡽ㔠◊࡟⛣ࡗࡓ୍␒኱
ࡁ࡞⌮⏤ࡣࠊ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ᮦᩱࡢ◊✲ࢆࡸࡾࡓ࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛ࡍࠋኴ㝧㟁ụࢆࡸࡾࡓ࠸࡜ࠊ┠ᶆࡣࡣࡗࡁࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ⌮Ꮫࡢවᢸ࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊ⌮Ꮫࡣᇶ♏ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜⣡ᚓࡉࢀ࡞࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡍࠋ⤖ᬗᡂ㛗ࡀᑓ㛛࡛ࡍࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡟ࡣᇶ♏ࡀ࠸ࡗࡥ࠸࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࢩࣜ
ࢥࣥࡢ◊✲࡟≉໬ࡋࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊࢩࣜࢥࣥࡢ⼥ᾮᡂ㛗ࢆࠕࡑࡢሙほᐹ࡛ࠖᐇ㝿࡟ほᐹࡋࡓேࡣ࠸ࡲࡲ࡛࠸ࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࡋࡓࠋᐇ㝿࡟㉳ࡇࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆほᐹ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࢀ࡟ࡣࡔࢀࡶ

29

ᩥྃࢆࡘࡅࡽࢀ࡞࠸ࠋከࡃࡢᐇ㝿࡟㉳ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᇶ♏ⓗ࡞⌧㇟ࢆ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁⓎぢࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋࡇ
ࢀࡽࡢᇶ♏◊✲ࡣᛂ⏝࡟㠀ᖖ࡟ᙺ࡟❧ࡕࡲࡋࡓࠋࡸࡣࡾ⤖ᬗᡂ㛗࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚ᢏ⾡ࢆࡘࡃࡗࡓ᪉ࡀࠊᮏ≀ࡢᢏ⾡ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠋࡼࡃࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸௻ᴗࡢᩥ໬࡜኱Ꮫࡢᩥ໬ࠊ஧ࡘࢆ⤒㦂ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ࠶ࡿព࿡࡛ࡣⰋ࠿ࡗࡓ
࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ఍♫࡛ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡀ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡶࡑࢀ࡞ࡾ࡟ᙺ࡟❧ࡘࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣓ࣥࢺࡣ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣ⮬ศࡢ⭡ࢆỴࡵࡿࡇ࡜ࡔ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋぬᝅࡋ࡚ࡸࡿࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ࡶ௻ᴗࡢ⤒㦂ࡣ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡟ᑐࡍࡿฎ⨨ࡢ௙᪉࡜࠿⪃࠼᪉࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ୰Ꮫ࣭㧗ᰯ᫬௦࡟ẚ࡭ࡿ࡜࠿࡞ࡾኚࢃࡾࡲࡋࡓ࠿ࠋ௻ᴗ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡟ධࡗ࡚ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸௻ᴗ࡟ධࡿࡲ࡛ࡣࠊᐇ⏝໬࡜࠿ࠊぬᝅ࡜࠿ࠊࡑࢇ࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆ⪃࠼ࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡛
ࡍࠋᑠᯇ㸸▱ⓗ⯆࿡࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸Ꮚ౪ࡢ㡭ࠊࡶࡗ࡜ࡓࡃࡉࢇᮏࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡽࠊㄞࡳ࠶ࡉࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋ▱ⓗዲወᚰࡔࡅࡣே୍ಸ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋඡ࡟ゅࡶࡢࡍࡈࡃ⌮⛉ࡀዲࡁࡔࡗࡓࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࠾∗ࡉࢇࡀࡇࢀࡣ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸ࡼ࡜ࡃࢀࡓᮏ࡟ࠊ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡢ඲㒊ࡀධࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸࠼࠼ࠊ㟁ẼࠊᆅᏛࠊ⏕≀ࠊᏱᐂ࡞࡝඲㒊ධࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡗ࡚ࡇࢇ࡞࡟
㠃ⓑ࠸ࡶࡢ࠿࡜ࠋୖᡭ࡟࠾ࡶࡋࢁࡃ᭩࠸࡚࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࢀࡣ࡝ࡇࡢฟ∧♫࡛ࡋࡓࠋ୰ᔱ㸸ࡶ࠺ぬ࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡏࢇࡀࠋᮏࡗ࡚ᛧ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ᭱ึ࡟୚࠼ࡽࢀࡓᮏ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ኱ࡁ࠸
࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࢀ࡛࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸࡞࡜ᛮࡗࡓࡽࠊ࠾ࢀࡣ⌮⛉࡟ྥࡃ࡜ᛮࡗࡕࡷ࠺ࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࢀ࡛ࠊ୰Ꮫ࣭㧗ᰯ࡛ࡣࡑ࠺࠸࠺ఱ࡜࠿㒊࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜࡛ࡸࡗ࡚࠾ࡽࢀࡓ㸽୰ᔱ㸸వࡾ㒊άືࡣࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑ࠺ࡑ࠺ࠊィ⟬ᑻࡗ࡚ࡈᏑࡌ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡣ࠸ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ィ⟬ᑻࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟ᚓព࡛ࡋࡓࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋఱ࠿࣑࣊ࣥࡢィ⟬ᑻ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋ➉〇ࡢࡡࠋ୰ᔱ㸸࠼࠼ࠋၥ㢟ࢆ୚࠼ࡽࢀ࡚ࠊィ⟬ࡢ➇தࡸࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠋࡑࢁࡤࢇࡢ➇தࡳࡓ࠸࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸࠼࠼ࠋぬ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊ୰Ꮫ࡛ி㒔ᕷࡢ኱఍࡛㸰␒࡟࡞ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋ㸯ಶࡔࡅ㛫㐪ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࢀ࡛ࠊ㧗ᰯ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚ఱ࠿ࢡࣛࣈ࡟ධࡗ࡚ࡸࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸㧗ᰯࡣඹᏛ࡛ࠊཷ㦂ᰯࡔ࡜ࡑࡢᙜ᫬ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࠋᏛᅬ⚍࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࣇ࢛࣮ࢡ
ࢲࣥࢫࢆࡋࡓࡾࠊ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞ദࡋࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠶ࡗ࡚ᴦࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ࡛ࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠋ௒ࡢ㧗ᰯ⏕ά࡜࠿࡞ࡾ㐪ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡡࠋ௒ࡣࡑࢇ࡞వ⿱ࡀ࡞࠸࡜
࠸࠺࠿ࠊࡶ࠺ࡕࡻࡗ࡜ຮᙉ࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ

30୰ᔱ㸸ຮᙉࡣࡳࢇ࡞ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡶ࠺ࡕࡻࡗ࡜ᴦࡋࡴ࡜࠸࠺㞺ᅖẼࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓ
ࡡࠋᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࡢࡇࢁ㧗ᰯ࠿ࡽ኱Ꮫ࡟࠿ࡅ࡚ㄞࢇࡔᮏ࡛ࠊ༳㇟࡟ṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᮏ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࡝ࢇ࡞
ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍ࠿ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸㧗ᰯࡢ࡜ࡁࠊࠕࢪ࣭ࣕࣥࢡࣜࢫࢺࣇࠖࠊࠕࢳ࣮࣎ᐙࡢேࠎࠖ࡜࠿ࠊࠕᡓத࡜ᖹ࿴ࠖࡶㄞ
ࡳࡲࡋࡓࠋᑠᯇ㸸⤖ᵓ኱సࢆㄞࢇ࡛࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࢆࡓࡃࡉࢇㄞࡳࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑ࠺࠸࠺࠸ࢃࡺࡿ୍⯡ᩍ㣴ⓗ࡞ࣂࢵࢡࢢࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࡀ௻ᴗ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚ࡶ࡝ࡇ࠿⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡓ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋே࡜ᑐࡋࡓ࡜ࡁࡸࠊ⭡ࡢࡃࡃࡾ᪉࡞࡝࡟ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ࠶ࡲࡾே࡜ࡣᦶ᧿ࢆ㉳ࡇࡉ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋඵ᪉⨾ேⓗࡔࡗࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸த࠸ࡈ࡜ࢆዲࡲ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶᑵ⫋ࡍࡿࡲ࡛ࡣத࠸ࢆዲࡲ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ᛶ᱁ࡔࡗࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋ఍♫࡟ධࡗ࡚ࠊ࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮ࣕ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠿ࡽ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡࠋඵ᪉⨾ே࡛ࡣ⤯ᑐ࠾ࡉࡲࡽ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࠋ㒊ୗࡢ⏕άࡀ࠿࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࡡࠋᙼࡽࡢホ౯ࢆࡍࡿࡢࡶ࣐ࢿ࣮ࢪ࣮࡛ࣕࡍ࠿ࡽࡡࠋ
ཝࡋࡃ෭ᚭ࡟ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ⮬ศࡢỴࡵࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡣࠊࡋࡗ࠿ࡾ࡜ㄝ࡛᫂ࡁࡿࡔࡅ
ࡢ⌮ㄽṊ⿦ࡀᚲせ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡔࢇࡔࢇぬᝅࡀ࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠋࢃ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡞Ẽࡀࡋࡲࡍࡡࠋ
◊✲⪅࡟࡞ࡿ๓࡟ࠊࣃࢫ࣏࣮ࢺࡳࡓ࠸࡞ Ph. D. ࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊࢻࢡࢱ࣮ㄽᩥࡳࡓ࠸࡞ࡶࡢ
ࡣ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚㑅ࢇ࡛ࠊ࡝࠺࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࠿ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ᑓᨷ࡛ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝㔠ᒓࡢ◊✲⪅ࡔࡗࡓࡅ࡝ࠊ༙ᑟయࢆ㑅ࡧࡲࡋࡓࠋ᪂ࡋ࠸ୡ⏺ࡀᣑࡀࡿ࡜ᛮࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ෬㔠Ꮫᑓᨷ࡞ࡢ࡛༙ᑟయࡢ◊✲⪅ࡣᴟࡵ࡚ᑡ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࢻࢡࢱ࣮
ࡢࢸ࣮࣐࡜ࡋ࡚ᅄඖ⣔໬ྜ≀༙ᑟయࡢ≧ែᅗ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ㑅ࡧࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࢀࡣ⮬ศ࡛㸽୰ᔱ㸸ᮧୖඛ⏕ࡢ◊✲ᐊ࡛ࡣࠊᙜ᫬ࡣ≧ែᅗࡢ◊✲ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ࢔࣑ࣝࢽ࣒࢘୰ࡢᢡ
ฟ≀ࡢ◊✲࡞࡝ࡀ୺ὶ࡛ࡋࡓࠋᮧୖඛ⏕ࡢᤵᴗࡣࠊ≧ែᅗࡢㄞࡳ᪉࡜࠿ྜ㔠ࡢᯒฟ≀࡜࠿࠸ࡗࡓෆᐜࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟㥆ᰁࡳࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋᅄඖ⣔ࢆࡸࡗࡓࡽ࡝࠺࠿࡜ࠊ㛗ᮧඛ⏕࡟ᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚㡬࠸ࡓࡢࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࡝࠺࠸࠺⣔ࢆ◊✲ࡍࡿ࠿ࡣ⮬ศ࡛㑅ࡤ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ
࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᙜ᫬ࡣ໬ྜ≀༙ᑟయࡢ୕ඖ⣔≧ែᅗࡶ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝ࡲࡔ◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞ࡃࠊBell ◊✲ᡤࡢ Panish ࡀࡘࡃࡗࡓ AlGaAs ୕ඖ⣔≧ែᅗࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡃࡽ࠸࡛ࡍࠋBell ◊✲ᡤ࡟࠾ࡽࢀࡓᯘᕑ㞝ඛ⏕ࡀ AlGaAs ༙ᑟయ࡛ࢲࣈࣝ࣊ࢸࣟᵓ㐀ࡢ࣮ࣞࢨ࣮ࢆ◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ఱᖺ࠿๓࡟࢔ࣝࣇ࢙ࣟࣇ࡜࠸࠺ࣟࢩ࢔ࡢேࡀࣀ࣮࣋ࣝ㈹ࢆཷ㈹ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ࠶ࢀࡣ
AlGaAs ࡢ࣮ࣞࢨ࣮࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡢຠ⋡ࢆࡼࡃࡋࡓࡢࡀᯘඛ⏕ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ൅ࡢ
ࢻࢡࢱ࣮ࡢ᫬࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢ AlGaAs ⣔௨እࡢ୕ඖ⣔ࡣࡲࡔ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝㛵ᚰࡀࡶࡓࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡏࢇ
࡛ࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ୕ඖ⣔≧ែᅗࡢ◊✲࠿ࡽጞࡵࡿ࡜ࡍࡄ࡟ࡔࢀ࠿ࡀ㏣࠸ࡘ࠸࡚ࡃࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࠊ

31ࢻࢡࢱ࣮ㄽᩥ࡛ࡣᅄඖ⣔࡟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࠋᅄඖ⣔≧ែᅗࡗ࡚ࡸࡣࡾィ⟬ࡶ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡋࠊ࡝࠺ࡸࡗ
࡚ᐇ㦂ⓗ࡟Ỵᐃࡋࡓࡽ࠸࠸࠿ࡶศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀ࡟ᅄඖ⣔࡛ࡣ❧య࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡣࡌ
ࡵࡣヨ⾜㘒ㄗ࡛ࡋࡓࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࢩ࣮ࣗࢻ࣭ࣂ࢖ࢼ࣮ࣜࡢ⤌ࡳ❧࡚࡛ࠋ୰ᔱ㸸ᅄඖ⣔ࢆࡸࡗࡓ࠾࠿ࡆ࡛㢌ࡀカ⦎ࡉࢀࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࠋᅄඖ⣔࡟≉᭷ࡢ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞
⌧㇟ࡀฟ࡚ࡃࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ໬ྜ≀༙ᑟయࡢᅄඖ⣔≧ែᅗ࡟ࡣࠊᅛ⁐యࢆࡘࡃࡽ
࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞࣑ࢵࢩࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࢠࣕࢵࣉ㡿ᇦࡀ⌧ࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ᭱ึ࡟ᐇ㦂ⓗ࡟ぢࡘࡅࡲࡋࡓࠋࡑ
ࢀ࠿ࡽఱᖺ࠿ࡋ࡚ᅄඖ⣔ࡢ࣑ࢵࢩࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࢠࣕࢵࣉࡀ୍᫬኱ࡁ࡞ヰ㢟࡟࡞ࡾࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞
◊✲ࡀⓎ⾲ࡉࢀࡲࡋࡓࠋ༙ᑟయ࡛ࡣ᭱ึ࡟◊✲ࡉࢀࡓ AlGaAs ࡟ࡣ࣑ࢵࢩࣅࣜࢸ࢕ࢠࣕࢵ
ࣉࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ࠿ࡽ⯆࿡ࢆࡦ࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡇࡢᅄඖ⣔⤖ᬗ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚Ꮫࢇࡔᇶ♏ⓗ࡞◊✲ࡀࠊ఍♫࡟ධࡗ࡚ࡶࡍࡄ࡟ᙺ❧ࡕࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡲࡉ࡟ᐩኈ㏻ࡢ‽ഛࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡳࡓ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸Ꮫ⏕ࡢ࡜ࡁ࡟ᅄඖ⣔༙ᑟయࢆຮᙉࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡽࠊ఍♫࡟ධࡗ࡚ InGaAsP ᅄඖ⣔⤖ᬗࢆࡘࡃࢀ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚ࡶࠊ᫬㛫ࡀ࠿࠿ࡗࡓ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࠋ఍♫࡛ࡣከࡃࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀ㟁Ẽᒇࡉࢇ࡛ࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵᮦᩱᒇ࡜࠸࠼࡝ࡶࠊ᭱ప㝈࡟ࡣ࣮ࣞࢨ࣮ࡸཷග⣲Ꮚ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᙼࡽࡀゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜ヰ࡟࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ඛ࡯࡝ࡢ Panish ࡜ᯘࡉࢇࡣ୍⥴࡟ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸࠼࠼ࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࢀ࡛ࠊ൅ࡽࡶᐊ

Ⓨಙ࣮ࣞࢨ࣮࡛ࡁࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛ࠊᯘࡉࢇࡀ᪥ᮏ࡟ᖐࡗ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜

ࡁ࡟ࠊஸࡃ࡞ࡗࡓᮾ኱ࡢ㟷ᮌᫀ἞ඛ⏕ࡸⳢ㔝ඛ⏕ࡢ࠿ࡅኌ࡛ࠊࡳࢇ࡞ᯘࡉࢇࡢヰࢆ⪺ࡇ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡛ࠊ⾜ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࢲࣈࣝ࣊ࢸࣟᵓ㐀ࡢ࣮ࣞࢨࡣࡍࡈ࠿ࡗࡓ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡣຠ⋡ࡀᝏ࠿ࡗࡓࡅࢀ࡝
ࡶࠊάᛶᒙࡢ୧ഃ࡟࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ࢆ㛢ࡌࡇࡵࡲࡋ࡚ࡡࠋࡇࡢᵓ㐀ࡀ༙ᑟయ࣮ࣞࢨࡢᇶᮏ࡟࡞ࡾ
ࡲࡋࡓࠋࢲࣈࣝ࣊ࢸࣟᵓ㐀ࡢ AlGaAs ༙ᑟయ࣮ࣞࢨࢆᾮ┦࢚ࣆࢱ࢟ࢩࣕࣝᡂ㛗ἲ࡛ࡘࡃࡗ
ࡓࡢࡀ Panish ࡛ࠊࢫࣛ࢖ࢹ࢕ࣥࢢ࣮࣎ࢺἲࢆ⏝࠸࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࢀࢆᡭఏࡗࡓࡢࡀᚋ࡟↓ᶵᮦ◊ࡢᡤ㛗࡟࡞ࡗࡓᮌᮧⱱ⾜ࡉࢇ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋࡕࡻ࠺
࡝࣌ࣥࣥࢫࢸ࢖ࢺࡢ࣏ࢫࢻࢡ࠿ࡽ㞠ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡗ࡚ࠊẖ᪥ẖ᪥ྠࡌᐇ㦂࡛┦ᅗసࡾࢆࡸࡗ࡚ࠊ
൅ࡣࡶ࠺୍⏕࠶ࢇ࡞௙஦ࡣࡸࡾࡓࡃ࡞࠸࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ᾮ┦࢚ࣆࢱ࢟ࢩࣕࣝᡂ㛗࡟ࡣ⢭ᐦ࡞≧ែᅗࡀ୙ྍḞ࡛ࡍࠋࡲࡉ࡟ᅛᾮᖹ⾮㏆ഐ࠿ࡽࡢᡂ㛗࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡔ࠿ࡽࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᐩኈ㏻ࡢᚲせ࡞ࡶࡢࢆࡎࡗ࡜๓࠿ࡽ‽ഛࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ㞠ࡗࡓ᪉ࡣᚓࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠊ
ࠊ࠾஫࠸࡟ᚓࢆࡋࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋInGaAsP ࡢᅄඖ⣔⤖ᬗࡀࡍࡄ࡟ᡂ㛗࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡽࠊᐩኈ㏻ࡀග㏻ಙ࡛ඛ⾜ࡍࡿࡢࡀ㐜ࢀࡓ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡡࠋ⚾ࡀධ♫ࡋࡓᙜ᫬ࡣࠊᐩ
ኈ㏻࡛ࡣ InGaAsP ⤖ᬗࡢసࡾ᪉ࡀゎ࠿ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᙜ᫬ࡣࠊNECࠊNTTࠊBell ◊✲ᡤ࡛ࡶ◊✲ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊInGaAsP ࡢ≧ែᅗࢆࡘࡃࡗࡓேࡣ࠸ࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࡋࡓࠋࡔ࠿

32

ࡽ Bell ◊✲ᡤࡢே࡜୍⥴࡟ InGaAsP ᅄඖ⣔༙ᑟయࡢᮏࢆ᭩࠸ࡓࡾ࡛ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋᇶ♏࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡍࡄ࡟ࡣᙺ࡟❧ࡓ࡞࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࣭࣡ࣥࢮࢿ࣮ࣞࢩ
ࣙࣥ࠾࠸࡚ࠊᙺ❧ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡸࡣࡾᇶ♏ࢆࡁࡕࢇ࡜ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀ୍␒㔜せ࡛ࡍࡡࠋᑠᯇ㸸ᗏຊ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ᗏࡀὸ࠸࡜ࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜≧ἣࡀኚࢃࡗࡓࡽᑐᛂ࡛ࡁࡲࡏࢇࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ௒ࡢࢱࢵࢡࢫ࡮࢖࣮ࣖ࡟ࡕࡷࢇ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡋࢁ࡞ࢇ࡚ゝࡗ࡚ࠊࡍࡄ࡟ࡇࢀࡸࡗࡓࡽࡇࢇ࡞㔠࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡳࡓ࠸࡞ࡇ࡜ࡤ࠿ࡾࡳࢇ࡞ゝࡗࡓࡽࠊࡸࡣࡾయຊ
ࡣⴠࡕ࡚࠸ࡁࡲࡍࡼࡡࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᇶ♏ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽ࢚ࢥࣟࢪ࣮ኴ㝧㟁ụࡔࡗ࡚⏕ࡁ࡚ࡃࡿࠋ
୍ࡘࡢࡇ࡜ࡔࡅࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡽࠊከศ኱Ꮫ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚ࡶⓎ᝿ࡣ⊃࠸࡜ࡇࢁ࡟ᅛᐃࡉࢀࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ㔠◊࡟᮶ࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣ᭱ึ࠿ࡽࢩࣜࢥࣥ࡜ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋ
ኴ㝧㟁ụࡸࡾࡓ࠸ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ໬ྜ≀༙ᑟయࡔ࡜ᛮࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡅࢀ࡝ࡶ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡣ௻ᴗ࡜ẚ࡭࡚᪋タࡀ㈋ᙅ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊࣄ⣲࡜࠿ࣜࣥ࡜࠿ࡸࡿ࡜ᛧ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ࡜࡚ࡶᏛ⏕࡟ࣄ⣲ࡸࣜࣥ࡞࡝ࡸࡽࡏࡽࢀ࡞࠸࠿ࡽࢩࣜࢥࣥ࡟ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ᛮࡗ࡚ࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡲࡉ࡟ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ኱Ꮫ࡬᮶ࡿ࡜ࠊ༴㝤ᛶࡢࡇ࡜࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ⿦⨨ࡀ」㞧࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠾㔠ࡀ࠿࠿ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅ⮬ศࡢ▱ࡾࡓ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅᏳ࠸ᡭ࡙ࡃࡾ࡛࡛ࡁࡿࡼ
࠺࡞ࡶࡢ࡟Ⓨ᝿ࢆኚ࠼ࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡔ࠿ࡽ᭱ึ࠿ࡽࢩࣜࢥࣥࡀఙࡧࡿ࡜ᛮࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋ௒࡛ࡣࡑ࠺ಙࡌ
࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠋࡑࡇࡣᰂ㌾࡟≧ἣ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸࠿࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࠋࢩࣜࢥࣥከ⤖ᬗኴ㝧㟁ụࡢ◊✲ࡣࠊ⤖ᬗᡂ㛗ࡀ᭱ࡶ⏕࠿ࡏࡿศ㔝ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛ࡍࠋග㏻ಙ⏝ࡢⓎග⣲Ꮚ࡟ࡣࣂ࢖
࢔ࢫࢆ࠿ࡅࡽࢀࡲࡍ࠿ࡽࠊḞ㝗ࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚Ⓨගຠ⋡ࡀᑡࡋᝏࡃ࡚ࡶ࢟ࣕࣜ࢔ࢆὀධࡋ࡚࠸ࡅ
ࡤගࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋኴ㝧㟁ụࡣእ㒊࠿ࡽࣂ࢖࢔ࢫࢆ࠿ࡅ࡞࠸࠿ࡽࠊ⤖ᬗḞ㝗ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡽ࢟ࣕ
ࣜ࢔ࡣṚࢇ࡛ࡋࡲ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡑࡇ࡛せồࡉࢀࡿࡢࡣࠊ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅḞ㝗ࡢᑡ࡞࠸ࠊせࡍࡿ࡟ࣃ࣮ࣇ࢙ࢡࢺ࡞ࢡࣜࢫࢱ࡛ࣝࡍࡡࠋࣃ࣮ࣇ࢙ࢡࢺ࣭ࢡࣜࢫࢱࣝࢆࡘࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡲࡉ࡟⤖ᬗᡂ㛗ࡢࢸ࣮࣐࡛ࡍࡡࠋ⤖ᬗᡂ㛗ᒇ࠿ࡽぢࡓࡽኴ㝧㟁ụ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ↓㝈࡟⥆ࡃࢸ࣮࣐࡛ࠊ
࢚ࣥࢻࣞࢫ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋ௒൅ࡀࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࣃ࣮ࣇ࢙ࢡࢺࡢࡣࡿ࠿࡟ୗ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࡡࠋࡇ
ࢀࡣỌஂ࡟◊✲࡛ࡁࡿࢸ࣮࣐࡛ࡍࡡࠋရ㉁ࡀୖࡀࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡔࡅࡕࡷࢇ࡜ຠ⋡ࡀୖࡀࡗ࡚
ࡃࡿ࠿ࡽࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ࢃ࠿ࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࠋ⤖ᬗᡂ㛗ᒇࡉࢇ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࡇࢀࡣ㐠ࡢ࠸࠸ࢸ࣮࣐ࡔࡗࡓ࡞
࡜ࠋ⤖ᬗᡂ㛗ᒇ࡜ࡋ࡚஧ᅇ㐠ࡢⰋ࠸ࢸ࣮࣐࡟఍ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ㸯ᅇ┠ࡣ ,Q*D$V3 ᅄඖ⣔≧ែᅗࡢసᡂ࠿ࡽࠊග㏻ಙ⏝ࡢⓎග࣭ཷග⣲Ꮚࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨࡢ㯪᫂ᮇ࡟㐼㐝࡛ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࠋࡶ࠺୍
ࡘࡣࠊኴ㝧㟁ụࢆࡸࡾࡓ࠸Ẽᣢࡕ࠿ࡽ㑅ࢇࡔࢩࣜࢥ࡛ࣥࡍࠋ༙ᑟయ⣲Ꮚ࡟ࡣ㏻ᖖࢩࣜࢥࣥ
ከ⤖ᬗࣂࣝࢡࡣ౑࠸ࡲࡏࢇࡀࠊ၏୍ኴ㝧㟁ụ࡟౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋᙜึኴ㝧㟁ụ⏝ࡢࢩࣜࢥࣥከ⤖ᬗࡣࡿࡘࡰࡢ୰࡟ࢩࣜࢥࣥ⼥ᾮࢆධࢀ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࡲࡲจᅛࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝⤖ᬗᡂ㛗ࡢᴫᛕࡀධࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡇ࡟⤖ᬗᡂ㛗ࡢᴫᛕࢆᣢࡕ㎸ࢇ࡛ࠊࢩࣜࢥࣥከ⤖ᬗࡢ⤌⧊ไᚚࢆࡋ࡚ࠊ⤖ᬗ⢏᪉఩ࢆࡑࢁ࠼ࠊ⤖ᬗ⢏ࢧ࢖ࢬࢆ኱ࡁࡃࡋࠊ⢏⏺ᛶ᱁ࢆኚ࠼࡚࠸ࡃ

33

࡜ࠊࡔࢇࡔࢇ༢⤖ᬗࡢရ㉁࡟㏆࡙࠸࡚ࡁࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ௒ࡲ࡛ࢩࣜࢥࣥከ⤖ᬗࣂࣝࢡࡢ⤌⧊ࢆไᚚࡋࡼ࠺࡜࠸࠺ேࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࠊࢹࣥࢻࣛ࢖ࢺ⤖ᬗࢆ฼⏝ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡑࡢᡭἲࢆഅ↛ぢࡘࡅ࡚ࠊ⤌⧊ไᚚᛶࡢ◊✲ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࠊከ⤖ᬗࡀࡔࢇࡔࢇ
ࢃࡅࡢࢃ࠿ࡿࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡍࡿ࡜ኴ㝧㟁ụࡢຠ⋡ࡀୖࡀࡗ࡚ࡁ࡚ࠊேࡀὀ┠ࡋ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࠋ⤖ᬗᡂ㛗ᒇࡀኴ㝧㟁ụ⏝ࢩࣜࢥࣥ⤖ᬗࡢࢸ࣮࣐࡟⾜ࡁᙜࡓࡗࡓࡢࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ࣛࢵ࣮࢟
ࡔࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᡂຌࡢ⿬࡟ࡣ▱ⓗ⯆࿡ࣉࣛࢫࡑ࠺࠸࠺♫఍ࡢࣂࢵࢡࢢࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࡢኚ໬࡜࠸
࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊᮦᩱࡢὶࢀ࡜ࡢ⤡ࡳྜ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ࠺ࡲࡃ࣐ࢵࢳࣥࢢࡍࢀࡤࡤࡗ࡜ⰼ㛤ࡃࠋ୰ᔱ㸸ࢩࣜࢥࣥࡢ◊✲ࡣ῝ࡵ࡚࠸ࡅࡤ࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࢩࣜࢥࣥࡢ⤖ᬗ໬ࢆࠕࡑࡢሙほᐹ࡛ࠖぢࡓࡾࠊ࢖ࣥࢦࢵࢺࡢ⤖ᬗ⤌⧊ࢆ⮬ᅾ࡟ไᚚࡋࡓࡾࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࢩ
ࣜࢥࣥ⤖ᬗࢆ㸱ḟඖⓗ࡟⮬ᅾࡢᙧ≧࡟᭤ࡆ࡚ࡳࡓࡾࠊࡲࡔࡲࡔゎࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠸ࡗࡥ࠸࠶
ࡿ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸ᮦᩱࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡸࡗ࡜ࢩࣜࢥࣥࡢ࠾ࡶࡋࢁࡉ࡟Ẽ࡙࠸ࡓ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠋࡇࡢᚋ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟ࡉࢀࡲࡍ࠿㸽୰ᔱ㸸ி㒔኱Ꮫ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮⛉Ꮫ◊✲⛉࡛ࠊᐤ㝃ㅮᗙ㸦ኴ㝧㟁ụࢩࣜࢥࣥ⤖ᬗ⛉Ꮫ㸧ࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡣࡗࡁࡾࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋࢫࢱࢵࣇࡣ࡝࠺ࡍࡿࢇ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ᙜึࡣ㸰ேࡢຓᩍࡀ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ♫఍㑏ඖࡢព⩏࡜ᡭἲࢆయ㦂ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣࠊᐤ㝃ㅮᗙࢆⱝ࠸࡜ࡁ࡟⤒㦂ࡍࡿࡢࡶ኱஦ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋࡇࡇࡢࢫࢱࢵࣇࡣ⤒Ⴀ⪅ࡢࢭࣥࢫࡀ࠸ࡾ
ࡲࡍࠋᐤ㝃ㅮᗙࡣ⮬ศࡢ㈐௵࡛ࡸࡽࡡࡤ࡞ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑ࠺࠿ࠋཝࡋ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡇࡢຓᩍ㸰ேࡀ᮶࡚ാࡁᡭ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ᐇ㦂ࢆᡭఏࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡿࠋᙼࡽࡶḟࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࠊࡸࡣࡾࡁࡗࡕࡾࡸࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡁࡗࡕࡾࡸࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅࡲࡏࢇࠋ≉࡟ᐇ⏝໬࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ◊✲ᐊ࡛స〇ࡋࡓ⤖ᬗ࢙࢘ࣁ࣮ࢆ௻ᴗ࡟ᥦ౪ࡋ࡚௻ᴗࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛ホ౯ࡋ࡚ࡶࡽ࠸ࠊⰋ࠸≉ᛶࢆฟࡉ࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅ࡞
࠸ࠋ௻ᴗࡢࣛ࢖ࣥ࡟ὶࡏࡿᐇ⏝ࢧ࢖ࢬࡢ࢙࢘ࣁ࣮ࢆస〇ࡋ࡚ྠ➼௨ୖࡢ≉ᛶࢆฟࡉ࡞࠸࡜
࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࢖ࣥࢦࢵࢺࢆ㧗ရ㉁໬ࡍࡿ㐣⛬࡛ࠊ௻ᴗ࡛ࡣࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞
࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡀฟࡓࡾࠊඃࢀࡓᢏ⾡ࡀ⪃᱌ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸Ⓨ᝿ࡢ㌿᥮ࡀ࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ࠸ࡲ඲ࡃ᪂ࡋ࠸Ⓨ᝿ࡢ⿦⨨ࢆタィࡋ࡚ୡࡢ୰࡟౑ࡗ࡚ࡶࡽ࠾࠺࡜ᛮࡗ
࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋⱞປࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࠊ࠸࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆ⏕ࡴࡓࡵࡢᛂ⏝ၥ㢟ࡔ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚
ゎࡅࡤ࠸࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛ࡍࠋ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ࢚࢟ࢧ࢖ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࣇ࢓࢖ࣥࢹ࢕ࣥࢢࢫ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ≉࡟ලయⓗ࡟ᣲࡆࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤఱ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿㸽୰ᔱ㸸ኴ㝧㟁ụ࡛ࡣࠊ㐣෭༷ᗘࢆ⢭ᐦไᚚࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᡂ㛗ึᮇ࡟ࢹࣥࢻࣛ࢖ࢺ⤖ᬗࢆࣝࢶ࣎
ᗏ㠃࡟ἢࡗ࡚㉮ࡽࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠊࡇࢀࡀ Si ከ⤖ᬗ࢖ࣥࢦࢵࢺࡢ⤌⧊ไᚚ࡟ά⏝࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࠋ㧗ຍᅽຍᕤἲ࡛ࡣࠊࢩࣜࢥࣥ⤖ᬗࢆ㸱ḟඖⓗ࡟⮬ᅾࡢᙧ≧࡟ኚᙧࡉࡏࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡋࠊࡇࢀࡀ X ⥺ࡢⅬ㞟ග⏝⤖ᬗࣞࣥࢬ࡟౑࠼ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࡋࡻ

34

࠺࠿ࠋග㏻ಙ࡛ࡣࠊ⤖ᬗᡂ㛗ᒇࡼࡾࡶࢹࣂ࢖ࢫᒇࡀ┠❧ࡕࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࢀࡣࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋࢧࢵ࣮࢝࡜ྠࡌ࡛ࡍࡼࠋࢦ࣮ࣝ࡬࢟ࢵࢡࡋࡓேࡀఱ࠿୍␒┠❧ࡕࡲࡍࠋࡔࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᐇ㝿࡟ࡣࣂࢵࢡࡀࡎࡗ࡜ᣢࡗ࡚࠸࠿࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸☜࠿࡟ᇶ♏◊✲ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡑ࠺࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊග㏻ಙ࡛ࡶࣇ࢓࢖ࣂ࣮ࡢ
⣧ᗘࢆࡔࢇࡔࢇࡼࡃࡋ࡚ࠊཤᖺࡑࢀ࡛ࣀ࣮࣋ࣝ㈹ཷ㈹⪅ࡀ࡛ࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࢝࢜ࡉࢇ࡜࠿࠸࠺ே࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸࠼࠼ࠋග㏻ಙ࡛ึࡵ࡚ࡶࡽࡗࡓே࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࡶࡶࡽ࠼
ࡿࢇࡔ࡞࡜ᛮ࠼࡚ࠊ࠸࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸≉࡟᭱㏆ࡢࣀ࣮࣋ࣝ㈹ࡣࢸࢡࣀࣟࢪ࣮ࡀホ౯ࡢᑐ㇟࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋLSI ࡞ࢇ࠿࡛ࡶࣀ࣮࣋ࣝ㈹࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡾࡋ࡚ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࢆࡘࡃࡗ࡚≉ᛶฟࡋࡓேࡣࠊ≧ែᅗࡀ⤖ᬗస〇ࡢᇶ♏࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ
ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ⦕ࡢୗࡢຊᣢࡕࡢ◊✲ࡔࡅࢆ࠸ࡘࡲ࡛ࡶࡸࡿࢃࡅ࡟ࡣ࠸࠿࡞࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࠊ⮬ศ࡛ୡ⏺୍ࡢࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ≉ᛶࢆฟࡑ࠺࡜ᛮࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࢩࣜࢥࣥከ⤖ᬗࡢ◊✲࡛ࡣࠊ୍ᛂ≉ᛶⓗ࡟ࡣୡ⏺ࡢࢺࢵࣉࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ㸯㸶㸬㸰㸣ࡢኚ᥮ຠ⋡ࢆฟࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢຠ⋡ࡣ࡝ࡢࡃࡽ࠸࡛ࡍ࠿㸽୰ᔱ㸸ከ⤖ᬗ࡛౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿኴ㝧㟁ụࡣ㸯㸳࠿ࡽ㸯㸴㸣࡛ࡍࠋᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࡇࡲ࡛࠸ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓ࠿ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࢩࣜࢥࣥከ⤖ᬗኴ㝧㟁ụࡢᖹᆒⓗ࡞ࢭࣝຠ⋡ࡣ㸯㸳㹼㸯㸴㸣࡛ࡍࡡࠋᙜ◊✲ᐊࡢ⤖ᬗస〇⿦⨨ࢆ኱ࡁࡃࡍࢀࡤࠊ㸯㸶㸣ࡣࢥࣥࢫࢱࣥࢺ࡟ฟࡿ࡜ᮇᚅࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ㸯㸶㸣ࡢୡ⏺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊ⣧ᗘ࡜⤖ᬗḞ㝗ࡢㄢ㢟ࢆ࠿࡞ࡾ⪃࠼࡚ࡸࡽ࡞࠸࡜ฟ࡞࠸ࠋ㸰㸮%ࡢୡ⏺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊ༢⤖ᬗࡢရ㉁࡟㏆ࡃ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡅࡲࡏࢇࠋ࢟ࣕࢫࢺᡂ㛗ἲࡢపࢥࢫࢺ࡛༢⤖ᬗࡢရ㉁ࢆᐇ⌧࡛ࡁࡿᢏ⾡࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࢩࣜࢥࣥ⤖ᬗࢆࢩࣜࢥࣥ⼥ᾮ୰࡛ᾋ࠿ࡋ࡚ᡂ㛗ࡉࡏࡿᾋ㐟࢟ࣕࢫࢺᡂ㛗ἲࢆᥦ᱌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡇࢀࡀḟ࡟◊✲ࡍࡿࢸ࣮࣐࡛ࡍࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢⓎぢࡣࠊࢩࣜࢥࣥࡢ㧗ຍᅽຍᕤࡢ⪃᱌࡛ࡍࠋࢩࣜࢥࣥࡀ࡝ࢇ࡞ᙧ࡟࡛ࡶ᭤ࡀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊከࡃ

ࡢศ㔝࡛ὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊX ⥺ࡢⅬ㞟ග⤖ᬗࣞࣥࢬࠊX ⥺ศග⏝⤖ᬗࣞࣥࢬࠊ୰
ᛶᏊ⏝⤖ᬗࣞࣥࢬࠊᏱᐂᮃ㐲㙾⏝ X ⥺ࣞࣥࢬ࡞࡝࡛ࡍࠋࡇࡢᢏ⾡ࡣ⤖ᬗᡂ㛗ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸࡚
ኻᩋࡋࡓ᫬࡟ぢฟࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࢩࣜࢥࣥ⤖ᬗࡢ⼥Ⅼ┤ୗ࡟࠾ࡅࡿረᛶኚᙧࢆ฼⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࢩࣜࢥࣥ⤖ᬗࢆኚᙧࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ᙎᛶኚᙧࡋࡲࡍࠊࡉࡽ࡟ኚᙧࡉࡏࡿ࡜㏻ᖖࡣࢡࣛࢵࢡࡀධࡗ࡚◚ቯࡋࡲࡍࡀࠊ
⼥Ⅼ┤ୗ࡛ࡣຍᕤ◳໬ࡉࢀࡎ࡟ࠊረᛶኚᙧࡢ㡿ᇦ࡟ධࡾ⮬ᅾࡢᙧ≧࡟ຍᕤࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ᗘࢆୖࡆ࡚㌿఩ࢆືࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࡸࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ

୰ᔱ㸸ືࡅࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋࠊࡋ࠿ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅవศ࡞㌿఩ࡀධࡽ࡞࠸᮲௳ࢆぢࡘࡅࡿࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࣉࣛࢫࠊ࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢᡴᾘࡋ࠶࠸࡞ࢇ࠿ࡶ㉳ࡇࡿࢇ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡࠋ

ᗘࡀୖࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜㉳ࡇࡾࡸࡍࡃ࡞ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡࠋ࢚ࢵࢪ࡛ࡶࣉࣛࢫࠊ࣐࢖ࢼࢫࡢ࢚ࢵࢪࡀ୍⥴࡟࡞

35ࡗ࡚ᾘ࠼࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡑࡇࡲ࡛ࡲࡔぢ࡚࠸ࡲࡏࢇࡢ࡛࡝࠺࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸∦᪉ࡣࢸࣥࢩࣙࣥࠊ∦᪉ࡣࢥࣥࣉࣞࢵࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࡀࡕࡻࡗ࡜࡛ࡶ
࠿࠿ࡗࡓࡽࡉࡗ࡜࠾஫࠸࡟ᡴᾘࡋ࠶࠸ࡋ࡚࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇῶࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ࠋࡑࡢ࣓࢝ࢽࢬ࣒ࡣ⤯ᑐ࠶ࡿࡣࡎ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ࢔ࢽ࣮ࣜࣥࢢࡢ

ᗘࢆࠊ㐺ᙜ࡟᫬㛫࡜࠿ᗘࢆኚ࠼ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡶࡗ࡜ࡲࡔ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸⼥Ⅼ┤ୗࡢ㧗࡛ኚᙧヨ㦂ࢆࡋࡓேࡣࡲࡔ࠸ࡲࡏࢇࡢ࡛ࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁࡢࡇ࡜

ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋᐇ㝿࡟㠃᪉఩࡟ࡼࡾኚᙧᣲືࡀ኱ࡁࡃኚࢃࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࢀࡣ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸㸱᭶ࡢᛂ⏝≀⌮Ꮫ఍࡛ヰࢆࡋࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊࡲࡗࡓࡃண᝿ࡶࡋ࡞࠿ࡗࡓศ㔝ࡢ᪉࠿ࡽ኱
ࡁ࡞㛵ᚰࡀᐤࡏࡽࢀࡲࡋࡓࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊ࣮ࣞࢨ᰾⼥ྜࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣࠊ᰾⼥ྜ཯ᛂࢆᚤᙅ࡞ X ⥺ࢆᐃࡋ࡚ほᐹࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ X ⥺ࡢⅬ㞟ග⤖ᬗࣞࣥࢬࡀ౑ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡋ࠿

ࡋᙎᛶ㝈࡛ኚᙧࡋࡓ⤖ᬗࣞࣥࢬࡋ࠿ᡭ࡟ධࡾࡲࡏࢇࡢ࡛ࠊ⢭ᗘࡀᝏࡃⱞປࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ
ࡇ࡟ࡇࡢᢏ⾡ࢆ⏝࠸ࡓ⤖ᬗࣞࣥࢬࡀ౑࠼ࡿ࡜ࠊከࡃࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀ౑⏝ࡍࡿࡔࢁ࠺࡜ࡢࡇ࡜࡛
ࡋࡓࠋᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࢀࡣ࠾ࡶࡋࢁࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࢭࣞࣥࢹ࢕ࣆࢸ࢕࣮࡜࠸࠺ࡸࡘ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡡࡽ
ࡗ࡚࠸࡚ኻᩋࡋࡓ࡜ᛮࡗࡓࡽࠊᐇࡣࡑࢀࡀ౑࠼ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡇࢇ࡞࡟⮬ᅾ࡟᭤ࡀࡿ࡜ࡣࠊࡧࡗࡃࡾࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠋࡇࢀࡣ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸ヰ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࢀ࡛ⱝ࠸ே࡟࢔ࢻࣂ࢖ࢫࢆ࡝࠺ࡒࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡲࡎ⮬ศࡀࡸࡾࡓ࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆࡣࡗࡁࡾࡉࡏࡿ᪉ࡀ࠸࠸࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ൅ࡣኴ㝧㟁ụࢆࡸࡾࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ᙉ࠸ពᚿࡢࡶ࡜࡛◊✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞ၥ㢟ࡀ㉳ࡇࡗ࡚ࡶࡵ
ࡆ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࢀ࠿ࡽ࠸ࡗࡥ࠸ኻᩋࢆࡍࡿࠋኻᩋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ஌ࡾ㉺࠼ࡿࡓࡵ࡟࠶ࡿ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡇ࡟࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸ࡶࡢࢆぢࡘࡅࡿࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡲࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞Ⓨぢࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ᛮ
࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋࡸࡣࡾ୍␒኱ࡁ࡞ࡶࡢࡣࠊ⮬ศࡢ▱ⓗዲወᚰ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࡢ▱ⓗዲወᚰࡣࠊ௻ᴗ࡟࠸ࡿሙྜ࡜኱Ꮫ࡟࠸ࡿሙྜ࡛㐪ࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡍ
࠿ࠋ୰ᔱ㸸㐪࠺࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋᑠᯇ㸸せࡍࡿ࡟ࠊ࠾ࡗ࠿ࡪࡏࡢᯟࡢ୰࡬ࡣࡵ㎸ࡲࢀ࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸௻ᴗ࡟࠸࡚ࡶዲࡁ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿேࡣ࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ௻ᴗࡢ୰࡛ࡶ㔜せ࡞〇ရ㛤Ⓨ࡟ᦠࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿேࡣࠊዲࡁ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࠿ࡽࠊ࡝࠺ࡋ࡚ࡶ▱ⓗዲወᚰࡀ‶ࡋ࡟ࡃ࠸ࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸▱ⓗዲወᚰࢆ‶ࡓࡉ࡞࠸࡜ࣔࣛࣝࡶୖࡀࡽ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡓ࠸࡚࠸ࠊពẼࡀୖࡀࡽ࡞
࠸ࠋ
ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊBell ◊✲ᡤ࡞ࢇ࠿ࡢᡂຌࡢヰ⪺ࡃ࡜ࠊ⤖ᵓࡑ࠺࠸࠺▱ⓗዲወᚰࢆ┒ࡾ❧࡚ࡿࡳࡓ࠸࡞࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸࠿ࡘ࡚ࡢ Bell ◊✲ᡤࡣࡑࢇ࡞ឤࡌࡔࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ

36ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ௻ᴗࡶᐩኈ㏻࡜࠿ᮾⰪ࡜࠿኱ࡁ࠸࡜ࡇࢁࡣࡑ࠺࠸࠺⮬⏤ࡀ࠶ࡿࡅࢀ࡝
ࡶࠊᑠࡉࡃ࡞ࢀࡤ࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠊࡶ࠺┠ඛࡢၥ㢟ࢆࡸࡽࡊࡿࢆᚓ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠊ఍♫ࡘࡪࢀࡕࡷ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࡽࡡࠋࡲࡔᐩኈ㏻ࡣࡑࢀ࡛ࡶ࠶ࢇ࡞≧ែᅗࢆࡘࡃࡽࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡲࡋࡓ࠿ࡽࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡼࠋ≧ែᅗ࠿ࡽࡸࢁ࠺ࡔ࡞ࢇ࡚ࠊࡑࡢⓎ᝿⮬㌟ࡀࡶ࠺௻ᴗࡢⓎ᝿ࡌࡷ࡞࠸
࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ᐩኈ㏻ࡶࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣࡾࡗࡥ࡛ࡋࡓࠋࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ⮬⏤ᗘࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࢇ࡞ࡢࠊఱࡢᙺ࡟❧ࡘࢇࡔࡼࠊ㔠ࡶ᫬㛫ࡶࡶࡗࡓ࠸࡞࠸ࠋ᪩ࡃࡸࢀࡗ࡚ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸᝟ሗࢆᅖ࠸㎸ࡲ࡞࠸࡛ࠊ࠶࠶࠸࠺ࢹ࣮ࢱࢆⓎ⾲ࡉࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋ௻ᴗ࡟ࡼࡗ
࡚ࡣ࠶ࢀࡣࣀ࢘ࣁ࢘ࡔ࠿ࡽⓎ⾲ࡣࡔࡵ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁࡀ࠶ࡿࡣࡎ࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࡟ࡍࢀࡤࠊࡲࡓ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞࢖ࣥࣇ࢛࣓࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡀ᮶ࡿࢇ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸኱Ꮫࡣ࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࡟࡛ࡁࡲࡍ࠿ࡽࡡࠋ௻ᴗ࡛࣮࢜ࣉࣥ࡟ࡉࡏ࡚ࡃࢀࡿ࡜ࡇࢁࡣࡍࡈࡃ
ᐶᐜ࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣࡸࡣࡾ◊✲⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࡸࡾࡀ࠸࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡑࡢᙜ᫬ࠊࡔ࠿
ࡽࡳࢇ࡞࠸࠸◊✲ࡋࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ⤖ᵓேࡀ⫱ࡗࡓࢇࡌࡷ࡞࠸࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡑࡇ࠿ࡽ኱Ꮫ࡟ฟ࡚࠸ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢࡇࢁ⫱ࡗࡓேࡀከ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸⤖ᒁேࡀ⫱ࡓ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞◊✲ᡤ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ㛗࠸┠࡛ぢࡓࡽኻᩋࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋே
ࡀ⫱ࡘ◊✲ᡤ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡸࡣࡾࡍࡈ࠸◊✲ᡤࡔ࡜ࠊ᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣࠋ୰ᔱ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡲࡔఱࡶࢃ࠿ࡽࢇࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࠾ࢀࡓࡕࡀࡸࡗ࡚ࡸࢁ࠺࡜࠸࠺㞺ᅖẼࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺᫬ࡣࡶࡢࡍࡈࡃ࢚ࢿࣝࢠ࣮ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡔ࠿ࡽࠊⱝ࠸ே࡟ṧࡍゝⴥ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ▱ⓗዲወᚰࢆࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸▱ⓗዲወᚰࢆ‶ࡓࡍࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࡸࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡡࠋ┠ᶆࢆᣢࡗ࡚ࠊࡲࡎࡣࡑࡇ
ࡀཎⅬࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࢣࣥࣈࣜࢵࢪ኱Ꮫᮦᩱ⛉Ꮫࡢ୍⯡ᩍ㣴࡛ࠊᩍᤵࡣ⮬ศࡢᑓ㛛ࢆᏛ⏕࡟ヰࡍࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞
ࡃ࡚ࠊᑓ㛛እࡢࡇ࡜ࢆ⮬ศࡢ┠࡛ࡘ࠿ࢇ࡛ࡁ࡚ㅮ⩏ࢆࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ኱஦࡞௙஦࡟࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࢇࡔࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋࡲࡉ࡟▱ⓗዲወᚰࢆᩍᤵ⮬㌟ࡀ࠸ࡘࡲ࡛ࡶᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡍࡤࡽࡋ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡇࢀࡣࡕࡻࡗ࡜వㄯ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᐇ⏝໬ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࢹ
࣮ࢱࢆ࡜ࡿ᫬ࠊㄽᩥࢆ᭩ࡃࡇ࡜ࡔࡅ࠿ࡽ⪃࠼ࢀࡤࠊ࠶ࡿព࿡ᐇ࡟↓㥏࡞ᗈ࠸⠊ᅖࡢࢹ࣮ࢱ
ࢆྲྀࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࢀࡣ࠶࡜࡛⏕ࡁ࡚ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋࡸࡣࡾᮦᩱᒇࡉࢇ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ↓㥏ࡔ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚ࡶࠊ࡛ࡁࡿࡔࡅᗈ࠸⠊ᅖࡢࢹ࣮ࢱࢆࡁࡕࡗ࡜ྲྀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀ኱஦ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸
ࡲࡍࡡࠋᑠᯇ㸸㔠◊ࡢ኱ࠎඛ㍮ࡓࡕࡣࠊᐇ㦂ࡋࡓࢹ࣮ࢱ࡛ࢻࢵࢺࢆᡴࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡢࢻࢵࢺ࡛⥺࡟ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ヰࢆ⪺ࡁࡲࡋࡓࠋᮾ໭኱ࡢᮦᩱ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㢌ࡌࡷ࡞࠸ࡃᐇ㦂࡛ࢻࢵࢺࢆ࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇ࡜
ࢀ࡜ࠋᑎ⏣ᐥᙪࡶ㢌ࡢ࠸࠸ࡸࡘࡣ኱ࡋࡓ◊✲࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡸࡿ๓࠿ࡽࢃ࠿ࡗࡓẼ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡋ
ࡲ࠺ࠋ⮬↛࡟ᛅᐇ࡟ࡁࡗࡕࡾࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜ࠊ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞᪂ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀぢࡘ࠿ࡿࢇࡔ࡜ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ࡑࢀࡀᮦᩱᒇࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋ

37ᑠᯇ㸸࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ㢌࡛⪃࠼࡚ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡣࠋ᭱ᚋ࡟㊃࿡࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ≉࡟ఱ࠿ࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸ᡤ㛗࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠿ࡽࢦࣝࣇࢆጞࡵࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠋࡑࢀࡀ᭱㏆ࡢ㊃࿡ࠋ୰ᔱ㸸ࢦࣝࣇࡣዲࡁ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡲࡓṔྐࡀዲࡁ࡞ࡢ࡛ࠊࡋࡻࡗࡕࡹ࠺ㄞࢇ࡛࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᑠᯇ㸸ࡑࢀ୍࡛ᛂ‶㊊ࡋࡓࡽࠊ௒ᗘࡣ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞࡜ࡇࢁ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸࡞࡜ࠋ௒᪥ࡣࡺࡗ
ࡃࡾ࠸ࢁࢇ࡞࠾ヰࢆఛ࠼࡚ࠊᴦࡋ࠿ࡗࡓ࡛ࡍࠋ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
୰ᔱ㸸࡝࠺ࡶ࡜ࡾ࡜ࡵࡢ࡞࠸ヰ࡛ࡋࡓࡀࠊ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
㸰㸮㸯㸮ᖺ㸱᭶㸰㸲᪥㔠ᒓᮦᩱ◊✲ᡤ ୰ᔱᩍᤵᐊ࡟࡚
ࡦࢁࡋ

ᑠᯇ ၨ



38

Interview with Professor Tomokazu MATSUE, Principal Investigator,
WPI-AIMR“Making the Most of a Turning Point”

Administrative Director Iwamoto (I): Professor Matsue, you have been a great help
for WPI-AIMR as an adjunct professor, and as of November 1, you are officiallyassigned to AIMR as a Principal Investigator (PI).
Welcome on board.
Professor Tomokazu Matsue (M): Thank you very much.
I: Is it correct to pronounce your name as “Matsue”?
M: Yes. It’s a rather unusual name.
I: I am terribly sorry but I had been pronouncing your name as Professor “Suenaga”,
judging by the combination of the Chinese characters. Is this pronunciation related toyour birth place?
M: Yes. I am from Tonami in Toyama Prefecture. For some reasons there are about
20 families whose name is pronounced as “Matsue”, which is written in the Chinesecharacters that can be pronounced as “Suenaga”. I think if I trace the roots, I canprobably find some reasons. I have never tried to find out, but I suppose there was an
origin that gradually expanded, and then remained only in that particular place.
I: So, were you born in Tonami in Toyama Prefecture?
M: Yes, I was.
I: Did you live there until you finished high school?
M: Yes. I went to a high school there.
I: After high school, you went to the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Tohoku
University, is it right?
M: Yes, that’s right.
I: As a child, were you interested in science and such subjects?
M: Yes, I liked science. I was so young that I did not understand the details, though.
Japan was developing significantly in those days and that made me very interested intechnology. I wanted to be an engineer since I was at primary school.
I: Since your primary school days.
M: Yes.
I: Excuse me, but may I ask which year were you born in?
M: I was born in 1954.

39

I: Oh, same as me. We were born in the same year, but some people grew up to lovescience and some didn’t…. When we were children, the high economic growth period
started and there was certainly great interest in science and technology.
M: There was Tokyo Olympics, and then Osaka Expo’70 was held when I was at highschool. It was the time when Japan was very vibrant.
I: Indeed. A lot of new products came into our lives.
M: When I saw new electronic goods, I was very curious to see what was inside. I
used to disassemble a lot of things.
I: The products of those days were not black-boxed like the modern ones…
M: Yes, they were rather simple, weren’t they?
I: They make you want to disassemble. I can understand that feeling very well.
Then, although you had been living in Toyama Prefecture, you decided to come to
Tohoku University. What made you do that?
M: If you were living in Toyama Prefecture and wanted to go to a university, there wasa choice of three regions: Kansai, Kanto or Tohoku. People around me had a very
good impression about the School of Engineering of Tohoku University. It seemed tohave advanced technologies and conduct substantial researches. I went to the Facultyof Pharmaceutical Sciences. Engineering or pharmaceutical science was a difficult
choice for me, but at that time I could not decide which one to choose. Since I wasborn in Toyama, medicine was always around me. So, medicine seemed to have alower barrier for me, or I was more familiar with medicine. There was also a lot of
information related to medicine around me. I did not especially want to study
medicine, but when I thought about studying engineering or pharmaceutical sciences tobecome an engineer, the latter sounded more familiar to me.
I: That’s interesting. In fact, Toyama is more famous for its medicine than any otherprefecture.
M: There are a lot of small pharmaceutical makers in Toyama.
I: So, there is a tradition of medicine and it was a natural choice for you.
M: Yes. Medicine is very close to the people in Toyama.
I: I see. After the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences you went to the Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and received a doctor’s degree at Tohoku University.
What was your main research subject?
M: Actually, although I studied medicine, or rather, pharmaceutical sciences at theFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, I was not sure if it was the right choice. I was
more interested in physics and chemistry since I was a child. You can choose suchfields in the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences too, but most study involves40

memorizing the names of medicine. I was not very interested in this kind of study.
When I was in my fourth year and had to choose a laboratory, a new professor camefrom the Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo. It was a very rare case tocome to the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences from the Faculty of Engineering, and I
thought I might be able to try something different as it was a new laboratory, so I
decided to join the laboratory. I started experiments in the laboratory and foundresearch very interesting. I was not particularly interested in academic study in myundergraduate years, though.
I: You were more interested in doing experiments than memorizing the names ofsubstances and medicine.
M: Yes, it was more interesting to create something using my hands, gather data andanalyze it. Since my professor was from an engineering background, I learned a senseof engineering from him.
I was studying organic electrochemistry, which is to create organic substances byusing electricity. It is a field of organic chemistry.
I: Could you give me an example of organic electrochemistry?
M: For example, put various chemical compounds into water, and then electrify thewater. The electricity will cause chemical reactions and that will produce a newcompound. Normally, a reagent is used to cause chemical reactions, but instead
electricity is used in organic electrochemistry.
I: Was it a new trend at that time?
M: Yes. It was a new trend in those days. It was the early form of green chemistry,
which is very popular now. Since electricity is used to cause reactions instead of areagent, it is a very clean method.
I: I see.
drain.

Reagent could produce something harmful that cannot be poured down the

M: Yes, indeed. It was considered to be a cleaner chemical reaction because of the useof electricity, and it was a brand new research field at that time.
I: I see. Now I understand. In your case,although you studied at the Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences as you
mentioned earlier, you were taking various
approaches including engineering or ascientific approach.
M: Something like that.



41

I: I learned from your CV that you had been in the School of Engineering and also in
the Environmental Studies until recently. I have an impression that you are very wellrounded.
M: It looks like I am moving about.
I: Your current research field is mainly bio devices, isn’t it?
M: Yes.
I: What kind of research in bio devices do you do specifically?
M: The easiest example is development of devices to measure the level of sugar inblood. Diabetic patients have to measure the level of sugar in their blood bythemselves, and there is a small device for that job: it has a needle to prick your body to
get your blood out then measures the sugar level from the blood. My research
involves from groundwork to development of such devices. An easy example would
be a device to measure bioactive substances.
I: I was in hospital before and I often heard a nurse asking the patient in the next bed,
“Have you measured your blood-sugar level?” over the partition curtain. I waswondering what was going on, and also wondering if the patient had to inject by himself.
Now I know there is a device for that purpose.
How does it work?
M: Blood contains sugar. There are enzymes on the surface of a sensor, and they willreact to sugar. When a reaction occurs, an electron will be produced. Then theelectron will be measured as a current. It is a system to capture the reaction of
enzymes as a current.
I: It is a clever use of electricity. Is it called “bio” because it uses enzymes?
M: Yes. Because it uses enzymes and also because the target is a bioactive substance.
I: I see. In addition, I often hear a term “self-organization”. Is this also closely
related to your research?
M: Yes, it is. For example, biological materials should be placed on an inorganic
substrate such as silicon or glass in order to cause a reaction, but the substrate andbiological materials such as an enzyme or protein will not react very well if thematerials are not placed on the substrate properly. For this reason, it is very important
how biological materials are placed or arranged on a substrate: this is where a techniquecalled self-organization is used.
I: Interesting. What will be self-organized in this case?
M: If a bioactive substance such as protein is placed on a substrate, it will arrange itself
thanks to the interactive effect of the substrate and bioactive substance. It will stick byitself.

42

I: Oh, I see.
M: This is called self-organization.
I: Because it does not require human intervention.
M: Yes. Actually, the surface of substrates needs various works so that the enzymes
can be arranged in the way they can function well. The enzymes cannot be just placedon a substrate. Some work needs to be done to the surface of substrates to help
enzymes stick to them properly.
I: And this is also a part of materials chemistry.
M: Yes.
I: Tohoku University includes the Institute for Materials Research and has anestablished tradition in hard materials; however, it is said that WPI-AIMR should place
more focus on soft materials. In that case, bio-devices will become more important inrelation to soft materials. Where do you think Tohoku University stands in the bio
device field in Japan or in the world?
M: Tohoku University has strength in the materials and electronics field. It is also verystrong in MEMS technology. I think creating bio devices by integrating these fields issomething Tohoku University is very good at, and it is the field where Tohoku
University can leverage its own strength.
I: Is this the reason why you think research on bio devices should be promoted as an
output in which materials, electronics and MEMS fields are integrated?
M: Yes, that is my understanding. I would like to leverage and blend the strengths of
Tohoku University to create something new.
I: I agree. It is an important point. In fact, when WPI-AIMR started three years ago,
as we mentioned at the beginning, it was our profession to integrate various fields into
new material science - from atom and molecule to bio devices. Ideally, I hope we canleverage our strength effectively and as a result we can not only make one plus one two
but also three or even ten.
Talking about WPI-AIMR, you will meet various hard working researchers in Bio
Device laboratory such as Dr. Ali Khademhosseini and Dr. Wu Hongkai. We arelooking forward to seeing your collaboration with them.
M: Since I was in engineering for a long time, I tend to think that once I started thebasis I should carry on to the exit. But recently I am more likely to think that I would
rather work with companies at the exit phase in order to bring out my invention to theworld, and I am trying various things for that. So, I want to produce something usefulfor the public from my research. This is my motive.
I: Another question - we talked about diabetic patients earlier. Are bio devices also43related to drugs?
M: Yes. Pharmaceutical makers are working very hard to develop
drugs, and they have to test how effective the drugs they produced arefor living bodies. There are several steps for the test: the first step iscell-level testing, and the next step is animal testing. Recently it is
not easy to carry out animal testing, as it is discouraged and should be
kept to the minimum. Instead, cell level testing should be employed. There are
requirements for methods – very efficient methods - to check the effectiveness of thedrugs at the cell level, since there are various types of cells and so many different kindsof drugs. For example, if cells are integrated into a chip and then a drug is added, it ispossible to test the reaction all at once. The pharmaceutical industry and drug makers
are requesting such devices.
I: So, you can see the result all at once?
M: Yes, you can see it all at the same time.
English.

This is called “high-throughput” in

I: So, bio devices will be more and more necessary for this purpose.
M: Yes. I think it will be used a lot more frequently in the bio field in the future.
I: I see. Then, it is a field with a lot of potential.
M: However, there are still a lot of black boxes in the bio field. There are many
unknown factors. Experts in bio science are trying to analyze such black boxes, and it
is important how effectively you can incorporate the cutting-edge information of bio
science. We do not work in bio-science itself, but we are good at creating devices anddeveloping measurement methods. The most important task is to incorporate thecutting edge information into our field.
I: Even though there is no biologist in WPI, I think it is important how we can apply
what biologists have found or learned for materials.
M: Yes, indeed.
I: Going back to what we talked about earlier, a lot of researches in different fields areworking together. It is so called “fusion research”. We provide opportunities for
that: for example, we hold “Joint Seminar” about twice a month while holding “TeaTime” every week. I know you have worked with people in various fields previously,
but I would be grateful if you could take part here, too.
M: Of course. It is impossible to do everything by myself, and it is quicker to ask
opinions of the experts in their fields when I have something I don’t understand.
I: Yes, indeed. From this point of view, it is important to cooperate with other people– although it is also important to become an expert in a certain field.

44

I heard that you have been working for Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS) as a program officer until recently. What was included in your job?
M: I was in charge of building a system for Grants-in Aid for Scientific Research andchecking whether the system is working correctly, as well as making sure thatassessment for the grants is carried out properly.
I: So, it was more about how you can use the grants effectively for the academic
researches rather than the actual contents of research.
M: Yes.
I: Are you interested in the management side of research too?
M: I’d rather say that I was doing it out of necessity. However, I could get a lot of
information through that work. From this point of view, it was very useful.
I: I agree. We are also trying to work out the way to obtain the Grants-in Aid for
Scientific Research as much as we can.
By the way, changing the subject from your research, what is the motto or slogan of
your laboratory? You have a lot of young staff including graduate students.
M: Just try anything that looks interesting. Don’t think about it too much from the
beginning, but use your hands and try anything that looks interesting – this is the mottoof my laboratory. I am encouraging the staff to move their hands instead of saying
they can’t do this or they can’t do that before they even try.
I: Does it mean that some young staff tends to think theory comes first?
M: Yes, indeed. Some of them assume “this will not work” or “it will probably not belike that” from the beginning, but you never know until you actually do it, don’t you?
I: Yes, it is important to just do it without making all sorts of excuses.
M: Yes, it is really important.
I: It is only through these experiences that you can open up and widen your capacity.
So, the young researchers under your supervision in your laboratory are working withthis spirit.
M: Yes.
I: It must be a great pleasure. In other words, you are encouraging the autonomy of
the young researchers.
M: Yes.
I: Recently I often hear that young researchers are not willing to go abroad. There aremany reasons for this, but what is your opinion?
M: I think it is recommended to go abroad - not just staying in Japan - to increase
opportunity to learn different ways of thinking. I am also trying to send especially thestudents of the doctoral program to academic conferences abroad so that they can widen

45their view. One of my staff who has the doctor's degree is abroad now. Whenevermy staffs have been abroad, they come back with a very different view or opinions andlook more grown up.
I: I see. Although the research itself is universal, different countries have different
approaches to research, don’t they?
M: Yes.
I: I once studied public administration in France. Their teaching method and the way
to develop theories were very different. That was a big shock to me, and I learned a lot
from it.
M: I see.
I: In addition, when it comes to basic research, Europe and America has a very strong
tradition.
M: Yes, I think so too.
I: From this point of view, as you mentioned, when young researchers attend workshops
abroad and meet foreign researchers, it can be expected that they become motivated anddevelop themselves even further.
M: Indeed.
I: In WPI we recruit excellent researchers in Japan and from abroad, but I personallythink that we also have to send out talented Japanese young researchers abroad.
M: I see.
I: Talking about the relation with foreign countries, you have studied in America,
haven’t you?
M: I studied at University of Wisconsin in America.
I: Yes, University of Wisconsin. Which school did you go to?
M: I studied with Professor Dennis Evans, who specializes in Chemistry.
I: He is well known in this field, I guess.
M: Yes. He is very famous in the field, very smart and intelligent. However, his
research was very different from my research for the doctorial course in the Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences. As I mentioned earlier, I was studying organic chemistry,
such as producing organic synthesis by using electricity, but in America the research
was more about theory. Theory of electron transfer. When I was studying in Japan, I
used to shake a flask to create something, but in America theory was more importantand I used to spend all day in a computer room doing calculation. I am very gratefulthat he invited me despite the fact that I was in a totally different field. I studied
electrochemistry and the theory of electron transfer really hard there, and it is still very
useful for me.

46

I: So, was it the field you never studied in Japan before you went to America?
M: I was doing a more manual, unsophisticated method in Japan, but it was very
different over there. In Japan, I had never used a computer for my research at that time.
I: When was it?
M: I received the doctor’s degree in 1981. At that time there were hardly any
computers. Although it was possible to do calculation in the large scale computing
center, I never went there to do calculation.
I: Nobody did except computer specialist at that time.
M: However, once I was in America, I was in a computer room all day: I would make aprogram and calculate, then make another program and calculate… I did someexperiments, but it was more for the purpose of comparing the experiment and thetheory. It was very different research.
I: It sounds great. Two main pillars of experiment and theory – it will not always be
possible to do both equally well, as we are not all Da Vinci after all, however, it musthave been a great experience for your research activity after you came back.
M: Yes, it has been really useful. After I came back to Japan, I immediately started
using simulation. I was probably one of the earliest who introduced simulation forelectrode reaction.
I: By the way, talking about your private life, what is your hobby?
M: I used to like playing sports and played volleyball when I was young. I also played
baseball and went skiing. But recently I mostly watch sports. When I have a sparetime I go out by car with my wife to have a nice meal nearby. That is my hobby thesedays.
I: It is the best way to relax. I rarely have a chance to do exercise or play sports, and I
guess you are also busy with your work…
M: I cannot be bothered to play sports recently.
I: By the way, you are involved in a lot of academic societies, and you are the Chairmanof Tohoku Regional Branch of the Electrochemical Society of Japan (ECSJ). It is arather large organization.
M: Yes, it is. It is the main academic society for batteries including solar batteries thatis very popular now. It also does research and development of car batteries, fuelbatteries and solar batteries. It is very active and large.
I: I see. So, what does the Tohoku Branch do? Do they coordinate organizations
such as universities including Tohoku University and companies in six prefectures in
Tohoku?
M: Yes.

47

I: It sounds interesting.
M: Toyota built a new plant in Sendai recently, and there is also a battery company
jointly owned by Toyota and Panasonic. So, now the wind is favorable for us.
I: Indeed. Lastly, could you tell me your ambition – what do you want to do in WPI?
M: I think it is important to make the most of a turning point. It is very rare that you
stay in one place for a long period these days. University staffs are on fixed term
employment. It was my big turning point to move from Pharmaceutical Sciences toEngineering, so was moving from Engineering to Environmental Studies. I think thistime will also be a good turning point. I would like to think that my transfer to WPI is
an opportunity to develop and progress my research further, and I would like to makethe most of it. So, I am thinking of doing something new in WPI, based on my current
research.
I: I know you already know some professors in WPI, including Center Director
Yamamoto, but there are also a lot of talented researchers in the fields that you had little
contact with before. I would like to make an effort to provide opportunities to interact
with each other. Also, if you can recommend foreign researchers for us to take on,even for a short period, I would like to actively work to make it happen.
Thank you very much for talking to me Interviewer: Administrative Director, W. Iwamoto
At Matsue Lab,
Engineering Laboratory Complex Building
November 9th, 2010

48

WPI-AIMR PI ᮎỌᬛ୍ᩍᤵ࡟⪺ࡃ(Interview with Professor Tomokazu MATSUE㸫Japanese version)
㌿ᶵࢆά࠿ࡍ
ᒾᮏ㸸ᮎỌඛ⏕࡟ࡣ௨๓࠿ࡽ㐃ᦠᩍᤵ࡜ࡋ࡚WPI-AIMRࡣ࠾ୡヰ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊ
ࡇࡢ11᭶1
᪥࠿ࡽࡣPI࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ṇᘧ࡟AIMR࡟ᡤᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡃࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸࠸ࡓࡋࡲࡍࠋ

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ᒾᮏ㸸ࡲࡓࠊ௒ࡢ࡜ࡣ㐪ࡗ࡚ࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣎ࢵࢡࢫ໬ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿ࡽ͐͐
ᮎỌ㸸๭࡜ࢩࣥࣉ࡛ࣝࡋࡓࡼࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ศゎࡋ࡚ࡳࡓࡃ࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀࡣࡼࡃࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡍࠋ   ࡑࢀ࡛ࠊᐩᒣ┴࡟ࡎࡗ࡜࠾ఫࡲ࠸࡛ࠊᮾ໭኱Ꮫ࡟᮶ࡽࢀࡓࡁࡗ࠿ࡅࡣఱ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ᐩᒣ┴࠿ࡽ኱Ꮫ࡟⾜ࡃ࡜࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊ㛵すࠊ㛵ᮾ࡜ᮾ໭ࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ⚾ࡢ࿘ࡾࡢேࡓࡕࡣᮾ໭኱ᏛࡢᕤᏛ㒊ࡣࡍࡈࡃ࠸࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓ㸬㧗࠸ᢏ⾡ࡀ࠶ࡾࠊࡋࡗ࠿ࡾ࡜ࡋࡓ◊✲ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ⸆Ꮫ࡟㐍ࢇࡔࡢࡣࠊ
ᙜ᫬ࠊᕤᏛࠊ⸆Ꮫࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜ศ㔝ࡀ㐪࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࡡࠊ࡝ࡗࡕ࠿࡞࡜㏞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓ㸬ᐩᒣ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽ⸆࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㌟㏆࡟࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ⸆࡟ࡣࡑࢇ࡞࡟ࣂࣜ࢔ࡀ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠊぶࡋࡳࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ࿘ࡾ࡟⸆࡟㛵ࢃࡿ᝟ሗࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡋࠋ⚾⮬㌟ࡣ≉࡟ࡸࡾࡓ࠸࡜ᛮࡗࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊᢏ⾡⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ᕤᏛࠊ⸆Ꮫࠊ࡝ࡇ࠿ࡑࡢ࠶ࡓࡾ࡟⾜ࡇ࠺࡜ᛮࡗࡓ࡜ࡁࠊ⸆Ꮫࡢ᪉ࡀᑡࡋ࡞ࡌࡳࡀ࠶ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸࠶࠶ࠊ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ☜࠿࡟ࠊ௚ࡢ┴࡟ẚ࡭ࢀࡤᐩᒣ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࠊ⸆ࡀ᭷ྡ࡛
ࡍࡡࠋᮎỌ㸸ᐩᒣ࡟ࡣᑠࡉ࡞〇⸆࣓࣮࣮࢝ࡀ⤖ᵓ࠸ࡗࡥ࠸࠶ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡸࡣࡾఏ⤫ⓗ࡟ࡑ࠺࠸࠺㢼ᅵࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊᴟࡵ࡚⮬↛࡞ࡇ࡜ࡔࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ⸆࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ๭࡜ᡃࠎ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣ㌟㏆࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡣ࠸ࠊࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡍࠋ   ࡑࡋ࡚ࠊ⸆Ꮫ㒊࠿ࡽ⸆Ꮫ◊✲⛉ࠊࡑࢀ࡛༤ኈྕࢆᮾ໭኱Ꮫ࡛ྲྀࡽࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ
୺࡟࡝ࢇ࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆ◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ᐇࡣࠊ⸆Ꮫ㒊࡟ධࡗ࡚⸆࡜࠸࠺࠿⸆Ꮫࡢຮᙉࢆࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ࡝࠺ࡶ⸆ࡢ᪉ࡀࡋ
ࡗࡃࡾࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࠋࡸࡗࡥࡾ᫇࠿ࡽ≀⌮࡜࠿໬Ꮫ࡜࠿ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࡀዲࡁ࡛ࠋ⸆Ꮫ㒊࡛ࡶࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡞ศ㔝ࡣ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ⸆ࡢྡ๓ࢆぬ࠼ࡿ࡜࠿ᬯグࡶࡢࡀከ࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ
࡝࠺ࡶࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࡀྜࢃ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠋ㸲ᖺ⏕࡟࡞ࡗ࡚◊✲ᐊࢆ㑅ࡪ࡜ࡁ࡟ࠊࡕࡻ࠺࡝ᮾ኱ࡢᕤ
Ꮫ㒊࠿ࡽ᪂ࡋࡃඛ⏕ࡀ᮶ࡽࢀࡲࡋࡓ㸬ᕤᏛ㒊࠿ࡽ⸆Ꮫ㒊࡟᮶ࡽࢀࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟⌋ࡋ࠸ࢣ࣮ࢫ࡛ࠊ᪂ࡋ࠸◊✲ᐊ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜ኚࢃࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࠿࡞࡜
ᛮࡗ࡚ࠊࡑࡇ࡟ධࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡇ࡛ᐇ㦂ࢆࡋฟࡋ࡚ࠊ◊✲࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸࡞࡜ᛮ
࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋᏛ㒊᫬௦ࡢຮᙉ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡑࢀ࡯࡝⯆࿡ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠋ

50ᒾᮏ㸸≀㉁ࡢྡ๓ࢆぬ࠼ࡓࡾ⸆ࡢྡ๓ࢆぬ࠼ࡓࡾ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᐇ㦂࡟⯆࿡ࢆࡶࡓࢀࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸⮬ศ࡛ᡭࢆື࠿ࡋ࡚≀ࢆࡘࡃࡗࡓࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡛ࢹ࣮ࢱࡀฟ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆゎᯒࡋࡓࡾ࡜
࠸࠺ࡢࡀ࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠿ࡗࡓ࡛ࡍࠋඛ⏕ࡀᕤᏛ⣔ࡢඛ⏕ࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣᕤᏛⓗ࡞ࢭࣥࢫࢆᏛࡧࡲࡋࡓࠋ   ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢࡣࠊせࡣ㟁Ẽࢆ౑ࡗ࡚᭷ᶵ≀ࢆࡘࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺᭷ᶵ㟁Ẽ໬Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺㡿ᇦ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ᭷ᶵ໬Ꮫࡢ୍ศ㔝࡛ࡍࠋᒾᮏ㸸᭷ᶵ㟁Ẽ໬Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ౛࠼ࡤ࡝࠺࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡜ゝࡗࡓࡽࡼ࠸࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸౛࠼ࡤࠊỈࡢ୰࡟࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞໬ྜ≀ࢆධࢀ࡚ࠊࡑࡇ࡟㟁Ẽࢆὶࡍࠋ㟁Ẽࢆὶࡍ࡜ࡑࡇ࡛໬Ꮫ཯ᛂࡀ㉳ࡁࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࢀ࡛᪂ࡋ࠸≀ࢆࡘࡃࡾฟࡍࠋᬑ㏻ࡔࡗࡓࡽ㟁Ẽࢆὶࡉ࡞࠸࡛ヨ⸆ࢆධࢀ࡚཯ᛂࡉࡏࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚㟁Ẽ࡛཯ᛂࡉࡏࡿࠊࡑ࠺࠸
࠺ࡩ࠺࡞◊✲࡛ࡍࠋᒾᮏ㸸ࡑࢀࡣࠊࡑࡢࡇࢁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸ὶࢀࡔࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ࠶ࡢࡇࢁ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ᪂ࡋ࠸ὶࢀ࡛ࡋࡓࠋ௒ࡣࡸࡾࡢࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࢣ࣑ࢫࢺ
࣮ࣜࡢࡣࡋࡾ࡛ࡍࡡࠋኚ࡞ヨ⸆ࢆ౑ࢃ࡞࠸࡛㟁Ẽ࡛཯ᛂࢆ㉳ࡇࡋࡲࡍ࠿ࡽࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ࢡ࣮ࣜ
ࣥ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸࠶࠶ࠊヨ⸆ࢆ౑࠺࡜ࠊࡑࡇࡽ㎶࡟ࡶὶࡏ࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࡀ࡛ࡁ࡚ࡋࡲࡗࡓࡾࡋࡲ
ࡍࡼࡡࠋᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺ࠊࡑ࠺ࠋ㟁Ẽࢆ౑࠺ࡢ࡛๭࡜ࢡ࣮ࣜࣥ࡞཯ᛂࡔ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᙜ᫬ࠊጞࡲࡗ
ࡓࡤ࠿ࡾࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸◊✲ศ㔝࡛ࡋࡓࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋࡣ࠸ࠊࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ   ඛ⏕ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊඛ࡯࡝᮶ࠊ⸆Ꮫ㒊ࠊ⸆Ꮫ◊✲⛉࡜⏦ࡋࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊඛ⏕ࡶ࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡗࡓ࡜࠾ࡾࠊᕤᏛⓗ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ໬Ꮫⓗࠊࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓከᵝ࡞㛵ᚰ࠿ࡽ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡋ࡚࠸
ࡗࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ឤࡌ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊඛ⏕ࡢCVࢆぢࡏ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡁࡲࡋ࡚ࠊᕤᏛ◊✲⛉࡟ࡶ࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲ
ࡋࡓࡋࠊ᭱㏆ࡲ࡛ࡣ⎔ቃ⛉Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠊᴟࡵ࡚࣮࢜ࣝࣛ࢘ࣥࢻ࡜࠸࠺༳㇟ࢆᣢࡕࡲࡋ
ࡓࠋᮎỌ㸸࡞ࢇ࠿ࠊ࠶ࡗࡕࡇࡗࡕື࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ឤࡌ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸௒࠾ࡸࡾ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ◊✲ࡢෆᐜࡣࠊ୍ゝ࡛ゝ࠼ࡤࣂ࢖࢜ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟
࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࣂ࢖࢜ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊලయⓗ࡟ࡣ࡝ࢇ࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆ◊✲ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸୍␒ࢃ࠿ࡾࡸࡍ࠸౛ࡀࠊ⾑ᾮ୰ࡢ⢾ศࢆࡣ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡞⿦⨨ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡛ࡍࠋ⢾ᒀ⑓ࡢ51ᝈ⪅ࡉࢇࡣ⮬ศࡢ⾑ᾮ୰ࡢ⢾ศࢆࡿࡇ࡜ࢆࡸࡽ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᑠࡉ

࡞ჾᲔ࡛ࠊࡕࡻࡗ࡜㔪ࢆ่ࡋ࡚ฟ࡚ࡃࡿ⾑ᾮ࡛⮬ศࡢ⾑ᾮ୰ࡢ⢾ศࢆࡣ࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡞⿦⨨ࡀฟ࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡞⿦⨨ࡢᇶ♏࠿ࡽ㛤Ⓨࡲ࡛◊✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ⏕యᡂศࢆࡣ
࠿ࡿࡼ࠺࡞⿦⨨ࡀࢃ࠿ࡾࡸࡍ࠸౛࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸⚾ࡶ௨๓ධ㝔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟㞄࡟⢾ᒀ⑓ࡢᝈ⪅ࡉࢇࡀ࠸࡚ࠊ┳ㆤᖌࡉࢇ࡟࠸ࡘࡶ
ࠕ⾑⢾್ࡾࡲࡋࡓ࠿ࠖ࡜ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀࠊ௙ษࡾ࣮࢝ࢸࣥ㉺ࡋ࡟⪺ࡇ࠼࡚ࠕ࠶ࢀࠊఱ

ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢇࡔࢁ࠺࡞ࠊࡇࡢேࠋ⮬ศ࡛ὀᑕᡴࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡞ࠖ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡀࠊࡑ
࠺࠸࠺⿦⨨ࡀ࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ   ࡑࢀࡣࠊ࡝࠺࠸࠺௙⤌ࡳ࡛ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ

ᮎỌ㸸⾑ᾮ୰࡟⢾ศࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࢭࣥࢧ࣮ࡢ⾲㠃࡟㓝⣲ࡀ஌ࡗ࠿ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝
ࡶࠊ⢾ศࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜㓝⣲࡜཯ᛂࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ཯ᛂࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࡇ࡛㟁Ꮚࡀฟ࡚ࡃࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋࡑ
ࡢ㟁Ꮚࢆ㟁ὶ࡜ࡋ࡚

ࡿࠋ㓝⣲ࡢ཯ᛂࢆ㟁ὶ࡜ࡋ࡚࡜ࡽ࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡞௙⤌ࡳ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ

ᒾᮏ㸸ࡇࡇ࡟㟁Ẽࢆ࠺ࡲࡃ౑ࡗ࡚࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊ㓝⣲࡜࠿ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ព
࿡࡛ࣂ࢖࢜࡜ゝ࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ㓝⣲ࢆ౑࠸ࡲࡍࡋࠊᑐ㇟ࡀ⏕యᡂศ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠋ࠶࡜ࠊࡇࢀࡶࡼࡃ⪺ࡃゝⴥ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬࡜ゝ࠺⏝ㄒࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ
ࡇࢀࡶࡸࡣࡾඛ⏕ࡢࡈ◊✲࡜ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㛵ಀࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸㛵ಀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ౛࠼ࡤࠊࢩࣜࢥࣥࡸ࢞ࣛࢫࡢ↓ᶵ≀㉁ࡢᇶ┙ࡢୖ࡟ࠊࣂ࢖࢜ࡢᮦ
ᩱࢆ஌ࡏ࡚࠺ࡲࡃ཯ᛂࡉࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊᇶ┙࡜⏕య≀㉁ࠊ౛࠼ࡤ㓝⣲ࡸࡓࢇࡥ
ࡃ㉁ࢆᇶ┙ࡢୖ࡟࠺ࡲࡃ஌ࡏ࡞࠸࡜཯ᛂࡋ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊᇶ┙࡟ࣂ࢖࢜ᮦᩱࢆ୪
࡭ࡿ࡜࠸࠺࠿஌ࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᢏ⾡࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㠀ᖖ࡟㔜せ࡛ࠊࡑࡇ࡟ࡣ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬࡜࠸࠺ࢸࢡࢽࢵࢡࢆ౑࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸࡯࠺ࠋඛ⏕ࠊࡇࡇ࡛ࡣఱࡀ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬ࡍࡿࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸౛࠼ࡤࡓࢇࡥࡃ㉁࡜࠿ࡑ࠺࠸࠺⏕యᡂศࢆᇶ┙ࡢୖ࡟⨨ࡃ࡜ࠊᇶ┙࡜⏕యᡂศࡢ┦஫స⏝ࡢຊ࡛ࠊ⮬ศ࡛୪ࡪࡢ࡛ࡍࠋ⮬ศ࡛ࡃࡗࡘࡃࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸࠶࠶ࠊࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࢆ⮬ᕫ⤌⧊໬࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡘࡲࡾࠊேࡀᡭࢆຍ࠼࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋᐇ㝿࡟ࡣᇶ┙ࡢ⾲㠃࡟ࡶ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞⣽ᕤࡀせࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠋ㓝⣲ࢆ࠺ࡲࡃᶵ⬟ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟୪࡭ࡿ࡟ࡣࠋࡓࡔ༢࡟ࡥࡗ࡜⨨ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ࡚ࠊᇶ┙⾲㠃࡟࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞⣽ᕤࢆࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࡢୖ࡟㓝⣲ࡀ࠺ࡲࡃࡃࡗࡘࡃࡼ࠺࡟⣽ᕤࡍࡿࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࡶᮦᩱ໬Ꮫ࡜ゝ࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ᮾ໭኱Ꮫࡣ㔠ᒓᮦᩱ◊✲ᡤࡀ࠶ࡗ࡚ࠊࣁ࣮ࢻ࣐ࢸࣜ࢔ࣝ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ☜ᅛ࡜ࡋ࡚ఏ

52⤫ࡀ࠶ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊWPI-AIMR࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢯࣇࢺ࣐ࢸࣜ࢔ࣝ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ࡟ࡶࡗ
࡜ຊࢆධࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ゝࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࣂ࢖࢜ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ
࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊࡲࡉ࡟ࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓࢯࣇࢺ࣐ࢸࣜ࢔ࣝ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛㔜せ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࣂ࢖࢜ࢹࣂ
࢖ࢫࡢศ㔝ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣୡ⏺ࡢ୰࡛ᮾ໭኱Ꮫ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࡝࠺࡞ࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ᮾ໭኱Ꮫࡣᮦᩱ㸪ࡑࡋ࡚࢚ࣞࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫࡀᙉ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ࠶࡜ࠊMEMS࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡢࡶ㠀ᖖ࡟ᙉ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ศ㔝ࢆ࠺ࡲࡃྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚ࣂ࢖࢜ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࢆࡘࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺
ࡢࡣࠊࡇࢀࡣᮾ໭኱ࡔ࠿ࡽࡇࡑ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠊᮾ໭኱ࡢᙉࡳࢆฟࡏࡿศ㔝ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊᮦᩱ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࢚ࣞࢡࢺࣟࢽࢡࢫ࡛࠶ࡾࠊMEMS࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑ࠺
࠸ࡗࡓࡶࡢࢆ⼥ྜࡋࡓ࢔࢘ࢺࣉࢵࢺ࡜ࡋ࡚ࣂ࢖࢜ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ◊✲࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ᥎㐍ࡉࢀࡿ࡜࠸
࠺ࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡣ࠸ࠊ⚾ࡣࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟࡜ࡽ࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋᮾ໭኱࡛ᙉ࠸࡜ࡇࢁࢆ࠺ࡲࡃ⏕࠿ࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࢆ࠺ࡲࡃ࣑ࢵࢡࢫࡋ࡚ఱ࠿᪂ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࡀ࡛ࡁࢀࡤ࡞࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑࢀࡣ㔜せ࡞࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ☜࠿࡟ࠊᮏᶵᵓࡶ㸱ᖺ๓࡟Ⓨ㊊ࡋࡓ
࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣࠊෑ㢌⏦ࡋࡲࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ศ㔝ࡀ⼥ྜࡋ࡚᪂ࡋ࠸ᮦᩱ⛉ᏛࢆࠊཎᏊ࣭
ศᏊ࠿ࡽࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࡲ࡛࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ᶆᴶࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࠋ⤖ᒁࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᡃࠎࡀ᪤࡟ᣢ
ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓᙉࡳࠊࡑࢀࢆ࠺ࡲࡃࠊ㸯㊊ࡍ㸯ࡀ㸰࡛࡞ࡃ࡚㸱࡟ࡶ㸯㸮࡟ࡶ࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡞ឤࡌ࡟࡞
ࢀࡤⰋ࠸࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ   WPI-AIMR࡛ゝ࠸ࡲࡍ࡜ࠊࣂ࢖࢜ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡛ࡣࠊࡇࢀ࠿ࡽඛ⏕ࡶ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ఍ࢃࢀ
ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ࢔࣭ࣜ࢝ࢹ࣒࣍ࢵࢭ࢖ࢽඛ⏕ࡸࠊ࣮࣭࢘࣍ࣥ࢝࢖ඛ⏕ࡶ୍⏕ᠱ࿨㡹ᙇࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊඛ⏕࡟ࡶࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓேࡓࡕ࡜ࡢࢥ࣮ࣛ࣎ࣞࢩࣙࣥ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠊ
ࡑࢀࢆᮇᚅࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸⚾ࡣࡶ࡜ࡶ࡜ᕤᏛ࡟ࡎࡗ࡜࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡢ࡛ࠊᇶ♏ࢆࡸࡗࡓࡽࡸࡗࡥࡾฟཱྀࡲ࡛⮬ศ࡛ࡸࡾࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋ࡚ࠊ௒ࡣ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜ฟཱྀࡢ㒊ศࢆ௻ᴗ࡜୍⥴࡟ࡸࡗ࡚ࠊ⮬ศ࡛⪃࠼ࡓࡶࡢࢆୡࡢ୰࡟ฟࡋࡓ࠸࡞࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡇࢁ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ
࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊ⚾⮬㌟ࡣࡸࡗࡥࡾⓙࡉࢇࡢᙺ࡟❧ࡘࡼ࠺࡞ࡶࡢࢆࡘࡃࡾࡓ࠸ࠊ⮬ศࡢ◊✲ࡢ୰࠿ࡽࠊࡑ࠺ᛮࡗ࡚௒ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࠊࡉࡗࡁ⢾ᒀ⑓ࡢேࡢ౛ࡀฟࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡼࡃࣂ࢖࢜ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡜࠸
࠺࡜་⸆ရ࡜ࡶ㛵ಀࡋ࡚ࡃࡿࢇ࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ་⸆ရࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆ〇⸆୍࣓࣮࣮࡛࢝⏕ᠱ࿨ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊసࡗ
ࡓ⸆ࡀ࡝ࡢ⛬ᗘ⏕య࡟ຠࡃ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆㄪ࡭࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࠸ࡅ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋᗄࡘ࠿ࢫࢸࢵࣉ
ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ᭱ึࡢẁ㝵ࡣ⣽⬊࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝㄪ࡭ࡿࠋḟ࡟ື≀࡟ᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ௒ࡣື≀ᐇ㦂ࡀࡋ࡙ࡽ࠸࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠊࡑࢀࢆ࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃṆࡵ⣽⬊࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡸࡾࡲࡋࡻ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ⣽⬊࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ⸆ࡢຠࡁ᪉ࢆぢࡓ࠸ࠊࡑࢀࡶࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞⣽⬊ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡋ
⸆ࡢ✀㢮ࡶ࠸ࡗࡥ࠸࠶ࡾࡲࡍ࠿ࡽࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟ຠ⋡Ⰻࡃぢࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺せᮃࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋ౛࠼ࡤ

53ࢳࢵࣉ≧࡟⣽⬊ࢆ㞟✚໬ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࡟⸆ࢆຍ࠼ࡓ࡜ࡁࡢᛂ⟅ࢆ୍ᗘ࡟ㄪ࡭ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ
ࡲࡍࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫࢆࠊ〇⸆ᴗ⏺ࡸ⸆ࡢ㛤Ⓨࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿேࡓࡕࡣḧࡋ࠸࡜ゝࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋᒾᮏ㸸ࡍࡿ࡜୍㐢࡟ࡥࡗ࡜ࢃ࠿ࡿࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸୍㐢࡟ࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡍࠋⱥㄒ࡛ࣁ࢖ࢫ࣮ࣝࣉࢵࢺࠊ࡜ゝ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢ࡟ࡶࣂ࢖࢜ࢹࣂ࢖ࢫ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡔࢇࡔࢇᚲせ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋࡇࢀ࠿ࡽࡣࣂ࢖࢜ศ㔝࡛࠿࡞ࡾ౑ࢃࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋࡑ࠺ࡍࡿ࡜ࠊᴟࡵ࡚ᑗ᮶ᛶࡢ㧗࠸㡿ᇦ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡓࡔࠊࣂ࢖࢜ࡢ㡿ᇦ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࣈࣛࢵࢡ࣎ࢵࢡࢫࡀࡲࡔከ࠸ࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠊศ࠿
ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀࡓࡃࡉࢇ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࣂ࢖࢜ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿேࡓࡕࡣࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࣈ
ࣛࢵࢡ࣎ࢵࢡࢫࢆ୍⏕ᠱ࿨ゎ᫂ࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࣂ࢖࢜ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫࡢ᭱ඛ➃ࡢ᝟ሗࢆ࠸࠿࡟࠺ࡲࡃྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿ࡀ㔜せ࡛ࡍࠋᡃࠎࡣࣂ࢖࢜ࢧ࢖࢚ࣥࢫࡑࡢࡶࡢࢆ
ࡸࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡅ࡝ࠊࢹࣂ࢖ࢫస〇࡜࠿ィἲࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡜࠿ࡣᚓព࡛ࡍࠋ᭱ඛ➃ࡢ᝟ሗࢆᡃࠎࡢศ㔝࡟࠸࠿࡟࠺ࡲࡃྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㔜せ࡞ㄢ㢟࡛ࡍࠋᒾᮏ㸸WPIࡢሙྜ࡛ࡶࠊࣂ࢖࢜ࣟࢪࢫࢺࡀ࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺᪉ࡢⓎぢࡋࡓࡾᚓࡓࡶࡢࢆᡃࠎࡀ࡝࠺ᮦᩱ࡟⏕࠿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ࠿ࠊࡑࡇࡀ኱஦ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ඛ࡯࡝ࡢヰ࡟ᡠࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ศ㔝ࡢ◊✲⪅ࡀඹྠ◊✲ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
⼥ྜ◊✲࡜ゝ࠺ࡢ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡࠋ⚾࡝ࡶ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢሙᡤ࡜ࡋ࡚౛࠼ࡤࠕࢪࣙ࢖ࣥࢺࢭ࣑ࢼ
࣮ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆ᭶࡟㸰ᅇࡄࡽ࠸ࡸࡿ୍᪉ࠊࠕࢸ࢕࣮ࢱ࢖࣒ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࢆẖ㐌ᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡲ
ࡍࠋඛ⏕ࡶ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ศ㔝ࡢ᪉࡜ࡢඹྠ◊✲࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊᚑ᮶ࡶࡸࡗ࡚ࡇࡽࢀࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡍ
ࡀࠊ௒ᚋࡶࡼࢁࡋࡃ࠾㢪࠸ࡋࡲࡍࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸࠼࠼ࠋࡸࡗࡥࡾ⮬ศ࡛࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡣࡑ
ࡢ㐨ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ࡟⪺࠸࡚ࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ពぢࢆఛࡗࡓ᪉ࡀ᪩࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊࡶࡕࢁࢇ୍ࡘࡢศ㔝ࢆ῝ࡵࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࡑࢀࡣ
ࡑࢀ࡛኱஦࡞ࢇ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࡯࠿ࡢே࡜࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ኱஦࡛ࡍࠋ   ඛ⏕ࡣࠊ᭱㏆ࡲ࡛ࡓࡋ࠿᪥ᮏᏛ⾡᣺⯆఍ࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࢜ࣇ࢕ࢧ࣮ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡽࡗࡋ
ࡷ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ࡝ࢇ࡞࠾௙஦࡛ࡋࡓ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸⛉◊㈝ࡢࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࢆసࡗࡓࡾࠊ⛉◊㈝ࡢไᗘࡀ࠺ࡲࡃື࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⛉◊㈝ࡢᑂᰝࡀࡕࡷࢇ࡜࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࢳ࢙ࢵࢡࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞❧ሙ࡟࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑࢀࡣࠊ◊✲ࡢ୰㌟࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡶ⛉◊㈝ࢆ࡝ࢀࡔࡅᐇຠⓗ࡟Ꮫ⾡◊✲ࡢྥୖ࡟ᙺ
❧࡚ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ

54ᒾᮏ㸸ඛ⏕ࡣࠊࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓព࿡࡛ࠊ◊✲ࡢ࣐ࢿࢪ࣓ࣥࢺ࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡶ㛵ᚰࡀ࠾࠶ࡾ
࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ᙺ๭࡛ࡋࡼ࠺ࡀ࡞ࡃࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠋ࡛ࡶࠊ࠶ࢀࡣ࠸ࢁ
࠸ࢁ࡞᝟ሗࡀධࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡍ࠿ࡽࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ᙺ࡟❧ࡕࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑ࠺࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋᡃࠎࡶࠊ⛉◊㈝ࢆఱ࡜࠿ከࡃྲྀࢀ࡞࠸࠿࡜࠿ࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠋ   ࡕࡻࡗ࡜◊✲ࡢヰ࡜እࢀࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊඛ⏕ࠊ኱Ꮫ㝔⏕࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ⱝ࠸ࢫ
ࢱࢵࣇࡀ࠸ࡗࡥ࠸࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ◊✲ᐊࡢࣔࢵࢺ࣮࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࢫ࣮ࣟ࢞ࣥ࡜࠸࠺
࠿ࠊࡑࢀࡣ࡝࠺࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸࡜࡟࠿ࡃ࠾ࡶࡋࢁࡑ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࡣヨࡋ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺࡜ࠋ᭱ึ࠿ࡽవࡾ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆ
⪃࠼࡞࠸࡛ࠊ࡜࡟࠿ࡃᡭࢆື࠿ࡋ࡚ࠊ࠾ࡶࡋࢁࡑ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆࡸࡗ࡚ࡳࡲࡋࡻ࠺ࠊ࡜࠸࠺ࡢ
ࡀ࠺ࡕࡢ◊✲ᐊࡢࣔࢵࢺ࣮࡛ࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠊ࠶ࢀࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜᭱ึ࠿ࡽゝࢃ࡞࠸࡛ࠊ
࡜࡟࠿ࡃᡭࢆື࠿ࡋ࡚ࡸࡽࡏࡼ࠺࡜ࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࡜ࡶࡍࡿ࡜ⱝࡃࡋ࡚ධࡗ࡚ࡁࡓேࡓࡕࡢ୰࡟ࡣ㢌࡛ࡗ࠿ࡕ࡛͐͐
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺ࠊࡑ࠺ࠋ᭱ึ࠿ࡽࠕࡇࢀࡣ࠺ࡲࡃ࠸࠿࡞࠸ࠖ࡜࠿ࠕࡑࢇ࡞ࡩ࠺࡟ࡣከศ࠸࠿
࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ᛮ࠸㎸ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿேࡶ࠸ࡿࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᐇ㝿ࡸࡗ࡚ࡳ࡞࠸࡜
ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡈࡕࡷࡈࡕࡷゝ࠺๓࡟ࠊࡲࡎࡸࡗ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ኱஦࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ᮏᙜ࡟ࡑࢀࡣ㔜せ࡛ࡍࠋᒾᮏ㸸ࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ึࡵ࡚ࡲࡓ᪂ࡋ࠸⮬ศࡢ࢟ࣕࣃࢩࢸ࢕࣮ࡀᗈࡀࡗ࡚࠸ࡃࠋ
ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊ௒ඛ⏕ࡢᣦᑟࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⱝᡭ◊✲⪅࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓࢱ࢖ࣉ࡛
ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡃேࡓࡕ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑࢀࡣᴦࡋࡳ࡞ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡡࠋゝ࠸᥮࠼ࢀࡤࠊඛ⏕ࡶⱝᡭ◊✲⪅ࡢ⮬୺ᛶࢆ࢚ࣥ࢝
ࣞࢵࢪࡋࡓ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸᭱㏆ࠊⱝᡭ◊✲⪅ࡀవࡾᾏእ࡟ฟࡓࡀࡽ࡞࠸࡜ゝ࠸ࡲࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊཎᅉࡣ࠸ࢁ࠸
ࢁ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ࡝࠺࠾⪃࠼࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸᪥ᮏ࡟㛢ࡌࡇࡶࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡛እ࡟ฟ࡚ࠊ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞ேࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࢆぢࡿᶵ఍ࢆࡩࡸࡋࡓ᪉ࡀ࠸࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ⚾ࡶ࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃࠊ≉࡟ࢻࢡࢱ࣮ࢥ࣮ࢫࡢᏛ
⏕ࡣࠊᾏእࡢᏛ఍࡞࡝࡟⾜࠿ࡏࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ࠊ࡞ࡿ࡭ࡃど㔝ࢆᗈࡃࡋ࡚࡯ࡋ࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡩ࠺
࡟ࡣ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ௒ࠊ⚾ࡢ◊✲ᐊ࡛ࢻࢡࢱ࣮ࢆྲྀࡗࡓ⪅࡛ᾏእ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡀ࠸ࡲࡍ
ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡸࡗࡥࡾᾏእ࡬⾜ࡃ࡜࠿࡞ࡾぢ᪉ࡀኚࢃࡗ࡚ࡁࡲࡍ࠿ࡽࠊ୍⓶ࡴࡅ࡚ࡃࡿࡢࡀ
ከ࠸࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ

55ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡶࡕࢁࢇ◊✲⮬యࡣࣘࢽࣂ࣮ࢧࣝ࡞ࡶࡢ࡞ࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊᅜ
࡟ࡼࡗ࡚◊✲࡟ᑐࡍࡿ᥋ࡋ᪉ࡳࡓ࠸࡞ࡶࡢࡀ㐪࠺ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸⚾ࡶ᫇ࠊ⾜ᨻᏛࢆᏛࡧ࡟ࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡬␃Ꮫࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࠋ඲↛ᩍ࠼᪉ࡣ㐪࠺ࡋࠊ⌮ㄽࡢᒎ㛤ࡢ௙᪉࠿ࡽఱ࠿ࡽ㐪࠺ࡋࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡢࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ࢩࣙࢵࢡࡔࡋࠊ࠸࠸ຮᙉ
࡟࡞ࡾࡲࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑࢀ࡜ࠊᇶ♏◊✲ࡣࠊࡸࡣࡾḢ⡿ࡣࡑࡢⅬࠊ࠿࡞ࡾᙉ࠸ఏ⤫ࡳࡓ࠸࡞ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡾ
ࡲࡍࡡࠋᮎỌ㸸ఏ⤫ࡣࡸࡣࡾ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣࠊඛ⏕ࡀ࠾ࡗࡋࡷࡗࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊⱝ࠸ேࡀ◊✲㞟఍➼࡟ฟ࡚⾜ࡗ࡚ྥࡇ࠺ࡢேࡓࡕ࡜▱ࡾྜ࠺ࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࠿ࡽጞࡲࡗ࡚ࠊ࡝ࢇ࡝ࢇ୍⓶ࡶ஧⓶ࡶࡴࡅ࡚࠸ࡃ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣᮇᚅ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸WPIࡢሙྜࡣࠊෆእ࠿ࡽࡍࡄࢀࡓ◊✲⪅ࢆ㞟ࡵ࡚࠸ࡿヂ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ㏫࡟᪥ᮏேࡢඃ⚽࡞ⱝ࠸⪅ࢆฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡜ಶேⓗ࡟ࡣᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ᾏእ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀ࡛ゝ࠼ࡤࠊඛ⏕ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟␃Ꮫࡉࢀࡲࡋࡓࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸⚾ࡣ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟␃Ꮫࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ࢘࢕ࢫࢥࣥࢩࣥ኱Ꮫࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸࢘࢕ࢫࢥࣥࢩࣥ኱Ꮫ࡛ࡋࡓࡡࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣ࡝࠺࠸࠺㛵ಀࡢ◊✲⛉࡛ࡋࡓ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸໬Ꮫࡢࢹࢽࢫ࣭࢚ࣂࣥࢫඛ⏕࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡇࡢ᪉ࡣ㧗ྡ࡞᪉͐͐ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡣ࠸ࠋࡑࡢศ㔝࡛ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟᭷ྡ࡞㸪㠀ᖖ࡟ࢫ࣐࣮ࢺ࡛ࠊ㢌ࡢ࠸࠸ඛ⏕࡛ࡋࡓࠋࡓ
ࡔࠊ⚾ࡀ⸆Ꮫࡢ༤ኈㄢ⛬࡛ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ◊✲࡜ࡣ඲↛㐪࠺◊✲࡛ࠊ⚾ࡣඛ࡯࡝ゝ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡼ
࠺࡟᭷ᶵ໬Ꮫࠊ㟁Ẽࢆὶࡋ࡚᭷ᶵྜᡂࢆࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝
ࡣ࡝ࡕࡽ࠿࡜࠸࠺࡜⌮ㄽ࡞ࢇ࡛ࡍࠋ㟁Ꮚ⛣ືࡢ⌮ㄽࠋ᪥ᮏ࡟࠸ࡓ࡜ࡁࡣࣇࣛࢫࢥࢆ᣺ࡗ࡚
≀ࢆࡘࡃࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊྥࡇ࠺࡟⾜ࡗࡓࡽ⌮ㄽ࡛ࠊࢥࣥࣆࣗ
࣮ࢱ࣮࣒ࣝ࡟㛢ࡌࡇࡶࡗ࡚ィ⟬ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ẖ᪥࡛ࡋࡓࠋ඲↛ศ㔝ࡀ㐪࠺ࡢ࡟ࡼࡃ൅
࡞ࢇ࠿࡟᮶࡚ࡶ࠸࠸ࡼ࡜ゝࡗ࡚ࡃࢀࡓ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚ࠋࡓࡔࠊ࠶ࡑࡇ࡛㟁Ẽ໬Ꮫࠊ㟁Ꮚ⛣ືࡢ⌮ㄽࢆࡳࡗࡕࡾຮᙉࡋࡲࡋ࡚ࠊࡑࢀࡣ௒࡛ࡶࡍࡈࡃᙺ࡟❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸࡛ࡣࠊΏ⡿ࡉࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡣ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣవࡾ࠾ࡸࡾ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠿ࡗࡓศ㔝࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜
࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋᮎỌ㸸᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊἾ⮯࠸ࡼ࠺࡞ࡇ࡜ࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡍࡀࠊ඲↛㐪࠺ࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡣࠊ◊✲࡛ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࡞ࢇ࠿ࢆ౑ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࢇ࡛ࡍࡼࠋ

56ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑࢀࡣ࠸ࡘ㡭࡛ࡍ࠿ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࢻࢡࢱ࣮ࢆྲྀࡗࡓࡢࡣ㸶㸯ᖺ࡛ࡍࠋࡑࡢࡇࢁࡣࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࡞ࢇ࡚࡯࡜ࢇ࡝࡞࠿
ࡗࡓ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠋ኱ᆺィ⟬ᶵࢭࣥࢱ࣮࡛ィ⟬ࡣ࡛ࡁࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡑࡇ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚ィ⟬ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡣ඲ࡃ࠶ࡾࡲࡏࢇ࡛ࡋࡓࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡲࡎ࡞࠸࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸࡜ࡇࢁࡀࠊྥࡇ࠺࡟⾜ࡗࡓࡽࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ࣮࣒ࣝ࡟㛢ࡌࡇࡶࡗ࡚ࠊ୍⏕ᠱ࿨ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡘࡃࡗ࡚ィ⟬ࡋ࡚ࠊࡲࡓࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡘࡃࡗ࡚ィ⟬ࡋ࡚ࠋᐇ㦂ࡶ࠶ࡾࡲࡋࡓࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊ
ᐇ㦂࡜⌮ㄽࢆᑐẚࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠋ඲↛㐪ࡗࡓ◊✲࡛ࡋࡓࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡍࡈ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡑ࠺࠸࠺ᐇ㦂࡜⌮ㄽࡢ஧ᮏᰕ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊே㛫ࠊⓙࡀࢲ࣭ࣅࣥࢳ
࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊ୧᪉ࡍ࡭࡚ࡀᚓព࡜࠸࠺ࢃࡅ࡟ࡣ࠸࠿࡞࠸࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡓࡔࡑ
࠺࠸࠺ࡇ࡜ࡶ⤒㦂ࡉࢀࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ⮬ศࡢ◊✲άື࡟࡜ࡗ࡚኱ࡁ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛ࡋࡓ
ࡡࠋᮎỌ㸸ᮏᙜ࡟ᙺ࡟❧ࡕࡲࡋࡓࠋ᪥ᮏ࡟ᖐࡗ࡚᮶࡚ࠊ᪩㏿ࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆྲྀࡾධࢀ࡚ࠊ
ከศࠊ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡶ㠀ᖖ࡟᪩ࡃ㟁ᴟ཯ᛂࡢࢩ࣑࣮ࣗࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆࡸࡗࡓ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ඛ⏕ࠊࣉࣛ࢖࣮࣋ࢺ࡞ヰ࡛ࡍࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡈ㊃࿡ࡣࠋᮎỌ㸸᫇ࡣ㐠ືࡍࡿࡢࡀዲࡁ࡛ࠊⱝ࠸ࡇࢁࡣࠊࣂ࣮࣮ࣞ࣎ࣝࢆࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋࡑࢀ࠿
ࡽ㸪㔝⌫ࢆࡸࡗࡓࡾࢫ࣮࢟ࡸࡗࡓࡾࠋ࡛ࡶ㸪᭱㏆ࡣほࡿࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛ࡍࡡࠋࡕࡻࡗ࡜᫬㛫ࡀ࡛ࡁࡓ࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣዪᡣ࡜୍⥴࡟ࢻࣛ࢖ࣈ࡟⾜ࡗ࡚ࠊఱ࠿ࡑࡢ㎶࡛࠾࠸ࡋ࠸ࡶࡢࢆ㣗࡭࡚ࡃࡿ࡜
࠸࠺ࡢࡀ᭱㏆ࡢ㊃࿡࡛ࡍ࠿ࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑࢀࡣ୍␒࠸࠸ࣜࣛࢵࢡࢫἲ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ⚾ࡶ࡞࠿࡞࠿㐠ື࡜࠿ࢫ࣏࣮ࢶ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣ
࡛ࡁࡲࡏࢇࡀࠊඛ⏕ࡶ࠾௙஦ࡢ᪉ࡶ࠾ᛁࡋࡃ࡞ࡗ࡚ࡃࡿࡋ͐͐
ᮎỌ㸸⮬ศ࡛ࡶ࠾ࡗࡃ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡕࡷ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࡡࠊ᭱㏆ࠋᒾᮏ㸸࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊඛ⏕ࡣ࠸ࢁ࠸ࢁ࡞Ꮫ఍࡟㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࡀࠊ☜࠿᪥ᮏ㟁Ẽ໬Ꮫ఍ࡢᮾ໭ᨭ㒊㛗࡛࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲࡍࡡࠋ㟁Ẽ໬Ꮫ఍࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ࠿࡞ࡾ኱ࡁ࡞Ꮫ఍࡛ࡍ
ࡡࠋᮎỌ㸸኱ࡁ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ௒ࡣࡸࡾࡢኴ㝧㟁ụࡶྵࡵࡓ㟁ụࢆᢅ࠺࣓࢖ࣥࡢᏛ఍࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠋ
⮬ື㌴⏝ࡢࣂࢵࢸ࣮ࣜ࡜࠿ࠊ⇞ᩱ㟁ụࠊኴ㝧㟁ụ࡞࡝ࡢ◊✲㛤Ⓨࢆ࣓࢖ࣥ࡟ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿᏛ
఍࡛ࠊ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁࡃ࢔ࢡࢸ࢕ࣈ࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸࡞ࡿ࡯࡝ࠋ࡛ࡣࠊᮾ໭ᨭ㒊࡜ゝ࠸ࡲࡍ࡜ࠊᮾ໭኱Ꮫࡣࡶࡕࢁࢇࠊᮾ໭㸴┴࡜࠸࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠊࡇࡇࡢ኱Ꮫࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ௻ᴗࡶ࠶ࡿࡢ࠿ࡶࡋࢀࡲࡏࢇࠊࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ࡜ࡇࢁࡢྲྀࡾࡲ
࡜ࡵࢆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛ࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸ࡣ࠸ࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸࡞࠿࡞࠿࠾ࡶࡋࢁ࠸࡛ࡍࡡࠋ
ᮎỌ㸸௝ྎ࡟௒ᗘࢺࣚࢱࡀ᮶ࡲࡋࡓࡋࠊࢺࣚࢱ࡜ࣃࢼࢯࢽࢵࢡ࡜ඹྠࡢ㟁ụ఍♫ࡶ᮶ࡲ

57

ࡋࡓࠋࡔ࠿ࡽࠊ௒㠀ᖖ࡟࠶ࡿព࿡࡛ࡣ㏣࠸㢼࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡑ࠺࡛ࡍࡡࠋ   ᭱ᚋ࡟WPI࡟ධࡗ࡚ࠊࡇ࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺࡟ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸࡜࠸ࡗࡓᢪ㈇ࢆ⪺࠿ࡏ࡚ୗࡉ࠸ࠋᮎỌ㸸⚾⮬㌟ࡣࠊ㌿ᶵࢆ࠺ࡲࡃά࠿ࡍ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡀ㔜せࡔ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ୍ࡘࡢ࡜ࡇࢁ
࡟ࡎࡗ࡜࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡣࠊ௒ࡣᜍࡽࡃ࡞࠸࡛ࡍࡼࡡࠋ኱Ꮫࡢࢫࢱࢵࣇࡶ௵ᮇไࡀᑟධࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡲࡍࡋࠋ⚾ࡶ⸆Ꮫ࠿ࡽᕤᏛ࡟⛣ࡗࡓࡢࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟኱ࡁ࡞㌿ᶵ࡛ࠊᕤᏛ࠿ࡽ⎔ቃ࡟⛣ࡗࡓࡢࡶ୍ࡘࡢ㌿ᶵࠋ௒ᅇࡶ㠀ᖖ࡟ࡑ࠺࠸࠺ព࿡࡛ࡣⰋ࠸㌿ᶵ࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡑࡢ㌿ᶵࢆ࠺ࡲࡃά࠿ࡋ࡚◊✲ࢆࡉࡽ࡟㐍ᒎࡉࡏࡿ࡜࠸࠺࠿ᒎ㛤ࢆᅗࡿ࡜࠸࠺࠿ࠊࡑ࠺࠸࠺ࡩ࠺
࡞ᶵ఍࡜ࡋ࡚௒ᅇWPI࡟⛣ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ࡜ࡽ࠼ࡼ࠺࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ࡛ࡍ࠿ࡽࠊWPI࡛ࡣࠊ௒ࡸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ◊✲ࢆ࣮࣋ࢫ࡟ᑡࡋ᪂ࡋ࠸ࡇ࡜ࡶࡸࡗ࡚ࡳࡼ࠺࠿࡞࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᒾᮏ㸸ࡶࡕࢁࢇWPI࡟ࡣ௨๓࠿ࡽࡈᏑ▱ࡢඛ⏕᪉ࡀࠊᒣᮏᶵᵓ㛗ࢆึࡵఱேࡶ࠸ࡽࡗࡋ
ࡷࡿࢇ࡛ࡋࡻ࠺ࡅࢀ࡝ࡶࠊࡲࡓูࡢ௒ࡲ࡛వࡾ᥋ゐࡢ࡞࠿ࡗࡓศ㔝ࡢࡍࡄࢀࡓ◊✲⪅ࡢ᪉ࡶ࠸ࡽࡗࡋࡷ࠸ࡲࡍࡋࠊࡲࡓᡃࠎࡶࡑ࠺࠸ࡗࡓ஺ὶࡢሙࢆࡘࡃࡗࡓࡾ࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠾ᡭఏ
࠸ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋࡲࡓࠊእᅜࡢ◊✲⪅➼࡛ࠊࡇ࠺࠸ࡗࡓேࡣ▷ᮇ࡛ࡶཷࡅධࢀ
ࡓ᪉ࡀ࠸࠸࡜࠸࠺ヰࡀ࠶ࢀࡤࠊࡲࡓ✚ᴟⓗ࡟ᐇ⌧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ   ᮏ᪥ࡣ㈗㔜࡞࠾ヰࡋࠊ࡝࠺ࡶ࠶ࡾࡀ࡜࠺ࡈࡊ࠸ࡲࡋࡓࠋ
㸰㸮㸯㸮ᖺ㸯㸯᭶㸷᪥ᮾ໭኱ᏛᕤᏛ⣔⥲ྜ◊✲Ჷ ᮎỌ◊✲ᐊ࡟࡚ᒾᮏ ΅

58

News Update

WPI--AIMR-IC
CCAS Joiint Symposium in Beijing, C
ChinaK
Ken Nakajimma
W
WPI-AIMR hostedh
WPI--AIMR-ICC
CAS Joint Symposium
S
at Innstitute of Chemistry, Chinese A
Academy ofo Science(ICCCAS), in Beijing,
B
Chiina on Octtober 29, 2010. The
sympposium, atteended by 13
1 researchhers from 2 countries,
Japann and Chinna, and abo
out 25 Chiinese students, was agreatt success thhanks to efffort by Li- Jun Wan, Director
D
of
ICCA
AS and CA
AS Academ
mician, whho concurreently holds the positiion of Prin
ncipalInvesstigator (PI)) at the WPII-AIMR.
ICCCAS was foundedfin 19561
as a mmulti-discipliinary researrch institutee dedicated tot thebasicc research in broad fields
fof cchemical scciences. As
A the thirrd phase ofo theKnnowledge Innnovation ProjectPof th
he CAS, IC
CCAS focusses its
ressearch on thhe followin
ng 4 areas: frontiers oof moleculaar andnanno sciencess, organic po
olymer matterials, chem
mical biolog
gy, asweell as energyy and green chemistry. Those hav
ave perfect match
mof WPI-AIM
MR scope.
ICCAS
S currentlyy has 9 CAS
Acaddemician, 3 State Key LaboratorieLes, and 7 CA
AS Key Lab
boratories.
Thhe symposiuum began with
w Wan’ss opening reemark, followed by thheintroduction off WPI-AIM
MR by Yooshinori Yamamoto,Y
Director oof
WPI--AIMR witth anticipating a futuree strong coooperation betweenbtwwoinstittutes. Theere were 4 speakers ffrom Japan (Yamamotto, Kuriharara,Nakaajima fromm Soft Matterials Grouup and Taanigaki fromm Materialals
Physsics Group). They tallked about nano-structtured materrials catalysst,
resonnance shear measurem
ment for nnano-tribolo
ogy and naano-rheologyy,
naano-palpatioon
techhnique,thermoeleectricity
andsu
uperconducttivity, respeectively. Hongkai W
Wu from HongH
Ko
ong Univeersity of Science andaTechnnology, whho iscooncurrently holds the positionpof JuniorJ
PI at the WPI-A
AIMR,
alsso attendedd and gav
ve his talkk on polyddimethylsilo
oxane
microofluidics. Qi-Kun Xu
ue, CAS Accademician, from Tsingghua Univerrsity, who iss also
concurrently holds the posiition of PI aat the WPI-AIMR, join
ned the sym
mposium witth theintroduction of his excelleent researchh on single molecular spin probinng. Those talks
definnitely fascinnated Chinesse attendeess.

61

CA
AS researchhers’ concerrn seemed strongly related biochemistry: bioo-inspired chiralcprimmary amine catalyst, conjugatedcpolyelectro
olyte for biosensing aand bioimaaging,biofuncctionalized biocompatiible polymeers. They are very youngyprofesssors still inn the earlyy thirties. They had experiencees on
studies overseas (UUSA, Germ
many, Japan)) and came back to ICCAS.
This immplies the current trend and fu
uture prosppect of ICCAS.
Two guuest speakerrs from the Chinese Un
niversity off Hong Kong andTsinghuua Universsity mention
ned gold nanocrystalsns for biosensing
and orrganic poroous structurre again fo
or biosensinng, respectively.
The llatter can be also used for the fabrrication of purepsingle--layer graphhene. It was
w no
doubbt that thosee talks gavee good imppression to Japanese atttendees andd that the futurefagreeement of coooperation betweenb
twwo institutes would be quiteqbenefficial. Thiss wasevideent by stimuulating discussion durinng the symp
posium andd the lab touur of ICCASS heldbeforrehand. ChemistryCfuusion amongg researchess came true.

62

The 1st International Symposium on Super-hybrid Materials (ISSM-1)
Tadafumi Adschiri
WPI-AIMR hosted an international symposium onsuper-hybrid materials (SHMs) at the Laboratories for
Advanced Materials Research (building No.1), Tohoku
University in Sendai, Japan from September 30 to October
2, 2010. The symposium, attended by 109 researchers
from 11 countries, was a great success thanks to the support of New Energy andIndustrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).
The purpose of this symposium is to provide a forum for exchange cross-fertilizationof ideas of a variety of fields, i.e., ‘hybridization of ideas,’ coincident with that of“Fusion Research” of WPI-AIMR, expecting a widespreaddevelopment of science and technology of SHMs. The
topics of the 12 oral presentations and 20 posters varied
from basic research to application with a focus on the all
aspects of inorganic/organic nano̺hybrid materials basedon nanoparticle technologies. The topics also include current results of NEDO Project"Super Hybrid Materials". Out of these 12 oral presentations, 6 were presented by
WPI-AIMR researchers: Self-assembly in a block terpolymer (Adjunct Prof. H. Jinnai),hydrothermal synthesis and wastewater treatment in SCW (Visiting Prof. Y.-W. Lee),
control of nanoparticle and surface structure (Assist. Prof. T. Trevethan), functional
nanoparticle structures by solvothermal processing(Assoc. Prof. D. Ehrentraut), nano-tribology andnanorheology (Prof. K. Kurihara), and finally polymer
nanotechnology (Prof. T. Nishi).
Successfulachievement of the incompatible multi-functional
properties of SHMs in the NEDO Project was also
reported by Prof. T. Adschiri (WPI-AIMR), the organizer of the symposium and aleader of the project. By tuning the affinity of NPs and polymers, the polymer filmthat has high/low refractive index (1.6/1.4) and high trasparency (90%) could beachieved and heat conductivity as high as 35 W/mk could be achieved, and the samples
were demonstrated. Besides oral presentations, 20 posters were presented by young
researchers and students.

63

Green materials and green process, key aspects in
WPI-AIMR fusion research, were stressed as main
topics, leading to trigger of good discussions
throughout the symposium. In consistent with the
expectations in the opening remarks by Yoshinori
Yamamoto, Institute Director of WPI-AIMR,‘hybridization of ideas’ and fusion of a variety of research fields was successfully
achieved in this symposium. It is expected that the outcome of the symposium will
help future development of both WPI-AIMR & SHMs for the society in view ofenvironment, energy, and safety.

64Internnational WorkshopW
p on Highh Perform
mance Cerramics
for Suustainablle LifeT
Takeshi Fujiita
Onn October 5th, 2010, WPI-AIM
MR hosted an internaational worrkshop on High
Perfoormance Ceeramics and Composiites at the WPI Integration Buillding in To
ohoku
Univversity, Japaan. The woorkshop, atttended by 35 researcheers, was a grreat successs.
Thhe topics off the oral preesentations varied fromm basic reseearch to appplications off highperfoormance ceeramics andd composittes. A tran
nsparent ceeramic matterial, alum
minum
oxynnitride (AlO
ON) was inttroduced byy Dr. McCaauley, past chaircof Am
merican CerramicSocieety. The unique opttical propeerties comb
bining withh the excelllent mechaanicalpropeerties makke this maaterial as a promisiing candidate for laaser appliaations.
Multtifunctional ceramic nanocompoosites andd their ind
dustrial appplications wereintroduced by Prrof. Niiharaa, the Presiddent of Japaan Ceramic Society andd the Presideent of
Nagaaoka Univerrsity of Technology. A ceramic nanocomponosite developped by his groupg
has bbeen commmercialized as pressurre sensing in robots, AIBO£. PProf. Goto from
Instittute for Matterials Reseearch, Tohokku Universiity (IMR) presented thee recent pro
ogressof laaser CVD forf ceramic film growtth. Dr. J. P. Singh frrom Argonnne National Lab
highllighted the superior heathresistannce of ceraamic thermaal barrier ccoatings (TB
BCs).
Withh thickness less than 0.5 mm, T
TBCs can be operateed in the mmost demannding
high--temperaturre environments of aircraft andaindusttrial gas-tuurbine eng
gines.
Boroon-based iccosahedral cluster sollids were introducediby Prof. Kimura att The
Univversity of Tookyo, show
wing unexploored solid-sstate physiccs. Ceramiics are know
wn tobe brrittle for a long time. For exam
mple, Japannese experieenced, whenn a rice bo
owl isdroppped on a floor, the bowl is bbroken to pieces.
pBuut, under eextreme loading
condditions, suchh as high pressurespannd high load
ding rates, the brittle ceramics can be
deforrmed like ductiledmetals as introdu
duced
by P
Prof. Mingw
wei Chen, the organizeer ofthe wworkshop annd the PI off WPI-AIMR
R. In
the workshop, several young scienntists
fromm WPI-AIMR and IMR
R were inviteed togive short preseentations to introduce theirrecennt achievem
ments in ceeramic reseaarch.
The extensive discussiondin the workkshop
leadss to the connclusion that ceramics hhave65been playing the important role as the key materials for our sustainable life.

66

The 6th Fraunhofer Symposium in SENDAI
Yu-Ching Lin
In the framework of cooperation agreement between the City of Sendai and
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, European largest organization for applied research, which
exists since 2005, "The 6th Fraunhofer Symposium in Sendai" was held in Dec. 7th inSendai, Japan. The symposium proceeded successfully with good presentations andtalks about their research and activities from totally 19 people from 2 countries; Japan
and Germany, and with participation of over 120 scientists, engineers and managers
from many companies, institutes, universities and Fraunhofer.
The symposium began with opening remarks by Emiko Okuyama,
who is Mayor of Sendai, followed by the welcome address byProfessor Masayoshi Esashi, Principal Investigator (PI) at the
WPI-AIMR. For the introduction of WPI-AIMR, Professor Yoshinori
Yamamoto, Director of WPI-AIMR gave the speech to the audience
with anticipating a future strong cooperation between two institutes(WPI-AIMR and Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft). Key point of his talkwas the strong focus of his institute to develop and apply new materials for a green
society and create international visible, outstanding research results. There were also
talks from WPI-AIMR side by Professor Thomas Gessner (foreign PI), AssistantProfessor Yu-Ching Lin and WPI visiting scientist, Jörg Frömel. Professor Gessner gave
talks about business units and core competences of Fraunhofer ENAS. And AssistantProfessor Lin gave an introduction about the world class frontier research in the field ofinnovative material MEMS ofGessner group within WPI-AIMR
and also stressed out the remarkableinternational cooperative research.
And Mr. Frömel talked about thelatest results of research in the fieldof semiconductor wafer bonding for
wafer level packaging of MEMS. In
Assistant Professor Lin’s talk, many
outstanding results of research at the WPI-AIMR about AuSi eutectic wafer bonding,metallic glass film fabrication, BMG molding, micro-mirror fabrication using BMG
material and nanoporous gold for semiconductor bonding technology have been

67

described to the audience. That thesenovel and innovative results could only
be reached by the international
cooperation and through fusion researchacross different fields was an important
point of her speech.Not only picturesand graphs of research results but also
the successfully developed prototypes of
MEMS mirror made from metallic glass
have been impressively shown to the participants of the symposium by Dr. JaeWung
Lee, a member of the Gessner group of WPI-AIMR. This clearly demonstrated thatthe research is not only aimed at academic results, but also towards a visible impact forsociety. The demonstration of the micro-mirror devices gave great impression to themayor of Sendai and all audience about the success of the research at WPI-AIMR.
There was no doubt that outstanding research greatly benefited from collaboration
between WPI-AIMR and the German Fraunhofer and that the future cooperation
between the two institutes will create great synergy for both of them.

68Advances in ZnO based heterostructures
Masashi Kawasaki
WPI Advanced Research Institute for Materials, Tohoku University

ZnO is an oxide semiconductor with a band gap of 3.3 eV, enabling ultraviolet lightemission upon radiative recombination. Intense research was triggered by ourdemonstration of highly efficient laser action at room temperature caused by an exciton
recombination process [1]. It took us 8 years before we succeeded in making p-type
ZnO to accomplish light emitting diodes (LED) composed of pn-junction [2, 3].
However, the color of the light was not ultraviolet but blue as shown in Fig. 1 (a) due tothe recombination taking place in p-type ZnO with full of defects. In order to prevent
this, one needs to realize p-type (MgZn)O that have wider band gap than ZnO. We
spent sometime to make (MgZn)O of much better quality and found that the interface
can be very sharp. When ZnO/(MgZn)O heterointerface was formed, two-dimensional
electron gas (2DEG) is spontaneously generated due to the discontinuity in electric
polarization of piezoelectric compounds. Actually, the mobility of 2DEG could be verylarge, over 5,000 cm2V-1s-1 and exhibited integer quantum Hall effect at low
temperatures as shown in Fig. 1 (b) [4]. This breakthrough was highlighted as amilestone in oxide electronics [5-7].
One of the prerequisites for making p-type (MgZn)O is to make the host compound
as intrinsic as possible before the incorporation of an acceptor (N). In case of ZnO,
pulsed laser deposition enabled this because there can be very pure ZnO single
crystalline target. However, (MgZn)O target has to be prepared through conventional
ceramics processes, yielding in a dirty one with impurities of Si and Al known as donors
over 100 ppm. Therefore, we switched to molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) toaccomplish this prerequisite. Soon after this, the mobility of 2DEG in MBE-madeheterostructurs exceeded 10,000 cm2V-1s-1. Actually, mobility was the only measurethat can detect the difference in quality of our films because the quality of the films is so
excellent that any other tool cannot distinguish them due to its instrumental limitation.
Thus prepared films doped with N turned into p-type and p-(MgZn)O/n-ZnO
heterojuntion could be used for ultraviolet LED. Figure 2 (a) shows the appearance ofLEDs with p-ZnO/n-ZnO and p-(MgZn)O/n-ZnO structures that was coated with agreen phosphor to visualize the light. Preventing the electron injection into p-typelayer by the use of p-(MgZn)O, we could tune the emission at the wavelength where it
should be [8]. That means, many existing high quantum efficiency prospers will be
excited so that cheap true-white LED will become possible.
Our continuing efforts of improving the mobility brought us to an entirely different
stage of basic research from the interest in LEDs. When the value exceeds 100,000
cm2V-1s-1, we start to see fractional quantum Hall effect as shown in Fig. 2 (b) that can

69

be seen only in extremely clean semiconductors such as GaAs, SiGe, and graphen [9,10]. Since the effective mass of electrons in ZnO is rather heavy, the strength ofelectron-electron interaction (rS) is more pronounced. Therefore, we will be able toreach a regime that any other material cannot reach, where rS is very large with keeping
reasonably long scattering time (Wtr). Here, new quantum phenomena are expected toexist.
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]

“News”: R. Service, Science 276, 895 (1997)
A. Tsukazaki et. al., Nature Mater. 4 42 (2005)
http://www.in-cites.com/hotpapers/2007/mar07-mats.html
A. Tsukazaki et. al., Science 315, 1388 (2007)“Perspective” A. P. Ramirez, Science 315, 5817 (2007)“News Feature” J. Heber, Nature 459, 28 (2008)“Review” J. Mannhart and D. G. Schlom, Science 327, 1607 (2010)
N. Nakahara et. al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 013501 (2010)
A. Tsukazaki et. Al., Nature Mater. 9, 889 (2010)“News and Views” D. G. Schlom and L. N. Pheiffer, Nature Mater. 9, 881 (2010)

Figure 1 Before WPI-AIMR.
Appearance of blue ZnO LED (a) and integer quantum Hall effect (b).

Figure 2 After WPI-AIMR.
Ultraviolet LED with a green phosphor (a) and fractional quantum Hall effect.

70

“Ultrahigh-resolution spin-resolved photoemission spectrometerwith a mini Mott detector”
S. Souma1, A. Takayama2, K. Sugawara1, T. Sato2, and T. Takahashi1,2
1

WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
2
Department of Physics, Tohoku University

Spin-resolved angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (spin-resolved ARPES) is
one of most advanced experimental techniques which enables the complete
determination of all three quantum parameters of electrons, namely, energy (E),momentum (k), and spin, and thereby would serve as a powerful method to investigate
the exotic quantum properties originating in the spin state of electrons [1]. Many efforts
have been made to develop a spin-resolved ARPES spectrometer based on various
methods such as the Mott scattering [2], the diffuse scattering [3], and the very-lowenergy electron diffraction [4]. However, spin-resolved ARPES involves an inherent
difficulty in achieving a high energy resolution because the efficiency of detecting thespin polarization is typically three orders-of-magnitude lower than that of non-spin-

Figure 1 Ultrahigh-resolution spin-resolved photoemission spectrometer constructed
at WPI-AIMR, Tohoku University

71resolved measurement. Actually, thetypical energy resolution of spin-resolved
photoemission spectrometers has been
about 100 meV, insufficient forinvestigating various novel materials
where the spin of electrons plays anessential role in realizing the exotic
physical properties.
We have developed an ultrahighFigure 2 (a) Fermi surface and (b) band
resolution spin-resolved photoemission
dispersion of surface states of Bi(111).
spectrometer (Fig. 1), which enables theArrows indicate the spin direction at
direct observation of the spin-resolved
specific k points. (c) Spin-resolved
electronic states with the world-best
ARPES spectra of Bi(111) surface
energy resolution (8 meV) [5]. To show
polarized along y (top) and z (bottom)
the high performance of the spectrometer,axes.
we show in Fig. 2 the experimental dataobtained for Bi(111) surface. Spin-resolved ARPES spectra in Fig. 2(c) show that theenergy bands at the Fermi level and 80 meV are spin-polarized (up and down,
respectively) along the surface plane (y-axis), but unpolarized along the direction
normal to the surface (z-axis), in good agreement with the theoretical prediction on thesurface-Rashba effect.
The newly developed spin-resolved ARPES spectrometer would contribute to ourbetter understanding of various novel phenomena caused by electron spins, such as thegiant magnetoresistance and the quantum spin Hall effect, leading to the significant
development of spintronics devices that have attracted much attention as nextgeneration, high-speed and low power-consumption electronic devices.

References[1] J. Kessler, Polarized Electrons, 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin, 1985.
[2] G. C. Burnett et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 1893 (1994).
[3] M. R. Sheinfein et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 60, 1 (1989).
[4] T. Okuda et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 123117 (2008).
[5] S. Souma et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 095101 (2010).

72

“Direct Evidence for the Dirac-Cone Topological Surface Statesin the Ternary Chalcogenide TlBiSe2”
T. Sato1, K. Segawa2, H. Guo1, K. Sugawara3, S. Souma3,
T. Takahashi1,3 and Y. Ando2
1

Department of Physics, Tohoku University
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
3
WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
2

Topological insulators are recently attracting significant attentions since theymaterialize a new state of matter where the bulk excitation gap generated by the spinorbit coupling (SOC) leads to the appearance of unusual metallic states at the edge orsurface due to a topological principle. Such a surface state emerges within the bulk
band gap and exhibits a gapless electronic band dispersion protected by the time
reversal symmetry [1]. This novel surface state has been an subject of intensive
investigations because of not only
its fundamental novelty but also
its high potential for spintronics
devicesandfault-tolerant
quantum computations.
The
topological 2D surface state has
been observed in group-V alloy
Bi1-xSbx, which becomes anarrow-gap semiconductor for0.07 < x < 0.22, [2] as well as intetradymite
semiconductors
Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3 [3].
We have performed highFigure 1 (a) ARPES intensity of TlBiSe2
resolution
angle-resolved
around the ī point plotted as a function of ky
photoemission
spectroscopy
and binding energy. (b) 2D band dispersion of(ARPES) on TlBiSe2, a member
the topologically protected ‘Dirac-cone’of ternary chalcogenides which
determined by ARPES.
have been theoretically proposed
as a candidate for a new class of
three-dimensional
topologicalinsulators [4]. By utlizing the73unique capability of ARPES to resolve the electron momentum, we have determined theenergy band dispersions of bulk and surface electronic states over the entire Brillouinzone. Figure 1 shows a direct evidence for the non-trivial surface metallic stateshowing a ‘X’-shaped energy dispersion within the bulk band gap. The present result
unambiguously establishes that TlBiSe2 is a strong topological insulator with a single
Dirac cone at the Brillouin-zone center. The observed bulk band gap of 0.35 eV is thelargest among known topological insulators, showing TlBiSe2 being the most promisingmaterial for studying room-temperature topological phenomena.
References[1] C. L. Kane and E. J. Mele, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 146802 (2005).
[2] D. Hsieh et al., Nature (London) 452, 970 (2008).
[3] Y. L. Chen et al., Science 325, 178 (2009).
[4] T. Sato et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136802 (2010).

74

Dimensionality-Driven Insulator-Metal Transition in A-Site Excess
Non-stoichiometric Perovskites
G

Z. Wang1, M. Okude2, M. Saito1, S. Tsukimoto1, A. Ohtomo2, M. Tsukada1,
M. Kawasaki1,2, and Y. Ikuhara1,3,4
1

WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
2
3

4

Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University

Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo

Nanostructures Research Lab, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya

This paper was published in the “Nature Communications 1, 106 (2010)”.
For decades, how an insulator is transformed into a metal by manipulating either the
Fermi level or the electronic states has been one of the central themes in condensed
matter physics, whatever it is a band or Mott insulator [1]. In general, this tuning isachieved via either chemical doping to introduce charge carriers, or external stimuli tolower the ratio of Coulomb repulsion to bandwidth. Definitely, none have supported aseemly counter-intuitive strategy: the application of an insulating layer to induce aninsulator-metal transition because neither the well pinned Fermi level in the insulator isshifted nor the gaps are eliminated.
In a recent paper [2], we combines experimental studies of atomic structure
characterization and quantum Hall measurement with the high-precision density
functional theory calculations to demonstrate an unexpected and unprecedented
transition from electrically insulating states to metallic states in an A-site excess
nonstoichiometric perovskite oxide, La0.5Srn+1-0.5TinO3n+1 [3], which is triggered by an
intrinsically insulating SrTiO3 layer at an atomic scale. The transition is accompaniedby electron localization due to a complex interplay of electrons and phonons, and isunusual as the majority of electrons in the conducting phase are confined within an
atomic layer forming a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) as shown in Fig. 1. Thisobservation is a significant step toward the revolution of our view on the role played byinsulating layers on inducing insulator-to-metal transition, and this finding presents animportant stage in the development of next-generation transparent and environment
friendly superconductor and thermoelectric devices.

75

References[1] Y. Tokura and N. Nagaosa, Science 288, 462 (2000).
[2] Z. Wang, M. Okude, M. Saito, S. Tsukimoto, A. Ohtomo, M. Tsukada, M. Kawasaki, and Y.
Ikuhara, Nature Commun. 1, 106 (2010).
[3] M. Okude, A. Ohtomo, T. Kita, and M. Kawasaki, Appl. Phys. Express 1, 081201 (2008).

Insulating
SrTiO3Layers2DEG
Carrier
Supplying

2DEG

Insulating
SrTiO3Layers2Å

Fig. 1 Left: Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) image of the oxidewith electrically metallic state. Brightest spots represent Sr and darker ones Ti.
Middle: Element mapping showing the substitution of Sr by La (red). The carriers in theinsulator are supplied on Ti (white) by La. Right: Distribution of carriers indicating formation of 2DEG.

76

FY2010 List of Major Governmental Research Funds(As of November 1, 2010)
A. Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI)(Unit: thousand yen)
BudgetDistribution

Representative's Name

Categories

OHMI, Tadahiro (PI)Specially Promoted Research

Scientific Research on Priority Areas

Scientific Research on Innovative Areas

Scientific Research (S)Scientific Research (A)Scientific Research (B)Scientific Research (C)Challenging Exploratory Research

Young Scientists (A)Young Scientists (B)Research Activity Start-up

1

194,090
48,10025,900
9,200
9,300
2,100
1,600
48,10012,3503,510
3,900
19,76013,39041,34036,40091,130
9,230
3,770
9,750
6,760
18,72024,44020,80093,470
5,590
780
6,370
1,820
1,820
1,690
1,950
7,280
900
1,500
2,400
7,020
4,160
6,110
11,18028,470
1,950
1,950
1,040
1,690
2,600
1,300
1,040
3,900
2,860
3,250
2,470
2,210
26,260
1,287
1,287

44

518,617

Subtotal
TANIGAKI, Katsumi (PI)TANIGAKI, Katsumi (PI)
LOUZGUINE, Dmitri Valentinovich (PI)ASAO, Naoki
HITOSUGI, Taro

1

Subtotal
KURIHARA, Kazue (PI)ASAO, Naoki
MAKINO, Takayuki

5

Subtotal
ESASHI, Masayoshi (PI)ADSCHIRI, Tadafumi (PI)
YAMAGUCHI, Masahiko (PI)3

Subtotal
KURIHARA, Kazue (PI)ITAYA, Kingo (PI)TSUKADA, Masaru (PI)MIYAZAKI, Terunobu (PI)
YAMADA, Kazuyoshi (PI)IKUHARA, Yuichi (PI)
MATSUE, Tomokazu (PI)3

Subtotal
YAMAMOTO, Yoshinori (PI)NISHI, Toshio (PI)7

Subtotal
SHIMOMURA, Masatsugu (PI)ASAO, Naoki
TAKEUCHI, Akira
NAKAJIMA, Ken

2

Subtotal
YAMADA, Kazuyoshi (PI)ADSCHIRI, Tadafumi (PI)4

Subtotal
SHIRAKI, Susumu
SOUMA, Seigo
UENO, Kazunori
ISHII, Daisuke

2

Subtotal
MUROYAMA, Masanori
HAMADA, Ikutaro
LIU, Hongwen
HOJO, Daisuke
YOSHIDA, Shinya
MCKENNA, Keith Patrick
XU, Limei
OHSAWA, Takeo
HIRATA, Akihiko
FUJINAMI, So
WANG, ZhongchangGU, Lin4

Subtotal
SUGAWARA, Katsuaki

12

Subtotal

Subtotal*1 Budget includes indirect expenses.

77

B. Research funds consigned from government directly
Representative's Name

(Unit: thousand yen)
BudgetDistribution

Distributing Organization

Project NameJapan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Core Research for Evolutional Science andTechnology (CREST)

10,790KAWASAKI, Masashi (PI) Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Core Research for Evolutional Science andTechnology (CREST)

51,211

TAKAHASHI, Takashi (PI) Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Core Research for Evolutional Science andTechnology (CREST)

33,800ADSCHIRI, Tadafumi (PI) Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Core Research for Evolutional Science andTechnology (CREST)

11,700KURIHARA, Kazue (PI)Core Research for Evolutional Science andTechnology (CREST)

80,600SHIMOMURA, Masatsugu
Core Research for Evolutional Science andJapan Science and Technology Agency (JST)(PI)
Technology (CREST)

24,570TSUKADA, Masaru (PI)Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)YAMADA, Kazuyoshi (PI)Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology (MEXT)

Elementary Strategic Project

9,620

FUKUDA, Tsuguo

New Energy and Undustrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)

Strategic Development of Energy
Conservation Technology

99,999ESASHI, Masayoshi (PI)Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)Strategic International Cooperative
Program

3,960

ADSCHIRI, Tadafumi (PI)New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)

Development of Technology for Highefficiency Convension of Biomass and Other
Energy9,999

MIYAZAKI, Terunobu (PI)New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)

Spintronics Nonvolatile Devices Project

26,998ITAYA, Kingo (PI)New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)

Research and Development of Nanodevices
for Practical Utilization of Nanotechnology

9,998

HITOSUGI, Taro

New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)

Grant for Industrial Technology Research(Financial support to young researchers)

8,060

MIZUKAMI, Shigemi

New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)

Grant for Industrial Technology Research(Financial support to young researchers)

9,932

Subtotal

14

C. Research funds reconsigned through the private enterpise
Representative's NameDistributing Organization

391,237(Unit: thousand yen)
BudgetDistribution

Redistributing Organization

NISHI, Toshio (PI)New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)

Bridgestone Corporation

4,900

ITAYA, Kingo (PI)New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization (NEDO)

Research Institute of Biomolecule
Metrology Co., Ltd. (RIBM)

7,350

SHIMOMURA, Masatsugu New Energy and Industrial Technology(PI)
Development Organization (NEDO)

Fujifilm Corporation, Japan Tissue
Engineering Co., Ltd. (J-TEC)

9,300

TSUKADA, Masaru (PI)Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Advanced Algorithm and Systems Co., Ltd.

2,808

TANIGAKI, Katsumi (PI)Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry(METI)

1,009

Subtotal

Kuramoto Co., Ltd.

5

Total

25,36763 935,221*1 Budget includes indirect expenses.

78

Science Agora 2010
AIMR held a workshop entitled “Discussions on future strategies in science andtechnology in Japan” in conjunction with other WPI research centers and the Japan
Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) at “Science Agora” in Tokyo on November
20, 2010.
Science Agora - the Greek word “Agora” means “place of assembly” or “meeting” - isan open assembly organized since 2006, where participants (scientists, researchers,
citizens) enjoy, discuss, and share what science brings to us. The purpose of “Science
Agora” was to win a better tomorrow. Everyone should take one more step forward,
willing to be more informed of, and collectively consider what science brings to us and therelationship between science and ourselves.
As a researcher who moved from industry back toacademia, Dr. T. Hitosugi, Associate Professor at
AIMR, explained the attractiveness of research at
the university to the audience at the workshop.
Three other speakers including a researcher at
IFReC of Osaka University stressed the importanceof the innovation that WPI has been working
towards, and gave them an idea of what is needed
and how it should be carried out.
All the participants who filled the conference room listened attentively to the lectures,
and also asked several questions concerning the role of science in society, innovation,
research, and so on.
The participation of WPI-AIMR strongly reflects its efforts for the promotion of the
public’s understanding of science through various events.

79

80

PI

Assistant Prof.

Research
Associate

Researcher

Tadafumi Adschiri

Ryo Nouchi*

Abhishek Lahiri

Takanari Togashi

The Young Scientist Award, XIII International

Name of Award

The Japan Society of Applied Physics

The 28th JSAP Incentive Award for Excellent

the 2011 Young Investigator Award

Best Poster Prize

Soft Materials
Device/System

Best Poster Prize

Soft Materials

Society For Biomaterials (SFB).

The Tohoku Branch, The Chemical Society of JapanThe Tohoku Branch, The Chemical Society of Japan

Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation

iib 2010

Awarding
Organization

National Commendation for Invention (the 21st
century Invention Incentive Award)

Materials Physics Presentation

Soft Materials

Bounderies in Materials (iib 2010)Materials Physics Conference on Intergranular and Interphase

Thrust㻺㼛㼢㻌㻝㻿㼑㼜㻌㻞㻢

㻿㼑㼜㻌㻞㻢

㻿㼑㼜㻌㻝㻠

㻶㼡㼘㼥㻌㻟㻜

㻶㼡㼚㼑㻌㻞㻤

㻰㼍㼠㼑㻌㼛㼒
㻭㼣㼍㼞㼐㻰㼞㻚㻌㼃㼍㼚㼓

㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻰㼞㻚㻌㻺㼛㼡㼏㼔㼕㻌㻖㻌㻭㼟㼟㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚㼠㻌㻼㼞㼛㼒㻚㻌㼃㼍㼚㼓㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻭㼟㼟㼕㼟㼠㼍㼚㼠㻌㻼㼞㼛㼒㻚㻌㻺㼛㼡㼏㼔㼕㻌㼍㼘㼟㼛㻌㼞㼑㼏㼑㼕㼢㼑㼐㻌䇾㼀㼔㼑㻌㻞㼚㼐㻌㼃㻼㻵㻙㻭㻵㻹㻾㻌㻭㼣㼍㼞㼐䇿㻌㼛㼚㻌㻺㼛㼢㼑㼙㼎㼑㼞㻌㻤㻚㻌㻌㻌㼃㻼㻵㻙㻭㻵㻹㻾㻌㻭㼣㼍㼞㼐㻌㼕㼟㻌㼓㼕㼢㼑㼚㻌㼠㼛㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼞㼑㼟㼑㼍㼞㼏㼔㼑㼞㼟㻌㼣㼛㼞㼗㼕㼚㼓㻌㼕㼚㻌㼃㻼㻵㻙㻭㻵㻹㻾㻌㼍㼠㻌㻿㼑㼚㼐㼍㼕㻌㼑㼤㼏㼘㼡㼐㼕㼚㼓㻌㻼㻵㼟㻌㼕㼙㼙㼑㼐㼕㼍㼠㼑㼘㼥㻌㼣㼔㼑㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㼥㻌㼣㼛㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼜㼞㼕㼦㼑㻌㼒㼞㼛㼙㻌㼒㼛㼞㼑㼕㼓㼚㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼐㼛㼙㼑㼟㼠㼕㼏㻌㼞㼑㼟㼑㼍㼞㼏㼔㼛㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻘㻌㼍㼏㼍㼐㼑㼙㼕㼏㻌㼟㼛㼏㼕㼑㼠㼕㼑㼟㻘㻌㼍㼏㼍㼐㼑㼙㼕㼏㻌㼖㼛㼡㼞㼚㼍㼘㼟㻘㻌㼛㼞㻌㼍㼐㼙㼕㼚㼕㼟㼠㼞㼍㼠㼕㼢㼑㻌㼛㼞㼓㼍㼚㼕㼦㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟㻘㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻵㼚㼟㼠㼕㼠㼡㼠㼑㻌㻰㼕㼞㼑㼏㼠㼛㼞㻌㼑㼢㼍㼘㼡㼍㼠㼑㼟㻌㼠㼔㼑㼕㼞㻌㼣㼛㼞㼗㻌㼕㼟㻌㼣㼛㼞㼠㼔㻌㼍㼣㼍㼞㼐㼕㼚㼓㻚Junior PI

Assistant Prof.

Zhongchang Wang*Ali Khademhosseini

Position

NameAward Information

The Third Series of WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars FY2010
The third series of the WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars started from April, 2010. The aimof this seminar series is to enhance mutual scientific communications among researchstaffs in WPI-AIMR to promote further fusion researches and the seminars areorganized and managed by younger research staffs in WPI-AIMR. The sessions are
not constituted only by one way talks based on established research results, but also
lively discussions and exchange of ideas.
Lineup of the third series of WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars (8th to 12th)
8th Seminar, Aug. 20, 2010
Itaya Group
Organizer: R. Wen, A. Lahiri, Moderator: N. Asao
S. Kobayashi "Introduction/Overview"
R. Wen "In situ Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy"
A. Teramoto "Atomically Flat Silicon Surface and Silicon/Insulator Interface Formation
Technologies for (100) Surface Orientation Introducing High Performance MOSFETs"
T. Matsukawa "Single Crystal Growth of Organic Semiconductors for FET"
T. Ikeshoji "Angstrom and Pico Second Electrochemistry-first Principles sSimulations"
9th Seminar, Sep. 3, 2010
Kawasaki Group
Organizer: T. Makino, Moderator: R. Nouchi
T. Makino "Overview and “Optical Properties of Low-dimensional Oxide Structure"
H. Hiraga "Growth and Optical Properties of CuMO2 (M = Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co)
Delafossite Thin Films"
K. Ueno "Electric Field Induced Superconductivity in Oxides"
10th Seminar, Oct. 1, 2010
Yamamoto Group
Organizer: N. Asao, Moderator: Q. Zhang
N. Asao "Nanoporous Metals as New Nanostructured Materials Catalysts for MolecularTransformations"T. Jin "Copper Nanoporous Catalysis in Organic Transformations: Heterogeneous
Catalytic [3+2]Cycloaddition of Terminal Alkynes and Azides"
T. Minato "Mechanism Elucidation of Chemical Reaction on Nanoporous Gold
Catalysts by Fusion of Organic Synthetic Chemistry & Surface Science"
M. Uzzaman "Molecular Design of Novel ʌ-Electronic Systems for Organic
Electronics"
S. Ikeda "Light-emitting Organic Transistors Using Newly Synthesized Compounds:
Toward Electrically-driven Organic Lasers"81

11th Seminar, Oct. 15, 2010
Nishi-Nakajima Group
Organizer: K. Nakajima, Moderator: Z. An
K. Nakajima "Overview of “AFM for Soft Materials” "D. Wang "Compositional and Structural Mapping of Polymer Surfaces by AFM Force
Measurement"
H. Liu "Study on the Polymer/BMG Composites as Biomaterials"
S. Fujinami "Expansion of Force Measurement to Viscoelasticity Analysis"
12th Seminar, Dec. 3, 2010
Takahashi Group
Organizer: S. Souma, Moderator: D. Hojo
S. Souma "Overview of “High-resolution Angle-resolved Photoemission
Spectroscopy”"
K. Nakayama (in place of Pierre Richard) "Novel High-Tempereture Superconductors:
Fe-pnictide"
K. Sugawara "Single-layer and Double-layer Graphite"
S. Souma "Spin-resolved Photoemission: Surface Rashba Systems"

82

The 8th Seminar (Itaya Group)
Solid/Liquid Interfaces with Atomic Scale
Organizer: R. Wen and A. Lahiri (Interface PhysChem Lab., Soft Materials)
All the electrochemical phenomena take place at the electrode/electrolyte interface andtherefore it becomes important to evaluate the interfacial reaction both at atomic as well as inmacro scale.

Over the last 25 years significant contribution in observing the interfacial

phenomena at atomic scale has been achieved using electrochemical scanning tunnelingmicroscope (EC-STM) [1], electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM) and
UHV-STM techniques which has led to significant technological breakthroughs in electronics
and semiconductor industries.

To observe the interfacial phenomena at macro scale, an optical

microscopy technique namely, Laser confocal microscopy with differential interference contrast
microscopy (LCM-DIM) has been recently developed in our lab.

The new technique has

already shown results related to gold dissolution in acidic medium over areas of 70 μm2 withsingle atomic layer resolution [2].
Electrochemistry on semiconducting materials is not only challenging but also important for
all the electronic industries.

It has been established that ultraflat silicon improves the mobilityof electron within the surface which enhances the CMOS performance.

As the dimensions ofsilicon surface for CMOS application is in micrometer range, LCM-DIM is a perfect tool tocharacterize

thesurfacequickly.

Similarly,organic

semiconductormaterial,

5,6,11,12-Tetraphenyltetracene (rubrene) single crystal was also evaluated using LCM-DIM
technique which showed ultraflat surface over large area and the potential device being
researched will have better performance.

Further exploitation of the new optical microscopy

technique in electrochemistry is being researched.
Finally, simulation in electrochemical systems is important to understand the interfacial
process in more detail [3].

As most electrochemical phenomena initiates within few

nanoseconds, it is essential to model the process at the same magnitude.

It was shown that it ispossible to observe the electrified interface both by experiments and simulations.

References[1] K. Itaya, Prog. Surf. Sci. 58, 121, 1998.
[2] R. Wen, A. Lahiri, M. Azhagurajan, S. Kobayashi, and K. Itaya, J. Am.Chem. Soc. 132,
13657, 2010.
[3] M. Otani, I. Hamada, O. Sugino, Y. Marikawa, Y. Okamoto, and T. Ikeshoji, Phys. Chem.
Chem. Phys. 10, 3609, 2008.

83

The 9th Seminar (Kawasaki Group)
Growth and Properties of Low-dimensional Oxide Structures
Organizer: T Makino (Interface PhysChem Lab., Materials Physics)
On September 3 (Fri.), 2010, in WPI Seminar Room, 5th floor, Integration Lab. Bldg.,
approximately 50 delegates participated in the 9th Seminar. This event, moderated by
Ryo Nouchi (Tanigaki Group, Electronic Materials Lab), organized by Takayuki
Makino (Kawasaki Group, Interface PhysChem Lab), brought them to examine how
fusion research can be performed based on the research activities of Kawasaki Group.
This joint seminar illustrated that many possibilities are available for the future fusion
research based on the oxide thin films that have been extensively investigated in thisgroup This joint seminar was composed of the following three talks.
Dr. Takayuki Makino gave a talk about the optical properties of low-dimensionaloxide structures the developments in the field of oxide epitaxial growth have been
spectacular. He discussed the experimental aspect of the optical properties of ZnO
heterostructures and Cu-delafossite thin films the optical nonlinearity of dense
excitonic systems was also described to determine the interaction process between
excitons by means of the femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy
Afterwards, Dr. Hiroki Hiraga gave a talk about growth and optical properties of
CuMO2 (M = Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co) delafossite thin films The results have been focusedby targeting Cu-based delafossite compounds These CuMO2 (M: trivalent metal ion)
attracts much attention because of unveiled potentials He reported the epitaxial growth
and the optical properties of CuMO2 (M = Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co) thin films and its opticalproperties of excitons
Finally, Dr. Kazunori Ueno presented electric-field induced superconductivity inoxides He has developed of a completely new method to induce superconducting
states in insulators with an electric double layer transistor (EDLT) device He
presented results on electric-field induced superconductivity on SrTiO3 and KTaO3 At
0.4 K, channel resistance showed a sharp drop to zero, which is the first observation offield induced superconductivity on SrTiO3 An EDLT device with KTaO3 single
crystal was also developed Attainable sheet charge density of KTaO3 turned out to bemuch higher than the limit by the chemical doping, which led to the successful
observation of superconductivity at 45 mK.

84

The 10th Seminar (Yamamoto-Asao Group)
Molecular Synthesis with Nanostructured Materials Catalysts andDevelopment of New Organo-electronics
Organizer: N. Asao (Organosoft and Hybrid Materials Lab., Soft Materials)
Molecular synthesis is a powerful tool for creating new functionalized materials from
simple molecules. The research activities in our lab are based on the following two
concepts, "Molecular synthesis with materials" and "Molecular synthesis for materils".
1. Nanoporous metals have attractive materials properties for a wide range ofapplications in catalysis, sensing, and bio-detection due to their high specific surface
area, and excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. Recently, we have found that ananoporous gold (Np-Au) with the range of pore sizes between 20-40 nm exhibited aremarkable catalytic activity in the oxidation of organic silanes with water [1]. The
reaction proceeded smoothly at room temperature to give a wide variety of organic
silanols, which are useful building blocks for silicon-based polymeric materials as wellas nucleophilic coupling partners in organic synthesis. It is well known that gold can be
activated as a catalyst by depositing small particles on suitable oxide supports. But they
have tendency to agglomerate to lose the catalytic activity. In contrast, the nanoporous
gold catalyst is robust and it can be reused repeatedly without any significant loss ofactivity. Further studies to elucidate the reaction mechanism from the surface scientificapproaches are in progress.
2. Organic semiconductors have attracted wide interest due to their flexibility, lowenergy consumption, low production costs, as well as large area electronics applications.
Particularly, ambipolar characteristic is a unique property generally unavailable ininorganic semiconductors, which enables the simultaneous injection of electrons andholes into an organic crystal and leads to light emission. Based on this background,ambipolar charge injection in light emitting organic field effect transistors (LE-OFETs)
has extensively been studied as one of the promising candidates to realize an organic
laser. We are working together with Tanigaki group as a fusion research fordevelopment of new LE-OFETs by designing and synthesizing new ʌ-conjugatedorganic semiconductor materials.
References[1] N. Asao, Y. Ishikawa, N. Hatakeyama, Menggenbateer, Y. Yamamoto, M. Chen, W.
Zhang and A. Inoue, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. in press.

85

The 11th Seminar (Nishi-Nakajima Group)
Nano-palpation Techniques for Soft and Hard Materials
Organizer: K. Nakajima (Organosoft and Hybrid Materials Lab., Soft Materials)
In this seminar, main focus was placed on the recent activity in Nishi-Nakajima
laboratory. In their laboratory, one of the most well-known nanotechnology tools,
atomic force microscope (AFM), is not merely a tool to observe the surface topographyof the sample, but a method to measure mechanical properties on nanometer scale. By
this unique feature, they have a lot of collaboration projects with companies, which
include very important issues like CO2 reduction by fuel-efficient tire and thecontribution to oil mining technology by Carbon nanotube-reinforced elastomers. Prof.
Nakajima mentioned that oil crash would be delayed quite a lot with this technique.
Dr. Wang reported the way to reconstruct “true” surface topography and to develop auniversal and quantitative mechanical characterization method for polymeric materials
at nanoscale, by AFM nanomechanical mapping. The technique has been successfully
used for characterizing the structure and mechanical properties of triblock copolymer,
poly (styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene) triblock copolymer (SEBS) and nylon
6/polyolefin elastomer polymer blends. He also showed the possible application of thetechnique to bio-related and bulk metallic glass (BMG) materials.
Dr. Liu treated biodegradable polymers such as poly (lactic acid) (PLA), poly(İcaprolactone) (PCL), poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) as biomaterials for theapplications in tissue engineering. However, relatively poor mechanical property anddifficulty in controlling the degradation speed hinders their application. Here comes
the blending such polymers and BMGs. In his talk he discussed the main ideas anddifficulties and appeal for possible fusion research.
Dr. Fujinami employed nanomechanical properties mapping method to measurenatural rubber (NR)/isoprene-co-isobutene rubber (IIR) blend. The deviation fromelastic contact model was also mapped into a two-dimensional image, which clarified
differences of viscoelasticity of NR/IIR. Mapping the deviation from elastic contact
model can be a convenient technique to visualize the viscoelastic distribution. He alsomeasured relaxed stress using AFM. This technique can also be of great use toevaluate nanoscale viscoelastic properties.

86

The 12th Seminar (Takahashi Group)
High-reolution ARPES on Novel Functional Materials
Organizer: S. Souma(Advanced Spectroscopy for Materials Physics Lab., Materials Physics)
We gave a brief introduction of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES),
and presented three major researches of Takahahsi group in advanced spectroscopy formaterial physics laboratory. Summaries of each topics are follows;(1) Novel high-tempareture superconductors: Fe-pnictide
Recent discovery of Tc = 26 K superconductivity in an iron-based compoundelectroshocked the material science community which is now racing once more for thehighest possible Tc. We presented recent ARPES results obtained on the so-called 122
class of materials over a wide of doping. We found the evolution of the multi-band
Fermi surface and the superconducting gap, and revealed the importance of magnetic
interband scattering between hole and electron Femi surfaces for emergence of high-Tc
superconductivity.
(2) Single-layer and double-layer graphite
Single-layer graphite (graphene) have attracted a considerable attention because of theanomalous properties such as the semimetal-insulator transition and the superconductivity
induced by intercalation. We introduced the growth of single-layer and double-layer
graphene on SiC(0001) substrate and our recent high-resolution ARPES studies on themto elucidate the origin of anomalous physical properties. Upon increasing layer number,the energy gap between ʌ and ʌ* bands is gradually decreased and at the same time theDirac point approaches EF. Substrate effect from the SiC and the buffer layer issuggested for the origin of opening gap in Dirac-cone band.
(3) Spin-resolved photoemission: surface Rashba systems
We have developed an ultrahigh-resolution spin-resolved photoemission spectrometer
which enables the direct observation of the spin-resolved electronic states with theworld-best energy resolution (8 meV). The performance of the spectrometer has been
demonstrated by Rasha effect on Bi(111) and Sb (111) surface electronic state.
Spin-resolved ARPES would contribute to our better understanding of various novel
phenomena caused by electron spins, such as the giant magnetoresistance and thequantum spin Hall effect, leading to the significant development of spintronics devices
that have attracted much attention as next-generation, high-speed and low
power-consumption electronic devices.

87

Research Prospect

Helicene-containing Built-up Macromolecules for Soft Materials
Masahiko Yamaguchi
WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Tohoku University

1. Bottom-up Approach towards Soft Materials from Organic Synthesis
Our approach in material sciences is based on organic synthesis. Organic synthesis
treats small molecules of angstrom size in a precise manner. We applied thismethodology to the development of micro- to centimeter-sized materials. A variety of
approaches to constructing ordered and heterogeneous structures with novel functions
are conceivable. New science and technology, which we call “Molecular Complex
Chemistry,” will emerge from the bottom-up study of soft materials.

Another characteristic aspect of our study is the consideration of chirality. Chirality is
an important molecular phenomenon, and synthetic chemists know how different
molecules with mirror-image structures may be: Living things are built from one of the91

enantiomeric amino acids. Chirality is important also in our life as exemplified by righthands and left hands. However, it is not known how right hands and left hands areformed from single (S)-amino acids. This is an interesting subject in “MolecularComplex Chemistry”. Among chiral structures, we are particularly interested in helicalstructures, which have right-handed helices and left-handed helices.

2. Built-up Macromolecules
Macromolecules have molecular weights ranging from several thousand to several
million Daltons; they are constructed by connecting small molecular units with covalentbonds. Such molecules are important in biological systems and materials, and exhibit
properties quite different from those of small molecules. Depending on their origin
and/or application, they are called biological macromolecules (biopolymers) orsynthetic macromolecules (synthetic polymers). Proteins, DNA, and cellulose are
typical examples of the former; polyethylene, polyaniline, and polymethacrylates,
of the latter. Although these two types of macromolecule possess the common
feature of high molecular weight, their structures and functions differ substantially. On
one hand, synthetic macromolecules are generally constructed by the repetition of asingle small molecular unit and are mixtures of compounds with regard to the numberof units in the macromolecule. Their properties therefore emerge as an average of thesemolecules. On the other hand, biological macromolecules are composed of several typesof small molecular unit, and their combination and order are very important for theirstructure and function as exemplified by DNA. A biological macromolecule issynthesized in a biological system by a programmed build-up method, and functions asa single compound with a definite structure.
Organic synthesis is a chemical method of constructing organic compounds withmolecular weights generally below one thousand daltons. It is carried out using
consecutive chemical reactions and purification procedures, and treats a pure compoundwith a definite structure for analysis and use. We considered it interesting to synthesize
macromolecules by the build-up method using organic synthesis techniques. This92

method has some similarity to the preparation of biological macromolecules. However,it was expected that the extension of the methodology using a variety of natural andunnatural small molecular units would result in various properties of macromoleculesthat would be different from those of conventional biological and synthetic
macromolecules. This new type of macromolecule is referred to in this article as a builtup macromolecule.[1,2,3]

Build-up synthesis
Built-up macromolecules
Small molecular units
C

B
A

A

B

A

B

.....Z

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

A

A

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

.....Z

A

B

A

D

E

F

G

H

I

.....Z

A

B

C

A

B

C

G

H

I

.....ZC1) diversity2) systematic 3) multifunction
discontinuity

The synthesis of built-up macromolecules by connecting each unit in a stepwisemanner has several advantages in terms of understanding and controlling the structuresand properties of macromolecules: 1) It provides pure compounds that can be precisely
analyzed and used; 2) it provides an opportunity to compare macromolecules of various
sizes; 3) it provides an opportunity to compare a series of closely related derivatives in asystematic manner by changing the structure of small molecular units; 4) in some cases,
the structure and properties exhibit discontinuities at a specific molecular weight, which
is noted during the stepwise synthesis. The principle that governs the discontinuity is
not yet well understand. It was expected that the study of related discontinuous systems
would lead to the understanding of built-up macromolecule chemistry and to thedevelopment of novel useful substances.
From the synthesis point of view, it is interesting to determine whether the existing
synthesis methods used for small molecules could be applied to the synthesis of built-up
macromolecules that have a very small reactive site in a large-volume molecule. The
built-up macromolecules can assume many complex conformations, which further
complicate the reactivity. It was expected that the study of built-up molecules would
provide an opportunity to develop highly effective synthetic methods, which could havean impact on conventional organic synthesis of small molecules.
3. Helicenes
Helicenes are a group of ortho-condensed polycyclic aromatic compounds possessing
nonplanar helical S-electron systems. Because of the severe steric repulsions between

93the terminal groups, the aromatic compounds form strained structures and therefore
exhibit chirality with either right- or left-handed helicity. Although a variety ofderivatives have been prepared since their discovery in the 1950s, their properties havenot been well investigated. Ten years ago, we began a project to explore the chemistryof a helicene, 1,12-dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrene, which is one of the configurationallystable helicenes with the fewest benzene rings. We developed a method of preparing
optically pure dicarboxylic acid 1 in multigram quantities,[4] synthesized various
derivatives containing the helicene, and examined their properties. In terms of
nomenclature, (P) indicates right-handed helicity and (M) left-handed helicity.

During this study, the use of the helicene as the small molecular unit to construct thechiral built-up macromolecules was considered interesting. Our approach is to regard
the helicene as a chiral equivalent of m-phenylene. Because many organic compounds
exhibiting important functions have that partial structure, the substitution of the achiralaromatic moiety with 1,12-dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrene can change the structure of
the original achiral compounds to chiral without markedly changing the original
structure. In addition, such manipulation provides a diversity of structurally related
compounds as derivatives of the original single achiral compounds: two enantiomers,
racemic compounds, and partially optically pure compounds. It should also be noted
that, if the original compound possesses n parts of the m-phenylene moieties, thismanipulation provides 2n diastereomers.
㻯hiral
Ad Ad

(P)

(P)

Recently, we have added a new helicene, 1,8-di(1-adamantyl)naphthalenes 2.[5] This
bicyclic helicene does not racemize at room temperature.

94

Ad AdOH OMe
(P)-2

Ad Ad

Ad =
MeO

OH

(M)-2

On the basis of the development of multigram synthesis for optically pure helicenes,
studies of chiral aromatic compounds have been conducted. Various helicene
derivatives were synthesized, and shown to exhibit interesting chiral properties. Notableconcepts established in helical chirality are as follows.
1) Right/right and left/left rule: In the noncovalent bond interactions of helicenes, (P)compounds form a more stable complex with (P)-compounds than with (M)-isomers.
2) Right-handed helical (P)-helicenes exhibit higher affinity with natural compounds
such as nuclei acids and sugars than (M)-helicenes.
3) Helicenes can be used as chiral reagents in molecular recognition, folding/unfolding,catalysis, aggregation/deaggregation, and other processes, exhibiting different
properties from central chiral molecules.
The study of small molecular helicenes may be extended to built-up macromolecules.
Such macromolecules form layer structures, controlled bimolecular, and higher
aggregate structures by the interactions of their helical S-electron systems. For example,
various double-helix forming molecules have been obtained. Gel formation andnanoparticle aggregation by the self-assembly of the built-up macromolecules havebeen examined. This is an example of organic synthesis used to integrate the formationof substances of various sizes from small molecules to soft materials.
4. Double-helix Forming Ethynylhelicene Oligomers
Examples of built-up macromolecules containing helicene are ethynylhelicene
oligomers, which are obtained by connecting the helicene and m-phenylene with acarbon-carbon triple bond.[6] The higher ethynylhelicene oligomers formed doublehelixes in solution, and reversibly changed structure from a double-helix to a randomcoil.[7] The process is affected by their structure as well as by conditions such astemperature, concentration, and solvent.

95

(P)

(P)

C10H21O2C
Me3Si

SiMe3

(P)

(P)

CO2C10H21

6

CO2C10H21(P)-3㼞㼍㼚㼐 㼛㼙 㻌㼏㼛㼕㼘㼟㼐㼛㼡㼎 㼘㼑㻌㼔㼑㼘㼕㼤The structural change is relatively slow, the half-lives being on the order of seconds
to days, and kinetic studies as well as equilibrium studies could be conducted in detail.
Kinetic studies using CD reveal an extremely large solvent effect in substituted
benzenes. The unfolding of (P)-3 in trifluoromethylbenzene (5x10-6 M) is extremely
slow with a rate constant at 25°C of k < 10-6 min-1. In contrast, when the compound is
dissolved in iodobenzene, unfolding is complete within 1 min. Varying the benzene
substituent of the solvents changes the rate constant k over 7 orders of magnitude. The
value of log k exhibited good correlation with absolute hardness.6 The rate constant k
decreases in soft solvents, which suggests the soft nature of the nonplanar SS
interactions of helicenes. The HSAB principle is related to SSinteractions.
Under appropriate conditions, (P)-3 reversibly changes its structure from doublehelix dimer and random-coil monomers and back on heating and cooling. By heating
and cooling, the relative thermodynamic stability reverts between double-helix A andrandom-coil B, which indicates large entropy changes 'S characterizing the equilibrium.
In addition, the kinetic aspects of this process are substantial, as noted above. To control
the reversible process in a precise manner, both thermodynamic and kinetic properties
need to be understood. This synthetic switching system of a built-up macromoleculebehaves like DNA.
energycoolingheatingA

B

double-helix

double-helix

BA

random-coilrandom-coil

5. Various Double-helix Forming Derivatives of Ethynylhelicene Oligomers
Various double-helix-forming compounds are suggested by the structure-activity
relationshipanalysis

of

3.

The

derivatives

96

4

and

5

possessingtwooligo(ethynylhelicene) moieties were synthesized,[8] and linked by a flexible
hexadecamethylene linker (3.0 nm) and a rigid butadiyne linker (1.2 nm), respectively.
Both 4 and 5 form intramolecular double-helices, and undergo thermal and reversible
transition between a helix and a random-coil. The folding processes of 4 and 5 to form
the double-helix structure are quite different from those of 3: 1) The folding of 4 and 5
is accelerated at lower temperatures and characterized by an apparent negative
activation energy, which can be explained by the presence of an exothermic preequilibrium in the rate-determining step; 2) the folding rates of 4 and 5 areconcentration-dependent despite the apparent intramolecular reaction, which may be
attributed to self-catalysis. The results reveal that, although 4 and 5 form similar
intramolecular double-helix structures analogous to that of 3, the process of the doublehelix-to-random-coil transition is quite different.
When 4 and 5 are compared, the unfolding rate of 5 is lower than that of 4; thereaction of 5 requires a larger activation energy than that of 4. The transition structure isdestabilized by the rigid linker of 5, and the helix and random-coil states of 5 can beseparated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The linker structure markedly
affects the aggregation of built-up macromolecules.
X
(P)

(P)

C10H21O2C

X
CO2C10H21

(P)

(P)

C10H21O2C

X=
CO2C10H21

CO2(CH2)18O2C

㼒㼘㼑㼤㼕㼎㼘㼑(P)-4㼞㼕㼓 㼕㼐(P)-5㼞㼍㼚㼐㼛 㼙 㻌㼏㼛 㼕㼘㼟㼐㼛㼡㼎 㼘㼑㻌㼔㼑㼘㼕㼤

Derivatives of ethynylhelicene oligomers with different side chains weresynthesized.[9] They also form double-helices in solution, although their stability differs
considerably. The following order is obtained for the stability depending on the side
chain structure: C8F17 > CO2C10H21 > alternating CO2C10H21/C8F17 ~ SC10H21. It
appears that derivatives with the hard m-phenylene moiety form more stable dimericaggregates than those with soft moieties.
㻻㼘㼕㼓 㼛 㼑㼠㼔㼥 㼚㼥 㼘㼔㼑㼘㼕㼏㼑㼚㼑㼟

Me3Si

(P)

(P)
X

SiMe3

n-1

X = CO2C10H21
n = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
X = CO2C10H21/C8F17 n = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
n = 1,2,3,4,5
X = C8F17
X = SC10H21
n = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10Using various enthynylhelicene oligomers with different side chains and97

stereoisomers, hetero-double-helix formation was examined.[9] When a (P)-oligomer
with the CO2C10H21 side chain is mixed with a (P)-oligomer with the C8F17 side chain,each compound forms a homo-double-helix, which indicates that homoaggregation ismuch stronger than hetero-aggregation. In contrast, a mixture of a (P)-oligomer with theCO2C10H21 side chain and a (M)-oligomer with the C8F17 side chain forms a heterodouble-helix. In this case, the hetero-double-helix is much more stable than the homodouble-helix. That enantiomeric ethynylhelicene oligomers with different side chainsforms heteroaggregates stronger than homoaggregates is a general phenomenon.
(P)

(P)

(P)
CO2C10H21

C8F17

C10H21O2C

(P)

(P)
C8F17

CO2C10H21

(P)
C8F17

+

+

㼔㼛㼙 㼛㻙㼐 㼛㼡㼎 㼘㼑㻙㼔㼑㼘㼕㼤
(P)

(M)
C8F17

(P)
CO2C10H21

C8F17

(M)
CO2C10H21+

㼔㼑㼠㼑㼞㼛㻙㼐 㼛㼡㼎 㼘㼑㻙㼔㼑㼘㼕㼤

Various double-helix forming compounds with different properties now have become
available as a result of the study of ethynylhelicene oligomers.[10]6. Higher Order Structures Formed by Self-assembly of Built-up Macromolecules
Built-up macromolecules can be used to construct higher-order molecular assemblies
from micrometer size to centimeter size. When enantiomeric (P)- and (M)-oligomers
with the CO2C10H21 side chain are mixed in toluene, a gel is formed.[11] Each compoundby itself does not form a gel, and this system is a novel two-component-gel. It is thoughtthat the initially formed hetero-double-helix aggregates forming fibrous structures, inwhich the solvent is incorporated.

98We consider nanoparticles of controlled size as macromolecules, which can be
manipulated by the methods of organic synthesis. The aggregation and deaggregation of
nanoparticles could be controlled by noncovalent bonding interactions of helicene.[12]Silica nanoparticles 200 and 400 nm in sizes were grafted TO the (P)-helicene. Suchchiral nanoparticles aggregate to a size of 5 Pm in hard aromatic solvents and disperse
in soft aromatic solvents. The soft/hard phenomenon is related to the previous
observations in the unfolding of double-helical ethynylhelicene oligomers, and suggests
strong SS interactions between helicenes.
(P)

(P)

CF3

(P)

(P)

(P)
(P)

(P)

(P)

I

(P)

(P)
(P)

(P)
(P)

(P)
(P)

(P)
(P)

5Pm

㼐 㼕㼟㼜 㼑㼞㼟㼑㼐㼍㼓 㼓 㼞㼑㼓 㼍㼠㼑㼐

400 nmSeveral built-up macromolecules containing helicenes have been synthesized by
stepwise methods, and they exhibit interesting structures and properties. Starting fromthe chemical synthesis of small molecular helicenes of angstrom size, the method ofbuilt-up macromolecules integrates the substances into nanometer-sized and even larger
molecular systems of micro- to milimeter sizes. It is expected that the methodology of“Molecular Complex Chemistry” can be used to explore new scientific fields forapplication to soft materials.

99

Acknowledgements
This work was finantially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, the
GCOE program, and the WPI Initiative from JSPS.
References[1] Amemiya, R.; Yamaguchi, M. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2008, 6, 26.
[2] Amemiya, R.; Yamaguchi, M. Chem. Rec. 2008, 8, 116.
[3] Yamaguchi, M. J. Synth. Org. Chem., Jpn. submitted.
[4] Yamaguchi, M.; Okubo, H.; Hirama, M. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1996, 1771.
Okubo, H.; Yamaguchi, M.; Kabuto, C. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 9500; 2002, 67, 3540.
[5] Aikawa, H.; Takahira, Y.; Yamaguchi, M. Chem. Commun., in press.
[6] Sugiura, H.; Nigorikawa, Y.; Saiki, Y.; Nakamura, K.; Yamaguchi, M. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 2004, 126, 14858.
[7] Sugiura, H.; Yamaguchi, M. Chem. Lett. 2007, 36, 58.
[8] Sugiura, H.; Amemiya, R.; Yamaguchi, M. Chem. Asian. J. 2008, 3, 244.
[9] Amemiya, R.; Saito, N.; Yamaguchi, M. J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 7137.
[10] Amemiya, R.; Ichinose, W.; Yamaguchi, M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2010, 83, 809.
[11] Amemiya, R.; Mizutani, M.; Yamaguchi, M. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1995
[12] An, Z.; Yasui, Y.; Togashi, T.; Adschiri, T.; Hitotsugi, S.; Isobe, H.; Higuchi, T.;
Shimomura, M.; Yamaguchi, M. Chem. Lett. 2010, 39, 1004.

100Microfabrication Technology for Cell and Tissue Engineering
Azadeh Seidi1, Serge Ostrovidov1, Murugan Ramalingam1, 2, Ali Khademhosseini1,3,4
1
2

WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University

National Institute of Health and Medical Research UMR 977, Faculty of Medicine, Universityof Strasbourg, Strasbourg Cedex 67085, France

3

Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
4

Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusettes Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA

1. Introduction
The development of new cell culture techniques and materials remains of great
importance in biomedical applications, notably for tissue engineering. Since in the bodycells are exposed to a controlled microenvironment that is regulated by micron scalearchitectural features and signaling cues, the ability to recreate such features by using
microfabrication techniques is of benefit for generating tissues for transplantation [1].
One approach to do this is by using microfluidic technologies. Microfluidics techniques
can be used to control the flow of liquids or gases in small volumes (microliter tonanoliter). Microfluidic devices were initially fabricated in silicon and glass materials
by using photolithography and etching techniques adapted from microelectronics
industry in the 1970s [2,3]. In the 1990s, soft lithography was introduced by Whitesides
and colleagues to build microfabricated systems, including microfluidic channels, in amore simplified manner. Soft lithography is a set of techniques which uses elastomericmaterials to generate microscale patterns by using approaches such as replica molding,microcontact printing, micromolding in capillaries, and microtransfer molding, toreplicate 2D or 3D patterns [4]. A central component of these techniques is the use ofpolydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) or other elastomeric polymers. PDMS is an elastomer
with interesting properties for biological applications because it is biocompatible,
transparent and permeable to gases such as oxygen. PDMS has been widely used tofabricate microfluidic channels and networks[5]. A key feature of PDMS is that it canbe bonded to other PDMS and glass surfaces to build sealed microfluidic channels.
Given their ability to control fluid flow profiles, microfluidic devices have become ofinterest in various biological applications. For example, microfluidic based chips, also
known as biochips, have emerged in the marketplace in various formats with101

applications in biological assays such as DNA sequencing [6], polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) [7,8], electrophoresis [9], DNA separation [10], protein analysis [11],immunoassay [12], cell counting [13,14], and cell culture [15].
An interesting property of fluid flow in microscale channels is that they can flow
laminarly [16]. This behavior can be quantified by the ratio between the inertial andviscous forces, which is known by the dimensionless Reynolds number (Re). Reynolds
number is defined by the equation: Re = ȡVD/μ in which ȡ is the fluid density, V thefluid velocity, D the hydraulic diameter of the channel and μ the fluid viscosity. At low
Reynolds numbers (below 2000), viscous forces are dominant resulting in a laminarflow that is characterized by a smooth flow and a low level of mixing in the fluid. At
high Reynolds numbers, inertial forces are dominant and the flow is turbulent withvortices and eddies.
The ability of microfluidic channels to control the level of mixing in fluids can beused to generate stable concentration gradients. Such gradients can be used to recreate
concentration gradients of chemical cues or material properties properties that are foundduring tissue formation for cellular and tissue engineering. In our laboratory, we areusing microfluidic systems to generate gradients for use in various biologicalapplications using two distinct approaches. In one strategy, gradients are generated
perpendicularly to the flow direction while in the other approach gradient are generated
parallel to the flow direction. The first system allows for precise spatial control of a
dynamic gradient, while the second system allows the formation of long-range gradients.
2. Experimental details
The master mold for fabricating the microfluidic channels is generated by patterninga photoresist (SU-8) under UV irradiation on a Silicon wafer. To build PDMS
microstructures, the PDMS prepolymers (Dow Corning Corporation, USA) was mixed
with curing reagent at a 10:1 mass ratio and poured on the master mold. After degassing,the PDMS was cured in an oven at 70ºC. The microstructured PDMS layer was thenpeeled off from the master and holes were drilled at the outlet and the inlet of thechannel. After oxygen plasma treatment the PDMS layer was bonded permanently on a
glass slide and tubes were fixed at the inlet and outlet. This replica molding technique
was used for the fabrication of both gradient generator systems.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Generating gradients perpendicular to flow direction102

By building microchannel network of branching and recombining channels, it ispossible to generate spatial and temporal concentration gradients perpendicularly to thedirection of flow [17]. These microfluidic systems use the laminar property of the flow,
for which there is only lateral mixing by diffusion. To investigate the effects ofbiological gradients on cell and tissue cultures, we fabricate such microfluidic systems
to generate concentration gradients of various growth factors and chemokines that
influence cell behavior. The microfluidic gradient generator that we fabricate for theseexperiments is comprised of two portions. The first part of the gradient generator
contains a tree shape serpentine microchannel, whereas the other part is a chamber forcell cultures. The schematic of the microfluidic device pattern is shown in Figure 1A.
The microfluidic device is 4 cm in length, 1 cm in width and 180 μm in height. The tree
shaped serpentine channels repeatedly mix and separate different streams allowing themto mix by diffusion. At the end of the network, all streams combine in a broad channel
linked to the cell culture chamber and the gradient is generated perpendicularly to theflow. By using this design, we and others have generated stable concentration gradients
under flowing conditions (see Figure 1B). We are currently using this device to generatepoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogels with embedded gradients of adhesive
peptides (e.g. RGDS) and signaling molecules (e.g. BMP2) for bone tissue engineering
applications. The efficiency of the device will be evaluated for the cellular response ofbone progenitor cells

to this concentration gradient through cell attachment, celldensity, cell morphology and proliferation. This study would pave the way tounderstand how bone cells respond to the molecular gradients during their development
and at bone-cartilage interfaces. It is expected that the outcome of this research help
bypass the problems of soft to hard tissue interfaces, for which cellular complexity andorganization of interface tissues remain a challenge during the tissue regeneration.

3.2 System generating gradient parallel to flow direction
Another method being used in our lab to generate a gradient in a microfluidic
channel involves introducing two different fluid components to the inlet and outlet of astraight channel, respectively [18,19]. This approach can be used to generate gradientsalong the channel and parallel to the flow direction. In this system, the concentration

103

gradient of the target molecule is created through pumping the solutions in forward andbackward directions in the channel. This method has proven to be suitable forgenerating centimeter-long gradients of biomolecules and cells, and to be useful inmaintaining a wide concentration range of those molecules in the channel. We used thismethod to develop a high-throughput screening system for rapid and accurate drug
screening. The microfluidic channel (Figures 2 and 3 A) used to generate a gradientparallel to the flow direction is 50 mm in length, 2 mm in width, 100 ȝm in height size.
The method to generate this concentration gradient is illustrated in Figure 2. Initially,
the channel was filled with deionized water and a 2 ȝL drop of a solution containing themolecule of interest (in this case dyes such as trypan blue or rhodamine) was dropped
onto the inlet and entered the channel automatically due to the passive pump flow.
Forward flow was further continued by addition of drops until the dyes approached theoutlet. A backward flow from the outlet side to the inlet side of the channel was theninduced due to evaporation resulting in the formation of a dynamic concentration
gradient along the channel. The gradient was immobilized by closing the inlet and outlet
apertures with two pieces of flat PDMS pieces. A centimeter-long gradient of trypan
blue dye was formed along the channel (see Figure 3B). Using the same method, agradient of rhodamine solution was generated in the channel. Further quantification of
the fluorescence intensity profile of rhodamine indicates the formation of an
exponentially decreasing concentration profile along the gradient (Figure 3C-D).
An aim of this research project is to establish a fast, inexpensive, and efficientplatform, as an alternative to animal models, for drug discovery and drug screening forthe treatment of Parkinson”s disease (PD). PD is a degenerative disorder of the central
nervous system that impairs patient’s motor skills, speech and other functions. Althoughcauses for PD are not known, genetic disorders and neurotoxins have been involved in
the risk of this disease. Oxidopamine, also known as 6-hydroxydopamine, is aneurotoxin that enters the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons via the dopamineand noradrenaline transporters and causes an active process of neural apoptosis. This
neurotoxin is used to generate animal models of PD to develop and test new drugs forthe treatment of PD in humans. In our research project, we aim to build a neural
microenvironment to detect and quantify the apoptosis of pheochromocytoma neuralcell line PC12 by using an oxidopamine gradient system in a microfluidic channel. We
anticipate that neurons will respond to the oxidopamine concentration gradient and that
we could determine the effective concentration required to trigger neural apoptosis. In anext step, PEG-based hydrogels loaded with this effective oxidopamine concentration

104and with a growth factor neurotrophin-3 (a known counter-actor of oxidopamine)
concentration gradient will be generated and used for PC12 culture under the same
conditions. This study may reveal the optimal concentration of neurotoxin and antitoxin required for neural apoptosis and neural viability respectively, along a gradedhydrogel, in a single experiment. It is expected that the outcome of this research will aid
in bypassing the problems of using animals to study the effect of drugs and toxins,
which will minimize the cost, time, sample size requirements, ethical issues, and legal
concerns associated with animal or human use in the process of drug screening.

4. Summary
We demonstrate that the designed microfluidic devices are capable of generating
gradients of soluble factors perpendicular and parallel to the flow direction. The
functionality of both devices has been checked, and the flows speed parameter togenerate concentration gradients with different solutions has been evaluated andoptimized. We are currently using these devices in biological applications, in particular
to control cell behavior under fluidic environment.

Acknowledgements
We acknowledge Dr. Hongkai Wu (Hong Kong University of Science andTechnology, Hong Kong /WPI-AIMR, Japan), Dr. Esmaiel Jabbari (University of South
Carolina, USA) and Dr. Yu-Ching Lin (WPI-AIMR, Japan) for their technicaldiscussions we had during experiments.

105References[1] S. Kumar and C. Wittman, E. Heinzle, Biotechnol. Lett. 26, 1 (2004).
[2] A. Khademhosseini, J. Borenstein, M. Toner, and S. Takayama, In Micro andnanoengineering of the cell microenvironment: technologies and applications, Artech
House Publishing (2008).
[3] Y. Xia and G. Whitesides, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 28, 153 (1998).
[4] P.J.A. Kenis, R.F. Ismagilof, and G. Withesides, Science, 285, 83 (1999).
[5] J.C. McDonald and G. Whitesides, Accounts Chem. Res. 35, 491 (2002).
[6] E. Kartalov and S. Quake, Lab. Chip. 32, 2873 (2004).
[7] N. Bontoux, L. Dauphinot, and M. Potier, In Lab-on-a-chip technology:
biomolecular separation and analysis, Caister Academic Press, (2009).
[8] N. Cady, In Lab-on-a-chip technology: biomolecular separation and analysis,
Caister Academic Press, (2009).
[9] Z. Fan, C. Das, and H. Chen, In Lab-on-a-chip technology: biomolecular separation
and analysis, Caister Academic Press, (2009).
[10] C. S. Effenhauser, G. J. M. Bruin, A. Paulus, and M. Ehrat, Anal. Chem. 69, 3451
(1997).
[11] G. Whitesides, Nature 442, 368 (2006).
[12] V. Linder, E. Verpoorte, N. F. de Rooij, H. Sigrist, and W. Thormann,
Electrophoresis 23, 740 (2002).
[13] S. Moon, H. Keles, A. Ozcan, A. Khademhosseini, E. Hæggstrom, D. Kuritzkes,
and U. Demirci, Biosen. Bioelec. 24, 3208 (2009).
[14] D. Morrison, K. Suh, and A. Khademhosseini, In Principles of bacterial detection:biosensors, recognition receptors and microsystems. Springer, (2008).
[15] P. A. Auroux, D. Iossifidis, D. R. Reyes, and A. Manz, Anal. Chem. 74, 2637
(2002).
[16] A.E. Kamholz and P. Yager, Biophy. J. 80, 155 (2001).
[17] N. L. Jeon, S.K.W. Dertinger, D. T. Chiu, I. S. Choi, A. D. Stroock, and G. W.
Whitesides, Langmuir, 16, 8311 (2000).
[18] Y. Du, J. Shim, M. Vidula, M. Hancock, L. Edward, B. Chung, J. Borenstein, M.
Khabiry, D. Cropek, and A. Khademhosseini, Lab Chip 9, 741 (2009).
[19] J. He, Y. Du, J. Villa-Uribe, C. Hwang, D. Li, and A. Khademhosseini, Adv. Func.
Mater. 20, 131 (2010).

106Fig. 1
A) Microfluidic tree-line design for generating concentration gradients. The
microdevice is 4 cm long x 1 cm wide x 180 μm high. B) Fluorescence image of
gradient generated with the device from Part A.

Fig. 2
Schematic of device to create gradients parallel to flow direction: A) Channel filled withwater, B) Dye drops added to inlet, C) Diffusion into the channel, and D) Gradient
generation during backward flow.

107Fig. 3
Concentration gradients of trypan blue (A, B) and rhodamine (C, D) in a microfluidic
channel that used a passive pump-induced forward flow and evaporation-induced
backward flow to induce gradient formation.

108

Newly Appointed
Principal Investigator

Curriculum Vitae of Principal Investigator

Tomokazu MATSUEPRIMARY AFFILIATION:
Professor
WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research
Tohoku University
6-6-11-605 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
Tel/Fax: +81-22-795-7209
E-mail: matsue@bioinfo.che.tohoku.ac.jp
URL: http://www.che.tohoku.ac.jp/~bioinfo/index.html

ACADEMIC:
1976

B.S. in Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University, Japan1981

Ph. D in Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University, Japan

ACADEMIC DEGREE: Doctor of Pharmacy, Tohoku University, 1981
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
1982-1984 Post-doctoral Fellow, University of Wisconsin, USA
1984-1986 Research Associate, Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University
1986-1988 Research Associate, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University
1988-1999 Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University
1999-2003 Professor, Graduate School Engineering, Tohoku University
2003-2010 Professor, Graduate School Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
2008-2010 Vice-Dean, Graduate School Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
2010
Councilor of Tohoku University
2010-present Professor, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University

2002-present Editor, Electrochimica Acta (International Society of Electrochemistry)
2003
Invited Member, Council for Science and Technology Policy, The Cabinet Office of Japan
2004-present Advisor, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)
2005-present Advisor, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)2006-2009 Program Officer, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
2009-present Chairman of the New Topics Committee, The International Society of Electrochemistry2009-present Chairman of Tohoku Regional Branch: The Electrochemical Society of Japan

CURRENT RESEARCH:
࣭Biosensing Devices and Systems࣭Bioelectronic Devices࣭Characterization and Application of Cellular
Functions࣭Micromanipulation and Micropatterning with Biomaterials࣭Intelligent Biosystems Using
Micro/Nano Technologies
RECOGNITION:‫ ބ‬Award for Young Electrochemists. The Electrochemical Society of Japan (1986)‫ ބ‬Award for Creative Work. The Electrochemical Society of Japan (2002)‫ ބ‬Award for Technical Development. The Electrochemical Society of Japan (2006)
111

WPI-AIMR
Newly Appointed Research Staff

Curriculum Vitae

Susumu IKEDA

Associate Professor (Outreach Manager)
E-mail: sikeda@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp (outreach@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp)
URL: http://sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp/

ACADEMIC:

1990 B.S. in Earth and Planetary Materials Science, Tohoku University
1997 M.S. in Geology, The University of Tokyo
2000 Ph.D in Geology, The University of Tokyo

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
1990-1994

Researcher, Chichibu Cement Co., Ltd. and Chichibu Onoda Cement Co., Ltd.
(1991 Researcher at Nagoya Institute of Technology)
2000-2004 Postdoctoral Researcher (JSPS, COE), The University of Tokyo
2005-2007 Research Associate - Assistant Professor, Department of Complexity Science andEngineering, The University of Tokyo
2008
Assistant Professor, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
2009-2010 COE Fellow - Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
2010-present Associate Professor, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University(concurrently holding Outreach Manager)
CURRENT RESEARCH:
Organic field effect transistors and their ambipolar characteristics
Light emission properties of organic semiconductors and devices

Youn-Geun KIM
Assistant Professor
TEL: +81-22-217-5974
E-mail: ygkim@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
1983 B.S. in Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Republic of Korea
1985 M.S in Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Republic of Korea
1990 Ph.D in Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Republic of Korea

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
1986-1994

Instructor, Department of Chemistry, Wonkwang University, Republic of Korea

1994-1996

Visiting Researcher, School of Fundamental Industrial Chemistry, Tohoku University,
Research Scientist, ERATO/JST, Itaya Electrochemiscopy Project
1996-1997
Instructor, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Wonkwang University,
Postdoctoral Fellow, Center for Molecular Catalysis, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
1997-2003
Senior Research Associate, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, USA
2004-2009
Research Scientist, Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, USA
2009-2010
Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, USA
2010-present Assistant Professor, WPI Advance Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University

CURRENT RESEARCH:
Electrochemistry and surface science of liquid/solid interfaces: Nanoscale understanding of dynamic processes
using Electrochemical STM and LCM-DIM
Nano structuring by electrochemical deposition and dissolution via Electrochemical atomic layer deposition (ECALD) method with EC-STM and LCM-DIM
Formation of nano-films for compound semiconductor and metal at electrified interfaces

115Curriculum Vitae

Xuetao SHIResearch Associate
TEL: 㸩81-22-217-6142
E-mail: shixuetao@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2005 B.S. in Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, P. R. China
2010 Ph.D in Engineering, South China University of Technology, P. R. China

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2007-2009
Researcher, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
2010-2010
Research Assistant, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, P. R. China
2010-present Research Associate, WPI Advance Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University

CURRENT RESEARCH:
Biomaterials for therapeutic cell delivery; drug/protein delivery for therapeutics; adjacent reproducible
tissue sourced stem cells for engineered therapeutics; tissue-biomaterials integration

Aurélien SIKORA

Research Associate
TEL: 㸩81-22-217-5979
E-mail: a.sikora@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2003
2005
2009

B. Sc. (Hons) in Materials Science, Université de Pau, France
M. Sc. (Hons) in Materials Science, Université Aix-Marseille II, France
Ph.D in Materials Science, Université Jean Monnet (Saint-Étienne), France

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2009-20102010-present

Post-doc, Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
Research Associate, WPI Advance Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University

CURRENT RESEARCH:
Biomotor studies, thermal properties measurements

116

Curriculum Vitae

Boon TEO

Research Associate
TEL: 㸩81-22-217-5675
E-mail: boonteo@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2004
B.A.Sc. in Psychology and Chemistry, The University of Melbourne,
Australia
2005 B.Sc. (Hons) in Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
2010 Ph.D in Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Australia

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2010-2010
Research Assistant, The University of Melbourne, Australia
2010-present Research Associate, WPI Advance Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University

CURRENT RESEARCH:
Investigation of interaction forces of polymers using surface force apparatus

Junqiang WANG

Research Associate
TEL: +81-22-217-5956
E-mail: junqiangwang@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2005 B.S. in Physics, Northeast Normal University, P. R. China
2010 PhD. in Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, P. R. China

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2010-present

Research Associate, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University

CURRENT RESEARCH:
Fabricating new metallic glasses (MGs) with novel properties
Studying the correlations between various properties and their underlying physical mechanisms for MGs

117

Curriculum Vitae

Vladislav ZADOROZHNYY
Research Associate
TEL: +81-22-217-5956
E-mail: vuz@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2004
2008

M.S. in Materials Science, Orenburg State University, Russia
Ph.D., National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" (MISIS), Russia

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2008-2009Engineer, Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys (Technological University) (MISA),
Russia2009-2010
Researcher, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS" (MISIS),
Russia2010-present Research Associate, Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University

CURRENT RESEARCH:
Mechanical alloying process, Investigation of the phases and structural transformation during
mechanical alloying process
Investigation of the phases and structural transformation in a Bulk Glassy Alloys, Mechanical behaviorof the amorphous alloys

118

Newly Appointed
Adjunct Professors

Curriculum Vitae of Adjunct Professor

Kohzo ITOPRIMARY AFFILIATION:
Professor
Vice Dean, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences
The University of Tokyo
5-1-5-603 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561 Japan
Tel & Fax: +81-47-136-3756
E-mail: kohzo@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp
ACADEMIC:

1981

B.E. in Appleid Physics, The University of Tokyo, Japan
1983 M.E. in Appleid Physics, The University of Tokyo, Japan
1986 Ph. D in Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
1986-1990
Researcher, Research Institute for Polymers and Textiles
1991-1994
Lecturer, The University of Tokyo
1994-2003
Associate Professor, The University of Tokyo
2003-present
Professor, The University of Tokyo
RECOGNITION:‫ބ‬The Award of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan (2006)

CURRENT RESEARCH:
Polymer, Supramolecular Science, Materials Science121

Curriculum Vitae of Adjunct Associate Professor

Hideo OHNOPRIMARY AFFILIATION:
Director
Center for Spintronics Integrated Systems, Tohoku University
Professor
Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University
2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
Tel & Fax: +81-22-217-5553
E-mail: ohno@riec.tohoku.ac.jp
ACADEMIC:
1977 B.S. in Electronic Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
1979 M.S. in Electronic Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
1982 Ph. D in Electronic Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
1982-1983
Lecturer, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hokkaido University
1983-1994
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Hokkaido University
1988-1990
Visiting Scientist, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, New York, USA
1994-1995
Professor, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University
1995-present
Professor, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University
2002-2007
Project Leader, IT Program of Research Revolution 2002 (RR2002),
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
2002-2008
Research Director, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO),
Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)2004-2010
Director, Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics,
Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University
2007-2010
Project Leader, Research and Development for Next-Generation Information Technology,
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
2010-present
Director, Center for Spintronics Integrated System, Tohoku University
RECOGNITION:‫ބ‬IBM Japan Science Award (1998)‫ބ‬IUPAP Magnetism Prize (2003)‫ބ‬Fellow, Institute of Physics (2004)‫ބ‬Japan Academy Prize (2005)‫ބ‬Presidential Prize for Research Excellence (2005)‫ބ‬The 2005 Agilent Technologies Europhysics Prize (2005)‫ބ‬Honorary Professor, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2006)‫ބ‬Distinguished Professor, Tohoku University (2007)‫ބ‬IEEE Magnetics Society, Distinguished Lecturer for 2009 (2008)122

Curriculum Vitae of Adjunct Associate Professor

Murugan RAMALINGAM
PRIMARY AFFILIATION:
Associate Professor
INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research)
Research Center at the University of Strasbourg,
Strasbourg Cedex, 67085 France
Tel: +33-(0)-368853258
E-mail: ramalingam@unistra.fr

ACADEMIC:
1997

M.Phil in Nuclear Physics, University of Madras, India

2003

Ph.D in Biomaterials, University of Madras, India

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2002-2006
2006-2008
2006-2008
2008-20102008-20102010-20102010-present

Postdoctoral Fellow, National University of Singapore, Singapore
SMF Fellow, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Research Associate, University of Central Florida, USA
NRC Fellow, National Institute of Standards & Technology (NIST), USA
NRC Fellow, National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA
Assistant Professor, Tohoku University
Associate Professor, University of Strasbourg, France

RECOGNITION:‫ބ‬IPR Summer Fellowship, India (1994)‫ބ‬NSC Summer Fellowship, India (1995)‫ބ‬CSIR Fellowship, India (1997)‫ބ‬Young Scientist Award, The International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) (1998)‫ބ‬DBT Fellowship, India (2002)‫ބ‬SMF Fellowship, Singapore (2004)‫ބ‬Who's Who in Science and Engineering, Marquis Who's Who, USA (2005)‫ބ‬Fellow of Institute of Nanotechnology, UK (2005)‫ބ‬Who's Who in Medicine and Healthcare, Marquis Who's Who, USA (2006)‫ބ‬Bajpai Saha Best Paper Award, Society for Biomaterials and Artificial Organs, India (2007)‫ބ‬NRC Fellowship (National Academies), USA (2007)‫ބ‬Man of the Year 2009, American Biographical Institute, USA (2009)‫ބ‬International Peace Prize, The Consulate of the United Cultural Convention, USA (2009)‫ބ‬International Profiles of Accomplished Leadership Award, American Biographical Institute, USA (2009)

CURRENT RESEARCH:
࣭Multiphase BiomaterialsNanofibers, Microfluidics

࣭High-throughput Screening

࣭Stem Cell Engineering࣭Tissue Engineering

123Global Intellectual Incubation3and Integration Lab (GI lab)GI3 Laboratory
In order to strengthen international fusion/joint research and construct a world“visible center”, we started “Global Intellectual Incubation and Integration Laboratory(GI3 Lab)” program in 2009. The original target of GI3 Lab was to establish a global
stream of young bright brains (young and excellent researchers and students) gathering
at WPI-AIMR from all over the world. Now, we expand the target of GI3 Lab to seniorresearchers, integrating existing IFCAM visiting professorship.
Briefly stated, GI3 Lab will accept following researchers.
1. Senior Researchers: Visiting Professorship and Associate Professorship
2. Junior Researchers: Visiting Scientists
í. Senior Researchers
Qualified researchers who may be interested in GI3 visiting professorship should firstcontact the WPI-AIMR principal investigators (PIs) of the related research fields.
Your contact PIs will initiate the further process to materialize the fusion/joint research.
(1) Tenure: For a period of one to three months.
(2) Financial: The salary varies, depending on the qualifications, based on the Tohoku
University regulations. Roughly speaking, “full professor” receives 600,000 yen permonth and “Associate Professor” receives 500,000 yen per month.
î. Junior Researchers
We accept excellent young researchers and students who belong to foreign PIs’laboratories as WPI-AIMR visiting scientists. The PIs who would like to send them to
GI3 Lab should first contact the host PIs of the related research fields. The contact PIs
will initiate the further process to materialize the fusion/joint research.
(1) Tenure: For a period of minimum a couple of weeks to a maximum of three months.
(2) Financial: We support living cost of about 100,000 yen per month and actual cost foraccommodation.
For details, contact General Affairs Section at WPI Office:wpi-shomu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

127

128

GI3 Activity Report of Associate Professor Nicolas GIOVAMBATTISTA
June 28th, 2010 - July 29th, 2010
Host: Professor Michio TOKUYAMA
The main goal of this visit was to extend our previous computer simulation work on
liquid polyamorphism to study polyamorphism in the glass state. Using computer
simulations of a non-trivial monoatomic model system, we were able to reproduce twoof the main transformations that are known to occur in polyamorphic glasses, thecrystal-to-glass transition (pressure-induced amorphization) and the glass-to-glasstransition. These results are relevant since in computer simulations studies of
monoatomic systems, crystallization is usually unavoidable, even for the short computer
simulation time scales. Based on these findings, we wrote a manuscript that has justbeen submitted for publication to the Journal of Chemical Physics.
Two other studies have also been started, both based on our monoatomic model
system. In one of these studies, we plan to explore the glass forming ability (GFA) of
binary mixtures where one of the components corresponds to our monoatomic noncrystallizing model. This will allow us to study the effects of pressure, cooling rate, andrelative size of the components in the mixture’s GFA. The second project is meant to
explore the effect of confinement in the GFA of our previously studied monoatomicmodel system and, in particular, how confinement affects its polyamorphism. We are
actually working on these projects and expect to finish them in the next few months.

129

GI3 Activity Report of Associate Professor Esmaiel JABBARI
July 16th, 2010 - August 15th, 2010
Host: Professor Ali KHADEMHOSSEINIThe purpose of the short one month visit was to investigate the effect of patterned
osteogenic/cell adhesion peptides on a gel substrate on cell fate, and to expand thecollaboration between the WPI-AIMR group in Tohoku University and Jabbari’s
research group at the University of South Carolina. We identified the following areas ofcollaboration between the WPI-AIMR research group with expertise in developing
patterned/gradient substrates and that of Jabbari’s group with expertise in synthesis of
peptide-conjugated biomaterials: a) developing hydrogels with gradient/pattern in BMP2 osteogenic peptide and RGD cell adhesion peptide for controlling cell differentiation
and b) developing electrospun fiber-reinforced hydrogels with gradient in osteogenic
and chondrogenic peptides for applications in regenerative medicine. Preliminary
experiments were conducted to pattern the surface of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)
hydrogels with RGD cell-adhesion peptide using micro-contact printing with PDMS
stamps. A PEG hydrogel precursor solution was partially crosslinked on a glass
substrate. Next, the hydrogel was brought in contact with an acrylated-RGD (Ac-RGD)
coated PDMS stamp to produce a square pattern of Ac-RGD on the hydrogel. Then, thehydrogel was fully crosslinked to covalently attach the RGD peptide to the substrate.
Osteoblasts were seeded on the patterned hydrogel and the attached cells were stained
and imaged with a fluorescent microscope. Results demonstrated that additional
characterization of the gel is required to prevent the diffusion of RGD pattern awayfrom the stamped areas. Based on the preliminary results, the group at WPI-AIMR andjabbari’s groups plan to submit a joint proposal to US National Science Foundation(NSF) and JSPS in response to the NSF-JSPS bilateral joint projects to provide financial
support for the joint collaboration.

130

GI3 Activity Report of Professor Youn-Woo LEE
July 20th, 2010 - October 19th, 2010
Host: Professor Tadafumi ADSCHIRIIn WPI, many fusion researches are now going on with Adschiri’s Nano Hybrid Nano
Particles (NPs) including transparent magnetic hybrid polymers, nano magnetic springwith his block-tripolymers and NPs, TiO2-nano porous gold for catalysis, and chiralinorganic assembly with his chiral molecule and NPs. Although all the researchers in
the above fields are intensively working on the fusion research, to provide NPs from
Adschiri’s group is a limiting step. To increase the man-power (number of technicians),
to make some more set-ups, namely numbering-up, and to establish methodology tosynthesize the NPs with larger amount in a short time, namely scale-up, are the criticalissues. Prof. Tadafumi Adschiri invented supercritical hydrothermal method fornanoparticle synthesis around 20 years ago. One of the most important discoveries ofthis invention is continuous process which is completely new approach. Many
researchers in the world began adopting this innovating method to synthesis nanomaterials. However, this process needs to improve to increase its production capacity
without losing particle quality. This can be solved to optimize mixing point design inwhich both the rapid heat transfer (rapid and effective fluid heating from room
temperature to around 673 K within a second) to ensure the generation of the nanoparticles with narrow PDS and the enough space to ensure preventing from plugging
should be provided. To untangle the knot of contradictory phenomena, we have
desperately sought better solution. Since I have experienced to design a commercial
plant in Korea, I have a know-how solve the problem, which involve the optimization
technology between the super-rapid mixing of supercritical water and precursor which
can be achieved by micro channel and the spacious mixing point not to plug but still toprovide the rapid and effective turbulent heat and mass transfer. This method wascommercialized for the first time in 2004 in Korea for CeO2 particles production(30t/year), and scaled-up recently (200 ton/year) by Hanwha Chemicals, Co., under mysupervision. By end of this year, a new plant with a capacity of 600 ton/yr will be
constructed for the production of Li ion battery materials for GM electric cars, forwhich his contribution is significant. I also contributed a lot for the development of
10,000 t/year combined process of waste water treatment and catalyst recycling. Theseexperiences will apply a new process in which I now am serving as a leader of anational project of the biomass conversion to bio-based polymer. In this project,sufficient scientific/technical knowledge of the scale-up for the large scale supercritical131reaction process is needed. Recently, Prof. Adschiri group has developed a novel
process to prepare the Super Hybrid Materials which need to continuous feeding of thequite large amount of modifiers into the reactor. Even though this technology is a bit
more complicated than the previous hydrothermal synthesis without modifiers, almost
the same principle is applied to scale-up the process. Prof. Adschiri and I continue todiscuss, debate, ruminate on the issue of scaling-up the supercritical reaction processduring my visiting professor at WPI-AIMR. Now Prof. Adschiri and I thought one idea
to prepare paper filler which is modified by organic compounds. We are going to apply
the new idea to our plan. Increasing ash inorganic content of the paper is one of themost effective methods for saving raw materials and improving optical properties andbetter print quality. However, the increase of filler loading using conventional fillers islimited due to severe loss in strength properties, affecting product quality. This is
attributed to the fact that the filler is not compatible with cellulosic fibers. Therefore, if
we provide filler which is covered by organic modifier, we can make the paper withhigh content inorganic filler. I already demonstrated to produce CaCO3 particle insupercritical water without modifiers. Next step is to choose proper modifier to produce
nano particles that are hybrids between organics and inorganics.
Another study started to investigate extraction organic solvents from nano hybrid
particles. Even though hydrothermal synthesis of hybrid nano particles are known to begreen process, there still are some cases to need a large amount solvent to collect anddisperse particles. In order to make dry super hybrid particles, vaporization process isthe current technology, however, it leads to agglomeration of the particles even though
the particles are covered by organic modifiers. One alternative process is the extraction
process in which supercritical CO2 is used as an extraction solvent. Since supercritical
CO2 has a high solvency power to organic solvent compared to super hybrid particle,
one can remove selectively the organic solvent from the particle surface after collecting
the particles at the filter. Another alternative process is the precipitation process inwhich supercritical or liquid CO2 is used as an antisolvent to precipitate the super hybrid
particles. In this case, one can extract organic solvent from aerosol by supercritical or
liquid CO2 effectively to take away solvent power. My graduate student, Mr. Younfrom Seoul National University has been working in the field of supercritical CO2
process, constructed an apparatus and new experiments have been started. The researchis going on this aspect and it will be continued by middle of February, 2011 at WPIAIMR.
In summary, Prof. Adshiri and I are challenging to scale up the supercritical water
synthesis process, which can produce super hybrid particle, especially in the design of132

the mixing point to increase the production capacity and in the collection of fre flowing
drying nano particles without agglomeration.

133

GI3 Activity Report of Professor Ze ZHANG
August 18th, 2010 - September 17th, 2010
Host: Professor Mingwei CHEN
Study on three important scientific issues were carried out during this a month long
visiting at CHEN’s Lab. of WPI-AIMR in Tohoku University.
The first was a continuing investigation on the relationship between the
microstructure and transport property of the phase transition random memory (PCRAM)
in an alloy system of Si-Sb-Te newly found in China. This alloy shows an extremely
high quality of I-V curve during the reversible phase transition from the amorphous to
crystalline phases, together with the writing-erasing cycling life, and other key
parameters concerned. All of that are the key engineering target physical properties for
future important PCRAM application. Our previous experimental results obtained from
China shows that there is an obvious existence of phase separation during theamorphous-crystalline transition. We found, for the first time, that Si remained as
amorphous state during the whole transition history of the alloy, whilst there is a
crystalline Sb2Te3 phase formed during the crystallization process and it became
amorphous again under certain heat or laser treatments. All of these experimental
results imply that the thermal-electrical semiconductor and/or the topological insulatorof Sb2Te3 plays a major role for the phase transition and the corresponding I-V property
with sharp difference of 2-4 orders of magnitudes. The amorphous Si behaves like amatrix while the Sb2Te3 acts as nano-particles embedded inside of the matrix. The
theoretical analysis of the transportation mechanism of this wonderful alloy was carriedout here by collaboration with Prof. Chen’s assistance Dr. Guan based on our thoroughdiscussions together with Prof. Chen. He made a systematic calculation of the densityof state (DOS) from both amorphous and crystalline of Sb2Te3. The theoretical results
shown that the crystalline phase of Sb2Te3 is with much high DOS near the Fermi
energy therefore more conductive compare with its original amorphous state, which isagree well with the experimental observations. This will be very important for the
future application of the new system of PRAM and it provides also a deeper
understanding of the science issue from the key engineering requests.
Another work concerns with the advanced mechanical property of a new generationof super-alloy. Owing to the fact that few degrees of temperature increasing in thestrength of this alloy at high temperature shall bring tremendous benefits for energy
saving and low CO2 emission for thermal power generation, this alloy has long been astrategic structural material. The sample we studied here in WPI were brought from134

China and detailed structure analysis was carried out by collaboration with Prof.
CHEN’s another assistance Dr. Hirada. By employing the advance microscopy powerof the double corrector electron microscope, we could figure out the alloy elemental
distribution within this alloy before and after high temperature creep at high loading oftensile test. Some experimental results concerning the advanced mechanical property
have been observed, for the first time, and that is close to publication from our joint
research carried out during my visit.
The third work just beginning and it related with a study on an unusual large elasticity
result from an ultra thin film of nanocrystalline Ni. The key scientific issue is the grain
size confinement produced local strain build up under an in-situ tensile test. In-situ
electron microscopy observation at atomic scale has been carried out in China and thetheoretical calculation was down here in WPI by Dr. Guan. Some tentative results havebeen obtained and it will be continued by the following up task that might be down by
Prof. CHEN’s team members in WPI-AIMR.
The helpful discussions with the director of NIMS, Prof. Sukekatsu Ushioda and the
director of super alloy group of NIMS, shall be very much acknowledged.

135

GI3 Activity Report of Dr. Moustafa ALJERF
January 14th, 2010 - April 14th, 2010
Host: Professor Dmitri LOUZGUINE (Professor Alain Reza YAVARI)
The main objective was achieved during this short period of three months at WPIAIMR in Tohoku University: to further investigate the role of glassy particles
reinforcement on mechanical properties of metallic matrix composite. The conceptionof this new category of metallic matrix composites is based on the fact that metallic
glass particles become soft above their glass transition temperature Tg so they can act asa soft binder and porosity remover. After compaction to full density and cooling to
below Tg and down to room temperature, the same glassy particles become the hard
reinforcing phase.
In collaboration with WPI-AIMR, we developed a novel aluminum alloy matrix
composite reinforced by Fe-based glassy particles. Fine powder of the matrix phase(commercial alloy Al6061) and of the reinforcing phase (glassy[(Fe½Co½)75B20Si5]96Nb4) were produced by mechanical milling. Sintering temperatureof the mixed powder was chosen within the supercooled liquid region of the glass
slightly above the glass transition temperature Tg and close to the solidus temperature of
the aluminum alloy. By examining the microstructure of the new composite, no poresin the matrix or in areas adjacent to the metallic glass reinforcement particles of any sizeare visible. This indicates successful consolidation of the composite to full density
without any undesirable effects. The composite shows considerable increase in yieldstrength (550 MPa) relative to the matrix alloy (250 MPa) while keeping noticeable
plasticity (~14%) prior to fracture.
The high strength and low mass density of these new composites imply that they
possess very high specific strength and can be used as replacement for some structural,functional or machine parts of heavier alloys such as stainless steels. This in turn leads
to weight reduction and significant energy saving in the transportation sector. Strong
and light composites are therefore green materials focused on technologies reducing
CO2 emissions and the improved efficiency of car and aerospace structures and willcontribute to reduction of emission of gases and the consumption of carbon based fuel,harmful for the atmosphere (greenhouse effect), as well as in the release of harmful
ingredients thus benefitting the overall environment.
This work is to be added to the previous collaboration with WPI on the same subject
which gave two publications in 2009-2010 [1, 2] and a new manuscript entitled136

“Aluminum and magnesium metal matrix composite reinforced by three different
metallic glasses” is to be submitted to Scripta Materialia for publication.
[1] Dudina, D.V., et al., A magnesium alloy matrix composite reinforced withmetallic glass. Composites Science and Technology, 2009. 69(15-16): p. 2734-2736.
[2] Dudina, D.V., et al., Cu-based metallic glass particle additions to significantly
improve overall compressive properties of an Al alloy. Composites Part A: Applied
Science and Manufacturing, 2010. 41(10): p. 1551-1557.

137

GI3 Activity Report of Marco HAUBOLDMarch 17th, 2010 - April 5th, 2010
Host: Professor Masayoshi ESASHI (Professor Thomas GESSNER)
The main objective of the short period research stay at WPI-AIMR in Tohoku
University was the accomplishment of basic experiments for a laser assisted bonding
process of substrates, used in MEMS fabrication. The main advantages of affecting justa very small region with the laser radiation and the locally limited raise of temperature
therefore, are unique opportunities in means of applicable materials for MEMS
production and structure design. Basing on silicon-glass direct bonding, tests have been
performed in order to evaluate an adequate process window (e.g. wave length, output
power, focus depth, repetition rate). After a training period at common laser tools by thelaboratory’s staff, several test runs were performed with pre-bonded samples withaltered parameter sets, aiming on the enhancement of the mechanical stability. The
achieved bond was subsequently characterized by pull testing and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), providing a good comparison for the different experiments. The
results showed almost no increase of bonding strength for low energy levels, whereas
significant changes could be induced at the touching interfaces at certain high output
powers, resulting in a partly high bonding strength. Samples treated by these settings
got destroyed during the characterization, proving the potential of bonding technique
without an additional intermediate layer. The tests provide a basis of further
investigations.
In addition to the experimental intention, the trip was used to participate in the WPI
workshop form March 25th to March 27th. The author therefore used the opportunity topresent his results of a former research project at WPI-AIMR “Bonding Investigationsof oxidized Silicon Substrates with Metal-based Intermediate Layers” during theposter session.
A last purpose of the research trip describes the extension of the scientific exchange
between the Fraunhofer Research Institution ENAS and the WPI-AIMR in Tohoku
University. Therefore it is envisaged to join a project of the European Community inorder to strengthen the collaboration and expand the joint high level research.

138

GI3 Activity Report of Dr. Fei Fei CAO
June 15th, 2010 - July 14th, 2010
Host: Professor Yoshinori YAMAMOTO
Two objectives were achieved during this short period of one month at WPI-AIMR in
Tohoku University. The first was studying the basic experimental operations andanalytical methods in organic synthesis. During the one month period, I was
systematically trained to master basic synthetic methods such as extraction, filtration
and basic characterization methods such as 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, UV-Vis and so on.
The main work I carried out was the synthesis of dithieno[3,2-b:2’,3’- d]thiophene(DTT), which followed the reference Organic Syntheses, Vol. 83, p. 209-216 (2006);
Coll. Vol. 11, p. 843-849 (2009). In recent years, much interest has been focused on
DTT as a unit in semiconducting organic materials. In particular, the dimer ‫ܤ‬,‫’ܤ‬bis(dithieno[3,2-b:2’,3’-d]thiophene) and its derivatives have been used as highmobility semiconductors in field-effect transistors, with field-effect mobility of up to
0.05 cm2 V-1 s-1 being recorded. This synthesis may be carried out on the scale of over
30 g, although the lithiation step is limited on a laboratory scale due to the difficulty incooling largescale glassware. I successfully repeated this whole experiment andobtained final as-expected products. I also mastered these organic operations and gained
knowledge about organic synthesis as well as solar cells from Professor Yoshinori
Yamamoto in his laboratory.
Another study was preparing CNT-TiO2 nanocomposite and investigating its application
in solar cells. In China, I have successfully prepared various TiO2-based
nanocomposites such as CNT-TiO2, Cu-TiO2 and TiO2-C, and investigated theirelectrochemical performances as anode materials in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In my
research, I found that coaxial cable morphology provides a clever solution to the ionicelectronic wiring problem in LIBs. Since TiO2 was also a promising material for solar
cells, I collaborated with post-doctoral Akhtar to prepare CNT-TiO2 coaxial nanocableduring the one-month period. This work is still going on and it will be continued bypost-doctoral Akhtar in WPI-AIMR.

139

GI3 Activity Report of Dr. Matthew WATKINS
July 15th, 2010 - August 5th, 2010
Host: Professor Masaru TSUKADA (Professor Alexander SHLUGER)
Following arrival in the afternoon of Monday 28th of June, on Tuesday 29th of June I
gave an introductory seminar on part of my research to the Theory Laboratory of theMaterials Physics Group. The seminar was focused on ‘DFT-based approaches for thesimulation of the geometry, chemical reactivity and STS/STM imaging of Titania(TiO2) surfaces”.
The seminar was followed by a presentation by Assistant Professor I. Hamada on his
recent results on a Strontium Titatanate surface [SrTiO3(001-¥13x) ¥13]. The session
was concluded by discussion with Prof. M. Tsukada, Ass. Prof. K. Akagi, and AssistantProfessor I. Hamada on possible applications of the methods presented in my talk to theStrontium Titanate line at WPI-AIMR. Afterwards, I started collaborating with
Assistant Professor I. Hamada on the activation of both the VASP and bSKAN
programs at WPI-AIMR.
On the 29th-30th of June, together with Assistant Professor I. Hamada, we considered
the details of the input format for both the VASP and bSKAN codes. This activity was
carried out on the basis of targeted examples which I provided to Assistant Professor I.
Hamada.
On July the 1st, the discussion with Assistant Professor I. Hamada concentrated on theexecution and output files of both the VASP and bSKAN program with assisted
preparation of files relative to the study of the considered Strontium Titanate surface forboth the VASP and bSKAN programs.
It is my intention to conclude the presentation of the bSKAN program capabilities toAssistant Professor I. Hamada on Friday 2nd.
Finally, arrangements are currently being made with Prof. M. Tsukada to discusspossible overlap between the WPI-AIMR line on carbon-cages and a Van der Waals
corrected – Density Functional Theory method which was developed for my Osakabased project in collaboration with Prof. A. Shluger and Prof. K. Tanimura.

140

GI3Activity Report of Dr. Gilberto TEOBALDI
April 17th, 2010 - April 30th, 2010
June 27th, 2010 - July 6th, 2010
Host: Professor Masaru TSUKADA (Professor Alexander SHLUGER)

Following my previous visit in February 2010 I am continuing to discuss methods todevelop atomic force microscope tip models with Dr Akagi and Prof Tsukada of thetheory laboratory at the WPI-AIMR. Realistic atomic-force microscope tip-models arevital to carry out (semi)quantitative simulations to aid understanding of experimental
images. The models derived from the oxidation of silicon will be of interest in otherareas as well. We have discussed the tip models that I have generated since myprevious visit to the WPI-AIMR in February and how the work could be prepared for
publication. Possible deficiencies in the current models due to their low density andhow to generate better starting structures were discussed. We decided that clean silicontips, constructed using software developed in Prof Tsukada’s group, will be used as
initial models and look into the literature on wet silicon oxidation to help refine ourmodel. Looking ahead, the current methods I have used, density functional theory
based molecular dynamics simulations, are too costly for a fully systematic study ofsilicon oxidation. To overcome this, I am working to implement a reactive molecularforcefield model to allow us to examine the oxidation of these silicon tips when exposed
to ambient or solution environments. I will also visit the laboratory of Dr. Fukuma of
Kanazawa University to expand our collaboration on imaging mechanisms of noncontact atomic force microscopy in solution. We will discuss in detail the experimental
tip preparation procedures that have been used. Of particular interest are information on
the thickness of the oxide layer formed on the silicon cantilever, which will suggest
appropriate starting structures to consider in our simulations.
A meeting with Prof Louzguine and Dr Caron of the advanced functional materials
group at the WPI-AIMR has been organised to discuss their experimental results using
atomic force microscopy to measure friction properties of metallic-glasses. We willconsider the role played by surface oxidation of the metallic-glasses in ambientcondition and how this may lead to surprising frictional properties. Discussions willconcern the conditions that the glasses have been exposed to and tip preparation
procedures. We will consider how atomistic simulations could be used to aid
understanding their results.

141

On 29th July I will attend the first “nano-interface” meeting at the WPI, organised by
Dr Nakajima of the Organosoft and Hybrid Materials Laboratory at the WPI-AIMR.
The topic of “hydration and water phase behavior in hydrophobic/hydrophilic nanoscale confinement” presented by visiting scientist Prof. Nicolas Giovambattista will beof direct relevance to work on understanding water and surface structure using theatomic force microscope. The meeting will present an excellent opportunity to establish
further links to the WPI-AIMR.

142

Announcement

The 2011 WPI-AIMR Annual Workshop
The 2011 WPI-AIMR Annual Workshop will be held on February 21 through 24 in
Sendai. On February 22-24, the workshop will be composed of plenary sessions andparallel sessions, inviting world class researchers.
Date : Monday, February 21 - Thursday, February 24, 2011
Location : Sendai International Center (sessions) & Sendai Kokusai Hotel (reception, lodging)

In the process of realizing three major goals of AIMR; (1) Invent and develop new
functionally innovative Green Materials, (2) Establish a new system adequate as a
World Premier Research Center, and (3) Strengthen international cooperation andconstruct a world visible center, we have been organizing WPI-AIMR Annual Workshop;
the 2009 Annual Workshop was held in March, 2009 at Miyagi-Zao Royal Hotel and the2010 Annual Workshop was held in March, 2010 at Sendai Excel Hotel Tokyu andSendai International Center.

Following them, we are announcing the 2011 WPI-AIMR

Annual Workshop which will be held on February 21, Monday, through 24, Thursday,2011 at Sendai Kokusai Hotel and Sendai International Center.
The scientific scope of our workshop is “Cutting-edge Functional Materials for Green
Innovation”.

In the morning of February 22, special session is planned inviting Dr. J.

Georg Bednorz, 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics Laureate, Dr. Peter Grünberg, 2007 Nobel
Prize in Physics Laureate, and Dr. Sumio Iijima of Meijo University, also Adjunct
Professor of WPI-AIMR, a recipient of the Japanese Order of Culture in 2009.
Plenary sessions and parallel sessions will be organized with presentations by world
premier researchers of the fields of AIMR research (thrusts), which are Bulk Metallic
Glasses, Materials Physics, Soft Materials and Devices/Systems Construction.

Forencouraging younger researchers and further discussing the fusion researches, we also
have a poster session.
We would appreciate very much if you would join the Workshop.
To participate in this Workshop, please resister on the following website.
http://www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp/workshop/

145

Tentative Schedule
February 21 (Monday): Sendai Kokusai Hotel
17:00 – 19:00 Welcome Reception
February 22 (Tuesday): Sendai International Center
09:00 – 09:10 Opening session
09:10 – 11:00 Special session
11:10 – 12:40 Morning plenary session
12:40 – 14:20 Poster session
14:20 – 16:20 Afternoon plenary session
16:30 – 18:00 Parallel session
February 23 (Wednesday): Sendai International Center
09:00 – 10:30 Morning plenary session
10:40 – 12:10 Parallel session
13:10 – 14:40 Parallel session
14:50 – 16:50 Afternoon plenary session
18:00 – 20:00 Banquet at Sendai Kokusai Hotel
February 24 (Thursday): Sendai International Center
09:00 – 12:10 Morning plenary session (10:30 – 10:40: Break time)
12:10 – 12:20 Closing remarks

Tentative list of Invited speakers (As of Dec. 10)
Johannes Georg Bednorz, 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics Laureate
Jason A. Burdick, University of Pennsylvania
Fariba Dehghani, University of Sydney
Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski, Technical University of Denmark in Lyngby
Thomas Gessner, Chemnitz University of Technology
Alan Lindsay Greer, University of Cambridge
Peter Andreas Grünberg, 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics Laureate
Zhong-Ze Gu, Su Zhou Southeast University
Ryan C. Hayward, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Kevin J. Hemker, Johns Hopkins University
Sumio Iijima, Meijo University
Lei Jiang, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
John H. Perepezko, University of Wisconsin - Madison
Itamar Procaccia, Weizmann Institute of Science
Pierre Richard, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science
Konrad Samwer, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
Ashwin A. Seshia, University of Cambridge
Takao Someya, University of Tokyo
C. Suryanarayana, University of Central Florida
Li-jun Wan, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Andrzej Wieckowski, University of Illinois
Fred Wudl, University of California, Santa Barbara
Alain Reza Yavari, Grenoble Institute of Technology
Deqing Zhang, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Ze Zhang, Zhejiang University

146

Junior Faculty/Post-doctoral Positions
Tohoku University
WPI-AIMR
Effective October 1, 2007, Tohoku University created a new Research Institute, theAdvanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), based on an initiative of theJapanese Department of Education (MEXT) for World Premier International ResearchCenter Initiative (WPI) to bring together scientists involved in research on nano-scienceand technology.
In the 21st century, material science, broadly defined as the study of how complex/novel
properties arise in matters/materials from the interactions of individual components, willcomprise of inter-discipline collaboration.
(http://www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp)
Over the next few years, as many as one hundred new appointments at the levels of
post-doctoral fellows and junior faculty will be available. All innovative researchers
are welcome as active promoters of basic/applied sciences in the fields of physicalmetallurgy, physics, chemistry, precision mechanical engineering and electronic /informational engineering.
We are continuously looking for excellent applicants throughout the year.
Please submit
1) a curriculum vitae,
2) research proposal (<3,000 words),
3) summary of previous research accomplishments (<2,000 words),
4) copies of 5 significant publications, and
5) 2 letters of recommendationby email to:
aimr@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp
All files must be submitted electronically in pdf or Word format.
Applications from, or nominations of, women and minority candidates are encouraged.
Tohoku University WPI-AIMR is an affirmative action / equal opportunity employer.

147

Graduate Student Scholarshipin Materials Science/Engineering
WPI-AIMR
Graduate Student Scholarship
Effective October 1, 2007, Tohoku University created a new Research Institute, theAdvanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), based on an initiative of theJapanese Department of Education (MEXT) for World Premier International ResearchCenter Initiative (WPI) to bring together scientists involved in research on nano-scienceand technology.
In the 21st century, material science, broadly defined as the study of how complex/novel
properties arise in matters/materials from the interactions of individual components, will
becomes an essential and most important research topics(http://www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp)
TU WPI-AIMR is now looking for young motivated Ph.D. graduate student candidates
in the fields of physical metallurgy, physics, chemistry, mechanical engineering andelectronic / informational technology. All innovative M. S. students are welcome asactive promoters of basic/applied sciences in these fields.
Applications are continuously screened throughout the year.
Please submit
1) a curriculum vitae,
2) research proposal (<1,000 words),
3) 2 letters of recommendation,4) by email to:
aimr@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp
All files must be submitted electronically in pdf or Word format.

148

WPI-AIMR
Workshop Guideline
Tohoku University’s new Research Institute, the Advanced Institute for Materials
Research (WPI-AIMR) solicits several applications per year for International
Workshops in the field of “broadly defined Materials Science.”
Guidelines:
1) Organizers
Qualified research staff of academic institutions and public or private researchestablishments can submit the application for an international workshop to be held at
WPI-AIMR or its Satellite branches, jointly with the WPI-AIMR principal
investigator(s) whose research interest overlaps with the scope of the workshop.
2) Financial support
Under normal circumstances, WPI-IMR supports up to 2/3 of the workshop budget,
while the organizer is expected to cover the rest.
3) deadline
The application must be received at least four months in advance to:aimr@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp
All files must be submitted electronically in pdf or Word format.

149

Appendix

X-1

X-2

X-3

X-4

X-5

DIRECTORY
As of December 1, 2010
Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Administration>
1. YAMAMOTO, Yoshinori (Institute Director)

217-5130

yoshi@m.tohoku.ac.jp

2. IWAMOTO, Wataru (Administrative Director)

217-5965

iwamoto@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

3. ADSCHIRI, Tadafumi (PI, Prof.)

217-5629

ajiri@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

4. HOJO, Daisuke (Assist. Prof.)

217-5631

dhojo@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

5. HARTON, Shane (Research Assoc.)

217-5630

shane.harton@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

6. ATASHFARAZ, Mehrnoosh (Researcher)217-5630

mehr@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

7. LU, Jinfeng (Researcher)217-5630

lujf@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

8. MANABE, Noriyoshi (Researcher)217-5631

manabe@niche.tohoku.ac.jp

9. TOGASHI, Takanari (Researcher)217-5630

togashi@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

10. WATANABE, Eiichi (Researcher)217-5630

eiwata@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

11. RANI, Varu (Research Assist.)

217-5630

chauhan@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

12. CHEN, Mingwei (PI, Prof.)

217-5992

mwchen@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

13. FUJITA, Takeshi (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5959

tfujita@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

14. HIRATA, Akihiko (Assist. Prof.)

217-5959

hirata@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

15. LANG, Xingyou (Assist. Prof.)

217-5959

xylang@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

16. CHEN, Luyang (Research Assoc.)

217-5959

chenly@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

17. GUAN, Pengfei (Research Assoc.)

217-5959

pf.guan@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

18. KANG, Jianli (Research Assoc.)

217-5959

kangjianli@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

19. ESASHI, Masayoshi (PI, Prof.)

795-6934

esashi@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

20. MUROYAMA, Masanori (Assist. Prof.)

795-6937

muroyama@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

21. YOSHIDA, Shinya (Assist. Prof.)

795-6936s-yoshida@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

22. KAUSHIK, Neelam (Research Assoc.)795-6936

neelam@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

23. WANG, Weishan (Researcher)795-6936

wswang@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp<Research Staff><Adschiri Group><Chen Group><Esashi Group><Gessner Group>
24. GESSNER, Thomas (PI)+49-37-53124060

thomas.gessner@zfm.tu-chemnitz.de

25. LIN, Yu-Ching (Assist. Prof.)

795-6256

yclin@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

26. LEE, Jae Wung (Research Assoc.)795-6256dlwodnd77@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

X-7

Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Greer Group>
27. GREER, Alan Lindsay (PI)+44-1223-334308

28. MADGE, Shantanu V. (Research Assoc.)

217-5956

alg13@cam.ac.uk
shantanu.madge@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp< Hemker Group>
29. HEMKER, Kevin (PI)+1-410-5164489

hemker@jhu.edu+81-3-58417688

ikuhara@sigma.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp<Ikuhara Group>
30. IKUHARA, Yuichi (PI)
31. TSUKIMOTO, Susumu (Lecturer)

217-5934

tsukimoto@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

32. SAITO, Mitsuhiro (Assist. Prof.)

217-5933

saito@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

33. WANG, Zhongchang (Assist. Prof.)

217-5933

zcwang@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

34. GU, Lin (Research Assoc.)

217-5933

gu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

35. ITAYA, Kingo (PI, Prof.)

217-5977

itaya@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp

36. KIM, Youngeum (Assist. Prof.)

217-5974

ygkim@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp

37. LAHIRI, Abhishek (Research Assoc.)

217-5974

a.lahiri@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp

38. MUKKANNAN, Azhagurajan (Research Assist.)

217-5974

mazhagurajan@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp

39. KAWASAKI, Masashi (PI, Prof.)

215-2085

kawasaki@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

40. MAKINO, Takayuki (Lecturer)

215-2088

tmakino@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

41. UENO, Kazunori (Assist. Prof.)

215-2088

uenok@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

42. HIRAGA, Hiroki (Research Assoc.)

215-2088

hiraga.hiroki@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

43. MARYENKO, Denis (Research Assoc.)

215-2088

d.maryenko@imr.tohoku.ac.jp<Itaya Group><Kawasaki Group>< Khademhosseini Group>
44. KHADEMHOSSEINI, Ali (Junior PI)+1-617-768-8395

alik@rics.bwh.harvard.edu

45. SEIDI, Azadeh (Research Assoc.)

217-6142a.seidi@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

46. OSTROVIDOV, Serge (Research Assoc.)

217-6142

ostrovidov@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

47. KURIHARA, Kazue (PI, Prof.)

217-5673

kurihara@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

48. TEO, Boon (Research Assoc.)

217-5675

boonteo@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

49. HEDIN, Jesper Niels (Researcher)217-5675

jhedin@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

50. INOMATA, Kyeonga (Researcher)217-5675

inomata@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp<Kurihara Group>

X-8

Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Louzguine Group>
51. LOUZGUINE, Dmitri V. (PI, Prof.)

217-5957

dml@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

52. NAKAYAMA, Koji (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5950

kojisn@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

53. TAKEUCHI, Akira (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5956

takeuchi@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

54. YOKOYAMA, Yoshihiko [Assoc. Prof. (Concurrent)]

215-2199

yy@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

55. CHEN, Na (Assist. Prof.)

217-5956

chenn@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

56. CARON, Arnaud (Research Assoc.)

217-5956

a.caron@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

57. WANG, Junqiang (Research Assoc.)

217-5956

junqiangwang@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

58. ZADOROZHNYY , Vladislav (Research Assoc.)

217-5956

vuz@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp795-7209

matsue@bioinfo.che.tohoku.ac.jp

60. MIYAZAKI, Terunobu (PI, Prof.)

217-6000

miyazaki@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

61. MIZUKAMI, Shigemi (Assist. Prof.)

217-6003

mizukami@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

62. KUBOTA, Takahide (Research Assoc.)

217-6003

takahide@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

63. ZHANG, Xianmin (Research Assoc.)

217-6003

xmzhang@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

64. WU, Feng (Research Assoc.)

217-6004

fengwu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

65. NISHI, Toshio (PI, Prof.)

217-5926

nishi.toshio@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

66. NAKAJIMA, Ken (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5927

knakaji@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

67. FUJINAMI, So (Research Assoc.)

217-5928

fujinami@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

68. LIU, Hao (Research Assoc.)

217-5928

liuhao@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

69. WANG, Dong (Research Assoc.)

217-5928

wangdthu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp795-3952

ohmi@fff.niche.tohoku.ac.jp+1-413-5452680

russell@mail.pse.umass.edu<Matsue Group>
59. MATSUE, Tomokazu (PI, Prof.)<Miyazaki Group><Nishi Group><Ohmi Group>
70. OHMI, Tadahiro (PI, Prof.)<Russell Group>
71. RUSSELL, Thomas (PI)

X-9

Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Shimomura Group>
72. SHIMOMURA, Masatsugu (PI, Prof.)

217-5329

shimo@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

73. ISHII, Daisuke (Assist. Prof.)

217-5824

dishii@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

74. HIGUCHI, Takeshi (Research Assoc.)

217-5825

higuchi@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

75. KAWANO, Takahito (Research Assoc.)

217-5825

kawano@poly.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

76. IWASAKI, Junko (Tech. Staff)+81-11-758-0056

iwasaki@poly.es.hokudai.ac.jp

77. KIMURA, Konomi (Tech. Staff)+81-11-758-0056

kimura@poly.es.hokudai.ac.jp<Shluger Group>
78. SHLUGER, Alexander (PI)217-5942/+44-(0)20 7679 1312

a.shluger@ucl.ac.uk

79. MCKENNA, Keith (Assist. Prof.)

217-5942

k.mckenna@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

80. TREVETHAN, Thomas (Assist. Prof.)

217-5942

tomt@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

81. TAKAHASHI, Takashi (PI, Prof.)

795-6417

t.takahashi@arpes.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

82. SOUMA, Seigo (Assist. Prof.)

795-6477

s.souma@arpes.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

83. SUGAWARA, Katsuaki (Assist. Prof.)

795-6477

k.sugawara@arpes.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

84. TANIGAKI, Katsumi (PI, Prof.)

795-6469

tanigaki@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

85. IKEDA, Susumu (Assoc. Prof., Outreach Manager)

795-6468

sikeda@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

86. NOUCHI, Ryo (Assist. Prof.)

795-6468

nouchi@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

87. TANG, Jung (Assist. Prof.)

795-6468

tangjun@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

88. TANABE, Yoichi (Research Assoc.)795-6468

youichi@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

89. XU, Jing-Tao (Research Assoc.)795-6468

jtxu@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

90. MITOMA, Nobuhiko (Research Assist.)795-6468

mitoma@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp<Takahashi Group><Tanigaki Group><Teizer Group>
91. TEIZER, Winfried (Juior PI)

217-5979/+1-979-845-7730

teizer@physics.tamu.edu

92. OLIVEIRA, Daniel (Research Assoc.)

217-5979

oliveira@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

93. SIKORA, Aurélien (Research Assoc.)

217-5979

a.sikora@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

94. TOKUYAMA, Michio (PI, Prof.)

217-5953

tokuyama@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

95. XU, Limei (Assist. Prof.)

217-5954

limei.xu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

96. CHO, Young Seok (Research Assoc.)

217-5954

jho@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

97. FUJII, Hiroyuki (Research Assist.)

217-5954

fujii@athena22.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp<Tokuyama Group>

X-10

Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Tsukada Group>
98. TSUKADA, Masaru (PI, Prof.)

217-5937

tsukada@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

99. AKAGI, Kazuto (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5940

akagi@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

100. HAMADA, Ikutaro (Assist. Prof.)

217-5938

ikutaro@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

101. TAMURA, Hiroyuki (Assist. Prof.)

217-5938

hiroyuki@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

102. MASAGO, Akira (Research Assoc.)

217-5939

masago@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

103. ARAIDAI, Masaaki (Researcher)217-5939

araidai@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp<Wan Group>104. WAN, Li-Jun (PI)+86-62558934

105. WEN, Rui (Research Assoc.)

795-5869

wanlijun@iccas.ac.cn
ruiwen@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp<Weiss Group>106. WEISS, Paul S. (PI)+1-310-267-5993

psw@cnsi.ucla.edu

107. WU, Hongkai (Junior PI)+85-223-587-246

chhkwu@ust.hk.

108. LI, Lei (Research Assoc.)

217-6142

lilei@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp109. SHI, Xuetao (Research Assoc.)

217-6142

shixuetao@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp<Wu Group><Xue Group>
110. XUE, Qikun (PI)+86-10-62795618

111. LIU, Hongwen (Assist. Prof.)

qkxue@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

217-5948

liu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

112. YAMADA, Kazuyoshi (PI, Prof.)

215-2035

kyamada@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

113. SATO, Toyoto (Assist. Prof.)

215-2039

toyoto@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

114. JI, Sungdae(Assist. Prof.)

215-2039

jsungdae@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

115. HORIGANE, Kazumasa (Research Assoc.)

215-2039

khorigane@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

116. YAMAGUCHI, Masahiko (PI, Prof.)

795-6812

yama@mail.pharm.tohoku.ac.jp

117. AN, Zengjian (Research Assoc.)795-6815zjan@mail.pharm.tohoku.ac.jp

118. ICHINOSE, Wataru (Research Assist.)795-6813

a9yd1001@s.he.tohoku.ac.jp

119. YAMAMOTO, Koji (Research Assist.)795-6815b0yd1008@s.he.tohoku.ac.jp<Yamada Group><Yamaguchi Group>

X-11

Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Yamamoto Group>
YAMAMOTO, Yoshinori (Institute Director)

217-5130

yoshi@m.tohoku.ac.jp

120. ASAO, Naoki (Prof.)

795-3898

asao@m.tains.tohoku.ac.jp

121. JIN, Tienan [Assoc. Prof. (Concurrent)]

795-3585

tjin@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp122. UZZAMAN, MD. Akhtar (Research Assoc.)795-6582

akhtar@m.tains.tohoku.ac.jp

123. FERRARA, Giovanni (Research Assist.)795-3585<Yavari Group>
124. YAVARI, Alain Reza (PI)+33-(0) 4 76 82 65 16

125. GEORGARAKIS, Konstantinos (Assist. Prof.)

yavari@minatec.inpg.fr
georgara@minatec.inpg.fr< Hitosugi Group>
126. HITOSUGI, Taro (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5944

hitosugi@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

127. SHIRAKI, Susumu (Lecturer)

217-5948

shiraki@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

128. IWAYA, Katsuya (Assist. Prof.)

217-5948

iwaya@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

129. OHSAWA, Takeo (Assist. Prof.)

217-5948

ohsawa@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

130. FUKUI, Nobuyuki (Research Assoc.)

217-5948

n-fukui@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

131. SHIMIZU, Ryota (Research Assist.)

217-5948

shimizu@chem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp

132. FUKUDA, Tsuguo (Adjunct Prof.)

217-5983

ts-fukuda@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

133. EHRENTRAUT, Dirk (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5983

ehrentraut@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

134. BAO, Quanxi (Researcher)217-5983

bao@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp<Fukuda Group>

X-12

Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Supporting Staff>
135. HASHIMOTO, Keiichi (Deputy Administrative Director)
217-5980

General Affairs Section

217-5922 or 5972

k-hashi@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

wpi-shomu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

136. NAGANUMA, Hiromi (Chief)

naganuma@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

137. SAITO, Asuka

asuka-s@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

138. OIKAWA, Hiroshi

hiroshi@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

139. CHIBA, Yoko

217-5956

ykchiba@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

140. ONODERA, Marikom.onodera@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

141. UNOURA, Sayaka

unoura-0@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

Accounting Section

217-5923 / FAX: 217-5129

wpi-keiri@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

142. SATO, Hiroto (Chief)

hiroto-s@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

143. OKAZAKI, Tomohiro

tokazaki@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

144. ZENIYA, Ippei

zeniya@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

145. KOBAYASHI, Yuki

y-kobayashi@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

Property Management Section

217-5924 / FAX: 217-5129

wpi-yodo@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

146. YOSHIDA, Masahiro (Chief)masa-y@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

147. HIRAYAMA, Hirotaka

h-hiraya@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

148. YOSHIDA, Hajime

hyoshi@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

149. ONO, Toshio

toshi-ono@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

150. DAIGAKU, Norikodaigaku@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

151. OHTOMO, Yumi

yumi-o@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

International Academic Affairs Section

217-5971 / FAX: 217-5129

wpi-kenkyo@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

152. YANAGAWA, Yasukazu

yanagawa@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

153. SAITO, Ikuo

s-ikuo@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

154. HAGITA, Etsuko

217-5978hagita@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

155. OKAMOTO, Ayumi

217-5978a-okamoto@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

Safety and Health Management Office217-5970

wpi-safety@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

156. KAMOSHIDA, Kazuyoshi (Manager)kamoshida@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

157. UMEZAWA, Akiko

akiko_umezawa@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

Outreach Officeoutreach@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

IKEDA, Susumu (Outreach Manager)

795-6468

X-13

sikeda@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

X-15

X-16