Identifying Resilience of Localities
Through Operational Continuity ofHospitals as indicators
Prof NISHIKAWA Satoru
Disaster Mitigation Research Center
Nagoya University

APMCDRR2022 PE: Building Resilient Communities by Investing in DRR Literacy for Proactive Actions focusing on “Leave No One Behind”

Identifying Resilience of Localities throughOperational Continuity of Hospitals asIndicators- Sept. 2022 @ APMCDRR Partner Event 558-

Satoru NISHIKAWA Ph.D
Professor, Disaster Mitigation Research Center,Nagoya University
Member, Science Council of Japan
Board Member, Institute of Social Safety Science
Trustee, Asian Disaster Reduction CenterAdviser, Japan Bosai Platform

July 2018 Torrential Rains in West Japan

Photo by Mihara City

Record breaking rainfall in Okayama, Hiroshima and Ehime
prefectures brought wide-area inundation.

An Aluminum Refinery Blasted by Inundation
Floodwaters flew into
melted aluminum andtriggered a blast.

Debris of the blast flew
200-300 meters across theroad and broke the roofs
and windows of houses.
The injured was hospitalized, But !

The Next Day, the Hospital was inundated and lost
electricity and water

The hospital in the neighboring city Kurashiki-Mabi, was the emergency hospital in thisarea. It had emergency generators but it was placed on the ground floor. Emergency
generator automatically started but within one hour stopped due to inundation.

Damage and Malfunctioning of Hospitals
Recent Examples
Japan
2018 Torrential Rains in West Japan and Inundation2018 Hokkaido Iburi-Tobu Earthquake and Hokkaido Blackout
2019 Typhoon Faxai (No.15) and Prolonged Chiba Blackout
2020 Typhoon Hagibis (No.19) and Inundation in Eastern Japan
2020 Torrential Rains in Kumamoto and Inundation
U.S.A.
2019 Tornado in South Dakota
2020 Hurricane Laura in Louisiana
2020 Hurricane Michael in Florida
2021 Winter Storm Uri in Texas
2021 Marshall Fire in Colorado

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Ⅳ．In SFDRR Priority 3 para30 (c)To strengthen, as appropriate, disaster-resilient public and private investments,
particularly through structural, non-structural and functional disaster risk
prevention and reduction measures in critical facilities, in particular schools andhospitals.

Elements to Ensure Hospital Operations 1

Many utilities are necessary to ensure theoperational continuity of hospitals, it is not onlywater & electricity.

Elements to Ensure Hospital Operations 2

Various professionals and numerous supplies
are necessary to ensure operational
continuity of hospitals.

For Hospitals to operate the surrounding areas mustbe safe and be capable to support

Risk of Ground
Liquefaction?

Manpower, supplies
and safe access tothe hospital must besecured!

Risk ofLandslides fromthe back hill?
Will the nursey
take care of theinfants of
hospital staff？

Will they cater
meals forhospital staff?

Are theneighborhood
residents willing tosupport?

Risk ofriver
overflow?

Safety of oldbridges against
earthquakes?

The dormitories fornurses and doctors, arethey earthquake

The supply chain of
medical supplies andpharmaceuticals, arethey redundant?

Policies by MHLW in Japan to Secure Operational
Continuity of Hospitals in Disasters since 2012 based on
the Bitter Experiences in March 2011 Great East Japan
Earthquake and Tsunami➢ Series of Questionnaires and Notices to Emergency Hospitals➢ Focus on Electricity, Water supply, Safety of buildings and facilities,
Emergency food stockpiles, Satellite communications➢ Since 2017, all Disaster Base Hospitals are obliged to make theiroperational continuity plan to qualify as such.

All 740 Disaster Base Hospitals have operational continuity plan as of 201960.5% of Disaster Base Hospitals have drilled wells for emergency watersupply as of 2019

This is only the start line. Necessity to consider capability of thesurrounding areas to support the operational continuity ofhospitals.

Interdependence
Local Community & Hospital
Can you support us tosave the injured and thesick in your community ?
Help me !

Help me!

Necessity to address➢ Enabling environment for professionals to work without worries➢ Ensuring supply of medicines and medical supplies➢ External services and resources needed for operational continuity➢ Hospital site condition, access redundancy, hazard risks➢ Willingness of the local community to support hospitals

Our Team in Japan
Principal ResearcherMr. Satoru Nishikawa, Prof. Nagoya Univ. (DRR Policy, BCM)
Co-Researchers
Ms. Aiko Yamamoto, Prof. Emeritus Hyogo University (DisasterNursing)Ms. Mie Naiki, Prof. Japan Red Cross College of Nursing (DisasterNursing)
Ms. Junko Ikeuchi, Prof. Setsunan Univ. (Architecture, Structure Eng.)
Research Members
Ms. Yasuko Kuwata, Assoc. Prof, Kobe Univ.(Civil Eng, Pipelines)
Ms. Asuka Nomura, Assoc. Prof, Nagoya Univ.(Psychology)
Mr. Hiroshi Une, Researcher, Ochanomizu Univ.(GIS)
Mr. Yoshikazu Maruyama, Disaster Mgmt Supervisor, Japan Red Cross
Support Members
Mr. Yoshihiro Chiba, Researcher, Nagoya Univ. (City Planning)
Ms. Nobuko Nagaya, Admin Staff, Nagoya Univ.

Our Team in USA
Principal Researcher
Ms. Maria Watson, Assistant Prof. Univ. of Florida (DRR Policy, BCM)
Co-Researchers
Ms. Michelle Meyer, Director Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center,
Assoc. Prof. Texas A&M (Sociology, NGOs)
Ms. Rebekka Dudensing, Prof. Texas A&M (Economics, CommunityDevelopment)
Research Members
Ms. Joy Semien, Ph.D. Candidate Texas A&M Univ. (BCM, CommunityEngagement)

NSF Award # 2053985
RAPID: Disparities in Business and Nonprofit Impact and Recovery
from Hurricane Harvey, COVID-19, and Hurricane Laura"This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 2053985. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation."Exit Silos & Avoid Jargons to Address
New Challenges

This research is being conducted under JST Japan-US Collaborative Research Program: JPMJSC2118