The Sixth International Study Conference on GEWEX in Asia and GAME
3-5 December 2004, Kyoto, Japan

Regulated and Unregulated River Reach Perception
Through Geoinformatic Public Domain Model
Particularized Upon The Chaophraya Tributaries
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Hansa Vathananukij*
RM-GIS *** Water Resource Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University

50 Paholyothin Rd., Jatujak, BKK10900, Thailand
fenghsv@ku.ac.th**Research and Development Unit on Geoinformatic Public Domain System,
Research and Training Center on Resource Management and Geoinformatic System
Faculty of Engineering Kasetsart University,50Paholyothin,Jatujak,BKK10900,Thailand
http://gis.eng.ku.ac.th

ABSTRACT
Vigorously influenced to Thai researcher, GAME-T data base has been successively
persuasive produced such enormous research projects. Public domain system modeling is
one of them thus were producible created under GAME-T / GAME-Chaophraya project.
Prototype areas were basically researched on unregulated steep slope and hilly areabasins upon Ping and Nan river basins, while other comparable prototype was on Pasak
regulated reach. Those huge drainage areas occupied 1,500, 10,156 and 14,520 square
kilometers respectively. Two of them, situated in mountainous area, were unregulated
studiousness while the largest basin was regulated by Pasak Cholasit dam site.
Essential hydrological data approached from GAME-T data base were, two stationsat Ping river, nine stations at Nan river and eleven stations at Pasak river. Spatial analysis
through 1:50,000 topology of geoinformatic system were much convenient for federation
and assessment.
Hydrologic Respond Unit (HRU) together with stream flow Hydrograph Separation
and Analysis Program (HySeP), were intensified for flood hydrograph and base flow
methodology. Continual rainfall investigation with sufficient number of stations would
imply admirable correlation efficiency. Nevertheless, public domain SWAT/GIS 2000
model has been proved and recommended to basis calibrate up to five hundred basins toperform the best result. According to model calibrations and verifications, admissible
results with ninety seven percentage of correlation efficiency performed an ensuing
accuracy in these appropriations. Innovative geoinformatic system execution could perform
and illustrate precisely synchronism with this public domain model.
Keywords: GAME-T data base, Geoinformatic System, Soil and Water Assessment Tools,
Stream flow Hydrograph Separation and Analysis Program, Standard Query Language

T7PHV30JUL04165014 1/7

The Sixth International Study Conference on GEWEX in Asia and GAME
3-5 December 2004, Kyoto, JapanINTRODUCTION
The Chaophraya river basin has been
dominant influenced to mostly Thai
agriculture, agro-economy, industry,
communication, society and etc., which
was regional regime characterized bymonsoon, spatial and intensive heavy
rainfall. Increased mean rainfall intensity
attitude as rainfall variations withplenitude, caused floods, landslide anddebris flow. Inundation simulation which
major causes of water-related extreme
event, which was attempted to structure
and verify public domain SWAT/GIS
2000 model. Data analysis interface has
been modified by data analysis
programming and data access approachedon access basic SQL (Standard Query
Language).
Base
flow
severance
methodology was selected studiousness
on stream flow hydrograph separation
and analysis program (HySeP) which wasleashed by sliding interval methodology.
METHODOLOGYSWAT / GIS principle has been
designed to assess continuous incidents
and long time periods of both natural andau-natural activities which could beapplied to large and small basins. It was
physically based requiring specific inputs
for weather, soil, topography, vegetation,
land management practice and watershed,which would be essential partitioned intohydrologic response units (HRU). TheseHRU sub-watershed or sub-basins
severely based on land uses, soil types,
channels, ponds or reservoirs. Hydrology
simulation was separated into land phaseand stream phase, while land phase
controlled main channel transportation onwater,
sediment
andagriculturalchemicals but stream phase would betransported through channel grid into
basin outlet. Model was tenuous
simulated upon tropical precipitation in

Thailand, whose local impact on regional
scale of tropical deforestation. Intricacy
and simplicity model as SWAT/GIS2000,
public domain model in water resourcewith continuous time, basin scale andgeoinformatic system interface, has been
advantageous employed to formulate andcalibrate from small to very large basins.
DATA ASSIMILATION
Chiangmai and Nan river basin
topography were both major by
mountainous and hilly features, which
occupied 1,500 and 10,156 square
kilometers respectively, while Pasak river
basin was mountainous on upper part andslope down to dam site outlets, occupied
14,520 square kilometers as shown in
Figure1. Selected rain-gage stations underresponsibility of the Royal Irrigation
Department (RID) were stations number:
28013 at amphour Muang, 28032 at
amphour Na Noi, 28042 at amphour Pua,
28053 at amphour Thung Chang, 28073
at amphour Tha Wang Pha, 28102 at
amphour Chiang Klang, 28111 at
amphour Sa,19052 A.Chai BaDan, 19092
Pattananicom, 19113 A.BauChum, 19342,
19351 Ban Thayiam, 19360, 19411,
25132, 25172 Klang Ong Teak Plantation,
25272, 25470, 25612, 36013 A.Maung,
36023 A.LomSak, 36032 A.LomKoa,
36043 .WichianBuri, 36052, 36062 Nai
Chun Farm, 36082 Caoksaard School,
36092 A.Nongpai, 36104, 36122 Nam
Ron and 36192 A.Bung Phan.
Thailand
Meteorology
Department(TMD) responsibility were stations
327008 at amphour Oomkoi, 327027 at
amphour Hoa, 376203, 331008 at Doi
Phuka National Park and 331009 at
amphour Songkwae.
Agro-meteorological Station were 28142
at amphour Nan, 28152 at amphour Mae
Charim and 19342 at Chai Badan.

T7PHV30JUL04165014 2/7

The Sixth International Study Conference on GEWEX in Asia and GAME
3-5 December 2004, Kyoto, Japan

100°30'101°00'101°30'102°00'102°30'5243III 5243II 5343III

17°00'

17°00'

5242IV 5242I 5342IV

N

5242III 5242II 5342III

16°30'

16°30'

5141I 5241IV 5241I

5141II 5241III 5241II

16°00'

16°00'
5140I 5240IV 5240I
5140II 5240III 5240II

15°30'

15°30'
5139I 5239IV 5239I
5139II 5239III 5239II

15°00'

15°00'

Chiangmai ¨

5138I 5238IV 5238I
5138III 5138II 5238III 5238II

14°30'

102°30'c. PasakRoyal Irrigation Department (RID)

N/A

250

28013
28032

200
RainFall mm.

28042
28053

150

Daily Rainfall of Mea Tuen Basin
327008
PN.8

28073
28111
600

0
1/4/8028152
500

1/4/84

1/4/88

1/4/92

1/4/96

Date

40
20
0
1/1/1990

19052
19092
19113
19342

700

28142

80
60

Pasak Monthly Rainfall 1981-2003 of 13 Selected Stations

28102

50

1/4/00

25172
36013
36023
36032
36043
36082
36092

400
300
200
100

36122
36192

0

1/1/1992

1/1/1994

1/1/1996

1/1/1998

A pr-81

R ain Fa ll m m .

100

100

1/1/2000Date

A pr-02

Stream Flow

A pr-01

N/A
Royal Irrigation Department (RID)

A pr-99

Thai Meteorology Department (TMD)

A pr-00

N/A
Weather

A pr-97

Geosphere–Biosphere Programe(IGBP-DIS)

A pr-98

1:50,000

A pr-96

1:50,000

Land Development Department International

A pr-94

Land Development Department

Soil

A pr-95

Land Cover

A pr-92

1:50,000

A pr-93

Royal Survey Thailand Department

A pr-91

Topography

According to precipitation from 1980 to2003 at Chiangmai, Nan and Pasak
provinces, rainfall analysis in September
and October 1995 were normally high as
rainy season of Thailand. Topography,
soil, land cover and river system wereused together with GIS interface toequalize digital data and convert to model
format. The most essential GIS data base,had to be available for initial model
calibration. All initial information wereshown in Table 1and Figure 2 to Figure 5.

A pr-89Scale

A pr-90

Resource Department

A pr-87

Data TypeA pr-88

Table 1. GIS data for SWAT/GIS model.

Figure 2. Hydro-informatics station

A pr-86

Figure 1. Study Area
(a.Chiangmai basin , b.Nan basin, c.Pasak basin).

Pasak¨R ain fall (mm )102°00'A pr-84

b. NanNan ¨

30 0 30 Kilometers
101°30'A pr-85

a. Chiangmai

101°00'A pr-825137IV 5137I 5237IV

100°30'A pr-83

14°30'

Datea. Chiangmai(1990-2000) b. Nan(1980-2001) c. Pasak(1982-2003)
a. Chiangmai
100°00'100°30'101°00'101°30'102°00'b. Nan102°30'17°00'

100°00'17°00'

N
16°30'

16°00'

16°00'

15°30'

15°30'Basin
Lushp.shp
AGRL
BROM
FRSD
URMD
WATR

15°00'

14°30'

30
100°30'101°00'101°30'102°00'N

16°30'

100°00'100°30'17°00'

0
101°00'30

15°00'

14°30'

16°30'

100°00'

100°30'101°00'

101°30'102°00'

17°30'

17°30'

N
17°00'



17°00'

16°30'

16°30'


16°00'

16°00'



16°00'

15°30'

15°00'

14°30'

60 Kilometers
101°30'LanduseMap

102°00'30
102°30'100°00'15°30'

15°30'


15°00'

15°00'

100°30'0
101°00'3060 Kilometers
101°30'Basin
Soildeci.shp
1
15
16
17
18
19
2
21
22
25
26
28
29
3
31
33
35
36
37
38
4
40
41
44
46
47
48
49
5
52
54
55
56
59
6
60
61
62
64
7
BP
F
FA
GP
L.
LM
na
OC
Re
RL
SC
SL
UN
W
WF

102°00'102°30'Figure 3. Hydrologic information

17°00'

16°30'

16°00'

15°30'

15°00'

14°30'

102°30'

Soil TypesMap

14°30'

30



100°00'c.

030

60 Kilometers

100°30'101°00'14°30'



101°30'102°00'

Pasak

Figure 4. Spatial analysis linkage informatics

a. Chiangmai

b. Nanc. PasakFigure 5. Digital Elevation Model

T7PHV30JUL04165014 3/7

The Sixth International Study Conference on GEWEX in Asia and GAME
3-5 December 2004, Kyoto, JapanCALIBRATION
Mostly calibration had greatly
improved accuracy of model. Same as
the frontal calibration upon observed
stream flow data from gauge stations of
RID. Those are stations number P64 andPN8 for Chiangmai, N.17, N.42, N.49,
N.50, N.51, N.63, N.1, N.13A and N.35
for Nan basins, while S.4B, S.9, S.10,
S.12, S.13, S.14, SM.1, and SM.2 for
Pasak basins . Theirs were investigatedalong periods 1990 to 2000 AD. for
Chiangmai, 1980 to 2001 A.D. for Nan
and 1982 to 2003A.D. for Pasak. which
was illustrated to calibrate basin as shownin Figure 6.
100°30'101°00'101°30'

1N
16°30'

'
16°00

15°30'

'
15°00

#

100°30'101°00'22#

b. Nan16°30'

13


1
6°00'

#

5
14
#

15
7

SWt = SW + ∑ ( Ri − Qi − ETi − Pi − QRi )61815°30'#

8#16

where SW = Soil water content 15 Bar, t = time (days), R =Daily precipitation, Q = Daily runoff, ET=evapotranspiration, P= Daily percolation and QR =return flow.

Daily
Daily

SCS curve number method was for
infiltration determination as follows:…(3)( R − 0.2 s ) 2
Q=

R + 0.8s, R > 0.2 s

Q = 0.0, R ≤ 0.2 s

…(4)

9


1
5°00'

17

…(5)
100
− 1)
CN
where Q = Daily runoff, R = Daily rainfall, s =Retention
parameter and CN = Curve number. Assigned based on soil
type, land cover and initial moisture conditions.
s = 254(

19
20




101°30'030

14°30'

102°00'60 Kilometers

c. PasakFigure 6. Calibrated basins in SWAT model.

SWAT model was separately calibrated
against both observed surface flow andbase flow between two gauge stations
which covered entire period of interest.
Stream flow had two primary sources,
surface runoff and ground water wherebase flow was separated from daily
stream flow using a method adapted from
USGS program HySeP hydrograph
Separation as shown in Figure 7.

DATA ANALYSIS PROGRAM
Digital data base with spreadsheet
software have capability to use macro
script for both data calibration and chart
representation. Access Basic and SQL
was mainly developed utilization in order
to convenient digitally calibrate andanalyze in SWAT/GIS 2000 model.
Figure 8. was shown data analysis
program frontal which was developed for
SWAT / GIS 2000 model.

FrontalFigure 7. Base flow separation

…(2)

3

12

4

30

a. Chiangmai



17°00'

21# Calibrtstadc.shp
Riverdc.shp
Subdc.shp
11
12
14
15
17
19
20
21
22
3
5
7
Calibration
8 Area
9
Area1
Area2
Area3
Area4
Area5
Area6
Area7
Area8

14°30'#

Water balance equation was



2

#

area in square-miles.

102°00'

11
10

'
17°00

Hydrological sub basin was basicallyon the following formula. Surface runoff
duration time could present with…(1)
N = A 0.2
where N = Number of days with no runoff , A = Drainage

DEM & Flood Animation

Figure 8. Frontal & DEM analysis program.

T7PHV30JUL04165014 4/7

The Sixth International Study Conference on GEWEX in Asia and GAME
3-5 December 2004, Kyoto, JapanRESULTS:
Caliber correlation efficiency indicated best significant on mild slope river basin
and good relation on steep slope river basin where regulated methodology denoted up toninety seven percentages and unregulated indexed over seventy percentages. Consequence,comparison and correlation at outlet verified features, pointed out that SWAT model could
perform best on large mild slope basin without observed rainfall investigation, were shownin Figure 9. Table 2. were summarized on periods, basin area, base flow, surface flow andtotal flow of simulated and observed of those basins. Table 3. had contained results in slope,a mount of rain gauge intensity and correlation coefficient between simulated andinvestigated flow.
a. Chiangmai
b. Nanc. PasakFigure 9. Observed and simulated flow comparisons and correlations.
Table 2. Correlation efficiency on calibrated basins.
station

Period

Basin
Km2

Slope

No.
Rain
Gauge

Simulated

Observed

Total
flow

SurfacerunoffBaseflow

Total
flow

SurfacerunoffBaseflow

PN.64

1990-1994

487.18

0.27

1

7.41

2.16

3.58

7.46

2.14

5.32

PN.8

1990-2000

1567.67

0.30

1

22.44

6.91

3.48

21.83

6.95

14.88

N.17

1980-1988

1091.150.31

022.667

6.067

16.6

23.9495.92

18.029N.42

1980-1988

2047.110.30

238.55816.08654.64439.55716.48856.236

N.49

1987-1992

153.16

0.32

0

2.931

1.482

1.449

6.348

2.311

4.037

N.50

1987-1992

194.61

0.32

0

3.989

2.801

1.188

5.854

2.255

3.598

N.51

1980-1987

758.530.24

114.295

4.572

9.723

14.383

4.643

9.74

N.63

1991-2000

776.05

0.20

1

4.169

2.112

2.056

4.171

2.107

2.064

N.1

1988-1994

4495.060.24

870.60827.21943.38965.32121.26

44.061

N.13A

1988-1994

8566.910.24

8

124.94146.16878.773114.25940.53

73.729N.35

1988-1992

10156.01

0.23

11132.17646.47

85.706121.863

41.07580.787

S.10

1983-1991

300.79

0.10

0

2.36

1.20

1.16

2.31

1.16

1.15

SM.1

1992-1999

1132.7

0.25

2

10.93

0.19

10.74

11.54

0.24

11.30

S.4B

1995-2001

332.1

0.18

3

21.73

7.42

14.31

19.79

7.97

11.83

S.12

1983-1998

476.11

0.23

0

3.81

1.65

2.17

4.01

1.72

2.29

SM.2

1992-1998

7329.49

0.16

6

65.46

11.23

54.23

48.87

10.02

38.85

S.13

1983-1998

395.25

0.10

0

2.73

1.13

1.60

2.74

1.16

1.13

S.14

1990-1997

1252.77

0.09

0

5.75

3.66

2.09

5.20

3.25

1.95

S.9(un)1982-1997

14323.8

0.07

13106.55

29.52

77.04

75.11

21.81

53.31

S.9(Re)1999-2003

14323.8

0.07

13

87.99

27.33

60.66

75.14

21.11

54.02

T7PHV30JUL04165014 5/7

The Sixth International Study Conference on GEWEX in Asia and GAME
3-5 December 2004, Kyoto, Japan

Table 3. Correlation on calibrated basin.
Coefficient of Correlation (R2)
Total Flow
0.5795

Calibration
Area
Area1

StreamGauge
P.64

Basin AreaKm2
487.18

Basin
Slope
0.266

No. of Rain
Gauge
1

Area2

PN.8

1567.670.299

10.5361

Area3

N.17

1091.150.306

00.3512

Area4

N.42

2047.110.296

20.6219

Area5

N.49

153.160.317

00.4784

Area6

N.50

194.610.324

00.4775

Area7

N.51

758.530.240

10.5284

Area8

N.63

776.050.202

10.4099Area9N.1

4495.060.241

80.6008

Area8

N.13A

8566.910.237

80.7045

Area10N.3510156.01

0.230

11

0.7008Area11

S.10

300.790.100

00.6037

Area12

SM.1

1132.700.248

20.7585

Area13

S.4B

3321.00

0.181

30.82850.5450

Area14

S.12

476.110.230

0Area15SM.2

7329.490.158

60.8089Area16

S.13

395.250.100

00.71820.8572

Area17

S.14

1252.770.087

0Area18S9.(Un)14323.80

0.068

13

07397

Area19S9.(Re)14323.80

0.068

13

0.9708

Nan & Omkoi & Pasak(unregulated)

Nan & Omkoi & Pasak(unregulated)
1

1

0.8

0.6

3

R2 of Total Flow

R2 of Total Flow

0.8

Nan & Omkoi & Pasak(unregulated)2

y = 75.752x - 45.43x + 7.3272x + 0.4356
2

R = 0.2349

0.4

1

0.2

0.6

y = 0.0021x 3 - 0.0473x 2 + 0.2963x + 0.268
R2 = 0.7525

0.4
0.2

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Basin Slope

R2 of T otal Flow

0.8
0

0

0.35
0.6

0
3

2

4

2

y = 5E-13x - 1E-08x + 0.0001x + 0.4767

6

8

10

12

14

10

12

14

No. of Raingages

2

R = 0.4322

0.4
0.2
0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Basin Area (sq.km.)

Nan & Omkoi & Pasak(regulated)

Nan & Omkoi & Pasak(regulated)

1

1
0.8

0.6

3

R2 of Total flow

R2 of Total Flow

0.8

Nan & Omkoi & Pasak(regulated)2

y = 16.579x - 3.9253x - 2.145x + 1.1368
2

R = 0.5064
0.4

1

0.6

y = 0.0028x3 - 0.0587x 2 + 0.3455x + 0.2227
R2 = 0.8742

0.4
0.2

0.2

0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

Basin Slope

0.25

0.3

R 2 o f T o ta l F lo w

0.8
0

0.6

3

0

2

y = 8E-13x - 2E-08x + 0.0001x + 0.4637

0.35

2

4

6

8

No. of Raingages

2

R = 0.6196

0.4
0.2
0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Basin Area (sq.km.)

Figure 10. Correlation coefficient of flows, number of basin rain gauge and basin slope.

T7PHV30JUL04165014 6/7

The Sixth International Study Conference on GEWEX in Asia and GAME
3-5 December 2004, Kyoto, Japan

CONCLUSONS:

Workshop on GAME-T and Hydro-meteorological Studies in Thailand andDigital data base and public domain
system model have been executed onmost methodology in this decade, whichbecome more and more standardize to thetechnological world. SWAT/GIS 2000
has been assessed on unregulated andregulated areas, affirmable best arbitrated
on large scale-mild slope potentiality andun-implied in both continual rainfall
investigation and sufficient number ofstations. Admirable correlation efficiency
in large tropical basin of both unregulated
steep slope and regulated mild slope
basins were shown in Table 3. andFigure10. The model candid to basis
calibrate up to five hundred basins toperform the best result on selected basin.
Differences were permissible for both
surface runoff and base flow fractions
since investigated values are on large
scale verification. Data analysis program
development has been much efficientinvestigation to operate, calibrate andverify the model while digital elevation
model was combined to become essential
assistant on decision supporting system.

REFERENCES:

Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand, (2003)[6]

Hansa Vathananukij, RM-GIS Teamwork,“Public Domain Model(SWAT/GIS) Development on Nan River Basin”, International Symposium on the
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Thailand, (2003).
[7]

Hansa Vathananukij, “Portentous Flood Exposition on Geoinformatic

System”, Symposium on Water Resource and Its Variability in Asia in the 21stCentury, Epochal(International Congress Center), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan,(2004),
pp.25-28.
[8]

Hansa Vathananukij, RM-GIS Teamwork, “Sustention Models for Water

Resource Management”, 2nd APHW Conference jointly with 1st AOGS Annual
Meeting, Suntec International Convention and Exhibition Center, Singapore, (July
5-8,2003), pp.
[9]

Muttiah, and P.M. Allen, “Continental Scale Simulation of the Hydrologic

Balance”, J. American Water Res. Ass., 35(5),(1999)pp.1037 – 1050.
[10]

Chow, V.T., “ Applied Hydrology” Mc Graw Hill, New York. (1988), 273 p.

[11]

Craig A. Hendricks, “Soil - Vegetation relations in the North continental

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[12]George B. Korte, “The GIS book: Understanding the value andimplementation of geographic information systems”, word Press,(1997),414 p.
[13]Ling Bian, “ARCSWAT Users Manual”, Department of Geography, State

University of New York of Buffalo,(1996).
[14]

Mauro Di Luzio, Raghavan Srinivasan and Jeff G. Arnold. 1998. “An Arc

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Michael F.Goodchild. “GIS and environmental modeling”. Fort Collins :GIS World Books, 486 p.
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R.Srinivasan, B.W.Byars and J.G.Arnold, “Swat–Grass users manual”,

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“ Hydrologic Modeling of Texas Gulf Basin Using GIS”,(1996), pp. 213 – 216.
[18]

Rosenthal, W.D., R.Srinivasan, and J.G. Arnold, “Alternative rivermanagement

using

a

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model”.

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within grass”, (1992), pp. 205 – 208.
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[21]Steven T. Bednarz and other, “Brush/Water yield feasibility studies, Blackland
Research and Extension Center”, 720 E. Blackland Rd., Temple, Texas. Yan Zhou

TX. Arnold, J.G. R.Srinivansan, R.S., (1995).
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CenterCO.LTD.,(1998),120 p. ISBN 974-7426-44-7[3]Model”, Forth Regional Symposium on Infrastructure Development in Civil

streamflow hydrograph Separation and analysis”, U.S. Geological Ecological

Soil and Water Assessment Tool” : Draft Users Manual, USDA – ARS, Temple,

Vathananukij,

Hansa Vathananukij, Thitikorn Paewpisankul, “Design Flood Application

through Geoinformatic System and Autocad Land Development Desktop(LTD)[20]

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[15]

Research abridges on public domain
models which were supported under
Research and Development Unit on
Geoinformatic Public Domain System,
Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart
University together with GAMEChaophraya research project and National
Research Council of Thailand.

[2]

Hansa Vathananukij, “Geographic Information System / Geoinformatic

System”, Physics Center CO.LTD.,(2003),151 p. ISBN 974-434-422-9

Sources”, USDA – ARS, Temple, TX.,(1998).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:[1]

Southeast Asia, Chiengrai, Thailand, (2002).
[4]

Hansa Vathananukij, Kittipong Thanasiriyakul, “Thailand Tributaries

Relativity Assessment through Geoinformatic System and SWAT Modeling”,

and Chris Fulcher. (1998).
[22]Watershed Management Tool Using SWAT and Arc Info , Center for Agricultural
Resource and Environmental Systems (CARES), University of Missouri –Columbia.(1998).

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