Service as a Fundamental of Engineering
Hiroyuki Yoshikawa
CRDS/JST
October 16, 20131

CONTENTS

1. Service as a fundamental activity of human beings
2. Quantitative theory of service

3. Amplification of service
4. “General engineering”
5. Evolutionary development of service
6. Conclusion
21.Service as a fundamental activity of human beings3Services

There are many services among people. If we think that service is a human activity
by which one gives some effects to another or others, including oneself, we may saythat almost human actions are service. It is sometimes informational (message typeservice) and sometimes physical (massage type service).
4Service and Society

Cooking
Transportation

Teaching

Many services----Massage

Set of Service=Set of relations among humans
Humans help each other through services consequently building a society.
5

Examples of primitive service (no business)

Effects：physiological, mental, material

D：donor

R：receptor

Meaning(contents)

Prepare by D(design)

Action by D
(donation)

Action by R(reception)

Examples of D Examples of R

Effects on R
(functionality)

medical service

diagnosis

cureacceptmotherchild

health

care

judge

care

rely

youth

aged

activity

supportrequesthelp

cooperation

mighty man

weak man

power

move

designateconveyanceobey

driverrider

distance

meal

cook

serve

eat

husbandwife

nutrition

esthetic

decisioncosmetic

cosmetic

self

self

looks

lodging

prepare

offer

sleep

host

guest

recover

educationassessteaching

understandparentchild

knowledge

information

fabricateofferorreceivereceiverfriendinformation

consultation

analysis

propose

solve

elder

sufferer

release

music

plan

play

listenplayerlistener

pleasure

story tellproduction

speaklistentellerlistenersight

amusement

direction

perform

appreciate

performer

familyrelax

keepingvaluation

keep

leave

keeperleaverperiodtransport

packing

distribute

entrustcarrier

receiverdistance

maintenancediagnosis

repairrenewalrepairerclumsyrecoverymanufacturing

designmanufactureusebricoleuruser

usefulness
6Service is the Target of All Industry
Manufacturing industry is a part of service industry
Service industry

Manufacturing Industry

Design/manufacturing and use of
product occur simultaneously.

After design/manufacture, the product goesto use through stock, transport and sale.

In service industry the service by a donor reaches a receptor directly. In manufacturingindustry the service reaches indirectly through stock, transport and sale. The difference
between them is only directedness and thus there is no fundamental distinction from7
the viewpoint of transmission of service which is substantial for both industries.

Position of this paper
1.

Service is a fundamental activity of human beings. It existed from olddays since they live collectively. The necessary medium to organize agood society is friendly mutual help among members, which isessential for humans to survive by making a group or society
compensating humans’ weakness. The mutual help is the service.

2.

Therefore, the scientific study on service should not be limited within
services found in service industries in modern society which are dealt
with economically, but the study must be based on the fundamental
activities of humans which might be observed in wider range of humanactivities in various occasions including everyday life.

3.

This view indicates that we cannot make real innovations of new or
unprecedented services keenly desired for realising sustainable
society, as long as we stick to the improvement of services alreadyobserved in service industry.
8

2.Quantitative theory of service
2.1 Basic concept of service
2.2 Primitive services
2.3 Donor and Receptor
2.4 A mathematical model of service in society

92.1 Basic Concepts in Service

10Basic Concepts in Service
Service is an action by a human who intends to give some effects to another humanaccording to definite motivation or intention. Generally it is a time consuming process.
It does not exist when a human lives alone. It occurs in society. It seems to be thepurpose of making a society by human. Service to selves is possible but it is a special
case which is called degenerated.
When a human, a donor of service, donates a service to another human, a receptor ofservice, then the latter starts a particular action corresponding to the received service.
The action creates an effect in the receptor. After all actions terminate, some changesof states remain not only in the receptor but also in the donor and the surroundings.

When donor and receptor are single respectively, the service is called a primitive
service. Primitive service is donated directly by a donor or through a vehicle. Primitive
services sometimes make a chain. When a donor donates services to more than two
receptors simultaneously, the service is called distributed. When more than two donors
donate a service to a receptor cooperatively, the service is called socialized . By
integrating these services: distributed and socialized, service will make a network.
11Basic Structure of Primitive Service
Donation of service by a donor
raises a receiving action by areceptor.

Surroundings

Service reaches from a donor to a
receptor, either directly or throughvehicles. This is called primitive
service.

Ripple effect
Motivation
and Design(order, intention)

ServicingDirect service by a human
A human to another human）(donor)Side effectServicing
Degenerated
Primitive service(Service by a human toanother human througha vehicle)

As a result of receiving action, themain effect of service appears inreceptor, which is the main
purpose of the service. It should be
noted that some effects appear
simultaneously in donor, vehicle
and surroundings.
In case where effects appear indonor themselves as a result ofservice which donor donates
themselves or to vehicle, it is also
called primitive service ordegenerated primitive service.

Degenerated primitive service
corresponds to the use of an object.
12

2.2 Primitive Service

13Primitive Service

Effects：physiological, mental, material

Examples of primitive service(no business)

D：donor

R：receptor

Meaning(contents)

Prepare by D(design)

Action by D
(donation)

Action by R(reception)

Examples of D Examples of R

Effects on R
(functionality)

medical service

diagnosis

cureacceptmotherchild

health

care

judge

care

rely

youth

aged

activity

supportrequesthelp

cooperation

mighty man

weak man

power

move

designateconveyanceobey

driverrider

distance

meal

cook

serve

eat

husbandwife

nutrition

esthetic

decisioncosmetic

cosmetic

self

self

looks

lodging

prepare

offer

sleep

host

guest

recover

educationassessteaching

understandparentchild

knowledge

information

fabricateofferorreceivereceiverfriendinformation

consultation

analysis

propose

solve

elder

sufferer

release

music

plan

play

listenplayerlistener

pleasure

story tellproduction

speaklistentellerlistenersight

amusement

direction

perform

appreciate

performer

familyrelax

keepingvaluation

keep

leave

keeperleaverperiodtransport

packing

distribute

entrustcarrier

receiverdistance

maintenancediagnosis

repairrenewalrepairerclumsyrecoverymanufacturing

designmanufactureusebricoleuruser

usefulness142.3 Donor and Receptor
Quantitative expression

15

Internal Structure of Donor
Donor
Motivation(order*, intention)

Actionfor
Design Latent
service

Service to donate

function ofdonorSide effectInternal structure of donor*Order is not only direct one
from receptor but also
assumption of social needs

Service designed／order, intention ＝ goodness of design：dDonated service／service designed ＝ skill of donor： cTransmission efficiency ＝ sc
Capacity of donor b ＝ c ＊ d ＊ sc16

Basic Features of Donor
Donor acts being based on a motivation autonomous or heteronomous. The
autonomous motivation is their own intention and the heteronomous motivation isan order give by someone else. Intention and order are generally represented by aneffect expected to be appeared on receptor.
Following the intention or order, a service is designed which is to realize the relevant
effect on the receptor. The designer of the service can be either orderer(receptor) or
servicer(donor). When service is socialized, a professional called service designer willappear who creates ready-made service.

Donor donates the designed service to receptor, but only a part of the intended
donation may arrive at the receptor. The rate of arrival depends on the goodness ofdesign, the skill of donor and the conductance of the path of service between donor
and receptor.

17

Internal Structure of Receptor

Service
accepted

Coefficientof reaction

Coefficientof effect
realization

Latentfunction ofreceptorMaineffectWhen a donor services a receptor, thereceptor starts a receiving/reacting
action. The action manifests
receptor’s latent function into visible
one, which is the effect of service
given by the donor to the receptor.

Internal structure of receptor

In the theory of function, the function
manifests when human uses a thing , whichmeans that the human is serviced by the thing.
Use
thing

human
Function

Receptor is forced to react by a service fromdonor. The receptor extracts their latentfunction by their own reaction. Therefore, theeffect of service is the result of manifest of
their own latent function or potential capability.
Unless receptor has such capacity to react, theycannot receive any service effectively.
18

Basic Features of Receptor (1)When a receptor R receives service from a donor D, the receptor starts a receiving action resultingsome effects to themselves. Effects are change of state such as physical change (state, place etc),
body/physiological change (recovery from exhaustion etc), mental change (increase of knowledgeetc) which are not easy to be represented by physical quantities. Receptor usually expects thepossible effects raised by the reception of service, followed by an order.
It is stressed here that the state change of receptor is not given by donor but the receptor produces
it by themselves, utilising the service the receptor accepted.
Service donated(arrival)→

Receptor’s reaction
（D→R）

→

State change of receptor（R→R）

The receptor’s reaction is not necessarily an intentional action. For example, when an anesthetizedpatient is operated and then recovers unconsciously, we think the recovery is the patient’s reaction.
The patient’s own physiological action is essential for the recovery. Actions are physical,
physiological and mental.
We assume that the latent capacity of action of receptor manifests by the stimulus from outside,and then the action raises the effects to themselves. This is the fundamental character of theliving things, and here the effect of service is attributed to this fundamental character. This
assumption is necessary to maintain the autonomy of receptor who is positioned as a passive
entity in the service phenomenon.
19

Basic Features of Receptor (2)Satisfaction by receptor corresponds to receptor’s complacency about the expectation after theservice. Expectation is expected effect. Therefore, we have the following process:
Expected effect→Design→Service(donation and reception)→Receptor’s reaction→Effects to receptor
Here, the goodness of each process is defined as follows:
design／expectation：goodness of designddonated service／design：skill of action）
c
service that arrived／service donated：efficiency of transfer）
et=1/ls
reaction by receptor／service that arrived ：coefficient of reaction)creffect／reaction by receptor：coefficient of effect realization) ce
By using these parameters, the relationship between expected effect h and resulted effect e isrepresented as follows:e = h ＊ d ＊ c ＊ et ＊ cr ＊ ce = ( d ＊ c ＊ et ) ＊ ( cr ＊ ce ) ＊ h= b（capability of donor） ＊ a（sensitivity of receptor） ＊ h

20

Functions and Effects
Some definitions and relations

Quantities
L : Latent function
F : Manifest function
f : Rate of manifestation
k: Factor
e: Effect
Suffixd : donorr : receptor as receiverr’ : receptor as self-actor
0 : initial value
1 : value at t

Ld0＝Ld1（t）+ Fd1（t）
fd ＝－kｄ・ｄ（Ld1）/ｄt
fr = kr・d（Fr1）/ ｄt
Fr1（t）＝G＊Fd1（t）
Fr1 ≠ Lr1 ,fr = (kr /kd )G・fd

Sum of latent and manifest
function is constant.
Rate of manifestation (flowof function=service) isdifferential of latent function.
Received function by
receptor is proportional tofunction donated by donor.

fr’ ＝CA＊fr
Lro ＝Lr1 （t）＋ Fr1’（ｔ）
fr’ = kr’ ・d（Fr1’）/ ｄt
fr’ ＝－kr’・ｄ（Lr1）/ ｄt

e ＝CE＊fr’

Flow of function is service.

G = goodness of design, skill,efficiency of transmission
CA = coefficient of functional accumulation
CE = coefficient of effect realization 21

An Example of Primitive Service
R：a guest “ I would enjoy a delicious meal . I go to a restaurant and according to my value(taste), I
select A, B, C and D from dish list, and order them.” The expectation for what and when
dishes are served is represented by a time series.

Donation(the real of
taste and timing)

Order(expectation of
taste and timing)

D: a cook ”I prepare a service to the guest, that is to design and cook dishes ordered as satisfactorily
to the guest as possible. “ Dishes are served in a time schedule.
C
ps(ｔ）

B

os(t)

A

D

time

If definition of appropriateness ap is given as follows, service effect is calculated .
ap（appropriateness） ＝e = ap ＊ hʃ((ps(t)・os(t))dt
ʃps(t)dt ・ ʃos(t)dt
22

A Numerical Example
R (order)Delicious meal , selection A, B, C, D from dish list, expecting serving timeafter the order t1,t2, t3, t4 minutes

D (donation)

Cook A, B, C, D at her/his best and serve them at times following
her/his philosophy.
50

c’

c
Order

Donation

80 minutes

d’

b

3
15

a’

b’

a

5

d

20
A

B

40

C

Height of bar
indicates theimportanceof the dish70 minutes
DAn example ： Satisfaction(appropriateness) = ¼ Σ（xx’/x²）(1-（|t - t’| / t )) ＝ ０．６９
23

2.4 A mathematical Model of Service in Society
Considering the effect of individual services to society

24Servicing Process as Functional Flow
m
v

w

FD

FR
latentfunctionDonor

acquiredfunctionfflow of function

Servicing pipe

Receptor

A simple fluid-dynamics model of service

m: motivationv ： supplying speed of latent function
FD: Latent function of donor
w： functional gap
f : speed of functional flow
FR: Acquired function by receptor(latent and gradually changes into
effect)f = dFD/dt
w = F D － FR

f = k・w

A donor’s motivation*(subjective) is transformed into a function (objective) at thefirst stage of service design. Function is input to themselves(donor) increasing thepotential of latent function. When the potential exceeds the receptor’s potential oflatent function, a service starts. (Hypothesis : Rate of flow is proportional to gap offunction between donor and receptor.)*Motivation is subjective but function is objective（R.Merton）

25

Functional Gap and Functional Flow
When one finds more amount of function or higher functional potential within one thanothers, then one decides that one can become a donor of service to others or receptors.
This decision creates a donor’s motivation of a service to receptors.
Functional gap:

w = F D － FR

Functional flow:f ( = dFD/dt) = k・w

k is a constant

Functional potential must be derived from the amount of function which is definedquantitatively. Here, the definition is that the amount of function is donor’s capacity toexert the function. Latent function here is defined by this capacity*.
DR

FD Latent F

f=

dFD
dt

functional flow
functional gap

FR Integrated F

When FD>FR, function flows from donor toreceptor in this figure. Instead, when FD<FR ,the flow occurs inversely from receptor todonor. In this case, they exchange their
missions.

*The definition of latent function by Merton is different from this one. Merton
defined it as a function which is not recognised by people but effective socially. But
here, it is latent and manifested by intention of donor to serve, or intention ofreceptor who uses the product in which the function is embedded as latency.

26

Service in Society
Motivation of a donor increases its
latent function and when it exceeds thelatent function (same kind) of a
receptor, functional flow (service) starts.
Rate of flow is proportional to thefunctional gap and admittance of thepath. A society is composed of people
with different latent function of a kind.
Also, each member has its capacity ofreceiving the function (admittance). As
the result, system of functional flow inthe society is decided.
The total of functional flow in asociety can be an index of wealthinstead of GNP.

D

R

FD Latent
Function

FR Integrated
FunctiondFD

f = dtfunctional flow
functional gap (FD ーFR)

human

import ofservicefromresource

society

waste ofservice27Services make a Society(appendix)
Motivation of a person(donor) creates function whichmoves to another person(receptor). Function
generates values in a person, so function is the carrierof values among people.

Human

Society has a network of paths where functions
flow carrying values. Structure of the network is
nearly stable but evolves gradually. 。
Functional flow is different from information flow.
The physical information flows independently ofpeople’s character, but the flow of service is highly
dependent of characters of donor and receptor.
The source of functional flow exists in donor andreceptor has autonomy for receiving the flow.

Society

Service system is the structure of functional flow from donor to receptor. Therefore, service canonly exist in a world where donors and receptors exist. Features of service difficult to discuss
scientifically, such as transient, simultaneousness, non-determinism due to subjectivity etc. aredissolved by a model that service is a functional flow on the structure of donor and receptor whereconservation holds. Although the primitive service is exactly the relation between a donor and a
receptor, it is a fundamental element of macroscopic parameters which decide the situation ofsociety, such as economy, comfort of living, or happiness, and therefore it can be an indicator of
optimality of social policies and regulations.
28

Examples of primitive service (no business)
D：donorEffects：physiological, mental, material
R：receptor

Meaning(contents)

Prepare by D(design)

Action by D
(donation)

Action by R(reception)

Examples of D Examples of R

Effects on R
(functionality)

medical service

diagnosis

cureacceptmotherchild

health

care

judge

care

rely

youth

aged

activity

supportrequesthelp

cooperation

mighty man

weak man

power

move

designateconveyanceobey

driverrider

distance

meal

cook

serve

eat

husbandwife

nutrition

esthetic

decisioncosmetic

cosmetic

self

self

looks

lodging

prepare

offer

sleep

host

guest

recover

educationassessteaching

understandparentchild

knowledge

information

fabricateofferorreceivereceiverfriendinformation

consultation

analysis

propose

solve

elder

sufferer

release

music

plan

play

listenplayerlistener

pleasure

story tellproduction

speaklistentellerlistenersight

amusement

direction

perform

appreciate

performer

familyrelax

keepingvaluation

keep

leave

keeperleaverperiodtransport

packing

distribute

entrustcarrier

receiverdistance

maintenancediagnosis

repairrenewalrepairerclumsyrecoverymanufacturing

designmanufactureusebricoleuruser

usefulness

Quantitative amount of service is detected by effects on receptor.

Measurable
variables
designating
amount ofrespective
service29Design of Service and Product
Design of service is composed of two stages. The first is transformation of the
motivation to function and the second is construction of flow mechanism of thefunction from donor to receptor(service). Design of a product is to embed thefunction into an object (vehicle), but instead, design of service creates thefunction to be sent directly to receptor (simultaneousness). Because receptor is
the user of service, a product can be identified as a path through which service istransported.
Service design:

motivation

designfunctiondesignservice

Product design:

motivation

designfunctiondesignproductuse(service)30

3. Amplification of Service

3.1 Massage type and message type
3.2 Amplification
3.3 Quantification of service
3.4 Proliferation and amplification of primitive service
3.5 Amplification by tools
3.6 Amplification by conditions
3.7 Amplification by social systems

31

“Physics” of Service

Service is the manifestation of latent functions contained in humanor thing. The mechanism of manifestation of human latent function
seems too complicated to be discussed quantitatively without further
development of physiology or psychology relevant to this subject .
On the contrary, it seems possible to quantify the latent function ofthings, because the manifestation of latent function of things isalways accompanied with phenomena of change in material andenergy. Therefore, the latent function of things will be discussed interms of mass and free energy of things concerned. It is m+∆G .

32

Quantification of Latent Function of a Thing
The simplest example: A grinding wheel exerts service “to Cut”
abrasives
recover of service
by re-sharpening

cut

metal

A grinding wheel contains
function to cut metals. The“service” of cutting terminates(functionality exhausts) when
all abrasives wear out.

sharpness (service) of wheel
amount of abrasives

shaft

grinding time

all abrasives
worn out

Amount of functionality contained in a grinding wheel is proportional to amount of metal cut .
(Proportional to amount of abrasives and life of grains (grinding ratio) )ʃw(service)dt = functionality of wheel = amount of metal cut

33

Amplification of Service
Service can be amplified through medium. Basic unit of service is defined as theamount of service donated by a human to another, that is, primitive service. Rate ofamplification is shown by the ratio of particular amount of service to the basic unit ofservice.
There are two modes in amplification. The first is intensification by the aid of medium
under the condition of primitiveness. When a human donate service to another, notdirectly but through some medium such as tool, the service usually becomes faster orstrengthened. This is defined as the amplification by intensification. The donor candonate much faster service, that is amplified primitive service, by a car than humping,

The second mode is proliferation. When a donor donates services simultaneously tomany receptors by making a network with media, without deterioration of each service,
the total amount of service will be increased. A story teller can donate a service to ahuge number of receptors through television. This is defined as the amplification by
proliferation.
There are tools for amplification (medium) such as equipment and machines,
circumstances such as theater and buildings and social systems such as laws, rules andcustoms offered by governments and other organizations.
34

Primitive services
Two types of service : Message-type and Massage-type

35

Amplification of Services
Message-type

Broadcasting

Massage-typeMechanical massager

36

Car is also Service

Primitive process of
massage-type service

Two people offer massage-type service
to a passenger in a palanquin.

Amplified massage-type service

Car manufacturers offer massage-typeservice to car drivers.

37

Amplification of Primitive Service

Motivation
and Design(order, intention)

A human(donor)Side effectServicing(Service by a human toanother human througha vehicle)

Amplifier38

Proliferation and Amplification of Service
1. Fundamentally, service is made by one to someone else (primitive service).
2. Service is countable and unit of service is an independent completionof service. ex. one-hour lecture, cooking ham and egg for someone.
3. We shall measure the amount of service s by number of unit of service
made by one to someone else.
4. When the service is done within time u, the service rate r is s/u . *5. Service can be embedded into a specially designed machine. Embedded
service is potential. When someone uses the machine, it becomes actual.
If the service appears taking time t, the service rate is multiplied by u/t.

1 unit

6. Service is available when the machine is used repeatedly, but the numberof use is limited that is life of the machine, n.
7. A machine, therefore, proliferates the service by the life of machine.
8. When applied m machines, the proliferation of service is n x m.
The total service is multiplied by n x m. It is a stock of service.
We call the increase of service rate as amplification. It is m x u/t.
9. Wealth of a nation is given by total rate of service, instead of GDP.
* When it took you half an hour to cook ham and eggs for your wife, you madeservice 1 unit to her, and service rate is 2 ( =1/0.5 ).
** When you serve your wife using three automatic ham and eggs machines until
each machine exhausts its life (n = 10,000), then you make service 30,000 units to her.
If the machine makes a ham and egg in 6 min., then the service rate is 30 ( =3/0.1 ).

30,000units
by threemachines
39

A Chain of Primitive Services

1．Donate a service “vegetables dish”

A donor cultivates field, seeds vegetables, raises,
harvests, transports, delivers and cooks them.
A receptor eats the vegetables dish.

2. This service is composed of three primitive services.
1) Produce foods*(socialized service)2) Sales service(socialized service)3) Cooking service(primitive service)

Donor: retailer of vegetables
Donor: farmer
Vehicle 1: fields
Receptor: purchaser of vegetables
Vehicle 2: vegetables
Receptor: wholesaler of vegetables

Donor: cook
Vehicle: dishes
Receptor: eater

3. Vehicle is a medium of service. Tool is a typical vehicle.

*Production is a kind of service
40Amplification of Service by Social Systems
Unsatisfactory service for consumer due to insufficient delivery of agricultural products which are of enough amount.
1／M

1.Primitive service

FarmerAll services of N
farmers are divided
M consumers.
Service effect per
consumer ＝N／M
(decreases with M)

1／M

Consumer

１／M

FarmerConsumer

Consumer

FarmerM

N
2.Social systems
Amplifier is installed
to send farmer’s service
to consumer.
FarmerService effect per
consumer＝N・n・M／M＝N・n(no decrease with M) Farmer

Vehicles for Amplificationn＊MnNokyouBranchBureauMarketCentreof co-op.

N
Retailer

Consumer

Retailer

Consumer＊Market donates each retailer
FarmerNumber of farmers

N

the same amount of service asof the total of N farmers.

Retailer

Growth of latentfunction
N→N・ｎ・M
Rate ofamplification
: n・M

Price
Quality
Steady supply
Traceability
Consumer Service
productivity
41
M

Categorization of Service Amplifier
Categories
of vehicle

VehiclesFamiliar Examples

Instrument, machineries,
database, software

TV, automatic massager, motorcar, word
processor, cell phone(amplifier)Tools

All machines are service amplifiers.

Circumstances

Structure, space,layout, network

Theatre, music hall, hotel, playground,
Information network, highway systems

Socialsystems

Regulation, rule,organization, institution(politics, administration, finance,

Government, ward office, police, banks,
shops, communication systems, trafficsystems, schools, hospitals,
corporations

distribution, communication,
medical, education services)

ComplexvehiclesCompositions42

4. “General Engineering”
A Trial to develop an engineering curriculum based on function or service

43

Examples of primitive service (no business)
D：donorEffects：physiological, mental, material
R：receptor

Meaning(contents)

Prepare by D(design)

Action by D
(donation)

Action by R(reception)

Examples of D Examples of R

Effects on R
(functionality)

medical service

diagnosis

cureacceptmotherchild

health

care

judge

care

rely

youth

aged

activity

supportrequesthelp

cooperation

mighty man

weak man

power

move

designateconveyanceobey

driverrider

distance

meal

cook

serve

eat

husbandwife

nutrition

esthetic

decisioncosmetic

cosmetic

self

self

looks

lodging

prepare

offer

sleep

host

guest

recover

educationassessteaching

understandparentchild

knowledge

information

fabricate

offer

receivereceiverfriendinformation

consultation

analysis

propose

solve

elder

sufferer

release

music

plan

play

listenplayerlistener

pleasure

story tellproduction

speaklistentellerlistenersight

amusement

direction

perform

appreciate

performer

familyrelax

keepingvaluation

keep

leave

keeperleaverperiodtransport

packing

distribute

entrustcarrier

receiverdistance

maintenancediagnosis

repairrenewalrepairerclumsyrecoverymanufacturing

designmanufactureusebricoleuruser

usefulness

Quantitative amount of service is detected by effects on receptor.

Measurable
variables
designating
amount ofrespective
service44

Elementary engineering and functional engineering
Meaning(contents)

Action by D
(donation)

Effects on R
(functionality)

medical service

cure

healthcare

care

activity

support

help

power

move

conveyancedistance

meal

serve

nutrition

esthetic

cosmetic

looks

lodging

offer

recover

educationteaching

knowledge

information

offerorinformation

consultation

proposerelease

music

play

pleasure

story tell

speak

sight

amusement

performrelax

keepingkeep

periodtransport

distributedistance

maintenancerepairrecoverymanufacturing

manufacture usefulness

Actions by donor seem to be dealt with physicalparameters, that is, within elementaryengineering disciplines such as mechanical,
electrical and chemical. On the contrary, effects
appeared on receptor which is functionalcannot be but need to be dealt with functional
disciplines.
We need to develop engineering disciplines
which deal with functions.

45

Layers of Knowledge by Abstraction
Levels of Abstraction

Knowledge

Disciplines

Example: Shale Oil

Value

Knowledge Social Sciences
for theory ofof use for
value
value

Shale oil industry
Shale oil reserves
Shale oil in best mix etc.

Functional

Engineering
Knowledge
Sciences forof use fortheory offunctionfunction*

Mining technology
Refinement
Combustion technology etc.

PhysicalKnowledge Naturalof exist for Sciences for
data
theory of data

Shale oil geology
Historical process of growth
Properties etc.

*Service is flow of function
46

Structure of Engineering Knowledge
Traditional curriculum of engineering
Departments/Schools of Engineering
Engineering classified by product

Fact knowledge(basic)

Earth Eng

Nuclear Eng

Bio Eng
Information Eng

Chemical Eng

Material Eng

Electrical Eng

Basic laws

DesignService
Aeronautical Eng

Mathematics

Manufacturing

Ship Buiding

TheoryMetrology

Civil Eng

ExperimentSocial technology
Use/maintenanceArchitec.Eng

Verification

Operating Knowledge

Product

Mechanical Eng

Ordering Knowledge

Elementary engineering

Fact knowledge(product)

Ordering knowledge is for syntax in disciplines andoperating knowledge is for semantics in disciplines.

47

Curriculum Classified by Operational Knowledge

Social technology

Operating Knowledge

Operating Knowledge

Synthetic-type engineering/management curriculum

Use/maintenance
Metrology
Manufacturing
DesignService/function

Object (Product)knowledge
Object of synthesis: Product→Science of Engineering Design

Business policy
Market strategy
Managementof Organization
Structure oforganization
Business modelService/function

Object (Corporation)knowledge
Object of synthesis: Corporation→Science of Business Management

Operational knowledge must be described as an
abstract theory independent of object kind.

48

1. Functionality
1.1 Theory of function(physical,
biological, psychical function)
1.2 Element(atom) of function
1.3 Function and attributes
1.4 Element and system
1.5 Functional theory of value
1.6 Role of engineering insustainability(functional approach)
1.7 Social wish

4. Manufacturing
4.1 General manufacturing theory
4.2 Manufacturing processes(function, information, data, material)
4.3 Manufacturing technologies(devices and machines)
4.4 Integrated processes
4.5 Integrated manufacturingsystems）
4.6 Standard

2. Service
2.1 General service theory
2.2 Theory of primitive service
2.3 Amplification of service
2.4 Hierarchy of service(Nation,
government, public, enterprise,individual, biological)
2.5 Informational theory of service
2.6 Economics of service
2.7 Storage of service (IPR, database)

5. Performance(characterization,
evaluation)
5.1 General metrology
5.2 Integrated observation
5.3 Physical measurement
5.4 Measurement of function and risk
5.5 Safety, reliability, life, resilience
5.6 Burden to environment,
recyclability, waste
5.7 Economy of measurement

3. Design-Synthesis
3.1 General design theory
3.2 Deign strategy
3.3 System theory(systematization,
optimization, mining, search etc)
3.4 Computational theory
3.5 Domain specific theories of design(mechanical, electric, architectural)
3.6 Theory of disciplinary merging

6. Maintenance
6.1 General maintenance theory
6.2 Life cycle theory and technology
6.3 Maintenance technology
6.4 Maintenance system
6.5 Physics of maintenance
6.6 Maintenance of earth
6.7 Life cycle industries: integration ofmaintenance, recycle, waste

7. Social technology
7.1 General theory of use
7.2 Innovation ecosystem
7.3 Entrepreneurship, realization,dissemination, acceptance
7.4 Regulation, organization, funding
7.5 Side effects(unexpectedfunction(physical, social, biological,
psychical)
7.6 Social effect of innovation
8. Introduction of disciplinary
engineering(analysis-typecurriculum)
8.1 Mechanical engineering(mechanics, heat, fluid etc.)
8.2 Electrical engineering(circuit,
field theory)
8.3 Material technology(metals,
plastics; nanostructure)
8.4 Information theory
8.5 Bioengineering
8.6 Software engineering

Synthetic-type
engineering curriculum(version 7 Jan 2013)49

5. Evolutionary development of service

4.1 Basic loop for sustainable evolution
4.2 Evolution of product4.3 No evolution of service

50Evolution of Service in Society
toward sustainable society
Our fundamental viewpoints of service in society

Service evolves incrementally in society according to
the actions intended and performed by actors and accepted by people.

evolves

Evolution of language(Ferdinand de Saussure)incrementally in society Piecemeal social technology (Karl R. Popper)

Basic Ideas

intended and performed Abduction (Charles Sanders Peirce)
accepted

Satisfaction of social wish （CRDS)
51

Basic Loop in Evolving Society with Scientists
Sustainable Society by “Scientific” Evolution

Useful knowledge forsocial improvement
such as sustainability(Utilization Knowledge,
Factual knowledge)

Actors*Engineering
Scientists

Knowledge
and data(Judgment ofgoodnesssuch assustainability)

Actions forsustainability

Society,
NatureObserving
Scientists

Facts
caused or
not causedby actions

in Society* Actors
are:statesmen,
policymakers,
business humans,
administrators,
engineers,
educators,
writers,
artists,
journalists,
etc.
who move society.

C. S. Peirce: Abduction, F. Saussure: Evolutionary Loop, K. Popper: Piecemeal Technology

52Evolution of Language System
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 – 1913)

paroleSpeak
Physiological action
Think and build up
sentences(personal selection)

Language

Hear, understand andmemory by people(social selection)
Learn social
language system(Langue)

A human who learns and speaks

LangueSociety which develops language system
53

Sustainable Evolution of Living Things
Concurrent Occurrence of Information Cycle and Substance Cycle
Genetic
information

Biologicalinformation
Embryology

Gene

Selected
breeding

Survival
information
Survived
substance

Naturalsubstance

Born and live
in nature

Naturalselection

Adaptive
information
Biologicalsubstance

54

Sustainable Evolution of Service in Society
Action(abduction)

Advices forservice actions

Design(abduction)

Serviceagencies(donor)People insociety(receptor)

Serviceengineers

Data and advice
for design

Service actions

Servicescientists

Assimilation(statistics)

Consequent changes
by service in society

Observation(induction)
55

Evolutionary Loop of Manufacturing Industry
Production management,
Operation of production facilities,
Processing (actors)

Industry

Product

Society

Manufacturing
Design of products,
Design of use,
Preparation of
manufacturing,
Material selection/
processing/ supply
based onAnalysis of use(engineering scientists)

HY

Social value

Inverse Use(Design)

Use

Distribution,
Selection,
Utilization,
Pause,
Maintenance,
Termination(society)

Inverse Manuf’ing(Analysis of use)
Analysis of use through extraction of record of use,
Waste management (reuse/recycle ),Waste-processing facilities,
Processing (observing scientists)

56

Evolution of Products by Selection in Market

Product

New/Re design(personal
selection)

Manufacturing industry

Use(socialselection )Results of use

Market of product57

Evolutionary Loop of Service Industry
Primitive service
Enactment of law,
Implement of organization,
Settlement of environment,
Allocation of tools

Donationof service

Service(donor, tool,
environment, system)
Social Value

Legislation,
Projection of rule,
Design of rule/organization,
Design of environment,
Reform/new design of tools

Inverse reception(design of service)

Reception of service

Selection,
Purchase,
Reception,
Pause of reception,
Stop of reception,of service

Inverse donation(analysis of effects)
Discovery of new design, projection, reform of services (tools, environment, system)
through analysis of remained memory of effects on receptor.
58

Incomplete Loop in Service
order
Receptor,society

Donation ofservice(personal selection)

Service

Effects

Reception ofservice(social selection)

Product by manufacturing industry
Product
New/Re design(personal
selection)
Manufacturing industry

Results of use

Use(socialselection )Market of product59

Improvement of Evolution of Service Industry
Primitive service
Enactment of law,
Implement of organization,
Settlement of environment,
Allocation of tools

Donationof service
Legislation,
Projection of rule,
Design of rule/organization,
Design of environment,
Reform/new design of tools

Inverse reception(design of service)

Service(donor, tool,
environment, system)
Social Value

Reception of service

Selection,
Purchase,
Reception,
Pause of reception,
Stop of reception,of service

Inverse donation(analysis of effects)
Discovery of new design, projection, reform of services(tools, environment, system) through analysis ofremained memory of effects on receptor.

60

6. Conclusion

61

Necessary Scientific Research on Service(multiple approaches to complete the cycle)

Multiple approaches to service, according to the basic loop
Informational study of service

ACTION RULE of Donor
Research on primitive service

Research onservice amplification
Service economics
Design of service

Donor

Ergonomics of service

Order

Field study on service

Designer

Receptor

DESIGN RULE
of Service Designer
Extended Donor

Service

Observer
Requirement

Sociology, management science of service

ASSIMILATION RULE
of Receptor

EffectMeasurement of service
Discovery of social wish

OBSERVATION RULE of Observer

62

Disciplines

Research on service
PhysicalLife

Mental Social

Action rule of donor

Researchonservice

Assimilation rule of receptor

all

Observation rule of observer
Design rule of service designer
Research on primitive service
Economics of service

Researchonservicesystems(amplification)

Information-theoretical research
Ergonomics of service
Field study of service
Design research on service
Measurement of service effects
Discovery of social wish of service

63