Contents
Preface …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1

Interviews
Yuichi IKUHARA (PI, WPI-AIMR) …………………………………………………………………… 5
Takashi TAKAHASHI (PI, WPI-AIMR) ……………………………………………………………… 30
Winfried TEIZER (Junior PI, WPI-AIMR) …………………………………………………………… 54

News Update
Completion Ceremony of the WPI-AIMR Main Building ……………………………………………… 71
Memorandum of Understanding on Academic Exchange with Fraunhofer Institutefor Electronic Nano Systems ENAS …………………………………………………………………… 72
Green materials synthesis with supercritical water by Tadafumi ADSCHIRI ………………………… 74
Effect of metallic Mg insertion on the magnetoresistance effect in MgO-based tunnel junctions using
D022-Mn3-δGa perpendicularly magnetized spin polarizer by Takahide KUBOTA …………………… 76Interface effects on perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for molecular-capped cobalt ultrathin ﬁlms
by Xianmin ZHANG …………………………………………………………………………………… 78
Unexpected mass acquisition of Dirac fermions at the quantum phase transition of a topological insulator
by Takashi TAKAHASHI ……………………………………………………………………………… 80
Atomic structure of nanoclusters in oxide-dispersion-strengthened steels by Akihiko HIRATA ……… 83
Atom-Resolved Imaging of Ordered Defect Superstructures at Individual Grain Boundaries
by Zhongchang WANG ………………………………………………………………………………… 85Single molecule detection from a large-scale SERS-active Au79Ag21 substrate by Hongwen LIU …… 87
WPI 6 Institutes - Joint Symposium …………………………………………………………………… 89
The 7th Katahira Festival ………………………………………………………………………………… 91
Award Information ……………………………………………………………………………………… 93
The Fourth Series of WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars FY 2011 …………………………………………… 94

Research Prospect
Naoki ASAO ………………………………………………………………………………………… 103
Shigemi MIZUKAMI ………………………………………………………………………………… 113

Newly Appointed Research Staff ……………………………………………………………………… 125

Newly Appointed Adjunct Associate Professors ……………………………………………………… 129

Global Intellectual Incubation and Integration Lab (GI3 lab) ……………………………………… 133

Announcement
The 2012 WPI-AIMR Annual Workshop …………………………………………………………… 139
Junior Faculty/Post-Doctoral Positions ……………………………………………………………… 141
WPI-AIMR Workshop Guideline …………………………………………………………………… 142

Appendix
Snapshots …………………………………………………………………………………………… X - 1
WPI-AIMR Staff List ………………………………………………………………………………… X - 7
2011 WPI-AIMR News Contents ………………………………………………………………… X - 21

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research among different materials disciplines.

Around the middle of October, there was the interim evaluation of WPI institutes at
Tokyo. Presently, six WPI institutes are being supervised by MEXT, among which fiveinstitutes received the interim evaluation because nearly five years passed since theirinauguration. I have not yet heard any conclusive responses on the result of theevaluation. Perhaps, the result will be announced before this WPI-AIMR NEWS isdelivered to you at the end of December. I strongly hope that the outcome of theevaluation for AIMR is not so serious, but encourages us to accomplish entirely newmaterials science in the next five years.
(Written on December 1, 2011)2

Interviews

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whether properties of a varistor are apparent or not depends on the structure of grainboundaries; in other words, how atoms are linked together is important.
Iwamoto: I see. So, all these characteristics, such as that certain things are easy to break or
have the mechanical or electrical properties you’ve just mentioned, are related to grainboundaries.
Ikuhara: That’s why we study the structure of atoms that reside at grain boundaries using
electron microscopes to see how these atoms exist, or how the crystal grains are linked eachother. I think if these points can be explained, it will be possible to understand the basic
mechanism of development of physical properties. This is the reason why I conduct
quantitative analysis on the links of atoms using electron microscopes. In my research, I also
estimate the method of strengthening materials or conducting electricity.
Iwamoto: I see.
Ikuhara: And I have been conducting this analysis mainly on ceramics.
Iwamoto: Why did you decide to focus on ceramics? What specific properties do they havein comparison to other materials?
Ikuhara: There is a great variety of ceramics. There are a lot more different kinds compared
to metal, such as carbide, nitride and oxide. Various types of ceramics are available thesedays, including functional ceramics and functional materials, and all of them can be basically
categorized as so-called ceramics, such as carbide, nitride and oxide. This diversity makes meinterested in ceramics, but I do research on metallic materials from different angles.
Iwamoto: I see.
Ikuhara: As you know the research of WPI-AIMR is characterized by atom and molecule
control.
Iwamoto: Yes.
Ikuhara: In that sense, we do not separate metal from ceramics, or organic materials frominorganic. We take the same approach: from the viewpoint of the atomic and molecular level.
Iwamoto: Yes, indeed. I see. And you use electron microscopes as your research tool, don’tyou?
Ikuhara: Yes, mainly transmission electron microscopes.
Iwamoto: Do you really have to study grain boundaries in all kinds of things like that, one by
one? That sounds like a lot of work.
Ikuhara: Yes, it is really hard work. That’s why we make models of the materials. When you
are working on practical polycrystalline materials, it is not very easy to understand them in a
uniform way and find existing laws, as crystals are facing various different directions.
Iwamoto: I see.
Ikuhara: So, we categorize grain boundaries into several types and produce model grain

6boundaries by ourselves. If you carefully observe materials using a transmission electron
microscope and understand in which directions they are linked to and how the atoms are
structured, it will be possible to explain the role of crystal grain boundaries in mechanicalproperties or electrical properties.
Iwamoto: It means that you modelize materials to a certain level, rather than simply
observing them as they are.
Ikuhara: Yes, we modelize them. Thorough analysis by modelization will reveal the natureof the real structure of practical materials that looked complicated at first glance and enable
us to make predictions on all kinds of things.
Iwamoto: I understand.
Ikuhara: You only need to understand the basic points. Then set up principles based on thosebasic points, establish the so-called materials design guidelines, and finally apply them topractical materials and polycrystalline bodies.
Iwamoto: So, materials design is the starting point.
Ikuhara: Yes, we don’t just look at atoms and do nothing else. I am basically specialized inmaterials. The ultimate goal is to design better materials or to find out how to make them. In
order to achieve this, I make model materials and analyze the structure of grain boundaries ina quantitative manner.
Manufacturing and Materials Design
Iwamoto: So, it can be said that materials design starts from the awareness to think about
why various physical properties are what they are.
Ikuhara: Yes. “Why” is the starting point for everything.
Iwamoto: Starting from questions, such as why this composition has such strong resistance,
and then start thinking about possible shapes…
Ikuhara: Yes.
Iwamoto: It takes a lot of work.
Ikuhara: It means that first we have to establish rational materials design guidelines, andthen make actual materials.
Iwamoto: That’s right. So, I suppose there is various feedback exchanged during this process.
When the materials design is finished, it will be analyzed again and changes will be made to
the design. Through this process, the ideal material will be produced as intended.
Ikuhara: The most important thing is to apply the materials to the actual manufacturing. In
the case of ceramics, it means the contribution to the industry and ceramics manufacturers.
As you know, one of the most well-known ceramics is alumina.
Iwamoto: Yes.
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Ikuhara: Actually it contains various sintering additives. Alumina contains not only
aluminum and oxygen but also various dopants that are added by manufacturers. Ceramics
manufacturers add a lot of different elements such as rare-earth and magnesium in order toproduce better and stronger ceramics. As for alumina, five or six types of dopants may be
added. They have been producing good products, but their method is very thorough like
“carpet bombing.” For example, they would add a lot of different kinds of dopants, which
they call “flavoring,” on an empirical basis to create various prototypes and to measure thestrength of each prototype. Then, when they identify the best material, they will produce it on
a commercial basis.
Iwamoto: Yes.
Ikuhara: It costs a lot of time, labor and money to commercialize it.
Iwamoto: It is indeed “carpet bombing” as you said.
Ikuhara: They tend to carry out the work from their experience. Companies have their own
know-how and experiences. So, they have accumulation of knowledge and their own best
method. This also applies to structural materials and electronic ceramics such as varistors andcapacitors.
Iwamoto: Yes.
Ikuhara: It is normal to add about 10 types of dopants to varistors or capacitors. And as aresult, it is not very clear what makes good products.
Iwamoto: I see.
Ikuhara: But the companies do not worry about it because they sell very well.
Iwamoto: In a way, it is like a skill of a craftsman.
Ikuhara: Or rather, I would say it is the fruits of their experience, intuition, and tremendous
effort over many years.
Iwamoto: It sounds very cost-consuming.
Ikuhara: It costs a lot, but craftsmanship is what Japan is proud of.
Iwamoto: Yes, indeed.
Ikuhara: It is the strength of Japan, and Japanese people have been working very seriously
and patiently to produce something exceptional and to make it into products. So, if you ask
the person in charge of design and development why they added a particular dopant, theyoften cannot say the reason. They did so, because it produced a good result. When this dopant
was added, the strength was increased; or when that dopant was added, the flow of electricity
was improved, and so on. These empirical elements were, however, very important in thehigh economic growth period of Japan.
Iwamoto: I can see that.
Ikuhara: And as a matter of fact, the products sell very well. This is something hard to catch


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transformed into taste on your tongue and transmitted to the neurons and to the certain brain
area that produces feelings of pleasure. It is necessary to analyze the mechanism.
Iwamoto: I see. Analysis is the key.
Ikuhara: The best method that produces feelings of pleasure should be identified. It may be
the mixing ratio, or the method, like, it is better to put a pickled plum into shochu rather thanputting some other certain thing.
Iwamoto: I see.
Ikuhara: It means to clarify and understand the roots of thing. We do it at the atom andmolecule level. That is exactly the mission of WPI-AIMR.
Iwamoto: Yes. The methods based on atom and molecule control are certainly the base of
WPI-AIMR, and your research is the typical example.
Ikuhara: Yes, exactly. Our aim is to control and clarify the role of the atom/molecule.
Although we adopt electron microscopes and theoretical calculations, we would like tocombine them, clarify the roots and develop rational materials design. I think the trend of
materials design will be definitely shifted to that direction in the 21st century.
From Basics to Application
Iwamoto: Talking about the fundamental issues, companies used to employ methods that use
empirical rules; however, do you think they are seeking more rational methods due to theeconomic downturn?
Ikuhara: I think it is because the traditional methods are coming to a dead end, rather thanthe economic downturn issues.
Iwamoto: So, the “carpet-bombing” method does not work anymore.
Ikuhara: No. That’s why companies are struggling to find the next step, but the sense ofstagnation has been growing among various companies in the materials field.
Iwamoto: Yes. Then, it is understandable that the industry itself is seeking such rational
methods. And on the other hand, what exactly is happening in grain boundaries has been
gradually becoming clear in the world of scientific principles.
Ikuhara: Until recently, companies, especially ceramics manufacturers and materials
manufacturers were not actively taking such an approach, or they seemed to be avoiding it
because the study was too basic; however, the trend seems to have changed since theintroduction of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) that can identify atoms
and show the atomic order. It is now possible to see all kinds of elements including hydrogen.
Times have changed, and computing technology has also been greatly developed.
Iwamoto: Yes.
Ikuhara: Some companies have started realizing that if they use these methods and

10technologies, it will be possible to develop rational materials design.
Iwamoto: Interesting.
Ikuhara: I am often contacted by companies.
Iwamoto: I thought your lab was specialized in the most basic part of basic research.
Ikuhara: Not exactly. I would like to contribute the next step to industrialization, I mean
manufacturing. I am sure that substantial manufacturing can only be achieved with the help ofbasic research.
Iwamoto: I see. You would like to contribute to manufacturing. Then, as you mentioned justnow, is it closely related to theoretical calculation? In that sense, the approach from thetheoretical calculation point of view, which Professor Tsukada and Professor Shluger are
taking, is becoming more important. Is that right?
Ikuhara: Yes, it is important, but of course, theoretical calculation is not enough foreverything. There are a countless number of combinations. Therefore, we first need toconfirm the location of the added elements by using an electron microscope and do
calculations based on that location. If there is no information about atomic order, thecalculation is just a fantasy world.
Iwamoto: That’s why it is necessary to clarify the actual status in the real world to somedegree before starting calculation. It is not possible to produce results if there is no detailed
information about atoms.
Ikuhara: Yes, it is best if we have properly measured data, which then can be calculated byProfessor Tsukada and Professor Shluger. We also conduct calculations to some degree in mylab.
Iwamoto: Yes.
Ikuhara: Obtained structural data only show how it looks. The electronic state around theadded dopant can be explained by calculation, which will enable us to estimate functions. For
example, if ionic bonding was changed to covalent bonding, it means that the material wasstrengthened. These things can be found by calculation. Therefore, calculation is an essential
item for us to analyze the measured data. It can be said that calculation is necessary tointerpret the obtained data. A function is developed as a result of multiple elements, such asthat a single atom moved or a cluster was formed inside.
Iwamoto: Yes. Functions are produced by these multiple elements and bonding methods.
Ikuhara: This is where grain boundaries and interfaces become important.
Iwamoto: I see, that’s what it means.
Ikuhara: Dopants and impurities tend to gather in such lattice-mismatched sites.
Iwamoto: Going back to the tool you mentioned earlier, what level of unit do you use in yourobservation by STEM?


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Ikuhara: Currently the maximum resolution can be less than 1Å. As you know 1Å is equal
to 0.1 nm. This is how we can see hydrogen atoms.
Iwamoto: As you described earlier.
Ikuhara: AIMR has such facilities for communal use.
Iwamoto: In the context of the relationship with manufacturing, would it be right to say thatyour research aims to show directions to change physical properties of materials?
Ikuhara: I am trying to develop guidelines for such use. I also partly produce actual
materials after developing guidelines.
Iwamoto: How do you make them?
Ikuhara: I use design guidelines that were obtained from nano characterization andtheoretical calculation. For example, if I find out which elements should be added in order tostrengthen alumina, I would actually apply the method to sintering to make sintered bodies.
Iwamoto: So, you are tackling it from two directions: guidelines on the upstream side andmanufacturing.
Ikuhara: Yes. However, thankfully the final production of bulk is carried out by companies
or other co-researchers following our guidelines. We mainly provide models and samples.
Iwamoto: Yes. Models and samples for establishing guidelines are created here. I see.
Before Coming to AIMR
Iwamoto: You graduated from Kyushu University, but where are you from originally?
Ikuhara: I was born in Tsu City in Mie Prefecture. My mother’s parents’ home was in North
Kyushu, and I was familiar with the place. That is why I chose Kyushu University. I grew up
in Tsu City (former Hisai City) due to my parents’ work.
Iwamoto: How long did you live in Tsu City?
Ikuhara: Until I finished high school.
Iwamoto: Before you came to AIMR, were you familiar with Tohoku University and
Sendai?
Ikuhara: Yes. My professor at Kyushu University had previously worked for the Institute forMaterials Research (IMR), Tohoku University.
Iwamoto: Who was that?
Ikuhara: Professor Hideo Yoshinaga. He worked as an associate professor at IMR and thenmoved to Kyushu University as a professor.
Iwamoto: And he was your professor at Kyushu University?
Ikuhara: Yes, Professor Yoshinaga was in Professor Shigeyasu Koda’s lab at Tohoku
University. He is a relative of the novelist Rohan Koda and a very famous professor in metal
physics. I was very lucky to study under Professor Yoshinaga after he came to Kyushu


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Ikuhara: Yes, I have.
Iwamoto: You have also been working for AIMR as a PI since its start. Do you feel a
difference in the academic culture between the University of Tokyo and Tohoku University?
Ikuhara: Yes. From a materials research point of view, I think Tohoku University covers awider and deeper range. I accepted the offer to be a PI as it would give me an opportunity towork with the top-class professors in materials science in Tohoku University.
Iwamoto: Do you think the tradition of Tohoku University or the culture to put emphasis onpractical science has an influence?
Ikuhara: I think it has significant strength in materials science or study of materials, rather
than practical science.
Iwamoto: Yes, of course, Tohoku University has a long continuous history since the days of
Dr. Kotaro Honda. This compares favorably with the University of Tokyo.
Ikuhara: I would rather say that Tohoku University is definitely better in materials research.
Iwamoto: Great.
Ikuhara: Materials research in Tohoku University covers wider and deeper subjects such as
metals, ceramics, organic materials. That is why it is internationally regarded as the highest in
the field of materials. I think this is why WPI was established in Tohoku University.
Tasks for AIMR
Iwamoto: What do you think of WPI-AIMR? It has been three and a half years since it wasestablished. Do you think the research environment is good?
Ikuhara: Yes, I think so.
Iwamoto: What do you think is good about it?
Ikuhara: As I also work for the University of Tokyo, I only come to Tohoku University fourdays a month, but it provides an environment where we can focus on our research. I think it isa great thing that young researches can focus on their research and compete. It is also greatthat President Inoue encourages “putting a lot of focus on research.”
Iwamoto: As AIMR is specialized in research, we are trying to keep odd jobs away fromprofessors.
Ikuhara: Yes, indeed.
Iwamoto: It is typical that bigger universities tend to have many different kinds of meetings,
but we are trying to minimize these meetings. From this point of view, I think we are very
different from others.
Ikuhara: Thanks to this system, the young staff in their 30s can concentrate on their researchand compete with others. And their effort is recognized. This is very encouraging.
Iwamoto: Yes. Especially, as next April is the start of the second term of five years, the14current mid-career members, who are not PI but associate professors or lecturers, are working
really hard.
Ikuhara: Yes they are. I think the fact that they are on a fixed-term contract makes themmore vigilant in their research.
Iwamoto: I would like to add one more thing. WPI adopts internationality as its slogan andthere are a few foreign researchers in your lab. Do you think they are blending in well?
Ikuhara: Yes. Currently we have Assistant Professor Wang and other young researchers in
my lab, and Dr. Wang is working very hard.
Iwamoto: Yes, he is. I can see it from various points. Do you have something you especiallycare about in terms of training the young researchers in your lab?
Ikuhara: Yes, we always discuss things thoroughly. Discussions are necessary. In addition, I
try to respect young researchers’ opinions as much as possible when determining thedirection of research.
Iwamoto: I see.
Ikuhara: I don’t want to say, “Do this” or “Do that,” although I decide the outlines.
Iwamoto: I understand. So, you respect various different ways of thinking. I see. Then, wereally have to work hard in the next five years too. As we are heading toward the mid-term
evaluation, do you have any requests or expectations toward AIMR in terms of improvement?
Ikuhara: I think we need more integration.
Iwamoto: I see.
Ikuhara: I mean we are in a sense outsiders here. For example, say we want to have a teatime discussion from five o’clock. The attendance will be different depending on whether
AIMR staff have students or not, like us. I feel we need more mutual communication with theinternal staff.
Iwamoto: The construction of new building will be completed soon and a lot of researchers
are coming from the Aobayama campus. I am looking forward to it, but I think we have to do
more than just wait. Actually I am thinking of a way to combine staff meetings and tea time.
It needs some consideration.
Ikuhara: If this system works well, we can be more powerful.
Iwamoto: Yes. As it is often said, the professors in AIMR, including you, are all top players.
Ikuhara: I think it may be quite true.
Iwamoto: As WPI puts emphasis on fusion research, a collaborative research with theory isin a way indispensable, as you mentioned. Does your lab also work with researchers of soft
materials?
Ikuhara: Yes it is. But it is rather related to inorganic materials. We do some research on
such subjects with Professor Kawasaki and Professor Adschiri, as well as with Professor

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Asao and Professor Hitosugi.
Iwamoto: It is our mission to establish new academic principles through fusion research.
Ikuhara: We have published our achievement of fusion research, the work with Professor
Kawasaki and Professor Tsukada, in Nature Communications (Vol. 1, Article number 106,
“Dimensionality-driven insulator-metal transition in A-site excess non-stoichiometricperovskites”). The research with Professor Kawasaki’s group was also published in Science(Vol. 332 (2011) 1065-1067, “Electrically Induced Ferromagnetism at Room Temperature in
Cobalt-Doped Titanium Dioxide”).
Iwamoto: Wonderful.
Ikuhara: The fruits of our research have already been published in those top journals.
Iwamoto: Yes, indeed. As the result of fusion research has been already recognized like this,I think it is important to improve it in future too. I have one more thing to ask, which I always
ask as a general question. You told me earlier that young researchers in their 30s and 40s are
doing great job. On the other hand, younger researchers such as post-doctoral fellows or
researchers in their 20s, especially Japanese ones, are said to be reclusive or not very
energetic. What do you think about this?
Ikuhara: I think it depends on the field. Young researchers in my lab are generally energetic.
It is true that some of young researchers are not very energetic in Japan. I think it is also areflection of the fact that they did not learn science with enthusiasm in their education fromwhen they were in primary school. It caused them to lose interest in science.
Science Education Activities
Iwamoto: I agree with you. As a child, were you interested in science and manufacturing?
Ikuhara: Yes. I have been interested in scientific ways of thinking and physics since I was a
junior high school student.
Iwamoto: As you were born in 1958, it was about 1970?
Ikuhara: Yes.
Iwamoto: It was 1965 when Dr. Tomonaga was awarded the Novel Prize. Although pollution
problems were emerging, there were dreams for science and technology at that time.
Ikuhara: Yes, indeed. Events such as Apollo 11’s landing on the moon made everyone
aware that science and technology had a great future.
Iwamoto: Yes, indeed. School teachers also told us more interesting stories.
Ikuhara: About science. Then, students became interested in science and wanted to learn
more about it. But I cannot see that in the current primary school education.
Iwamoto: I agree. On the other hand, AIMR is conducting various outreach activities such as
participating in the science café. We may ask for your support in future for these activities.


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WPI-AIMR PI ᐞේ㓶৻ᢎ᝼ߦ⡞ߊ(Interview with Professor Yuichi Ikuhara㧙Japanese version)᧚ᢱ⸳⸘ߣ߽ߩߠߊࠅ
ࡈࡦࡏ࡞࠻⾨ߣ☸⇇ߩ⎇ⓥ
ጤᧄ㧦੹࿁ߪࡈࡦࡏ࡞࠻⾨ߏฃ⾨߅߼ߢߣ߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㧟᦬ߦ࠼ࠗ࠷‫ࠇࠊⴕߢࠢ࡞ࡌࡦࡃޔ‬ߚ᝼⾨ᑼߦ಴Ꮸߐࠇߚߣߩߎߣߢߔ߇‫᧚ޔ‬ᢱ⑼ቇಽ㊁ߢߪᣣᧄੱߢߪ㧟ੱ⋡ߩฃ⾨ߛߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߪ޿‫߁ߘޔ‬⡞޿ߡ޿߹ߔ‫⥄ޔߪ⾨࠻࡞ࡏࡦࡈޕ‬ὼ⑼ቇߛߌߢߪߥߊߡᢥቇ‫ޔ‬ᴺቇ‫ޔ‬ቬᢎቇߣ㧞㧟ಽ㊁ߋࠄ޿ࠞࡃ࡯ߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄੱߢߪోㇱวࠊߖࠆߣ੹߹ߢ㧡㧘㧢㧜ੱ‫⥄ޕ‬ὼ⑼ቇߢߪ㧟㧜ੱߊࠄ޿߇ฃ⾨ߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጊᧄᯏ᭴㐳߽ൻቇߩಽ㊁ߢ᝼ਈߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㧞㧜㧜㧞ᐕߦฃ⾨ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ᦨೋߩ㗃ߦ߽ࠄࠊࠇߚᣇߪዊᩊవ↢ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦࠾ࡘ࡯࠻࡝ࡁᄤ૕‛ℂቇߢࡁ࡯ࡌ࡞⾨ࠍฃ⾨ߐࠇߚዊᩊవ↢ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ߡߒߘޔ‬ᤓᐕࡁ࡯ࡌ࡞⾨ࠍฃ⾨ߒߚᩮጯవ↢߽ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ర᧲ᄢ✚㐳ߩ᦭㚍వ↢߽ฃ⾨ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߘ߁ߚࠆ㗻⸅ࠇߢߔߨ‫ߩ⾨࠻࡞ࡏࡦࡈޔߢࠈߎߣޕ‬ฃ⾨ߩኻ⽎ߣߥߞߚ⎇ⓥߪ‫ޔ‬‫᧚ޟ‬ᢱ⇇㕙ߩ⿥ᓸ⚦᭴ㅧߣ‛ᕈߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥ‫᧚ޔߪࠇߎޕߨߔߢߩ߽߁޿ߣޠ‬ᢱ⑼ቇߩಽ㊁ߦᄢ߈ߥࡉ࡟࡯ࠢࠬ࡞࡯ࠍਈ߃ߚߣ⡞޿ߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ౕޔ‬૕⊛ߦ⸒߁ߣߤ߁޿߁ౝኈߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ᚒ‫᧚ࠆ޿ߡߞ૶߇ޘ‬ᢱߣ޿߁ߩߪᄙ⚿᥏߇ᄙ޿ߩߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬ᄙ⚿᥏ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᔅߕਛߦ☸⇇߇޽ࠆࠎߢߔ‫᧚ޕ‬ᢱߪ‫ޔ‬ዊߐߥ⚿᥏ߩ☸߇޿ߞ߬޿㓸߹ߞߡᄙ⚿᥏૕ߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࠇߘޕ‬ߪ࠮࡜ࡒ࠶߽ࠢࠬߘ߁ߢߔߒ㊄ዻ᧚ᢱߢ߽ߘ߁ߢߔߒ‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫߇ޘ‬ขࠅᛒ߁ࡃ࡞ࠢߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢᛶߩ႐วᄙ⚿᥏ߥߩߢߔ‫⚿ߩߘޕ‬᥏ߣ⚿᥏ߩ㑆ࠍ☸⇇ߣ⸒߁ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߪ޿‫ޔ‬ಽ߆ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘߩ☸⇇᭴ㅧ߇‛ᕈߣ߆․ᕈࠍ᳿߼ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߩ߇㕖Ᏹߦᄙ޿ߩߢߔ‫◲⇟৻߫߃଀ޕ‬නߦ⸒߁ߣ‫߇‛ޔ‬ഀࠇ߿ߔ޿ߣ߆‫߫߃଀ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޕ‬㔚ሶ࠮࡜ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬߩ㔚᳇⊛․ᕈ߽ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ߚߣ߃߫‫․ߩ࠲ࠬ࡝ࡃޔ‬ᕈ߇಴ࠆߣ߆ߣ޿߁ߩ߽☸⇇ߩ᭴ㅧ‫ߢ⇇☸ߜࠊߥߔޔ‬ේሶ߇ߤ߁ߟߥ߇
ߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇㊀ⷐߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦㧦ߥࠆ߶ߤ‫‛ࠍࠇߘࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ℂ⊛ߦუࠇ߿ߔ޿ߛߣ߆‫ޔ‬ᒢᕈ߇޽ࠆߣ߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽ߘ
߁ߛߒ‫ߥ߁ࠃߚߞ߾ߒߞ߅੹ޔ‬㔚᳇⊛ߥ․ᕈ߇ߺࠎߥ☸⇇ߣ㑐ଥߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߛ߆ࠄ‫ߦ⇇☸ޔ‬ሽ࿷ߔࠆේሶߩ᭴ㅧࠍ㔚ሶ㗼ᓸ㏜ߢ⷗ߡ‫ޔ߆ࠆ޿ߡߞߥߦ߁߰߁޿߁ߤޔ‬ߤ߁޿߁߰߁ߦ⚿᥏ߩ☸ߣ☸߇ߟߥ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ߣ߆‫ࠍߎߘޔ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ᩮᧄ⊛ߥ‛ᕈߩ⊒⃻ᯏ᭴߇ℂ⸃ߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ‫ߩߘޔ‬ේሶߩߟߥ߉⋡ࠍ㔚ሶ㗼ᓸ㏜ߢቯ㊂⊛ߦ⸃ᨆߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫᧚ࠄߚߞ߿߁ߎޔߡߒߘޕ‬ᢱ߇ᒝߊߥࠆߣ߆‫ޔ‬㔚᳇߇ᵹࠇࠆߣ߆ࠍ੍᷹ߒߚ⎇ⓥࠍㅴ߼ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬18     ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘࠇࠍ‫ޔ‬ਥߦ࠮࡜ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡߎࠇ߹ߢขࠅ⚵ࠎߢ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦࠮࡜ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬߦ⌕⋡ߐࠇߚߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ߦ⾰‛ߩ߆߶ޔ‬Ყߴߡߤ߁޿߁․ᕈ߇޽ࠆ߆ࠄߥ
ߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦࠮࡜ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬߪᄙ⒳ᄙ᭽ߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬㊄ዻߦᲧߴߡ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥ⒳㘃߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬὇ൻ‛ߣ߆‫⓸ޔ‬ൻ‛‫㉄ޔ‬ൻ‛ߣ߆‫ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿੹ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ᯏ⢻࠮࡜ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬ‫ޔ‬ᯏ⢻᧚ᢱ߇಴ߡ޿߹ߔߌߤ‫ޔ‬ߘ߁޿߁߽ߩ߽ၮᧄ⊛ߦߪ㉄ൻ‛ߣ߆⓸ൻ‛ߣ߆὇ൻ‛ߣ߆‫ࡊ࡯࡞ࠣߩࠬࠢ࠶ࡒ࡜࠮ࠆࠁࠊ޿ޔ‬ߦ౉ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ᄙ⒳ᄙ᭽ߥ㕙⊕ߐ߆ࠄ࠮࡜ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬࠍኻ⽎ߣߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬㊄ዻ᧚ᢱߦߟ޿ߡ߽㆑ߞߚⷺᐲ߆ࠄ⎇ⓥߪߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߥࠆ߶ߤ‫ޕߚߒ߹ࠅ߆ࠊޔ‬ᐞේ㧦ᚒ‫ޔޘ‬ේሶಽሶ᧚ᢱ⑼ቇ㜞╬⎇ⓥᯏ᭴ߪ‫ޔ‬ේሶಽሶ೙ᓮ߇․⦡ߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߃߃‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘߩᗧ๧ߢߪ‫ޔ‬㊄ዻ߽࠮࡜ࡒ࠶߽ࠢࠬ‫᦭ޔ‬ᯏ߽ήᯏ߽඙೎ߒߥ޿‫ߪ࠴࡯ࡠࡊࠕޕ‬หߓߢ‫ޔ‬ⷞὐߪේሶ࡮ಽሶ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߒߚߨ‫ޕߚߒ߹ࠅ߆ࠊޕ‬   వ↢ߩ႐วߦߪ‫ޔߪ࡞࡯࠷ࠆߴ⺞ࠍࠇߘޔ‬㔚ሶ㗼ᓸ㏜ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߪ޿‫ޔ‬ਥߦㅘㆊ㔚ሶ㗼ᓸ㏜ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߢ߽‫ޕ߆ߔߢߌࠊߊ޿ߡߴ⺞ߡߞ߿߁ߘޘ৻ޔࠍ⇇☸ߥࠎࠈ޿ߩ‛ਁޔ‬ᄢᄌߥᚻ㑆ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ᄢᄌߛ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫᧚࡞࠺ࡕߩߘߪޘ‬ᢱࠍ૞ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄙ⚿᥏ߩታ↪᧚ᢱࠍኻ⽎ߣߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬⚿᥏߇⦡‫ߥޘ‬ะ߈ࠍะ޿ߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫ߦ⊛⛔♽ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ᛠីߒ‫ߦߎߘޔ‬ሽ࿷ߔࠆᴺೣᕈࠍ⷗಴ߔߩ
ߪߥ߆ߥ߆㔍ߒ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߛ߆ࠄ‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬⒟ᐲࠞ࠹ࠧ࡜ࠗ࠭ߒߡ‫ࠍ⇇☸ޔ‬ᐞߟ߆ߩ⒳㘃ߦಽߌߡ⥄ಽߚߜߢࡕ࠺࡞☸
⇇ࠍ૞⵾ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㅘㆊ㔚ሶ㗼ᓸ㏜ߢߓߞߊࠅߣⷰኤߒߡ‫߁޿߁ߎޔ‬ᣇ૏ߢߟߥ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ߆‫ޔ‬ේሶ᭴ㅧ߇ߤ߁ߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ࠍℂ⸃ߔࠇ߫‫⚿ߩߘޔ‬᥏☸⇇߇ᯏ᪾⊛․ᕈߣ߆㔚᳇⊛․ᕈߦߤ߁޿
߁ᓎഀࠍᜂߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߩࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣ߇น⢻ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦නߦ⥄ὼߦ޽ࠆ߽ߩࠍ⷗ࠆߣ޿߁ߩߢߪߥߊߡ‫ࠆ޽ޔ‬⒟ᐲࡕ࠺࡞ൻߒߡߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ
ߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ࡕ࠺࡞ൻߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫࡞࠺ࡕޕ‬ൻߢ߈ߞߜࠅߘࠇࠍ⸃ᨆߔࠆߣ‫ⶄ⷗৻ޔ‬㔀ߥታ↪᧚ᢱߩ᭴ㅧ߽ߘߩᧄ⾰߇⷗߃ߡ߈ߡ‫੍ߩ‛ਁޔ‬᷹߽ߢ߈ࠆࠊߌߢߔࠃ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ၮᧄ⊛ߥߣߎࠈࠍ᛼ߐ߃ߡ߅ߌ߫⦟޿ߩߢߔ‫⿠ࠍࠇߘޕ‬ὐߦේℂේೣࠍᛂߜ┙ߡߡ‫޿ޔ‬ࠊࠁࠆ᧚ᢱ⸳⸘ߩᜰ㊎ࠍᓧߡ‫ޔ‬ታ↪᧚ᢱ‫ޔ‬ᄙ⚿᥏૕ߦᜬߞߡ޿ߊߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߹ߕ᧚ᢱ⸳⸘߆ࠄᆎ߹ࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߪ޿‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫ߪޘ‬නߦේሶࠍ⷗ߡ޿ࠆߛߌߢߪߥ޿ߢߔࠃ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬ၮᧄ⊛ߦߪ᧚ᢱደߢߔ߆ࠄ‫ޕ‬19ᦨ⚳⊛ߥࠧ࡯࡞ߪ‫᧚޿⦟ࠅࠃޔ‬ᢱࠍ⸳⸘ߔࠆ‫ߪߚ߹ޕ‬૞ࠆߚ߼ߦߪߤ߁ߒߚࠄ޿޿߆ߣ޿߁ߎߣ
ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߚ߼ߦ‫᧚࡞࠺ࡕޔ‬ᢱࠍ૞ߞߡ☸⇇ߩ᭴ㅧࠍቯ㊂⊛ߦ⸃ᨆߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬߽ߩߠߊࠅߣ᧚ᢱ⸳⸘
ጤᧄ㧦ߘߩ᧚ᢱ⸳⸘ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫‛ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ޔ‬ᕈߦߟ޿ߡߥߗߎ߁ߥߩߛࠈ߁ߣ޿߁໧㗴ᗧ⼂߆ࠄᆎ߹ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ߩߡߴߔ߇”ߗߥ“ޕ‬಴⊒ὐߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߎ߁޿߁⚵ᚑߥߩߦ‫ޔ‬૗ߢߎࠇߛߌᛶ᛫߇ᒝߊߡߣ߆‫⇼߁޿߁ߘޔ‬໧߆ࠄᆎ߹ߞߡ‫ߢޔ‬ߪߎࠎߥᒻߥߩ߆ߥߣ޿߁ߩ߆ࠄᆎ߹ߞߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߪᄢᄌߥ૞ᬺߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦วℂ⊛ߥ᧚ᢱ⸳⸘ᜰ㊎ࠍᓧߡ‫ߢࠇߘޔ‬ታ㓙ߩ‛߹ߢ૞ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ߩߎߘޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬႐ߩਛߢߪ‫߁߽ޔ‬ᄙ᭽ߥࡈࠖ࡯࠼ࡃ࠶ࠢ߇ⴕࠊࠇ
ߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫᧚ޕ‬ᢱ⸳⸘ࠍⴕ޿‫੹ߪߢޔߡߞࠃߦߣߎࠆߴ⺞ߚ߹ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ᐲߪߎ߁޿ߞߚ⸳
⸘ߦߒߚࠄߤ߁ߥࠆ߆ߣ‫ߢࠇߘޕ‬ℂᗐ⊛ߥ‫᧚ߥ߁ࠃࠆ޿ߡߞࠄߨߩࠄߜߎޔ‬ᢱࠍ૞ߞߡ޿ߎ߁ߣ
޿߁ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦․ߦ㊀ⷐߥߩߪ‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߩ‛ߠߊࠅ߳ዷ㐿ߔࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ࠬࠢ࠶ࡒ࡜࠮ޔ߫߃ߣߚޕ‬ߢߔߣ࠮࡜ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬࡔ࡯ࠞ࡯ߥߤ↥ᬺ⇇߳ߩ⽸₂ߢߔ‫߽ᦨޕ‬ᐢߊ⍮ࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆ࠮࡜ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬߦࠕ
࡞ࡒ࠽߇޽ࠅ߹ߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߃߃‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘࠇߦ߽ታ㓙ߦߪ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥ߽ߩ߇౉ߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔࠃ‫⚛㉄ߣࡒ࡞ࠕࠄ߆ߛ࠽ࡒ࡞ࠕޕ‬ߛߌߢߪߥߊߡ‫ߥࠎࠈ޿ޔ‬㥦⮎ࠍ‫ޔߪ࡯ࠞ࡯ࡔࠬࠢ࠶ࡒ࡜࠮ޕߔߢߩࠆ޿ߡࠇ౉ߪ࡯ࠞ࡯ࡔޔ‬Ꮧ࿯㘃߿‫ߥޘ⦡ߤߥࡓ࠙ࠪࡀࠣࡑޔ‬ర⚛ࠍ౉ࠇߡ‫ޔߩ߽޿޿ޔ‬ᒝ޿߽ߩࠍ૞ߞߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫଀ޕ‬߃߫ࠕ࡞ࡒ࠽ߦߒߡ߽‫߫߃଀ޔ‬㧡⒳㘃‫ޔ‬㧢⒳㘃౉ࠇߚࠅ౉ߞߡ޿ߚࠅߒߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫ߢࠇߘޕ‬ߓࠀ߁ߚࠎ޿޿߽ߩࠍ૞ߞߡ޿ࠆߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬ᓐࠄߩ੹߹ߢߩ߿ࠅᣇߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ ⛐ ޔ‬Ჴ ῜᠄ߢߔࠃ‫ޔ߫߃଀ޕ‬૗⒳㘃߽ߩ࠼࡯ࡄࡦ࠻‫⃻ޔ‬႐ߢߪ㥦⮎ߣ⸒޿߹ߔ߇‫⚻ߣޘ⦡ࠍࠇߘޔ‬㛎⊛ߦ౉ࠇߡᄙᢙߩ⹜૞ຠ
ࠍ૞ߞߡ‫ߦ߮ߚߩߘޔ‬ᒝᐲࠍ᷹ߞߚࠅ‫ߢߣߎ߁޿ߣߛࠇߎ߇ߩ߽޿޿⇟৻ߢࠇߘޕ‬໡ຠൻߒߡ޿
ࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘࠇࠍ໡ຠൻߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ‫⩨ޔ‬ᄢߥᤨ㑆ߣഭജ‫߅ޔ‬㊄߽߆߆ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⛐Ჴ῜᠄ߣ߅ߞߒ߾޿߹ߒߚߌߤ⏕߆ߦߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘࠇ߽⚻㛎ߢ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ᄙ޿ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ฦડᬺߪࡁ࠙ࡂ࠙‫⚻ޔ‬㛎ࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢ
ߔࠃ‫⫾ߩߘࠄ߆ߛޕ‬Ⓧ߇޽ߞߡ‫ޔࠍߩ߽߁޿ߣ޿޿߇ࠇߎޔ‬ฦડᬺߪᜬߞߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫ࠇߘޕ‬ߪ᭴ㅧ᧚ᢱߢ߽ࡃ࡝ࠬ࠲ߣ߆ࠦࡦ࠺ࡦࠨߥߤߩ㔚ሶ࠮࡜ࡒ࠶߽ࠢࠬ৻✜ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߪ޿‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ࡃ࡝ࠬ࠲‫ߩࠨࡦ࠺ࡦࠦޔ‬႐วߪਛߦ㧝㧜⒳ߋࠄ޿ߩ㥦⮎߇౉ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫⚿ࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ዪ‫ޔ‬

20

૗߇ℂ↱ߢ޿޿߽ߩ߇ߢ߈ߡ޿ࠆ߆ߣ޿߁ߩ߇ࠊ߆ࠄߥߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߃߃‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߢ߽໡ຠߣߒߡᄁࠇࠆ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ડᬺߣߒߡߪߘࠇߢ޿޿ࠊߌߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦޽ࠆᗧ๧ߢߪ⡯ੱ⧓⊛ߦ߿ߞߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦⡯ੱ⧓ߣ޿߁߆‫⚻ޔ‬㛎ߣൊߣ⩨ᄢߥദജߢߕߞߣ߿ߞߡ߈ߚࠊߌߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߢ߽ߘࠇ߽㓐ಽࠦࠬ࠻ߩ߆߆ࠆ⹤ߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ࠦࠬ࠻ߪ߆߆ࠆߌࠇߤ߽‫ߪߎߘޔ‬ᣣᧄߩᓧᗧᛛ‫ޔ‬⡯ੱᛛߛߞߚߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ᣣᧄ߇ᓧᗧߢ‫ޔ‬㕖Ᏹߦ߹ߓ߼ߥᣣᧄੱߛ߆ࠄߘ߁޿߁ߎߣࠍߎߟߎߟ߿ߞߡ޿ߞߡ‫ߘޔ‬ࠇߢ㕖Ᏹߦ޿޿߽ߩࠍ૞ߞߡ⵾ຠߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫ᧄߢࠇߘޕ‬ᒰߦ㐿⊒⸳⸘ߩ⽿છ⠪ߦ‫ޔ‬‫ޟ‬૗ߢߘߩ࠼࡯ࡄࡦ࠻ࠍ౉ࠇߚߩߢߔ߆‫ߣޠ‬⡞޿ߡ߽‫ޔ‬ℂ↱ߪ⦟ߊࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿ࠊߌߢߔ‫ߚࠇ౉ޕ‬ࠄࠃ߆ߞߚ߆ࠄߣ‫ߩߎޕ‬㥦⮎ࠍ౉ࠇߚࠄ‫ޔ‬ᒝᐲ߇ᒝߊߥࠅ߹ߒߚߣ߆‫ߩߎޔ‬㥦⮎ࠍ౉ࠇߚࠄ㔚᳇߇ࠃߊᵹࠇ߹ߒߚߣ߆ߨ‫⚻߁޿߁ߘޕ‬㛎⊛ⷐ⚛ߣ޿߁ߩ߇ߒ߆ߒ‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߎޔ‬ᣣᧄߩ㜞ᐲ⚻ᷣᚑ㐳ᦼߦߪ㕖Ᏹߦᄢ੐ߛߞߚߩߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ታ㓙ߘࠇ߇ᄁࠇߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߆ࠄ‫ޔ߆ߥ߆ߥߪߣߎ߁޿߁ߘޕ‬᰷☨ߥߤߪ૛ࠅㅊᓥߢ
߈ߥ޿߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߪ߽ߩߠߊࠅߢ਎⇇৻ߣ߆⸒ࠊࠇ߹ߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߪ޿‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߚߛ‫ߢ߹ߎߎ߁߽ޔ‬㘻๺⁁ᘒߦߥߞߡߊࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᰴߩᛂߟᚻ߇ߥ߆ߥ߆ᛂߡߥ޿ࠊߌߢߔ‫ޕ‬߆ߥࠅ߿ࠅዧߊߒߡߒ߹ߞߡ޿߹ߔߒ‫⚻ޔ‬㛎⊛ߥᚻᴺߛߌߢߪ߽߁ᣣᧄߩ዁᧪ߪߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁ߔࠆߣᰴߩࠬ࠹࠶ࡊߪ‫ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬วℂ⊛ߦ߽ߩࠍ૞ࠄߥߊߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿
ߛ߆ࠄᚒ‫ࠄߚࠇ౉ࠍࠇߎޔߪޘ‬ᒝߊߥࠆ߇‫ߗߥޔ‬ᒝߊߥࠆߩ߆ߣ⠨߃ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫◲⇟৻ޕ‬නߥ‫ޔ‬଀߃߫ࠕ࡞ࡒߢߪᏗ࿯㘃ర⚛ࠍ౉ࠇߚࠄᒝߊߥࠆߩߢߔࠃ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦Ꮧ࿯㘃ర⚛ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޕ߫߃଀ߪߢߎߎޔ‬ᐞේ㧦ࠗ࠶࠻࡝࠙ࡓߣ߆‫ߩࠎ߶ޔߣߞࠂߜࠍߩ߽߁޿߁ߘޔ߆ߣࡓ࠙ࠪ࠹࡞ޔ‬ᓸ㊂‫ޔ‬㥦⮎ߢ౉ࠇࠆߣᒝߊߥࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ታ㓙ߩ㜞ᒝᐲࠕ࡞ࡒ࠽᧚ᢱߦߪߘ߁޿߁Ꮧ࿯㘃ర⚛߇౉ߞߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢ
ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߪ޿‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ᦨవ┵ߩㅘㆊ㔚ሶ㗼ᓸ㏜ࠍ↪޿ࠆߣ‫ߥ߁ࠃߩࡓ࠙࡝࠻࠶ࠗޔ‬Ꮧ࿯㘃ర⚛߇☸⇇ߩߤߎߦ౉ߞߡ‫⚿߁޿߁ߤޔ‬วࠍߒߡ޿ࠆ߆ߣ߆޿߁ߣߎࠈ߹ߢ⸃ᨆ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫߁ߘޕ‬ߔࠆߣ‫߫߃଀ޔ‬ᚒ‫ࡓ࠙࡝࠻࠶ࠗޔߪߩߚߌߟ⷗߇ޘ‬ේሶ߇☸⇇ߩ․⇣ߥࠨࠗ࠻ߦ๟ᦼ⊛ߦ౉ߞߡ޿ߡ‫⚿ࡦࠝࠗߩ࠽ࡒ࡞ࠕޔ‬วࠍ౒᦭⚿วߦߋߞߣᄌ߃ߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫ࠍ☸ߣ☸ޔߡߒߘޕ‬ᒝߊ⚿߮ߟߌߚ‫ޔߢߣߎ߁޿ߣߚߞ߆ࠊ߇ߣߎ߁޿߁ߘޕߔߢߩߥߌߛࠇߘߚߞߚޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦࠪࡦࡊ࡞ߥ
⹤ߦ߽㑐ࠊࠄߕ㧡ᐕ೨ߢߔ߇‫⹹ࠬࡦࠛࠗࠨޔ‬㧔Science 311 (2006) 212-215‫“ޔ‬Grain Boundary
Strengthening in Alumina by Rare Earth Impurities”㧕ߦឝタߐࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬21ጤᧄ㧦⚛᥍ࠄߒ޿‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦⥄ὼߪ㕖Ᏹߦࠪࡦࡊ࡞ߥߩߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߚߞ߆ߥ޿ߡߞ߆ࠊ߃ߐߢߣߎߥࠎߘޔ߽ߢޕ‬ߩߢߔ‫ߩߘޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬㥦⮎ࠍ౉ࠇߚࠄߤ߁޿߁૞↪ࠍߒߡߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ♽⛔⊛ߦ⎇ⓥߒߡ޿ߊߣ‫ޔ‬
ߎ߁޿߁․ᕈߩ߽ߩࠍ૞ࠅߚ޿ߣ޿߁ߣ߈ߦ‫ߩߤޔ‬ర⚛ߣߤߩర⚛ࠍߤࠇߊࠄ޿㈩วߒߡ౉ࠇߡ
૞ࠇ߫⦟޿ߣ޿߁วℂ⊛ߥ᧚ᢱ⸳⸘߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁߆‫߁޿ߣ޿ߒ޿߅ࠄߚࠇ౉ࠍ࠳࡯࠰ߦ࡯ࠠࠬࠗ࠙ޔ߫߃⸒ߢ࡞࡯ࠦ࡞ࠕޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߛࠇ߆߇⷗ߟߌߚߣ޿߁ࠃࠅߪ‫⚻ߪࠇߘޔ‬㛎ߢ߿ߞߡ޿ߚߎߣߢߔߨ‫߽ߢޕ‬૗᡿߅޿ߒ
޿߆ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿ߢߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߒ߆ߒ㘶߻ߣ߁߹޿ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߛ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬૗ߢ߅޿ߒ޿߆ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿߆ࠄ‫ࠍࠇߘ߫߃଀ޔߪߦ߼ߚࠆ߿ࠍࠇߘޔ‬㘶ࠎߢ‫ޔ‬⥠߆ࠄߘߩⷐ⚛߇๧ⷡߦ⊒ዷߒߡ޿ߞߡ⣖ߩ࠾ࡘ࡯ࡠࡦࠍવࠊߞߡ⣖ߩᔟᗵࠍߟ߆ߐߤࠆㇱ૏ࠍೝỗߔࠆߣ޿߁ㆊ⒟ࠍಽ߆ࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆ‫⸃ࠍࡓ࠭࠾ࠞࡔߩߘޕ‬᣿ߒߡ޿߆ߥ޿ߣ޿ߌߥ޿‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߩಽᨆࠍߒߥ޿ߣ޿ߌߥ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘࠇ߇ߜ߾ࠎߣ‫⇟৻ࠄߚߒߦ߁߰߁޿߁ߤޔ‬ᔟᗵࠍⷡ߃ࠆߣ߆ߣ޿߁ߩࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬㈩วᲧߣ߆ߨ‫ߪ޿ࠆ޽ޔ‬὾㈪ߦ᳖ߛߌࠍ౉ࠇࠆߩߢߪߥߊߡ‫ޔ‬᪢ᐓࠍ߸ࠎߣ౉ࠇߚ߶߁߇޿
޿ࠃߣ߆ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦‛੐ߩᩮḮࠍࠢ࡝ࠕ࡯ߔࠆ‫ࠍࠇߘޕ‬ේሶ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶ࡟ࡌ࡞ߢ‫ߦߐ߹ޔ‬ේሶಽሶ᧚ᢱ⑼ቇ㜞╬⎇ⓥᯏ᭴ߩࡒ࠶࡚ࠪࡦߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ߩ߽ߤ⑳ߦ߆⏕ޕ‬ᯏ᭴ߪ‫ޔ‬ේሶಽሶ೙ᓮᴺߣ޿߁߽ߩࠍ࿯บߦߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬߹ߐߦߘߩઍ⴫⊛ߥ⎇ⓥߥࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߪ޿‫ࠍߎߘߦߐ߹ޔ‬೙ᓮߒߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓎഀࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߎߣ‫ޕ‬㔚ሶ㗼ᓸ㏜ߣℂ⺰⸘▚߽߿ࠅ߹ߔߌߤ‫ޔߡߒࡦࠗࡃࡦࠦࠍࠇߘޔ‬ᩮḮࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߡ‫ޔ‬วℂ⊛ߥ᧚ᢱ⸳⸘ࠍߒߡ޿ߊ‫⑳ޕ‬ߪ‫੹ޔ‬਎♿ߩ᧚ᢱ⸳⸘ߪ‫ޔ‬ᔅߕߘ߁޿߁ᣇะߦߥࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ၮ␆߆ࠄᔕ↪߹ߢጤᧄ㧦ߜࠂߞߣᩮḮ⊛ߥ⹤ߦߥࠅ߹ߔߌࠇߤ‫ޔ‬ᤄߪ⚻㛎ೣߦၮߠ޿ߡฦડᬺ߇߿ߞߡ޿ߚࠊߌ
ߢߔ߇‫⚻ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬ᷣᖱ൓ߩᖡൻߥߤߢߘ߁޿߁ߩ߇᳞߼ࠄࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚߣ⸒߃߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦⚻ᷣᖱ൓ߣ޿߁߆‫ߩߢ߹ࠇߎ߁߽ޔ‬ᚻᴺߢߪ┙ߜⴕ߆ߥߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⛐Ჴ῜᠄⊛ߥᚻᴺߢߪߛ߼ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦߃߃‫ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬ᰴߩ৻ᚻ߇ᛂߡߥ޿߆ࠄ‫᧚ߪ੹ޔ‬ᢱ♽ߩ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥળ␠߽㐽Ⴇᗵ߇ṫߞߡ޿߹ߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫↥ߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬ᬺ⇇ߣߒߡ߽‫ޔ‬ᒰὼߘ߁޿߁ᚻᴺࠍ᳞߼ߡ޿ࠆߒ‫৻ߚ߹ޔ‬ᣇߢߪ‫ޔ‬ቇℂߩ਎⇇ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ᒰὼ੹߹ߢߩ⫾Ⓧߢ☸⇇ߢ૗߆߇⿠߈ߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ߛࠎߛࠎࠊ߆
ߞߡ߈ߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬22ᐞේ㧦ߜࠂߞߣ೨߹ߢߪߘ߁޿߁ߣߎࠈࠍડᬺߪ‫᧚ޔ࡯ࠞ࡯ࡔࠬࠢ࠶ࡒ࡜࠮ߦ․ޔ‬ᢱࡔ࡯ࠞ࡯
ߪ‫ࠈߒ߻ޔ߆߁޿ߣߚߞ߆ߥࠄ߿ࠅ߹ࠎ޽ޔ‬ၮ␆ቇ໧ㆊ߉ߡᢘ㆙ߒߡ޿ߚࠃ߁ߥࠗࡔ࡯ࠫ߇޽ߞ
ߚߩߢߔߌߤ‫ޔ‬ේሶࠍ⼂೎ߒߡߘߩ㈩೉߇⋥ធ⷗߃ࠆSTEM㧔ㅘㆊ㔚ሶ㗼ᓸ㏜㧕ᴺ߇⊓႐ߒߡዋߒᵹࠇ߇ᄌൻߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߦᗵߓ߹ߔ‫⃻ޕ‬࿷ߢߪ߽߁᳓⚛ߦ⥋ࠆ߹ߢߔߴߡߩర⚛߇⷗߃ߡ߈ߡ
޿߹ߔ‫ᤨ߁޿߁ߘޔߪߣߎ߁޿ߣޕ‬ઍߦߥߞߡ߈ߡ‫▚⸘ߣ޽ޔ‬ᛛⴚ߽㕖Ᏹߦ⊒㆐ߒߡ޿ࠆߢߪߥ
޿ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߪ޿‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ᚻᴺࠍ਄ᚻߊ೑↪ߒߚࠄ‫ޔ‬วℂ⊛ߥ᧚ᢱ⸳⸘߇ߢ߈ࠆߛࠈ߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ৻ㇱߩડᬺߩᣇ‫ߪޘ‬ᣢߦ᳇ߠ߈ᆎ߼ߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߶߁‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦⚿᭴ડᬺߩੱ߇⑳ߩߣߎࠈ߽߳ࠦࡦ࠲ࠢ࠻ߒߡ߈߹ߔࠃ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⑳ߪᐞේవ↢ߩߣߎࠈߪ‫ޔ‬ၮ␆⎇ⓥߩਛߢ߽․ߦၮ␆߆ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦޿߿‫ޕߔߢ޿ߥߪߢ߁ߘޔ‬ᰴߩࠬ࠹࠶ࡊߪ↥ᬺൻߦᓎ┙ߡߚ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߢࠅߊߠ‛ޕ‬ߔ‫ޕ‬ၮ␆⎇ⓥ߇޽ߞߡߎߘߪߓ߼ߡߒߞ߆ࠅߒߚ‛ߠߊࠅߦߟߥ߇ࠆߣ⏕ାߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦‛ߢߔߨ‫ߦࠅߊߠߩ߽ޕ‬ᓎ┙ߡࠃ߁ߣ޿߁ߎߣ‫ޕߚߒ߹ࠅ߆ࠊޔ‬   ߘ߁ߔࠆߣ‫ߣࠇߘޔ‬หᤨߦ੹ߜࠂߞߣ߅ߞߒ߾޿߹ߒߚߌߤ‫ޔ‬ℂ⺰⸘▚ߣᄢ߈ߥߟߥ߇ࠅ
߇޽ࠅ߹ߔߨ‫ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬Ⴆ↰వ↢߿ࠪࡘ࡞ࠟ࡯వ↢ߩߘ߁޿ߞߚℂ⺰⸘▚⊛ߥࠕࡊࡠ࡯࠴ߣ޿߁
߽ߩ߇‫ޔ‬㊀ⷐߦߥߞߡߊࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦㊀ⷐߦߥߞߡ߈߹ߔ‫ޔ߽ߤࠇߌࠆߊߡߞߥޕ‬ℂ⺰⸘▚ߛߌߢߪ൩⺰ਇචಽߢߔࠃ‫߁߽ޕ‬ήᢙߩ⚵ߺวࠊߖ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ߆ࠄ‫ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬㔚ሶ㗼ᓸ㏜ߢ‫ޔ‬ട߃ߚర⚛߇ߤߩ૏⟎ߦ޽ࠆ߆ߣ޿
߁ߎߣࠍ߹ߕ᛼ߐ߃ߡ߆ࠄ‫ࠆߔ▚⸘ߦࠬ࡯ࡌࠍࠇߘޔ‬ᔅⷐ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ේሶ㈩೉ߩᖱႎ߽૗߽ߥ
ߊߡ⸘▚ߒߚߞߡ‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬නߥࠆⓨᗐߩ਎⇇ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ߆ࠄ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߛ߆ࠄ⃻ታߦ‫ࠆ޽ࠍߩ߁޿ߣࠄ߆ߛ߁ߎߢ߹ߎߤޔ‬⒟ᐲࠢ࡝ࠕ࡯ߦߒߡ‫޿ߣࠆߔ▚⸘ޔ‬߁ߥࠄࠊ߆ࠆߌߤ‫ޔ‬૗߆ߎ߁޿߁ේሶߣේሶ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ߆ࠄ⸘▚ߒߡߊߛߐ޿ߢߪ૗߽಴ߡߎߥ
޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߛ߆ࠄ‫⸘ߣࠎ߾ߜޔ‬᷹ߒߚ߽ߩ߇޽ߞߡ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬Ⴆ↰వ↢ߣ߆ࠪࡘ࡞ࠟ࡯వ↢߇⸘▚ߒߡߊࠇࠆߩ߇ࠃ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫⎇߽ޘ‬ⓥቶߩਛߢ߽޽ࠆ⒟ᐲߩ⸘▚ߪ߿ߞߡ޿߹ߔࠃ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ᓧࠄࠇߚ᭴ㅧ࠺࡯࠲ߛߌߛߞߚࠄ‫౉ޔߡߞࠃߦ▚⸘ޕࠄ߆ߔ߹ࠅߥߦߌߛߚ⷗ߪࠇߘޔ‬ࠇߚ࠼࡯ࡄࡦ╬ߩ๟ࠅߩ㔚ሶ⁁ᘒ߇ߤ߁ߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣ߆‫ߣࠆ߆ࠊ߇ߣߎ߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ᯏ⢻ߩ੍᷹ߦߟߥ߇ࠆࠊߌߢߔࠃ‫⚿ޕ‬ว߇‫⚿ࡦࠝࠗ߫߃଀ޔ‬ว߆ࠄ౒᦭⚿วߦᄌࠊߞߡ޿ߚࠄ‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬ᒝߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣࠍ␜ໂߒ߹ߔ߆ࠄ‫ޔࠄ߆ߛޕߔ߹ࠅ߆ࠊߢ▚⸘ߢ߹ߣߎ߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ᚒ‫⸘ߡߞߣߦޘ‬▚ߪ⸘᷹࠺࡯࠲ࠍ⸃㉼ߔࠆᔅ㔛ຠߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᓧࠄࠇߚ࠺࡯࠲ࠍ⸃㉼ߔࠆߣߎࠈߢ⸘▚߇ᔅⷐߛߣ⠨߃ߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߚࠄࠃ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ේሶ㧝୘߇౉ߞߚࠅ‫߇࡯࠲ࠬ࡜ࠢޔ‬ਛߦߢ߈ߚࠅߒߡ‫ⶄߩߘޔ‬ว⊛ⷐ⚛ߣߒߡᯏ⢻߇⊒⃻ߔࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ⶄߩߘޕ‬ว⊛ⷐ⚛ߣߒߡ‫߈ߟ߮⚿ߩߘޔ‬ᣇߛߣ߆‫ߢߣߎ߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ᯏ⢻߇↢23߹ࠇߡߊࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘߎߢ㊀ⷐߦߥߞߡߊࠆߩߪ‫⇇߆ߣ⇇☸ޔ‬㕙ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߥߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁޿ߞߚᩰሶਇᢛว㗔ၞߦߪ࠼࡯ࡄࡦ࠻߿ਇ⚐‛ߥߤ߇㓸߹ࠅ߿ߔ޿ߢߔ߆ࠄ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦వ߶ߤߩ࠷࡯࡞ߩ߅⹤ߢ‫ޔ‬STEMߢታ㓙ߦⷰኤߔࠆߣ޿ߞߚ႐วߦߪ‫ߩ޿ࠄߊߩߤޔ‬න૏ߩ߽ߩࠍ⷗ߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦߽߁੹ߪᦨ㜞ಽ⸃⢻ߢ޿ߊߣ‫ޔ‬㧝ࠝࡦࠣࠬ࠻ࡠ࡯ࡓࠍಾߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㧝ࠝࡦࠣࠬ࠻ࡠ࡯
ࡓߣ޿߁ߩߪ㧜㧚㧝࠽ࡁࡔ࡯࠻࡞ߢߔࠃߨ‫ࠄ߆ߛޕ‬᳓⚛ේሶ߇⷗߃ࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦వ߶ߤߩ߅⹤ߢߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁޿߁⸳஻߇‫ޔ‬AIMRߩ౒ㅢ⸳஻ߣߒߡ߽ᣢߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦వ⒟ߩ߽ߩߠߊࠅߣߩ㑐ㅪߦᚯࠅ߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬వ↢ߩ႐วߪ‛ߩᕈ⾰ࠍᄌ߃ߡ޿ߊ਄ߢߩᣇ
ะᕈࠍ߅␜ߒߦߥࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ᜰ㊎ࠍᓧࠆߎߣࠍߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᜰ㊎ࠍᓧߡታ㓙ߦ૞ࠆߎߣ߽৻ㇱⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߤ߁߿ߞߡ૞ࠆߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦࠽ࡁ⸘᷹ࡊ࡜ࠬℂ⺰⸘▚ߢᓧߚ⸳⸘ᜰ㊎ࠍ↪޿ߡ‫ࠍ࠽ࡒ࡞ࠕ߫߃଀ޔ‬ᒝൻߔࠆߚ߼ߦߪ
ߤߩ⒳㘃ߩర⚛ࠍ౉ࠇߚࠄࠃ޿ߩ߆‫੹ޔߣߔ߹ࠅ߆ࠊ߇ߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬ᐲߪታ㓙ߩ὾⚿ߢߘࠇࠍᔕ
↪ߒߡ὾⚿૕ࠍ૞⵾ߔࠆ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ᜰ㊎ߣ޿߁Ꮉ਄ߩ㕙ߣ߽ߩߠߊࠅߣਔᣇ߆ࠄ᡹߼ࠆߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ߩࠢ࡞ࡃߥ⊛⚳ᦨޔߛߚޕ‬૞⵾ߪ߽߁଀߃߫ડᬺߩੱ߇߿ߞߡߊߛߐߞߚࠅ‫ޔ‬߶߆ߩ౒ห⎇ⓥ⠪߇ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬ᜰ㊎ࠍ↪޿ߡ߿ߞߡߊࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᚒ‫ߎߣߩ࡞ࡊࡦࠨޔ࡞࠺ࡕޔߪޘ‬ࠈࠍਥߦⴕߞߡ߅ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᜰ㊎ࠍᓧࠆߚ߼ߩࡕ࠺࡞‫ߢߎߎߪ࡞ࡊࡦࠨޔ‬૞ࠄࠇࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ࠅ߆ࠊޕ‬߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬
AIMRߣ಴ળ߁߹ߢ
ጤᧄ㧦వ↢ߪ਻Ꮊᄢቇߏ಴りߢߔߌߤ‫ޕ߆ߔߢߩߥࠄߜߤߪࠇ߹↢߅ޔ‬ᐞේ㧦↢߹ࠇߪਃ㊀⋵ߩᵤߢߔ‫ޕ‬Უᣇߩታኅ߇ർ਻Ꮊߢߒߚߩߢ‫਻ޔ‬Ꮊߦߪߥߓߺ߇޽ߞߚ߆
ࠄ਻ᄢߦⴕߞߚߩߢߔߌࠇߤ‫઀ߩⷫޕ‬੐ߩ㑐ଥߢਃ㊀⋵ߩᵤᏒ㧔ᣥਭዬᏒ㧕ߢ⢒ߜ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ᵤߦߪߤߩߊࠄ޿߹ߢ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ߞߚࠎߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ᵤߪ㜞ᩞ߹ߢߢߔ‫ޕ‬
ጤᧄ㧦AIMRߦ᧪ࠄࠇࠆ߹ߢ‫᧲ޔ‬ർᄢቇߣ߆઄บߦߪ㚔ᨴߺ߇޽ߞߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߪ޿‫਻ޕ‬Ꮊᄢቇߩ⑳ߩᕲᏧ߇‫᧲ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬ർᄢߩ㊄⎇ߦ߅ࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ߆ࠄ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߤߥߚߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ศ᳗ᣣ಴↵వ↢ߢߔ‫᧲ޕ‬ർᄢߩ㊄⎇ߢഥᢎ᝼߹ߢ߿ࠄࠇߡ‫਻ޔ‬ᄢߦᢎ᝼ߢ᧪ࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߩᣇ߇਻ᄢߩᕲᏧߢ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ࠆ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ศ᳗వ↢ߪ‫᧲ޔ‬ർᄢߩᐘ↰ᚑᐽవ↢ߩ⎇ⓥቶߦ߅ࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᐘ↰వ↢ߣ޿߁ߩߪዊ⺑

24ኅߩᐘ↰㔺઻ߩߏⷫᣖߢ‫ޔ‬㕖Ᏹߦ᦭ฬߥ㊄ዻ‛ℂߩవ↢ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ศ᳗వ↢߇㊄⎇߆ࠄ਻ᄢߦᢎ᝼ߢ
᧪ࠄࠇߡߘߎߢീᒝߐߖߡ㗂޿ߚߩ߇⑳ߦߣߞߡߪ㕖Ᏹߦࠃ߆ߞߚߢߔ‫ޕ‬ၮ␆ࠍ㕖Ᏹߦᄢಾߦߔ
ࠆవ↢ߢ‫ߩߩ߽ޔ‬⠨߃ᣇࠍ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߣቇ߮߹ߒߚ‫߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢ߽᧲ർᄢߦធὐ߇޽ࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕࠄ߆ࠈߎߩߘޕ‬ᐞේ㧦߹ߚ‫ޔ‬㧝㧡ᐕ⒟೨ߦ᧲ᄢߦഥᢎ᝼ߣߒߡ⿞છߒߚߣ߈ߩᢎ᝼߇‫᧲ޔ‬ർᄢቇߩ㊄ዻ♽߆ࠄ᧪ࠄࠇߚ૒ਭ㑆ஜੱవ↢ߢߒߡ‫⎇ߩࠬࠢ࠶ࡒ࡜࠮ޔ‬ⓥߦ㑐ߒߡ⦡‫ߏߣޘ‬ᜰዉࠍ㗂߈߹ߒߚ‫ޔߚ߹ޕ‬᧲ᄢߦ⿞છߔࠆ೨ߪ‫ޔߪ⑳ޔ‬ฬฎደߦ޽ࠆ⽷࿅ᴺੱࡈࠔࠗࡦ࠮࡜ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߩㇱ㐳ࠍߒߡ߅ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫߽ߡߞߣߦ⑳ߪ࡯࠲ࡦ࠮ߩߎޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦᄢ੐ߥ⎇ⓥᚲߢߒߡ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷߽౗ോߐߖߡ߽ࠄߞ
ߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨߩℂ੐㐳߇ᄢᯅᱜᤘ᳁ߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᄢᯅవ↢ߪ⃻࿷ߪฬၔᄢቇߩℂ੐㐳ࠍߐࠇߡ߅
ࠄࠇ੹ߢ߽⦡‫ߏߣޘ‬ᜰዉ㗂޿ߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬ᓐ߽߹ߚ᧲ർᄢቇߩ㊄ዻ♽ߩߏ಴りߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬㕙⊕޿ߎߣߦ㧟ੱߣ߽᧲ർᄢߩ㊄ዻߦࠁ߆ࠅߩ޽ࠆᣇ‫ޔߢޘ‬㧟ੱߣ߽㊄ዻቇળߩળ㐳ࠍᱧછߒߡ߅ࠄࠇ߹
ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߢߪ᧲ർᄢቇࠁ߆ࠅߩᣇߣߪ㓐ಽりㄭߦធߒߡ߅ࠄࠇߚߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦⚿ᨐߣߒߡࠁ߆ࠅߩᣇ‫߇ޘ‬਄มߛߞߚߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬਄มߦߪ㕖Ᏹߦᕺ߹ࠇߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߪ޿‫߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ᗧ๧ߢߪ᧲ർᄢߩ㊄ዻ߆ࠄߪታߦ޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥੱ᧚ࠍᣣᧄਛߦヘ಴ߒߡ߈ߚߣ޿߁ߩ߽޽ࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫᧲ߦ߆⏕ޕ‬ർᄢቇߛߌߦߣߤ߹ߞߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢߔߨ‫ߎߣߥࠎࠈ޿ޕ‬ࠈߢᵴべߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‫ߚߞ޿߁ߘޕ‬ᓇ㗀ߣ޿߁ߩߪᄢ߈޿ߢߔߨ‫ߚ߹ޕ‬ㅒߦ᧲ർᄢቇ⥄り߽‫⃻੹ޔ‬࿷߽޿ࠈࠎߥߣߎࠈ߆ࠄㅒߦవ↢ᣇࠍㄫ߃ߡ޿ࠆߒ‫ߣߛࠈߎߣ޿ߒࠄ߫ߔߪߎߘޔ‬ᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬  ߣߎࠈߢ‫ޔ‬వ↢ߪ਻Ꮊᄢቇࠍතᬺߐࠇߡ‫ࠇߘޔߡࠇࠄ౉ߦ࡯࠲ࡦ࠮ࠬࠢ࠶ࡒ࡜࠮ࡦࠗࠔࡈޔ‬߆ࠄ㧥㧝ᐕ߆ࠄߪ‫ࡉ࡯ࠩ࡝ࡦ࠲ࠬࠛ࠙ࠬ࡯ࠤޔ‬ᄢቇߦ޿߆ࠇ߹ߒߚߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ࠕࡔ࡝ࠞߩࠢ࡝࡯ࡉ࡜ࡦ࠼ߦ޽ࠆᄢቇߢߔ‫ߦߎߘޕ‬㧝ᐕඨ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߎߎߢ߽ਥߦ࠮࡜ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬߦߟ޿ߡߩ᧚ᢱಽᨆࠍߐࠇߡ޿ߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫⇇ߢߎߘޕ‬㕙ߢ߽ࡋ࠹ࡠ⇇㕙ߣ޿߁ߩࠍ⎇ⓥߒ߹ߒߚ‫⇇ࡠ࠹ࡋޕ‬㕙ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ߣࠬࠢ࠶ࡒ࡜࠮ޔ‬㊄ዻߩ⇇㕙ߣ߆ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߩߎࠈߩవ↢ߣߪ‫߈ߟ߅߽ߢ੹ޔ‬ว޿޽ࠅ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦㕖Ᏹߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᕲᏧߪ‫ޔ‬ォ૏⺰․ߦᩰሶᰳ㒱ߩኾ㐷ኅߩࡇࡠ࡯࠭ᢎ᝼ߣ࠮࡜ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬ
ߩኾ㐷ኅߩࡎࠗࡗ࡯ᢎ᝼ߢ‫ߡߖߐࠍ޿޽߈ߟ߅߽ߢ੹ޔ‬㗂޿ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇ߆ࠄ߹ߚࡈࠔࠗࡦ࠮࡜ࡒ࠶ࠢࠬ࠮ࡦ࠲࡯ߦᚯࠄࠇߡ‫ޔ‬㧥㧢ᐕ߆ࠄ᧲੩ᄢቇߦഥᢎ᝼
ߦߥࠄࠇߚߩߢߔߨ‫ᧄߣߞߕޕ‬ㇹߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ᧄㇹߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦వ↢ߩ႐วߦߪ‫߁߽ޔ‬AIMRഃ⸳ᒰೋ߆ࠄ⑳ߤ߽ߩPIߣߒߡ‫ޔ‬૬છߢ᧪ߡ޿ߚߛ޿ߡ޿ࠆ
⸶ߢߔ߇‫᧲ޔ‬ᄢߣ᧲ർᄢߩቇ㘑ߩ㆑޿ࠍᗵߓࠄࠇ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫᧚ࠅߪ߿ޕ‬ᢱߩ⎇ⓥߣ޿߁ᗧ๧ߢߪ‫᧲ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬ർᄢቇߩ߶߁߇᏷߽ᐢ޿ߒ‫ޔ‬

25ᷓߺ߇޽ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿ߢߔ߆ߨ‫߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢ‫߼ߓߪޔ‬PIߩ߅⺃޿߇޽ߞߚߣ߈߽‫᧲ޔ‬ർᄢቇߩ࠻࠶ࡊࠢ࡜ࠬߩ᧚ᢱ⑼ቇߩవ↢ᣇߣ⚵߼ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢ߅ᒁ߈ฃߌߒߚᰴ╙ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߿ߪࠅ᧲ർᄢቇߥࠄߢߪߩવ⛔ߣ޿߁߆‫ޔ‬ታቇ㊀ⷞߣ޿߁ߩ߇ᓇ㗀ߒߡ޿߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ታቇߣ޿߁߆‫᧚ޔ‬ᢱ⑼ቇߪ㕖Ᏹߦᒝ޿ߢߔߨ‫᧚ޕ‬ᢱቇߣ޿޿߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߪ߽߁‫ᧄޔ‬ᄙశᄥ㇢ඳ჻߆ࠄᆎ߹ߞߡߕߞߣㅪ✎ߚࠆᱧผ߇޽ࠅ߹ߔ߽ߩߨ‫ࠇߎޕ‬ߪ᳿ߒߡ᧲ᄢߦᲧߴߡ㆖⦡ߥ޿‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦㆖⦡ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ࠃࠅߪ‫᧚ޔ‬ᢱ⎇ⓥߣ޿߁ⷰὐ߆ࠄߪ߽߁ᢿὼൎߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿ߢߒ
ࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬
ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦᧲ർᄢߩ᧚ᢱ⎇ⓥߪ‫ޔ‬㊄ዻ‫᦭ޔࠬࠢ࠶ࡒ࡜࠮ޔ‬ᯏ᧚ᢱߥߤ㕖Ᏹߦ᏷ᐢߊߡᷓߺ߇޽ࠆ‫ޕ‬ߛ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬࿖㓙⊛ߦ߽᧚ᢱߢߪ৻⇟࡟ࡌ࡞߇㜞޿ߣ޿߁⹏ଔ߽ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔߨ‫ࠄ߆ߛޕ‬WPI߽᧲ർᄢߦߢ߈ߚߣᕁ߁ߩߢߔࠃ‫ޕ‬
AIMRߩ⺖㗴
ጤᧄ㧦WPI-AIMRߣ޿߁ߩߪߤ߁ߢߔ߆‫ߢࠇߎࠄ߆ߡ߈ߢޕ‬㧟ᐕඨߦߥࠅ߹ߔߌߤ‫⎇ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬ⓥ
ⅣႺߣߒߡߪ޿޿ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦޿޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߤ߁޿ߞߚὐ߇޿޿ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦⑳ߩ႐วߪ᧲ᄢߣ౗ോߩߚ߼‫ޔ‬ቯᦼ⊛ߦ᦬㧠ᣣ૏ߒ߆᧪ߡ޿ߥ޿ߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ
ߦ․ൻߢ߈ࠆⅣႺߦߥߞߡ޿߹ߔࠃߨ‫⧯ޕ‬ᚻߩ⎇ⓥ⠪߇⎇ⓥߦ․ൻߒߡൎ⽶ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߪ
޿޿ߢߔࠃ‫ޕ‬੗਄✚㐳߽“⎇ⓥਛᔃ”ߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߪታߦߔ߫ࠄߒ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦৻ᣇAIMRߪ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥߦ․ൻߒߡ޿ߡ‫߽߽ߤ⑳ߊߴࠆߥޔ‬వ↢ᣇߦ㔀↪ߪߐߖߥ޿ࠃ߁ߦߒ
ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߥ޿ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߣ‫ޔ‬૗‫ޘ‬ળ⼏‫ޔ‬૗‫ޘ‬ળ⼏ߣ޿߁ߩ߇ߤ߁ߒߡ߽ᄢ߈ߥᄢቇ߶ߤ޽ࠅ߹ߔࠃߨ‫ࠇߘޕ‬ߪߥࠆߴߊዋߥߊߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ߚߞ޿߁ߘޕ‬ὐߪ⏕߆ߦ㕖Ᏹߦ㆑޿߹ߔߢߒࠂ߁ߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߛ߆ࠄ⧯ᚻߩ㧟㧜ઍ೨ඨ߆ࠄᓟඨߦ߆ߌߡߩੱߪ⎇ⓥߦ㓸ਛߒߡ‫┹ޔ‬ߞߡ߿ࠆ‫⹏߇ࠇߘ߽߆ߒޕ‬ଔߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߆ࠄ‫ߪࠇߘޔ‬㕖Ᏹߦᄢ߈޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫᧪ޔ߽ߤ⑳ߦ․ޕ‬ᐕߩ㧠᦬߆ࠄ╙㧞ᦼߩ㧡ᐕߦ౉ࠆࠊߌߢ‫ߩ੹ߦ߈ߣߩߘޔ‬ਛၷࠢ࡜ࠬߣ޿߁߆‫ޔ‬PIߢߪߥ޿ߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬ಎᢎ᝼߿⻠Ꮷߥߤߩੱߚߜ߇․ߦ㗎ᒛߞߡ޿߹ߔࠃ
ߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦㗎ᒛߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޔࠄ߆ߛޕ‬છᦼ߽ߟ߈ߥ߇ࠄ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆ⁁ᴫߦ޽ࠆߣ߿ߪࠅ‫ޔ‬㕖Ᏹߦ✕ᒛᗵࠍᜬߞߡ⎇ⓥߢ߈ߡ޿޿ߩߢߪߥ޿ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦޽ߣ߽߁৻ߟ‫ޔ‬WPIߩ․⦡ߣߒߡ࿖㓙ᕈࠍᮡ᭙ߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬వ↢ߩ⎇ⓥቶߦ߽ᄖ࿖ੱߩ
⎇ⓥ⠪߇૗ੱ߆޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ‫ߚߞ޿߁ߘޔ‬ᣇ‫ޔߪޘ‬ഀߣṁߌㄟࠎߢ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁
ᗵߓߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬

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ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ߢࠈߎߣߩ⑳੹ޕ‬ഥᢎࠍߒߡ޿ࠆߩߪ₺ำߣ⧯ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪ߥߩߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬ᓐߪ㕖Ᏹߦ㗎ᒛߞߡ޿߹ߔࠃ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ᓐߪ㗎ᒛߞߡ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ߽ߡ⷗ࠍߩ߽ߥࠎࠈ޿ޕ‬   ․ߦవ↢ߩ⎇ⓥቶߢߪ‫⧯ߡߞ߿߁ߘޔ‬ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪ߩᜰዉߦ޽ߚߞߡ᳇ࠍ૶ߞߚࠅߒߡ޿ࠆߣ
ߎࠈߪߏߑ޿߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘࠇߪ‫ޔ‬Ᏹߦᔀᐩߒߚ࠺ࠖࠬࠞ࠶࡚ࠪࡦࠍߒ߹ߔ‫ߪࡦ࡚ࠪ࠶ࠞࠬࠖ࠺ޕ‬ᒰὼߢߔߌߤ‫ޕ‬޽ߣ‫⧯ޔ‬ᚻ߆ࠄ಴ߡ߈ߚᗧ⷗ߪ‫ߊߴࠆߥޔ‬ዅ㊀ߒߥ߇ࠄ⎇ⓥߩᣇะᕈࠍ᳿߼ߡ޿ߊࠎߢߔߌߤ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߥࠆ߶ߤ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦޽ࠎ߹ࠅ‫߁޿ߣޠ޿ߖޔࠇߎޟ‬ᗵߓߢߪߥߊߡㅴ߼߹ߔ‫ߪࡦࠗ࡜࠻࠙ࠕޕ‬᳿߼߹ߔߌߤ
ߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߒࠂ߁ߨ‫ޔߤߌߛޕ‬ഀߣ޿ࠈࠎߥ⠨߃ᣇࠍዅ㊀ߒߡ߿ࠄߖߡ޿ߎ߁ߣ‫߹ࠅ߆ࠊޕ‬ߒߚ‫ߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬ᚒ‫ᧄ߽ޘ‬ᒰߦ╙㧞ᦼ㗎ᒛߞߡ޿߆ߥߊߜ߾޿ߌߥ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬  ߎࠇ߆ࠄਛᦼߦะ߆ߞߡ޿ߊࠊߌߢߔߌࠇߤ‫ޔ‬వ↢ߩ⋡߆ࠄߏࠄࠎߦߥߞߡ‫ޔ‬ᒰὼAIMRߞ
ߡ߽߁ߜࠂߞߣߎ߁ߥߞߚࠄ޿޿ߩߦߣ߆ߣ޿߁ߘ߁޿߁ߏᏗᦸߣ߆ᦼᓙߣ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦߽ߞߣⲢวࠍㅴ߼ߚ߶߁߇޿޿ߢߒࠂ߁ߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ߣ߁޿ߣ߆ࠄߜߤߪߜߚ⑳ޔ‬ᄖ߆ࠄ᧪ߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫߫߃଀ޕ‬㧡ᤨ߆ࠄ࠹ࠖ
࡯࠲ࠗࡓࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠈ޿ࠈ⹤ߒ߹ߒࠂ߁ߣ޿߁ߣ߈߽‫ޔ‬ቇ↢ࠍᜬߞߡAIMRࠍ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆੱߣ‫ޔ‬ᚒ‫ߦ޿ߚߺޘ‬ቇ↢ߥߒߢ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆੱߣ㓸߹ࠅᣇߩ㆑޿߇಴߹ߔࠃߨ‫ࠅߪ߿ޕ‬ਛߩੱߣ߽߁ዋߒ
ࡒࡘ࡯࠴ࡘࠕ࡞ߦ߿ߞߚ߶߁߇޿޿ߥߣᗵߓ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߽߁ߔߋᣂ᫟߇ߢ߈ߡ‫ߚ߹ߦߎߘޔ‬㕍⪲ጊ߆ࠄࠊߞߣ⎇ⓥ⠪߇᧪ࠆߩߢ‫ᦼߪࠇߘޔ‬ᓙߒߡ޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽‫߽ࠇߘ߽ߢޔ‬නߦߘࠇࠍᓙߞߡ޿ࠆߛߌߢ߽޿ߌߥ޿‫ޕ‬ታߪࠬ࠲࠶ࡈࡒ࡯࠹ࠖ
ࡦࠣߣ࠹ࠖ࡯࠲ࠗࡓࠍ߁߹ߊㅪേߐߖࠃ߁ߣ߆‫ߥࠎߘޔ‬Ꮏᄦ߽ߒߡ޿߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ߣߞࠂߜޕ‬⠨߃߹ߒࠂ߁‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߎߩ઀⚵ߺࠍ߁߹޿ߎߣ߿ࠆߣ‫ߣߞ߽ޔ‬ᒝജߦߥࠆߢߒࠂ߁ߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޔ߽ߤࠇߌߔߢࠎߥߣߎࠆ޿ߡࠇࠊ⸒ߊࠃߪࠇߎޕ‬AIMRߩ႐วߦߪ‫ޔ‬ᐞේవ↢ࠍೋ߼‫ޔ‬వ↢߅৻ੱ৻ੱߪ‫ࠎߐ⊝ޔ‬㧠⇟ࡃ࠶࠲࡯ߥࠎߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘࠇߪ޽ࠆ߆߽ࠊ߆ࠄߥ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬
ጤᧄ㧦WPIߪ‫Ⲣޔ‬ว⎇ⓥߣ޿߁ߩࠍᄢ߈ߊᛂߜ಴ߒߡ޿߹ߔߌߤ‫ޔ‬వ߶ߤ߅ߞߒ߾ࠄࠇߚߘ߁޿
߁ℂ⺰ߣߩ౒ห⎇ⓥߣ޿߁߽ߩ‫ࠆ޽ߪࠇߎޔ‬ᗧ๧ߢᒰὼߢߒࠂ߁߇‫ޔ‬వ↢ߩ⎇ⓥቶߪ‫ࡈ࠰ߚ߹ޔ‬࠻ࡑ࠹࡝ࠕ࡞ߣ߆ߣ߽㑐ଥߒߡ߈߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߒ߹ߔߨ‫ߣ߁޿ߣ߆ࠄߜߤߪࠇߘ߽ߢޕ‬ήᯏ᧚ᢱ‫ޕ‬Ꮉፒవ↢߿㒙ዥవ↢ߣ‫⎇߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ⓥࠍዋߒ߿ߞߡ޿߹ߔߌߤ‫ޔ‬ᵻየవ↢߿৻᧖వ↢ߣ߽੹߿ߞߡ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦Ⲣว⎇ⓥߣ޿߁߽ߩࠍㅢߓߡᣂߒ޿ቇℂࠍ↢ߺ಴ߔߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇૶๮ߢߔ߆ࠄߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ࡀࠗ࠴ࡖ࡯ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⹹ߢߪ‫Ⲣޔ‬ว⎇ⓥߢ‫ޔ‬Ꮉፒవ↢ߣႦ↰వ↢ߣ⚵ࠎߛⲢว⎇ⓥߩᚑᨐࠍ಴ߐߖߡ޿ߚߛ߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧔Nature Communications Volume 1, Article number 106‫ޔ‬

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“Dimensionality-driven insulator-metal transition in A-site excess non-stoichiometric perovskites”㧕੹ᐲᎹፒవ↢ߩࠣ࡞࡯ࡊߣ⚵ࠎߛ⎇ⓥߪ‫ߦ⹹ࠬࡦࠛࠗࠨޔ‬಴߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧔Science 332 (2011) 1065-1067‫ޔ‬“Electrically Induced Ferromagnetism at Room Temperature in Cobalt-Doped Titanium Dioxide”㧕ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁޿߁࠻࠶ࡊࠫࡖ࡯࠽࡞ߦ߽ᚒ‫Ⲣߩޘ‬ว⎇ⓥߩᨐታ߇಴ߡߊࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔࠃߨ‫Ⲣޕ‬ว⎇ⓥ߽ᚑᨐ߇ߎ߁߿ߞߡ߽߁಴ߡ߈ߡ޿ࠆࠊߌߢߔ߆ࠄ‫ߤࠍࠇߎޔ‬ࠎߤࠎᷓ߼ߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇߿ߪࠅ㊀ⷐߥߩߢߒࠂ߁ߨ‫ޕ‬   ޽ߣ߽߁৻ߟ‫ޔߤࠇߌߔߢߩ߁ુߡߒߦ޿ߚߺ⺰⥸৻߽ߟ޿߽ࠇߎޔ‬వ߶ߤ㧟㧜ઍ‫ޔ‬㧠㧜ઍߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߪࠃߊ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁߅⹤ߢߒߚߌߤ‫৻ޔ‬ᣇߢߪ߽ߞߣ⧯޿࡟ࡌ࡞‫ޔ‬㧞㧜ઍߣ߆‫ޔ‬ࡐࠬ࠼ࠢߥߤ߽฽߼ߡ‫ߦ․ޔ‬ᣣᧄੱߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߪ‫ޔ‬ᒁ߈ߎ߽ࠅߛߣ߆‫ⷓ߆ߥ߆ߥޔ‬᳇߇ߥ޿ߣ߆‫ޔ‬ߘߩὐߪߤ߁߅⠨߃ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ಽ㊁ߦ߽ࠃࠆߣᕁ޿ߔߨ‫⎇ߩ⑳ޕ‬ⓥቶߩ⧯ᚻߪ৻ᔕర᳇ߥࠎߢߔߌߤߨ‫ోߦ߆⏕ޕ‬૕ࠍ⷗ࠆߣర᳇ߩߥ޿ੱ߽޿߹ߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬   ޽ߣዊቇᩞ߆ࠄߩᢎ⢒ߢ‫ࠅ߹ࠎ޽ޔ‬ℂ⑼ࠍᾲᔃߦ߿ߞߡ޿ߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߩߪᓇ㗀ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ
ᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ℂ⑼㔌ࠇࠍഥ㐳ߒߡ޿ࠆߢߒࠂ߁ߨ‫ޕ‬⑼ቇ໪⊒ጤᧄ㧦߿ߪࠅߘ߁޿߁ߩࠍഥ㐳ߒߡ޿߹ߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬వ↢ߪ‫߅ޔ‬ዊߐ޿ߎࠈ߆ࠄ߿ߪࠅߎ߁޿ߞߚ
⑼ቇߣ߆‫⥝ߦߣߎߚߞ޿߁ߘޔ߆ߣࠅߊߠߩ߽ޔ‬๧ࠍᜬߞߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߒߚ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦⑼ቇ⊛ߥ߽ߩߩ⠨߃ᣇ߿‛ℂߦߟ޿ߡߪ‫ޔ‬ਛቇ↢ߩ㗃߆ࠄ⥝๧߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ਛቇߣ޿߁ߣ‫ޔ‬వ↢ߪ㧝㧥㧡㧤ᐕ↢߹ࠇߛ߆ࠄ㧝㧥㧣㧜ᐕߋࠄ޿ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ᦺ᳗ඳ჻߇ࡁ࡯ࡌ࡞⾨ࠍߣߞߚߩ߇㧢㧡ᐕߢߒߚ߆‫౏ޕ‬ኂ໧㗴ߥߤ߇಴ߡ߈߹ߒߚߌࠇ
ߤ߽‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨߪ‫⑼ࠅߪ߿߽ߢࠇߘޔ‬ቇᛛⴚߦኻߔࠆᄞߣ޿߁ߩߪ޽ࠅ߹ߒߚ߽ߩߨ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘ߁‫ࡠࡐࠕޕ‬㧝㧝ภߩ᦬㕙⌕㒽ߥߤ߇޽ߞߚࠅߒߡ‫⑼ޔ‬ቇᛛⴚߪ዁᧪ߔߏ޿ߎߣߦߥࠆ
ߥߣߺࠎߥᕁ߁ߓ߾ߥ޿ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔࠃߨ‫ߣࠇߘޕ‬ቇᩞߩవ↢߽߅߽ߒࠈ޿⹤ࠍߒߡߊࠇߚࠅߣ߆‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ℂ⑼ߩߨ‫ࠄ߆޿ࠈߒ߽߅ߪࠇߎޕ‬ℂ⑼ࠍ߿ࠈ߁ߣ޿߁߰߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߔࠃߨ‫ߩ੹߇ࠇߘޕ‬ዊቇᩞߪ޽߹ࠅߥ޿ࠃ߁ߥ᳇߇ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߥࠎߢߔߨ‫৻ޕ‬ᣇAIMRߢߪ‫ࡈࠞࠬࡦࠛࠗࠨޔߡߒߣࠖ࠹ࡆࠖ࠹ࠢࠕ࠴࡯࡝࠻࠙ࠕޔ‬ࠚߦ੹ᐲ಴ࠃ߁ߣ߆‫ߚߞ޿߁ߘޕߔ߹޿ߡߞ߿ࠈ޿ࠈ޿ޔ‬㕙ߢ߽߹ߚవ↢ߚߜߦ߽޿ࠈ޿ࠈߣ߅
਎⹤ߦߥࠆ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎߌࠇߤ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦޽ߣߪࡑࠬࠦࡒߩ߶߁ߦ߽‫⽿ࠅߪ߿ޔ‬છ߇޽ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭዋߒߕߟߘ߁޿߁⑼ቇ
⇟⚵߇᡼ᤋߐࠇࠆࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ߈ߚߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ߆ߣ࡞ࡀࡦࡖ࠴࡯࡝ࡃࠞࠬࠖ࠺ߣߊ޿ߦࠞ࡝ࡔࠕޔ‬⑼ቇߩㇱደߣ߆‫ޔ‬ኾ↪࠴ࡖࡦࡀ࡞߇޽ࠅ߹ߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ᣣᧄߩ႐วߪ‫߽ߡ⷗ࠍߎߤߪࡆ࡟࠹ޔ‬ẂᚽᏧ߇಴ߡ޿ߡࠊߞߣ߿ߞߡ‫ޔ‬㕙⊕߅߆ߒߊㆊߏߒߡ޿ߌ߫ࠃ޿ߣ޿߁ࠃ߁ߥ㘑ầࠍ⧯⠪ߦਈ߃ߡ޿
28߹ߔ‫ߣ߆߁ߤߪࠇ޽ޕ‬ᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⑼ቇ⇟⚵ߣ޿߁ߣNHKߢዋߒ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆ⒟ᐲߢߥ޿ߢߒࠂ߁߆‫ޕ‬൩⺰⎇ⓥ⠪߇⎇ⓥ⠪ߩ↢ߩჿߢ⹤ߔߎߣ߽ᄢ੐ߛߒ‫ߡߒ࠻ࠗ࠹࡝ࡊ࡯࠲ࡦࠗߚ߹ࠍࠇߘޔ‬࿖᳃ߦࠊ߆ࠅ߿ߔ޿ᒻߢવ߃
ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽㊀ⷐߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫߁޿߁ߘߪ࠴࡯࡝࠻࠙ࠕޕ‬ᓎഀࠍᜬߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᐞේ㧦ߘࠇߪJSTߩർỈℂ੐㐳߽ࠃߊ߅ߞߒ߾ߞߡ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ർỈవ↢ߣ߆‫ޔ‬JST⥄り߽⑼ቇߩℂ⸃Ⴧㅴߦ㕖Ᏹߦᾲᔃߢߔࠃߨ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟᐕ㊄⽶ᜂ╬߇Ⴧ߃ߡ޿ߊਛߢ‫⑼ޔ‬ቇᛛⴚ߳ߩ౏⊛ᛩ⾗ࠍჇ߿ߒߡ޿ߊߦߪ‫⑼ޔ‬ቇᛛⴚߦኻߔࠆ࿖᳃ߩࠨࡐ࡯࠻߇ᄢ
߈ߥࠞࠡߦߥࠅ߹ߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬ᧄᣣߪ㐳ᤨ㑆ߦ޽ߚࠅ⾆㊀ߥ߅⹤ߒࠍߤ߁߽᦭ࠅ㔍߁ߏߑ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㧞㧜㧝㧝ᐕ㧡᦬㧞㧡ᣣ
WPI-AIMRࠕࡀ࠶ࠢࠬ᫟ ᐞේ⎇ⓥቶߦߡ ੐ോㇱ㐷㐳 ጤᧄ ᷤ



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shop-bought long, thin split bamboo strips and so on. This experience may help the
production of experiment devices in my work.
I: I see. The roots go back to your childhood.
By the way, what did you study at the graduate school at the University of Tokyo?
T: Actually, I was working for a company before I went to the graduate school.
I: Was it a manufacturing company?
T: Yes. I was assigned to a factory that produces cathode-ray tubes, where I worked withfactory workers to handle defective products. In addition, as I belonged to the development
department, I also worked with production line workers and developed various products suchas image pick up tubes.
I: I see. After the experience in the field, why did you go back to the university?
Encounter with Photoemission Spectroscopy
T: I worked for the development department for about three years, but I felt I was lacking
knowledge, and I also became interested in photoemission spectroscopy while I was working
for the company. This is actually related to Tohoku University.
I: How come?
T: My direct manager studied in the Department of Applied Physics in Tohoku University. I
learned a lot about research and development from him. One day he showed me an article
about photoemission spectroscopy, saying, “This is very interesting, and I wonder if you want
to try it”. I read the article and thought it was a very interesting experiment. I wondered how I
could do something like this by myself, and then came to the conclusion that I had to go backto a university for further study. That was my first contact with Tohoku University.
Unfortunately, the manager passed away in an accident while I was still working there. He
was three or four years older than me. I saw him dedicating himself to research and study in apleasant manner and felt the spirit of Tohoku University.
I: So you became acquainted with Tohoku University through that person.
T: I had no relation to Tohoku University before then.
I: Then you went to the graduate school at the University of Tokyo.
T: I looked for a laboratory where I could study photoemission spectroscopy as a graduate
student. Then I found that Harada Laboratory in the Department of Chemistry. I went to see
the professor and took the exam. Later I found out that I was the first graduate student inHarada Lab. This is how I came to study photoemission spectroscopy and chemistry at thegraduate school.
I: Chemistry too?
T: I studied a lot of things in the Harada Lab, including organic materials, photochemical


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placed in an “excited state” and they are emitted from the material. This is called the external
photoelectric effect in physics. It is based on the photon hypothesis proposed by Einstein in
1905, which argues that light consists of particles. When particles of light hit electrons, theelectrons absorb the energy and are emitted outside. Although Einstein is famous for thetheory of relativity, he actually won the Nobel Prize for the photoelectric effect.
I: Oh, really. Then when the electrons within the material are exposed to light, they become
excited and come out. What happens after that?
T: These electrons originally existed in the material. A material is basically a conjugate ofelectrons and an atomic nucleus. However, the basic property of a material is determined byelectrons, not by the atomic nucleus. For example, an atomic nucleus is like the pillars thatstructure a house, and electrons are like the people who live in the house. The atmosphere of
the house heavily depends on the characteristics of the people who live there. Similarly, theproperty of a material depends on the property of its electrons. For this reason, researchers
want to observe electrons to study their property. However, it is very difficult to see electrons
when they are inside a material. Having said that, since the electrons are emitted from amaterial in the external photoelectric effect, it is possible to study the property of electrons inprecise detail. Therefore, we can say that photoemission spectroscopy is a very direct andhighly accurate experiment method.
I: I see. You can see the electrons as they are.
T: Yes. Since electrons originally existed in a material, if you study the property of theemitted electrons you will be able to understand the state of them when they were inside thematerial. Their state is exactly same as the electronic state of the material, and can be used as
basic information for investigating the cause of various material properties, such as
superconductivity.
I: So different types of electrons will come out depending on which material you shine a lighton.
T: Yes, although they are all electrons, just like every human has a different face, eachelectron has a different property, such as energy, momentum or spin. When a material
becomes superconductive, the electrons come out in the superconductive state. In short, theelectrons are taken outside the material while maintaining the same state as they are inside thematerial. Since electrons can be taken out in the superconductive state, you can study them ina very direct way.
I: So it really leads to solving the mechanism of physical property.
T: Yes, exactly. Photoemission spectroscopy is a relatively new experiment method and was
not explored until 30-40 years ago, but it has been rapidly developing in accordance with theresearch on high-temperature superconductors.


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about 100 milli-electron volts, so we managed to increase it more than one digit.
I: I see. I heard that such Spin-resolved ARPES with high resolution is internationallyrecognized as an excellent machine.
T: In terms of the resolution, it is the best in the world.
I: I don’t mean to talk about the budget screening process which took place two years ago,
but who has the second best machine?
T: Various countries in the world have started following us and developing such machines
recently. I heard there is a very good machine in Switzerland. I also heard that the UnitedStates has also started development.
I: So you are competing with such countries, in a sense.
T: Yes. It is machine development competition.
I: So, you have three ARPES machines.
T: Yes. Two of them are operating, and one is currently not used as it will be modified forstudent experiment purposes. We are going to start building the fourth machine under the
Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S).
I: When are you actually going to start building it?
T: Starting from this year, I think it will take three to four years to complete.
I: There is of course no ready-made machine, so you and the members of your lab are going
to develop it here.
T: Yes. We will be in charge of design and architecture. Based on that, we will place an order
to a manufacture to produce the machine. We will provide a design draft that incorporates
new ideas and a rough draft.
I: I guess your experience in manufacturing helps a lot for background.
T: Yes, exactly.
From Superconductors and Spintronics to Green Materials
I: By the way, recently your lab has been publishing new research results one after another innewspapers. The most recent ones include iron-based high-temperature superconductor,
copper-oxide high-temperature superconductors, and graphene. In particular, the results of theiron-based high-temperature superconductor were published in “Physics Today” this year,
wasn’t it? (http://blogs.physicstoday.org/thedayside/2011/04/fashionable-physics.html)
In addition, there is topological insulator. Are these four results all the fruit of ARPES?
T: Yes, they are. Basically, ARPES is the only experiment method, so we use ARPES toanalyze the materials that are attracting attention.
I: I see. For example, the iron-based high-temperature superconductor was discovered byProfessor Hosono from the Tokyo Institute of Technology. What kind of approach did you

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take for that subject?
T: Obviously, the most basic problem is how superconductivity is caused. This can beclarified by directly observing superconductive electrons. Photoemission spectroscopy
enables us to extract superconductive electrons from a material as they are and observe theirproperties. This cannot be easily done in other experiment methods.
I: Why is superconductivity important here?
T: Before the discovery of superconductivity in 1986, it was considered thatsuperconductivity occurs at an ultralow temperature, such as liquid helium at the temperatureof 4 Kelvin, minus 270 degrees Celsius, which is a very different world from ours. However,
the temperature of high-temperature superconductors can be as high as 160 Kelvin. Therefore,liquid nitrogen with a boiling point of 77 Kelvin can be used. Liquid nitrogen is liquefied
atmospheric nitrogen and is almost inexhaustible. It is very cheap too. So we can produce
superconductivity by using a very low-cost refrigerant, which will save a lot of energy. For
example, oil is pumped up in the Arabian Peninsula and transported by oil tankers. This
consumes a lot of energy and time. However, if superconductive cables are used, it will bepossible to burn oil at the site to produce electricity, and then transmit the electricity to Japan
without any transmission loss. It will save a lot of energy.
I: I see. Professor Hitosugi also told me so.
T: Actually, I heard this plan had already been developed and JST had started working on it.
I: That will bring a significant economic effect, won’t it?
T: Yes, it will be an immeasurable economic effect. That is why superconductivity is
considered to be very important as an energy measure.
I: And it is related to green materials which AIMR is currently working on.
T: Yes, exactly. Since there is no electric resistance, there will be no transmission loss. So, a
lot of energy will be saved.
I: I see.
T: For example, it is said that in hydraulic power generation, by the time the electricity istransmitted from a dam to a town, 10% of it will be already lost. This loss can be reduced tozero, which is groundbreaking.
I: I see. Then is this what your research was about on the iron-based high-temperature
superconductors we discussed earlier?
T: Yes. However, the superconducting transition temperature is lower in terms of iron-based
high-temperature superconductors.
I: In other words, you discovered the cause of suppression.
T: Yes. I proposed that if the cause is eliminated, the superconducting transition temperature
can be increased.


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computers become hot after being used for a long time. It is because they use electronics, andif spintronics is used, such loss will be eliminated.
I: This is also green.
T: Since modern large-scale computers tend to become very hot during operation, they haveto be cooled down by large-scale air cooling devices in order to prevent overheating, which
consumes enormous energy. However, it will not be necessary for spintronics computers. The
topological insulator is attracting attention as a spintronics material. The reason is that the useof topological insulators enables us to line up electron spins.
I: What is the topological insulator exactly?
T: In general materials, electron spins are facing various different directions and it is difficult
to control them. On the other hand, electron spins are lined up in a certain direction on thesurface of a topological insulator. However, it is not very easy to find out which material is a
topological insulator. It can be estimated by theoretical calculation, but in reality, it can be
only found out when an electronic state is analyzed and observed at the spin level. For thisreason Spin-resolved ARPES is very effective.
I: I see. Whether or not something is a topological insulator can be determined by whether or
not the spins are lined up to the same direction. Is it right?
T: Yes. You only need to check whether electron spins are lined up or not. So this is where
Spin-resolved ARPES comes in handy.
Ambition for Fusion Research
I: AIMR has been promoting fusion research all together. As you described, your research isrelated to various fields, such as BMG, organic materials, and devices.
T: Yes. Although I am currently studying superconductors, I studied organic materials andeven biomaterials when I was a student. Actually, biomaterial is a subject of photoemission
spectroscopy. My research subject was rhodopsin in the optic nerves, and I studied electriccharge distributions around the retinal molecules that play a central role in optic response byusing photoemission spectroscopy. I achieved interesting results and wrote several papers. I
think they were one of the first papers on biomaterial research using photoemission
spectroscopy.
I: I see. Researches can spread across various fields.
T: As for AIMR, there are various people making various materials. Whether it is metal orsoft material, all of them can be research subjects for ARPES. If there are some interestingmaterials, I would like to hear about them so that we can promote fusion research more
actively.
I: I see. The more participation from staff in other fields is expected, isn’t it?
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T: Yes, they are welcome.
I: You were in Graduate School of Science for a long time then came to AIMR. It’s been
about four years now. What do you think of the atmosphere of AIMR?
T: Let me see. I think it will be better if PIs communicate with each other more actively.
I: I see. We finally started holding PI meetings last year, and I am hoping the completion of
the new building will make a change.
T: I hope so too.
I: We know each other’s name through papers, but as we all belong to the same organization,
I think there should be more mutual exchanges.
T: I agree. Since WPI has been established, for example, we started joint research ongraphene related to spintronics with Professor Miyazaki’s lab, as well as measuring metallic
glass samples received from the BMG Group. In this sense, some new fusion research has
already started.
I: Yes, indeed. Professor Miyazaki is specialized in tunnel magnetoresistance in the field of
spintronics.
T: Yes.
I: You are connected by “spins”.
T: Yes, we provide or receive samples from each other.
I: So, you come to the Katahira Campus more frequently now, which will make you evenmore involved in fusion research.
T: I think so. We moved the Spin-resolved ARPES machine to the Katahira Campus so that
we can work with all other researchers.
I: By the way, did the earthquakes last March cause any damage to the ARPES devices?
T: Some joints of the vacuum devices were damaged, but luckily, there seems to be noserious damage to the core part of the energy analyzers and spin detectors.
I: I see. Joints and such parts are likely to be affected.
T: At the moment, we are repairing the Spin-resolved ARPES machine in Katahira, withproblems such as electric discharge and vacuum leakage, and we are working on the final
adjustment in order to restart measurement in the initial high resolution as soon as possible.
Expectations for Young Researchers
I: Professor Souma is currently working as an Assistant Professor in your lab. Who else from
WPI is in your lab?
T: Assistant Professor Sugawara, Research Associate Arakane, and a doctoral course student
Takayama.
I: I see. They all seem to be working very hard.
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T: We are a very small group, so they have to do two or three people’s jobs.
I: Is there anyone from abroad?
T: We had Assistant Professor Pierre Richard, but he was head-hunted by a Chinese institute.
I: I guess we can say that he really grew up here.
T: Yes. He worked very hard with us.
I: He is currently working as a professor of physics in the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
isn’t he?
T: Yes. He has become really successful. He is originally from Canada, but moved to Boston
before he came to Japan.
I: Perhaps he heard of ARPES and came to join your lab?
T: Maybe.
I: He is a good example of brain circulation.
T: Yes, indeed. We now have an American master’s course student in our lab. He is from
Illinois. He wanted to study in Japan and came to study here at his own expense.
I: Impressive. So, he was also attracted to your research.
T: I would like to support him financially, but we haven’t found a way to provide him withfinancial aid so far, which is a problem.
I: I see. It must be difficult. Although I often hear professors saying that young researchers,
especially in AIMR, are working very hard, it is generally said that recent young people are
not very energetic or are too reclusive. What do you think about this?
T: Well, I admit that they seem to be less aggressive these days.
I: But they are hard-working.
T: Yes, they are. Some students are really motivated, too. The number ratio may have been
decreased from the past, but there are still some. So, I think it is important to nurture such
students properly. We need to nurture them with care so that they can develop their ability
and self-awareness, then they will do the rest by themselves.
I: With care.
T: Yes, but it doesn’t mean that we should spoon-feed them. The students have their own
strong motivation for research and development. They will grow very fast and significantlywith just a little push.
I: It is certainly important to adjust support for such motivated students.
T: That is actually the difficult part, and I can only talk from my experience. I think theimportant thing is to raise their motivation higher and higher.
I: Could you summarize your message to young people?
T: Let me see. I always tell the students who come to my lab to “gather experimental data bythemselves”. “It is your own experimental data. Nobody else in the world knows about it,

40

except you.” Then I say, “Because you are the only person who knows about it, you mustcomplete the research by yourself”. This is actually based on my experience. In the world of
research, there are very few people who are looking at the same thing in the world. Thismeans that you are the first person to see what you are looking at in the world. What aremarkable thing it is!
I: Yes, it is.
T: So, “You have to deal with your data properly.” This was what my professors told me
when I was a student.
I: I totally agree with you. Certainly, it is very rare to see the same phenomena twice, one
after another, in natural scientific experiments.
T: It is important to tell them that they are already leading the world, they are the frontrunners.
I: Yes, indeed.
T: So, they are running at the very front line of the world.
I: I see. Each of them is a front-runner.
By the way, I heard you publish a calendar every year (see photograph).
T: Yes, we make a calendar that contains images of data
which we obtained in a year, and then send
them to researchers abroad. They are very
popular and we have been making them forabout six or seven years now.
I: Perhaps AIMR should do something like this.
T: I think we should.
I: Thank you very much for your time today. It
was very educational to learn about suchcomplicated topics in a simple way. We willcontinue our efforts, and we appreciate yourcooperation very much.



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WPI-AIMR PI 㜞ᯅ㓉ᢎ᝼ߦ⡞ߊ(Interview with Professor Takashi Takahashi㧙Japanese version)৻ੱ߭ߣࠅ߇ࡈࡠࡦ࠻࡜ࡦ࠽࡯
⑼ቇ߳ߩ㑐ᔃ
ጤᧄ㧦੹ᣣߪ߅ᔔߒ޿ߣߎࠈ‫ߦ࡯ࡘࡆ࠲ࡦࠗޔ‬ᔕߓߡ޿ߚߛ߈᦭㔍߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫⑼߽ߘ߽ߘޕ‬ቇߦ⥝๧ࠍ߽ߚࠇߚߩߪ‫ߟ޿ޔ‬㗃߆ࠄߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ዊቇ↢ߩ㗃ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ක⠪ߩ฀ῳ߇‫ޔ‬ᄐભߺߩኋ㗴ߩᓎߦ┙ߟࠃ߁ߦߣẂ↹ߩ⑼ቇ
߿↢‛ߣ޿ߞߚᧄࠍ⾈ߞߡ߈ߡߊࠇߡ‫ࠎ߳޿ߚޔߢࠎ⺒ࠍࠇߘޔ‬㕙⊕ߘ߁ߛߣᕁ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦੹ߢ߽޽ࠆߩߢߒࠂ߁߇‫ޔ‬ᤄߪ⚿᭴ߘ߁޿߁ᧄ߇޽ࠅ߹ߒߚߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦޿ࠈ޿ࠈ޽ࠅ߹ߒߚߨ‫ޕ‬ᚒ߇ኅߦߪߘ߁޿ߞߚℂ⑼♽ߩ⠪߇߶ߣࠎߤ޿ߥ߆ߞߚ߽ߩߢߔ߆ࠄ‫⑼߇ߩߚ⷗ࠍߩ߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ቇߦ㑐ᔃࠍᜬߞߚᦨೋߛߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦฀ῳ᭽ߩࡊ࡟࠯ࡦ࠻ߩ߅߆ߍߢߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦వ↢‫߆ߒߚޔߪࠇ߹↢߅ޔ‬ᣂẟ⋵ߢߔߨ‫ޕ߆ߔߢࠄߜߤޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦⿧ᓟᐔ㊁ߩ⌀ࠎਛߢ‫ߪ੹ޔ‬ᣂẟᏒߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬ᤄߪ⊕ᩮᏒߣ⸒ߞߡ‫ߎߤ☨ޔ‬ࠈߢߔ‫ޕ‬ತวᚢߣ޿߁߅⑂ࠅߢ᦭ฬߢ‫ޔ‬㧝㧜⇥ߊࠄ޿ߩᄢ߈ߥತࠍᎹࠍ᜽ࠎߢะߎ߁ߣߎߜࠄ஥
ߢ਄ߍߡ‫ޔ‬ⓨߢ⛊߼ߡᎹߦ⪭ߣߒߡ‫߇✁ޔ‬ಾࠇࠆ߹ߢᒁߞᒛࠅว߁ߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ാჽߥ⑂ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߪߘߩ࿾ၞߢߪᄢ߈ߥ߅⑂ࠅߥߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦߃߃‫ޕ‬ዊ࡮ਛቇᩞߋࠄ޿߹ߢߪ‫ߣࠆ޽߇ࠅ⑂ߩߎޔ‬ቇᩞ߇ભߺߦߥߞߡ‫ޔ‬㧝ㅳ㑆ߋࠄ޿Ფᣣತ਄ߍࠍߒߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⚛᥍ࠄߒ޿ߢߔ‫⊕ߩߘޕ‬ᩮߦߪ޿ߟ㗃߹ߢ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ߞߚࠎߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦㜞ᩞߪᣂẟߢߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬ኅ߆ࠄㅢߞߡ޿߹ߒߚߩߢ‫ޔ‬㧝㧤ᱦ߹ߢߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦㜞ᩞ߹ߢᣂẟߢ߅ㆊߏߒߦߥߞߡ‫᧲ࠄ߆ࠇߘޔ‬੩ᄢቇߦㅴ߹ࠇߚߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߪ޿‫ޕ‬ℂ⑼Σ㘃ߦ౉ࠅ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᓟ‫ޔ‬ℂቇㇱ‛ℂቇ⑼ߦㅴߺ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ዊቇ↢ߩ㗃ߦᜬߚࠇߚ⑼ቇ߳ߩ㑐ᔃ߇ߕߞߣ⛯޿ߚࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ዊߐ޿㗃߆ࠄ㋕㆏ᮨဳߣ߆‫ࠍ‛ޔ‬૞ࠆߩ߇ᅢ߈ߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᤄߪࡊ࡜ࡕ࠺࡞ߥߤߥ߆ߞߚߩ
ߢᧁߢ૞ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ߡ߈ߡߞ⾈ࠍߩ߽ߥࠎࠈ޿߆ߣߏ߭ޕ‬૞ߞߡ޿ߚߩࠍⷡ߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩ੹ޕ‬ታ㛎ⵝ⟎૞ࠅߦ❬߇ߞߡ޿ࠆߩ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߥࠆ߶ߤ‫ߪࠇߘޕ‬ዊߐ޿㗃߆ࠄ⧘↢߃߇޽ߞߚࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬   ߣߎࠈߢ‫᧲ޔ‬ᄢߩᄢቇ㒮ߢߪਥߦߤ߁޿߁⎇ⓥࠍߐࠇߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ታߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮ߦ౉ࠆ೨ߦ৻࿁ળ␠ߢ௛߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⵾ㅧᬺ㑐ଥߩડᬺߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬㈩ዻߦߥߞߚߩ߇ࡉ࡜࠙ࡦ▤ࠍߟߊࠆᎿ႐ߢ‫ޔ‬Ꮏຬߐࠎߣ৻✜ߦਇ⦟ຠኻ╷ߣ߆ࠍ߿ࠆ৻ᣇ‫ޔ‬㐿⊒ㇱߦ޿ߚߩߢ↢↥࡜ࠗࡦߣ৻✜ߦߥߞߡ‫ޔ‬᠟௝▤ߥߤ޿ࠈࠎߥ߽ߩࠍ㐿⊒43ߒߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫⃻ߩߘޕ‬႐ߩߏ⚻㛎ࠍ⚻ߡ‫ߗߥߚ߹ޔ‬ᄢቇߦᚯࠄࠇߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬శ㔚ሶಽశߣߩ಴ળ޿
㜞ᯅ㧦㧟ᐕ߶ߤ㐿⊒ㇱߦ޿߹ߒߚ߇‫ߪ⇟৻ޔ‬ീᒝਇ⿷ࠍ∩ᗵߒ‫ޔߚ߹ޔ‬ળ␠ߦ޿ࠆߣ߈ߦ੹߿
ߞߡ޿ࠆశ㔚ሶಽశࠍ߿ࠅߚ޿ߥߣᕁߞߚߩߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ታߪ‫᧲ޔ‬ർᄢቇߣ߽㑐ଥߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ
ߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߣ↳ߒ߹ߔߣ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦⋥ធߩ਄ม߇᧲ർᄢቇߩᔕ↪‛ℂߩ಴りߩᣇߢߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᓐߦߪ‫⎇ޔ‬ⓥ㐿⊒ߦߟ޿ߡߚߊߐ
ࠎߩᜰዉࠍฃߌ߹ߒߚ߇‫߈ߣࠆ޽ޔ‬ᓐ߇‫߁޿߁ߎޟ‬㕙⊕޿ߩ߇޽ࠆ߆ࠄ߿ߞߡߺ߹ߖࠎ߆‫ߣޠ‬శ㔚ሶಽశߩ⺰ᢥࠍᜬߞߡ᧪ߚߩߢߔ‫ߺ⺒ࠍࠇߘޕ‬ᆎ߼ߡ‫ߪࠇߎޔ‬㕙⊕޿ታ㛎ߛߥߣᕁ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬૗ߣ߆ߎ߁޿߁߽ߩ߇⥄ಽߢ߽ߢ߈ࠇ߫ߣᕁߞߡ⠨߃ߚ⚿ᨐ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇߦᚯߞߡ߽߁৻࿁ീᒝߒߥߊ
ߡߪߣ⠨߃߹ߒߚ‫᧲߇ࠇߘޕ‬ർᄢߣߩᦨೋߩធὐߢߔ‫ߒ߆ߒޕ‬ᱷᔨߥߎߣߦ‫ߩߘޔ‬਄มߩᣇߪ‫ޔ‬⑳߇߹ߛળ␠ߦ޿ࠆߣ߈ߦ੐᡿ߢ੢ߊߥࠄࠇ߹ߒߚ‫ࠅࠃ⑳ޕ‬㧟㧙㧠ᚽ਄ߛߞߚߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬߭ࠂ߁߭ࠂ߁㘢 ‫⎇ߣ ޘ‬ⓥ㐿⊒ߦᛂߜㄟࠎߢ޿ࠆᆫࠍ⷗ߡ‫᧲ޔ‬ർᄢቇߩ᳇㘑ߩࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩࠍᗵߓ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘߩᣇࠍㅢߓߡ‫᧲ޔ‬ർᄢቇߣߩ಴ળ޿߇޽ߞߚࠎߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘࠇ߹ߢߪ᧲ർᄢቇߣߪోߊ㑐ଥߥ߆ߞߚߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߢ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮ߪ᧲ᄢߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ᄢቇ㒮ߦᚯࠆߦᒰߚߞߡ‫ޔ‬శ㔚ሶಽశࠍ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆ⎇ⓥቶࠍតߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޔࠄߚߒ߁ߘޕ‬ൻቇߩේ↰⎇ⓥቶߣ޿߁ߣߎࠈߢ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆߎߣ߇ಽ߆ߞߚߩߢ‫ޔ‬వ↢ߦળ޿ߦⴕߞߡ‫ޔ‬ฃ㛎ߐߖߡ㗂߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ᓟߢಽ߆ߞߚߎߣߢߔ߇‫ߪ⑳ޔ‬ේ↰⎇ⓥቶߩᦨೋߩᄢቇ㒮↢ߛߞߚߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ߘࠎߥߎߣߢ‫ޔ‬ᄢቇ㒮ߢߪశ㔚ሶಽశߣൻቇࠍቇ߮߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ൻቇߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ේ↰⎇ߢߪ‫᦭ޔ‬ᯏ‛‫ޔ‬శൻቇ෻ᔕ‫ޔ‬㊄ዻ‫ࠬࠔࡈ࡞ࡕࠕޔࠬ࡜ࠟޔ‬ඨዉ૕ߣ߆‫ߥࠎࠈ޿ޔ‬ߎߣࠍ߿ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ߆‫ޔߪߢޕ‬AIMRߦߪ߁ߞߡߟߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦૕ࠍ߽ߞߡ⇣ಽ㊁Ⲣวࠍ૕⃻ߒߡ޿ࠆࠃ߁ߥ߽ߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬   ߚ߹ߚ߹࠼ࠢ࠲࡯㧞ᐕ߇⚳ࠊߞߚᤨߦ‫ޔ‬઄บߩᣇ߆ࠄ᧪ߡߊࠇߥ޿߆ߣ޿߁ჿ߇޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬ߘࠇߢߎߜࠄߦ᧪߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߢ᧲ർᄢቇߦ᧪ࠄࠇߚࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ߪߦ߈ߣߩߘޕ‬ℂቇㇱߩߤߜࠄߦ޿ࠄߒߚߩߢߔ
߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ℂቇㇱߩ‛ℂቇᢎቶߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦࠼ࠢ࠲࡯㧞ᐕ߹ߢߪ᧲ᄢߩൻቇߢߒߚࠃߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ࠍ‛ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ޔࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬ᛒ߁ߩߦߪోὼࠕ࡟࡞ࠡ࡯߇޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦᦭ᯏ‛߽ᛒ߃ࠆߒ‫ޔ‬ඨዉ૕߽㊄ዻ߽ᛒ߃ࠆߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ㄝߪోὼ໧㗴ߥ޿ߢߔ‫ޕ‬44ጤᧄ㧦ࠝ࡯࡞࡜࠙ࡦ࠼ࡊ࡟ࠗࡗ࡯ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦⎇ⓥߔࠆ‛ߦኻߔࠆࠕ࡟࡞ࠡ࡯ߪ޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߪ‫⎇ߊ߆ߣޔ‬ⓥ⠪ߣ޿߁ߣ‫޿⁜ߩߟ৻ޔ‬ಽ㊁ߢ޽ࠇߣ޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬వ↢ߩ႐วߪડᬺߩ⚻㛎߽߅޽ࠅߛߒ‫⃻ߩࠅߊߠ‛ߦߐ߹ޔ‬႐߆ࠄൻቇ‫‛ޔ‬ℂ߹ߢߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ
ߨ‫ޕ‬ߣߎࠈߢ‫ޔ‬వ↢ߪ⃻࿷㋕♽㜞᷷⿥વዉ૕߿ࠣ࡜ࡈࠚࡦ߿࠻ࡐࡠࠫࠞ࡞⛘✼૕ߥߤߦ㑐ߒఝࠇߚ⎇ⓥᚑᨐࠍ਄ߍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬వ↢ߩ⎇ⓥࠍ৻⸒ߢ⸒߁ߣߤ߁޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦⎇ⓥᚻᲑߪశ㔚ሶಽశߒ߆᦭ࠅ߹ߖࠎ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬శ㔚ሶಽశࠍ૶ߞߡ‛ᕈ‛ℂቇߣ߆᧚ᢱ⑼ቇߩಽ㊁ߢᵈ⋡ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‛⾰ࠍ⎇ⓥߔࠆߣ޿߁ߩ߇⑳ߩ⎇ⓥᣇ㊎ߢߔ‫ߪ⑳ޕ‬઄บߦ᧪ߡ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ࠣ࡜ࡈࠔࠗ࠻ߣߘߩ๟ㄝߩ‛⾰ࠍ⎇ⓥߒߡ޿ߚߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬㜞᷷⿥વዉ૕߇಴⃻ߒߚ߽ߩߢ
ߔ߆ࠄ‫ߦࠄߜߘޔ‬ਸ਼ࠅ឵߃ߡ‫ࠇߘޔ‬એ᧪ߕߞߣ㜞᷷⿥વዉ૕ࠍ߿ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㜞᷷⿥વዉ૕ߪ㧝㧥㧤㧢ᐕߦ⊒⷗ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢ‫߁߽ޔ‬㧞㧡ᐕߋࠄ޿ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ࡌ࠼ࡁ࡞࠷వ↢ߣࡒࡘ࡜࡯వ↢ߦࠃࠆ߽ߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦߃߃‫࠷࡞ࡁ࠼ࡌޔ‬వ↢ߪ‫ޔ‬ᓐ߇ࡁ࡯ࡌ࡞⾨ࠍ߽ࠄ߁೨߆ࠄሽߓ਄ߍߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬   ߘ߽ߘ߽శ㔚ሶಽశߦߟ޿ߡ⚛ੱࠊ߆ࠅߔࠆ⺑᣿ࠍ߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ಽ߆ࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬శࠍ‛⾰ߦᒰߡ߹ߔߣ‫ߩߘޔ‬శߩࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ‛⾰ਛߩ㔚ሶ߇ๆ෼ߒ߹
ߔ‫ޔߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬㔚ሶߪബ⿠⁁ᘒߣ޿߁߆‫⥝߫ࠇߺߡߞ⸒ޔ‬ᅗ⁁ᘒߦߥߞߡ‛⾰ߩᄖߦ಴ߡ߈
߹ߔ‫‛ޕ‬ℂߩ⸒⪲ߢߪᄖㇱశ㔚ലᨐߣ⸒޿߹ߔ‫ޔ߇ࡦࠗ࠲ࡘࠪࡦࠗࠕߪߣ߽ߣ߽ޕ‬㧝㧥㧜㧡ᐕߦឭ᩺ߒߚశߪ☸ߢ޽ࠆߣ޿߁శ㊂ሶ઒⺑ߦၮߠ޿ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬శߩ☸߇㔚ሶߦᒰߚߞߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ࠍ㔚ሶ߇߽ࠄߞߡᄖߦ಴ߡ᧪ࠆࠊߌߢߔ‫⋧ߪࡦࠗ࠲ࡘࠪࡦࠗࠕޔߦߺߥߜޕ‬ኻᕈℂ⺰ߢ᦭ฬߢߔ߇‫ߪ⾨࡞ࡌ࡯ࡁޔ‬శ㔚ലᨐߢ߽ࠄߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߥߩߢߔ߆‫ޔߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬శ߇‛⾰ߩਛߩ㔚ሶߦᒰߚࠆߣ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶ߇ബ⿠ߒߡᄖߦ಴
ߡ߈ߡ‫ޕ߆ߔߢߩࠆߥ߁ߤࠄ߆ࠇߘޔ‬㜞ᯅ㧦 ߽ߣ߽ߣ㔚ሶߪߘߩ‛⾰ߩਛߦ޽ߞߚ߽ߩߢߔ‫৻ߪߩ߁޿ߣ⾰‛ޕ‬૕૗߆ߣ⸒߁ߣ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶߣේሶᩭߩ⚿ว૕ߢߔ‫ߩ⾰‛ޔ߽ߤࠇߌޕ‬ၮᧄ⊛ᕈ⾰ࠍ᳿߼ߡ޿ࠆߩߪේሶᩭߢߥߊ㔚ሶߢߔ‫ޕ‬⸒ߞߡߺࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ේሶᩭߣ޿߁ߩߪደบ㛽ࠍ⚵ࠎߢ޿ࠆኅߩᩇߺߚ޿ߥ߽ߩߢ‫ߦߎߘޔ‬૑ࠎߢ޿ࠆ
ੱ㑆ߪ㔚ሶߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ኅߩ㔓࿐᳇ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ߦߎߘޔ‬૑ࠎߢ޿ࠆੱߩᕈ⾰ߢᄢ߈ߊ᳿߹ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬หߓࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶߩᕈ⾰߇‛⾰ߩᕈ⾰ࠍ᳿߼ߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔ‫ࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬ᚒ‫⎇ޘ‬ⓥ⠪ߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬㔚ሶࠍ᷹ⷰߒߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᕈ⾰ࠍ⺞ߴߚ޿ߣ⠨߃ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߩ⾰‛ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬ਛߦ޿ࠆ㔚ሶߪ‫ࠆ⷗߆ߥ߆ߥޔ‬ߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߖࠎ‫ޔ߇ࠈߎߣޕ‬ᄖㇱశ㔚ലᨐߪߘߩ㔚ሶ⥄りࠍᄖߦᒁ߈಴ߒߡ߈߹ߔ߆ࠄ‫ߩߘޔ‬㔚ሶߩᕈ⾰ࠍ㕖Ᏹߦ♖ኒߦ⺞ߴࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ޔࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬శ㔚ሶಽశߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޔ‬㕖Ᏹߦ⋥ធ⊛ߢ߆ߟ♖ᐲߩ㜞޿ታ㛎ᚻᲑߣ⸒߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁߆‫⋥ޔ‬ធߘߩ㔚ሶࠍ⷗ࠄࠇࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬㔚ሶߪ߽ߣ߽ߣߪ‛⾰ߩਛߦ޿ߚ߽ߩߢߔ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬಴ߡ߈ߚ㔚ሶߩᕈ⾰ࠍ⺞ߴߡ߿ࠇ߫‫⾰‛ߩߣ߽ޔ‬ਛߦ޿ߚߣ߈ߩ㔚ሶߩ⁁ᘒ߇ࠊ߆ࠅ߹ߔ‫ߩ⾰‛ޔߪࠇߎޕ‬㔚ሶ⁁ᘒߘߩ߽

45ߩߢ‫ߩ⾰‛ޔ‬᭽‫ߥޘ‬ᕈ⾰‫⿥߫߃଀ޔ‬વዉߥߤߩේ࿃ࠍតࠆၮᧄᖱႎߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬㆑߁‛⾰ߦశࠍᒰߡߡ಴ߡߊࠆ㔚ሶߪ‫ోޔ‬ὼ㆑߁㔚ሶߥࠎߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦㔚ሶߢ޽ࠆߎߣߪหߓߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬หߓੱ㑆ߢ߽㗻ߟ߈߇㆑߁ߩߣหߓࠃ߁ߦ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶߩᜬߞߡ޿ࠆࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߣ߆‫ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ޔ‬ᕈ⾰߇㆑޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ㆇേ㊂߽㆑޿߹ߔߒ‫߽ࡦࡇࠬޔ‬㆑޿߹ߔ‫⿥ޕ‬વዉߦߥߞߚࠄ‫⿥ޔ‬વዉߦߥߞߚᤨߩ⁁ᘒ߇ߘߩ߹߹಴ߡ߈߹ߔ‫ߩ⾰‛ޔߦࠆߔⷐޕ‬ਛߩ㔚ሶߩ⁁ᘒࠍߘߩ߹߹ࡈ࠶ߣᄖߦᜬߞߡ߈ߚࠃ߁ߥᗵߓߢߔߨ‫⿥ޕ‬વዉ⁁ᘒߩ㔚ሶࠍߘߩ߹߹
ᜬߞߡ߈߹ߔ߆ࠄᧄᒰߦ⋥ធ⊛ߦ⷗߃߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߔࠆߣ‫‛ߦߐ߹ޔ‬ᕈ⊒⃻ᯏ᭴ߩ⸃᣿ߦߟߥ߇ࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘߩㅢࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬శ㔚ሶಽశߣ޿߁ߩߪᲧセ⊛ᣂߒ޿ታ㛎ᚻᲑߢ‫ޔ‬㧟㧘㧠㧜ᐕ೨߹ߢߪ߶
ߣࠎߤᧂ㐿ᜏߩታ㛎ᚻᲑߛߞߚߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬㜞᷷⿥વዉ૕ߩ⎇ⓥߣ⋧߹ߞߡᦨㄭᕆㅦߦ⊒ዷߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߎࠇߪߘ߽ߘ߽శ㔚ሶಽశߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ߢߎߤޔ‬ᆎ߹ߞߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦‛ℂ⃻⽎ߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬వ߶ߤ⸒ߞߚࠕࠗࡦࠪࡘ࠲ࠗࡦߩశ㔚ലᨐߦ↱᧪ߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬ታ㛎ᚻᲑߣߒߡߩశ㔚ሶಽశߪ‫ޔ‬㧝㧥㧤㧠 ᐕߦࡁ࡯ࡌ࡞⾨ࠍฃ⾨ߒߚࠬ࠙ࠚ࡯࠺ࡦੱߩࠞࠗ࡮ࠪ
࡯ࠣࡃ࡯ࡦ߇ᆎ߼ߚߣߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߣߎࠈߢ‫ߚߞ޿߁ߎޔ‬శ㔚ሶಽశࠍ߿ߞߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ࠆᣣᧄߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ੱญߣߒߡߪ⚿᭴޿ࠆߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦⑳߇ᄢቇ㒮↢ߩ㗃ߪ‫᧲ߩߎޔ‬ർᄢߣ᧲ᄢߩ‫ޔ‬ၮᧄ⊛ߦ㧞ࠞᚲߢߒߚ‫ޔߪ੹ޕ‬ᄢቇ߿࿖┙⎇ⓥᚲߥߤᄙߊߩ⎇ⓥᯏ㑐ߢ߿ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥ⠪ੱญߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬ᒰᤨߣᲧߴߡ㧞୚ߤߎࠈ߆‫ޔ‬㧝㧜୚ㄭߊߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦᧲ർᄢߪవ↢ߩ౉ࠄࠇߚ⎇ⓥቶߛߞߚߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ࠍ⑳ޕ‬ഥᚻߣߒߡ๭ࠎߢਅߐߞߚ૒Ꮉᢘᢎ᝼߇శ㔚ሶಽశࠍ߿ߞߡ߅ࠄࠇ߹ߒ
ߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦޽ࠆᗧ๧‫ޔ‬శ㔚ሶಽశߦߟ޿ߡߩ⨲ಽߌߩࠃ߁ߥᣇߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬
ARPESጤᧄ㧦 㜞ᯅవ↢ߩ႐ว‫ޔ‬శ㔚ሶಽశߩߚ߼ߩ࠷࡯࡞ߣߒߡߪ‫ޔ‬㜞ಽ⸃⢻㔚ሶಽశⵝ⟎(ARPES:
Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy)ࠍ㚟૶ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦߃߃‫ޔ‬ARPES㧔ࠕ࡞ࡍࠬ㧕ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ታ㛎ⵝ⟎ߣߒߡߪ‫ࠅߥ߆ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߥ߽ߩߢߔ߇‫ߣߩ⑳ޔ‬ߎࠈߢߪ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶࠍബ⿠ߔࠆశࠍ૞ࠆߣߎࠈ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬಴ߡ߈ߚ㔚ሶࠍ᝝߹߃ࠆߣߎࠈ߹ߢߔߴߡߩⵝ
⟎૞ࠅࠍ߿ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ᦨޕ‬ㄭߪ‫ޔ‬಴ߡ߈ߚ㔚ሶߩࠬࡇࡦࠍ᷹ⷰߔࠆⵝ⟎ߩ㐿⊒ߦᚑഞߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߣߎࠈߢ‫ߪߩ߁޿ߣࠬࡍ࡞ࠕࡦࡇࠬޔ‬ㅢᏱߩࠕ࡞ࡍࠬߣߤ߁㆑߁ߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ࠬࡇࡦࠕ࡞ࡍࠬߣ޿߁ߩߪࠕ࡞ࡍࠬ㧗ࠬࡇࡦߢ‫ⵝࠍ࡯࠲ࠢ࠹ࠖ࠺ߩࡦࡇࠬߦࠬࡍ࡞ࠕޔ‬⌕ߒߚ߽ߩߢ‫ⷰߢ߹ࡦࡇࠬޔ‬᷹ߢ߈ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߢߒ߆߽‫ߢࠬࡍ࡞ࠕࡦࡇࠬޔ‬㜞⸃௝ᐲߩ߽ߩ߇ߢ߈ߚࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ߦ․ޕߔߢߣߎ߁޿ߣߚ߈ߡ߃⷗߇ߩ߽ߚߞ߆ߥ߃⷗ߢ߹੹ޕ‬ታ㛎ߩಽ㊁ߢߪ‫ޔ‬


46

47

㜞ᯅ㧦ᦨ߽ၮᧄ⊛ߥ໧㗴ߪ‫ޔ‬ᒰὼߢߔ߇‫⿥ߗߥޔ‬વዉ߇⿠߈ࠆ߆ߢߔ‫ࠍࠇߘޕ‬᣿ࠄ߆ߦߔࠆߦ
ߪ‫⿥ޔ‬વዉߦߥߞߚ㔚ሶߘߩ߽ߩࠍ⋥ធ⷗ࠇ߫ࠃ޿ߣ⸒߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬శ㔚ሶಽశߪ‫⿥ޔ‬વዉ⁁ᘒߩ㔚ሶࠍ‫⁁ߩ߹߹ߩߘޔ‬ᘒߢ‛⾰ߩᄖߦᒁߞᒛࠅ಴ߒ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᕈ⾰ࠍ⺞ߴࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ઁߩታ㛎ߢߪߥ߆ߥ߆ߢ߈߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⿥વዉ߇ߥߗߎߎߢ㊀ⷐ߆ߣ⸒߁ߣ‫ޕޕޕޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦㧝㧥㧤㧢ᐕߦ㜞᷷⿥વዉ૕߇⊒⷗ߐࠇࠆ߹ߢߪ‫⿥ޔ‬વዉߣ޿߁ߣᭂૐ᷷ߩ⹤ߢ‫ޔ‬ᶧ૕ࡋ࡝࠙ࡓ‫ޔ‬4K‫ࠬ࠽ࠗࡑޔ‬270͠ߢߔ߇‫߁߽ޔ‬ᚒ‫ߩޘ‬૑ࠎߢ޿ࠆ਎⇇ߣߪ߆ߌ㔌ࠇߚᭂૐ᷷ߩ਎⇇ߩ⹤ߛߣᕁࠊࠇߡ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޔ߇ࠈߎߣޕ‬㜞᷷⿥વዉ૕ߢߪ⿥વዉォ⒖ὐ߇160Kߊࠄ޿߹ߢ਄߇ߞ
ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޔߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬ᴣὐ߇77Kߩᶧ૕⓸⚛߇૶߃߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᶧ૕⓸⚛ߣ޿߁ߩߪⓨ᳇ਛߦ޽ࠆ⓸⚛ࠍᶧൻߒߚ߽ߩߢ‫ߤࠎߣ߶ޔ‬ήዧ⬿ߦ޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦ቟޿‫ޔࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬㕖Ᏹߦ቟޿಄ᇦࠍ૶
ߞߡ⿥વዉࠍ૞ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢ‫ޔ‬ᄢ߈ߥ⋭ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޔߣߔ߹޿⸒ࠍ଀ߩߟ৻ޕ‬੹‫ޔ‬⍹ᴤࠍࠕ࡜ࡆࠕඨፉߢ᳹ߺ਄ߍߡ࠲ࡦࠞ࡯ߢㆇࠎߢ߈ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߪࠇߎޕ‬ᄢᄌߥࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ߣ
ᤨ㑆ࠍᶖ⾌ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫⿥ޔ߇ࠈߎߣޕ‬વዉࠤ࡯ࡉ࡞ࠍ೑↪ߔࠇ߫‫ޔ‬ะߎ߁ߢ⍹ᴤࠍΆ߿ߒߡ⊒㔚ߒߡ‫ࠍࠇߘޔ‬ㅍ㔚ࡠࠬߥߒߢᣣᧄ߹ߢㅍࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ᄢᄌߥ⋭ࠛࡀߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߥࠆ߶ߤ‫᧖৻ޕ‬వ↢߆ࠄ߽ߘ߁ુ޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ታߪߘ߁޿߁᭴ᗐߪᣢߦ޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬JSTߢᆎ߼ߡ޿ࠆߣ⡞޿ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߪߔߏ޿⚻ᷣലᨐߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘࠇߪ߽߁⸘ࠅ⍮ࠇߥ޿߶ߤߩ⚻ᷣലᨐߢߔߨ‫⿥ޔࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬વዉ߇ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯ᣉ╷ߣߒߡ㕖Ᏹߦ㊀ⷐⷞߐࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߪ‫߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ℂ↱ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߛ߆ࠄ‫ޔ੹ޔ‬AIMRߩ⋡ᜰߔࠣ࡝࡯ࡦࡑ࠹࡝ࠕ࡞ߦߟߥ߇ߞߡ߈߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘߩㅢࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬㔚᳇ᛶ᛫߇࠯ࡠߢߔ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ㅍ㔚៊ᄬ߇޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ᄢ߈ߥ⋭ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯
ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦᳓ജ⊒㔚ߦߒߡ߽‫⊒ߢࡓ࠳ޔ‬㔚ߒߚ㔚᳇ࠍ↸ߦᜬߞߡ߈ߚᲑ㓏ߢ‫߁߽ޔ‬ᣢߦ㧝㧜㧑ߋࠄ޿߽៊ᄬߒߡ޿ࠆߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕߔߢߣߎߥ⊛ᦼ↹ߪࠇߎޔࠄ߆ߔ߹ࠅߥߦࡠ࠯߇ࠇߘޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߢߔ߆‫ޔߢࠇߘޕ‬వ߶ߤߩ㋕♽㜞᷷⿥વዉ૕ߢ⸒߃߫‫ޔ‬వ↢߇߅߿ࠅߦߥ
ߞߚߩߪ‫ޕߨߔߢߣߎߚߞ޿߁ߘߦߐ߹ޔ‬㜞ᯅ㧦߃߃‫ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬㋕♽⿥વዉ૕ߩ႐วߪ‫⿥ߛ߹ޔ‬વዉォ⒖᷷ᐲ߇ૐ޿ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߻ߒࠈᛥ೙ߔࠆේ࿃ࠍ᣿ࠄ߆ߦߒߚߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ࠍࠇߘޕ‬㒰޿ߡ߿ࠇ߫‫⿥ޔ‬વዉォ⒖᷷ᐲߪ਄߇ࠆߣឭ᩺ߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦㜞᷷⿥વዉߦߥࠆߩࠍ૗߇㇎㝷ߒߡ޿ߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦⏛᳇⊛ߥ߽ߩ߇ሽ࿷ߒߡ޿ࠆߣ޿߁ߎߣࠍ⷗ߟߌߚߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߎࠇߪ‫ߦޠ࠭ࡦ࡚ࠪ࡯ࠤࡘࡒࠦ࡯ࡖ࠴ࠗࡀޟ‬಴ߚߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬(http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v2/n7/full/ncomms1394.html)
㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬

48ጤᧄ㧦ߔ߫ࠄߒ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦⿥વዉߦ⛊ࠎߢ⸒޿߹ߔߣ‫ޔ‬㧞㧜਎♿ߪඨዉ૕ߩ਎♿ߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߦኻߒ‫ޔ‬㧞㧝਎♿ߪ⿥વዉ૕ߩ਎♿ߛߣߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫⿥ޕ‬વዉࠍ૶ߞߡ޿ࠈࠎߥ߽ߩ߇ߢ߈ߡߊࠆߣ⸒ࠊࠇߡ޿
߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬
ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫⿥ޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬વዉߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ߊోޔ‬೎ߥੱߦ⸒ࠊߖࠆߣ‫ࠅ߹޽ޔ‬ㅴᱠߒߡ޿
ߥ޿ߩߢߪߥ޿߆ߣ߽⸒ࠊࠇ߹ߔ߇‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦޿߿‫⿥ޔߪ⑳ࠈߒ߻ޔ‬વዉߪᄢ߈ߊㅴᱠߒߡ‫ޔ‬ᣢߦ⑳ߚߜߩᣣᏱ↢ᵴߦ౉ࠅㄟߺߟߟ޽
ࠆߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㜞᷷⿥વዉ૕ࠍ૶ߞߚ⿥વዉࠤ࡯ࡉ࡞ߪᣢߦ໡ᬺࡌ࡯ࠬߢ↢↥⽼ᄁߐࠇߡ޿
߹ߔߒ‫⹜ߩߘޔ‬㛎✢߇࠾ࡘ࡯࡛࡯ࠢߢᢝ⸳ߐࠇߡᣣᏱ⊛ߦ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫੹ޕ‬ᓟߪ‫ޔ‬㔚ജᶖ⾌ࠍᦨᄢ㒢ߦ᛼ߐ߃ㄟࠎߛࠬࡑ࡯࠻ࠣ࡝࠶࠼ߩਛᩭᛛⴚߣߒߡ‫↢ߩߜߚ⑳ޔ‬ᵴߦߥߊߡߪߥࠄߥ޿
߽ߩߦߥࠆߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ߏޔߚ߹ޕ‬ሽߓߩࠃ߁ߦ‫᧲ޔ‬੩гᄢ㒋㑆ߦᑪ⸳߇᳿߹ߞߚ࡝࠾ࠕਛᄩᣂᐙ
✢ߪ‫⿥ޔ‬વዉࠍ↪޿ߚ⏛᳇ᶋ਄ࠍ೑↪ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޔߦ߁ࠃߩߎޕ‬ᄙߊߩߣߎࠈߢ⿥વዉߪᵴ↪ߐࠇᆎ߼ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬   ᣂ᧚ᢱ࠻ࡐࡠࠫࠞ࡞⛘✼૕ߩ㔚ሶࠬࡇࡦߩ⋥ធ᷹ⷰߦᚑഞߣ޿߁ߩ߽‫߽ࠇߎޔ‬ᄢ߈ߊขࠅ਄ߍࠄࠇ߹ߒߚߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫✼⛘࡞ࠞࠫࡠࡐ࠻ޕ‬૕ߪ‫⃻ޔ‬࿷‫ޔ‬㕖Ᏹߦᵈ⋡ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ‛⾰ߢߔ‫ߩߢ߹੹ޕ‬㔚ሶ࠺ࡃࠗࠬ‫ޔ߇ߔߢ߁ߘ߽࡯࠲࡯ࡘࡇࡦࠦߩߎޔ‬㔚ሶᯏེߣ޿߁ߩߪߔߴߡ㔚ሶߩᜬߟ㔚⩄ߩ௛߈ߢേ޿ߡ޿ߚߩߢߔ‫ޔ߇ࠈߎߣޕ‬㔚ሶߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޔ‬㔚⩄ߣߪోߊ⇣ߥࠆ߽߁৻ߟߩᕈ⾰ࠍᜬߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫⏛߫ࠊ޿ޔߢࡦࡇࠬ߇ࠇߘޕ‬⍹ߢߔ‫ޕ‬㔚ሶ⥄૕ߪߋࠆߋࠆߣ⥄ォߒߡ޿߹ߔ߆
ࠄ‫⥄ޔ‬ォߩฝᏀߩᣇะߦࠃߞߡ‫ޔ‬਄ะ߈߹ߚߪਅะ߈ߩ⏛႐߇⊒↢ߒ߹ߔ‫ޔ߫ࠇߺߡߞ⸒ޕ‬㔚ሶߪ‫ޔ‬Nᭂࠍ਄߹ߚߪਅߦᜬߞߚዊߐߥ⏛⍹ߣ⷗ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫߽ࡦࡇࠬޔߣࠆߔ߁ߘޕ‬㔚⩄ߣหߓࠃ߁ߦᖱႎࠍવ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㔚⩄߇ࡊ࡜ࠬߣ߆ࡑࠗ࠽ࠬߣ߆⸒޿߹ߔ߇‫ࡇࠬޔ‬ࡦ߽ࠕ࠶ࡊߣ߆࠳࠙ࡦߣ߆ߢ‫ޔ‬ᖱႎࠍવ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆߩߢߔߨ‫ߩߎޕ‬㔚ሶߩࠬࡇࡦࠍ૶߁
㔚ሶ࠺ࡃࠗࠬ߇ࠬࡇࡦ࠻ࡠ࠾ࠢࠬߢߔ‫ߦࠬࠢ࠾ࡠ࠻ࠢ࡟ࠛޕ‬ኻߒߡࠬࡇࡦ࠻ࡠ࠾ࠢࠬߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦㔚⩄ߦ⌕⋡ߔࠆߩ߇ࠛ࡟ࠢ࠻ࡠ࠾ࠢࠬߣߔࠇ߫‫ߡߒ⋡⌕ߦࡦࡇࠬޔ‬਄ߣ߆ਅߣ޿߁ߩࠍ
ࠬࡇࡦ࠻ࡠ࠾ࠢࠬߣ޿߁ࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ࠬࡇࡦ࠻ࡠ࠾ࠢࠬߩ․ᓽߪ‫ޔ‬ᶖ⾌ࠛࡀ࡞ࠡ࡯߇ࠛ࡟ࠢ࠻ࡠ࠾ࠢࠬߦᲧߴߡᩴ㆑޿ߦዊߐ
޿ὐߢߔ‫ޔߪߦ⊛࡯ࠡ࡞ࡀࠛޕ‬㔚⩄ߦᲧߴߚࠄੑᩴ߆ࠄਃᩴߋࠄ޿ዊߐ޿ߢߔ‫ߪࡦࠦ࠰ࡄޔ੹ޕ‬㐳޿ᤨ㑆૶ߞߡ޿ࠆߣ‫ࠅߥ߆ޔ‬ᾲߊߥࠅ߹ߔߨ‫ޔߢࠄ߆ࠆ޿ߡߞ૶ࠍࠬࠢ࠾ࡠ࠻ࠢ࡟ࠛߪࠇߘޕ‬ࠬࡇࡦ࠻ࡠ࠾ࠢࠬࠍ૶߃߫‫ߪࠬࡠ߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ήߊߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߎࠇ߽߹ߐߦࠣ࡝࡯ࡦߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦੹‫ޔ‬ᄢဳ⸘▚ᯏߪㆇォਛߦᄢᄌߥ㜞ᾲߦߥߞߡߒ߹߁ߩߢ‫ࠍ࠻࡯ࡅ࡯ࡃ࡯ࠝޔ‬㒐ߋߚ߼ߦᄢဳⓨ಄ⵝ⟎ߢ಄߿ߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ߦ߼ߚߩߘޔ‬ᄢ㔚ജࠍᶖ⾌ߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ࡠ࠻ࡦࡇࠬޔߒ߆ߒޕ‬࠾ࠢࠬ⸘▚ᯏߥࠄ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᔅⷐ߽޽ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫᧚ߩࠬࠢ࠾ࡠ࠻ࡦࡇࠬߩߎޕ‬ᢱߣߒߡ‫࡞ࠞࠫࡠࡐ࠻ޔ‬⛘✼૕߇ᵈ⋡ߐࠇߡ޿߹ߔ‫✼⛘࡞ࠞࠫࡠࡐ࠻ޔߣߔ߹޿޿ߣ߆ߗߥޕ‬૕ࠍ↪޿ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶߩࠬࡇ

49ࡦࠍឥ߃ࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆ߆ࠄߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦࠻ࡐࡠࠫࠞ࡞⛘✼૕ߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޕ߆ߔߢߩߥߩ߽߁޿߁ߤޔ‬㜞ᯅ㧦᥉ㅢߩ‛⾰ߢߪ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶߩࠬࡇࡦ߇߫ࠄ߫ࠄߦߥߞߡ޿ߡ‫ߩߘޔ‬ᣇะࠍࠦࡦ࠻ࡠ࡯࡞ߔࠆ
ߩ߇㔍ߒ޿ߩߢߔ߇‫✼⛘࡞ࠞࠫࡠࡐ࠻ޔ‬૕ߩ⴫㕙ߢߪ‫ޔ‬㔚ሶߩࠬࡇࡦ߇᳿߹ߞߚᣇะߦឥߞߡ޿
߹ߔ‫✼⛘࡞ࠞࠫࡠࡐ࠻߇⾰‛ߩߤޔ߽ߤࠇߌޕ‬૕߆ߣ޿߁ߩߪ◲නߦߪಽ߆ࠅ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬ℂ⺰⸘▚ߢ੍᷹ߪߢ߈߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬ታ㓙ߪ‫ߩߘޔ‬㔚ሶ⁁ᘒࠍࠬࡇࡦ⁁ᘒ߹ߢಽ㔌ߒߡ᷹ⷰߒߡᆎ߼ߡࠊ߆ࠅ߹
ߔ‫ߩߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢ‫߇ࠬࡍ࡞ࠕࡦࡇࠬޔ‬ᄢᄌ᦭ലߦߥࠆߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁߆‫✼⛘࡞ࠞࠫࡠࡐ࠻ޔ‬૕߆ߤ߁߆ߣ޿߁ߩࠍ⷗ࠆߚ߼ߦߪࠬࡇࡦߩะ߈߇ឥߞߡ޿
ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ߣ޿߁ߩࠍ⷗ࠆߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬㔚ሶߩࠬࡇࡦ߇ឥߞߡ޿ࠆ߆ߤ߁߆ࠍ⷗ߡ߿ࠇ߫⦟޿ߩߢߔ‫ߐ߹ޔߢߎߎޕ‬ߦࠬࡇࡦࠕ࡞ࡍࠬߩ಴⇟ߥࠊߌߢߔ‫ޕ‬Ⲣว⎇ⓥ߳ߩᛴ⽶ጤᧄ㧦AIMRߣ޿߁ߩߪⲢว⎇ⓥࠍ৻ਣߣߥߞߡផㅴߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫߽ߢߌߛߚߞુ੹ޔ‬వ↢ߩߏ
⎇ⓥߣ޿߁ߩߪ‫ޔࠎࠈߜ߽ޔ‬BMG‫᦭ޔ‬ᯏ‛‫߽ߦࠬࠗࡃ࠺ޔ‬㑐ଥߒ߹ߔߒ‫ߥࠈ޿ࠈ޿ޔ‬ಽ㊁ߦ߽
㑐ଥߒߡߊࠆࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫⥄⑳ޕ‬り‫⿥ߪ੹ޔ‬વዉ૕ࠍ⎇ⓥߒߡ޿߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬ቇ↢ߩ㗃ߪ᦭ᯏ‛߽߿ߞߡ޿
߹ߒߚߒ‫ޔ‬ታߪ↢૕‛⾰ࠍ⎇ⓥߒߚߎߣ߽޽ࠅ߹ߔ‫↢ޕ‬૕‛⾰߽శ㔚ሶಽశߩ⎇ⓥኻ⽎ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫⎇߇⑳ޕ‬ⓥߒߚߩߪ‫ߩߘޔߢ⾰‛߁޿ߣࡦࠪࡊ࠼ࡠࠆ޽ߦ⚻␹ⷞޔ‬శᔕ╵ਛᔃߢ޽ࠆ࡟࠴࠽࡯
࡞ಽሶ๟ㄝߩ㔚⩄ಽᏓࠍశ㔚ሶಽశߢ⎇ⓥߒ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㕙⊕޿⚿ᨐ߇ᓧࠄࠇߚߩߢ૗✬߆ߩ⺰ᢥࠍᦠߊߎߣ߇ߢ߈߹ߒߚ‫↢ߊࠄߘ߅ޕ‬૕‛⾰ࠍశ㔚ሶಽశߢ⎇ⓥߒߚᦨೋߩ⺰ᢥߢߪߥ޿߆ߣᕁߞ
ߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦޿ࠈ޿ࠈߥᐢ߇ࠅ߇޽ࠆߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦AIMRߩਛߢߪ‫ߩࠎߐߊߚޔ‬ᣇ߇޿ࠈࠎߥ‛⾰ࠍ૞ߞߡ߅ࠄࠇ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㊄ዻߦߒߡ߽‫ߚ߹ޔ‬࠰ࡈ࠻ࡑ࠹࡝ࠕ࡞ߦߒߡ߽‫⎇ߩࠬࡍ࡞ࠕߡߴߔޔ‬ⓥ࠲࡯ࠥ࠶࠻ߦߥࠅ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬૗߆㕙⊕ߘ߁ߥ‛⾰߇޽ߞߚࠄᤚ㕖ᢎ߃ߡ㗂޿ߡ‫Ⲣޔ‬ว⎇ⓥࠍⓍᭂ⊛ߦㅴ߼ߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ߩ߆߶ࠈߒ߻ޕ‬ಽ㊁ߩᣇ,ߤࠎߤࠎ޿ࠄߒߡߊߛߐ޿ߣ޿߁ᗵߓߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ᤚ㕖߅㗿޿ߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦੹‫ޔ‬వ↢ߩ႐วߦߪℂቇ⎇ⓥ⑼ߦߕߞߣ޿ࠄߒߡAIMRߦ౉ࠄࠇߡ‫߁߽ߢࠇߎޔ‬㧠ᐕߋࠄ޿⚻ߜ߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬AIMRߘߩ߽ߩߩ㔓࿐᳇ߪߤ߁ᕁࠊࠇ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫߁߽ޕ‬ዋߒPIห჻ߩࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ߇޽ࠆߣ‫ߣߥ߆޿޿ߣߞ߽ޔ‬ᕁ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬෰ᐕߋࠄ޿߆ࠄࠃ߁߿ߊPIࠍ㓸߼ߡળ⼏ࠍ㐿௅ߒߡ޿߹ߔߒ‫ߚ߹ޔ‬ᣂ᫟ߩቢᚑߢ߆ߥࠅᄌࠊࠆߎߣࠍᦼᓙߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦⑳߽ߘ߁ᦼᓙߒߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⚿ዪ⺰ᢥߢߪฬ೨ࠍ߅੕޿ߦ⍮ߞߡ޿ࠆߌࠇߤ߽‫ߊ߆ߞߖޔ‬หߓ⚵❱ߩਛߦ޿ࠆߩߛ߆


50ࠄ߽ߞߣ⋧੕੤ᵹ߇޽ߞߡ߽ࠃ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬WPI߇ߢ߈ߡ‫߫߃଀ޔ‬ችፒవ↢ߩߣߎࠈߣࠬࡇࡦ࠻ࡠ࠾ࠢࠬߦ㑐ଥߒߚࠣ࡜
ࡈࠚࡦߢ౒ห⎇ⓥࠍᆎ߼ߡ޿߹ߔߒ‫ޔ‬BMGࠣ࡞࡯ࡊ߆ࠄߪ㊄ዻࠟ࡜ࠬ⹜ᢱࠍ㗂޿ߡ᷹ቯߒߡ޿
߹ߔ‫߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ᗧ๧ߢߪᐞߟ߆ߩᣂߒ޿Ⲣว⎇ⓥ߇ᆎ߹ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦޽޽‫ޕ߁ߘ߁ߘޔ‬ችፒవ↢߽ࠬࡇࡦ࠻ࡠ࠾ࠢࠬߩಽ㊁ߢ‫⏛࡞ࡀࡦ࠻ߚ߹ޔ‬᳇ലᨐ߇ᓮኾ
㐷ߢ޿ࠄߞߒ߾ࠆ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߪ޿‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁޿߁ᗧ๧ߢࠬࡇࡦߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߪߟߥ߇ߞߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦⹜ᢱࠍ޿ߚߛ޿ߚࠅ‫߽ߣߎ߁޿ߣࠅߚߍ޽ޔ‬ታ㓙߿ߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߔࠆߣ‫ޔ‬వ↢߽ߎࠇ߆ࠄߪ

ᐔࠠࡖࡦࡄࠬߩᣇߦ㗫❥ߦ᧪ࠄࠇࠆࠊߌߢߔ߆ࠄ૛⸘

Ⲣว⎇ⓥߦ߆߆ࠊࠄࠇ߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ోߪ⟎ⵝߩࠬࡍ࡞ࠕࡦࡇࠬޕ‬ㇱᐔߦᜬߞߡ᧪߹ߒߚߩߢ‫৻ߣࠎߐ⊝߭ߗޔ‬✜ߦ⎇ⓥࠍߒߚ޿ߣᕁߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦 ⹤ߪᄌࠊࠅ߹ߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬㧟᦬ߩ㔡ἴߣ߆૛㔡ߢߪ‫ߪࠬߵ࡞ࠕޔ‬ᄢਂᄦߛߞߚߩߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦⌀ⓨⵝ⟎ߩߟߥ߉⋡ߩㇱಽ߇޿ߊߟ߆უࠇ߹ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᐘ޿ߥߎߣߦ‫࡯ࠡ࡞ࡀࠛޔ‬ಽᨆེ߿ࠬࡇࡦᬌ಴ེߥߤߩⵝ⟎ߩਛᔃㇱߦߪᄢ߈ߥ࠳ࡔ࡯ࠫߪߥ޿ࠃ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫߽ߡߒ߁ߤߪࠇߘޔ߆ߣ⋡߉ߥߟޕ‬ᒙ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦੹ߪ‫ޔ‬

ᐔߦ⒖ߒߚࠬࡇࡦࠕ࡞ࡍࠬⵝ⟎ߩ᡼㔚߿⌀ⓨ࡝࡯ࠢߥߤߩୃℂࠍⴕߞߡ޿ࠆᲑ

㓏ߢ‫ߌߛࠆ߈ߢޔ‬ᣧߊరߩ㜞ಽ⸃⢻ߢߩ᷹ቯࠍౣ㐿ߢ߈ࠆࠃ߁ᦨ⚳⺞ᢛࠍⴕߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬⧯ᚻ⎇ⓥ⠪߳ߩᦼᓙ
ጤᧄ㧦ߐߞ߈⋧㚍వ↢ߩฬ೨߇಴߹ߒߚߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬వ↢ߩߣߎࠈߢߪ‫⋧ޔ‬㚍వ↢߇੹‫ޔ‬ഥᢎߢ
WPIߩࡔࡦࡃ࡯ߣߒߡߪ߶߆ߦ‫ޕޕޕޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ഥᢎߩ⩲ේำߣࡐࠬ࠼ࠢߩ⨹㊄ำ‫ޔߡߒߘޔ‬ඳ჻⺖⒟ߩ㒮↢ߣߒߡ㜞ጊߐࠎ߇޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޔࠎߐ⊝߆ߥ߆ߥޕ‬௢ࠄ߇⷗ߡ޿ࠆߣ‫ ↢৻ޔ‬๮‫ޔ‬㗎ᒛߞߡ޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ੱᢙ߇ዋߥ޿ߣ޿߁ߎߣ߽޽ߞߡ‫ޔ‬㧞㧙㧟ੱಽ௛޿ߡ߽ࠄߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦޽ߣᄖ࿖ੱߩᣇߣ޿߁ߣ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦એ೨‫࡯ࡖࠪ࡝࡮࡯ࠕࡇޔ‬ำ߇ഥᢎߣߒߡዬ߹ߒߚ߇‫ޔ‬ᓐߪਛ࿖ߩᣇߦᒁ߈ᛮ߆ࠇߡߒ߹
޿߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ᓐߪᧄᒰߦߎߎ߆ࠄ⢒ߞߡ޿ߞߚߣ⸒ߞߡࠃ޿ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ޕ‬ᓐߪߎߎߢࠃߊ௛߈߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦੹ߪਛ࿖⑼ቇ㒮ߩ‛ℂߩᢎ᝼ߢߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔ‫ߪ੹ޕ‬உߊߥࠅ߹ߒߚߨ‫ޕ‬ᓐߪ߽ߣ߽ߣࠞ࠽࠳ߩ಴りߢ‫ߦࡦ࠻ࠬࡏޔ‬ዬߡ߆ࠄߎߜࠄߦ᧪߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߿ߪࠅవ↢ߩߣߎࠈߩࠕ࡞ࡍࠬߣ޿߁ߩࠍ⷗⡞߈ߒߡߘࠇߢ᧪ߚࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ‫ޕ‬51ጤᧄ㧦ᓐߪ‫ޔ‬㗡⣖ᓴⅣߩ⦟޿଀ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫⎇ޔ੹ޔ‬ⓥቶߦߪ‫ୃߚ᧪ࠄ߆ࠞ࡝ࡔࠕޔ‬჻⺖⒟ߩ㒮↢߇㧝ੱ޿߹ߔ‫ࡁ࡝ࠗޕ‬ࠗߩ಴りߢߔ߇‫ޔ‬ᣣᧄߢീᒝߒߚ޿ߣ⸒ߞߡ‫ޕߚߒ߹ࠇߊߡ᧪ߢ⾌⑳ߦߎߎߑࠊߑࠊޔ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߥ߆ߥ߆‫ࠅ߬ߞ߿ޔ߾ߓޕ‬వ↢ߩߣߎࠈߦᒁ߈ߟߌߡࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆߩߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦⚻ᷣ⊛ߦࠨࡐ࡯࠻ߒߡ޽ߍߚ޿ߩߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫ޔ‬ቇ⾗ࠍ಴ߔᚻ┙ߡ߇ߥߊߡ‫੹߇ߎߘޔ‬࿎ߞߡ޿ࠆߣߎࠈߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߥࠆ߶ߤ‫ޕߨߔߢ߁ߘޕ‬వ↢ᣇߪ․ߦAIMRߩ႐วߦߪ⧯ᚻߩ⎇ⓥ⠪‫⌀ߥࠎߺޔ‬㕙⋡ߦ߿ߞߡ޿ࠆࠃߣ޿߁߅⹤߇ᄙ޿ࠎߢߔߌࠇߤ߽‫৻ޔ‬ᣇߢߪ਎㑆ߢߪ‫ᦨޔ‬ㄭߩ⧯޿⠪ߪⷓ᳇߇ߥ޿ߣ
߆‫ޔ‬ᄖߦ಴ߡ޿ߎ߁ߣߒߥ޿ߣ߆⸒ࠊࠇ߹ߔ߇‫ޕߨ߁ࠂߒߢߩߥ߁ߤߪߎߘޔ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ߦ߆⏕ޔ‬ᤄ߶ߤࠕࠣ࡟࠶ࠪࡉߢߪߥߊߥߞߡ޿ࠆ߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎߌࠇߤ߽‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߢ߽⊝ߐࠎ‫⌀ޔ‬㕙⋡ߢߔࠃߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦߃߃‫ࠆ߿ޔߦࠇߘޕߨߔߢ߁ߘޔ‬᳇ߩ޽ࠆቇ↢ߪ޿߹ߔࠃ‫ੱޕ‬ᢙᲧߦߒߚࠄᤄ߶ߤߢߪ
ߥ޿߆߽ߒࠇ߹ߖࠎ߇‫ࠅ߬ߞ߿ޔ‬૗ੱ߆޿߹ߔ‫ߚߞ޿߁ߘޔࠄ߆ߔߢޕ‬ቇ↢ࠍߜ߾ࠎߣ⢒ߡߡ޿ߊߣ޿߁ߎߣߢߔߨ‫ৼޕ‬ካߦ⢒ߡߡ‫߇ੱᧄޔ‬ታജߣ⥄ⷡࠍᜬߟࠃ߁ߦߥߞߚࠄ‫⥄ߪߣ޽ޔ‬ಽߢ߿ߞߡ޿߈߹ߔࠃ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ৼካߦ‫ޕ߆ߔߢޔ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ৼካߣ⸒ߞߡ߽‫ߪߎߘޔ‬ㆊ଻⼔ߦߥߞߡߪ޿ߌߥ޿ߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫⎇ߣ߽ߣ߽ߪੱᧄޕ‬ⓥߣ߆㐿⊒ߦᒝ޿ࡕ࠴ࡌ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍᜬߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫ߣߞࠂߜޔߪੱ߁޿߁ߘޕ‬ᓟࠈ߆ࠄ᛼ߒߡ߿ࠆߣ‫ޔ‬ߤࠎߤࠎᚑ㐳ߒ߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦⏕߆ߦߘ߁޿߁ࡕ࠴ࡌ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࠍᜬߞߡ߈ߚ⠪ࠍ᛼ߔജౕวߣ޿߁ߩ߇⢄ⷐߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘߎ߇ߥ߆ߥ߆㔍ߒߊߡ‫⚻ޔ‬㛎ߢߒ߆⸒߃ߥ޿ߩߢߔߌߤ‫ޕ‬ᄢಾߥߎߣߪ‫ࠆ߿ߩੱᧄޔ‬᳇ࠍߤࠎߤࠎᄢ߈ߊߔࠆߎߣߛߣᕁ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߒ߹ߔߣ‫ߦੱ޿⧯ޔ‬ኻߔࠆࡔ࠶࠮࡯ࠫߣ޿߁ߩߪߤ߁޿߁ߎߣߦߥࠅ߹ߔ߆‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥቶߦ᧪ࠆቇ↢ߦ⑳߇⸒߁ߩߪ‫⥄ޟޔ‬ಽߩታ㛎࠺࡯࠲ࠍขࠇ‫ߎ߁޿ߣޠ‬ߣߢߔ‫ߪࠇߎޟޕ‬ำߩታ㛎࠺࡯࠲ߛ‫ޕ‬਎⇇ਛ‫ޔ‬ำએᄖߛࠇ߽⍮ࠄߥ޿‫ߪࠇߎޟޕߣޠ‬ำߒ߆⍮ࠄߥ޿ߩߛ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ำ߇߿ࠆߒ߆ߥ޿‫⥄⑳ߪࠇߘޕߔ߹޿⸒ࠍߣߎ߁޿ߣޠ‬りߩ⚻㛎߆ࠄߥߩߢߔߌ
ࠇߤ߽ߨ‫⎇ޕ‬ⓥߩ਎⇇ߢߪ‫ޔ‬ዋߥߊߣ߽਎⇇ਛߢหߓ߽ߩࠍ⷗ߡ޿ࠆੱߪઁߦߪ߶ߣࠎߤ޿ߥ޿
ߪߕߛ‫⥄ޕ‬ಽ߇਎⇇ߢೋ߼ߡߎࠇࠍ⷗ߡ޿ࠆ‫ޕߔߢߣߎ߁޿ߣޔ‬૗ߣߔߏ޿ߎߣߢߪߥ޿߆‫ߣޔ‬޿߁ߎߣߢߔ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦߅ߞߒ߾ࠆߣ߅ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߛ߆ࠄ‫ޔ‬ำߩ࠺࡯࠲ߛ߆ࠄำ߇ߜ߾ࠎߣ߿ࠅߥߐ޿ߣ‫߇⑳ࠍߣߎ߁޿߁ߘޔ‬ቇ↢ߩ㗃‫ޔ‬వ↢ߦ⸒ࠊࠇ߹ߒߚߨ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘࠇߪ߅ߞߒ߾ࠆߣ߅ࠅߢߔ‫⥄ߦ߆⏕ޕ‬ὼ⑼ቇߩታ㛎ߩ႐วߦߪ‫߇ࠇߘޔ‬หߓߎߣ߇߹
ߚᰴߦ⿠ߎࠆߥࠎߡ޿߁ߎߣߪ߹ߕߥ޿ࠊߌߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ำߪ߽߁਎⇇ߩᦨవ┵ࠍ⿛ߞߡ޿ࠆࠎߛ‫߇ߣߎ߁޿ߣߛࠎߥ࡯࠽ࡦ࡜࠻ࡦࡠࡈޔ‬ᄢಾߥߩߢߔ‫ޕ‬
52ጤᧄ㧦߅ߞߒ߾ࠆߣ߅ࠅߢߔ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕ‬ำߪߛ߆ࠄ਎⇇ߩ৻⇟࠻࠶ࡊࠍ⿛ߞߡ޿ࠆࠎߛߣ‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦ߘ߁ߢߔߨ‫ޕߨߔߢࠎߥ࡯࠽ࡦ࡜࠻ࡦࡠࡈ߇ੱ৻ੱ৻ߩߘߦߐ߹ޕ‬⹤ߪᄌࠊࠅ߹ߔ߇‫ޔ‬వ↢ߩߣߎࠈߢߪ‫ޔ‬Ფᐕࠞ࡟ࡦ࠳࡯ࠍ૞ߞߡ޿ࠄߞߒ߾޿߹ߔߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦߃߃‫ޔ‬Ფᐕߘߩᐕߦᓧࠄࠇߚ࠺࡯࠲↹௝ࠍ૶ߞߡࠞ࡟ࡦ࠳࡯ߦߒߡ‫ޔ‬਎⇇ߩ⎇ⓥ⠪ߦㅍߞߡ޿߹ߔ‫߆ߥ߆ߥ߇ࠇߎޕ‬ᅢ⹏ߢߒߡ‫ޔࠇߎࠇ߆߁߽ޕ‬㧢㧙㧣ᐕ⛯ߌߡ޿߹ߔ‫ޕ‬
ጤᧄ㧦AIMRߢ߽‫ࠍࠇߎޔ‬ෳ⠨ߦߒߡ૗߆⠨߃߹ߔ߆ߨ‫ޕ‬㜞ᯅ㧦ߘࠇߪߗ߭‫ޕ‬ጤᧄ㧦੹ᣣߪ‫ޔ‬ᄢᄌീᒝߦߥࠅ߹ߒߚ‫ޕ‬㔍ߒ޿߅⹤ࠍ߿ߐߒߊߏ⺑᣿޿ߚߛ߈ߤ߁߽᦭ࠅ㔍߁ߏߑ޿߹ߔ‫߽ࠄ߆ࠇߎޕ‬㗎ᒛߞߡ޿߈߹ߔߩߢ‫߅ߊߒࠈࠃޔ‬㗿޿޿ߚߒ߹ߔ‫ޕ‬㧞㧜㧝㧝ᐕ㧥᦬㧞㧥ᣣ᧲ർᄢቇ‛ℂA᫟ 㜞ᯅ⎇ⓥቶߦߡ੐ോㇱ㐷㐳 ጤᧄ ᷤ



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three universities that won. The other two were the major universities in Munich. Those three
universities won the first competition. And Karlsruhe won with this concept of fusion.
I: I heard that the University of Karlsruhe is one of the nine elite universities in Germany.
T: That is right. But it is more than “one of the nine”. It is one of the first three. In Karlsruhe,
the people like to focus on this.
Historically, this area of Germany in the 19th century was comparably poor. Now, it is the
opposite. It is now a kind of high-tech center of Germany. There have always beendevelopments in the Karlsruhe area which were technology-oriented for a long time. You can
go back, for example, to Heinrich Hertz—he found electromagnetic waves in Karlsruhe.
I: I understand.
T: Then, as another major development there has been the Haber-Bosch process, which wasdone in Karlsruhe. And outside the chemistry building in Karlsruhe, you can still see theoriginal reactor that was used to first synthesize ammonium. So there has been a long historyof technology and development.
I: I see.
T: Now, you have major high-tech companies in the area. For example, near Karlsruhe,
Hewlett-Packard and Siemens have facilities in Karlsruhe. A little bit north of Karlsruhe, there
is SAP, one of the major business software companies.
I: After graduating from Karlsruhe University, you went to the University of Massachusetts
Amherst, didn’t you?
T: Yes, the typical Diplom system used to take five years from high school in Germany. And
in my third year, I decided to go to the United States for a one-year exchange.
Baden-Wuerttemberg and Massachusetts have an exchange program.
I: I see.
T: I went with this exchange program for one year to the United States, planning to comeback to Germany and continue my studies in Germany, but life turned out different.
I: Why?
T: The United States was very attractive for me. I met people I really liked to work with. And
while I was living in the United States, I finished my degree in Karlsruhe by flying back oncein a while. I passed exams and also did my thesis research in the United States. That was at
the time very fortunate—Karlsruhe was very progressive about this. It allowed me to do mythesis externally.
I: Fantastic.
T: And I handed it in English, which was very nice and very convenient, because I could
basically use the work I was already doing in the United States anyhow.
I: So it was not necessary to translate your thesis into German?
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T: That is right. I think it was a pilot project at the time, but now this is becoming more
popular among universities.
Research in the New World
I: It is good. So, when you were at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, was yourspecialization physics?
T: Yes, that is right. I was in the physics department. As a graduate student I did my PhD inexperimental low-temperature physics, especially, in condensed matter physics with a
specialty for low temperatures.
I: Who was your professor at that time?
T: Bob Hallock. He is quite well known in the community of helium research. Helium is avery interesting system. At low temperature, it shows some extraordinary properties, mostimportantly superfluidity.
I: Yes.
T: And he is specialized in the films of helium on various surfaces.
I: I see.
T: It turns out that it is actually a little bit more complicated because there are helium-4 andhelium-3, two isotopes that behave quite differently in terms of their superfluid behavior. And
then you can also make mixtures of the two, at which point it becomes even more interesting.
So, his specialization is that type of film research.
I: After the University of Massachusetts, you spent several years in California, didn’t you?
T: Yes, I went to University of California San Diego, where I did a postdoctoral research
position with Bob Dynes who is quite well known in the field of superconductivity.
I: I see.
T: He is a very interesting person. As you know, usually scientists are somewhat introverted.
They are very good at what they are doing, but they do not have the ability to show it toregular people.
I: Unfortunately true. I understand.
T: He is one of the rare exceptions, because in addition to being a great scientist, he is also agreat communicator. You can see that incredible things are possible when these two things
come together.
I: I see.
T: In his case, before he went to UCSD, he was the Director of Chemical Physics at Bell
Laboratories, and his group was very influential and important for solid state science. As
leader of this group, so he was doing administrative work in addition to his scientific research.
I: It is very exceptional to be a great scientist and at the same time a great communicator.
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T: Besides e-mail, we have Skype and mostly it is through Skype that we have meetings. As amatter of fact, in America, we have a special conference room that is set up for virtual
meetings. Two or three staff in Sendai essentially participate in our group meeting over theinternet. We found one time slot that works well for both sides and that is 6 o’clock in theevening in Texas, which is—depending on the time of year—8 or 9 o’clock here, in themorning.
I: Wonderful.
T: And it works. We have at least one meeting every week where we do this. In addition tothis big meeting of everybody, we have specialized meetings on certain topics where you justspontaneously communicate by Skype. Somebody just sees someone online, saying “Oh, he isthere on the other side,” and you ask him and you quickly talk.
I: I see.
T: Sometimes, there is a need to prepare for some conference maybe, and somebody needs togive a practice talk. So then I ask them, “Can you please prepare a practice talk?” and thenthey give a practice talk over the internet.
I: It’s very convenient. Here you have three postdocs.
T: Yes, that is right. My group is quite international, composed of a Brazilian, a Korean, and a
French.
I: Very worldwide. Can you tell me what your research themes at AIMR are?
T: It focuses on two topics, actually.
The first project is one on which we already did some work in the United States before joining
AIMR. Together with a colleague there, we have a collaborative group studying kinesin,which is a motor protein, so a protein that can walk. Inside the body, it actually does that.
There are little tubules inside the body, which serve as roads along which the kinesin walks.
I: The kinesin itself exists naturally?
T: In the body. As a matter of fact, as long as you quickly secure the material from the brainof the cows that have been slaughtered, it is usable for experiments. Now, for some of ourmaterials we actually synthesize this artificially, most of the time, but you can use natural
material for this.
I: What is the dimension of kinesin?
T: There are different types of kinesin, but it is tens to hundreds of nanometers.
I: Very tiny. But as you said, you can fabricate artificial kinesin?
T: You can basically make it by genetic manipulation.
I: I see.
T: You essentially grow it in bacteria. We do it here in collaboration with Dr. Umetsu in Prof.
Kumagai’s lab in Aobayama. And one of our postdocs is mostly working in Aobayama.

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Essentially what they do is they use E. coli bacteria, in which they introduce the seeds of thesekinesin and then as they multiply, it creates more and more. And ultimately, you can extract itfrom this process.
I: I see. How can we use it for application?
T: Inside the body its job is to transport large objects inside the cell. Small thing, like forexample salt ions, just get transported by diffusion. They essentially move around throughthermal motion. But large objects do not do that. Once they get beyond a certain size, theycannot move diffusively. So the body has to have an organized process of how to move them.
The kinesin’s job, among others, is that it walks along these tracks—so on one side, it has feetthat walk and on the other side, it has a port. And at this port, you can attach cargo.
I: I see.
T: And inside the body, these organelles can attach and then move. So that is the job inside thebody. Now, our goal is to use that motion process on a chip surface where we create structuresthat force this motion process to go in a certain direction.
I: I see.
T: So we can utilize it. We basically would like to take the natural process out of the body andput it into an artificial environment where we have complete control.
I: It is really biomimetic.
T: Yes, absolutely. So, I think this process has a lot of potential, because kinesin converts
chemical energy to mechanical through walking.
I: I see.
T: And the possibility to have on a chip something that can suddenly create motion in a
directed way is a unique concept that can be used for devices. It is our goal to make sure that
we understand how it works, and once we understand, we will use it for devices.
I: So it is a biomaterial.
T: That is right. It is what is called bio-nano now, because you have a bio-component, but inorder to use it properly, you should make very small tracks so that you can have directedtransport. And so these are nano-trakcs.
I: I see.
T: It is a combination of nano and bio. And that is what makes it interesting. Our expertise is,among other things, as I mentioned before, electron beam lithography, so we can make very
narrow or small devices. That allows us to define the chip surface so that this motion canoccur.
I: Very great. So this is one subject. And what is the second?
T: When I came to Sendai for the first time, I talked to people about what is available here. I
immediately realized that there is something I am interested in, but it did not happen for a59while. And this was the low temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) that ourcolleague, Dr. Hitosugi is running. During my postdoc with Bob Dynes, we also had a lowtemperature STM, a simpler one. When I talked to his group, they were building the system at
AIMR at the time, and they had not tested it yet.
I: I understand.
T: The system was ideally suited for an experiment we always wanted to do and we could not,because our systems in the US did not have the same capability.
I: I see.
T: But the one at AIMR does. The research subject we are thinking of is called a single
molecule magnet. These are again large molecules—typically the weight corresponding to
2,000 hydrogen atoms, and these molecules have a special property: a very large
unidirectional magnetic moment.
I: More concretely?
T: So one single molecule has a large magnetic moment that is well defined. That is very
unusual, because for example if you take the classical magnetic materials, like iron, nickel andcobalt, one atom is not magnetically stable by itself. It basically does not have a stable
moment.
I: I see.
T: When you make a large iron system, many of the neighboring irons interact with each other.
And this interaction is what stabilizes the magnetic behavior of the atom. So, you do not haveindividual components which by themselves are stable in those materials.
I: I understand.
T: In single molecule magnets, you do. You have individual molecules, which under properconditions, are stable. Now, I was hiding one fact—one of the proper conditions is that you
have to have low temperature.
I: This is the only condition, isn’t it?
T: That is right. That is the important condition for this. That allows potentially very
interesting applications, because you can think that if you have a molecule that has a stable
moment, that one molecule can store information. And it can store information in the sense oflong-term storage or computational information.
I: I see.
T: Some people think quantum computing is a possibility with these molecules. Dr. Hitosugi’s
lab has this special STM, which in addition to low temperatures, can also apply a strong
magnetic field, and actually in different directions. Therefore this setup is particularly suitable
for an experiment with single molecule magnets, because the magnetic behavior is strongly
dependent on the precise alignment of the magnetic field. You have to have control of how

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important. The idea of pushing this type of activity is really well placed here, because I think
it is missing in many other places in the world.
I: I see.
T: For example in our Materials Science and Engineering program at Texas A&M, there is no
regular event where people come together and talk loosely like that and join new ideas. You
basically have a list of people and you know what they are doing and if you want to dosomething with the others, you can contact them.
I: That’s right.
T: But the spontaneity is not there.
I: Of course, we can see on the Internet what their research projects are, etc. but a personal
contact is missing. I hope the construction of this new building is also helpful.
T: Yes, you know, last summer, I had two graduate students from Texas A&M here in Sendai.
One of them worked with Prof. Itaya and the other with Prof. Adschiri. So, those kinds ofinterdisciplinary interactions are possible because you share the floor with somebody from aquite different area. I think in this new building it looks to me like this type of interaction will
be even more important.
Interest in Japanese culture
I: By the way, what was your first contact with Japan or Japanese science?
T: To be honest, my first interest in Japan was not through science. It was “aikid”.
I: You practice it?
T: I did at that time. I then developed the interest in Japan through that, and then when I
traveled to Japan, I started considering that maybe there is a possibility to work in Japanafterwards. Then, ultimately, I became interested in the science. Obviously, the other aspect of
this is that my wife is Japanese, because around that time, I met her.
I: How old were you when you began aikid?
T: Well, I was like 21 years old or so.
I: Good.
T: I was interested—even in San Diego I still practiced a little bit, but then at some point it
floated away gradually. I still like the idea, but I just do not take the effort anymore to do it.
T: Now, I have at least two more major interests about Japan. For some time I enjoy Japanese
onsen. I have been to many, many onsen. And this reminds me of Germany. As you know,
Baden-Baden is near Karlsruhe.
I: It is in your region, indeed.
T: It takes only 20-minute from my hometown to drive there.
And you know that the state that I am from was called “Baden.”62

It is now called Baden-Wuerttemberg. Until World War I, it was called Baden—which inGerman means “to bathe” and that is because there are so many hot springs.
I: I see.
T: Therefore, I have always been interested in hot springs. The Japanese hot spring culture issomething that is more advanced than anywhere else, and so I am really quite fascinated bythat.
I: But the way of enjoying hot springs in Japan is totally different from Germany.
T: It is.
I: Because in Japan, you are in a low tub unlike a swimming pool.
T: I had to learn many things.
I: Yeah, I think that it is difficult for the beginners. So you enjoy the hot springs in Japan.
There are so many around Sendai.
T: Oh, it is very nice. Before I came to Sendai, my major playground in this respect was Izu
Peninsula, but now obviously I am exploring more onsen here in Tohoku.
I: Splendid!
T: So that is one thing. When I arrived in 2009, I asked myself before my arrival, what I
always wanted to do in Japan, but I never had a possibility to do, because I never had a longenough visit to really study it? And after thinking for a while, I came to the answer. And thatwas “sadǀ”.
I: Sadǀ?
T: Then, I started practicing sadǀ for the first time. And that is maybe the most interestingrevelation about Japan to me.
I: So it is tea ceremony.
T: But you know, people in the West call it “tea ceremony” but it is not really a goodtranslation, I think.
I: Perhaps.
T: Because it implies that it is a very strict ceremony.
I: Very formal one.
T: It sounds very formal, but the spirit behind it is not really a ceremony. So I think the directtranslation from the Japanese is actually the better one—like the “way of tea.”
I: Exactly.
T: But for some reason the Western people do not use it. I guess, because they do not get the
feeling of what it means, but usually, when I talk to people in the West, I usually call it the“way of tea.”
I: You are right. As you know, in Japan, even jǌdǀ, aikidǀ, sadǀ—all “-dǀ” means a way.
T: Kendǀ, too.
63

64

in Texas A&M.
T: That is right. There was a big outreach event two weeks after the earthquake.
And so several people, including my wife decided that one should have a table there fordonation to the victims of the Tohoku region.
I: I am very grateful for it. Generally speaking, we must inform what our activities are to thecitizens, but also to attract the younger ones.
T: That is right. I think there are two missions, which are very important. Exactly like you
said, the first one is that in many countries there is a big problem of motivating young people
to get excited about science and technology. In the United States, a few years ago, there were
almost no American students who wanted to do science and engineering and there were
almost entirely foreigners. Now, it has changed a little bit, but it is still a difficult situation.
I: That is right.
T: In my opinion, smart young people should think normally that science is the number one
choice for a career. But recently, smart young people thought that they should go to work on
Wall Street or at some insurance company.
I: That is right.
T: I am sure that these jobs are also very interesting and you earn a lot of money—but I think
if you are smart, you should consider science as your number one choice to go to. And that is
the message that we have to get across. And I think for that you have to start very early. So,for example, at Katahira Matsuri, you have seen little kids maybe five or six years old comeand stand there. Once some display starts, it fascinates them. And they can play around forminutes—you cannot know what is going on in their minds, but those moments may be very
important.
I: That is right.
T: We do not know right now, but that moment may be the moment where the child decides tobecome a scientist.
I: I agree with you, because even in Japan 20 years ago when our economy was growing,
most people wanted to go to the insurance or bank and traditionally many people wanted to
become a government official, etc.
T: Yes.
I: But on the other hand, fortunately Japan has a strong tradition of esteem of technology. And
so I think perhaps the Japanese situation is not so bad, but we should always make an effort to
attract the children, because sometimes their parents think that science and technology are
where your hands become dirty after the experiment and you cannot gain much salary, etc.
However, through this kind of discovery of the charm of science at the small age, we canchange the mindset of the citizen.

65

T: Absolutely. It is crucial and it really can make a big difference for our future.
Now the second reason in the end is very egotistic—but it is an important reason also.
I: Egoistic?
T: Science is in most cases supported by taxes. And it is mostly paid by regular people on thestreet that do not really come into our building, usually. They do not really come in, unless
you have an event like Katahira Matsuri. Then they come in once every two years. And so, if
we think egoistically as scientists, to continue doing research, we need to make sure thatpeople understand that we are doing interesting thing and that there may be some benefit tothem finally.
I: That means we do interesting and useful things.
T: Useful things, yeah. And ultimately our efforts are helping the country to advance.
I: That is right.
T: If people lose that belief, they will at some point say that there should be no more tax
money for this.
I: That is right. So in this sense it is not egoistical, but it is rather related to the accountability
for the contribution to society.
T: It is in some sense altruistic as you say, “Well, we were trying to make sure that wecontribute to social advancement.” But at the same time, it is also egotistic in a sense thatscientists love what they are doing.
I: Yes, certainly.
T: We want to continue what we are doing and we may not have the opportunity unless we arecarefully making sure that everybody understands that they have a benefit from it.
I: This is an important message.
The next week I go to Tokyo to attend the Program committee for interim evaluation. I hopethat the outcome of the evaluation is positive.
T: Absolutely. I am hoping that what has been started here will continue and, to be frank, five
years is not a very long time if you start something new, so it is very difficult to make anassessment after five years. The trajectory that I have seen here is definitely a very good one.
You see it converging toward a very beneficial goal.
I: I think so. Thank you for taking time. Have a nice stay at AIMR.

66

67

News Update

Completion Ceremony of the WPI-AIMR Main Building
The Completion Ceremony of the WPI-AIMR main building was held on 7
December 2011 to celebrate the inauguration of the new facility with the participation of
70 guests and almost all researchers of WPI-AIMR working in Sendai.
The Ceremony, preceded by the beautiful choir of the Tohoku University Männerchor
OB, began with a speech by the President of Tohoku University, Dr. Akihisa Inoue, who
indicated the new facility as a symbol of the resurrection of the intellectual power of the
University after the disaster of March 11th. Dr Hiroyuki Abé, Counselor to the Presidentof the Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the former President of the
University, made a speech referring to the discussions on the genesis of the WPIProgram at the Council for Science and Technology Policy of which he was Chief
Executive Member. Mr. Hayashi Towatari, Deputy Director-General, Research
Promotion Bureau of MEXT, gave an address encouraging AIMR researchers while
insisting on the importance of the fusion research “under one roof”. Dr. Toshio Kuroki,as Program Director of the WPI Program, made a speech with expectation of the neworientation of WPI-AIMR.
The reception was organized at the spacious atrium hall of the main building, tocongratulate the creation of the new research environment. After congratulatory remarksby Dr. Junichi Nishizawa, Adviser of the Sophia School Corporation and the former
President of Tohoku University, and Dr. Yoshihito Osada, Program Officer of the WPIProgram, the participants enjoyed the beautiful opening of the new main building. In thecourse of the reception, the process of the construction of the main building wasreported on and Certificates of Appreciation were presented by the Center Director,
Professor Yoshinori Yamamoto, to the builders and the providers of the equipments.
The main building, with a total surface of 9,000 m2, was completed with only fourmonths’ delay in spite of the Great East Japan Earthquake. The cost of construction,
which amounts to 2 billion yen, was provided by MEXT from the 2009 supplementarybudget. The new main building houses 11 PIs’ laboratories and staff rooms, thelaboratory for fusion research, space for free discussion and the multi-purpose room foroutreach activities such as the science café. Tohoku University, as host institution, has
contributed to the improved research environment through provision of the space for the
Mathematics Unit and the library. This enables almost all researchers of AIMR to work
together at the Katahira campus and it is expected to further the fusion research acrossdifferent fields at AIMR more than ever.

71

72

WPI-AIMR as a Principle Investigator (PI) of Device/Systems Group (MEMS Materials
Research Laboratory) since its establishment in 2007. He has strongly promoted“MEMS bonding technology with metallic glass and nanostructured metals” through thefusion research between MEMS and Bulk Metallic Glasses with Prof. Masayoshi Esashi,
Principle Investigator of the WPI-AIMR, and has built essential important relationships
between FhG ENAS and WPI-AIMR for its past activities.
The research exchange among two parties is very actively promoted. Dr. Yuching Lin
from FhG ENAS has worked as an assistant professor of WPI-AIMR since October
2008 and she has studied “Metallic glassy thin films for system integration” through thefusion research between MEMS and Bulk Metallic Glasses, and three young researchers
from FhG ENAS have also worked as visiting scientists of WPI-AIMR.
With this MOU, it is expected that these two parties will not only participate in active
academic exchanges but also further collaboration research in the field of MEMS.
WPI-AIMR has been strongly promoting a relationship with foreign institutes since
its establishment in 2007. Another recent example is the Agreement with the Particulate
Fluids Processing Centre (PFPC) of Melbourne University signed on October 26th. Thisis a fruit of the discussions at the ACIS-WPI Workshop held in February 2011 in
Tasmania, Australia.
Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems ENAS
http://www.enas.fraunhofer.de/EN/index.jsp
PFPC of Melbourne University
http://www.pfpc.unimelb.edu.au/

73

“Green materials synthesis with supercritical water”
Tadafumi Adschiri1, Youn-Woo Lee2, Motonobu Goto3 and Seiichi Takami4
1

WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

21

School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
3

Bioelectrics Research Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan

4

Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

This review was amongst the top ten accessed articles of the online version ofGreen Chemistry.
Concept of “Green materials” has two view points, process and materials.
Essential is to design the products and processes so as to minimize the use andgeneration of hazardous substances, disposal and promote the use of safe,
environment-benign substances, including solvents, and to design energy efficient
processes/system. For aspect of materials, contribution of products to minimize
environmental problems (CO2 emission, environment-cleaning catalyst etc.), 2)
recycling of materials to resources, 3) holistic life cycle assessment of the materials, and4) combined multiple technological and operational systems for reduction of energy andresources should be also considered.
Supercritical fluids (especially, water and CO2) technology is expected to contributefor green materials synthesis with the green sustainable chemistry route, especially fornanomaterials. For the fabrication of nanomaterials, the important point is the controlof surface energy of nanomaterials or hetero-interface. As shown in Table 1, manysupercritical fluid technologies were proposed to solve the problems, so far.
Extraction with supercritical fluid can be applied for drying the semiconductor pattern,
without forming the gas-liquid interface, namely capillary force, so that the collapse offine patterns does not occur. In supercritical fluid, diffusivity is faster than in liquid, andsince the reaction is less than first order so that Thiele modulus is approached to unity,
namely uniform and conformal deposition is possible with increasing productivity.
This review paper summarizes the green aspect of the supercritical fluid
technologies(especially for supercritical water), including functional materials synthesis,
complete solvent recycle, no use of organic solvents, nontoxic substances etc.
Supercritical water can form a homogeneous phase with inorganic and organic
substances and also, water itself works as an acid or base catalyst. Supercritical74

hydrothermal process developed in WPI-AIMR, Tohoku University, contributes togreener society through the use of water instead of organic solvent to produce various
functional materials that are used to minimize the emission of CO2. In addition,
because the processes are quite fast, the supercritical hydrothermal process can treatmuch larger amount of reactants and products as compared with conventional processes.
The surface control of nanoparticles in supercritical water is a key to fabricate hybridmaterials with polymers, which can be used for greener materials (high heat transfer
materials, high RI film etc.). Supercritical hydrothermal condition provides thesynthesis of organic modified nanoparticles that is required for those materials. Green
processes involving chemical recycling of waste polymers and a combination ofhydrothermal synthesis and supercritical water oxidation are another important aspect ofgreener process. Thus, the commercialization of such processes greatly contributes to
the greener society.
Table 1 Green aspects of supercritical fluid technologies for material processes
Process

Advantages of SCFs

Green aspect

Extraction/Fractionation

Selective solubility/No residual solvent

No organic solvent, complete solvent recycle

Cleaning

Good solvent power

No VOCs, no toxic organic solvent

Drying

No capillary force

Increasing production yield

Polymerization

No organic solvent

Hydrothermal synthesis

No residual solvent
No organic solvent needed
Nanoparticle synthesis

No organic solvent, High heat recovery

PlatingGood solubility of H2 in scCO2

No wastewater generation

Biomass conversion

No acid/base catalyst needed

Simple process without heavy wastewater generation

Recycling

No acid/base catalyst needed

No secondary contamination, less wastewater treatment

Recovery of materials by SCWO
Heavy metal extraction(Radioactive metals)

No mass transfer resistance

Valuable inorganic compound can be recycled

Selective extraction of uranium

No secondary contamination

DyeingEasy penetration of dye

No wastewater generation

SCF Deposition

No capillary force

Increasing production yield

Figure 1 Green process for green materials

75

“Effect of metallic Mg insertion on the magnetoresistance effect in
MgO-based tunnel junctions using D022-Mn3-GGa perpendicularly
magnetized spin polarizer”
T. Kubota,1 S. Mizukami,1 D. Watanabe,1 F. Wu,1 X. Zhang,1 H. Naganuma,2 M. Oogane,2Y. Ando,2 and T. Miyazaki1
1

2

WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University

This paper was selected as Research Highlights in Journal of Applied Physics.*“Spintronics” has been achieving great interests for the capabilities of various new
device applications [1]. Non-volatile spin transfer torque (STT) writing typemagnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) is one of a promising spintronic
device. Magnetic material with high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is
indispensable for realizing giga-bit-class high density MRAM. Among various PMA
compounds, tetragonal D022 type Mn3-GGa alloys are attractive. Uniaxial anisotropy
constant (Ku) of D022-Mn3-GGa (G = 0.6) films is the order of 107 erg/cm3 [2] which ishigh enough to achieve 10-year retention of a memory bit for STT-MRAM sells. And
magnetic damping constant of ordered Mn-Ga alloys are much smaller than other PMA
materials [3], which can benefit to reduce the writing current of a magnetic tunnel
junction (MTJ). In addition, it was theoretically expected that spin polarization oftransport electron in bulk D022-Mn3-GGa [4] and TMR ratio in a D022Mn3Ga/MgO/D022-Mn3Ga MTJ [5] were also high enough to apply Spin-RAMs. As
well as these attractive physical properties, D022-Mn3Ga is a both rear earth and noble
metal free PMA material unlike conventional ones (i.e., L10-FePt, TbFeCo, etc.). Thus,
D022-Mn3Ga alloy in spintronic device can play important role to create so called theGreen material based society from the aspects of both reducing power consumption andresource of rare-elements.
We have succeeded in fabricating D022-Mn3-GGa epitaxial thin films [2] andobserving tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effect in MTJs using D022-Mn3-GGa
electrode and MgO tunnel barrier [5]. To achieve further understanding concerning theinterfacial effect on the TMR effect, we investigated the effect of Mg-layer-insertion at
the Mn-Ga/MgO interface in this article.
Figure 1 (a) shows a schematic stacking structure of the MTJs. All the layers wereprepared by magnetron sputtering technique onto MgO (001) single crystal substrate.
Epitaxial growth of the Cr/D022-Mn3-GGa/MgO/CoFe layers was confirmed by transition76

electron microscopy. Thickness of the inserted Mg layer (tMg) was varied to modify
interfacial density of states (DOS) at the Mn-Ga/MgO interface.
Fig. 1 (b) is the TMR curves with different tMg. Firstly, TMR ratio was increased withincreasing tMg up to 0.4 nm, which is considered due to suppressing contamination (i.e.,
Mn-oxides) at the interface. Increasing tMg more than 0.6 nm, TMR ratio was decreased
monotonically. Interestingly, here, sign of the TMR ratio was changed in an MTJ with
tMg = 1.2 nm, and the magnitude was increased at the tMg = 1.4 nm. The dependence of
the TMR ratio is attributed to be relating to band dispersions of both Mn-Ga and CoFe
electrodes, considering the results of bias voltage dependences of tunnelingconductance and TMR ratio. In addition, change of the sign in the MTJs with thick Mg
insertion is possibly attributed to quantum well states within an Mg layer [6]. Tuning of
TMR ratio by the quantum well states have potential of enhancing the TMR ratio. Our
result is an important first step for realizing memory bit using D022-Mn3Ga for the STTMRAM devices.

Fig. 1 (a) Schematics of stacking structure of the prepared MTJ devices and crystal structure
or D022-Mn3Ga alloy. (b) TMR curves of the D022-Mn3Ga MTJs with different Mg thickness

References[1] I. Zutic, et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 323 (2004).
[2] F. Wu et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 122503 (2009); Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 042505(2010); IEEE Trans. Magn. 46, 1863 (2010)[3] S. Mizukami et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 117201 (2011)[4] B. Balke et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 152504 (2007).
[5] T. Kubota et al., Appl. Phys. Express 4, 043002 (2011).
*[6] T. Kubota et al., J. Appl. Phys. 110, 1013915 (2011).

77

“Interface effects on perpendicular magnetic anisotropy formolecular-capped cobalt ultrathin films”
Xianmin Zhang, Shigemi Mizukami, Takahide Kubota, Qinli Ma and Terunobu Miyazaki
WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University

This paper was selected for
publication in Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology.*
Organic spin valve (SV) devices using -conjugated organic semiconductors as
spacers have been attracting much research interest, owing to low processing costs
and their long spin diffusion lengths [1,2]. Interface between molecular layer andferromagnetic metal plays an important role in determining spin injection anddetection efficiency of organic SV devices. Investigation and understanding of theinterface interactions are essential for fundamental science and future organic devices[3]. A very thin Co film (~1nm) shows strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy(PMA), depending on buffer and capping layer materials. Most of the PMA originatesfrom the electron orbital anisotropy inducing at the interfaces, and therefore can bepotentially used as a probe to explore the interface interaction.
In our papers [4,5], we investigated the on-top interface effect on PMA of very thinCo (0.5-1.8 nm) layer in the Pt/Co/molecule system using five typical molecular
semiconductors: pentacene (Pc), 8-hydroxyquinoline-aluminum (Alq3), fullerene (C60),
5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (rubrene) and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc). The
PMA of the Alq3, rubrene, and C60-capped films was almost same as each other,though they were smaller than that for CuPc and Pc-capped films. Figure 1(a)-(e)shows the magnetic curves of Co (0.7 nm) with different organic capping layers.
Figure 1(f) is the dependence of out-of-plane coercivity on Co thickness with different
capping layers. This study contributes to design organic SV devices because themagnetoresistance is switched by the different coercivities of electrodes.
We found the PMA of Co was relatively smaller if molecular capping layer was ofamorphous structure compared to crystal structure and analyzed the possible
mechanism for the dependence of PMA on organic capping layer.

The alteration of

PMA and coercivity for ferromagnetic Co ultrathin films by varying organic capping
layers correlate with the difference in structure of capping layers. Stacking structure
in molecular layer might be affected by the interactions between Co and organic
molecule at the interface because it determines an initial growth of molecular stacking.
The difference of crystal structural in C60, Alq3, and rubrene layers compared to CuPc
and Pc layers, reflects their different bonding with Co at the interface. Accordingly,

78this influences the spin-orbit interaction of interfacial Co.

Our work clearly indicatesthe magnetic properties of ferromagnetic metal can be markedly infected by organic
molecule depending on the nature of organic molecule. This likely opens a new
window to deeply understand the ferromagnetic metal-organic interface physics andwill contribute to develope advanced substances for future organic spintronics.
This work is collaborated with Dr. Hiroshi Naganuma, Dr. Mikihiko Oogane, andProf. Yasuo Ando in Tohoku University and financially supported by the WPI-AIMR
fusion research project.

Fig. 1. (a) - (e): Magnetic curves of 0.7 nm Co with different organic capping layers.
The inset was the molecular structure. (f) Dependence of out-of-plane coercivity on
Co thickness with different organic capping layers.
References[1] V. Dediu, et al., Solid State Commun. 122, 181 (2002).
[2] Z. H. Xiong, et al., Nature. 427, 821 (2004).
[3] X. M. Zhang, et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 47, 2649 (2011).
*[4] X. M. Zhang, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 162509 (2011) (Also selected for
publication in Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology: Volume 24, Issue 18, 2011).
[5] X. M. Zhang, et al., J. Appl. Phys. (Accepted).

79

“Unexpected mass acquisition of Dirac fermions at the quantum phasetransition of a topological insulator”
T. Sato1, Kouji Segawa2, K. Kosaka1, S. Souma3, K. Nakayama1, K. Eto2, T. Minami2,
Yoichi Ando2, and T. Takahashi1,31Department of Physics, Tohoku University
Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
3
WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
2

This Paper was published in Nature Physics, and the experimental data measured
by Takahashi group were selected as its cover design.*
The three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator is a novel quantum state of matter
where an insulating bulk hosts a linearly-dispersing surface state, which can be viewed
as a sea of massless Dirac fermions protected by the time-reversal symmetry (TRS).
Breaking the TRS by a magnetic order leads to the opening of a gap in the surface state[1] and consequently the Dirac fermions become massive. It has been proposed
theoretically that such a mass acquisition is necessary for realizing novel topologicalphenomena,[2,3] but achieving a sufficiently large mass is an experimental challenge.
In this news, we report an unexpected discovery that the surface Dirac fermions in asolid-solution system TlBi(S1-xSex)2 acquire a mass without explicitly breaking theTRS[4]. We found that this system goes through a quantum phase transition (QOT)from the topological to the non-topological phase, and by tracing the evolution of theelectronic states using the angle-resolved photoemission, we observed that the massless
Dirac state in TlBiSe2 switches to a massive state before it disappears in the nontopological phase.
Figure 1 shows the series of ARPES data around the Brillouin-zone center measured

Figure 1. (a) ARPES intensity and (b) spectra of TlBi(S1-xSex)2 showing the mass acquisitionof surface Dirac fermions. (c) Second-derivative intensity for x = 1.0-0.6

80for various sulfur concentrations x.
We found a finite energy gap at
the Dirac point in 0.6  x  0.9,
while such an energy gap is absent
in x = 1.0. This indicates that themassless Dirac fermions transform
into a massive state by simply
replacing Se with S in the crystal.
The mass acquisition of the
Dirac fermions indicates that the
Kramers degeneracy is lifted,
Figure 2. Masless and massive Diracwhich means that the TRS must be
fermions observed in TlBi(S1-xSex)2 at x = 1.0
broken on the surface. Given thatand 0.9, respectively
there is no explicit TRS breaking,the only possibility is that a spontaneous symmetry breaking takes place upon the S
substitution, which reminds us of the Higgs mechanism in particle physics. Therefore,
TlBi(S1-xSex)2 may serve as a model system to bridge the condensed-matter physics andparticle physics. The exact mechanism of the mass acquisition is not clear at the
moment, but an interesting possibility is that it originates from some exotic many-bodyeffects that can lead to an electronic order, although a simple mechanism like the spindensity wave does not seem to be relevant. When the top and bottom surface states
coherently couple and hybridize, the Dirac gap can open,[5] but the sufficiently large
thickness (> 10 Pm) of our samples precludes this origin. Another possibility is thatcritical fluctuations associated with the QPT are responsible for the mass acquisition,
but it is too early to speculate along this line. From the application point of view, it isremarked that the Dirac gap of TlBi(S1-xSex)2 is much larger than that in magneticallydoped topological insulator Bi2Se3 [1], and more importantly, it is tunable with the S/Se
ratio. This indicates that TlBi(S1-xSex)2 is a prime candidate for device applications that
require a gapped surface state.
The paper, “Unexpected mass acquisition of Dirac fermions at the quantum phasetransition of a topological insulator”, was published in Nature Physics (November issue,2011), and the experimental data measured with the world-highest resolution angleresolved photoemission (ARPES) spectrometer constructed by Takahashi group areused as the cover design to demonstrate the importance of the paper. Also on the cover
page, the expression of “Unexpected mass” was used to highlight the impact of the81

present research. In this work, the group found that Dirac electrons at the surface of
topological insulator acquire the mass without explicitly breaking the time-reversal
symmetry. This result suggests existence of a condensed-matter version of the “Higgs
mechanism” which proposes that materials acquire the mass with the spontaneous
symmetry-breaking at the beginning of universe. Thus the present result would shedlight on the basic problem common in particle, materials, and cosmic physics. In theapplication point of view, the present success to give a mass to Dirac electrons opens
the possibility for developing highly efficient, high-speed spintronics devices with
topological insulators. (http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/v7/n11/covers/index.html)
References[1] Y. L. Chen et al., Science 329, 659-662 (2010).
[2] X.-L. Qi, T. L. Hughes and S.-C. Zhang, Phys. Rev. B 78, 195424 (2008).
[3] X.-L. Qi, R.-D. Li, J.-D. Zang and S.-C. Zhang, Science 323, 1184-1187 (2009).
*[4] T. Sato et al., Nature Phys. 7, 840-844 (2011).
[5] L. Zhang et al., Nature Phys. 6, 584-588 (2010).

82

“Atomic structure of nanoclusters in oxide-dispersion-strengthened
steels”
A. Hirata1, T. Fujita1, Y. R. Wen1, J. H. Schneibel2, C. T. Liu2, and M. W. Chen1,3
1

WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
Center for Advanced Structural Materials, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
3
State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
2This paper was published in Nature Materials.*
The huge earthquake devastated the Fukushima nuclear power plants and caused
large scale radioactive pollution last March. There is a pressing need to improve thesafety of reactors in the plants as well as the whole system. Oxide dispersion
strengthened (ODS) steels have been strenuously developed as a promising material forfission and fusion reactor applications [1]. The reason is that ODS steels exhibit anexcellent high temperature strength, stability and expansion resistance in comparison
with conventional steels. Nanoscale oxide clusters densely dispersed in the ODS steel
contributes effectively to the excellent high-temperature mechanical properties. It wassuggested that the nanoclusters possess a characteristic chemical compositiondifferently from normal oxides and include a lot of atomic vacancies [2-4]. However,the structural detail is still open to question. Therefore it is highly necessary to perform
detailed structural analysis for the oxide nanoclusters in the ODS steel.
The ODS alloy was synthesized by mechanical alloying of the Fe-14Cr-3W-0.4Ti(wt. %) alloy powder, with 0.25 wt. % Y2O3 powder, followed by canning in an
evacuated jacket and hot extrusion. Then the hot-extruded ODS ingot was annealed for
1 hour at 1000qC for the formation of nanoclusters. Nanoscale observation for the ODS
steel was performed using a JEM-2100F scanning transmission electron microscope(STEM) equipped with double spherical aberration correctors.
Figure 1 (a) shows a low-magnification STEM images of the representative
microstructure of the 14YWT ODS sample used in this study, together with a closeup
image of a nanocluster. To observe the oxide particles clearly, we employed the
HAADF (high angle annular dark field)-STEM technique by which the regions withlower-density and/or including lighter elements (e.g. oxide in the steel) are emphaticallyimaged as darker contrast, vice versa. In the closeup HAADF image [inset of Fig. 1 (a)],a small oxide nanocluster can be seen as a dark contrast and dotted contrasts
corresponding to atomic columns in the nanocluster are clearly different from those in83the bcc-Fe matrix. To understand the contrast of the nanoclusters, we tried to constructplausible structural models for the nanocluster by fitting to the experimental HAADFSTEM images [5]. A lot of possible models were prepared by combining handmade
method and molecular dynamics simulation, and then provided to the HAADF-STEM
image simulation. Finally we proposed the structural model with a defective NaCl
structure fully coherent with the bcc matrix structure [Fig. 1 (b)].
The defective oxide structure in the ODS steel is totally different from particle
structures in conventional particle-dispersion materials. The nanoclusters in the ODS
steel are multicomponent, include a lot of vacancy, and have a defective structure fully
coherent with the matrix. It has been reported that the oxide nanoclusters are extremely
stable and capable of keeping the nanoscale sizes as well as high number density evenat high temperatures near the melting point [4]. It is obviously difficult to understandthe phenomenon only with the macroscopic thermodynamics. In any case theanomalous chemical and structural features are highly responsible for the extraordinary
stability, although we need further theoretical consideration on it. Therefore the ODS
steel can be regarded as a novel material state providing the superior high-temperature
mechanical properties.

Fig. 1 (a) Microstructure of the ODS steel and closeup of the nanocluster. (b) Structuralmodel of the nanocluster.

References[1] S. Ukai et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 65, 204 (1993).
[2] M. K. Miller et al., Intermetallics 13, 387 (2005), J. Nucl. Mater. 351, 261 (2006).
[3] J. Xu et al., Phys. Rev. B 79, 020204R (2009).
[4] M. K. Miller et al., Front. Mater. Sci. China 3, 9 (2009).
*[5] A. Hirata et al., Nat. Mater. 10, 922 (2011).

84

“Atom-Resolved Imaging of Ordered Defect Superstructures at
Individual Grain Boundaries”
Zhongchang Wang1, Mitsuhiro Saito1, Keith P. McKenna1,2, Lin Gu1, Susumu
Tsukimoto1, Alexander L. Shluger1,2, and Yuichi Ikuhara1,3,4
1
2

WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University

Dept. Physics and Astronomy and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London
3
4Institution of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo

Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center

This paper was published in Nature.*
The presence of defects, even at very low concentrations, can significantly affectthe properties and functionality of materials [1]. This is especially pronounced forpolycrystalline materials where there are often complex interactions between theextended grain boundary defects and atomic scale point defects. Inevitably, no matter
how carefully a material is prepared, trace impurities, typically at the level of parts per
million (ppm), are always present. In polycrystalline materials, such impurities often
segregate to grain boundaries [2,3] where their concentrations can be enhanced by manyorders of magnitude. This, in turn, can driven structural transformation of grainboundaries and lead to modification of material properties, e.g. mechanical or electronic.
Therefore, considerable effort has been directed towards identifying multi-component
structure of grain boundaries at the atomic scale in order to better understand as well as
predict properties of polycrystalline materials.
Unfortunately, experimental methods capable of resolving the structure of a buriedinterface with both atomic and chemical resolution are extremely scarce. For example,
most scattering or spectroscopy techniques yield only an ensemble average over a given
sample volume and scanning-probe microscopies can only image atomic defects close
to surfaces. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), on the other hand, is one of the
few methods that are able to fulfill this role. In particular, the development of advanced
TEM methods, including aberration corrected high-angle annular dark field, scanning
TEM, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, and annular bright-field, it is now becoming
possible to obtain atomic scale, chemically resolved images [4] which can provide
insight into how impurities and defects actually interact and rearrange in grainboundaries. However, many previous TEM studies of grain boundaries have imaged
interfaces from one direction only, providing little direct information on its

85

two-dimensional structure.
In the Letter, by taking the example of a grain boundary in MgO, we show that
advanced electron microscopy techniques combined with first principles theoretical
calculations can provide three-dimensional images of complex multi-component grainboundaries with both atomic resolution and chemical sensitivity. The unprecedented
resolution of these techniques allows us to demonstrate that, even for the simple
rocksalt oxide MgO, grain boundaries can accommodate complex ordered
superstructures comprised of several types of defect species such as Ca impurities, Ti
substitutions, Mg vacancies, Ca interstitials, and Ca vacancies (Fig. 1). These results
point to the existence of new effects associated with interactions of defect with grainboundary in ceramics, and demonstrate that atomic scale analysis of complex
multi-component structures inside materials is now becoming possible [5].
(a)

O
Mg
Cai
Ti

O

Ca
Ca

TiMg
Ti

Mg

O

VCa
VMg
Cai

(b)

(c)

Fig. 1 (a) Atomic-resolution high-angle annular dark field image viewed from [001]. (b)Theoretically determined stable grain boundary structure. (c) Simulated image obtained using
determined grain boundary structure showing good match with the experimental image in (a).

References[1] Y. Ikuhara, J. Electron Microsc. 60, S173 (2011).
[2] J. P. Buban, K. Matsunaga, J. Chen, N. Shibata, W. Y. Ching, T. Yamamoto, and Y.
Ikuhara, Science 311, 212 (2006).
[3] N. Shibata, S. D. Findlay, S. Azuma, T. Mizoguchi, T. Yamamoto, and Y. Ikuhara,
Nature Mater. 8, 654 (2009).
[4] Z. C. Wang, M. Okude, M. Saito, S. Tsukimoto, A. Ohtomo, M. Tsukada, M.
Kawasaki, and Y. Ikuhara, Nature Commun. 1, 106 (2010).
*[5] Z. C. Wang, M. Saito, K. P. McKenna, L. Gu, S. Tsukimoto, A. L. Shluger, and Y.
Ikuhara, Nature 479, 380 (2011).

86

“Single molecule detection from a large-scale SERS-active Au79Ag21
substrate”
H.W. Liu1, L. Zhang1, Q.K. Xue1,2, and M.W. Chen1
1

WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
2
Department of Physics, Tsinghua University

This paper published in Scientific Reports was selected as highlight inNature Asia.*
Detecting and identifying single molecules are the ultimate goal of analytic
sensitivity. Single molecule detection by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SMSERS) depends predominantly on SERS-active metal substrates that are usually
colloidal silver fractal clusters [1,2]. However, the high chemical reactivity of silver andthe low reproducibility of its complicated synthesis with fractal clusters have been
serious obstacles to practical applications of SERS, particularly for probing single
biomolecules in extensive physiological environments.
Recently, we have succeeded in fabricating a large-scale and free-standing SERS
substrate for single molecule detection [3,4]. Our robust substrate is made with wrinkled
nanoporous Au79Ag21 films [3] (Fig 1(a)) that contain a high density of electromagnetic“hot spots” with a local SERS enhancement larger than 109. The excellent SERS
performance of the wrinkled nanoporous film comes from its heterogeneous
nanostructures including nano-pores, nano-tips and nanogaps, which give the substrate abroad-spectrum of plasmon frequencies for a wide range of molecule detection. The
most active sites locate at the narrow broken ridges of the wrinkled nanoporous film
(Fig 1(b)). Interestingly, in these complex plasmonic structures, rows of tip-to-tip
nanoantenna can be frequently
observed along the ridges of thewrinkled
film,
which
are
responsible for giant Raman
scattering enhancement [4]. We
have demonstrated that SM-SERS
can be achieved for both resonant Figure 1 (a) SEM image of a wrinkled nanoporous(R6G) and nonresonant (DNA film. (b) Single molecule detection. Typicalbase: adenine) molecules.
Raman map of DNA adenine molecules (10-9 M)
This large-scale gold-based (left), corresponding optical microscopic image
SM-SERS substrate with superior (middle), and their overlay image (right).

87reproducibly, facile synthesis and excellent stability may open new avenues for a wide
range of applications in life science and environment protection where single molecule
detection and identification are critical. Considering the chemical inertness andbiocompatibility of the gold-rich alloy, the single-molecule SERS substrate may allow
direct visualization of single biomolecules and their assemblies under native
physiological conditions for improving our understanding of the behaviour andinteraction of individual biological molecules.
References[1] S. Nie and S. R. Emory. Science 275, 1102 (1997).
[2] D. K. Kim et al., Nat. Mater. 9, 60 (2010).
[3] L. Zhang et al., ACS Nano 5, 4407 (2011).
*[4] H. W. Liu et al., Sci. Rep. 1, 112 (2011).

88

89

90

The 7th Katahira Festival
Katahira Festival (Katahira Matsuri in Japanese) was held at Katahira Campus of
Tohoku University on October 8th and 9th.
Since 1998, Katahira Festival has been held every two years and organized by
Tohoku University’s six research institutes and research center (Institute for Materials
Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Institute of Fluid Science,
Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research
for Advanced Materials, and Center for Northeast Asian Studies). It is for the first timethat WPI-AIMR joined Katahira Festival.
This Festival is held to promote public understanding for the research outcomes of
Tohoku University in the scientific field. Besides this, Tohoku University Archives
introduce Tohoku University’s history and traditional buildings.
AIMR opened 9 booths under the theme of “Nano Expo” at the WPI-AIMR mainbuilding completed at the end of July. AIMR’s events are as follows:1) Visiting AIMR’s laboratories with up-to-date equipment (“Atom and Molecule Lab
Tour”)
2) A tiny mirror using MEMS (“Mirrors smaller than ants”)
3) A liquid magnet using fluid magnetic quality (“Let’s play using liquid magnet”)
4) Experiment for looking at electricity (“The world of electrons observed by light as aprobe”)
5) A rubber with varied properties (“Precious experience with wonderful rubber”)
6) A drop of water which is insoluble in water (“Wonderful water”)
7) Low temperature show using liquid nitrogen (“American low temperature show”)
8) Experiment for simulating the movement of molecules on a computer (“Atoms andMolecules in a computer”)
9) Making slime especially popular among children (“Let’s make Slime”)
These events are managed by AIMR young and foreign researchers. About 2,500
participants enjoyed events together with staff members and listened attentively to their
explanations, and also asked several questions concerning the mechanism.
The Special Lecture by Prof. Toshio Nishi
As one of the official events of Katahira Festival, the Special Lecture by Professor
Toshio Nishi (WPI-AIMR) was held on October 8th at the Life Science Project

91

92

93

Soft Materials

Device/System

Soft Materials

Research
AssistantJunior PI

Junior PI

PI

Junior PI

Research
Assistant

Shinya Nakano

Ali Khademhosseini

Ali Khademhosseini

Yuichi Ikuhara

Ali Khademhosseini

Shinya Nakano

Materials Physics

Device/System

Device/System

Group

PositionName

12th Australia-Japan Colloid & Interface Science
Symposium

Biotechnology & Bioengineering Journal

The 2012 Biotechnology and Bioengineering Daniel I.C.
Wang Award

The White House, the USA

NovemberNovember

October

October

The Royal Society of Chemistry’s "Lab on a Chip Journal" October

The American Ceramics Society

Poster Prize Runner-Up

Date ofAward

Divisional Meeting on Colloid and Interface Chemistry
September(DMCIC)Awarding Organization

Fellow, the American Ceramics Society

Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists andEngineers (PECASE)

Pioneers of Miniaturization Prize 2011

Poster Award of The 63th Divisional Meeting on Colloid
and Interface Chemistry

Name of Award

Award Information

The Fourth Series of WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars FY2011

The topics of the Fourth WPI-AIMR Seminar Series of Fiscal Year 2011 are“Cooperation between Materials Science and Mathematical Science” and composed of
two parts, i.e., (1) ”Mathematical (Math-Mate) lecture + discussions”, and (2)“Materials science presentation + discussion” meetings. The first half of the seminaris assigned to lecture/presentation, and the latter half to questions/ (panel) discussions.
Initial several Seminars should be introductory to form a common understanding among
WPI staffs on the aim/problems of the collaboration with mathematics.
As for the part (2), the speakers are chosen from younger/senior researchers mainly
from WPI-AIMR and they provide topics concerning on the following questions;[1] How does he/she expect the cooperation with mathematics or mathematical science?
[2] What does he/she expect from the concept of “Functon㧔see below㧕”
for creating a novel research strategy of materials science?
[3] How can his/her research topics be seen from the view point of Functon?
Proposals of a presentation at the Seminar providing any opinions and related topics
by research members at WPI-AIMR will be most welcome. But Committee membersof Seminars may ask research members to give a talk at one of the Seminars at any
occasion.
Please remind that the participation to this Seminar Series is mandatory.

㧖㧖㧖 about Functon 㧖㧖㧖
Definition of the concept of “Functon” itself is the important theme which will be
discussed through this seminar series. Here is a starting point for you to think of it by
yourself.
What is Functon㧔“ᯏ⢻ሶ” in Japanese and Chinese㧕?
Functon is a constituent element of materials showing a certain definite function orproperty, and every material is composed of one or many kinds of assembled functons.
The size of functons ranges over from the size of atom/molecule to macroscopic size.
Functons often take spatial or temporal nesting structures, i.e., the structures likematryoshka (Russian doll); higher rank functon is formed as an assembly of lower rankfunctons.

94

Why Functon?
Functon is a central concept introduced at WPI-AIMR to create a novel researchstrategy of materials science. Namely we consider materials science can be performed
without going back to atom/molecule, but by introducing the concept of minimum
function unit, i.e., functons. Working on functons, materials science can be effectively
executed with a help of mathematical science. So far existing materials science
remained the science of matter where properties of matter is solved in turn from thelower to higher rank, i.e., from atom/molecule level to macroscopic level, which
therefore treats ordinary (non-inverse) problems in terms of mathematics. However, atrue materials science should treat an inverse problem to finding out necessary functons
to create novel materials with desired function. Mathematical science should play
important role for that cooperating with materials science.
Functons as a target of mathematical sciences
Mathematical science, of which important tool is the concept of functon helping abridge with the materials science, is needed for solving the difficult inverse problem.
It should solve how to combine complicated multilayer functon systems for the inverse
problem. Furthermore the mathematical science is also expected to help developing
materials as sensitive but robust, and those with multi-functions responding
environment change. Mathematics is also necessary for the control of rare events, andfor device processes utilizing pattern formation and so on. These can be also achieved
with the help of the concept of functons.
Establishing the concept of Functon
Elucidation of easy processes forming higher rank functons from the lower rankfunctons, even from those of atoms/molecules level, and forming functons in artificial
materials, which are related with non-equilibrium open systems, phase transition andnucleation core, interface processes, and self-organization, have been major topics ofindividual materials science so far. However, to create a guiding principle ofinnovative materials science, it is essentially important to explore and establish ageneral concept of “Functon”, and with its bolster, establishing a strategy of a novel
materials design by solving the inverse problem.

95

Report on the 3rd Seminar
Taro Hitosugi and Kazuto Akagi
July 29, 2011
Topological Crystallography㧙 Commemorating the fourth centennial anniversary of the publication of Kepler's
pamphlet “New-Year's gift concerning six-cornered snow” (1611) –Prof. Toshikazu Sunada (Meiji University)
One-dimensional exotic-nanocarbon: Electrons in a Riemannian space
Prof. Jun Onoe (Tokyo Institute of Technology)
In this seminar, two talks were given by Profs. Sunada and Onoe, both encouraging
our efforts to help materials scientists think of the possible collaboration withmathematics.
In the first lecture, mathematician Prof. Sunada gave a brief history of crystallography,
a practical science that originated in the classification of the observed shapes of crystals,
to provide the audience with a mathematical insight into modern crystallography. Thenthe talk went in to the formulation of a minimum principle for crystals in the frameworkof discrete geometric analysis, and predicted a new crystal based on K4 structure.
He expects the synthesis of the predicted material, and emphasized that topologicalcrystallography vigorously interacts with other fields in pure mathematics and also withmaterials science.
The next speaker, a materials scientist Prof. Onoe, talked about their observation of
Riemannian geometrical effects on the electronic properties of materials such as
Tomononaga-Luttinger liquids, which were previously theoretically predicted by theirgroup. They have examined a one-dimensional metallic C60 polymer with an uneven
periodic peanut-shaped structure using in situ high-resolution ultraviolet photoemission
spectroscopy.
Their successful combination of materials science and mathematics was quite
impressive, and suggests one of the ways of research in WPI-AIMR.

96

Report on the 4th Seminar
Kazuto Akagi
August 26, 2011
“A map of mathematics for materials scientists”
Kazuto Akagi“Why mathematics?”
Prof. Masatsugu Shimomura
In the past three seminars, we had several Math-Mate talks and open discussions onwhat we are aiming for through the fusion with mathematics. This attempt looks
basically going well so far, but it is also true that we cannot well imagine “what really
becomes possible by collaboration with mathematicians”, still now. Therefore, two talks
introducing how to interact with mathematics were given at this timing.
In the former part of the talk by Akagi, the world of mathematics was overviewed
with simplified explanations on each field. Next, an example was introduced how chaostheory helped to analyze and stabilize the behavior of a furnace based on very limited
numbers of monitoring data and a simplified physical model. Materials scientists are
more or less familiar with the basic scientific framework (e.g. classical mechanics,
thermodynamics, electromagnetics, statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics) and use
it in their thinking. In the same way, we need to know minimum level of knowledge
about the framework of mathematics (= a map of mathematical world) though we neednot do mathematics itself, he said.
In the second talk, Prof. Shimomura gave a talk on “why mathematics” based on his
experiences of collaboration with mathematicians in the field of biomimetics. One of
the impressive examples was the biomimetics database aiming for contribution to otherwide scientific and engineering fields including materials science. It is based on thedigital image processing technology developed by Prof. Haseyama (Hokkaido Univ.),
which helps us recognize buried similarity or relevance in enormous data one after
another. As Prof. Nishiura says, mathematics is a ubiquitous tool.

97

Report on the 5th Seminar
Kazuto Akagi
October 6, 2011
“Protein Structure and Topology”
Prof. Hiroaki Hiraoka (Kyushu University)
In this seminar, applications of computational homology to analysis of proteins wereshown. In particular, compressibility of proteins was chosen as an example of structuralproperties, and it was successfully correlated with some topological properties such as
robust "hole" in the protein modeled by van der Waals balls.
The lecturer used Homology groups as algebraic tools to study such geometrical"holes". In this framework, “simplicial complex” is given as an input data, and various
geometrical properties such as connectivity (H0), loop (H1), cavity (H2), n-dimensionalhole (Hn) are obtained as outputs. Here, “simplicial complex” is a connection oftetrahedrons whose faces are shared by each other. They say pixel processing incomputer graphics is similar to this transform to “simplicial complex”.
He says that recent progress on computational homology allows us to easily treat
them by using computers, and emphasizes that this approach is widely applicable tovarious targets, not only realistic objects but also abstracted ones including
n-dimensional data structures. Some people seemed to be inspired to use it for analysisof the relation between structure and property in BMG systems. My approach toaqueous solution systems focusing on the structure of hydrogen-bond network can besophisticated using this method. Indeed, abstraction of the topological structure fromour research objects in materials science should be one of the helpful approaches toclarify the nature in them.

98Report on the 6th Seminar
Susumu Tsukimoto
October 27, 2011
“Cantor sets meet the brain”
Prof. Ichiro Tsuda (Hokkaido University)
In this seminar, the talk were given by Prof. Tsuda who is an authority on chaos incomplex systems and is recently studying on chaotic dynamics of the brain, entitled“Cantor sets meet the brain” and were followed by open discussions in order to have aclue for bridging between materials science and mathematics in WPI-AIMR.
Prof. Tsuda first introduced Libchaber’s thesis which clearly described how amathematical theorem takes part in an actual proof in laboratories. Then, he talked
about the research example of this thesis, which is on a “mathematical model” forarchicortex proposed to explain the formation of episodic memories in the brain base on
the network structure of the hippocampus which provides fields for the creation ofinternal time connecting the past, present, and future. The theoretical model showingthat the hippocampus plays a role in formation of dynamic memory via multiple
time-scales interactions was presented in this seminar. He talked about the study with asimilarity between the structures of hippocampal CA3 and CA1 and of two variables
constructing a skinny baker’s map, which is a typical two-dimensional chaotic map. The
structure gave a hint to make a mathematical model of the hippocampus which is
responsible for the formation of episodic memory. By correlating between experimental
and mathematical studies of the network structures, chaotic behaviors were observed in
hippocampal CA3, and also a Cantor set in hippocampal CA1. This example could
suggest a promising relationship between mathematical and experiment studies ofdynamic behavior in the brain science.
Following his talk, we organized open discussions, which were led by Dr. Tsukimoto.
At first, Prof. Tanigaki asked a question on the experimental measurements of signals inneuron. In order to make effective collaborations between mathematics and materials
science, Dr. Nakajima asked the speaker about possibility of Cantor set and/or othermathematical models to apply to materials science field as well as brain science.

99

Report on the 7th Seminar
Ken Nakajima
November 25, 2011
“Simulation study of a local glass transition temperature in polymer thin film”
Dr. Hiroshi Morita (AIST)In this seminar, Dr. Morita introduced their study on a local glass transition and apolymer chain dynamics in polymeric materials using coarse-grained molecular
dynamics (MD) simulation. According to his talk, the dynamics of the polymer chain in
the confined geometry is different from that of the bulk, and these situations can beobserved in many materials. Recently, Prof. Tanaka and co-workers in Kyushu
University measured the glass transition temperature (Tg) near the substrate and it
became larger as the analytical depth from the substrate became smaller and smaller.
Furthermore, Tg of filler-contained polymeric materials were also measured by them andthe feature of Tg was considered as a relation to Tg near the substrate. To clarify these
problems, Dr. Morita conducted the coarse-grained MD simulation. He also briefly
explained the coarse-graining technique and the simulation system of OCTA, which
was developed by Prof. Masao Doi’s group in The University of Tokyo, including Dr.
Morita himself (http://octa.jp/).
After his talk, there were extensive questions and discussions. One arose from a
researcher from the polymer group was the effect of the change in Tg to mechanicalproperties. This is actually important and we reached the conclusion that we need afurther collaboration with Dr. Morita. A researcher in the BMG group put a question
about the Tg change at surfaces. This is because it would be very interesting if this effectis also seen in BMG materials. Dr. Morita pointed out the possible parameters for thisphenomenon. We will be able to study this point in the near future. Another question
was the inhomogeneity recently observed in BMG and polymer surfaces by researchers
in WPI-AIMR. He seemed to be interested in it. He will check his data in more detail interms of inhomogeneity and will give us a report on it soon.
This time, he tried to talk the glass-transition phenomena as a generalized problem
seen in many different types of materials and the audience agreed his point.

100Research ProspectNanoporous Metals as Green Catalysts for Molecular Transformations
Naoki Asao
WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
1. Introduction
Molecular metal catalysts (A), such as AuCl(PPh3) and Pd(PPh3)4, have been used formany molecular transformations as homogeneous catalysts [1]. However, the use ofheterogeneous catalysts offers several advantages over homogeneous systems, such asease of recovery and recycling, atom utility, and enhanced stability. While bulk metals(D) are catalytically inert materials, supported nanoscale metal particles (B) on suitable
oxide show catalytic activities in a variety of molecular transformations [2]. On theother hand, the catalytic properties of unsupported metals, such as nanoporous metalmaterials (C), are still less explored. The nanoporous metal materials can be generally
prepared by leaching less noble metals from the corresponding alloys through a routesimilar to that for the preparation of Raney nickel. For example, nanoporous gold isfabricated from Au-Ag alloy by means of free corrosion in nitric acid [3]. It has an open
sponge-like morphology of interconnecting ligaments on the nanometer length scale.
Our research focused on these nanoporous metal materials as promising green catalysts.

Fig. 1 Four different types of morphology of gold and palladium.
2. Results and discussion
2.1 AuNPore-catalyzed benzannulation
We initially examined the catalytic activity of the nanoporous gold by use of the103[4+2] benzannulation reaction between ortho-alkynyl benzaldehyde 1 andphenylacetylene 2 as a model reaction, which has been previously reported by our groupwith homogeneous gold catalysts [4]. The reaction proceeded with 20 mol % of
AuNPore-1, having around 25 nm pore size, at 150 oC for 2.5 h, and the desired product3 was obtained in 62 % yield together with a small amount of decarbonylated
naphthalene derivative 4 (Scheme 1). On the other hand, any reactions did not takeplace in the absence of the catalyst or in the presence of the non-dealloyed Au30Ag70
thin plates. These results clearly indicated that the nanoporous structure of the catalyst
is necessary for this transformation [5].
H

CHO

AuNPore (20 mol %)

+
1

Ph

Ph

o-C6H4Cl2, 150 oC, 2.5 h
Ph 2
Entry
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

3
Average pore size
AuNPore-1
reuse 1
reuse 2
AuNPore -2
AuNPore -3
AuNPore -4
AuNPore -5

25 nm
30 nm
40 nm
60 nm
100 nmO

Ph

Yield of 3 (%)
62
61
60
61
12
trace
0

Scheme 1 AuNPore-catalyzed benzannulation reaction between ortho-alkynyl
benzaldehyde 1 and phenylacetylene 2.
AuNPore can be recovered simply by picking up with tweezers because the catalyst
is a bulk metal. Therefore, unlike ordinary heterogeneous catalysts, any cumbersome
work-up procedures, such as filtration or centrifugation, are not required. The catalyst
can be reused several times and the chemical yields of 3 were constantly good in eachcase (entries 1-3). We found that the catalytic activity of the nanoporous gold washighly dependent on the pore size in this transformation. AuNPore-2, having around 30
nm pore size, exhibited the similar activity with AuNPore-1 (entry 4). However, thechemical yields were dramatically decreased with catalysts having more than 40 nm
pore sizes (entries 5-7).
2.2 AuNPore-catalyzed oxidation of organosilanes with water
These results mentioned above prompted us to further explore the feasibility of104

carrying out a wide range of molecular transformations with this material. Then, we
next examined the oxidation of organosilanes with water, leading to silanols, which areuseful building blocks for silicon-based polymeric materials as well as nucleophilic
coupling partners in organic synthesis. Although several metal particles have beenreported as catalysts for this transformation, there are some drawbacks in those cases,
such as poor long-term stability, narrow substrate generality, formation of by-products,
and complicated work-up procedure for separation of products from the catalyst [6]. We
found that the nanoporous gold exhibited a remarkable catalytic activity in the oxidationof PhMe2SiH 5 and the corresponding silanol 6 was produced quantitaively under mild
conditions together with the evolution of hydrogen gas (Scheme 2) [7]. The formationof by-products, such as disiloxane, was not detected at all by GCMS. The turnover
frequency (TOF) of 3.0 s–1 was achieved in this catalytic system. The catalyst can beused at least 5 times repeatedly and the product was obtained nearly quantitatively
every time (entries 1-5). The turnover number (TON) reached up to 10700. SEM
images of the AuNPore catalyst (Fig. 2) indicate that there is no difference on thesurface of the catalyst before and after 5 times use.

Scheme 2 AuNPore-catalyzed oxidation of PhMe2SiH with water.

Fig. 2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of AuNPore: a) before reaction, b)
after being used five times for oxidation of PhMe2SiH.

105

The catalytic oxidation reactions with a variety of organosilanes were conducted andrepresentative examples are shown in Fig. 3. Not only aromatic silanes but also
sterically hindered trialkylsilanes were oxidized effectively. The AuNPore catalyst wasalso applicable to the oxidations of tri-, di-, and mono-phenylsilanes, and thecorresponding oxygenated products were obtained in high yields, respectively. Alkenyland alkynyl-containing silanes were oxidized smoothly without reduction of theirmultiple bonds by H2 gas.

Fig. 3 Representative examples for AuNPore-catalyzed oxidation of organosilanes.
Leaching test was conducted to clarify whether the disolved gold species in solventstake part in the current reaction system or not. After the catalytic oxidation of 5 was
carried out for 10 min under the standard condition, AuNPore catalyst was removed
from the reaction vessel. 1H NMR analysis of the mixture showed that 6 was produced
in 48% yield at this time. While stirring of the mixture was continued in the absence ofthe catalyst for 50 min, further consumption of 5 was not detected at all. Then, the
AuNPore was put back into the mixture. The oxidation reaction started again and finally
6 was obtained in 99% yield with 50 min. Furthermore, leaching of the gold in thereaction of 5 was not detected by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis(<0.0005%). These results clearly indicated that the current transformation was
catalyzed by the AuNPore catalyst but not by the dissolved gold species in solvents.
2.3 PdNPore-catalyzed Suzuki coupling
In parallel with the study on AuNPore, the catalytic property of nanoporous
palladium (PdNPore) has been investigated. This material can be easily fabricated frommetallic glassy ribbons Pd30Ni50P20 [8] by electrochemical dealloying process [9]. The
resulting PdNPore was used as a catalyst in the Suzuki-coupling reaction, which is oneof the most important organic transformations in recent years [10]. The reaction ofiodobenzene 7 with p-tolylboronic acid 8 using KOH as a base in the presence of 2
mol% PdNPore gave the corresponding biphenyl product 9 in a nearly quantitative yield

106

(Scheme 3, Entry 1). On the other hand, no coupling products were obtained in thepresence of un-dealloyed (non-porous) metallic glass Pd30Ni50P20 or in the absence of
PdNPore [11].

Scheme 3 PdNPore-catalyzed Suzuki-coupling reaction.
Recently, small palladium particles, consisting of gathering of palladium atoms, havebeen used as a solid state catalyst. However, a drawback of this catalyst is that it
undergoes quite easy agglomeration under the reaction conditions, leading todeactivation of the catalyst. Hence, appropriate stabilizer or supporter is necessary to
prevent deactivation by agglomeration. In contrast, PdNPore exhibited an excellent
catalytic activity under mild reaction conditions without any supporter, ligand, or
stabilizer. Although palladium black has been reported as an unsupported catalyst for
Suzuki coupling reaction, nearly one-half equivalent of catalyst is necessary probably
due to the poor catalytic activity. Recovery of ordinary heterogeneous catalysts often
requires complicated treatment. In contrast, the recovery process in the current catalytic
system is simple. Since the size of the catalyst is relatively large, the catalyst and the
product can be separated easily by just removal of the liquid moiety by a pipette. The
recovered catalyst was washed with MeOH several times and it was reused without
further purification. Indeed, the product 9 could be obtained in excellent yield every
time when the reactions were performed 4 times repeatedly. Furthermore, SEM imagesof the catalyst before and after 4 times run indicated the nanoporous structure wasmaintained well (Fig. 4).
(a)Fig. 4 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of PdNPore: a) before reaction, b)
after being used four times for Suzuki coupling between 7 and 8.
107Since leaching of toxic palladium causes contamination of the final products with thedissolved palladium, catalytic systems with low leaching are highly desirable.
Inductivity coupled plasma (ICP-AES) analysis did not detect the leaching of thepalladium (< 0.0005%) during or after reaction of 7 with 8. We next checked theleaching by conducting the reaction with the supernatant as follows: The reaction of 7with 8 was carried out for 30 min under the standard condition, then a half amount ofsolution was picked up. 1H NMR analysis of the supernatant indicated that 9 was
produced in 3% yield at this time. The supernatant was stirred in the absence of thecatalyst for 3 h; the chemical yield of 9 at this moment was 24%. On the other hand,stirring of the residual reaction mixture having the catalyst for 3 h gave 9 in 93% yield.
These results clearly indicated that dissolved Pd species existed and catalyzed thereaction but its activity was much lower than that of solid state of the catalyst due to the
low leaching amount.
The Suzuki-coupling reactions using various aryliodides and arylboronic acids were
examined and representative examples are shown in Fig. 5. The reaction proceededsmoothly even with sterically hindered 2-iodoanisole. The reactions of aryl iodidespossessing electron-withdrawing groups proceeded faster than those having electrondonating groups. In contrast, the reactions of arylboronic acids possessing electrondonating groups proceeded faster than those having electron-withdrawing groups. Not
only aryl iodides but also aryl bromides are suitable substrates.

Fig. 5 Representative examples for PdNPore-catalyzed Suzuki coupling.
2.4 PdNPore-catalyzed Heck reaction
The material was next applied to Heck reaction, which is widely utilized in organic
synthesis from small scale to the industrial process (Scheme 4) [12]. The reaction ofiodobenzene 7 with acrylic acid 10 using KOH as a base in the presence of 2 mol % of
PdNPore gave cinnamic acid 11 in 84 % yield (Entry 1). Addition of tetra-nbutylammonium iodide (TBAI) improved the chemical yield up to 94% (Entry 2). Since
TBAI is known as a stabilizer of Pd particles, it might stabilize the dissolved Pd species

108even in the case of the current catalytic system. On the other hand, no coupling products
were obtained at all in the absence of PdNPore catalyst or in the presence of undealloyed metallic glass Pd30Ni50P20 ribbon [13].

Scheme 4 PdNPore-catalyzed Heck reaction.
Not only aryliodides, but also less reactive arylbromides were suitable substrates byusing Köhler’s condition (Scheme 5) [14]. Treatment of 4-bromoacetophenone 12 withstyrene 13 in the presence of 2 mol % of PdNPore in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)
resulted in the formation of 14 in a nearly quantitative yield (Entry 1). Heck reaction iswell known to be catalyzed by Pd/C, which is one of the most accessible heterogeneous
Pd catalysts. However, it has a serious limitation on the recyclability [14]. In contrast,
our catalyst can be used at least 5 times. SEM analysis of the catalyst clearly indicatedthat nanoporous structures were maintained well even after 5 runs. Furthermore, any
significant changes of the composition of the catalysts were not observed before andafter reaction by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. These results clearly indicatethat PdNPore is a robust and recyclable catalyst for Heck reaction.

Scheme 5 PdNPore-catalyzed Heck reaction of bromoarene.
The representative examples are shown in Fig. 6. While the reactions of aryliodides
were not influenced significantly by the electronic effect of the substituents on thearyliodides, the reaction speed of arylbromides was considerably dependent on the109substituents on bromoarenes.

Fig. 6 Representative examples for PdNPore-catalyzed Heck reaction.
We compared the leaching amount of Pd from PdNPore, Pd/C, and Pd black catalysts
in the reaction of 12 and 13 by inductivity coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
On the basis of the average of specific surface areas of these catalysts, the leachingamounts of Pd per unit surface area can be calculated and the results are summarized inTable 1. Obviously, the leaching amount from the PdNPore catalyst is significantly
smaller than those from the other two commercially available catalysts. This resultclearly indicated that PdNPore has higher resistant property against leaching than theother two catalysts. Köhler reported that the Pd concentration in solution in the Pd/Ccatalyzed reaction was highest at the beginning of the reaction and was a minimum atthe end of the reaction by the reprecipitation of Pd onto the support [14]. It is worth
mentioning that the leaching amount from the unsupported PdNPore is smaller than thatfrom the supported Pd/C even at the end of the reaction.
Table 1 Leaching amount of Pd at the end of the reaction with 12 and 13 by use of Pd
NPore, Pd black, and Pd/C catalysts.

3. Summary
We have demonstrated that nanoporous gold and palladium are promisingnanostructured skeleton catalysts for molecular transformations. Any supports, ligands,
or stabilizers are not required in these catalytic systems. The catalysts can be easily

110

recovered by simple separation processes and the recovered catalysts were reusable
without significant loss of catalytic activities. The exploration of new catalytic
properties of a variety of nanoporous metals as well as designing and creation of novel
types of nano-structured skeleton catalysts are in progress.

Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Y. Yamamoto, S. Tanaka, M. Chen, W. Zhang, and A. Inouefor their collaboration in this work.
References
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(a) C. Della Pina, E. Falletta, L. Prati, M. Rossi. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 2077 (2008);(b) A. Corma, H. Garcia. Chem. Soc. Rev. 37, 2096 (2008); (c) M. Seki. Synthesis
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Mitsudome, S. Arita, H. Mori, T. Mizugaki, K. Jitsukawa, K. Kaneda. Angew.
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Mizugaki, K. Jitsukawa, K. Kaneda. Chem. Commun. 5302 (2009).
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W. Zhang, A. Inoue. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49, 10093 (2010).
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Y. Zeng, N. Nishiyama, T. Wada, D. Louzguine-Luzgin, A. Inoue. Mater. Trans.
47, 175 (2006).

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Suzuki. J. Organomet. Chem. 576, 147 (1999); (c) S. Kotha, K. Lahiri, D.
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Synth. Catal. 253, 2927 (2011).
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A Chem. 182-183, 499 (2002).

112

Exploring new spintronics materials via investigation of fast
precessional spin dynamics using an ultrashort pulse laser
Shigemi Mizukami and Terunobu Miyazaki
WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
1. Introduction
Since the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) by P. Grünberg and A. Fert
[1,2] who obtained the Nobel prize in 2007, spintronics research field increased year by
year. One big breakthrough is a finding of large tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) at
room temperature in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) in 1995 [3,4]. The MTJs consistof a few nano meter thick insulating barrier sandwiched by ferromagnetic layers andexhibit, basically, a larger (smaller) resistance in parallel (anti-parallel) configuration ofmagnetizations. This implies that a MTJ can be used for a non-volatile magnetic
random access memory (MRAM) element if a high or low resistance states is regarded
as “1” or “0” digital memory bit.
Another interesting proposal was brought in 1996 into spintoronics is the so-called
spin-transfer-torque (STT) effect [5]. Conducting electrons flowing through a fixedmagnetic layer in a magnetoresistive device are spin polarized along the magnetization.
When these spin-polarized electrons pass through another magnetic layer, thepolarization direction may have to change depending on relative orientation. In thisprocess, the magnetic layer experiences a torque associated with the transfer of spin
angular momentum from conducting electrons. For large current, the spin torqueamplifies the cone angle of spin precession and leads magnetization switching in thecase that the spin torque overcomes magnetic damping. Thus, the magnetization of
nano-scaled free layer is controllable by the flowing current direction.
Nowadays, the researchers in spintronics field are developing STT-MRAM utilizing
the above two fundamental technologies. The features of STT-MRAM is not only nonvolatility but also a large memory capacity and a high speed in reading and storing ofdigital memory, comparable to a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or
static RAM (SRAM), made of CMOS technology [6]. STT-MRAM is considered to be
an important element of Normally-off computer as Green Technologies in near future.
However, there are many subjects to be overcome for realization of such an ultimate
memory. One of the important subjects is to develop the new magnetic materials withlow magnetic damping as well as high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, and also toclarify their mechanism.

113

2. Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and magnetic damping
When the magnetic materials are patterned into several tens nano meter scale, that iscomparable to the current CMOS technology node, magnetization direction fluctuates
randomly against time, like as the Brownian motion of very small particle. Reducing ofthese thermal fluctuations of magnetization is crucial to make nano scaled memory
because the thermal fluctuation of magnetization leads to lose a stored digital memoryin MRAM. To avoid it, a magnetic material with a large perpendicular magnetic
anisotropy is used in electrodes of MTJ. Thermal fluctuation of magnetization isstabilized significantly by high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy [7]. There have been
several magnetic materials with high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, so far, becausesuch materials are also used in a storage media in hard disk drive or permanent magnet.
Most of such magnetic materials have crystal structures with symmetry lower than a
cubic, i.e., tetragonal or hexagonal. Artificial magnetic multilayer also shows
perpendicular magnetic anisotropy owing to two dimensional structures [7]. Most ofthem contain various rare earth or noble metals. History of research on magnetic
anisotropy is long [8] and the development of precise ab-initio calculation and progressof microscopic characterization based on X-ray reveals the mechanism of anisotropy inlast two decade, but physics of magnetic anisotropy was not so clear yet.
In the elementary mechanics, we learn that a friction forces to stop an object moving
in the air and this friction force is proportional to velocity of moving object. Suchfriction is a universal phenomenon that appears from microscopic to macroscopic scale.
Large friction needs large power to drive the motion of object, but a finite friction isnecessary to control it, thus friction control is very important technology to save theenergy, as seen in a hybrid car. Similarly, magnetization also feels a friction insidemagnets, so-called magnetic damping. In STT-MRAM, small magnetic friction isefficient to drive the magnetization motion with saving the power requiring
magnetization reversal [6]. Origin of magnetic friction can be attributed to one electron
spin relaxation phenomena related quantum-mechanical spin-orbit interaction [9], butthere are a few data of magnetic damping in the magnetic materials with perpendicularmagnetic anisotropy and the related physics is not yet understood fully.
Theories show magnetic friction and magnetic anisotropy originates from spin-orbit
interaction, namely materials with large magnetic anisotropy might tend to show large
magnetic friction. Therefore, it is a challenging task to explore new materials suitable to
STT-MRAM.

114

3. Spin dynamics and all-optical time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect
The objectives of our studies are to get insight into physics of magnetic damping inmagnetic materials with large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and also to explore
magnetic materials with both high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and small
magnetic damping. However, it is difficult to evaluate magnetic damping constant insuch magnetic materials. A basic motion of spin in magnets is precession, which issimilar to oscillation of a pendulum. Precession frequency is roughly proportional to theperpendicular magnetic anisotropy field. Precession frequency is several GHz for theusual ferromagnetic metals, e.g., iron, but it exceeds more than 100 GHz in themagnetic materials with high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. “All optical pumpprobe detection” is the current state of art technique for the investigation of spin
dynamics [10]. All optical pump-probe detection is based on pump-probe techniquewith femto second laser. The motion of spins can be induced only by laser light pulse
and any coils or inductances, which are required to generate pulsed magnetic field in theother techniques, are not involved in the set-up, so that one can achieve the ultimate
time resolution better than hundred femto second. The equivalent frequency bandwidthof this measurement is more than 1 THz.
In 2008-2009, we have constructed the set-up of all-optical time-resolved magnetooptical Kerr effect (TRMOKE) using a standard optical pump-probe set-up with Ti:
Sapphire laser and regenerative amplifier (wavelength of 800 nm, pulse width less than
100 fs) [11,12]. S-polarized probe light is normally incident on a film surface. A verysmall amount of rotation of polarization vector of laser light reflected from sample is(a)electromagnet

Ti:sapphire+
Regenerative amp.

(b)sampledetector

BS

P
WP
P

O/2
chopper

Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of optical set-up. P, WP, and BS correspond to apolarizer, beam splitter, and Wollaston prism as an analyzer. Thin and bold red lines areprobe and pump beam path, respectively. (b) the photograph of optical set-up
constructed in Integration laboratory in WPI-AIMR.

115

detected by a balanced detector after passing though analyzer (Wollaston prism) bypolar magneto-optical Kerr effect (PMOKE). Intense pump beam is also focused to thesample overlapped and delayed by probe beam and time variation of magnetization was
detected. Magnetic field can be applied up to 10 kOe and the field direction can bevaried from in-plane to out-of-plane. Hereafter, we discuss the result of investigation of
fast spin precession dynamics in various magnetic films with large perpendicularmagnetic anisotropy.

0.1

(c)

Hӆfilm0

MOKE signal (arb. unit)

MO signal (deg.)

5. Precessional spin dynamics in ultrathin films and multilayers exhibiting a large
perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
As mentioned earlier, artificial layered materials have a large uniaxial magnetic
anisotropy induced by symmetry broken at an interface. We investigated Co-based
multilayered structure: Co/Pd [13] and Co/Ni [14], here we show representative resultsof very thin Co layer sandwiched by Pt layer [15].
Films were deposited on a naturally oxidized Si substrate using an ultra-high vacuum
magnetron sputtering system at room temperature. Thickness of buffer and capping
layer of Pt were 5 and 2 nm, respectively, and Co layer thickness was varied from 4 to

(a)

-0.1

-4

-2

0

2

4

H (kOe)Coercivity (Oe)

400

(b)
300
Hӆfilm

200
100

0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3

dCo (nm)
0.7

0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3

0.8

0
-0.1
-0.2

0.9

0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3

1.0

0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

1.5

2.0

0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

0
0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

4.0

0

100

200

Pump-probe delay time (ps)dCo (nm)

Figure 2 (a) Typical hysteresis curves for a Pt/Co/Pt trilayer film with Co layer
thickness dCo of 0.8 nm. (b) Co layer thickness dependence of Coercivity, and (c) timeresolved magneto-optical Kerr effect signal for the films with different dCo.

116

117

118

f (GHz)

300

-10
-20
-30

250

exp.

200

(c)

0.12 (mJ/cm2)
-40

0.28
0.43

-50

0.83
-60

(b)

Laser intensity

0

20

40

0.02

Deff

signal (arb. unit) (arb. unit)
Kerr signalKerrintensity

0

0.01

(a)
60

0
30

80

time (ps)DelayDelay
time
(ps)

40

50

60

70

80

90

TH (°)

Figure 5 (a) Typical example of time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect of the MnGa film with L10 structure. Magnetic field direction TH dependence of (b) precession
frequency and (c) effective damping constant for L10 and D022 Mn-Ga films.

externally applied magnetic field. Spin precessions show ultrafast frequencies over 100
GHz with no remarkable decays, that have never been observed in metallic
ferromagnets, so far.
Precession frequency f are extracted from the data are shown in Fig. 5(b) as afunction of magnetic field direction. Experimental data of f are well fitted to the data
calculated from eq. (1) with adequate fitting parameters. The damping constants D arealso extracted from the data [Fig. 5(c)], average values of 0.015 and 0.0075,
respectively, for L10 and and D022 Mn-Ga alloys. First-principles calculations are alsoin qualitative agreement with these experimental results [19].
4. Discussion
The damping constants for various films with perpendicular magnwetic anisotropy
are plloted as a function of the perpendicular anisotropy constant in Fig. 6. The reported
materials with large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy show large damping constants
as shown in Fig. 6. However, damping constants for Mn-Ga alloys are by a factor of ten
smaller than known materials even though this materials have a large perpendicularmagnetic anisotropy. As we mentioned earlier, the origin of both perpendicularmagnetic anisotropy and magnetic damping relate to quantum mechanical spin-orbit
interaction from the theoretical points of view [8,9]. Thus, the compatibility of small
damping and large perpendicular magnetic anisotopry in Mn-Ga alloys is not only

119Magnetic damoping
D coefficient D

Reported
Values invariousmaterials

10-1

10-2
Requiredvalues for
Gbit-STTMRAM

10-3
10-1

100

101

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
constant Kueff (Merg/cm3)
Figure 6 Magnetic damping constant D as a function of effective uniaxial perpendicularmagnetic anisotropy constant Kueff for various types of perpendicular magnetization
films.

technologically but also fundamentally interesting. One reason of small damping is that
this alloy has small density of states at Fermi level and no constituent of heavy elements[19,23]. Full understanding needs further investigations.
4. Summary and prospect
We have achieved the construction of set-up, the investigation of dynamics forvarious magnetic films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, and the discovery of
excellent properties in Mn-Ga alloys. This finding contributes not only to develop STTMRAM but also to form the new concept for designing Green Spintronics Materials
with no heavy elements. The Mn-Ga alloys has potentially high spin polarization andexhibit high-TMR ratio, so that it is important to investigate spin transport properties of
MTJ with Mn-Ga, such studies are in progress [24].
It is important to continue to explore materials with much better properties for STTMRAM. Such new materials could be created by controlling atomic layer structure
including light element as well as electronic structure around Fermi energy.
It is naturally considered that a high speed motion of spins, demonstrated in our
optical experiments in the Mn-Ga films, can be applied to a high speed spintronics
device. Such a new devices should be useful for nonvolatile logic application, that is120

one of the future directions of research.
Acknowledgements
We sincerely thank our colleagues; F. Wu, E. P. Sajitha, D. Watanabe, T. Kubota, X.
Zhang, Q. Ma, M. Araidai, and Prof. M. Tsukada (WPI-AIMR), H. Naganuma, M.
Oogane, and Prof. Y. Ando, and Prof. A. Sakuma (Department of Applied Physics), Y.
Miura and M. Shirai (RIEC), and J. Walowski (Goettingen University). These studies
were partially supported by NEDO Spintronics Nonvolatile Devices Project, Grant-inAid for Scientific Research from JSPS and MEXT, Grant for Industrial Technology
Research from NEDO, FIRST Program from JSPS, Strategic International Cooperative
Program “ASPIMATT” from JST, and Asahi glass foundation.
References[1] G. Binasch et al. Phys. Rev. B 39, 4828 (1989).
[2] M. N. Baibich et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 61, 2472 (1988).
[3] T. Miyazaki and N. Tezuka, J. Magn. Magn. Matter. 139, L231 (1995).
[4] J. S. Moodera et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 3273 (1995).
[5] J. C. Slonczewski: J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 159, L1 (1996).
[6] H. Yoda et al., Curr. Appl. Phys. 10, e87 (2010).
[7] D. Weller et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 36, 10 (2000).
[8] P. Bruno, Physical origins and theoretical models of magnetic anisotropy(Ferienkurse des Forschungszentrums Jurich, Jurich, 1993).
[9] V. Kambersky, Can. J. Phys. 48, 2906 (1970).
[10] M. van Kampen et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 227201 (2002).
[11] S. Mizukami et al., Appl. Phys. Express 1, 121301 (2008).
[12] S. Mizukami et al., J. Conf. Series 200, 042017-1-4 (2010).
[13] E. P. Sajitha et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 46, 2056 (2010).
[14] S. Mizukami et al., Appl. Phys. Express 4, 013005 (2011).
[15] S. Mizukami et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 152502 (2010).
[16] S. Mizukami et al., Appl. Phys. Express 3, 123001 (2010).
[17] S. Mizukami et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 052501 (2011).
[18] S. Mizukami et al., IEEE Trans. Magn. 47, 3897 (2011).
[19] S. Mizukami et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 117201 (2011).
[20] B. Balke et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 152504 (2007).
[21] F. Wu et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 122503 (2009).
[22] T. Kubota et al., Appl. Phys. Express 4, 043002 (2011).

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[23] S. Mizukami et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 50, 103003 (2011).
[24] T. Kubota et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 192509 (2011).

122

Newly Appointed Research Staff

Curriculum Vitae

Sergey KETOV
Research Associate
TEL: +81-22-217-5956
E-mail: ketov.sergey@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp
URL: http://www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp/en/modules/louzguinegroup/

ACADEMIC:
2004 Engineer-specialist, Moscow State Institute of Steel and Alloys, Russia
2007 Dr. Eng., Moscow State Institute of Steel and Alloys, Russia
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2008-2009
Senior Engineer, Hard magnetic materials laboratory, Moscow State Institute of Steel andAlloys, Russia
2009-2011
Senior Researcher, Hard magnetic materials laboratory, Moscow State Institute of Steeland Alloys, Russia
2009-2010
Docent (off-hour job), Material Physics Department, Moscow State Institute of Steel andAlloys, Russia
2011-present Research Associate, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH:y Hard magnetic materials and permanent magnets
y Thin magnetic, transparent, conductive films

Yasufumi TAKAHASHI
Research Associate
TEL: +81-22-795-7281
E-mail: takahashi@bioinfo.che.tohoku.ac.jp
URL: http://www.che.tohoku.ac.jp/~bioinfo/

ACADEMIC:
2004 B.S. in Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
2006 M.S. in Environment, Tohoku University, Japan
2009 Dr. in Environment, Tohoku University, Japan
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2008
JSPS Fellow (DC2), Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University,
Japan
2009
JSPS Fellow (PD), Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Japan
2010-2011
JSPS Research Abroad Fellow, Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
2011-present Research Associate, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH:y Imaging a living cell surface using scanning ion conductance microscopy
y Mapping of the membrane protein using scanning electrochemical microscopy

125Curriculum Vitae

Natsuhiko YOSHINAGA
Assistant Professor
TEL: +81-22-217-6325
E-mail: yoshinaga@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2002 B.Sc. in Physics, Kyoto University, Japan
2004 M.Sc. in Physics, Kyoto University, Japan
2007 Ph.D. in Physics, Kyoto University, Japan
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2004-2007
JSPS Fellow (DC1), Department of Physics, Kyoto University
2006-2007
Guest Researcher, Département de recherche fondamentale sur la matière condensée
(DRFMC), CEA-Grenoble (France)
2007-2010
JSPS Fellow (PD), Department of Physics, the University of Tokyo
2007-2008
Guest Researcher, PhysicoChimie Curie UMR 168, Institut Curie, Paris (France)
2010-2011
Research Fellow, Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University
2011-present Assistant Professor, WPI Advance Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH:y Theoretical studies in Active Soft Condensed Matter including Hydrodynamics, Nonequilibrium andNonlinear Physics, Polymers, and Biological systems
y Spontaneous motion and deformation of a droplet with active surface reactions and Marangoni effecty Mechanics of active gels: Stress fibers and cytoskelton in cells

Jianhua ZHOU

Research Associate
TEL: +81-22-217-5998
E-mail: jhzhou@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp
URL: http://www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2004 B. S. in Polymer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, P. R. China
2007 M. S. in Chemistry, Tsinghua University, P. R. China
2011 Ph.D. in Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2009-2010
Fulbright Scholar, Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
2011-present Research Associate, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH:y Microfluidic platform for tissue engineering and drug deliveryy Biodevices for diagnosis of diseases

126Newly Appointed
Adjunct Associate Professors

129

130

Global Intellectual Incubation
and Integration Lab (GI3 lab)

133

134

Position

Visiting Scientist

Host

Esashi(Gessner)*

Note: * indicates the name of PI who dispatched the scientist.

1 FRÖMEL, Jörg

Name

2011

5

From

B. Junior Researchers and Students <Visiting Scientists>

11

䌾

Term
䌾
2011

12

Through5

Fraunhofer ENAS, Germany

Affiliation

Global Intellectual Incubation and Integration Laboratory (GI³ Lab) - April 2011 to March 2012

DeputyDepartment
Manager

Position

Germany34

Nationality Age

Application of metallic glass structures into silicon
MEMSusing low temperature solid liquidinterdiffusion based on gallium and indium to fabricate
packaged devices

Research TopicGI3 Activity Report of Jörg FRÖMEL
May 11th, 2011 - December 5th, 2011
Host: Professor Masayoshi ESASHI (Professor Thomas GESSNER)
During my stay at the WPI-AIMR two main objectives could have been achieved.
The scientific focus was on the development of a novel process to bond materials evenwith a highly different thermal expansion coefficient. Therefore the process temperatureneeds to be as near as possible to room temperature. The lowest theoretical applicablematerial combination is gallium and gold slightly above 30°C. It will form the AuGa2
alloy that has a melting point of 491°C. Whereas the material system Au/Ga has alreadybeen extensively researched, there is to our best knowledge no application in micro
devices yet. The reason is linked to the difficult process ability of the gallium. Many
known processes in micro and nanotechnology cannot be used because of the low
melting point of 29.8°C. Basically three different processes are needed to enable theapplication: deposition of gallium, micro structuring of gallium and the bonding processitself. During my stay at the GI3 lab I could successful develop a deposition process
based on electroplating that allows the precise thin film deposition of gallium. With thisprocess layers ranging from several 100nm to several µm can be realized now. The
application in micro devices requires structuring of the gallium thin film within several
10µm structures. This could be achieved by using patterns of photosensitive polymers(resist) that are applied before the deposition process. Lastly with the deposited andstructured thin films the bonding process could be successfully demonstrated at atemperature of 40°C. With this result the whole needed process chain is available now
and the possibility to finally apply the Au/Ga SLID technology in micro devices iswithin reach. Currently a journal paper is being prepared based on the results of theresearch work.
Additional to the scientific objective also it was a target of the stay in Sendai toincrease the cooperation between the WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Researchand Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nano Systems (ENAS). As a result on
November 8th 2011 a memorandum of understanding could be signed by WPI-AIMR
Director Prof. Yamamoto and Fraunhofer ENAS Director Prof. Gessner in presence ofMayor of Sendai Ms. Okuyama, Fraunhofer President Prof. Bullinger and Tohoku
University Executive Vice President Prof. Iijima. It is anticipated to form even morestronger international relation between the two organisations in the future. During mystay I could acquire many new skills and experiences related to material science, microtechnology and Japanese scientific environment.
I would like to thank Prof. Esashi, Prof. Yamamoto and Prof. Gessner for theirsupport and giving me the opportunity to contribute to the research at the excellent
WPI-AIMR.

135

Announcement

The 2012 WPI-AIMR Annual Workshop
The 2012 WPI-AIMR Annual Workshop will be held on February 20 through 23 in
Sendai. The workshop will be composed of plenary sessions and parallel sessions,inviting world class researchers.
Date:

Monday, February 20 – Thursday, February 23, 2012

Location:

Sendai International Center (sessions) & Sendai Kokusai Hotel (reception,accommodation)

In the process of realizing three major goals of the AIMR—(1) Invent and develop
new functionally innovative Green Materials, (2) Establish a new system adequate as a
World Premier Research Center, and (3) Strengthen international cooperation andconstruct a world visible center—the AIMR has been organizing the WPI-AIMR Annual
Workshop since 2009. And now, we are announcing the 2012 WPI Annual Workshop
which will be held from February 20, 2012, Monday, through February 23, Thursday, at
Sendai Kokusai Hotel and Sendai International Center. This will be the fourth
WPI-AIMR general workshop since its inauguration in October 2007 as a World
Premier International Research Center.
The scientific scope of our workshop is “Cutting-edge Functional Materials for Green
Innovation”, reflecting our efforts to create Green Materials which contribute tǒEnergy
Harvesting”, “Energy Saving” and “Environmental Clean-up”. The workshop will aim
to provide a new direction of materials research, since the AIMR now promotes thecollaboration between materials science and mathematics.
Plenary sessions and parallel sessions will be organized with presentations by worldclass researchers of the fields of AIMR research (four groups and a unit), which are the
Bulk Metallic Glasses, Materials Physics, Soft Materials and Devices/Systems
Construction groups and the Mathematics unit. For encouraging younger researchersand further discussing the fusion research projects, we also have poster sessions.
We would appreciate very much if you would join the workshop.
To participate in this workshop, please resister on the following website.
http://www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp/workshop2012/139

Tentative Schedule
February 20 (Monday): Sendai Kokusai Hotel
17:00 – 19:00 Welcome Reception
February 21 (Tuesday): Sendai International Center
09:00 – 09:30 Opening session
09:30 – 11:00 Morning plenary session (Mathematics-Materials)
11:10 – 12:40 Morning plenary session (Bulk Metallic Glasses)
12:40 – 14:30 Poster session
14:30 – 16:00 Afternoon plenary session (Materials Physics)
16:10 – 17:40 Parallel sessions (Bulk Metallic Glasses & Soft Materials)
February 22 (Wednesday): Sendai International Center
09:00 – 10:30 Morning plenary session (General)
10:40 – 12:10 Parallel sessions (Device and Physics & Soft Materials)
12:10 – 14:10 Poster session
14:10 – 15:40 Parallel sessions (Bio-Device & Soft Materials)
15:50 – 17:20 Afternoon plenary session (General)
18:00 – 20:00 Banquet at Sendai Kokusai Hotel
February 24 (Thursday): Sendai International Center
09:00 – 10:30 Morning plenary session (Soft Materials)
10:40 – 12:10 Morning plenary session (Device/Systems)
12:10 – 12:20 Closing remarks

Tentative list of Invited speakers (As of December 12)
Jean-Pierre Aimé, Université Bordeaux 1
Jean Bellissard, Georgia Institute of Technology
Derek Y C Chan, University of Melbourne
Masao Doi, University of Tokyo
Frank Ernst, Case Western Reserve University
Pavel Exner, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicClaudia Felser, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids
Thomas Gessner, Chemnitz University of Technology
Katsumi Hagita, National Defense Academy of Japan
Buxing Han, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Liyuan Han, National Institute for Materials Science
Michelle Khine, University of California, Irvine
Tamiki Komatsuzaki, Hokkaido University
Yuri E Korchev, Imperial College London
Yutaka Matsuo, University of Tokyo
Yasumasa Nishiura, Hokkaido University
Takao Ohta, Kyoto University
Kosmas Prassides, Durham University
Keith Promislow, Michigan State University
David Joseph Srolovitz, National University of Singapore
Fred Wudl, University of California, Santa Barbara
Hiroaki Yoda, Toshiba Electronics Korea Corporation
Takeshi Egami, University of Tennessee
Todd Hunfnagel, Johns Hopkins University
Tingbing Cao, Renmin University of China
Matthew J. Rosseinsky, University of Liverpool
Youn Woo Lee, Seoul National University
Thomas P. Russell, University of Massachusetts Amherst140

Junior Faculty/Post-doctoral Positions
Tohoku University
WPI-AIMR
Effective October 1, 2007, Tohoku University created a new Research Institute, theAdvanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), based on an initiative of theJapanese Department of Education (MEXT) for World Premier International ResearchCenter Initiative (WPI) to bring together scientists involved in research on nano-scienceand technology.
In the 21st century, material science, broadly defined as the study of how complex/novel
properties arise in matters/materials from the interactions of individual components, willcomprise of inter-discipline collaboration.
(http://www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp)
Over the next few years, as many as one hundred new appointments at the levels of
post-doctoral fellows and junior faculty will be available. All innovative researchers
are welcome as active promoters of basic/applied sciences in the fields of physicalmetallurgy, physics, chemistry, precision mechanical engineering and electronic /informational engineering.
We are continuously looking for excellent applicants throughout the year.
Please submit
1) a curriculum vitae,
2) research proposal (<3,000 words),
3) summary of previous research accomplishments (<2,000 words),
4) copies of 5 significant publications, and
5) 2 letters of recommendationby email to:
aimr@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp
All files must be submitted electronically in pdf or Word format.
Applications from, or nominations of, women and minority candidates are encouraged.
Tohoku University WPI-AIMR is an affirmative action / equal opportunity employer.

141

WPI-AIMR
Workshop Guideline
Tohoku University’s new Research Institute, the Advanced Institute for Materials
Research (WPI-AIMR) solicits several applications per year for International
Workshops in the field of “broadly defined Materials Science.”
Guidelines:
1) Organizers
Qualified research staff of academic institutions and public or private researchestablishments can submit the application for an international workshop to be held at
WPI-AIMR or its Satellite branches, jointly with the WPI-AIMR principal
investigator(s) whose research interest overlaps with the scope of the workshop.
2) Financial support
Under normal circumstances, WPI-IMR supports up to 2/3 of the workshop budget,
while the organizer is expected to cover the rest.
3) deadline
The application must be received at least four months in advance to:aimr@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp
All files must be submitted electronically in pdf or Word format.

142

Appendix

X-1

X-2

X-3

X-4

WPI-AIMR Staff List
(As of December 16, 2011)

X-7

X-8

X-9

X-10

X-11

X-12

X-13

X-14

X-15

X-16

X-17

X-18

X-19

2011 WPI-AIMR News
Contents(Volume - page)Preface .....................................................................................................................................12 - 1 / 13 - 1 / 14 - 1

Interviews
Sumio IIJIMA (Adjunct Professor, WPI-AIMR & Professor, Meijo University& Award of 2009 Order of Culture) ....................................................................................12 - 5
Alexander SHLUGER (PI, WPI-AIMR) ....................................................................................................12 - 29
Thomas GESSNER (PI, WPI-AIMR) .........................................................................................................12 - 42
Motoko KOTANI (Deputy Director, PI, WPI-AIMR) ..................................................................................13 - 5
Li-Jun WAN (PI, WPI-AIMR) ....................................................................................................................13 - 24
Taro HITOSUGI (Associate Professor, WPI-AIMR) .................................................................................13 - 32
Yuichi IKUHARA (PI, WPI-AIMR) .............................................................................................................14 - 5
Takashi TAKAHASHI (PI, WPI-AIMR) ....................................................................................................14 - 30
Winfried TEIZER (Junior PI, WPI-AIMR) ................................................................................................14 - 54

News Update
Great East Japan Earthquake and WPI-AIMR............................................................................................12 - 51
The 2011 WPI-AIMR Annual Workshop Report ........................................................................................12 - 53
The WPI-AIMR Young Researchers Mini-Workshop ................................................................................12 - 55
WPI-AIMR Outreach Plan in 2011 .............................................................................................................12 - 56
Australian Colloid and Interface Symposium and AIMR ...........................................................................12 - 57
Zhongchang Wang (Reproduction of Applied Physics Letters Volume 98, Issue 10, 2011) ......................12 - 58
WPI-AIMR in “Physics Today” ..................................................................................................................12 - 60
Nanoporous metal/oxide hybrid electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors by Xingyou LANG ......12 - 61
Long-lived Ultrafast Spin Precession Observed in Manganese Alloys Films with a Large Perpendicular
Magnetic Anisotropy by Shigemi MIZUKAMI .........................................................................................12 - 63
Professor Ikuhara (PI) received Humboldt Research Award ......................................................................12 - 65
Award Information .........................................................................................................12 - 66 / 13 - 77 / 14 - 93
The Third Series of WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars FY 2010 ..........................................................................12 - 67
Site Visit by International Working Group of the WPI Program ................................................................13 - 59
WPI-AIMR – Cambridge Symposium........................................................................................................13 - 60
WPI-AIMR Opens its New Building ..........................................................................................................13 - 63
Iron-based Superconductors: Borrowing from Graphene by Seigo SOUMA ............................................13 - 64
Fabrication of Li-intercalated bilayer graphene by Katsuaki SUGAWARA ..............................................13 - 66
Direct Measurement of the Out-of-Plane Spin Texture in the Dirac Cone Surface State of a TopologicalInsulator by Seigo SOUMA ........................................................................................................................13 - 68
Voltage induces superconductivity: new era of searching for matters by Masashi KAWASAKI ..............13 - 70
Voltage induces magnetism: new era of magnetic devices by Masashi KAWASAKI ................................13 - 71
X-21

Gradient biomaterials for soft-to-hard interface tissue engineering by Ali Khademhosseini’s Group .......13 - 72
FY 2011 List of Major Governmental Research Funds (As of August 1, 2011) ........................................13 - 74
WPI-AIMR Outreach Activity Report ........................................................................................................13 - 76
The Fourth Series of WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars FY 2011 ......................................................... 13 - 78 / 14 - 94
Completion Ceremony of the WPI-AIMR Main Building .........................................................................14 - 71
Memorandum of Understanding on Academic Exchange with Fraunhofer Institutefor Electronic Nano Systems ENAS ...........................................................................................................14 - 72
Green materials synthesis with supercritical water by Tadafumi ADSCHIRI ............................................14 - 74
Effect of metallic Mg insertion on the magnetoresistance effect in MgO-based tunnel junctions using
D022-Mn3-δGa perpendicularly magnetized spin polarizer by Takahide KUBOTA.....................................14 - 76
Interface effects on perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for molecular-capped cobalt ultrathin ﬁlms
by Xianmin ZHANG...................................................................................................................................14 - 78
Unexpected mass acquisition of Dirac fermions at the quantum phase transition of a topological insulator
by Takashi TAKAHASHI ...........................................................................................................................14 - 80
Atomic structure of nanoclusters in oxide-dispersion-strengthened steels by Akihiko HIRATA ...............14 - 83
Atom-Resolved Imaging of Ordered Defect Superstructures at Individual Grain Boundaries
by Zhongchang WANG...............................................................................................................................14 - 85
Single molecule detection from a large-scale SERS-active Au79Ag21 substrate by Hongwen LIU ............14 - 87
WPI 6 Institutes - Joint Symposium ...........................................................................................................14 - 89
The 7th Katahira Festival .............................................................................................................................14 - 91

Research Prospect
Winfried TEIZER........................................................................................................................................12 - 79
Hongkai WU ...............................................................................................................................................12 - 85
Kazue KURIHARA ....................................................................................................................................13 - 85
Tomokazu MATSUE ...................................................................................................................................13 - 95
Naoki ASAO .............................................................................................................................................14 - 103
Shigemi MIZUKAMI ...............................................................................................................................14 - 113

Newly Appointed Principal Investigators ...................................................................................................12 - 91

Newly Appointed Research Staff ................................................................................12 - 95 / 13 - 105 / 14 - 125

Newly Appointed Adjunct Professors/Associate Professors ................................................... 12 - 105 / 14 - 129

Global Intellectual Incubation and Integration Lab (GI3 lab) ..............................12 - 113 / 13 - 109 / 14 - 133

Announcement
The 2012 WPI-AIMR Annual Workshop .................................................................................................14 - 139
Junior Faculty/Post-Doctoral Positions....................................................................12 - 125 / 13 - 113 / 14 - 141
X-22

Graduate Student Scholarship in Materials Science/Engineering ........................................... 12 - 126 / 13 - 114
WPI-AIMR Workshop Guideline ............................................................................12 - 127 / 13 - 115 / 14 - 142

Appendix
Snapshots .......................................................................................................... 12 - X - 1 / 13 - X - 1 / 14 - X - 1
WPI-AIMR Staff List........................................................................................ 12 - X - 9 / 13 - X - 7 / 14 - X - 7
2011 WPI-AIMR News Contents ........................................................................................................ 14 - X - 21

X-23