Volume 9
WPI-ADVANCED INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH NEWSWPI-AIMR NEWS

April 1, 2010

Volume 9

World Premier International Research Center
Advanced Institute for Materials Research
Tohoku University
April 1, 2010

2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577
Japan
Phone: +81-22-217-5922
FAX: +81-22-217-5129

World Premier International Research Center
Advanced Institute for Materials Research
Tohoku University

WPI9表紙.indd 2

10.4.22 7:34:21 PM

Volume 9

WPI-AIMR NEWS

April 1, 2010

World Premier International Research Center
Advanced Institute for Materials Research
Tohoku University

wpi表紙.indd 2

10.4.22 7:20:29 PM

Volume 9

WPI-AIMR NEWS
April 1, 2010

World Premier International Research Center
Advanced Institute for Materials Research
Tohoku University

Produced by the WPI-AIMR Communication OfficeDirector: Yoshinori Yamamoto
Editor-in-chief: Toshio Sakurai
Executive Editor: Wataru Iwamoto
Associate Editor, writer: Hiroshi Komatsu
Associate Editor: Masaru Tsukada
Associate Editor: Hiroshi Oikawa
Associate Editor: Sayaka Unoura
We welcome your comments, questions and involvement.
e-mail to: wpi-office@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp, or
sakurai@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

WPI_扉.indd 2

10.4.22 9:11:10 PM

Contents
Preface……………….....................................................................................................................

1

Interviews
Peter GRÜNBERG (2007 Physics Nobel Laureate)…………………………………………

7

Kazuyoshi YAMADA (Principal Investigator, WPI-AIMR)…………………………………… 22
News Update2010 WPI Annual Workshop Report…………………………………………………………… 43
Prof. Yamamoto’s Interview in “ScienceWatch”…..………………………………………….... 45
Koji S. Nakayama (Reproduction of Advanced Materials Vol. 22, No. 8, 2010)……………… 48
Two researchers of WPI-AIMR won the Prizes of MEXT……………………………………. 50
Interface Atomic Structure and its Impact on Quantum Electron Transport in Electronics
by Yuichi Ikuhara………………………………………………………………………………. 52
Report of the Second Series WPI Joint Seminars by M. Tsukada & T. Hashizume…………… 53
The Third Series WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars by M. Tsukada & D. Louzguine……………….. 55
Research Prospect
Thomas P. RUSSELL………………………………………………………………………….. 59
Katsumi TANIGAKI…………………………………………………………………………… 66
Newly Appointed Principal Investigator………………………………………………………. 75
Newly Appointed Research Staff……………………………………………………………….. 79
Newly Appointed Adjunct Professors………………………………………………………….. 89
New GI3 Laboratory……………………………………………………………………………. 95
Announcement
Junior Faculty/Post-Doctoral Positions………………………………………………………... 101
Graduate Student Scholarship in Materials Science/Engineering ……………………………. 102
WPI-AIMR Workshop Guideline …………………………………………………………….. 103
Appendix
Snapshots ……………………………………………………………………………………... X-1
WPI members ………………………………………………………………………………… X-5
Directory ……………………………………………………………………………………… X-9

New Start of AIMR in FY 2010; Changes and Future Vision
Yoshinori Yamamoto
Institute Director
Two years and six months have passed since the WPI-AIMR was launched on
October 1, 2007. At the beginning, we went this way and that, and struggled to carryforward the mission of the AIMR smoothly and to make the organization in a better
shape. The MEXT committee for the WPI program advised us to improve many points
in the FY2008 follow-up report. We did our best to follow the advices, and now I
believe that the structure of the organization is approaching to a most desirable shape,
while we continuously pursue further improvement.
On February 4-5, there was a site-visit of the MEXT working group for WPI-AIMR
program, chaired by Professor Yoshihisa Osada. The working group interviewed many
PIs and young researchers to discuss their research progress, research environments, andother pertinent issues. I appreciate the PIs/researchers of AIMR for attending it andthe working group for spending two days and encouraging us in order to make ourorganization better. They gave us valuable advices. One of the importantsuggestions is “it is time to set a long-term strategy to establish AIMR firmly as a global
excellence bearer of an advanced material science.” I agree with this opinion, and wehave to make the mission statement/road map clearer.
Accordingly, I have just started to reconsider (1) the mission statement of AIMR, andto draw up (2) a road map to accomplish the mission. The outline of our mission isshown in the next page as frequently told from the beginning of WPI program. Whatkinds of innovative materials should we intend to develop and study? We should
explore innovative materials which play an important role to solve the problems facing
mankind, such as energy, environment, health and safety problems. This is shown inthe chart in the next page, mission details (1); We have to spell out the final goal andmaterials science (sections 1) and 2)), and I hope this will be completed in a next few
weeks; Handling matters and fundamental substances (Sections 3) and 4)) are fixed asshown in the next page.

1

Mission Details, (1) Innovative Materials

AIMR, Mission Statement

Innovative materials, which play important role to solve the problems facing
mankind, such as energy, environment, health, and safety.
1) Device/systems through innovative materials; expected final goal
xxxxxxxxxx

Outline(1) Establish the World Premier Research Center
for Materials; Invent/develop New Innovative
Functional Materials

2) Materials science; World top equipments for innovation, Only one techniqueand substances, Widely usable theories and concepts;(2) Reform the Japanese Traditional Research
System and Management System; Establish a
System Suited to a World Premier ResearchCenterxxxxxxxxx(3) Strengthen International Cooperation andConstruct a “World Visible Center” through Tie-up
Research with Networks and Satellites

3) Handling matters; Metallic glasses, Metallic oxides, Polymers, Gels, p-Electron
systems,
4) Fundamental substances; Metals, Metal derivatives, Organic substances 2

1

The mission details (2) and (3) are shown below, and those two missions areapproaching to a desirable shape.
Mission Details (2), Reform the traditional system

Mission Details (3), World visible center• Evaluation/Promotion based on performanceand future potential• Fair merit system instead of the traditional
equalitarianism• Global search/securing of gifted young talents• Encouragement/support to independent “bluesky” research and fusion research• Flexible staff and research space allocation,
based on achievements and potential• Start-up funds for invited researchers, as
needed• Attract materials researchers from all over the world
through outstanding research achievements and worldtop research facilities/equipments/environment• Act as platform for interactions of researchers where
young bright foreign brains come and go• Establish overseas network and global cooperation
Satellites at Univ. of Cambridge (BMG) and at CAS,
Institute of Chem.(soft materials)
Foreign PIs; Harvard, Wisconsin, UCLA, Johns Hopkins,
UMass, Texas A & M, Cambridge, UCL, Grenoble,
Chemnitz, CAS- Beijing, Tsinghua, Hong Kong S & T( PIs from the underlined universities have labs at AIMR)
3

The road map for the AIMR is shown below, but of course we need a road map ofresearch project of each PI and researcher. I hope this will be completed soon.
Road Map of AIMR
2007, 10; Starting point; 30 PIs, and 139members in total2010, 4; The structure and organization at Phase I of AIMR
project are almost complete; 32 PIs, and 176 members in
total
2011, 4; The main building of AIMR will be completed.
2011.9-10; Interim Evaluation
2012, 4; Phase II project starts. All the PIs, researchers, and the
director are reevaluated, and some of them are changed if
needed. The research theme focuses on development ofinnovative materials mentioned in the mission statement.
2017, 3; Ten years pass, and really useful innovative
materials/methodology/concept must be established .
2017, 4; Phase III; Either a new university organization, basedon AIMR, is launched, or the WPI project continues for the
next five years.
524Besides the above issues, I would like to note that the 2010 WPI-AIMR annual
workshop was held in March 25-27 successfully. I appreciate very much all theparticipants and members of program and organizing committees for their strong
support and cooperation to make the workshop successful and enjoyable.
Most importantly, I would like to announce and welcome that Professor Kazue
Kurihara joined us as a PI on April 1. She belongs to Interface PhysChem Laboratoryof Soft Materials Thrust, and her group will explore the research field of surface forces
to develop this technique as a unique tool in material science. Their researches
concern interactions between biological molecules, polyelectrolytes, confined liquids, aswell as novel instrumentation.
Please note that the names of two Thrusts has changed on 1st April; NanoPhysics
becomes Materials Physics, and NanoChemBio becomes Soft Materials.
Spring has come, we all have made a fresh start of FY 2010, and I hope this FY will
be very fruitful, too, for all of us.

3

トビラ.indd 1

10.4.22 9:20:29 PM

トビラ.indd 2

10.4.22 9:20:29 PM

Interview with Professor Peter A. Grünberg, 2007 Physics Nobel
Laureate“Intellectual curiosity as well as looking at the application”

Professor Komatsu (K): First, we‟d like to know your personal history, such as yourfamily, childhood, your education, and the university life you have experienced. I‟ve
heard that you were born in Pilsen.
Professor Grünberg (G): Right.
K: Then at that time it was occupied by Germany, but originally Czechoslovakia.
G: It was in a way mixed already for many centuries. For example, the name of thefamous founder of the Škoda factory, Škoda, sounds Czech. But he was German.
K: I see, and when you were born, it was already Germany or still Czechoslovakia?
G: I tried to find my citizenship when I was small. What kind of citizenship I had when
I was born is for me an open question. I never found a document answering thequestion in this way or in other way. I think my parents were at that time German. For
my mother, there is no problem. She was born in a purely German area not far from
where my father had worked. They met and married and I was born. I have a 2 years
older sister than I.
But then my father is in fact a Russian immigrant. My father came from the Baltics –his father and his family came from the Baltics. They were the Baltic Germans. They
spoke half German, half Lithuanian, and we still have documents at home where my
grandfather graduated from a Lithuanian school.
Now, one can ask, how did the Germans come into that area? That was a process
which went over centuries in fact, it was due to the Hansa Trade Company, and alongwith the Hansa, many Germans came into the Baltics and settled there and my ancestors
obviously the same. They were in the Baltics and as Germans and spoke there own
Baltic German dialect. So this way they came into the Baltics, but many of them camealso into Russia, changed over to Russia because Russia was militarily also very
important. And my father became an officer in the Russian army, officer under the Czar.
So, my father was there serving for the Russian Czar.
K: King or Czar.
G: Yeah, Czar it‟s the Russian most – like the Emperor. And my father was in his armyand served for him. Then came the October Revolution and there was a lot of fighting
between the army of the Czar and the Red Army, the Bolsheviks.

7And then of course, the Bolsheviks won the war and my grandfather meanwhile had
died. But the rest, which was my grandmother and her two children, who were myfather and my uncle, had to escape and flee because they were on the Czar‟s side –because he was in the Czar army, so clearly they were on the Czar‟s side and theywould have been killed if they had not gone as soon as possible, left that part of theworld. They did so and had a boat ride across the Black Sea, for example, very
adventurous and then came to Czechoslovakia to live.
And my father started his engineering study at that time, so he became an engineer
working on locomotives or trains.
K: Constructing locomotives?
G: Yes, he made some inventions for the brake system, I heard.
K: So you have traced your history back in your eyes, quite complicated.
G: Yes, sure. Okay, then he was working for the Škoda factory constructing
locomotives. There was an interruption because for a year we went to the western partof Germany to Kassel, where there was also a very famous company with locomotives
and that was the company Henschel. So for a year, he worked for Henschel, but thenmoved back to Pilsen, Czechoslovakia. He went back to Škoda and that was maybe nota very good decision because then the war was almost over. My father in the
meanwhile had German citizenship because it was occupied by Germans and we started
as German; his ancestors were German, although they were Baltics, but in fact German.
He took the German citizenship, but then the war was over, and my mother and myfather were taken to the camp close to Pilsen and in fact all Germans were collected.
Now, the Czech side was in power and they had the Russians behind them, although I
think the first-time it was the Americans who backed up the Czechs. But anyway, they
were taken to a camp, and my father never came back from that camp, I don‟t knowwhat really happened, but they got all a bad treatment.
K: How old was he then?
G: Yes, as a young officer he must have been at least 20 – I think he was born close to
the turn of the 19th to 20th century. So then he was around 50 at that point.
K: I see. Originally, he was born in Germany?
G: No, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. So, he was in fact a born Russian and he had also of
his previous citizenship because he served for the Czar. So then he never came backfrom that camp.
K: I see, but you remained with your mother?
G: Right.
K: Not in the camp?

8

G: No, my mother came from that area around Pilsen, somewhere in the countrysidenear Pilsen, and my grandfather was a cobbler I think, cobbler works mostly with thesaws. He worked with wood and made furniture…
K: Furniture, I see. Your grandfather was making furniture.
G: Yes.
K: So you have a good memory of your grandfather?
G: Yes, because there was so much happened.
K: And also grandmother too?
G: Yes.
K: Yes, because you stayed with your mother and your sister together.
G: Right. Then we came to West Germany that was not Pilsen but now it was in the
Czech territory, Czechs took that. Moved all Germans out.
K: I see and pushed to Bohemian area? [Showing a map] Bohemia is here. You wereraised near this Czech area and Bohemia is here, yes.
G: Well, what city is that? [Pointing the map]
K: This is the Praha, Prague.
G: But we lived near Pilsen, famous for beer. And my grandfather was a furniture
worker and they lived maybe 20 kilometers west of Pilsen. My father and my motherwere separated in that camp anyway, but my mother managed to be delegated tofieldwork. The field‟s harvest and cut the straw and all kinds of things, cut grass, and so
she was much better off than in the camp because she came to the village where she wasborn and where my grandfather lived with grandmother. So, she could join them again
and live there. But officially, she was delegated to fieldwork.
K: I see. So the grandfather and mother are your mother‟s parents?
G: Yes.
K: So you have several memories of your childhood.
G: Yes. My aunt with whom we lived in the town close to Pilsen, she was Czech but
most Czechs knew also German. My sister and I we also knew Czech. I was brought
up at that time bilingual, Czech and German, I could speak both. But now I‟ve
forgotten practically all my Czech.
K: Is there a big difference between Germany, and Czech German, and Czechoslovakia
linguistically very different?
G: No, I think one can say both nations, both people knew both languages. All Czechs
essentially knew German. They were mostly bilingual, and most Germans who lived
there knew also Czech.
K: I see. Historically, Czechoslovakia has a very higher standard of scientific9knowledge.
G: Yes, Prague has had universities very early. I think that the first German university
was in Prague.
K: I see. You went to primary school in this area?
G: My first school education was given to me by my mother because I should havegone to school already in 1945, but due to the whole political situation I did not. So, mymother gave me some education. And in fact, when we came back later to West
Germany, I didn‟t have to go to the lower class because her education was so effective.
There was no problem with school.
K: So what she taught to you is reading and writing.
G: Yes.
K: Not science of course.
G: Not so much, mainly reading and writing.
K: Now, let‟s see, so your mother‟s education was perfect in that sense.
G: Yes, it was very intense and effective because I was her only pupil. My 2 years
older sister, she went in fact to school there because at the time of her enrollment we
had German occupation. So that was only after the war that my mother was my teacher,but before we were then expelled, moved out, put together in a big train, what wascalled Densha.
K: Oh, train.
G: Took a lot of Germans.
K: I see. And also your mother taught you mathematics?
G: Yeah, elementary mathematics, of course. So, this is enough for the primary school
education. There wasn‟t a problem.
K: Very good. And after primary school, you went to middle school and high school inthe same area?
G: No. I went to no school at all during that time when my mother took care of myeducation. And in 1946, we were moved out because now Czech said we have to solve
this problem with the Germans now once and forever and the best way to do that move
all Germans out and then we‟ll have it uniquely Czech, so they did that because now
they were in power, so they could do that.
Now I sometimes go to the Bavarian Forest. It‟s that mountain land between
Germany and Czechoslovakia and even there is a lot of interaction, and people also go
on both sides again, speaking German and Czech, so there‟s no hostility now, except fora few people. There are always also from the other side, from the German side, those
who have been repatriated, so to say still keep the old memory and sometimes they were10

nasty together. We know some people and I see these guitars here and we traveled tothat area and I‟m interested in the folklore music in the Bavarian Forest and there‟s a lotof folklore going on and those Czechs and Germans perform this kind of music with aguitar. Very famous is the woodwind music from Bohemia.
K: Bohemia.
G: Yeah, Bohemian woodwind music, trumpet and clarinet; there is a lot of folklore
music. So both participated there and have competitions together.
K: And did you play some musical instrument by yourself?
G: I started with violin, but I thought I‟m not so talented for that, that‟s why I switchedto something else that was the guitar. But I like that music very much, only that I didn‟thave the right instrument. I finally found the right instrument for me. This is thecontra-guitar, it‟s called, which was very much used in the folklore music.
And now I found some friends here in Tokyo, I found some friends, who like to sing
and we have some guitarists and then I‟ll play the…
K: Special type of guitar.
G: So we will have sometimes our performances, but I only started with that, I played
all the time the usual guitar if the finance was there. This I bought in Tokyo, but nowI‟m playing this one…
[Guitar Playing]
K: That‟s folklore.
G: It‟s not right tuned in. So, they had to introduce some modifications. This is the oldAustrian style guitar and I was lucky to find this in Vienna which has a very nice sound.
But I have to learn how to play it. I started 3 months ago, and because it is called also a
harp-guitar. This part is a harp, and this part you play with frets and strings. Apartfrom folklore you can play old German songs with wonderful chords from theRenaissance originally set for the lute. Sounds about like this. [Sings a song withplaying his guitar] But as I said I am still learning.
K: Very interesting.
K: What sort of sound does it make, harp sound…?
G: It has these strings, which are very long and representing so the bass is very nice.
K: Yes. I see. Quite contrasting to guitar string.
G: What is folklore music, for example, I‟ve played very much. [Playing with his harpguitar]
K: Very low frequency. Very good. Very interesting. [Folklore played by Guitar]
G: As I said, I have to still practice it. Hopefully in half a year…
It is also interesting that the character of a chord is essentially contained in that bass

11

note and everybody can hear whether in accompanying a song I have picked the right orwrong bass note. Scholars of music theory still debate whether this is given by natureor education. Therefore I am very happy to have found in Tokyo a group of Japanesemusicians around the soprano Keiko Hibi who perform both traditional Japanese andEuropean folklore so we can compare.

K: And you used to play ordinary guitar when you were young.
G: Yes.
K: Old one.
G: Yes. Well, up to until about 3 months ago, then I started with this one. But it givesme the opportunity to play just this kind of folklore and other old music which I like.
So, I specialize on this kind of music.
But from the technique I still have to learn it, whereas the other conventional guitar I
played now for a long time, I‟m still really better on this one.
[Guitar playing with humming]
K: [Clapping of hands] Very good.
G: Thank you.
K: You really enjoy it a lot.
G: Oh, yes.
K: So, after this you went to high school?
G: Right. Then we had been brought to the western part of Germany and into an area
not far from Frankfurt, about 100 kilometers from Frankfurt.
And that‟s where we lived from then on. And I went to school there. The whole
school time I spent there, which was the elementary school in a small village, then went
on to the biggest town in that district and so I continued there which was near to thevillage where I had been before. So that was, as I said, about a 100 kilometers north ofFrankfurt, this area, until I was 19 and then I started studying physics in Frankfurt.

12

K: You really started physics in Frankfurt?
G: Yes.
K: And what was your motivation to study physics? Why do you like physics or
selected it?
G: Because I have the impression it gives me the best answers for my questions about
nature and gives the best motivated or the best founded answers will attempt to explain
what is around us. I had the feeling that I could get the most relevant and prominentanswers from physics.
K: I see. That means before you preferred physics, you‟re interested in nature or
natural things itself.
G: Yes, I was very fascinated about, for example, about stars and…
K: Cosmos.
G: Yes, and what is it called, astronomy. Astronomy fascinated me very much for along time.
K: That means you could observe beautiful stars in the place where you were born, nicesky and…
G: Yes and that area of Germany was a very clean area at that time. And we could see
the Milky Way – of course everybody knew Milky Way and you could see that very
nicely, which one cannot see now anymore from the many parts of the world.
K: Because of air pollution.
G: Yeah, the air pollution. We saw it for the last when we were in Australia, on aconference in Australia about magnetism, which is also now at least 20 years ago
There one still can see the Milky Way and…
K: Oh, I see because they had good air, not polluted.
G: I remember a joke, you see Sirius so well, you know the fixed star Sirius. It‟s thebrightest star on the southern hemisphere, in the southern sky, very famous as theSouthern Cross, for example very famous. But the Sirius is also very well seen and falls
out of the usual star because from all stars on the sky, Sirius is the brightest. We wereso surprised about the brightness of Sirius, when we went home from AustralianBushman‟s Show and then saw the brightest Sirius. And I am not sure if it was thesatellite or is it really a star and we always said to them, “Are you serious?” [Hearty
Laugh]
K: I see. So you are really interested in astronomy?
G: I was very much interested also as a child always looking at the star. We built
ourselves a telescope to see these even better; we could see the Jupiter, Jupiter moons,so such things.

13

K: Have you seen the ring of the Saturn?
G: Yes, I think the rings of the Saturn, but now I cannot remember.
K: But you of course observed the surface of the Moon.
G: Yes, I‟ve seen the volcanoes and the structure of the surface.
K: So that was your real root of scientific interest.
G: Yes. Scientific interest is the curiosity.
K: Yes, yes intellectual curiosity. Even now you‟re interested in origin of cosmos, or
expanding or Big Bang.
G: Yes, of course. But although I studied that so much, my feeling is somehow theanswers I could get, or basically when you don‟t expect to learn very much now becausefrom the main questions, we simply don‟t know, for example what was before Big Bang,such questions I don‟t think we can know more, and it will not be possible also.
K: There are several theories.
G: I don‟t see. On the other hand, the first 3 minutes after the Big Bang and thedevelopment of Hadrones and all kinds of, I think this is not such a relevant answer tome – you can calculate everything, but who knows how it really works, so I don‟t pay
attention too much to these theories, to these books, like the „First Three Minutes.‟
K: Yes and George Gamow.
G: I don‟t know if it is so relevant.
K: Okay. You studied physics and you got Ph.D., what part of physics…?
G: After my first semesters in Frankfurt and the pre-examination, I passed that in
Frankfurt, I decided that I should continue in close by Darmstadt. I know it is 30
kilometers from Frankfurt and I went to continue there. And also I got very muchinterested in computers. So that was my new hobby now, fascinated computers, but you

14

can do as computers, how fast you can calculate, for example, I was pretty fascinatedabout the computers. So then I wanted to understand the computer better, what‟s goingon in the computer.
I did that for a while but then I switched back into physics because now came thetime that I should also look for thesis for diploma, and Ph.D. thesis maybe. Then I did
my diploma thesis and my supervisor encouraged me to continue that field with the
Ph.D. thesis and also working together with my supervisor from the master thesis. We
do both, knowing the hazards and we do work for – this time at least, but I don‟t know
if it is still now, but at this time we did master thesis then continued with the Ph.D.
thesis as well.
K: On what subject did you do master thesis, related to computer or physics?
G: No, I switched and I went, as I said, back to physics. I thought I had enough seen
now from the computer so now to see the principle how it works was enough. And I
switched back to solid state research and magnetism. But more at that time
crystallography, and crystal field analysis.
States in all kinds of crystals, I took for example, garnets. I put some dysprosium
into the garnets enclosed into the special sites of the garnets crystal and produces
spectra, which come from crystal field interaction, and then you can determine from thatspectral data to do the crystal field parameters and Hamiltonian which is to evaluate as
you can get then crystal field parameters which describe a crystal field around a rareearth ion into that crystal. And then they have the dysprosium aluminum garnet, which
you can determine the parameters which describe the crystal field around the rare-earthion.
K: YAG and DyIG?
G: Yes, YAG and DyIG, essentially yes, but then the dysprosium would only with
impurity. For example, YAG doped with some dysprosium will give you such spectra
and a light spectrum because the rare-earth states are reasonably sharp and then you getfine spectrum lines and determine the crystal field states, it seems like these materials.
Then it was learnt and I continued with this for my Ph.D. thesis. I started with the thesis,but I continued.
So for that period of my life I was really working very narrowly on that field, on
crystals.
K: I see, crystal field theory.
G: Then later on, I switched to other topics, but for that master and Ph.D. thesis, it wascrystal field.
K: When did you get interested into the magnetic part of the crystal?

15

G: It was rather late, after this period in Darmstadt; I went to Canada, Ottawa. Because
there was somebody also who had been working on these crystal field phenomena
before. So I joined his group and stayed there for 3 years and did a lot of research stillon these rare-earth garnets and crystal field phenomena.
K: After finishing Ph.D. on garnet field separately, you went to Canada and continued
this work in Canada.
G: Because the supervisor there had been working in that field too. I joined but
meanwhile then I helped in a new experimental technique, which was Raman
spectroscopy, and he had discovered this, in fact, to measure this effect to these crystal
field garnets by means of Raman spectroscopy, which was called electronic Raman
Effect. We exploited that and did various rare-earth garnets, but now with the techniqueof electronic Raman Effect. But slowly I switched also to other fields, like acoustic
because in Raman spectroscopy we see lots of acoustic phenomena, also otherphenomena. So, we switched slowly also now to other problems by applying Raman
spectroscopy.
And at the end of this period, the ambition of many people in the field was to come inthe light scattering spectra as close as possible to the elastic line to study phenomena
with very small frequency shift from the elastic line. For some reason, it excited theambition of the experimentalists. They wanted to see what is very near to the excitedline. So I did that too and in this way I became familiar with Brillouin spectroscopy,
which is similar to Raman spectroscopy, but the instrumentation is rather different. In
Raman spectroscopy you have a grating monochromator; which is replaced by a Fabry
Perot interferometer in Brillouin spectroscopy.
K: For purifying wavelengths to determine them sharply…?
G: Yes.
K: You used the Fabry-Perot interferometer.
G: Right, exactly. And we use it in the multimode operation. You have a mirror
system guiding the light which you want to investigate a few times through the same
apparatus, with kind of mirrors. But practically, our spectrometers with 5 or 3 passes
for the light through the interferometer, you have mirrors which are of the order of 6
centimeters in diameter.
That was the technique which was pioneered by John Sandercock in Zürich and he isa good friend of mine, so I visited him very often and he showed me also his laboratory
institute and the variants of his interferometer. I took all that from when he developed
them and he is very good in that. But I used it and was able then to go into that field oflayered magnetic structures, which was a very good application of this technique.

16

And we were able, by this, to investigate the interaction between magnetic layers
across interlayers of doubled-layer structures. You can study all these coupling
phenomena very nicely with Brillouin spectroscopy from the spin waves on these
doubled-layer structures, so that we did, and finally we found interlayer exchange
coupling using that method.
And then, 2 years later, we found then also the Giant
Magnetoresistance Effect based on this knowledge how to identify
antiferromagnetic coupling and use it for new phenomena to use thiscoupling phenomena in order to see the transition between the parallelorientation of magnetizations and antiparallel, in other words interlayer
exchange coupling. You could see from this – also investigate in fact result of thesedifferent orientations on their electrical resistivity…
K: I see. At that time in France, Dr. Fert was also doing the same work?
G: He came from a completely different field. His history was transport resistivity
phenomena, bulk samples, with magnetic impurities essentially. First on such samples,
investigated the influence of dopant from the 3d series when he doped these atoms into
other transition metals. And so he had a lot of experience with that because he had donethat for years. Then when he heard of the interlayer exchange coupling, then he thought
obviously, well this is the right method now to continue to get more information also on
resistivity from the layer structure.
He asked me about that and he started that. Interlayer exchange coupling leading to
antiparallel alignment provides a convenient way to study the effect of the alignment on
the resistivity. With a sufficiently high external field you can remove it, so you can very
conveniently switch between two different orders in the magnetization.
K: How strong is the magnetic field to be applied?
G: Conveniently between 0.1 and 1 Teslas, depends on the thickness of theferromagnetic films.
K: I see. So you came to the finding of this Giant Magnetic Resistance Phenomena
after you had worked on crystal field theory and analyzing optical spectra of Rare Earthgarnets. –I‟m not an expert of this – I can‟t combine.
G: These phenomena are rather separated. The garnet work is not very much linked.
Also the garnet work was essentially by bulk properties but the thin film work of thiscoupling phenomena was in thin iron film layer structures of thin iron films.
K: Where did you get this thin iron film?
G: We built it up ourselves during the course of the years. I had a very good technician
who designs, thinks, plans, organizes things very effectively and I was very fortunate to17

have him, otherwise that would not be possible.
K: Where did you get this nice guy? In Germany?
G: In Germany, yes.
K: Darmstadt?
G: No, that was very later on when I was already in Jülich.
K: Jülich, I see. So you moved to Jülich after Canada?
G: After Canada, I came directly to Jülich. Supervisor was Professor Zinn.
K: Where this sort of work was very popular in Jülich.
G: Basically I was supposed to work on Europium chalcogenides. So I did but I had
enough freedom to try also other topics like the Brillouin spectroscopy I mentioned
before. After I had found for the first time Brillouin light scattering from a surface
spinwave in Europium oxide I looked at the same phenomenon in other materials likethin Fe films and layered structures including nonmagnetic interlayers. It is importantto find the right balance between continuity and trying out new things. Mostly I
changed only one thing at a time: either the experimental method or the material for
example but not both at the same time.
K: Any practical application or physical study, eventually aiming at the practical use?
G: Not for us really, only in a sense that we would prepare to give it as a license.
K: I see. How did you come to this image of applying magnetic field changing
resistivity in terms of the spin?
G: My thoughts about why I expected that I started to do that experiment, there wassomewhat different from Dr. A. Fert‟s interpretation. My expectation was founded on
the fact that when you make thin films and reduce the thickness, then you get anincrease in the resistivity which is stronger than linear. Furthermore we can assume thata structure of two magnetic films separated by a metallic film due to spin polarizationfor electrons moving perpendicular to the sample plane is less transparent for
antialignment as compared to parallel alignment. Then for antialignment we would
describe this by two resistors in parallel with increased resistivity of the individual
thinner films and hence increased resistivity altogether.
By that time we had antiferromagnetc interlayer exchange coupling well under control
and could make such samples reproducibely. As it seemed not to be so difficult we did
the experiment and the first attempt was successful
K: So experimentally you have had confidence.
G: You never know but I thought always there must be the effect. You can only argue
whether it is small also or big. It is the only question how big is it. Because only fromthe symmetry already you see there must be an effect.

18

K: I see. So this is your exciting finding.
G: 1988, but for me as an important finding was 1986 because it was the year of theantiferromagnetic coupling.
K: Antiferromagnetic coupling. Very interesting. So, eventually your mottos in
research, if you say something to your students when they came to the deadlock, how do
you advise him?
G: My motto, in fact, is curiosity. But I don‟t mind to be close to application, I likeapplication also.
K: Both, intellectual curiosity as well as looking at the application, both.
G: On the other hand for the reality in your daily life you have to consider further
aspects. I mentioned already the balance between continuity and novelty. For the workin the laboratory or before the computer, I believe very much in “quick and dirty” in the
beginning but rapidly more reliable and professional if there is hope that somethingmight work.
K: I see. So you are interested in fundamental phenomena as well as application andalso you‟re interested in acoustics as well.
G: Yes.
K: If you have a message to younger generation or next-generation, what will you say
about science or future?
G: I think it‟s different to expect from all this experience something which isstraightforward and gives a unique answer. I would not dare to say because it can be sodifferent, the writing you do you should, for example, I was in my institute, I felt very
often like a revolutionary who is working against my supervisor. So I tried to avoid that
because I think it‟s not good, it‟s also not fair, you have been hired for that work andunder special conditions. So it‟s better to be constructive and convince him that you‟redoing good work. But then apart from this, I think it‟s also important to develop
something own.
K: Both are necessary, your own and also supervisor‟s idea.
G: Yes. I say that likely freely sometimes and I will not encourage you to neglect what
the supervisor says in your work…
K: You have to take first.
G: You might already put it on to your coffin also when you do that work on your own
misfortune or – he might decide one day that he can‟t get along this with another guy
and won‟t support you. So you have to satisfy him reasonably, but at the same time you
also should not forget it‟s not bad to be a revolutionary. When you insist, you have tobe sure also that you are thinking along the right line, for example. These are very

19

vaguely what I think.
K: I see. Finally how about your hobby? I understand your hobby is musicalinstrument.
G: Yeah, music. It used to be more sports, when I was young I did skiing.
K: Oh, skiing?
G: Yeah. But now I am 70 and skiing is not so anymore. It‟s also a bit too dangerous.
K: How about tennis or something like the sport?
G: I still do lot of things, I do table tennis and once in a while also tennis, maybe next
summer it will be more, I hope.
K: How about swimming?
G: Not so much.
K: And how about reading novels or books?
G: Yes.
K: Story.
G: No, not stories, but popular science. From people who try to explain phenomena
qualitatively, but not so much with the mathematics.
K: It‟s very important, I think. Image of the things is rather important than finding
calculation. First image is essential.
G: Exactly yes, that‟s what I want to say.
K: Things are, always you visualize image.
G: We try to findsuch reasoning also
wherever in the little
childrenorindiscussions as theygive me a physicalargument, give me aphysical picture.
K: Yes, physicalpicture,notmathematical picture.
G: Then on that one
can build up a realquantitative physical picture.
K: Well, almost one hour passed. Thank you very much for a nice talk.
G: Thank you, it was my pleasure.

20

K: And I really appreciate.
G: Rather interesting conversation here.
Interviewer: Prof. H. Komatsu
in Prof. Grünberg office in the IMR Bldg I, December 21 st, 200921

Interview with Professor Kazuyoshi YAMADA, Principal Investigator,
WPI-AIMR

Hold onto challenges in your subconscious

Prof. Yamada (Y): Today I thought I would like to show you News Letter of ourLaboratory, Shimamoyou (Stripes). This is already No. 10 issue. I started this News
Letter to familiarize science to younger generations. I always try to select the best
photograph for the cover.
Prof. Komatsu (K): I didn’t aware of such nice newsletters.
Y: The first issue tells how we started this News Letters. A student laid out theJapanese characters “Shimamoyo” on the computer just for fun, but the hiragana was sowell fitted to the News Letter that
we have been using it for every
issue.
I
initially
asked
great
professors to contribute featurearticles, but their writing tends tobe rather formal. Recently I’ve
switched to asking people who
can write somewhat more relaxedpieces.
K: How often do you publish it?
Y: At first, I intend to publish twice a year. Now, once a year, maybe once and a half.
For the last issue’s feature, I asked a guest researcher at the International Frontier Center
for Advanced Materials, Dr. Seung-Hun Lee, to write a message for young scientists.
Working with neutrons, we often conduct research in large facilities outside theuniversity. So I asked Dr. Lee to write about how he came to be a “nomadic scientist”
traveling the world and conducting experiments. I translated his story into Japanese.
It turned out to be very popular.
K: The aims of Shimamoyou and WPI News are similar in that we both want tofamiliarize people with science.
Y: Yes, that’s why I recently stopped asking contribution from renowned professors.
For instance, the research assistant who stopped by to say hello a while ago used to be a
corporate employee. He has an interesting career, so I’ve asked him to write about it.

22I always ask contributors not to write too much about their research, so that young
readers are interested in science.
K: For WPI News, too, we avoid getting into the details of the interviewees’ research.
We ask topics of general interest, like what led them to start their research activities andwhat attracted them to science.
Y: I grew up in Kyoto until high school. I had two choices for university, Hokkaido
University or Tohoku University. In high school I read several books in Blue Backs
series, and I made up my mind to either research on snowflakes started by Dr. Ukichiro
Nakaya at Hokkaido University or research on magnets developed by Dr. Kotaro Hondaat Tohoku University. I was more inclined to Hokkaido but, on the verge of taking theentrance exam, started having second thoughts. Eventually I decided on Tohoku
University. I lived in Sendai for 32 years, then transferred from Physics at the Facultyof Science to Kyoto University’s Institute for Chemical Research in 2000. I planned toretire there, so I never dreamed of coming back to the Institute for Materials Research(IMR) only five years later. It feels as if I was drawn by fate.
K: You went to elementary and junior high school in Kyoto – whereabouts?
Y: I lived in Uzumasa, near the filming studios but in a busier area with a shopping
street.
I found out later that the famous conductor Yutaka Sado lived only 20 or 30 meters
away, and that we had attended the same elementary school. Also, curiously, within a
two-kilometer radius of my house, there were four people including myself who
researched neutrons or superconductivity and became professors. One is Mikio
Takano, a former director of Kyoto University’s Institute for Chemical Research andnow a principal investigator of its WPI program [Institute for Integrated Cell-Material
Sciences, Kyoto University (iCeMS)]. He and I lived in the same school district.
Another is Shuzo Kawarazaki, who was a professor at Osaka University. Our houses
were back to back. And another is Kiyoichiro Motoya, currently a professor at theTokyo University of Science. He was one year my senior in junior high and highschool, and also went on to research neutrons.
K: The short supply of Japanese neutron scientists seems to come exclusively from yourneighborhood.
Y: The curious thing is it’s a lower middle class neighborhood, not the kind of place you
would expect to produce scholars.
I attended Sagano Senior High School, near the current tourist spot. It was a goodarea, only a 15-minute walk to Arashiyama.
In my days Kyoto enforced the “small district system,” meaning the high school you

23

attended depended purely on where you lived, and you had many different types ofclassmates. Looking back the past, this was a good thing. Not all the students werebrilliant, so to speak, so we went on to pursue a variety of careers. It was a valuable
experience for me to mix with many interesting people. The public high schools in
Kyoto were neither extremely prestigious nor extremely low-level. Yet all of themsent 10 or 20 graduates to the University of Tokyo or Kyoto University each year.
K: I think you’ve just pinpointed one of the vulnerabilities of Japan’s elite education
system. When did you decide to pursue a career in science?
Y: I made the final decision when I chose my university, although I suppose I was
always fond of science. I have a brother six years my elder, who used to come home
and teach me what he had just learned in high school. He would explain how to prove
the Pythagorean theorem, for instance. I didn’t understand everything he said, but heinspired a vague interest in me.
K: Did your brother also become a scientist?
Y: He went into engineering. I was influenced by him a lot. Also monthly
magazines for elementary students implanted me an interest for nature. I clearly
remember sending a letter to one of the monthly magazines. I asked why snowflakes
come in many different shapes but snow crystals always come in six-fold symmetry(hexagons). They never replied. Later I discovered that’s a difficult question toanswer even today.
I was a cheeky student in junior high and high school, a handful for my teachers. On
top of the small district system, the governor of Kyoto, Torazo Ninagawa of theCommunist Party, was a big advocate of equality. Individual schools had lost theirreputation for producing university entrants, so parents who wanted their children toenter a good university sent them to a private school after regular school hours. I was
opposed to the whole idea of ambitious second- or third-year junior high school students
going to these private schools, and instead joined the track and field team. I didn’t likekids who were studying all the time. I preferred mixing with outcast types.
K: What track and field events did you compete in?
Y: In junior high school I wasn’t especially good at any one event, so I did
multiple-event competitions like the triathlon (high jump, shot put, and 100-meter
sprint). My mother died soon after I entered high school, and my father wanted me tohelp out at the small candy store we owned. So I took a break from track and fieldfrom around my junior year.
I started track and field again in university. This time, rather than running, I
competed mainly in throwing events like the javelin, discus and hammer. Professor

24

Yuichiro Nishina at the IMR was a team advisor when I first joined. Hiromasa Ito,
who later became director of the Research Institute of Electrical Communication(RIEC), was four years my senior and a long distance runner.
K: You had quite a wide circle of friends.
Why did you choose neutrons?
Y: I chose neutrons more or less by accident. I wanted to study magnets, and we did agame of rock-paper-scissors (janken) to decide which course to take in our fourth year.
I got Professor Yoshikazu Ishikawa’s course.
K: Professor Ishikawa died very young. So you started studying neutrons before hepassed away?
Y: I run the third generation of the Ishikawa Lab. Professor Ishikawa came to Tohoku
University in his early 40s, I believe. I joined his lab when he was about 45, andstayed for about ten years. He was full of vigor and liked mountain climbing andskiing, so his death came as a shock. This was when I had completed my doctorate
and joined the Laboratory of Nuclear Science (LNS – Research Center for Electron
Photon Science). I was one of the candidates of a long-term visitor for a US-Japan
cooperative project, and was preparing for a short-term trip prior to long-term dispatch.
Professor Ishikawa lost consciousness a couple of weeks before I was to depart. I
wondered whether I should cancel the trip under the circumstances, but decided to go
when I found out that Professor Endoh was named successor.
K: Where did you go on that trip?
Y: Brookhaven National Laboratory. I worked with the famed scientist Dr. Gen
Shirane for the first time, which got me deeper into the world of neutrons.
K: I only know Dr. Shirane by name, but he is very famous.

25

Y: He certainly is. I would say more than half of Japan’s leading neutron researchers
today were influenced by Dr. Shirane. That’s phenomenal.
I stayed a few months in Long Island. Then high-temperature superconductivity was
discovered soon after I returned to Japan, so I was sent back for another year or so.
K: How did you like Brookhaven?
Y: I loved it. Everyone liked tennis; we played everyday. Dr. Shirane’s motto was“play hard, study hard.” So even though work kept us busy seven days a week, we
also went all out to enjoy our precious time off.
K: I also like tennis; in fact, I played this morning. I understand Professor Endoh likes
tennis, too. Do you invite each other to play often?
Y: Yes, he’s one of the reasons I got started. It was right before the tennis boom inJapan. A while later, women carried their rackets to go to the office. I played a lot of
tennis at Brookhaven. One time they arranged a doubles match on the day I landed.
K: They never gave you a chance to get jet-lagged! I find sports like tennis because I
can continue playing at any age.
Y: I also appreciate the chance to meet people in different fields or lines of work. I
didn’t work as hard at my job as I did at building connections.
K: What did you do in your doctoral work?
Y: I completed my doctoral degree at the Ishikawa Lab. When Professor Ishikawa
asked what I wanted to research, since I was interested in magnets, I said liquid magnets.
I didn’t even know if such a thing existed. Professor Ishikawa said it didn’t exist yet –what did exist, and what I should research, was amorphous metal. At the time, no one
at the Ishikawa Lab was researching amorphous metal.
During my master’s course, the Masumoto Lab had started developing amorphoustape, so I asked them for samples some 1 mm wide that I could measure. It was
decided that I would do joint research with the Masumoto Lab for my master’s, andresearch neutrons in amorphous material for my doctoral work. The LNS was working
on pulsed neutrons, and the Kenji Suzuki Group aggressively on liquid and amorphous
metal.
At the time, we mixed transition metals with silicon and germanium fromsemiconductors, and measured the structure of the resulting metal for magnetism andconductivity. Because transition metals couldn’t be mixed with ordinary crystals, wemade the samples amorphous before conducting experiments. Kyoto University’s
Professor Hirohisa Endo was doing similar research, and I asked our Professor Endoh,at the Ishikawa Lab, to introduce me so I could use the evaporation system in Kyoto andmake samples. I used to visit my family in Kyoto during summer vacation and the26

New Year’s break, but only spend a couple of days at home. The rest of the time I
slept over at the Endo Lab at Kyoto University making samples.
K: You made the samples with an evaporation system, and not a sputtering system?
Y: It was an evaporation system. The tungsten wire used to break after several runs.
The heater would shut down after injecting five or six small rods of the raw material, so
I had to recreate a vacuum and restart the heater. I repeated this process numberlesstime. Making a ten-gram sample from several grams of neutrons sounds crazy. But
that’s what I did.
The strength at which neutrons scatter varies depending on the isotope. The samematerial composition shows a different pattern of scattering with and without an isotope.
Appropriately processed, it is possible to analyze a substructure (partial structure). So
I had Professor Ishikawa buy me nickel isotopes. It must have cost 400,000 yen agram back then. Most of the money Professor Ishikawa spent on me was for isotope
samples. It was a simple process of inserting the sample in a vacuum, melting it, andquenching. But my hands shook every time because if any air leaks in and oxidizes
the sample, I would have wasted 400,000 yen for every gram I ruined.
K: Was it a large bell jar?
Y: It was a regular-sized diffusion-class bell jar. I would break down the hand-madesample and insert small pieces of it into the target, spin the wheels one by one by hand,cool the sample, melt it once every 15 minutes or so… Over and over again while lying
on the bed at the Endo Lab.
K: You must have needed a lot of physical strength to keep up the work.
Y: Yes, and also mental strength. You had to be a natural for caring about the details.
K: A natural who performs those tasks humming a tune. So with neutrons, it takes a
lot of stamina to first make samples.
Y: Professor Yao who was taking his master’s course at the time and took over the Endo
Lab at Kyoto University. He says each time before a student sets out on the tedioustask of making samples, he tells about my hard working experiments.
K: Were you able to do something interesting with the samples?
Y: Using isotopes and creating structural details attracted some attention in the neutron
research field, but it wasn’t particularly sensational.
K: But certainly you felt your efforts were rewarded?
Y: It made me very happy when in my doctoral work I made neutron apparatuses andsamples and conducted experiments and analyses at the LNS, and I discovered that I
would ultimately produce the results that I did. I might have been happier if thoseresults caused a wide sensation, but they didn’t. What I did wasn’t as hot a topic as27

high-temperature superconductivity in those days.
K: Research is about the accumulation of unnoticed efforts. After you got yourdoctorate, where did you work?
Y: I became a post-doc at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) toattend a project for construction of a pulsed neutron source.
K: Did you live in Tsukuba?
Y: I was based at the Ishikawa Lab and traveled to the KEK. Around 5 p.m. a group of
us including Professor Ishikawa and Professor Watanabe at the LNS went by car.
A few months later, I applied for an assistant post at the LNS. I was hired to dowork half on pulsed neutrons, half on synchrotron radiation and atomic nuclei, forwhich they were preparing to launch a project.
K: A classmate of mine who studied radiochemistry at Kanazawa University sometimes
worked with the LNS.
Y: Radiochemistry – he must have done radiation analyses. That’s still in progress
K: You seem to have paced yourself in terms of work. What about marriage?
Y: I had a scholarship for my doctoral course, but it was stopped after April for the tenmonths or so that I was late getting the degree. I got married around that time, as I
needed for my wife to support me.
I also did all kinds of part-time jobs. Private teacher, guest lecturer, restaurants,
opening and closing curtains at a puppet theater, knocking
down old houses… In the second grade of university I put down
and away futon mattresses at an inn at Sakunami hot springs as
a live-in worker. The job offered three meals a day. In thedaytime I was free to use any vacant guestroom, so I took my
textbooks and studied in perfect privacy. If I got tired, Irelaxed in the hot springs. My boss in the inn asked us tocollect leftover sake, so we drank every night until midnight. I
lived like that for two or three weeks.
K: Wow. Based on your prolific experience, what advice
would you give to younger people today?
Y: Younger people today probably aren’t at leisure to follow my advice I could offer
them. The staff members at my lab, for instance, are too busy. They’re constantly
pressed to produce results and being evaluated. When I first joined the LNS, there
hadn’t been a thesis in several years. If that happened today, I would be fired.
K: In our days, university didn’t bring to mind the image of writing thesis after thesis
and being evaluated.

28

Y: But now, even post-docs are too busy. I feel sorry for today’s younger people. If I
were asked how to change the situation, I’m not sure I would have an answer. But it’sa big problem that students are being forced to do work that leads to a thesis, and they
don’t have room to research in depth the little things that interest them.
K: I once suggested a certain theme to a group of young students who came to my lab,
and they asked whether they could write a thesis on it. I told them you’ve got toresearch it to find out whether you can write a thesis or not. If you knew from the
beginning, there’s no need for research. The American style of evaluation is a problem
for the whole of Japan.
Y: It really is. The US is a competitive society, but Japan seems slightly different.
What do you think is the difference?
K: The US has wider opportunities for employment.
Y: Yes, and maybe the US is also more inherently dynamical than Japan is. There’s noresistance to changing jobs.
K: The Japanese see someone leaving as disloyal, unreliable. But the Americans see
someone staying at one place forever as unmotivated.
Y: That’s a substantial difference. Unlike the US, there is surprisingly little merit intransferring in Japan. The salary is different, too. When I moved back from Kyoto to
Sendai, my urban area allowance was cut drastically. My retirement allowance iscarried over as long as I transfer from one university to another, but it will be slashedthe moment I transfer to a different organization. It will bring few benefits. The
system needs straightening out.
The incorporation of national universities, and the fixed term system, was supposed
to have been a mechanism for encouraging personnel to transfer. But I think itbackfired and triggered localization. Not all universities adhere to the system, andsome even work around it to keep competent personnel. That is, they started sortingout people into those they want to send away and those they want to keep. Youngpeople are sensitive to this kind of manipulation. It’s a difficult time for them to relax
and concentrate on their research.
K: The WPI calls it “fusion,” but in reality there is no space or capacity for working
with people in different fields. It’s a difficult issue. The social system overall is
inflexible.
Even hiring people can’t be done by top management alone; they have to hold ameeting. But all the ceremony is just a way to rub off the responsibility in casesomething goes wrong. When I was at the University of London, I thought their wayof hiring post-docs was strict. They don’t stand over you and tell you what to do.

29Instead, when your contract is about to expire, the boss comes to you and says straightout, “You can go. Thank you. Good bye,” or shakes your hand and says, “You canstay.” The dryness was shocking. The researcher, too, says, “OK, thank you.” It
was a tremendously competitive society. It boils down to results in the end. The
Japanese are too humane to do that. They could be sued.
Y: I don’t think dryness is necessarily bad, but a follow-up mechanism has to be inplace or the consequences could be disastrous. Even if one organization doesn’t renew
the contract, if the researcher is motivated and has several other prospective employers,
that’s a good system.
But the truth is, being let go in a year sounds negative. Most organizations don’t
want to hire someone who was let go at all, and that frightens young people.
Transferring on a regular basis would function if the society recognizes it as a normalthing, and creates a system of accepting mid-career personnel.
K: The ideal mood would be for everyone else to have experienced a job change, andyou could play as many return matches as you want. Right now, however, if you go
down once you can never get back up again. Active, healthy job changing is
impossible unless the overall atmosphere of the society changes.
You’ve told me so many interesting stories today. My impression was that you’re aman of many interests. The story about “play hard, study hard” reminded me of Dr.
Yoshio Nishina, Professor Yuichiro Nishina’s father and the former president of RIKEN.
Dr. Sin-Itiro Tomonaga once told me that he went to RIKEN and asked for the president,
and was surprised to be told to go to the tennis court. He said the most painful
experience was Dr. Nishina telling him, “Do what you want.” Dr. Tomonaga was adiligent man, so he turned it over and over in his mind what he should study.
Y: I always think it’s a good idea to store challenges in the corner of your mind. Don’t
obsess about a unique challenge all the time but let it pop up sometimes, store it away
again, remember it again. And
after a while, a solution will cometo you. It seems that the younger
people today are too pressed to beefficient. They’re not at leisure to
do that.
Like tennis. Sometimes I playwith people who practice every day.
But they haven’t improved, rather
they play worse than the last time.

30

I recently realized why. They play tennis so much that they’re not giving themselves
time to improve. I think you brush up on your tennis skills when you’re not playing.
Your mind or body remembers the challenges you’re facing, and works them out for you
in your subconscious. So you actually take a step toward improvement when you takea break from tennis or you’re asleep.
This got me thinking about the ideal way to train for sports. If you train the wrong
way, making mistakes becomes a habit. This defeats the original purpose of training.
Ideally, training should fix your mistakes and improve your form. Whereas if you go
out day after day and repeat the same mistakes, you acquire the wrong habits. It’smuch better to stop and do image training by looking at pictures of good players andstudying their correct form. Players who never get better are merely keeping at itwithout stopping to reflect. They’re forming habits of their own mistakes.
This goes for physics as well. Nothing good comes of merely researching day in andday out. If you’re deadlocked, forget about it. But not forever. Keep it in thecorner of your mind and let it pop up from time to time, look at it from a different angle.
As with tennis, it’s a question of why you’re training (researching) in the first place.
K: With tennis, it’s difficult to know what to fix without a coach. The racket haschanged so much that you have to hold it at an entirely different angle from the woodracket I first used. A coach I know says hitting the ball has evolved into a more soft
tennis-style. Even coaches’ textbooks, which used to advise holding the racket at alevel and pushing the ball forward, recently recommend facing forward and snappingwith the wrist.
Y: Tennis is a curious sport in that sense. I’m also attracted to golf and plan to take it
up once my body stops moving, but as long as my body moves I want to continue
playing tennis – because it has both aspects, technical and mental. Mental pressure isessential in sports. Without it, you’re deprived of half the fun. You could be leadinga game 5 to 0 but the opponent could still catch up. It’s happened to me many times.
I’ve thought I’ve won a tournament, let my tension loose, and lost. It’s never the
tournaments you win that you remember; always the ones you lose.
K: I had a lot of fun talking to you today. You have so many sides to your character.
I’ve learned that the accumulation of seemingly pointless work is key to keeping a
researcher healthy. Authenticity is built on sundry knowledge. Thank you.
Interviewer: Prof. H. Komatsu
at Yamada Lab, IMR Bldg. 2, January 18th, 201031

WPI-AIMR PI 山田和芳教授にきく(Interview with Professor Kazuyoshi YAMADA－Japanese version)

寝ても覚めても問題を離さない
山田：私が今日お見せしようと思っていたのは、うちの研究室で発行しているニュースレ
ター「しまもよう」です。今回で第 10 号くらいになります。発行のきっかけは、若い世代にちょっとはサイエンスに familiar になってほしいということでした。表紙の写真が一番いいところで、なるべくきれいな写真を掲載するようにしています。
小松：知りませんでした。こんな立派なものがあるのですね。
山田：創刉号にはどうして発行することになったか理由が書かれています。題字の「しまもよう」は学生がパソコンで適当に書いたのですが、字のバランスがよかったので創刉号からずっとこれを使っています。
創刉当初は大先生から特別寄稿をいただいていましたが、みなさん書かれることが尐し堅いので最近はそれをやめて、もう尐し柔らかく書いてくれる人にお願いしています。
小松：どのくらいのインターバルで発行しているのですか。
山田：始めは年に二回と頑張っていましたが、最近では年一回か一回半です。前回のこの記事は WPI-IFCAM の客員研究員として来た Dr. Lee, Seung-Hun に若い人へのメッセー
ジとして書いてもらったものです。我々中性子の仕事は外の大型施設で研究することが多いので、世界中を実験しに渡り歩く「遊牧民」として、どのように彼が今の仕事をやるよ
うになったのかを書いてくれたものを、私が適当に翻訳しました。これは非常に評判が良かったです。
小松：親しみを持ってもらうということで、まさしく WPI News の狙いと重なっていますね。
山田：最近では超大物よりもこういう人に書いてもらっています。先ほど挨拶に来た研究補佐員の方も元々は企業に勤めておられたのですが、非常に面白い経歴を持っていて、彼にも書いてもらいました。研究のことはあまり載せず、若い人たちにサイエンスに親しんでもらうようにしています。
小松：WPI News でも研究のことに細かくは触れず、一般の人が興味を持つような、どういったきっかけで研究を始めたのか、サイエンスに興味を持ったのかということを聞いています。
山田：私は高校までは京都で育ちました。大学は、さてどこに行こうかと考えた時に、北海道大学と東北大学の二つ候補がありました。当時から今のブルーバックスのような本をよく読んでいて、北海道大学に行くなら中谷宇吉郎先生の雪の研究、東北大学なら本多光太郎先生の磁石の研究のどちらかにしようと思っていました。北海道に行きたかったので

32

すが、受験をする間際になって青函連絡船に乗ることを迷い始めて、結局は東北大学にしました。その後 32 年間仙台に住み、2000 年に理学部の物理から京都大学の化学研究所に移りました。そこで定年を迎えるつもりだったので、移って 5 年後に金研に来るとは思いもしませんでした。何かの縁を感じますね。
小松：小、中学校の頃も京都だったのですね。京都のどの辺に通われましたか。
山田：京都の太秦です。撮影所にも近いのですが自宅があったのは商店街などがあってごちゃごちゃしたところです。
後でわかったのですが、有名な指揮者の佐渡裕さんは我が家から 2、30 メートルの所に住んでいて、同じ小学校を出ました。もう一つ面白いことに、我が家から半径 2 キロ以内に中性子や超伝導の研究をしていて、教授になった人が私を入れて 4 人もいます。一人は京大の化学研究所の所長になられ、今は京大の WPI の高野幹夫さんで、彼は私と同じ学区でした。自宅の裏には、河原崎修三さんという大阪大学の教授をされていた方も住んでいました。中学、高校の一年先輩には東京理科大学で教授をされている元屋清一郎先生がいますが、彼も中性子をやっています。
小松：日本の中性子屋さんはそんなに多くはいないのですが、その一帯に集中していますね。
山田：しかも、私の住んでいたあたりは下町で学者が出るような雰囲気ではないので非常に面白いですね。
高校は今では観光スポットになっている嵐山・嵯峨野の近くの嵯峨野高校です。嵐山までに行くのにも歩いて 15 分くらいで、とても環境のいいところでした。
小松：いいところですね。私は嵐山には新婚旅行で行きました。
山田：京都の高校は私の頃には小学区制で、住んでいる地域で行く高校が決まっていました。だからいろいろな生徒がいて、今考えるとそれがよかった。勉強ができる子だけではなかったので、卒業生の仕事の幅も非常に広いです。そこで面白い人とたくさん付き合ったことが私にとってはとても重要だったと思っています。超有名高はなかったけれど、ものすごく下の高校もなかった。公立高校はどの学校からも東大・京大に 10～20 名くらいは入っていました。
小松：今のエリート教育の弱点の一つを聞いたように思いますね。それから、サイエンスに行こうと思ったのはいつごろですか。
山田：やはり大学を選んだ時です。その前からも好きなことは好きでした。六つ上の兄がいて、彼が高校時代に学校で習ってきたことをすぐに私に教えてくれた影響で興味はありました。例えばピタゴラスの定理の証明のやり方などを説明してくれて、わからないけれ
どなんとなく面白いと思いました。
小松：お兄さんは理科の方に行かれたのですか。
山田：兄は工学部へ行きました。そういった影響もあり、本をよく読んでいました。ブル
ーバックス、特に相対性理論から本多光太郎の磁性の話、雪の結晶についてなどいろいろ

33

です。
小学校時代には月刉誌に質問を投稿したことをいまだによく覚えています。雪にはいろい
ろな形があるのに、雪の結晶は全て六回対称（六角形）のような形をしているのはどうしてなのかと質問をしましたが、全く答えがなかった。後になって、いまだにそれは難しい
質問だということが分かりました。
中学・高校時代は、生意気で先生の手に負えない人間でした。京都は小学区制で、しかも当時は共産党の蜷川虎三さんが府知事で皆平等にやるというので学校自身の進学校としての実力がなく、子供をいい学校に行かせたい家庭はみんな塾に行かせていました。中学校
二、三年生にもなるといい大学に行きたい人は塾に行っていたのですが、私はむしろそういったことに反発して、陸上部に入ってクラブ活動ばかりしていました。勉強ばかりしている人はあまり好きじゃなかった。むしろちょっと外れたような人とばかり付き合っていました。
小松：陸上ではどんな競技をされていましたか。
山田：中学時代にはずば抜けてできる種目がなかったので、三種競技（走り高跳び、砲丸投げ、100 メートル）などの混成種目をやっていました。高校に入学してすぐに母が亡くなり、実家が駄菓子屋をしていたので、父に陸上をやめて手伝えと言われて高校二年生くらいで一度陸上をやめました。
とうてき大学に入ってからまた陸上を再開しました。大学では走るよりも投擲が主で、槍、円盤、ハンマーなどをやりました。入った当時は金研の仁科雄一郎先生が陸上部の顧問をされていました。それから通研の所長もされた伊藤弘昌さんが私の四つくらい先輩で、彼は長距離をやっていました。
小松：それでは付き合いが広いですね。
山田：最近では JST でプロジェクトの取りまとめをしている同級生から急に連絡が来たり、昨日も遠藤先生の古希のお祝いを遠刈田でしたのですが、同級生から話を聞いたりしてい
ろいろなつながりもありますね。
小松：そうですね。そうして、だんだんサイエンスの方に進まれていったわけですが、ニュートロンを選んだのはどうしてですか。
山田：ニュートロンを選んだのは偶然にも等しいです。磁石に興味があって、大学四年の講座配属の時にジャンケンで石川義和先生の講座に入ったことがきっかけです。
小松：石川先生はずいぶん若くに亡くなりましたが、中性子を始められたのは石川先生が亡くなる前ですか。
山田：石川研ができてから私で三代目です。石川先生が東北大に来られたのは 40 代前半だと思いますが、先生が 45 歳くらいの時に私が石川研に入って、それから 10 年くらいいました。山登りやスキーが好きな元気な先生だったので、亡くなられた時はショックでした。
ドクターが終わって核理研（原子核理学研究施設）に勤めていた頃、日米協力で長期派遣する人を探しているというので私が候補の一人になり、長期の前に短期で行く準備をして34

いました。ところが出発の前に石川先生が倒れられたので、行っていいものなのかと非常に悩みました。結局は遠藤さんが後を継がれるというので行くことにしました。
小松：その時はどこへいらっしゃったのですか。
山田：ブルックヘブン国立研究所です。白根元先生という非常に有名な先生がいらっしゃいました。その時に初めて白根先生にお会いして、ニュートロンにもっと足を突っ込むことになりました。
小松：私は白根先生のお名前しか知りませんが、非常に有名な先生ですね。
山田：そうですね。今、日本でニュートロンの指導的な立場になっている人の半分以上は白根先生から大きな影響を受けているのではないでしょうか。すごいことだと思います。
ブルックヘブンに数カ月滞在し、帰ってきたら高温超伝導が発見されて、それでまた行けと言われて一年くらい行きました。
小松：ブルックヘブンの印象はどうですか。
山田：よかったですね。テニス大好き人間ばかりで、毎日のようにテニスをしていました。
白根先生のモットーが「よく遊びよく学べ」でしたので、土日もなく仕事は忙しかったですが、遊ぶ時は徹底的に遊びました。
小松：私もテニスが好きで、今日もテニスをしてきました。遠藤さんもテニスが好きですので、よく誘われたのではないですか。
山田：そうですね。彼がテニスをやっていたこともテニスを始めた理由の一つです。あの頃はテニスがブームになる直前で、その後しばらくすると会社へ行くのにラケットを持っていった女性までいたような時代です。ブルックヘブンではかなりテニスをしました。私がブルックヘブンへ行くと、着いたその日にダブルスがアレンジされていることもありました。
小松：時差も関係なしですね（笑）。テニスのような道具を使うスポーツは年をとってもできるからいいですね。
山田：それと、分野や仕事が違う人と、テニスを通じて知り合えたことは本当にありがたかったですね。仕事はあまり真っ当にやっていなかったのですが、そういったことはよくやっていました。
小松：ドクターワークは何をされましたか。
山田：ドクターでは石川研でしたが、石川先生に何をやりたいか聞かれた時に、磁石に興味があったので液体の磁石をやりたいと言いました。そんなのものがあるかどうかは知らなかったのですが。石川先生にそんなものはないでしょうかと聞くと、今のところそんなものはないけれどもアモルファスだったらあるからアモルファスをやれと言われました。
当時、石川研ではアモルファスをやっている人はいませんでした。
マスターの時は、増本研究室がアモルファスのテープを作ってやり始めた頃でした。そこ
で幅が 1mm 程度のものを分けてもらって、それを測ったりしました。マスターの仕事は増本先生のところと共同研究をして、ドクターではアモルファスをニュートロンでやろうと35

いう話になりました。核理研で丁度パルスニュートロンがあり、鈴木謙爾グループが精力的に液体やアモルファスの仕事をやっておられたので、私は石川研としてその研究をしに行きました。
ただ当時のサンプルは半導体のシリコンやゲルマニウムの中に遷移金属を入れて、最終的にメタルになったものの磁性と伝導などを構造を測りながらやるというものでした。普通の結晶だと遷移金属が入らないので、アモルファスにして実験をしました。その頃、京都大学の遠藤裕久先生が近い系をやっておられて、石川研の遠藤先生の口利きで、そこの蒸着装置を使ってサンプルを作りました。私の実家は京都なので、夏休みや正月に京都に帰ると家には一日、二日いただけで、あとは遠藤研に泊まり込んでずっとサンプルを作っていました。
小松：それはスパッタ装置ではなくて蒸着装置で作っていたのですか。
山田：蒸着装置です。タングステン線のワイヤーが何回かやると切れてしまいます。小さく切った原料棒を五、六回ぽっと飛ばすとヒーターが切れてしまうので、また真空を破ってヒーターをつけ直して、という作業を延々と繰り返していました。ニュートロンで数グ
ラムから 10 グラムのサンプルを作るのはもう気違いじみたことなので、それをずっとやっていましたね。
しかも中性子はアイソトープで散乱される強さが変わります。同じ物質の組成でもアイソトープを使ったものと使っていないもので散乱パターンが異なってきます。それを適当に処理すると、いわゆる部分構造が出せるので、石川先生にニッケルのアイソトープを買ってもらいました。当時は１グラム４０万円だったと思います。石川先生に出してもらった金額の大半はアイソトープです。ただ真空封入をし、溶かしてクエンチしてというプロセスで合金を作るのですが、１グラム４０万円の試料を使うと、空気を入れて酸化させて失敗してしまったらそれで終わりなので手が震えました。
小松：大きいベルジャーだったのですか？
山田：ごく普通のベルジャーでした。ディフュージョンクラスです。中に小さく砕いた手作りの試料を解体させてターゲットの中に入れ、手で回すようなものを一つ一つ回して、一度冷まして、１５分に一回くらい溶かして、というのを遠藤研の仮眠ベッドに横になりながら延々とやりました。
小松：相当な体力がないとできないですね。
山田：体力もそうですが、そういったことを気にするような性格だとできないですね。
小松：鼻歌交じりでできるような性格でないと。ではニュートロンの場合には試料作りにまず大変な体力がいるわけですね。
山田：当時マスターだった八尾君が遠藤研を引き継いで今でも京大にいるのですが、学生に面倒な試料を作らせようとする時には、まず私の話を出して「昔こんな人がいた…」と説明してから始めるそうです。
小松：それで、そのサンプルで面白いことができましたか。

36

山田：ニュートロンでアイソトープを本格的に使って、構造のディテールを出すことはその業界では割と、注目されたのですが、非常にセンセーショナルだという感じはしませんでした。
小松：山田先生ご自身では苦労が報われたという感じはあったでしょう。
山田：ドクターワークの時には、核理研で中性子の装置やサンプルを自分で作って実験・解析をし、最終的にこういう結果が出ることが見えてきた時には、非常にうれしかったです。世の中にとってそれが非常にセンショーナルな結果であればなおいいのかもしれませんが、当時の高温超伝導の分野ほどはそれ自体がトピックス的な話でもなかったので、そうでもありませんでした。
小松：研究と言うのはそういった目に見えないことの積み重ねですね。ドクターの後、職はどうされましたか。
山田：ドクターを取るのが１０ヶ月くらい遅れていたのですぐに職もなく、割とのんびりやりました。KEK（高エネルギー加速器研究機構）にパルス中性子の線源とか装置の建設の計画が走っていたので、KEK のポスドクになりました。
小松：では筑波にいらしたのですか。
山田：石川研にいて、KEK に出かけていくという形でした。石川先生や核理研の渡辺先生
たちと午後５時くらいになったら車で行きました。
その何ヶ月か後に、核理研に助手のポストがあるというのでアプライしました。核理研ではパルス中性子の仕事が半分と、将来計画が立ち上がろうとしていた放射光、原子核の仕事が半分として雇われました。
小松：私の同級生で金沢大学の放射化学にいた人が、時々核理研にお世話になっていました。
山田：放射化学、放射分析ですね。そちらはまだ続いていますが、中性子関連は、KEK に新しいパルス中性子源ができると、そちらに主力が移りました。
小松：なかなか悠々とされていた感じがありますが、結婚はどうされましたか。
山田：ドクターの期間は奨学金が出ていたのですが、１０ヶ月くらい延びたので、４月以降は出なくなってしまった。そこからはしばらく女房の世話にならないといけなくて、それもあってその頃に結婚しました。
私も学生時代にはいろいろなアルバイトをしていました。今の学生よりもはるかにいろい
どんちょう

ろな仕事をしたと思います。家庭教師や非常勤講師、レストラン、人形劇の 緞 帳 の上げ下げ、家の解体工事など、様々な職種です。作並の旅館に三食付きの住み込みで布団の上げ下ろしもしました。昼間はどの部屋に行ってもいいというので教科書を持ち込んで悠々と勉強をして、疲れたら温泉に入って。宴会で余った酒を集める人がいて、毎日酒盛りでした。そういう生活を二、三週間しました。
小松：すごいですね。そういった経験をもとに今の若い人にアドバイスをするとしたらどんなことがありますか。

37山田：アドバイスというよりは、今はそういったことができないですからね。例えば自分の研究室のスタッフを見ていても、忙しすぎます。各所から業績、評価を求められる。私が核理研に入った当初のことを考えると、論文も数年間出ていませんでしたし、今だったら首になっていただろうと思います。
小松：しかし昔は大学とはそういうものだというイメージがありましたね。ガツガツ論文を書いて評価されるなんてとんでもない、という。
山田：今の若い人は、ポスドクも含めて忙しすぎて本当に大変だと可哀そうに思います。
どういう形でそれを変えられるかと聞かれればあまり自信はありませんが、追い立てられるように論文になる仕事をしなければいけないので、面白いことをさらに突っ込んで深くやっていく余裕がない。これはとても大きな問題だと思います。
小松：昔、研究室に若い連中が入ってきて、このテーマはどうだというと「先生、それで論文は書けますか」と言う。書けるか書けないか、わからないから研究するんだと言いました。始めからわかっていたら研究の必要はありません。このアメリカ方式の評価スタイ
ルというのは日本全体の問題ですね。
山田：本当にそうですね。アメリカの人はそういった競争社会の中にいますが、今の日本の若い人ともちょっと違うように思います。あれは何が違うのでしょう。
小松：雇用の間口が広いのもあるのではないでしょうか。
山田：それもあるでしょうし、日本と比較して元々ダイナミカルなのではないかという気がします。職場を動くことに対しての抵抗が全くないです。
小松：日本の場合は、移っていく人間に対して尻が軽い、信用ならん、となってしまいま
すよね。向こうでは逆に同じところにずっといるとお前は何をやっているんだ、となる。
山田：そういうところが若干違いますね。逆に移ってプラスになることは、日本では意外と尐ないです。給料に関してもそうです。京都からこちらに戻ってくる際には都市手当が大幅に減ってしまった。それから大学から大学に移れば退職金はキープされますが、大学から別の機構に行くと途端に退職金が減ってしまう。移ることのメリットがほとんどないですね。だからそういうところもきちんとする必要があります。
大学法人化の際に、任期制も含めて、人が動くべきであるという仕組みを作りましたが、全部が全部そうなってはいないし、逆に残したい人は何とかして残すという、局在化が起
こってしまったように思います。外に出てもらう人と、残したい人を仕分け始めてしまった。若い人はそういったことを敏感に感じ取るので、のびのびとした研究がしづらい時代になってしまいました。
小松：WPI でもフュージョンと言っていますが、違う分野の人と一緒にやるにはゆとりも無いし、なかなか頭が働かない。難しい問題です。社会のシステム全体が堅いですね。
人を雇うにしても、トップの判断だけではなく、会議などを開かなくてはいけない。そうした儀式は何か問題が起きた時の責任分散ですね。ロンドン大学にいた時、ポスドクの雇い方で私が厳しいと思ったのは、常に「やれ、やれ」と言うのではなく、契約期限が近く38なったらボスが直接、「君はもういいよ、ありがとう。さようなら」もしくは「君は残れ」と握手する。こんなにドライにやるものかと驚きました。言われた方も「わかった、サン
キュウ」と。すごい競争社会だと思いました。最後に結果を問うんです。そういうことは日本では「人情」などといって、とてもできないですね、訴えられたりすることもありますから。
山田：ドライにできるのであればやってもいいと思うのですが、フォローする仕組みができていない段階でそうしてしまうと、凄いことになってしまいます。辞めても、本人にやる気さえあれば、他の所で受け入れられる可能性がいくつかあるのであれば、私はそれでもいいと思うのですが。
今は「一年で辞めさせられた」という情報がものすごくネガティブに伝わります。そんなことがあった人間は自分のところでは採りたくないという姿勢のところばかりなので、若い人は皆それを恐れているわけです。世の中がそれをごく普通のことだと認めて、受け入れる体制ができれば機能すると思います。
小松：そんなことは誰でも経験することだと、何度でもリターンマッチをできるようなムードがあればいいと思います。今は一回ダウンしたらもう立ち上がれない。社会全体にそういう雰囲気がない限り、生き生きした交流はとてもできないですね。
今日は面白いお話をたくさん伺いましたが、これまでのお話をうかがっていると先生はいろいろな趣味がおありのようですね。よく遊びよく学べ、というお話を聞いて、仁科雄一
郎先生のお父さんで、理化学研究所の所長をされていた仁科芳雄さんを思い出しました。
朝永振一郎先生の話では、理研に行って所長はどこだと聞くと「テニスコートにいるらしいですよ」と言われてびっくりしたそうです。そして仁科さんから「お前、好きなことをやれ」と言われたことが一番つらかったそうで、朝永さんは真面目な人なので何をやったらいいのかと必死で考えたそうです。
山田：常に頭の隅っこに問題を抱え続けて、四六時中考えるのではなく、ある時にぱっと
思い出し、仕舞っておく、また思い出す、ということを繰り返して、ある時にいいアイデ
アが出てくることがあります。効率を問われる今の若い人にはそれをやる余裕がなくなっている気がします。
それはテニスに通じているように最近思います。毎日かかさずテニスをされている方々と時々一緒にテニスをしてみると、全然上達していない、むしろ下手になっていることがあります。それがなぜなのかが最近分かりました。みなさんテニスをしすぎているから、上手になる暇がないのです。テニスは、やっていない時に上手になるものだと私は思います。
自分の頭や体の中に何かがあれば、テニスをしていない時や寝ている時にそれが作用して、上手くなるのだと思います。
さらに、スポーツの練習というのは一体何なのかを最近考えました。下手な練習をするとミスが癖になってしまう。それでは本来の練習にはなっていないわけです。本当の練習とはミスをしないように直したり矯正したりすることですが、同じミスを繰り返しているか

39

らミスが癖になる。それならば一旦練習をやめて、上手な人のフォームや写真を見てイメージトレーニングをする方がましです。毎日考えずにやっている人は自分のミスを癖にしている。だからいつまで続けていても上手くならないのです。
物理も同じことです。何も考えずにがむしゃらにやっていても、いいものは出てきません。
デッドロックに乗り上げたら一旦忘れる。ただし本当に忘れるのではなく、どこか頭の隅っこに入れておいて、事あるごとに出してきて別の視点から見てみる。テニスと同じで、何のための練習（思考）なのかということです。
小松：練習をするにも、コーチがいないとどこを直していいかわかりませんね。テニスは道具がずいぶん変わり、昔のウッドを使っていた頃の打ち方とは全然違います。コーチの話を聞いていると、コーチの教本もどんどん変わっていっているようで、軟庭的な打ち方になってきています。昔はラケットを水平にして押せと言っていたのが今は正面を向いて手首から打ち込む、という具合です。
山田：テニスはそういった意味で非常に面白いと思います。私はゴルフにも非常に興味がありまして、体が動かなくなってきたらゴルフがいいかなと思っていますが、体が動く間はやはりテニスがいいですね。やっぱりテクニカルな面とメンタルな面があるからです。
スポーツではそれが絶対に必要で、メンタルなプレッシャーがかからないようなスポーツ
は面白くありません。５-０でリードをしていても逆転される場合もあります。私はその経験を何回もしています。大会などに出て、これは勝ったと思っていると気の緩みで一気に負けてしまう。勝った試合は全然覚えていませんが、そういう負けた試合は覚えています。
小松：今日は本当楽しいお話をさせていただきました。山田先生の幅の広さをつくづく感じました。一見無駄なことをたくさん積み重ねていかないと、どうしてもひ弱になってしまいます。雑学の上に本物が乗っていることを感じました。どうもありがとうございました。

２０１０年１月１８日
金属材料研究所２号館

山田研究室にて
小松

40

ひろし

啓

トビラ.indd 3

10.4.22 9:20:45 PM

トビラ.indd 4

10.4.22 9:20:46 PM

2010 WPI-AIMR Annual Workshop Report
The 2010 WPI-AIMR Annual Workshop was held from March 25, Thursday, toMarch 27, Saturday, 2010 at Sendai Excel Hotel Tokyu and Sendai International Centerin Sendai. Main purposes of the workshop was to stimulate current and future fusion
researches among WPI-AIMR researchers and between WPI-AIMR and world
researchers, and to make major progress in realizing three major goals of WPI-AIMR,(1) invent and develop new and innovative functional materials, (2) establish a system
adequate as a world Premier Research Center, (3) strengthen international cooperationand construct a world visible center. The Program Committee has set up the special
sessions, plenary sessions, parallel sessions and a poster session.
The Organizing
Committee and all the members of Administrative Office contributed to run theworkshop successfully.
The registered participants of the workshop counted to 192. Among 151 participants
registered from Japan, about 60 researchers are those who are from abroad and working
in Japan, at WPI-AIMR and other research institutions. Registration of 41 researchers
are from abroad; 14 from USA, 6 from Germany, 3 from Switzerland and UK, 2 from
China and Korea, and one each from Australia, Austria, Brazil, France, Greece, New
Zealand, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, and Taiwan. As a whole, more than 50%
participants are foreign researchers.
[Participants by origin country]
Germany
3%
USA
7%

SwitzerlandUK Other Countries
2%
8%
2%
Japan
(Japanese)
47%

Japan (fromabroad)31%

The total number of talks at the workshop was 130, which included 4 invited lecturesin the special sessions, 15 invited talks in the plenary sessions, 32 invited talks in theparallel sessions, and 79 poster presentations.

43

In the plenary sessions, we had invited the world leading scientists on the mostadvanced sciences. In one of the special sessions, the Nobel Laureate Lecture wasgiven by Dr. J. Georg Bednorz, 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics, Fellow, IBM Zurich
Research Laboratory, and an International Advisory Board member. He talked on theselected and most advanced activities at the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory exploring
the nanotechnology applications.
In another special session, we had a very happy event. The Acta Materialia Gold
Medal of 2010 was awarded to Professor Akihisa Inoue, President of Tohoku University,
for his outstanding achievements in the development of materials science including bulk
metallic glasses. The presentation ceremony was held in the session after the special
lecture on phase stability and properties of alloys and compounds by Professor Ted B.
Massalski, Carnegie Mellon University, and Executive Secretary at Acta Materialia, Inc,
who kindly came from USA for this special award presentation. Professor Inoue gave
an award lecture on development and applications of bulk glassy and nonequilibrium
crystalline alloys followed by a celebrating special lecture by Dr. Chikara Hayashi,
ULVAC, Inc. on particles and microbes.
In the parallel sessions, we highlighted current and forthcoming fusion researches andsessions of (1) BMG and Nanophysics, (2) Nanophysics, Nonochemistry andDevice/System, (3) NanoChemBio, (4) Younger researchers were arranged. For
encouraging younger researchers and further discussing the Fusion Researches we also
had a poster session.
On behalf of the Program Committee of the 2010 WPI-AIMR Annual Workshop, we
would again like to express our warmest appreciation to all the participants of theworkshop. We look forward to seeing you again at the 2011 WPI-AIMR Annual
Workshop in February/March, 2011. For the complete program and the abstract booklet,
please visit our workshop website:
http://www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp/workshop/.
(by T. Hashizume, program chair)

44

45

名称未設定-1 1

10.4.22 10:46:07 PM

46

名称未設定-1 2

10.4.22 10:46:08 PM

47

名称未設定-1 3

10.4.22 10:46:09 PM

48

名称未設定-1 4

10.4.22 10:46:10 PM

49

名称未設定-1 5

10.4.22 10:46:21 PM

Two researchers of WPI-AIMR won the Prizes of MEXT
Professor Tadafumi Adschiri and Associate Professor Taro Hitosugi of WPI-AIMR
won the Prizes of the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Prize. The award ceremony was held on 13 April 2010.
Professor Adschiri was awarded “Prize for Science and Technology (Research
Category)” by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology to his
following outstanding research achievement. The award ceremony was held on 13
April 2010.
Achievement: “Study on New Materials Synthesis in Supercritical Hydrothermal
Reactions”
Summary: There is a strong need in industries for organic and inorganic nano hybridmaterials that show new functions. For the development of nano hybrid materials,
molecular level of control for the interactions between organic and inorganic domains isa crucial issue. However, the affinity between the two materials is extremely low, andthus its control had been considered a difficult task.
In this research, Prof. Adschiri has succeeded in the hybridization of organic andinorganic materials in molecular level by using supercritical water, in which organic
molecules and inorganic precursors (metal salt) forms a homogeneous phase.
Furthermore, based on the knowledge of process engineering and thermodynamics ofsupercritical water, he invented a new process to synthesize hybrid nanoparticles
continuously.
Based on the newly developed technology, various kinds of new nano hybridmaterials that show compatible (trade-off) functions have been developed, and expected
to be soon market-in.
The essential point of this study is on the success of molecular level of hybridization fororganic molecules and inorganic nanoparticles, by using SCW. This new invention
will lead to a new industrial technology platform, and pave a way to new areas of hybridmaterials in a variety of applications including super hybrid materials, electro-magnets,
optics, meta-materials, medical care etc.
Associate Professor Hitosugi was awarded “The Young Scientists’ Prize” by the
Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology to his following
outstanding research achievement.

50

Achievement: “Development of TiO2-based Transparent Conducting Oxide”
Summary: Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) is an electrical conductor with hightransmittance in visible region. The development of TCOs has led to the evolution of avariety of optoelectronic devices, such as flat panel displays, touch panels, Si-basedsolar cells, and light emitting diodes. There remains, however, a strong demand for thedevelopment of new TCOs, for two major reasons, that is, for highly-efficient devices
and for the replacement of Indium based TCO (ITO) which faces scarcity problem.
Dr. Hitosugi has developed a TiO2-based transparent conductor, which is abundant inearth’s crust and less toxicity. This TCO is the first TCO based on transition metal,
and it shows many properties that is unique to TiO2-based TCO.
These results should encourage the practical use of this material as transparent
electrodes, and future applications should utilize its unique characteristics to enable new
fields of application.

51

“Interface Atomic Structure and its Impact on Quantum ElectronTransport in Electronics”
Z. Wang, S. Tsukimoto, M. Saito and Y. Ikuhara
Obtaining atomistic understanding of the impact of buried interface structures onelectric properties, i.e. quantum electron transport, is a long-standing goal in materialscience and engineering. Generally, to achieve this objective, developing fundamental
knowledge on how interfacial atoms bond at atomic-scale resolution is prerequisite forfurther studies on the effects of interfaces. This is extremely important for the
next-generation electronics such as SiC wide-band-gap semiconductor devices [1],which need novel methods to substitute the trial-and-error designing fashion in
addressing the critical contact (ohmic electrode) issues limiting its device performanceand reliability. In a recent paper [2], the origin of this long-standing contact problem has
been demonstrated to be capable of being understood and technologically manipulated
at the atomic level. Using advanced scanning transmission electron microscopy, therecent improvement of ohmic contacts (Ti3SiC2) to SiC is attributed qualitatively to an
epitaxial, coherent, and atomically ordered function interface. Quantitatively, atomistic
first-principles calculations predict that thisDFT-Aided HAADF-STEM
contact interface can trap an atomic monolayerof carbon (see Fig. 1) and hence enable lowered
Ti3SiC2
Schottky barrier and enhanced quantum electronTitransport [3]. The combined experimental
atomic-scale observation and theoretical
Interface SiCcalculation provide insight into the complicated
SiC
electronic and electric effects and physics of theburied interface, which would make a guideline
for designing and processing the electronic Figure 1. Scanning transmission electron microscopy image of andevices.
atomic carbon layer at an ohmic contact interface between Ti3SiC2 an[1] Z. Wang, S. Tsukimoto, M. Saito, and Y. Iku d SiC. Schematic of atomistic str
hara, Phys. Rev. B 79, 045318 (2009).
ucture model simulated by first-p[2] Z. Wang, M. Saito, S. Tsukimoto, and Y. Iku rinciples is overlapped.
hara, Adv. Mater. 21, 4966 (2009).
[3] Z. Wang, et al., Phys. Rev. B 80, 245303 (2009). [Editors’ Suggestion]

52

Report of the Second Series WPI Joint Seminars
T. Hashizume and M. Tsukada
The WPI Joint Seminars are aimed to provide an excellent forum of communicationsof younger research staffs at WPI-AIMR, which makes possible the active exchange ofideas of different research fields to catalyze new fusion researches. The second seriesof the seminars, which started from April, 2009 and ended on January 2010, have beenvery successful to achieve this aim.
The lineup of the Seminars for the second series WPI Joint Seminars is given below.
The organizers of this series were Professors Hashizume and Tsukada, andco-organizers are Dr. K. Akiyama, Dr. T. Hitosugi, Dr. S. Tsukimoto, Prof. D.
Louzguine, Dr. A. Kuzume, Dr. S. Mizukami, Dr. K. Nakajima, Dr. T. Trevethan, Dr. P.
Richard, Dr. K. Akagi.
From April 2010, the third stage of the WPI Joint Seminars will start. The aim of thethird series of WPI Joint Seminars is to substantially enhance mutual scientificcommunications among research staffs in the Institute to promote further fusion
researches. Most of the speakers should be chosen from younger research staffs in
WPI-AIMR, and the Seminar should not be formed by only one way talks on theestablished research results, but debates, discussions and exchange of ideas should be
the major part of the Seminar. The details will be given elsewhere.
Lineup of the Second Series of the WPI Joint Seminars
1st Seminar, 2009 Apr. 14 (Tue.) Y. Yamamoto (WPI-AIMR) How can we achieve our
mission to WPI?

2nd Seminar, 2009 May 12 (Tue.) M. Yamaguchi (WPI-AIMR) Chemical Study on
Helicene Derivatives Directed to the Development of Novel Chiral Materials H. Komatsu(WPI-AIMR) Let’s make it a custom to discuss into the bottom of the problems
3rd Seminar, 2009 May 29 (Fri.) M. Esashi (WPI-AIMR) Advanced materials for MEMS
T. Minato (IIARE) Atomic scale investigations at surface/interface by STM/AFM
4th Seminar, 2009 Jun. 17 (Wed.) K. Yamada (WPI-AIMR) A New Era of Neutron
Science H. Morita (AIST) Meso-scale simulations of soft materials - Applications to the
problems in nanorheology, 3DTEM, and lithography5th Seminar, 2009 Jun. 29 (Mon.) W. Teizer (Texas A&M University) Microtubule
Patterning and Manipulation using Self-assembled Monolayers and Electrophoresis
6th Seminar, 2009 Jul. 15 (Wed.) K. S. Nakayama (WPI-AIMR) Nanostructures ofMetallic Glass - Cutting Edge - M. Shimomura (WPI-AIMR) Hierarchically Structured
Biomimetic Surfaces Prepared by Self-Organization
7th Seminar, 2009 Jul. 29 (Wed.) T. Egami (WPI-AIMR and Univ. Tennessee) Nature of
the Glassy State and Democracy T. Adschiri (WPI-AIMR) Supercritical hydrothermal

53synthesis of hybrid nanoparticles for "Fusion Nano Materials (WPI fusion research project) R.
Kometani (Univ. Tokyo) The three-dimensional nano- and microstructure fabrications byfocused-ion-beam chemical vapor deposition, and their applications
8th Seminar, 2009 Sept. 4 (Fri.) H. Gleiter (WPI and Institute of Nanotechnology,
Karlsruhe Research Center, Germany) Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: The Key to New
Studies in Other Areas of Science and Technology Introduction of FUSION Researches -1M. Esashi (WPI-AIMR) MEMS bonding technology with metallic glass and nanostructured
metals
H. Liu (WPI-AIMR) Studies of plasmonic scanning tunnelingmicroscope-luminescence from the unique nanoporous metals -To establish a photon mapping
system in STM- D. Hojo (WPI-AIMR) Fusion of Wet and Dry processes to Explore New
Materials and Functions P. Richard (WPI-AIMR) Novel Electron-Doped Cuprate Thin
Film-Based Multi- Junction Devices
9th Seminar, 2009 Sept. 15 (Tue.) M. Nihei (Univ. of Tsukuba) Cyanide-bridged
polynuclear metal clusters: The smallest units of bulk Prussian blue analogues Introductionof FUSION Researches -2- D. Pan (WPI-AIMR) Fabrication of micro mirrors with metallic
glasses T. Hitosugi (WPI-AIMR) Exploration of Spin-Ion-tronics S. Souma (WPI-AIMR)
Direct observation of electronic structure in novel bulk-metallic-glass systems M. Tsukada(WPI-AIMR) Formation of perovskite nano-oxides ribbons towards novel Devices Z. An(WPI-AIMR) Conductance investigation of nanomaterials by developing. A nano-lithography
K. Tanigaki (WPI-AIMR) Application of graphene to polarized spin current transport layer innano scale spin electronic device
10th Seminar, 2009 Sept. 25 (Fri.) K. Hono (WPI-MANA, NIMS) Advances in laser
assisted atom probe K. Nakajima (WPI-AIMR) Rubber elasticity-from macro to nano, again
to macro11th Seminar, 2009 Oct. 23 (Fri.) W. Wang, (Institute of Physics, CAS) Microalloying
induced giant properties & GFA change in BMGs
12th Seminar, 2009 Oct. 30 (Fri.) T. Ando (Tokyo Inst. of Technology) Physics ofgraphene and its multilayers:From zero-mode anomalies to band-gap opening K. McKenna(UCL, WPI-AIMR) Electronic and optical properties of polycrystalline metal-oxide materials
13th Seminar, 2009 Nov. 6 (Fri.) A. Züttel (EMPA Materials Sciences and Technology)
What We Learn from the Past to Master The Future with H2

S. Orimo (IMR) Metal

Borohydrides for Energy Applications

14th Seminar, 2009 Nov. 20 (Fri.) K. Iwaya (WPI-AIMR) Tutorial to Scanning TunnelingMicroscopy

(STM)

T.

Nishizaki(IMR)

Low-temperature

STM

studiesonsuperconductors T. Hitosugi (WPI-AIMR) Introduction to low temperature SPM at

WPI-AIMR

15th Seminar, 2009 Dec. 18 (Fri.)

A. Khademhosseini (Harvard Medical School)
Microengineered hydrogels for stem cell bioengineering and tissue regeneration D. B. Weibel(University of Wisconsin-Madison) Transforming Microbiology Using Soft, Biocompatible
Polymers
16th Seminar, 2010 Jan. 29 (Fri.) H. Shigekawa (Univ. Tsukuba) Imaging carrier
dynamics in nanoscale potential landscapes by laser-combined STM

54

The Third Series WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars
M. Tsukada and D. Louzguine
Organization Committee of the WPI Joint Seminars
From April, 2010, the third series of the WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars have been started.
The aim of this seminar series is to enhance mutual scientific communications among
research staffs in WPI-AIMR to promote further fusion researches. The seminars areorganized and managed by younger research staffs in WPI-AIMR. And the Sessions
are not constituted only by one way talks based on established research results, but also
lively discussions and exchange of ideas.
The length of each seminar, which should be held on Friday afternoon before the WPIFriday Tea Time, is two hours. Each seminar is assigned to a particular PI’s researchgroup, and the presentations are made by younger research staffs belonging to thatgroup, followed by substantial discussions involving all the research staffs of
WPI-AIMR.

Fig.1 Organization of the third Series of WPI-AIMR Joint seminars

55

Each seminar is organized in cooperation between the manager in the group and themoderator outside the group. The moderators and managers may be chosen from theco-organizers of the WPI-AIMR Joint Seminars. They should put an effort to induce
active discussions during the seminar and good communication among research staffs.
The manager is a member of the PI’s group of the session and in charge of thecoordination of the presentations. A few speakers belonging to the PI’s group present
individual research topics, but the first speaker also gives a sketch of the general
research activities of the group. The moderator chairing the session, who does notbelong to the PI’s Group, is chosen in turn from the co-organizers.
Presentation material should be prepared and distributed at least a week before theseminar. Before distribution, the material should be checked by the PI or a responsiblesupervisor of the research group to insure confidentiality. Seminars with the former
WPI Joint Seminars style, i.e., 45min talk (followed by 15min discussion) by a single
invited speaker from outside or inside WPI-AIMR, can also be held, although not as
frequently as those of the new style described above.

Fig.3 The present members of
the co-organizers

Fig. 2 Tentative Schedule of the third Series
WPI-AIMR Joint seminars
The tentative schedule of the Seminars is shown in Fig.2. The list of the present
co-organizers is shown in Fig.3.

56

トビラ.indd 5

10.4.22 9:20:58 PM

トビラ.indd 6

10.4.22 9:20:58 PM

Thin Films of Block Copolymers:
A Simple Route to Nanostructured Material
T.P.Russell
Polymer Science and Engineering Department
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, MA 01003 USA
The current demand of the semiconductor industry is to develop nanofabrication processes that
can allow the production of nanoscopic features with reduced cost and greater functionality. In
current semiconductor processes, “top-down” photolithographic procedures are well-establishedand highly optimized. However, with the rapid progress in system requirements, driven in partby Moore‟s law, the progress of conventional photolithographic techniques to sub-30 nm
features is problematic due to the inherent limitation of optical diffraction and the wavelength
light sources. Among several possible strategies, block copolymers (BCPs) have received
considerable attention, due to the inherent processing advantages. For example, the selfassembly of BCPs can lead to arrays of nanoscopic spherical, cylindrical, and lamellar domains,,
depending on the composition and chain architecture of the BCPs, and the size is limited by thesize of the block copolymers themselves. Typical domain sizes range from ~ 5 -50 nm, and canbe tuned by varying the molecular weight of the BCP. The underlying physics of BCPs in bulk
and thin film are well-established and the mechanical properties of BCP thin films arecomparable to those of conventional polymer photoresists. As a result, BCP lithography iscompatible with current manufacturing conditions.
To achieve a viable process with potential in areas beyond microelectronics, significant effort
has been devoted to understanding the behavior of BCP thin films. The initial scientific andtechnical issue was how to control the orientation and lateral ordering of microstructures in thinfilms. Although the phase behavior of BCPs in bulk is dictated by the Flory-Huggins segmental
interaction parameter,  and the volume fraction of blocks, boundary conditions, like preferential
interactions of one block with the substrate, differences in the surface energies of the blocks, orincommensurability between the period of the BCP microdomains morphology and the film
thickness, place additional constraints on the morphologies in thin films. In general, there are
preferential interactions between the blocks and the interfaces (at the free surface and thesubstrate), resulting in an orientation of microdomains parallel to the surface. For symmetricAB-type BCPs, there are two situations – symmetric and antisymmetric wetting. Withsymmetric wetting, one block wets both the interfaces, while with asymmetric wetting, different
blocks preferentially interact with one of the interfaces. For antisymmetric wetting, the film

59

thickness, t, is commensurate with the period of the
BCP, Lo, when t = (n+0.5)Lo, while for symmetric
wetting, t = nLo.
If the film thickness isincommensurate, i.e. does not satisfy these conditions,then discrete topographic features are observed on thesurface, i.e. islands or holes, where the step height is
Lo. This can be easily observed by optical reflection
microscopy, as shown in Figure 1, whereinterferences colors are observed corresponding todifferent thicknesses. Such interference colors areseen in everyday life in oil slicks at gasoline stations
where a rainbow of colors are observed as the
thickness of the layer of oil on the surface varies. Of
particular note with BCPs, the changes in the

Figure 1 Interference optical micrographof a BCP film showing discrete changes in
the films thickness as evidenced by thediscrete color changes.

interference colors are sharp (to within the resolution of the optical microscope (~1 m), whichis consistent with the constraint that the film thickness at any point in the film must conform tothe commensurability conditions imposed.
The microdomains orient parallel to the substrate everywhere over the entire surface so, for asymmetric diblock copolymer, alternating layers of the polymers comprising the BCP fully coatthe surface. Similar types of micrographs can be obtained for BCPs with cylindrical andspherical microdomain morphologies. For many applications phase selective chemistries can be
performed placing tailored materials, like metal, semi-conductors or inorganics, at well-defined
depths in the film in a periodic manner. While this oriented microdomain morphology can bequite useful for developing barrier resistant films, in the case of lamellar microdomains, or
nanowire arrays oriented parallel to the surface with cylindrical microdomains, there is nocontrol over the lateral ordering and, for many applications, an orientation of the microdomains
normal to the surface is required. Controlling the orientation of the microdomains reduces togaining control over the interfacial interactions and much research has been done in this arena.
2. Orientation
The orientation of the microdomain parallel to the substrate is the rule, not the exception. In
general, one of the blocks of the BCP interacts preferentially with the substrate and/or has alower surface energy which preferentially locates one block at the interface, forcing an
orientation of the microdomains parallel to the surface. Orienting the microdomains normal to
the surface on the other hand, requires overcoming these preferential interactions. When thinfilms of BCPs are thermally annealed above the glass transition temperature, the resulting60

morphology is governed by preferential interactions at the surfaces. To overcome thispreferential orientation, the usual approach is to control the polymer/substrate interaction bymodifying the substrate using a random copolymer anchored to the substrate or by chemicallymodifying the sbstrate interface to balance interfacial interactions. In the case of the random
copolymer, by adjusting the fraction of styrene and MMA in the a random copolymer of the two,denoted, PS-r-PMMA, interfacial interactions of both blocks a with the substrate can be balanced
for one specific composition of the P(S-r-MMA).
Yet, balancing interfacial interactions alone is not sufficient to control the orientation. Under
the condition where the interfacial interactions are balanced, both a perpendicular and parallelorientation of the microdomains can occur. The final trick to induce the orientation normal to
the surface is to ensure that the film thickness is not commensurate with either the symmetric or
asymmetric commensurability constraints. This is not difficult to realize, but there must be an
addition force imposed to control the orientation. If commensurability constraints are satisfied
and the interfacial interactions are truly balanced, then parallel and perpendicular orientations
will occur with equal probability.
Cutting
microdomains in half does not introduce any
additional contributions to the free energy.
However, even if there is a slight degree ofincommensurability, then the BCP chains would
have to stretch or compress to maintain a parallelorientation. Since this causes a significant increasein the free energy, the BCP domains will orient
normal to the surface.
If a thin film of PS-b-PMMA BCP is thermallyannealed to produce the PMMA cylindricalmicrodomains oriented normal to the surface. After
Figure 2 Nanoporous template generated
the thin film is exposed to UV radiation, the from a thin film of an asymmetric PS-bPMMA block is degraded and the PS matrix is PMMA film.
crosslinked. Upon removing the decomposition products with acetic acid, a nanoporous
crosslinked PS film is produced, as shown in Figure 2. These nanoporous templates derived
from PS-b-PMMA have found wide applications in many fields, including microelectronics, andthe fabrication conditions for this system have been optimized. In general, the annealing
conditions can be understood by considering the relation between the polymer mobility and theCt Te , where LD, t, N, C, and T represent the polymer diffusion length,N
the annealing time, the degree of polymerization, a material-dependent property of polymer, andmolecular weight, L D 

61the temperature, respectively. Once well-ordered films of PS-b-PMMA were obtained, thenanoporous templates can be prepared by removing the PMMA block by deep UV irradiation (= 254 nm) under vacuum. A typical value necessary for degradation of PMMA homopolymer is
3.4 J/cm2, and a dose of 25 J/cm2 is usually used for PS-b-PMMA thin films.
The resulting pore size of the nanoporous templates can be simply tuned by varying themolecular weight of PS-b-PMMA BCPs. For cylindrical PS-b-PMMA, pore diameters in the
porous films can be tuned from 14 to 50 nm by changing the molecular weight of the PS-bPMMA BCP from 42,000 to 295,000 g/mol, in which the associated domain spacing (L0) scales
as N-0.64. The limits of the accessible pore size should be understood in terms of the phasebehavior of BCPs. The smaller pore size is limited by the degree of segregation, N, as no phaseseparation is expected for lower limit of N. On the other hand, the larger pore size is limited by
the kinetics of ordering, which is significantly slower for BCPs with higher molecular weight.
To overcome this inherent limitation, a more precise control of pore size could be achieved byeither incorporating small amounts of homopolymer, either PS or PMMA, can be added to either
increase the domain size or to increases the separation distance between the domains while
keeping the domains size constant.
The success in gaining control over the orientation of the microdomains is reflected in IBM‟sannouncement of “the first-ever application of a breakthrough self-assembling nanotechnology
to conventional chip manufacturing”, in which air gap insulators are fabricated using nanoporous
templates derived from the self-assembly of poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA)
BCPs. Although it is the first example of an industrial application of BCP lithography, itcertainly demonstrates the potential for use of BCPs.
While processing conditions for PS-b-PMMA based nanoporous templates have been
optimized, one of the major variables to be improved is the surface modification by PS-r-PMMA
random copolymers. The conventional approach of attaching a random copolymer to thesubstrate requires specific end-group functionalization and specific surface chemistries. By
incorporating thermally crosslinkable groups into the PS-r-PMMA random copolymer, ultrathincrosslinked films can be coated onto the substrate surface, forming an insoluble layer where thecomposition of the random copolymer will dictate the surface interactions. Compared to theconventional method using „random copolymer brushes‟, this process is much more effective andversatile, requiring only a few minutes to modify the surface and without relying on specificchemical reactions with the substrate surface.
Solvent Annealing Process
While the surface modification approaches have been primarily developed for PS-b-PMMA
BCP systems (though the concepts developed should be generally applicable to other systems),

62there have been a variety of other efforts to control the orientation of various BCP systems. The
most convenient approach is solvent annealing, which, like thermal annealing, exploits theincreased mobility in the BCP thin film. However unlike thermal annealing in which the films
are heated above Tg, solvent annealing uses the solvent vapor, mostly derived from a saturated
solvent atmosphere, to partially solubilize and, hence, plasticize the thin films and increasemobility. The solvent used is typically a good solvent for both blocks, and the annealing process
can be done at ambient temperature. Under the saturated solvent vapor, the films are highlyswollen and are driven into the disordered phase, as evidenced by in situ grazing incident smallangle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurements.
In many cases, interesting film morphologies
have been obtained via a rapid evaporation of
the solvent from the thin film, i.e., the film isremoved from the saturated solvent vapor andexposed to an ambient atmosphere. During
solvent evaporation, it can be expected that theevaporation begins surface, and a gradient insolvent concentration will develop normal to thesurface. As the solvent evaporates further, thetop surface rapidly anneals, due to the presenceof solvent, and coarsens into a highly, laterally(2 µm x 2 µm)
ordered morhology. As the solvent evaporates
and ordering front propagates into the film, Figure 3 Scanning force micrograph of a solventtemplated by the surface morphology, resulting annealed PS-b-PEO film with cylindricalmicrodomains oriented normal to the films
a highly ordered, highly oriented morphology in surface where the diameter of the cylindricalthe thin fim. An example of the type of order domains is 13 nm with a period2 of 30.2 nm. This
corresponds to 0.7 Teradots/in . The inset showsthat can be achieved is shown in Figure 3.
the Fourier transform of the micrograph.
The potential for obtaining well-defined
nanopatterns with solvent annealing is perhaps best demonstrated with polyethylene oxide (PEO)
based BCPs where the effect of humidity plays a significant role in defining the obtained
nanostructure. Initial work by Russell and coworkers observed that a thin film of PS-b-PEO
BCPs, having cylindrical microdomains of PEO, exhibits highly-ordered arrays of cylindrical
domains that are oriented normal to the substrate with nearly defect-free arrays of microdomains
being produced that span over several microns (5 × 5 m). In comparison to PS-b-PMMA,
where the typical grain size formed by thermal annealing is 200 – 300 nm, PS-b-PEO is much
more advantageous for the nanofabrication of addressable media. However, the PEO block is
not easily removable by simple etching process which limits the application of this process. To

63

impart degradability to this system, ABC triBCPs, PS-b-PMMA-b-PEO, were synthesized byliving free-radical polymerization with the overall morphology being controlled to havecylindrical microdomains of PEO and PMMA blocks. The solvent annealing process was foundto lead also to a high degree of lateral ordering, as with PS-b-PEO, and nanoporous structures
were obtained by UV degradation of the PMMA middle block. For these systems, it was foundthat the microdomains were efficiently removed only when the PMMA blocks have a degree ofpolymerization high enough to form a distinct domain, namely a core/shell cylinder of
PEO/PMMA domains in a PS matrix.
Solvent Reconstruction
While degrading the minor
coponet using radiative or ion beametching techinAnother approach togenerate nanoporous films of
diblock copolymers is to orient the
microdomains normal to the film
surface and to swell only the theminor component microdomains
with a preferential solvent.
A
Figure 4 Schematic diagram of reconstructing a BCP thinsolvent-induced reconstruction offilm (a,b) follwed by a glancing angle metal evaporation © tothe film occurs where the minor produce a porous metal film. Subsequently the films iscomponent is drawn to the surface annealed rapidly to produce a template to transfer cylinders (e)or slowly to produce cyliners of metal in the BCP template
and, upon solvent removal, is(d).
trapped at the surface. Grazing
incidence small angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) and x-ray reflectivity studies have shown thatthe pores penetrated through the entire film and the lateral spacing of the pore was not affectedby the solvent swelling. The process, schematically shown in Figure 4, was shown to be fully
reversible, since neither block was degraded or removed to generate the pores. Heating above
the glass transition temperature of the block copolymer resulted in a recovery of the initial film
morphology i.e., nanoscopic cylindrical PMMA domains oriented normal to the surface. If the
BCP film is heated to temperatures well in excess of Tg, then interfacial interactions will control
the orientation of the microdomains. If, prior to heating, metal is evaporated at a glancing angle
onto the surface of the reconstructed film, a porous metal film is obtained. If the metal film isthin enough, metal can be drawn into the film. In most pattern transfer approaches, a nanoporous
polymer template has been used to transfer a pattern into underlying substrates using RIE and/or
milling, while the control of spatial location of metal on polymer template can be used as etching64

masks for preparation of various kinds of nanostructured patterns. Consequently, this simple
reconstruction process opens numerous possibilities for placing nanoscopic materials at welldefined lateral positions in a thin film.
Summary
While much research has focused on gaining a fundamental understanding of the ordering andorientation of BCP microdomains in thin film, we are at a stage where applications are beginningto emerge and where the integration of highly ordered BCP films with other disciplines is
opening numerous avenues of research an enabling the fabrication of nanostructured materials.
One such avenue is being pursued in the World Premier Institute, Advanced Institute ofMaterials Research where nanoparticles are being placed with the porous thin films formed with
BCPs. In particular, if the nanoparticles are magnetic, then highly ordered arrays of magnetic
nanoparticles can be produced where the lateral positioning of the nanoparticles can becontrolled. In addition, the spacing between the nanoparticles can be manipulated to within adiameter f the nanoparticles. For magnetic storage media, such films are of particular relevance.
In addition, this opens the opportunity to fundamentally understand the magnetic coupling
between elements imbedded in a non-magnetic media.
Suggested Reading Hawker, C.J., Russell, T.P MRS Bull. 2005, 30, 952.
 Fasolka, M.J., Mayes, A.M. Ann. Rev. Mater. Res. 2001, 31, 323.
 Segalman, R.R., Mater. Sci. Eng., R 2005, 48, 191.
 Anastasiadis, S. H.; Russell, T. P.; Satija, S. K.; Majkrzak, C. F. Physical Review Letters 1989,
62, (16), 1852 Anastasiadis, S. H.; Russell, T. P.; Satija, S. K.; Majkrzak, C. F. Journal of Chemical Physics
1990, 92, (9), 5677-91.
 Kellogg, G. J.; Walton, D. G.; Mayes, A. M.; Lambooy, P.; Russell, T. P.; Gallagher, P. D.;
Satija, S. K. Physical Review Letters 1996, 76, (14), 2503-6.

65

Rotational Sublevels for Quantum Rotor of Ortho-Hydrogen Molecule
Encapsulated in Isotropic Cage Structure
Jun Tanga, Jingtao Xua, Yoshimitsu Kohamab, Tooru Atakeb, Hiroshi Sawac, Yasujiro
Muratac, Koichi Komatsud, and Katsumi Tanigakia,ba
WPI Research Center, Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University,
Sendai 980-8577, Japanb
Department of Physics, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japanc
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8503 Japand
Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japane
Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japanf
Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
1. Introduction
Molecular hydrogen (H2), the simplest system among all molecules, has beenstudied extensively to date [1–3], and its electronic spectra have been fundamental inestablishing the fundamentals of quantum mechanics. An H2 molecule is not expected
to be completely localized at lattice sites even in the solid state at 0 K due to its large
zero point motion, and therefore
H2 retains translational freedom
as a quantum solid. The
rotational motion of the H2
molecule persists, and thus an H2
crystal is also an orientational
quantum solid. This unique freerotor description can be expectedin consequence of the nuclear
spin isomers denoted by para-H2(J=0, 2, 4…) and ortho-H2 (J = 1,
Fig.1 Graphical model of H2-molecule
3, 5…), where J is the rotational
enodhedral C60 (H2@C60) and Rietvel
quantum number. Because ofrefinement of its promitive cubic crystal
wave-function
symmetryof X-ray diffraction data measureded inrequirements, the conversion
Spring-8.
between these spin isomers isquantum-mechanically forbidden,
and, therefore, the energetically higher J=1 state leaves an angular momentum degree of66

freedom down to 0 K. As a result, the rotational motion in solid H2 can be described asa nearly three-dimensional free rotor where the rotational motion is barely disturbed by
the neighboring hydrogen molecules. However, the small interactions originating fromthe neighboring molecules have still been a central issue in researches of solid H2
because these interactions can drastically modify the ortho-para conversion, crystal
structure, and rotational and translational spectra.
An H2-encapsulated molecule (H2@C60) displayed in Fig.1 has been only recently
macroscopically synthesized by an organic reaction named as the “molecular surgery
method” [4] and offers an unprecedented opportunity to study the rotational andtranslational states of the H2 molecule. The molecular dynamics of endohedral H2 haverecently been studied by nuclear magnetic resonance [5] and inelastic neutron scattering
measurements [6] by means of H2@ATOCF (ATOCF: azacyclic-thiacyclic molecule,an open cage structure of C60). The results, however, indicate that the endohedral H2 in
H2@ATOCF shows limited 3D rotational freedom due to the low symmetry of open
cage C60. Although infrared spectroscopy was recently used to evaluate the rotationalvibrational coupling [7], this technique is not sensitive enough to detect the finestructure of the J=1 triply degenerate rotational sublevels [8,9], and cannot provide
direct information about the intriguing rotational states.

Fig.2 The electron density surface of H2@C60. The view (rightside) shows that an endohedral H2 molecule locates in the center ofthe cage.
Here, we discuss the first specific heat results of 99% pure H2@C60 in a wide
range of energy scale from room temperature down to 0.085 K. An anomaly observed at67T=0.6 K is unambiguously attributed to the almost degenerate quantized rotational levelstate. The observed small 0.1–0.2 meV energy splitting between states allows us toconclude that the encapsulated H2 in the C60 cage can be regarded as an almost 3D freequantum rotor [10].
2. Structure of H2@C60 and experimental setup
2.1 Structure of H2@C60 molecule and its crystal
H2@C60 was synthesized by organic chemical reactions by opening and closing
the C60 cage structure as described elsewhere [4]. Repeated column chromatographyisolation was used to produce 99% pure H2@C60. In order to increase crystallinity of the
H2@C60 powder, the samples were repeatedly dissolved in toluene and re-crystallized
on a surface of a glass plate while keeping the plate temperature at 400 K. High
resolution x-ray powder diffraction data were collected at different temperatures in theBL02B2 beam line (0.1 nm in wavelength) at SPring-8 as shown in Fig.1, followed by
maximum entropy method (MEM)-Rietveld refinement to analyze the crystallographic
structure of the samples. Both C60 and H2@C60 crystals adopt a primitive cubic Pa-3
symmetry having two orientational orderings at low temperatures [11]. On the basis of
the intensity of the (200) peak, where the form factor of C60 and endohedral H2 cancancel each other, it can be concluded that an H2 molecule was encapsulated at thecenter inside the cage. The density maps illustrated in Fig. 2, obtained using MEMRietveld analyses for both C60 and H2@C60, show H2 in the center of the C60 cage.
2.2 Experimental details
Specific heat measurements were made using a thermal relaxation time methodwith two calorimeters for different temperature regions. From 0.085 to 5 K, ahomemade calorimeter in a 3He/4He dilution refrigerator was used. To obtain goodthermal contact, the specimen was pressed between two plates of sapphire together witha small amount of Apiezon-N grease. The heat capacity of the sample was obtained bysubtracting the contribution of the sapphire, Apiezon-N grease, and the sample cell fromthe total heat capacity. The heat capacity of the sapphire plates was extremely small,and the contribution was estimated by the Debye T3 extrapolation from the data forsapphire reference standard material (NIST SRM 720). From 2 to 300 K, the specificheat was measured using a physical property measurement system (PPMS) from
Quantum Design. The values of specific heat of H2@C60 obtained by the twocalorimeters agree in the overlapping temperature region from 2 to 5 K.

68

3. Results and discussion
Cp data for H2@C60 and C60 (with the same treatment for comparison) are shown
as a function of temperature in Fig.3. Two distinct anomalies were observed: one beingaround 260 K and the other around 0.6 K. The former transition (260 K) is the wellknown rotational disorder (high-T, space group Fm3m) to rotational order (low-T, spacegroup Pa-3) phase transition of C60 [11,12]. In the high-temperature regime, the C60
rotational barrier is smaller than the thermal energy kBT, and C60 freely rotates, whereas
the intermolecular interactions of hexagon-hexagon and hexagon-pentagon fusion block
the C60 rotation leading to its lower symmetry with two preferred orientations in the
low-temperature regime [11]. The same rotational phase transition temperature for both
H2@C60 and C60 implies that the rotational motion of the C60 cage is not affected by theendohedral H2 molecule.

Fig.3 Specific heat capacity data of C60 and H2@C60 as a function oftemperature: (a) Open circles are measured by a PPMS, and solid
black circles are measured by a homemade calorimeter. The solidline was obtained by extrapolation.
In Fig. 3, it is possible to see that Cp for H2@C60 is larger than that for pure C60
over the entire temperature range. Given that the crystal structure of H2@C60 is thesame as that of C60, it is reasonable to assume that the contribution from the C60 cage to69

the specific heat is identical for both compounds. Therefore, the difference in Cp (△Cp;excess specific heat obtained by subtracting the Cp of C60 from that of H2@C60) shownin Fig.4 is ascribed to endohedral H2. Since H2 is a diatomic molecule, there are 6
degrees of freedom: i.e., 3 translational (Ctrans), 2 rotational (Crot), and 1 intramolecularvibrational (Cvib) degrees of freedom. Considering that the H2 intramolecular stretchingvibration frequency of 4161 cm_1 [1] is too high to be excited below room
temperature, the excess △Cp likely originates from Ctrans and Crot, i.e., △Cp=Ctrans +Crot.
The rotational specific heat Crot is affected by the presence of ortho-paraconversion. Indeed, in the presence of such conversion, Crot is calculated as
Crot=d/dT{RT2d/dT[ln(0.25Zpara+0.75Zortho)]} while, in the absence of the ortho-paraconversion,
Crot
is
given
by
Crot=0.25d/dT{RT2d/dT[ln(Zpara)]}+0.75d/dT{RT2d/dT[ln(Zortho)]}, where the participation functions Zpara and Zortho are Z=Σ(2J + 1)exp(-EJ/kBT) and the rotational quantized energy levels are EJ=BJJ(J+1) [5].
If the ortho-para conversion occurs, the equilibrium specific heat (Crot) must show alarge anomaly around 50 K as shown in Fig.4 [13] according to the equation given
earlier. In the present experiments, however, no such anomaly was observed, andtherefore our results indicate that the ortho-para conversion is prohibited in H2@C60.
Similar conclusions are reported in the open cage system H2@ATOCF [5,6].
The translational motion of H2 corresponds to the oscillation of the center ofmass, bound by the spherical potential created by the C60 framework. Similar oscillationof endohedral intercalants has been observed in other systems, such as clathrates andfilled skutterudites, where the translational specific heat originating from the endohedral
atoms is described by anharmonic potentials [14,15]. In order to evaluate thetranslational energy of the endohedral H2 molecule, we have also employed the Einsteinmodel derived from the quantized energy levels of a harmonic oscillator, with an
Einstein temperature ΘE. This view is consistent with previous theoretical predictions[8,9] as well as the electron density map of H2 described earlier. Applying these models
with one fitting parameter ΘE, we have calculated Cfit =Ctrans+Crot in Fig.4. As seen in
Fig.4, the curve fitted with ΘE =260 K is in good agreement with the experimental data.
We note that the deviation observed above 200 K is due to the orientational
phase transition of C60, which strongly depends on the crystal quality. Our analysis
shows that the endohedral hydrogen molecule in H2@C60 can be described as an almost
isolated harmonic oscillator with quantized translational motion confined in the C60
framework and acts as a free rotor without ortho-para conversion. The translationalenergy can also be discussed by solving the Schrödinger equation for a single particle
confined in an ideal three-dimensional spherical potential: Etrans(n,ℓ)=β2n,ℓℏ2/(2μr2),70where r is the radius of the cavity, βn,ℓ is the nth root of the spherical Bessel function
with the quantum numbers of n and ℓ, and μ is the reduced mass [5,6].

Fig.4 Excess specific heat ΔCp (left figure) These data (black circles) wereobtained by subtracting the Cp data of C60 from that of H2@C60. For the
calculation below 2 K, Cp of C60 is estimated by extrapolation to 0 K fromtemperatures above 2 K [shown in Fig. 2(b)]. The magenta solid curve
indicates the fitted specific heat Cfit, which is the summation of Ctrans(magenta dotted curve) and Crot (magenta dashed curve), while the dashedcyan curve is the rotational Cp of H2 with the equilibrium ortho-para ratio.
Excess specific heat ΔCp and excess entropy ΔS below 4 K (right figure). (a)The black dashed, magenta, and cyan curves indicate the results of two-level,
three-level, and dual two-level Schottky fits, respectively. (b) Δ S was
calculated from ΔCp.
The translational energy difference between the ground and the first excitedtranslation levels can thus be estimated from △trans=Etrans(1,1)－Etrans(1,0)＝10.32ℏ2/(2μr2) to be ~25 meV △trans/kB ~290 K) with r=0.65 nm estimated from the diameter ofthe fullerene (0.71 nm ) and the van der Waals radii of H (0.12 nm ) and C (0.17 nm)[5]. The ΘE used to fit △Cp is fairly consistent with this translational energy andslightly larger than the translational energy of H2 (~17:5 meV=200 K [Ref. [6]]) inanisotropic open cage fullerenes. Considering that the △trans is reduced by the increaseof r, this difference can originate from the larger diameter along the two long axes of theopen cage fullerene (0.73–0.78 nm) as compared to the isotropic C60 fullerene.

71

In the low-temperature region, a Schottky-like anomaly is clearly evident in Figs.
3 and 4. The entropy associated to this anomaly was calculated to be 6.8 J K-1 mol-1 anddisplayed also in Fig. 4(b). Since the rotational excited levels in both ortho and paraspin isomers are located a few hundred Kelvin above the ground state as discussed
earlier [1,5,6], we take into consideration only the lowest rotational sublevels of thenuclear spin isomers (J=0 for para-H2 and J=1 for ortho-H2). The threefold degeneracy
in the J=1 level can be lifted by the energy potential in the low-temperature Pa-3 phase[16,17], and such splitting is expected to produce a Cp anomaly as the one observed inour experiment. Indeed, the expected excess entropy due to the splitting of the J=1 levelwith 75% ortho-H2 (0.75Rln3=6.85 JK-1 mol-1) is quite close to the measured entropy.
The ortho-H2 fraction of 0.75, expected to hold in the entire temperature range [1,13],
provides additional support for a forbidden ortho-para conversion in C60 cages.
Additionally, we checked the sample dependence of the entropy and found it to be
proportional to the H2 content. This fact unambiguously supports the interpretation of
the anomaly in terms of rotational sublevel splitting. We have then tentatively analyzed
the rotational sublevel splitting △Erot of the triply degenerate J=1 levels by employing a
two-level Schottky model (one ground state and doubly degenerate excited states),
which can be expected in the S6 symmetry of a C60 molecule in the Pa-3 phase [16,17].
The best fit was achieved for △Erot =0.14 meV (_Erot/kB=1.6 K) as shown in Fig. 4(a).
Because a small disagreement remained as seen in the dashed line of Fig. 4(a),this encouraged us to apply a three-level model. A much better fit was achieved for △Erot =0.10 (_Erot/kB=1.2 K) and 0.18 meV (△Erot/kB=2.1 K) as displayed in Fig. 4(a).
The further splitting of the J=1 level suggests that the local symmetry is slightly lower
than S6 symmetry. In fact, in the case of anisotropic H2@ATOCF, a clear three-level
splitting was observed (△Erot=1.50 and 2.85 meV [6]). The magnitude of the splitting
first elucidated in the present specific heat measurements shows rotational sublevel
splitting much smaller than those of H2 in the open caged fullerene [6] and of similarorder to those of those observed in solid H2 [1,18]. The large splitting of the rotational
degeneracy observed in the open cage C60 is most likely caused by the anisotropic
energy surface accommodating the H2 molecule, and the rotational angular momentumof the ortho-H2 is quenched. In contrast, the J=1 rotational sublevel splitting is rather
small in the higher symmetry of C60, which allows one to treat the rotational spectrum
as that of a 3D free quantum rotor.
A similarly good fit can be obtained when two types of rotational sublevel
splitting in the scheme of one ground and two excited levels are used at the same time.
This situation might become possible when the two types of orientation of C60 below 90

72

K are taken into consideration [11],because these orientations can lead totwo different crystal fields within the Pa3 space group depending on theorientations of C60. The best fit wasachieved for △ Erot= 0.095 meV( △Erot/kB=1.1 K) and 0.16 meV ( △Erot/kB=1.9 K) with fractions of 0.39 and
0.61. However, these values are far fromthe reported fractions of 0.165 and 0.835[11]. An alternative possibility for
explaining the small deviation from thesimple two-level Schottky model is that
another type of disorder induces acontinuous distribution of crystal field
effects. However, in our measurements,
the shape of the low-temperature
anomaly does not depend on the sample
quality, which suggests that rotational
sublevel distribution is not caused bysuch a disorder.

Fig. An typical energy level diagramof para and ortho H2 molecules.

4. Summary
In summary, our low-temperature specific heat measurements provide the firstexperimental evidence for a small energy splitting of 0.1–0.2 meV in the J=1 state of
the ortho-H2 nuclear spin isomer. This tiny rotational sublevel splitting is likely due to
C60 having slightly less local symmetry than S6 in the low-temperature Pa-3 phase. Ourdetailed analysis of the excess specific heat in the intermediate energy scale suggeststhat the confined H2 molecule can be described as a quantized oscillator in a cage. A
single molecule or an atom endohedrally accommodated in C60 can be used as an ideal
model compound for studying quantum dynamics, which cannot be realized in any
conventional solid.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid (No. 18204030, No. 19014001, No.
18651075, and No. 18204032) and Scientific Research on Priority Areas („„New73

Materials Science Using Regulated Nano Spaces-Strategy in Ubiquitous Elements‟‟)
from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
Synchrotron radiation experiments were performed with the approval of the Japan
Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) as a Nanotechnology Support Project.
This work was partially supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from theJapan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) (No. P07025 and No. 199728). The
research was also partially supported by Tohoku University GCOE program. The
authors thank Scott A. Baily and Marcelo Jaime for insightful discussions.
References[1] I. F. Silvera, Rev. Mod. Phys. 52, 393 (1980).
[2] P. Loubeyre, F. Occelli, and R. LeTouullec, Nature (London) 416, 613 (2002).
[3] W. F. Mao et al., Science 297, 2247 (2002).
[4] K. Komatsu, M. Murata, and Y. Murata, Science 307, 238 (2005).
[5] M. Carravetta et al., J. Chem. Phys. 124, 104507 (2006).
[6] A. J. Horsewill et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 013001 (2009).
[7] S. Mamone et al., J. Chem. Phys. 130, 081103 (2009).
[8] M. Xu, F. Sebastianelli, Z. Bacˇic´, R. Lawler, and N. J. Turro, J. Chem. Phys. 128,
011101 (2008).
[9] M. Xu, F. Sebastianelli, Z. Bacˇic´, R. Lawler, and N. J. Turro, J. Chem. Phys. 129,
064313 (2008).
[10] Y. Kohama, T. Rachi, J. Jing, Z. Li, J. Tang, R. Kumashiro, S. Izumisawa, H.
Kawaji, T. Atake, H. Sawa, Y. Murata, K. Komatsu, and K. Tanigaki, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 103, 073001 (2009).
[11] W. I. F. David, R. M. Ibberson, T. J. S. Dennis, J. P. Hare, and K. Prassides,
Europhys. Lett. 18, 219 (1992).
[12] T. Atake et al., Physica (Amsterdam) 185C–189C, 427 (1991).
[13] E. S. R. Gopal, Specific Heats at Low Temperatures (Heywood Books, London,1966).
[14] V. Keppends et al., Nature (London) 395, 876 (1998).
[15] R. P. Hermann et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 135505 (2003).
[16] S. A. FitzGerald et al., Phys. Rev. B 60, 6439 (1999).
[17] In the Pa-3 phase, the local symmetry in the C60 cage is S6, which is analogous tothat of an interstitial site in a C60 lattice. In this case, the ortho-H2 can show the
splitting of the J=1 level [16].
[17] R. J. Roberts and J. G. Daunt, J. Low Temp. Phys. 6, 97 (1972).

74

トビラ.indd 7

10.4.22 9:21:14 PM

トビラ.indd 8

10.4.22 9:21:14 PM

Curriculum Vitae of Principal Investigator

Kazue KURIHARAPRIMARY AFFILIATION:
Professor
WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research
Tohoku University
2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku
Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
E-mail: kurihara@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp
URL: http://www.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp/labo/kurihara/index.html
ACADEMIC:

1974 B.S. in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Japan
1976 M.S. in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Japan
1979 Ph.D. in Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
ACADEMIC DEGREE: Ph.D. in Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1979
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
1979-1983

Research Associate, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan1981

Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, USA

1982-1984

Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Chemistry, Clarkson University, USA

1984-1987

Research Associate, Research Institute for Production Development, Japan

1986-1987

Visiting Researcher, Institute for Surface Chemistry, Sweden

1987-1992

Group Leader, ERATO Kunitake Molecular Architecture Project,
JRDC (Research Development Corporation of Japan)

1992-1997

Associate Professor, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering,
Nagoya University, Japan

1997-2001

Professor, Institute for Chemical Reaction Science, Tohoku University

2001-2010

Professor, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku

University
2010-present Professor, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH: Surface Forces Measurement and Its Application to Materials Science Nanorheology and Nanotribology
 Characterization and Functionalization of Supramolecular Systems at the Solid-Liquid Interfaces
RECOGNITION:✦ Award from the Society of Japanese Women Scientists (1997)✦ The Award of the Chemical Society of Japan (2000)✦ Member, Science Council of Japan (2005~)✦ President-elect, International Association of Colloid and Interface Scientists (2009~)
77トビラ.indd 9

10.4.22 9:21:32 PM

トビラ.indd 10

10.4.22 9:21:32 PM

Curriculum Vitae

Susumu SHIRAKI
Lecturer
E-mail: shiraki@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
1995 B.S. in Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
1997 M.S. in Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
2000 Dr. Eng., The University of Tokyo, Japan
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2000-2001
Research Associate (PD), Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
2001-2004
Special Postdoctoral Researcher, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research(RIKEN), Japan
2004-2007
Research Associate, Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering,
The University of Tokyo, Japan
2007-2010
Research Associate, Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of
Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
2010-present Lecturer, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH:
 Solid State Physics, Surface Science, Surface Magnetism
 Studies on oxide thin films and magnetic nanostructures

Murugan RAMALINGAM
Assistant Professor
E-mail: murugan@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
1992 B.S. in Physics, University of Madras, India
1994 M.S. in Physics, Annamalai University, India
1996 M.Phil. in Nuclear Physics, University of Madras, India
2002 Ph.D in Physics-Biomaterials, Central Leather Research Institute (University of Madras), India
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
1999–2002
CSIR-Senior Research Fellow, Central Leather Research Institute, India
2002–2004
Postdoctoral Research Fellow, National University of Singapore, Singapore
2004–2006
SMF Fellow, National University of Singapore, Singapore
2006–2008
Research Associate, University of Central Florida, USA
2008–2010
NRC Associate (U.S. National Academies), National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST), Gaithersburg, USA
2008–2010
NRC Associate (U.S. National Academies), National Institute of Dental and
Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, USA
2010–present Assistant Professor, WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH: Multi-Phase Biomaterials
 Electrospinning 3D Scaffold Engineering





81

Stem Cell Differentiation
Cell Patterning
Tissue engineeringCurriculum Vitae

Shane HARTON
Research Associate
E-mail: shane.harton@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2001 B.S. Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, USA
2006 Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University,
USA
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2006-2008
Postdoctoral Research Scientist, Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA
2008-2010
Postdoctoral Staff Researcher, Materials Research Department, Toyota ResearchInstitute of North America, Toyota Technical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
2010-present Research Associate, WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH:
 Thermodynamics of polymer/polymer and polymer/inorganic interfaces, including thin films,
nanocomposites, and coatings.
 Self-assembly and dispersion of nanoparticles within polymer matrices.
 Superhydrophobic polymer nanocomposite coatings.

Neelam KAUSHIK
Research Assiciate
TEL: +81-22-795-6936
E-mail: neelam@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp
URL: http://www.mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp/index_e.html

ACADEMIC:
2001 B.Tech in Engineering, Himachal Pradesh University, India
2004 M. Tech in Engineering, Punjab Technical University, India
2010 Dr. Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2004 Lecturer, JMIT, Kurukshetra University
2010 Research Associate, WPI-AIMR Tohoku University

CURRENT RESEARCH:
 Design and fabrication of MEMS devices using Metallic glass thin films.
 Metallic glass thin films and their application for patterned recording media.

82Curriculum Vitae

Takahito KAWANO
Research Associate
E-mail: kawano@poly.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2003 B.E. in Applied Chemistry, Nagasaki University, Japan
2005 M.E. in Applied Chemistry, Nagasaki University, Japan
2008 Ph.D. in Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Japan
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2008-2010
Postdoctoral Researcher, Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu
University, Japan
2010-present Research Associate, WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH: Cellular mechanobiology: studies of biomechanics on regulation of cellular functions and migrations.
 Tissue engineering: development of biomimetic extracellular matrix and mehanobiomaterials

Takahide KUBOTA
Research Associate
E-mail: takahide@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2005 B.S. in Engineering, Tohoku University
2007 M.S. in Engineering, Tohoku University
2010 Ph.D. in Engineering, Tohoku University
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2008-2010
JSPS Fellow, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University
2010-present Research Associate, WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH: Spin-dependent transport in magnetic tunnel junctions and magnetic multi layers.
 Investigations of magnetic materials with high spin-polarization.

83

Curriculum Vitae

Abhishek LAHIRI
Research Associate
E-mail: a.lahiri@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2004 B.E. in Chemical Engineering, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, India
2008 Ph.D. in Material Science, University of Leeds, UK
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2008-2009
Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,
University of Alabama, USA
2009-present
Research Associate, WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH: Electrochemical dissolution and deposition of metals (Pd, Au, Ag, Cu etc)
 Characterization of the surface using in-situ scanning probe microscopy (SPM) and laser confocal
microscopy with differential interference contrast microscopy (LCM-DIM).

Denis MARYENKO
Research Associate
E-mail: d.maryenko@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2003 Diploma in Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
2010 Dr. in Physics, Stuttgart University, Germany
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2002-2003
Visiting Researcher, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, USA
2003-2010
Research Assistant, Max-Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Germany
2010-present Research Associate, WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH: Oxide Materials
 Transport in low dimensional systems
 Magneto-photoluminescence84

Curriculum Vitae

Daniel OLIVEIRA
Research Associate
E-mail: oliveira@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2001 B.S. in Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
2005 M.S. in Chemistry, Marquette University, USA
2008 Ph.D. in Chemistry, Tohoku University, Japan
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2008-2010
Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials,
Tohoku University
2010-present Research Associate, WPI-Advanced Institute for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH: Bioconjugation of Nanoparticles
 Fabrication and Transport of Nanoparticles Using Microtubules and Kinesin

Azadeh SEIDI
Research Associate
E-mail: a.seidi@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2001 B.E. in Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran2003 M.E. in Biotechnology, Sharif University of Technology, Iran2007 Dr. Eng. Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2008-2009
Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
2009-2010
Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
2010-present
Research Associate, WPI-Advanced Institute for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH:
I am interested in using novel microfabrication technologies and advanced materials to developfunctionalized microfluidic chips capable of capturing, sorting and culturing cells. These chips can havepotential applications in immediate point of care diagnosis of diseases and also more elaborate analysis
like molecular profiling towards a better and personalized understanding of the disease pathophysiology.

85

Curriculum Vitae

Md. Akhtar UZZAMAN
Research Associate
E-mail: akhtar@m.tains.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
1996 B.S. (Bachelor of Science) in Applied Chemistry &Chemical Technology,
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
1998 M.S. (Master of Science) in Applied Chemistry & Chemical Technology,
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
2003 Ph.D., Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), Japan
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
1998-2000
Research Assistance, Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Technology,
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
2003-2006
Postdoctoral Researcher of Venture Business Laboratory (VBL), Department ofElectronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
2006-2007
Researcher, Department of Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Fujifilm Fine
chemicals Co., Ltd., Japan
2007-2009
JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) Postdoctoral Fellow, Dept. ofElectronics and Applied Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
2009-2010
Assistant Professor, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia2010-present Research Associate, WPI Advance Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH:
Organic Semiconductor Device and Processes Research such as OFETs, Solar Cell, OLEDs, etc.
Organic synthetic Chemistry and Organic Functional chemistry, Structural Organic Chemistry, MolecularElectronic, Pi-Electronic Chemical Compounds and Hetero Ring Chemical Compounds, Polymer-Clay
Nanocomposite Materials, Supramolecular Wires and Cavity.

Xianmin ZHANG
Research Associate
E-mail: xmzhang@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp
URL: http://www.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp/miyazaki_labo/

ACADEMIC:
2003 B.S. in Physics, Ludong University, P.R.China
2008 Dr. in Condensed Mater Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, P.R.China
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
2008
Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Liaoning University, P.R.China
2008-2010
Postdoctoral Researcher, Institute for materials chemistry and engineering, Kyushu
University, Japan
2010-present Research Associate, WPI Advance Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
CURRENT RESEARCH:
 Creation of spin transistor with graphene Optical spin manipulation of nano-structured ferromagnetic metals and organic dye composite

86Curriculum Vitae

Wataru ICHINOSE
Research Assistant
TEL: +81-22-795-6813
E-mail: a9yd1001@s.tohoku.ac.jp
ACADEMIC:
2007 B.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
2009 M.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
Present Ph.D candidate in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
CURRENT RESEARCH:
Acetylene oligomers containing helicene formed double-helix structure, while amide oligomers formed
thermally stable helix-dimer. Then hybrid chiral macromolecules composed of acetylene- and amide
helicene oligomers were synthesized. The hybrid compound could form various aggregates in respond toenviormental change.

Nobuhiko MITOMA
Research Assistant
TEL: +81-22-795-6468
E-mail: mitoma@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2008 B.S. in Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan
2010 M.S. in Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan
Present Ph.D candidate
CURRENT RESEARCH: Spin injection into a single layer graphene87Curriculum Vitae

Koji YAMAMOTO
Research Assistant
TEL: +81-22-795-6815
E-mail: B0YD1008@s.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
2008 B.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
2010 M.S. in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
Present Ph.D candidate in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan

Photo
40mm×30mm

CURRENT RESEARCH:
My current research is focused on the investigation of structure change of double-helix formed by theoligo(ethynylhelicene), which contains optically active helicene and m-phenylene. The differences instructure change of artificial double-helix in solution and on the solid surface is compared, and method tocontrol their aggregation and deaggregation on solid surface will be developed.

88トビラ.indd 11

10.4.22 9:21:44 PM

トビラ.indd 12

10.4.22 9:21:44 PM

Curriculum Vitae of Adjunct Professor

Tomohiro HASHIZUMEPRIMARY AFFILIATION:
Chief Research Scientist
Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd.
Tel: +81-49-296-6111
Fax: +81-49-296-6006
E-mail: tomihiro.hashizume.qb@hitachi.com
ACADEMIC:
1981

B. S. in Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo

1983

M. S. in Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo1986

Ph. D. in Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
1986-1987
Postdoctoral Member of Technical Staff AT&T Bell Laboratories
1987-1989
Research Associate, The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo
1989-1994
Associate Professor, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University
1994-1996
Senior Contract Research Scientist, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd.
1996-2009
Senior Research Scientist, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd.
2009-present
Chief Research Scientist, Advanced Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd.
2007-2010
Visiting Professor, WPI-AIMR, Tohoku University
2005-present
Liaison Professor, Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology
RECOGNITION:✦Kumagaya Award for the Best Annual Vacuum Science Paper (1987)✦Inoue Award for Young Scientists (1988)✦Scientific Measurement Award (1992)✦Metallic Materials Science Award (1992)✦Harada Award for Young Scientists (1992)

CURRENT RESEARCH:
Interfaces of materials have been attracting great attention due to their appealing physical and industrial
properties. In order to understand these fascinating interfaces in an atomic scale, we explore new interface
physics at the organic/inorganic interfaces and oxide heterostructures, such as ferromagnetism,superconductivity, and charge transfer, by utilizing scanning probe microscopy (SPM), atom probe, andother advanced nanomeasurement techniques.

91

Curriculum Vitae of Adjunct Professor

Hiroshi KOMATSU
PRIMARY AFFILIATION:
Emeritus Professor
WPI-AIMR, Tohoku University
2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku,
Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
E-mail: hiroshi@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

ACADEMIC:
1959

B.S. Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Tokyo University of Education

1961

M.S. Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Tokyo University of Education

1964

Ph.D. in Mineralogy, Tokyo University of Education

ROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:

1964-1966

British Council Scholar, Physics Department, Royal Holloway College,
University of London

1966-1975

Research Officer, NIRIM (National Institute for Researches in Inorganic Materials)

1975-1998

Professor, IMR (Institute for Materials Research), Tohoku University

2000-2005

Professor, Iwate Prefectural University

2005-2008

Special Advisor to the President, Iwate Prefectural University

RECOGNITION:✦Distinguished Paper Award of JACG ( Japanese Association for Crystal Growth) 1990
✦President of JACG ( 1996-1998 )✦Honorary member of JACG 200692

Curriculum Vitae of Adjunct Professor

Tomokazu MATSUEPRIMARY AFFILIATION:
Professor and Vice-Dean
Graduate School of Environmental Studies
Tohoku University
6-6-11-605 Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
Tel/Fax: +81-22-795-7209
E-mail: matsue@bioinfo.che.tohoku.ac.jp
ACADEMIC:
1976 B.S. in Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University
1981 Ph.D in Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
1982-1984
Post-doctoral Fellow, Univ. of Wisconsin, USA.
1984-1986
Research Associate, Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University
1986-1988
Research Associate, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University
1988-1999
Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Tohoku University
1999-2003
Professor, Graduate School Engineering, Tohoku University
2003-present Professor, Graduate School Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
2008-present Vice-Dean, Graduate School Environmental Studies, Tohoku University
2000-2005
Advisor, Institute for Life Support Technology, Japan
2002-present Editor, Electrochimica Acta (International Society of Electrochemistry)
2003
Invited Member, Council for Science and Technology Policy, The Cabinet Office of Japan
2003-2005
Chairman of Tohoku Regional Branch, The Surface Finishing Society of Japan
2004-present Advisor, New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)
2005-present Advisor, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)2006-2008
Program Officer, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
2006-2007
Director, The Electrochemical Society of Japan
2007-2008
Director, The Surface Finishing Society of Japan
2009-present Chairman of the New Topics Committee, The International Society of Electrochemistry2009-persent Chairman of Tohoku Regional Branch: The Electrochemical Society of Japan
RECOGNITION:✦ Award for Young Electrochemists. The Electrochemical Society of Japan (1986)✦ Award for Creative Work. The Electrochemical Society of Japan (2002)✦ Award for Technical Development. The Electrochemical Society of Japan (2006)

CURRENT RESEARCH:
・Biosensing Devices and Systems
・Bioelectronic Devices
・Characterization and Application of Cellular Functions
・Micromanipulation and Micropatterning with Biomaterials
・Intelligent Biosystems Using Micro/Nano Technologies
93Curriculum Vitae of Adjunct Professor

Matsuhiko NISHIZAWAPRIMARY AFFILIATION:
Professor
Department of Bioengineering and Robotics
Tohoku University
6-6-01 Aramaki-Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
Tel/Fax: +81-22-795-7003
E-mail: Nishizawa@biomems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp
ACADEMIC:
1989 B.E. in Applied Chemistry, Tohoku University
1991 M.E. in Applied Chemistry, Tohoku University
1994 Dr. of Eng., Tohoku University

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
1994-1995
Research Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
1995-1997
Research Assistant, School of Engineering, Osaka University
1997-2002
Research Assistant, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tohoku University
2002-2003
Associate Professor, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tohoku University
2003-present Professor, Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Tohoku University
2008-present Research Director, Core Research for Evolution Science & Technology (CREST),Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST)RECOGNITION:✦ Best Paper Award, Electrochemical Society of Japan (1999)✦ Young Investigator Award, Chemical Society of Japan (2002)✦ Young Investigator Award, Electrochemical Society of Japan (2002)

CURRENT RESEARCH:
・MEMS for clinical and environmental applications
・Bio-interfacing materials for biochips and Implant devices
・Biolithography for manipulating proteins and cells
・Bionic battery and fuel cells

94

トビラ.indd 13

10.4.22 9:21:55 PM

トビラ.indd 14

10.4.22 9:21:55 PM

New GI3 Laboratory
In order to strengthen international fusion/joint research and construct a world“visible center”, we started “Global Intellectual Incubation Laboratory (GI3 Lab)”
program in 2009. The original target of GI3 Lab was to establish a global stream ofyoung bright brains (young and excellent researchers and students) gathering at
WPI-AIMR from all over the world. Now, we expand the target of GI3 Lab to seniorresearchers, integrating existing IFCAM visiting professorship.
Briefly stated, GI3 Lab will accept following researchers.
1. Senior Researchers: Visiting Professorship and Associate Professorship
2. Junior Researchers: Visiting Scientists
Ⅰ. Senior Researchers
Qualified researchers who may be interested in GI3 visiting professorship should firstcontact the WPI-AIMR principal investigators (PIs) of the related research fields.
Your contact PIs will initiate the further process to materialize the fusion/joint research.
(1) Tenure: For a period of one to three months.
(2) Financial: The salary varies, depending on the qualifications, based on the Tohoku
University regulations. Roughly speaking, “full professor” receives 600,000 yen permonth and “Associate Professor” receives 500,000 yen per month.
Ⅱ. Junior Researchers
We accept excellent young researchers and students who belong to foreign PIs’laboratories as WPI-AIMR visiting scientists. The PIs who would like to send them to
GI3 Lab should first contact the host PIs of the related research fields. The contact PIs
will initiate the further process to materialize the fusion/joint research.
(1) Tenure: For a period of minimum a couple of weeks to a maximum of three months.
(2) Financial: We support living cost of about 100,000 yen per month and actual cost foraccommodation.
For details, contact General Affairs Section at WPI Office:wpi-shomu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp97トビラ.indd 15

10.4.22 9:22:05 PM

トビラ.indd 16

10.4.22 9:22:05 PM

Junior Faculty/Post-doctoral Positions
Tohoku University
WPI-AIMR
Effective October 1, 2007, Tohoku University created a new Research Institute, theAdvanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), based on an initiative of theJapanese Department of Education (MEXT) for World Premier International ResearchCenter Initiative (WPI) to bring together scientists involved in research on nano-scienceand technology.
In the 21st century, material science, broadly defined as the study of how complex/novel
properties arise in matters/materials from the interactions of individual components, willcomprise of inter-discipline collaboration.
(HTTP://WWW.WPI-AIMR.TOHOKU.AC.JP).
Over the next few years, as many as one hundred new appointments at the levels of
post-doctoral fellows and junior faculty will be available. All innovative researchers
are welcome as active promoters of basic/applied sciences in the fields of physicalmetallurgy, physics, chemistry, precision mechanical engineering and electronic /informational engineering.
We are continuously looking for excellent applicants throughout the year.
Please submit
1) a curriculum vitae,
2) research proposal (<3,000 words),
3) summary of previous research accomplishments (<2,000 words),
4) copies of 5 significant publications, and
5) 2 letters of recommendationby email to
wpi-office@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp
All files must be submitted electronically in pdf or Word format.
Applications from, or nominations of, women and minority candidates are encouraged.
Tohoku University WPI-AIMR is an affirmative action / equal opportunity employer.

101

Graduate Student scholarship
In Materials Science/Engineering
WPI-AIMR
Graduate Student scholarship
Effective October 1, 2007, Tohoku University created a new Research Institute, theAdvanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), based on an initiative of theJapanese Department of Education (MEXT) for World Premier International ResearchCenter Initiative (WPI) to bring together scientists involved in research on nano-scienceand technology.
In the 21st century, material science, broadly defined as the study of how complex/novel
properties arise in matters/materials from the interactions of individual components, will
becomes an essential and most important research topics(HTTP://WWW.WPI-AIMR.TOHOKU.AC.JP).
TU WPI-AIMR is now looking for young motivated Ph.D. graduate student candidates
in the fields of physical metallurgy, physics, chemistry, mechanical engineering andelectronic / informational technology. All innovative M. S. students are welcome asactive promoters of basic/applied sciences in these fields.
Applications are continuously screened throughout the year.
Please submit
1) a curriculum vitae,
2) research proposal (<1,000 words),
3) 2 letters of recommendation,by email to
wpi-office@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp
All files must be submitted electronically in pdf or Word format.

102

WPI-AIMR
Workshop Guideline
Tohoku University’s new Research Institute, the Advanced Institute for Materials
Research (WPI-AIMR) solicits several applications per year for International
Workshops in the field of “broadly defined Materials Science.”
Guidelines:
1) Organizers
Qualified research staff of academic institutions and public or private researchestablishments can submit the application for an international workshop to be held at
WPI-AIMR or its Satellite branches, jointly with the WPI-AIMR principal
investigator(s) whose research interest overlaps with the scope of the workshop.
2) Financial support
Under normal circumstances, WPI-IMR supports up to 2/3 of the workshop budget,
while the organizer is expected to cover the rest.
3) deadline
The application must be received at least four months in advanceto
wpi-office@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp
All files must be submitted electronically in pdf or Word format.

103トビラ.indd 17

10.4.22 9:22:15 PM

トビラ.indd 18

10.4.22 9:22:16 PM

X-1

X-1-5.indd

1

2010/04/22

22:25:46

X-2

X-1-5.indd

2

2010/04/22

22:25:47

X-3

X-1-5.indd

3

2010/04/22

22:25:47

X-4

X-1-5.indd

4

2010/04/22

22:25:48

Administration

Y. Yamamoto

W. Iwamoto

Research staff

T. Adschiri

K. Akagi

Z. An

M. Araidai

N. Asao

M. Atashfaraz

Q. BaoA. Caron

L. ChenM. ChenN. ChenY. ChoA. Chutia

D. Ehrentraut

M. Esashi

H. Fujii

S. Fujinami

T. Fujita

N. Fukui

K. Georgarakis

T. Gessner

A. Greer

L. Gu

P. GuanI. Hamada

S. Harton

J. Hedin

K. Hemker

T. Higuchi

H. Hiraga

A. Hirata

T. Hitosugi

D. Hojo

K. Horigane

W. Ichinose

Y. Ikuhara

X-5

D. Ishii

T. Kawano

K. ItayaJ. Iwasaki

M. Kawasaki A. Khademhosseini

K. IwayaT. JinN. Kaushik

K. Kimura

T. Kubota

K. Kurihara

M. Lagally

A. Lahiri

X. Lang

J. LeeS. Li

Y. LinH. LiuH. LiuD. Louzguine

J. Lu

S. Madge

T. Makino

D. Maryenko

A. Masago

K. Mckenna

N. Mitoma

T. Miyazaki

S. Mizukami

A. Mukkannan

M. Muroyama

K. Nakajima

K. Nakayama

M. Nakazawa

T. NishiR. Nouchi

T. Ohmi

T. Ohsawa

D. Oliveira

C. QinM. Ramalingam

P. Richard

T. Russell

S. Sanchez

T. SatoM. Saito

A. Seidi

X-6

R. Shimizu

M. Shimomura

S. Shiraki

A. Shluger

S. Souma

K. Sugawara

T. Takahashi

A. Takeuchi

H. TamuraY. Tanabe

J. Tang

K. Tanigaki

W. Teizer

T. Togashi

M. Tokuyama

T. Trevethan

M. Tsukada

S. Tsukimoto

K. UenoA. Uzzaman

R. Varu

L. WanD. Wang

Z. Wang

P. Weiss

R. Wen

F. Wu

H. Wu

J. Xu

L. Xu

Q. XueK. Yamada

M. Yamaguchi

K. Yamamoto

Y. YasuiA. YavariY. Yokoyama

S. Yoshida

Q. Zhang

K. Zhao

X. Zhang

X-7

Supporting staff

Y. Chiba

N. Daigaku

E. Hagita

K. Hashimoto

H. Hirayama

S. Ikeda

K. Kamoshida

Y. Kobayashi

H. Naganuma

Y. Ohtomo

H. Oikawa

A. Okamoto

T. Okazaki

T. OnoM. Onodera

A. Saito

I. Saito

H. SatoA. Umezawa

S. Unoura

Y. Yanagawa

H. Yoshida

M. Yoshida

I. Zeniya

X-8

DIRECTORY
As of April 1, 2010
Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Administration>
1.YAMAMOTO, Yoshinori (Institute Director)

217-5130

yoshi@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp

2.IWAMOTO, Wataru (Administrative Director)

217-5965

iwamoto@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

3.ADSCHIRI, Tadafumi (PI, Prof.)

217-5629

ajiri@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

4.HOJO, Daisuke (Assist. Prof.)

217-5631

dhojo@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

5.HARTON, Shane (Research Assoc.)

217-5630

shane.harton@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

6.RANI, Varu (Research Assist.)

217-5630

chauhan@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

7.ATASHFARAZ, Mehrnoosh (Researcher)217-5630

mehr@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

8. LU, Jinfeng (Researcher)217-5630

lujf@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

9.TOGASHI, Takanari (Researcher)217-5630

togashi@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

10.CHEN, Mingwei (PI, Prof.)

217-5992

mwchen@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

11.FUJITA, Takeshi (Assist. Prof.)

217-5959

tfujita@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

12.HIRATA, Akihiko (Assist. Prof.)

217-5959

hirata@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

13.CHEN, Luyang (Research Assoc.)

217-5959

chenly@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

14.GUAN, Pengfei (Research Assoc.)

217-5959

pf.guan@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

15.LANG, Xingyou (Research Assoc.)

217-5959

xylang@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

16.ZHAO, Kai (Research Assoc.)

217-5959

kzhao@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

17.ESASHI, Masayoshi (PI, Prof.)

795-6934

esashi@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

18.MUROYAMA, Masanori (Assist. Prof.)

795-6937

muroyama@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

19.YOSHIDA, Shinya (Assist. Prof.)

795-6936s-yoshida@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

20.KAUSHIK, Neelam (Research Assoc.)795-6936

neelam@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp<Research Staff><Adschiri Group><Chen Group><Esashi Group><Gessner Group>
21.GESSNER, Thomas (PI)+49-37-53124060

thomas.gessner@zfm.tu-chemnitz.de

22.LIN, Yu-Ching (Assist. Prof.)

795-6256

yclin@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

23.LEE, Jae Wung (Research Assoc.)795-6256dlwodnd77@mems.mech.tohoku.ac.jp

X-9

Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Greer Group>
24.GREER, Alan Lindsay (PI)+44-1223-334308

25.MADGE, Shantanu V. (Research Assoc.)

217-5956

alg13@cam.ac.uk
shantanu.madge@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp< Hemker Group>
26.HEMKER, Kevin (PI)+1-410-5164489

hemker@jhu.edu+81-3-58417688

ikuhara@sigma.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp<Ikuhara Group>
27.IKUHARA, Yuichi (PI)28.TSUKIMOTO, Susumu (Lecturer)

217-5934

tsukimoto@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

29.SAITO, Mitsuhiro (Assist. Prof.)

217-5933

saito@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

30.GU, Lin (Research Assoc.)

217-5933

gu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

31.WANG, Zhongchang (Research Assoc.)

217-5933

zcwang@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

32.ITAYA, Kingo (PI, Prof.)

795-5868

itaya@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp

33.MUKKANNAN, Azhagurajan (Research Assist.)795-5869

alagurajabs1@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp

34.LAHIRI, Abhishek (Research Assoc.)

795-5869

a.lahiri@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp

35.KAWASAKI, Masashi (PI, Prof.)

215-2085

kawasaki@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

36.MAKINO, Takayuki (Lecturer)

215-2088

tmakino@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

37.UENO, Kazunori (Assist. Prof.)

215-2088

uenok@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

38.HIRAGA, Hiroki (Research Assoc.)

215-2088

hiraga.hiroki@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

39.MARYENKO, Denis (Research Assoc.)

215-2088

d.maryenko@imr.tohoku.ac.jp<Itaya Group><Kawasaki Group>< Khademhosseini Group>
40.KHADEMHOSSEINI, Ali (Junior PI)+1-617-768-8395

alik@rics.bwh.harvard.edu

41.RAMALINGAM, Murugan (Assist. Prof.)

217-5997

murugan@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

42.SEIDI, Azadeh (Research Assoc.)

217-6142a.seidi@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

43.KURIHARA, Kazue (PI, Prof.)

217-5673

kurihara@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

44.HEDIN, Jesper Niels (Researcher)217-5675

jhedin@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp<Kurihara Group><Lagally Group>
45.LAGALLY, Max G. (PI)+1-608-2632078

X - 10lagally@engr.wisc.edu

Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Louzguine Group>
46.LOUZGUINE, Dmitri V. (PI, Prof.)

217-5957

dml@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

47.NAKAYAMA, Koji (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5950

kojisn@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

48.TAKEUCHI, Akira (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5956

takeuchi@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

49.YOKOYAMA, Yoshihiko [Assoc. Prof. (Concurrent)]

215-2199

yy@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

50.QIN, Chunling (Assist. Prof.)

217-5956

clqin@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

51.ZHANG, Qingsheng (Assist. Prof.)

217-5956

qszhang@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

52.CARON, Arnaud (Research Assoc.)

217-5956

a.caron@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

53.CHEN, Na (Research Assoc.)

217-5956

chenn@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

54.SANCHEZ, Sergio Gonzalez (Research Assoc.)

217-5956

sergiogs@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

55.LI, Song (Researcher)217-5956

lisong@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

56.MIYAZAKI, Terunobu (PI, Prof.)

217-6000

miyazaki@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

57.MIZUKAMI, Shigemi (Assist. Prof.)

217-6003

mizukami@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

58.KUBOTA, Takahide (Research Assoc.)

217-6003

takahide@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

59.ZHANG, Xianmin (Research Assoc.)

217-6003

xmzhang@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

60.WU, Feng (Research Assoc.)

217-6004

fengwu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

217-5522

nakazawa@riec.tohoku.ac.jp

62.NISHI, Toshio (PI, Prof.)

217-5926

nishi.toshio@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

63.NAKAJIMA, Ken (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5927

knakaji@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

64.FUJINAMI, So (Research Assoc.)

217-5928

fujinami@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

65.LIU, Hao (Research Assoc.)

217-5928

liuhao@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

66.WANG, Dong (Research Assoc.)

217-5928

wangdthu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp795-3952

ohmi@fff.niche.tohoku.ac.jp+1-413-5452680

russell@mail.pse.umass.edu<Miyazaki Group><Nakazawa Group>
61.NAKAZAWA, Masataka (Adjunct PI)<Nishi Group><Ohmi Group>
67.OHMI, Tadahiro (PI, Prof.)<Russell Group>
68.RUSSELL, Thomas (PI)X - 11Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Shimomura Group>
69.SHIMOMURA, Masatsugu (PI, Prof.)

217-5329

shimo@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

70.ISHII, Daisuke (Assist. Prof.)

217-5824

dishii@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

71.HIGUCHI, Takeshi (Research Assoc.)

217-5825

higuchi@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

72.KAWANO, Takahito (Research Assoc.)

217-5825

kawano@poly.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

73.IWASAKI, Junko (Tech. Staff)+81-11-758-0056

iwasaki@poly.es.hokudai.ac.jp

74.KIMURA, Konomi (Tech. Staff)+81-11-758-0056

kimura@poly.es.hokudai.ac.jp<Shluger Group>
75.SHLUGER, Alexander (PI)217-5942/+44-(0)20 7679 1312

a.shluger@ucl.ac.uk

76.MCKENNA, Keith (Assist. Prof.)

217-5942

k.mckenna@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

77.TREVETHAN, Thomas (Assist. Prof.)

217-5942

tomt@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

78.TAKAHASHI, Takashi (PI, Prof.)

795-6417

t.takahashi@arpes.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

79.RICHARD, Pierre (Assist. Prof.)

795-6477

p.richard@arpes.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

80.SOUMA, Seigo (Assist. Prof.)

795-6477

s.souma@arpes.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

81.SUGAWARA, Katsuaki (Research Assoc.)795-6477

k.sugawara@arpes.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

82.TANIGAKI, Katsumi (PI, Prof.)

795-6469

tanigaki@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

83.NOUCHI, Ryo (Assist. Prof.)

795-6468

nouchi@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

84.TANG, Jung (Assist. Prof.)

795-6468

tangjun@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

85.TANABE, Yoichi (Research Assoc.)795-6468

youichi@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

86.XU, Jing-Tao (Research Assoc.)795-6468

jtxu@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

87.MITOMA, Nobuhiko (Research Assist.)795-6468

mitoma@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp<Takahashi Group><Tanigaki Group><Teizer Group>
88.TEIZER, Winfried (Juior PI)

217-5979/+1-979-845-7730

89.OLIVEIRA, Daniel (Research Assoc.)

teizer@physics.tamu.edu

217-5979

oliveira@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

90.TOKUYAMA, Michio (PI, Prof.)

217-5953

tokuyama@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

91.XU, Limei (Assist. Prof.)

217-5954

limei.xu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

92.CHO, Young Seok (Research Assoc.)

217-5954

jho@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

93.CHUTIA, Arunabhiram (Research Assoc.)

217-5954

arun@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

94.FUJII, Hiroyuki (Research Assist.)

217-5954

fujii@athena22.wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp<Tokuyama Group>X - 12Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Tsukada Group>
95.TSUKADA, Masaru (PI, Prof.)

217-5937

tsukada@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

96.AKAGI, Kazuto (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5940

akagi@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

97.HAMADA, Ikutaro (Assist. Prof.)

217-5938

ikutaro@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

98.TAMURA, Hiroyuki (Assist. Prof.)

217-5938

hiroyuki@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

99.MASAGO, Akira (Research Assoc.)

217-5939

masago@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

100.ARAIDAI, Masaaki (Visiting Scientist)

217-5939

araidai@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp<Wan Group>
101.WAN, Li-Jun (PI)+86-62558934

102.WEN, Rui (Research Assoc.)

795-5869

wanlijun@iccas.ac.cn
ruiwen@atom.che.tohoku.ac.jp<Weiss Group>
103.WEISS, Paul S. (PI)+1-310-267-5993

psw@cnsi.ucla.edu<Wu Group>
104.WU, Hongkai (Junior PI)

chhkwu@ust.hk.

<Xue Group>
105.XUE, Qikun (PI)+86-10-62795618

106.LIU, Hongwen (Assist. Prof.)

qkxue@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

217-5948

liu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

107.YAMADA, Kazuyoshi (PI, Prof.)

215-2035

kyamada@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

108.SATO, Toyoto (Assist. Prof.)

215-2039

toyoto@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

109.HORIGANE, Kazumasa (Research Assoc.)

215-2039

khorigane@imr.tohoku.ac.jp

110.YAMAGUCHI, Masahiko (PI, Prof.)

795-6812

yama@mail.pharm.tohoku.ac.jp

111.YASUI, Yoshizumi (Assist. Prof.)

795-3873

yasui@mail.pharm.tohoku.ac.jp

112.AN, Zengjian (Research Assoc.)795-6815zjan@mail.pharm.tohoku.ac.jp

113.ICHINOSE, Wataru (Research Assist.)795-6813

a9yd1001@s.he.tohoku.ac.jp

114.YAMAMOTO, Koji (Research Assist.)795-6815b0yd1008@s.he.tohoku.ac.jp<Yamada Group><Yamaguchi Group>X - 13Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Yamamoto Group>
YAMAMOTO, Yoshinori (Institute Director)

217-5130

yoshi@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp

115.ASAO, Naoki (Prof.)

795-3898

asao@m.tains.tohoku.ac.jp

116.JIN, Tienan [Assist. Prof. (Concurrent)]

795-3585

tjin@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp

117.UZZAMAN, MD. Akhtar (Research Assoc.)795-6582

akhtar@m.tains.tohoku.ac.jp<Yavari Group>
118.YAVARI, Alain Reza (PI)+33-(0) 4 76 82 65 16

119.GEORGARAKIS, Konstantinos (Assist. Prof.)

yavari@minatec.inpg.fr
georgara@minatec.inpg.fr<Fukuda Group>
120.FUKUDA, Tsuguo (Adjunct Prof.)

217-5983

ts-fukuda@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

121.EHRENTRAUT, Dirk (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5983

ehrentraut@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

122.BAO, Quanxi (Researcher)217-5983

bao@mail.tagen.tohoku.ac.jp

123.HITOSUGI, Taro (Assoc. Prof.)

217-5944

hitosugi@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

124.SHIRAKI, Susumu (Lecturer)

217-5948

shiraki@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

125.IWAYA, Katsuya (Assist. Prof.)

217-5948

iwaya@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

126.OHSAWA, Takeo (Assist. Prof.)

217-5948

ohsawa@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

127.FUKUI, Nobuyuki (Research Assoc.)

217-5948

n-fukui@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

128.SHIMIZU, Ryota (Research Assist.)

217-5948

shimizu@chem.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp< Hitosugi Group>X - 14

Name

Phone Number

E-mail Address(+81-(0)22- _____)<Supporting Staff>
129. HASHIMOTO, Keiichi (Deputy Administrative Director)
217-5980

General Affairs Section

217-5922 or 5972

k-hashi@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

wpi-shomu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

130. NAGANUMA, Hiromi (Chief)

naganuma@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

131. SAITO, Asuka

asuka-s@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

132. OIKAWA, Hiroshi

hiroshi@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

133. CHIBA, Yoko

217-5956

ykchiba@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

134. ONODERA, Marikom.onodera@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

135. UNOURA, Sayaka

unoura-0@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

Accounting Section

217-5923 / FAX: 217-5129

wpi-keiri@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

136. SATO, Hiroto (Chief)

hiroto-s@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

137. OKAZAKI, Tomohiro

tokazaki@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

138. ZENIYA, Ippei

zeniya@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

139. KOBAYASHI, Yuki

y-kobayashi@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

Property Management Section

217-5924 / FAX: 217-5129

wpi-yodo@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

140. YOSHIDA, Masahiro (Chief)masa-y@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

141. HIRAYAMA, Hirotaka

h-hiraya@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

142. YOSHIDA, Hajime

hyoshi@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

143. ONO, Toshio

toshi-ono@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

144. DAIGAKU, Norikodaigaku@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

145. OHTOMO, Yumi

yumi-o@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

International Academic Affairs Section

217-5971 / FAX: 217-5129

wpi-kenkyo@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

146. YANAGAWA, Yasukazu

yanagawa@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

147. SAITO, Ikuo

s-ikuo@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

148. HAGITA, Etsuko

217-5978hagita@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

149. OKAMOTO, Ayumi

217-5978a-okamoto@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

Safety and Health Management Office217-5970

wpi-safety@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp

150. KAMOSHIDA, Kazuyoshi (Manager)kamoshida@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

151. UMEZAWA, Akiko

akiko_umezawa@bureau.tohoku.ac.jp

152. IKEDA, Susumu (Outreach Manager)

795-6468

X - 15sikeda@sspns.phys.tohoku.ac.jp

Volume 9

WPI-AIMR NEWS

April 1, 2010

World Premier International Research Center
Advanced Institute for Materials Research
Tohoku University

wpi表紙.indd 2

10.4.22 7:20:29 PM

Volume 9

WPI-ADVANCED INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH NEWSWPI-AIMR NEWS

April 1, 2010

Volume 9

World Premier International Research Center
Advanced Institute for Materials Research
Tohoku University
April 1, 2010

2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577
Japan
Phone: +81-22-217-5922
FAX: +81-22-217-5129

World Premier International Research Center
Advanced Institute for Materials Research
Tohoku University

WPI9表紙.indd 2

10.4.22 7:34:21 PM