иThe Japanese Association for Developmental & Comparative Immunology

и

JADCI
News
No.49 2018.12.26
ContentsѐѶѳѳѬѪѺѰѶѵийц иԩ2ϯԝųÏғӊҵҜǆǁиԭ˧ԪԧÛě͗Ѓ2ҵҜñÇи и ǰȑĄěиииȨ®иƄǺиԯԨԧӮӣӺԊӟԕиě͗Ѓ2«ͮи²Ξ̤ғӊҵī˝ǧ иԨԬ ˧ԪԨÛě͗Ѓ2ҵҜȥiииии ŉĄěииňʧиHϙиԨԭȅ˳̂$и иԩԧ˖ҵĤЬʍийц и иԩԪʨě<Ьͮи оӶӕӲҲҒҙӌԉөӶӟʝɞ҂иии ҂˧ х ÛиÞҪҧқү҂и и и Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut ł´ ÎиԩԫĤЬҵӣӲийхи ииюѫѼѨѵѪѬѹиѰѵиѐѶѴѷѨѸѨѺѰѼѬиіѴѴѻѵѶѳѶѮѿи и ѢѐљюиииђѫѽѰѵиљпиѐѶѶѷѬѸ иʍěҵʶ˗hи и ]ɥώĄěиииȠiиǫиӮӣӺԊӟԕиииïʗĄěиǣ̪ěϚии ǰɋϥиƽиииииииииииииииииииии

҂ĶéбТғӊҵǌ͔­Һ̭́ɤϋɨ΃͞ҵӣӲ҂и иŉĄěĄěϹ ζěˇ˟Ϲи ϯɾ Ηğ и

ԩԬ

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ĻғӊҵҒ˄ӊңүҒСҏииииїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

ићѶпхъииустщптупучи

и

иии

и

k.ҵҜǆǁиǰȑɋαaʬě22ϯиǰȑĄěʝʍΚɶ˗ěϚи͟иʈřиőΡӐιґ҅ҎӏҧҨҟҏǰ҇ӐҒύҜҟҵқүүҒĮҟҏҧҟӀҡ҆
2ÏҵʸȲҲҶ҅ȑŘӄě2ҵόØҲҒҏҭĂĄұҜ ӐГҕƝΊʣҟҚӀҡ҆қҵš҅ǰȑɋαaʬě2ҵ2ϯҲk.ҝӍӀҟҧ҆ȼҵ у Řϳӄȑě2ҵҝӊұӌ
ʳĿҵҧӃҲŽ ӐĹҗҟҧҏүƇҏӀҡ҆ии ǫųÏ<{ҲҫҏҭҶ҅у ŘҲ2ϯӐƿËҟҧЀҲĻӄÃӃҭǫҟҗ|ǫҏҧҟӀҟҧҵҮ҅у Řϳҵ̅ЬүĤ̙ӐΩӀґũҕ̋ҕƻŭҟҭҏҧҨҗқүҲұӋӀҟҧ҆
7ҟ҅&ě2үҵφǙ˩ӐƻŭҡӌĳȕͬʥđÏ2Ҳ̓Ʈ2ÏӐ΢ʟҟ҅ȼҵě2Ӑ̫ΑҐ "ȓҵ̪ƨӐàҪҭҒӋӀҡ҆ұҒ҅Ļԡţԝ2ͬԢҶ"ҮҶΑƻҔĄҕҡҖӌҵҮ͝ųÏ т ÀӐ̞җқүҲҏҧҟӀҟҧ҆и

µʠӵԕԅԗӓԚԞӶЃ̍͠ҲҫҏҭҶ҅҈ȑ"ҔǰȑâiҮ͖Ҫҧˇ˟ҵƨȚӐ҅ҥҵŘҵâЀɋ
αaʬě2ԡіѠёѐіԢҮʳ͚ҡӌ̤҉үҏҐЕʽӐϺҡӌқүҲ̽ҟӀҟҧ҆қӍҲҫҏҭҶ҅ʳ͚ҡӌˇ˟iĪӐǰȑâiҲ ϸġҡӌү҅ɥāҮԉөӶӟүҟҭɞΪҟœâҟҧ ̓Ʈˇ˟̤ӐǊϺҡӌқ үҲ ұӋ҅čӀҟҗұҏүҵwǪҲӉӌӄҵҮҡ҆иǯҲ Ғ˄ӊңҵσӋ҅ȕŘšҵě͗Ѓ2ҶŉĄěҵňʧHϙǣǉҔЃ2ϯүұӋ҅ǰȑʝ<ϵŻě2үҵ½¿ě͗Ѓ2үҟҭŗƨи фти Řи ъи ȈvǴҲϲSҡӌқ
үҲұҪҭҏӀҡ҆Ƨȥҵʝ<ϵŻě2үҵě͗Ѓ2Ҽҵʿҵ«˩ӐÃӃҧ ě2ҵφǙԝ ҵŬҲҫҏҭҶ҅ȕŘšҵ½¿ě͗Ѓ2ҵϲSɷRүόØӐσҟҭg<ʷұ΁НӆÓНʅӐǷӊғҲҟ҅қӍӐΩӀґҭǟӃҭ ě2ϳҮΌҟҧҏү̣ґҭҒӋӀҡ҆и
ȑě2Ҷ҅ʪrϥҵˇ˟̤ҔЃҏ҅ɋαaʬěҲϴҡӌΟҵЯҏа ʷұˇ˟ӐʳĿҝңӌқүӐʽʷүҟҭҒӋӀҡ҆ҥҵҧӃҲҶ҅
ҏӎӑұrϥҮɞΪҝӍҭҏӌ
Ǭ҇ҲҜ«ҏҧҨ ҕ҅ĂȲұͧʅғӊΆΌҡӌқүҔϤ͠ҨүƇҏӀҡ҆ũҕ̋ҕě2ҵɞƊү̓Ʈˇ˟̤ҵ̪ƨӐψӃҭҏҕҧҏ
ү̣ґҭҒӋӀҡ҆2ÏҵʸȲǬҵҜǞǖԝҜ ҵҾҰӉӎҟҗҒС
ҏʣҟҚӀҡ҆и
иųÏғӊҵҜǆǁи

2ϯk.ҵҜǆǁиŉĄěĄěϹиζěˇ˟ϹиĺиĤȸи͟ʈřҵȍʽҲ҅˖ӄ2ϯүҟҭҵ.ȍӐȄǫҝңҭҏҧҨ җҲұӋӀҟҧ҆M"ʷҲҶ҅устщ ŘÿҲ˴â ѠѨѵѺѨи ѓѬ ҮϲSҝӍҧâЀɋαaʬě2ԡіѠёѐіԢě͗Ѓ2Ү҅½ͬ ъ ŘϳҲɯӌіѠёѐі ųÏҵ.ȍӐ̃ґӀҟҧ҆ҒғҚҝӀҮ̩ҵ͈ҔӋҧɍҔҟҭҒӋӀҡҔ҅қӍӀҮҵ̅ЬүÓНƛ΋ӐқӍғӊ їюёѐі Ҳɞғҡҽҗ҅ӄҐš̻r̻άҵӹӨӐōғҴҷ҅үƇҪҭҒӋӀҡ҆їюёѐі
ҔӄҪү̓ҏˇ˟̤Ҳа ҵҎӌЃӀӋҲұӌӉҐ҅
2ÏҵʸȲҵҒ˄ƐӐҏҧҨҕ̻҅ӊӄ˄ƐӐ̇ӋҧҏүęҠӀҡ҆їюёѐі Ҷ юѹѹѶѪѰѨѺѰѶѵԳ2ԳҎӌʽʷҵҧӃ҅2ÏҔ ҟҭ̌ǂҡӌ2Үҡ҆ρҵ͢ǬӐҡӍҷ҅ӁӑұҔЃҪҭ ҟҧҗұӌʽȴүӓӟӧԓԛԃԕԛӐ?ҪҭҏҗқүҔϤ͠ғүęҠӀҡ҆ӉӎҟҗҒСҏʣҟҚӀҡ҆иуиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

иићѶпхъииустщптупучи

иÛě͗Ѓ2Ҷ҅ʝ<ϵŻě2ҵ˧ уц Ûě͗̏2ү҅¿Ҡ2òҮφ̋ҟҭϲS̽ҟӀҟҧ҆ ǰҲҶ҅ʎxΉɺ҅¼˛²ΞΉɺ҅Ƥͦ2Ӑ̑Ҳ͖ҏ҅¿«ΘҮ&Ǭҵě2ʳ͚Ӑ̦ΉҮҕӌӉҐҲҟӀҟҧ҆
ě͗Ѓ2ƻŭųÏүҟҭ҅˧ уч ÛЃ2ҮҵÓНʅұҰӐΩӀґӀҟҭ҅½¿Ѓ2Ҕ ě2ҲүҪҭĤӋĂҏӄҵүұӋ҅ҝӊұӌφǙҔψӂӉҐӃҭ«ӋӀҡ҆ҰҐҦӉӎҟҗҒСҏʣҟҚӀҡ҆и

̓ʑĶɢҵĻӉӋи˔ˀˢĄěиɥɛʝʍΚɶěϚиȐɀиŪˣии ͟ʈř2ϯҵӄү҅kҺĻ҅ţԝ2ͬӐӃҝңҭҏҧҨҗқүҲұӋӀҟҧ҆#ȍғӊҶĻҲҶ͝ųÏүҟҭʂɾǧЂ_ʝҲbҟҭӄӊҪҭ
ҏӀҡ҆ǹȍ*ҲөԌԞӪұĻόØӐӃӊӍӌӉҐ ҏҧҟӀҡ҆Ӏҧ҅ԩŘҵv.ǽү¿ȲҲ ͟2ϯӐҶҠӃųÏҵ_ʝǬ҅2ÏҵʸȲҵҜƛ҅͢ҜŐȋӐɍΰҲ3ґҭӄӊґӌӉҐұǦļҵ
9ҏĻӐʽǃҟҧҏү̣ґҭҏӀҡ҆ӉӎҟҗҒ
Сҏ̽ҟӀҡ҆и

ҜҎҏҝҫиϣĄěиɥɛʝË˗ěϚиȔиKии ϣĄěɥɛʝË˗ěϚҵ ȔҮҡ҆ě͗Ѓ2ƻŭӐũҕ̋ҕӃӌӉҐ+ңҫғӋӀҟҧ҆̓ӃsӋҖӋҖӋӀҮƈҙӉҐүҡӌĖBҵқӎғӊҵƊΟӐҏӀҨũҕҢҪҭҏӌҧӃ҅ţҵȐɀ_ʝҲҶɊšҜƀϝӐҒғҙҟҭҒӋӀҡҔԡқҵ¨˝ӄ̓ӃsӋӐĝӍҢµň_ʝҲҜξƖӐҒғҙҟҭҟӀҏ
ӀҟҧԢ҅#šқҥǳӃǳӃҲ͖ҟӉҐү=šʽғҵɑƀӐҟӀҟҧ҆и

ʘæ҅ћєѠ ӆӢӺԌ̔ЃұҰҵƳ͗ҵʳĿҲ4ҏ҅ЎʵҏʝËʘΐӐӄҫЍԎӴԗʝʍҵˇ˟ҔʻӑҲұӌèҔҮҕҭҕҭҒӋ҅ɋαaʬěҶқӍғӊҵƨϯrϥҲұӋҐӌҨӎҐүŐȋӐǂҪҭҏӀҡ҆
қҐҟҧɋαaʬěҵа ӐұӌҽҗĂҗҵǬүfȉҮҕӌӉҐĹ ҟҧҏү̣ґҭҏӀҡ҆їюёѐіи ћђѣѠӆǰȑʝ<ϵŻě2үҵ½¿ě͗Ѓ2ұҰҵ&ě2үҵφǙɞұҰӐσҟҭɋαaʬěҵȯҟҝӆϤ͠ƊҔŝӀӋ҅ɩӀӌқүӐСҪҭҏӀҡ҆Ҥҹ2ÏҵʸȲҵÈßҵǬ҇Ҳӄb2ӐҒӃҗҨҝҏ҆ии ҧӉӋұҏƻŭҮҡҔ҅ě͗Ѓ2ҔʻӋҔӌӉҐŽ ұҔӊ ҡӌƬęҮҡ҆ʸȲҵɞʳұҜ«ӐҒŶҩҟҭҒӋӀҡ҆ии ŝñƻŭҵ;҇Ȏ_ʝҔԍԞԖԛӠԖөӵӐˢҩҚҭҗҨҝҪҭҏӀҡ҆#Ÿ҅ԇԞԌԆԞӨү½ӏңҭ
2ÏҵɟҵòүҟҭȉɞʟҝӍӌӉҐҲұӌүҏ
ҏүƇҪҭҏӀҡ҆ˇ˟ҵΟÓӆeҵȥiұҰҮӄҏҏҵҮҶұҏғүƇҏӀҡ҆Ҥҹ@ҪҭӁҭҗ
Ҩҝҏ҆и

2ͬʼȟk.ҵҜǆǁиɥώĄěĄěϹиěˇ˟˗и˦¨иȿhи

ě͗Ѓ2ƻŭųÏүҟҭиииȗĄěĄěϹи͐ěˇ˟˗и
Lʠи˓Ȋи͟и ʈř2ϯғӊkš҅2ͬʼȟӐ+ңҫғӋӀҟҧ҆Ąþ`ȡҲęҠӀҡ҆ňʧи Hϙ_ʝүүӄҲ̧ΖӐȚҧҟҭӀҏӋӀҡҵҮӉӎҟҗҒСҏҏ
ҧҟӀҡ҆и

͟ʈř2ϯӉӋ҅ě͗Ѓ2ƻŭųÏӐƿË̽ҟӀҟҧ҆ȼÛ҅˧ фт Ûě͗Ѓ2Ҷ҅ňʧHϙě͗Ѓ2ϯҵӄүҮ҅ǰȑʝ<ϵŻě2үҵ½¿Ą2үҟҭϲSҝӍӀҡ҆устх ŘҲ(¸ҮϲSҟӀҟҧ˧ учͯˢ*ȕ фс ŘҔ̅ύҟ҅ȑě2ҮҶ ))ҔψӑҮҏӀҡ҆ě2Ҕ#Ÿүӄɞ Ӑ̌ǂҟҭҏҗҧӃҲҶ҅қӍғӊҵɋαaʬěӐƻҐ̓Ʈˇ˟̤ӐƚҕҫҙӌқүҔұҲӉӋϤ͠Үҡ҆ҥҵҧӃҲŽ ӐĹҗҟҧҏүƇҪҭҒӋӀҡ҆и
ифиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

ићѶпхъииустщптупучи

2ͬʼȟųҵk.ҵǆǁҲғґҭи
ŉĄěĄěϹиʚěˇ˟Ϲи
ňʧиHϙии ȑě2ҵ2ͬʼȟҵҒųʽӐk.ҝӍӀҟҧ҆Ӊ
ӎҟҗҒСҏҏҧҟӀҡ҆ҥҵǆǁҲ)ґӀҟҭ҅˔ŃҮϲSҝӍӀҟҧ˧ÛӓӨӓʆ̰ȫʍaʬӧԛԉӨӖԌԡѡѯѬиѺѯѰѸѫиюѹѰѨѵиіѵѼѬѸѺѬѩѸѨѺѬиіѴѴѻѵо
ѰѺѿиѠѿѴѷѶѹѰѻѴԢҵϲSñÇӐҝңҭҏҧҨҕӀҡ҆иȑӧ ԛԉӨӖ Ԍҵ˧ÛҶϨłĄěȢȱiҵѠѨѴѹѻѵѮиѢѵѰѼѬѸѹѰѺѿоіѵѫѻѹѺѸѿиѐѶѶѷѬѸѨѺѰѶѵияѻѰѳѫѰѵѮ
ԡ2ϯԱϨłĄěи Ȓ˔ŷǣǉ҆устх Ř у Ȉ тхԶтц
ǰϲSԢ ҅˧Û Ҷ âȖ ŉҵɡ ɐĄěȱ iҵѥѻѨѵҀѯѬѵѮи ўѰҀѯѬѵи ѕѶѺѬѳԡ2ϯԱɥȪʝʚʝƞěˇ˟Ƭи â˗ěϹĄě ђѸѱѻѵи љѰѵѮи ǣǉ҆устч Řтс Ȉ тхԶтш ǰϲSԢ҅˧Ûʽүұӌ#ÛҶ҅ȑŘ ъ Ȉ цԶщ ǰҲғҙҭ҅˖Ҕ2ϯүҟҭ˔ŃŎȗˮŇҵԖԞӫԛӵԇӳԗҮϲSҝӍҧ҆´Кʳ͚ԡух ɺНԢҵ ч ӫӟӧԓԛҲҒҏҭ҅ӝԞӺԞӵөԀԞӛԞғӊǵ͒ҵӥӕӵӛӕԛ҅ʢɈТӵԕԛөӠԗӮԋӷԞӬӐ$ҟҧʝ<ϵŻȺȱ҅ǵ͒үˁ͉үҵʿ?ʟ҅ǵ͒үŔǽ͉үҵfʝҲҒҙӌȼ)Ίʞʍ҅ӤԋԌӧӯԊӧҵ̻ʇaʬȺȱ҅бТ͝<˹ҵµhʷ̅ΧҵȺ̮ͩȘҲҫҏҭҵΉɺҔҎӋ҅ҝӊҲϴφҵ̿ɺНҔ̋ҕ҅ɞʳұΌΆӆӣԍԛӵҮͭΆǽϳӐ{ϸҡӌқүҔŢϯҵϤ͠ұ%үұҪҧ҆ԉөӮԞӫӱӧԓԛԡтх ɺНԢҮҶ҅Ƭġҵ т ǽϳӐΣґҭͭΆҔʻӋҎҔӋ҅ â҅Аâ҅ǰȑғӊ«ҟҧ̓Ʈ ф ÀҲԉөӮԞΞҔǉҝӍҧ҆Ӏҧ҅ȌФ҅ǼФ҅ĀФү«̤cÏҮ2ФӐ͖ҏ҅Ғҏҵˇ˟ҵκɖӐǍӌүүӄҲǱӐɰӃӌқүҔҮҕҧ҆ȼÛҶ҅усус ŘҲӭӖԗҮϲSҝӍӌġҮҎӌ҆ҤҹүӄʸȲҵҜ«ӐҒŶҩҏҧҟҭҒӋӀҡ҆и
и #Ûҵ«̤Ҷ҅ â ут À҅Аâ тт À҅ԔԞԙӱӽ т À҅ǰȑ тч ÀԡϹʝ ш ÀԢҵ½ͬ хъ ÀҮҎӋ҅ύªҵӧԛԉӨӖԌҲɋαҟҭ«̤Ҕɮҟҧ҆Аâүǰȑғӊҵ«̤ҵɮķҔ¨ÜҮҎӌ҆Ȓ˔ŷǣǉҲӉӌү҅Ŵҵˇ˟ĦҮǏψҟҭҏҧԇӭԄԖӛԍԌӧӐʟҏҧfʝˇ˟ӆӤԋԌӧӯԊӧӐʟҏҧԁӗӺԞԗϡϠ˿ˇ˟ҵΚϧҔƯҩsӊӍҭ҅ĄěϹʝҵ«ӄұҗ҅қӍӊҵˇ˟ԃԙӨӗӟӵҵǏψҔÞЈүұҪҭҕҭҒӋ҅îˌˇ˟Ҽҵˇ˟ΘɮҶŴҵˇ˟ĦҨҙҮҶұҏүҏҐ҆ǰȑҵŭ͵Йëиҵˇ˟̤ғӊҵüҲ˩ҟҏ҆ϸӊӍҧˇ˟ˬӆ"ȓӐӄүҲ҅ύšҵˇ˟̤ϳҵ˥Ҕˇ˟ӐʳĿҝңӌқүҶұҗ҅âiāҵˇ˟̤,ϳҵ ҔƁЗҮҎӌ҆¼ˇ˟̤ҵԃԙӨӗӟӵҵȩӁrҙӐàӌқүӄ·ȻҮҎӎҐ̻҆ʇ˗ěҵʽʷүҡӌӄҵҶ҅
ː2ӆ/ȭҵyʺҲΓʓҟ҅âĩҵǡ˫ӆ͠΅ҲŹҐқүҨҙҮźӊӍӌҶҢҶұҏ҆ұҤұӊ҅ː2ӆâĩҵyʺӐʝӁpҟҧүƇґӌˇ˟ƨȚҔ҅ǽүҟҭĄҕҗρǬÁҼǇӍӌқүҔҎӌғӊҮҎӌ҆ǬҮҶ҅ˇ˟̤Ҷ̻҅Ōҵˇ˟Ҕː2ӆ˗ěҲİҟҭ҅ҎӌҏҶ˗ě¹҅ҏғұӌƛÉӆƛ̡ӐӄҫҵғŔҲƛ΋ҟҭҒҗƁ͠ҔҎӌ̻҆ʇ˗ěӐƻҐˇ˟̤ҵčĈƀү̀ƀҔÓӏӍҭҏӌ҆иииě2ԇԞԌԆԞӨ˭ʚҵԪȍʽӐιґҭиâˢƝȝʯˇ˟Ƭиǵ͒˗ěϚи;҇ȎиŘиě2ԇԞԌԆԞӨ˭ʚӐҝңҭҏҧҨҏҭҶӆ фȍʽӐιґҧ҆ÛҎҚҧ х ҫҵȱƙӐǇӋғґӋҧҏүƇҐ҆ҫʽҔ҅2Ïҵȭ̙Ӑǐβҟҧҏ҆қ
ӍҶ҅ĤЀӀҨǐβҡӌҲ̼Ҫҭҏұҏ҆ƕñǒBҏҧҨҏҧΖ.͎̤ӆě2ϯүʿ΄ҟұҔӊ҅ҏҢ
ӍǐβҮҕӌӉҐҲӃҧҏүƇҐ҆ҫʽҔ҅ԍԞԖԛӠԖөӵҵϲͯҮҎҪҧ҆ҟғҟұҔӊ҅ӫӝԑԖӳӔԞ҅ӥԞӼԞҵ²JƼÂҮλJҔȕҧқүӄȉӋ҅2ÏcҭҲԍԞԗҔĽҏҭҏұҏүƇӏӍӌ҆ҝӊҲ҅2ÏҵȇǫԖөӵӐƴǕҟҭ҅ԍԞԖԛӠԖөӵӐȄǫҟұҙӍҷұӊұҏ҆#Ɂ@ҏƮҔƔҏӉҐҲƇӏӍӌ҆ҫʽҔ&ҵě2ғӊҵƕñӐǐβҡӌ҆ǰȑʝ<ϵŻě2ҵ ѵѬѽѹѳѬѺѺѬѸ
ҔϝJҝӍҧҧӃ҅ԇԞԌԆԞӨҼǐβҮҕҧ҆ҝ
ӊҲ҅&ҵě2ƕñӄǐβҮҕӍҷүƇҐ҆ÚҫʽҔ̿ҵ"ҲӄӏғӌԆԞӨӐǐβҟҧҏ҆#ҵүқӎ҅2ÏÁҙҵƕñӐǒBҟҭҏӌҔ҅ҏҢӍ̿ҵ"ÁҙҵԆԞӨӐǐβҟҧҏүƇҐ҆#Ÿě2ϯү΃ǥҟ҅ҏҏǬÁҼÁғґҷүƇҐ҆иĤЀ х ŘϳƻŭҟҭӁҭ҅Ą2ʟҵԇԞԌԆԞӨҵϲͯӆě2ԇԞԌԆԞӨ˭ʚӄʸȲҵҒғҚҮɋαʷƮҗέώҲҵӌқүҔҮҕҧ҆Ӏҧ҅ԕԈҵ̓ҏ"Ҳ̥ҕұҔӊ=үғİoҟҭҕҧ҆΁Нүҟҭ҅˦¨2ϯӄνҽӊӍҭҏҧͅͼʌҵԇԞԌԆԞӨҵ^ĤҔҎҚӊӍҭҏҧҔ҅Ѓ2ϯҒӉҺЃ2ĻхиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

ииићѶпхъииустщптупучииҵҜ ҮĄ2ñÇӀҮҶǐβҮҕҧ҆#Ÿ҅ǩǫұԇԞԌԆԞӨӐŐȋҮҟҧӊ҅̓ҏ2ÏҵҜұиҟҮҶ·̮үƇӏӍӌ҆ŝñҵ%үҟҭķҟҮӄ҅ÁҡӌӉҐҲӃӌүүӄҲ2ÏʸȲҵҜӉӎҟҗҒСҏҏҧҟӀҡ҆и

їюёѐіићѬѽѹ ƻŭӉӋиơƥ̡öĄěи̻ʇ˗ěˇ˟ǣ̪ӫԛӮԞи
µňи!ŗиʸȲ҅їюёѐіи ћѬѽѹ ҶҒȯҟӁҏҧҨҙҭӀҡҮ
ҟӈҐғԵїюёѐіи ћѬѽѹ ҵ̔ЃӐƻŭҝңҭҏҧҨ
ҏҭҏӌŝñҵµňҮҡ҆қҵš҅ ͟2ϯғӊkšŝñƻŭӐ+ңҫғӋ҅їюёѐіи ћѬѽѹ ƻŭүҟҭԩȍʽӐιґӀҟҧ҆˖Ҕ їюёѐіи ћѬѽѹ ҵ̔ЃӐ+ң ҫғ Ҫҧ ԩ ŘҶ ҅ ҩӈ Ґ Ұ ʝ< ϵŻ ě2 ү ҵѵѬѽѹи ѳѬѺѺѬѸ ҵʿϝJҔĐӀӌǽȍҮ҅ҥӍӀҮ
ҵ2ÏÁҙҵiÁҕҵƕñʳJҮҶұҗ҅҈Ѝ2ÏҲÁҙҧě2ҵӓԀԞԗҵòүҟҭӉӋŝҏͿ̤ҵ̾ÉӐÕ΢ҡӌӉҐұӣԛӳԛӲҲǀ^ҡӌ҉үҏҐ
̔ЃǬϩҲþǔҡӌқүҲұӋӀҟҧ҆̆Țүҟҭ҅ɊÛĂҗҵǬҲҜī˝ӐҒСҏҡӌқүҲұӋӀҟ
ҧ҆řҏҲӄʸȲҲҜƅΈҏҧҨҕ҅ԨȍʽҲϝJҟҧԫÛҵ ѵѬѽѹ ҶҰӍӄ^ĤҟҧiĪҮϝJҡӌ
қүҔҮҕҧҵҮҶұҏғүƇҪҭҒӋӀҡ҆Ҝī˝ҏҧҨҏҧʸȲҲɩҗƝΊʣҟҚӀҡ҆и
#ŸӄʸȲҲȯҟӑҮҏҧҨҙӌӉҐ҅ҏӎҏӎұ
ӓӕӴӓӐpҟұҔӊ҅ҝӊҲӣԛӳԛӲӐ^Ĥҝңҭҏҕҧҏү̣ґҭҏӀҡ҆Ӏҧ҅ʸȲғӊҵҜī˝ӄҒŶҩҟҭҒӋӀҡ҆ҜŐȋҔұҏϸӋĘǤǃġ˩ҶͯҙҭҒӋӀңӑҵҮ҅Ҝ̻ʡҲƇҏҵӐҒīңҗҨҝҏ҆ҰҐҦӉӎҟҗҒСҏҏҧҟӀҡ҆ү҅ққӀҮ
ȅҏҧүқӎҮ҅өԆԞөҔҨҏһ>ҪҭҟӀҏӀҟ
ҧ҆ĘǤǃġңҢҲҜī˝ӐҒСҏҟҭҏӌҧӃ҅ɊšԁәԞԊӱӵ΃ǥҲҶЈYҟҭҏӌҵҮҡҔ҅ԡ ͟
2ϯҵǆǁǧӉӋϯҗұҪҭҟӀҏƋ̘ҮҡҔԢ%Ǭ
ҔұҏҵҮӄҐķҟҒ'ҕ½ҏҗҨҝҏ҆и

иʘæ҅ԘӞԑԕԞӣԛӳԛӲҲұҪҭҏӌĤЬʍҵ̂$ӣԞӷԞҶ҅ҝҡҔɋαʝʍěҵě2ҨҙҎҪҭӹӮҲÞӌқүҔҎӋӀңӑ҆қҵӣԞӷԞҮҶ҅ҎґҭaʬүҏҐӉӋʍҥҵӄҵҵ̂$ԡʝƞӆbƮԝЧ̪Ǭə҅ˇ˟ȓǨүҟҭҵɂ¹ұҰԢҲԁәԞӛөҟҭҜì˨ҏҧҨҏҭҏӌҵҮҡҔ҅

иҥҵңҏғ_ʝǬҵĤЬʍƜҔүҭӄ̀җƝҠӊӍ҅˖̻άɊÛ¨˝ӐҏҧҨҗҵӐЍŔҲȯҟӁҲҟҭҏӀҡ҆и
Ǭ҅ӄҐҫҵԘӞԑԕԞӣԛӳԛӲҮҎӌĤЬҵӣӲҵ̂$ӣԞӷԞҶ҅ŕŝҏʍ˛ӐƱҐě2ҮҎӌҔӇґҲ҅ρҲ=ӐҰҐҒСҏҟҭ̀ҏӄҵӆӊɊÛКӐƓӀңҭҒӋӀҡ҆ҎҵĤЬҵӣӲҔ
˄ӋҧҏԟүҏҐԖӟӘөӵӐҒŶҩҟҭҒӋӀҡ҆Ұ
ҐҦӉӎҟҗҒСҏҏҧҟӀҡ҆и
Ӏҧ҅ѓѸѰѬѫѸѰѪѯољѶѬѭѭѳѬѸоіѵѹѺѰѺѻѺѬ ҵł´_ʝҲφβҏҧҨҏҭҏӌʨěͮҶ҅ɥāʨěҲ̾ÉҵҎӌěʝҝӑӆ̓Ʈˇ˟̤ҵǬҲҶЍŔҲ«̣ҲұӌҵҮҶұҏғүƇҪҭҏӀҡ҆қҩӊӄ҅қҐҏҐ
үқӎҔ˄ӋҧҏүҏҐӉҐұԖӟӘөӵҔҎӍҷ҅ϒƠұҗҜφ̈җҨҝҏ҆и#Ûҵ їюёѐіи ћѬѽѹ ҮҶ҅ҧӀҧӀ2Ïҵ_ʝǬҔϴӏҪҧȅ˳ҵt͖Ҕ̋ҏҧқүӄҎӋ҅ȅ˳̂$ҵͮӐԩҫǐβҡӌқүҔҮҕӀҟҧ҆ҫҶ ђѫѽѰѵиљпи ѐѶѶѷѬѸ _ʝҔ̔ЃҝӍҧ҈юѫѼѨѵѪѬѹиѰѵиѐѶѴѷѨѸѨо
ѺѰѼѬи іѴѴѻѵѶѳѶѮѿ҉Ҳҫҏҭ҅ѐѶѶѷѬѸ _ʝʾ҇Ҳ̂$ǧӐҜī˝ҏҧҨҕӀҟҧ҆ӄҐҫҶ҅ʍě2Ҕ̔Ѓҟҧ҈ʍěҵʶ˗h҉Үҡ҆ȑhҵʝ<ϵŻӫӟӧԓԛҮҶ2Ïҵ_ʝǬҔĂҗì˨ҝӍҭҒӋ҅̔ЃƻŭđÏҵҒ"ӐӃӊӍҧȠiи ǫ_ʝҲ̂$ǧӐҜī˝ҏҧҨҕӀҟҧ҆қӍӐȺҲ҅2Ï
ҵ_ʝҔҜì˨ҝӍҧӄҵӄÃӃ҅ҒҡҡӃȅ˳ҵ̂$ӣԞӷԞӐ?ӋҧҏүƇҪҭҒӋӀҡ҆=ғҜ̂$ҏҧҨҙӌȅ˳ҔҎӋӀҟҧӊ҅ҤҹҒīңҗҨҝҏ҆иǫҟҏ їюёѐіићѬѽѹ ҔέώҲҵҪҭҕҧқүӄҎӋ҅
ě2ғӊҵƕñʳJҵҎӋǬҲҫҏҭ҅ ͟2ϯүʿ΄ҟұҔӊӓӕӴӓӐ̖ҪҭҏӀҡ҆ʎҲ҅ʎġĂǤҲÁҙҧƕñҵʳJҲҶ҅ě2 ѕѝ ҨҙҮұҗ҅ѠћѠ ұҰҵ˞Ȯʷұyʟӄǽ)Ҳ¥ҟҧӓԃԙԞӰүҟҭ̣ґҭӄ̀ҏҵғӄҟӍӀңӑ҆Aґҷ҅ȅ˳ӆԃԘөԖԖԞөӄÃӃ2Ïҵȭ̙Ӑ ѕѝ үφҝңҧѠћѠ ҮʳJҡӌүҏҪҧǬəҶ҅2ÏҵʸȲҲүҪҭӄě2ҵɞƊүҏҐʅҮӄ҅ԍԖӱӵҶҎӌӉҐұɍҔҟҭҏӀҡ҆Ӏҧ҅ǽϸ'ҕҵeƕñұҰӄ҅ѕѝ
ҮҵǐβӉӋҶ ѠћѠ ҵҾҐҔͦÌƊҶҎӋҥҐҮҡ҆
ĳȕʷҲҰҵӉҐұөӮӕԗҔӉҏҵғ҅ ͟2ϯ҅;҇Ȏ_ʝүφǙҟұҔӊ̣ґҭҏҙӍҷӉҏұү
ƇҪҭҏӀҡ҆2ÏҵʸȲҲҒғӍӀҟҭӄ҅=ғӓӕӴӓӆҜŐȋҔҎӍҷҰҐҦҒīңҗҨҝҏ҆и
үҏҐӏҙҮ҅ұӑүғөԆԞөҔêӀҪҭ̀ғҪҧҮҡ҆ҥӍҮҶԩȍʽӄҰҐҦӉӎҟҗҒСҏҏҧҟ
Ӏҡ҆и

ци

їюёѐіићѬѽѹи

иићѶпхъииустщптупучи

˧ԪԧÛě͗Ѓ2ϯғӊҵҜǆǁииии и и и и и и и иǰȑɋαaʬě2и и и˧ԪԧÛě͗Ѓ2ҵҜñÇиǰȑĄěиʝʍΚɶěϚʔě˗ибʮԦɋαaʬěˇ˟ĦиȨ®иƄǺи

қҵš҅ŗƨ фс Ř щ Ȉ ус ǰԡȈԢғӊ щ Ȉ уу ǰԡɎԢҵǰ˚ҮǰȑĄěʝʍΚɶ˗ěϚɳ ӝԏԛӽө т »Ш тут Ή̡ĦӐ2òүҟҭ˧ фс Ûě͗Ѓ2ӐϲSҏҧҟӀҟ
ҧ҆˒ĉňˀ͑ɓŎҲ8̞ҡӌȑӝԏԛӽөҮҵϲSҶ҅ʘě2ϯҵ ͟ʈř_ʝҔЃ2ϯүҟҭϲ
SҝӍҧ˧ ут ÛЃ2*ȕ҅σˬ фšʽҵϲSүұӋӀҟҧ҆#ÿҶφǰʒȂҔ̋ҕӀҟҧҔ҅Ѓ2ȍϳӐσҟҭ̃ĐčąҲƐӀӍ҅ҒЃӀӋ
ҏҧҨҏҧʸȲҲҶě͗ʷΌΆүүӄҲˁÿҵɳ ӐȯҟӑҮҏҧҨ
ҙҧүęҠӀҡ҆и
#ÛҶ҈aʬ̭́үҥҵ΢ɶ҉үНҟҧӧԛԉӨӖԌӐ/ʥҟ҅ф À
ҵ_ʝǬҲҜΉɺГҕӀҟҧ҆ʠIçͷ_ʝԡâˢâЀˇ˟ӫԛӮԞˇ˟ƬԢҲҶ҈υ͔Ś̭́ҵόË{Ż҉Ҳҫҏҭ҅͆ÆÌ _ʝԡʚěˇ˟Ƭ҅ȷɢŎˢĄěԢҲ Ҷ҈уé̻ʇ Ԗ ԛӽʙ ҵψ Ά҉Ҳ ҫҏҭ҅ϗ͢ŪǷ_ʝԡÌȽłˀˢ˗ĄěԢҲҶ҈ӡԎӛӕԛ²Ī< ѤѐџтϽƊȸʏ̭́ҵȺ̮ʷƛ̡҉Ҳҫҏ ҭ҅ҥ ӍҦӍҵ̭́˛Ҳ ϴҡӌиîˌʷұġ̡ӆʳ͢ҵ̅̕ғӊ_ʝǬҵΆʚʷƇ̣ҲîҬҏҧˇ˟ƮəҒӉҺȇǫҵ˄͢Ҳ̼ӌӀҮҒʹӐГҗқүҔҮҕ҅үҭӄȉƛ̡ұiĪҮҟҧ҆ŻǬүӄҲÐТԎ ӴԗʍӐİΐүҟҧ ˇ˟ҲǙӏҪҭҒӊӍӌӄҵҵ҅ɋαaʬěrϥҲ ӄ ˷σҝӍʵʊҟҧ ͭΌҔ
ĿϲҝӍӀҟҧ҆иӀҧ ҅ʎxΉɺүҟҭɥώĄěĄěϹԝěˇ˟Ϲǣǉҵ˦¨
ȿh_ʝҲ҈ϓƃaʬ˹ҵ΢ɶүψ҉үНҟҧҒʹӐ6ҏӀҟҧ҆˦¨_ʝҶ҈̰ȫʍҵψүaʬ
˹ϕ3Ėҵ΢ɶҒӉҺψ҉ұӊҺҲ҈ʆПТҲҒҙӌϓƃaʬ˹҉ҵҫҵӵԀӱӟҲҫҏҭˇ˟ҵɟӍғӊȇκҵψĿӀҮ<˹ʷҲҒʹҝӍ҅Ʃ҇ҵӄҫϓƃaʬ˹ҵƨӋˢҩӐ̣ĮҡӌҮȮӃҭˎÑҲĭӂiĪҮҟҧ҆иҏ ҭ҅ťϥ̪ʝ_ʝ ԡȗ ɥ ɛĄěԝě͗ˇ˟ϹԢҲҶ҈ӟԗԊӘӿТҵaʬԝʝ<ϵŻȺȱҲϴҡӌȇκҵˇ˟҉Ҳҫҏҭ҅Ϟȿ¢_ʝԡħŇĄěԝζěϚԢҲҶ҈бТҵӥ
ӕӵӛӕԛүҥҵƃʟ҉ҲҫҏҭҒʹҟҭҏҧҨҕӀҟҧ҆ҏҢӍҵҜΉɺҲҒҏҭӄҜ̻άҵˇ˟Ҽҵƕʊү̓Ʈҵˇ˟̤ҲÁҙҧʊҏԍӱӫԞӨҔθӃӊӍҧ^ĤҟҧiĪҮҟҧ҆иґҭ҅µʠ\˕ΆǧΞ²ΞΉɺүҟҭ҅˔ˀˢĄěҵĶЯȁ_ʝҲ҈ˁЮбТҵčôîʙҶ
іѮњ CęʷҒӉҺƶ<ЍCęʷұ̱М˵ȺȱӐǂҫ҉үНҟҧҒʹӐ
6ґҧқүҶ҅ɋαaʬěʷҲҧҏҼӑȉƛ̡Үҟҧ ҆µʠĊΞҲҶ҅҈ӸӨԊө іѮѡ ҲӉӌ˶̸Ўҵʮ¨<ƝȝҒ ӉҺŔæ ͉́³ҵ{Ż҉үНҟҧˇ˟iĪӐʳ͚ҝӍҧ˔ˀˢĄěҵʂɾǧЂ_ʝҔϔҷӍӀҟҧ ҆˴âʨěҵЃĄƨӐʳ͚ҝӍ҅̓Ʈҵˇ˟̤ҵӁҲӄұҪҧқүүƇҏӀҡ҆Ӏҧ҅#ÿҲϲSҝӍҧâЀɋαaʬě2ҼҵµʠӵԕԅԗӓԚԞӶӐ²ΞҝӍ#Ѓ2Ҷ̓ҏˇ˟̤ҔĂҗ«ҡӌқүӄҎӋǣ̪Ήɺүҟҭ ф Àҵ_ʝǬҲҒʹҟҏҧҨҕӀҟҧ҆
,Ĥ_ʝԡɥώĄěĄěϹԝ͐ěˇ˟ϹԢҲҶ҈aʬ˹̭͚́Ў²Ī<̠ҵĂȲұrĖ͹΋҉ҲҫчиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

иићѶпхъииустщптупучиииǰʽĀǬҲϲSҝӍҧƤͦ2Ү
Ҷ҅2Ï¿ûҔÌӆғұЉßɍҵҮɍΰҲƛ͢ǔүƕñǔӐ͖ҐқүҔҮҕҧӄҵүęҠӀҡ҆ȑě͗Ѓ2Ҷ«̤ чц ÀӐźҭ҅ʻɖҵҐҩҲǰϳҲӌԃԙӠԕԌӐ̃ҟӀҟҧ҆и
ҧϣĄěҵʠ´ʛĒҝӑҔ͚ŰҝӍӀҟҧ҆и
̿ΉɺүҟҭҶ҅҈ȧʹʍԝ˯Φʍҵʝ<ϵŻrϥ҉Ү ш Н҅҈бТҵʝ<ϵŻrϥ҉Ү тх Н҅҈гТԝÐТҵʝ<ϵŻrϥ҉Ү хНҵͬ уц НҵҜʳ͚ҔҎ ӋӀҟ
ҧ҆#ě͗Ѓ2ҮҶ̓Ʈҵˇ˟̤ҲӉӌʳ͚ҔĂҗ҅ӀҧҰҵΉɺҲҒҏҭӄāҵȂҝҲΑҙұҏɞʳұΟʫƃ˪Ҕ̝ӋŝҚӊӍӀҟҧ҆у

Ȑ˨ҲұӋӀҡҔ҅ȑě͗Ѓ2
ӐϲSҡӌҲҎҧӋ҅̈́ӐƗҟӀҢǞґҭҗҨҝҪҧЃ2ĻҵʸȲ҅ě͗Ѓ2ϲSҵΥǲҲΜ¿ҟΜԝīϷҟҭҝҪҧ/ȭȲ҅ĂĄұӌҜǞǖӐҏ ҧҨ ҏҧ ě2ϴ
G̤ҵʸȲ҅ƅҗΉɺӐũҕ²ҙҭҏҧҨҏҧƾŶΉɺ̤ҵʸȲ҅ҥҟҭЃ2ӐʻӋҚҭҏҧҨҏҧcҭҵ«̤ҵʸȲҲƀғӊŻˏʣҟҚӀҡ҆и

ишиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

ићѶпхъииустщптупучи

иě͗Ѓ2«ͮиǰȑĄěĄěϹииʔěˇ˟˗и͟Ύиŝŗи
˖ҶȑŘ щ Ȉ ус ǰғӊ уу ǰҲғҙҭ͖ӏӍҧ˧ фс Ûǰȑɋαaʬě2ě͗Ѓ2Ҳ«ҝңҭҏҧҨҕӀҟҧ҆#Ûҵě͗Ѓ2Ҷ˖ҔæěҟҭҏӌǰȑĄěҮҵϲSҮҎӋ҅S̤Pүҟҭ«ҝңҭГҗvӃҭҵě2үұӋӀҟҧ҆˖̻ά҅ɋαaʬě2ҵ«̻<ӄvӃҭҮҟҧҵҮ҅үҭӄΗϤұ̅ЬүұӋӀҟҧ҆и
#Û˖Ҕʳ͚ҝңҭГҏҧiĪҶ҅бТυ͔Ы ́ ̭ ̌ ǂ Ⱥ ȱ ҵ ͩ Ƿ Ӑ ʽ ʷ ү ҟ ҧ ҅ ӣ ӕ јѰѺоѳѰѮѨѵѫ ҵȺ̮ͩȘҲϴҡӌӄҵҮҟҧ҆бТυ͔ȺȱҲϴҡӌ˄͢ҶCʇүҟҭǷұʅҔĂҏҧӃ҅ŔҲ̻rҵˇ˟̆ȚӐȲ҇ұͨšғӊĥͧͤҟ҅
KȿӐ͖ҏұҔӊ҅ˇ˟ӐψӃҭҏғұҙӍҷұӋ
Ӏңӑ҆ɋαaʬě2ҮҶȲ҇ұʝʍ˛ӐƱҪҭҒӋ҅ҥӍҦӍҵ_ʝǬҔʐ̻ҵͤʅҮˇ˟Ӑ͖ҪҭҏӀҡ҆ҥҵӉҐұ_ʝǬҲÁҙҭˇ˟ƨȚӐʳ͚ҟƛ͢ӐГҗқүҮ҅ǫҧұͤʅғӊ̻rҵˇ˟Ӑ͢ҫӃұҒҡҔpȕӌ̀ҏȺ2Ҩү̣ґ҅#Ûҵ«ӐЍŔҲ ȯҟӁҲ ҟҭҏ Ӏҟҧ ҆ȑʩҮҶ҅ǾɇǉȭӐ²ҙҭҏҧǣĦҮ҅ĄҵҮʳ͚ӐҡӌүҏҐқүҲþұƝҠҔҟӀҟҧҔ҅ƇҪҧ*Ҳ̎ūҶҟӀңӑҮҟҧ҆ʳ͚Ӑ̃ґҭ҅Ŝҫғҵƛ͢ӆʫÓӐƵҚғҙҭГҕ҅ӆҶӋ̻҅rҨҙҮҶɍҬҗқүҔpȕұғҪҧʅҲҫҏҭ͢ҫӃʾҡқүҔpȕӀҟҧ҆ʳ͚Ӑ̃ґҧŸӄ҅Ƥͦ2ӆ
1ƢǽϳҲȲ҇ұǬҲüӐғҙҭГҕ҅бТ͔ʙȝ́ӐźƛҲҟҭҏӌ_ʝҲ҅ĤЬҮΫҏҭҏҧʅҲҫҏҭʿ΄ҡӌқүҔpȕ҅ȄҲ¿Ř)ҵбТ
υ͔ˇ˟̤ҵǬүӄ˄Ӌ½ҐқүҔpȕӀҟҧ҆и
и #Ûҵě͗Ѓ2ҮҶʳ͚үҶxҲ҅ȑěҮҵϲ
SүҏҐӄҎҪҭ҅όØҲӄϴӏӊңҭГҕӀҟ

ииҧ҆Ȩ®_ʝ҅ʋL_ʝҵǃˎҵӄү҅ғӊɷ
RӐ͖ҏ҅ŭǰӄҏӊҪҟӅӌ_ʝǬҵ²'҅Ғ͇ҵʟƛӆ2ҵψ͖ұҰ҅́ӆғұɍϝӋҔƁ͠ұ%ҔĂҗ҅ě͗Ѓ2ҲҶě2ҵųÏҵ_ʝǬӐҶҠӃүҟҭĂҗҵǬҵφǙү ҔҎҪҭƨӋˢҫӄҵҨүƝҠӀҟҧ҆2Ïҵ_ʝǬҶЍŔҲƅɞҮͦҟӁӆҡҗ҅2ҵόØӄȯҟҗ͖ҐҔpȕӀҟҧ҆қ
ҵɋαaʬě2ҶЍŔҲӓӱӵԇԞԌұЉßɍҮ҅
vӃҭҵ«ҲұӋӀҟҧҔ҅үҭӄļƀèҔӉҗ҅ȕŘҵě͗Ѓ2ӄ ǻЍ«ҟҧ ҏ үŬҗ Ƈҏ Ӏҟҧ҆˖ӄқҵě2ҵ2Ïүҟҭ҅âiāҮĂҗҵƨȚӐǅҚ҅ʸȲӐҎҪүЭғңӌӉҐұƨȚӐʳ͚pȕӌȲҲǰ҇˷ψҟҭҏҕҧҏүƇҏӀҡ҆ŉĄěĄěϹииʝʍΚɶʜ÷˗ěŠи¾μиϘĖи
#Û҅˧ԪԧÛɋαaʬě2ě͗Ѓ2Ҳ«ҝңҭҏҧҨҕ҅үҭӄ}ɿʷұԪǰϳӐύҜҡқүҔ
ҮҕӀҟҧ҆қҵě2Ҷ˖ҲүҪҭvӃҭҵě2Үҟҧ҆ěϚԫŘʝҵǽҲ҅ȭΆǧʳ͚Ӑ̅ЬҟҭҏӀҟҧҔ҅қҵӉҐҲvӃҭҒ2ҏҡӌ_ʝǬӆěʝϏүҵˇ ˟ʳ͚2ҵ ̅ЬҶɄ ҰұғҪ ҧ ҧӃ҅үҭӄΗϤұȺ2ҲұӋӀҟҧ҆и
#Û҅˖Ҷ҈ӣӕ<͚˶ɨ Ҳęæҡӌ͝<ƨrҵȬp҉үҏҐӳԞԊҮ´Кʳ͚ҝңҭҏҧҨҕӀҟ
ҧ҆ˇ˟ĦҲbҪҧҷғӋҵДҲ҅<͚ҶбТʝ<ϵŻҵ˧̒ҮҎӌҲӄғғӏӊҢ҅ҥҵaʬȺȱҶӀҨǷˊҲұҪҭҏұҏүҏҐҒʹӐ̥ҏҭ̾
ÉӐǂҪҧқүғӊ҅қҵӳԞԊӐϔӑҮқӍӀҮĤЬӐ͖ҪҭҕӀҟҧ҆ӴԞӮҔpĐӃӌү҅ǳҏҐҩҲě2ʳ͚Ӑ̅ЬҟҭҒҕҧҏүƇҐӉҐҲұӋ҅_ʝҲʣҟpҭ҅қҵɋαaʬě2Ҳ«ҝңҭҏҧ
ҨҗқүҔɑӀӋӀҟҧ҆ŭǰҶ҅"Ү˔Ńғӊ2òӀҮÁғҏұҔӊĞұɍǂҩҮҏҪ ҸҏҮҟҧ҆ҥҟҭ҅ʳ͚ҵЖʩҔȕӌӀҮ҅¿ )ҵěʝҔð҇үʳ͚ҟҭҏӌēӐ͢ұҔӊ҅˖ӄ̻JӐӄҪҭʳ͚ӐҟӉҐ҅үƇҪҭҏӀҟҧ҆ҟғҟ҅ҏҞȑʩҲұӌү҅̎ūҟ҅üҔЋґҭɵΦҵҏҗʳ͚ӐҡӌқүҔpȕӀңӑҮҟҧ҆ҥҵ҅ǾɇүʪұӌͧʅғӊҵΟÓҲİҟҭƮҗλ˪ҡӌқүҔpȕҢ҅ƑҟҏƇҏӐҟӀҟҧ҆ҥӍҮӄ҅_ʝǬғӊĂщиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

иићѶпхъииустщптупучи

иҗҵӓӶӼӕөӐГҙҧқүғӊ҅҈Ƒҟҏ҉ҨҙҮ̃ӏӌҵҮҶұҗ҅ͤϥӐŝҚҭ#Ÿҵˇ˟ӐӉӋ̀ҏӄҵҲҟҭҏқҐүƇҏӐǂҩӀҟҧ҆и
Ӏҧ҅&ҵ«̤ҵʳ͚Ӑ̥ҏҧӋ҅ɟҟҧӋҡӌқүҔpȕҧҵӄΗϤұ̅ЬҮҟҧ҆Ǿɇ҅бТaʬҲϴҡӌˇ˟ʳ͚Ӑ̥ҏҧӋ҅ΆǧӐͿӑҨӋҡӌқүҔɄҰұҵҮ҅ȧʹʍҒӉҺ˯Φʍҵʝ<ϵŻ҅ӾӵӆԊӖө*āҵÐТӆгТҵ
aʬȺȱҲϴҡӌˇ˟iĪҶЍŔҲ̾ÉɩҏӄҵҮҟҧ҆Ӏҧ҅˿Ȁӊҟҏʳ͚Ӑ̥ғңҭҏҧҨҗ
Ү҅ĂҗҵěһҽҕʅӐ͢ҫҙӀҟҧ҆ԃԘӬԛӳԞӧԓԛҵ%ǬҨҙҮұҗ҅өԕӕӶҵ?ӋǬҒӉҺΟÓҼҵ˪ґǬұҰҲҒҏҭ҅«̣ҲұӌʅҔҧҗҝӑҎӋ̻҅rҵʳ͚ӐӄҪүǟÔҟҭҏҕҧҏүƇҏӀҟҧ҆ҝӊҲ҅ɟ2ҮҶ¢ûӐʽǃҟҭҒӊӍӌ
ěʝҝӑүҒʹҟҡӌȺ2ҔҎӋ҅ҥҵˇ˟ēҲҶүҭӄ}ɿӐ²ҙӀҟҧ҆и
˖ҶқҵԪǰϳҮǾɇҵĄěʝɞҨҙҮҶźӊӍұҏ}ɿӐ²ҙӌқүҔpȕӀҟҧ҆#Ÿ҅қҵ̅ЬӐ̻rҵƨϯҲ̛Қ҅Ӏҧ«ҝңҭҏҧҨҗ
Ⱥ2ҔҎӋӀҟҧӊ҅ƨϯҟҧēӐ͢ңӊӍӌӉҐҲ
ИūҪҭҏҕҧҏүƇҪҭҏӀҡ҆и ϣĄěииɥɛʝË˗ěϚиХłиĴиии и ǰȑɋαaʬě2ě͗Ѓ2Ҳ«ҝңҭҏҧҨ

иҔʩ̎ūҟӀҟҧ҆қӑұΟÓȕӌғұԵү̣ґҭҏҧқүҶ=ӄ̥ғӍҢ҅ϐҪҧͨšғӊҵΟÓҲƟҭ̥҅ғӍҭҏӌқүүҶϐҐͩϢӐҟҭҟӀҏ
ҐӀҗ˪ґӌқүҔҮҕӀңӑҮҟҧ҆қҵӉҐұòҮҕҩӑүλ˪ҮҕұғҪҧқүҶƑӆӀӍӀҡҔ҅
ΟÓү¿ǽҲĂҗҵӓӶӼӕөӐГҕӀҟҧ҆ĂҗҵrϥҲǙӏӌǬ҇ғӊҵƛ͢Ҷүҭӄ«̣ҲұӋӀҟҧ҆ě2Ҕ̃ӏҪҭғӊ҅ĤЬҵǬəӐkȬͭҟҧӋ҅ǫҧҲĤЬӐґҧӋү#ӀҮ*ҲϖψҟҭҒӋӀҡ҆қҵ̅ЬҶ´Кʳ͚Ҳ«ҟҧғӊқ
ҥźӌқүҔҮҕҧүƝҠҭҒӋӀҡ҆ии и Ăҗҵʳ͚Ӑ̦ΉҡӌқүҔҮҕҧқүӄ̀ҏ̅ЬҨүƝҠӀҟҧ҆ěāҮ͖ӏӍҭҏӌˇ˟Ӑ˄ӌқүҔҮҕӌȺ2Ҷě2*āҲҎӀӋұҏҵҮ҅Ұ
ҵʳ͚ӄүҭӄǫвҮҟҧ҆ӀҢ҅ȧʹʍҵӫӱӧԓԛҔҎҪҧқүҲЭҕӀҟҧ҆˖ҶӖӸҵˇ˟ӐҟҭҒӋ҅ˇ˟ĦiҲҶӷԊӣӐƱҪҭҏӌǬӄҏӀ
ҡҔ҅#ӀҮȧʹʍӐƱҐˇ˟ҶүҭӄķұҏүƝҠҭҏӀҟҧ҆ҟғҟ#Ûҵě͗Ѓ2ҮӖӸ*āҵȧʹʍӐƱҪҭҏӌʳ͚Ӑ̥җқүҔҮҕүҭӄ
ĕҟҗƇҏӀҟҧ҆Ӏҧ҅ȧʹʍҲϸӊҢ҅Ăҗҵʳ͚Ӑ̥ҕ҅#ӀҮͪӍҭҕҭҏұҏӉҐұʝʍӆĤЬǬəұҰ҅ǫҧҲ˄ӍҧқүӄĂҗ҅үҭӄЃ
ҟҭ̥җқүҔҮҕӀҟҧ҆´Кʳ͚­ҺĂҗҵʳ͚Ӑ̦ΉҮҕҧқүҶүҭӄΗϤұ̅ЬҮҎӋ҅ĕҟҗƇҪҭҒӋӀҡ҆и
Ƥͦ2ӄ«ҝңҭҏҧҨҕӀҟҧ҆ҒϞӐӏҟұҔӊ҅&Ąěҵěʝүˇ˟iĪҲҫҏҭҨҙҮ
ұҗ҅Ғҏҵˇ˟Ħҵʹӆ1ӁҵǰҶұҰ&Ɯӄ
ұҏ2ʹӄҮҕҭүҭӄԖԕӱӟөҮҕӀҟҧ҆Ӏҧ҅
_ʝǬғӊӄʾǎƛ͢ӐГҗқүҔҮҕ҅ěʝҵˇ˟Ҳİҟҭӄ̾ÉӐǂҪҭӓӶӼӕөӐҏҧҨҙҧқ
үҲүҭӄƝҟӀҟҧ҆қӑұҲÌɍҎҏҎҏүɟҮҕӌүƇҪҭҏұғҪҧҵҮЭҕӀҟҧҔ̻҅r
Ҽҵ}ɿҲұӌқүӄҧҗҝӑҎӋÄ°Үҕҧқүӄ
Ăҗ҅үҭӄ̀ҏǽϳӐύҜңҧүƝҠҭҒӋӀҡ҆и
#Ûɋαaʬě2ҮҶĂҗҵқүӐěһқүҔҮ
ҕ҅«ҟҭӉғҪҧүƀғӊƇҪҭҏӀҡ҆#Ûźҧ̅ЬӐɞғҟҭ҅ҝӊұӌƨϯӐàҪҭҏҕҧҏҮ
ҡ҆ҎӋҔүҐҜҞҏӀҟҧ҆и

ҕ҅ĂҗҵқүҔěҽҧүƝҠҭҒӋӀҡ҆˖Ҷ̿ΉɺҮ҅ӖӸҵnЃ˿Ҳҫҏҭʳ͚ҝңҭГҕӀҟ
ҧ҆ě2Үҵʳ͚ҶvӃҭҵ̅ЬҮ҅Ǿɇˇ˟ĦҮ͖ҪҭҏӌӬԋʳ͚үҶʪұӌөԕӕӶ?Ӌ҅¨˝?ӋҲÚ̈́d̈́ҟӀҟҧ҆Ӏҧ҅aʬҵӘӝөӽԞӵҵǬ҇ҔЃӀҪҭҏӌ Үҵʳ͚Ү̻҅rҵʩҔ̃ӏӌӀҮҶүҭӄ ̎ū ҟҭҏ ҧ ҵӐͥґҭҏ Ӏҡ҆ʳ͚ǽϳҶҎҪүҏҐϳҲύҖªӋ҅Οʫƃ˪иъиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

ићѶпхъииустщптупучиии

²Ξ̤ғӊи

µʠ\˕ΆǧΞӐ²Ξҟҭи˔ˀˢĄěиɥɛʝʍΚɶěϚиĶЯиȁии қҵšҶқҵӉҐұĄþȡͷҎӌµʠ\˕ΆǧΞӐҜǉҏҧҨҕӀҟҭ҅ͽҲҎӋҔүҐҜҞҏӀҡ҆
Ξҵϔ̣ҲǙӏҪҭҗҨҝҪҧϔ̣đÏҵ_ʝǬ҅2ϯҵ ͟_ʝ҅ě͗Ѓ2ϯҵȨ®_ʝ҅ǢµʠƐ̟ĖÀͷ2ϯҲ §җŻˏʣҟҚӀҡ҆ии ȑˇ˟ҵİΐҶčôîʙүÊҷӍӌМ˵ʙҵ т ˛ҲұӋӀҡ҆қҵ
̭́ҶÐТҲҒҏҭīʝ͒Ҳİҡӌaʬƃ˪ӆӓԘ ԗӞԞӐÃӂ˛҇ҵʭƒҲϴӏӌʵ͔ʙүҟҭ҅κŘɚʽҝӍҭҒ ӋӀҡ҆ҟғҟ҅
ȮӃҭԘӓұ̭́ЃÝҮҎӌқүғ
ӊ҅тфс Ř*ғӊҥҵęæӐ͢pҝӍҭҏҧӄҵҵ҅ϯŘҥҵȺ̮Ҳ ҫҏҭҶǷӊғҲ ҝӍҢǰϼ̤ҵęæҮҟҧ҆ŭʇұҔӊ҅қҵӉҐ
ұ̅̕Ӑǂҫʵ͔ʙҮҡҵҮ҅ÐТӐϺҗ ̰ȫʍҲҒ ҏ ҭҥҵͶ́ұȺ̮ҲҫҏҭҶҾүӑҰǷӊғҲҝӍҭҒӋӀңӑҮҟҧ҆и
ҥқҮ҅҈ѡѬѳѬѶѹѺи ѩѨѹѶѷѯѰѳѹи ѯѨѼѬи
іѮњоѫѬѷѬѵѫѬѵѺи Ѩѵѫи ѫѻѨѳи іѮоѰѵѫѬо
ѷѬѵѫѬѵѺи ѫѬѮѸѨѵѻѳѨѺѰѶѵи ѹѿѹѺѬѴѹпи їиіѴѴѻѵѶѳп ниустщниуссыиушчшоушшч҉Ү

ӳԞԊҵӾԛӵҲұӍҷҏҏұүĐӃҭӁҧˇ˟Үҟҧ҆ҥӍҔқҵӉ
ҐұȡͷҎӌΞӐГҙӌӀҮҲ̪ҫүҶ҅ҥҵǽҶҎӀӋ̣ґҭҒӋӀ
ңӑҮҟҧԝԝԝ҆иȑˇ˟ҮҶ҅ӀҢ҅ӵԕԁӠҵ͔ɨғӊčôîʙҵ˷͞ǬəҵˊˢӐ͖ҏ҅ӵԕԁӠčôîʙҵ̭́ěʷʎſҲҫҏҭ΃ҽӌқүҲҟӀҟ
ҧ҆ӵԕԁӠčôîʙҶĄéҮЌ̀ҵМ˵үĶéҮΠ̀ҵМ˵Ӑǂҩ҅ұҒғҫÐТҵčôîʙ¿Ȳ҅ӵԗӕӨԛԂԗԞҲİҡӌԍӮӟԙԊӨԞ҅čôîʙҵrҲϴӏӌίlÜĖ ѐрђяѝα ҵʳʘүҏҪҧ̭́ěʷʎſӐǂҪҭҏӀҟҧ҆čôîʙҶ˛҇ҵ}ɿҲ İҟҭ̱҅М˵ҲӉӋ̻άҵǂҫМ˵ӐǠpҟ҅aʬƃ˪ҵ΃˯Ӑ͖ҪҭҏӀҡ҆ҥ
қҮ҅ȑˇ˟ҮҶ̱М˵Ҳ˂ʽҟ҅ӵԕԁӠ čôîʙҵaʬěʷȺ̮ҵͩǷӐͳӁӀҟҧ ҆ÐТҵčôîʙҶƶ¨ʎʪʷԝЍʎʪʷұ̱М˵ȺȱӐǂҪҭҒӋӀҡҔ҅іѮђ ӆ іѮє ӐǂҧұҏбТҮҶ҅čôîʙҶ іѮњ Ҽҵ̆½̮Ӑǂҩ҅қӍӊҵȜȹҲ ӉҪ ҭ¥ŢҲ̱М˵ҔʝҠӀҟҧ҆ǬҮ҅ƶ¨Ѝʎʪʷұ}ɿӐ²ҙӌү҅̾ÉɩҏқүҲ ӵԕԁӠ čôîʙҶ}ɿҵ˛ТҲӉҪҭʪұӌƃ˪Ӑ΢қҟӀҟҧ҆
ӽӽӕԛҲӉӌ}ɿҮҶ҅ӾөӮԋԛӐÃӂΠ̀ҵМ˵Ҕ̱М˵ҡӌүfҲȲ҇ұʵ͔ʙҵϋΡӐͻĵҟӀҟҧ҆ӝӰԛҵ}ɿҮҶĄéҮЌ̀ҵМ˵Ҕ̱М˵ҟ҅ѐёхԣѡ ̭́ҵϋΡҔͻĵҝӍӀҟҧ҆ҝӊҲ҅ӵ
ԕԁӠčôîʙҶ њѕѐиѪѳѨѹѹиіі ӐƌŔʷҲʳʘҡӌүүӄҲ҅·ɸƊƶ¨Ӑ±Ӌθӂү̭͚҅́ЎҼҵ яшоѕтрёѐ ҵʳʘҔͻĵҝӍҧқүғ
ӊ҅ӵԕԁӠčôîʙӄÐТҵčôîʙ¿Ȳ҅ƶ¨ǒˎ̭́үҟҭȺ̮ҡӌ·̮ƊҔˎҝӍӀҟҧ҆и
*ҵқүғӊ҅бТčôîʙҶіѮњ Ӑ$ҟҧƶ¨ʎʪʷұ̱М˵ȺȱҒӉҺ у ˛Тҵƶ¨Ѝʎʪʷұ̱М˵ȺȱӐǂҪҭҒӋ҅қӍҲӉ
Ҫҭaʬƃ˪Ӑ΃˯ҡӌүүӄҲ҅ƶ¨ǒˎҲӉҪҭʕźaʬҲϴҟҭҏӌ·̮ƊҔ͢ґҭҕӀҟҧ҆
ҝӊҲ҅ӵԕԁӠčôîʙҮҶ іѮњ ҵҶ͔҅ ҲčôîʙҔΏĭҲęæҡӌӵԕԁӠ ӐԎ ӴԗүҟҭбТčôîʙҵaʬěʷȺ̮ҵͩǷҲӓԃԙԞӰҟ̰҅ȫʍҲҒҙӌčôîʙҵψʷ΢ɶҲҫҏҭ̣ĮҟӀҟҧ҆ҟғҟ҅ĤҵүқӎӐͫҏӀҡү҅қҵˇ˟ӐĐӃӌҲ̼Ҫҧ̅̕Ҷ҅˔ˀˢĄěɥɛʝʍŊěˇ˟ĦҵěʝҝӑҔčôîʙӊҟҕ̭́Ҕ±ӍҥҐүɍҬҏҧҵҔҕи ҪғҙҲұӋ҅˖Ҕ=ғЎʵҏˇ˟тсиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

ићѶпхъииустщптупучи

ȜȹҲӉӋ̱М˵Ӑ΢қҡқүғ
ӊ҅čôîʙҵƶ¨ʎʪʷұ̱М˵ȺȱҶ іѮђ ӆ іѮє ҵpʘҲ_ˢҩ҅бТҮҡҮҲʕźҝӍҭҏҧқү Ҕ ˎÑ ҝӍ Ӏ ҟҧ ҆қ ҵқ ү Ҷ҅іѮђ Ӑ$ҡӌӾӵҲ і éӓԘԗӞԞҵи΢ɶҲҫҏҭ`ӐŭҭӌӄҵҮҶұ
ҏғү̣ґҭҒӋӀҡ҆и

ҟҧɥɛʝʍŊěˇ˟ĦҵӁұҝӀҲɩҗƝΊʣҟҚӀҡ҆ʘæ҅˖Ҷˇ˟ҵʘòғӊЇӍҭҟӀҪҭ
ҏӀҡҔ҅ě͗Ѓ2ҲҶҮҕӌϸӋи«ҟҭҏҕҧҏүƇҪҭҒӋӀҡ
ҵҮ҅#ŸүӄҰҐҦӉӎҟҗҒСҏ
ʣҟҚӀҡ҆

ииȇŸҲұӋӀҡҔ҅қҵˇ˟ҵω͖ҲҎҧӋӀҟҭĂҗҵҜǃĵҜЏǜҏҧ Ҩ ҕӀҟҧ ˔ˀˢĄěҵħ¸HǷ_ʝ҅ȐɀŪˣ_ʝ҅ȗĄěҵϫȎ΍_ʝ҅ɎʞĄěȢҵκ͑ǶÌ_ʝҲ ɩҗƝΊʣҟҚӀҡ҆Ӏҧ҅ĂҗҵҜ ӐГҕӀµʠĊΞи²ΞҵŻˏи˔ˀˢĄěиɥɛʝʍΚɶěϚиʂɾиǧЂии ˧ԪԧÛě͗Ѓ2Ҳҭ҅҈ӸӨԊөіѮѡ ҲӉӌ˶̸Ўҵʮ¨<ƝȝҒӉҺŔǽ͉³ҵ{Ż҉үНҟҭ͖Ҫҧ ´Кʳ͚Ҳ İҟҭ҅ǰȑɋαaʬě2и µʠĊΞӐǉҟҭҏҧҨҕ҅Ąþ`ȡҲęҠӀҡ҆ȑ²ΞҲЀҟҭ҅ǰȑɋαaʬě22ϯҵ ͟ʈř_ʝ҅ě͗Ѓ2ϯҵȨ®ƄǺ_ʝ҅ϔ̣đÏҵ_ʝǬҒӉҺĄ2Ļҵ_ʝǬҲ§җŻˏʣҟҚӀҡ҆ҥҟҭ҅˿Ȁӊҟҏě͗Ѓ2ӐόØҟҭҏҧ Ҩҏ ҧě͗Ѓ2ĻϯҵʋLǧů_ʝ҅2ÏҵʸҝӀҒӉҺǰȑĄěҵěʝҵǬ҇ҲƝΊҏҧҟӀҡ҆Ӏҧ҅
µʠĊΞҵ̤ͯҮҎӋӀҡǢµʠƐ̟ĖÀͷ2ϯҲɩΊʣҟ
ҚӀҡ҆и

и

и и Ӏҧ҅қҵšҶɋαaʬě2ҵţԝ2ͬҵ͝ųÏӐ+ңҫғӋӀҟҧ҆ɋαaʬě2ҵĻҔ˔  ˀ ˢĄ ě ҮҎ Ӌ ҅қ Ӎ Ӏ Үţԝ2ͬӐȐɀŪˣ_ʝҔ"ҮsӋʻӋҝӍҭҕӀҟҧ҆#ŸҶ҅ě
2όØҲ ҫҏҭěһүfҲ ҅#*Ҳɋαaʬě2ҔʻӋҔҪҭҏҙӌӉҐĹ ̽ҟӀҡҵҮ҅ʸȲӉӎҟҗҒСҏҏҧҟӀҡ҆ии ҝҭ҅˖Ҷ҅#ŘšԡԩԧԨԯŘšԢғӊ ˔ˀˢĄěҲ ˂.ҟӀҟҧҔ҅ԩԧԨԨŘғӊԩԧԨԯŘԪȈӀҮҶ҅ӓԍԖӛԝԆԛӧԗԅӸӓĄěҵёѸпи ќѸѰѶѳи ѠѻѵѿѬѸ ҵҮ҅¢ûˇ˟Ïүҟҭˇ˟Ӑ͖ҪҭҕӀҟҧ ҆ŭǽғӊ ќѸѰѶѳ ҵˇ˟ĦҶ҅бТҵ я̭́ҔΔФɞƊӐǂҫқүӆ҅бТ
ʎȉҵaʬӠԙԂԖԛӓӕӭӮӕԃҮҎӌ іѮѡ Ӑʳʘҡӌ я ̭́Ӑ¿ġҟ҅ԩԧԧԭŘүԩԧԨԧŘҲ ћѨѺѻѸѬиіѴ
ѴѻѵѶѳѶѮѿ ͸Ҳʳ͚ҡӌұҰ҅бТ
aʬěҒӉҺɋαaʬěҵrϥҮҶƷҕӑpҧˇ˟ĦҵҫҮҟҧ҆
ҩұӁҲ҅ёѸпи ќѸѰѶѳ Ҷ҅ԩԧԧ԰ŘҲǰȑĄěҮ͖ӏӍҧ˧ ут Ûě͗Ѓ

2Ҳ«ҟ҅бТ я ̭́ҵΔФɞƊҲҫҏҭʎxΉɺӐ͖ҪҭҒӋ҅
̗ҵҎӌě͗Ѓ2ҲҒҙӌ˖ҵ²ΞӐĄþÖӑҮҏҧҨҙӀҟҧԡŭǽҵ їюёѐіићѬѽѹийфхиѷпттԡѯѺѺѷырр
ѷѳѨҀѨпѻѴѰѵпѨѨпѱѷрҁѱѨѫѪѰрѸѬѹѶѻѸѪѬѹр
ссуфофхѧусусоѫѬѪпѷѫѭԢҲ҅#үþӏӊҳ]ɍұēҔlҪҭҏӀҡԢ҆ии іѮѡ үҶ̥ҕұӍұҏƶ<ғӄҟӍӀңӑҔ҅іѮѡԡӄҟҗҶ іѮѦԢҶ҅ԩԧԧԬŘҲӬԂԕԁӔӱӧ ԑ҅ӸӨ ԊөҒӉҺԁӠҮˢҭ̋ҙҲʳ͢ҝӍҧбТҵaʬӠ ԙԂԖԛҮҡ҆ҥ ҟҭ҅ԩԧԨԧŘҲ ќѸѰѶѳ ҵӠԗԞԃҲӉҪҭ҅ȼҵҔrғҪҭȕӀҟҧ҆иктли іѮѡми я ̭́Ҷ іѮњмріѮёми я ̭́үҶʪұӌ я ̭́ЃÝҮҎӋ̲̹҅ӆ̳̹Ҳɋҽҭ̵҅˭̜̄ҲĂҗrŏҟҭҏӌ҆и

ттиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

ићѶпхъииустщптупучи

ииикулиіѮѡ ҶÐТҵ іѮю ҵӉҐҲ іѮѡҶ̵˭ҵ˶ɨ ҮҶĂϦ<ҮęæҡӌҵҲİҟҭ͔҅ɫ ҮҶ¡Ϧ<Үęæҡӌ҆и
кфли іѮѡ Ҷ̵˭ҵŔǽ͉³ӐӣԞӵҟҭҏӌ ƀʷұƶ<ҮҎӌ҆и
кхли ̵ ˭ Ҳ ī ʝ ҡ ӌ ѐѬѸѨѺѶѵѶѼѨи
ѹѯѨѹѺѨ ҵƝȝбҮҶ̵˭ҲĂҗҵіѮѡми я ̭́ҔЃ˞ҟ҅ѐпи ѹѯѨѹѺѨ ʎʪʷұ іѮѡ Ҕ̵˭˶ɨ ҲrɘҝӍҭҏӌ҆и
*ғӊ҅іѮѡ Ҷ˶̸aʬҲɩҗϴҟҭҒӋ҅ÐТҵ іѮю үȺ̮ʷҲ¿ȲұaʬӠԙԂԖԛҮҎӌқүҔrғҪ ҭҕӀҟҧ҆ҝӊҲ ҅іѮѡҶ҅ӸӨԊөҵ̵˭ҵӁҮұҗ҅ʹ̷ӆӘԕҲҒҏҭӄ҅¿ȲұUҕӐ
ǂҫқүӄǷӊғҲұҪҭҕӀҟҧ҆ии ˖Ҕ ќѸѰѶѳ ҵˇ˟ĦҲƬŀҟҭҏҧЀҵˇ˟ӳԞԊҶ҅ӸӨԊөҵԄ
ԗӽԞѡ ̭́ҵ¿ġү іѮѡия ̭́ҵȺ̮ͩȘҮҎ Ӌ҅#Ûҵě͗Ѓ2Үʳ͚ҏҧҟӀҟҧԩɺНҶ҅қӍ
ӊˇ˟ҵƨȚҮҡ҆ҥҵҐҩ҅іѮѡмия ̭́ҵȺ̮ͩȘҵˇ˟Ҷ҅ŭvҶӘԕҲҒҙӌ іѮѡ ҵȺ̮ͩȘӐ͖ҪҭҏӀҟҧ҆ҟғҟ҅ќѸѰѶѳ ҔӠԕԛӵʣ΅ҵҧӃҵӳԞԊӐ̣ґҭҏӌЀҲ҅ˡĎ іѮѡмия ̭́Ӑ ёѬѷѳѬѺѰѶѵ
ҝңӌҦ҅үƛɍθӑҮͫҪҭҕҧ
ҵӐ҅#ҮӄͥґҭҏӀҡ҆ŭǽҶӀҧʆʚЈНӐƺҟ'ҙҭҕҧӄҵ
ҨүƇҪҭҏӀҟҧҔ҅όӉҗǯęҵԎӺӟԙԞӷԗƶ<үӸӨԊө͔ɫӐ̄Ӂ½ӏңӌқ үҲӉӋ҅ҾүӑҰҵ іѮѡмия ̭́ӐțɬҝңӌқүҔ
Үҕ͔҅ɫӆ˶ɨ ҵ іѮѡ ʁšӐɮķҝңӌқүҔ·̮ұ˹ӐˊˢҡӌқүҔpȕӀҟҧ҆ии ҥқҮ҅қҵ˹Ӑʟҏҭ҅˶̸ЎҲҒҙӌʮ¨<ҲİҡӌƝȝϵŻҒӉҺŔǽ͉³ҵӼԕԛө̌ǂҵҧӃҵ іѮѡ ҵųҲҫҏҭȬͭҟҭҏҕӀҟҧ҆ҥҵ̆Ț҅<͚Ҳīʝҡӌʵʅ͒ҵƝȝĤЬҲ Ғҏ ҭ҅іѮѡми я ̭́ӐțɬҝңҧӸӨԊө
Ҷ҅İʈбҲɋҽҭӉӋЯҏɃʖ­Һʮ¨<ҵƝȝϦӐˎҝӍӀҟҧ҆ҝӊҲ҅іѮѡми я ̭́țɬӸӨԊөҮҶ҅Әԕ̜̄ҲҒҙӌŔǽ͉³ҵȱƨҔȉƛҲþҟҭҏӌқү
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Ӏҟҧ҆ʘæ҅іѮѡ ҔӣԞӵҟҭҏӌ
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ǬҮ҅іѮѡ Ҷīʝ͒Ɲȝӆ˶̸aʬƃ˪ҵϤ͠ұÜĖҮҎ ӌҧ Ӄ҅īʝ͒ҲİҡӌԚӟӰԛӆ˶̸ԚӟӰԛҵӮԞӢӱӵүҟҭ҅қӍғӊӄ
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ҔҮҕӀҟҧԡlˁхԢԡǰȑҵ_ʝǬӄȃғҗƃǖҟҭҗҨҝҏӀҟ
ҧԢ҆̎ūү̾ċҮǪʋʷҲҟғƇҏpңұҏҵҮҡҔ҅үҭӄȯҟҗ҅^ĤҟҧǽϳӐύҜҡқүҔҮҕҧ
үƝҠҭҒӋӀҡ҆ии ˖Ҕʳ͚ҟҧԉөӮԞӫӱӧԓԛҶ
ě2ȇ̃ǰҵǰҮ҅ӥԛӮԁӗҲz˂ҟҧǰғӊҢҪү̎ūҟ̋ҙҭҏӀҟҧ҆ʳ͚Ÿ҅ӓԞӵӞԏԕԖԞҮ͖ӏӍҧєѨѳѨи ёѰѵѵѬѸҮЦӑҨӿԞԗҶүҭӄүҭӄ̟ÉҟғҪҧ үlˁԪԱӓԞӵ?ÍҔ һŝò҆УҔÅҗүӟԗӟԗҡӌ?ÍҔҏҧӌүқӎҲ҆и

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ићѶпхъииустщптупучиии̻rҵȏʉҝӐʰƝҝңӊӍӌǮҮӄҎӋӀҟҧ҆үҗҲͼě ҔďҚҲұӋ҅ˇ˟ҵȑΟҮұҏүқӎҮ̻҅rҵˇ˟iĪӆ̣ґӐ3ґӌȺ2
ӐćҪҧӋ҅ǫҧұ˄΋ӐÄ°ҟҧ
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ҧ_ʝǬ҅үӄҲˇ˟Ҳӂˇ˟ĦҵʸȲҲ ҶƀӉӋƝΊʣҟҚӀ
ҡ҆#ŸүӄұҒŁҵҜǃĵ҅ҜЏǜӐΝӋӀҡӉҐĢҟҗҒСҏʣҟҚӀҡ҆ ии #Û҅іѠёѐіҲ«ҟҭύҜҟҧǽϳҡҽҭҔ˖ҲүҪҭғҙҔґҵұ
ҏӄҵүұӋӀҟҧ҆âЀě2Үʳ͚ҟҧ̅ЬҶ҅#Ÿҵ˖ҲүҪҭĄҕұǞґүұҪҭҗӍӌҶҢҮҡ҆ʦ ҵˇ˟̤үɟҡӌ Ү҅ɋαaʬěˇ˟ҵŕŝҝ҅ЎʵҝӐǟӃҭƝҠӌқүҔҮҕӀҟҧ҆Ǭ҅lˁԬԱ®"ҧҩүȯҟҗҜХ҆͘ҲҎӌԘөӵԕԛҵҾүӑҰҶԍӝӧӣǨʚľ҆иŝñғӊҵҒСҏии ŝñҮҶ҅2ÏҵʸȲғӊҵ JADCI News ҼҵҜī˝ӐЃҟҭҒӋӀҡԟи ĤЬʍҵ̂$ӆ҅ĤЬƮəҵҩӈҪүҟҧӣӲҵ̂$Ҷ҅ԘӞԑԕԞӣԛӳԛӲүҟҭ̊̋ҡ҆ʸҝӀҵҜī˝ӐҒŶҩҏҧҟҭҒӋӀҡ҆

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ићѶпхъииустщптупучииии ˧ԪԨÛě͗Ѓ2ϯғӊҵҜǆǁииииǰȑɋαaʬě2и˧ԪԨÛě͗Ѓ2ҵҒ˄ӊңиԡ˧ԪԧÛǰȑʝ<ϵŻě2ě͗̏2үҵ½¿Ѓ2ԢиŉĄěĄěϹиʚěˇ˟Ϲи
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ићѶпхъииустщптупучиииWhy Comparative Immunology
A Brief Essay
Edwin L. Cooper, Ph.D., Sc.D.
Distinguished Professor
Founding Editor-in Chief, DCI, eCAM
Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology
Department of Neurobiology
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
University of California, Los Angels

Remembering Boyhood Encounters
I remember well what happened! Already fascinated with rapidly moving ants in anindestructible line. They recognize each other!
If anything foreign is introduced into their wellworn path, it is promptly examined and disposedof. Polite nurse ants clean up the debris. It waseasy to visualize certain important features innature. Recognition of certain behaviors piqued
my interest early where I could leave my homeand convene in nature -- check what available
colonies of ants were doing. Were bees equallybusy with their tastes of sampling flowers simultaneously and conveniently attacking any foreign intruder? Actually my fascination at an
early age with elements of behavior were essential to an inquiring mind. First, there was my insistence to record immediately perhaps not by
pencil and paper but mentally. During the earliest days of beginning visions of comparative immunology, I realized that to implement my musings -- It was time to seize the moment. Afterall, other disciplines treated many diverse subjects from a comparative viewpoint was realistic,necessary and valuable to adequately explain
existence.
What happened in 1988

и

Why Japan as a center for comparative
immunology? Perhaps an unnecessary and unambiguous question? After all Japan, an ancient center of culture, would seem to be thenatural place to launch and expand a new idea.
And what was the idea? Was there promise of
relevant approaches, both technical and creative? What else was required in order to organ-

ize defined characteristics and provide the essential features of an international emerging
concept? First reaction to this proposal: excellent, on the mark, ready to proceed, all systems
go! With this enthusiasm our efforts were productive.
Immunology became the central target
around which to embrace, to be nurtured andwith a quick opening of approaches, enthusiasm
for a fresh examination, the idea of comparative
immunology for Japan was born. This fertile idea
was easy to implement! There were no administrative hurdles, no conceptual barriers to prevent
implementation. And so in 1988 and beyond resulting from pockets and patches our discipline
was born first from numerous friendships theidea of expansion rapidly became no longer a
fanciful idea. It was real. There was even noneed for elaborate discussions. I was able tomove to implement and establish with the greatest of ease my sincere desire, my wish, my fertile
idea. Expanding comparative immunology to include Japan as a serious academic incubator,
one that hatched as an infant bird or fish, amphibian, reptile, a vibrant living organism, only inneed of periodic feeding, watering and appropriate attention, yielding a strong, formidable organism of substantial strength and influence.
This is the enthusiasm that I felt without
any hindrance in 1988 while accepting a prestigious award from the Japan Society for Promotionof Science, related somewhat to the Japan Prize.
The journal DCI (Developmental and Comparative Immunology) was already flourishing, observing its 10th anniversary so on firm ground, it
seemed potentially unproductive to delay any
approaches that held great promise for establishing a successor to DCI journal promised inтчиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

ићѶпхъииустщптупучи

и

и
и

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үӄҲlˁҵȇu1977. An editorial board was appointed and intact so there was no need to implement tediousformalities concerning membership. Whateverideas that had already begun simple incubationneeded only a quick implementation in order to
move, to establish, proceed, unimpeded by whatsometimes are formidable hurdles, sometimes
unproductive with respect to implementation.
We moved rapidly with accuracy and intentional
fairness as we proceeded to higher and evenhigher heights! No initiative was too difficult toimplement, every idea was pushed to its creative limit, fostering the rapid implementation ofideas with ease and no fury. The fertile soils of
academic and scholarly creativity continued to
expand in several directions and in so doing incubating and ultimately hatching academic offspring worthy of recognition took the form of
published focused volumes, journals and ultimately academic books worthy of note.

иĆҔ ѐѶѶѷѬѸ ¢ûиAdvances in Comparative Immunology
This first revision of Comparative Immunology is an exciting contribution. Boyhood observations (e.g. ants on a well-worn trail always
attacked non-members) have been transformed
into important real world concepts (e.g. ants recognize self / not self, a cardinal principle of immune competence). Early hunches are now
channeled into tangible events. As a discipline, comparative immunology is an offshoot of
the parent field, immunology, and is an amalgamof immunology and zoology. Comparative immunology has gained wide acceptance in the biological sciences. All animals from protozoans tohumans have solved the threat of extinction by
evolving an immune-defense strategy that ensures the capacity to react against foreign microorganisms and cancers that disturb the homeostatic self. Invertebrate-type innate immune responses evolved first and they characterize theтшиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

ићѶпхъииустщптупучи

и metazoans. These rapid natural responses act
immediately and are often essential for the oc-и currence of slower, more specific,
иadaptive vertebrate-type immune responses. As components of the innate immune system, there is anemphasis on several major steps in the evolutionary process: (i) recognition; (ii) the phagocytic cell; and (iii) the natural killer cell. We now
know that some invertebrate and vertebrate mediators are homologous.
Because of its evolutionary success, innate immunity is no longer considered primarily
a stopgap measure, a temporary expedient forhost defense; it is ubiquitous and omnipresent.
There seems to be an absence of genetic-recombination mechanisms to generate specificity
or 'memory,' because first and second exposures to a microbial substance elicit similar responses; yet there are exceptions. Acquired immunity first appeared in vertebrate animals including humans. When they evolved, beginningwith fish, thymus-controlled T cells appeared, as
did bone marrow-derived B cells (first found inanuran amphibians with long bones crucial inmetamorphosis). These were precursors ofplasma cells that synthesize and secrete antibodies. Confirming the concept of self / nonself, invertebrates possess natural, non-adaptive, innate, non-clonal, non-anticipatory immune responses, whereas vertebrates possessacquired, adaptive, induced, clonal, and anticipatory responses. Despite some ambiguity theи

immune system assists greatly in surviving andresisting threats of pathogens and cancer.
Thus the book Comparative Immunology, one of many contributions to immunology
about 1976 provided real evidence, not guess
work, constituting the basis for a legitimate discipline. That survey added strong and palpablesupport for going forward, reaching out to scattered hints of observations that belonged to theancestral parentage of animals. Through persistent local initiatives at many levels and cultures,
there accumulated consistent evidence for theubiquitous phenomenon of immunity. Immune
competence is everywhere, global and has
thrived. It provides and gives back its fruits ofunderstanding. During evolution, a cross fertilization of many disciplines need not necessarily
threaten the original views that were chiefly derived from mammals and therefore human oriented, essential but not universally pertinent?
Literature Cited
Cooper, E. L. 1976. Comparative Immunology,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 338 pp.
(Translated into Russian, 1980).
Symposium on Evolution and Differentiation of
the Immune System. DCI 12: 409-434 (1988)
Cooper, E. L. (ed.) 2018. Advances in Comparative Immunology. New York: Springer, 1050 pp.

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ʝʍě˗ӐӄҫĄěҮҶ҅ÿĚЃ Ή̡үҟҭ̺ɥĤ̢Ӑ͖ҐүқӎҔĂҏ ғүƇҏ Ӏҡ҆Ĥ̢ҮҶ
Ąě'ŀҵ̺ɥĤЬǭͯҲ у҅фǰɗӀӋθӑҮɥҵʝҕʍӐƱҪҧͧĮĤЬӐ͖ҏӀҡ҆ɥұҟˀҲҎӌïʗĄěǣ̪ěϚҮҶ˒ĉňˀɣŎҲҎӌȗ ĄěϷŀŇ̺ɥĤЬƬӆ҅͍ˀШłŎҲҎӌҒ͇ҵɎČĖĄěϷŀɴńʝʍǣ̪ˇ˟ӫԛӮԞұҰӐyʟҟҭ̺ɥĤ̢Ӑ͖ҪҭҏӀҡԡàԨԢ̺҆ɥĤ̢ҵiĪҶ҅ˋǌЃүӖӸҵʳʝͧĮҔӤԞԗӴԛөӮԛӯԞӶүұҪҭҒӋ҅ÿҵǽȍҲʳʝͧĮҮҕӌӖӸүҟҭӮӣӺԊӟԕҔϤģҝӍҭҏӀҡԡàԩԢ҆ԌԕӥӝӖӸӄ
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ӆ̬҅ҔςǷҮұҏқүғӊ҅Ĥ̢ҲҶҎӀӋҒҡҡӃҮҕӀңӑ҆ҥ
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àԪԱӖӸ˹̉ȸ҆иииҫҏҧұӑҭ҅ԙԊԛӰӱӟҮҡӉи Ҵ҆ҟғҟˋϥԡуссчԢҲӉӌү҅ɐƫǽ)Ҷ҅ӾӵӴТӄӛӧӽԛТӄи ҹҪҗӌӃҭӮӣӺԊӟԕүÊӑҮҏҧӊҟҗԡФґұҏʝҕʍҲ̾ÉҔиʆғҪҧҵғԵԢ҅ʘæҵӮӣӺԊи ӟԕҶ҈ӝԛӲӼ҉҈ЩК$҉ұҰҏӎҏӎұÀҮÊҷӍҭҏҧӊҟҏи ҮҡԡҒ͊ĖүҟҭФґҧӊұҍүƇҪҧҵғԵԢ҆иииҊbƮӆόǘҋиӮӣӺԊӟԕӐɥŞғӊǌЃҡӌи ҲҶ҅өӝԑԞӼӯӕӿԛӠҮƮҬ

ғӁҮǌЃҡӌҵҔӉҏ ҵҮҡҔ҅˖ҶөӝԑԞӼҵaͰӐǂҪи ҭҏ ұҏ ҵҮ҅ʍǌЃҶҏҫӄ
̺ɥĤЬƬҵƳĠҝӑҲҒСҏҟи ҭҏӀҡ҆Ăҗҵ̺ɥĤЬƬҮҶ҅ʍǌЃCЛӐ²ҙ'ҙҭҗӍӌ
иҵҮ҅ԇ ԞԌԆ ԞӨҵȅŨҲŹҪи ҭʣҟθӁӐ͖ҏӀҡ҆ӮӣӺԊӟԕҵʝɆӧԞӪԛҶèëҲӉҪҭʪи ұӋӀҡҔ҅Ň̺ɥĤЬƬӆɴńʝʍǣ̪ˇ˟ӫԛӮԞҲCЛҡи ӌұӊ ч Ȉғӊ щ Ȉ ǴҮҡ҆Ӏҧ
ɴńʝʍǣ̪ˇ˟ӫԛӮԞ̅ʡҮиЯ˄ʞҵӮӣӺԊӟԕӐ ц Ȉғӊr
и ҙҭӄӊҐқүӄ·̮Үҡ̺҆ɥĤЬƬғӊ ϛπӄ ·̮ҮҡҔ҅ұӌи ҽҗδπҵǽϳӐ˅̘ҡӌҧӃҲ҅
˖ҶɊÛ̺ɥĤЬƬӀҮpÁҗӉиҐҲҟҭҏӀҡ҆ҥҟҭӮӣӺԊӟԕӐɥɎҲɦҟҧµ˂ҵsӍˤҮԨM<Ңҫҗ ӌӁ҅ӟԞԕԞԈӱӟөҲbӍҭïʗӀҮĄҲǂҩғґҪҭҏӀҡ҆иҊЧ̪ҋии ӛ ӧ ӽԛТӐɎȳЧ̪ҡӌǽҲҶŞҲˆӐǦҏҭҒҗƁ͠ҔҎӋӀҡҔ҅ɎȳҲˆӐbӍӌүԍԛӳӷ
ԛөҔЎNҲұӋӀҡ҆ӮӣӺԊӟԕҶӛӧӽԛТҵ ҮҶAāʷҲ҅ˆӄˍӄʆҏʏƞҮӄЧ̪·̮Үҡ҆ӮӣӺԊӟԕҶ˭ΦӐ@ҪҭɎȳҵӜԕөùЎӐҪҭҗӌқүҔ
ҎӋӀҡҔ҅ҟҷҟҷ̻ϤҮρҝӀҲ͌ҡӌқүҔҎӋӀҡ҆ρҝӀҲұӌү̻rҮҶ΢ҕҔӌқүҔ
ҮҕҢ҅ҟҷӊҗқҵʏƞҮҏӌү҅

Ч̪ǽҨҙ Үұҗ όǘǽҲӄ ŭҭҶӀӋӀҡҔ҅ӮӣӺ ԊӟԕҶʏƞҔƔҗұӌү҅̐́ҵ<̴ɨӐpҟӀҡ҆ҝӊҲ<͚Ўӄ̐́ҲұӋӀҡ҆қҵ̐́ҵ<̴ɨҶ²˷Ӑ϶Ĩ ҡӌ ӉҐ Ү҅ Ӯӣ Ӻ Ԋӟ ԕӐǠ¦ԝǠ˷ҝңӌүҕҲҶ̐́ҵ<̴ɨҔϝQĖҲ ɪҞӊұҏ ӉҐҲ ƀ
Ҕҙҭ?ȭӐҡӌƁ͠ҔҎӋӀҡ҆
ɎȳЧ̪ҲҒҏҭӄ҅<͚ЎҔɩҏ̐́ҲұҪҧM<ӐǠ̞ҟҭҒҗ
ү҅ҥҵM<ҵϝQĖҵʏƞҔƔҗұӌҨҙҮұҗ҅&ҵM<ҲӄűВӐ­ҿҡҵҮ҅ɎȳӐrҙ ӌғ
ǳ Ӄ Ҳ or Ӑ ҡ ӌ ӉҐ Ҳ ҟҭ ҏ Ӏҡ҆иҊM<΋xҋи

¿ҠˠϳҮЧ̪ҟҭҏ ӌʍ̠ӐM<΋xҡӌò½҅ӮӠӐҫҙҧ
Ӌ<ҵȵȲұҰҵʎſҮwǪҡӌқүҔ̣ґӊӍӀҡ҆ȿŮӖӸТҲҶM<΋xҮҕӌʎſҔҟҗ҅ҝӊҲ ā͢ғӊЅЂӐ͢rҙӊӍӀңӑ҆ǬӮӣӺԊӟԕҶ҅ȧҔЍŔҲ˅ҏҵҮ҅<ҵӥӕӪӐͬɱҮҕӀҡҟ҅<͚Ҳ~ӀӍҧ͂˼ҵӽӮԞԛӐîҲM<΋xҡӌқүҔ
·̮Үҡԡàԩ҅ж́˃£Ԣ҆ҝӊҲ̀ҏқ үҲ ҅Ӯӣ ӺԊӟԕҶʝɆėғӊʝɆˡ΢Ҕ5Һҭҏҭ҅ҥҵ

àԫԱӕԛӨӗӟӧԓԛҝӍҧɔɹҵ8̞ԡз˃£Ԣ҆ӮӣӺԊӟԕ̬ԡюԢҮҶ̴̭̬ҵ ĆҲɔɹҔҎӌҔ҅ӼԁԛӖӸ̬ԡяԢҮҶā̬͍ҲĬ˂ҟҭҏӌ҆қӍҶ̴̭̬ ĆҮҶϩ_ғӊɔɹҔāӍҢ҅ϩӐũҕƷҗүҕҲɔɹҔā̬͍ҲũҪғғҪҭāӍӌғӊҮҎӌ҆и

иутиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

ићѶпхъииустщптупучи

ииϯҝҮЅЂӐwxҡӌқүҔҮҕӀи ҡ҆ȿŮӖӸТҮҶЅЂҔrғӊұҏҵҮ т ӫӱӵҵϝQĖӐźӌҧи ӃҲԕԛӯԌҲ уԶц ҵM<Ӑ@и Ҫҭҏ ӀҡҔ҅Ӯӣ Ӻ ԊӟԕҮҶÛĤЬҲ@Ҫҧʏƞҵ̀ҏЅЂԨи ӫӱӵӐɎȳғӊϔxҡӌқүҔҮ
ҕӀҡ҆сптԶспуиѴѳ ҵ тиѴњ ôӓи ӫӰԗӣ ԖԛɥɎӐ̨ϰғӊ ɚĲϩҮƯҩθӂқ үҮ҅ķϦҵϝQиĖҔźӊӍӀҡ҆қҵǬəҮ¿ҠM
и <ғӊ˻ ц ÛҲrҙҭϝQĖӐÛ°ҮҕӌҵӄӮӣӺԊӟԕҵԍԖӱӵи үҏґӀҡ҆ии ҊɍҲұӌқүҋиии ˖ҶқӍӀҮӖӸӐʟҏҭʳʝěӐˇ˟ҟҭҕӀҟҧ҆aʬěҲΦӐΩӁbӍҭғӊҶ҅қҵςǷұ̬ӆśʝӐʟҏҭ ѰѵиѼѰѼѶ ҮaʬʘΐӐͧĮҟ҅ҥҵҟҗӁӐǷӊғҲ ҟҧҏү̣ґҭҏӀҡ҆ҥқҮ҅ӖӸ
̬iҲɔɹӐԊӕӟԙӕԛӨӗӟӧԓԛҟҭ҅ϳ^̜̭́ҔΔФӐϲĐҡӌǽȍӆΔФҵʖӐ΃ҽҭҏӀҡ҆ӮӣӺԊӟԕ̬ҮҶ&ҵӖӸҵ̬үɋαҟҭΔФʖҔЍŔҲЯҏ ҧ Ӄ҅ϪӋҵ%ǋҙ Ҳ ҡҘҲбҔФҏ ҫҏ ҧ үҕҵӉҐҲ ƀҔΪӋ҅ĤЬҔȯҟҗұӋӀҡ҆ĤЬӐҟҭҏҭɍҬҏҧқүҶ҅ɔɹӐӕԛӨӗӟӧԓԛҟҧүҕҲ҅ӮӣӺԊӟԕ̬ҮҶ̴̭̬iҵ ˠҲɔɹӐ̞җқүҔҮҕӀҡҔ҅ȿŮӖӸ̬ҮҶқҵӉҐ ұқүҔҮұҏқүҮ
ҡԡàԫԢ҆қӍҶҫӀӋ̴̭̬iҲ^õҝӍҭҏӌ̭́āԊӵԖӱӟөҔӖ Ӹҵ˛ϳҮʪұҪҭҏ ӌғӊҨ ү̣ґӊӍӀҡ̴̭̬҆iҵƨrҵϐҏҔӮӣӺԊӟԕҵЯҏΔФʖӐʝӁpҟҭҏӌҵұӊ҅ӖӸ̬Ӑʟҏҧ Ѱѵи ѼѰѼѶ ĤЬҵԍԖӱӵӐӉӋŬҗˎҡқүҔҮҕӌҵғұү̣ґҭҏӀҡ҆и

àԬԱӮӣӺԊӟԕҵʯʏ҆àԩҵM<үɋαҡӌү͂˼ÈßҵȧҔƷҙ͚ʹҔɸҙҧʏƞҲұҪҭҏӌ҆͜Ўҵ´ÈηϚҔȇӄʯʏҔϤҏ҆и

и #Ř ч ȈҲŇ̺ɥĤЬƬҵƳĠҝӑҲӮӣӺԊӟԕҵǌЃӐCЛҟҧүқӎ҅҈ʮɍҵӮӣӺԊӟԕҔӉҗ͢ӊӍ҅<͚ЎҔӶԙӶԙҲұӋҟҷӊҗҡӌүɃӑҮҟӀҐҟ҅ɎȳҲbӍҭҒҗү&ҵӖӸӄ¿ҠʯʏҲұӌ҉үͫҪҭҏӀҟҧԡàԬԢ҆қҵʹӐ̥ҕ҅ʮ¨͉ӐʎġҮҕӍҷүԊԖԛԂԙөíèҲƝȝϚ8Ӑ
Ȫґ'ҙҭӁӀҟҧҔ҅ӣԙӸԞҶŮƨҝӍӀңӑҮҟҧ ҆ȕŘƝȝʯҔӄҪүŝҔҪҭ҅ӮӣӺԊӟԕҔɿɮҟҧӊү¤ƘҟҭҒӋӀҡ҆İoəұҰҜę˄ҵǬ҅ҜǣǉҏҧҨҙӍҷғӋӀҡ҆и

«̣ǧʓиˋϥԡ2006Ԣ. ӮӣӺԊӟԕ̣ԱӖӸӆӾӵӴҵµÀ. ơƥ̡öĄěǰ¾˺͠. ̻ʇ˗ě No.39,
p53-79.

и͎̤ԃԙԁӔԞԗиииииииииииииииииииииии и ǰɋϥиƽиԡѕѰѩѰѵѶиѡѨѲѻԢиииȗŊĄԫŘȼҲҶԇԐ̬ҵ˩¦Ӑ҅ȗĄĄěϹҲběŸҶӖԋԒԖҵʳʝӆӖӸśʝҵŋºЍİ˙ƊӐˇ˟҆ěʝǽ)ҶʳʝʝʍěӐΕҏҭҏҧӄҵҵ҅¢ûΆǧǒpҲԁԕԛөҲåNʷұˇ˟ϦҮ_ӐΤҝӍ҅ƛɍɧɒ҆ˇ˟Ħҵ_γғӊӛӷӯ
ҮӖӸҵaʬěӐĐӃӌԕԈҔҎӌүӃӊӍ҅ɋαaʬěҵ ʦҲbӌ҆ɥāʨěŸуссщ ŘӉӋʘ̧҆ȇκҶӮӣӺԊӟԕ̬ӐʟҏҭΔФ?ʟҵˇ˟Ӑ͖Ҫҭҏӌ҆и
иǰɋϥˇԇԞԌԆԞӨԱѯѺѺѷѹыррѹѰѺѬѹпѮѶѶѮѳѬпѪѶѴрѼѰѬѽрѯѰѩѰѵѶоѳѨѩри
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#ÛҶ҅ӶӕӲҲҒҙӌˇ˟ʝɞҮ˖ҔʎҲÞҪҧқүӐҜ̂$ҟҧҏүƇҏӀҡ҆и
ˇ˟ϴφʟÍҵʳɚи Զт χϳɚǧҶrҮҶұҏԶиɥāʝɞҲҒ ҙ ӌÞЈҮʩҲƇҏҫҗҵҶ͍ͫҵùҮҶұҏҮҟӈҐғ҆ˊғҲ˖ҵˇ˟ƬiҮӄ҅ӶӕӲͼӐʚͩҮҕұҏүӣ
ԋԑӸӡԞӧԓԛҔүӍұҏòЎҔĂҗҎӋ҅ӶӕӲͼҔcҗӏғӊұ
ғҪҧȇvҵ тоу ŘҶĄҕұөӵԘөӐƹґӌқүҔҎӋӀҟҧ҆ҟ

қүӄĂҗ҅҈%ӐʖʷҲҕҪҩӋқұҡӶӕӲ"҉ҵӕԍԞӨҶȿʾǗұӏӍ҅Ӏҧ¿ǽҲ҅ǰȑҵқҵҎҧӋҵʜ÷ҔҰӍҨҙ˿ȀӊҟҏғӐƇҏ˄ӊҝӍӀҟҧ҆и
ԚԞӟԝԕӕԁӼԕԛөи Զ΀ҵҧӃҵĸȭǽϳͣғԶиȇκ҅ϊҗӀҮɅӊұҏӉҐҲ҅
œĜғӊpӀҮҵϳӐ тт ǽϳ±ӌӉҐҲ҅ұҰүғӊҒ;ǣӐҐҙ Ӏҟҧ ҆˖ҵUҕǬҔʖʷҮұҏ ҵҶˊғҮҡҔʚʡҶҥӍҨҙҮҶұҗ҅ԖԛӽʙӥԂӫғҟҥӍӉӋӄ͙ǛʷҨҪҧқүҔ
ҎӋӀҡ҆ˇ˟ϴφʟÍҵ˽ȍҵϊҝҮҡ҆ ҲҶ҅ԃԕӕԊԞұҰфох ǰҮȕӌӄҵӄҎӋӀҡҔ҅σӱӵӐӭԞӳӔԛӠҟҭӓӱӫӕӐ͖ҐĤЬҵƊΟԡȌǳҗғӊĐӃҭӄԢҰҐҟҭӄǽϳҔғғӌқү
Ӑ;ǷҟӀҟҧҔ҅ṲPӐĝŔҶ у χϳŶҫҵҶŭҧӋ҅ҥӍӐ͢ΤҟҭĤЬͬʥӐˢҭҭҏҭӄҹҰҏǽҶ т ԜȈғғҪҧқү
ӄ҆ˇ˟ƬҵƬæèҔҏҗӊXèүҶҏ ґƃâҵˇ˟ȺϴұҵҲ҅҅҅үƇҪҧҵҮҏӎҏӎ̥ҏҭӁҧүқӎ҅ÓНҶӴӔԞԕԞԝȭ̤PҔɉȲÒýҵʏƞҲҎӋ҅ҧҨ¡ҲɚǧӐƂӍҭҏҧҨҙҵӌҨ ҙ ҮұҗЄʟPӄԡΖ.ÓНғӊԢĝӌҧӃҨүλҝӍ҅ҥӍ*=ӄͫґӀңӑҮҟҧ҆Ζ.Ó
НҶҝҭҒҕ҅ӶӕӲҮҶԚԞӟԝԕӕԁӼԕԛөҔĄþϤͤ͠ҝӍҭҒӋ҅ṲҵȶyҔƮ§җĝӊӍҭҏ ӌҵҶҜ̂$ҟҧүҒӋ
Үҡ҆ҟғҟǬҮ҅#ǰҵč΃ұӶӕӲ̅ɭӐƁɃҲ˰ҕҚҧ)ҮҎӌ˖ҵ˄"Ҷ҅ȇκҵ̓ҏ )Ҷ%ҟұҝҡҖҮҎӌү
¤ƘҟҭҏӀҟҧ҆ˇ˟ƬҮӄ҅%ҵƊΟǽϳҔȕҧғӊүҏҪ
ҭөӽӱүœĜҮҕӌԚӡҮҶұҏҶҢұҵҲ=ҮԵүƇҐҾҰ҅тш ǽӐύҖӌү"űҔӀҷӊҲұ
ӋӀҡ̻҆ʇ˗ěҵˇ˟ҮҶ҅̿ʷҲͫҪҭ%ǽϳҔķұҗұӍҷҥӍҨҙƨȚҔɮҪҭҟӀҐ
ҶҢҮҎӋ҅ҥӍҶҥҵӀӀṲԡˇ˟̤ԢҲΨҴλҪҭҕҭҟӀ
ҏӀҡ҆ǰȑҮӄԚԞӟԝԕӕԁӼԕԛөҵϤ͠ƊҔ¶ҷӍӌӉҐҲ
ұҪҭҕҭҒӋ҅˖ӄ*čƛʷ
ұ̂$ӐҟӀҟҧҔ҅ӚԛүӚԁҵԍԖӻԖӐҫҙҫҫӄ҅ӻԞӶԚԞ
ӟҶǰȑ"ҵ̟žүҟҭĄsҲҟҧҏүƝҠҭҏӀҡ҆и
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実験のコツ #4ϯɾиΗğиѝѐџ ӆӮԛӽӟʳʘүҏҪҧ̿ʷұĤЬǝ?үɋҽӌү҅ĤЬʍғӊҵӥԛԃԖԛӠƮəүҏҐҵҶΆǧҲӄͶҟҗȅҏҭҏұҏқүҔҾүӑҰҮ҅Ҏӌ˛ҵԂԕӱӟԈӱӟөҵӉҐұүқӎҔҎӌүƇҏӀҡ҆#ÛҶĶéбТғӊҵӥԛԃԖԛӠүҏҐқүҮ҅˖ϏҔǾɇ͖ҪҭҏӌӬԂԕԁӔӱӧԑғӊҵǌ͔­Һ̹Ùғӊҵ̭́ɤϋɨ΃͞Ҳҫҏҭ˱¡ҲҜ̂$ҝңҭҏҧҨҕӀҡ҆и
ииԨԥǌ͔ии

ӝӷԗӨԛ˩Үеϟҟҧб<ҵɎɍӐsҪҭғӊ҅ĺϚӐӛԋӭԖӆԍө˩ϬyұqʍҮsǪҟ҅τӆғҲ̫ЮҵϚԡ̶PԢҲӰӱԃҵ_ˤӐŭҭҭǌ͔ҟӀҡԡlˁԨ Ԣ҆ԄԊӵӟԖӱӵ˭ұҰҵӝԏԀԕԖԞҲɋҽӰӱԃŨҵԀԆӱӵҵǬҔ±ӋÛҟҔ̀ҏҵүÄũ ӐғҙӊӍӌҵҮ˖ҶқҩӊӐʟҏҭҏӀҡ͔҆ɫӐÛ°ҡӌò
½ҲҶқҵӥԛԃԗӐҥҵӀӀӰԑԞԂҲÛ°ҟ͔҅ʙӐÛ°ҟҧҏò½ҲҶӃķϦҵԄӽԖԛӐÃӀңҧӰӱԃӐʟҏӌҵҔӉҏүƇҏӀҡ҆бТҵ͔ɨҶnáҔЍŔҲǳҏҮҡҔ҅ ҮnáҟҧӰӱԃҜүӰԑԞԂҲbӍҭөԀԛӯӖԛҡӍҷ͔ɫӐÛ°ҡӌқүҔҮҕӀ
ҡ҆иlˁԨԱĺϚғӊҵǌ͔ҵȲĖ҆иԩԥ̹Ùғӊҵ̭́Û°и̹Ùғӊҵ̭́Û°ҲҶϧŀԍӱӧԑ˩ӐʟҏҧǬəԡĤЬҵӣӲйу҅ ͟_ʝҜ̂$ҵǬə˩ԢҔ̿ʷ
ғүƇҏӀҡҔ҅ĶéбҮҶ̹Ù̻<ҔĶҝҏҧӃ?
ȭҔҟεҏқүӆ҅ԙөӐɮӊҡҧӃҲұӌҽҗķϦҵíèҲÛ°ҟҧҏқү˩ҔҎӌүƇҏӀҡ҆˖ҔӚөөԍ
ҡӌҵҶ҅тпци Ѵѳ ҵӰԑԞԂҲíèүǚpҟҧ̹ÙӐbӍ҅қӍӐ ти Ѵѳ ӧԖԛӨҵԀөӵԛҮΰҗҾҘҟҭƧʀҝңӌǬəҮҡԡ lˁԩԤԪ Ԣ҆̿ʷұ̜̄ʟҵԇԎӨӷ
ӕӪȦүϐҪҭ_ˤҔӤԌ͞ ҫϓšҲϿϳҔҮҕӌҵҔ̀ҏӉҐҮ̭҅́ҵʝęʖӄ̿ʷұƮəүϑ́ұҗ̀čҮҡ҆қҵƧʀɨӐԁԙԞӥӕӵ˩Ҳʟҏӌԍӱӧ
ԑԁӔԗӮԞҲσҟҭ̜̄ʋӐϺҕ̭҅́Ƨʀɨүҟҭ@ʟҟӀҡ҆ҩұӁҲб˛ӆбҵʏƞҲӄӉӋӀҡҔʝʚФôɎӆ ѕѨѵѲѹ ɨӉӋӄ њђњ ӆ џѝњі ұҰҵ̿ʷұíèҲƧʀҡӌǬҔ̭́ҵʝęʖҔӉҏò½ҔĂҏҮҡ҆иұҒȇκҶÐТ*āҵĤЬʍҮӄOʚͣġ˩Ӑ́ғҗÓӏӍӌҔøґҭҏӀҡҵҮ҅ӥԛԃԖԛӠҵ
ЀҲҶ¼ƬŀȺϴ­ҺІ͸ːҵͣġҲɚƛҟϓsұǝ?ƮəӐϔƸҗҨҝӌӉҐҒСҏ̽ҟӀҡ҆lˁԩԱ̜̄ˉˈҲʟҏӌӧԖԛӨԀөӵԛүӰԑԞԂ҆и

lˁԪԱ̜̄ˉˈҵȲĖ҆ʆʚҲɼҥҐүҟұҏқүҔԉӕԛӵԟииухиїюёѐіићѬѽѹи

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