NEWSLETTERof the International Consortium“Development of High-Power Terahertz
Science & Technology”
June 2018№9

CONTENT Editorial(Page 1)

How to contribute to the Newsletter Accelerating the international collaboration(Page 2)
A successful implementation of the cross-appointment scheme at FIR UF
 Short invited paper(Page 4)
M. Glyavin, et al., “High-power sub-terahertz gyrotron with a record frequency stability at up to 1 Hz”
 Upcoming events (conferences and workshops)(Page 7)
 List of selected recent publications and patents(Page 11) New books(Page 20)
 Recent activities of the COFUC Network(Page 21)
 News from the Net(Page 22)

EDITORIAL: HOW TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE NEWSLETTER
Dear Reader,
We are inviting contributions to the following rubrics:• Research highlights (annotations) presenting the projects pursued by the members of the Consortium.
• Short regular papers.
• Proposals for collaborative research work.
• News from the participating institutions.
• Information about conferences, symposia, workshops, seminars.
• Programs and frameworks for an exchange of visits and mobility of researchers. Job opportunities(especially for young researchers, e.g. postdoctoral positions, specializations, internships).
• Annotations of books, conference proceedings, software and internet resources. Additions to the list of
the recent scientific publications and conference reports at the website of the Consortium(http://fir.ufukui.ac.jp/Website_Consortium/publist.html ).
• Information and announcements about awards and nominations.
• Short presentations of laboratories and research groups belonging to the participating institutions.
Please submit your contributions to the Newsletter as well as requests for information to:Professor Toshitaka Idehara
Supervisor of International Cooperation
and Facilitator of the International
Consortium
FIR UFidehara@fir.u-fukui.ac.jp

Dr. Svilen Sabchevski
Editor of the website and the Newsletter
Institute of Electronics of the Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences
IE-BASsabch@ie.bas.bg

ACCELERATING THE INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIONA Successful Implementation of the Cross-Appointment Scheme at FIR UF
M. Tani1, M. Glyavin2, T. Idehara3
1

Director of the FIR UF Center, Fukui, Japan
Deputy Director of the IAP-RAS, N. Novgorod, Russia
3Supervisor of International Collaboration and Facilitator of the International Consortium2

The longstanding and fruitful collaboration between IAP RAS and FIR UF started in the distant1999 when an agreement was signed and the first visits of IAP RAS staff to FIR UF wereaccomplished. Such common research was supported by the Visiting Professor program, andmany researchers, including Profs. Vladimir Bratman, Vladimir Zapevalov, Mikhail Glyavin,Drs. Andrey Kuftin, Yuri Kalynov, Alexey Fedotov participated in such activity with a leadingrole of Prof. Toshitaka Idehara. The main goals were focused on the development andapplications of high-power sub-THz radiation sources – Gyrotrons. As a result of the joint efforts,
several projects were successfully finished. Among them were gyrotron based systems formaterial processing (24 GHz/3 kW/CW and 28 GHz/15 kW/ CW); large orbit gyrotron (LOG)with a permanent magnet system, operated at high (up to 5) cyclotron harmonics; first powerful
CW sub-THz tube (300 GHz/ 2.5 kW/ CW - gyrotron FU CW I). At the same time, investigationof the advanced device such as QO-gyrorotron and peniotron was realized, modern electronoptical systems have been developed and a detailed analysis of mode excitation has been carriedout. All such projects were supported by an international research team with an active
participation of Profs. Svilen Sabchevski, Olgierd Dumbrajs, and Gregory Nusinovich.
In 2017, Prof. Masahiko Tani proposed and established the new system – “Cross Appointment”(CA) for enhancing personnel exchange of academic staff in the International Division of the
Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region of the University of Fukui (see the tablebelow). Under the cross-appointment system, staff members of IAP RAS are employed as a staff
at FIR UF while his/her position is retained by the institution he/she currently belongs to, andhe/she works for both institutions based on the employment ratio. The implementation of such
system during the first academic year immediately demonstrated its merits: (i) increase thenumber of participants in the collaboration (including invitation of Ph.D. students); (ii) open morecontacts between people and give a chance for young scientist to work together with other visiting
professors at FIR UF; (iii) broaden the time horizon of the collaboration allowing the planningof long-term collaborative works and projects.
The first researcher working in the framework of the CA system was Prof. Irina Zotova (thefirst female Visiting Professor at the FIR FU Center) followed by Prof. Naum Ginzburg, Prof.
Andrey Savilov, Svilen Sabchevski (from IE-BAS), and Dr. Andrey Fokin. The main activitiesof their team were focused on the theoretical and experimental investigations of the novel gyro
devices, with a goal to achieve a CW generation at frequencies above the symbolic threshold of
1 THz. For such a purpose, several concepts were analyzed, in particular, multi-beam gyrotron,
complex cavity gyrotron, frequency multiplication as well as the development of physical models
and computer codes for their analysis and computer-aided design.

The work carried out by the cross-appointed and visiting researchers, has been presented in anannual report (70 pages altogether) which includes 6 short papers, 4 reprints of selected recently
published papers presenting the results of the collaboration, a list of 5 common reports to bepresented at IRMM-THz 2018 Conference (Nagoya, Japan) and 6 photos (see the collage below).
The report is available upon request from Prof. M. Glyavin.
We are completely satisfied with the outcome of the first year of the new CA program andexpress our gratitude to all members of the collaborative team looking forward to futureachievements.

SHORT INVITED PAPER
High-power sub-terahertz gyrotron with a record frequency stability at up to 1 Hz
Mikhail Glyavin, Andrey Fokin, German Golubiatnikov, Lev Lubyako,
Mikhail Morozkin, Alexander Tsvetkov, and Gregory Denisov
Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS),
Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
glyavin@appl.sci-nnov.ru
Abstract: Many state-of-the-art fundamental and industrial applications require the use of terahertz radiation
with high power and small line width. Gyrotrons as radiation sources provide the desired level of power in the
sub-THz and THz frequency range but have substantial free-running frequency fluctuations of the order of 10−4.
Here, we demonstrate that a precise frequency stability at high-power levels of a sub-THz gyrotron can beachieved by a phase-lock loop in the anode voltage control. The relative width of the frequency spectrum and thefrequency stability obtained for a 0.263THz/100W gyrotron are 4×10−12 and 10−10, respectively, and theseparameters are better than those demonstrated so far by other high-power sources by almost three orders ofmagnitude. Such breakthrough results confirm the potential of the realized approach and open the road to its
implementation in the radiation sources for ultra-high precision spectroscopy as well as in the development ofsources with large-scale radiating apertures, and other new projects.

In recent years, precise spectroscopy based on the high-power microwave sources becomes more and moreactual. Microwave driven DNP experiments are now recognized as the most effective and versatile methods ofenhancing signals in solid-state and solution NMR and imaging. DNP improves the sensitivity of NMR spectra
by about a factor of 100, thus reducing the acquisition time in multidimensional NMR. Currently, the mostwidespread devices in the THz frequency range are backward-wave oscillators (BWOs) that provide an output
power of a few milliwatts in the CW regime at the highest admissible frequencies with a half-power bandwidthof spectral distribution less than 100 mHz (a relative resolution of about 10-13). The devices based on
multiplication of a signal from solid-state sources6 with relative linewidths of about 10-12 produce subterahertz
and terahertz radiation at a power level from hundreds of microwatts to a milliwatt. In contrast with sources
mentioned above, gyrotrons can produce the power higher by many orders of magnitude.
From the theory of gyrotron operation it is well-known, that the output power and frequency depend on a numberof parameters, including the magnetic field, the accelerating voltage, the beam current, and the electron pitch
factor (velocity ratio); thus, the stability of the output parameters depends predominantly on the inevitablefluctuations caused by the high-voltage power supply. In IAP RAS experiment, the anode voltage variation wasused as a way of frequency control and stabilization, since a low anode current reduces the power supply
requirements and a small capacitance of the modulating anode relative to other electrodes increases the speed andperformance of the control system.
The experiment on frequency stabilization was carried out using a continuous-wave (CW) gyrotron forspectroscopy and various media diagnostics operating at a frequency of 263 GHz and an output power of up to 1
kW with an electron beam formed by a triode-type magnetron injection gun and having an accelerating voltageof 15 kV and current of 0.4 A, respectively. The gyrotron was designed for operation with, a liquid helium-freecryomagnet (JASTEC JMTD-10T100), at the TE5,3 mode of a cylindrical cavity. The internal mode convertertransforms the operating mode into a Gaussian beam. A simplified experimental scheme is presented in Fig. 1.
The electron beam current chosen for the experiment was 0.2 A and the magnetic field was adjusted so as to
set the output power at a level of 100 W as required by the envisaged spectroscopic technique. In the experiment,a phase-locked loop (PLL) method (Fig.2) has been used against the reference oscillator in order to control the
gyrotron modulating anode voltage. A specially designed fast voltage control unit performed voltage modulation
in a range of 1 kV with a speed better than 1 kV/µs. The voltage drop on the active element of the unit isproportional to the external control signal. Preliminary testing of the control system showed a modulation
bandwidth of 150 kHz, defined by the time constant of the modulating anode circuit.

Fig.1. Scheme of the gyrotron and power supply connections

Fig.2. Block diagram of the phase-locked loop units for a sub-THz gyrotron
After applying the phase-locked loop, the width of the frequency spectrum was decreased from 0.5 MHz fora free-running gyrotron down to 1 Hz for the stabilized gyrotron, measured at the intermediate frequency IF =350 MHz, which corresponds to f / f  3*1012 with a measurement time of a few seconds (Fig. 3). The observed
single-sideband (SSB) phase noise in the range 10-1000 Hz demonstrates a flat dependence on the offset anddoes not exceed -60 dBc.
The long-term frequency drift is defined by the stability of the reference oscillator (δ f / f ~ 10−9 for the quartz
clock employed in the experiment) and can be improved by using another reference oscillator with betterparameters (for example, a rubidium clock with δ f / f ~ 10−12). The output power fluctuations due to a change inthe beam pitch factor by the modulating anode voltage were less than the uncertainty of the calorimetric system,
and are at a level of P / P  1% .
In the experiment, we used the well-known principle of frequency stabilization. Although the concept of thestabilization scheme is similar to that employed in low-power devices such as a BWO, its realization is essentiallydifferent. In a BWO, the usual method of frequency control is based on the variation of the accelerating voltage,

which for high-power devices like gyrotrons is a complex and rather slow method. The direct control of thecathode potential (as in a BWO) is impeded by the need to vary the parameters of the power supply with both ahigh voltage and a high current. Variation of the body voltage is slowed down by the relatively high capacitanceof the gyrotron cavity relative to other parts; thus, such a method (Idehara, T., Mitsudo, S. & Ogawa, I.
Development of High-Frequency, Highly Stable Gyrotrons as Millimeter to Submillimeter Wave Radiation
Sources. IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 32, 910–916 (2004)) has a significantly lower bandwidth.

Fig.3. Experimental frequency spectrum of the free running gyrotron (left) and with phase-locked loop at anintermediate frequency with spans of 60 Hz (right)
To conclude, a phase locking of a 263 GHz gyrotron has been achieved with an output power of 100 W and alinewidth of 1 Hz, defined mostly by the bandwidth of our spectrum analyzer, for a PLL control bandwidth of
150 kHz. The technique takes advantage of the dependence of the resulting gyrotron frequency on the parametersof the electron beam modulated by an additional low-current anode and has no apparent limiting factors in termsof output power. From the point of view of the intended applications, we believe that such a spectral purity andlow phase noise opens new prospects for using THz gyrotrons as new standard sources for spectroscopy. The
capability of both the frequency and phase modulation of the stabilized gyrotron is appropriate also to other new
applications, such as telecommunications and synchronization of a large number of high-power THz gyrotrons.
Acknowledgements
The source development and the arrangement of the experimental tests were supported by the Russian Science
Foundation (RSF) under Project No. 14-12-00887.
For additional information, please see the paper:
Fokin, M.Glyavin, G.Golubiatnikov, L.Lubyako, M.Morozkin, B.Movschevich, A.Tsvetkov, G.Denisov,“High power sub-terahertz microwave source with record frequency stability up to 1 Hz,” Scientific Reports
8, 4317 (2018) DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-22772-1.
This Open Access paper is available at the following link:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22772-1

NEXT IRMMW-THz CONFERENCECONFERENCE

For up-to-date information, registration, etc. follow the link to the website of IRMMW-THz 2018

OTHER CONFERENCES

For more information please visit the site of the conference here

The International Workshops on Far-Infrared Technologies (IW-FIRT) has been held six times in the pastfrom 1999 to 2017. In these workshops it was aimed to discuss the recent development and future directionsof far-infrared and terahertz science and technologies with a special emphasis on high power radiation sourcesin this frequency region and their applications. We feel that it is the time to organize the next IW-FIRT to
update our knowledge and understanding in this rapidly developing field. Therefore, we organize the SeventhInternational Workshop on Far-Infrared Technologies (IW-FIRT 2019).
The workshop consists of invited talks, oral presentations and a poster session with the following scope of
topics:1) Development of high power radiation sources in the far-infrared region,2) Application of high power terahertz technologies especially to the following topics
2-1) Terahertz spectroscopy,2-2) Magnetic resonance phenomena in the far-infrared region,2-3) Material development with high-power FIR sources, and3) Other subjects related to the far-infrared region.
Past Workshops of IW-FIRT and DHP-TST:
6th IW-FIRT 2017 and DHP-TST 2017, 5th IW-FIRT 2014, 4th IW-FIRT 2012, 3rd IW-FIRT 2010, and
DHP-TST 2013.

Venue: Bunkyo Campus, University of Fukui (Fukui, Japan). Main conference room and poster session: On the
13th floor of the Science Tower I (No.24 in the campus map). Workshop banquet: At the academy hall (No.11 in
the campus map)

For up-to-date information please visit the link.

LIST OF SELECTED RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Bibliography and links to selected recent publications on topics related to the research fieldof the International Consortium and published after February 2018, i.e. after issuing theprevious Newsletter #9. This cumulative list is in chronological order as collected fromvarious bibliographical and alert services
A. Publications by authors from the institutions participating in the International Consortium
Abubakirov E.B., Guznov Y.M., Kuzikov S.V., Shevchenko A.S., Vikharev A.A., Zapevalov S.A., "QuasiOptical Input Mode Coupler for a Ka-Band Multimegawatt Gyroklystron," IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory
and Techniques, (2017) pp. 1-6. DOI:10.1109/TMTT.2017.2772917.
Glyavin M.Y., Ogawa I., Zotova I.V., Ginzburg N.S., Fokin A.P., Sergeev A.S., Rozental R.M., Tarakanov V.P.,
Bogdashov A.A., Krapivnitskaia T.O., Manuilov V.N., Idehara T., "Frequency Stabilization in a Sub-Terahertz
Gyrotron with Delayed Reflections of Output Radiation," IEEE Trans. on Plasma Science, (2018) pp. 1-5. DOI:
10.1109/TPS.2018.2797480.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8287806/
Sadia C/P., Lopez L.P., delos Santos R.M., Muldera J.E., Los Reyes A.E., Tumanguil M.A.C, Que C.T., Magusara V.K., Tani M., Somintac A.S., Estacio E.S., Salvador A.A., “Epitaxial growth of p-InAs on GaSb withintense terahertz emission under 1.55-μm femtosecond laser excitation,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 648 (2018) 4649. DOI:10.1016/j.tsf.2017.12.022.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040609017309276
Bandurkin I.V., Bratman V.L., Kalynov Y.K., Osharin I.V., Savilov A.V., "Terahertz Large-Orbit HighHarmonic Gyrotrons at IAP RAS: Recent Experiments and New Designs," IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, vol.
65, n. 6 (2018) 2287-2293. DOI: 10.1109/TED.2018.2797311.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8287798/
Avramidis K.A., Bertinetti A., Albajar F., Cau F., Cismondi F., Gantenbein G., Illy S., Ioannidis Z.C., JelonnekJ.,
Legrand F., Pagonakis I.Gr., Rozier Y., Rzesnicki T., Savoldi L., Thumm M., Zanino R., "Numerical Studies on
the Influence of Cavity Thermal Expansion on the Performance of a High-Power Gyrotron," IEEE Trans. on
Electron Devices, (2018) pp. 1-8. DOI:10.1109/TED.2017.2782365.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8252918/
Manuilov V.N., Samsonov S.V., Mishakin S.V., Klimov A.V., "Cusp Guns for Helical-Waveguide Gyro-TWTsof a High-Gain High-Power W-Band Amplifier Cascade," Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves,(2018). DOI:10.1007/s10762-018-0473-7.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10762-018-0473-7
Golubev S.V., Skalyga V.A., Izotov I.V., Sidorov A.V., “Point-like neutron source based on high-current electron
cyclotron resonance ion source with powerful millimeter wave plasma heating,” J. Phys.: Conf. Ser., vol. 946(2018) 012024. DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/946/1/012024.
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/946/1/012024/pdf
Balal N., Bratman V.L., Friedman A., “Evolution of dense spatially modulated electron bunches,” Physics ofPlasmas, vol. 25 (2018) 033102. DOI:10.1063/1.4998790.
http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.4998790

Dumbrajs O., Nusinovich G.S.,"Efficiency of gyrotrons with a tapered magnetic field in the regime of soft selfexcitation,"Physics of Plasmas, vol. 25, n. 1 (2018)013121.DOI:10.1063/1.5019974.
http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5019974
Tsun-Hsu Chang, Hsin-Yu Yao, Bo-Yuan Su, Wei-Chen Huang, Yuan Wei, “Nonlinear oscillations of TM-mode
gyrotrons,” Physics of Plasmas, vol. 24, n. 12 (2017)122109. DOI:10.1063/1.5008307.
http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5008307
Fokin A., Glyavin M., Golubiatnikov G., Lubyako L., “High-power sub-terahertz source with a record frequency
stability at up to 1 Hz,” Scientific Reports, vol. 8 (2018) Article number: 4317, 6 pp. DOI:10.1038/s41598-01822772-1.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22772-1
Wu Ch,, Pagonakis I.Gr., Avramidis K.A., Gantenbein G., Illy S., Thumm M., Jelonnek J., “Gyrotron multistage
depressed collector based on E× B drift concept using azimuthal electric field. I. Basic design,” Physics ofPlasmas, vol. 25 (2018) 033108. DOI: 10.1063/1.5016296.
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5016296
Matsuki Y., Fujiwara T., “Advances in High-Field DNP Methods.” In: The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Societyof Japan (eds) Experimental Approaches of NMR Spectroscopy (2018, Springer, Singapore).
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5966-7_4.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-981-10-5966-7_4
Neilson J.M., Iveset R.L., Schaubal S.C., Guss W.C., Rosenzweig G., Temkin R.J., Borchard P., "Design andHigh-Power Test of an Internal Coupler to HE₁₁ Mode in Corrugated Waveguide for High-Power Gyrotrons,"
IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, (2018) pp. 5. DOI: 10.1109/TED.2018.2805889.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8304789/
Ishikawa Y., Ohya K., Fujii Y., Fukuda A., Miura, S., Mitsudo S., Yamamori H., Kikuchi H., ”Development ofMillimeter Wave Fabry-Pérot Resonator for Simultaneous Electron-Spin and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Measurement,” Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, vol. 39, n. 4 (2018) 387-398. DOI:
10.1007/s10762-018-0464-8.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10762-018-0464-8
Kovshov Y.S., Ponomarenko S.S., Kishko S.A., Khutoryan E.M., Kuleshov A.N., “Numerical Simulation andExperimental Study of Sub-THz and THz CW Clinotron Oscillators,” IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, (2018).
DOI: 10.1109/TED.2018.2792258.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8267495
Rozental R.M., Zotova I.V., Ginzburg N.S., Sergeev A.S., Tarakanov V.P., “Chaotic Generation in a W-Band
Gyroklystron With Delayed Feedback,” IEEE Trans. on Plasma Science, (2018). DOI:
10.1109/TPS.2018.2797601.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8281542/
Ginzburg N.S., Malkin A.M., Sergeev A.S., Fil'chenkov S.E., Zaslavsky V.Yu., “Highly selective surface-wave
resonators for terahertz frequency range formed by metallic Bragg gratings,” Physics Letters A, vol. 382, n. 13(2018) 925-929. DOI:10.1016/j.physleta.2018.01.029.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0375960118301014?via%3Dihub
Pagonakis G., Illy S., Ioannidis Z.C., Rzesnicki T., Avramidis K.A., Gantenbein G., Kobarg T., Piosczyk B.,
Thumm M., Jelonnek J., "Numerical Investigation on Spent Beam Deceleration Schemes for Depressed Collectorof a High-Power Gyrotron," IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, (2018)6 pp. DOI:10.1109/TED.2017.2784185.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8259483/

Ioannidis Z.C., Pagonakis I.G., AvramidisK.A., Illy S., Rzesnicki T., TigelisI G., Gantenbein G., Jelonnek J.,"An Improved Diagnostic Device for Magnetron Injection Guns of High-Power Gyrotrons," IEEE Trans. on
Electron Devices, (2018) 7 DOI:10.1109/TED.2018.2793341.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8278852/
Manuilov V.N., Samsonov S.V., Mishakin S.V., Klimov A.V., Leshcheva K.A., “Cusp Guns for HelicalWaveguide Gyro-TWTs of a High-Gain High-Power W-Band Amplifier Cascade” J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves(2018). DOI: 10.1007/s10762-018-0473-7.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10762-018-0473-7
Fukunari M., Yamaguchi T., Nakamura Y., Komurasaki K., Oda Y., KajiwaraK., Takahashi K., Sakamoto K.,“Thrust generation experiments on microwave rocket with a beam concentrator for long distance wireless power
feeding,” Acta Astronautica, vol. 145 (2018) 263-267. DOI:,10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.01.057.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576517312328
Manuilov V.N., Morozkin M.V., Luksha O.I., Glyavin M.Yu., “Gyrotron collector systems: Types andcapabilities,” Infrared Physics & Technology, Available online 30 March 2018, ISSN 1350-4495.
DOI:10.1016/j.infrared.2018.03.024.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350449517307417
Lin M.C., Illy S., Avramidis K.A., Thumm M., Jelonnek J,, "Study on After Cavity Interaction in a 140-GHz
Model TE0.3 Gyrotron Using 3-D CFDTD PIC Simulation," IEEE Trans. on Plasma Science, (2018) pp. 1-6.
DOI:10.1109/TPS.2018.2805521.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8332986/
T. Franke, Agostinetti P., Aiello G., Avramidis K., et al., "Review of the Innovative H&CD Designs and the
Impact of Their Configurations on the Performance of the EU DEMO Fusion Power Plant Reactor," IEEE Trans.
on Plasma Science, (2018) pp. 1-8. DOI:10.1109/TPS.2018.2800405.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8310937/
Sabchevski S., Idehara T., Damyanova M., Zhelyazkov I., Balabanova E., Vasileva E., “Modelling, simulationand computer-aided design (CAD) of gyrotrons for novel applications in the high-power terahertz science andtechnologies,” Journal of Physics: Conf. Series, vol. 992 (2018) 012001. DOI:10.1088/1742-6596/992/1/012001.
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/992/1/012001
Bykov Yu.V., Egorov S.V., Eremeev A.G., Plotnikov I.V., Rybakov K.I., Sorokin A.A., Kholoptsev V.V., "Flash
Sintering of Oxide Ceramics under Microwave Heating," Technical Physics, vol. 63, n. 3 (2018) 391-397.
DOI:10.1134/S1063784218030052.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1063784218030052
Aripin H., Mitsudo S., Sudiana I. N., Nundang B., Sabchevski S., “Volumetric Microwave Heating of Mullite
Ceramic Using a 28 GHz Gyrotron,” International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 6, n. 1
(2018) 32-38. DOI:10.17706/ijmse.2018.6.1.32-38.
http://www.ijmse.net/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=60&id=176
delos Santos, R., Mag-usara, V., Tuico, A., Copa V., Salvador A., Yamamoto K., Somintac A., Kurihara K.,
Kitahara K., Tani M., Estacio E., “Metal-Coated <100>-Cut GaAs Coupled to Tapered Parallel-Plate Waveguidefor Cherenkov-Phase-Matched Terahertz Detection: Influence of Crystal Thickness,” J Infrared Millimeter, andTerahz Waves (2018). DOI:10.1007/s10762-018-0487-1.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10762-018-0487-1
Bogdashov A.A., Glyavin M.Y., Rozental’ R.M., Fokin A.P., Tarakanov V.P., “Narrowing of the Emission
Spectrum of a Gyrotron with External Reflections,” Tech. Phys. Lett., vol. 44 (2018) 221.
DOI:10.1134/S1063785018030069.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS1063785018030069
Sobolev D.I., Denisov G.G., “A Waveguide Antenna with an Extended Angular Range for Remote Steering of
Wave-Beam Direction,” Tech. Phys. Lett., vol. 44 (2018) 213. DOI:10.1134/S1063785018030112.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134%2FS1063785018030112
N. S. Ginzburg, Denisov G.G., Vilkov M.N., Zotova I.V., Sergeev A.S., Rozental R.M., Samsonov S.V.,
Mishakin Marek A., Jelonnek J., "Ultrawideband Millimeter-Wave Oscillators Based on Two Coupled GyroTWTs With Helical Waveguide," IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, (2018). DOI:10.1109/TED.2018.2801021.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8352109/
Garavaglia S., Aiello G., Alberti S., Avramidis K. et al., “ EU DEMO EC system preliminary conceptual design,
Fusion Engineering and Design,” Available online 4 May 2018. DOI:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.04.097.
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Girka I., Pavlenko I.V., Thumm M., “Two mechanisms of resonance overlapping in excitation of azimuthal
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Covering the Subterahertz to Terahertz Range Using a 20 T Superconducting Magnet," IEEE Trans. on Electron
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B. Publications by other authors worldwide
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Boundary Element Method," Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, (2018). DOI:10.1007/s10762-

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Naidu V.B., Kesari V., Karmakar S., Seshadri R., "Particle-In-Cell Simulation of a Tapered Cavity for aMillimeter Wave Gyrotron," IEEE Trans. on Plasma Science, (2018) pp. 5. DOI:10.1109/TPS.2018.2797089.
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Song T. et al., "Study on the Effect of Electron Beam Quality on a Continuously Frequency-Tunable 250-GHz
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Jiang W., Wang J., Shen Y., Liu G., Wu Z., "Curved Geometry Collector Design for High-Power Gyrotraveling
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Yan R., Yao Y., Liu G., Wang J., Xu Y., Pu Y., Jiang W., Luo Y., "Automatic Hot-Test System for HighAverage/Continuous-Wave Power Gyro-TWTs," IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, (2018) 1139- 1145.
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Liu Q., Liu Y., Chen Z., Niu X., Li H., Xu J., "Investigation on heat transfer analysis and its effect on a multimode, beam-wave interaction for a 140 GHz, MW-class gyrotron," Physics of Plasmas, vol. 25, n. 4 (2018)043101. DOI:10.1063/1.4996701.
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Luo Li, Du Chao-Hai, HuangMing-Guang, LiuPu-Kun, "Frequency pulling in a low-voltage medium-power
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M. Field et al., "Development of a 100-W 200-GHz High Bandwidth mm-Wave Amplifier," IEEE Trans. on
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Singh S., Kartikeyan M.V., "Analysis of Plasma Loaded Conventional and Coaxial Cavity With Wedge-Shaped
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Zhang L., Donaldson C.R., He W., "Optimization of a triode-type cusp electron gun for a W-band gyro-TWA,"Physics of Plasmas, vol. 25, n. 4 (2018) 043120. DOI:10.1063/1.5028262.
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Liang Zhang, Craig R. Donaldson, Jason Garner, Adrian W. Cross, Wenlong He, “Input coupling systems formillimetre-wave gyrotron travelling wave amplifiers,” IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, (2018). DOI:
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Saisut J., Rimjaem S., Thongbai C., "A THz Spectroscopy System Based on Coherent Radiation from Ultrashort
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Wang Jianguoр Wang Guangqiangр Wang Dongyang, Li Shuang, Zeng Peng, "A megawatt-level surface wave
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Zhang L., Donaldson C.R., Cross A.W., He W., "A pillbox window with impedance matching sections for a Wband gyro-TWA,“ IEEE Electron Device Letters, (2018) . DOI:10.1109/LED.2018.2834859.
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https://www.wiley.com/en-bg/Micro+and+Nano+Scale+NMR:+Technologies+and+Systems-p-9783527340569

RECENT ACTIVITIES OF COFUC

COFUC Network is a Center of Excellence (COE) in western part of Japan (Kobe・Osaka・Fukui), whichaims to enhance the research on pulsed high magnetic field. It has been established by the Molecular Photoscience
Research Center (Kobe University), the Center for Advanced High Magnetic Field Science (Osaka University),
and the Research Center for Development of Far-infrared Region (University of Fukui).

The 4th Introductory Workshop for High Magnetic Field Experiments was held on 18 May 2018 at
Machikaneyama Facility （Toyonaka Campus), Osaka University. The opening and the closing talks have beenpresented by Professor Seitaro Mitsudo from the FIR UF Research Center. The program of the workshop isavailable at the following link.

NEWS FROM THE NET (OUR BROADER HORIZONS)RECENT PROGRES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF GYROTRONS FOR FUSION
The year of the gyrotron
Powerful (megawatt class) gyrotrons are being developed for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) ofmagnetically confined plasma, electron cyclotron resonance current drive (ECRCD), plasma initiation (startup)
as well as for plasma diagnostics and stabilization in various reactors for controlled thermonuclear fusion (mostnotably for ITER and its successor DEMO). On 26 Feb, 2018 Krista Dulon posted a note in the ITER NEWSLINE
that proclaims the current year as “The year of the gyrotron”. The rationale for this is the remarkable resent
progress in the development of gyrotrons in the framework of the European gyrotron program, which is focusedon the production of 1 MW prototype for the second plasma phase at ITER, where a total power of 20MW of
injected power is required. For First Plasma in 2025, the installed ECRH system will include eight gyrotrons(four from Japan and four from Russia) and 4 sets of high-voltage power supplies (two from Europe and two
from India).

European gyrotron (1 MW prototype) for ITER (Image courtesy ITER)
The European 1 MW prototype (pictured above) operates routinely at a frequency of 170 GHz for periods of1000 seconds. From the Radio Frequency Building where the gyrotrons are located, the generated microwave
beams will be transmitted through a 160 meters long microwave waveguides to launchers at the equatorial andupper levels of the vacuum vessel.
The first gyrotron units have already been completed in Japan and Russia and final testing is underway. By theend of 2018 factory acceptance tests will have concluded on two gyrotron units in Japan, two units in Russia, andpower supplies in Europe. The Russian gyrotron (shown in the photo below) is installed at the gyrotron test benchof the Swiss Plasma Center in Lausanne, Switzerland. Equivalent to the gyrotrons manufactured in Russia for
ITER, the production module was purchased by Europe to test upper launcher components and is available toother ITER partners for testing waveguide components.

Five ITER members are participating in the procurement of the electron cyclotron system at ITER: Europe (6gyrotrons, 12 power supplies, 4 upper launchers), India (2 gyrotrons, 4 power supplies), Japan (8 gyrotrons, 1
equatorial launcher), Russia (8 gyrotrons), and the United States (all transmission lines). Installation activities
are planned to start in 2020 for the eight gyrotron units needed for ITER's First Plasma; (16 others units will be
installed at a later assembly phase).

Russian 1 MW gyrotron at Swiss Plasma Center (image courtesy ITER)
This first Russian gyrotron unit is one of two undergoing factory acceptance testing at GYCOM, in Nizhny
Novgorod. After the tests conclude in 2018, the units will be stored until the Radio Frequency Building is readyto receive them.
The Japanese Domestic Agency will supply a total of eight gyrotron units to ITER. Contractor Toshiba has
manufactured the two first production units, which are undergoing testing now at The National Institutes for
Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST).

Japanese ITER gyrotron and its God blessing (original images courtesy ITER)

In her posting, Krista Dulon tells the following interesting story: “Prior to starting the Toshiba gyrotron at QST,
one scientist visited a local Shinto shrine to receive the blessing from the patron saint of radio frequency devices.
The blessing is manifested in the above plaque that is kept near the gyrotron test stand at all times.” (You canalso see it also in the left image if you look carefully.)
Please visit the original article of the ITER Newsline following the link.

Gyrotron power supplies pass muster in Europe
The ITER Newsline of 9 April 2018 reports that the first power supply units produced in Europe for ITER's
microwave plasma heating system have successfully passed factory acceptance tests. In ITER, 12 high voltage
power supplies will convert grid voltage to the high voltage levels required by ITER's electron cyclotron heating
system (ECRH). Europe, which is responsible for the supply of eight of these, has contracted with the Swisscompany Ampegon for the design and fabrication of the equipment. Ampegon will produce eight main highvoltage power supplies (55 kV/110 A) and 16 body power supplies (35 kV/100 mA).

Factory acceptance tests of the high-voltage power supply systems (image courtesy to ITER)
The high voltage supply units are powerful indeed. The eight units alone could provide sufficient household
electricity for a city of 270,000 inhabitants. The electricity generated by these units will feed into the ECRH,
which is one Plasma heating of three external heating systems that will bring the ITER plasma to temperatures
allowing for fusion to occur. The 24 gyrotrons at the core of the ECRH system will generate strong
electromagnetic waves—not unlike a powerful microwave oven—which will be guided to the vacuum chamber,where they transfer their energy to the plasma particles and heat them. During the factory acceptance tests thepower supply units exceeded expectations, according to Ferran Albajar, who is in charge of gyrotrons at theEuropean Domestic Agency. The production of the remaining units will be completed in 2020.
Please visit the original article of the ITER Newsline following the link.
Please see the full report on the European Domestic Agency website.

Successful acceptance tests of the second Russian ITER gyrotron
In the ITER Newsline of 4 June 2018, Alexander Petrov (ITER Russia) reported that in mid-May,factory acceptance tests were successfully carried out on the second gyrotron of the Russian
procurement program by specialists at the Institute of Applied Physics and GYCOM Ltd.

The second Russian gyrotron for ITER during the acceptance tests (image courtesy ITER)
The author of the report recollects that the first gyrotron was developed at the Institute of Applied Physics(Russian Academy of Sciences) back in 1964, generating 6W at 10 GHz for continuous operation. Since then,scientists around the world have steadily increased gyrotron output power and, today, ITER needs are driving the
program. The tests conducted on the second gyrotron manufactured in Russia demonstrated full compliance withITER Organization technical requirements (1 MW power at the required 170 GHz in continuous mode).

Please visit the original issue of the ITER Newsline following the link.
Electromagnetic doughnuts - short bursts of electromagnetic energy propagating in freespace at the speed of light
In a recent paper by N. Papasimakis et al., published in Phys. Rev. B, the authors have proposed a metamaterialsbased scheme to realize flying electromagnetic doughnuts, a theoretical solution to Maxwell’s equations that’s
never been achieved experimentally. Besides the well-known plane-wave solutions to the Maxwell’s equation
there are also rather exotic solutions (obtained theoretically more than 20 years ago) in the form of short pulses
with a toroidal, or doughnut-like, shape that would propagate in free space, and that include a strong
electromagnetic-field component in the direction of propagation rather than transverse to it (as in the ordinarytransverse electromagnetic waves).
For a popular description of the promising features of the electromagnetic doughnuts and their expected
application please read the article “A Recipe for Flying Electromagnetic Doughnuts” by Stewart Wills, at thewebsite Optics&Photonics News following the link.

Papasimakis N., Raybould T., Fedotov V., Tsai D., Youngs I., Zheludev N.I., “Pulse generation scheme forflying electromagnetic doughnuts,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 97, n. 20 (2018) 201409.
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.97.201409.
The original paper is available at: https://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.97.201409

Manipulating all kinds of waves by metamaterials
In an article published on 5 March 2018, the scientists from Duke’s Center for Metamaterials andIntegrated Plasmonics (CMIP) discuss a number of amazing properties of novel metamaterials
that can be used for manipulation of various waves. They explain several projects in which such
metamaterials are used to manipulate electromagnetic waves in the terahertz region of thespectrum. Among the foreseen applications are imaging devices that can identify thousands ofplants and minerals, diagnose cancerous melanomas and predict weather patterns, simply by thespectrum of light they reflect. Moreover, the Duke’s researchers have shown that metamaterials
can be used not only for manipulation of electromagnetic waves but of acoustic waves as well,i.e. to control the propagation of sound. The team even built a wall of such blocks carefully
tailored to sculpt a sound wave into an arbitrarily shaped hologram, a shaped sound.
Please read the original article entitled “Metamaterials bend waves of all kinds” at this link.
Simple and efficient approach to the visualization of terahertz radiation
Recently, L.L. Slocombe and R.A. Lewis have compared in detail two methods, namely electrical and optical, ofdetecting THz radiation using neon lamps. They are based on the fact that the terahertz radiation impinging on a
lit neon tube causes additional ionization of the encapsulated gas. As a result, the electrical current flowing
between the electrodes increases and the glow discharge in the tube brightens. The authors show that these dual
phenomena suggest two distinct modes of terahertz sensing. The electrical mode simply involves measuring theelectrical current while the optical mode involves monitoring the brightness of the weakly ionized plasma glow
discharge. These two detection modes are compared directly under identical experimental conditions measuring
0.1 THz radiation modulated at frequencies in the range 0.1–10 kHz, for lamp currents in the range 1–10 mA. It
has been found that electrical detection provides a superior signal-to-noise ratio while optical detection has afaster response. Either method serves as the basis of a compact, robust, and inexpensive room-temperaturedetector of terahertz radiation.
L.L. Slocombe, R.A. Lewis, “Electrical Versus Optical: Comparing Methods for Detecting Terahertz Radiation
Using Neon Lamps,” Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (published online on 18 May 2018).
DOI: 10.1007/s10762-018-0495-1.
The original paper is available here.

Plasmon Enhanced Terahertz Electron Paramagnetic Resonance — PETER
A new Horizon2020 project, which is described as highly original, visionary, essential for society's needs anddevelopment has just been started by an international scientific consortium. With a budget of 2.89 mil. EUR the
project will focus on the unique innovation of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) also known as electron
spin resonance (ESR). The goals of the project are: (i) establishing a brand novel terahertz-frequency EPR microspectroscopic technique based on a combination of plasmonic-based magnetic field enhancement and scanningprobe microscopy; (ii) Realization of THz EPR micro-spectroscope that offers unprecedented sensitivity (several
orders higher than conventional EPR instruments) and spatial resolution below 1 µm (approx. 1/300th of usedwavelength).

In contrast to usual THz plasmon-enhanced spectroscopy of nonmagnetic materials, the novel approach isbased on magnetic plasmonic resonances. This presents unprecedented implementation of plasmonic phenomena
into EPR technique. In particular, this project introduces for the first time plasmonic effects into the THz EPR.
It is expected that such advanced technique will open new possibilities to in-situ study of wide variety ofmaterials for scientific, technological and medical purposes.
For more information on the project please visit the link.

Damage in a Thin Metal Film by High-Power Terahertz Radiation
Researchers from the Russian Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences (JIHT
RAS) were the first in the world to conduct an experiment in which the destruction of a thin metal film wasobserved under the influence of a strong terahertz radiation with a wavelength of the order of fractions of amillimeter. A unique terahertz laser was used to create an electromagnetic field with an intensity of up to 100
million volts per centimeter. The electromagnetic waves of the terahertz range decay very rapidly in the metal,
so it is very difficult to destroy any metal in this way. In the experiment, the researchers used a thin metal film ofaluminum and sent single terahertz pulses to the plate, gradually increasing their power. When a certain thresholdvalue is reached, a high-power pulse has made a through hole in the metal. Additionally, they have found thatmultiple irradiation with pulses with a power less than the threshold value did not penetrate the metal, however,cause damage, the nature of which remains to be studied. Such amazing results were observed for the first time.
The authors believe that their results will open the way for new experimental and theoretical studies on theinteraction of strong THz waves with different metallic materials and to new applications in photonics, biology,
medicine, and materials science.
M.B. Agranat, O.V. Chefonov, A.V. Ovchinnikov S I. Ashitkov, and V. E. Fortov, “Damage in a Thin Metal
Film by High-Power Terahertz Radiation,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 120 (2018) 085704. DOI:
10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.085704.
The above paper is available at the link.