኱ศ኱Ꮫᩍ⫱⚟♴⛉Ꮫ㒊◊✲⣖せ㸦Res. Bull. Fac. Educ.䠃Welf. Sci., Oita Univ.䠅249⏕࿨ほᙧᡂࡢࡓࡵ࡟⛉Ꮫᩍ⫱ࡀᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚
— ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᵓ᝿ࡢࡓࡵࡢணഛⓗㄪᰝ㸦ࡑࡢ 1㸧—∾ 㔝 ἞ ᩄ㸨࠙せ ᪨ࠚ  Ⓨ㐩ࡢⴭࡋ࠸⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡㸪་Ꮫࡸ་⒪ᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡾ㸪⏕Ṛࡢุᐃ
ࡸ἞⒪ࡢ᪉㔪Ỵᐃࡢሙ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪᪂ࡓ࡞▱㆑ࡸ⪃࠼᪉ࡀᚲせ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣ࡟ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᩍ⫱ࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡍࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪᭷ຠ࡞࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ‽ഛ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⌧௦ࡢ་⒪ࡢ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ⮚ჾ⛣᳜ࡢ㝿࡟ᚲせ࡞⬻Ṛࡢᴫᛕࡸ㸪ࡑࡢ㢮ఝࡢᴫᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ᳜≀≧ែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪኱Ꮫ⏕ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚⌧≧ࢆㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪⌧௦ࡢ⏕࿨ほࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࡟ࡣ⏕࿨⛉ᏛࡢṔྐࢆಠ▔ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ⪃࠼࠿ࡽ㸪⏕≀Ꮫྐୖࡢே≀ࡢ▱ྡᗘ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝ㸪⬻Ṛ㸪᳜≀≧ែ࡜ࡶ࡟㸪ᚲࡎࡋࡶ༑ศ࡞⌮ゎࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸⌧≧ࡀ♧ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪⏕≀ᏛࡢṔྐ࡟㛵୚ࡋࡓே≀ࡢ▱㆑ࡣ㸪Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱ࡢᏛ⩦Ṕ┦ᛂࡢ⤖ᯝ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ࣮࣮࠙࢟࣡ࢻࠚ  ⏕≀ᩍ⫱ ព㆑ㄪᰝ ኱Ꮫ⏕ ⮚ჾ⛣᳜ ⏕࿨೔⌮㸯 ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ ᪥ࠎ㐍ṌⓎᒎࡍࡿ⛉Ꮫ࣭ᢏ⾡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ṇࡋࡃ⌮ゎࡋ㸪ࡑࡢᡂᯝࢆⓗ☜࡟฼⏝࡛ࡁࡿ⬟ຊࡸែᗘࢆ⫱ᡂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⌮⛉ᩍ⫱ࡢᙺ๭࡜ࡋ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕࿨ࡢゎ㔘ࡀ♫఍ⓗ࡟ὀ┠ࡉࢀࡿ㏆ᖺࡢヰ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚㸪෌⏕་⒪ࡸ⮚ჾ⛣᳜➼ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟ࡣ་⒪ᢏ⾡ࡢࡵࡊࡲࡋ࠸Ⓨ㐩ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞་⒪ᢏ⾡ࡢⓎ㐩࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ᪧ᮶ࡢᡭἲ࡛ࡣᩆ࠼࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࿨ࢆᩆ࠺ࡇ࡜ࡀฟ᮶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢ㐺⏝⠊ᅖࡣ᪥ࠎᣑ኱ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪ྠ᫬࡟ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞་⒪ᢏ⾡ࡢⓎ㐩ࡣ㸪⏕࡜Ṛࡢุᐃ࡟࠾࠸࡚ᚑ᮶ࡢᖖ㆑ࡀ㏻⏝ࡋ࡞࠸ᒁ㠃ࢆᣍࡃ୍ᅉ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍⯡ᕷẸࡀ㸪✺Ⓨⓗ࡟⏕ࡌࡿ஦ᨾࡸ⑓Ẽ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪⏕Ṛࡢุ᩿ࢆ㏕ࡽࢀࡿሙ㠃࡟㸪⣡ᚓࡢ࠸ࡃⓗ☜࡞ุ᩿ࡀୗ
ࡏࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁⓗ☜࡞ᑐᛂࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪⏕࿨࡟㛵ࡍࡿᩍ⫱ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡞⏕࡜Ṛࡢၥ㢟ࢆ༢⣧࡟ே㛫ࡢ♫఍࡟㐺ᛂࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡟ࡣ࠸࠿࡞࠸ࡀ㸪⌧௦ࡢ⛉Ꮫࡸ་⒪࡛ࡣ⏕࿨ࢆ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࡇ࡜ࡣ㸪♫఍ⓗ࡞ேࡢ⏕Ṛࢆ⪃࠼ุ᩿ࡍࡿ
ሙྜ࡟ᚲせ࡞せ⣲ࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋᏛᰯᩍ⫱࡛ࡣ㸪⏕࿨⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᏛ⩦ࡣ⌮⛉ࡢᏛ⩦ෆᐜ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾ㸪ศᏊࣞ࣋ࣝ㸪ಶయࣞ࣋ࣝ㸪㞟ᅋࣞ࣋ࣝ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡟㸪ከᵝ࡞⏕࿨⌧㇟ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮫ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿࡟ࡼࡿᏛ⩦ᖹᡂ 22 ᖺ 5 ᭶ 31 ᪥ཷ⌮㸨ࡲࡁࡢ࣭ࡣࡿ࡜ࡋ ኱ศ኱Ꮫ㧗➼ᩍ⫱㛤Ⓨࢭࣥࢱ࣮

250∾  㔝ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛࡀᵓ⠏ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛ࡣ⏕ࡁ≀ࡀ⏕࿨ࢆ⥔ᣢࡋάືࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞ෆᐜࡣ࡯ࡰ⥙⨶ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋト 1㸧ࡑࢀࡽ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ᩍ⫱⌧ሙ࡛ࡣ㸪⏕࿨⌧㇟ࢆ⮬↛⛉Ꮫࡢ஦ᐇ࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼ࡿࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪⏕࿨ᑛ㔜ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽከࡃࡢᐇ㊶ࡀヨࡳࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 1,2,3)ࠋࡇ
ࢀࡽࡢᐇ㊶ࡣ࠸ࡌࡵࡸ⹢ᚅ࡞࡝㸪Ꮚ࡝ࡶࡓࡕࡢᚰࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶど㔝࡟ධࢀࡓྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪࡝ࢇ࡞⏕ࡁ≀࡟ࡶே㛫࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟࿨ࡀ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀᨾ࡟ᑛ㔜ࡉࢀࡿ࡭ࡁ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢ❧ሙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᐇ㦂ᐊࡸ㔝እㄪᰝ࡛ᑐ㇟࡜ࡍࡿ⏕ࡁ≀ࡢ࿨࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ಶูⓗ࡞▱㆑࡛ᑐᛂ࡛ࡁࡿࡀ㸪ேࡢ⏕Ṛ࡟㛵ࢃࡿၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ಶࠎࡢ⏕࿨⌧㇟ࢆ㛵㐃࡙ࡅ㸪⤫ྜⓗ࡟ᢅ࠺࡟ࡣ㸪୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ࠼ࡿࠋ ୍᪉㸪་⒪ᚑ஦⪅࡟࡜ࡗ࡚⏕࿨೔⌮ࡣᛴࢆせࡍࡿ㔜せ࡞せ࡞ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡑࡢᩍ⫱ㄢ⛬࡟ࡶ⤌ࡳࡇࡲࢀ࡞ࡀࡽ㸪ෆᐜ࣭᪉ἲ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᨵၿࡀ⥆ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ 4,5)ࠋ
 ඛ࡟㏙࡭ࡓ་⒪ᢏ⾡ࡢⓎ㐩࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪ேࡢ⏕࿨ࢆ┤᥋᧯స࡛ࡁࡿᢏ⾡ࡀ㌟㏆࡞ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿ⌧௦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪἞⒪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡢ࠿ཷࡅ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿㸪ࡲࡓ㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞἞⒪ࢆཷࡅࡿࡢ࠿࡜
࠸࠺ᒁ㠃࡛ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㧗ᗘ࡞ุ᩿ࡀồࡵࡽࢀ㸪ࡑࡢุ᩿ࡀேࡢ⏕Ṛ࡟┤᥋㛵ࢃࡿ♫఍ⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡜ࡶ࡞ࡿሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢุ᩿ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞▱㆑ࡸ⪃࠼᪉ࡣఱ࠿ࠋඛ㐍ⓗ࡞་⒪ᢏ⾡ࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞Ꮫ⩦ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡢ࠿ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⌧௦ⓗ࡞ㄢ㢟࡟ᑐᛂ࡛ࡁࡿ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ
ࡢᵓ⠏ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛᵓ⠏ࡢ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡀಟ஢
ࡋࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡢ㸪Ꮫᰯᩍ⫱࡟ࡼࡿ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡞▱㆑ࡸ⏕࿨ほ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠋ௒ᅇࡣ㸪୰➼ᩍ⫱ࡢಟ஢⪅࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ኱Ꮫ⏕࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪ࠕ⬻Ṛࠖ࡜㸪ࡑࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡢከ࠸ࠕ᳜≀≧ែࠖ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᢪ࠸࡚࠸ࡿ࢖࣓࣮ࢪ࡜㸪ᙼࡽࡀࠕ⏕࿨ࠖࢆ࡝ࡢᵝ࡟⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪⏕࿨⛉Ꮫࡸ⏕࿨೔⌮࡟㛵ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࢆゎỴࡍࡿ୍ຓ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪Ṕྐୖࡢ஦ᐇࡸ⪃࠼᪉ࢆά⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ㸪࠶ࡿ᫬௦࡛ࡢ⏕ࡁ≀ࡸ⏕࿨࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡸᢏ⾡ࡀ㸪ࡑࡢ᫬௦ࡢ⏕࿨ほ࡟ࡶ኱ࡁࡃᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡢ⪃࠼࡟ᇶ࡙࠸࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪ᮏ◊✲ࡀ┠ᶆ࡜ࡍࡿ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡢᵓ⠏ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ຠᯝⓗ࡞Ṕྐୖࡢே≀ࡸ஦౛࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶㄪᰝࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᇶ࡟㸪⌧௦♫఍࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࿨ࡢၥ㢟ࢆุ᩿ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ᚲせ࡞▱㆑ࡸ⬟ຊ㸪ែᗘࢆ⩦ᚓࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋࡓ㸰 ◊✲ࡢෆᐜ࠾ࡼࡧ᪉ἲ ୰➼ᩍ⫱ࢆ⤊஢ࡋࡓẁ㝵࡛ࡢ⏕࿨࡟㛵ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡸ⪃࠼᪉ࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿ┠ⓗ࡛㸪኱Ꮫ⏕ࢆᑐ㇟࡟࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺㄪᰝࢆᐇ᪋ࡋࡓࠋ࢔ࣥࢣ࣮ࢺࡢㄪᰝෆᐜࡣ㸪⌧௦ࡢ་⒪ᢏ⾡ࡀ⏕࿨ほ࡟࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᙳ㡪ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ᥈ࡿࡓࡵࡢタၥ࡜ࡋࡓࠋㄪᰝࡢᑐ㇟ࡣ኱ศ኱Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᖹᡂ 22 ᖺᗘ㛤タࡢᩍ㣴ᩍ⫱⛉┠ࠕ⏕࿨ほࡢኚ㑄ࠖࢆཷㅮࡍࡿ 67 ே࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㉁ၥ㡯┠ࡣேࡢṚࡢᐃ⩏࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ㸪⬻Ṛ㸪᳜≀≧ែ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㉁ၥ࡜㸪၏≀ㄽⓗ࡞⏕࿨ほࢆၥ࠺タၥ 2 㢟㸪࠾ࡼࡧ㸪⏕≀Ꮫ࡟㛵ࡍࡿே≀ 11 ே࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢタၥ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ


2.1 ேࡢṚࡢᐃ⩏࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡢㄪᰝ ⬻ṚࡣேࡢṚ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡢ࠿㸪ࡑ࠺࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞⪃࠼ࢆᣢࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿ࢆၥ࠺タၥ࡜ࡋࡓࠋேࡢṚࡢุᐃ࡟ࡣ㸪୕ᚩೃ࡟ࡼࡿุ᩿㸪⬻Ṛุᐃᇶ‽࡟ࡼࡿุᐃࡀ࠶ࡿࡀ㸴㸧㸪௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ㸪ึṌⓗ࡞タၥ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⬻ṚࢆேࡢṚ࡜⪃࠼ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢࡳၥ࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪⬻Ṛ࡜ΰྠࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸᳜≀≧ែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝࡢၥ࠸ࢆタᐃࡋࡓࠋලయⓗ࡞タၥ⏕࿨ほᙧᡂࡢࡓࡵ࡟⛉Ꮫᩍ⫱ࡀᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚251ࡣ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋၥ㸸ࠕ⬻ṚࡣேࡢṚ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠋࠖ㑅ᢥ⫥㸸ࠕ⬻ṚࡣṚ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠕ⬻ṚࡣṚ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖࠕࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖၥ㸸ࠕ᳜≀≧ែࡣேࡢṚ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ㑅ᢥ⫥㸸ࠕ᳜≀≧ែࡣṚ࡛࠶ࡿࠖࠕ᳜≀≧ែࡣṚ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠖࠕࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ ேࡢṚࢆྵࡵࡓ⏕࿨ほ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿၥ࠸࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⚄⛎ⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿ࢆ▱ࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪࿨ࡢỌ㐲ᛶ࡜Ṛ⪅ࡢ᚟ά࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ၥ࠸ࢆタᐃࡋ㸪ᅇ⟅ࡣඛ࡜ྠᵝ࡟㑅ᢥ⫥࡜ࡋࡓࠋタၥࡣ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢタၥ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪௵ព࡛⌮⏤ࢆ᭩࠿ࡏࡿḍࢆタᐃࡋࡓࠋ
ၥ㸸ࠕỌ㐲ࡢ࿨ࢆಙࡌࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ㑅ᢥ⫥㸸ࠕಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࠕಙࡌ࡞࠸ࠖࠕሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣಙࡌࡿࠖࠕࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ㸪㸦⌮⏤ࡢグ㏙㸧ၥ㸸ࠕ୍ᗘ㸪Ṛࢇࡔே࡛ࡶ㸪⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ
㑅ᢥ⫥㸸ࠕᛮ࠺ࠖࠕᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖࠕሙྜ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺ࠖࠕࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ㸪㸦⌮⏤ࡢグ㏙㸧2.2 ⏕≀Ꮫྐୖࡢே≀࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ ⌧௦ࡢ⏕࿨⛉Ꮫࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡣṔྐⓗ⫼ᬒࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ㸪⏕≀Ꮫྐ࡟࠾࠸
࡚኱ࡁ࡞㌿᥮Ⅼࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿே≀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪 ேࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓࠋࡓࡔࡋ㸪ㄆ▱ᗘࡀ㧗࠸࡜ண᝿ࡉࢀࡿே≀㸦౛࠼ࡤࢲ࣮࢘࢕ࣥ㸧ࡣ௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣᑐ㇟እ࡜ࡋࡓࠋ௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝࡢᑐ㇟
࡜ࡋࡓே≀ࡢᴫせ  ࡜ࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡣ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
 ࣄ࣏ࢡࣛࢸࢫ‫ی‬HippokratƝs㸦๓ 460/59?-370?㸧ࠕ་⪷ࠖࡲࡓࡣࠕ་Ꮫࡢ∗ࠖ࡜⛠ࡏࡽࢀࡿࠋ⑓Ẽࡢཎᅉࢆ⮬↛࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ࡜⪃࠼㸪ᙜ᫬ࡢࠕ⚄⪷⑓ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕࢆྰᐃࡋࡓⅬࡀ㸪⏕࿨ほࡢ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪་ᖌࡀ⑓Ẽࢆ἞ࡍࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪ᝈ⪅ࡢ⮬↛἞⒵ຊ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࡋࡓⅬࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫ‫ی‬AristoterƝs㸦๓ 384-322㸧
ࠕ୓Ꮫࡢ♽ࠖ࡜࠸ࢃࢀࡿࡀ㸪⮬↛Ꮫ㸪⏕≀Ꮫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢⴭసࡸ◊✲ࡶከࡃ㸪⭾኱࡞ほᐹグ㘓ࢆṧࡋࡓࡇ࡜㸪ࡲࡓ㸪ከᵝ࡞⏕≀ࢆ⣔⤫ⓗ࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡞࡝㸪⏕≀Ꮫࡢᇶ♏ࢆᅛࡵࡓⅬ࡛㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢞ࣞࣀࢫ‫ی‬GalƝnos㸦๓ 129-199㸧
ࣄ࣏ࢡࣛࢸࢫ་⾡ࢆᇶ♏࡜ࡋ࡚඲ࢠࣜࢩࣕ་Ꮫࢆ⛛ᗎⓗ࡟㞟኱ᡂࡋࡓࠋ⢭Ẽㄽࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀᐇ㦂࡟ࡼࡾ⏕࿨⌧㇟ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓࡇ࡜㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࡑࡢ⌮ㄽࡀ༓ᖺ௨ୖࡶཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀ㸪㛗࠸᫬௦࡟Ώࡗ࡚ᶒጾ࡜ࡋ࡚࠶ࡀࡵࡽࢀࡓࡇ࡜࡞࡝㸪⏕࿨ほ࡟୚࠼ࡓᙳ㡪ࡣィࡾ▱ࢀ࡞࠸ࠋ ࣦ࢙ࢧࣜ࢘ࢫ‫ی‬Vesalius㸪Andreas㸦1514-64㸧ேయゎ๗Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨵ㠉⪅ࠋᙜ᫬ࡢᶒጾ࡛࠶ࡿ࢞ࣞࣀࢫ࡜ࡢ┦㐪ࢆ᫂♧ࡋࡓࠕࣇ࢓ࣈࣜ࢝ࠖࢆ
ห⾜ࡍࡿࠋᙜ᫬ࡢ་ᖌࡢ័⾜ࢆ◚ࡾ㸪⮬ࡽ࣓ࢫࢆྲྀࡾᐇ≀ࢆඖ࡟ㄽࢆ㐍ࡵࡓⅬࡀ⏬ᮇⓗ࡛㸪Ṕྐⓗ࡞㌿᥮Ⅼ࡜ࡋ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≀⌮Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࣭࢞ࣜࣞ࢜࢞ࣜࣞ࢖㸪ኳᩥᏛ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࢥ࣌ࣝ
ࢽࢡࢫ࡜୪࡭ࡽࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

252∾  㔝 ࢚࢘ࢫࢱ࢟࢜‫ی‬Eustachio㸪Bartolommeo㸦1520-74㸧࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࡢゎ๗Ꮫ⪅ࠋ⏕࿨ほࢆ㌿᥮ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞኱ࡁ࡞ᥦ᱌ࡣࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ࡇࡇ࡛ࡢㄽⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㔜せ࡞ே≀࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸ࡀ㸪⪥⟶㸦࢚࢘ࢫࢱ࢟࢜⟶㸧࡜ࡋ࡚ྡ๓ࡀྲྀࡾୖࡆࡽࢀࡿࡇ
࡜ࡀከ࠸ࡢ࡛㸪▱ྡᗘࢆ▱ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ㄪᰝ㡯┠࡜ࡋࡓࠋ ࣁ࣮ࣦ࢕࣮‫ی‬Harvey㸪William㸦1578-1657㸧ゎ๗Ꮫ⪅㸪⏕⌮Ꮫ⪅ࠋ⾑ᾮᚠ⎔ㄝࢆ♧ࡋࡓࠋṇ☜࡞ほᐹ࠿ࡽᚰ⮚࡜⾑ᾮࡢ㐠ື࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪≀⌮Ꮫⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋࡓ㸪ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕ⏕ࡁࡶࡢࡢཎ⌮࡟≀⌮Ꮫ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⮬↛ほࢆᙜ࡚ࡣࡵࡓⅬ࡛㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ື≀ࡢⓎ⏕࡟㛵ࡍࡿグ㏙ࡶ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࢪ࢙ࣥࢼ࣮‫ی‬Jenner㸪Edward㸦1749-1823㸧࢖ࢠࣜࢫࡢእ⛉་ࠋ✀①ἲࡢⓎぢࠋ⌮ㄽⓗ࡞⿬௜ࡅࡣసࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛㸪⏕࿨ほࡢṔྐ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࡛ࡣ㔜せᗘࡣప࠸ࡀ⾨⏕Ꮫⓗ࡞♫఍࡬ࡢᙳ㡪ࡣ኱ࡁ࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ᩍ⫱ࡢሙ㠃࡛ࡣࡼࡃྲྀࡾୖࡆ
ࡽࢀࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪ㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓࠋ ࢔࣓ࣝ࢖ࢲ‫ی‬Almeida㸪Luis de㸦1525-83㸧࣏ࣝࢺ࢞ࣝே࢖࢚ࢬࢫ఍ᐉᩍᖌࠋ⛉Ꮫ⪅࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ⑓㝔ࡢタ❧ࡸ་ᖌ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢά㌍㸪኱ศᕷෆ࡟ࡣ࢔࣓ࣝ࢖ࢲ⑓㝔ࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽ㸪▱ྡᗘࡣ㧗࠸ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿࡜ㄪᰝࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓࠋ ࢩ࣮࣎ࣝࢺ‫ی‬Siebold㸪Phillip Franz Balthasar von㸦1796-1866㸧ࢻ࢖ࢶே་ᖌࠋ᪥ᮏ࡟࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃࡢ་Ꮫ࣭⛉Ꮫࢆఏ࠼ࡓ୍ே࡜ࡋ࡚㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᒣ⬥ᮾὒ‫࠺ࡼ࠺࡜ ࡁࢃࡲࡸی‬㸦1705-62㸧Ụᡞ୰ᮇࡢᮅᘐ་ᐁࠋึࡵ࡚ᐁチ࡟ࡼࡿேయゎ๗ࢆ⾜ࡗࡓࠋ᪥ᮏ࡛ࡢゎ๗ࡣḟ࡟♧ࡍᮡ⏣⋞ⓑ࡜㛫㐪࠼ࡽࢀࡸࡍ࠸ࡀ㸪᭱ึ࡟ゎ๗ࡋࡓ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ᮡ⏣⋞ⓑ‫ࡃࡥࢇࡆ ࡓࡂࡍی‬㸦1733-1817㸧⹒Ꮫ⪅ࠋ࢜ࣛࣥࢲㄒࡢ་Ꮫ᭩ࡢ᪥ᮏㄒヂࢆࠕゎయ᪂᭩ࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚ห⾜ࡋࡓࠋ⹒Ꮫ᭩ࡢㄞゎ࡟ࡼࡿすὒ་Ꮫ㸪すὒ⛉Ꮫࡢ㐨ࢆ㛤࠸ࡓⅬ࡛㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢே≀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄆ▱ᗘࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪ࠕ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࠕ⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ▱ࡽ࡞࠸㸦ศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸㸧ࠖࡢ 3 ẁ㝵࡛ᅇ⟅ࡉࡏࡓࠋ㸱 ⤖ᯝ࡜⪃ᐹ ௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓᏛ⏕ࡢෆヂࡣ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⾲㸯㸬ㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡢᏛᖺูෆヂ㸦66 ே㸧Ꮫᖺேᩘ㸦㸣㸧1ᖺ

27 (41㸣)

2ᖺ

3ᖺ

4 ᖺ௨ୖ

17 (26%)15 (23%)7 (11%)

⾲㸰㸬ㄪᰝᑐ㇟ࡢᏛ㒊ูෆヂ㸦66 ே㸧Ꮫ㒊ᩍ⫱⚟♴⛉Ꮫ㒊ேᩘ㸦㸣㸧
45 (68%)⤒῭Ꮫ㒊
20 (30%)་Ꮫ㒊
1 (2%)

253⏕࿨ほᙧᡂࡢࡓࡵ࡟⛉Ꮫᩍ⫱ࡀᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ ᩍ⫱⚟♴⛉Ꮫ㒊࡜⤒῭Ꮫ㒊ࢆᑐ㇟࡜ࡋࡓᩍ㣴ᩍ⫱⛉┠࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡛㸪Ꮫᖺ㸪Ꮫ㒊ࡢෆヂࡣࡑࢀࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ


3.1 ேࡢṚࡢᐃ⩏࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ▱㆑ࡢㄪᰝ௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡟࠾࠸࡚୺࡜࡞ࡿ㉁ၥ࡛࠶ࡿ⬻Ṛ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᅇ⟅ࡣ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
⾲㸱㸬⬻Ṛ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㉁ၥ
㉁  ၥ
⬻ṚࡣேࡢṚ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ᅇ  ⟅⬻ṚࡣṚ࡛࠶ࡿ
⬻ṚࡣṚ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸
ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ᮍᅇ⟅ேᩘ㸦㸣㸧
21 (32%)20 (30%)21 (32%)3 (4%) ⬻Ṛ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᐃ⩏ 1)ࡣᡃࡀᅜࡢሙྜ」㞧࡛࠶ࡾ㸪⮚ჾ⛣᳜ᡭ⾡࡟⮚ჾࢆᥦ౪ࡍࡿሙྜ࡟㝈ࡾṚஸ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀࡿࡀ㸪ࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡣ⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋᅇ⟅࡟ぢࡽࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡟㸪Ṛஸ࡜ࡍࡿ㸪ࡋ࡞࠸㸪ศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࡢᅇ⟅ࡀᆒ➼࡟ศ࠿ࢀࡿࡢࡣ㸪ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞≧ἣࢆ཯ᫎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ḟ࡟㸪ୖグࡢᅇ⟅࡬ࡢ⬻Ṛࡢ≧ែ࡜຺㐪࠸ࡉࢀࡸࡍ࠸᳜≀≧ែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢၥ࠸࡟ᑐࡋ࡚㸪௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᅇ⟅ࡀᚓࡽࢀࡓࠋ
⾲㸲㸬᳜≀≧ែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ㉁ၥ
㉁  ၥ᳜≀≧ែࡣேࡢṚ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ᅇ  ⟅ ᳜≀≧ែࡣṚ࡛࠶ࡿ ᳜≀≧ែࡣṚ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ ࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ேᩘ㸦㸣㸧

3 (5%)

43 (65%)17 (26%)ᮍᅇ⟅
3 (5%) ᳜≀≧ែࢆேࡢṚ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜⌮ゎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᅇ⟅ࡀ  ๭㏆ࡃ࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ㸪⣙ 4 ศࡢ 1 ࡣศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪3 ྡࡣ᳜≀≧ែࡀேࡢṚ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᅇ⟅ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࡶ㸪᳜≀≧ែ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢ⌮ゎࡀ༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸ࠋ ⚄⛎ⓗ࡞⏕࿨ほ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪⌧௦ࡢ⛉Ꮫ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸ࡓ⏕࿨ほࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ၥ࠺ḟࡢ 2 ࡘࡢၥ࠸ࠕỌ㐲ࡢ࿨ࢆಙࡌࡲࡍ࠿ࠖࠕ୍ᗘṚࢇࡔேࡶ⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ࠖ
࡬ࡢᅇ⟅ࡣ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
⾲㸳㸬⏕࿨ほ࡬ࡢ㉁ၥ㸦ࡑࡢ㸯㸧㉁  ၥ
Ọ㐲ࡢ࿨ࢆಙࡌࡲࡍ࠿ᅇ  ⟅
ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿಙࡌ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡼࡿ
ศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸
ேᩘ㸦㸣㸧
1 (2%)
43 (65%)17 (26%)3 (5%)

ᮍᅇ⟅2 (3%)

 ⣙ 7 ๭ࡢᏛ⏕ࡀỌ㐲ࡢ࿨࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ྰᐃⓗ࡞ᅇ⟅ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪ሙྜ࡟ࡼࡿ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࡜ࡢᅇ⟅ࡶᑡ࡞࠿ࡽࡎ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪ಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡢᅇ⟅ࡀ 1 ྡ࠶ࡗࡓࠋỌ㐲ࡢ࿨࡜࠸࠺⚄⛎ⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉ࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᏛ⏕ࡀ┦ᙜᩘ࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࡀ㸪Ọ㐲ࡢ࿨࡟ྰᐃⓗ࡞ᅇ⟅ࢆࡋࡓᏛ⏕ࡀ⚄⛎ⓗ࡞⪃࠼᪉ࢆࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ࡶゝ࠸ษࢀ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢᅇ⟅࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࡢグ㏙࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࠋグ㏙ࡢෆᐜࡣ㸪௨ୗ࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓࠋ࡞࠾ࠕಙࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ࡜ࡢᅇ⟅࡟ῧ࠼ࡽࢀࡓグ㏙ࡣ↓࠿ࡗࡓࡢ࡛㸪⾲࡛ࡣ┬␎ࡋࡓࠋ254∾  㔝⾲㸴Ѹ㸯㸬⏕࿨ほ࡬ࡢ㉁ၥ㸦ࡑࡢ㸯㸧࡬ࡢ⌮⏤㸯ࠕಙࡌ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡢᅇ⟅࡟ῧ࠼ࡽࢀࡓグ㏙㸦29 ௳㸧グ㏙ࡢศ㢮௳ᩘ ௦⾲ⓗ࡞グ㏙ࡢ౛ࡑࢇ࡞ヰࡣ⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ⤒㦂ⓗุ᩿
7 ௳ ⌧ᐇ࡟୙⪁୙ṚࡢேࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿ࡽ௒ࡲ࡛Ọ㐲࡟⏕ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿேࡀ࠸࡞࠸࠿ࡽ࿨࡟ࡣ㝈ࡾࡀ࠶ࡿ࿨ࡢ᭷㝈ᛶ
12 ௳ ே㛫ࡣㄡ࡛ࡶᖹ➼࡛᭱ᚋ࡟ࡣṚࢆ㏄࠼ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺࠿ࡽ
⚄ᵝࡔࡗ࡚Ṛࡠ㸪࢔࣏ࢺ࣮ࢩࢫࡀ DNA ࡟Ꮡᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡲࡎ↓࠸࡜ᛮ࠺ࡋ㸪࠶ࡗ࡚ḧࡋࡃ࡞࠸ᕼᮃⓗุ᩿
5 ௳ ࿘ࡾࡢⓙࡀྠࡌ࡞ࡽࡲࡔࡋࡶ⮬ศࡔࡅỌ㐲࡛ࡣព࿡ࡀ࡞࠸
Ọ㐲ࡢ࿨ࡣᚲせ࡞࠸ㄡ࡟ࡶド࡛᫂ࡁ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ
ࡑࡢ௚
5௳࿨ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡁ⏕࡜Ṛࡀ⏕ࡲࢀࡿࠋࡼࡗ࡚Ọ㐲࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡣ࡞࠸⾲㸴Ѹ㸰㸬⏕࿨ほ࡬ࡢ㉁ၥ㸦ࡑࡢ㸯㸧࡬ࡢ⌮⏤㸰ࠕሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣಙࡌࡿࠖ࡜ࡢᅇ⟅࡟ῧ࠼ࡽࢀࡓグ㏙㸦15 ௳㸧グ㏙ࡢศ㢮௳ᩘ ௦⾲ⓗ࡞グ㏙ࡢ౛⛉Ꮫⓗ⿬௜ࡅࡀ࠶ࢀࡤಙࡌࡿ⛉Ꮫⓗྍ⬟ᛶ 4 ௳ ௒ᚋࡢ་⒪㸪⛉ᏛࡢⓎᒎḟ➨࡛ࡣ⛉ᏛࡢⓎᒎ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣ࠶ࡾࡑ࠺ࡔ࠿ࡽ㠀ᐇయ࡜ࡋ࡚Ꮡ⥆8௳ࡑࡢ௚

3௳ேࡢᚰ࡟ṧࡿࡶࡢࡔ࠿ࡽ࿨ࡣཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀ࡚ࡺࡃࡶࡢ࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿᐙ᪘࡞࡝኱ษ࡞ேࢆኻ࠸ࡓࡃ࡞࠸࡜ࡁ࡟ࡣಙࡌࡓࡃ࡞ࡿ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡟ࡣ୙ྍ⬟ࡔࡀ⢭⚄ⓗ࡟ࡣྍ⬟Ọ㐲ࡢᐃ⩏࡟ࡼࡿṚ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢࡀࢃ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ㏞ಙ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞ヰࢆ⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠕศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡢᅇ⟅࡟ῧ࠼ࡽࢀࡓグ㏙ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ ୖグࡢࠕ⌮⏤ࡢグ㏙ࠖ࡟♧ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟㸪Ọ㐲ࡢ࿨ࢆಙࡌ࡞࠸᰿ᣐࡣ⌧௦ࡢ⛉Ꮫほ࡜ࡢᩚྜᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࡶࡢࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋぢࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸㸪▱ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ุ᩿ࡣ୍ぢ㸪⛉Ꮫⓗ࡟ᛮ࠼ࡿࡀ⮬ࡽࡢ⤒㦂ࡔࡅࢆุ᩿ᇶ‽࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡛㸪୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓ㸪࿨࡟ࡣ㝈ࡾࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡢᩍ⩏ⓗ࡞⌮⏤ࡶ㸪ⓗ☜࡞ᛮ⪃ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛㸪ୖグࡢ⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ุ᩿࡜ྠᵝ࡟⌧௦ࡢ⛉Ꮫほ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ༑ศ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋಙࡌ࡞࠸࡜ᛮࡗ࡚࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ᨵࡵ࡚ࡑࡢ
⌮⏤ࢆၥࢃࢀࡿ࡜ⓗ☜࡞ᅇ⟅ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸࡜ࡶ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ ࡶ࠺୍ࡘࡢᅇ⟅࡛࠶ࡿࠕሙྜ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡣಙࡌࡿࠖ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ぢ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜㸪ࡇࡢᅇ⟅ࡣ୍ぢࡍࡿ࡜㠀⛉Ꮫⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ࠼ࡿࡀࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࡢグ㏙࡛ࡣ㸪⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞⿬௜ࡅࡀ࠶ࢀࡤಙࡌࡿ㸪௒ᚋࡢ⛉Ꮫࡢ㐍ᒎḟ➨࡜࠸࠺⌮⏤ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡣ⏕࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣṚࡢᐃ⩏࡟㛵ࢃࡿほⅬࡀࡳࡽࢀࡿࡢ
࡛㸪⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞⏕࿨ほࡢ⪃ᐹ࡟ྥ࠿࠺⣒ཱྀ࡜࡞ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ᛮ࠼ࡿࠋ୍᪉㸪ࡲࡓ㸪Ṛ⪅ࡀ㑇᪘ࡢグ᠈࡟ṧࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞⢭⚄ⓗ࡞ᤊ࠼᪉ࡶ࠶ࡾ㸪ࡇࢀࡣ⏕≀Ꮫ࡛つᐃࡍࡿ⏕࿨⌧㇟࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪♫఍㏻ᛕ࡜ࡋ୍࡚⯡ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕࿨࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ㄽࡌࡿሙྜ࡟ࡣ㸪⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡞ほ⏕࿨ほᙧᡂࡢࡓࡵ࡟⛉Ꮫᩍ⫱ࡀᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

255Ⅼࡔࡅ࠿ࡽㄽࡌࡿࢃࡅ࡟ࡣ࠸࠿࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪ㄽⅬࢆᩚ⌮ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࡢసᴗ࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡀ࿨ࢆᢅ࠺ᤵᴗࢆ㞴ࡋࡃࡍࡿ୍ᅉ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ⢭⚄ⓗ࡞ព࿡࡛ࡢ࠸ࡢࡕ࡜㸪⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡞㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ≀㉁⛉Ꮫ࡟ᇶ♏ࢆ⨨ࡃ⏕࿨ほ࡜ࡢᢡࡾྜ࠸ࡢ௜ࡅ᪉ࡣᅔ㞴࡞ㄢ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀ㸪⛉Ꮫࡢ⌮ゎࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣᚲせ࡞సᴗ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛㸪ேࡢᚰ࡟ṧࡿ㸪ᐙ᪘࡟ཷࡅ⥅ࡀࢀࡿ࡜࠸࠺⢭⚄ㄽⓗ࡞⏕࿨࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ᰿ᙉ࠸ࡶࡢࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞၏≀ㄽ࡟ᇶ࡙࠿࡞࠸⏕࿨ほࡣணࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛㸪ࡇࡢỌ㐲ࡢ࿨࡟㛵ࡍࡿタၥࢆ⿵ᙉࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟㸪୍ᗘṚࢇ࡛ࡋࡲࡗࡓ⏕ࡁ≀ࡀ⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿࡢ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࡟ࡼࡿၥ࠸ࢆタᐃࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ
⾲㸵Ѹ㸯㸬⏕࿨ほ࡬ࡢ㉁ၥ㸦ࡑࡢ㸰㸧㉁  ၥ୍ᗘ㸪Ṛࢇࡔேࡶ⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍ࠿ᅇ  ⟅࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺
ᛮࢃ࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟ࡼࡿศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ᮍᅇ⟅ேᩘ㸦㸣㸧
5 (8%)
33 (50%)20 (30%)4 (6%)
4 (6%) Ọ㐲ࡢ࿨ࢆྰᐃࡍࡿᅇ⟅ࡣ㸪⣙༙ᩘ࡟࡜࡝ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⌮⏤࡜ࡋ࡚ᅇ⟅ࡉࢀࡓෆᐜࡣḟࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡇ࡛㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢᅇ⟅࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⌮⏤ࡢグ㏙࡟ࡘ࠸᳨࡚ウࡋࡓࠋグ㏙ࡢෆᐜࡣ㸪௨ୗ࡟♧ࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓࠋ⾲㸵Ѹ㸰㸬⏕࿨ほ࡬ࡢ㉁ၥ㸦ࡑࡢ㸰㸧࡬ࡢ⌮⏤㸯ࠕᛮ࠺ࠖ࡜ࡢᅇ⟅࡟ῧ࠼ࡽࢀࡓグ㏙㸦2 ௳㸧グ㏙ࡢศ㢮ᑗ᮶࡬ࡢᒎᮃᫎ⏬ࡢ౛௳ᩘ
1௳
1௳௦⾲ⓗ࡞グ㏙ࡢ౛⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍Ṍ࡟ࡼࡾ࠸ࡘ࠿ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺M࣭I࣭㸰࡛ࢺ࣒ࢡ࣮ࣝࢬࡣ⏕ࡁ㏉ࡗࡓ࠿ࡽ⾲㸵Ѹ㸱㸬⏕࿨ほ࡬ࡢ㉁ၥ㸦ࡑࡢ㸰㸧࡬ࡢ⌮⏤㸰ࠕᛮࢃ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡢᅇ⟅࡟ῧ࠼ࡽࢀࡓグ㏙㸦18 ௳㸧グ㏙ࡢศ㢮௳ᩘ ௦⾲ⓗ࡞グ㏙ࡢ౛⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࡞࠸⤒㦂ⓗุ᩿࡟⏕ࡁ㏉ࢀࡿࡢ࡞ࡽ㸪ࡓࡃࡉࢇࡢேࡀ⏕ࡁ㏉ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡣࡎࡔ࠿ࡽ
7௳ࡼࡿࡶࡢ
㌟㏆࡟࡞࠸࠿ࡽ
௒ࡲ࡛⏕ࡁ㏉ࡗࡓேࡀ⌧ࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸࠿ࡽṚࢇࡔேࡣ⏕ࡁ㏉ࡽ࡞࠸࠿ࡽ
⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ⮬↛࡟㏫ࡽ࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡾ⏕ࡁ㏉ࡗࡓࡶࡢࡀே
࡜࿧࡭ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿
ᩍ᮲ⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ 7 ௳ ูࡢேࡸ≀࡟⏕ࡲࢀኚࢃࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺௒ࡲ࡛Ꮫࢇࡔ୰࡛ࡣ୍᪦άືࢆṆࡵࡓ⏕≀ࡀ᚟άࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡾᚓ࡞࠸ᦤ⌮࡟཯ࡍࡿ࠿ࡽ⏕ࡶṚࡶ୍ᗘࡁࡾࡢࡶࡢࡔ࠿ࡽᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺࠿ࡽே⏕ࡣ୍ᗘࡁࡾࡔ࠿ࡽᴦࡋ࠸ࡣࡎࡑࡢ௚
4 ௳ Ṛࢇࡔࡽ⏕ࡁ㏉ࡽ࡞࠸㸪⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿ࡜ࡋࡓࡽṚࡢᇶ‽ࡀ㛫㐪ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ᛮ࠺୍ᗘṚࢇࡔேࡶ⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺࠿ࡽ


256∾  㔝⾲㸵Ѹ㸲㸬⏕࿨ほ࡬ࡢ㉁ၥ㸦ࡑࡢ㸰㸧࡬ࡢ⌮⏤㸱ࠕሙྜ࡟ࡼࡿࠖ࡜ࡢᅇ⟅࡟ῧ࠼ࡽࢀࡓグ㏙㸦16 ௳㸧グ㏙ࡢศ㢮௳ᩘ ௦⾲ⓗ࡞グ㏙ࡢ౛ᚰ⮚࣐ࢵࢧ࣮ࢪ࡞࡝࡛⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺㟁Ẽࢩࣙࢵࢡ࡟ࡼࡿ⸽⏕ࡀ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽᚰ⫵⸽⏕ࢆ࢖࣓
8 ௳ Ṛࡢᇶ‽࡟ࡼࡿࡀ㸪ᚰ⫵೵Ṇ࠿ࡽࡢ᚟ά࡞࡝࣮ࢪࡍࡿࡶࡢᚰ⮚೵ṆࡀṚ࡞ࡽ㟁Ẽࢩࣙࢵࢡ࡟ࡼࡿ⸽⏕ࡣ⏕ࡁ㏉ࡗࡓ࡜ゎ㔘࡛ࡁࡿ㟋㨦㸪⏕ࡲࢀኚࢃ⏕ࡲࢀኚࢃࡾࡾ࡟ࡼࡿࡶࡢ
4 ௳ ࡼࡃወ㊧࡜࠿ゝࡗ࡚࣑ࢫࢸ࣮ࣜ␒⤌࡛ぢࡿ㨦ࡀ㐪࠺యࢆ೉ࡾࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࠿ከࡃࡢேࡢ࠺ࡕ୍ேࡃࡽ࠸ࡣ࠸ࡑ࠺ࡔ࠿ࡽࡑࡢ௚ ⛉Ꮫࡢ㐍་Ꮫࡢ㐍Ṍḟ➨ࡔ࡜ᛮ࠺Ṍࡸ᰿ᣐࡢ୙᫂ 4 ௳≧ែ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ෌⏕ࡢሙྜࡶ࠶ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺࡞ண▷᫬㛫⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࠶ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸⾲㸵Ѹ㸳㸬⏕࿨ほ࡬ࡢ㉁ၥ㸦ࡑࡢ㸰㸧࡬ࡢ⌮⏤㸲ࠕศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸ࠖ࡜ࡢᅇ⟅࡟ῧ࠼ࡽࢀࡓグ㏙㸦1 ௳㸧グ㏙ࡢศ㢮௳ᩘ௦⾲ⓗ࡞グ㏙ࡢ౛1௳ᮍ᮶ࡢᢏ⾡࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺࠿ࡽ ୍ᗘṚࢇࡔேࡀ⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿ࡜ᛮ࠺࡜ࡢᅇ⟅ࡋࡓ⌮⏤ࡣ 2 ௳࠶ࡾ㸪୍ࡘࡣᑗ᮶ࡢ⛉Ꮫࡢ㐍Ṍḟ➨࡛ྍ⬟࡟࡞ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛㸪ࡶ࠺୍௳ࡣᫎ⏬ࡢࢩ࣮ࣥࢆ⌮⏤࡟ᣲࡆࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ୍᪉㸪⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿࡇ࡜࡟ྰᐃⓗ࡞ពぢ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ඛࡢỌ㐲ࡢ࿨࡟㛵ࡍࡿタၥ࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟⤒㦂ⓗ࡞ᅇ⟅ࡸ㸪ᩍ᮲ⓗ࡞ᅇ⟅ࡀከࡃ㸪ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞ഴྥࢆ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࠋ ሙྜ࡟ࡼࡿ࡜ࡢᅇ⟅ࡢ⌮⏤࡛ࡣ㸪⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࢆᚰ⫵⸽⏕⾡࡜ྠ⩏࡟⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡀከ࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛㸪TV ࡛⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿ౛ࡸ⏕ࡲࢀኚࢃࡾࢆぢࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮⏤࡟࠶ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡶ࠸ࡓࠋࡲࡓ㸪⏕ࡁ㏉ࡿࡇ࡜ࡢ⌮⏤ࢆᑗ᮶ࡢ⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡࡟ồࡵࡓᅇ⟅ࡸ㸪㨦ࡢᏑᅾ࠿ࡽ⏕ࡁ㏉ࡾࢆ⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿᅇ⟅ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ⌧௦⛉Ꮫ࡛ࡢ⏕࿨⌧㇟ࡢ⌮ゎࡣ≀㉁ࢆ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ⌮ゎࡉࡏ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ⏕࡜Ṛࡢ⥺ᘬࡁࡣ⛉Ꮫࡸ་⒪ࡢⓎᒎ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㸪㩭᫂࡟ᾋ࠿ࡧୖࡀࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪㏫࡟࠸ࡗࡑ࠺᭕᫕ᶍ⢶࡜ࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚᭱⤊ⓗ࡟ࡣேࡢุ᩿࡟ࡺࡔࡡࡽࢀࡿၥ㢟࡜࡞ࡿࠋࡑࢀ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡽࡇࡑ㸪⏕Ṛࡢุ᩿ࡣ୍㒊ࡢᑓ㛛ᐙ࡟௵ࡏࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ㸪௒ࡢ⛉Ꮫࡀ⏕࿨⌧㇟ࢆ࡝ࡇࡲ࡛᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿㸪ࡑࡋ࡚㸪ఱࢆ᰿ᣐ࡜ࡋ࡚⏕Ṛࢆุᐃࡍࡿࡢ࠿ࢆ⌮ゎ࡛ࡁࡿᩍ⫱ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

3.2 ⏕≀Ꮫྐୖࡢே≀࡟㛵ࡍࡿㄪᰝ ⪃࠼᪉ࢆᏛࡪ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᵝࠎ࡞⪃࠼᪉ࢆ▱ࡾ㸪ࡑࢀࢆᡭࡀ࠿ࡾ࡜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⌧௦ࡢ⏕࿨⛉Ꮫ࡜ࡢᑐẚ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⌧௦࡬ࡢ㐨➽ࢆ♧ࡋࡓ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿ⛉Ꮫྐୖࡢே≀࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄆ▱ᗘࢆㄪᰝࡍࡿタၥ࡬ࡢᅇ⟅ࡣ௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ

257⏕࿨ほᙧᡂࡢࡓࡵ࡟⛉Ꮫᩍ⫱ࡀᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⾲㸶㸬⏕≀Ꮫྐୖࡢே≀࡟ᑐࡍࡿㄆ▱ᗘ㑅ᢥ⫥  ே㸦㸣㸧ே ྡࣄ࣏ࢡࣛࢸࢫ
࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫ࢞ࣞࣀࢫࣦ࢙ࢧࣜ࢘ࢫ࢚࢘ࢫࢱ࢟࢜ࣁ࣮ࣦ࢕࣮ࢪ࢙ࣥࢼ࣮࢔࣓ࣝ࢖ࢲࢩ࣮࣎ࣝࢺᒣ⬥ᮾὒᮡ⏣⋞ⓑ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ

⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿ

13 (20%)32 (48%)9 (14%)
9 (14%)
1 (2%)
4 (6%)
5 (8%)
4 (6%)
33 (50%)18 (27%)62 (94%)27 (41%)32 (48%)11 (17%)7 (11%)
14 (21%)
13 (20%)7 (11%)
28 (42%)28 (42%)16 (24%)3 (5%)▱ࡽ࡞࠸㸪ศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸
25 (38%)1 (2%)
43 (65)48 (72%)49 (74%)47 (71%)52 (79%)33 (50%)4 (6%)
31 (47%)0ᮍᅇ⟅
1 (2%)
2 (3%)
3 (5%)
2 (3%)
2 (3%)
2 (3%)
2 (3%)
1 (2%)
1 (2%)
1 (2%)
1 (2%)

 ⮬↛⛉Ꮫ࡟㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡞࠸ே≀ࡶྵࡲࢀࡿࡢ࡛㸪ㄆ▱ᗘࢆ୍ᚊ࡟ẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡢࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࡀ㸪࠸ࡎࢀࡶ⏕≀ᏛࡢⓎᒎࡸᬑཬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㔜せ࡞ᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡋࡓே≀࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ࡛ࡣ᭷ྡ࡞Ꮫ⪅࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ࠶࠼࡚タၥࢆࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡢ࡛㸪⤖ᯝ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ඲యⓗ࡟ㄆ▱ᗘࡀప࠸ࡶࡢ࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
ࡓࡔࡋ㸪ࡇࡢㄪᰝ௨๓࡟ㄽ⪅ࡢูࡢᤵᴗ࡛⏕≀Ꮫྐࢆཷㅮࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᏛ⏕ࡀᩘே࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ࡇࡢᅇ⟅࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟㸪ᅇ⟅ࡢᙧᘧࡣࠕ▱ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠖࠕ⪺࠸ࡓࡇ࡜ࡀ࠶ࡿࠖࠕ▱ࡽ࡞࠸㸦ศ࠿ࡽ࡞࠸㸧ࠖࡢ୕ẁ㝵࡛⟅࠼ࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛㸪ᅇ⟅ࡢヲ⣽࡞᳨ウࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ࠾࠾ࡼࡑࡢศᯒ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫ㸪ࢩ࣮࣎ࣝࢺ㸪ᮡ⏣⋞ⓑࡢࡼ࠺࡟Ṕྐࡢᤵᴗ࡛Ⓩሙࡍࡿே≀ࡣ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡀ㸪ṔྐࡢᏛ⩦࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ᙼࡽࡀ⛉Ꮫ࡟୚࠼ࡓᙳ㡪࡟ࡘ࠸࡚㸪ࡉࡽ࡟ࡣ⏕࿨ࡢ⪃࠼᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢᏛ⩦ࢆᮇᚅࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ୍᪉㸪⏕≀Ꮫྐୖࡢ㌿᥮Ⅼ࡜࡞ࡗࡓ㸪࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ୚࠼ࡓே≀࡜࠸࠼ࡿ㸪ࣁ࣮ࣦ࢕࣮㸪ࣦ࢙ࢧࣜ࢘ࢫ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄆ▱ᗘࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟ప࠸ࠋ≀⌮ᏛࡢṔྐ࡛ࡣ࢔ࣜࢫࢺࢸࣞࢫ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ࣭࢞ࣜࣞ࢜࢞ࣜࣞ࢖ࡀ᭷ྡ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ኳᩥᏛ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㸪ࣉࢺ࣐ࣞ࢖࢜ࢫࡢኳືㄝ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࢥ࣌ࣝࢽࢡࢫࡀᆅືㄝࢆᥦၐࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡶ୍⯡ⓗ࡟▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ㸪⏕≀ᏛࡢṔྐ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㸪୰ୡࡲ࡛ᶒጾ࡛࠶ࡗࡓ࢞ࣞࣀࢫ࡜㸪ࡑࡢỴᐃⓗ࡞ᢈุ࡜ࡋ࡚Ⓩሙࡋࡓࣦ࢙ࢧࣜ࢘ࢫ࡜࠸࠺኱ࡁ࡞ฟ᮶஦࡛࠶ࡗ࡚ࡶ୍⯡࡟ࡣ࡯࡜ࢇ࡝▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋࠕኳືㄝ࠿ࡽᆅືㄝ࡬ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ࡼ࠺࡞ࢃ࠿ࡾࡸࡍ࠸ࣇ࣮ࣞࢬ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟Ṕྐᡤࡢ㌿᥮Ⅼࢆ᫂☜࡟ࡍࡿᩍ⫱᪉ἲࡣ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࡢ࡛㸪௒ᚋ㸪ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞༳㇟࡟ṧࡾࡸࡍ࠸ᩍ࠼᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ᳨ウࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ Ṕྐୖࡢ㌿᥮Ⅼࢆ᫂♧ࡋ࡚♧ࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ⌧௦ࡢ⏕࿨⛉Ꮫࡀ┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿၥ㢟ࡢࡦ࡜ࡘ࡟㸪⏕Ṛࡢ⥺ᘬࡁࡢၥ㢟ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ⏕≀Ꮫⓗ࡞Ṛࢆ⪃࠼ࡿ࡜ࡁ㸪ಶయࡢṚ㸪⮚ჾࡢṚ ୙඲ 㸪⣽⬊ࡢṚ࡜࠸࠺␗࡞ࡗࡓṚࡢࣞ࣋ࣝࡀ⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ⣽⬊㸪⮚ჾࡍ࡭࡚ࡀάືࢆ೵Ṇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ≧ែ࡛࠶ࢀࡤၥ㢟ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ࡑ࠺࡛࡞࠸ሙྜ࡟㸪࡝ࡢ≧ែࢆṚ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡣ㠀ᖖ࡟㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ≉࡟㸪⮚ჾ⛣᳜㸪పయ⒪ἲ㸪ᘏ࿨἞⒪࡜ᏳᴦṚ࡞࡝㸪⏕Ṛࡢ⥺ᘬࡁ࡟┤㠃ࡍࡿሙྜࡣ㸪⏕Ṛࡢุ᩿ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋ࡝ࡇࡲ࡛ࡀ⏕ࡢ≧ែ࡛࡝ࡇ࠿ࡽࡀṚࡢ≧ែ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜㸪ᩍ࠼㎸ࡴࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀ㸪ࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ≧ែࡀఱࢆᣦࡋ♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࠿㸪ࡑࡋ࡚⮬ศࡣ࡝࠺⪃࠼ุ࡚᩿ࡍࡿࡢ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᚲせ࡞▱㆑࡜⪃࠼᪉ࢆᩍ⫱ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ㸪⌧௦⛉Ꮫ࡟ࡼࡿ⏕≀Ꮫࢆᛅᐇ࡟Ꮫ⩦ࡍࡿ

258∾  㔝ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ࡇࢀࡽࡢ▱㆑ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ᚓࡽࢀࡓࡢ࠿㸪ࡑࡢ㐣⛬ࢆࡩࡲ࠼ࡓ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛ㛤Ⓨࡶ௒ᚋ᳨ウࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࠸ࠋ㸲 ࠾ࢃࡾ࡟ ⏕࿨ほ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᩍ⫱ࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࡣ,⏕≀Ꮫࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㸪ேᩥ⛉Ꮫ㸪♫఍⛉Ꮫ࡞࡝ࡢᵝࠎ࡞ศ㔝㸪㡿ᇦࡢᏛ⩦ࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡾ㸪ࡲࡓ㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡀ᭷ᶵⓗ࡟⤫ྜࡉࢀ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽࡎ㸪ៅ㔜࡞㆟ㄽࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୍᪉࡛ࡣ㸪⮚ჾࡢ⛣᳜࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲᚊ㸦⮚ჾ⛣᳜ἲ㸧ࡀ 1997 ᖺ 6 ᭶࡟ྍỴࡉࢀ㸪
ྠᖺ 10 ᭶ 16 ᪥᪋⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢࡢ,ἲᡂ❧᫬ࡢ஢ゎ஦㡯࡛࠶ࡗࡓ᪋⾜ᚋ 3 ᖺ࡛ࡢ┤ࡋࡣ⾜ࢃࢀࡎ㸪༑ศ࡞ᑂ㆟ࡀ⾜ࢃࢀ࡞࠸ࡲࡲ㸪2009 ᖺ 6 ᭶࡟෌᳨ウࡢᮎ࡟ಟṇࡉࢀ㸪ᮏᖺ㸦ᖹᡂ 22 ᖺ㸧
7 ᭶ 15 ᪥ࡼࡾ᏶඲ᐇ᪋࡜ࡉࢀࡓ 8)ࠋࡇࡢᨵṇ࡟ࡼࡾ㸪ᐇ᪋ᩘࡢቑຍࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪௒ᅇࡢἲᨵṇ࡟࠸ࡓࡿ 10 ᩘᖺࡢ㛫࡟⬻Ṛ࡟ࡼࡿ⮚ჾ⛣᳜ࡸࡑࢀ࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿ⬻Ṛࡢ᳨ウ㸪ᅜẸⓗྜពࡀ㐍ࢇࡔ࡜ࡣゝ࠼࡞࠸࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋேࡢ⏕Ṛࢆ࡝ࡢᵝ࡟⪃࠼ࡿࡢ࠿㸪Ṛ㸦࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ⏕㸧ࡢᐃ⩏ࢆ࡝࠺⪃࠼ࡿ࠿ࡢ㆟ㄽࡣ㸪୍㒊ࡢ᭷ᚿࡔࡅ࡟௵ࡏࡿ࡟ࡋ࡚ࡶ㸪ࡑࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟ࡘ࠸ุ࡚᩿ࡀฟ᮶ࡿ
⣲㣴ࡀ୍⯡ᕷẸ࡟ࡶᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௒ᚋࡲࡍࡲࡍ㐍Ṍࡍࡿ་⒪ᢏ⾡࡟ᑐࡍࡿ▱㆑࡜㸪ࡑࢀࡽࡢά⏝ἲ࡟ᚲせ࡞⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞▱㆑ࡢ⩦ᚓࡀ㸪⏕࿨೔⌮ࢆ㆟ㄽࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࡶᚲ㡲࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௒ᅇࡢㄪᰝ⤖ᯝࢆ➃⥴ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡋ࡚㸪⛉Ꮫⓗ࡞⏕࿨ほࢆ㌟࡟ࡘࡅࡿࡓࡵࡢ࣒࢝ࣜ࢟ࣗࣛࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡓ࠸࡜⪃࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ト㸯㸧Ꮫ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿࡛ࡢ⏕࿨⌧㇟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢグ㏙ࢆ⌧⾜ࡢᑠᏛᰯཬࡧ୰ᏛᰯᏛ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿㸦ᖹᡂ 10ᖺ 12 ᭶࿌♧㸧㧗➼ᏛᰯᏛ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿㸦ᖹᡂ 11 ᖺ 3 ᭶࿌♧㸧࠿ࡽ⢭ᰝࡋࡓࠋ㸰㸧ᑠᏛᰯ⌮⛉࡛ࡣ㸪ྛᏛᖺࡢ┠ᶆ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪⏕≀ࢆឡㆤࡍࡿែᗘࢆ⫱࡚ࡿ㸪㸦➨ 3࣭4 Ꮫᖺ㸧㸪⏕࿨ࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿែᗘࢆ⫱࡚ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟㸪⏕࿨ࡢ㐃⥆ᛶ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢぢ᪉ࡸ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ㣴࠺㸦➨ 5 Ꮫᖺ㸧㸪⏕࿨ࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿែᗘࢆ⫱࡚ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟⏕≀ࡢయࡢືࡁ㸪ཬࡧ⏕≀࡜⎔ቃ࡜ࡢ࠿࠿ࢃࡾ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢぢ᪉ࡸ⪃࠼᪉ࢆ㣴࠺㸦➨ 6 Ꮫᖺ㸧㸪࡜࠶ࡾ㸪ලయⓗ࡞Ꮫ⩦ෆᐜ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪➨ 5 ᏛᖺࡢࠕேࡢⓎ⏕ࠖࡀᢅࢃࢀࡿࠋ
㸱㸧࿨ࡢᑛཝ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣ㸪㐨ᚨ࡛ࡶᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྛᏛᖺࡢෆᐜࢆิᣲࡍࡿ࡜௨ୗࡢࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᑠᏛᰯ➨ 1 Ꮫᖺཬࡧ➨ 2 Ꮫᖺ 3㸦2㸧⏕ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ႐ࡧ㸪⏕࿨ࢆ኱ษ࡟ࡍࡿᚰࢆࡶࡘࠋ➨ 3 Ꮫᖺཬࡧ➨ 4 Ꮫᖺ 3㸦2㸧⏕࿨ࡢᑛࡉࢆឤࡌྲྀࡾ㸪⏕࿨࠶ࡿࡶࡢࢆ኱ษ࡟ࡍࡿࠋ➨ 5 Ꮫᖺཬࡧ➨ 6
Ꮫᖺ 3㸦2㸧⏕࿨ࡢᑛࡉࢆ⌮ゎࡋ㸪࠿ࡅࡀ࠼ࡢ࡞࠸⮬௚ࡢ⏕࿨ࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿࠋ ࡉࡽ࡟㸪୰ᏛᰯᏛ⩦ᣦᑟせ㡿㸦ᖹᡂ 10 ᖺ 12 ᭶࿌♧㸧ࡢ㐨ᚨࡢෆᐜ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪ࠕ3㸬୺࡜ࡋ࡚⮬↛ࡸᓫ㧗࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡢ࠿࠿ࢃࡾ࡟㛵ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠖ࡟࠾࠸࡚㸪㸦2㸧⏕࿨ࡢᑛࡉࢆ⌮ゎࡋ㸪࠿ࡅࡀ࠼ࡢ࡞࠸⮬௚ࡢ⏕࿨ࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿ࡜ࡢグ㏙ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ㸲㸧㧗➼Ꮫᰯ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪⌮⛉⥲ྜ㸿ෆᐜ㸦4㸧⛉Ꮫᢏ⾡ࡢ㐍Ṍ࡜ே㛫⏕άࡢグ㏙ࡀ㛵ಀࡍࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡽࢀࡿࠋ௚᪉ᇶ♏⌮⛉㸪⌮⛉⥲ྜ㹀㸪⏕≀Ϩ㸪⏕≀ϩ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ㸪㛵㐃ࡍࡿグ㏙ࡣぢ࠶ࡓࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ⏕࿨࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼ࡿᏛ⩦ࡣ㸪⌮⛉࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣ༑ศ࡟࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡣゝ࠸㞴࠸⌧≧࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⏕࿨⌧㇟ࢆ᫬㛫ࡸ✵㛫ࡢ㐃⥆ᛶ࠿ࡽᤊ࠼ࡿᏛ⩦ࡣࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ㸪⏕࿨࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ࡬ࡢゝཬࡸேయ࡟㛵ࡍࡿෆᐜ㸪ேࡢ࿨࡟ࡘ࠸࡚῝ࡃ᥀ࡾୗࡆࡿᏛ⩦ෆᐜࡣぢ࠶ࡓࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

⏕࿨ほᙧᡂࡢࡓࡵ࡟⛉Ꮫᩍ⫱ࡀᯝࡓࡍᙺ๭࡟ࡘ࠸࡚

259ཧ⪃ᩥ⊩1㸧ᑠ᳚㑳ኵࠕ⏕࿨ᑛ㔜ࢆᏛࡪࡓࡵࡢᣦᑟ஦౛㞟ࡢసᡂࠖ,⏕≀ᩍ⫱㸪➨ 49 ྕ㸪➨ 3࣭4 ྕ㸪p.130
㸦2009㸧
2㸧㬀㈅ኴ㑻ࠕ⏕≀ᩍ⫱࡟࠾ࡅࡿ⏕࿨ᑛ㔜ࡢᣦᑟ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᩍᮦᵓᡂࡢどⅬࠖ㸪⏕≀ᩍ⫱➨ 49 ᕳ㸪➨
3࣭4 ྕ,p.131㸪㸦2009㸧
3㸧ୖᒸὒᬕ㸪௚ࠕ኱Ꮫࡢࠗ⏕࿨೔⌮࠘⛉┠࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୍ᩍᮦࡢ㉁ⓗࢹ࣮ࢱศᯒ—ᑠື≀⹢ᚅ㸪⮴Ṛ࡟㛵ࡍࡿඣ❺ࡢసᩥᩍᮦࢆᩍᮦ࡜ࡋ࡚—㸪㌟యᩍ⫱་Ꮫ◊✲㸵,pp.31-39㸦2006㸧
4㸧ᖹᕝோᑦ㸪௚ࠕ⤊ᮎᮇ་⒪࣭┳ㆤᩍ⫱࡟㛵ࡍࡿ་Ꮫ⏕ࡢព㆑ㄪᰝࠖ㸪᪥ᮏ⪁ᖺ་Ꮫ఍㞧ㄅ㸪
Vol.44,No.3, pp.380-383(2007)
5㸧Joseph J. Sidorovࠕ་ࡢ೔⌮ࡢᩍ⫱ࠖ᪥ᮏᾘ໬ჾ⑓Ꮫ఍㞧ㄅ㸪➨ 90 ᕳ, ➨ 10 ྕ,pp.2724-2730
㸦1993㸧
6㸧➉ෆ୍ኵࠕᨵゞ᪂∧⬻Ṛ࡜ࡣఱ࠿ࠖㅮㄯ♫㸦ࣈ࣮ࣝࣂࢵࢡࢫ㸧㸪㸦2004 ᖺ 12 ᭶㸧
7㸧ఀ⸨ಇኴ㑻,௚⦅ࠕ⛉Ꮫྐᢏ⾡ྐ஦඾ࠖᘯᩥᇽ㸪㸦ᖹᡂ 6 ᖺ 6 ᭶㸧
8㸧⮚ჾࡢ⛣᳜࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲᚊ㸦ᖹᡂ 21 ᖺ 7 ᭶ᨵṇἲᚊ➨ 83 ྕ㸧A Role of Science Education toward Bioethics— A Preliminary Investigation of Curriculum Construction I—
MAKINO, Harutoshi

Abstract
As the innovation in science and technology has developed
remarkably, the medical world and biological science also need to takeaction about what we should do, and the ways in which we conduct ourlives, when faced with difficulties like a judgment of life and death or adecision of possible courses of remedy. A new investigation has been
conducted for a preliminary work of curriculum construction in order tounderstand the actual situation and awareness of science education
among university students, including topics like organ transplant, brain
death, and vegetative state. Students also filled out the questionnairewith what they knew about world-famous scientists in the field of
bioscience and about its history.
The results of the actual situation are as follows:(1) Students do not have sufficient knowledge of brain death orvegetative state.
(2) Knowledge of famous scientists and biologists is not enough foruniversity students, and their knowledge corresponds closely to how260∾  㔝much schooling they have had so far.
䛆Key wordsࠚEducation of Biological Science, Bioethics, Consciousnessof Students, Organ transplants, Bioethics