Fiber-Optic Sensing Technology
for CCS Monitoring
Barry Freifeld
CCS Technical WorkshopTokyo, Japan
23 January 2018

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYWhy fiber-optic sensing?
• Robust– multi-decadal time-scale monitoring– temperature tolerant (150 C acrylate 300 Cpolyimide)– immune to EMI• Minimal size (125μm cladding)• Low loss/High bandwidth• Cost effective
www.ni.com/white-paper/12953/en/
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Fiber-Optic Sensing TechnologiesMore Mature

Less Mature• Temperature
Focus of today’spresentation• Strain με• Acoustic• Strain nε• Chemical Sensing• Distributed Pressure

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYDistributed Sensing Theory

From Zou et al., “Advances in Optical Fiber Technology, 2015

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Fiber-Optic Sensors in Wellbores
Can be Installed on casing or tubing

Control lines including fiber-optic cables are strappedonto tubing or casing and lowered into the wells.
“Spooling operations” are performed during run-in-hole
to install the sensing fibers
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYSensing scCO2 in the Subsurface• To identify where CO2 is we need time-lapse changes ofobservable parameters• For example scCO2 exhibits lower thermal conductivity
and higher seismic attenuation than brine

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYCO2SINK – GFZ Distributed Temperature Sensing
Heat Pulse Collaboration with Dr. Jan Henninges

Heat-Pulse DTS Cable
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYTemperature profiles Ktzi200 b.t. CO2

GMS data:

Baseline DTPS: thermal conductivities
Results of baseline
before CO2 injection:
Similar characteristics,
e.g. K2 marker horizon.
Ktzi201: Good
correlation withmeasurements oncores.
Ktzi202: similar values
as for Ktzi201.
Ktzi200: apparently
higher values, but noindications fromgeology or othermeasurements (?).

Thermal conductivity repeat DTPS Ktzi201(after start of CO2 injection)
Good overall fit tobaseline results (e.g.
K2 marker horizon).
Distinct zone withdecrease in thermal
conductivity: main zoneof CO2 injection.
No clear indications forCO2 below „main“injection interval.

Monitoring Well Completion Using DTS
Janggi Well – Pohang, Korea

PohangJanggi

JG-6
JG-7-1JG-M

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Janggi Field Site

Image Courtesy Dasom Sharon Lee, KIGAM
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYDTS/DAS Fiber-Optic CableEARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Gravel Packing Process

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYDTS Data for Gravel Packing

Curing of Cement

PTRC Aquistore Project –• Integrated CCS:DAS VSP– Capture from SaskPower’s
Boundary Dam Coal-Fired
Power Station– Transported via pipeline to an
injection well at the storage site;over 90% of CO2 for EOR– Captured CO2 stored in a deep
(3.2 km) saline aquifer in theWilliston Basin• ~1 Mt/year CO2 capture
started in 2014• Over 100,000 T Injected atAquistore• Monitoring Timeline:
Initial installations 2012
First Baseline 2013
Injection 2015
Monitor Surveys Feb. 2016;
Nov 2016
17

Seismic Monitoring: 3D surface and VSP
Dedicated Monitoring Well with Fiber Cable on Well Casing (Cemented)
Instrumented Observation Well
1 kmBaseline 3D/VSP surveys in 2013,2014 and 2015: DAS and Geophone
Fiber cable cemented behind casing
is a key component of our DAS
testing/development program.
Note: Many other non-seismic
monitoring activities, not discussedhere.

4D DAS VSP Repeatability
Shot gathers from the baseline andmonitor surveys exhibiting good (A)and poor (B) repeatability.
Values of nRMS were computed by
selecting 70 ms
windows around direct waves (boxdelineated by a dotted lines).
Baseline and monitor
data are scaled by the same shotbased factor for display.

DAS is Repeatable;
Variability in Explosive
Source Affects Repeatability
Harris, et al, Geophysics, in press

4D DAS VSP; Harris et al., Geophysics 2017
Amplitude crosssection of baseline(left) and monitor(right) depthmigrated volumes
intersecting theobservation well. Key
reservoir formations
labeled on left.

nRMS of monitorbaseline differences for
a 75 m window incross-sections throughobservation (left) andinjection (right) wells.
In both difference
sections, a nRMS ≈ 0.9
anomaly is present at a
depth of ~3275 m (indashed circle).

Aquistore 4DFeb 2016

OBS

INJ

Plan view of nRMS difference images for the reservoir caprock (Ice Box
formation and 3 intervals where CO2 is injected. nRMS values within a
20 m thick window

DAS VSP and Surface Seismic
for the Upper Deadwood – Agreement!

DAS VSP

Surface Seismic

Plan view of nRMS difference images in the upper Deadwood
showing VSP result (left) and surface-based result (right).

Harris, et al, 2017
Roach, et al, 2016.

Surface Reflection Monitoring with DAS

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYShot Gather w/o NMO

From Kustowski et al., SPE FO Workshop 2017
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYDAS in a horizontal trench recording explosive sources• Overall loweramplitudes• P-wave reflections
more coherent andvisible in bothsource and receivergathers and in astack••Overall higher
amplitudes
P-wave reflections
more noisy in receivergathers and not visible
in raw shot gathers or astack

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Emerging Technologies• Permanent Source Monitoring• Engineered High Sensitivity Fiber

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYDAS Monitoring - CO2CRC Otway Project(Victoria, Australia)

Stage II
injection
Paaratte

Stage I
injection

STAGE I: An 80/20 % of CO2/CH4 stream
produced from Buttress, transportedand injected into CRC-1 well (previousCH4 production well) -65 Kt.
STAGE II: CO2/CH4 stream injected into
CRC-2 well – up to 15 Kt.

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYNaylor-1

Otway Stage 2C field area
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Geophone and fiber array installation:
Trenches 80 cm deep, PVC cased boreholes 4 m deep

38 km FO cable installed alonggeohone lines and in CRC-2 borehole

FAT Helical Wound Cable••••Anderson and Shapiro – HWC on soft mandrel 1980 US Patent 4375313
Hornman et al. (2013 75th EAGE) introduced a helical wound FO cable
LBNL trialed multiple designs with varying physical properties
Line 5 installed one length of HWC for comparison to straight fiber
Normal Telecom
Cable used in all
trenches

30° spiral wound on
58 Shore A rubber
mandrel.
Lessons learned – acoustic
impedance of cable andsurrounding soil is importantSurface Orbital Vibrator – VFD Controlled AC Induction Motor

Max Frequency 80 Hz, Force (@80Hz) 10 T-f
Phase stability is not maintained. Operate 2.5 hr/dForce isadjustable
F=mω2rDeconvolved SOV Data
• Helical Cable shows good sensitivity to reflected P.
• Straight telecom less sensitivity

Freifeld et al., EAGE 2016

VSP Using Silixa Engineered Optical Fiber
Cemented in CRC-3

Image Courtesy Roman Pevzner, Curtin University
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYADM IMS Fiber Optic and CASSM Layout
SS#5
5,475 ft.
Rotary Source

Fiber Optic Cable

Bored at approximately 20 feet.

SS#34,250 ft.

Plume Overlay
SS#42,705 ft.

VW#2
2,600 ft.
SS#22,150 ft.

SS#1350 ft.

GM#2CCS#2

ROTARY SEISMIC SOURCE GENERATOR (NOTE 1)
INJECTION AND MONITORING WELLS (EXISTING)DAS FIBER OPTIC LINE (BORED TO 20 FT)NOTE 1: DISTANCES ARE MEASURED FROM CCS#2

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL34
LABORATORYIMS data acquisition and processing equipment
SOV#2 & 3
Ethernet Switch

IMS ServeriDAS Unit #1iDAS UnitsiDAS Unit #2

Setup of the IMS Server & iDAS units in the CCS#2 building andSOV#2 & 3’s Ethernet switch inside the VW#2 building.
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Installation of IMS DAS surface cable
DAS CablePulling
Clamp

Horizontal Directional DrillingLocation and Depth Monitoring

Prep for DAS cable andgrouting conduit pullbackGrouting
DAS Cable

Cable and Conduit pull back

Cable reels feeding DAS cable andgrouting conduit into bore hole

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY

Installation of rotary sources CASSMSOV Installation

Foundation excavation

Drilling boreholes for theSOV Geophones

Structural SOV Anchor AssemblyFinal installation showing SOV, SOV
Control and DAS cable Splice Panels

Setup of the IMS Server & iDAS units in the CCS#2 building and SOV#2 & 3’s Ethernet switch
inside the VW#2 building.
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYSoftware Design and Development
SOV sweep recorded by the permanent N/E DAS surface array.

SOV4 sweep recorded by thenortheast DAS surface array.

SOV5 sweep recorded by thenortheast DAS surface array.

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYConclusions & Future developments• Fiber-optic sensors will continue to see
increasing application in reservoir
monitoring and management• Continued Improvements in DTS, DAS,and DSS will rely upon bothadvancements in interrogation technology
and the development of specializedsensing fibers.

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORYAcknowledgmenets• Funding for LBNL was provided through the Carbon Storage
Program, U.S. DOE, Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, Office ofClean Coal and Carbon Management through the NETL.
• The Otway Project is led by the Australian CO2CRC. We would liketo acknowledge the funding provided by the Australian government,
ANLEC R&D and the National Geosequestration Laboratory (NGL)
for providing the seismic sources (INOVA Vibrators).
• The Aquistore Project is managed and operated by the Petroleum
Technology Research Council with support from National Resources
Canada, Geologic Survey of Canada and additional funding fromChevron and ExxonMobil.
• The CO2SINK Project was managed by GFZ, Potsdam. Special
thanks to Jan Henninges and the rest of the monitoring team.
• The ADM ISM Project is led by Scott McDonald, ADM with supportfrom U.S. DOE, Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, Office ofClean Coal and Carbon Management through the NETL.
40
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY•Questions?

EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES • LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY