CarbonSAFE Illinois
Steve Whittaker ISGSRITE CCS Workshop
January 2020 Tokyo

CCS Progression in Illinois Basin

CarbonSAFE
Illinois: Phase 1
ICCS: 3 - 5.5
MTIndustry Site
IBDP: 1MT
Demonstration

RITE CCS Workshop 2020

CarbonSAFE
Illinois: Phase 2>50 MT
Feasibility

CarbonSAFE
Phase 3Injection
PermittingScale of thechallenge
Regional CO2 Sources

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CarbonSAFE
US DOE Program
to commercialize
storage

FG 2
CarbonSAFE Macon

FG 1
Wabash CarbonSAFE

Illinois Basin
1 - Phase I
2 - Phase II
2 – Phase III
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Mt Simon Sandstone Storage Complex

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Monitoring Well #2

2 CCS Sites#1: IBDP Demonstration
From 2011 to 2014 injected
total of 1 million metric tons of
CO2 at a depth of 7,000 ft

Illinois Industrial Sources CCS
GM2
NSEC

Injection Well #2

Richland Community
CollegeMonitoring Well #1#2: IL-CCS Industrial

Currently injecting ~ 1MT peryear of anthropogenic CO2

GM1
Injection Well #1

Illinois Basin - Decatur ProjectNorth

ADM Facility~800 meters

Thickness of the Mt. Simon is 1600 feet
Height of WillisTower (Sears Tower)

Roof is 1451 feetAntenna is 1,730 feet

Washington
Monument is 555 feettall
Porous zone is 600feet thick)Injection Interval
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RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATIONMt Simon Core
VW1

1 mm
6,863 to 6,863.25
Porosity: 1.5%
Kv: <0.01 mD
Kh: 4.13 mD in siltstone laminae

IL-ICCS Injection Zone

Baffle

10 cm

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IBDP Injection Zone

RST (Saturation) Monitoring• Baseline surveys• CO2 arrival before Mar 2012
• CO2 saturation increasing
though Nov 2015

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Post-Injection

1stPre-Injection

Repeat Pulsed NeutronLogging in VW1

Performance Monitoring Improves Prediction
Simulation Modeling

Seismic Attribute

Updated Model Saturation x Thickness

Seismic attribute “plume” Outline

Updated Modeled Plume Outline

Prior Plume Outline

Passive Seismic (Microseismic)
Monitoring• Location critical to understanding
reservoir response• Relation of clusters to pressure front
and basement characteristics• 5 surface seismometers also used

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Simulated Plume Interaction(At end of CCS#2 injection)
S-SW

N-NE

Eau Claire

Mt Simon C, D, E

Mt Simon A, B
Mudstone

Pre-MtSimon

RITE CCS Workshop 2020Lower Mt Simon A

Industrial
scale
Risk based

Demonstration
scale
Research based

CarbonSAFE Illinois – Macon County
Sole-source aquifer

IBDP

CWLP

TR McMillen well

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Sample Collection: McMillen #2• Drilling completed
December 2, 2018
• TD at 6,469 ft• 150 feet of 3.5 inch core:• Silurian 62 ft• Lower Mt Simon 61• Precambrian 27• 109 rotary sidewall cores• Extensive geophysicallogs

Lower Mt Simon Core: 6288-6294 ft

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Permeability

Lower Mt Simon
Storage Complex
Porosity averages ~ 20%
Permeability ca 100’s of mD
Side wall and whole coresamples with Darcy
permeability (up to 5.5)!

Preliminary simulation indicates
CO2 injection rates of 1.7 Mt/ywith 15’ perforation

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PorosityDepth trends not apparent in Lower Mt Simon

Upper Mt.
Simon
Porosity
Decrease
with
Depth

Anomalous Lower Mt. Simon Porosity

Permeability in the CarbonSafe Lower Mt. Simon up to5.5 Darcy’s!

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What makes theLower Mt. Simon
such a good reservoir?
• Detrital Source• DepositionalEnvironment• Diagenesis

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Rifting in Central Illinois

Modified from: Renaut & Ashley 2002

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Marshak & Paulsen 1996

DominantDepositional
Environment

T.R. McMillen #2
Mt. Simon Sandstone

Tidal Flat
AeolianFluvialAeolianFeldspar andterrestrial clay
coatings
sourced from
Precambrianhighs

Fluvial/Alluvial
Rift Fan Unconformity
Delta
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Crustal thinning, faulting, and development of localized depocenters duringrifting. Precambrian highs are a local source of arkose.
EW

New Albany Top

Eau Claire Top
Thickening
Mt.Simon Arkose
Mazatzal Province~1.65 Ga
PrecambrianBasement

Normal Faults On Margin
And Younger EGRP

Emplaced Eastern
Granite-Rhyolite
Province ~1.45 Ga
Precambrian Basement

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Precambrian Top

Rift Fan Delta Sediments (Argenta)

Highly angular immature detritus

Poorly sorted grains with abundant pore
filling clay

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(Post-Rift) Alluvial-Fluvial-Eolian
Near-shore (Lower Mt. Simon)
Well rounded grains with abundant
intragranular pore space

Moderately well sorted grains with open
enlarged pores

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Tidal (Upper Mt. Simon)

All grains (including feldspars) have authigenic
cement overgrowths

Bimodal, mature grains. Pores are generally
small due to fine grains and/or abundantquartz/feldspar cement
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Diagenesis of the Mt. Simon andPore Space Paragenesis
Most grains have early clay coatings

Clay coatings prevent the nucleation ofmajor authigenic quartz overgrowths

Grains coated in illite. Illite is webby
and nucleation points on quartz
grains are small. Thus authigenic
quartz crystals are small but act as acement to prevent extensive
compaction preserving primaryporosity.
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When clay coating are absent, entire
surface of quartz grains acts as
nucleation point and large quartz
overgrowths nucleate and close up
pore spaceDiagenesis of the Mt. Simon andPore Space Paragenesis
Another major contributor to porosity inthe Mt. Simon is secondary porosity

KK

KK
K

K K

K

K

K

Partial dissolution of feldspar

KK

Complete dissolution of feldspar withclay cast and large secondary pore

Feldspar dissolution is a late stage event
and Is a major contributor to porosity

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Geological Controls over Storage Complex DistributionSole-source aquifer
Proterozoic (Basement) Margin contact
Existing 2D seismic line

X
Existing 3D seismicIBDP

RT McMillen well
CarbonSAFE 2D seismic line
(approximate location)

CarbonSAFE 2D

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IBDP
McMilllen

Wabash siteSection 45Q Tax Credit for Carbon Capture Projects

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Phase II: CO2 Source and Storage Site
Wabash Valley Resources (WVR; formerly Quasar Syngas)••••

IGCC Unit 1A (DOE 1993-1995)
WVR purchased plant May 2016 forammonia production from petcoke.
Petcoke -> Syngas -> H2 -> Ammonia +CO2Target 2023 commercial operation
WVR business model: change plantdesign to maximize CO2 recovery forstorage or EOR sale (45Q credits)–••

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65% -> 98% CO2 recovery>95% pure stream CO2 @ 1.65 million
tonnes/yr
Mt Simon Storage Complex

2D Seismic
Coal mines in region

Have acquired 1 mile test line
Starting permitting process todefine lines
Characterize Mt Simon andPrecambrian surface
Will provide data to help
determine monitoring (timelapse) potential

Wabash CarbonSAFE

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Wabash Characterization Well••Drill to ~8,300-8,500 ft
Whole Core––••Sidewall Cores
Evaluation
–––––

•

Triple Combo
Formation Images
Full Sonic
Elemental Spectroscopy
Magnetic ResonanceCased Hole Testing–––––•

Eau Claire – Upper Mt. Simon
Lower Mt. Simon

VSP
Fluid Sampling
Step Rate Tests
Pressure Falloff
EWT

Drill into Precambrian for basement characterization

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CarbonSAFE Illinois –CO2 Sources
10’s of MT/y CO2
Variety of industries
Existing infrastructure
Increased interest in storage
Opportunity to greatly improvecommercialization decisions bydefining storage resourceIllinois Storage Corridor
CarbonSAFE Phase 3
Excellent and proven storage
characteristics
Multiple Industries and Multiple
Sources of CO2

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One Earth Energy – Storage HUB

One Earth Energy – ethanol plant
Mt Simon Storage Complex – Storage HUB (0.5 to 1.7 MTPA CO2)
Storage at site location
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Prairie State Generating Company• The Prairie State Energy Campus
includes a 1600 MW coal-fired
generating plant and adjacent coalmine.

• Commercial operations began in Juneof 2012 for Unit 1, and November of2012 for Unit 2.
• More than $1 billion invested inenvironmental emissions controls andsupercritical technologies.
• Prairie State’s power plant is among
cleanest plants in the nation.
• CO2 emissions >12MTPA
St Peter Storage Complex
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St Peter Storage Complex• St Peter Sandstone• 12% - 19%porosity• 10md - 1000md(150 – 400md ave)
• Maquoketa ShaleSeal• Trenton LS barriers

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Prairie State Storage Site

• Unit #2 816 Mwe• Misubishi KM
CDR Process™
CO2• 6MTPA CO2• Modular Trains

RITE CCS Workshop 2020• Regional conceptual model for Mt Simon Storage
Complex - target “arkosic” zone
• St Peter Storage Complex also feasbile in Illinois Basin• Analyses suggests sites can easily accommodate > 50
Mt CO2 over 30 years

Summary• Industry interest in USA is high (due to 45Q) andmultiple sources can exploit the Mt Simon and St Peter
storage complexes in central Illinois• Phase III CarbonSAFE to drive commercialization of sites• One Earth Energy• Prairie State Generating Company
Acknowledge US DOE support for projects DE-FE00029381 & DE-FE0031626 & DE-FE0029445

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CarbonSAFE TeamRITE CCS Workshop 2020