Implications of biogas and electric cooking technologies in Nepal: A long-term analysis using AIM/Enduse model
Bijay Bahadur Pradhan, Bundit Limmeechokchai
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Thailand
SCENARIO DESCRIPTION• The residential sector in Nepal accounts for more than 80 percent ofenergy consumption in Nepal.
• The traditional biomass is the major source of fuel and accounted for
95% of the total energy consumption in the residential sector.
• Almost half of the energy consumption in Nepal is used forresidential cooking.
• Nepal has huge potential of untapped hydro resource.
Figure 1: Energy Mix
Petroleum
10%Hydro3%

Figure 2: Energy Consumption by sector

4

Table 1: Level of electricity and biogas use in cooking (%)
Scenarios
HighMedium(CM)
Low

Coal
5%

(CL)

Shares in end-use service (%)

sectors(Cooking)

2020

2030

2040

2050

Urban

Electric

25406080

Electric

10202530

Biogas20355065

Electric

20355065

Electric

7.5152025

Biogas15253550

Electric

12.5203040Electric

5101520

Biogas12.5203040

Rural(CH)Others1%

Sector/Sub- Technology

UrbanRuralUrban
RuralMtoe

BACKGROUND

Biomass81%• Analyze the effects of biogas and electricity cooking technologies onenergy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in residential
sector during 2010-2050 in the case of Nepal

5Mtoe

OBJECTIVES

Biomass

Electricity

LPG

Biogas

103

2030

2050

5

4.4

432

2.4
1.9

2.6
2.0

1.7

1.7

1.5

0.9

2010

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

Figure 5: GHG Emissions from Residential Cooking
54.4

4
MtCO2eBAU CL CM CH

2010

00

Figure 3: AIM/Enduse Framework

BAU CL CM CH41• The study uses long-term energy system model developed under
AIM/Enduse framework.
• One BAU and three alternative scenarios (CL, CM and CH) are developed.
• Three different level of electricity and biogas cooking are considered inalternative scenarios

Biogas12

METHODOLOGY

Petroleum

2MtCO2eFigure 4: Energy Consumption in Residential CookingElectricity

3RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: BAU SCENARIO
6Biomass

3.0

32

1.9

2.1

2.4

2010

2020

2030

BAU CL CM CH

2030

2050

• Compared to BAU, in 2030, FEC for cooking would decrease by 11.6%,
17.8% and 26.4% in CL, CM and CH respectively.
• In 2050, FEC would decrease by 22.4%, 33.4% and 36.1% respectively inCL, CM and CH respectively.
• Biomass consumption would decrease compared to BAU by 49% in CL,75% in CM and 93% in CH.
• LPG use would decrease by 57% in CL, 86% in CM and 99% in CH.
• GHG emissions from cooking in 2050 would decrease by 40.7% in CL,61.0% in CM and 79.8% in CH scenarios.

CONCLUSION

10BAU CL CM CH2040

2050• Biomass consumption would decrease in BAU, while biogas and LPG
would increase during 2010-2050• Final energy consumption (FEC) in cooking would decrease• GHG emissions from cooking would increase at compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 2.1%

• Dissemination of biogas cooking in rural can save biomass significantly,
thereby reducing deforestations• Use of electricity for cooking can replace the use of LPG and reduce thecountry’s import dependency• Untapped hydropower will be utilized with the electrification ofcooking sector• GHG emissions from cooking can be decreased substantially
Pradhan, B.B., Limmeechokchai, B. and Shrestha, R.M., 2019,
Implications of biogas and electric cooking technologies inresidential cooking – A long terms perspective using AIM/Enduse
model, Renewable Energy, Vol. 143.