論文の内容の要旨
Abstract of Dissertation

Study on the Future Conservation Policy of World Heritage Cities under Chinese
Administration System------ Focusing on the Role of Local Community in the Old Town of Lijiang

中国の世界遺産都市保全管理政策の今後のあり方に関する研究----麗江市の旧市街地における住民の役割の分析を中心に
氏
名
Name of Author

徐 桐
XU Tong

Abstract of Dissertation
In the Administration and policy system of culture heritage conservation in China, theTangible elements and Intangible element are managed separately.
A. Such condition exists not only because of its formulation process andbackground, but also influenced by the similar separation in the international
conservation system.
• Cultural background for Administration and policy system of culture heritage
conservation in China:• In the Confucianism-centered traditional philosophy of China, to study abstract philosophy,
such as spiritual and logical success, as well as to implement the Confucianism to social
administration is deemed as being of more importance than to pursue material achievement.
Such traditional philosophy of China can be reflected in the classics of Confucianism.
(《易·系辞》：“形而上者谓之道，形而下者谓之器”。)• Under such a philosophy, the idea of preserving historic monument cannot be established at all.
In contrast, the historic city walls, imperial palace and other historic architectures weredestroyed or regenerated intentionally. Thus before the influence of modern archaeology
established based on western philosophy, the conservation idea of cultural heritage was almost
all focused on some movable relics.
• Formulation process of the conservation system of China• Starting point of conservation Legislation in the end of Qing Dynasty (during 1906 ~1911)• The conservation efforts and ideas in period of the Republic of China (1912~1949)• The conservation efforts and ideas in the early time of the People’s Republic of China(1949~1966)• The modern conservation efforts, ideas as well as policy system the People’s Republic ofChina (1978~2011)• Tangible heritage conservation have formulated its idea influenced by the archaeology.
• The early conservation relevant activities focusing on the Tangible elements.
• The Intangible cultural heritage conservation started by litterateur and experts on
folklore, who participated little on Tangible heritage conservation affairs.
• The role of local community was not taken into consideration in the tangible
conservation, or little in Intangible cultural heritage conservation.

• Influence of the international system onto the conservation system of China• Besides the influence of the formulation process of the conservation system of China, in which
the conservation of Tangible heritage got launched far before the Intangible ones as analyzed
above, after officially admitted and joining the World Convention for protecting the Tangible
heritage in 1985 and Intangible Heritage in 2004, the Chinese conservation system also got
adjusted to adopt the international system. Such is especially apparent in the Intangible
Heritage conservation, as which was just in the starting phase.The preservation policy systemof China not only adopted the unified name as the International Convent as the Intangible
Culture Heritage, but also established the regulation for nominating and supporting therepresentative inheritors of important ICH items, which got influenced by JapaneseConservation system of ICH.
1• Separated Administrative system for the conservation of the Tangible withIntangible Culture Heritage• The separated conservation of the Tangible with Intangible heritage is not only reflected by
the conservation idea and Policy system, but also by their different Administrative system. As
the conservation work of all the categories of Tangible heritage is under the management of
the different level of Administration of Cultural Heritage, while for the Intangible ones, thepreservation work is Ministry of Culture-leaded model.
• Such a separation in the administration influences especially more, as the organization style ofthe social resource takes an administration-Centered type.
• Unclear on the role of local community in conservation philosophy for historicarea• Furthermore, the role oflocalcommunityinpreserving
theworld
cultural heritage is notclarified in the World
Heritage Convention andSafeguarding Intangible
Cultural Heritage (ICH)
Convention
orotherCharters. And such asituation in China, due totheTop-downsocialmanagement system, as
the local community has
Diagram 0-1Inspiration of the Conservation system ofless power to efficientJapan
participate in decisionmaking
processfor
conservation and Utilization of Historic area.

Diagram 0-2
Relationship in conservation of Historic Area under Top-down social administration
structure

B. Inspiration from the new tendency and proposal in the conservation of WCH
Cities in international scope2

For World Heritage Cities (WHC), Cultural Dimension of local community

Diagram 0-3! "#TheRelationship
TangibleElements
between the local
community and the HeritageElements Relevant Elements Local Community CultureDimension
BottleWine-making Tools
Winemakers
Wine
Tangible as well as
culture Dimensionof World Heritage Cultural conservation in WHC Preservation of Culture/ Preservation of Cultural context for existence of Culture(Preserving Wine/ Preserving the ability of making Wine)
Cities (WHC)thICOMOS 16 Session in Quebec: Preservation the spirit of place

As shown in the above diagram, for the category of World heritage cities, especially theones that the local community still stays and participates actively in the local culture
maintenance and reconstruction process, the local community should play the coordinatingrole between Tangible and Intangible elements conservation.
• Though the problem still lays inthat how to achieve theintegrated
conservationofTangible
Heritage
with
Intangible Ones, and the role oflocal community in the World
Heritage is also not clearly
declared in the Convents. Suchtwo problems have been
discussing by the experts andprofessional Organizations of theworld, such as ICOMOS. And
some consensus has beenreached, in which the Quebec
Declaration (Quebec Declarationon the Preservation of the Spiritof Place, adopted on 16th Diagram 0-4 Role of local community in theGeneral Assembly of ICOMOS, conservation of historic area under conservation
at Québec, Canada, 4 October philosophy of preservation of spirit of Place2008) is one important achievement. Especially for the conservation of Historic area, in which
the local community played and now is still playing the central role to hold the culture
meaning of both the tangible and intangible elements.
• By analyzing the new tendency of International conservation idea, and transforming theinspiration to the conservation of historic area of China into the Ideal conservation model, therole of local community in integrating the tangible with Intangible elements in historic area
identified.

C. As the negotiation-mechanism based on the Machi-Zukuri model has been long inpractice for the participation of local community in Japan, thus the case andconservation policy, administration of Japan is referred to for giving inspiration to theDeficiency and Conflicts in the national conservation system of China.
• i). Social power distribution structure as supporting social background for the efficientparticipation of local community.
• ii). Supporting the establishment of Non-government association, and moreover, leaving somepublic and social affairs (conservation-decision) be discussed and even determined by such
local non-government association in negotiation-mechanism.
• iii). As the above social organizing system, the specific member of local community, whousually hold the leadership Local non-government association， can play a more leading-rolein organizing conservation activities, forming the consensus of local community, andtransforming the conservation idea into local conservation policy.
• iv). After experienced the specific events or appealing effort of community leader, the selfawareness of whole community can be witnessed, which is essentially Critical point for
persisting in the stability of local social-structure in historic area from the erosion of outcoming commercial investors.

3D. Aims to identify the current role of local community in the conservation ofhistoric area influenced by the administration system, the old town of Lijiang istaken as a case study to analyze the local implementation of national policy
within the real complicated social environment.
• The Old Town of Lijiang, Which is Located in the southwest of China and got inscribed asworld heritage in 1997, the local community of the ethnic Naxi, in the history, had constructed
the tangible and Intangible Cultural Elements in Such site. This makes them the best inheritors
for integrated preserving the Tangible and Intangible heritage elements. But in the realcondition, because of the Top-down social management system, the local community became
vulnerable to the modernization, globalization, especially the tourism. Such site had witnessed
the out-immigration of the local community, and dissolution or even vanishing of local culture.

• The role of local community in the local implementation of National conservation
system of China• To further discuss the specific role of local community in the real condition in the case of theWHC-the Old Town of Lijiang. Influenced by the local implementation of National policy inthe administration, and the different typical arrangement of administration work, therepresentative role of local community in Historic Site will be clarified and analyzed, based on
the field survey in Lijiang• The role of local community influenced by the specific administration model inthree-constituent parts of the Old Town of Lijiang- Dayan, Shuhe, Baisha.

• As to make detail analysis and abstractive model of real participation of local community in
Cultural conservation, by interviewing the specific groups of local community who areparticipating in preservation of local culture, the relationship between the stakeholders and thedistribution process of the administrative power on culture preservation will be abstracted in a
diagram form, and in consequence, to make clear participation model of local community
Local Culture under Top-down social management System of China

E. Through the theoretical analysis and demonstration in the local implement of
national conservation system, the following conclusion are reached:• Conflicts existing in the conservation idea and implementation administration system:• i). Basic focus of attention for International system, National system of China, local
implemented administration system and directed stakeholders (Out-coming Investors vs Localcommunity)• ii). Analysis of the conflicts existing in conservation idea and conservation system ofInternational system, National system of China, local implemented administration system anddirected stakeholders(Out-coming Investors vs Local community)• iii). The influence of the conflicts onto the conservation of World Heritage cities (historic area)of China• General principles as proposal to the conflicts:• i). To implement a local community-centered Integrated conservation Intangible cultural
heritage together with the Tangible elements of world heritage city-Old town of Lijiang• ii). To guarantee the local community act their part well in complementing the separatedconservation policy and administration system by transferring part of administration power tolocal community, especially on the Right to be informed and Participation Right in thedecision-making process• iii). To support the establishment and existence of Non-government Association of local
community and Guild of local traditional commercial activities to play the central-role inhistoric area
• iv). To establish the negotiation-mechanism for coordinating the participation of all
stakeholdersKeywords:
1). World Heritage Cities (WHC)
3). Tangible Element/ Intangible Element5). Old town of Lijiang

42). Local Community4). Administration and Policy system6). International conservation System