Key Outcomes of the Ninth
Conference of Parties to theUnited Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change(COP9)~The 9th AIM International Workshop~-12 March 2004Koji Shimada
Ritsumeikan University

Recent Status of the Kyoto Protocol
Condition of entry into force (Article 25)
Ratification of both1) Not less than 55 parties to the Convention.
2) Annex I parties which accounted in total for atleast 55 % of the 1990 total CO2 emissions of Annex
I parties.

Now,
z110 parties have ratified as of July 2003.
zEmissions from ratified parties amount to 43.9% of

those of Annex I parties.

○ Annex I Parties’ emission of CO2 in 1990
ルーマニア・チェコ・アイスランド・ノルウェー・スロバキア・ラトビア・Eastern
Europe etc. 4.7%
ブルガリア・ハンガリー・エストニア

4.7%

EU
24.2%

米国
USA
36.1%

36.1 %

Japan
日本
8.5%
ポーランド

ロシア

Poland
3.0% 3.0%

Russia17.4%
17.4%

カナダ
Canada
3.3%
3.3%

豪州

Australia 2.1%
2.1%

NZ 0.2%
その他中東欧等
0.3%

The Marrakesh Accordsz Detailed rules of the Kyoto Protocolz Adopted at COP7(2001) after 4 years

negotiationz Pave the way for many parties to ratify

the Kyoto Protocol

Funding・ Three new funds are established（Under the Convention）：7/CP.7- Special Climate Change Fund（Area）Adaptation, Transfer of technology,
Energy/Transportation/Industry/Agriculture/forestry and waste management, etc.
（Operation）GEF, under the guidance of the COP- Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Fund（Area）Support work program including National
Adaptation Programs of Action（Operation）GEF, under the guidance of the COP

Funding（Under the Kyoto Protocol） ：10/CP.7- Adaptation Fund（Area）Adaptation projects and programs（Operation）GEF, under the guidance of the
COP/MOPDevelopment and Transfer ofTechnologies(4/CP.7)
・ Expert Group on Technology Transfer (EGTT)

was established.
・ Key themes and areas:-Technology needs and needs assessments-Technology information-Enabling environments-Capacity buildingCapacity Building(2/CP.7, 3/CP.7)
Scope of needs and areas-Institutional capacity building-National communications-Clean Development Mechanism

etc.

Financial and technical resources should be madeavailable through GEF.

LULUCF(11,12/CP.7)
Article 3.4- forest management, cropland management, grazing
land management, revegetation-upper limits of sinks resulting from forest management
were set for individual parties:(Mt C/yr)z Japan: 13(3.9% of base-year emission)z Canada: 12(7.3% of base-year emission)z Russia: 33(4.0% of base-year emission)

COP9Date : 1 to 12 December, 2003
Venue: Milan (Italy)
Main outcomes :◆ Decision on the rules of CDM-Sink
All the rules for the implementationof the Kyoto Protocol completed
Need for the entry into force of theProtocol is increasing

COP9 Decisions on CDM-Sink
Definition of Forestry Activities•Afforestation: Activities which transfer lands
where have not been forests for 50 years.
•Reforestation: Activities which transfer lands
where have not been forests since 1989.

COP9 Decisions on CDM-Sink
Small Scale CDM-sink:z Projects whose CO2-sinks are less than 8 kilo-tons.
z Projects which are planed or implemented bylow-income communities in host-countries.

Credits Termz Max 20 years, renewable twice → max. 60years, orz Max 30 years, not renewableRound-table Discussions among Ministers
and other Heads of Delegations
Need for•Immediate entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol•Rules applicable to all parties•Adaptation activities

was expressed.

Momentum for Further Action on Climate
Change to Achieve the goal of the FrameworkConvention.

Side-Events during COP9z Discussion on a new commitment beyond

the first period (2008-2012)z Presentation & Discussion on long-termemission goals (around 2050)
z Development and transfer of technologies
z CDM/JI and Emission Tradingz LULUCF
z Inventories and National
Communications
z Impacts & Adaptation

Side-Events Discussion on post-2012
z Shortcomings of the Kyoto Protocol.
z Proposal of new instruments:

ex. R&D protocol,
regional climate agreements,
linkage to trade policy including
economic sanctions.
z How do we think adaptation issues at thenext stage?

Side-Events Discussion on post-2012
z Possible roads toward developing countries(DCs) participation where equity problems still
remain: differentiation among DCs? → startfrom voluntary commitments? → step-by-stepparticipation based on “graduate index”?
z No possibility for DCs to accept emission
targets →per capita convergence or per GDP
target?
z What become incentives for DCs:
Link to basic human needs?
sustainable development?

Side-Events Discussion on post-2012
z Are there any miracle solutions apart from theProtocol? Are we going back to INC andAGBM negotiations?
z Index targets according to national
circumstances?
z Combination of a long-term goal and shortterm commitments for longer term (more than5 years)? Multi-stage approach?

ＣＯＰ１０z Will be held in Buenos-Aires, Argentine,in December? 2004.
z Hopefully the Kyoto Protocol will enter
into force at that time.
z Official discussions on post-2012 maystart.