27
Applications

A Deep &Entertaining
Discussion
About Polarimeters

P o l a r i m e t e r

G u i d e

The Complete
Polarimeter Guide
A Comprehensive Collection of 27 Applications
Everything from sugars and corn syrup in the sugar refining industry, thedrug manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries, to beverages and foodproduct additives—all 27 applications collected in one book!

The Definitive Polarimeter Guide
This guidebook is the bible of selecting polarimeters.
You will soon know everything you need to know about polarimeters!

with conventional polarimeters
To users measuring angle of rotation

Polarimeter
Guide

Contents

Polarimeter Guide

27 Applications

Polarimeter Applications

A2

A3

Sugar

A12 Alcohol

A4High Fructose Corn Syrup

A13 Lactose

A5

Inverted Sugar

A14 Collagen

A6

Rare Sugar

A15 Feed

A7

Honey

A16 Food Additives

A8

Fragrance & Flavor

A18 Pharmaceutical & Medical

A10 Soft Drink

A20 Industrial Field

A11 Tea

A21 Specific Rotation List

Polarimeter Applications

Sugar
An Important Source of Energy For Our Bodies
Sugar falls under saccharides, which are among the 5 major
nutrients. This means sugar is essential for a healthy life.
Although "sugar" is a general term, there are in fact several
different varieties that are derived from different raw andrefined sugar.
By classifying raw sugar separately, we can see that it isdivided into sugarcane, which is the raw source of canesugar, and sugar beet, which is the raw source of beet sugar.
The first step is to harvest the sugar content from the source,
crystalize it, and convert it into raw sugar. Raw sugar is full ofmany impurities that give it a brown color. These impurities
are removed at the factory, then the remaining substance isfiltered and made into a transparent liquid. This liquid sugar isboiled down, and the resulting crystals are what we know assugar. Furthermore, by adjusting the size of the crystals, sugar
can be divided into many different types, such as granulatedsugar, caster (superfine) sugar, and coarse-grain sugar. The
separated, leftover, sugar-laden syrup is boiled down andthe crystals are extracted; a process that is repeated several
times. The crystals gradually change color over the course ofthis process, resulting in colorized sugar such as light brownsugar and coarse grain brown sugar. Sugar (sugarcane juice)that is squeezed straight from the source and boiled down asis without being refined is known as muscovado.
So, what do polarimeters have to do with sugar and where dothey fit in?
During the manufacturing / refining process, when impurities
are removed, polarimeters are used to measure the level ofpurity. By measuring the purity, it can be confirmed whether or
not the impurities were thoroughly removed.

Refractometers (sugar meters) can be used when taking
quick measurements out in the fields for simple checks, but
because the sample also contains other sugars and impurities,
the result ends up reflecting the overall concentration. For thisreason, polarimeters are recommended when measuring for
precise, accurate purity levels of sucrose.
Until now, the majority of polarimeters were large, heavy
instruments, designed and built with the assumption thatthey would only be used in laboratories, without ever beingtransported. It was simply an accepted fact of reality thatpolarimeter were difficult to be used in the field. Now, theRefracto-Polarimeter RePo Series has ushered in a newera. An easy to carry, portable, miniature instrument thatcombines both refractometer and polarimeter into a single unit
has finally become a reality. It can be easily and freely usedon-site, in the lab, and everywhere else in between.
Another point of note is that because raw sugar is darkly
colored, one way of measuring it is to remove the color using
lead(II) acetate or Aluminum chloride prior to measurement.
However, environmental concerns and the desire to reducetime and labor costs have given rise to a growing number ofrequests to measure darkly colored liquids as-is with a 882nm
wavelength instead of the standard 589nm wavelength.
The SAC-i 589 / 882, with its ability to measure at both
wavelengths, can satisfy these demands.
ATAGO has instruments capable of fulfilling the various
needs in the lab, on-site, and anywhere else. Other products
in addition to the ones mentioned above are available. For
details, please contact ATAGO.

Polarimeter Applications

A3

High Fructose Corn Syrup

Inverted Sugar

The Sweet Taste for Hot Summer Days

Indispensable for Confectionery"High fructose corn syrup" is often found on the ingredients
listed on nutrition labels of products such as juice. It is aliquid form of sugar with glucose and fructose as its main
components. Although it is commonly made from corn
(cornstarch), other types of starch such as potato, sweet
potato, and tapioca are also used. These raw ingredientsare hydrolyzed (broken down), and an enzymatic reaction
is triggered to create high fructose corn syrup. In fact, thetechnology for processing and producing high fructose cornsyrup originated in Japan, but as the use of liquid sugar
was not common practice in Japan, this refining method
was adopted much sooner overseas. It has become thenumber one exported national patent of Japan. The way highfructose corn syrup (HFCS) is made, using enzymes and thelike, isn't the only difference between HFCS and sugar; its
degree of sweetness also differs. Supposing the sweetnessof sugar is 100, then the sweetness of glucose is between
65 to 80, and fructose has a sweetness level between
120-170, comparatively speaking. High fructose corn syrup
containing 42% fructose (HFCS 42) has a sweetness level
between 70 to 90 and high fructose corn syrup containing
55% fructose (HFCS 55) has a sweetness level between 100
to 120. However, it must be noted that the perceived levelof sweetness (taste-wise) varies according to temperature.
For instance, fructose, in particular, only has 60% of thesweetness of sugar at high temperatures, but at 40°C it has
roughly the same. At temperatures below 40°C, fructose tends
to taste much sweeter than sugar.
It is difficult to solidify and powderize HFCS, so it can't bepacked into bags as with sugar. As such, it is largely sold to

A4

Polarimeter Applications

business such as food product manufacturers. Moreover, it'scheaper than sugar. For example, it is said that HFCS 55 costs
roughly 70% as much as sugar. This is why it is used in allsorts of applications in the food industry, such as soft drinks,
canned goods, and dairy products. It's also widely used infrozen desserts, as its increase in sweetness levels at low
temperatures creates a more intense, refreshing sensation.
Now then, what do polarimeters have to do with HFCS
and where does it fit in? The different types of HFCS aresorted by their different ratios of glucose and fructose,and each kind has varying sweetness levels, with theirown different purposes. Through the use of refractometersand polarimeters, it is possible to conduct tests, such as
inspections at manufacturers using HFCS as a raw ingredientin their food and beverage products, not to mention HFCS
manufacturing facilities. The Refracto-Polarimeter, RePo-2
is a model specially designed for HFCS. At a size that allows it
to be easily held in one hand, it can be conveniently used evenat manufacturing sites.

Sucrose is broken down (inverted) into glucose andfructose. This compound of glucose and fructose is known
as "inverted sugar." Inverted sugar has the syrupy, gooey,
rich sweetness of fructose and possesses good moistureabsorbing properties. When used in confectionery, it
improves the flavor and texture (mouthfeel) of the dough,and it can extend the shelf-life of the product. When usedin frozen desserts, it prevents formation of ice crystals andkeeps the product from drying out, resulting in a smooth,creamy consistency. Inverted sugar is mainly used inconfectionery, where these particular characteristics are
utilized. There are a few ways to make inverted sugar.

ratio of the sugar, so inverted sugar, food and beverage
manufacturers must check those values. Fructose andglucose each have their own different specific rotation that
correlates with sweetness, which is why it needs to bemeasured. The refractive index also differs, so by using
these two values, it is possible to estimate the approximate
amount of the invert ratio.
The Refract-Polarimeter, RePo-3 is a model speciallydesigned for inverted sugar. Furthermore, as a hybrid
model of a refractometer and polarimeter, it is a single
unit that is capable of measuring both Brix and angle ofrotation.

 From sugarcane
Using column chromatography technology, the amount offructose can be increased to levels up to 60% by reducing
the amount of glucose within the inverted sugar andincreasing the fructose amount. This resulting sweetener iscalled "High Fructose Syrup (HFS)." From sugar beet

Percentage of Fructose Contained in HFCS
Dextroglucose-fructose syrup(HFCS 42) less than 50%
Fructose-dextroglucose syrup(HFCS 55) more than 50% less than 90%
High fructose syrup(HFCS 90)
more than 90%
Sugar-high fructose corn syrup blend	Contains more than 10% addedsugar than the aforementioned
sweeteners.
Per the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries "Japan AgricurturalStandard (JAS) for Hifh Fructose Corn Syrup as well as Sugar-High Fructose
Corn Syrup Blends."

Inverted sugar made from sugar beet is said to haveroughly the same proportion of stable carbon isotopes (13C
and 12C) as orange juice. Inverted beet sugar is often
used as a sweetener in orange juice for this very reason.
Well then, what do polarimeters have to do with invertedsugar and how do they fit in? Inverted sugar is created byhydrolyzing a dextrorotatory substance and inverting it intoa levorotatory substance. Thus, it is known as "invertedsugar." Differences in sweetness arise due to the invert

Polarimeter Applications

A5

Rare Sugar

Honey

A Sugar that Rarely Occurs in Nature

The Sweet Gift from Honeybees

Are you familiar with "rare sugar?" People concerned with
diet and health may have heard about it. Rare sugar is said
to be a kind of sugar where consumption is not fattening
but rather you lose weight; all while having nearly the same
sweetness as regular sugar. After such bold claims, somepeople might think, "there's no way a sugar with thesekind of fantastical magical effects exists!" The way raresugar works is simple. D-psicose, a component containedin rare sugar, blocks the glucose absorbing site in theintestinal wall preventing glucose from being absorbed in
the body. The unabsorbed glucose is excreted instead ofbeing absorbed in the body.
A superabundance of nutrients can cause lifestylediseases. The fascinating fact about rare sugar is that
unlike artificial sweeteners, it is pure and genuine sugar.
The effect and function of rare sugar is uncovered andunderstood. Two important facets in life are "enjoy
eating" and "fighting obesity." Thanks to rare sugar, thetwo are no longer mutually incompatible. Rare sugar, as
its name implies, is a kind of sugar that occurs in small
quantity in nature. Its exceptional effects can help people
struggling with obesity and lifestyle diseases, but even if
we attempted to gather the amount needed from nature,
it would not be nearly enough. Although global research
into mass-production of rare sugar is underway, the mostfervent research is done in Kagawa, Japan. The efforts ofthis research have been worthwhile; it was discovered thatrare sugar can be created by adding a specific enzyme tofructose.
Well now, what do polarimeters have to do with rare sugar

A6

Polarimeter Applications

and where do they fit in? Excess sugar content greatly
affects the refractive index. So for sugar content of all
types, measurements with refractometers are the norm.
Certainly rare sugar is no exception. Aside from this,when making rare sugar, measurement of the refractive
index and angle of rotation in order to check the ratio of
the enzyme's reaction is an absolute must in regards toensuring the quality of rare sugar. Observing the changesof the angle of rotation is extremely useful in measuring
the denaturation of a substance caused by an enzyme
reaction.

"Honey" is a substance stored inside hives, gathered fromthe nectar of flowers by honeybees. It is said to be thesweetest nectar found in nature. It consists of approx.
80% sugar and 20% water, and contains a small amountof nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. In Japan, thedefinition of honey as designated by the "Japan Honey Fair
Trade Council" is as follows.
 Composition Standards
Moisture (at 20°C)

20% and below* Note: moisture standard for domestic honeyis 23% and below

Fructose + glucose (total sum)

60g/100g and above

Sucrose5g/100g and above

Ash content (Electric conductivity) 0.8mS/cm and below
HMF

5.9mh/100g and below

Free acidity

5mL 1N acid per 100g and below(50meq acid per 1000g)

Starch dextrin

negative reaction

Nectar, the principle element of honey, is gathered byfemale honeybees and stored up as sucrose in an organ
located at the front part of their stomach called a "honeystomach." Once the honey stomach is full of nectar, thehoneybee returns to the hive, where it is processed andstored. This is what becomes honey. Nectar has a lower
sugar level than honey, generally the concentration is lessthan 40%. After it is brought back to the hive, the moistureevaporates which increases the honey’s sugar level toabout 80%. It's at this point that the honeybee uses its
mouthparts to stretch out the honey into a membrane-

like film. The enzyme contained in the honeybee's saliva(invertase) causes the sucrose to break down into glucose
and fructose.
In the beekeeping industry, evaluating the quality ofhoney with sugar meters and moisture meters (bothrefractometers) has come into practice. Factors such ascolor and sheen, flavor, and fragrance are important, butsugar level is also a critical indicator of quality. Sugar levelvaries depending on the variety of flower, but it's roughly
between 75 to 85%. Normally, the moisture content ofnectar is more or less between 60 to 80% However,while it is stored inside the hive, the fanning of honeybees
wings evaporates the moisture, thickening the nectar andreducing moisture to about 20%.
So then, what do polarimeters have to do with honey andwhere do they fit in?
By using a polarimeter, it is possible to determine if theratio of fructose and glucose remains consistently. Since
fructose and glucose have different angle of rotation, thecompositional proportions will simply be displayed as
differences in angle of rotation.
The Refracto-Polarimeter, RePo-4 is a model speciallydesigned for honey. Furthermore, as a hybrid refractometerand polarimeter model, it is capable of measuring sugar
level, moisture, and angle of rotation with a single unit. At
a size that fits comfortably in the palm of your hand, it canbe easily and conveniently used on-site and in the field.

Polarimeter Applications

A7

Peppermint oil

Lavender oil

Fragrance & Flavor

Lavender is a plant with many tiny flowers attached toa long stem. Its blue flowers are thought to symbolize"tranquility." Its refreshing, floral scent relaxes and improvesmood as well as relieves fatigue and revitalizes our health.
Furthermore, lavender can be used as external anti-septic.
It can be applied to cuts, burns, sores, and pimples. WhenD

Mint (a species of mentha) is a plant in the order Lamiales,in the family Lamiaceae, and in the genus Mentha. The
essential oil, made from the dried plants that have been
steam distilled, is used in fragrances and other products.
Its uses include insect repellent, deodorizer, a cure fordrowsiness, a mold inhibitor, and as mint tea for relieving

loss of appetite due to summer fatigue. It is actively used
in a wide variety of applications. As designated by theJapanese Pharmacopoeia, mint oil's specific rotation is[α] 20 = -17.0 to -36.0°. Polarimeters can be used tomeasure whether the mint oil falls within this standard
value.

used as an ointment, it is said to facilitate faster healing
and prevent scarring. In Western countries, many common
essential oils have standard specific rotation values, as
designated by the European Pharmacopoeia and theUnited States Pharmacopeia.

The Sweet Essence of Danger
There are multitudes of stimuli in the world, just as oursensory organs can detect a variety of things in thesame way. Humans possess the sense of sight, hearing,
touch, taste, and smell, which are commonly referred toas "the five senses." Each sense corresponds with thesensory organs of our bodies, namely the eyes, ears, skin,mouth, and nose. These organs respond to the stimuli weencounter.
The experiences we receive from these five senses areoften replicated and produced as commercial products.
Perfumes, aromas, and fragrances are a delight to oursense of smell. In order to research how to produce thesefragrances, quantitative data is essential. That being said,
exactly what type of data is necessary? Well, for example,
for the sense of sight, we can assign a value to "Howblue is the blue-ness?" and express it in numerical terms.
However, if we wish to recreate a fragrance using data,
what kind of information do we need?

A8

Polarimeter Applications

Fragrances are often complex compounds that arecomposed of numerous types of ingredients. As such,they are subject to a multitude of measurements and tests,
such as physics tests including specific gravity, refractive
index, angle of rotation, solubility, freezing point, melting
point, boiling point, and a number of other important
aspects. Many tests are done with specialized equipment,
like chromatographs, for measurement, but these
instruments are quite expensive and not very common.
Natural fragrances are largely derived from refined oil(essential oil) and resin. Nearly all essential oils on themarket have specific rotation and refractive index listed on
their ingredients list. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia has set
standards for specific rotation of essential oils. There is no
mistaking that it's an extremely critical element. Moreover,
specific rotation and refractive index measurement aretremendously useful in sorting essential oils made from
100% natural ingredients from aroma oils containing
synthetic fragrances. Even if these fragrances have asimilar smell, these two values will be different. Aroma oil
contains an ingredient which is dangerous if it comes in
direct contact with the body. Listing specific rotation andrefractive index acts as a supportive means to demonstrateand validate the distinction and quality of a product.

Melaleuca alternifolia oil
Melaleuca alternifolia (commonly known as narrow-leaved
paperbark, aka tea tree) is a tall tree native to New South
Whales in Australia, which grows to a height of up to 7 meters.
It has leaves that resemble thin, long feathers and produces
yellow or purple colored flowers. About 1 kg of essential oil (teatree oil) can be obtained from 100 kg of tea tree leaves. Thisessential oil has a cool, refreshing fragrance brimming with aLimonene
Limonene is a component of fragrances found abundantly
in citrus peels, used in scents and as a naturally derived
solvent. It has a wide range of uses, and in addition tohaving a relaxing component, its fragrance stimulates
the sympathetic nervous system and speeds up themetabolism. Furthermore, it promotes salivation, whichfacilitates digestion and absorption, and increases

clean, pure essence. It possesses exceptional antimicrobial
properties and deodorizing effects. Tea tree oil makes the air ina room fresh and healthful, and in regards to our mental state,
it calms our mood and relieves anxiety.The components fromeach individual tea tree vary greatly, so there are designatedquality standards for the essential oil in Australia. Specificrotation is one of the immensely crucial elements for adjusting
the components, as far as standards are concerned.

appetite. As for aromatherapy, essential oils from citrus
fruit seem to be effective for weight loss, this also is due
to limonene's role in stimulating the sympathetic nervous
system and breaking down fat. Limonene also dissolves
packing peanuts quite well, so it is uses in recycling and in
kitchen cleaning detergent as well. Limonene's component
standards for both refractive index and angle of rotation
are often regulated by law.
Polarimeter Applications

A9

Soft Drink

Tea

Revealing the Truth Behind "Zero Calorie"

For "Quali-Tea"

Polarimeter Applications

For most people, "catechin" would be the first thingthat comes to mind upon hearing the phrase, "the main
component contained in tea." Catechin is the primary
component that makes up tea's astringent taste; it isa type of tannin. Tea also contains polyphenols, which
are recognized in other beverages such as wine for theirantioxidation effect. Green tea in particular contains anabundance of polyphenols. Due to its taste, catechin used
to have somewhat of an unfavorable image, but in recent
years, its health effects have gained attention.
Catechin's primary effects are anticipated for "cancer
prevention," "blood sugar inhibition," "controlling seasonalallergies," "alleviating hangovers," and other ailments. Many
people are concerned with modern diseases and the like.
Tea with high catechin concentration, which is well-known,
is permitted by the "Consumer Affairs Agency, Governmentof Japan" to be labeled as a "Food for Specified HealthUse," geared toward people concerned with body fat.

On the contrary, opinions highlighting the risks associatedwith catechin intake have emerged. In Europe and North
America, excessive intake of catechin has been reported
to cause liver damage.
Absorption spectrometers are the primary analysis
instruments used to determine the amount of catechinin tea, but due to construction restraints based on theirmeasurement principles, they are considerably large-sized
instruments (chromatographs and near-infrared light is alsoused). As a result, quick and easy on-site measurements
are impossible.
However, since catechins are optically active, it ispossible to measure them with a polarimeter. How about
implementing a polarimeter onsite for quality control oftea?
(Due to the low concentration of catechin in common tea
and tea based beverages, the angle of rotation will also be
significantly low.)

Specific Rotation of Artificial Sweeteners
Aspartame[α] 20 =+14.5 to +16.5°

Sucralose[α] 20 =+84.0 to +87.5°
DA10

sweeteners used in "zero calorie" beverages?
Artificial sweeteners such as aspartame and sucralose
which are contained in soft drinks, are optically active.
Therefore, it is possible to measure the angle of rotation
and ascertain the value using a polarimeter. For quality
control of "zero calorie" beverages, it is highly suggested
to implement a polarimeter.
(Due to the low concentration of artificial sweeteners
contained in common zero calorie beverages, the valueof the angle of rotation will also be significantly low. Whentaking measurement for quality control purposes, pleaseuse an appropriate measurable concentration.)D

A soft drink is the perfect beverage to quench your thirst
underneath the blazing sky of a sweltering summer. It's
something we modern people simply cannot live without.
However, recently, soft drinks have begun to face someslight opposition. Views that their distinct "sweetness"is harmful to the body have largely arisen. The factthat they're simply "beverages" has led to carelessoverindulgence. The results, which are now apparent in
the emerging detrimental effect of sugar. The onset of
diabetes, a typical lifestyle disease, is something anyone
would wish to avoid.
In light of this, particular focus has gathered on artificial
sweeteners, such as aspartame and sucralose. Our senseof taste perceives these artificial sweeteners as having thesame sweetness as sugar, but because they don't containsugars that affect our bodies, its convenience gained
popularity among soft drink manufacturers.
Incidentally, herein lies one problem. Up to this point,
refractometers have been used for measuring sugar
content. The majority of refractometer scales use Brix,
which is based on converted sucrose values. Managing
sugar content with refractometers has become soprevalent that on occasion, "sugar meter" is a common
name used to indicate refractometer. However, artificial
sweeteners have sweetness levels that are hundreds tothousands times greater than sugar, so beverages contain
only a tiny amount, which causes only slight changes in therefractive index, making it difficult to measure and manage
sugar content with just a refractometer. What should we
do to be able to measure the concentration of artificial

Per Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare's"Food Additives Codex."

Polarimeter Applications

A11

Alcohol

LactoseLuxuries for Mature Tastes

Helping to Support Healthy, Lively Bifidobacterium

Polarimeter Applications"Lactose" is a type of sugar found in foods, primarily inmilk (cow's milk) and breast milk, which is contained in
the milk of all mammals. The Japanese word for lactose is"nyuutou." It is a disaccharide derived from the combinationof two sugars, glucose and galactose. Among the types ofsugars, lactose has a low level of sweetness (taste-wise);
it is only about 15-30% as sweet as sugar and hence has
limited value as a sweetening agent. Despite its importancein promoting healthy, lively bifidobacterium, which improve
the gastrointestinal environment and keep the intestines
healthy, excessive intake of lactose can have a laxative
effect. A deficiency of lactase- an enzyme produced in oursmall intestines, can cause "lactose intolerance." Once
mammals pass the nursing period (a stage where nutrientsare obtained solely from milk), in nearly every case, lactase
activity declines. This symptom is prevalent in in people of
Asian descent, but it affects Westerners as well. For thisreason, sales of "lactose free milk" and other products arereadily available overseas. Soy milk, almond and rice milk

are some examples of lactose free products. Additionally,
dairy products where the lactose content is adjusted areavailable on the market. Measurement and regulation are
indispensable for the quality of these products.
Lactose has many other extended applications andis used as a filler in food products and as a diluent
in pharmaceuticals. A "diluent" is an additive used tomake taking medication easier and more convenient.
Furthermore, the use of lactose monohydrate inexperiments is standardized within the "JapanesePharmacopoeia."
The components of lactose are stipulated by the"Japanese Pharmacopoeia" with an angle of rotation of[α] 20 = +54.4 to +59.5°. Lactose is used in many areas of
our lives; from the obvious, ready-to-eat foodstuffs, to thesomewhat obscure pharmaceuticals. Is it not essential tomeasure angle of rotation for quality control?

Specific Rotation of Lactose
Lactose[α] 20 = +54.4 to +59.5°
DA12

to compute the general alcohol concentration. If it is adistilled spirit, which contains little else besides the alcohol,
the measurement results will be fairly precise and accurate.
For more accurate and precise measurement, or formeasuring liqueurs and brewed alcohol that contain otherdissolved components apart from alcohol, measuring theangle of rotation is one method.
Take "moromi" (the unfiltered liquid during the fermenting
stage of the sake brewing process just before becoming
sake; contains ingredients such as yeast starter, koji mold,and steamed rice), for instance. In addition to alcohol,
main components of "moromi" contain carbohydrates, andtrace amounts of organic acids and amino acids. These
components are optically active, whereas alcohol does nothave optical activity. Therefore, by measuring the refractive
index (Brix) and the angle of rotation, the alcohol content
ratio can be estimated in alcoholic beverages.

D

The word "alcohol" applies to many different varieties ofliquor that exist throughout the world. The types of alcoholthat are most often consumed by Japanese people arebeer, wine, sake, distilled spirits, and whiskey. Many
people also enjoy vodka, rum, brandy, tequila and the like.
These are all luxury fine liquors and their "delightfulness"has come to be of great importance.
Well then, why are alcoholic beverages so delicious? For
example, beer and wine taste entirely different. There is no
mistaking that flavor is a tremendously important element.
Nevertheless, if flavor were the only criteria then people
would be satisfied with beverages like tea or juice. In otherwords, the alcohol contained in liquor is a significantly
critical component when it comes to deliciousness.
Taste preferences differ from person to person. There aresome people that like sweet drinks, and some people thatlike dry or sour drinks. Just as every person is different,
so too are one’s own particular preference for prepared
drinks. For instance, there are multitudes of ways to drink
whiskey. Drinking whiskey without adding anything isreferred to as, "neat." Pouring whiskey over a large chunkof ice and drinking it as it melts is referred to as, "on therocks." Adding the same amount of water to whiskey
is referred to as "twice up" (a popular way of drinking
whiskey in Japan). There are many ways to enjoy whiskey,
but the majority of people reference alcohol by volume(concentration) labeled on the whiskey bottle as somedegree of standards. Alcohol concentration is intimately
connected with the sense of the "degree of satisfaction."
By measuring the refractive index and Brix, it is possible

Per the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare"Japanese Pharmacopoeia."

Polarimeter Applications

A13

Collagen

Feed

Skincare Essentials

For a Safe and Healthy Diet

Collagen is an essential structural element that makes up
roughly 30% of protein, which forms our bodies. It exists
in strategic locations of our bodies. Its elasticity makes
our tendons, bones, and cartilage strong and robust.
Moreover, it keeps our skin in a healthy state. Collagenis utilized in various products. From products that comein contact with our skin, such as soap, skin toner, milky
lotion, cream, liquid foundation, shampoo, to products that
we consume, such as flavorings, dressings, energy drinks,
and tablet supplements, collagen is actively involved
across a wide range of areas.
So then, why on earth do manufacturers use collagen ineach and every one of their products? Well, collagen isused to add value to their products. This "added value"is "health" and "beauty;" things which many people will
always have an interest in, regardless of the times. For
consumers seeking health and beauty, "collagen" is aSpecific Rotation of Feed Additive
Arabinose[α] 20 = -103 to -105°

Xylose[α] 20 = +18.0 to +20.0°

Digitonin[α] 20 = -47 to -49°

Cellobiose[α] 20 = +34 to +35°

Melibiose[α] 20 = +141.2 to +141.8°

Raffinose[α] 20 = +122 to +124°

D
D
D
D

Polarimeter Applications

to Japan from overseas. Upon arrival, a highly precise andeffective inspection must be conducted. High quality feed
and additives also face a high level of scrutiny overseas,with regulations becoming even stricter in the EU and the
US. It is reported that in the coming years, the market will
expand and in the year 2018, feed additives will be a 175
billion (US) dollar global industry. Moreover, per establishingand strengthening the "branding" of certain breeds of
livestock, there has been an increase in those seeking
high quality animals. Surely, measuring feed and additives
with a polarimeter is an integral part of ensuring a safe anddelicious diet, thereby providing livestock with a rich andplentiful life.

D

A14

Humanity's life is supported and maintained by livestock(domestic animals). Since ancient times, long before
recorded history, many different species of animals have
lived alongside us as a source of labor and food.
In modern Japan, instead of "livestock," the term "industrial
livestock" (economy livestock) is taking hold. As is evident
from the name, not only do livestock support each andevery one of our lives, but they also bring us industrial andeconomical profit.
Creating and maintaining good living conditions in which
health and welfare of the livestock is accommodated isvital for greater profit. This is why feed with high nutritional
value is absolutely crucial.
Among the nutrients that are indispensable to livestock,
there are some that cannot be synthesized fromconsuming feed and food obtained from nature. Thesenutrients must be supplemented with additives. The
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries "OrdinanceConcerning Component Standards for Feed, As Well As
Feed Additives;" stringently regulates every aspect fromthe inspection criteria to the method of feed additivessmell, taste, refractive index and viscosity.
The angle of rotation is quite relevant to these standards
and polarimeters are required for ingredient analysis.
Polarimetry measuring method explicitly states that
"Excluding cases with separate stipulations, measurement
shall be performed at a temperature of 20°C, with anobservation tube of 100mm, and with the D-line of thesodium spectrum."
In recent years, an enormous quantity of feed is imported

D

Triple helix

key word that is incredibly alluring. Thus, measuring theamount of collagen contained in a product is an absolutemust.
Collagen is formed as a special structure called a "triple
helix." By applying a specific heat to this structure, it
unravels, denatures, and becomes gelatinized. The triple
helix structure is optically active, and its optical rotation
can be measured using a polarimeter. Similarly, collagen's
refractive index is also frequently measured.
Temperature control is important for measuring collagenand therefore ATAGO recommends the AP-300's
package A, or the SAC-i series and jacketed flow tubes,
circulating constant temperature water baths and otheroptional accessories for temperature control (refer to pg.
B20 to B21).

Par the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries"Ordinance Concerning Component Standards
for Feed, As Well As Feed Additives."

Polarimeter Applications

A15

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

D

L-Ascorbic acid, the official name for "vitamin C," is a kindof water soluble vitamin. It is a powdered substance thatappears either as white or slightly yellow crystals. It isodorless with a sour taste. Standard values such as apurity of 99.0% and above, and a specific rotation of[α] 20 =+20.5 to +21.5° are stipulated in the "Food Additives
Codex." Its primary applications include being used inbeverages, wine, ham, sausage, and as an antioxidant invarious foods such as pickles. Under the "Food Additives
Codex," it is designated that it must be measured using
water as a solvent, dissolved to 10% concentration(10g / 100mL). Proper quality control with a polarimeter isdemanded.

Food Additives
Indispensable for the Modern Diet

Polarimeter Applications

L-Threonine
Threonine is an essential amino acid that cannot be
synthesized in the human body. It is found in grains suchas rice and wheat, but due to the meager amount andpoor absorption rate, it is necessary to obtain it from fish,
meat, beans, and other food groups. Foods that contain alarge amount of threonine include bonito, poultry, andlentils. As a flavoring and additive, chemically synthesized
L-Threonine is used for a number of purposes, beginning

Calcium gluconate hydrate
Calcium gluconate is regulated by the "Japan
Pharmacopoeia" as a pharmaceutical. Among the calcium
compounds, it dissolves easily in water and it is an ideal
calcium fortifier used in manufacturing liquids such as
beverages and energy drinks. It's praised for its ability towith fortifying grains. As in humans, livestock are also
unable to synthesize threonine. By adding L-Threonine
produced via fermentation to feed, we can expect toimprove their amino acid balance, as well as enhance theirproductivity. In regards to L-Threonine's quality standards,
the specific rotation is regulated as [α] 20 =+26.0 to +29.0°.

improve tetany related symptoms caused by hypocalcemia
and for its benefits and effects as a food additive such as a
calcium supplement for celiac disease in infants. The
specific rotation of calcium gluconate hydrate is [α] 20 =+6
to +11°.
D

A16

Some examples are strawberry juice and agar.
Food additives are indispensable for the modern diet.
For example, imagine that you ate toast with butter andjam and ham for breakfast. The bread used to make toast
contains additives like emulsifiers and preservatives. Color
fixatives, flavorings, and preservatives are generally used inham.
Now, let's take a look at miso soup, which is a dish thatJapanese-style meals cannot do without. Coagulants,
defoamers, and improving agents are generally used in tofu.
As for miso, flavorings, preservatives, bleaching agents, andreinforcing agents are used.
In recent times, food safety has become a serious matter.
There are many people that are placing great importance on
the safety of food additives.
Of course, this doesn't mean that there are issues concerning
the safety of all food additives. There are additives usedduring the food manufacturing process, and food additives
that do not remain in the final product. There are also lots offood additives used that are not written on the ingredients listof food products. In these times, it is difficult to try and eat
only additive-free foods, and it's not necessarily the case that
additive-free foods are the absolute best.
When it comes to food additives, standards for the refractive
index, as well as for the specific rotation for every foodsubstance, are partially designated. In addition to our highaccuracy refractometers and polarimeters, ATAGO also
reccommends the Refracto-Polarimeter, RePo-5. It is an
inexpensive, integrated unit that measure "refractive index +angle of rotation."D

Food additives refer to substances such as preservatives,
sweeteners, food coloring, and fragrances. They are added
in food manufacturing and throughout various stages ofthe process to bring out and improve the flavor, fragrance,
appearance, and mouthfeel of a finished product, to fortify
nutrients, or to preserve the product.
Component regulations and standards for use are stipulated
to ensure the safety of food additives. In Japan, standards
are determined by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
Internationally, JECFA (FAO / WHO Joint Expert Committee
on Food Additives) evaluates risk factors such as toxicity,
carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity, calculates the maximum
intake that will not harm the body, and determines standards.
In Japan, food additives are largely classified into 4 different
categories. The first category consists of "Specified
Additives." Additives that have been specified, as well as
evaluated for their safety belong to this group. Scorbic acidand xylitol fall under this category.
The second category is "Existing Additives." This is a
category of additives that have a long food history in Japan,
whose use is permitted without receiving specification.
Additives such as gardenia pigment and persimmon tannin
belong to this category.
The third category is called the "Natural Fragrances." They
consist of natural substances obtained from plants andanimals used primarily in applying fragrance to foods, suchas vanilla essence and crab essence.
The fourth and final category is called, "General Food andBeverage Additives." These are additives which are generally
consumed as food and beverage and also used as additives.

Polarimeter Applications

A17

Epinephrine

D

Many people have probably heard of the word, "epipen"(epinephrine autoinjector). An epipen is a medical device
used as an adjuvant treatment to mitigate the progressionof anaphylaxis symptoms. Anaphylaxis is an acute,systemic, as well as severe type of allergic reaction. In
many cases, it is caused by bee venom, food, and drugs.
It is known to trigger a life-threatening reaction(anaphylactic shock). Patients that are highly prone toanaphylaxis normally carry an epipen on-hand. In the eventof an outbreak, the epipen is used to alleviate symptoms
until they can be transported to a medical facility. After theepinephrine (adrenaline) is dried, it is dissolved in ahydrochloric acid reagent and measured. The specificrotation is [α] 20 = -50 to -53.5°.

Pharmaceutical & Medical
Preventing the Progression of Modern Disease &Signals from the Body that Cannot be Overlooked"Pharmaceuticals" refer to medicines that are used in
the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases inhumans and animals. There are many different varietiesof pharmaceuticals. They have been studied, researchedand developed to fit people's needs. There are drugs thatare taken orally, applied to the skin, and injected directly
into the bloodstream. Even taking only oral medicine into
account, there are numerous ways that have been devised
to facilitate ease of swallowing, such as taste, size, shape,material quality and texture.
The effectiveness of pharmaceuticals is fully demonstrated
when preventing the disease, or the onset of a disease.
The majority of various substances that make up
pharmaceuticals possess optical activity, so it can be said
that the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry is the
typical example of a field where polarimeters are used themost. Measurement of the angle of rotation has long since
been performed in the pharmaceutical manufacturingindustry in order to distinguish the properties of medicine.
For this reason, a system is in place for such procedures
stipulated by the "Japan Pharmacopoeia," per article 41 of
the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law.
Standards for specific rotation for every substance are
written in the "Japan Pharmacopoeia." They are important
inspection criteria for quality control. For some substances,
not only are there regulation standards for specific rotation,
but refractive index standards are included as well.

A18

Polarimeter Applications

The majority of pharmaceutical companies follow thesestandards for measuring the angle of rotation.
In many cases, due to the properties of pharmaceuticals,
refractive index and angle of rotation are often measured athigh accuracy. However, if high accuracy isn't necessary,
ATAGO has an inexpensive, integrated unit that canmeasure "refractive index + angle of rotation," especially
tailored for general-purpose use. An instrument thatcan measure both refractive index and angle of rotation
in a single unit has finally become true: the RefractoPolarimeter, RePo-5. It is a portably designed sizethat fits in the palm of your hand, allowing users to takemeasurements anywhere, as with other general inspection
methods.

DextranDextran is a major substance used in intravenous therapy(transfusion). It is effective as an initial treatment whenacute massive blood loss occurs. It is also used toreduce the amount of blood transfusion during surgery.
It is used to prevent a drop in blood pressure when the
blood circulating throughout the body decreases forsome sort of reason. Another name for it is, "Ringer's

lactate solution." The blood concentration is diluted withdextran and thinned, making it easier to flow and reach thecapillaries, improving overall blood circulation. Dextran isa polysaccharide made of many glucose molecules, andlactobacillus produced from sucrose. The angle of rotationis measured by using solid dextran and dissolving it inwater prior to measurement.

Additionally, other than pharmaceuticals, food additives
have specific standards for the refractive index, as well as
for the specific rotation for most substances. Refractive
index and angle of rotation measurement is also performedin this field.

Thalidomide
There is an optically active substance, notorious for setting
off public anxiety: the chemical compound "thalidomide."
It is well-known for being contained in sleeping pills anddigestive medicines that were sold during the 1950's to the
1960's, however, due to its teratogenicity, it was recalled
and pulled off the market. Thalidomide is a racemic mixtureof an (R) enantiomer and an (S) enantiomer. After becoming

a topic of public concern, it was reported that only the (R)enantiomer possessed sleep-inducing effects and only
the (S) enantiomer expressed teratogenicity. Subsequent
research found that even if only the (R) enantiomer wasadministered, it racemizes within the body. Althoughthalidomide generated many reports of these damaging
health effects, recently, it has been approved for its capacity
to be used as a treatment for Hansen's disease (leprosy).

Polarimeter Applications

A19

Specific Rotation List
Specific rotation
Material name

Solvent[α] Minimum [α] Maximum

Ascorbic acid

Water

+20.5

+21.5

2.5

25

L-aspartic acid6mol / L Hydrochloric acid reagent +24.0

+26.0

2

25

Epinephrine

1mol / L Hydrochloric acid reagent -50.0

-53.5

1

25

Ephedrine hydrochloride

Water

-33.0

-36.0

1

20

-155

-165

Ergotamine tartrate

Industrial Field
The Possibility of New Measurement Standards
There are many kinds of oil solutions used in the industrial
field. For example, when metal is shaved and formed,
cutting oil is used to make the machining process easierby mitigating the friction produced between the machine
blade and the metal workpiece. Lubricating oil is used tocool and smooth the surface of a cog, in order for it torotate properly and efficiently.
In fact, there are a variety of industrial oils, not just the
aforementioned cutting oil and lubricating oil. There arerelease agents, corrosion inhibitors, cleaning solutions,
hydraulic fluids, quenching oils, and the like. The common
trait they share is that they are all used in order to makeindustrial machinery operate smoothly and properly.
Although the refractive index of these fluids is measured
quite frequently, however, angle of rotation is rarely
measured. The reason behind this is that most oil solutions
are not optically active. Nevertheless, it is often the casethat even when solutions are optically active the colorationand high viscosity make them incompatible with themeasurement conditions for angle of rotation. To measure
the angle of rotation, light must be passed through asample, therefore, the coloration and viscosity interfereswith the proper amount of light to pass through.
The RePo Series can measure with an extremely small
amount of sample, much smaller than the amount requiredby conventional polarimeters. This means that the distancethat the light travels is shorter. In other words, even if asample is viscous and has coloration, there is a great
possibility that it can be measured. Recent research anddevelopment of biotechnology has led to an increase in the

A20

Polarimeter Applications

variety of industrial oil solutions. For these solutions, angleof rotation may potentially become the new measurement
standard.

Turpentine
Turpentine is also called "oil of turpentine," "woodturpentine," and "spirit of turpentine." It is a refined oil
obtained from steam distillation of pine resin. It is used asa solvent for paint and varnish, and in the art industry forthinning oil based paints. It has an angle of rotation which
can be measured with a polarimeter in order to distinguishthe origin of the turpentine.

StarchStarch is a carbohydrate (polysaccharide), primarilysourced from corn, wheat, potatoes, tapioca, and thelike. In Japan, "katakuriko" (dogtooth violet starch; it haslargely been replaced with starch from potatoes, but it
is still called katakuriko) and cornstarch are probably
the most well-known. Although it is mainly used insaccharified products (products made from converting
starch into sugar) food products, and as feed, it also has
a wide variety of industrial uses such as in cardboard
and paper manufacturing, as well as in bioplastics andas an adhesive. In Europe and in many countries, themeasurement method for the angle of rotation and specificrotation as written in the "ISO 10520 Native starchDetermination of starch content-Ewers polarimetricmethod" is used as the standard.

Material Solution
(g)
(mL)

Kainic acid hydrate

Water

-13

-17

0.5

50

d-camphor

Ethanol (95)

+41.0

+43.0

5

50

Cocaine hydrochloride

Water

-70

-73

0.5

20

Cortisone acetate ester

Methanol

+207

+216

0.1

10

Cholecalciferol

Ethanol (95)

+103

+112

0.05

10

Cholesterol

1,4-Dioxane

-34

-38

0.2

10

Santonin

Chloroform

-170

-175

0.2

10

Digitoxin

Chloroform

+16

+18

0.5

20

Clove oil

0

-1.5

0

0

Testosterone enantholactam acid ester 1,4-Dioxane

+77

+88

0.1

10

Deslanoside

Anhydrous pyridine

+6.5

+8.5

0.5

25

Dehydrocholic acid

1,4-Dioxane

+29

+32

0.2

10

L-threonine

Water

-26.0

-29.0

1.5

25

-17.0

-36.0

Peppermint oil
Calcium pantothenate

Water

+25.0

+28.5

1

20

Hydrocortisone acetate ester

1,4-Dioxane

+158

+165

0.05

10

L-phenylalanine

Water

-33.0

-35.5

0.5

25

Prednisolone

Ethanol (95)

+113

+119

0.2

20

Maltose hydrate

Ammonia reagent and water

+126

+131

10

100

Methamphetamine hydrochloride

Water

+16

+19

0.2

10

l-menthol

Ethanol (95)

-45.0

-51.0

2.5

25

dl-menthol

Ethanol (95)

-2.0

+2.0

2.5

25

L-lysine hydrochloride

6mol / L Hydrochloric acid reagent +19.0

+21.5

2

25

Anhydrous lactose

Water

+54.4

+55.9

Purified sucrose

Water

+66.3

+67.0

26

100

Per the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare "Japanese Pharmacopoeia"

Please turn over and flip upside down from the next page.

Polarimeter Applications

A21

Contents

What is Light?

About Polarimeters ············································ B4
Is it a particle or a wave? Is it both, or perhaps neither? Light possesses the properties

Performance Efficiency of Polarimetersof both particles and waves. It's a phenomenon that cannot be fully explained just by

Two Points of Consideration ······························ B6

addressing whether it is a particle or a wave.

Polarimeter Terminology ··································· B8Light has long fascinated people, and it has plagued many scientists in their attempts tounravel its mysteries.

Polarimeter Lineup
SAC-i, SAC-i 589/882 ········································ B10

Optical rotation is one phenomenon of light, where light passes through a substance

AP-300 ······························································ B12

and, depending on the substance, the light rotates.

POLAX-2L ·························································· B14

Substances and compounds which contain properties that cause light to rotate are called

RePo Series ······················································· B16"optically active" substances. Light rotates to the right or to the left, as well as at various

Optional Accessories ········································ B20

angles, depending on the substance. We can discover certain things about a particular

Measurement Tips ··········································· B22

substance from its angle of rotation. Polarimeters are used to measure angle of rotation.

Polarimeter FAQ ··············································· B23

All ATAGO products are designed and manufactured in Japan.
Headquarters: The Front Tower Shiba Koen, 23rd Floor
2-6-3 Shiba-koen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011, Japan

http://www.atago.net/ overseas@atago.net

TEL : 81-3-3431-1943 FAX : 81-3-3431-1945

TEL : 1-425-637-2107

ATAGO products comply with HACCP, GMP,
and GLP system standards.

customerservice@atago-usa.com

TEL : 91-22-28544915, 40713232

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TEL : 7-727-257-08-95

info@atago-kazakhstan.com* Specifications and appearance are subject to change without notice.

Copyright © 2019 ATAGO CO., LTD. All rights reserved.

B2

Polarimeter Guide

ENV.031906700GR Printed in Japan

Polarimeter Guide

B3

About Polarimeters

Measurement
Principles

Light exhibits a "wavy" quality, in which it oscillates as it moves along.
When this wavy light passes through a substance, a phenomenon
occurs wherein the direction of the undulating, wavy light rotates. This

Polarimeters

Polarimeters are instruments used for measuring the angle of opticalrotation of light. General polarimeters contain mechanisms such as alight source and polarizer. Light emitted from the light source passes

is the optical rotation of light.

through the polarizer and the angle of the wave of light is restricted.

Using this as a basis, let's try to explain optical rotation with an easy

The angle at which the light rotates is measured when it passes

to understand, metaphorical illustration. Draw a wavy line on a longthrough the substance.

piece of paper. Hold the center of both ends of the piece of paper

During measurement, if the plane of vibration which faces the lightfirmly with your fingers. Turn it around at all sorts of angles. This

source appears to be rotating clockwise, it is dextrorotatory. If it

oscillating wave that moves in the direction of many angles, whichappears to rotate counter-clockwise, it is levorotatory. "Dextrorotatory"

is a deeply complicated phenomenon entangled with other matter iscomes from the Latin word "dextro" meaning, "right." "d-rotary" cannatural light. It is the normal state of light.

also be used to refer to dextrorotatory. "Levorotatory" comes fromthe Latin word "levo" meaning, "left." Levorotatory is also known as"l-rotatory. The system for denoting optical isomers (enantiomers),
either d- or l-, is derived from these words.
Polarimeters are largely used in the sugar refining and pharmaceuticalindustries. In the sugar refining industry, polarimeters are used todetermine the type of sugar or to ascertain the purity. In the world ofpharmaceuticals, there are many cases where chemical compounds
may be subjected to certain standards, depending on the angle

The angle of rotation of light can't be measured in this state. Theof rotation. Polarimeters are used to perform checks such as

oscillating waves of light move at each and every angle, so it isdetermining the type of substance.

impossible to determine which wave passes through a substance andto what degree it rotated.
As such, this light that moves at many angles and oscillates as it
travels along must be limited to move in the direction of one angle.
In order to achieve this, light is passed through something called

Polarizers for Everyday, Practical Usea "polarizer." A polarizer has a grid-like pattern, arranged in an

In regards to polarimeters, when it comes to the optical

intricate, alternating fashion of lines that light does not pass throughrotation of light, "polarizers" sound like a difficult concept

and spaces that light passes though. The light is obstructed by thepolarizer which enables only a single wave of light moving at one
angle to pass through. This is called "polarized light."

that's hard to imagine. However, polarizers are surprisingly
used in various places throughout everyday life.

•Cameras
Polarizing filters for camera lenses are amust in order to take pictures that come out
exactly how you'd like.

Natural light•Polarized sunglasses
Polarization

Light source

Many of us have experienced being blindedby the glaring brightness of the outdoors
when on a snowy mountain, doing water

Polarizer

sports, or fishing. Polarizing film controls
reflected light from the surface of snow

When two polarizers are placed one after the other and only one is

and water, and allows only the necessary amount of lightmade to rotate, this creates an angle that completely blocks out theto penetrate. It is commonly used in these types of leisurelight. This is because the light, which has passed through the firstactivities and sports.

polarizer and has been constricted down to a single wave moving at•LCDs

one angle, is blocked by a second polarizer of a different angle.

LCDs have two polarizers (polarizing filters).

By rotating the polarizer (the second polarizer in a polarimeter is

In order to display a clear, vivid image, theycalled an "analyzer") and finding the angle at which the polarized lightcontrol the light which passes in various

passed through, or the angle at which it was blocked, it is possible tomeasure the angle at which the light passed through a substance (thedirections to produce light that passes in
only one uniform direction.

angle of rotation). Polarimeters use this principle to measure the angleof rotation of a substance.

B4

Polarimeter Guide

Polarimeter Guide

B5

Performance Efficiency of Polarimeters

Two Points ofConsideration

Are temperature control features really necessary?
Angle of Rotation
Depending on the temperature, the angle of rotation changes slightly. Most substances express angle of rotation at
20.0°C. Consequently, measurements must be taken at a constant, controlled temperature for accurate and precise

Is that level of accuracy really necessary?

angle of rotation measurement. There are two methods for temperature control:  circulating constant temperature

There are two critical elements to accuracy: "precision" and "repeatability." The angle of rotation of products suchthe observation tube is placed. Method  is the most common, the liquid inside the observation tube quickly andas food additives and medicine is often measured at low concentrations. As the resulting angle of rotation values

completely reaches a constant temperature and stabilizes. Observation tubes compatible with method  are available

are also low, high accuracy levels are necessary. Nevertheless, seeking excessively high accuracy levels can leadat ATAGO. Now, this will be expounded upon later, but if stringent accuracy levels are not needed for angle of rotation

to predicaments such as "troublesome, complicated measurement" and "heavily investing and sinking money in ameasurement values (the value of the converted specific rotation), it is possible to maintain the room temperature wherepolarimeter." This is not a very desirable situation.

the polarimeter is placed at about 20°C. For reference, the specific rotation of sucrose changes 0.0313° per 1°C. Under

Every substance has a standard for specific rotation, as designated in the "Japanese Pharmacopoeia and Foodthe Japanese Pharmacopoeia, the standard specific rotation range for sucrose (white soft sugar) is 65.0 to 67.0°C. Hence,

Additives Official Codex." This standard is written as a range of "_ _° to _ _°." In other words, as long as the valueeven if the measurement temperature deviates slightly from 20°C, it's not a serious problem in terms of management.

water around the outside of the observation tube, and  maintaining a constant temperature of the section wherefalls within this range, it's perfectly acceptable. For example, the range for sucrose (white soft sugar) is 65.0 to 67.0°,
and the range for l-menthol is -45.0 to -51.0°. Of course, it will vary according to the substance, but this range issurprisingly wide.
Therefore, it's not necessary to seek excessively high accuracy levels. ATAGO has a number of polarimeter models.
Please select the model best suited to your needs, after considering the accuracy level and management range
needed, and taking into account operational usability and convenience.

Unjacketed Flow Tube

Excerpt from "The Japanese Pharmacopoeia, sixteenth edition." The circled sections contain information about angle of rotation.

Circulating Constant Temperature Bath 60-C5International Sugar Scale and Purity
In the sugar refining industry, measurement values for the International Sugar Scale (ISS) and Purity are expressed at
20.0°C. Circulating water at a constant temperature of 20°C around the outside of the observation tube and measuring
is widely practiced in this field. Compatible observation tubes for this measurement method are available at ATAGO.
On the one hand, in regards to the International Sugar Scale and Purity, since the measurement sample for thesescales is limited to sucrose, it is possible to adjust values based on the International Sugar Scale value changes in
response to temperature. Simply put, even when measuring at a temperature other than 20°C, International Sugar
Scale values at 20.0°C can be displayed. ATAGO's AP-300, SAC-i, and SAC-i 589/882 are equipped with dual scalesof ISS (without temperature compensation) and ISS (TC) (with temperature compensation). The Purity scale also
features temperature compensation. Furthermore, the RePo-1's ISS and Purity scales also come with temperaturecompensation. A temperature compensation table based on the ICUMSA (International Commission for Uniform
Methods of Sugar Analysis) standards for the International Sugar Scale measurement of sucrose at 18 to 30°C is
included. By efficiently using temperature compensation, you can avoid the hassle of using circulating constanttemperature water.

Jacketed Flow Tube

B6

International Sugar Scale Measurement Screen

Polarimeter Guide

B7

Polarimeter Terminology
Angle of Rotation

OD

Optical rotation is a phenomenon wherein light vibrating in
one fixed direction (polarized light) passes through a liquidsample and rotates. The point at which it tilts is called the"angle of rotation." It is the basic value measured with apolarimeter. The angle of rotation changes depending on
the concentration of the liquid sample, the length of theobservation tube, the temperature, and the measurement
wavelength. The unit is expressed as, " °."OD refers to "optical density." It is also called,"absorbance." For a given wavelength of light, supposing
the transmittance of water is 100%, OD of 10% is 1.0,transmittance of 1% is OD of 2.0, and for transmittanceof 0.1%, the OD is 3.0. In regards to polarimeters, OD
illustrates the densest darkly colored liquid that is capableof being measured.

Specific Rotation
Specific rotation is a characteristic value related to opticalactivity, standardized for each and every substance. There
are set values determined for every substance, printed inliterature such as chemistry handbooks. As a definition,
it corresponds with the angle of rotation of a sample at
100% concentration measured with a 100mm observation
tube. The unit is expressed as, " °."⇒ specific rotation = (10000 × angle of rotation) /(length of observation tube (mm) × concentration(g/100mL) )Concentration
The density of a solution made when dissolving an
optically active substance in optically inactive water andalcohol is called "concentration." The unit is expressed as,"g/100mL."⇒ concentration (g/100mL) = (100 × angle of rotation(measurement value obtained with a polarimeter) ) /(length of observation tube (dm) × specific rotation)* 1dm = 10cm

International Sugar Scale
A scale converted from the angle of rotation. The unit
is expressed as, "°Z." 26g/100mL of sucrose solution
measured with a 200mm observation tube at 20°C is 100°Z.
This scale is used in the sugar refining industry. As with
the Brix scale for sugar level, temperature compensation isnecessary. Sucrose solution of 100°Z is 23.70% Brix.
⇒ International Sugar Scale =angle of rotation × 2.888

PurityPurity is the proportion of the amount of sucrose containedin the total soluble solid content. Brix value is required for
Purity measurement.
The unit for Purity is expressed as, "% ."ICUMSA(International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis)

Known as the "International Sugar Analysis
Standardization Committee" in Japanese, ICUMSA is aninternational organization unifying the activities of sugar
analysis committees from several countries.

Measurement Wavelength(λ)
The angle of rotation will change depending on the
wavelength of the light source used by a polarimeter.
Almost all polarimeters use the Sodium D-line
wavelength of 589.3nm. The SAC-i 589/882 is capableof measurement not only at 589nm, but it can also bechanged to measure at a wavelength of 882nm.

Observation Tube
Most polarimeters measure angle of rotation by fillingthe inside of tubes, called observation tubes, with liquidsample and passing light through them. Observation
tube lengths of 100mm and 200mm are the mostprevalent. 200mm observation tubes are primarily usedin the sugar refining industry, and 100mm observation
tubes are largely used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Polarimeter
LineupThere are also short-type observation tubes of lengths
such as 10mm.
* RePo series does not use observation tubes.

From models suited to the sugar
refining and pharmaceutical industries,
to the newest, state-of-the art portablemodels, ATAGO's polarimeters meet anumber of demands.

⇒ Pol = (26.016/100mL of mass (density) ) ×International Sugar Scale* sucrose amount is referred to as "Pol."⇒ Purity = (Pol / Brix) × 100

B8Polarimeter Guide

Polarimeter Guide

B9

Automatic Polarimeter / Saccharimeter

SAC-i
SAC-i 589/882
Cat.No.5951

Cat.No.5952

Touchscreen for Enhanced Operability
Automatic measurements are digitally displayed in a mere
12 seconds. Simply insert the observation tube and press
START (4 seconds when using high-speed continuous
measurement mode). Repeatable accuracy of angle of rotation
is ±0.003°, and 0.009°Z for International Sugar Scale.
Capable of displaying a resolution of up to 4 decimal places.
Measurement screen with setting
sub-window (lower left)

Compatible with wavelength of 882nm

Improved stability of liquids

By replacing the optical unit, the SAC-i 589/882 iscapable of measuring at both wavelengths of 589nm
and 882nm.

Even more stable measurements are now possible
through a complete performance upgrade and revampof the measurement method of ATAGO's own original
measurement engine system. Measurement of sample
types that are conventionally difficult to measure has
now been made easier, virtually eliminating instrument
errors.

Refractometer RX-α / i Seriesconnectivity

ICUMSA
compliantCapable of connecting to the Digital Refractometer
RX-α / i Series. Direct data transfer of Brix values andautomatic calculation and display of Purity has been
made possible.

FDA 21
CFR Part11
compliant

Cat.No.5961

Specifications
SAC-i

SAC-i 589/882

AR : ±0.002° (-5.0 to +5.0°)
		 ±0.005° (-45.0 to -5.0°, +5.0 to +45.0°)
ISS : ±0.015°Z (-130.0 to +130.0°Z)
Other ranges AR : ±0.010° ISS : ±0.030°Z

589nm :
AR : ±0.002° (-5.0 to +5.0°)		±0.005° (-45.0 to -5.0°, +5.0 to +45.0°)
ISS : ±0.015°Z (-130.0 to +130.0°Z)
Other ranges AR : ±0.010° ISS : ±0.030°Z
882nm :
AR : ±0.002° (-5.0 to +5.0°)		±0.005° (-19.3 to -5.0°, +5.0 to +19.3°)
ISS : ±0.015°Z (-130.0 to +130.0°Z)
Other ranges AR : ±0.010° ISS : ±0.070°Z

Repeatability
Measurement Wavelength
Light Source

AR: ±0.003° ISS: ±0.009°Z
589nm (equivalent to the sodium-D line spectrum)
LED : 589nm interference filter­—
589nm (equivalent to the sodium-D line spectrum), 882nm (near infrared ray)
LED : 589nm interference filter, 882nm interference filter

Common Specifications
Measurement Readings

Elapsed time

SAC-i Special Packages SAC-i (main unit) can be purchased independently. Custom special package is available. Contact ATAGO for details.

Type A Temperature Control

Measurement Accuracy* Checked by reading a standard
quartz plate.

Angle of rotation( ° )Measurement of granulated sugar at 20°C,using funnel+jacketed flow tube

AR, ISS (without temperature compensation), ISS (with ATC), SR, Conc, Purity, User scale, AR of Quartz Plate (with ATC), and Temp (°C / °F)

AR : -89.9999 to +90.0000°, -359.9999 to +360.0000°
ISS : -259.0000 to +259.0000°Z
Resolution
AR : 0.0001° ISS : 0.0001°Z Temperature : 0.1°C / 0.1°F
Temperature Compensation Range 10 to 40°C
Temperature Display Accuracy±0.2°C
Ambient Temperature
Use the instrument where the temperature is between 10 to 40°C

Recommended for
Sugar Industry

Type B No Temperature Control

Recommended for
Sugar Industry

Cat.No.5962• SAC-i (including accessories)• Unjacketed flow tube with funnel(200mm-approximate volume15mL)• SAC-i (including accessories)• Jacketed flow tube with funnel(200mm-approximate volume15mL)*Circulating Constant Temperature Bath 60-C5 (Cat.No.1923) sold separately

Type C Temperature Control
Cat.No.5963

Recommended for
Pharmaceutical Industry• SAC-i (including accessories)• Jacketed flow tube (100mm)• Quartz Control Plate (8°, 17°, or 34°)
• Digital printer DP-AD • Printer paper for DP-AD• Ribbon cassette for DP-AD• Circulating Constant Temperature Bath 60-C5 (Cat.No.1923)

Type D No Temperature Control
Cat.No.5964

Recommended for
Pharmaceutical Industry• SAC-i (including accessories)• Quartz Control Plate (8°, 17°, or 34°)
• Digital printer DP-AD• Printer paper for DP-AD• Ribbon cassette for DP-AD

Measurement Range

Display Panel
Printer Output
Data Output To USB Flash Drive
Communication With Computer
Observation Tube Included
Power Supply
Power Consumption
Dimensions & Weight

7.5-inch color LCD + touch screen
Digital printer DP-AD / DP-63 (sold separately)
Output method : RS-232C (9 pin D-Sub male connector)
CSV text file format
Communication via : USB-Serial
200mm (10mL) × 1, 100mm (5mL) × 1
AC100 to 240V, 50 / 60 Hz
140VA
60×36.5×21cm, 20kg (Main Unit only)

Measurement Method

12Insert the sample
Start
Place the sample into the observation tube Close the lid and press START to begin
and insert it into the sample chamber.
measurement.

3

Result display
Measurement values will be displayed.

Reference : AR = Angle of Rotation, SR = Specific Rotation, ISS = International Sugar Scale, Temp = Temperature, Conc = Concentration, RI = Refractive Index, ATC = Automatic Temperature Compensation

B10

Polarimeter Guide

Polarimeter Guide

B11

Automatic Polarimeter

AP-300Cat.No.5291

An Affordable Polarimeter with Only
the Essential Specs
Equipped with a history feature and a graphic display that allows you to instantly see whether
measurement results are within standards. Capable of a minimum resolution of 0.001° for angleof rotation and up to 0.001°Z for International Sugar Scale. An ideal model for measuring angle ofrotation in the pharmaceutical manufacturing, fragrance, cosmetics, industrial chemicals, and foodindustries, as well as for measuring International Sugar Scale degrees in the sugar refining industry.

Compatible with the International
Sugar Scale

Loaded with a multitude of convenientfeatures

Configured with automatic temperature compensation
for a range within 18 to 30°C and conforms with
International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar
Analysis (ICUMSA) International Sugar Scale standards.

Data history of up to the last 30 measurement values,
zero-setting, and calibration can be stored and checked.
Other useful and convenient features for measurement
include repeated (consecutive) measurement setting
and average value display. Furthermore, it is equippedwith a password protection feature in compliancewith regulations such as ISO standards, for increased
security.

Compact design
Until recently, large-sized automatic polarimeters were
the norm. Unlike conventional models that require a lotof space, the compact size of this instrument makes
it possible to take measurements anywhere, without
taking up space.

ICUMSA
compliant

FDA 21
CFR Part 11
Software Includedin Standard
Delivery.

Specifications
Measurement Scale

AR, ISS (without temperature compensation), ISS (ATC)Measurement Readings

AR, ISS (without temperature compensation), ISS (ATC), SR, Conc, and Purity

Measurement Range

AR : -89.999 to +89.999°
ISS : -130.000 to +130.000°Z
Temp : 10.0 to 30.0°C
AR : 0.001° / 0.01° / 0.1° by selection
ISS : 0.001°Z / 0.01°Z / 0.1°Z by selection
AR : ±0.01° (-35.00 to +35.00°)
		 Relative precision ±0.2% (-35.01 to -89.99°, +35.01 to +89.99°)
ISS : ±0.03°Z (-101.00 to +101.00°Z)
		 Relative precision ±0.2% (-130.00 to -101.01°Z ,+101.01 to +130.00°Z)

Resolution
Measurement Accuracy

Temperature Compensation Range for ISS
Temperature Indication* Checked by reading a standard Quartz Plate at 10.0 to30.0°C.
18.0 to 30.0°C

Ambient Temperature

Resolution : 0.1°C
Accuracy : ±0.5°C
Use the instrument where the temperature is between 10 to 40°C

Display PanelLCD (320 × 240 dpi) with illuminating back light

OutputObservation Tube Included• Digital Printer DP-63 or DP-AD (Optional)• RS-232C input / output ports for connecting to a computer system
200mm (10mL) × 1, 100mm (5mL) × 1

Measurement Wavelength

589nm (equivalent to the sodium-D line spectrum)

Light Source
Power Supply
Power Consumption
Dimensions & Weight

white LED
AC100 to 240V, 50/60 Hz
65VA
48.5×28.5×17.5cm, 14.4kg (Main Unit only)

AP-300 Special Packages Options other than above mentioned 4 types are available. Contact your nearest ATAGO representative for details.

Type A Temperature Control
Cat.No.5296

Recommended for
Sugar Industry• AP-300 (including accessories)• Inner Lid (for 200mm tube)• J acketed flow tube with funnel and temperature sensor
for jacket (200mm-approximate volume15mL)

Type B No Temperature Control

Recommended for
Sugar Industry

Cat.No.5297• AP-300 (including accessories)• Inner Lid (for 200mm tube)• Unjacketed flow tube with funnel(200mm-approximate volume 15mL)*Circulating Constant Temperature Bath 60-C5 (Cat.No.1923) sold separately

Type C Temperature Control
Cat.No.5294

Recommended for
Pharmaceutical Industry• AP-300 (including accessories)• Jacketed flow tube (100mm)• Inner Lid (for 100mm tube)• Quartz Control Plate(8°, 17°, or 34°)
• Digital printer DP-AD • Printer paper for DP-AD• Ribbon cassette for DP-AD• Circulating Constant Temperature Bath 60-C5 (Cat.No.1923)

Type D No Temperature Control
Cat.No.5295

Recommended for
Pharmaceutical Industry• AP-300 (including accessories)• Quartz Control Plate (8°, 17°, or 34°)
• Digital printer DP-AD• Printer paper for DP-AD• Ribbon cassette for DP-AD

Measurement Method

1

2

3

NOV.12,2014
NOV.12,2008+ 23.157°
Insert the sample
Start
Place the sample into the observation tube Close the lid and press START to begin
and insert it into the sample chamber.
measurement.

Result display
Measurement values will be displayed.

Reference : AR = Angle of Rotation, SR = Specific Rotation, ISS = International Sugar Scale, Temp = Temperature, Conc = Concentration, RI = Refractive Index, ATC = Automatic Temperature Compensation

B12

Polarimeter Guide

Polarimeter Guide

B13

Polarimeter

POLAX-2L
Cat.No.5223

Fully Digital Display of Angle ofRotation and International Sugar Scale
A model with a newly equipped measurement temperature display and with all the advantages of
conventional models left intact. Look through the eyepiece and match the brightness of the left
and right translucent semicircular visual field with a switch. The measurement value will be digitallydisplayed on the front display panel. Best suited for educational uses such as studying polarized
light, optical rotation, optically active substances, and optical activity at university or high school level
physics and applied science courses.

First-hand experience of the angle of rotation
By looking through the eyepiece while pressing the switch and manually adjusting the light's angle, you can experience andgain an understanding of optical rotation and angles, and learn about phenomena such as dextrorotation and levorotation.

Translucent semicircular
ROTATE(right-handed
rotation) switch
SHIFT / TEMP
switchZERO SET
switchROTATE(left-handed
rotation) switch
ZERO SETREADY lamp

Specifications
Measurement Scale

AR, ISS, Temp

Measurement Readings

AR, ISS, Temp

Measurement Range

Temperature Display Accuracy

AR : -179.95 to +180.00°
ISS : -130.0 to +130.0°Z
Temp : 5.0 to 40.0°C
AR : 0.05°
ISS : 0.1°Z
Temp : 0.1°C
AR : ±0.10°
ISS : ±0.3°Z
Temp : ±0.5°C±0.5°C

Ambient Temperature

5 to 40°C

Observation Tube Included

200mm (10mL) × 1, 100mm (5mL) × 1

Measurement Wavelength

589nm (equivalent to the sodium-D line spectrum)

Light Source
Power Supply
Power Consumption
Dimensions & Weight

LED with interference filter (589nm)
AC100 to 240V, 50 / 60 Hz
35VA
43×22×30cm, 10.3kg (Main Unit only)

Resolution
Measurement Accuracy

Right handed
rotationsampleLeft handed
rotationsampleWhen the display
indicates 0º

Adjust the angle

Read the indication
at this point

Operation panel

Equipped with a long-lasting LED lightsourceSmooth measurements with switch
operations

Outfitted with an LED light source that illuminates
overwhelmingly fast and has a longer life-spancompared to sodium lamps. Combined use with aninterference filter ensures a wavelength of 589nm,
equivalent to the sodium D-line.

Just press the switches to rotate the analyzer. The
rotation speed can be increased by pressing either the
R (+) and L (-) switches together with the shift/temp
switch.

Easy to read, digitally displayedmeasurement values
The measurement method is easy; simply peer throughthe eyepiece and operate the switch. This allows you torotate the analyzer, match the brightness of the left andright translucent semicircular visual field, and measure
the angle of rotation. The results are fully digitallydisplayed. Additionally, the measurement temperature
can be displayed by pressing the shift/temp switch.

Measurement Method

12Insert the sample
Adjust the angle
Place the sample into the observation tube Look through the eyepiece and use theand insert it into the sample chamber.
switch to adjust the angle.

3

Result display
Measurement values will be displayed.

Reference : AR = Angle of Rotation, SR = Specific Rotation, ISS = International Sugar Scale, Temp = Temperature, Conc = Concentration, RI = Refractive Index, ATC = Automatic Temperature Compensation

B14

Polarimeter Guide

Polarimeter Guide

B15

Simultaneous Measurement of Refractive Index andAngle of Rotation — Making the Invisible, Visible

Portable Refracto-Polarimeter

RePo Series

The world's first hybrid device combining refractive index and angle of rotation: "RefractoPolarimeter RePo." Simply place a mere 3mL of sample into the sample stage and press
START to measure refractive index and angle of rotation. Measurement value display canalso be switched with just one button.
HFCS

RePo-2 Cat.No.5012

Sugar refining

Soft drink

Ice cream

Fine chemical

HFCS (high-fructose corn syrup) is a liquid sweetener mixture of glucose
and fructose. As it possesses a distinctive quality in which sweetness levels
increase under low temperatures, it is used in soft drinks and frozen desserts.
The RePo-2 displays the amount of fructose (%) contained in HFCS.

Inverted Sugar

RePo-3 Cat.No.5013

Invert sugar

Soft drink

Medical supplies

Inverted Sugar is a sweetener made by hydrolyzing (splitting) sucrose into
glucose and fructose. In contrast to sucrose and glucose, which exhibit slightdextrorotation, fructose has strong levorotation. This instrument displays theamount of sucrose that was converted as an inverted ratio (%).

ISS

Honey

RePo-1 Cat.No.5010

RePo-4 Cat.No.5014

Portable PolarimeterPo-1 Cat.No.5050

Standard model of the RePo Series. Toggle
through Angle of Rotation, Brix, Purity,
International Sugar Scale, Specific Rotation, andtemperature displays simply by pressing a button.

Specifications
RePo-1

RePo-2

RePo-3

RePo-4

RePo-5ISS

Fructose % at HFCSInvert ratio % at Invert sugar

RI

Measurement Readings

User ( ISS / Purity / SR / Conc )Purity / ISS: with ATC
ISS : -130 to +130°Z­User (Fructose %)User (Invert ratio %)Fructose % at Honey,
Honey Moisture %User (Fructose %, Honey Moisture %)Fructose % : 0.0 to 99.9%

Invert ratio % : 0.0 to 99.9%

RI

Fructose % : -2.0 to 102%

Invert ratio % : -2.0 to 102%

Fructose % : 0.0 to 99.9%
Honey Moisture % : 13.0 to 30.0%
Fructose % : -2.0 to 102%
Honey Moisture % : 12.5 to 30.5%

Fructose % : 0.1%

Invert ratio % : 0.1%

RI

: 0.0001

—
—
—

—
—
—

Fructose % : 0.1%
Honey Moisture % : 0.1%
Honey Moisture % : ±0.2%
Honey Moisture % : ±0.2% (at 20°C)
Honey Moisture % : 15 to 40°C

RI
RI
—

: ±0.0002 (at 20°C): ±0.0002 (at 20°C)

Measurement Range
Display Range

Resolution

1

ISS : -130 to +130°Z *Purity : -120 to 120% *1
SR : -999 to +999° *1
Conc : -2.0 to 999% *1
ISS : 0.1°Z

Measurement Accuracy
ISS : ±3.0°Z (at 20°C)
Repeatability
ISS : ±1.5°Z (at 20°C)
Temperature Compensation Range ISS / Purity: 18 to 40°C

AR, Brix, Temp

Measurement Time

12 seconds

Measurement Readings
Measurement Range

AR, Brix, Temp,Brix (%) : with ATC
AR : -5.00 to +5.00° *2
Brix : 0.0 to 85.0%
Temp : 15.0 to 40.0°C
AR : -5.99 to +5.99°
Brix : -2.0 to 86.6%
Temp : 14.0 to 41.0°C
AR : 0.01°
Brix : 0.1%
Temp : 0.1°C
AR : ±0.1° (at 20°C)
Brix : ±0.2%
Temp : ±1.0°C
AR :±0.05° (at 20°C)
Brix :±0.1%

Ambient Temperature

15 to 40°C

Storage Environment Temperature

0 to 65°C

Resolution
Measurement Accuracy
Repeatability

B16

Polarimeter Guide

RePo-5 Cat.No.5015

Medical supplies

PerfumeCosmetics

Displays refractive index. This model can display angle of rotation
and refractive index, making it ideal for a wide range of samples andindustries. Corrosion-resistant coating allows customers in pharmaceutical: 1.3306 to 1.5050

RI: 1.3278 to 1.5093
SR : -999 to +999° *1
Conc : -2.0 to 999% *1

and fragrance industry to safely use it. (Quickly wipe off the sample after taking measurements as the
instrument cannot be in contact with strong acidic or strong basic solvents for a long duration of time.)

Measurement Method

Measurement Scale

Display Range

RI

User ( RI / SR / Conc )Common Specifications

Honey comb

In Europe, purity analysis through angle of rotation is designated per honey andfood standards. This instrument measures the amount of fructose (%) among
the sugars contained in the honey and honey moisture (%), which is usefulwhen harvesting honey.
Non-stick coating is applied to easily wipe off high viscous honey.

The world's smallest high speed polarimeter.
A compact and portable polarimeter.
No observation tube necessary. Only small
sample volume is required for measurements.

Measurement Scale

Honey

Temperature Compensation Range Brix

1

2

3

: 15 to 40°

Sample Volume

3mL

Measurement Wavelength

589nm (equivalent to the sodium-D line spectrum)

Light Source

LED

Power Supply

Size AAA alkaline battery × 4

International Protection Class

IP67

Dimensions & Weight

16×10.1×3.8cm, 325g (main unit only)*1 Measurements are round to 1 decimal place up to 99.9 and to a whole number above 100.
*2 These ranges are measured by the device’s 20mm light path. These are convertible to below ranges: -25.00°to

Insert the sample
Fill the sample stage up to the fill line
(approx. 3mL)

Start
Press START.

Result display
Measurement is displayed.

+25.00°with a 100mm observation tube, -50.00°to +50.00°with a 200mm observation tube

Reference : A R = Angle of Rotation, SR = Specific Rotation, ISS = International Sugar Scale,
Temp = Temperature, Conc = Concentration, RI = Refractive Index,
ATC = Automatic Temperature Compensation

Polarimeter Guide

B17

RePo Series

RePo-1 Special Packages
RePo-1 Type A Recommended for sugar industry
Cat.No.5020• RePo-1 (Main unit)• Beaker 100mL

Measurement Result Display• Syringe Filter Orange 45 (50pcs)• Syringe 20mL (3pcs)

Automatically calculates Purity, International Sugar
Scale, Specific Rotation, and Concentration from
Refractive Index and Angle of Rotation.

• Easy Filter (100pcs)

A package for the RePo-1 that includes syringes and single-use,
disposable filters. By using a syringe and a disposable filter, it ispossible to measure stabilized values of substances such as raw sugar
and other materials. These accessories are also sold separately.
For details, see "Optional Accessories" on pg. B21.

2 in 1
Refractive index and angle of rotation
are measured simultaneously.
Only 3mL of sample is required.

Evaluation Indicator (RePo-1 only)

2 in1 Hybrid
RePo series

An indicator light alerts the user if a measurement value is withina range set by the user.

Economical Only a Small
Amount of
SampleRequired

The sample amount is a mere 3mL. Simultaneously measuresrefractive index and angle of rotation. Compared to standard 100mm
and 200mm observation tubes, much less volume of liquid (sample) isneeded to complete measurements.

The World's
Smallest,
Portable
DeviceAbsolutelyNo
Observation
Tubes
Necessary

B18

Polarimeter Guide

A single device that can measure refractive index and angle ofrotation. Compared to other polarimeters up until now, it is 1/20th thesize, compact, and fits in the palm of your hand. Its portability means
you can measure anywhere; you are no longer limited to a designatedspot.

The RePo requires absolutely no observation tubes whatsoever.
No more hassling with sample prep, avoiding air bubbles, andwashing out thin, narrow observation tubes.

Compatible
With All
Kinds ofSamples

Samples with a high angle of rotation can be measured by diluting
them.

Polarimeter Guide

B19

Optional Accessories
Part Name

Compatible models

Quartz control plate

SAC-i,
AP-300,
POLAX-2L

Used when confirming polarimeter values.

Discount Set
Purchase a quartz plate anda polarimeter as a set andreceive a discount. For details,
please contact ATAGO.

Unjacketed small volume
observation tube

RE-72042

RE-6723

Observation tube

Part Name

Compatible models

34° (100°Z)

RE-72045

MAGIC™ for RePo

RePo series

17° (50°Z)

RE-72044

8° (25°Z)

RE-72043-34° (-100°Z)

RE-72050

Standard liquid RePo-series

RE-72048

SAC-i,
AP-30010mm / 1mL

RE-72042

POLAX-2L

100mmOT-100 (M) / 1mL

RE-6723

SAC-i

50mmOT-50 ( I ) / 2.5mL

RE-72080

Syringe 20mL (3pcs)

100mmOT-100 ( I ) / 5mL

RE-72078

Syringe included in "Package A" of the
RePo Series.

200mmOT-200 ( I ) / 10mL

RE-72079

50mmOT-50 ( A ) / 2.5mL

RE-72056

100mmOT-100 ( A ) / 5mL

RE-72054

200mmOT-200 ( A ) / 10mL

RE-72055

50mmOT-50 ( P ) / 2.5mL

RE-6722

RePo Small Volume Adapter

100mmOT-100 ( P ) / 5mL

RE-6720

Angle of rotation can be measure with small
amount of sample volume.

200mmOT-200 ( P ) / 10mL

RE-6721

Minimum liquid volume 0.6mL* Can only measure optical activity.

100mm

RE-72118

RePo Reduced Optical Path Adapter

RePo series

Beaker 100mL

200mm

RE-99110

RePo series

RE-79423

RePo series

RE-79421

RePo series

RE-79420

RePo series

RE-72093

RePo Series.

Syringe Filter Orange 45(100pcs)
Disposable filter used by placing on thesyringe (RE-74921).

RePo-5

RE-72119

Minimum liquid volume
5mm: 0.3mL
10mm: 0.54mL* Can only measure optical activity.

Sample can be inserted through thefunnel while attached to the unit.

7mL

Beaker included in "Package A" of the

By shortening the optical path length, coloredor cloudy sample can be effectively measured.

connectivity capability.

SAC-i,
AP-300RE-79000

manufacture.

funnel while attached to the unit.
Constant temperature water bath

Unjacketed flow tube with funnel

Part No.

Standard liquid for the RePo Series, used for checking Brix and angle ofrotation. The warranty period of an unopened bottle is 6 weeks from date of-8° (-25°Z)

SAC-i,
AP-300Contents

Anti-volatile sample cover.

RE-72049

POLAX-2L

Sample can be inserted through thePart No.

-17° (-50°Z)

AP-300Jacketed flow tube with funnel

Contents

100mm

200mm

RE-72120

RE-72121

Circulating constant temperature bath
60-C5

SAC-i,
AP-300

Reduced Optical Path Adapter 5mm

RE-72094

Reduced Optical Path Adapter 5mm(Adapter only)

RE-72095

Reduced Optical Path Adapter 5mm(Glass Cell only)

RE-72096

Reduced Optical Path Adapter 10mm

RE-72097

Reduced Optical Path Adapter 10mm
(Adapter only)

RE-72098

Reduced Optical Path Adapter 10mm
(Glass Cell only)

RE-72099

1.0L

Cat.No.1923

Circulating constant temperature water bathused by connecting to a jacketed flow tube
with funnel or jacketed flow tube.

Jacketed flow tube
Sample can be inserted using asyringe or the like while attached to

SAC-i,
AP-300

the unit. Constant temperature water
bath connectivity capability.

Unjacketed flow tube (Glass)
Sample can be inserted using asyringe or the like while attached tothe unit.

SAC-i,
AP-300,
POLAX-2L

50mm

Digital printer DP-63
100mm

RE-72116

200mm

RE-72117

50mm / 4.5mL

RE-72051

Polarimeter Guide

A printer compatible with thermal paper.

Digital printer DP-AD
A printer compatible with plain paper.

100mm / 9mL

B20

RE-72115
SAC-i,
AP-300Cat.No.3118

SAC-i,
AP-300Cat.No.3123

RE-72052

Polarimeter Guide

B21

Polarimeter

FAQ

Q. What is the cause of unstable values? Please tell me how

best to use a constant temperature water bath with an accuracy

to resolve this issue as well.

of at least ±0.3°C.

A. The most prominent cause of unstable values is liquid sample

Q. Does this conform with the Japanese Pharmacopoeia?
A. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia states that, "The angle

fluctuation.

Measurement Tips

Troubleshooting steps:
f placing the observation tube in the sample chamber, let it sit
 I
for about 5 to 15 min. until the liquid stabilizes.
ven slight temperature increases in the sample chamber
 E

Arrangements• Avoid differences in temperature by placing the instrument, observation tubes, samples, and othermaterials in the same location and letting them sit for a while.

at a temperature of 20°C, with an observation tube of 100mm,
and with the D-line of the sodium spectrum." "Sodium spectrum"

chamber cover open to avoid temperature increases in theindicates the D-line. Basically, it means to take measurements at

sample chamber.

the 589nm D-line. It does not mean that a sodium lamp must beDue to condensation, the deck glass of the observation tube

used. ATAGO's polarimeters use components such as filters to

may become cloudy, or air bubbles may be present. If thismeasure at a wavelength equivalent to the sodium spectrum's

occurs, either refill the sample tube or separate the air bubbles

D-line.

Slide to seal
Deck glass
Air trap

angle of rotation value is quite small, resulting in significant relative
errors.

Deck glass

Q. Why does the temperature of the sample chamber

A. Provided that a sample is between -90° to +90°, polarimeters

A. Unfortunately, this is caused by normal, internal construction

angle of rotation that exceeds the measurement range?

can accommodate almost any sample, as far as measurement

range. However, although uncommon, there are some samples
that are +120° or -110°. Nonetheless, as an example, there arecases, where a sample which is assumed to be +120°, actually
measures at -60°. For further details regarding this kind of
situation, please see the following "Q&A."

Rubber ring* Make sure use a clean anddry observation tube always.

• Over-tightening the fastening ring will cause warping and bending, which will affect measurement
values. Tighten the fastening ring just enough to avoid leaks. Do not tighten it any further.
• In the event that air bubbles are present, ATAGO's observation tubes have an "air trap."
Provided that the air bubbles are small enough, the air trap can be adjusted so that the air bubbles
accumulate in that section when the observation tube is inserted into the instrument, allowing formeasurements to be taken as-is.

heat build-up. Except for during measurement, keep the sample

chamber cover open to avoid temperature increases in the sample
chamber.

Q. What should I do about sample leakage?
A. Do not allow liquid to contact the O-ring (depending on thetype of chemical, it may cause the O-ring to melt, which might
result in leakage). An old, deteriorated O-ring may also be themeasurement value was +50°. Why did this happen?

O-ring.

A. The angle of rotation, as evinced by the term, is an angle.

Q. Tell me how to clean the inside of the observation tube

Using a clock to illustrate, 12 o'clock corresponds to 0°, 3 o'clock

after using a jacketed flow tube with a funnel.

corresponds to 90°, 6 o'clock corresponds to ±180°, and 9

A. After washing with water (or pre-rinsing with the solution

I expected to be -130° with a 200mm observation tube, theis -130°, it may appear as a measurement value of 50°, whichtube that's half the length (100mm) for measurement, or dilute

Glass tube

increase?

Q. When I measured a sample with an angle of rotation thatis symmetrical to 180°. In such cases, either use an observation

Sample[α] xt Specific rotation measured at 20°C at D line … [α] 20

Q. What should I do if I want to measure a sample with ano'clock corresponds to -90°. For example, if the angle of rotation

Fasteningring* Confirmed with the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Pharmeceuitical
Inspection Regulation Division.
Dmeasurement. A long observation tube will make it difficult for light to pass through.
• F or samples that are too opaque to measure as-is, dilute the sample with water to increasetransparency in order to measure the sample.
• The 882nm wavelength can easily pass through low transparency samples, like raw sugar.
ATAGO recommends the SAC-i 589/882 for raw sugar.
• As depicted in the figure below, observation tubes are composed of the tube itself, deck glass,rubber ring, and a fastening ring. When filling the observation tube with sample, the final step
involves using the surface tension of the liquid to make it swell out at the top. Slide the deck glasson and place it on top. Take the utmost care to avoid air bubbles. Put the rubber ring and fastening
ring back on.

common term). This measurement shall commonly be performed

fluctuation. Except for during measurement, keep the sample

Aside from sample fluctuation, other causes may be that the• For highly transparent samples, use a long observation tube for better measurement accuracy.
• For samples with low transparency (opaque), use a short observation tube for improved

monochromatic light x (written as "wavelength" or using its

will lead to changes in the refractive index of the liquid andin the air trap.

Sample prep and observation tubesof rotation α, shall be defined as a value (angle of rotation)measured at a certain temperature degree (t°), using a specified

the sample's concentration by 2, then measure. This will result incause of leakage. If this is the case, please purchase a newbeing measured), allow the observation tube to air-dry naturally.

Q. I would like to use hydrochloric acid as a solvent; do you
have any products that are compatible with this application?

A. Normal observation tubes (the sections in direct contact withthe liquid) are made of glass materials, so there generally isn't-130° measuring as -65°. If the value is +50°, then it will measure

an issue with chemical resistance. However, if sample leaks out

as +25°. Given the above, it is possible to determine which of theof the O-ring, it could potentially come into contact with metallic

values, -130° and +50°, is correct.

components, which is something to be aware of. There are

Q. I'm measuring raw sugar, but because of the coloration,

various kinds of optional accessories, such as jacketed flow tubes

I can't measure it properly. What sort of preparations do I

with funnels, that are compatible or incompatible with certain

need to do before measuring?

applications. There are also flow tubes made entirely of glass. For

A. The RePo-1's "Package A" is available to meet these kinds

details, please contact ATAGO.

By using the syringe and disposable filter, it is possible to easily

Q. Do you offer validation services?
A. We can perform IQ (Installation Qualification) and OQ

of demands and dispel any doubts concerning measurement.
measure raw sugar. For details, please see pg. B19.

(Operational Qualification) services. However, please note that

What level of accuracy is required for a constanttemperature water bath when adjusting the temperature?

Q.

the inspection will be done with an accuracy that takes the

In order to retain the angle of rotation accuracy of ±0.01° for a
34° quartz plate (standard polarizing plate) and a sucrose solutionA.

ATAGO.

of 34.626°, temperature must be regulated within ±0.6°C. Taking* The minus symbol signifies a levorotatory substance.

environmental conditions into account. For details, please contact

other margins of error aside from temperature into account, it is

B22

Polarimeter Guide

Please turn over and flip upside down from the next page.

Polarimeter Guide

B23