Japan Low Carbon Societies (LCS)
Scenarios Study toward 2050

脱温暖化
2050

http://2050.nies.go.jp

Junichi Fujino (fuji@nies.go.jp)
NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies)2006 AIM Training Workshop
19th October 2006, Tsukuba, Japan1. Why we need
Low-Carbon Societies

Population (100mil. persons)

Survey of citizens onenvironmental concerns

Population Decrease

1.4
1.2

(Marks allocated)

1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4

Medium variant: 127 mil ('00)➜ 101 mil ('50)
Population Projections for Japan:2001-2050
by National Institute of Population andSocial Security Research (2002)

0.2
0.0
1950

1975

2000

2025

2050

Global Warming
Contamination
Deforestation
Waste (3R)

Year

1200

Ecosystem

Economic GrowthGDP(tri. yen)

1000
800

?

600

Annual growth rate of
GDP per capita:
1%/yr – 2%/yr

400
200
0
1950

1975

2000
Year

2025

Illegal Waste
Treatment
Resource
exhaustion
Network
Others2050
http://nikkeibp.jp/style/biz/enquete/051021quick_eco/

Japan White Paper on Environment
in 2005
Subtitle「脱温暖化－“人”と“しくみ”づくりで築く新時代」
Toward Low Carbon Societies
Structuring New Paradigm
with human resources
and institutions

It has past one and half year since Kyoto
Protocol has been enforced, but…

Photo: Climate network

http://www.jccca.org/

December 1997
Kyoto Protocol Adopted

http://www.nikkei.co.jp/neteye5/
shimizu/20050217nd82h000_17.html

February 16 2005
Kyoto Protocol Enforced

Kyoto International Conference Room

Total GHG emissions in Japan(Mt-C)

100%
80%

344

60%

Industry

323:Kyoto Target

We have to reduce

National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report of JAPAN (2006.8)
Ministry of the Environment, Japan
Greenhouse Gas Inventory Office of Japan (GIO), CGER, NIES

2004

2000

13.4%!

Transportation

1995

0%

300
200

Commercial
Residential

20%

370

6% reduction

1997

40%

SF6, 1.2
PFC, 1.7
HFC, 2.3
N2O, 7.0
CH4, 6.7

400

1990

Share of Sector-wise GHG emissions (%)

Can Japan observe Kyoto target?

CO2
350.7

100
0
FY 2004

7.4% increase comparedwith that in 1990

CO2 reduction

AIM/Material
Produced commodities

in Japan
Pollution

Model analysis
AIM/Enduse
AIM/Top-down

Pollution Man.
sectorForeign

RecycleCO2
Trade
Prod. sector Energy
marketEnv. Industry
Intermediate
Env. capital
Env.
CO2 Energy
Labor
investment
Intermediate
CapitalCO2
LaborHousehold
Government
EnergyFinal cons.

AIM/Material
Conclusion

International
price and trade
AIM/Top-down
CO2
Rent

Fossil fuelElectricity

CO2
Non-energy goods
Production sector
Consumption

Investment

CO2

Government

Consumption
CO2

Production factor

AIM, NIES

HouseholdEnergy efficiency improvement

Model analysis on CO2 reduction policy

AIM/Enduse
EnergyEnergy technology

Energy service• Blast furnace• Power generation• Air conditioner• Boiler• Automobileetc.

• Crude steel products• Sectoral GDP• Cooling demand• Lighting• Transportation
etc.

Energy consumption
CO2 emissions

Technology
selection

Energy service
demands

Energy database• Energy type
• Energy price• Energy constraints• CO2 emission factor

Technology database• Technology price• Energy consumption• Supplied service
amounts• Technology share• Lifetime

Socioeconomic scenario• Population growth• Economic growth• Industrial structure• Employment• Lifestyle• Oil• Coal• Gas• Solar• Electricity

etc.

Model analysis on CO2 reduction policy-Bottom-up model approachCO2 reductionin Japan

Carbon tax rate and required additional investments
for reducing CO2 emissions in Japan
sectorSubsidized measures and devices

Add.
investmentIndustrial
sectorBoiler conversion control, High performance motor, Highperformance industrial furnace, Waste plastic injection
blast furnace, LDF with closed LDG recovery, Highefficiency continuous annealing, Diffuser bleaching device,High efficiency clinker cooler, Biomass power generation

101.3

Residential
sectorHigh efficiency air conditioner, High efficiency gas stove,
Solar water heater, High efficiency gas cooking device, Highefficiency television, High efficiency VTR, Latent heatrecovery type water heater, High efficiency illuminator, Highefficiency refrigerator, Standby electricity saving, Insulation

353.9

Commercial
sectorHigh efficiency electric refrigerator, High efficiency air
conditioner, High efficiency gas absorption heat pump,High efficiency gas boiler, Latent heat recovery type boiler,
Solar water heater, High efficiency gas cooking device, High
194.5
frequency inverter lighting with timer, High efficiency
vending machine, Amorphous transformer, Standby
electricity saving, Heat pump, Insulationbil. JPY / year

Model analysis
AIM/Enduse
AIM/Top-down
AIM/Material
Conclusion

AIM, NIES

Model analysis on CO2 reduction policy-Bottom-up model approachCO2 reduction

Carbon tax rate and required additional investments
for reducing CO2 emissions in Japan (continued)

in JapansectorSubsidized measures and devices

Add.
investment

Transportation
sectorHigh efficiency gasoline private car, Highefficiency diesel car, Hybrid commercial car, Highefficiency diesel bus, High efficiency small-sizedtruck, High efficiency standard-sized track

106.6

Forestmanagement

Plantation, Weeding, Tree thinning, Multilayered
thinning, Improvement of natural forest

195.7

Model analysis
AIM/Enduse
AIM/Top-down
AIM/Material
Conclusion

Total

952.0
bil. JPY / year

Tax rate to appropriate required subsidiary payments (JPY/tC)

AIM, NIES

3,433

Model analysis on CO2 reduction policy-Country top-down model approachCO2 reduction

1995

in Japan
AIM/Enduse
AIM/Top-down
AIM/Material
Conclusion

20102012

0.2
GDP Change[tri. yen at 1995 price]

Model analysis

2000

Year
2005

0.0

-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
Tax caseTax + Subsidy case

GDP change compared to the reference caseAIM, NIES

Melting Himalayan Glaciers
1978
1998

Mountainous glaciers were retreated drasticallyduring 20th century

CCSR/NIES/FRCGC, Japan

Surface Air Temperature Change (1990=0 oC)

Observed Impacts of Global Warming
Retreat of Glaciers
Tianshan Glaciers (disappeared by 22% for the past 40 years)
Tibettian Glaciers (disappeared 4420km2 (9%) for the past 30 years)
Himalayan Glaciers (500,000 km2 to 100,000 km2 by 2035)
Heat Wave
45-49oC in May, 2003 in India (1600 death)
2-3 oC increase in July, 2004 in Japan (heat stroke patients more than 600 in
Tokyo)
Typhoon10 typhoon landed in 2004 in Japan (>200 death, 120 billion $ damage)
Increasing damage in Philippines (900 death, Nov. 2004, >500 , Dec. 2004)
Wind Storm
Increasing wind storm in Mongolia
Session1-1 Hedeo Harasawa

To avoid serious CC impacts, it is likely to benecessary of temperature raise stabilization below
2 degree compared with pre-industrialized level

2°C

IPCC TAR, 2001

GHG-475ppm

2100

2090

2080

2070

0

年
Year

BaU

650
550
500
2060

0.0

5

2050

GHG: Greenhouse gases

GHG
475ppm
50% reduction
2040

1.0

10

2030

GHG475ppm

15

2020

475

BaU

2010

2.0

20

2000

650
550
500

3.0

Global GHG emissions

1990

BaU

Temperature raise(global average)

温室効果ガス排出量(二酸化炭素換算：GtC/年)
GHG
emissions(Gt-Ceq)

4.0

25

1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
2150

Temperature raise(1990年=0.6℃)(above the気温上昇
pre-industrial
level)

5.0

年
Year

GHG-500ppm

GHG-550ppm•It is estimated that around 50% GHG
reductions in 2050 are required tocontrol temperature raise below 2C•Japan may be required more reduction (60-80%).
Another country-level 2050 scenarios have been studied(UK 60%, Germany 80%, France 75%, and so on).

GHG-650ppm•Impacts will beoccurred even in
2C temp control.
•Adaptation isnecessary.
Calculated by
AIM/Impact[policy]Model2. How to find pathways
toward Low-Carbon Societies

Back-casting from future target world
Reference
futureworld

Mitigation
Technology
development

Required
3. We need
Policy“Trend Breaks”
intervention and
Investment
to realize visions

Checking
year(2025)

Checking
year(2015)

2000

Back-casting

Long-term target year

requiredintervention policy
and measures

Service demandchangeby changing social
behavior, lifestyles
and institutions

Required intervention

Forecasting

Release of
AIM result

Environmental pressure

Technology development,socio-economic change
projected by historicallytrend

1.Target may
be tough

2020

2050

2. We need
“Visions”

Normative
target world
60-80%
reductions

How fast GHG emissions should be reduced?
CarbonPer capita Energy
Intensity
Intensity
activity
Total amount
Activity
EnergyCO2
CO2 emissions＝Pop ×××Pop
Activity
Energy60-80% reductions

integral

Total

Changerate

differential

Kaya identity

Change rate＝speed

EnergyCO2
Activity
CO2emission Pop＝＋ Pop ＋ Activity ＋ Energy
Change rate Change ratechange rate change rate change rate
-2~3%/year-0.5%/year

1.5%/year

1%/year

1.Target may be toughY%/year

X%/year-3~4%/yearHow fast we have to reduce GHG emissions?
(Source: Kawase et al. 2005)40
3% 0% 20%rer
du edu red
ct
ct uc
io
io tionnnEnergy Intensity（EI）
Com/Tran Ser. Dem

Japan(90–00)

50

re

du

ct

%

60－00

Switchover

Carbon Intensity（CI）
Nuclear power

du

n

re

io

60－00

Available reduction rateover 50yrs with 1%/yr (90–00)
FranceGDP growth rate
UK, Germany, France–1
Toward 2050
ct

70

io

re

n

%

B2

du

ct

io

n

80
%

(90–00)

Revival60－00

Saving energyreUK

Range of Maximum
EI Change experienced
for country-level

duCombine option

ct
io
n

Germany–2

Japan scenario
toward 2030

(90–00)CO2 Reduction rateduring 50yrs with 1%
GDP growth rate
90%

including CCS (Carbon
Capture and Storage)

re

du

ct

io
n

(%/y)
Change rate of Energy Energy
Intensityintensity
of GDP (%/year)

%
60

0

–3

–3

–2

–1

0

excluding CCS

Change rate ofCarbon
Carbonintensity
Intensity (%/y)
of Energy (%/year) 1.Target may be toughDominant elements for GHG emissions and national development for Japan

Globalcooperation

Technology RD&D

(Domestic)

Industrial
Structure
Financial Market

Division of Labor(Major elements determine
Japanese development path)

Global cooperation

Economy Growth(eg BRICs)

Global trade
regimeTechnology
Innovation

Competition/
Slow life

Immigration/
Migration

ICT
Innovation

Industrial
Structure
Centralization/
Decentralization
Big government/
Small government

Diplomacy
Energy Supply
systemTransportation
SystemUrban System

ICT

Aging anddwindling birthrate

Taxation
SystemConsumption
Pattern

Urban-living/
Rural-living

Investigating development path toward
LCS by back-casting approach

Estimating emission permission with assumption of
possible global participation and global GHG target(Global)(Elements strongly related to GHG
emissions and LCS development)

Generating possible combinations ofmajor elements for LCS study

2. We need “Visions”

As for LCS visions, we prepared two
different but likely future societies
Vision A

Vision B

Vivid, Technology-driven

Slow, Natural-oriented

Urban/Personal

Decentralized/Community

Technology breakthroughCentralized production/recycle

Self-sufficient
Produce locally, consume
locally

Comfortable and Convenient

Social and Cultural Values

Akemi Imagawa

2. We need “Visions”

Key concepts of two scenarios

2. We need “Visions”

Key concepts of two scenarios (2)2. We need “Visions”

Top Runner Program: Efficiency Improvement-The “Top Runner Program” has-stimulated competition and innovation in the market,-diffused existing technologies, and-enhanced industrial competitiveness-It created “win-win” situation and virtuous cycle.
Fig: Energy efficiency of refrigerator
651.3

941.6

331.5

Overall electricity
consumption per
refrigerator (kWh)Annual electricity
consumption
per volume (kWh/L)

Internal cubic
volume (L)

1981

1991

2001

(Source) JEMA (2002)

Projected energy efficiency improvement:
Air-conditioners for cooling and heating
9.0
MOE
COP (Coefficient of performance)

8.0
Historical

AIST

7.0
6.0

Best
METI

METI

5.0
4.0

Average

3.0
Worst
2.0
1.0
0.0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055

On these two scenarios, we allocate possible
trend-breaking options

3. We need “Trend Breaks” to realize visions

To analyze the feasibility and impacts ofinterventions with the models

3. We need “Trend Breaks” to realize visions

Technology details: example of Hybrid vehicle
Hybrid vehicle

SDB - develop intervention scenarios

EnergyTrns.
sectorEnergysupplymodel

Industrial
sectorResidential energy
service model

Commercial energy
service modelService：Data flow

Investment

Stock
Production amountPassenger Trns.
demand model
Freight Trns.
demand model

Industrial
production model

Population
andhousehold
model：Model：Output of model

Preferenceof household

Population
Labor

Transportation
sectorHousehold Prd.
& lifestyle model

Efficiency
Material stock & flow model

Commercial
sectorEnvironmental option database, Bottom-up engineering model

Residential
sectorMacroeconomic

Activity

EnergySnapshotTool

Energybalance
table

Inter-sector and macro economic model

Stock
Building dynamic model

Energy supply& demandDepict Future Image: Residential sector in 2050
PV on roof
3-4kW

LED light
66% reduction oflighting demand

Heat insulation
house
60% reduction ofheat demand

Super highefficiency airconditioner
Fuel cellcogeneration

COP=8
for cooling
Environment
Education
Eco-life Navigation
10-20% reduction

HEMS (HomeEnergyManagement
System)
10-20% reduction

Stand-by energy
reduction
33% reduction
Efficient use
New energy

Hot water supply
by heat pump or
solar heating
COP=5 for warming
Infrastructure
Eco-lifestyleEnergy demand in residential（Mtoe）

Energy demand in residential sector
in Japan, 2050
coolingheating

hot water

60

cooking

lighting

others

32% reductions withHigh eff. insulation, 25% reductions
HEMS/Eco-life, etc with heat pump,

50
40

LED lighting,standby power
control, etc

30
20
10
0

2000

BaU

Option1

Option2

2050

2050

2050

UK, February 2005
Japan, June 2005“40% House”
Guidance for Self-sustained
60% reductions Residential, 50% reductions

AIM/Energy Snapshot tool
Tomoki Ehara

Contents

Structure of the model

Back
Back Ground
GroundStructure & Flow

<Base year><Target year><Base year><Target year>

Service demandService demand

Electricity demand

Electricity demand

Operation
Operation
DemandDemand Setting
Setting 11

Service share

Service share

Exercise
Exercise 11

Energy efficiency

Energy efficiency

DemandDemand Setting
Setting 22
Exercise
Exercise 22
Transformation
Transformation Sec
Sec
Exercise
Exercise 33

Energyconsumption

Energyconsumption

CO2 emission

IND

RES

COM

MixtureMixtureOwn useOwn use

Loss

Loss

Generation byenergy input

Generation byenergy input

Efficiency

CO2 emission

Energyconsumption

TR_P TR_F

PWR

Efficiency
Energyconsumption

AnalysisAnalysis
Exercise
Exercise 44

Energy Balances
CO2 emission factor
CO2 emission tables

Ctl
CO2 emission factor

EB
EB
EB
EB

AIM Training Workshop
Ohyama Hall, NIES, Ibaraki, Japan, Oct 16-20, 2006

Factor Analysis（D, E/D, C/E, C’/C）

Factors: Endogenous variables: Exogenous variables

CO270%reductions

0

100

200

400
(Mtoe)

Industry

2000

Res

2050
Energy demand Scenario A

structure

300
Ser

Pas FreightTrans.Trans.

Demand reduction

2050
Scenario B
Industry

Residential Service

2000

100
Coal

Coal

Oil

300

Oil

400

Freight
Transportation

500

600

(Mtoe)Gas
Hydro

Energy supply 2050
Scenario A
structure
2050
Scenario B

200

Passenger
Transporation

NuclearBiomass

Gas

Centralized style

Photo/ Decentralized style
一次エネルギー供給
gridWind Micro

Biomass

NuclearHydro Photo/Wind

Countermeasures to achieve 70% reductions toward 2050 (A)Main driving forces to reduce CO2 emissions

Categoryamount*Residential
Energy supply

・Production efficiency improvement

EE・Increase rate of natural gas use

CI・Use of high insulation system
・Control of home energy system

SD・High efficiency hair-conditioner, hot water heater,lighting system

EE・Fuel cell system, Photovoltaics on the roof

CI・Replacement of working/living place・Public transportation

SD・Motor-driven mobiles: Electric Battery Vehicles,
Fuel Cell Battery Vehicles

EE
CI

・Nuclear energy
・Use of electricity in night time, Electric storage
・CO2-free hydrogen supply

CI

41MtC

・Advanced fire plant + CCS
・Hydrogen supply using fossil fuel + CCS

CCS

30MtC

* CO2 reduction amount compared with the emissions in 2000

23MtC

27MtC

ServiceDemand
(SD)
40

16MtC
8MtC
21MtC
11MtC

EnergyEfficiency
(EE)
78

9MtC
30MtC
11MtC

CarbonIntensity(CI)
79

Supply side

Transportation

Activity

Demand sideSoci Industry
ety

・reduce raw material production
・decrease numbers of population/household

amount

CCS
30

CCS: Carbon Capture Storage

Factor decomposition of CO2 emission reduction
in 2050, Japan
0%

Service demand
improvement
Energy efficiency
improvement
Fuel mix change inend-use sectors
Fuel mix change inpower sector
Total

-20%

-40%

-60%

-80%

-19%
-26%
-37%
-21%
-18%
-49%
-34%
-15%
-72%
-72%

Population by age

140

50

8060-79
40-59
20-39
0-19

100
80
60
40

40
Million

30

20

10

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Transportation demand by mode

1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
2000

2005

2010

Aviation Pass.car

2015

2020

2025

2030

Maritime Railway

2035

2040

2045

2050

Walking & Bicycling

2050

2045

2040

2035

2030

2025

2020

2005

0

2015

0

20

2010

Population (Thousand)

120

Bus

Number of Dwelling by type60

W o o d e n d e ta c h e d

N o n - w o o d e n d e ta c h e d

W o o d e n a p a r tm e n t

N o n - w o o d e n a p a r tm e n t

300

0

<Sectors>

Agriculture
Forestry
Fishing
Coal mining
Crude oil & NG mining
Other mining
Food products & beverages
TextilesPulp, paper & paper products
Publishing & printing
Chemical materials
Chemical products
Petroleum products
Coal products
Non-metallic mineral
Pig iron & crude steel
Other steel products
Non-ferrous metal
Fabricated metal products
MachineryElec.machine, equip. & supplies
Transport equipment
Precision instruments
Other manufacturing
Construction
Thermal power plant
Non-thermal power plant
Town gas
Water supply
Wholesale & retail trade
Finance & insurance
Real estate
Railway transport
Road transport
Water transport
Air transport
Other transport
Communications
Public service activities
Other service activities

Tri. yen at 2000 price

Economic impact analysis using CGE model

350

2000 2050 A 2050 B

250

200

150

100

50

Automotive CO2 per capita[t-CO2/year]
1.00

0.50

2.00

1.50

0.00
0
20
40

Metropolitan region

60
80
100
120

Counties of mountain farm land

Counties of midland farm land

Counties of plain farm land

Counties of urban land use

Cities with a pop. of less than 0.1 million

Cities with a pop. of 0.1 million and above

Counties
Cities with a pop. of 0.5 million and above
Cities with a pop. of 0.3 million and above

Cities with a pop. of less than 0.1 million

Cities with a pop. of 0.1 million and above

Cities with a pop. of 0.3 million and above

Cities with a pop. of 0.5 million and above

Major cities

Estimated automotive CO2 emissions
by different regions in Japan

2.50

Outlying region
140

Accumulated population in Japan[million]
Moriguchi & Matsuhashi, 2005

Shiga Prefecture Visions

http://www.pref.shiga.jp/koho/2006-01/03.html

Location of Shiga Prefecture

Shiga Pref.

Case A
CO2 Emission Transitions (1990 level=100)
130

Emission Factor
of Electricity

BaU(+20%)120
110

Supply100

TechnologicalInnovation

Demand90

Shimada (2006)

Compact City
-30%

80

- Halve trip distances

70

Fuel Switch

60

Renewable
Energy

50
1990

2000

2030

Lifestyle

1．Both supply & demand measures necessary to reduce CO2 emission by 30%
2．Substantial contribution of compact cityHow can we reduce GHG emissions?
Per capita
activity

EnergyIntensity

CarbonIntensity

EnergyCO2
Activity
CO2emission Pop＝＋ Pop ＋ Activity ＋ Energy
Change rate Change ratechange rate change rate change rate
-2~3%/year-0.5%/year

1.5%/year

Y%/year

1%/year

Change ofgrowth pattern
Green GDPSD indexLifestyle change

Enhance/Keep service level,
use less energy
Energy Efficiency
Energy Saving
Eco-industry
Env. sound transpiration
Compact city

X%/year-3~4%/year

Use less GHG
intensive fuel
Fuel switching
Renewables
Nuclear
CCS
Hydrogen/Fuel cell

3. We need global participation torealize low-carbon societies

NIES COP11 and COP/MOP1 side event
on December 3rd in MontrealJapan
Low Carbon
Society 2050

Global Challenges Toward
Low-Carbon Economy (LCE)-Focus on Country-Specific Scenario Analysis-

Scenarios from 8 countries

Current per capita
CO2 emissions
and Target

6$200/t-C scenarioUS5

US: delay for tech development,
global warming business

Canada4
UK

3

EU: Initiatives toward LCS
Japan: Need long-term visionGerm any

2

FranceM ETI, Japan
Developing countries: earlier
2030 scenario guidance toward LCS is key
Japan 2050
scenario

W orld
China

2050

2020

2010

2000

1990

1980

2040

IB1

India

0

Target for
Low Carbon Society

IA2

2030

1

1970

CO2 per capita emissions (t-C/cap)

7

Shuzo Nishioka, Junichi Fujino;
NIES COP11 and COP/MOP1 side event
Global Challenges Toward
Low-Carbon Economy (LCE), Dec.3, 2005

Japan–UK Joint Research Project
Developing visions for a Low Carbon Society (LCS)
through sustainable development
Organized by MoEJ, Defra, NIES, UKERC,
Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
Japan and UK promote studies toward achieving a
Low Carbon Society (LCS) by 2050 in collaboration,encourage other countries to engage in LCS studies,and jointly hold series of international workshops.
The first workshop was held in June 2006 in Tokyo
involving researchers and governmental officials
from about 20 countries, and international organizations.

1st workshop on Japan – UK Joint Research Project
Developing visions for a Low Carbon Society (LCS)
through sustainable development on June 2006
Participants from 19 countries;
Asia: Japan, China, India, Thailand, Taiwan (China)
Africa: South Africa, Nigeria
Europe: UK, France, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Netherlands, Russia
Latin America: Brazil, Mexico, Chile
North America: US, Canada

A second workshop will be held in UK, 2007.

“Aligning sustainable development & climatechange actions can reduce the burden andfacilitate the transition to stabilization. LCS is
technologically and economically feasible.”
Sustainable
Development

Economic/social indicator

National Economic
Targets

Economy-environment
trade-off can be
circumvented with
innovative strategies
and by exploiting cobenefits

Innovation strategies
Exploiting co-benefits
Environmental Quality
National Environment
Goals

We appreciate your participation!
1) Aligning climate change and sustainable development
actions will facilitate cost-effective transition tostabilization of climate change.
2) A variety of tools (e.g. models) & methods (e.g.
backcasting, scenarios) are required to delineate options
for cost-effective transition to low carbon pathways
3) Cooperation for LCS involves a long-term policy
framework, a wider range of issues and actors (domestic& international) and a comprehensive range oftechnologies and policy measures. Political vision andleadership are vital to generate signals, prompt activities
and deploy resources to achieve LCS goals.

AIM always supports your modeling activity!

AIM is model, AIM is team,
AIM is human network

http://www-iam.nies.go.jp/aim/