208｜PracticeRealization of earthquake disaster crisis
management and a society with safe andsecure transportation
1. Background and goals
The Great East Japan Earthquake was an unprecedented disaster that shook the foundation of Japanesesociety, which was previously expected to be safe and secure. IATSS was formed with the goal of contributing to the realization of a society with ideal transportation, and in the many years since its establishment, has performed interdisciplinary and international research studies toward that end. In the faceof the disaster, however, the question has arisen as to how the association can contribute to the reconstruction of the affected areas and the creation of new regional communities.
As a result of discussion, IATSS recognized that it was particularly important for a society to havethe three qualities: compactness/connectedness, redundancy and resilience. Taking these as keywords,
we have collected proposals from five viewpoints: construction of resilient regional communities, promoting information management and awareness, the creation of new local industries, transportation
systems with coexistence functions, and the legislation of liability rules and laws.
We hope that these proposals will contribute to the future recovery and reconstruction in disasteraffected areas, and that widespread development of the introduced measures will contribute to creatinga society with safer and more secure transportation. Below we introduce several examples of the proposals described above.

2. Research content
2-1. Constructing a resilient society through smart choices(1) Network-type compact cities
A network-type compact city is one in which the various attractive features of the city are consolidated(compacted) into multiple hubs, which are connected (networked) by various modes of transportation.
Such a city has various functional units such as commercial centers, manufacturing centers, and tourism
sites, which are intensively developed within a certain range and connected by various modes of transportation such as walking, bicycling, public transportation, and automobiles.
Compactness does not simply refer to the overall city as being in one place, but rather indicates theefficient aggregation of various attractive city features within suitable locations. It refers to aggregating

Project Leader: Kazuhiko Takeuchi
Director and Professor, Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S), Todai Institutes for Advanced Study (TODIAS),The University of Tokyo

Realization of earthquake disaster crisis management and a society with safe and secure transportation｜209

Attraction B
Attraction A

Attraction C

Attraction D

Figure 1. Network-type compact city

limited resources to enhance the attractiveness of sites,
and interconnecting these attractive sites via various
modes of transportation. Compactly connecting suchaggregated sites (giving them compactness/connectedness) leads to ensuring mutual complementarity (redundancy) even if part of the city is affected by disaster, andflexibly performing recovery activities in other areas
increases the resilience of the city as a whole.
City compactness is generally a result of repeatedrelocation of individual sites, and requires many years. In
disaster reconstruction, on the other hand, there is a pos-sibility of rapid recovery and consolidation. Rebuilding a disaster-affected city a model city for local
governments throughout the country can provide an inspiration for overcoming the damage and tragedy of natural disasters.
(2) Multilayered transportation networks
Reconstruction following an earthquake disaster presents
Hierarchy of urban transportation
the opportunity for reconstructing the hierarchy of transShinkansen
High-speed travel
Inter-city travel
Expressways
trainsportation systems in heavily damaged cities. High-speed
Railwaystraffic channels in particular should be preferentially
Light rail transit
Intra-city travel
Highways
Main bus routes
secured to allow transport and delivery of both goods inCommunity
busesInter-region travel
Residential roads
Low-speed travel
normal situations and disaster-related goods in emergenTaxis
cies. Another necessity is the development of public
Automobiles Public transportationtransportation networks to better accommodate a superFigure 2. Image of hierarchy of urban
aging society. The key to sustainable use of public transtransportation
portation will be the development of transportation systems that can be stably utilized, as well as high-intensity utilization of the land surrounding train stations
and bus stops.
In this way, appropriate division of roles between automobile and public transportation can ensure
redundancy of transportation functions. Establishing sufficiently wide evacuation routes will allowsmooth evacuations from low-lying areas to high ground, further improving post-disaster resilience.
From a variety of viewpoints, such as supporting disaster victims’ ability to travel to school andwork, and allowing transport of recovery-related goods, there is also a need for improving transportation networks between adjacent cities. Interconnecting cities over ranges sufficiently wide to include
disaster-affected areas will improve redundancy of the region as a whole, as well as its resilience to natural disasters.
2-2. Creating a new commons for supporting local industry
Key industries in disaster-affected areas include agriculture, forestry and fisheries. In the case of the210｜PracticeGreat East Japan Earthquake, these industries in particular were severely affected by the tsunami andnuclear power plant accident. Even before the earthquake, the affected area was experiencing stagnationof these industries due to reduced population and an aging labor force. What is needed in this area is a
new business model for redevelopment, one that takes advantage of the fine mosaic structure of land
and water usage that is characteristic of Japan.
Developing such a business model and tying it to regional redevelopment will require developing
new systems for cooperative resource management involving companies, nonprofit organizations, andcity residents. We propose such a model, which we call the “new commons.” Unlike the traditional concept of a commons—a place maintained for the common good—it is necessary to foster the concept of acommons that allows participation by a variety of stakeholders.
Along with redevelopment of agriculture, for未 来 の 農 村

下は水を張り水田機能は維持
期間限定のプロジェクト

亀田郷

水

亀田郷以外では以下の可能性も

木質ペレット

牧草地利用

余った電力は系統へ売電

estry and fisheries as economically advantageous,
high value-added industries, the promotion of eco-

老人世帯への電力供給とモニタリングの一体化

tourism and environmental education will beneeded to gain outlooks on regional revitalization.
There are increased expectations being placed on
renewable energy such as solar, wind, and biomass
as a consequence of the nuclear power plant accident, but the creation of new regional industries
through introduction of concepts such as co-harFigure 3. Image of rural area of the future
vesting (reconciling renewable energy production
Source: Energy Sustainability Forum(The University of Tokyo IR3S, Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K.)
with biological production) will likely be vital
toward realizing renewable energy in rural areas.
This will require introducing systems for co-management of natural resources into regional communities with consideration of regional circumstances, and building sustainable societies that are in harmony
with nature.
（病院との連携）

休耕田、飼料米田、不採算田のメガソーラ利用

弱電を利用した防食◇資金は有志（農家に限定せず）の共同出資◇農家は、出資しても良いし、土地賃料収入でも可（固定資産税＋αで貸す）

ショッピングセンター

病院

ポンプ室

畜舎用ファン

ホットスポット解消のファン

亀田郷本部

苺・菊など電照のLED

コミュニティバッテリーハウス（夜間消費と対災害用）

・植物工場
・ヒートポンプ等学校

ビニールハウス

学校での利用

畜舎

PHV/
V/
V EV

通勤用マイカー電化

水路斜面にソーラーパネル（雑草除去の機能兼ねる）

農家屋根へのソーラー

コミュニティバス
ターミナル

トラクター等の電化とソーラーによる充電

小型ポンプ

LED街灯（稲穂型）

電気自転車ベース

独自運営のコミュニティ
バスの統一と電化

降雪時の融雪パイプ2-3. Construction of a transportation system for coexistence of functions between ordinaryand emergency times (Evaluation of quality of life as evacuees with consideration oftraffic quality)
We propose a method for evaluating whether evacuees living in shelters or temporary housing duringreconstruction maintain a certain quality of life (QOL), incorporating into the appraisal considerationof quality-of-trip (QOT).
Traditional traffic evaluations consider quantitative values such as degree of congestion, length oftraffic jams, and point-to-point travel times. We believe the problem of system evaluations of transportquality is better addressed through appraisal of QOT. Even when living in emergency shelters, there are
daily errands that people must attend to. The ease with which individuals can move to such destinations
should therefore be considered an important evaluation criterion. When individually considering movement objectives such as commuting to work or school, shopping, or personal errands, in addition toRealization of earthquake disaster crisis management and a society with safe and secure transportation｜211

distance traveled and ease of selecting methods of transportation, it is also important to consider factors
such as the steepness of hills and anxiety during night-time travel. There are also other important evaluation metrics that should be finely tuned for individual areas, such as accessibility to friends and family,
and accessibility to a community’s important cultural sites on special days for public rituals.
The quality of transportation is an important part of quality of life. A proper understanding of thisis a necessary part of efforts toward improving quality of life.

3. Conclusions and future outlook
Problems related to transportation have been a central theme in earthquake disaster reconstruction.
However, we have attempted to go beyond this, considering a more comprehensive understanding ofrecovery and reconstruction that presents proposals and cases from a multifaceted point of view.
This paper introduced several examples of proposals from viewpoints based on three keywords,
namely, “compactness/connectedness,” “redundancy,” and “resilience.” All of the proposals are collectedin “Aiming toward recovery and reconstruction of resilient regional communities: Five proposals andfifteen cases.” We hope any interested readers will refer to this collection of proposals.
At the IATSS we have provided these proposals to the world through making recommendations torelated local governments, academia, and international symposiums. We hope that such attempts havecontributed to further IATSS-related earthquake disaster recovery efforts and to international society.
These are important endeavors, and we look forward to further developments through IATSS projects.