3

Economic Analyses of Statistical Data
Relating to Patents

Intellectual property rights (IPRs) are having an increasing impact on industry in recent years due toeconomic globalization. Therefore, in planning out appropriate intellectual property (IP) policies in the future, itis necessary to compile basic data on IPRs and study their impact of industry as well as to sufficiently examine
their economic/managerial effects on the industrial world.
In FY 2002, the Japan Patent Office (JPO) started the Survey of Intellectual Property-Related Activities thatwould serve as the basis for planning IP policies, and it is currently compiling the basic data for various
analyses.
This report makes economic analyses of the relevance of IPRs to the macroeconomy and business
management as well as their impact on industry by utilizing statistical data on patents, including the results of
the JPO’s Survey of Intellectual Property-Related Activities, for the purpose of contributing to creating guidelines
for IP policies. Also the report studies concordances for linking the statistical data on patents and economic data.
Furthermore, it examines the questions in the Survey of Intellectual Property-Related Activities based on thesurvey results, and reviews the questions in order to reduce the respondents’ burden in answering thequestionnaire.

Ⅰ General Remarks
With the growing recognition of the significant
role that technology plays in increasing thecompetitive strength of a company, or even a nation,
IPRs have come to draw increasing attention as thebasic rules on development and distribution oftechnology.
In addition, with the rising awareness of theimportance of technology, patents have also come tobe recognized as an index of technology. Since it ispossible to know the technology trend and various
information about the company that developed thetechnology by observing the trend in patents, patent
data has become more and more important astechnical data as well as economic data.
Unfortunately
however,
most
of
the
information on patents is organized in such amanner to facilitate searches on technical details,
and is not necessarily easy to use as
economic/statistical data. In the United States,groups of leading economists make and publish
patent databases, and they have made various
interesting economic analyses by linking these
databases with companies’ financial data. It is hopedthat such data will also be compiled in Japan.
Since patents are becoming increasingly
important, their meaning in corporate strategy isalso changing. This also changes the roles of the IP
division in a company as well. In the past, the mainfunction of the IP division was to provide servicesforpatentingthedeveloped
technology.
Nevertheless, its core functions have expanded to:analyzing the technology trends of the competitors;
identifying the segment structure of the market;

IIP Bulletin 2004

identifying the capability of the proprietary
technology and the status of resource accumulation
by analyzing patents; and even contributing toplanning the company’s strategy based on thesefindings. In short, it has come to play the core roleof planning the company’s strategy from merely
providing services to the R&D division.
In this manner, companies’ IP-related activities
are expanding and diversifying as IPRs become
increasingly important for companies. In FY 2002,
the JPO started the Survey of Intellectual
Property-Related Activities to collect detailed data
relating to companies’ IP activities for therespective types of industrial property rights. The
results of the survey were released by the JPO in
March 2003 as the Report of the Survey ofIntellectual Property-Related Activities. Thissurvey is to be conducted on a continuous basis, andits results would certainly be invaluable data
without precedent in the world, providing the whole
picture of IPR-related activities of Japanesecompanies, universities, public research institutions,and technology licensing organizations (TLOs).
The Research Committee on Patents andEconomics of IIP took up economic analyses using
the data in the Report of the Survey of Intellectual
Property-Related Activities, which is a goldmine of
information on IPR-related activities of companies
and other organizations, as one of its research
themes for FY 2003. Part II of the report includes
the results of these economic analyses and also asurvey on concordance between patent classificationand industrial classification, which would be
required when conducting research/analyses of thelinkage between technology and economy. Part III● 16 ●

examines and summarizes the various problems andpoints that should be improved regarding theSurvey of Intellectual Property-Related Activities
conducted by the JPO and its report that wereidentified through the analyses, in order to further
improve the surveys conducted in the future. (Akira
Goto)

Ⅱ Economic Analyses Based on FY
2002 Survey of Intellectual
Property-Related Activities
1

Determining factors for patent licensing
by companies

The purpose of this chapter is to offer
clarification of the characteristics of patent licensing
activities of Japanese companies by industry, thedevelopment of theoretical model that explains one
aspect of these characteristics, and the empiricalindication of the consistency of the model with theactual data.
First of all, in section (2) the patent licensing
activities of Japanese companies contained in thedata of the FY 2002 Survey of Intellectual
Property-Related Activities are overviewed, andtheir characteristics by industry are elucidated.
In section (3), the circumstances in which
companies conduct licensing activities aretheoretically clarified by using a simple model, inorder to explain one aspect of these characteristics,
which is that companies in the electronics industry
tend to offer licensing a larger portion of theirpatents to other companies, compared to those in
the pharmaceutical and other industries. Companies
that own patents can reap profits from the expanded
economic pie by setting licensing fees, so if theirproducts are sufficiently differentiated, they would
have the motivation to provide licenses rather thanmonopolizing the market of their products bydominating the technology. On the other hand, if
their products are not differentiated enough, thedecrease in profits induced by introduction ofcompetition in the market of the products will not
sufficiently cover the licensing fee income, so thecompanies would prefer to monopolize thetechnology. In this section, this mechanism by using
a simple linear Hotelling model are indicated.
Then, in section (4), an empirical analysis of
the factors that determine the vigor of the licensing
activities of the Japanese manufacturing industry on
an industry level is conducted. The analysis reveals
that the operating profit on sales and the number ofdomestic patents in use per company have apositive effect on the licensing rate of a company’s
domestic patents in use, and that the patentmaintenance cost per patent in exploitation has anegative effect on such a licensing rate. The
operating profit on sales is considered to becorrelated to the degree of differentiation of the

products, and this is compliant with the theoreticalmodel. The number of patents in exploitation percompany is a proxy variable for the number ofpatents embodied in a single product, and this is also
compliant with the theory. A result compliant withthe theoretical model was also obtained for the
trading cost variable, but the report mentions thatthe actual impact of the trading cost may be muchstronger than this.
Section (5) then summarizes the discussions
and refers to the direction in which future study
should be made. (Yoshihito Yasaki; Akira Goto)
2

Structure of unused patents and theirfactor analysis

A large number of IPRs owned by companies
are actually not in exploitation. Therefore, thischapter focuses on these unused patents andattempts to analyze their current status and thecauses for the non-exploitation. First of all, thefollowing were revealed as a result of aggregating
the exploitation rate of patents by size of company,
by market (domestic/overseas), and by industry.
Firstly, the larger the size of the company, the lower
the self-utilization rate and the overall exploitation
rate (including exploitation by other companies)
would be, and the exploitation rate is lower fordomestic patents than foreign patents. Next, there
is a large gap in the self-exploitation rate by industry.
The rate is lowest for the pharmaceutical industry
and highest for the construction industry. Lastly,
small and medium sized companies have a stronger
tendency to exclusively exploit their own patents,
and to release unexploited patents by licensing out
the patents they could not exploit themselves toother companies.
Then, the report presents the following four
hypotheses on the exploitation of IP.
(1) Superiority of complementary assets(2) Inefficiency of R&D(3) Non-exploitation based on preemptive
patenting and cannibalization concerns(strategically dormant patents)(4) Real option value
The superiority of complementary assets
increases the exploitation rate of the patents thecompany owns (ex-post effect), but it also has theeffect of promoting R&D and acquisition of more
patents (ex-ante effect). Therefore, whether or not
it would increase the non-exploitation rate depends
on whether the ex-ante effect exceeds the ex-post
effect.
Next, the following analysis results wereobtained by a simple estimate based on thistheoretical model. Expansion of the size of thecompany (the number of employees) has a greater
effect on increasing the number of patents thecompany owns than increasing the number ofpatents the company exploits, so it tends to raise● 17 ●IIP Bulletin 2004

the non-exploitation rate. On the other hand, a risein the price-cost margin has a greater effect on
increasing the number of patents the company
exploits than increasing the number of patents thecompany owns, so it tends to lower the
non-exploitation rate. These suggest the following
two facts: (i) with regard to the size of the company,
the ex-ante effect of complementary assets is likely
to be higher than their ex-post effect; and (ii) thefact that the non-exploitation rate is lower forcompanies with a high price-cost margin indicatesthat strategically dormant patents are not likely tobe the cause for the lower non-exploitation rate oflarge companies.
It was also found that the higher theregistration rate for patent applications that acompany has, the more statistically significant the
numbers of patents are that are owned and exploitedby the company. But, because the effect of the latteris larger, the non-exploitation rate of such a
company becomes lower. This result also indicatesthat the efficiency of R&D is also a factor thatcannot be ignored, and that the evaluation of thequality of patents is important for evaluating theefficiency of R&D. (Sadao Nagaoka; Yoichiro
Nishimura)3

IP activities and the appropriability oftechnology

Appropriability and trading costs are
considered to affect a company’s IP activities to aconsiderable extent. The factor that decides theappropriability and trading costs is thecharacteristics
ofthetechnology
itself.
Conventional empirical analyses had used the typesof industries in place of the technical characteristics
due to the limitation in data, but the substitutabilityof the types of industries is not high. The analysis in
this chapter uses the company-by-company data of
the Survey of Intellectual Property-Related
Activities, and aggregates the data for the 12
technical fields based on the International PatentClassification (IPC) in which companies have filed
the largest number of patent applications. The
analysis uses this aggregation by technical field to
identify how the diversification of the R&D areas,
the patenting of the R&D results, and the status oftechnology trading differ by technical field, andreveals what kinds of IP activities are derived by therespective technical characteristics.
The main results of the analysis are as follows.
- R&D is more diversified in the fields oftextiles/paperandelectricity/electronicparts/semiconductors. Premiums are aimed to beachieved through diversification of R&D as a futuretechnology strategy in the 11 technical fields
excluding the field of electricity/electronicparts/semiconductors.
- The technical fields, in which the patent licensing

IIP Bulletin 2004

income from companies outside the business groupper one employee in R&D division, is high include
pharmaceuticals
as
well
as
civil
engineering/construction/architecture,measurement/optics/photography/copying machines,
and electricity/electric parts/semiconductors.
- The proportion of patents cross-licensed to othercompanies in the total number of the patents owned
is
high
in
fieldsincludingmeasurement/optics/photography/copying machines,
electricity/electricparts/semiconductors,
andelectronic circuitry/telecommunications.
In technical fields where technology trading issuitable and needed, patents are considered to behighly effective, because they secure appropriability.
Analysis results obtained from the patent licensing
income per one employee in R&D division are
identical to the results of previous research thatwere based on the types of industries. Therefore,
the extent to which a company’s R&D is shifting to
the technical fields where technology trading issuitable and needed is expected to become
estimable by the scale of the company’s R&D
activities measured based on the number of
employees in R&D division.
From the viewpoint of the need for technology
trading, there is a large incentive to introduce
technology by paying a licensing fee in fields where
technological progress is fast and products become
obsolete quickly. In technical fields in which
products are developed by using a large number ofpatents and are constantly improved afterwards,
multiple companies mutually own complementary
technology. The proportion of patents cross-licensed
to other companies in the total number of thepatents owned is expected to be available as an
objective index for determining that a company iscarrying out R&D with high appropriability. (Fumio
Funaoka; Jyoji Tokui; Fumihiko Koyata)4

The difference in ability and trading costs
as factors for determining the technology
trading partner

In order to analyze the factors based on which
companies select their technology trading partners,
this chapter assumes domestic companies andforeign companies as potential trading partners, andempirically verifies the determining factors forchoosing between them by measuring the
proportion of foreign companies in all technology
import/licensing partners based on the number oftransactions, the trading values, and the number ofpartners, using individual data of the Survey ofIntellectual Property-Related Activities conductedby the JPO.
The core determining factors analyzed are: (i)trading costs; (ii) the relative difference intechnology level between Japan and overseas; and(iii) the capacity of the company.

● 18 ●

In terms of trading costs, companies inindustries where patents bring less appropriability
are assumed to prefer technology trading(technology licensing/import) with domestic
companies that are easy to monitor, rather thanforeign companies (Hypothesis 1). In terms of (ii),companies in industries where the overseas
technology level is relatively higher than thedomestic technology level are assumed to import
more technology from overseas companies(Hypothesis 2). In terms of (iii), a higher capacity islikely to be required for importing technology fromoverseas companies, so companies with higher
capacity are assumed to import more technology
from overseas companies (Hypothesis 3).
The overseas technology level as compared tothe domestic technology level was measures byweighted average of the rates of R&D intensity inJapan and the United States and the percentage ofJapanese patent applications filed by foreign
applicants by technical field. In addition, the capacity
was measured based on the R&D intensity and thesize of the company. Then a regression analysis was
conducted based on them. Consequently,
Hypothesis 1 was largely supported by the result,while no statistically significant result could beobtained for Hypothesis 2, and significant results
could be obtained only in part for the analysis of
Hypothesis 3. Meanwhile, separate analyses fortechnology trading within a business group andthose with outside the business group indicated that
Hypothesis 1 only stands for transactions withcompanies outside the business group, and it waspresumed that trading costs do not present a big
problem in the case of transactions within thebusiness group, because they are quasi-internaltransactions. (Kenta Nakamura; Hiroyuki Odagiri)
5

Attempt to create an index for the aspectof IPRs as a determining factor for
innovation

This chapter attempts to design an index
concerning the aspect of IPRs as a determining
factor for innovation in a company, and to analyze
the determining factors for innovation using themeasured index. The result of the analysis
suggested many assignments for future dataprocessing.
The analysis on the R&D intensity suggested
that the ability to enforce patent rights, whether by
exclusive use or licensing to other companies,
would have the effect of reducing the R&D
incentive. If this seemingly unreasonable result istruly statistically significant, it should be taken as anelement that encourages review of the negative
aspect of the patent system. Before that, however,there is still inconsistency between data of the
exclusive utilization rate and that of the licensing
rate even after narrowing down the data to 132 valid

samples, so there is a need to further check for any
abnormal values.
In the factor analysis for product innovation
using the patent utilization rate as a proxy index, theresult suggested that the model that uses patentconcentration as an explaining variable was not
relevant. However, patent concentration is only aproxy index related to the extent of dispersion ofpatents, so it is too hasty to make any determination
on occurrence of a “tragedy of anti-commons” basedon this result.
This chapter tried to trace the past researchthat was conducted based on original survey data,
but there are limits in making similar analyses using
proxy indexes obtained from the data in the SurveyofIntellectual
Property-Related
Activities.
Nevertheless, when IP management was compared
between industries by using the proxy indexes
designed in this chapter, interesting differenceswere observed. Thus, it was indicated that the datain the Survey of Intellectual Property-Related
Activities still has much value to be utilized indesigning such indexes that help in discovering newfacts. (Akiya Nagata)
6

Factors that determine the types of patent
licensing contracts

This chapter aims at clarifying thedetermining factors for patent licensing.
Despite the progress of theoretical analyses in
economic studies, sufficient empirical analyses
have not been made in this field due to lack ofdata. This chapter analyzes the determining
factors for licensing by using the individual
data
of
the
SurveyofIntellectual
Property-Related Activities, which is anapproved statistical survey conducted by the
JPO since FY 2002. The analysis focuses on the
manufacturing industry, because patent
licensing is considered to be mainly carried out
in the manufacturing industry. Arora andFosfuri (2003) suggest a licensing model thatplaces stronger emphasis on the association
with empirical analysis. According to theirmodel, a decrease in trading costs pertaining to
the licensing and a rise in royalty income due topro-patent policy have the effect of increasing
the frequency of licensing as structural factors,
but product differentiation reduces a company’s
incentive for licensing. They also derive a
conclusion that a company with a high market
share in the product market is more negative
about licensing, because the licensing will havea considerable rent-reducing effect.
According to the result of the estimate inthis chapter, the market share has a positive
impact on the number of licensing contracts,
while the self-utilization rate has a negative
impact. Meanwhile, the percentage of● 19 ●IIP Bulletin 2004

researchers in the total employees has apositive impact on the number of licensing
contracts. Product differentiation has anegative impact on licensing. In contrast, thenumber of licensing contracts is larger forindustries
with
high
accumulation oftechnology. (Koichiro Onishi; Yosuke Okada)
7

The relationship between a company’s
profitmarginandtechnology
trading/environmental activities

This chapter makes empirical analyses on thefollowing two points targeting manufacturing
companies: (i) the relationship between profit
margin and technology trading/environmental
activities; and (ii) the determining factors for thetendency of owning foreign patents.
Firstly, the impact on profit margin is estimatedby the normal least-squares method. Although themarket share, which is an important variable, isfound to have no significant impact, a positive
relationship is found between profit margin and
R&D intensity. With regard to the impact oftechnology trading on profit margin, the per capita
royalty income has a negative relationship and theself-utilization of the company’s own patents inJapan has a positive relationship, but these are notsignificant for large companies. In the meantime,acquisition of ISO14001 certification, which is theenvironmental
management
standards
forcompanies, is found to have a positive correlation
with the profit margin in the case of large companies.
Although the issue of simultaneity remains, if
introduction of environmental management leads toincreasing a company’s profit margin, it would bedesirable to implement a policy to assist
introduction of environmental ISO also from thecorporate earnings perspective.
Next, in analyzing the determining factors forthe tendency of owning foreign patents, estimates
are made by negative binomial regression, using thesame samples. The tendency of owning foreign
patents increases as the size of the company
becomes larger, and the tendency is strong forcompanies that have acquired environmental ISO.
One of the assumptions is that they have active
transactions with overseas and conduct vigorous
business activities in other countries. Meanwhile,
companies with a high self-utilization rate within
Japan are negative about utilizing foreign patents.
On the other hand, companies with high per capitalroyalty income tend to own foreign patents. The
negative impact and positive impact are clearly
divided between industries, and the industry
attribute is found to have a large influence on thetendency of owning foreign patents. (Yukihiro
Hiraiwa; Yosuke Okada)

IIP Bulletin 20048

Ex-post costs and ex-ante costs forsettling patent disputes—determining
factors for dispute settlement costs andapplication filing costs in overall IP costs

In the FY 2002 Survey of Intellectual
Property-Related Activities, a valuable statisticalsurvey was conducted on patent disputes, including
lawsuits and warnings. The results indicated thatthe number of lawsuits was reported to be large intechnology-accumulating industries including theelectric machinery and apparatus industry and themachinery industry. It was also indicated that the
proportion of patent application filing costs is large
in overall costs. This chapter reviews these resultsby taking into account peripheral information, andinvestigates the factors that affect the patent-related
costs, particularly dispute settlement costs andapplication filing costs.
The number of lawsuits, warnings, andoppositions is found to be large per patent in thechemical industry, rather than the electric industry,when comparing the number by technical field andby industry. When the determining factors for thenumber of disputes for each company are
investigated by regression analysis, large companies
owning many patents tend to be subject to a large
number of oppositions. However, the number ofpatents owned is not significantly correlated to thenumber of warnings. When the determining factors
for the dispute settlement costs of companies are
similarly investigated by regression analysis, thedispute settlement costs are found to be high forcompanies owning a large number of patents. It isalso found that the number of employees in chargeof dispute settlement is large when the number of
warnings is large.
The determining factors for application filingcosts and those for the number of patentapplications filed per year are also investigated byregression analysis. As a result, patent application
filings of a company are considered to become more
active when the company faces a large number ofdisputes. However, the above analyses are based on
the assumption that mutually independent
regression analyses can be made. Thus,
improvements must be made in the future regarding
the quantitative analysis method.
The problem awareness underlying thisresearch is a concern that if patents are registeredin a narrow domain in a packed manner, it may
increase the patent management costs and increase
the risk of companies being involved in lawsuits,
warnings, and oppositions. If companies file a large
numberofdefensive
applications
asacountermeasure against such a risk, and that further
complicates the patent situation, social costs will
increase by self-circulation. None of the results
obtained this time strongly support suchself-circulation. However, the current increase in● 20 ●

application filing costs does not solely mean that anincreasing number of socially beneficial inventions
are being published, so it is necessary to continue
watching the trend and the determination factors in
the future. (Tetsuo Wada)
9

The patent system and innovation of
R&D-intensive small and medium sizedenterprises (SMEs)

The patent system is an important system for
R&D-intensive SMEs, which lack managerial
resources related to production and sales and focus
their activities on R&D, in securing appropriabilityof technology. On the other hand, however, SMEs
are considered to be in a relatively disadvantageous
position in patent licensing negotiations andpatent-related disputes.
In this chapter, empirical analyses are made on
the patent system and innovation of R&D-intensive
SMEs using the data on patent exploitation status
and patent disputes in the Survey of Intellectual
Property-Related Activities conducted by the JPO.
With regard to the exploitation of the patents
owned, smaller and younger companies are found to
exploit their own patents less and have othercompanies exploit their patents more. Conversely,
they exploit other companies’ patents less actively
compared to large companies. This shows that
SMEs lacking managerial resources are actively
licensing out their R&D results to other companies
since it is difficult for them to increase businessprofitability by exploiting their R&D results bythemselves. The patent system is importantparticularly for SMEs lacking managerial resources
as a system for establishing such an external
technology market.
In addition, as a result of an analysis on patentdisputes, smaller and younger companies are more
likely to be involved in disputes. As indicated in the
result of the analysis on patent exploitation, SMEs
need to actively license out their patents to othercompanies. Therefore, they would naturally be more
inclined to be involved in patent disputes. The
quality of patents could not be controlled in the
results of the analyses in this chapter, but theysuggest the possibility that SMEs are in a weak
position in licensing negotiations. (Kazuyuki
Motohashi)
10 Trial development of a concordance andits comparative analysis
Concordances, which link the IPC, aclassification of technology, and industrial
classifications, have been made by the Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) and other organizations for effectively andefficiently calculating technology-related economic
effects.

In this chapter, a comparative analysis of three
concordances is made. One is the OECD
Technology Concordance (OTC) made by the OECD.
This is the most commonly used concordance atpresent. The OTC has converted the industrial
classification of the Yale Technology Concordance(YTC) created by a Yale University team fromStandard Industrial Classification (SIC) toInternational Standard Industrial Classification(ISIC). YTC is originally based on the industrial
codes called the Industry of Manufacture (IOM) andSector of Use (SOU) that were assigned byexaminers of the Canadian Intellectual Property
Office to the patents registered between 1972 and1995.
However, the OTC cannot be applied directly
to Japanese patents due to the differences of thecountry and the year of development, so a roughlyclassified
concordance(IP-statistics-based
concordance) was developed based on the Survey ofIntellectual Property-Related Activities, and somedifferences from the OTC and YTC are indicated.
For example, in the seventh edition of the IPC, theOTC barely covers the service industry and does
not cover the nano-technology field and G06T,
which are Japan’s strong fields. Thus, if it is used asa basic material for economical analyses of thetechnical structure of Japan, it may lead tounderestimation.
Furthermore, IP-statistics-based concordancehas restrictions itself in terms of the classificationlevel. Therefore, a concordance of the IPC classlevel was developed by using the patent gazette forpublications of unexamined patent applications(Kokai-publication-based concordance). When the
IP-statistics-based
concordance
andtheKokai-publication-based concordance are compared,large differences are observed for industries with asmall number of samples, but they show more orless similar tendencies in aggregate. This indicatesthat the IP-statistics-based concordance issufficiently applicable in conducting an analysis tosuperficially understand the IPC filing trend byindustry. (Tatsuo Nakamura; Makiko Harada)
11. Current status and future prospects ofconcordances in Europe and the UnitedStates
It is important for future policy planning toquantitatively
understandthe
impactofreinforcement of the IP system (pro-patent policy)on the macroeconomy and business management.
In addition, it has been pointed out in recent
years that patent-related economic analyses andpatent databases to that end are needed inconsidering how the patent system should bedesigned.
One of the means for economic analysis would
be to estimate the economic impact of patent rights.

● 21 ●IIP Bulletin 2004

The first necessary step for such estimation would
be to learn the classification of the industries inwhich the individual patent rights would be
exploited. It would also be necessary to link thepatent data with economic statistical data based onthat industrial classification.
Meanwhile, patent rights have been classified
according to the patent classifications represented
by the IPC. These patent classifications classify thetechnical subject matter from a technicalperspective, so the patent data cannot be directly
linked with economic statistical data based on theseclassifications.
Therefore, in order to clarify the effects of the
pro-patent policy on the macro economy, aconcordance that describes the relationship between
the patent classification and industrial classification
will be needed.
At present, research on concordances is under
way in countries advanced in patents around theworld. In particular, the OECD concordance(*1) and aconcordance jointly developed by three European
research institutes (Fraunhofer ISI [Germany],
Observatoire des Sciences et des Techniques (OST)[France], and Science and Technology Policy
Research (SPRU) [U.K.])(*2) were made publicrecently and are drawing the attention to the field.
This chapter summarizes the current status
and the problems in the above concordances,examines the points that should be taken into
consideration when Japan creates a full-fledged
concordance in the future, and prospects the future
picture of such a concordance. (Akira Kumasaka)(draft)”[Reference material 2] “Questionnaire of intellectual
property-related activities (draft) (Form forcomplete survey)”[Reference material 3] “Supplement”(Akira Kumasaka)(Senior Researcher: Akira Kumasaka)

Ⅲ Examination of a desirable
questionnaire for the Survey ofIntellectual
Property-Related
Activities
In order to reflect on the results of the FY 2002
Survey of Intellectual Property-Related Activities inthe surveys for FY 2004 onward, the committee
members were asked to give their opinions on thedesirable survey on IP-related activities, mainly on
the questionnaire.
These opinions were summarized into a tableby largely classifying them into “1. Questionnaire,”“2. Survey method,” and “3. Weighted aggregation
method,” and by further dividing each class into
subclasses.
Furthermore, the following reference materials
were created based on the opinions of thecommittee members.
[Reference material 1] “A desirable Survey ofIntellectual Property-Related Activities in the future(*1) http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/2002doc.nsf/linkto/dsti-doc(2002)5
http://www.wellesley.edu/Economics/johnson/oecd_wp2002-05.pdf(*2) http://www.isi.fhg.de/ti/Projektbeschreibungen/us-development_Concordance_e.htm

IIP Bulletin 2004

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● 23 ●IIP Bulletin 2004