6

Study on Promotion of Use of Patent-related Statistics

The "Intellectual Property Strategic Program 2004," which indicates concrete measures toward making
Japan an "intellectual property-based nation," desires that comprehensive and interdisciplinary research on
intellectual property (IP) be promoted based on various approaches including law, technology, and economics,
and that the IP-related statistics, which serve as the basis for planning and proposing IP policies, will continue
to be broadly utilized to help develop policies that meet diverse user needs.
As a follow up to the "Economic Analyses of Statistical Data Relating to Patents" of the previous fiscal year,
this report contains the empirical analyses of corporate IP activities based on the Survey of Intellectual
Property-Related Activities implemented by the Japan Patent Office (JPO). In this report, study was made to
identify clearer relationships between a company's IP activities and the characteristics of the company's
industrial field, technical field, as well as products, while giving consideration to the status report of IP
activities by the persons responsible in the IP divisions of manufacturers. Furthermore, the report proposes
indices for showing the status of IP activities and discusses future tasks for promoting use of patent-related
statistics.

Ⅰ General Remarks
The Institute of Intellectual Property's Study
Council on Patents and the Economy for fiscal
2004 made economic analyses of the IP activities
of Japanese companies and the trend oftechnological innovations, based on the Survey ofIntellectual Property-Related Activities thatelucidates corporate activities related to IP rights,
as an extension to the study in fiscal 2003. This
report contains the results of these analyses. In
addition, it contains the result of examination onderiving indices of corporate IP activities.
Innovations by companies and countries arenow studied extremely actively around the worldusing IP-related data. The first factor behind thistrend is the spread of awareness that innovations
are decisively important for the competitivenessof companies and countries. Many people havecome to take interest in the sources andprocesses of innovations. The second factor is theincreasing availability of IP-related statistical data,
as represented by the Survey of Intellectual
Property-Related Activities. Apart from these,
patent-related databases are also becoming
accessible. Therefore, various analyses can bemade by combining such IP-related data andcompanies' R&D and financial data. The third
factor is that it has become easy to use a vast
amount of data thanks to the development ofcomputers, software, and the Internet. Based onthese various factors, analyses of innovations
utilizing IP-related data are rapidly making
progress on a worldwide scale.
This report contains the results of the study
on innovations based on IP-related data, which
was conducted by the members of the study

IIP Bulletin 2005

council consisting of leading researchers in Japan.
This type of study is helpful for gaining an
in-depth understanding of innovation processes aswell as providing a theoretical basis for designingpolicies or systems related to IP or technology.

Ⅱ Analyses of IP Activities Basedon Patent-related Statistics
1

Patent licensing activities of Japanesemanufacturers

Why do companies license out theirproprietary technologies to other companies?
Patent practitioners in companies often explainthat a larger profit can be gained by expanding thesize of the market pie and then acquiring a slice ofit through licensing rather than monopolizing thetechnologies. However, no previous theoreticaland empirical studies on licensing had focused on
this point. Following the study in the previous
year's report, which theoretically and empiricallyanalyzed such explanations by practitioners,
empirical analyses were conducted in this study
by using the individual data of the 2003 Survey ofIntellectual Property-Related Activities and byadopting unique estimating methods. The
empirical analyses also used a variablecorresponding to the speculation that companies
tend to cross-license their patents when multiple
patents are involved in a single product, which isanother factor of licensing.
The results of empirical analyses using a
two-sided Tobit model were consistent with sucha theory or speculation. Nevertheless, expected
results could not be obtained for the IP cost(litigation-related cost), which was used as a

● 38 ●

variable of the patent transaction cost. (Akira
Goto; Yoshihito Yasaki)

3

2

In this chapter, an attempt was made to
analyze whether the actual patterns of the level ofcompensation for inventors in companies could bebetter explained by the incentive hypothesis
based on the incentive theory or the regulation
hypothesis in which compensation is paid basedon a passive reason, i.e., presence of Section 35 of
the Patent Law. First of all, the following facts
became clear from the results of calculation ofcompensation cost by company size and byindustry. Firstly, the annual compensation cost
per R&D employee was the highest for large
companies (an average of about 16,000 yen),followed by SMEs (an average of about 11,000yen), and venture companies (an average of about
9,000 yen). In all cases, however, the cost is
considerably low compared to the payment ofwages. Although these are average figures, thelow level of the figures suggests that thecompensation amount is not important as anincentive. Secondly, the larger the number of
employees in a company, the higher thecompensation cost per R&D employee tends to
be. Unlike stock options, the remuneration for an
invention is linked to the individual invention ofeach researcher, rather than the corporate value,so the fact that the compensation is higher inlarge companies does not necessarily conflictwith the incentive hypothesis. Nevertheless,considering that large companies are better
equipped with internal systems for responding toregulations, it also complies with the regulation
theory. Lastly, the level of compensation cost is
higher for industries with a larger number ofpatents per researcher or per R&D cost. This
complies with the regulation theory.
Next, the following analysis results wereobtained on the determining factors for thecompensation cost by quantitative analyses ofcorporate-level data. Firstly, the number ofpatents per unit of R&D cost had a positive andsignificant impact on the level of compensation
cost even after controlling the percentage of R&D
cost to net sales. This result supports theregulation hypothesis. Secondly, the amount ofcompensation became larger, though notsignificantly, for companies whose average
number of years spent from filing until
registration is long and which carry high R&D
risks. Meanwhile, the amount of compensation
did not become significantly large for younger
companies. These results comply with theregulation hypothesis.
These analysis results suggest the following.
The analyses in this chapter indicate thatcompanies tend to pay compensation for
inventions to the inventors due to the presence ofAnalyses of corporate strategies oftrademark use and the underlying
factors

In this chapter, the actual situation of
corporate brand strategies was analyzed by using
companies' trademark-related data. Japanesecompanies have expanded the variety of theirproducts and increased the number of theirbrands since the 1980s. Looking at large
companies, for instance, the number of brands has
increased by 3.12 times over the ten years from1980 to 1990 according to certain data. Suchtendency seems to be more obvious in consumer
goods industries such as food, beverages, andhome appliances. However, the factors that
determine the number of brands owned by acompany are not clear.
Therefore, the determining factors for thenumber of brands were examined in this chapter.
The survey matters covered by the Survey ofIntellectual Property-Related Activities included
the number of trademarks owned, the number of
trademarks used, and the number of licenses forother companies' IP rights. Accordingly, thedetermining factors were analyzed throughstatistical analyses of the relationships between
the number of a company's trademarks used andthe characteristics of the industry or thecompany.
Two major hypotheses were raised. One waswhether or not branding is important in thatindustry. Factors including asymmetry of
information,marketcompetition,andtechnology-based differentiation were taken into
consideration. The other was whether a company
tends to use an existing brand or develop a new
brand when entering a new product market. The
attributes of the product were taken into
consideration. These hypotheses were verified
after controlling the number of products.
As a result of the estimation, the following
four points were indicated. Firstly, the number ofbrands was larger in consumer goods industries.
Secondly, looking at the extent of diversificationof R&D, large companies that own products withdiverse attributes had a large number of brands,
but this did not apply to small and medium-sizedenterprises (SMEs). Thirdly, the higher thepercentage of R&D cost to net sales in theindustry, the smaller the number of brands was.
However, no significant relationship wasobserved with the percentage of R&D cost to net
sales of individual companies. Lastly, subsidiaries
had a smaller number of brands. (Tomoyuki
Shimbo; Sadao Nagaoka)● 39 ●

Empirical analyses of the compensation
system for employees' inventions

IIP Bulletin 2005

Section 35 of the Patent Law. Therefore, ex post
facto intervention by courts concerning Section
35 of the Patent Law, which would further
strengthen such a tendency, may impair
companies' R&D investment incentives. It is
hoped that active discussions will be made fromsuch a viewpoint in the future. (Sadao Nagaoka;
Yoichiro Nishimura)
4

Corporate R&D strategies and theireffects from the viewpoint of acquisition
and use of patent rights

In this chapter, an attempt was made to
analyze the determining factors of the utilization
rate, which is the percentage of utilized patents tothe total number of patents owned, at thecorporate level. First of all, the following fivehypotheses were presented with regard toacquisition of patents:(i) the strength of the appropriability regime
backed by complementary assets;(ii) quality of inventions;(iii) commercialization risks; and(iv) licensing-out opportunities.
As pointed out by Nagaoka and Nishimura(2005), the hypotheses from (i) through (iii) focus
on two elements: (1) the difference between thequality of an invention at the time of filing thepatent application (or at the time of request for
examination) and that of the invention in thecommercialization phase; and (2) the sunken
costs that are borne by the company from thetime of the filing until the commercialization
phase. According to these hypotheses, theutilization rate is lower for companies with more
complementary assets, more licensing-out
opportunities, and higher commercialization risk,
and the rate is higher for companies that createhigh-quality inventions.
Next, the above hypotheses were examinedusing the 2003 Survey of Intellectual PropertyRelated Activities, and the following analysis
results were obtained. Firstly, even after
controlling the scale of R&D activities, theutilization rate was lower for companies withmore complementary assets though they had alarger number of patents. Secondly, companies
that license-out their technologies tended toacquire more patents, but their utilization ratetended to be lower. Thirdly, the utilization rate
was lower for companies that spend a longer timefrom the filing until registration, in other words,
companies facing higher commercialization risk.
Fourthly, the utilization rate was higher forcompanies that create high-quality inventions
because they acquire many patents as well as use
them. Fifthly, the utilization rate was found to belower for companies with higher price-cost
margin, so the conventional view that newcomers

IIP Bulletin 2005

can be deterred by strategically making patents
dormant was not supported.
Lastly, the analysis results in this chapter
provided a suggestion for the conventional
attempt of comprehending R&D efficiency basedon the relationship between the number of patentapplications filed or patent registered and R&D
cost. Specifically, the conventional method could
underestimate the existence of unused patents
that are not connected to the business income atall, and could overestimate R&D efficiency. It is
hoped that companies will plan their R&D
strategies and patent strategies based on thisfinding. (Sadao Nagaoka; Yoichiro Nishimura)
5

Patent value and IP activities

When one intends to comprehend theachievements of a company's R&D activities,
patents serve as the most directly observableindex. However, it is obvious that merely
counting the number of patents owned by thecompany would be quite insufficient. The simple
reason is that individual patents have different
values.
The purpose of this chapter is to find a proxyindex for comprehending the average value ofpatents owned by each company by using theSurvey of Intellectual Property-Related Activities,
which is corporate-level statistical information on
patents. Companies are likely to be comparing theadditional profits that will arise from maintaining
the patent and the annual fee that must be paid tomaintain the patent for each of its patents every
year, and are maintaining the patents only if the
expected profits exceed the annual fee. As apossible proxy index for comprehending the
average value of a company's patents in such acase, the average number of years the patents aremaintained and the maintenance fee per patent
owned can be derived as candidates under asimple model of corporate decision-making on themaintenance of patents. In order to judge which ofthese two candidates is more appropriate as aproxy index of patent value, a formula that
explains the average license fee to be adopted
when the company licenses-out its patents was
assumed.
Of the two proposed proxy indices, a positiveand significant coefficient could be obtained in theestimated formula as expected for the
maintenance fee per patent, but no significant
coefficient was obtained for the average numberof years the patents are maintained. Due to thisestimated result, a provisional conclusion could
be obtained that, of the two candidates for theproxy index of the average patent value, themaintenance fee per patent owned would be themore appropriate index. (Fumio Funaoka; Joji
Tokui; Fumihiko Koyata)● 40 ●

6

Effects of R&D diversification

Many conventional empirical studies on
diversification of the business fields haveindicated the inefficiency pertaining todiversification. As often indicated, technicalknowledge and know-how concerning R&D are
difficult to put down in clear writing, so they are
not easily traded in the market. This indicatesthat the economy of scope, which is not clearlyfound to exist for the diversification of businessfields, may be found to exist for R&D
diversification.
Two types of empirical analyses wereconducted in this chapter. Firstly, a pseudo
company was created based on diversification oftechnical fields from the various indices of R&D
activities of companies whose patent applications
concentrate in a certain technical field, andcomparison was made between the indices ofactual companies and those of the pseudo
company to examine whether the economy ofscope exists.
As a result of the analysis, the economy ofscope was significantly observed for the
researchers' performance seen from the filingstatus, the number of applications filed, and thepercentage of R&D cost to net sales for allcompanies.
Secondly, the question of whether the
economy of scope can be enjoyed for R&D
investment was analyzed based on the impact of
the extent of diversification of technical fields tothe amount of R&D cost necessary for filing apatent application. As a result of the empiricalanalysis,thevariable
expressing
R&D
diversification was found to be positive andsignificant. This indicates that the larger thescope of R&D activities, the more the R&D
investment per patent application will be saved. It
suggests that the economy of scope can beenjoyed for R&D investment.
The finding that the economy of scope exists
for diversification of R&D investment indicatesthat there are more commonly usable assets in an
intangible form compared to diversification of
goods, and that the spillovers of technicalknowledge between the respective R&D fields
cannot be neglected. (Fumio Funaoka; Joji Tokui;
Fumihiko Koyata)
7

Presumption of the patent production
function and comparison between
companies

In this chapter, the impact of the differencesin the IP strategies, particularly the patent filingstrategies, on the corporate market value was
empirically analyzed. Generally, however, it isdifficult to observe IP strategies from outside andcomprehend them quantitatively. Therefore, inthis chapter, a simple national patent production
function and a foreign patent production function
were assumed by the ordinary least square (OLS)
method, and the residuals of the functions wererespectively deemed as the proxy variables of the"national patent filing tendency" and the "foreign
patent filing tendency." Then, investors'
evaluation of the company's IP strategy was
empirically examined by regressing Tobin's q ofeach company against these variables.
With regard to the number of national patentfilings, the IP cost and the characteristics of theindustry were found to have large impacts on thenumber of filings, but no correlation wasobserved between the R&D fee and the numberof filings. As for the number of foreign patentfilings, foreign filings were found to increase as
national filings increased as a result of aregression analysis using the number of national
patent filings and the IP-related cost as the
explaining variables. Lastly, the determining
factors for Tobin's q were analyzed by using theresiduals (the national patent filing tendency andthe foreign patent filing tendency) obtained fromthese regression analyses. As a result, thecoefficients were insignificant for both thenational patent filing tendency and the foreign
patent filing tendency, and the impact of acompany's patent filing strategy on its market
value could not be confirmed. In addition, it was
assumed that filing tendency and the corporate
value would have a positive correlation inindustries with higher appropriability, because thehigher the appropriability in the industry, thehigher the profits expected from owning patents.
However, this hypothesis was not supported
either. (Kenta Nakamura; Hiroyuki Odagiri)
8

The impact of complementary assets on
unilateral licensing agreements

In the Survey of Intellectual PropertyRelated Activities, a relatively large number of
responses have been gained from SMEs engaged
in R&D activities. In this chapter, the individual
data of these invaluable responses were used toanalyze the status of unilateral licensing
agreements by company size and the determining
factors for unilateral licensing agreements. The
analysis results revealed that, among the SMEs,
small companies with 50 or less employees weremore actively engaging in unilateral licensing
agreements as contrasted with the number ofpatents they owned. In addition, the proportion of
the licensing revenues in net sales was larger forthese companies compared to medium-sized orlarge companies, which indicates the large role
played by paid licensing agreements. Also as aresult of an empirical estimate that narrowed the● 41 ●IIP Bulletin 2005

samples to SMEs, companies with a smaller
number of employees were found to be increasing
the number of their patents to be provided
through unilateral licensing agreements. If thenumber of employees could be deemed as a proxyvariable of complementary assets, these results
strongly suggest that companies with lesscomplementary assets other than patents are
more inclined to conclude unilateral licensing
agreements. (Koichiro Onishi; Yosuke Okada)
9

Application of the SWOT analysis
framework to the method of identifying
the IP strategy pattern

In this chapter, examination was made on
identifying the IP strategy pattern by applying the
SWOT analysis framework, which is a strategy
planning method used in business. The indicesrequired for the identification were calculated
based on the 2003 Survey of Intellectual
Property-Related Activities, and the dominant
strategy in each industry was analyzed using these
indices.
The result indicated that, even if different
business lines were similarly regarded as"high-tech" industries due to their high R&D
intensity, the strategic position of the averagecompanies may greatly differ by business line in
response to the internal factors including theintensity of IP activities and external
environmental factors including the existence of"opportunities" and "threats" involved with thebusiness line. Therefore, the result suggested
that industrial technology policies should beplanned out by considering the characteristics ofthe technology of the individual industries not
only from the R&D point of view, but also fromthe IP activity point of view. The indices byindustry calculated in this chapter are also usefulfor individual companies to discover theirposition within the industry and decide thedirection of their IP strategy. Therefore, it ishoped that the Survey of Intellectual PropertyRelated Activities will be further utilized in the
future as such useful basic data for decisionmaking. (Akiya Nagata)
10 Corporate IP strategies and innovation
activities
In this chapter, indices concerning corporate
IP strategies were examined by using the data on
the patent utilization status contained in the
results of the Survey of Intellectual PropertyRelated Activities. Some sub-indices directly
derived from the survey results and generalindices that have consolidated the sub-indices byprincipal component analyses were obtained.
Then, the relationships between these indices

IIP Bulletin 2005

and the respective characteristics of a company
including the industrial classification, technicalclassification, and company size were evaluated.
Furthermore, the relationship between acompany's IP strategy and R&D activities wasanalyzed by using the general indices.
As a result of the principal component
analyses, three kinds of corporate IP strategies
could be identified: (i) an open licensing strategy
that actively uses the external technology market
through licensing; (ii) a technology provider
strategy that mainly licenses out proprietary
technology; and (iii) selective licensing strategy
that does not actively use the external technology
market. Of these, the technology provider
strategy is frequently observed among R&Doriented SMEs that do not have their own
management resources such as manufacturing or
marketing. Meanwhile, the selective licensing
strategy can also be considered to indicate agroup of companies whose overall internal IP
awareness is low, instead of being a strategy initself.
With regard to the relationship between
these indices and R&D activities, companies
adopting an open licensing strategy were found to
be making R&D investment more actively, andtheir investment was found to be focused on
specific fields. The analyses revealed that these
Japanese companies are effectively utilizing theexternal technology market in order to focus on
their own core technologies and to further
strengthen their core capabilities. (Kazuyuki
Motohashi)
11

Current situation of analyses of patentrelated statistics in Europe and theUnited States

European and U.S. universities andorganizations are also engaged in studies oninvestigating the forecast of patent filings, policy
decision, and patent value through economic
analyses of patent-related statistical data. One ofthe opportunities for internationally presenting
the results of these studies is the Workshop on
Statistics in the Patent Field jointly held by theWorld Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD).
This chapter explains the outline of thefollowing analyses that were presented in theworkshop: the analysis of corporate market value
using U.S. references; the analysis of theutilization rate of European patents and theirimpact on the economy; the analysis of referencesin Europe; and forecast of the filing trend ofEuropean patents. (Masayuki Ode)● 42 ●

12 Relationship between business activities
and IP activities
With the aim of clarifying the situation of
corporate IP activities, an interview survey was
conducted on Japan's four leading manufacturers.
The reason that companies file patentapplications and acquire patents for theinventions made by their R&D division instead ofprotecting them as know-how in their IP
activities is likely to be to gain a return on
investment and avert market risks (acountermeasure against competitors) through useof the patents. Acquisition of income throughlicensing is currently not the main purpose ofpatenting. Therefore, it is desirable for companies
to gain licensing income through use of IP, if thelicensing does not affect their core businesses
and if the licensing makes their business moreadvantageous in the market such as enlarging themarket pie or gaining licensing income for patents
related to technical standards. (Masayuki Ode)
13 Analyses of the mechanism ofactivities and the filing trend
Japanese companies

IPof

In this chapter, IP activity models werecreated and analyzed by dividing domestic legal
entities such as companies into nine groups basedon the filing pattern by technical field and thepatent lifetime pattern. The models were createdbased on 353 companies including the companies
that ranked high in the number of patent filings in
2002. There were about 280 classes of technicalfields, and the percentage distribution of eachcompany's number of filings by technical field waspatternized. With regard to the patent lifetime
pattern, the respective time spent up to the filing,examination, and registration as well as theirpercentage to the number of applications filed
were calculated for each company. The filing
pattern by technical field and the patent lifetime
pattern of each company were separately
categorized into multiple groups by way of acluster analysis, and the patterns were divided
into nine groups in the end. Normally, theclassification is made based on the business linesof the companies. However, there are differencesin the types and the number of technical fields ofthe inventions, and variations in the average rateof requesting examination or the average patentmaintenance period even in the same businessline. Thus, the grouping based on the technicalfield and the patent lifetime was attempted
instead.
In creating the models, the following six
categories were assumed as indices that have an
impact on IP activities: company size; scale of
R&D; IP stock; IP activity; IP-related indices; andIP activity related costs. For each category, theusable indices derived from the 2003 Survey ofIntellectual Property-Related Activities as well as
the data of final dispositions and patent data
provided by the JPO were concretely applied, andvariable selection and coefficient determination
were conducted by multivariate analyses. Whenthe actual values for 2002 and the estimatedvalues were compared for the nine models, thevalues obtained were more or less the same.
When these models were further compared withthe actual values since 1996, all models showed
the same trend as the actual values. When thetrend in the number of filings up to 2015 wasestimated, the number slowly flattened out
overall. Therefore, it was estimated that the filingpeak around 2001 will propagate slowly becausepart of the patents become the company's IP
stock and influence subsequent patent filings.
Seen individually, the number of filings was
expected to decline in the future in two groups,
which were groups of companies with large R&D
costs and relatively short patent lifetime. On theother hand, the number of filings was expected tocontinue increasing for companies with a highaverage rate of requesting examination, because
more IP stock tends to be accumulated. The
created models only indicate the structural
relationships between indices at a single point oftime, and do not take into consideration the timelags between the number of filings and therespective indices. Furthermore, they replaced
the values of IP stock and corporate size forconvenience in making the future estimate. In
order to improve the accuracy of the estimate andenhance the interpretability of the models, data
must also be prepared for the other indices over
the years. (Tatsuo Nakamura; Makiko Harada;
Yoshihiro Miura)

Ⅲ Deriving Indices from Patentrelated Statistics
1

Corporate IP activities revealed byempirical analyses using patent-related
statistics

Part Ⅱ reports various analyses using
patent-related statistics that were examined bythis year's study council. The reports, including
the report on "technological development,
technology transactions, and risks" and the reporton "assessing patent value," revealed somerelationships between the IP activities ofJapanese companies and the characteristics of thecompanies, such as the industrial classification,technical classification, and company size.
Firstly, the report indicated that technologicaldevelopment
andtechnology
transactions
inevitably pertain risks, and companies deal with● 43 ●IIP Bulletin 2005

the risks through technology transactions as an
institution or practice.
Next, it was indicated that overestimation of
dormant patents should be avoided when
statistically assessing patent rights.
Meanwhile, no correlations were foundbetween the patent filing strategy and R&D andbetween the patent filing strategy and theevaluation of corporate value.
The reports also suggested that, whenevaluating corporate patent strategies, thedifferences between companies' strategic positions(opportunities and risks) and the number ofpatents licensed out are the major indices that
dominate patent strategies.
Lastly, it was indicated that one should
evaluate not only patents, but also othercomplementary assets including trademarks
when evaluating corporate IP activities, and that
it is possible to evaluate various policies based on
the Survey of Intellectual Property-Related
Activities, such as the employees' invention
system.
2

using the statistics as well as diffusion andawareness-raising of the research results will also
be anticipated.
In addition, analyses should be made not only
on patents, but also other intangible assets inorder to establish a theoretical basis on corporate
IP activities.
Furthermore, it is hoped that economic
approaches using IP-related statistics will beapplied to technology-specific policy issues (e.g.,
the problem of the tragedy of the anticommons) in
the future.

Ideals and challenges of deriving
indices of corporate IP activities frompatent-related statistics

The Survey of Intellectual Property-Related
Activities, which provides various data on
corporate IP activities, is hoped to be utilized as atool for quantitatively assessing and evaluating
corporate IP activities. However, the statisticalvalues could become harmful information if one
interprets them erroneously.
In light of the results of this year's research,the most appropriate index is considered to be thenumber of patents used (the number of patentsinternally used or licensed out) or the utilization
rate ((the number of patents internally used or
licensed out)/the number of patents owned).
It is hoped that the impact of comprehensive
licensing included in the number of patents usedwill be analyzed and the interpretability for IP
activities other than technology trading will beverified in the future.
3

Future challenges for promoting use ofpatent-related statistics

Continuous assessment and analyses ofcorporate IP activities based on the results of theSurvey of Intellectual Property-Related Activities
are hoped to provide a theoretical basis that is
indispensable in discussing Japan's IP policies.
With the objective of using this theoretical basis
to help the people concerned hold discussions
based on common awareness, IP-related statistics
should be further expanded and continuously
aggregated, while promotion of academic research

IIP Bulletin 2005

● 44 ●（Senior Researcher: Masayuki Ode）