Cheiron School, SPring-8, Japan
19th September, 2015

Atomic and Molecular Physics
at SACLA
Kiyoshi Ueda
Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan

Introduction of myself

Prof. Kiyoshi Ueda
atTohoku University （Sendai）
Institute of multidisciplinary research
for advanced materials
Leadinga research group for electron andmolecular dynamics

Atomic and molecular science using
Synchrotron Radiation
Ueda, JPB 36, R1 (2003);
Ueda & Eland, JPB 38, S839 (2005);
Ueda, JPSJ 75, 032001 (2006);
Kabachnik et al. PR 451, 155 (2007).
Application of the SR-based
experimental techniques to laserexperiments(femtosecond laser and FEL)

Outline
Introduction to XFEL science
Introduction to SACLA
Atomic and Molecular Physics at SACLA– Deep inner-shell multi-photon ionization of Ar and Xe atoms– Photoion-photoion coincidence imaging following deep inner-shell

multi-photon ionization of CH3I and 5I-uracil– Electron spectroscopy on cold nanoplasma formationfrom argon, krypton and xenon clusters– Single-shot imaging of xenon nano-clusters– IR-probe experiment of XFEL-ignited nanoplasma dynamics

Summary and outlook

EUV-X FELs in the world
LCLS2009in operation since 2009

SCSS test accelerator in operation
since 2008 ; closed down in 2013
SACLA in operation since March 2012
SCSS+ will start operation in 2016
FERMI starts operation in December 2012!

Swiss FEL (2017), Korean FEL,
Shanghai FEL, etc., are coming!

FLASH in operation since 2005
European XFEL will start operation in 2017

Characteristic properties of FEL pulses
Coherent, intense, and ultra-short pulses
at short wavelengths (EUV to X –rays)
Coherent X-ray imaging of non-crystalized samples

Gösta Huldt, Abraham Szöke, Janos Hajdu (J.Struct Biol, 2003 02-ERD-047)
BeforeDuring ~10 fs

After ~50 fs

Neutze, Wouts, van der Spoel, Weckert, Hajdu Nature 406, 752 (2000)

Single Mimivirus Particles Intercepted and Imaged with an X-ray laser
Seibert et al.

Nature 470, 78–81 (2011) only 2D…..

Coherent X-ray imaging of non-crystalized samples

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Giant Mimivirus Particle
with an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser
Ekeberg et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 098102 (2015)

Can we get 3D image from a single shot data?
In principle, “Yes” but in practice….

Characteristic properties of FEL pulses
Intense and ultra-short pulses at X –rays
Why X-rays? structure determination at atomic resolution
Femtosecond X-ray Protein Nano-crystallography, Chapman et al., Nature 470, 73–77 (2011).

High-Resolution Protein Structure Determination by Serial Femtosecond
Crystallography, Boutet et al. Science 337, 362 (2012).
Natively Inhibited Trypanosoma brucei Cathepsin B Structure Determined by Using
an X-ray Laser, Redecke et al. Science 339, 227 (2013).

Photo-system II
Native structure of photosystem II at 1.95 Å resolution revealed by afemtosecond X-ray laser (SACLA)
Suga et al, Nature (2014), doi:10.1038/nature13991

S1"Determination of damage-free crystal

structure of an X-ray sensitive proteinusing an XFEL”
Nature Methods (2014),
doi:10.1038/NMETH.2962

SR results (Nature 2011) hadradiation damage….

Dynamic behavior of photo-system II"The Mn4Ca photosynthetic wateroxidation catalyst studied bysimultaneous X-ray spectroscopy andcrystallography using an X-ray freeelectron laser"
Rosalie Tran et al
Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 369 20130324(2014) doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0324"Taking snapshots of photosynthetic
water oxidation using femtosecond X-ray
diffraction and spectroscopy"
Jan Kern et al
Nature Comm. 5. 4371 (2014)"Serial time-resolved crystallographyof photosystem II using afemtosecond X-ray laser"
C. Kupitz et al
Nature (2014)
Suga et al, Nature (2014), doi:10.1038/nature13991
doi:10.1038/nature13453

Towards artificial photosynthesis
Visualizing the non-equilibrium dynamics of photo-induced
intramolecular electron transfer with femtosecond X-ray Pulses(SACLA) Canton et al. Nature Comm. 6, 6359 (2015)
e dissipation structural change

e transfer (Co IV -> Co III)Characteristic properties of FEL pulses
Intense1014 W/cm2 (EUV) - 1020 W/cm2 (X)One LCLS pulse
at 2 keV canremove all ten
electrons fromthe neon atom.

Femtosecond electronic response ofatoms to ultra-intense x-rays
L. Young et al., Nature 466, 56 (2010).

The pulse is so
intense that it
causes electronic
damage to thesample.

Non-linear X-ray atomic Physics
Ultra-Efficient Ionization of Heavy Atoms by Intense X-Rays
B. Rudek, S-K. Son, L. M. Foucar, S. W. Epp,
B. Erk, R. Hartmann, M. Adolph, R.
Andritschke, A. Aquila, N. Berrah, C.
Bostedt, J. Bozek, N. Coppola, F. Filsinger,
H. Gorke, T. Gorkhover, H. Graafsma, L.
Gumprecht, A. Hartmann, G. Hauser, S.
Herrmann, H. Hirsemann, P. Holl, A.
Hömke, L. Journel, C.Kaiser, N. Kimmel, F.
Krasniqi, K-U. Kühnel, M. Matysek, M.
Messerschmidt, D. Miesner, T. Möller, R.
Moshammer, K. Nagaya, B.Nielsson, G.
Potdevin, D. Pietschner, C. Reich, D. Rupp,R.Santra, G. Schaller, I. Schlichting, C.
Schmidt, F. Schopper, S. Schorb, C-D.
Schröter, J. Schulz, M. Simon, H. Soltau, L.
Strüder, K. Ueda, G. Weidenspointner, J.
Ullrich, A. Rudenko, and D. Rolles
Nature Photonics 6, 858 (2012).

X-ray induced Coulomb explosion
Femtosecond X-ray-induced explosion of C60
at extreme intensity (hv=485 eV)
4-fs pulse

30-fs pulse

90-fs pulse

Charge state distributions
B.F. Murphy, T. Osipov, Z. Jurek,L. Fang, S.-K. Son, M. Mucke,
J.H.D. Eland, V. Zhaunerchyk, R.
Feifel, L. Avaldi, P. Bolognesi, C.
Bostedt, J.D. Bozek, J. Grilj, M.
Guehr, L.J. Frasinski, J.
Glownia, D.T. Ha, K. Hoffmann,E. Kukk, B.K. McFarland, C.
Miron, E. Sistrunk, R.J. Squibb,K. Ueda, R. Santra & N. Berrah,

Kinetic energy distributions

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS |5:4281 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5281.

Outline
Introduction to XFEL science

Introduction to SACLA
Atomic and Molecular Physics at SACLA– Deep inner-shell multi-photon ionization of Ar and Xe atoms– Photoion-photoion coincidence imaging following deep inner-shell

multi-photon ionization of CH3I and 5I-uracil– Electron spectroscopy on cold nanoplasma formationfrom argon, krypton and xenon clusters– Single-shot imaging of xenon nano-clusters– IR-probe experiment of XFEL-ignited nanoplasma dynamics

Summary and outlook

SACLA XFEL (lased on 7 June 2011)

on air!

SACLA XFEL
Photon energy range: 4-20 keV
Photon numbers: ~1011 photons/pulse (5-15 keV)
Repetition rate: 10~30~60 Hz
Pulse width ~10 fs
Focusing optics: ~1 µm (1.5 m) → 50 nm (0.5 m)

Commissioning beam time: Nov. 2011-Feb. 20127-11 Nov. 2011: Detector test (no real FEL beam…)……
20-24 Feb. 2012: Serial femtosecond crystallography
User beam time started in March 2012

Serial femtosecond x-ray crystallography: phasing
Phasing of the serial femtosecond x-ray crystallography had been relying on
molecular replacements…
If the structure is completely unknown, phasing approaches make use ofanomalous dispersion in the scattering signals from specific atoms.
Anomalous signal from S atoms inprotein crystallographic data froman X-ray free-electron laser
T.R.M. Barends, L. Foucar, R.L. Shoeman,…. K. Ueda and I. Schlichting
Acta Cryst. D 69, 838-842 (2013).

One of the first experiments at SACLAFor phasing with a heavy atom, one has to take account of high x-ray intensity
Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction at high X-ray intensity
S.-K. Son, H. N. Chapman, and R. Santra, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 218102 (2011).

However…..
De novo protein crystal structure determination from X-ray free-electron laser
data
T.R.M. Barends et al., Nature 505, 244 (2014).

Conventional phasing method based on anomalous dispersion worked….

What should we do with SACLA?
Novel structure determination・phasing・radiation damage
understanding dynamic behavior of heavy atoms!

Dynamic structure and light-induced reaction- Femtosecond electronic and structure changes
Electron transfer

Structuralchange

Dynamic behavior ofmetal atoms in strong
XFEL fields

TiO2
Reaction！

18Sato et al. Angew. Chem. 49, 5101 (2010)（Toyota）

Outline
Introduction to XFEL science
Introduction to SACLA

Atomic and Molecular Physics atSACLA– Deep inner-shell multi-photon ionization of Ar and Xe atoms– Photoion-photoion coincidence imaging following deep inner-shell

multi-photon ionization of CH3I and 5I-uracil– Electron spectroscopy on cold nanoplasma formationfrom argon, krypton and xenon clusters– Single-shot imaging of xenon nano-clusters– IR-probe experiment of XFEL-ignited nanoplasma dynamics

Summary and outlook

Multi-photon, multiple ionization ofAtoms, Molecules and Rare-gas clusters
Single-shot imaging of Nano-clusters
Pump-probe experiments forAtoms, Molecules and Rare-gas clusters
Aiming at probing
Ultrafast electron and structure dynamics

SACLA atomic & molecular beam times

First two beam times in 2012:
Atoms, molecules and atomic clusters
Third beam time in 2013: pump-probe, failed
Fourth beam time in 2014:
Single-short imaging of giant xenon clusters
Fifth and sixth beam times in 2014:
Pump-probe experiment on clusters
Seventh beam time in 2015: pump-probe, failed

Experimental configuration @ SACLA BL3 EH3Reaction chamber
Al attenuator(t = 25 μm)

Gatevalve

Chargedparticle
spectrometer

PIN
photodiode

XFEL
Be window

KB mirror system
Focus point

XFEL pulses@Focus point
Photon energy: 5 and 5.5 keV
Focus size: ~1.5 μm (FWHM)(Wavelength: 0.25 and 0.22 nm)
Peak fluence:
Band width: ~60 eV (FWHM)~47 μJ/μm2 (atoms, clusters),
Repetition: 10-30 Hz~26 μJ/μm2 (molecules)
Pulse energy before KB mirror:~240 μJ (~3×1011 photons) @5.5keV Sample gas was introduced as apulsed super sonic gas jet to theFluctuation of pulse energy:
focus point.
±25% (50% FWHM)

I. Deep inner-shell multiphoton absorption
by intense x-ray free-electron laser pulses
H. Fukuzawa, S.-K. Son, K. Motomura, S. Mondal, K. Nagaya, S. Wada,
X.-J. Liu, R. Feifel, T. Tachibana, Y. Ito, M. Kimura, T. Sakai, K. Matsunami,
H. Hayashita, J. Kajikawa, P. Johnsson, M. Siano, E. Kukk, B. Rudek, B. Erk,
L. Foucar, E. Robert, C. Miron, K. Tono, T. Togashi, Y. Inubushi, T. Sato, T.
Katayama,T. Hatsui, T. Kameshima, M. Yabashi, M. Yao, R. Santra, andK. Ueda [PRL 110, 173005 (2013) & JPB 46, 164024 (2013)]

Experimentalists

Theorists

Time of Flight spectrum of argon ions
KL23L23→2L23MM

XFEL
Ar jetXFEL fluence dependence for Arn+ yields
Ar4+: single photon K-shell ionization→ KL23L23 Auger → 2L23MM Auger
Ar3+: single photon K shell absorption→ KL23M Auger → L23MM Auger

Ar8+, Ar9+: sequential two photon Kshell ionization
Bench mark ab initio calculation
reproduces fluence dependence andrelative ratios.

In the theory, the pulse shape of Gaussianof 30 fs (FWHM), and Gaussian focalshape of 1 μm (FWHM)×1 μm (FWHM)
are assumed.

Charge state distribution of Ar: experiment and theory(30(50(70By comparison with theory, we obtained peak fluence of
50 μJ/μm2 in the experiment!

Counts

5.5 keV, 50 μJ/μm2 at SACLA

X position(mm)Time of Flight spectrum of xenon ions
1050

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
6.6

6.7

6.8

132

Time129of131
flight (s)
134 136128

6.6130

6.7

6.8

Time of flight (s)

2D position resolved TOF
improves the resolution!

High charge states Xen+ with n up to 26 are produced!

XFEL fluence dependence for Xen+ yields

With help of ab initio calculations, we find that the observed high charge states (n ≥ 24)
are produced via five-photon absorption, evidencing the occurrence of multiphoton
absorption involving deep inner shells.

Xenon ion charge distributions (exper. vs theory)
5.5 keV, 50 μJ/μm2
at SACLA

A newly developed theoretical model shows good agreement withthe experiment!

An exemplary pathway of multiphoton multiple ionization

Xe24+

A newly developed theoretical model elucidates the complex pathways of sequential
electronic decay cascades accessible in heavy atoms, revealing that L shell ionizationand sequential electronic decay cycles are repeated multiple times within the XFEL
pulse duration of ~10 fs.
Fukuzawa, Son et al. PRL 110, 173005 (2013)

Relevance to other fields: Radiation damage
Radio-sensitizer

Anomalous X-ray scattering

5Br-Uracil

I

Multiwavelength anomalous diffraction at high X-ray intensity

5I-Uracil

S.-K. Son, H. N. Chapman, and R. Santra,Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 218102 (2011).

II. Charge transfer and molecular dissociation following
deep inner-shell multi-photon multiple ionization ofCH3I and 5-Uracil molecules by intense x-ray freeelectron laser pulses from SACLA

K. Motomura, E. Kukk, H. Fukuzawa, K. Nagaya, S. Omura, S. Wada,
S. Mondal, T. Tachibana, Y. Ito, T. Sakai, K. Matsunami, A. Rudenko,
C. Nicolas, X.-J. Liu, C. Miron, Y. Zhang, Y.H. Jiang, J. Chen, A. Milam, D. Kim,
K. Tono, T. Hatsui, Y. Inubushi, M. Yabashi, H. Kono, M. Yao and K. Ueda

X-FEL iodomethane

X-FEL5-iodouracilOHICCINC

H
K. Motomura et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6, 2944 (2015).

HCCHN
H

in preparationOIonization of iodomethane
We expect that the ionization proceeds with this sequence.

XFEL (5.5keV)
Selective ionization ofiodine L-shellIH

CH

ChargeProduction of highly
charged iodine ion byAuger cascades+ +++++transfer
Charge transferfrom iodine

Next photon
absorption+++++ +We tried to understand these processes bymeasuring momentum of ion fragments.

Coulomb
explosion

Iodomethane: Charge distribution
4103+Ion yields (atb. unit)

C C
310C2+

C5++4+

I

8+2+II+I

21015+

I
1100100500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Time of Flight (ns)

Momentum conservation: P(H1)+P(H2)+P(H3)+P(C)+P(I) = 04Yield (counts)

10+C2+
C3+
C4+
C

310H

P(I)
I

P(C)

CH

21012

34

56

78910Iodine charge state11121314

15

I15+ + C4+ + 3H+ (CH3I)22+

Charge state dependence of ion momentum
Ratio of the momentum ofcarbon ions and iodine ions1.4x10-21

0.82

1.2x10-21

0.80

1.0x10-21

0.78

Ratio P(C)/P(I)Momentum (kg m/s)

Charge state dependence
for the momentum of carbon ions

8.0x10-22
6.0x10-22

C+
C2+
C3+
C4+

4.0x10-22
2.0x10-22

0.76
0.74

C+
C2+
C3+
C4+

0.72
0.70
0.68

12

3

45

678

Iodine charge

910111213

14

1

2

3

4

5678

9

10111213

Iodine charge

Dashed line: Simulation with instant charge build up and transfer within
the intact molecule; the charges are arranged before the Coulomb
explosion starts.
The results of the simulation do not agree with the experimental results.
Dissociation may compete with the charge buildup and transfer.

14

Charge build up and transfer model
We introduced two parameters “τ” and “R”.

XFEL
XFEL ionizes iodine
L-shell

HICH

Charge build up ina molecule.
t 
Qtotal (t )  Q1  e  Charge transfer fromiodine

dQCH 3 (t )
 R  QI (t )dt

Next photon
absorption+Time constant: τ++ ++++++Transfer rate: R+++ +Coulomb
explosion+++

Comparison with charge build up and transfer model
Charge state dependence
for the momentum of carbon ions

Ratio of the momentum ofcarbon ions and iodine ions

Solid line: Simulation with charge build up and transfer
Dashed line: Simulation with Instant charge buildup and transfer

Using the parameters τ = 9 fs and R = 0.37 fs-1, the simulations
agree with experimental results.
τ of 9 fs is consistent with the results of atomic xenon results
and roughly the same as the XFEL pulse width (~10 fs).

5-iodouracil (C4H3IN2O2)OXFELCIHNCCC

H+OI

O+HC

N++CCCN
H+HN+OCoulomb
explosion

H+We obtained the experimental data similar to CH3I and analyzed
them employing a charge-build up and transfer model.
Using the parameters τ ~ 10 fs and R ~ 0.5 fs-1, the simulations
agree with experimental results.
These numbers are almost the same as those for CH3I.

III. Efficient Nanoplasma Formation from Argon Clusters
Irradiated by the Hard X-ray Free Electron Laser
T. Tachibana, Z. Jurek, H. Fukuzawa, K. Motomura, K. Nagaya, S. Wada,P. Johnsson, M. Siano, S. Mondal, Y. Ito, M. Kimura, T. Sakai, K. Matsunami,H. Hayashita, J. Kajikawa, , X.-J. Liu, E. Robert, C. Miron, R. Feifel, ,J. Marangos, K. Tono, T. Togashi, Y. Inubushi, T. Hatsui, M. Yabashi,B. Ziata, S. Son, M. Yao, R. Santra, and K. Ueda (Sci. Rep., 5, 10977 (2015).).

experimentalists

theorists

Nanoplasma formation by intense laser irradiation
Laser irradiation into cluster

Many atoms in the cluster are ionized
Nanoplasma is formed when the electronsejected from atoms trapped by the Coulomb
potential of the multiply charged cluster ion.

Is nanoplasma also formed byintense hard x-ray pulse irradiation?

How is nanoplasma formed?

Experimental & theoretical electron spectra of Ar clusters
Photon energy: 5 keV

Ar K edge: 3.2 keV

Dashed blue: Experiment,
Solid red: Theory

LMM Auger

A plateau in the spectra is produced by the deceleration of the electrons.
With the increase of the cluster size, a stronger potential builds up,
decelerating the emitted electrons more.
The strong peak at zero kinetic energy is due to the thermal emission
from nanoplasma.
T. Tachibana, Z. Jurek, H. Fukuzawa et al., Sci. Rep., 5, 10977 (2015).

Time evolution for the theoretical electron spectrum

During the XFEL pulse, only the plateau is formed. The main peak at
0 eV develops after the XFEL pulse when the ionic system has
started to expand and let some of trapped electrons escape fromnanoplasma.
T. Tachibana, Z. Jurek, H. Fukuzawa et al., Sci. Rep., 5, 10977 (2015).

Electron spectra of Ar1000 in the whole region
Photon energy : 5 keV
Ar K edge : 3.2 keV
Photo electron
Auger electron

Emitted electrons are decelerated ~500 eV
T. Tachibana, Z. Jurek, H. Fukuzawa et al., Sci. Rep., 5, 10977 (2015).

Origin of the slow electrons that can be trapped
Thermalemission from
nanoplasma

LMM Auger
LLM Auger
The majority of trapped electrons arecreated by impact ionizations caused bylow-energy Auger and secondary electrons.
T. Tachibana, Z. Jurek, H. Fukuzawa et al., Sci. Rep., 5, 10977 (2015).

IV. Single-shot imaging of giant Xe clusters
with X-ray free-electron laser (5.5 keV)
T. Nishiyama, C. Bostedt, K. Nagaya, K. R. Ferguson, C. Hutchison,
H. Fukuzawa, K. Motomura, S. Wada, T. Sakai, K. Matsuami, T. Tachibana,Y. Ito, W. Q. Xu, S. Mondal, T. Umemoto, C. Nicolas, C. Miron, K. Kameshima,
Y. Jochi, K. Tono, H. Hatsui, M. Yabashi, M. Yao, and K. Ueda (in preparation).

Diameter: 250nm~1.1×108 atoms

FEL fluence:~10 μJ/μm245

V. Real-time study on the ultrafast plasmon resonanceheating of nanoplasma produced by the XFEL irradiation
to rare gas clusters at SACLA

Y. Kumagai, W. Xu, Z. Jurik, H. Fukuzawa, K. Motomura, S. Mondal,T. Tachibana, Y. Ito, K. Nagaya, T. Sakai, K. Matsunami, T. Nishiyama, M. Yao,S. Wada, T. Umemoto,C. Nicolas, C. Miron, T. Togashi, K. Tono, Ogawa, S.
Owada, M. Yabashi, B. Ziata, S. Son, R. Santra, and K. Ueda
(in preparation)

Dynamics of nanoplasma produced by XFEL
∙ Photoionization∙ Nanoplasma formation

Auger cascades

Intensity (arb. units)

XFEL pulse

Xe clusters<N> ~ 5000 @ SACLAXFEL: 5.5 keV, 16 μJ/μm2

1000

Thermal emission from nanoplasma

NOO Auger + 2S100

MNN Auger
1012P1/2
0200

400

600

2P3/2

800

Electron Kinetic Energy (eV)To search the plasmon resonance heating
Photoionization
Auger cascades

Nanoplasma
formation

Coulomb explosion

Surface-plasma frequency
𝛀𝒕 (∝𝝎𝒑𝒍𝑵𝒕 𝒁𝒕𝟑 )=𝑹𝒕
𝟑

Surf. Plasm. Freq. Ωt

XFEL pulse

Plasmon ResonanceHeatingLaserfrequency

TimetcExperimental setup￭ XFEL @ SACLA
Photon energy: 5.5 keVSpectral width: ~33 eV (FWHM)
Repetition rate: 30 Hz
Pulse duration: <10 fs
Focused beam size: ~1 μm Attenuator
Peak fluence: ~16 μJ/μm2(Al)

Reaction
ChamberPIN
photodiode￭ NIR laser

Be
Wavelength: 800 nm
XFEL
window
Repetition rate : 30 Hz
KB mirror system
Pulse duration : 80 fs
Focused beam size: ~200 μm
NIR Laser
2
Pulse fluence: ~4.1 nJ/μm(with optical delay)

Time-resolved TOF spectra of Xe clusters
XFEL: 16 μJ/μm2; NIR: 4.1 nJ/μm2
Xe2+

Intensity (arb. units)

10

Xe3+

XFEL + NIR @ 1 ps delay
Xe1+ (from cluster)
Xe21+

Xe4+

Xe31+
0.1

Xen+ (from atom)
Xe1+

10

XFEL-only
Xe21+

Xe2+

Xe31+

Xe3+

0.1

Xe4+

10000

15000

20000

25000

Outline
Introduction to XFEL science

Introduction to SACLA
Atomic and Molecular Physics at SACLA– Deep inner-shell multi-photon ionization of Ar and Xe atoms– Photoion-photoion coincidence imaging following deep inner-shell

multi-photon ionization of CH3I and 5I-uracil– Electron spectroscopy on cold nanoplasma formationfrom argon, krypton and xenon clusters– Single-shot imaging of xenon nano-clusters– IR-probe experiment of XFEL-ignited nanoplasma dynamics

Summary and outlook

Summary● Deep inner-shell multi-photon absorption of Ar and Xe atoms
by SACLA XFEL pulses – Electronic damage● Photoion-photoion coincidence imaging following deep innershell multi-photon absorption by SACLA XFEL pulses(CH3I, 5I-uracil) – Radiation damage in the atomic level● Electron spectroscopy of argon and xenon clusters heated bySACLA XFEL pulses – Nanoplasma formation● Single-shot imaging of xenon nano-clusters– Influence of the electronic damage to the imaging● IR-probe experiment of XFEL induced nanoplasma formation– Nanoplasma dynamics

What’s next…
● IR/XFEL pump – XFEL probe for I-contained molecules
Intra-molecular charge transfer via ionic fragmentation● X-ray imaging for UV/XFEL induced nanoplasma from giantclusters
Influence of nanoplasma formation to X-ray imaging….
● UV pump – XFEL probe for photocatalytic molecules
Intra-molecular charge transfer via TR X-ray spectroscopy● Serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography
Phasing vs radiation damage

The endThank you very much foryour attention!