Internet Architecture
Tuesday 16:50-18:35, 2024
http://hiroshi1.hongo.wide.ad.jp/hiroshi/lecture/IST-internet/

Hiroshi Esaki (江崎 浩)<hiroshi@wide.ad.jp>

How our class goes ?
1. In April 9, 16, 30, May 7) : Presentation by Esaki✓ Your question or opinion should be submitted via ITC-LMS

2. Presentation by students from May 28, 2024
✓ About 20 min. (plus Q&A 10 min.) per person✓ Check attendees at every class using ITC-LMS.
✓ Pick some topic related with the Internet (technology,
business, policy, governance)

3. Reports
i. Mini report at April 9th via ITC-LMS (April 16, 7:00AM)
ii. Topic, that you presented in the classMini-Report on April 9, 2024
submit via ITC-LMS(deadline; April 16, 7:00AM)
1. Your opinion on the Yuval Noah Harari‘s contribution to
TIME on March 15, 2020, while considering about the roles
and architecture of the Internet.
2. Your opinion on the presentation by Prof.Lawrence Lessig at
OSCON2002.
(*) When you want to submit by file(s), please send file(s)via email, hiroshi@wide.jp

Objects of this class• Think about– Where the Internet goes ?
– What are the contributions by digital ?
– What is the architectural essences of the internet ?
– Future/new technologies for the Internet ?

Objects of this class• Think about– Where the Internet goes ?
– What are the contributions by digital ?
– What is the architectural essences of the internet ?
– Future/new technologies for the Internet ?

Impact of COVID-19

6

Impact of COVID-19
1. The Internet has been working !
2. All of social and industrial activities on the earth will bemutated/changed toward the system premising “online”,
i.e., online-first, cyber-first and Internet-first.
✓ Only the organizations, that can transform, can survive.

7

https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/04/06/your-internet-is-working-thank-these-cold-war-era-pioneers-who-designed-it-handlealmost-anything/?fbclid=IwAR22ddVr18ib_UZDp76a2OMo6c2sS7Mjo_R_PIfj6_tctg04afAGGOosbh4

9https://eng-blog.iij.ad.jp/archives/5536

10

11

Where the Internet goes ?
COVID-19 has accelerated
and shall continue toaccelerate the mutation ofCyber-First, Code-First, andOnline-First.

Impact of COVID-19
1. The Internet has been working
2. All of social and industrial activities on the earth will bemutated/changed toward the system premising “online”,
i.e., online-first, cyber-first and Internet-first.
✓ Only the organizations, that can transform, can survive.

3. Social governanceAlso, by Ukraine war
13

Today’s Mini-Report• Eng.,✓ https://time.com/5803225/yuval-noah-harari-coronavirus-humanity-leadership/✓ http://hiroshi1.hongo.wide.ad.jp/hiroshi/lecture/ISTinternet/TIME_Harari_March2020.pdf• Jpn.,✓ http://web.kawade.co.jp/bungei/3455/✓ http://hiroshi1.hongo.wide.ad.jp/hiroshi/lecture/ISTinternet/TIME_Harari_March2020_JPN.pdf

14

History of Human-being「銃・病原菌・鉄」 (Guns, Germs, and Steel)by Jared Diamond「第3の波」 (The Third Wave) by Alvin Toffｌer

1. Livestock, Agriculture
Change： Hunting ➔ Cultivation, Rearing
PhysicalThings

2. Logistics, Factory by “Renaissance”
Change: Confident, Inherit ➔ Sharing, Create

3. Internet, Computer, Information
Change: Nation, physical object➔ Global & Code (Program/Rule)

Code
15

What is the role of the Internet ?
• Internet in 20th Century– “IP for Everyone” ： Connecting “human“• Internet in 21st Century

On-goingaround us !

– Internet of Things (i.e., IoT)
“update”• Connecting “things” and “human”– Internet of Functions (i.e., IoF)
• Connecting “functions” in things and human3rd wave of the Internet◼ 1st wave： Webconnecting & online◼ 2nd wave： Search engine◼ 3rd wave： IoT with Cloud17

IP for Everyone

18

IoT (Internet of Things)
IP for Everything
IP for Everyone

19• Past： Physical First– Digital Technology was supporter to improve efficiency• Now： Digital Copy in Cyber– CPS： Cyber Physical System– Emulation/Simulation of Physical Space20

“COPY-First”,

Before Cyber-Firstaka., “Physical-First”“Code-Second”

2. Simulation & Analysis
シェアされたモデル

1. Digital
Copy!

モデルを自由に利用

モデル

モデル

発見

Intelligence
データを自由に利用

設備
情報

需要
情報

供給
情報

人口
データ

調達
情報
経営
情報

生産
供給 データ 設備
情報
情報

シェアされたデータ

運転
データ
生産
データ

経営
調達 情報
情報

Intelligence

運転データ

3.Print out !

気付き

分析・シミュレーション

生活
情報

使用電力
データ

需要
情報

需要
情報

Intelligence

気象
データ

IntelligenceIntelligence

行政
情報 気象
データ

運転
データ
Cost

自動化
従来の担当者が行っていたことを自律的に実施し、無人化する。

設備
情報
生産
データ

人口
データ

行政機関
設備
情報

供給
情報

現場担当者

自動車
データ

使用水道
データ 生活
情報

生産
データ
運転
データ

使用電力
データ

社会インフラ

供給
情報

管理者

需要

供給 情報
情報

調達
情報

経営
情報

調達
情報

経営者

経営
情報

医療分野

Profit

製造分野

人の実行支援センターコントロール

従来の担当者が経験と勘で行っていたことを補完し、より効率的かつ、より付加価値のある業務にシフトさせる。

管理者が担当者や経営者などのステークホルダーとリアルタイムに現場、経営の状況を共有し、状況に応じた最適な意思決定を行う。

ビジネスコラボレーション
企業内の部門間または企業間でお互いのバリューチェーンをシンクロさせ、ビジネスルールに基づいた、双方の利益を最大化する協業を行う。

21

• Past： Physical First– Digital Technology was supporter (支援＝効率化)

SDI;
Software• Now： Digital Copy in
CyberDefined– CPS： Cyber Physical System(code-based)
Infrastructure– Emulation/Simulation of PhysicalSpace• Future： Cyber First– Programing(設計) in Cyber Space– Print-out (印刷/実装 ) to Physical Space

22

“CyberFirst”

1. Digital-Native Designin Cloud DC“CODE-First”,“Copy-Second”

2. Simulation & Analysis

シェアされたモデル

4. Digital
Copy!

モデルを自由に利用

モデル

モデル

発見

Intelligence
データを自由に利用

設備
情報

需要
情報

供給
情報

人口
データ

調達
情報
経営
情報

生産
供給 データ 設備
情報
情報

シェアされたデータ

運転
データ
生産
データ

経営
調達 情報
情報

Intelligence

運転データ

3.Print out !

気付き

分析・シミュレーション

生活
情報

使用電力
データ

需要
情報

需要
情報

Intelligence

気象
データ

IntelligenceIntelligence

行政
情報 気象
データ

運転
データ
Cost

自動化
従来の担当者が行っていたことを自律的に実施し、無人化する。

設備
情報
生産
データ

人口
データ

行政機関
設備
情報

供給
情報

現場担当者

自動車
データ

使用水道
データ 生活
情報

生産
データ
運転
データ

使用電力
データ

社会インフラ

供給
情報

管理者

需要

供給 情報
情報

調達
情報

経営
情報

調達
情報

経営者

経営
情報

医療分野

Profit

製造分野

人の実行支援センターコントロール

従来の担当者が経験と勘で行っていたことを補完し、より効率的かつ、より付加価値のある業務にシフトさせる。

管理者が担当者や経営者などのステークホルダーとリアルタイムに現場、経営の状況を共有し、状況に応じた最適な意思決定を行う。

ビジネスコラボレーション
企業内の部門間または企業間でお互いのバリューチェーンをシンクロさせ、ビジネスルールに基づいた、双方の利益を最大化する協業を行う。

23

Source： Prof./Dr Shinpei Kato (加藤真平), Tier IV Founder/CIO
24

Further changes by “digital”
Digital-by-Design is going to “Unwire”-ing
i. “Cyber First” from Digital Twinii. “Native” digital from “Bogus” digitaliii. Internet of “Functions” (IoF), from IoT

25

ii. “Native” digital from “Bogus” digital
1. Analogue Native media••

2.

“Bogus” digital
The 1st Wave

“bit-map” data
Ex. CD/DVD/BluRay, MP3/4, 4K/8K….
➔ “expensive” contents, called as “rich” contents…

Digital Native media••“object-oriented” data
Ex., text, MIDI, VRML, Game “Native” digitalnd WaveThe
2➔ “cheap” contents !!!!!!
➔ D.I.Y (Do It Yourself), e.g., SDM(Software Defined Media)
26

Think about money/currency…..
◆Currency represents value by digital number, i.e., abstraction◆Used be, currency has “real” value, by Gold/Silver/Bronze✓ total amount of currency is far less than CF in the market◆Once upon a time,currency becomes real digital.

◆Currency without doodle

vs. infinite doodling on cyber cash

◆In old days, transaction data does not have value….

Now : Transaction data delivers new value !!!!

➔ How you use money ?
1.
2.

BS, PL, CF ＝＝ Credit information
Where you invest ? ＝＝ Purchase27

ii. “Native” digital from “Bogus” digital
1. Analogue Native media••

2.

“Bogus” digital
The 1st Wave

Numberis printed out“bit-map”
data
by “bit-map” MP3/4, 4K/8K….
Ex. CD/DVD/BluRay,➔ “expensive” contents, called as “rich” contents…

Digital Native media••“object-oriented” data
Ex., text, MIDI, VRML, Game “Native” digital
Number is invisible andnd WaveThe
2➔ “cheap”
contents
can doodle
their !!!!!!
➔ meanings/semantics
D.I.Y (Do It Yourself),e.g., SDM(Software Defined Media)
!!
28

31

https://realive360.jp/

WIDE ProjectFurther changes by “digital”
Digital-by-Design is going to “Unwire”-ing
i. “Cyber First” from Digital Twinii. “Native” digital from “Bogus” digitaliii. Internet of “Functions” (IoF), from IoT

33

Computer getting smart and small

CPU（MIPS)

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
MF
OC
WS
PC

2000s
Note

2010s

0.1

1k

10k

1

10

100

Smart
Phone

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1k
(1T)

Weight
(Kg)

10k

1k

100

10

1

0.1

Mobility

10

-15

-12

-9

10

10-3

1

Memory
(GB)

10

10

-6

Mobility ＝MIPS x GB / g（improved 103 per decade）

Computer getting smart and small

CPU（MIPS)

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
MF
OC
WS
PC

2000s
Note

2010s

0.1

1k

10k

100k
10k
(10T)

1

10

100

2020s

Smart Stamp ?
Phone

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1k
(1T)

Weight
(Kg)

10k

1k

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

Mobility

10

-15

-12

-9

10

10-3

1

10

Memory
(GB)

10

10

-6

Mobility ＝MIPS x GB / g（improved 103 per decade）

3

Computer getting smart and small

Now,

1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
MF
OC
WS
PC
CPU
（MIPS)

2000s
Note

2010s

AI
1k
0.1
100
10
1
inside the chip 10k
!

2020s

Smart Stamp ?
Phone

100k
10k
(10T)

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1k
(1T)

Weight
(Kg)

10k

1k

100

10

1

0.1

0.01

Mobility

10

-15

-12

-9

10

10-3

1

10

Memory
(GB)

10

10

-6

Mobility ＝MIPS x GB / g（improved 103 per decade）

3

Now, in 2024
cloud architecture in the back-end
at Data Centeris expanding
into IoT space, “fog” or “edge-heavy”
computing, in the front-end

This means…….
Internet of Things (IoT)
Physical First with Digital Twin⇩
Internet of Functions (IoF)
Cyber First with Digital Twin

38

Case study: smart key

What you must do is only attaching a module !!
Your smart-phone becomes an intelligent smart key,
with awesome “new” functions.
Legacy functions were only 3, identify, open and close.

Thum-turnParty with classmates (co-founders) during university
At last party, it was
terrible by loosing my key
I agree… big shock, when wereach at home to recognize I do
not have a key….。
It would be cool, when I can
open the door by smart-phone.

OK!, Why don’t we make it, at ourhomes ! Let’s call experts to start thisproject, working in our week-ends !!

Working on prototype
in weekends with 3D-PrinterIn weekends, they gathered at guest room of
GaiaX or at worked at Panasonic dormitory.

←Akerunrun !!!

Sharing
Economy…Key has 4,000
yeas history
Since key was “physical” object,
we start to recognize a lot ofinconvenience for sharing
economy44

貸宿、空きスペース市場

5,429億円
電子錠市場
不動産仲介市場

2,328億円

496億円
高齢者
見守りサービス市場

ホテルフロント業務市場！

876億円

132億円

店舗の防犯
勤怠管理市場

1,263億円

What you must do is only attaching a module !!
Your smart-phone becomes an intelligent smart key,
【Key as function=code】【Physical key】
with awesome “new” functions.
1. begin & authenticate
1.
Insertkey
Legacy functions were only 3, identify, open and close.
a. open (e.g.,turn right)
a. Openb. close (e.g.,turn left)b. Close
2. Remove key 2. end
Thum-turn
Important point;“digital” key can obtaininfinite doodling capability
for new value !!!
Physical key is an obstaclefor digital innovation !!!

Well,…… what we’ve realized is;◆ Physical Key and money(currency) are just of temporalappearance, as a physical instance, when we do realize
Cyber-First.
1. Software module, with micro-service, has mobility with
virtualization(= abstraction = digitization)
2. Some functions(=code) are printed out to physical object,called as “thing”, from cyber space.

Then,

Internet of Things (IoT)➔ Internet of Functions (IoF)47

Observe IoT, from the view point of coding【Old】 connect things via cyber space【New】 put/write functions(= code),in things so as to execute the codes.
➔ Unbundling of Function and Thing
Functions(コト) ＝＝ Gene(遺伝子)Things(モノ) ＝＝ Survival machines/vehicles(生存機械)
48

「利己的な遺伝子(The Seflish Gene)」
1976年
by Clinton Richard Dawkins• 言葉・文字は ATGCの核酸塩基(=Character)、文章・プログラムそして文化は遺伝子に同じ。
• 生存機械(実存個体)の存在なしに、個体の意思(＝ルール)を永遠に残そうと努力(＝利己的)する。
• 交叉を繰り返し、進化(変化・誤複製)するし、淘汰もされる。
発現しなくても、残っていれば、『発現する可能性』がある。
• 遺伝子は、『歴史を記憶・記録』している。
• 遺伝子が遺伝子のプール内で繁殖するに際して、精子や卵子を担体として個体から個体へと飛びまるのと同様に、ミーム<mimine>がミームプール内で繁殖する際には、広い意味で模倣と呼びうる過程を媒介として、脳から脳へと渡り歩くのである。

Informatization invented by human-being
1. Language(言語) ： information sharing
2. Character (文字) ： store information
3. Money (お金) ： intermediator among things &human
4. Paper (紙) ： improvement of mobility **not digital**
5. Printing (印刷) ： copy of characters **not digital**
6. Digital copy ： no quality degradation
7. Digital transmission ： media independency
8. Program (code) ： “Software Defined”

Informatization invented by human-being
1. Essene
Language(言語)： informationof Software
Defined; sharing
Unbundling(文字)of logical
functions(=software/code)
2. Character： storeinformationfrom physical
3. Money(お金) things(=hardware)： intermediator among things &humanThis means;
4. Paper (紙) ： improvement of mobility **not digital**
1. Functions can be upgraded and added.
5. Printing(印刷)： copycharacters
digital**
2. Breakthe spellof ofhardware,free**notto movearound
3. Storeand logs
6. Digital
copyevery： notransactions
quality degradation
7. Digital transmission ： media independency
8. Program (code) ： “Software Defined”

Well,…..
When you think about keys andcurrency by Cyber/Digital First,
the current physical instance isjust a temporary appearance.
This is unbundling.
52

You can select an available
physical object, whichever you
want, from alternatives.
【e.g., key system】
・Metal key + cylinder➔ Iris/Finger-Print + Sensor
・Open/close ➔ Voice recognit.

Well,…..
When you think about keys andcurrency by Cyber/Digital First,
the current physical instance isjust a temporary appearance.
This is unbundling.

53

Let’s think about
impact of Digital
to infrastructure

Great revolution in“logistics”
Before 19th century= exclusive logistics

2020s =Cyber-First Sharing Economy

Middle of 20th century(1) Physical Sharing Economy

Container
Palette(1956)

3D printer
Late 20th century(2) Sharing Economy
in Cyber space

Digital parcel(=IP Packet)

Great revolution in“logistics”
2020s =Cyber-First Sharing Economy［Media Independency］
1. Carrier & Carried object➔ Un-bundling , Mobility & Interoperability
2. End-to-End
a. Simple andshared/common
infrastructure
Middleof 20th century
PhysicalEconomy
Sharing Economy➔ Toward (1)Sharing
3D printerb. Buffer-less (inventory house-less)➔ Goal of Industry 4.0
Late 20th century
3. Physical is a exit point of Cyber-space (2) Sharing Economy
in Cyber spacea.
DigitalNative(Cyber-First)➔
Different“rule”
Container
Digital parcel
Paletteb. Software Defined ➔ “Agility”

Before 19th century= exclusive logistics(1956)(=IP Packet)

•

•

•

{デジタル化された＝アンバンドル}企業は地球のどこでも移動できるようになり、自分たちに有利な労働法のある場所で最低賃金で労働者を雇えるようになった。かつては引く手あまただった手に職のある熟練労働者も、今では使い捨て可能になった。 資本と労働力のマルクス的な闘いはもう終ろうとしている。
現金がなくなるにつれ、8,000を超える通貨乱立の時代が戻ってきている。 現
金の死は決済方式が自然に進化した結果ではない。銀行や政府によるお金の支配を、テクノロジー企業(GAFA+M, BAT)の手にその支配権を渡す計画の結果なのである。 ➔ 『信用』できるかが鍵
新しい通貨は、人間 と データ– 1860年代までには、アメリカだけで 8,000 を超える通貨があった。さまざまな銀行や鉄道会社や小売店が独自の通貨を持っていた。債権も交換
制度も信用の形態も無数にあった。
– 1863年 国法銀行法は、この混乱状況に終止符を打ち、ドルという単一通貨でまとめた。

2010年、中国企業は閉鎖工場の再建など米国製造業へ投資を増加させた。
中国の企業がアメリカの廃工場を復活させ、歓喜が戻ったアメリカ中西部。
本作はその代表的な例として挙げられる中国の巨大企業 福耀(フーヤオ)のアメ
リカ進出の裏側を追ったドキュメンタリー。
① デジタル化された工場は、地面からの拘束から解放される。
② 既存の{独自技術を用いた}設備の Up Grade は、とても大変。
③ Clean Slateな オープン技術を用いたSmart Factoryは、Up Grade と引っ越しの障壁が小さい。

Great revolution in“logistics”=Cyber-First Sharing Economy
Object transfer/mobility2020s
cost
Before 19th century
over sharing platform !!
= exclusive logistics

1. Physical object

2. Digital object
Middle of 20th century
3. 廃棄物の大幅削減!!
(1) Physical Sharing Economy

3D printerCost of object transfer/mobility？
Late 20th century
Physical >> Digital

Container
Palette(1956)(2) Sharing Economy
in Cyber space
Huge EP(Energy Productivity)

Digitalimprovement!!!parcel(=IP Packet)

移動に必要なエネルギー=Energy Productivity

荷物
Material

》

x0000

電力
Electricity
Power)

(

:

x00

》

通信
Digital bits
(digital:

Function)1Asian Super Power Grid Plan (2017)61

Asian Super Power Grid Plan
Gas,PV,Wind(2017)
HVD
C

西電 東送
Oil

w/ HDVC

62

移動に必要なエネルギー=Energy Productivity

荷物
Material

》

x0000

電力
Electricity
Power)

(

:

x00

》

通信
Digital bits
(digital:

Function)1

100Electric Power Cable(Cupper)

Data
CenterElectric Power Cable (Cupper)

Data
CenterElectric Power Cable (Cupper)

1

Communication Cable (Optical)

東数 西算(2021 第13期全人代)

DataResults65

Business case

BMW in Germany

After

BeforeGermany

Germany

Small latency&
Critical dataat {dark-side}DCIcelandSwedenAllowing large latency&
Non-Critical data
at cheap and green DC

Transfer DCs to energy clean sites (Iceland & Sweden)✓ 100％ Renewal Energy (Hydro & Geothermal）

1. Gentle & contribute to Earth✓ by use of renewal energy (RE-100)✓ by use of cool air (EP-100)

2. Cost& Productivity(EP-x000)

Replacing power cable (copper)
totele-communication cable (glass)We need “Global”
collaboration andcooperation

Strengthening Japanese-Finnish partnershipin high-performance computing

May 18, 2022

On May 11, a Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC) was signed by the RIKEN Center for Computational Scienceand the CSC – Center for Science Information Technology, a Finnish center of expertise in information
technology, to strengthen collaboration in the area of high-performance computing, making use of two worldleading supercomputers—the Fugaku supercomputer managed by RIKEN and LUMI, Europe's most efficient preexascale supercomputer, which is hosted by CSC. The goal is to promote international cutting-edge research byenabling Finnish and Japanese researchers to utilize ever more efficientcomputational tools for their collaborative efforts.
The agreement was signed in Tokyo by Kimmo Koski, Managing
Director of CSC and Satoshi Matsuoka, Director of RIKEN R-CCS.
From the two respective governments, words of support were
given by Ville Skinnari, Finnish Minister for Development
Cooperation and Foreign Trade, and Hideyuki Tanaka, Vice-Ministerof the MEXT. In his remarks, Center Director Matsuoka said, “As thetwo machines are architecturally very different while providing similar
computing capabilities, comparisons of the platforms as well as
development of software that can run across the machines efficiently
https://www.riken.jp/en/news_pubs/news/2
will pave the way for significant advances of the supercomputing field.” 022/20220518_1/index.html

Memorandum of Cooperation, May 12, 2022.
EU Japan digital partnership on submarine cables for secure,resilient and sustainable global connectivity between the
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan and theEuropean Commission on behalf of the European Union

MATSUMOTO Takeaki
Minister for Internal Affairs andCommunications of Japan

Thierry BRETON
Commissioner for Internal Market
European Commission
on behalf of the European Union

https://www.soumu.go.jp/menu_news/s-news/01tsushin08_02000155.html

As a デジタル田園都市国家構想(Digital Garden City
Initiative)

Electric Power

Information“Cost”》（出所）電力広域的運営推進機関：広域系統長期方針（広域連系系統のマスタープラン）（案）(2023.3)72
北海道ニュートピアデータセンター研究会提言書：「北海道をデータセンターのパラダイスに」（2022.4)

Electrical Power shortage in spring and winter in Japan
•

２０２２年再エネ出力制御は四国・中国・東北・北海道電力管内に拡大

Jan. to July in 2022２ 各地の出力制御回数
北海道
東北
中国
四国

Large RE Area

九州
0

10

20

30

40

50

Large RE Area

【資料】 ビットメディア 代表取締役社長 高野 雅晴 氏
第４回イベント (2022年9月28日)「データセンターの地域エネルギー貢献」

73Electrical Power shortage in spring and winter in Japan
•

２０２２年再エネ出力制御は四国・中国・東北・北海道電力管内に拡大

Jan. to July in 2022２ 各地の出力制御回数
北海道
東北
中国
四国

Large RE Area

九州
0

10

20

30

40

50

Large RE Area
Large Demand Area
【資料】 ビットメディア 代表取締役社長 高野 雅晴 氏
第４回イベント (2022年9月28日)「データセンターの地域エネルギー貢献」

74

Data Center in rural area can help !!!
DC RE Micro-Grid
SurplusRE
We need very expensive
power transmission
infrastructure

Demands:

DC@ruralComputation

We transfer
computational
demands

Electric

Computation

SurplusRE

DC@rural

We transfer
valuable results

Computation

DC RE Micro-Grid【資料】 ビットメディア 代表取締役社長 高野 雅晴 氏
第４回イベント (2022年9月28日)「データセンターの地域エネルギー貢献」

75Cyber/digital-First is coming…..
But,…..
There’re some rules, which can’t bebroken down by us

Cyber/digital-First is coming….. But,…..
There’re some rules, which can’t be broken down

1. Signal is fast, but slower than light !!
➔ We need edge-heavy computing, since we are on theearth with unavoidable {not small} latency

2. Computers must eat {huge} energy....
(a) Strategic cooperation with energy infrastructure(b) High energy and heat density(c) White-box implementation

3. We need “link” to connect to each other➔ policy and regulation

well…

Industry 4.0

5G？

BeyondIndustry 4.0

New Requirements
BeyondIndustry 4.0✓Latency {by M2M/P2P}✓Privacy & Security✓Resiliency{against disconnect}✓Massive (IoT)

Challenges in Edge-Computing Platform
1. Event Driven End-to-End Architecture✓ P2P, such as pub-sub, without storage(e.g., DB) for scalability✓ Stateless system operation, e.g., pub-sub
2. Scalability✓ Efficient program development environment/platform✓ System monitoring✓ Cyber security
3. Platform-Free (Interoperability, Mobility, Transparency)✓ We must avoid locking-on to particular platform✓ We want to connect/accommodate “new” modules

rdSome risks of 3 wave Internet

rd
Risks of 3 wave Internet

1. ”Fragmentation” of the Internet by IoT✓ They love to develop own {private} silo……

2. ”Trust”, such as Cyber Security✓ IoT without security by own {private} silo
➔ Need “Security-by-Design”

3. Cloud platform✓ “Closed” open source forum➔ Need ”Interoperability”

Risks of IoT (Internet of Things) systems;
IoT people loves “own private silo”
1) Not “the I” (Internet),
but “an i” (internet), i.e., closed
2) Poor security measures…..
Never be connected to the net !!!
3) Closed open source cloud forums
Lack of Interoperability with silo’s

IoT(Internet of Things) people may tend to skip or to ignore theimplementation of enough security measure for their IoT System.
Of course, I share that the implementation of cyber security function in
their system is large overhead for time and for money.
However, we will and shall go to the globally interconnected large scaleeco-system, rather than isolated small scale silo eco-system for eachindustry segments.
Therefore, the “Collaborative Security” is critical and mandatoryfrom the beginning of IoT development, which is the new stage of ourglobal digital economy.
And, we must encourage and try to use the common technologies, whileassuming that all the sectors shall be inter-connected to the global unique
digital platform

Big enemy/hurdle for thebusiness of Big-Data andArtificial Intelligence

Unbundling= On-line“De-Silo-ing”

Vertical integration(closed system)“Vested”
interests Horizontal integration(co-operative platform)
84

Big enemy/hurdle for thebusiness of Big-Data andArtificial Intelligence

Unbundling= On-line

Challenge of corporate governance“De-Silo-ingvalue” and BCP, as
for corporate
auditor or external board member

Security measures
is mandatory
Vertical integration(closed system)“Vested”
interests Horizontal integration(co-operative platform)
85

Report by GAO(United States Government Accountability Office)• http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/667512.pdf(*) DHS: Department of Homeland Security

Procurement process and structute of
US Federal Government◆ GAO (Government Accounting Office, 会計検査院)⇔ OMB(Office of Management and Budget, 行政管理予算局)◆ GSA (General Services Administration, 連邦調達庁)➢ Specification and auditing of procurement processes anddocuments◆ NIST (Institute of Standards and Technology, 標準技術研究所)➢ Specification of technologies

Practical US government acts
1. Cyber security is mandatory requirement inprocurement as national security(*) Ex. Smart Grid Interoperability Panel➔ Every technology must be approved by cybersecurity WG

2. Entering cloud infrastructure➢ Out-sourcing of risk management of cyber securityof IT/ICT platform

FedRAMP from FISMA• Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program– 連邦政府共通のクラウドサービス調達のためのセキュリティ基準。クラウド
サービスプロバイダーが、このプログラムの認証を受けて登録されると、省庁ごとに新たな調達評価の手続きを経ることなく、提供／調達することが可能な仕組。
– 「連邦情報セキュリティマネジメント法」(
FISMA＝Federal Information Security
Modernization Act.(2002年12月)✓ NISTに連邦政府がFISMAに準拠するための支援をすることを義務付けている。国土安全保障省（DHS）配下の情報セキュリティ対策組織である「US-CERT」設置の根拠法令。

Digital Transformationof Industrial Structure90Supply Chain➔ Demand Chain

Digital Transformationfrom PUSH to ”PULL”,
we need “De-Siloing”
Customer Lock-on➔ Open Platform

Long-Tail Business is a PULL structure
Customers

Breakeven point

20%：Profit
80%: Loss

Customers

Breakeven point

Cost/head
Breakeven point

Small number of customers

x large profit rate

Cost/head 92

Long-Tail Business is a PULL structure
1. Digital Startups

20%：Profit”SNS First”
80%: Loss
Digital Marketing&
Connected Company

2. Amazon’s businessmodel (trigger was
publishment)

Customers

Breakeven point

Customers

Breakeven point

Cost/head
Breakeven point

Small number of customers

x large profit rate

Cost/head 93

SEO

SNS

Cyber-Space
Physical

量販店

ショールームSpace

Going into “Connected-Company”;
Cyber space is majority andinterface (read/write) with physical space

Cost Reduction of Construction cost by the Reducing amount of Inventory
Order of client

Inventory house for 50 M

自社工場近辺に倉庫を建設
在庫を30億に減らして建設コストを40%削減↓ 30 Mgoods
ITの活用による物流の改善で欠品率を上げない小さな倉庫はできる

goods in inventory house with Supply-Chain using ICT

Source: Plantec Associates

95

Cost Reduction of Construction cost by the Reducing amount of Inventory
Order of client

Inventory house for 50 M

自社工場近辺に倉庫を建設
在庫を30億に減らして建設コストを40%削減

goods
ITの活用による物流の改善で欠品率を上げない小さな倉庫はできる

This is a goal of“Industry 4.0”！

↓ 30 M

goods in inventory house with Supply-Chain using ICT

Source: Plantec Associates96Dev-Ops by GAFA+M/BAT
leads to Demand-Chain
Demandchain

Pressure

Users

Supplychain
Value exchange

PressureDev-Ops by GAFA+M/BAT
leads to Demand-Chain
User defined

Demandchain

Pressure

Users

SupplyVendor defined
chain
Value exchange

PressureSome thoughts on A.I.
in 2020

Wide variety of businessI.

Why banks use mainframe computer ?
✓ No calculation error !!! By IBM CPU (POWER)

II. Google/FaceBook vs, Amazon/Yahoo!
✓ A/Y; No error because of Online-Shopping(*) However, it is far relaxed than banks !
✓ G/F; None could criticize their results……
(*) Now, how about the date for decision making in
professional organizations ?
100

Wide variety of businessI.

Why banks use mainframe computer ?
are calculations;✓ NoThere
calculation
error !!! By IBM CPU (POWER)(1) any bit error can not be allowed, and(2) some bit
can be allowed !!!
II. Google/FaceBookvs, errors
Amazon/Yahoo!
✓ A/Y; No error because of Online-Shopping
However,(*) However, it is far relaxed than banks !
✓ G/F;Especially
None could decision
criticize theirresults……
makingfor high profit

rate or high risk business may need only
figures,but large
amount(*) Now,few
howsignificant
about the datefor decision
makingin ofprofessionalorganizations?
data to deliver
the figures.
101Computerdelivers
Two typesof Artificial
Intelligence• “Adults”

directions by itself !!!

– Language context analyses– Discover/deliver algorithm• “Children”– Deep-Learning– Pattern matching

Computingcapacity changes
paradigm !!

{computing power}＊{amount of data}is competiveness !!!
102つまり、、、『自力で』、音も物 も『自由に』 操作できるようになる !!
さらに、実空間では、聴けない&観れない ものが聴けちゃう&観れちゃう !!

ある意味、『超能力』 !!

What happened in Data Center and Servers
1. Implosion(＝high density heat & power)
2. IoF, Internet of Function = VM/GPU moves on the net.
3. Optical technologies(electron ➔ photon)
4. Growth of demands (Digital Twin ➔ HW/SW robots & AI)
5. Massive scale & energy saving
6. Networking DCs with fat pipes (power and com.)
7. WhiteBox (customization with common tech.s)✓ Including modulization and pre-fabric construction

8. Migrate DCs beside Renewal Energy sources
9. Open system (not only IT, but also OT)
10. Hybrid and diverse of DC profiles

液浸
水冷
空冷

New challenges
1. WUE(Water Usage Effectiveness)
2. Storage: Semiconductor, Disk, Tape
➔ Optical, Quantum

3. Computation:i.

GPU for AI : Dense matrix ➔ Sparse matrix(image/video bitmap) (semantic data, e.g.,LLM)

ii.

Quantum as accelerator

4. Embodied carbon (Scope 3 supply chain)

AI新時代：ファンデーション（基盤）モデル

従来AI技術からの不連続な進化
Foundation Model
2020s

Deep Learning
2010s

Machine Learning
2000s

Source： SambaNova
https://sambanova.ai/

Latest AI calculation is of Data-Flow

Software 1.0

AI is Data Flow（Software2.0）

•
•

•
•
•

Algorithm is written by code (e.g., C++, ...)
Programmer, called as domain expert
needs domain specific experty, knowledge
and experiences

Data, not code, delivers and trains model.
Deep Neural Networks
Andrej Karpathy. Scaled ML 2018 talk
Weight of works define/deliver parameters

Source： SambaNova
https://sambanova.ai/

Semiconductors for AI processing
Recent AI computing, such as LLM, requires
sparse matrix computation and huge electric
power by CPU and GPU• Big gap between processors and memories,
is exponentially growing
–
–
–
–

•

Hierarchal memory structure conceals datatransmission latency
Depending on cache hit ratio/character
Optimized for Dense GEMM
Poor performance for Sparce GEMM

Data transmission and copying computation
consumes far larger electric power thandata calculation/processing data does.
–

Performance of computation depends on how
close the data stored so sa to let short/small
for data transmission from memory/storage
location to ALU location.

Most of {start up} companies propose legacy
semiconductor design for {dense matrix
computing based} AI solution.

Source： SambaNova
https://sambanova.ai/

Innovation of data-flow data processing architecture
Flow of data and processing is defined by locality and parallelism
Weights

CONVOLUTION GRAPH

SampleWeights

Conv1

Since memory access is required
for each calculation kernel, it isnecessary to place high-speed
memory near the computing unit.
➔ High-Speed memory has
a small capacity

Pool

Conv 2Norm

Sum

External memory access can be minimized, toeliminate the need of high-speed memory→ we can have larger capacity for memory
Calculation is triggered only by data migration→ good for sparce matrix
Source： SambaNova
https://sambanova.ai/

What happened in Data Center and Servers
1. Implosion(＝high density heat & power)
Missing piece……
2. IoF, Internet of Function = VM/GPU moves on the net.
➔ Energy
productivity of➔Software(code)
3. Opticaltechnologies(electron
photon)(*)ofchallenging
with USP
Mongolia
4. Growthdemands (Digital
Twin ➔ HW/SW robots & AI)
5. Massive
scale & energy saving◼ Bad code
6. Networking
withfat pipes (power and com.)① A lot of DCs
wastedoperations
Reduction of②
Lessflexibility
7. WhiteBox (customization with common
tech.s)① Operational Power
Good code✓Includingmodulization and pre-fabric construction② Total System Resource,① Small wasted operation
8. Migrate
DCs beside Renewal Energy
sourcesi.e., embodied carbon② Good flexibility

9. Open system (not only IT, but also OT)
10. Hybrid and diverse of DC profiles

AI; New & interesting & scary phenomenon✓ Experts (= “Takumi(匠)" = "adult" ≒ person) are bound by "wisdom"and "knowledge" based on the accumulation of their past experience.
✓ Computers may be a "children", so they come up with ideas that "adults"
can't think of (without restrictions).
✓ However, because it follows the taught / given data, it makes astraightforward and biased judgment due to the biased data.
✓ In addition, recent computers have become able to "evaluate" this"adult" by simulating "ideas that cannot be thought of" in cyberspace.
✓ It is becoming possible to actually develop ideas that seem to work {butseemed unlikely to work for "adults"}.

Financial cost ➷Warming gas emission ➷Railway,Roadvs Air/Sea Portvs ｛n/a｝(train) (vehicle) (airplane) (ship)(drone)Optical fiber vs Cellular radio vs Satellite/WiFi
Synchronous
vs Local gridvs Mobile(Japan)(USA/EU)(EV Power grid)【{mobile}Point】【{fixed}Point】【Surface】➷ Installation, maintenance, and modification costs＝➷ Global warming gas emission

Energy x Digital

EV as new component【Operating rate】• Private: 4～5%• Commercial : 24％

1. Battery
2. Computation
3. Mobility

400V & 12V DC System
100 KW in Peak
30 KW for continuous↓

30 Housesby 50cm x 50 cm x 50cm

116

旧式

300～500 MW

現在

1.0 ～ 1.5 GW

火力発電 (黒部ダム)

335 MW

水力発電
常時
日産リーフ
ピーク

500MW ～ 1.0 GW
225 MW

原子力発電

マクロ
駐車場
日産リーフ
(100台)

HONDA FCV
30 kW (持続)100 kW (ピーク)

750 MW

日産リーフ： 常時 30 KWh / 台
累計販売台数： 35万台(Worldwide)
75,000 台(国内)(*) as of Sept.2016.
テスラ家庭向け蓄電装置
常時3 MW
13.5KWhピーク

10 MW

来年約70万円で発売予定

High capacity
mobile battery
packages

①Battery x ②Computation x ③Mobility
50,000 powertransmission
towersPower gridHub

EV mobile
battery
network

DC

Hub
Power
stationCommunication
network
Mobile battery

600 million
Utility poles

Grid operator

GW

Service providor

119（出所）岡本(2021)「GRIDで理解する電力システム」、電気新聞出版

①Battery x ②Computation x ③Mobility
50,000 powertransmission
towers◆ Nissan EV：30kW(Ave.), {100kW(Peak)}, 100kWh

Communication
Power gridDC
Hub
network6
Hub
1. 10 (1 millions)：30GW(Ave.), 100 GWh(Peak)EV ➢mobilePowerbattery(=9GWh) x 10
Pumped storage
power inMobile
TEPCO
stationbattery➢ 黒部ダム(=335MW)
x 10
600 million
network
Grid operator
Utility poles
2. 100 EVs ： 3MW(Ave.), {30MW(Peak}
Service providor➢ Eng.No.2 Bldg (12F)： 700kWGW(≒35 EVs)➢ Hongo Campus(No.2 in Tokyo)：30MW (≒1 k EVs)

120
（出所）岡本(2021)「GRIDで理解する電力システム」、電気新聞出版

①Battery x ②Computation x ③Mobility
50,000 powertransmission(by AMD@CES2023)
FLOPS
towershttps://car.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/1469629.html
DC
Hub
Hub

◆ TeslaPower grid： 10 T

13(10 )Communication
network18◆ 富岳(No.3 Super Computer)： 1,000 PFLOPS (10 )EV mobile
Power
Mobile battery➢ 3 TFLOPS/node
stationbattery5)➢ 158,976600
nodes(1.5x10
millionnetworkhttps://www.fujitsu.com/jp/about/businesspolicy/tech/fugaku/specifications/
Grid operator
Utility poles
GW

Service providor

100k(=105) Tesla ≒ 富岳(No.3 Super Computer)

121（出所）岡本(2021)「GRIDで理解する電力システム」、電気新聞出版