Environmental Performance Assessment Toolfor Municipalities

Overview offor Cities

Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency
This assessment tool helps identify environmental, social and economic characteristics
of your city and quantify the effectiveness of your citywide policies

Committee for the Development of an Environmental
Performance Assessment Tool for Cities
Chair: Shuzo Murakami, Member: Yasushi Asami, Toshiharu Ikaga, Haruo Ishida, Katsunori Inoue, Kazuo Iwamura, YouichiOgawa, Takao Kashiwagi, Masao Kita, Hiroshi Imanaga, Takeshi Kurokawa, Shigenori Kobayashi, Hidetoshi Nakagami, KimihiroHashimoto, Yoshitsugu Hayashi, Tsuyoshi Fujita, Specialized member: Hideo Matsuno, Atsuhito Oshima, Secretariat: Shinichi
Kaburagi, Nobuhaya Yamaguchi, Kiyohisa Oine, Nobufusa Yoshizawa, Ryota Kuzuki, Shun Kawakubo■ Editorial assistance: Institute for Building Environment and Energy Conservation (IBEC)■ Published by: Japan Sustainable Building Consortium (JSBC)■ Background of the development of the tool
Upon the adoption of the Aalborg Charter in Denmark in 1994, people became highly aware of the importance ofactions at the city level for the creation of low carbon societies. Since then, countries around the world have been
implementing a variety of programs and policies. In order to evaluate (estimate) the effectiveness of these city-led
policies, the Japan Sustainable Building Consortium (JSBC) decided to develop a new assessment tool for cities,
applying the methodology of a Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE) — a
widely used system in Japan.

■ Outline of CASBEE for Cities“CASBEE for Cities” (hereinafter referred to as “CASBEE City”) is a system for comprehensively evaluating theenvironmental performance of cities, using a triple bottom-line approach of “environment,” “society” and “economy.”
The JSBC has been developing this new tool with the cooperation of the Promotion Council of Future City Initiative(PCFCI) (Secretary: The Regional Revitalization Bureau of Cabinet Secretariat). The PCFCI consists of Eco-ModelCities, Future cities and other local governments, government related organizations, relevant ministries and agencies,
private companies and other bodies in Japan.
When evaluating a city, CASBEE City sets a hypothetical boundary to enclose the city. In doing so, it can evaluate theBuilt-Environment Efficiency (BEE) of the city. Improvement in environmental quality and activities (referred to as“Quality,” or “Q”) within the enclosed space and reduction in negative environmental impact (referred to as “Load,” or“L”) on the area beyond the boundary lead to higher BEE values, thus a better rating.
Reduction of Load (L) on the surrounding area

Hypothetical boundary

Improvement ofQuality (Q) in a city

BEE of a city ＝Score for Quality (Q)Score for Load (L)■ Assessment items of CASBEE City
CASBEE City calculates Environmental Load (L) of cities and evaluates Quality (Q) in cities from the following
assessment items
Major category

Q1 Environmental aspects

Minor category

Quality (Q)Nature conservation

Q1.2

Local environmental quality

Q1.3
Q1.4

Resources recycling
CO2 absorption

Q2.1

Living environment

Q2.2

Social services

Q2.3

Social vitality

Q3.1

Industrial vitality

Q3.2

Financial viability

Q3.3
L1.1
L1.2
L1.3
L1.4

Emission trading
Industrial sector
Residential sector
Commercial sector
Transportation sector
Waste disposal sector andother sectors

Q2 Social aspects

Q3 Economic aspects

Environmentalload (L)Q1.1

L1 CO2 emissions fromenergy sources
L2 CO2 emission from
non-energy sources

L2.1

Sub-category

Q1.1.1Q1.2.1Q1.2.2Q1.3.1Q1.4.1Q2.1.1Q2.1.2Q2.1.3Q2.1.4Q2.2.1Q2.2.2Q2.2.3Q2.2.4Q2.2.5Q2.3.1Q2.3.2Q3.1.1Q3.2.1Q3.2.2Q3.3.1－－－－－

Ratio of green and water spaces
AirWater
Recycling rate of general waste
CO2 absorption by forests
Adequate quality of housing
Traffic safety
Crime prevention
Disaster preparedness
Adequacy of education services
Adequacy of cultural services
Adequacy of medical services
Adequacy of childcare services
Adequacy of services for the elderlyRate of population change due to births and deaths
Rate of population change due to migration
Amount equivalent to gross regional productTax revenues
Outstanding local bonds
Contribution inCO2 reduction in other regions－－－－－

Note: After-mentioned CASBEE-City “professional edition” further includes assessment items such as: Noise, Chemicals, Efforts and policies toimprove the environment and biodiversity, Adequate provision of parks and open spaces, Adequate sewage systems, Adequacy of services forthe disabled, Progress toward an information society, Efforts and policies for vitalizing society, Ratio of change in the number of employees,
Index equivalent to the number of people visiting the city and Efficiency of public transportation

 Example of output given by the CASBEE-City tool

- City1 City outline

AssessmentResults(Standard edition)■Manual: CASBEE-City (2012 Edition)■Software: CASBEE-City_2012v1.00.xls

2-1 City's environmental efficiency (BEE chart)

A CityAssessment year

2010

2030 Fiscal year

Daytime population○○○○○○ People

Nighttime population○○○○○○ People

Adjusted population

○○○
○○○

○○○ PeopleS

BEE=1.0

BEE(current value)=km2

2-2 Assessment results of major items (Radar chart)
Q 2 Social
aspect5B-

2.00.5

50

0.945

42

Q 3 Economic
aspect1BEE(future value)=

050

100

Load (L)

=

0.9

67.4
32.5

=

2.0

Legend： S： ★★★★★
A： ★★★★
B+： ★★★
B-： ★★
C： ★

50

33044.949.5Future

C

3Q1
En vironmental
aspect

Now

B+A

67

Quality (Q)Total area

1.5

3.0

100

Current status Future status

L Lload

Total score for Q =2-3 Breakdown of Q (Quality) assessment (Now → Future)
Score f or m a j or i tem s :2 .6 →Q1 E n v. A s pe c t:

3 .4

Q2 So c . A spe c t:

3 .4Social aspect

444

4.68
3.14

2

3.35

3.10

3
3.61

2
2.20

1.97

2.06

Q1.3
Resource
recyclingQ1.4
CO2 absorption

2.41

1.91

1

Score [－]

53.57

4.12
3.52

Q1.2
Local environmental
quality

35.00
3.81

4.01

3.77

2

3.00

2.87

2.34

1
Q1.1
Natureconservation

44.9→ 67.4
4.3

Economic aspect

53

3.2 →Q3 E c o . A spe c t:

5

Score [－]

Score [－]

Environmental aspect

2.6 →

1
Q2.1
Livingenvironment

Q2.2
Social services

Q2.3
Social vitality

Q3.1
Q3.2
Q3.3
Industrial vitality Financial viability Emission trading

Total score for L=

2-4 Breakdown of L (Load) (CO2 emissions) assessment (Now → Future)

49.5→ 32.5

2015
105

9.92

7.00

9.82

6.840-5-10
Total emissions

Total emissions with CO2
absorption and tradedemissions

GHG emissions[t-CO2/(year・person)]

GHG emissions[t-CO2/(year・person)]

Gr e e n h o u se gas e m issi o n s: 9 . 9 → 7.0 [t-CO2 /(year・person)]
10
7.5
5
2.5
3.32

2.96

2.10

1.00

2.02

1.17

1.42

0.85

1.05

1.03

0
L1.1
Industrial sectors

L1.2
Residential sectors

L1.3
Commercial sector

L1.4
Transportation sector

L2.1
Waste disposal sector andother sectors

 Built-Environment Efficiency (BEE) of citiesCASBEE City carries out assessment of each category of Q and L. Total scores for Q and L are each given on a
100-point scale. Then, for comprehensive assessment, a BEE value is calculated from Q and L and shown in a 2Dgraph, called a BEE chart, which plots a Q value on the vertical axis and an L value on the horizontal axis. The
gradient of the straight line that passes through the origin (0, 0) and the point of intersection of Q and L values
represents the BEE of a city. CASBEE City classifies the results in five ranks: S (Excellent), A (Very Good), B+(Good), B- (Fairy Poor) and C (Poor) based on the BEE value.

 Assessment results of major items (Radar chart)
A radar chart collectively representing the scores of Q1, Q2, Q3 and L is placed in top left part of the assessment
result sheet, in which features of the city’s environment-related efforts can be recognized immediately.

 Breakdown of Q (Quality) and L (Load) assessment (Bar chart)
The detailed assessment results of the city are expressed as a bar chart by individual assessment items in the lower
half part of the assessment result sheet.

 CASBEE-City “Standard edition” and “Professional edition”
There are two editions available for you to use:
1) Standard edition – allows you to conduct an assessment of your city based on the public statistical information which
reduces the time and human resources required to conduct city assessment (introduced in this brochure).
2) Professional edition – allows you to conduct an assessment of your city from totally comprehensive perspective whichhelps us to gain a deeper understanding of the city condition.

 Two principles for assessing Environmental Load (L):“emitter-pays principle” and “beneficiary-pays principle”
By calculating Environmental Load (L) from GHG emissions, industrial cities tend to receive lower scores. Acknowledging
the fact that environmental loads are high, industrial cities need to continue their efforts to reduce emissions. Yet we must
not forget that the entire nation benefits from the industrial activities in these cities (i.e., the products that are produced). With
this aspect in mind, the JSBC developed two assessment methods for the calculation of GHG emissions resulting fromindustrial activities. CASBEE City uses “emitter-pays principle,” which allocates all GHG emissions to producing
areas, and “beneficiary-pays principle,” which reallocates GHG emissions to consuming areas. Assessment basedon standard edition introduces “beneficiary-pays principle” while professional edition introduces both principles.

 Assessment of current and future environmental performance
CASBEE City aims to evaluate the current environmental performance of cities. It also aims to assess the projected effectof city policies by assuming a case where no measures are taken (Business As Usual [BAU]) and a case where specificmeasures are taken, and comparing the difference in the two scenarios.

 Effectiveness of city policies: expected improvement from the current situation
CASBEE City measures the current BEE of a city and estimates the BEE after the implementation of policies. By
comparing the two values, CASBEE City quantitatively evaluates (estimates) the effectiveness of city policies andpresents the results in an easy-to-understand form. We hope this new tool will help administrative officers and otherstakeholders to share a common understanding of the current state and cooperate together in setting goals and pursuingthem in order to create a low-carbon society.
1.5

Quality (Q)BEE=3.0

1.0

Excellent
Future goal (after theimplementation of city policies)

1) Eco-Model City Project
http://ecomodelproject.go.jp/en/

Route from the current situation
to the future if sufficientmeasures are taken

2) “Future City” Initiative
http://futurecity.rro.go.jp/en/

3
Current situation

1

Improvementof Q⊿Q

Route from the current
situation to the future ifno specific measures
are taken

3) Institute for Building Environment and Energy Conservationhttp://www.ibec.or.jp/

0.5

Effectiveness ofcity policies

Reduction of L

2Reference:4) Japan Sustainable Building Consortium
http://www.jsbc.or.jp/

The committee for the development of CASBEE City would liketo express its sincere gratitude to the members of thePromotion Council of Low Carbon Cities and all others who
have contributed to the development of this document.

BAU

⊿L
Poor

0.0

Please note that the main objective of this document is tointroduce the assessment tool that is currently underdevelopment; thus, this tool is subject to change in the future.

Load (L) Edited by: “Committee for the Development of an Environmental Performance Assessment Tool for Cities
 Editorial assistance: Institute for Building Environment and Energy Conservation
 Published by: Japan Sustainable Building Consortium
2F Zenkyoren building Kojimachi-kan, 3-5-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083 Japan
Published on Jan.2013
TEL: +81-3-3222-6391 FAX: +81-3-3222-6696 Email: casbee-info@ibec.or.jp
URL: http://www.ibec.or.jp/CASBEE/english/index.htm
All rights reserved.