OVERVIEW

1

Emergencies/Humanitarian – 1 billion
children affected• Significant increase in numberof natural disasters from 100(1975) to 321 (2008)• Increased vulnerability – poor
hit hardest• Increased insecurity• Conflicts more protracted• Countries in transition, fragile
peace

Number of natural disasters per year

Changes in the context:

UNICEF• Expansionof partners

Source: ISDRU5MR has steadily declined during the period 1960-2005
Trends in the probability of dying before the age 5 (U5MR) by regions, 1960-2005
300

U5MR (per 1000 live births)

250200Sub-Saharan Africa
Middle East and North Africa
South Asia
East Asia and Pacific150

Latin America and Caribbean
CEE/CIS
Industrialized countries
1005001960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Year

3

Income disparities
MalaysiaRichest 20% / Poorest 20%12
China
10

Philippines

Mongolia

Thailand86

Cambodia
Lao PDR

Republicof Korea

Viet NamIndonesia

420310

320

480

480

810

1,080

Per capita income
Source: World Development Report. WB 2005

1,100

2,190

3,780

12,020<< Smaller dispaities < - > Bigger Disparities >>14Food prices have risen sharply across the board

A Changed UN – Delivering as One
 Rights-based framework

MD, MDGs, Paris Declaration
Coordinated UN Development
SRSG, RC, HC, UNCT CCA/UNDAF/PCNA
Delivering as One
7

Millennium Declaration• Adoption in 2000 by all 189 member states of the UNGA
• Sets out key challenges facing humanity, responses,goals and targets on development, governance, peace,security and human rights.
• Brings clarity to the shared and individual roles andresponsibilities of key parties: of Governments, ofinternational organizations ,of citizens, civil societyorganizations (CSOs) and the private sector, to engage
fully by bringing to bear their unique strengths for
motivation, mobilization and action.

Millennium Development Goals
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Gender equality and empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8: Global partnership for development

Partnership universeGovernments
Foundations

CSOs

Corporatesector

Bilaterals
UNGlobalProgrammePartnerships
Academia &Communities
researchIFIs

Key Messages
Operational Environment

More disasters & conflictProgress but disparities
Worst affected also mostdifficult to reachCoordinated action and moreactors
11International Human Rights Law• Treaties and otherinstruments• Customs• Declarations, guidelines
and principles
12

INTERNATIONAL BILL OF
RIGHTS
Consists of three instruments:• Universal Declaration of Human Rights(UDHR), 1948
• International Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights (ICCPR), 1966 (+2 optional Protocols)• International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 1966
13

International Human Rights
Instruments• Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD),
1965• Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women(CEDAW), 1979
• Convention against Torture (CAT), 1984
• Convention on the Rights of the Child(CRC), 1989
14

International Human Rights Law
Treaties, Customs, and Declarations
Four human rights principles:¾Universality¾Indivisibility and interdependenceof rights¾Accountability¾Participation
15

IHL - GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12
AUGUST 1949
I. Geneva Convention
Amelioration of thecondition of thewounded and sick in thearmed forces in the field

II. Geneva Convention
Amelioration of the conditionof the wounded, sick andshipwrecked members ofarmed forces at sea

III.Geneva Convention
Treatment of prisonersof war (POW)

IV. Geneva Convention
Protection of civilians intime of war

16

IHL - ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS OF 8JUNE 1977
I. Additional Protocol I: Relating to theprotection of victims of internationalarmed conflicts
II. Additional Protocol II: Relating to theprotection of victims of non-internationalarmed conflicts
17

APPLICATION OF IHL
The 4 Geneva
Conventions andAdditional Protocol I

International conflicts

Additional Protocol II“Intensive” noninternational conflicts

Common Article 3
to the 4 Geneva
Conventions

Non-international
conflicts
18

COMMON TO ALL - ARTICLE 3•
•
•
•
•

•

Minimum rules to be observed by each party
Part of customary law
Applies specifically to non-international armed
conflicts
Protects every individual not or no longer actively
involved in hostilities (including wounded and sick)Prohibits violence to life and persons, including crueltreatment and torture; taking of hostages; degrading
treatment; passing of sentences and carrying out ofexecutions without previous judgment by a court
Applies at all time in all places without exception inarmed conflict
19

HUMANITARIAN PRINCIPLES
Humanitarian imperativeNeutrality
Impartiality (non-discrimination)
Do no/less harm
Accountability
Participation of affected populations, in particular
women and children
Respect of the sovereignty of States, cultureand custom
20

IHL PROTECTION FOR
CHILDREN• Children are granted special protections• Children shall be the object of special
respect and shall be protected against any
form of indecent assault … Parties to theconflict shall provide them with care and aid
they require…(GC IV)• Prohibits recruitment of child soldiers andparticipation in hostilities; child combatants
entitled to privileged treatment (Art 77-API)
21

IHL

VS.

Applies in situations of armed
conflict
Rights are non-derogable
Seeks to protect by limiting
suffering caused by war
Monitored by ICRC
Emphasizes cooperation
betweenparties to the conflict

IHRL

Applies in war and in peace
Certain rights may be suspended
inemergencies
Seeks to protect the individualand promote development bylimiting state power
Monitored by various
mechanisms, e.g.
treaty bodies, courts, individuals
22Core principles and concepts
GA Res. 46/182 humanitarian assistance• Most vulnerable, dignity and rights of allvictims must be respected - Humanity• Without engaging and taking sides Neutrality• Without discriminating, guided by needs
and priority to most urgent cases ofdistress – Impartiality
23

Key Messages
IHRL/IHL

Norm-based
Applicability
MonitoringAccountability24

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPLEXEMERGENCIES
Based on civil conflicts
Humanitarian access
Lack of authority and securityFlagrant violations of human rights
and massive displacement
Disruption of infra-structure andeconomic system
Prolonged and protracted
Multicausality

Multi-sectoralresponse27

Overall Humanitarian Reform• Sufficient humanitarian response
capacity, enhanced leadership,
accountability and predictability in“gap” sectors/areas (ClusterApproach);• Adequate, timely and flexible
humanitarian financing (CERF +internal reserves);• Improved humanitarian
coordination and leadership(Strengthened HC).

28

Overall Humanitarian Reform¾ IASC (7 UN, 10 Standing Invitees, WB, 3 NGO
consortia) cluster approach formally came into
effect in 2006:• Improving reliability & predictability of assistancedelivery;• Humanitarian coordination and leadership;• Building more effective partnerships.

Two strategic levels: Global + Country29

Overall Humanitarian Reform• Sufficient humanitarian response
capacity, enhanced leadership,
accountability and predictability in“gap” sectors/areas (ClusterApproach);• Adequate, timely and flexible
humanitarian financing (CERF +internal reserves);• Improved humanitarian
coordination and leadership(Strengthened HC).

30

Overall Humanitarian Reform¾ IASC (7 UN, 10 Standing Invitees, WB, 3NGO consortia) cluster approach formallycame into effect in 2006:• Improving reliability & predictability ofassistance delivery;• Humanitarian coordination and leadership;• Building more effective partnerships.
Two strategic levels: Global + Country31

Cluster Lead - Global Level•Standards and policy-setting: Termsof Reference; Benchmarking; Qualitycontrol;• Partnerships: Identify partners; Chair
cluster with UN, Red Cross/RedCrescent, IOM and NGO participation;•Preparedness: Develop and maintainpredictable cluster response capacity
32(stockpiles, trained staff, rosters, etc…).

Cluster Approach
Country Level• Improved results on the ground;• Predictable leadership in all sectors;• Enhanced partnerships Govt / UN /NGOs;• Improved strategic field-level coordinationand prioritisation;• Measurable accountability from partners;• Improved “gap mapping” and response.

33

New Emergencies• Quick assessment and response
plan by Country Team• Coordination by OCHA with input
from key actors (UN and non-UN)• Appeal launch within 72 hours• Coordinated action as percomparative advantage34

Complex Emergencies••••••

Consolidated Appeal Process:Needs Assessment Framework by Country
TeamAssignment of responsibilities for sectors
Coordination of formulation of sector plans
Country Team review and approval ofappeal
Appeal is launched by OCHA in November
Mid-year review in June.
35

Road to Sustainable Peace andDevelopment• Reaching People with Visible Change – PEACEDIVIDEND• National Ownership – Gov./Com in driver’s seat
• Capacity Development at all levels• Bottom-up Approach – listen & involve people• Children and Young People Participation• Long-term Commitment“Build Back Better”

36

Schools as a Hub for Community Rebuilding
and Peace Consolidation
SchoolCommunity
CenterDDRR

Health
Post

Water
point

ReturnCommunity
groups

PoliceStation

PROTECTIONPROTECTIONthroughthrough“Child-Friendly“Child-FriendlySchools”
Schools”

Water resource
management
Income generation

EMPOWERMENTEMPOWERMENTfor
forCommunity
CommunityRebuilding
Rebuilding

Human
HumanSecurity
Security

Community
CommunityRebuilding
Rebuildingfor
forLong
LongLasting
LastingPeace
Peaceand
andDevelopment
Development
37

4 Phases of Programme Transition
Transitional/
Early
Recovery
Water/Sanitation
ReliefHealth/Nutrition

UNICEF
Empowerment
Protection
TsunamiResponse

HIV/AIDs
Education
Child Protection
Child Rights
Child Participation

Reconstruction
Sustainable
Development

Social mobilization
Policy advocacy &partnership
38

Approach

Upstream

CentralPolicy, Advocacy, Plan

Sub-national Capacity development

Community

FamilyService integration

Demand/Awareness/Knowledge creation

Downstream

Right-based, Evidence-based, Result-based, Multi-sectoral
39

Key Messages
Emergency to Development

ContinuumMulti-dimensional
Right-based
Participation
40

Why children?
•8.8 mill - children U5 die every year
•15 mill - orphaned due to HIV/AIDS•100 mill. - not in school•300 mill. – no protection•0.5 bill. - no access to clean water•1 bill. - no proper sanitation
43Causes of Mortality in Children under-fiveyears oldCausality framework for mortality

Inadequate care forchildren & womenInsufficient accessto services (health,education, water/san)Inadequate education, lack of empowerment, lack of healthy environment
Resources & Control
Human, economic, organizational
Political & Ideological Factors
Economic Structure
Potential resources

Underlying
CausesInadequate accessto food

Disease/Infection

Basic Causes

Undernutrition
Inadequate dietary intakeImmediateCauses

EffectMortality

WHY DOES UNICEF WORK IN CRISESSITUATIONS?
•UN Charter•Human Rights Based Approach•CRC•UNICEF Mission Statement•UNICEF Core Commitments for Children•UNICEF Anti-War Agenda47

Children inthe occupied Palestinian
territory
Humanitarian context
January 2010

IMPACT“CASTLEAD”•ChildrenOF
onequarterof dead andinjured: 350 children killed, and1,600 injured• 280 schools, half of healthfacilities, over 50,000 homes
damaged or destroyed, along withvital WASH infrastructure,
agricultural land, commercial
enterprises
UNICEF

55

GAZA TODAY•20,000 residents still displaced.
•75,000 people have no electricity;
power outages 6 - 8 hours a day,four days a week for 95% ofGazans.
•10,000 have no running water•80 million litres of sewage dumped
into the sea daily.
UNICEF

SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRENDS•40% drop in per capita GDP
between 1999 and 2008
•Declines or stagnation inindicators of child health,education, protection andparticipation
UNICEFISSUES BY SECTOR•

Health: Almost 12,000 children U5 diefrom preventable causes each year, as doover 1,870 children below 12 months.

•Nutrition: Pockets of stunting almost 30%
in North Gaza and parts of Area C; almost
50% anaemia among 9-12 year-olds•

Water and Sanitation: Unsafe water andsanitation in Gaza; marginalisedcommunities in West Bank, wastage insystem.
UNICEFISSUES BY SECTOR• Education: Falling enrolment; qualityof education; infrastructure; capacity;
access; violence•Adolescents: Limited opportunities
for participation; high drop-out rates;•Child protection: Chronic exposure
to violence and social disruption;
stretched household and community
coping mechanisms; weak institutional
capacity

UNICEF2009 ACHIEVEMENTS•Institutional and policy advances-PA takes financial responsibility forvaccines-Amended Child Law awaits
endorsement-Situation Analysis on Children andWomen-Reporting on grave violations againstchildren
UNICEF2009 ACHIEVEMENTS•Institutional and policy advances- Child profile database piloted- Zero-tolerance policy on violence inschools-Database on services for youth-Guidelines for maternal and childnutrition during emergencies; bestpractices for delivering psychosocial
supportUNICEF

LATEST•Bleak political horizon•Gaza reconstruction•West Bank settler violenceand displacement•East Jerusalem tensions
UNICEF

UNICEF Action•••••

Save lives and prevent a deteriorationin child health significantly scaling up
work
Provide safe water and sanitation
Enable children to keep learning andimprove education quality
Provide adolescents with opportunities
to interact, grow and develop in spacesthat are safe for them
Provide protection and psychosocial
63
support to children in distressUNICEF2009 ACHIEVEMENTS•Humanitarian and development
response
HEALTH & NUTRITION –emergency supplies; catch-up andsustained immunisation coverage;
therapeutic feeding centres; IMCItraining; infant feeding
UNICEF

66

2009 ACHIEVEMENTS•Humanitarian and development
response
WASH – emergency water,generators, chlorine, fuel;desalination units; tankered
water; expanision of networks;
construction in schools
UNICEF

682009 ACHIEVEMENTS•Humanitarian and development
response
Education – emergency
supplies; remedial education;
early childhood development;
sports and life-skills basedlearning
UNICEF

70

2009 ACHIEVEMENTS•Humanitarian and development
response
CHILD PROTECTION – UXO
awareness; 20 communitybased family centres;
psychosocial support; training;
UNICEF

72

2009
ACHIEVEMENTS•Humanitarianand development

response
Adolescence – oPt-wide reach in
remedial learning and recreational
activities; civic participation andempowerment as well as
adolescent-friendly learningspaces across West Bank andGaza.
UNICEFWHERE WE WORK
Offices in:Jerusalem, Jenin,Nablus,Hebronand Gaza.
Staff:
83, including 19
internationals
UNICEFChildren are the Key…
If poverty is the greatest obstacle to progress
Investing in children should be the first step
Since this is investing in the future