BUREAU FOR CRISISPREVENTION ANDRECOVERY (BCPR)

2004 Report:Thematic
Trust Fund for Crisis
Prevention and Recovery

United Nations Development ProgrammeUNDP is the UN’s global development network, advocating
for change and connecting countries to knowledge,
experience and resources to help people build a better life.
We are on the ground in 166 countries, working with themon their own solutions to global and national development
challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on
the people of UNDP and our wide range of partner.
World leaders have pledged to achieve the Millennium
Development Goals, including the overaching goal of cutting
poverty in half by 2015. UNDP’s network links and coordinates
global and national efforts to reach these Goals. Our focus ishelpign countries build and share solutions to essential
development challenges:
 Democratic Governance Poverty Reduction
 Crisis Prevention and Recovery
 Energy and Environment
 HIV/AIDS
UNDP helps developing countries attract and use aid
effectively and supports the coordination of development
activities for the United Nations system as a whole. In all our
activities, we encourage the protection of human rights andthe empowerment of women.
The mission of the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery is
to enhance UNDP’s efforts for sustainable development,
working with partners to reduce the incidence and impact ofdisasters and violent conflicts, and to establish the solid
foundations for peace and recovery from crisis, thereby
advancing the UN Millennium Development Goals on poverty
reduction.

Contact: Marcus Lenzen
UNDP Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery
New York
Email: marcus.lenzen@undp.org
New York, August 2005

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1LIST OF ACRONYMS

3

I. INTRODUCTION

4

II. SUMMARY ANALYSIS OF RESOURCES MOBILIZED AND PROGRAMMED IN 2004
7
III. SUBSTANTIVE REPORT PER SERVICE LINE

9

Service Line 1: Conflict Prevention and Peace-Building

9Service Line 2: Recovery

12Service Line 3: Security Sector Reform and Transitional Justice

15

Service Line 4: Small Arms Reduction, Disarmament, and Demobilization

17

Service line 5: Mine Action

20

Service Line 6: Natural Disaster Reduction

23

Service Line 7: Special Initiatives for Countries in Transition

26

Country Window

28

Practice Development and Knowledge Networking

30

IV. MANAGING THE TTF: CHALLENGES AND WAYS FORWARD

32

V. CONCLUSION

33

VI. FINANCIAL REPORT

35

Financial summary

35

Contributions received per donor

35

Allocations and expenditures by service line

36

Allocations and expenditures by countries

36

Allocations to countries per service line37

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Thematic Trust Fund (TTF) for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (CPR) was established in 2000 toprovide a flexible, fast, and supportive funding mechanism whereby UNDP can fulfill its crucial role inresponding to urgent country needs. The TTF is an essential mechanism to ensure coherent
programming within one thematic framework. Contributions to the Fund are allocated to country,
regional, and global programmes by an Allocations Committee managed by the Bureau of Crisis
Prevention and Recovery (BCPR).
The purpose of this report is two-fold: to present the full financial report on contributions, allocations,and expenditures made under the CPR TTF in 2004, and to highlight key results achieved andchallenges encountered in the initiatives funded through the TTF and supported through BCPR’s sevenservice lines. The first part of this report provides a summary analysis of resources mobilized andprogrammed in 2004, setting the stage for the substantive narrative that follows. The latter is presented
per CPR service line, including a section on the cross-cutting CPR Practice development and knowledge
networking.
The seven service lines of BCPR are:Conflict Prevention and Peace-Building: Much of the conflict prevention and peace-building work of
UNDP in 2004 has focused on post-conflict programming to ensure that countries do not relapse into
violence and that interventions are “conflict sensitive.” More recently, there is an increasing demand for
initiatives that address potential tensions at a pre-conflict stage. Such initiatives include addressing theroot causes of conflict through development programming and fostering stronger national capacities inconflict management and resolution. A small Conflict Prevention team, based within BCPR, provides
technical advice, surge capacity, partnership development, knowledge management, and tool
development.
Recovery: The implementation of the Recovery service line is supported within BCPR by the Transition
and Recovery Unit (TRU). The main objective of the TRU is to support country offices in attaining theircore recovery results by deploying surge capacity, supporting partnership development, and throughknowledge management. In 2004 the TRU deployed surge capacity to 21 countries, enabling country
offices to formulate strategies for early recovery, reintegration programmes. The unit has also taken partin inter-agency needs assessments in crisis and post-conflict countries.
Security Sector Reform and Transitional Justice: Support under this service line enhanced andexpanded UNDP programming towards two corporate core results for the 2004-07 time period, namely
building national systems for the promotion and protection of human rights; and developing
transitional justice mechanisms to support peace-building and to prepare for longer-term institutional
development of the justice and security sector reform. In 2004, UNDP was actively engaged with thebroader UN-wide reform processes, which resulted in a fundamental rethinking of the role of the UN
system vis-à-vis the rule of law. Parallel to the UN efforts, UNDP initiated its own process this past year tostrengthen and refine UNDP’s work and commitment to justice and security sector reform.
Small Arms Reduction, Disarmament, and Demobilization: 2004 saw both a consolidation and asignificant expansion of UNDP’s work on small arms control, armed violence reduction, anddisarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) at national, regional, and global levels. The TTF
continues to be a critical and flexible tool in ensuring that UNDP, through its Small Arms andDemobilization Unit (SADU), plays a leading role in supporting national capacity development in these
key areas.
Mine Action: Activities supported under Mine Action in 2004 included advisory services to 22 of the 27
mine-affected states that receive UNDP assistance in mine action. Establishing effective coordination
mechanisms is central to UNDP’s efforts to strengthen the capacity of national authorities to address thethreat posed by landmines. The TTF has also enabled BCPR’s Mine Action Unit to harmonize reporting
processes as well as disburse and advance funds to specific countries and projects in a timely manner.

12004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

Natural Disaster Reduction: UNDP activities under this service line are coordinated by the BCPR
Disaster Reduction Unit (DRU), which provides technical assistance and financial resources for thedesign and implementation of capacity building programmes aimed at three core results: disaster-risk
reduction, disaster preparedness, and reduced vulnerability. In 2004 the Natural Disaster Reduction
service line - with TTF resources - responded to demands from several individual countries as well as
regional counterparts in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Although a well coordinatedinternational response is essential in the case of major catastrophes that exceed national capabilities, it
must be recognized that such a response does not address the complexity of underlying causes ofdisaster risk. UNDP, therefore, works towards mainstreaming risk-reduction into development policy
and implementation.
Special Initiatives for Countries in Transition: UNDP provides assistance to countries recently
emerging from crisis to help national authorities deliver essential public services and establish basic
security. The goal is to bridge volatile transition periods by enhancing authorities’ capabilities towards
sustainable peace, democratic reform, and reconstruction.
Also included in this report is a section on the Country Window of the CPR TTF, which serves UNDP
country offices as an important and highly popular resource mobilization tool. Apart from applying for
TTF resources through the respective CPR service lines, country offices can also mobilize resources
through the TTF Country Window.
After a practical look at the challenges encountered in the management of the TTF and ways they might
be overcome, the report concludes by summarizing future needs and prospects for TTF service lines.
The final annex presents detailed figures on contributions received per donor, and the allocation and
expenditures made per service line and country.

2

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

LIST OF ACRONYMS
AVVP
BCPR
CCA
CDA
CIVPOL
CPLC
CPR
CPRD
CRMI
CSO
DDPR
DDR
DFID
DIPECHO
DPA
DPKO
DRU
ECHA
EEMF
GIS
HDI
IDP
ILO
IMF
ISDR
JSSR
LEAD
MDG
MINUSTAH
MIS
MONUC
MYFF
NGO
OCHA
PCDA
PCNA
PCU
PoWER
PRSP
RAMSI
SADU
SARP
SRRP
TRC
TRU
TST
TTF
UNDAF
UNDDA
UNDG
UNDP
UNHCR
UNICEF
UN-LiREC
UNMIL
UNMIS
UNV
UXO
WCDR
WFP

3

Armed Violence Prevention Programme
Bureau of Crisis Prevention and Recovery
Common Country Assessment
Conflict-related Development Analysis
United Nations Civilian Police
Communityof Portuguese Speaking Countries
Crisis Prevention and Recovery
Crisis Prevention and Recovery Practice
Caribbean Risk Management Initiative
Civil Society Organisation
Department of Disaster Preparedness and Refugee Affairs
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration
Department for International Development (UK)
Disaster Preparedness Programme of the European Community Humanitarian Organization
Department of Political Affairs
United Nations Department of Peacekeeping
Disaster Reduction Unit
Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs
Emergency Economic Management Fund
Geographic Information System
Human Development Index
Internally Displaced Person
International Labour Organisation
International Monetary FundInternational Strategy for Disaster Reduction
Justice and Security Sector Reform
Leadership Development ProgrammeMillennium Development Goals
United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
Management Information Software
United Nations Observer Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Multi-Year Funding Framework
Non-governmental Organisation
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
Peace and Conflict Development Analysis
Post-Conflict Needs Assessment
Post-Conflict Unit
Post-War Emergency Rehabilitation
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands
Small Arms and Demobilization Unit
Small Arms Reduction Programme
Srebrenica Regional Recovery Programme
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Transition and Recovery Unit
Transition Support Teams
Thematic Trust Fund
United Nations Development Assistance Framework
United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs
United Nations Develoment Group
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
United Nations Children’s Fund
UN Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America & the Caribbean
United Nations Mission in Liberia
United Nations Mission in the Sudan
United Nations Volunteers
Unexploded OrdnanceWorld Conference on Disaster Relief
World Food Programme2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

I. INTRODUCTION
Since the work of UNDP’s crisis prevention and recovery (CPR) was consolidated into one of UNDP’s five
Practices three years ago, there has been a steady increase in the number of countries identifying theirprogrammes as tied to one or more of the CPR service lines. This trend reflects the changing
international environment, where instability, insecurity, and conflict frequently accompany
underdevelopment. In 2004 conflicts and natural disasters afflicted a growing number of UNDP
programme countries. This is particularly troubling from a development perspective, as experience has
shown that violent conflict and/or recurrent natural disasters can erase decades of a country’s
development progress and prevent it from overcoming poverty and addressing social, political, andeconomic inequalities. The commitment to eradicating poverty and empowering the poorest and mostvulnerable groups places crisis prevention and recovery at the core of the UNDP development agenda.
The CPR agenda continues to require urgent attention. Although the overall number of violent conflicts
has declined since 1991, there have been nearly 60 major armed conflicts worldwide since the end of
the Cold War. Moreover, security risks have shifted towards poorer countries. While low-income
developing countries accounted for just over a third of all conflicts from 1946 to 1989, these countries
accounted for more than half of all conflicts during the period 1990 to 2003—specifically, 22 out of 32
countries with a low Human Development Index (HDI) ranking, and 9 out of the 10 lowest HDI
countries.1 In particular, Africa’s share has increased substantially.
Other analysts have also stressed how societies at lower levels of development have suffered much
more from violent conflict over the past half century than more prosperous societies.2 Violent conflict,therefore, is clearly a key obstacle to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Beyond the direct
cost in human lives, conflict undermines economies, destabilizes governments, damages infrastructure,
disrupts social service delivery, and provokes mass movement of people. Currently, more than 14
million people face hunger due to on-going or recent conflicts. In addition, HIV/AIDS and otherinfectious diseases often spread significantly in conflict-affected areas.3
As a further crisis dimension, the number of natural and technological disasters has risen to an averageof 707 disasters each year between 1999 and 2003, compared to an average of 428 between 1994 and1998. The biggest rise has occurred in countries of low human development, which have suffered anincrease of 142 percent. Over the past decade, disasters in countries of high human development killed
an average of 44 people per event, while disasters in countries of low human development killed anaverage of 300 people each.4
A few additional examples demonstrate the range of challenges UNDP strives to address through the
CPR programmes it supports:

Small arms: Existing evidence suggests some 300,000 people are killed as a result of smallarms misuse each year in conflict, and 200,000 more in so-called peaceful societies.5 The
proliferation of small arms and light weapons poses severe direct and indirect threats tohuman development and security, ranging from physical and psychological harm to the1

UNDP (2005), Human Development Report 2005 - International cooperation at a crossroads: Aid, trade and security in an unequal
world. New York/Oxford: UNDP. See also SIPRI (2004), SIPRI Yearbook 2004: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security.
Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
2
Ted Robert Gurr et al. (2001), Peace and Conflict : A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and
Democracy. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, Center for International Development and Conflict Management, p. 13.
3
UNDP (2003), Human Development Report 2003 – Millennium Development Goals: A compact among nations to end human poverty.
New York/Oxford: UNDP.
4
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2004), World Disasters Report 2004: Focus on Community
Resilience. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
5
WHO (2002), World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: WHO.

4

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery







destruction of the social and economic fabric of households, communities, and entire
societies.6
Landmines: Landmines remain a life-threatening danger long after fighting has ceased,
directly killing and maiming 15,000–20,000 people every year, the majority of whom arecivilians. Uncleared landmines and pieces of unexploded ordnance (UXO) affect the lives of
millions of people in 83 countries. They pose a serious obstacle to sustainable developmentwith implications for a broad variety of sectors, including health, agriculture, education, watersupplies, infrastructure, industrial and commercial areas, and domestic and foreign
investment.7
Displacement: The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) recorded an increase in the“population of concern to UNHCR” (refugees, asylum-seekers, stateless, internally displaced
persons (IDPs), and returned refugees and IDPs) from 17 million at the end of 2003 to 19.2
million at the end of 2004.8
Justice and security: Some 40 percent of post-conflict countries lapse back into violence forwant of adequate support in matters such as policing, reforming and rebuilding justicesystems, etc.9With an organizational presence before, during, and after crisis, UNDP is well positioned to bring
together the humanitarian relief, development, and peacekeeping communities. The philosophy
underlying UNDP’s CPR work is that preventing crisis, resolving crisis, and recovering from crisis areparallel processes that are intrinsically linked to fostering human development.
The Thematic Trust Fund (TTF) for Crisis Prevention and Recovery was established in 2000 to provide a
flexible, fast, and supportive funding mechanism that would allow UNDP to fulfill its crucial role inresponding to urgent country needs. The TTF is a mechanism to ensure coherent programming within
one thematic framework. The following box summarizes the CPR TTF’s key characteristics:
THEMATIC TRUST FUND FOR CRISIS PREVENTION AND RECOVERY
Strategic Objectives

Features To mobilize and allocate non-core funding in afast and flexible manner for innovative UNDP
support to crisis prevention and recovery
focusing on country and regional levels.
 To mainstream a conflict-sensitive lens into
UNDP programmes at a global level.
 To channel earmarked funding to crisis
countries.

 Rapid disbursement and flexible programming
instruments.
 Availability of the whole range of UNDP
execution
modalities,
including
DirectExecution (DEX).
 Use of a management fee charged against the
TTF to strengthen field-level implementation
capacity.

TTF funding complements UNDP’s important core resources under TRAC 1.1.3. The latter is a special
crisis window within UNDP’s core budget, also managed by the Bureau of Crisis Prevention andRecovery (BCPR), allowing UNDP to seed programmes that are of strategic importance. The TTF allows
UNDP to address the funding gap resulting from the limited core resources presently available under
TRAC 1.1.3 in light of an increasing demand from countries in the thematic area of crisis prevention andrecovery. The different contribution modalities of the TTF provide flexibility to donors, especially

6

Geneva Graduate Institute of International Studies (2003), Small Arms Survey 2003: Development Denied. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
7International Campaign to Ban Landmines (2004), Landmine Monitor 2004. New York: Human Rights Watch; UNDP (2005), “MineAction: Capacity development for a safer world”. New York: UNDP.
8UNHCR (2005), 2004 Global Refugee Trends. Geneva: UNHCR, 17 June 2005.
9
The Economist (2004), “Fighting for survival: Special report United Nations”, November 20th, pp. 25-27.

52004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

regarding earmarked and unearmarked funds.10 In spite of the currently small proportion ofunearmarked funds, UNDP stresses the importance of this category of funds to maximize flexibility andinnovation and to ensure the swift and effective action demanded in all crisis contexts. The following
graph shows which donor countries have contributed unearmarked funds in 2004.
Unearmarked Contributions Received in 2004
(millions of US$)$ 7.13
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00

$3.78

$3.11

4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
The Netherlands

NorwayDFID - United Kingdom

Contributions to the CPR TTF are allocated to country, regional, and global programmes by the BCPRmanaged Allocations Committee. To ensure rapid decision-making in crisis contexts, the Allocations
Committee reviews and discusses funding proposals frequently, approximately every three weeks,
without particular application deadlines for country offices. The appraisal of proposals is guided by thefollowing criteria:








Comparative advantage of UNDP for the proposed initiative.
Coordination and partnerships with UN sister agencies and other partner organisations.
Catalytic and innovative potential of the proposed initiative.
Integration of TTF funded programmes into the UNDP country portfolio.
Integrative character of crisis prevention and recovery strategies (encompassing several
service lines rather than one or two stand-alone projects).
Gender- and conflict-sensitivity of the proposed initiative.
Complementarity with UNDP’s strategic vision as expressed in the 2004-07 Multi-Year Funding
Framework (MYFF) as well as alignment with core results identified for each service line.

The purpose of this report is two-fold: to present the full financial report on contributions, allocations,and expenditures made under the CPR TTF in 2004, and to highlight key results achieved andchallenges encountered in the initiatives funded through the TTF and supported through BCPR’s service
lines. The first part of this report provides a summary analysis of resources mobilized and programmed
in 2004, setting the stage for the substantive narrative that follows. The latter is presented per CPR
service line, including a section on the cross-cutting CPR Practice development and knowledge
networking. The report concludes with a section on challenges encountered in the management of the
TTF and ways they might be overcome. The final annex presents detailed figures on contributions
received per donor and the allocation and expenditures made per service line and country.
The narrative on key achievements under each service line is structured according to the UNDP coreresults to which these achievements and initiatives relate. The core results for each service line havebeen determined in UNDP’s MYFF for 2004-07.
10“Earmarked” refers to such funds that donors provide to UNDP for pre-determined countries, programmes and/or thematic
areas. “Unearmarked” funds are those which donors provide leaving it to UNDP to determine the best use of these funds at themost appropriate moment.

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2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

II. SUMMARY ANALYSIS OF RESOURCES MOBILIZED AND PROGRAMMED IN 2004
The contribution level of the Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery has increased
steadily since its inception in 2000. Total contributions received in 2004 were US$ 170 million, a further
increase over the US$ 129 million in 2003.
CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED THROUGH THE
CPR THEMATIC TRUST FUND IN THE PERIOD 2001-2004

Amounts in US$millions

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

Year

The greater part of TTF contributions continues to be earmarked for specific projects. In fact, in spite of
the absolute increase in contributions, the ratio between un-earmarked and earmarked funding has
actually declined. In 2004 only 8 percent of TTF contributions were un-earmarked. By contrast, in 2003
un-earmarked funds had made up 27 percent of all TTF contributions.
Contributions Received in 2004
Earmarked vs. Un-earmarked(millions of US$)

$14.0

$156.9Un-earmarked
Earmarked

All CPR service lines received TTF allocations in 2004. A significant majority was allocated through Mine
Action and Small Arms/DDR service lines, followed by Special Initiatives, Transitional Recovery, Conflict
Prevention, Disaster Reduction and Security Sector Reform service lines. This distribution is both areflection of donor interests and the high level of demand from country offices and governments forsupport from these service lines.
As explained in more detail in the respective chapter, a significant portion of funds was channeledthrough the TTF Country Window to finance a range of sectoral initiatives, accounting for 74 percent of
the total allocations programmed in 2004. Of these funds the largest sectoral allocation was for UNDPsupported disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programmes. Taken together, DDR

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2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

contributions accounted for 39 percent (US$ 67 million) of total 2004 TTF contributions, or 53 percent ofallocations made under the Country Window. The decision of donors to channel DDR funds through the
TTF attests to the increasing recognition that UNDP’s financial modalities constitute an efficientmechanism for managing funds in this complex sector.
CPR ThematicTrust Fund2004 Allocations and Expenditures by Service Lines(millions of US$)
140
120
100
80
Allocations
Expenditures

60
40
20
0

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As in previous years, BCPR ensured that all regions benefited from TTF resources while also funding
regional and global initiatives aimed at enhancing international collaboration and facilitating policy
development. While support for least developed countries, particularly in Sub-Sahara Africa, remains
UNDP’s corporate priority, donor earmarking, as in the previous year, led to a regional distribution thatsaw Asia and the Pacific receiving the greatest allocations. This continues to be predominantly
influenced by the comparatively high attention received by Afghanistan: With allocations of over US$
85 million, Afghanistan has received by far the highest amount of TTF funding. The two countries withthe second highest allocations of over US$ 23 million each were Iraq and Liberia. More details on
contributions received and programmed in 2004 can be found in the financial report (Chapter VI.).
CPR THEMATIC TRUST FUND
EXPENDITURES FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31 DEC 2004 BY REGION(millions of US$)$56.35m

60
50$40.58m

40
30
20$16.48m$13.06m$1.87m10$3.75m0
GLOBALAFRICAASIA & PACIFIC

ARAB STATESLATIN AMERICAEUROPE & CIS

8

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

III. SUBSTANTIVE REPORT PER SERVICE LINESERVICE LINE 1: CONFLICT PREVENTION AND PEACE-BUILDINGThe conflict prevention and peace-building work of UNDP supported by the CPR TTF included policy
initiatives, refining and “rolling out” conflict assessment tools, and support for country-level
programming. All of these elements included capacity-building – within UNDP, with key national
partners, and in the context of wider UN processes, such as the Common Country Assessments (CCA)and UN Development Assistance Frameworks (UNDAF). A small Conflict Prevention team, based within
BCPR, provides technical advice, surge capacity, partnership development, knowledge management,
and tool development.
Much of the conflict prevention and peace-building work of UNDP in 2004 has focused on post-conflict
programming to ensure that countries do not relapse into violence and that interventions are conflictsensitive. More recently, there is an increasing demand for initiatives that address potential tensions at apre-conflict stage. Such initiatives include addressing the root causes of conflict through development
programming and fostering stronger national capacities in conflict management and resolution. Someof this work has been undertaken within the framework of a joint programme of UNDP and the UN
Department of Political Affairs (DPA) on building national capacities for conflict prevention supportedby the CPR TTF. Launched in January 2004, this programme remains the only systematic programme in
the UN system that supports concrete conflict prevention approaches and initiatives in pre-conflictsettings.
Since conflict prevention is a cross-cutting issue, a number of programmes reported under other CPR
service lines (e.g., Mine Action, DDR, Justice and Security Sector Reform) and UNDP practice areas (e.g.,
democratic governance, millennium development goals (MDGs), etc.) have also been developed andimplemented with a peace-building and conflict lens. An important initiative during 2004 was the
support to mainstreaming conflict prevention throughout the CPR service lines and the further
refinement of the Conflict-related Development Analysis (CDA) methodology and its application indifferent thematic and country contexts.
TTF allocations for this area are closely aligned to two core results that have driven the work of the
Conflict Prevention and Peace-Building service line.
1. National conflict prevention expertise in place and operational/equipped with resources(within government, civil society organizations (CSOs), etc.) to effectively identify and address
root causes of violent conflict.
The joint UNDP-DPA programme has opened entry-points for support to conflict prevention byfocusing on the capacities and skills that help national and local actors to find solutions to divisive
national issues or critical policy questions, and to jointly “own” that process. As a result, with support
from the TTF, conflict prevention initiatives have been supported in Guyana, Ecuador, Ghana,
Zimbabwe, and Yemen. For example:




9

Continued support for the Guyana Social Cohesion Programme resulted in strengthening theEthnic Relations Commission as a national and autonomous resource for building consensus
and promoting reconciliation around ethnic tensions and divisions.
The successful mobilization of local government and civic actors to prevent violence in
Ghana’s troubled northern region during national elections in 2004 contributed to politicalstability in the country.
Following an agreement between the UN Secretary-General and the Ecuadorian government,
a comprehensive peace and development programme of assistance was developed for thenorthern provinces, which have borne the brunt of the spillovers from Colombia’s civil conflict.

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and RecoveryContinued support for the conflict transformation programme in Zimbabwe culminated in
2004 with a request of assistance from the government for the settlement of local land
disputes.

2. Conflict prevention and peace-building approaches informed/factored into national
development frameworks and integrated programs designed and implemented at the national
and local levels.
With support from the TTF, UNDP provided support to the transition in Iraq, specifically on issues
related to the constitution-making process, transitional governance, and the rule of law. These efforts
fall directly within the mandate of Security Council Resolution 1546, which tasked the UN withpromoting national dialogue and consensus-building on the drafting of a national constitution.
Although the fluidity of the situation and security problems in Iraq constrained engagement on theseissues, UNDP commissioned, finalized, and disseminated a number of expert papers on electoral
systems, the national conference, de-Ba'athification, federalism, constitution-making processes, andlessons learned from comparative constitutional processes. These papers helped to further theunderstanding of UN and Iraqi decision-makers as to how these processes can contribute to conflict
prevention or may in fact aggravate sectarian and inter-group conflict in Iraq.
Contributions from the TTF were also put towards global and country-specific support for theformulation and/or review of conflict sensitive development strategies and programming, whilebuilding on the UNDP-wide approach to conflict analysis that was piloted in 2002-03 and culminatedwith the development of the CDA. In particular, UNDP was called upon by the UN Development Group/
Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs (UNDG/ECHA) Working Group on transition situations tointegrate the CDA tool into the Post-Conflict Needs Assessment (PCNA) methodology. UNDP thenworked with the World Bank in the application of the PCNA in Haiti and Sudan in order to ensure theincorporation of conflict sensitivity into these national processes.
In partnership with the government of the Solomon Islands and key donors, UNDP initiated a conflict
analysis process (known as the Peace and Conflict Development Analysis, PCDA) to assess the natureand causes of past violence to provide a common platform for the design and implementation ofinterventions on the part of government, civil society, and donors (see case-study, below). In addition,with contributions from the TTF, support was provided to the review of UNDP’s new governanceprogramme for Bougainville in Papua New Guinea, from a peace-building and “Do No Harm”
perspective and to the launch of a participatory conflict analysis process in Indonesia, which aimed toprovide a forum for multi-stakeholder dialogue in three conflict-affected provinces and to establish
common ground on strategic directions for development and peace among different stakeholders,
particularly civil society and government.
A number of lessons learnt have emerged out of these country experiences, and these are contributing
to the strength of UNDP’s overall practice on the development of conflict sensitive programmes andstrategies, both nationally and locally. For instance:






Achieving buy-in for conflict analysis processes in post-conflict environments, where conflict isregarded as a phenomenon of the past, may prove difficult at times, as there can be somereluctance among key stakeholders to consider the prospect of further conflict.
Because various sectors in society tend to define “peace” and “conflict” in different ways, inmany conflict-affected settings programme responses have proven very different and often
fragmented. In this sense, conflict analysis processes have helped define a common vision
among key stakeholders for long-term peace and sustainable development within which
overall programming can fit.
The process of achieving consensus can often be as important as the output itself.
A multi-stakeholder and joint approach (e.g., with government, civil society, key donors, etc.)
to these processes ensures the application of the analysis beyond UNDP and has served to
improve coherence and coordination between agency strategies and actual interventions.

102004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and RecoveryWhile UNDP has developed an organization-wide approach to conflict analysis, it is essential
to further adapt and shape the CDA framework and approach to reflect the specific context inwhich it is being applied.

Peace and Conflict-related Development Analysis in Solomon Islands
The Solomon Islands experienced violent conflict from 1998 to 2003, which left hundreds of Solomon Islanders
dead, displaced thousands internally, and destroyed an already narrow economic base. In 2003, an Australian-led
Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands (RAMSI) was launched at the request of the newly elected
government and with the endorsement of the Pacific Island Forum to support the restoration of the rule of law andto initiate a governance and economic reform process to lay the ground for long-term peace. To complement thisprocess, UNDP facilitated a Peace and Conflict-related Development Analysis (PCDA) to elaborate a deeper
understanding of the conflict’s root causes in development terms.
The PCDA was launched in early 2004, in partnership with the Solomon Islands National Peace Council, theDepartment of National Unity, Reconciliation and Peace, and the Ministry of National Planning & Human Resources
Development, in order to further assess the many, often anecdotal, explanations of the conflict and to identify key
challenges facing Solomon Islands. Building on the UNDP approach and experiences with conflict analysis, thePCDA was developed through a multi-layered consultative process, involving government actors, donors, theprivate sector, nongovernmental organizations, and community representatives, such as village elders, chiefs, senior
women, and church leaders.
Undertaking the PCDA within eight months of the deployment of the first, and predominantly military, componentof RAMSI, provided an opportunity to: Assess the mechanisms generating peace and conflict in Solomon Islands;
 Determine what Solomon Islanders understood to be the root causes of the conflict; Identify avenues to address these issues, while building upon the peace dividends provided by RAMSI; Build a shared understanding of the conflict’s causes and deconstruct widely held beliefs that the conflict
was fundamentally about ethnicity.
The identification of the issues of land access and ownership, law and justice, and equitable access to economic
opportunities and public services—framed within the intertwined systems of traditional and non-traditional
authority—is now informing government and donor approaches to recovery. For instance, the results of the PCDA
have been endorsed by the government and are being integrated into the national recovery plans. The PCDA also
became a reference for donors considering support for Solomon Islands. As the EU representative put it at theDonor Partners Conference in November 2004, “the PCDA should inform the government on how to guide themany inputs which donors are offering in partnership so as to minimize conflict and maximize development
returns.”
Kieren Mcgovern, UNDP Fiji

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2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

SERVICE LINE 2: RECOVERYThe number of countries reporting under the Recovery service line has been growing rapidly, reflecting
the general trend of the Crisis Prevention and Recovery practice. In 2004, 31 countries have reported
interventions under the Recovery service line, representing 39 percent of the total number of countries(83) that have reported interventions under UNDP’s goal of Crisis Prevention and Recovery. The TTF
Recovery allocations are closely aligned with the corporate results linked to the Recovery service line, as
highlighted below.
The implementation of the Recovery service line is supported within BCPR by the Transition andRecovery Unit (TRU), and was supported by special capacity grants from the United Kingdom and theDanish Government. The main objective of the TRU is to support country offices in attaining their core
recovery results by deploying surge capacity, supporting partnership development, and throughknowledge management. In 2004 the TRU deployed surge capacity to 21 countries, enabling country
offices to formulate strategies for early recovery, reintegration programmes, or to take part in interagency needs assessments in crisis or post-conflict countries. Key achievements in 2004 are presented
below in relation to the three core recovery results.
In terms of partnership development, the TRU has supported a strengthened partnership between
UNDP and the World Bank in Liberia, also at the operational level. Drawing from an initial strategy forcooperation with the World Bank on Rapid Social Assessment and work on community-driven
development, UNDP will soon enter into an agreement with the Bank that will give communities
mobilised by UNDP access to the Liberia Agency for Community Development, set up by the Bank.
In terms of knowledge management, the TRU was instrumental in the development of the recently
published UNDG Guidance Note on Durable Solutions for Displaced Persons, which provides strategic
policy and programming advice to the United Nations Country Teams. It identifies population
displacement as a key challenge and seeks to include it in national priorities and programmes.
1. Multi-sector frameworks and sector-specific programmes for early recovery
Multi-sector frameworks for early recovery address the resumption of social services, rebuilding of local
infrastructure, employment and livelihoods, economic revitalization, and local governance in crisis andpost-conflict situations.
With funding from the TTF in 2003, the TRU, together with the World Bank, set to work on reviewing
current practice in conducting needs assessments. This initiative led to the development of what is now
called the Post-Conflict Needs Assessment (PCNA) methodology released in 2004 by the UNDG and theWorld Bank. In 2004, UNDP played a significant role in the PCNA exercises undertaken by inter-agency
teams in Haiti, Iraq, Liberia, and Sudan—in some cases taking the lead role for developing importantcomponents of the multi-sector frameworks, such as governance (Iraq), reintegration and communitybased recovery (Sudan and Liberia), or supporting the coordination of the entire process (Haiti).
In Sudan, in anticipation of the comprehensive peace agreement, TTF allocations were provided toinitiate post-conflict planning and programming to ensure a coherent, multi-sector, integrated
approach for UNDP support, and to develop specific interventions in justice sector reform and local
governance, especially in Southern Sudan.
2. Comprehensive and sustainable programmes for internally displaced persons (IDPs), returning
refugees, and ex-combatants in place
The TTF funded several reintegration programmes to provide an overarching framework forinstitutional collaboration in the implementation of programmes for refugees, IDPs, and ex-combatants.
These programmes are aimed at effecting the transition from relief to development in an integrated
manner. They are inclusive of and build on the inter-agency “4Rs” programmes, which are aimed atbetter integrating responses in respect of the repatriation, reintegration, rehabilitation, and122004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

reconstruction processes. The goal is to ensure the sustainable socio-economic reintegration andrehabilitation of displaced populations on the one hand, and to support the absorptive capacity ofreceiving communities on the other.
Sierra Leone became a pilot country for the 4Rs at the end of 2002. In 2004, TTF funding for Recovery,
together with additional UNDP resources, allowed for the expansion of the Transition Support Teams(TST) facility to 13 districts in Sierra Leone. The TSTs facilitated work with district stakeholders toreassess the development assistance coordination structure and to help create a system capable offormulating a comprehensive District Development Plan with the participation of communities and civilsociety groups. The TSTs identified gaps in current funding in the districts, and prioritized and fundedneeds from a UN Country Team common pool of funding.
The TTF also funded the pilot 4Rs programme in Sri Lanka, which adopted an integrated community
based approach focusing on eight villages located in three districts in the north and east of Sri Lanka:
Batticaloa, Kilinochchi, and Mannar. The 4Rs programme created livelihood and reintegration
opportunities for resident and 1,978 IDP/refugee families by supporting small savings and credit
groups, a revolving loan fund, and by improving and diversifying farming practices. The programme
further supported labour-intensive rehabilitation of community infrastructure, such as improving accessbetween villages, construction of agro-wells, community centers and children parks in ethnically mixed
communities. It also strengthened the service delivery capacity of local authorities while enhancing
community participation in planning, implementing, and monitoring rehabilitation and development
activities. Conflict resolution training for social mobilisers and village leaders was conducted, providing
participants with effective ways of communicating and resolving problems arising in the communities.
Further, responses in inter-agency pilot 4Rs programmes have initiated an excellent partnership with
UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, ILO, and other organisations in Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, and Eritrea.
The spread in 2004 of the 4Rs approach to other countries, such as Liberia and Sudan, has continued tostrengthen this relationship both at Headquarters and at the field level for addressing sustainable
solutions for the return of displaced populations and their host communities.
In the Democratic Republic of Congo a Post-Conflict Unit (PCU) was established in 2003 within the
UNDP country office responsible for supporting the Government and other national partners on
demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration (DDR). The PCU provides the necessary technicalassistance to design projects, develop operational frameworks, formulate management tools, and carryout resource mobilization. Following the adoption of a national DDR programme, UNDP handed over its
lead role on DDR issues to the newly established National Commission for DDR in April 2004. TTF funds
were allocated further in 2004 to continue the work of the PCU, allowing the unit to formulate andpromote a portfolio of projects, including such programmes as: Reconciliation and Community
Development in Ituri; Rapid Response Mechanism (DDR); Community Reconstruction, Reinsertion of ExCombatants, and Small Arms Reduction; Support to War Wounded; and Protection and Reinsertion of
IDPs.
In addition, the Post-War Emergency Rehabilitation (PoWER) programme in Eritrea continued to befinanced by TTF, providing employment, housing, health, and education to 10,000 internally displaced
and returning refugees
Finally, in Serbia and Montenegro, the TTF—working with the Ministry of Social Affairs, local
authorities, and NGOs—has helped to provide alternative accommodations and outreach services to
130 elderly refugees and IDPs.
3. Sustainable livelihoods restored, enabling attainment of Poverty MDGs
In 2004, TTF funding in Bosnia and Herzegovina was put towards the Srebrenica Regional Recovery
Programme (SRRP), which is an integrated and comprehensive framework seeking to revitalize thehuman and physical capital of the region. The SRRP is comprised of five interrelated components:
Economic Development, Local Government, Civil Society, Gender Mainstreaming, and Infrastructure.
Specifically, TTF funding was allocated towards the Equitable Business Opportunities segment of the13

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

programme. The SRRP is seen by many as reviving one of the most destitute regions of the country thatsingularly symbolizes the tragedy of the war.

Uganda Transition Recovery Programme
The 19 year old war between the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) and the Government's Ugandan Peoples'
Defence Forces (UPDF) has resulted in the displacement of over 1.6 million persons. This in addition toresource-based disputes and traditional animosities in the Karamajora Region which have displaced an
additional 90,000 persons led to the UN describing the situation in northern Uganda as a “forgotten
humanitarian tragedy” in 2004.
In July 2004, the UNDP country office began to play a more active role in CPR issues, including this as one ofthree components in the new Country Programme Document and creating a CPR unit. BCPR support was
critical in helping the country office to reposition itself vis-à-vis the conflict-affected areas of Uganda andputting crisis response on the map through the Transition and Recovery Programme (TRP). This programme
has been an innovative approach to help displaced people move away from food aid and return to productive
livelihood activities.
(a) Livelihood promotion (through training and income generation) - a pilot phase in northern/eastern
UgandaDependency on food aid has grown over the years, and many IDPs who were formerly self-sufficient are
increasingly willing to return, where possible, to a productive life. Support to restore livelihoods is critical; andfollowing an inter-agency needs assessment, UNDP began to pilot that component in three districts in the Teso
sub-region, using a combination of land-based (seeds & tools) and non-land-based (training, etc.) interventions.
(b) Capacity support to the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM), including strengthening response
capacity at district levels
The Department of Disaster Preparedness and Refugee Affairs (DDPR) has the overall mandate for providing
assistance to IDPs, but its role has been greatly inhibited by its limited capacity both at the central and districtlevels. UNDP, through its preparatory Transition Recovery Programme, provided much needed support tostrengthen the DDPR/OPM through the recruitment and placement of a Senior Adviser to support the DDPR in
implementing the national IDPs policy and in preparing a coherent recovery programme for northern Uganda.
In addition, seven national coordinators were recruited and deployed to seven conflict-affected districts tostrengthen local capacity for coordination and planning as well as for early recovery, including IDP
return/reintegration.
(c) Initiating early preparations for reintegration and recovery
UNDP is leading efforts to jumpstart early preparations for return and reintegration through the Transition
Recovery Programme. This includes participation in a taskforce set up by the UN Country Team to develop an
IDP return and reintegration framework. UNDP is also working with FAFO, a Norwegian NGO, to plan andconduct an extensive field survey for profiling IDPs as a prelude to starting tailored planning for return andreintegration.
Auke Lootsma,
Deputy Resident Representative, UNDP Uganda

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2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

SERVICE LINE 3: SECURITY SECTOR REFORM AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE
In 2004 several key UN reports identified the rule of law as fundamental to the furtherance of the peaceand security agenda. The Secretary-General’s April 2005 report, In Larger Freedom: Towards
Development, Security and Human Rights for All, starkly states, “We will not enjoy development without
security, we will not enjoy security without development, and we will not enjoy either without respectfor human rights.”
While UNDP’s experience in supporting transitional justice and security sector reform through country
programming is recognized as a critical element in promotion of rule of law, the Justice and Security
Sector Reform (JSSR) team, which is responsible for managing this service line, was actively engaged
with the broader UN-wide reform processes. This resulted in a fundamental rethinking of the role of theUN system vis-à-vis the rule of law.
Parallel to the UN efforts, UNDP initiated its own process in 2004 to strengthen and refine UNDP’s workand commitment to justice and security sector reform in both post-conflict recovery and conflict
prevention. As a result, the currently small JSSR team will be expanded into a full unit in 2005. It will
have both policy and technical support functions, bring together expertise from two UNDP practiceareas – Democratic Governance and Crisis Prevention and Recovery – as well as serve as the UNDP
interface on rule of law programming in peace operations.
CPR TTF funds allocated under the Security Sector Reform and Transitional Justice service line enhanced
and expanded UNDP programming towards two corporate core results for the 2004-07 time period,
namely:

Building national systems for the promotion and protection of human rights.
Developing transitional justice mechanisms to support peace-building and preparing for
longer term institutional development of the justice and security sector reform.

Resources available and allocated for security sector reform and transitional justice have been minimal,
when weighed against needs and increasing interest and demand from programme countries. Less
than 1 percent of the total CPR TTF, or US$ 1.3 million, was allocated for programming in eight
countries in 2004. Given the priority placed on justice and security sector reform by the UN system,
UNDP envisages expanded activity in this area in 2005.
1. Building national systems for the promotion and protection of human rights
In Haiti, TTF funding enabled UNDP to support national initiatives to strengthen the justice sector,
reform criminal procedures, and review existing legislation. This was closely linked to the objectives of
the UN peace operation, MINUSTAH; and the 2004 support served as a catalyst for on-going, longerterm programming to rule of law. Additionally, TTF funding strengthened the civil registry systems, an
important aspect of citizen protection, by training civil registry and judicial officers on specific legal andadministrative procedures.
In Kosovo, TTF funding resulted in the development of a strategic framework to assist in the UN
Mission’s transition and handover to national institutions in the judicial and security sectors. The TTF
funding supported capacity building and strengthening of the Kosovo Office for Public Safety and the
Judicial Inspection Unit.
“Vetting” or screening of public employees who work for police, corrections, or judicial institutions incrisis and post-conflict countries is increasingly being called for as part of a reconciliation or reform
process. The CPR TTF supported a UNDP initiative to develop a tool to assist countries and institutions
facing such challenges. These guidelines will be part of a UN family ‘tool packet’ for country offices andpeace operations.

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2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

The Sierra Leone Special Court was established jointly by the United Nations and the Government of
Sierra Leone after a Security Council resolution to try those who bear the greatest responsibility forserious violations of international humanitarian law and Sierra Leonean law committed in the country
since 30 November 1999. The TTF funded an initiative to ensure a national “legacy” of the Special Court
through the drafting of a new Criminal Procedures Act and Codes of Conduct for Judges and Legal
Practitioners and the development of a legislative agenda for the human rights of women and girls.
UNDP partnered with the Sierra Leone Parliamentary Committee on Human Rights to support legal
research on gender discrimination in the law and a district level consultative process on genderconcerns. Out of this process, landmark legislation was drafted covering marriage, divorce, inheritance,
property rights, and domestic violence, and is being considered by the Sierra Leone Parliament in 2005.
The TTF funds complemented core UNDP resources.
2. Developing transitional justice mechanisms to support peace building and preparing for
longer-term institutional development of the justice and security sector reform
In Sierra Leone, CPR TTF funding continued in 2004 to support the Truth and Reconciliation
Commission (TRC). Transitional justice mechanisms are important to peace consolidation and longerterm stabilization in many post-conflict contexts. During 2004, over 700 community-based
reconciliation events were conducted jointly by the TRC and the Sierra Leone Inter-religious Council,
including ceremonies, reburials, and assistance for reintegration of victims and perpetrators. These were
the only comprehensive, nation-wide reconciliation activities following the process of public hearings.
They filled an important gap before the TRC report was presented to the President in November 2004.
The report’s recommendations included calls for the strengthening of democracy, rule of law, abolitionof the death penalty, improved protection of human rights (especially of women and children), andprovision of reparations for victims of amputations or sexual violence.
In East Timor, the TTF supported the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to merge formal
legal practices and customary mechanisms, thereby gaining more access to rural citizens and speedingup many outstanding perpetrator applications. To further reinforce the reconciliation process, TTF funds
supported the training of commissioners and district representatives engaged with the TRC. TTF funds
also supported the production of the final report of the TRC, which is scheduled to be released in July
2005.
In Liberia, UNDP and the UN peace operation (UNMIL) worked together to train the Liberian National
Police. While UN Civilian Police (CIVPOL) undertook the actual training, the rebuilding of the police
academy and local level police stations was supported by the CPR TTF.

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2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

SERVICE LINE 4: SMALL ARMS REDUCTION, DISARMAMENT, AND DEMOBILIZATIONThe results in 2004 reflect both a consolidation and a significant expansion of UNDP’s work on smallarms control, armed violence reduction, and disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) at
national, regional, and global levels. The TTF continues to be a critical and flexible tool in ensuring that
UNDP, through its Small Arms and Demobilization Unit (SADU), plays a leading role in supporting
national capacity development in these key areas. UNDP now supports small arms control, armed
violence reduction, and DDR initiatives in more than 30 countries worldwide.
US$ 7 million was mobilized under this service line in 2004. The funds have been used to support
initiatives and programmes in Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Haiti, Honduras, Liberia,
Macedonia, Papua New Guinea, Serbia and Montenegro, Sudan, and Guatemala as well as to provide
financial and technical support to efforts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Colombia, El Salvador, Ghana, andSierra Leone, and regional programmes in South Eastern Europe and West Africa.
1. Reducing the use of small arms and curbing violence
During 2004, SADU provided technical assistance on weapons collection, management, anddestruction in Costa Rica, Central African Republic, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Ghana, and Uganda. TTF
resources have been used to support the collection and destruction of 340,378 small arms; 1,165 tons ofammunition; and a further 49.6 million items such as cartridges (bullets). In addition, stockpile
management assistance and training was provided to nearly 800 individuals in various countries, with afocus on weapons and ammunition safety and security.
In 2004, UNDP supported the destruction of 20,000 surplus small arms in Serbia. UNDP also establishedand coordinated Monitoring and Verification Teams consisting of UNDP, civil society, and local NGOs
who were tasked to monitor, verify, and report on the registration, packing, and destruction of theweapons. Government systems were also established to monitor and undertake the registration of
weapons earmarked for destruction in accordance with international standards.
BCPR has also contributed through the TTF to the “Sociedad sin Violenca” (Society Without Violence)programme in El Salvador. This programme builds on the results of a previous project, and its
achievements should strengthen further interventions at the national level. In Serbia and Montenegro,
UNDP supported the development and implementation of the National Small Arms and Light Weapons
control strategy at the state union and republic level.
In collaboration with Oxfam, UNDP is supporting the reduction of armed violence in Kenya, andpromoting peace-building amongst pastoralist communities in the Garissa district. During 2004,
awareness-raising with provincial authorities, security agencies, and community leaders has taken placethrough targeted sensitization activities. In Honduras, the TTF has funded UNDP support for addressing
small arms issues, while at the same time considering some of the gender dimensions of the issue.
UNDP support also focuses on the role of women in youth gangs and an initiative against gender-based
violence. UNDP’s regional small arms reduction programme (SARP) in the Great Lakes region used TTF
resources to fund research on the impact of Small Arms and Armed Violence on Women in Burundi.
During 2004 the Armed Violence Prevention Programme (AVPP) was finalized and technicalassistance was provided by UNDP and WHO to the country offices in Brazil and El Salvador to begin
implementation, which will be financed through the TTF. The AVPP aims to identify best practices andthe most effective approaches to armed violence reduction in different settings, in order to help
develop a broader international policy framework on armed violence issues.
2. Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR)
UNDP has been engaged in disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) of ex-combatants
since 1991 in both peacekeeping and non-peacekeeping contexts. The rationale for UNDP’s
engagement is to support peace processes and enhance security so that post-conflict recovery can

172004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

commence and progress. The organisation works to develop comprehensive DDR strategies that ensurethat short-term security imperatives are integrated into longer-term recovery and development
programming. In 2004 the TTF has been used to fund the development and implementation of DDR
programmes in Central African Republic, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, Liberia,
Republic of Congo, Somalia, and Sudan.
In Liberia some 104,000 ex-combatants have been disarmed and demobilized in seven centres during
2004 in three consecutive phases. Apart from disarmament, various services were provided to excombatants at cantonment sites, such as the provision of food, medical screening, pre-dischargeorientation, reproductive health awareness training, psychological support, etc.
In Sudan, UNDP provided advice to the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation
Movement/Army (SPLM/A) in defining DDR provisions of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Since
then UNDP has continued supporting the parties in DDR planning as well as in the design of acomprehensive DDR programme.
In the Democratic Republic of Congo, UNDP is managing the disarmament, demobilization, andreintegration of over 12,000 ex-combatants in the Ituri region. Due to its “rapid response mechanism”
for DDR, UNDP is the only organization with sufficient operational capacity to rapidly implement thepolitical decision to demobilize combatants following the Ituri massacres and MONUC interventions in
2004.
In peacekeeping contexts, UNDP collaborates closely with the UN’s Department of Peacekeeping
Operations (DPKO) and other UN agencies, departments, funds, and programmes in the developmentof a common UN approach to DDR. Such collaboration strengthens DDR capacities and enhances
expertise of Peacekeeping Operations; provides greater strategic and programmatic depth; improves
management of financial and UN system inputs; and provides a seamless interface between the security
and military functions of DDR as well as broader transition and reconstruction processes. UNDP’s
participation also ensures an efficient mission exit strategy and follow-up.
In Haiti, UNDP and DPKO established an integrated DDR section and programme within MINUSTAH. In
this structure the UNDP DDR Advisor also serves as the MINUSTAH Deputy Chief for DDR, and is
responsible for the management of UN DDR planning and operations, as well as UNDP-specificprogramming.
In Sudan the UN DDR unit established by UNDP in 2003 has become the core of the UN unified DDR
support structure and programme within UNMIS, which provides the framework for fully integrated
planning, programming, and operations among UNDP, DPKO, UNICEF, and other UN entities. This
structure is operational at national, regional, and local levels, and will also possess a dedicated andflexible UNDP project support unit to ensure implementation capacity.
During 2004, UNDP also produced a UNDP Practice Note on DDR, which captures lessons learnt andbest practice within the organization and offers practical guidance to policy makers and DDR
practitioners.
UNDP has funded the development of a “management information software” (MIS) called DREAM(DDR & Arms Management), which will serve as a tool for DDR programmes as well as for theregistration and stockpile management of national firearms. The software has an enhanced DDR
component, which includes features relating to ex-combatant profiling, identification of training
requirements, and monitoring of micro-projects. The MIS system will be available as a free service from
UNDP for all UN and other international and national stakeholders involved in DDR. The system iscurrently being installed and adapted for use in Haiti, Ivory Coast, and Sudan.
3. Capacity development for small arms and violence reduction and demobilization
Since the launch of the second phase (July 2003 – June 2005) of the project Capacity Development for
Reporting to the UN Programme of Action on Small Arms, which is funded by contributions to the18

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

TTF from the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, and the UK, more than 80 countries have received
assistance in reporting on their implementation of the Programme of Action. This reporting is done
through regional workshops organised in partnership with the UN Department for Disarmament Affairs(UNDDA) and regional organisations. These took place in Kazakhstan (for countries of Central Asia), Fiji(for countries of the Pacific), Mali (for countries of West Africa), Kenya (for countries of East Africa andthe Horn), and Peru (for countries of Latin America). This approach allowed the project to target more
effectively a larger number of countries. The project also focused on increasing the number and qualityof national reports submitted to UNDDA. Assistance material was produced in five languages to provide
comprehensive and detailed guidelines on the preparation of a national report.
SADU’s Capacity Development Programme on Small Arms/ Violence Reduction and
Demobilization aims to enhance the capacity of UNDP staff, national and regional authorities, andNGOs to implement effective small arms control, armed violence reduction, and DDR interventions. In
Nairobi, Kenya, a Training of Trainers Workshop for Capacity Development was organized inpartnership with the UK-based NGO Saferworld for civil society organizations based in the Great Lakes
Region.
In Lima, Peru, a Regional Workshop on Disarmament and Development for UNDP and UNDDA staff
based in the region was organized in partnership with the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace,
Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean (UN-LiREC). The workshop
discussed lessons learned related to citizen security and how to mainstream disarmament anddevelopment issues into UNDP country programming.
Programme and project staff from UNDP country offices working on small arms and DDR issues in the
Great Lakes and Horn of Africa region participated in a capacity development workshop held in
Mombasa, Kenya. The workshop was jointly organized with SARP, with the objective of building thecapacity of UNDP staff to design, implement, and monitor small arms, armed violence, and/or DDR
projects.
Small Arms Project in Ghana: Impact on Peace-Building and Conflict Prevention
Ghana has emerged as a peaceful, stable country in a volatile region beset by conflicts and violence. While not“in crisis,” Ghana has experienced local conflicts and disputes that have at times posed challenges todemocracy and development. The number of illicit small arms circulating in Ghana is of special concern, since itis estimated to be on the increase due to local production and smuggling.
In 2003 the Government requested assistance from UNDP to address small arms issues. In response, BCPR’s
Small Arms and Demobilization Unit (SADU), in collaboration with UNDP Ghana, developed a small arms
project. The flexibility of the TTF and a contribution from the United Kingdom allowed UNDP to secure
financing and start the project rapidly thereafter.
The Ghana project was innovative in that it focused on peace-building and conflict prevention in a country notdirectly in conflict or in a state of recovery. The project is making an important contribution towards
maintaining stability and strengthening security in Ghana. The project has four key components: capacity
building of the National Small Arms Commission, awareness raising and education, support to the National
Firearms Bureau, and a baseline survey of small arms proliferation in Ghana.
Since its inception the project has attracted sustained interest from policy-makers, stakeholders, and thegeneral public. The issue of small arms proliferation and misuse and their connection to security anddevelopment have been brought to the fore in the country, and are included in the recently completed
CCA/UNDAF for Ghana. Activities such as the public destruction ceremonies of confiscated weapons or regional
launches of awareness raising campaigns always get wide media coverage. UNDP support has also had apositive impact on facilitating interaction among key government institutions, the security sector, the private
sector, civil society organizations ,and the general public on the threat of small arms. In a rather short timespan, the project has achieved tangible results in a highly sensitive area that is recognized as increasingly
crucial to foster development in Ghana and ensure the well-being of its population.
Christophe Bahuet
Resident Representative a.i, UNDP Ghana

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2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

SERVICE LINE 5: MINE ACTION
In 2004 the activities supported under the Mine Action service line of the Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis
Prevention and Recovery included advisory services to 22 of the 27 mine-affected states that receive
UNDP assistance in mine action. In addition, donors supported several of the Global Partnership Projects
that BCPR’s Mine Action Unit coordinates, which help to strengthen the capacities of national mineaction programmes to effectively plan, prioritize, and implement their activities. Approximately onehalf of the US$ 70 million that UNDP mobilized for mine action in 2004 was channeled through the TTF.
The dozen major donors that supported mine action through the TTF recognize that one of the specificbenefits of using this funding mechanism is that it enables them to support a global thematic, strategic
approach to mine action rather than ad hoc project-level financing. The TTF has also enabled BCPR’s
Mine Action Unit to harmonize reporting processes as well as disburse and advance funds to specificcountries and projects in a timely manner.
1. Coordination, Management, and Implementation
Establishing effective coordination mechanisms is central to UNDP’s efforts to strengthen the capacityof national authorities to address the threat posed by landmines. BCPR’s Mine Action Unit supported
this effort through the TTF by helping national institutions address a range of issues from policy
planning to coordination and implementation of mine-action operations. In addition, donor
contributions through the TTF supported the Mine Action Unit’s Management Training Courses, SocioEconomic Workshops, and Mine Action Exchange Programme among mine-affected states.
Examples of Country-level Programmes
In Angola, UNDP helped increase national capacity for sustainable management of mine action
through three ongoing projects. These TTF-funded projects provided technical and managerial advice
and training in support of provincial coordination; preparation of provincial and national strategicplans; investigation, quality assurance and control, and accreditation of demining operators;
elaboration of national mine-action standards; and management of strategic landmine information.
In Cambodia, UNDP supported the work of the Cambodian Mine Action Authority and the Cambodian
Mine Action Centre in clearing over 11 million square meters of land for agriculture, resettlement, andrural infrastructure. Furthermore, management reform initiated with UNDP’s assistance in 2000 is now
90 percent complete, with the implementation of new finance, logistics, and human resources manuals,
and satisfactory audit ratings of national and provincial mine-action organizations.
One of the key achievements in Lao’s unexploded ordnance (UXO) sector in 2004 was theestablishment of the UXO National Regulatory Authority (NRA) by the Prime Minister's Decree of 17
March 2004. UNDP assisted the government in establishing the NRA by drafting a blueprint for alegislative framework, providing institutional structure, and recruiting a Chief Technical Advisor.
In April 2004, Tajikistan adopted a five-year strategic plan for mine action. Through a TTF-funded
project, UNDP assisted in putting coordination mechanisms in place and worked with national and local
authorities to identify priorities for a landmine impact survey, a technical survey, and mine-clearance
operations.
South-South Cooperation
UNDP’s efforts to promote South-South cooperation are highlighted by BCPR’s Mine Action Exchange
Programme, which provides a mechanism for the staff of national mine-action programmes toundertake short assignments with the programmes of other nations or international organizations toshare experiences. In 2004 a number of important exchanges funded through the TTF took place
among mine-affected countries. In the area of advocacy, Yemen helped Sudanese political leaders andsenior mine-action authorities develop a better understanding of the Mine Ban Convention, Member
States’ obligations under the treaty, and the legislative and institutional frameworks required to meetthese obligations. This led to ratification of the Mine Ban Convention by the Government of Sudan.
Several technical exchanges were also organized for mine-action managers. These included a one-20

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

month exchange in which representative from the mine action programmes in Iraq, Somalia, and Sudan
visited Yemen. Afghanistan also hosted a number of technical personnel from Yemen for six weeks tohelp the latter country improve its mine detection dog capacity.
Management Training and Programme Workshops
BCPR’s Mine Action Unit continued to develop the management skills of national senior and mid-levelmine-action programme managers in 2004, enrolling members of 20 national mine-action programs in
its highly successful Management Training Programme, conducted in partnership with James Madison
University, USA. In addition, in partnership with the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian
Demining (GICHD), UNDP conducted three regional workshops for the Middle East, South-East
European, and Asia and Pacific regions to train national mine-action managers on how to integratesocio-economic indicators in mine-action planning and management processes.
2. Mine Action and Development
TTF-funded projects supported one of UNDP’s central mine-action issues in 2004 – the mainstreamingof mine action into development planning, programming, and budgeting processes. BCPR’s Mine
Action Unit formulated policy recommendations for mainstreaming mine action, which were sharedwith the international mine-action and development communities at the Nairobi Summit on a MineFree World in November-December 2004. UNDP uses these recommendations as a basis to encouragemine-affected states as well as bilateral aid agencies to include mine action in national development
plans and programming.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, UNDP assisted the government in revising its National Demining Strategy
to reflect the country’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and Landmine Impact Survey. The
strategy has been adopted by the State Council of Ministers.
In Cambodia, provincial mine-action committees and planning units were established in October 2004
by the Prime Minister. These structures are now recognized as the backbone of a decentralized mineaction planning system, which ensure a strong linkage between development planning and mine
action. The Government of Cambodia has also adopted a ninth Millennium Development Goal on mine
action.
In Lao, the government established a 10-year National Strategic Plan for the UXO sector, "The Safe Path
Forward," which provides closer linkages between UXO clearance and the national development
strategy – the National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy.
In Mozambique, UNDP has worked with the National Demining Institute to help it develop and get
approval for several policy and legal instruments, including the National Strategic Plan for 2002–06, theNational Operating Standard Procedures, and adaptation of the International Standing Operating
Procedures and Accreditation Policy.
3. Completion Initiative
Looking ahead, one of the most significant projects for BCPR’s Mine Action Unit is the Completion
Initiative, which seeks to focus the attention of the international mine-action community on countries
with a limited problem or where a concerted effort and funding commitment will help countries meettheir international obligations and achieve a mine-safe status in a reasonable timeframe (i.e., 3-5 years).
Countries participating in the first round of the Completion Initiative include Albania, Guinea-Bissau,
Jordan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Senegal, Tajikistan, Yemen, and Zambia. They are enhancing their nationalmine-action plans to ensure that they contain clear benchmarks and investment requirements to: (a)remove the threat posed by high-impact and medium-impact minefields as rapidly as possible; (b)develop a residual capacity to respond to the problem of low-impact minefields after the departure of
the international community; and (c) meet their obligations under the Mine Ban Convention.
Participation in the initiative will also facilitate efforts to mainstream mine action into National
Development Plans and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers.

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2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

The Impact of Landmines and UXO on Food Security in Ethiopia
The Ethiopia Landmine Impact Survey (LIS) that took place between 2001 and 2004 identified 1,492 communities(out of approximately 14,980 known communities in Ethiopia) that were affected by landmines or UXO. This
represents over 1.9 million people, roughly 3 percent of the population. The majority of these communities (79percent) are rural and are dependent on livestock rearing and farming. Livestock are also a vital resource for thecountry’s numerous pastoralist groups. Food production and distribution are often disrupted by extended periodsof conflict. Transportation is a significant factor in influencing food scarcity, where an inability to transport foodfrom producer to consumer leads to surpluses in some parts of a country and shortfalls in others.

In the 24 months preceding the LIS, landmines and UXO killed and injured 1,295 people, of whom two-thirds were
engaged in herding or farming at the time of the incident. Pastureland is the resource most frequently reported as
blocked by landmines or UXO, affecting morethan half the communities (52 percent).
Agricultural land was the third mostfrequently blocked resource, affecting morethan 36 percent of the communities.
Blockages to transportation routes were citedby 39 percent of the affected communities,
although in most cases these were local
routes rather than main roads. The correlation
between the impact of conflict and foodsecurity is shown on the adjacent map, withmine-affected communities almost entirely inareas of significant food insecurity.

It is clear to the Ethiopian Government thatlandmines and UXO represent a considerable
threat to the livelihoods of rural communities,
and this is reflected in one of the fourpriorities of the Mine Action Office (EMAO):“the removal of impact on food security
projects supporting agricultural and grazing
land.” Data from the LIS identifies suchblockages, aiding efforts to restore access tothese resources and providing a baseline tomeasure the effectiveness of interventions.
Bob Eaton,
Executive Director,
Survey Action Center, Washington, DC

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2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

SERVICE LINE 6: NATURAL DISASTER REDUCTION
In 2004 the Natural Disaster Reduction service line - with TTF resources - responded to various demands
from country offices and their national counterparts in Bolivia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Djibouti, Democratic
Republic of Congo, Ecuador, Honduras, India, and Indonesia as well as regional counterparts in Africa,
Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. The TTF mechanism has enabled UNDP to advance in its goal toreduce disaster risk. It is clear, however, that securing funding for longer-term disaster reduction andrecovery programmes continues to be a challenge in the light of growing needs for humanitarianassistance. Although a well coordinated international response is essential in the case of major
catastrophes that exceed national capabilities, it must be recognized that such a response does notaddress the complexity of underlying causes of disaster risk. UNDP, therefore, works towards
mainstreaming risk-reduction into development policy and implementation.
UNDP activities under this service line are coordinated by the BCPR Disaster Reduction Unit (DRU),
which provides technical assistance and financial resources for the design and implementation of
capacity building programmes aiming at the following three core results.
1. Disaster risk-reduction integrated into development planning
The DRU supported a number of initiatives to strengthen national disaster reduction policy and strategy
as well as the institutional set-up for disaster risk management. In Djibouti, UNDP complemented thegovernment’s own effort to establish national disaster preparedness and reduction institutions andcapacities through the formulation of a national strategy and by equipping a Geographic Information
System (GIS) unit with trained personnel for the preparation of vulnerability assessment maps. In
Indonesia the DRU supported an initiative to enhance the country’s disaster risk management system,
resulting in the formulation of a comprehensive programme in close consultation with national andprovincial authorities, universities/research institutes, and civil society representatives. During 2005 thetechnical assistance provided for this programme will focus on adapting the programme to the postTsunami needs.
At the regional level the DRU supported the development of a sub-regional disaster reduction policy
and strategy for the Andean region. This highly consultative process led to the establishment of the
Andean Committee for Disaster Prevention and Management, which was endorsed by the presidents of
the Andean region and adopted as public policy. The strategy is providing a much needed framework
for collaborative efforts among the Andean countries and the coherence of future initiatives. In Africa,
BCPR organized jointly with the Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR)
and the UNDP Drylands Development Centre (DDC) the Forum on Drought Risk & Development Policyin Africa. The forum aimed to deliberate on strategies that will help reduce drought risk by fully
appreciating the phenomenon as a challenge to the development process in this region and byproposing a framework for its integration into development approaches. This forum has led to thedevelopment of the Africa Drought Risk and Development Network (ADRDN), which will advocate andfurther elaborate on strategies and initiatives to address drought risk within the context ofdevelopment approaches in Africa.
2. Sector-specific, national and/or regional expertise developed, covering disaster preparedness
planning and/or mitigation of risks and vulnerabilities
In 2004 the DRU initiated a number of ‘lessons learned’ exercises that have helped consolidate, analyze,
and disseminate risk reduction knowledge and experiences. In one such initiative, BCPR embarked on a
consultative process with UNDP country offices and main stakeholders to capture lessons learned fromrecent disaster recovery experiences in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). National workshops
and consultations were carried out in the LAC region and were coupled with a review of lessons learned
from disasters in Asia to produce Post-Disaster Recovery Guidelines for governments and UNDP
country offices. These guidelines, although still in draft form, are being used to inform the recovery
efforts in Grenada, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and all the Tsunami affected countries in23

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

Asia. In a cost-sharing initiative with the Disaster Preparedness Programme of the European Community
Humanitarian Organization (DIPECHO), UNDP compiled, systematized, and disseminated lessons learnt
and good practices in disaster preparedness and local level risk management in the Andean region.
These lessons on Local Level Risk are currently being used to inform the development of new projects inall regions at the local level. They were also used as an input in the development of a UNDP-lead
exercise in collaboration with other UN agencies and donors for the World Conference on Disaster
Reduction in Hyogo, Japan, 2004, to articulate the role of good governance in promoting national
systems for disaster risk-reduction. The inter-agency paper produced as a result of this exercise formed
the focus of the High-level Round Table discussion on governance at the Second World Conference on
Disaster Reduction (WCDR) in Kobe, and is currently being used as a key tool for informing the DRU’s
support for national systems for disaster risk-reduction globally.
TTF funds also contributed to strengthening disaster risk management capacity at the regional level.
UNDP and WHO jointly launched a Disasters & Development Training Course in Asia with a focus on thehealth sector. The training materials were especially developed for this regional course and piloted in
November 2004 with technical input from the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre. The pilot course was
successful in finalizing the core content of future courses of this type for the health sector, and will be
used as a key module in the development of future risk-reduction training courses.
The regional programme entitled Systems for Improved Use of Meteorological Information for Early
Warning covers the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Jamaica. This Regional Programme was developed
under the umbrella of the Caribbean Risk Management Initiative (CRMI) and has already been
completed. During its relatively short period of implementation, the programme faced significant
challenges in 2004 due to the Haitian political revolt as well as major floods in the Dominican Republicand Haiti. Nonetheless, important achievements were made when hurricane Ivan hit Jamaica in 2004:
The project team supported the National Meterological Office in facilitating real time early warning
information, which was used on the national media to inform the public of the storm’s approach.
With a view to promoting gender equity, BCPR launched the publication Gender Dimensions in Disaster
Management: A Guide for South Asia. The first publication of its kind in the region, it was launched in
Delhi with the active participation of the media, the Indian Government, and UNDP, and has helped tosensitize the public and policymakers on key gender issues related to disaster risk management in Asia.
Significant results were achieved in BCPR’s ongoing work to develop a regional cadre of disaster risk
management specialists to support capacity building and recovery efforts in Asia, throughcollaboration with the national United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme in India. This programme
successfully supported the deployment of UNVs to Sri Lanka following the floods of 2003. During 2004
the UNV/BCPR collaboration was strengthened through BCPR’s support of a regional UNV workshop toestablish the basis for a regional strategy for South–South cooperation for disaster risk management. It
was also instrumental in forming a common vision for the disaster risk management partnership of UNV
and UNDP country offices in south and south-west Asia. This workshop provided the cooperation
framework for UNV’s response activities in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean Tsunami; and disaster risk
management specialists from this programme have been deployed to Nepal and Bhutan to support theimplementation of national disaster risk management programmes there as well. With the use of TTF
funds, UNDP worked in collaboration with the ISDR to support awareness raising activities at theregional level and to produce and translate the periodical ISDR Informs into local languages in Asia andAfrica. In addition, TTF funds were also used to support the ISDR regarding the production of two key
guideline documents: on disaster risk and governance, and on disaster risk-reduction and poverty
reduction strategies.
3. Human-made vulnerability factors that shape risks corrected and relative disaster risk
vulnerability significantly reduced
The Inter-Agency Cooperation for Disaster Reduction in the Goma district of Democratic Republic ofCongo is a joint undertaking of UNDP, the ISDR, and the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs (OCHA) with the aim to coordinate and integrate capacity building activities for volcanic risk
reduction in Goma. TTF funds have been used to support this programme, which under very24

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

challenging circumstances during 2005 was able to achieve significant results. Throughout 2004 theprogramme has produced an initial assessment of the volcanic hazard and has strengthened volcanic
hazard monitoring and surveillance as well as the volcanic early warning system for the public. To
support this, a public information and education programme, including a school preparedness andawareness programme, is underway, with school participation from this programme winninginternational recognition at the WCDR. Entries from Goma depicting the volcanic hazard won three ofthe 12 places chosen by ISDR for the 2005 calendar of the International School Children Art Competion.
During 2004 the DRU also continued to support the Caribbean Risk Management Initiative. Special
emphasis was placed on linking the ‘adaptation to climate change community’ with the ‘disaster risk
reduction community’ by articulating an integrated climate risk management approach. This integrated
approach is able to fully consider the effects that climate variability/change can have in terms ofmodifying or increasing the impact of climate related hazards. The CRMI launched a regional network
based in Cuba to promote the exchange of disaster risk-reduction and climate adaptation information,
experience, and tools among the English, Spanish, and French-speaking Caribbean. Also in Cuba, UNDP
launched a capacity building project through the development of a policy framework for hurricane
resistant design and construction practices in the housing sector. This policy has now been adopted by
Cuba’s Ministry of Housing.
After intense rains affected the municipality of La Paz in February 2002, the DRU supported a two-year
Local Risk Management Programme in La Paz, Bolivia, to strengthen the La Paz Municipal
Government’s capacity to reduce disaster risk. The success of the programme was praised in 2004,
when the La Paz City Hall was issued a Certificate of Merit within the context of the United Nations
International Sasakawa Disaster Reduction Award. TTF funds were also used to support the Community
Level Flood Early Warning Systems in Honduras, which benefited 21 communities, 2 municipalities, andmore than 42,000 people by establishing a community-based flood early warning system in the north ofthe country.
Volcano Risk-Reduction in the Democratic Republic of Congo
The implementation of the Inter-Agency Cooperation for Disaster Reduction in the Goma/North Kivu area has
highlighted a number of challenges and interesting lessons learned since its inception in early 2004. Some
volcano emergencies must be considered “ongoing” or “chronic emergencies.” The Nyriagongo Volcano, forexample, has developed its own pattern, with many changes in the type or level of activity. However, thisconstant activity has been putting people at risk for many years or decades—even centuries. The only solution
lies in vigilance and the permanent surveillance of the volcano, accompanied by permanent community
awareness. Within this framework, education and communication must be pursued on an ongoing basis.
Awareness-raising was found to be much more effective if tools are developed for specific problems and/or
population groups. In the past, general information materials about volcanoes and volcanic risks were used inGoma. This approach changed for the first time with the production of a specific video on the Virunga
volcanoes, which was much more effective because it raised awareness on the particularities of the local
volcanoes. Communication tools were also developed in a more adaptable manner; 3D-models, for example,
were found to be much better understood by the population than maps.
Implementing such a program in an area of conflict, where the population and authorities are facing manydifferent threats, is particularly difficult, as people’s attention is easily diverted to other pressing issues. Linked
to this is the challenge to protect and maintain field-developed networks with sufficient equipment and to
pursue field work in an area where attacks and looting are regular problems.
Providing sustained support to the Goma Volcano Observatory through the continuation of the present
programme is of utmost importance. The volcano surveillance capacities must be reinforced and strengthened
as good knowledge of the volcano's activity is needed to define the level of risk from which to protect the
population. Volcano risk is changing continuously in type, time, and in geographical repartition, so thesechanges have to be carefully followed for a better understanding and appraisal.
Jacques Durieux, Programme Manager,
Inter-Agency Cooperation for Disaster Reduction,
Goma/North Kivu Area

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2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

SERVICE LINE 7: SPECIAL INITIATIVES FOR COUNTRIES IN TRANSITION
Under this service line UNDP provides assistance to countries emerging from crisis in order to help
national authorities deliver essential public services and establish basic security. The goal is to bridge
volatile transition periods by enhancing authorities’ capabilities towards sustainable peace, democratic
reform, and reconstruction. Activities supported under this service line include budgetary andoperational support, rehabilitation of essential administrative and other public infrastructure, interim
and time-bound support to urgently needed public services, and immediate institutional recovery,
capacity-building, and reform.
Funding from the CPR TTF made it possible for UNDP to launch activities that were critical in supporting
the political transition process in Iraq, such as the establishment of an Electoral Commission and thethe first National Conference. This was undertaken at a time when the Iraq Reconstruction Funding
Facility had not yet been established and limited funding sources were available to the UNDP country
office. Moreover, modeled after the successful Afghan Interim Authority Fund, UNDP has supported theestablishment of similar emergency recovery fund in Guinea Bissau. UNDP continued implementing
the Guinea Bissau Emergency Economic Management Fund (EEMF) in 2004.
Stabilization of political and administrative functions and delivery of essential social services
Supporting the Iraqi electoral process
UNDP’s support to the Iraqi Electoral Process established the necessary administrative and logisticalinfrastructure for running elections successfully. In the first stage, UNDP assisted the selection processof 8 Electoral Commissioners (from a total of 1878 applications), which included launching a media
campaign, creating an expert selection committee, and establishing an application-processing centre.
The successful candidates underwent a three-week training course at the Mexican Federal Electoral
Institute for which UNDP coordinated the venue, administrative and transport arrangements. On thecompletion of this course, the Commissioners took major decisions on registration, rules, procedures,and recruitment. During the second phase, UNDP staged workshops for senior staff of the Independent
Electoral Commission of Iraq (IECI), who were then tasked with training other employees. UNDP alsoestablished electoral offices in each of Iraq’s 18 Governorates. Finally, UNDP posted international
experts in Baghdad to provide advice on a range of issues and who formed the core of the UN’s
Electoral Assistance Mission.
Limited time and security created significant barriers to these activities. The short timeframe between
establishing the IECI and the electoral process stymied planning and preparation of the staff and offices
for the country’s first elections. Poor security limited the extent of international assistance, hampered
the creation of an atmosphere conducive to elections, and decreased the profile of Commissioners.
Return to rule of law and promotion of human rights in Iraq
This programme aimed to foster a culture of human rights and increase the involvement of Iraqis inrestoring the rule of law, by working with civil society and government institutions. UNDP facilitated astrategic consultation meeting where the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights identified and refinedpriorities and directions. The outcomes of this discussion were then consolidated into a comprehensive
UN Human Rights Programme. In addition, UNDP provided IT infrastructure and training for the Iraqi
Judicial Training Institute, and conducted two ‘Train the Trainer’ courses in managerial skills forrepresentatives of human rights organisations, who then imparted these skills to colleagues in Iraq.
UNDP has addressed an important human rights and transitional justice issue by establishing thematicgroups of Iraqi and international experts to lay the foundations for a National Centre of Missing andDisappeared Persons. These groups were tasked with designing the Centre’s organizational structure
and capacity building programme, drafting its enabling legislation, and determining its information
management and outreach policies.
The preparation of a UN Human Rights Programme brought together key UN agencies to coordinate
future activities according to their areas of expertise. This allowed for the structuring of activities at an26

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

early stage; however, some momentum was lost with the changing of ministers. The rapid growth incivil society organisations and their capacity building needs has produced some duplication between
UN agencies. As such greater coordination is required to track new CSOs and their training.
Media campaign to support the Iraqi National Conference
During August 2004, UNDP conducted a media campaign to raise awareness about the National
Conference, which had been launched in response to Special Envoy Lakhdar Brahimi’s
recommendations and Security Council Resolution 1546. The key messages of this campaign
highlighted the preparations for the National Conference, the role of the National Conference inpreparing for the electoral and constitutional processes, and the importance of inclusive andtransparent political processes. A large variety of publicity tools were used, including a daily newspaper,
posters, billboards, daily advertisements in major Iraqi newspapers, and community roundtables ineach Governorate. This campaign provided some lessons for the future. The Iraqi public related morepositively to messages and issues that related to their lives. Messages were constructed to cater todifferent cultural and educational backgrounds, and to avoid offending any political party. Finally, theindependence of the UN enabled cooperation with different political parties.
Emergency Economic Management Fund in Guinea Bissau
The EEMF in Guinea Bissau continued operations throughout 2004 and has been extended until
December 2005 to serve as the modality to channel and coordinate contributions to the government
until presidential elections have taken place. As a multi-donor funding mechanism administered by
UNDP, the EEMF supported the Government of Guinea Bissau’s Emergency Economic Management Planby financing part of the deficit of the 2004 emergency budget. Contributions received through the
EEMF were allocated on a priority basis to cover recurrent salary costs in basic social service sectors to
avoid not only the accumulation of salary arrears but also to dissipate potential social unrest.
In preparing its emergency budget, the Transition Government received technical advice from a joint
team of IMF, World Bank, African Development Bank, and UNDP experts. Subsequently, the IMF
requested the donor community to use the UNDP managed EEMF as a primary financing mechanism forsupporting the emergency budget. Contributions were provided by the Netherlands, Sweden, France,
and the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLC).
Key achievements and lessons learnt include:The importance of rigorous measures to safeguard the transparency and accountability of theFund. These measures comprised a comprehensive review by UNDP of the payments made by
the government to ensure that the rules and conditions established in the EEMF project
document were duly complied with prior to approving new disbursements.
To determine proper monthly payroll costs and ensure efficient use of EEMF resources, it was
crucial to identify and clear ‘ghost’ employees, which previously inflated salary expenditure
figures.
Finally, the consolidation of the Treasury Committee constitutes an effective mechanism inbudgetary control, ensuring transparency and accountability in management of Guinea
Bissau’s public finances. UNDP actively participates in the meetings of this body, which has
proven instrumental for a close monitoring of the EEMF implementation.

Notwithstanding the successful implementation of the emergency fund system, financing gaps
remained a challenge, and the economic and financial perspectives for 2005 remained critical. In early
December 2004, the United Nations Security Council called “upon international donors to contributeurgently to the Government of Guinea-Bissau’s budget for civil service and military salaries and also
encourages them to contribute to the Emergency Economic Management Fund for Guinea-Bissau,
managed by the UNDP.” The role of the international community is crucial in both immediate andmedium terms to the sustainable consolidation of the nation’s fragile peace and democracy, and to thealleviation of the dire needs of the population.

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2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

COUNTRY WINDOWThe Country Window of the CPR TTF serves UNDP country offices as a resource mobilization tool. Apartfrom applying for TTF resources through the respective CPR service lines, country offices can also
mobilize resources through the TTF Country Window. UNDP delegated signatory authority andmanagement responsibilities to the Resident Representatives in 2002, and funds received through theCountry Window are administered through a cost-sharing modality. From a corporate perspective, theTTF Country Window aims to align UNDP’s crisis programmes more closely to the specific service lines.
Furthermore, the technical and operational support and the streamlining of reporting requirementsthat BCPR can provide are additional values for country officers and donors alike. Finally, the TTF
mechanism allows BCPR to disburse urgently required funds in advance when a given donor cannot
disburse them fast enough.
Slightly less than US$ 126 million were allocated through the TTF Country Window to 11 countries in
2004, which accounts for almost three-quarters of all contributions made to the CPR TTF in 2004. The
large majority of Country Window funds (87 percent) were, however, mobilized for three countries: Iraq,
Liberia, and Afghanistan. The latter received by far the greatest amount, just over US$ 72 million. All
three countries are characterized by very large field operations and by being not only in UNDP’s, butvery much in the global spotlight. Thematically, the highest contributions by far were invested in
disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) initiatives. Another substantial initiative involved
the provision of employment opportunities for the most vulnerable groups in Iraq’s economic transition
process. These cases are highlighted in more detail below. BCPR can make detailed reports on otherallocations available upon request.
DDR funds allocated through the TTF Country Window
In addition to contributions for DDR allocated through technical service lines (notably Small Arms and
DDR and Transition Recovery, which utilize these funds to programme BCPR support for countries), themajority of DDR resources were allocated through the TTF Country Window directly to programmes
supported by UNDP at the country level. Contributions for DDR constitute 34 percent of the total
amount channeled through the TTF, and 53 percent of Country Window allocations, indicating a strong
preference among donors for this modality.
A critical requirement for effective DDR programming is readily available financial resources andsufficient flexibility to address unforeseen factors in the implementation phase. In this regard, the use of
TTF financial management mechanisms and procedures allows for quick disbursement and flexibility
while ensuring overall accountability and transparency. While World Bank Trust Fund modalities are
optimized for longer-term and large-scale projects, the UNDP CPR TTF provides rapid and flexible
disbursement in the early post-conflict period; permits donor control through earmarking; is not tied to
one governmental actor; can be closely linked with UNDP programme and operations capacities; andhas no restrictions on the financing of military-related disarmament and demobilization activities. Taken
together, this explains why the CPR TTF is viewed by donors as an important instrument for managing
the financing of complex DDR programmes.

Countries
Afghanistan
Liberia
Democratic Republic of Congo
AngolaCentral African Republic
TOTAL

DDR Funds allocated through TTF Country Window (US$)
39,900,000
19,500,000
5,700,000
1,500,000
400,000
67,000,000

In both Liberia and Afghanistan, the UNDP CPR TTF constitutes the primary mechanism for receiving,
managing, and allocating funds for all aspects of the DDR process, including the significant number of28

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

small transactions involved in provision of demobilization and reintegration support. Key achievements
in 2004 are:In Liberia, the TTF has funded the demobilization of 103,019 ex-combatants and initiated theirreintegration.
In Afghanistan, 31,457 ex-combatants have entered the programme to date, with thousands
more expected to enter during 2005 and 2006.

Iraq Reconstruction and Employment Programme
UNDP’s Iraq Reconstruction and Employment Programme (IREP) provides temporary emergency
employment in basic infrastructure rehabilitation for Iraq’s most vulnerable groups whilst also
improving the capacity of local government institutions. Close to US$ 10 million were allocated throughthe CPR TTF Country Window through a contribution of the European Community, making up a third of
the US$ 30 million programme. During 2004, 91 sub-projects in four Governorates rehabilitatedinfrastructure in the health, water supply, sewage, and irrigation sectors. In Southern Iraq, IREP created
485,045 worker days and assisted 500 communities over a six-month period. An example of IREP’s
impact is a water supply project that assisted Marsh Arab communities, and provided clean drinking
water to 50,000 people. Other projects have involved building shelters for IDPs and refugees in Ninewa,
cleaning and tree planting in Falluja and repairing the Missan sewerage system to the benefit of 20,000
people.
For many of the programme’s counterparts and beneficiaries, IREP’s activities are the first significant
international action. This created an enormous boost in morale in these communities. An importantpart of this project is to build the capacity of local Governments. As these institutions have been
implementing IREP activities, local communities’ confidence in them has grown. Tools and supplies
have been purchased locally which in turn demand local services (transport, banking), thus generating
additional economic benefits. IREP’s exceptional operating conditions highlight the need for flexible
internal rules and procedures to prevent delays, and finding new project management and financialtransfers modalities.

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2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

PRACTICE DEVELOPMENT AND KNOWLEDGE NETWORKINGIn 2004, UNDP’s Crisis Prevention and Recovery Practice (CPRP) was significantly consolidated,
strengthening UNDP’s CPR expertise by promoting the continuous sharing of CPR know-how and bystreamlining its support to in-country crisis prevention and recovery teams. Special activities in 2004 tostrengthen UNDP’s global CPR knowledge network included electronic thematic discussions on the
CPRP Network and the subsequent development of policy papers, enhanced mechanisms for up to date
information access on crisis prevention and recovery, regional CPR workshops in Africa, and the
production of CPR self-learning tools.
Knowledge Networking
The Crisis Prevention and Recovery Practice Network (CPRP-Net) continued to play a vital role infostering a community of CPR practitioners and bringing together field practitioners throughworkshops and virtual exchange. Membership of the CPRP-Net has almost doubled to 1000 members
at the end of 2004. The 70 percent membership from country office staff indicates the increasing
decentralized nature of the CPRP community. In 2004 geographic representation in the Asia-Pacificregion was highest, followed by Africa and Eastern Europe and the Geographic Information System.
Besides its referral system, which was used more than a hundred times in 2004 by network members,
the network hosted two in-depth discussions on MDGs and CPR and on Conflict Prevention. The
network facilitation also promoted the development and exchange of lessons learned and thedissemination of CPR related information through its monthly News Update. In addition, the active
nature of exchange on the network was complemented by the launch and regular update of acentralized global intranet on CPR issues.
An external evaluation of UNDP’s knowledge networks confirmed their vital role for knowledge
exchange and community building, and suggested ways forward for 2005. Country offices appreciatedthe CPRP-Net in the Survey on HQ Products and Services by positively rating it at 87 percent and among
the six best UNDP networks. To complement the CPRP-Net activities, in 2004 BCPR developed aknowledge management strategy for CPR that has subsequently been implemented with country
offices, having started with the Arab Region in 2004.
Practice Workshops for CPR Capacity Development
In 2004 the cycle of CPR practice workshops was continued with a focus on Africa. To strengthen CPR
capacities in African programme countries and to respond to demands for CPR knowledge exchange
and learning, 85 practitioners from Anglophone and Francophone Africa came together in two
workshops to discuss common approaches, share challenges and experiences as well as learn about
latest programmatic and operational policies and procedures for CPR in UNDP. Topics included conflict
analysis, transition recovery challenges, disaster reduction mainstreaming, and justice and security
sector reform. Participants evaluated these workshops as excellent tools for in-depth CPR learning andexchange. All workshops initiated follow-up activities at the country office level. Among the outcomesof the workshops were:

the adoption of a “conflict prevention” and “conflict sensitivity” lens for country programming;
joint approaches to programming and operational issues (such as reporting and fundmanagement);
further development of thematic concepts at a regional level (for example, on transition
recovery): andconnecting UNDP practitioners across countries for mutual and continuous support.

Mainstreaming of CPR Knowledge through Virtual Development Academy and online training
material
In 2004, CPR training modules have also been offered as part of UNDP corporate training, induction, andprogramme planning courses to a wide range of UNDP staff. Some 73 Junior Professional Officers of30

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

UNDP country offices, 30 LEAD (UNDP’s Leadership Development Programme) candidates, 25 Deputy
Resident Representatives, and 21 Resident Coordinators were exposed to a variety of CPR training
modules, case studies, or simulation exercises as part of the training offered at UNDP’s Learning andResource Center (LRC). To sustain this knowledge a number of training materials were developed, suchas the BCPR Introduction Kit (a concise introduction to the work, finances, and structure of the Bureau),a CPR Reader of core documents, and a Corporate PowerPoint on BCPR.
An equally important part of mainstreaming CPR knowledge throughout UNDP is the Virtual
Development Academy (VDA) which offers a two-week practitioner module to approximately 120
participants per year. This module familiarizes participants with on-going policy debates, analysis, andfield-tested concepts on different service lines of CPR (such as DDR and Mine Action) that are shaping
UNDP’s CPR agenda. It also introduces them to basic CPR terms and concepts as applied andimplemented by UNDP.
In addition, the Bureau published an extensive set of online materials that consist of a 5-7 hour, selfpaced online introduction course to UNDP’s mandate and work in the area of Crisis Prevention andRecovery and an electronic library of key CPR background material. The course and the electronic librarywere designed to address not only UNDP staff already familiar with the organization but also outsiders(e.g., academia, partner organizations), offering them a more structured introduction to the frameworkand concepts of UNDP’s CPR agenda.
WHAT THE CLIENTS SAY
On CPRP-Net: Without the CPRP-Net, it would have taken months or longer to get the information and experience,
particularly contacting people and finding useful documents. The contributions from network members and theirconsolidated summary are thus “brilliant.”
Feedback from network member in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Evaluation Interview, summer 2004
On CPR Practice Workshops: La combinaison des présentations théoriques avec les exemples concrets du terrainétait une excellente idée qui a donne la possibilité d’apprendre comment la PCR se passe dans des contextes
différents sur le terrain.
Anonymous evaluation, Workshop for Francophone Africa
Senegal, November 2004
How does the CPR Practice increase UNDP’s ability to deliver quality products and enhance the overall
organizational efficiency?
The Practice provides a non-threatening environment for sharing of ideas, and I had the opportunity to use it as asounding board on many occasions. It also offered opportunities to share our experiences in Sudan with othercolleagues and practitioners working in other countries emerging from conflict. The development andimplementation of our programmes in DDR and Rule of Law greatly benefited from inputs provided by members of
the practice networks, resulting in lessons learned documents we have shared with various interested partners.
The CPR network has enabled us to gain access to the latest field and non-field-based thinking in the practice area ina most time efficient manner. This is particularly important for countries like Sudan given the heavy demands that
operating in a crisis context impose on our time in general.
Roberto Valent, UNDP Sudan
Why the CPR Practice makes one’s everyday work easier and more productive
The knowledge of having a peer support group an email away from around the world, with a range of expertise andexperience, to advise, guide, and share insight on a range of issues is very comforting. Having said the above, I doneed to flag one unique characteristic of CPR Practice, which is not often highlighted - its ability to encourage
reflective thinking. As practitioners in the field, most of us have our hands full and do not have the time to think andwrite the unique experiences and knowledge gained. However, by contributing to the practice we are able toreflect on our work in specific areas and codify it, the closest we ever get to sharing and storing knowledge within
UNDP. Specifically in the area of crisis prevention and recovery, which is constantly evolving, the need to shareknowledge and learn cannot be over emphasized, and CPR Practice may be the only tool in UNDP that pushes me inthat direction.
Devanand Ramiah, UNDP Sri Lanka

31

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

IV. MANAGING THE TTF: CHALLENGES AND WAYS FORWARD
The Thematic Trust Fund is essentially a catalyst for innovative programming and rapid response incrisis prevention and recovery efforts. A key challenge remains to ensure that capacity exists at thecountry level for effective and efficient implementation of CPR initiatives. Meeting this challenge is oneof the aims of the TTF. BCPR provides technical advice and operational support to country offices whilebuilding more sustainable capacities of those offices.
Delivery rates in 2004 improved compared to 2003 reaching an expenditure of close to 70% of
programmed allocations. UNDP aims to maintain and improve delivery rates in future. Nonetheless, it
has to be stressed that at times lower delivery rates are inherent to crisis contexts. The unpredictabilityof unstable situations and open conflicts does not always permit implementation of programmes asplanned or desired, and requires sensitive and flexible programming.
On an operational management capacity level, BCPR plans to develop an Operations Practice Note
aimed at country offices to further enhance guidance on oversight, funding, and distribution.
With the introduction of ATLAS as UNDP’s global financial and project management system in January
2004, an important tool has been put in place to help meet the delivery challenge. UNDP works towards
improving staff’s ability to maximize utility of ATLAS, and to further adapt ATLAS itself to theorganisation’s needs. This will require the provision of more training in the future in order to tap into
the full functionality of this enterprise results planning (ERP) system.
The approval of UNDP’s Multi-Year Funding Framework for 2004-07 and the subsequent alignment ofcorporate goals, practice areas, service lines, and core results all require the TTF to adapt its Framework.
Results reporting in a manner that would synchronize reporting under the MYFF and under the TTF.
This synchronization poses various challenges that need to be tackled in the future, including a more
systematic approach to monitoring and evaluating achievements made by programmes fundedthrough the TTF – and by UNDP as a whole. Other corporate developments, such as the recently
published new financial regulation rules and the updated Programme Management Guide will require
further adjustments to maintain the effective management of the TTF in line with corporate policies andapproaches.

322004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

V. CONCLUSION
Based on the distribution of donor contributions, it is clear that in 2004 disarmament, demobilization,and reintegration (DDR) was a high priority: 39 percent (US$ 67 million) of total CPR TTF contributions
were for UNDP supported DDR programmes. This is no coincidence: DDR presents a crucial challenge
every time a violent conflict is finally brought to an end. DDR as well as recovery initiatives are key tothe consolidation of often fragile transition processes from violent conflict to peace. In the recent past, anumber of countries have in fact entered that transition process and received UNDP support to lay thefoundations for sustainable peace and recovery, for instance Afghanistan, Liberia, Democratic Republicof Congo, Angola, and Central African Republic. UNDP aims to ensure that in such contexts
peacekeeping and development go hand in hand. While the international community is rising to thetask of providing funds for these important initiatives, more voluntary contributions are needed tosustain reintegration, including in cases such as Sudan and Haiti. Continued and indeed increased
funding is imperative to consolidate these and other peace processes and to sustain reintegration of excombatants, refugees, and IDPs.
Donor interest in mine action has also been strong: UNDP’s Mine Action service line is one of thelargest beneficiaries of the TTF, second only to DDR. Approximately half of the US$ 70 million that UNDP
mobilized for mine action in 2004 was channeled through the TTF. Looking ahead, one of the mostsignificant projects for BCPR’s Mine Action Unit is the Completion Initiative, which seeks to focus theattention of the international mine-action community on countries with a limited problem or where aconcerted effort and funding commitment will help countries meet their international obligations andachieve a mine-safe status in a reasonable timeframe (i.e., 3-5 years). Meeting these obligations isimperative for full rehabilitation and, consequently, for creating enabling conditions for development.
Countries participating in the first round of the Completion Initiative include Albania, Guinea-Bissau,
Jordan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Senegal, Tajikistan, Yemen, and Zambia. Nonetheless, countries sufferingfrom serious mine problems must also receive priority attention, including Afghanistan, Angola,
Cambodia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Iraq.
In many natural disaster high-risk countries, UNDP’s capacity in disaster reduction has not been
sufficient to meet the challenges. Therefore, a key 2005 priority for UNDP is to build capacities among
both UN country teams and national partners to reorient the development process towards a stronger
focus on disaster risk reduction. Decision-makers must be made more aware of the need to reduce risks
to acceptable levels; and their decision must be reflected in development, reconstruction, and recovery
policies, strategies, and programmes. More funding will have to be mobilized for longer-term disaster
reduction and recovery programmes in order to fully address the complexity of underlying causes andto achieve sustainable impact.
Several recent key UN reports identified the rule of law and transitional justice as fundamental to thefurtherance of the peace and security agenda, and the Secretary-General has himself strongly
emphasized the interdependence of development and security. In this context, the debate on thePeacebuilding Commission has underlined the importance for intellectual leadership on security
sector reform and transitional justice. Given the high priority these fields are receiving on the UN
agenda, combined with the increasing demand for technical assistance at the country level, UNDP is
preparing itself to contribute more fully and effectively to these areas. Through BCPR’s Justice andSecurity Sector Reform team, UNDP was actively involved in discussions on strengthening rule of law
capacities within the UN system. At the same time, UNDP undertook an internal process in 2004 tostrengthen and refine its institutional capacity for providing support and guidance in security sector
reform and transitional justice. To rise to the challenges posed by increasing demand for support frompartner countries and by the UN reform agenda, the limited funding currently mobilized under thisservice line must be significantly increased.
Last but not least, UNDP will continue to raise the profile of its approach to conflict prevention andpeace-building and to broaden the scope of its engagement and support at the national and regional
levels. While UNDP will continue to ensure that transition and recovery programming, and long-term
development interventions, are made conflict sensitive, it will also strengthen support to initiatives that33

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

enhance national capacities for conflict resolution and consensus building, particularly in situations of“early prevention.” In particular, UNDP’s expertise and practical experience in this field will complement
the work of the new Peacebuilding Commission and Peacebuilding Support Office.
Key priorities for BCPR in 2005 are:

Refine its strategies, structure and processes in line with new peacebuilding reforms and the
evolving demands of country offices.
Increase the results-based focus of BCPR’s work, both at global and country levels.
Expand partnerships in key areas, both to strengthen BCPR capacities and to offer better, more
efficient technical support to country offices and national stakeholders.

A strong, well-funded TTF will be essential to supporting these transitions and to ensuring that UNDP
makes a full and vibrant contribution to peacebuilding and sustainable recovery in countries that mostneed our support.

34

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

VI. FINANCIAL REPORTFINANCIAL SUMMARY
Contributions received in 2004

US$ 170,853,496

Add: Allocations carried from 2003

US$ 52,427,659

Total allocations available in 2004

US$ 223,281,155

Less: Allocations carried forward to 2005

- US$ 24,928,639

Total Allocations Programmed in 2004

US$ 198,352,516

CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED PER DONOR
Donor
BrazilCanadaDenmark
EU
FranceGermany
Iceland
IFRC Prevention Consortium
Private donations for Tsunami relief
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Netherlands
NorwayPortugal
SwedenSwitzerland
UK
UN
UNHCR
UNOCHA
USA
World Bank
Total Income

35

Contributions in US$
49,258.12
12,232,459.62
6,074,633.97
17,814,455.37
621,890.55
1,058,409.47
13,933.40
200,000.00
1,137.68
601,684.72
11,866,143.44
32,661,763.78
150,000.00
13,385,256.90
4,547,620.93
510,568.61
549,450.55
1,046,000.00
32,335,123.27
1,554,739.53
125,000.00
532,268.00
21,717,070.00
11,204,628.00
170,853,495.91

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

ALLOCATIONS AND EXPENDITURES BY SERVICE LINE
Service Line
Conflict Prevention
Transition Recovery
Mine Action
Security Sector Reform & Transitional Justice
Small Arms/DDR
Disaster Reduction
Special Initiatives
Practice Development
Country Window
Total

Allocations
3,771,143.58
5,679,095.19
34,251,797.07
1,305,009.30
13,048,614.44
3,736,273.53
8,333,804.51
2,262,259.03
125,964,518.63
198,352,515.28

Expenditures
2,936,275.59
4,212,949.37
25,686,236.81
971,229.98
8,590,514.61
2,645,110.51
8,017,916.92
2,262,259.03
77,790,817.82
133,113,310.64

Allocations
85,694,305.45
859,557.14
5,408,073.44
75,000.00
443,444.22
164,000.00
600.002,485,568.64
677,190.00
104,276.85
521,548.24
493,081.50
410,515.23
531,542.10
7,133,192.35
391,551.00
1,959.00
92,529.19
387,862.61
638,662.53
1,594,499.21
709,987.68
26,899.97
703,968.00
14,538,747.41
100,000.00
4,458,279.23
265,046.00
730,158.44
320,158.00
164,140.56
308,412.00

Expenditures
52,445,624.98
551,304.58
4,277,605.64
30,769.23
261,941.37
152,452.76
625.66
1,186,475.00
473,876.02
104,276.85
521,548.24
11,001.80
321,850.67
243,804.66
6,613,751.23
0.00
1,174.16
92,529.19
182,630.38
174,681.98
779,769.04
421,110.65
26,899.97
228,803.44
12,854,188.41
67,056.80
3,883,127.10
147,703.40
309,936.09
171,475.94
164,140.56
158,828.27

ALLOCATIONS AND EXPENDITURES BY COUNTRIESCountry
Afghanistan
Albania
AngolaArgentina
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
BrazilBurkina Faso
Cambodia
Central African Republic
Chad
Colombia
Congo, DR
Congo, PR
Cuba
East Timor
EcuadorEl Salvador
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Fiji
Ghana
GlobalGuatemalaGuinea Bissau
GuyanaHaiti
Honduras
India
Iran

36

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

Iraq
Jamaica
JordanKenya
KosovoLao PDR
Lebanon
Liberia
Macedonia
Mauritania
Mozambique
Nepal
Niger
Palestine
Papua New Guinea
RwandaSierra Leone
Somalia
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
UgandaUkraineUN Volunteers
Yemen
Yugoslavia
Total

23,222,355.01
52,138.43
441,855.59
611,898.13
104,243.61
1,300,288.61
301,207.14
23,064,613.66
1,205,208.73
21,809.53
920,029.06
91,432.92
226,405.81
110,366.62
200,000.00
592,369.76
2,564,964.93
1,187,896.03
4,551,604.33
2,056,848.23
450,202.00
686,258.71
50,000.00
456,500.00
247,817.40
277,857.00
1,336,929.05
1,584,659.00
198,352,515.28

11,935,601.87
52,138.43
153,063.74
611,898.13
104,243.61
1,276,065.34
162,787.25
19,826,277.85
878,428.98
21,809.53
815,439.85
91,432.92
226,405.81
110,366.62
6,911.98
592,369.76
1,629,233.50
850,727.70
1,409,132.94
1,810,485.34
310,326.38
370,061.35
7,417.13
226,732.50
247,817.40
203,385.33
1,151,660.26
1,170,125.07
133,113,310.64

ALLOCATIONS TO COUNTRIES PER SERVICE LINE
Service LineCountry

Conflict Prevention and Peace-Building

Argentina
Central Africa
Congo, DR
Congo, PR
EcuadorFiji
Ghana
Guatemala
GuyanaGlobalSri Lanka
Sudan
Tajikistan
Total

37

Allocations

Expenditures

40,000.00
7,619.50
163,392.00
1,551.00
126,068.00
26,899.97
125,105.00
100,000.00
265,046.00
2,850,037.94
36,788.00
20,436.17
8,200.00
3,771,143.58

18,888.80
0.00
38,466.00
0.00
91,053.98
26,899.97
5,090.17
67,056.80
147,703.40
2,488,862.06
30,123.08
20,436.17
1,695.17
2,936,275.59

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

Recovery

Mine Action

Security Sector Reform and Transitional
JusticeBurkina Faso
Bosnia andHerzegovina
Congo, DR
Eritrea
GlobalGlobalIran
KosovoSri Lanka
Nepal
Palestine
Sudan
Sierra Leone
Syria
Yugoslavia
Total
Afghanistan
AngolaAlbania
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Bosnia andHerzegovina
Colombia
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Guinea Bissau
GlobalIraq
JordanCambodia
Lao PDR
LebanonSri Lanka
Mozambique
Mauritania
Sudan
Somalia
Chad
ThailandTajikistan
Ukraine
Yemen
Total
Afghanistan
Albania
Argentina
Brazil104,276.85

104,276.85

162,201.78
253,180.85
657,787.00
106,877.72
1,441,037.28
308,412.00
104,243.61
737,867.50
91,432.92
110,366.62
235,442.06
750,000.00
450,202.00
165,767.00
5,679,095.19

162,201.78
253,180.85
441,460.09
106,527.69
1,432,129.54
158,828.27
104,243.61
351,280.15
91,432.92
110,366.62
235,442.06
188,666.77
310,326.38
162,585.79
4,212,949.37

13,486,651.88
2,178,321.91
183,082.14
443,444.22
164,000.00

13,486,651.88
1,635,267.02
82,278.65
261,941.37
152,452.76

2,020,542.86
132,857.10
936,712.21
709,987.68
282,615.23
2,563,820.02
3,489,896.75
441,855.59
521,548.24
1,300,288.61
301,207.14
840,754.61
920,029.06
21,809.53
358,113.00
449,991.03
410,515.23
50,000.00
678,058.71
28,765.27
1,336,929.05
34,251,797.07

874,044.52
42,525.52
338,308.96
421,110.65
1,763.70
2,062,801.95
214,518.31
153,063.74
521,548.24
1,276,065.34
162,787.25
562,443.65
815,439.85
21,809.53
279,219.07
442,135.34
321,850.67
7,417.13
368,366.19
28,765.27
1,151,660.26
25,686,236.80

31,388.38
30,939.00
35,000.00
201,000.00

31,388.38
0.00
11,880.43
60,947.74

38

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

Congo, PR
GlobalHaiti
Sierra Leone
East Timor
Total

90,000.00
493,625.00
148,718.30
181,809.43
92,529.19
1,305,009.30

0.00
443,956.52
148,718.30
181,809.43
92,529.19
971,229.98

Afghanistan
Albania
Bosnia andHerzegovina
BrazilCentral Africa
Congo, PR
Colombia
Ghana
Ghana
GlobalHonduras
Haiti
Kenya
Liberia
Macedonia
Niger
Papua NG
Sudan
Sierra Leone
El Salvador
Somalia
Yugoslavia
Total

144,986.54
427,159.00

144,986.54
255,410.50

302,824.00
476,190.00
485,462.00
300,000.00
398,685.00
79,263.00
499,600.00
2,672,044.43
315,103.00
581,440.14
611,898.13
900,000.00
567,472.86
226,405.81
200,000.00
300,000.00
764,621.00
638,662.53
737,905.00
1,418,892.00
13,048,614.44

150,228.70
412,928.28
11,001.80
0.00
201,279.14
0.00
223,713.27
2,644,763.67
168,648.38
161,217.78
611,898.13
614,909.86
432,408.00
226,405.81
6,911.98
277,579.84
455,409.30
174,681.98
408,592.36
1,007,539.28
8,590,514.60

Natural Disaster Reduction

Albania
Bolivia
Cuba
EcuadorGlobalGlobalHonduras
India
Jamaica
Sri Lanka
Macedonia
UkraineUN Volunteers
Total

218,377.00
600.001,959.00
261,794.61
660,857.00
1,297,712.80
5,055.00
164,140.56
52,138.43
100.00576,630.00
219,052.13
277,857.00
3,736,273.53

213,615.42
625.66
1,174.16
91,576.40
13,860.89
1,297,798.87
2,827.56
164,140.56
52,138.43
0.00
384,915.11
219,052.13
203,385.33
2,645,110.51

Special Initiatives for Countries inTransition

Guinea Bissau
Iraq
Total

4,175,664.00
4,158,140.51
8,333,804.51

3,881,363.41
4,136,553.51
8,017,916.92

Small Arms Reduction, Disarmament,
and Demobilization

39

2004 Report on the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery

Practice Development and Knowledge
Networking

GlobalCountry Window

Afghanistan
AngolaCongo, DR
GlobalIraq
Liberia
Sri Lanka
Macedonia
RwandaSudan
Sierra Leone
UgandaTotal

Practice Development and Knowledge
Networking

GlobalGrand Total

2,262,259.03

2,262,259.03

72,031,278.65
3,229,751.53
6,716,619.50
190,476.19
15,574,317.75
22,164,613.66
2,936,094.22
61,105.87
592,369.76
1,142,857.00
868,534.50
456,500.00
125,964,518.63

38,782,598.18
2,642,338.63
6,322,104.38
101,228.19
7,584,530.05
19,211,367.99
465,286.06
61,105.87
592,369.76
997,808.20
803,348.00
226,732.50
77,790,817.82

2,262,259.03

2,262,259.03

198,352,515.28

133,113,310.64

40

United Nations
Development Programme
Bureau for Crisis Prevention
and Recovery
One United Nations PlazaNew York, NY 10017
www.undp.org/bcpr