thThe 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

FIRST ACTUAL P-WAVE ALARM SYSTEMS AND
EXAMPLES OF DISASTER PREVENTION BY THEM
1, 2

Yutaka Nakamura
1

2

President, System and Data Research, Tokyo, Japan
Visiting Professor, Dept. of Built Environment, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Email: yutaka@sdr.co.jp

ABSTRACT :This paper describes the history of the first practical P-wave early warning system and the explanations of early
warning systems, UrEDAS, Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System, including Compact UrEDAS,
new developments FREQL etc.. The actual example of disaster prevention by this system is also described. In
this field the problems caused by JMA, Japan Meteorological Agency, are discussed. The concluding remarks
as follows: 1) Network alarm is effective for middle distance area, but risky because of the data interruption
caused by the network error, 2) On-site alarm by FREQL or AcCo is useful for anywhere, even epicentral area,and 3) Early Earthquake Information distributed by JMA is full of error and useless for damage area because of
too late warning.
KEYWORDS:

Real-Time Early P-wave Warning, UrEDAS, FREQL, Compact UrEDAS

1. INTRODUCTION
There are two kinds of the earthquake alarm as in Figure 1. One is “On-Site Alarm” which is the alarm basedon the observation at the side of the objects to be warned. The other is “Front Alarm” which is the alarm basedon the observation near the epicentral area for the warning to possible damaged area. “Front Alarm” istransmitted by using communication networks, so the alarm is also called as “Network Alarm”.
For each, there are two more kinds of alarm. One is the alarm exceeding the preset level, so-called “S-wave
Alarm” or “Triggered Alarm”. And the other one is the alarm during the preliminary motion, so-called “P-wave
Alarm”.
As the first stage of the earthquake alarm, the simple triggered alarm had been realized. This is the alarm
seismometer observing the strong motion just near the objective for the alarm, and when the earthquake motion
exceeds the preset level, the alarm seismometer issues the alarm. Although because of the anxiety of false
alarm, it is not able to set the alarm level low and the alarm is issued almost same time to the severe strong
motion, it is useful to stop the gas supply or other systems automatically.
Next, to extend the margin time before the strong motion arrival, it was considered the way to observe theearthquake near the focal area, so-called “Front Alarm”. This idea originally had been offered in 1868 by Dr.
Cooper. He proposed to utilize the propagation time of the earthquake motion from the epicenter to alarmed
area and support the activities for escape. More than 100 years after this original idea, the first system realizing
the “Front Alarm” was developed as the coast line detection system for Tohoku Shinkansen line in 1982. After
this, SAS, Sistema de Alerta Sísmica, for Mexico City started operation in 1991.
Then the next system was considered to detect the initial part of the earthquake motion and issue the alarm
based on the risk of the earthquake. The first P wave detection system for practical use, UrEDAS, Urgent
Earthquake Detection and Alarm System, was realized as the front alarm system for Tokaido Shinkansen line in
1992, and then almost same system was installed for Sanyo Shinkansen line in 1996.
The UrEDAS technology is based on new concepts and methods to realize a real time system for estimating theth

The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China
earthquake parameters as magnitude, location and depth.
The 1995 Great Hanshin Disaster triggered to develop earlier P wave alarm system because of the impressionof necessity to make on-site P wave alarm. This is the Compact UrEDAS which alarm concept is different fromthe UrEDAS as described later, and it was installed for Tohoku, Joetsu and Nagano Shinkansen lines and Tokyo
metro subway network.
And then Wakayama prefecture decided to install UrEDAS for their own tsunami disaster prevention systemand started test operation in 2000.
In Japan at 1992, a new information service including “Network Alarm” using UrEDAS technology had been
prepared, but it was not born due to objection of JMA, Japan Meteorological Agency. By the same JMA, an
information service will be broadcasted in nation wide from the first of October 2007. This implies that our
UrEDAS Information Service plan has been correct, and it is my pleasure. However, it shall be rare case inJapan that JMA’s information will reach faster than arriving of M7 class or less earthquake at the possible
damaged areas, because it takes a time relatively long for processing and transmitting. Only for M8 class
earthquakes of which the occurrence probability is about once in several ten years in Japan, it is possible toreceive the information before arriving of strong shaking in a possible damaged area far from the epicenter.
As the new generation of UrEDAS and Compact UrEDAS, the new small-sized instrument FREQL, Fast
Response Equipment against Quake Load, is developed to shorten the processing time for alarm and tocombine the functions of UrEDAS and Compact UrEDAS. After P wave detection, FREQL can issue the alarmwithin one second (minimum in 0.2 seconds) and estimate the earthquake parameters at one second. Since
2005, FREQL has been adopted for the hyper rescue team of Tokyo fire department to save the staffs from thelarge after shocks during their activity. The hyper rescue teams are famous of the salvage of the child from theland slide after the 2004 Niigataken Chuetsu Earthquake, and they were afraid of the hazard caused by theaftershocks at that time.
On the other hand, it is necessary for local facilities to grasp immediately their “own” strong motion index forthe quick response. For this purpose, a simple seismometer “AcCo”, Acceleration Collector, was developed.
This unique palmtop seismometer has a bright indicator, memory and alarm buzzer and relay connecter.
On-Site alarm is more important than network alarm, because network alarm is sometime missed during data
communication. From the view of this, it is not enough to receive the EEI, Earthquake Early Information, from
JMA, Japan Meteorological Agency. Contrary with this, FREQL has both functions of UrEDAS and Compact(1) UrEDAS(4) FREQL

Fig.1 Concept of Earthquake Early Warning(2) Compact U.

(3) AcCo(5) FREQL of Portable Type

Fig.2 UrEDAS, Compact UrEDAS, FREQL and AcCoth

The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China
UrEDAS for On-Site Alarm and Network Alarm. And also AcCo has simple alarm functions for On-Site Alarm.
Figure 2 shows systems of EEW: UrEDAS, Compact UrEDAS, FREQL and AcCo.

2. PRINCIPAL EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS
2.1. UrEDAS, Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System
Main UrEDAS functions are estimation of magnitude and location, vulnerability assessment and warning
within a few seconds of initial P wave motion at a single station. Unlike the existing automatic seismic
observation systems, UrEDAS does not have to transmit the observed waveform in real time to a remote
processing or centralized system and thus the system can be considerably simplified.
UrEDAS calculates parameters such as back azimuth, predominant frequency for magnitude evaluation andvertical to horizontal ratio for discrimination between P and S waves, using amplitude level for each sampling
in real time. These calculations are basically processed in real time without storing waveform data. UrEDAS
processes these calculations continuously regardless of whether or not an earthquake occurs, and calculates justlike filtering, so the number of procedures is not increased in the event of an earthquake. UrEDAS can detect
earthquakes in P-wave triggering with the amplitude level, and then estimates earthquake parameters such as
magnitude, epicentral and hypocentral distance, depth and back azimuth from the result of real-time calculation
in a fixed period. UrEDAS can issue an alarm based on the M-Δ diagram as in Figure 3 immediately after
earthquake detection. This new way of alarm is referred to as the M-Δ Alarm. Moreover UrEDAS can support
restarting operation based on the detailed earthquake parameters.
The 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake also provided the motivation for Compact-UrEDAS development.
Figure 4 shows several pictures from the VTR shoot in the focal region, initial P-wave motion was detected as
something happening, and then severe motion started. In an interview with victims, although there were only
a few seconds between detection of something happening to earthquake recognition, there was anxiety and fear
because they could not understand what was happening during this period and felt relieved after recognition ofearthquake occurrence. To counter this kind of feeling, earlier earthquake alarm was required: Compact
UrEDAS was developed to issue the alarm within one second of P-wave arrival.
No DamageVideo Photos at
the 1995 Kobe Earthquake

Damages for Bridge

100

al
20G

1

P wave arrival

l
Ga
0
4

3

Principal motion arrival

Time

120
Gal

10

80G
al

Epicentral Distance in km

Damages for Embankments

4

5

6

Magnitude M

Fig.3

M-Δ Diagram

7

8

P wave arrival

Fig.4

Video Photos examples at focal region

2.2. Compact UrEDAS
Compact UrEDAS estimates the expected destructiveness of the earthquake in realtime from the earthquake
motion directly, not from the earthquake parameters as UrEDAS, and then issues the alarm if needed. To
estimate earthquake dangerousness, the power density PD (W/kg) of the earthquake force is calculated from theinner product of the acceleration vector a (cm/s2) and the velocity vector v (cm/s/1000). Hence this value will
be large, Destructive Intensity (DI) is defined as the logarithm of absolute value of this inner product (LPD,
logarithm of power density) as in Figure 5.

th

The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China(2.1)

DI = log |a·v| = LPD + 7.0

Figure 6 shows the change of DI as a function of time. When the P wave arrives, DI increases drastically. PI
value is defined as the maximum DI within t seconds after P-wave detection. This value is suggested to be used
for P-wave alarm. Subsequently, DI continues to increase slowly until the S-wave arrival, and the maximum
value of DI is called DI value. This DI value relates to earthquake damage and is similar to the instrumental
intensity scale of JMA with the constant difference of 0.6, and corresponds to MMI, Modified Mercalli
Intensity. These indexes are referred as RI and MMI, respectively.
(2.2)
(2.3)

RI = DI - 0.6
MMI = (11/7)DI + 4.27

Instrumental JMA seismic intensity can be determined only after the earthquake has terminated according to its
definition. On the other hand, DI has a very important practical advantage, because it can be calculated in realtime soon after the P-wave arrival with the physical meaning. In other words, with the continuous observationsof DI, an earthquake alarm can be issued efficiently and the damage can be estimated precisely.
・Seismic Inertia Force F = ma, “a” is seismic acceleration
・Seismic Motion Energy E = mv2/2, “v” is seismic velocity
・Destructiveness of Motion relates power PW = Fv = mav

Destructive Intensity DI,

E = mv2/2
F = maDI = log|av|, DI-value = max(DI)PW = mav

F
v（（（

Fig.5

Definition of DI

Fig.6

Change of DI

2.3. FREQL, Fast Response Equipment against Quake Load
FREQL is integrated the functions of UrEDAS, Compact UrEDAS and AcCo described later. Which is to saythat FREQL can estimate the earthquake parameters one second after the P wave detection faster than UrEDAS,
can judge the dangerousness of the earthquake motion within one second, minimum in 0.2 seconds, after P
wave detection faster than Compact UrEDAS, and can output the information and alarm based on both
acceleration and RI, Realtime Intensity, in real time same as AcCo.
And the all components of seismometer, sensors, A/D converter, amplifier, CPU and so on, are put together insmall aluminum die-cast vessel of almost 5 inches cube, and the system is electrical isolated. So the FREQL iseasy to install and the structure of FREQL is noise proof.
FREQL also has functions to omit the influence of electrical thunder noise and to detect the P wave after rather
small pre-shock. Thus it is able to say that FREQL solved the known problems of the ordinary earthquake early
warning systems. It is known that there was a pre-shock at the time of the 1994 Northridge earthquake attacked
Los Angels and the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake attacked great Hanshin area. It seems to be failing forthe early warning system except FREQL that it is not possible to issue the alarm for large earthquake motion if
the pre-shock exists just before the destructive earthquake because the pre-shock is recognized as small event.
And also it seems to be difficult for the huge system to keep running perfectly under the destructive earthquake
motion. It is uncertain only with such remote systems because of information lack. It must be considered on
installing the onsite warning system for the important facility.
FREQL is toward to the new field for the early warning system, as for the hyper rescue teams of Tokyo fire
department under the severe situation with the risk of aftershocks (see Figure 7).

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The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
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Hyper rescue teams made a miraculous activity but the activity was always in a risk of large after shocks.
After the activity at the damaged area of the 2004 Niigataken-Chuetsu Earthquake, the Tokyo fire department
approached us to adopt FREQL as a support system for the rescue activity, taking notice of the portability,
rapidness and accuracy of the warning. FREQL for Tokyo fire department was consists of FREQL main body,
power unit with backup battery for three hours, central monitoring system and the portable alarm instrumentwith more than 105dB loud alarm and rotary light.
Tokyo fire department has equipped the FREQL unit form spring of 2005, and since 2007, three hyper rescue
teams is operating. At the time of their rescue activity after the 2005 Pakistan earthquake, they reported that
FREQL works in right manner. Now, there are many FREQL of portable type equipped at local fire stations inJapan.
And the FREQL of permanent type are used in many field such as subway, nuclear power plant, high-risebuilding, semiconductor facilities, and etc., in Japan.
Now, in Berkeley and in Pasadena, FREQL has started test observation. These projects are doing under the
support by UC Berkeley and Caltech. I hope this FREQL network growth to Pan-Pacific Tsunami Warning
System.

Fig.7

New Field for EEW

Fig.8

An example of alarm timings by simple triggers incase of the 2000 Tottoriken-Seibu Earthquake

2.4. AcCo, Acceleration Collector
Because usual seismometers were expensive and required an expert of installation and maintenance, so they
were installed for limited facilities. After the Kobe earthquake, the number of seismometer was increased but at
most thousands sets for whole Japan. It is not so much because it means one set per several tens km2 or per
several ten thousands person. Even so there are many seismometers in Japan, but many hazardous countries
have only a few seismometers. So it is difficult to take exact countermeasure against earthquake disasters
because it is impossible to grasp and analysis the damage based on the strong motion records and to draw a planof the city with certain strategy.
AcCo was developed to realize a simple seismometer to issue alarm and record the strong motion in low cost.
Since AcCo is just a palmtop size instrument, it can indicate not only acceleration but also the world's first realtime intensity. So AcCo can issue alarm with the trigger of both acceleration and intensity.
AcCo indicates acceleration and intensity if the 5HzPGA (5 Hz low passed peak ground acceleration) exceeds 5
Gals as in Figure 2(3). Intensity can be chose from RI, MMI or PEIS, Philippine Earthquake Intensity Scale.

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The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
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AcCo can output the digitized waveform via serial port and also record the waveform for the two largest eventswith delay memory. AcCo can work with AC power supply and backup battery for seven hours.
Because AcCo indicates acceleration as inertial force and RI as the power of the earthquake motion, it is usefulto learn the sense for the meaning of acceleration and intensity from the experience. This sense is required forthe exact image against the earthquake motion.
AcCo is applied for many fields as warning system, education, kindergarten, factory, train operation and so on.
And also AcCo is used not only in Japan but also in out side of Japan for a instance, Taiwan, Philippine andetc..
2.5. Alarm timing and margin time gained by EEW
In case of the system requiring the earlier warning with no error or accidental warning, it is necessary to installa system with high reliability and sophisticated as FREQL. But in general, it seems to be useful even the simple
warning system in general. This kind of system seems to be useful enough in many cases under the situation ofseveral alarms per year even in higher seismic activity area of Japan. AcCo 10 Gals alarm or RI 2.0 alarm canplay the role of this simple early warning. Figure 8 shows the relationship example between the alarm timings.
Since the AcCo 10 Gals alarm or RI 2.0 alarm is a little later than the P wave alarm of FREQL, it is enoughearlier than the ordinary triggered S wave alarm.
Figure 9 shows gained margin time by EEW. Basic condition for calculating margin time is assumed as follows:
focal depth is15km, velocity of P-wave and S-wave are vp = 6 km/s and vs = 3.5 km/s, respectively, front
detection site at 10 km, 30 km and 50 km from the epicenter.

L:
EQ
FR

On-SiteFront Site

it
-S
On

e

10km
30km
50km

Hypocenter

Depth=15km

1030km, 50km from Epicenter
Invalid
Area forEEI ofJMA

Epicenter

5+2

Processing Time for Alarm in seconds

FR
EQ

EE L:
I o Frf J onM
A: t 10
Fro n km
t
10
30 km
50 km
km

Based on the calculation for 10km, EEI of JMA comes after S wave arrival within a 30 km radius as confession
by JMA. On-Site alarm by FREQL can keep at least more than one second even just above the epicenter; andmore margin time than front alarm by JMA within about 55 km radius from the epicenter. This distancecorresponds for out line of the damage area for over M7. It means that the EEI of JMA is not available theestimated damaged area up to M7, so it seems that it is not useful for the recent Japanese earthquake in this 20
years. Contrary to this, the on-site FREQL alarm is available even around the focal area; of course the margin
time is just a few seconds. So we should take a hard look at the on-site alarm and put it into practical use. It isalso useful for popularization of earthquake disaster mitigation. It seems that there are many fields not so
effected by false alarm if reset easily. Official information as correct location and magnitude must be informed
within few minutes for the exact clear of the alarm. And this kind of information must keep suitable redundancy
so there must be informed from several organizations.

cf.: JMA System
EEI of JMA

SDR Products

5
3
2
1

Margin time by EEW

JR Tokaido shinkansen
Wakayama prefecture
Tsunami Warning System,and etc.

Min. in 2s

Compact UrEDAS １sec.
JR Tohoku Shinkansen,Tokyo Metro, and etc.

0.5
0.2
0.1
1980

Fig.9

Average 5.4s

UrEDAS ３sec.

UrEDAS
start of test

FREQL min. in 0.2sec.
Tokyo, Osaka and etc. Fire Departments

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Fig.10 Change of processing time for EEW

2010

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The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

3. EXAMPLES OF DISASTER PREVENTION
At the time of the 2004 Niigataken Chuetsu Earthquake, Mjma 6.8, there were four trains running in the focalarea. There are four observatories called Oshikiri SP, Nagaoka SSP, Kawaguchi SS and Muikamachi SP, from
north to south. Of these stations, Kawaguchi and Nagaoka issued both the P-wave and the S-wave alarms, andthe others issued only the S-wave alarm. Every station issued the alarm for the section to the next station (seeFigure 11). At first Kawaguchi and then Nagaoka issued the P-wave alarm. Subsequently, Oshikiri andMuikamachi issued the 40 Gals alarm. As the result, trains Toki #325 and #332 received the alarm 3.6 seconds
after the earthquake occurred, Toki #406 4.5 seconds after and Toki #361 11.2 seconds. The section damaged
Shin-Nagaoka SSP

Toki#406

Takiya Tunnel

Uonuma Tunnel

434Gal Toki#325 Myouken Tunnel

Nagaoka St.

P-wave: 3.5s
P-Alarm: 4.5s
S-wave: 6.7s

P-waveP-wave: 3.3s
P-Alarm: 3.9s
S-wave: 6.4s

Shin-Kawaguchi SS

846GalP-wave: 2.9s
P-Alarm: 3.9s
S-wave: 5.9s

S-waveDepth 13km

Source : Rupture Begins
0

Fig.11The 2004 Niigataken-Chuetsu Earthquake

2

4

Fig.12

6

8

10 km

2004/10/23, 17:56:00.30
Time is the absolute timein seconds from17:56:00.

Schematic diagram for this earthquake

was between Muikamachi and Nagaoka. Trains traveling on this section received the alarm immediately,
proving that the alarm system settings were appropriate.
The UD component of earthquake motion predominate the high frequency more than 10 Hz. The Shinkansenline runs from north to south and the EW component seems to effect derailment. In the case of the EW
component, there is a peak at 1.5 Hz and the range of 1 to 2.5 Hz predominates. The natural frequency of the
Shinkansen vehicle is included this frequency range.
The Kawaguchi observatory detected the P wave 2.6 seconds after the earthquake occurred, and one second
after that, or 3.6 seconds after the event, issued a P-wave alarm. When the derailed train, Toki #325,
encountered the earthquake motion when traveling at 75 m from the Takiya tunnel exit of 206km000m, it was
three seconds after earthquake occurrence. 3.6 seconds after the earthquake, the train received the alarm fromthe Compact UrEDAS and the power supply was interrupted. The Shinkansen train situated automatically toapply the break immediately at the interruption of power supply. The driver put on the emergency brake after
recognizing the Compact UrEDAS alarm. The S-wave hit the train 2.5 seconds after the alarm, and more one
second later, a strong motion with five seconds duration hit the train. Figure 12 shows the schematic diagram
for this earthquake.
As the result of simulation using the strong-motion records at Kawaguchi and Nagaoka, real-time intensity (RI)
rose sharply with the earthquake motion arrival and immediately reached the P-wave alarm level. This RI is areal-time value and the maximum value fits the instrumental intensity of JMA. Because FREQL, the newgeneration of Compact UrEDAS, improves the reliability of P-wave distinction, FREQL can issue the alarm
immediately after the P-wave alarm threshold is exceeded. If FREQL had been installed instead of Compact
UrEDAS, both Kawaguchi and Nagaoka observatory would issued the P-wave alarm 0.2 and 0.6 seconds afterP-wave detection, respectively. Table 1 summarizes the simulation results. In this case, the P-wave alarm
reached the derailed section before P-wave arrival. Accordingly, FREQL minimizes the process time for alarm.

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The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
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Table 1

Summarize
the simulation results
上越新幹線沿線地震検知点（一部

検知点
新六日町
Alarm andAccident
Site 新川口
Tunnel Exit Nagaoka
Kawaguchi 滝谷Ｔ出口新長岡
5HzPGA(Gal) (Gal) 270
5HzPGA
846846434434
RImax
6.6
5.8
RImax
(MMI) 4.9 6.6 (10.9)
5.8 (9.6)
検知時間
17時56分 17:56:00.3
17時56分 17:56:00.3
17時56分 17:56:00.3
17時56分Origin Time
Recorded
Detecting Time
地震10Gal
8秒
秒
3 3秒
s
4 s4秒
P-wavearrival Time 4.4
2.92.6推定P波
3.33.03.53.5Time of RI >2
3.13.64.14.5
推定P警報
3.6
RI2超過
P-waveAlarm Time6.4
3.92.83.92.84.54.1
3.43.3
10Gal超6.6Time ofMax. Acc >10Gal
4.74.740Gal超9.4
Time ofMax. Acc >40Gal
4.24.2
5.96.0TimeAmaxof 5HzPGA11.4
7.77.7
9.49.5
RImax
10.6
Time
of RImax 13.4
9.5
8.17.8

Fig.14

Performance of the deformation

5 seconds
Final Derailment Situation

Fig.13

Detail of the derailment

Fig.15

Estimated situation of the derailment

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The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
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Figure 13 shows the details of the derailment. The derailed train, Toki #325, consisted of 10 cars, from car #10
to car #1 along the traveling direction. The number of derailed axles is 22 out of a total of 40 axles. The lastcar, #1, fell down the drain besides the track and tilted by about 30 degrees. The open circle indicates thelocation of broken window glass. The quantity of broken grass appears greater on the left due to the something
bounce from the sound barrier, and tends to break one or two cars after the derailed car. The amount of broken
glass from car #1 is exceeded by that of car #2.
If it is assumed that the glass broken of car #2 was caused by the derailment of cars #4 and #3, the paucity ofbroken glasses from car #1 suggests that car #2 did not derail during the earthquake motion. It is estimated thatthe frictional heat between the vehicle and the rails caused elongation and slightly rift up at the joints of
206km700m, and car #1 derailed, making car #2 derail.
Deformation performance of viaducts is specified within one cm under the loading of the seismic design force.
Although the designed natural frequency corresponding to the deformation performance is 2.5 Hz, in practice it
is 3.5 Hz. The viaduct may thus be considered to behave statically against the earthquake motion less thanaround 1.5 Hz. Figure 14 shows the relative deformation derived from the dimension of the viaduct columns.
The meshed line shows the averaged deformation for each viaduct block, and it is estimated that the relativelarge occurred at the area farther from the tunnel exit. Taking into account the timing of earthquake occurrence,
this is the point of derailment.
Figure 15 outlines the circumstances of the derailment. It seems that the derailed cars were on the large
displacement section accidentally. The later the alarm reached, the more the number of derailed car, because of
the risk of running the large displacement section. As a result, if the friction heat release value were higher, thederailment situations were more severe. On the other hand, the early warning slows the train down, whichmeans that the main shock hits the train before the large displacement section and decreases while the train
travels the section. The number of the derailed cars is thus expected to decrease and the derailment damage
must be minor. In this regard, the P-wave alarm of the Compact UrEDAS demonstrates its effectiveness atmaking the derailment non-catastrophic.
4. DISCUSSION
It seems that the difference between real time seismology (RTS) and real time earthquake engineering (RTEE)
is the way of contribution indirectly or directly for practical use, as same as the difference between science andengineering. RTS makes the countermeasure soon after the earthquake rational and prompt by sending
information universally to be useful for public. And RTEE sends the information for certain customers as a
trigger of the countermeasures against the earthquake disaster. From the view of time domain, RTS is requiredby the rational action after the earthquake terminated and RTEE is necessary for the immediate response justafter the earthquake occurrence or earthquake motion arrival.
RTS needs high accuracy on the information but not immediate, so it is possible to utilize effectively theknowledge and experience on seismology and infrastructures as observation networks. The task are to be moreaccurate the information on the earthquake observation and to deliver rapidly to all people.
On the other hand, the most important aim of RTEE is to decrease the degree of the disaster or the possibility ofthe disaster occurrence so it is necessary to issue alarm rapidly and certainly. For this purpose, at first it must beconcerned to install own observation system for the alarm, without relying the information from the otherauthorities. And then, it is possible to use the other information if it can be received. It is necessary tocustomize the way of issuing and utilizing the alarm depends on the situation for each customer and fields.
Again, it is risky to rely to the information only from the other authorities using the data transmission network
under the situation of earthquake.
In Japan, JMA has started delivering the EEI, Earthquake Early Information, on 1st October 2007. It is clearthat EEI is belonging to RTS. So it is only a result of earthquake observation and must be delivered widely for
public with no restriction for receiving. Since for some case, it may be possible to use it as alarm, but generally

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The 14 World Conference on Earthquake Engineering
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to say, EEI is mainly for the rational countermeasures after earthquake termination. It must be used for releaseof the EEW by the people quickly if the alarm is not needed. From the view of this, the most important isaccuracy and the delay of few seconds is not a problem, because the error of this kind of information may cause
a serious confusion. It is enough that the accurate information is delivered within one or two minutes after the
event. Alarm must be released rationally and EEI may play an important role as one of the useful tools for this.
It is necessary to grasp the distribution of earthquake motion at the early stage. It is recommended to progress
the earthquake disaster prevention with the combination of the public information such as EEI by JMA rather
late and local dense and quick information by the people.

5. CONCLUSION
The concluding remarks are as follows: 1) Network alarm is effective for middle distance area, but risky
because of the data interruption caused by the network error, 2) On-site alarm by FREQL or AcCo is useful foranywhere, even epicentral area, and 3) Early Earthquake Information distributed by JMA is full of error anduseless for damage area because of too late warning.
Accurate and quick earthquake information just after shaking is more useful than the late early warning. I hope
JMA to make best effort that they can announce the earthquake information not only for main shock but also
aftershocks, because these information is quite important for the quick response after the earthquake.

REFERENCES
Cooper, J.D., Earthquake Indicator, San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 3rd November 1868.
Nakamura Y., Earthquake Warning System of Japanese National Railways (in Japanese), Railway Technology,
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