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University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Tie DaiϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠˌˢĶϬǢʪ˾ªϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠˌˢĶϬȳȪĺϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠȋǵϬʃΌˈ×ϫȽµŠŬŠŬθčŬˌˢ˚ȋǵϬɜƴ˄ϫȽµŠŬŠŬθȒϗŒāǝ˚Ŭˌˢ˚ȋǵϬȒ²ͰϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠˌˢĶϬɀɷĦϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠŠŬθʧϬ
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20ĴʪȜ¥ϫīġƌŠŬŠŬθʦŘŬˌˢ˚ŌʤʦŘ˚ŬƃȆŠŬθʧϬəĠ˵ǈϫď̺ŠŬʦŘqgc\ˌˢgjòȋǵϬϣȹɧσϫď̺ŠŬʦŘqgc\ˌˢgjȋǵϬȾɂ˘ĴϫɨͱˌˢǠŌʤĊŬˌˢΧŷΰϬ£̞ɷ¸ϫɨͱˌˢǠŌʤĊŬˌˢΧˌˢűϬʌƮ¸ϫɨͱˌˢǠŌʤĊŬˌˢΧ¤ÁˌˢűϬɰŸȴˈʧϫɾɷˌˢβʹɟɗlkϬȹȧØϫˬɵŠŬceoǓŕƙŬˌˢ˚˒ÄceoudqƃȆͫƞϬ
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²ͰǈΦϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠˌˢĶϬϥʪɱσϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠˌˢĶϬ˟ŨͯșŨϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠŠŬθʧϬɅͯȰϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠŠŬθʧϬϣ͐ʌ˘ɝϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠŠŬθʧϬ
21˧¢ɈȦϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠˌˢĶϬĚƗ̶ɱϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠŠŬθʧϬŸŌ4ϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠŠŬθʧϬʌ̟ŠϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠŠŬθʧϬ
²äϫȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠŶĶȋǵϬ˧ȹÖƸϫ©ƘŠŬǉʩĂŬˌˢǠŌʤʦŘĂŬΧαòȋǵϬɑάǐϫŅ˥ʦŘˌˢǠŌʤʦŘˌˢgjˌˢĶϬʉƗτ¦ϫɾɷˌˢβʹɟɗŠɨʚͷǃʦˌˢllkϬėȈ¦ϫɾɷˌˢβʹɟɗˌˢĶϬ

22

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32

4. ˌ ˢ ǝ Ɂ 5 ʹ ̈́ ʜ ɳͩȐϫɆͥ»Ϭ(1) Badarinath, K.V.S., D. Goto, S. K. Kharol, D.V.Mahalakshmi, A. R. Sharma, T. Nakajima, M.
Hashimoto and T. Takemura (2011), Influence of natural and anthropogenic emissions on aerosol
optical properties over tropical urban site – a study using sky radiometer and satellite data,
Atmos. Res., 100(1), 111-120.
(2) Goto, D., S. Kanazawa, T. Nakajima, and T. Takemura (2012), Evaluation of a relationshipbetween aerosols and surface downward shortwave flux through an integrative analysis ofmodeling and observation, Atmos. Environ., 49, 294-301.
(3) Goto, D., N.A.J. Schutgens, T. Nakajima, and T. Takemura (2011), Sensitivity of aerosol
simulation for Asia to assumed optical properties, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17810,
doi:10.1029/2011GL048675.
(4) Goto, D., T. Nakajima, T. Takemura, and K. Sudo (2011), A study of uncertainties in the sulfate
distribution and its radiative forcing associated with sulfur chemistry in a global aerosol model,
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10889-10910.
(5) Goto, D., K.V.S. Badarinath, T. Takemura and T. Nakajima (2011), Simulation of aerosol opticalproperties over a tropical urban site in India using a global model and its comparison with groundmeasurements, Ann. Geophys., 29, 955-963.
(6) Goto, D., T. Takemura, T. Nakajima and K.V.S. Badarinath (2011), Global aerosol model-derived
black carbon concentration and single scattering albedo over Indian region and its comparison
with ground observations, Atmos. Environ., 45, 3277-3285.
(7) Granier, C., B. Bessagnet, T. Bond, A. D’Angiola, H. D. van der Gon, G. Frost, A. Heil, J. W.
Kaiser, S. Kinne, Z. Klimont, S. Kloster, J.-F. Lamarque, C. Liousse, T. Masui, F. Meleux, A.
Mieville, T. Ohara, J.-C. Raut, K. Riahi, M. Schultz, S. J. Smith, A. Thompson, J. van Aardenne,
G. R. van der Werf, and D. P. van Vuuren (2011), Evolution of anthropogenic and biomassburning emissions at global and regional scales during the 1980-2010 period, Climate Change,
109, 1-2, 163-190, doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0154-1.
(8) Gribanov, K. G., V.I. Zakharov, S.A. Beresnev, N.V. Rokotyan, V.A. Poddubny, R. Imasu, P.A.
Chistyakov, G.G. Skorik, V.V. Vasin (2011), Sensing HDO/H2O in the Ural’s Atmosphere Using
GroundBased Measurements of IR Solar Radiation with a High Spectral Resolution, Atmos. andOceanic Opt., 24, 369-372.
(9) Gribanov, K. G., R. Imasu, and V. I. Zakharov (2012), Neural Networks for CO2 Profile Retrieval
from the Data of GOSAT/TANSO FTS, Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics, 23, 42-47.
(10) Hara, Y., I. Uno, A. Shimizu, N. Sugimoto, I. Matsui, K. Yumimoto, J. Kurokawa, T. Ohara and Z.
33

Liu (2011), Seasonal characteristics of spherical aerosol distribution in eastern Asia: Integrated
analysis using ground/space-based lidars and a chemical transport model, SOLA, 7, 121-124.
(11) Ibn Azkar, M.A. M. Billah, S. Chatani, K. Sudo (2012), Simulation of urban and regional air
pollution in Bangladesh, J. Geophy. Res., 117, doi:10.1029/2011JD016509.
(12) Itahashi, S., I. Uno, K. Yumimoto, H. Irie, K. Osada, K. Ogata, H. Fukushima, Z. Wang, and
T. Ohara (2012), Up/Down trend in the MODIS Aerosol Optical Depth and its relationship to the
Sulfur Dioxide Emission Changes in China during 2000 and 2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12,2631-2640.
(13) Miyazaki K., H. J. Eskes, and K. Sudo (2012), Global NOx emission estimates derived from anassimilation of OMI tropospheric NO2 columns, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2263-2288.
(14) Morino, Y., T. Ohara, and M. Nishizawa (2011), Atmospheric behavior, deposition, and budget ofradioactive materials from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in March 2011, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 38, L00G11,doi:10.1029/2011GL048689.
(15) Niwa, Y., T. Machida, Y. Sawa, H. Matsueda, T. Schuck, C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer, R. Imasu, M.
Satoh (2012), Imposing strong constraints on tropical terrestrial CO2 fluxes using passenger
aircraft based measurements, J. Geophys. Res., accepted.
(16) Niwa, Y., P. K. Patra, Y. Sawa, T. Machida, H. Matsueda, D. Belikov, T. Maki, M. Ikegami, R.
Imasu, S. Maksyutov, T. Oda, M. Satoh, M. Takigawa (2011), Three-dimensional variations ofatmospheric CO2: aircraft measurements and multi-transport model simulations, Atmos. Chem.
Phys, 11, 13359-13375, doi:10.5194/acp-11-13359-2011.
(17) Niwa, Y., H. Tomita, M. Satoh and R. Imasu (2011), A Three-Dimensional Icosahedral Grid
Advection Scheme Preserving Monotonicity and Consistency with Continuity for Atmospheric
Tracer Transport, J. Meteol. Soc. Japan, 89, 255-268, doi:10.2151/ jmsj.2011-306. (JMSJ awardğͶ)(18) Nurhayati, N., and T. Nakajima (2012), A study of aerosol optical properties at the global GAW
station Bukit Kototabang, Sumatra, Indonesia, Atmos. Environ., 46, 597-606.
(19) Saikawa, E., J. Kurokawa, M. Takigawa, J. Borken-Kleefeld, D. L. Mauzerall, L. W. Horowitz,
and T. Ohara (2011), The impact of China's vehicle emissions on regional air quality in 2000 and2020: a scenario analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9465-9484, 2011.
(20) Sato, Y., K. Suzuki, T. Iguchi, I.-J. Choi, H. Kadowaki, and T. Nakajima (2011), Characteristics ofcorrelation statistics between droplet radius and optical thickness of warm clouds simulated by athree-dimensional regional-scale spectral bin microphysics cloud model, J. Atmos. Sci., 69,
484-50334

(21) Sudo K. and Y. Ogihara (2012), Global Modeling of Secondary Organic Aerosol in a Chemistry
Coupled Climate Model, Earozoru Kenkyu, 27(1), 51-61.
(22) Takemura, T., H. Nakamura, M. Takigawa, H. Kondo, T. Satomura, T. Miyasaka, and T. Nakajima(2011), A numerical simulation of global transport of atmospheric particles emitted from the
Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. SOLA, 7, 101-104, doi:10.2151/sola.2011-026.
(23) Ueda, K., S. Y. Nagasawa, H. Nitta, K. Miura, H. Ueshima (2012), Exposure to Particulate
Matter and Long-term Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality in Japan: NIPPON DATA80,
Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 19 (3), 246-254.
(24) Welp, L., R.F. Keeling, H.A.J. Meijer, A.F. Bollenbacher, S.C. Piper, K. Yoshimura, R.J. Francey,
C.E.Allison, and M. Wahlen (2011), El Nino effects on the isotopic composition of oxygen inatmospheric CO2, Nature, 477, 579–582, doi:10.1038/nature10421.
(25) Yoshimura, K., C. Frankenberg, J. Lee, M. Kanamitsu, J. Worden, T. Röckmann (2011),
Comparison of an isotopic AGCM with new quasi global satellite measurements of water vapor
isotopologues, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D19118, doi:10.1029/2011JD016035.
(26) Ê̾ς ȹȧØϫ2011Ϭ ìŇï5ʗȇƄʦŘ0ƨè5̀ĈFǳHʗ¢ʷ5ĕλǌ
re]ˌˢ(27) Ê̾ʥ¶74(5)581-584.

ȹȧØϫ2011Ϭ 3D CAD 3EHȘˡ˯ğʗȘƄέôƝLʩ(ʗʦŘ̕Ĵ

5(B5̒Ċǡɴ3δ#Hˌˢre]ˌˢ74(5)699-702.

(28) şʪ͈ɝ ȹȧØϫ2011Ϭ ΨƜE9&5ΏΥŌŒ3HhQcv5β̳Ș0ıΌňŌͅ͏5δÕ(29) Ã͐ȧɷɑάǐre]ˌˢϣ͐ȢǛȮΏ5ˌˢ0·ƿ5ͧϙ

Šėú˃

74(5)

511-514.

ʪΤʋϫ2011Ϭ PM2.5 5ŵǙ͕Ȝ3Ĭ.

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46(2)84-100.

ϫŕİȭ̻ȭ21Ϭ
(1) Greet, J.-M., F. Dentener, J. van Aardenne, S. Monni, V. Pagliari, L. Orlandini, Z. Klimont, J.
Kurokawa, H.Akimoto, T. Ohara, R. Wankmüller, B. Battye, D. Grano, A. Zuber, T. Keating(2011), EDGAR-HTAP: a harmonized gridded air pollution emission dataset based on national
inventories, JRC Scientific and Technical Report, JRC 68434, EUR 25229 EN-2012, doi:
10.2788/14102.
(2) Imasu, R., Y. Hayashi, A. Inagoya, N. Saitoh, K. Shiomi (2010), Retrieval of minor constituentsfrom thermal infrared spectra observed by GOSAT TANSO-FTS sensor, SPIE, 7857, doi:
10.1117/12.870684.
(3) Ohara, T. (2011), Long-range Transport and Deposition of Air Pollution. In: Nriagu JO (ed.)
Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, volume 3, pp. 515–519, Burlington: Elsevier.
35

(4) Rupakheti, M., and T. Nakajima (2011), Satellite view of particulate pollution in the Hindu.
Sustainable Mountain Development No. 60 Autumn, Nepal.
(5) Takemura, T., H. Nakamura, and T. Nakajima (2011), Tracing airborne particles after Japan's
nuclear plant explosion, Eos, 92, No. 45, 8 Nov.
(6) ·ϖ̱ϫ2011Ϭ ¶ƙ̓Ȟ3EHʄŷćɁɨË5êʤôƝ͔ʅǤ́0&5ƍȱ
40

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200-205.

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39

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25-30.

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943-944.

(10) Šėú˃ϫ2011Ϭ ŠɨɬɅ5ȎÜp\0ǶóQq3δ#HˌˢϯŠɨʦŘ5̉ĨˌˢLB!.ϯŠɨʦŘŬÄ͡46

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240-241.

(14) ϣ͐ȢǛϫ2011Ϭ 4.ŠɨTOi5tj\ƐĻ¦ʼÙ

͗ʅtj\Ǥ́ϯĊŬ͗ʅ͗͆5Ȯæ˦0&5ǉʩϯCMC óʙ pp154-164 2011 ƥ 7 ȯ 26 Șʹ̀

ISBN978-4-7813-0406-9 C3043ϫȭ˶Ϭ(15) ϣ͐ȢǛϫ2010Ϭ ȽOdO3HŠɨʦŘLǸHǄ˹Ũ5͔ʅ, ĊŬƙŬ74

409-411ϫ͕͚ͤ®Ϭ(16) ϥʪɱσ

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(17) ¢Ɣḫ̌ϫ2011Ϭ ʯɨÛˌˢ͗ʮϫWCRPϬìβ˚ŬÄͮ5ŕİ0Ǡǘ
1087-1089.
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ϫŬÄʹ̈́Ϭ
(1) Goto D., N.Oshima, T. Nakajima, and T. Takemura (2011), A modeling study of black carbon
aerosol using a global aerosol model with parameterized aging processes, 2011 International
Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) General Assembly, Melbourne, Australia.
(2) Goto, D. (2011), Model comparison over Asia: preliminary results under the ABC/IAP activity,
UNEP/ABC Modeling and Impact Workshop, Seoul, Korea.
(3) Goto D., N.Oshima, T. Nakajima, and T. Takemura (2011), Impact of aging process for black
carbon aerosol on its distribution and radiative forcing, 10th AeroCom Workshop, Fukuoka,
Japan.
(4) Goto D. N. Oshima, T. Nakajima, and T. Takemura (2012), Treatment of black carbon andavailability of electron microscope for global climate models, International symposium on
aerosol studies explored by electron microscopy, Tsukuba, Japan.
(5) Kondo, T., R. Imasu, Y. Matsumi, Y. Niwa, Y. Sawa, H. Matsueda, and K. Tsuboi (2011),
Development of local scale CO2 transportation model including data assimilation with GOSAT
data, iLEAPS 3rd Science Conference, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
(6) Kondo, T., R. Imasu, Y. Matsumi, Y. Niwa, Y. Sawa, H. Matsueda, K. Tsuboi, (2011), Group on
Earth Observations,(GEO) – VIII Plenary Session, Istanbul, Turkey.
(7) Kurokawa, J., and T. Ohara (2012), Recent Trends for Emissions of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse
Gases in Asia: Regional Emission Inventory in Asia (REAS) version 2, 3rd International
Workshop on Emission Inventory in Asia, Yokohama, Japan.
(8) Kurokawa, J., and T. Ohara (2011), Update of Regional emission inventory in Asia (REAS): Stateof progress, 3rd International Workshop on Atmospheric Modeling Research in East Asia,
Chengdu, China.
(9) Nakajima, T. (2011), A history of aerosol direct and indirect effect studies from observation andmodeling, Workshop on Observations and modeling of aerosol and clouds properties for climate
studies, Paris, France.
(10) Nakajima, T. (2011), Use of ABC modeling for their impact studies, UNEP/ABC Modeling andImpact Workshop, Seoul, Korea.
(11) Nakajima, T. (2011), Detecting aerosol effects from satellites and their limitations, Invited, 10th37

AeroCom Workshop, Fukuoka, Japan.
(12) Nakajima, T. (2011), Overview of the EarthCARE mission, 2nd Asia/Oceania Meteorological
Satellite Users' Conference, Tokyo, Japan.
(13) Nakajima, T. (2011), Activities of World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), 2nd
Asia/Oceania Meteorological Satellite Users' Conference, Tokyo, Japan.
(14) Nakajima, T. (2012), Climate impacts of atmospheric aerosols and clouds, Invited lecture,
European Research Course on Atmospheres 2012, Grenoble, France.
(15) Nakajima, T. (2012), What we learn from the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, Invitedlecture, European Research Course on Atmospheres, Grenoble, France.
(16) Niwa, Y., T. Machida, Y. Sawa, H. Matsueda, T. J. Schuck, C. A. M. Brenninkmeijer, R. Imasu,
and M. Satoh (2011), Imposing strong constraints on tropical terrestrial CO2 fluxes using
passenger aircraft based measurements presented at AGU 2011 Fall Meeting, San Francisco,USA.
(17) Ohara, T. (2011), Modeled trend and future projection of surface ozone in East Asia, Tripartite
Workshop on Scientific Research of Photochemical Oxidant, Tokyo. (Invited).
(18) Ohara, T. (2012), Emissions and modeling of air quality in Northeast Asia, The Modelling andEmission Inventory Training Workshop 2012, Niigata. (Lecture).
(19) Sato K., Takami A., Imamura T. (2011), LC-MS analysis of secondary organic aerosol formed
from the benzene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene photooxidation in presence of NOx. AAAR 30th
Annual Conference, 5E.10, Orlando, USA.
(20) Sawa, Y., K. Tsuboi, H. Matsueda, Y. Niwa, M. Nakamura, D. Kuboike, K. Saito, H. Oomori, S.
Iwatsubo, H. Nishi, Y. Hanamiya, K. Tsuji, Y. Baba, T. Machida (2011), JMA aircraft observation
using a cargo aircraft C-130H (poster), The 16th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other
Greenhouse Gases, and Related Measurement Technique, Wellington, New Zealand.
(21) Sudo, K., T.Takemura, and H. Akimoto (2011), Evaluating past changes in short-lived climate
forcers and their climate impacts with a chemistry-aerosol coupled climate model, 3rdInternational Workshop on Atmospheric Modeling Research in East Asia, Chengdu, Sichuan
Province, China.
(22) Sudo, K., T.Takemura, and H. Akimoto (2011), Evaluating past changes in atmospheric pollutants
and their climate impacts with a chemistry-aerosol coupled climate model, The 8th International
Conference on Acid Deposition, Acid Rain 2011, Beijing, China.
(23) Sudo K., T. Takemura, and H. Akimoto (2011), Modelling Short-Lived Climate Forcers: Climate
Impacts and Interaction, 2011 International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) General
Assembly, Melbourne, Australia.
38(24) Sudo, K., H. Endo, K. Hara, K. Osada, and T. Takemura (2011), Simulating black carbon at
Syowa station, Antarctic: long-range transport from various source regions, JPGU 2011,
Makuhari, Chiba, Japan.
(25) Takami, A, Irei, S., Hara, K., Hayashi, M., and N. Kaneyasu (2011), Urban and transported
aerosols in Fukuoka, Japan, AAAR, 30th Annual Conference, Orlando, USA.
(26) Tsuruta, H., Y. Sato, M. Hashimoto, and T. Nakajima (2011), Regional distribution of radioactive
Cs concentrations in the surface soil of agricultural-ecosystems affected by the accident ofFukushima nuclear power plants, In the abstract of an urgent symposium on Analytical Sciences
Facing Radioactive Pollutions, IUPAC International Congress on Analytical Sciences, Kyoto,
Japan.
(27) Uematsu, M. (2011), Distribution of radioactive materials in seawater of the North Pacific Ocean:past and present, Plenary Session: Fukushima Review, Goldschmidt 2011, Prague, Czech
Republic. (Invited)(28) Uematsu, M. (2011), Distribution of radioactive materials in atmosphere and seawater of theNorth Pacific Ocean: past and present, The 6th International Workshop on Asian Dust and Ocean
EcoSystem (ADOES), Qingdao, China.
(29) Uematsu, M. (2011), Distribution of radioactive materials in atmosphere and seawater of theNorth Pacific Ocean: past and present, The 3rd AORI-KIOS Joint Symposium on Marine
Science, Chiba, Japan.
(30) Uematsu, M. (2011), Distribution of radioactive materials in atmosphere and seawater of theNorth Pacific Ocean: past and present, The 5th China-Japan-Korea IMBER Symposium,
Shanghai, China. (Invited)(31) Watanabe, C. (2011), Can global observation data reveal local social adaptations towards
sustainability?, ICSS-Asia 2011, VNU, Hanoi, Vietnam.
(32) Yoshimura K., C. Frankenberg, J. Lee, M. Kanamitsu, J. Worden, T. Roeckmann, Comparison of
an isotopic AGCM with new quasi global satellite measurements of water vapor isotopologues
PP23D-08, AGU Fall Meeting 2011, San Francisco, USA.
(33) ɒȾçţϫ2011Ϭ ɾɷȇƄ̫ɬɅ5ƪGLʅHϸKH0KF20,ȽȘȶŠόʐƿ5ɾɷɬ5ƪG5&5ƺϓ aQTeO` 2011 Șȶ˚ŬȴȼϞ Ƚµ.
(34) ɒȾçţϫ2011Ϭ ɾɷȇƄ̫ɬɅ5ƪGLʅHϸK+(0KF20ȘȶɾɷȈˮŬÄ˩ 3 ľƥɠŠÄϻ3.11 ƿ5ɾɷ˥ŅLɗǕ#HϻyupPeWmc
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Ɯ͑ɛ/5Ǆ̀2ʍƬŜĊCðʣ/.H0ôG
1km 5 AIST-MM 0L̃@ĨK%(͗˯3EG
Ģ̫02HC50ȲƽIH

47

Ψ

5E2͗˯0ˣγ͕âƬEGO/ϣ˺Ƭ2 CO2 ʍƬŖ5͗˯Ń 3.1.9

Ń 3.1.1048

Ń 3.1.11

Ń 3.1.12

49

Ń 3.1.13

Ń 3.1.14

50

Ń 3.1.15

Ń 3.1.16

51

c. AIST-MM ʩ c  g c e Q  x  d   _  r 5 Í ǝ AIST-MM 3

͔ʅI(͝ÔƁͱʚͷ5ʍƬF&5ʚͷ5ʹʧʇ

Įĝʇ5ƵƬLǺ

ų#HΔĹϙ͕ȿǡɴ5,/HcgceQxdǡɴLΣʩ#H(B5_rÍǝL̀ œȶĈÍ͞ϢLŵȕ!( ·ƥƬ6δȽŒL 16 ϗŒ3ôĀ#H͗˯_rLÍ
ǝ!( Ń 3.1.17 6 &5ɖ͎L̈́#͗˯5Ñ/ δȽŌŒL 16 ôĀϫĪŃƚϬ! &I'I5ČʮϫĪŃƚϬF

ʝ˥3 CO2 ȇó+(ŖĨ5 CO2 ʍƬôƝ0ȇó+(ŖĨϫĪŃĤϬ5ôƝ05ɥ΄/H

5E2Čʮ05͗˯L̀

&I'IFħŌʒ5 CO2 ʍƬ3Hƺϓ5żLF"B͗˯!.­ʅÜ0͔ʅÜ05ƛF

êČʮF

͗˯3EH

CO2 ʹʧϫĮĝϬέ5÷ȲÜLÙɡ#H5cgceQxdɴ/G ʣŊ &5͗˯5(B5yj5ȮΣĊLΚB.H0J/H
5ˌˢ3δΘ!

Īôά5ˌˢ̢5υ?HŅïŞ5Äͮ3óƟ!

´Ǽ3δ#HǓŕĝυL̀+(

Ń 3.1.1752Šɨ0κŒγ5 CO2

d. ʚ ͷ Έ Γ ͗ ˯ 3   H ɩ Ī Ç Ë ú ʩ 5 Ȱ ć ǌ 5 ͨ Ɇ ŠɨɬɅͷDʄȨĊXe215ʚͷΈΓέ5͝Ôǰɚ0!.ɩĪÇË5úʩĢ̫ǌLͨ<( ʛ3 NICAM-TM 3Ɔé!(ŖĨ ȘēÇ/5ίʿΈΓDˡωƁɻï/5ΈΓǰɚ0!.
º5ǡɴ/6ǁFI2ȰćǌH0øȜ!(þƥƬ3ɗ˳!(ĪÇË NICAMϫIsoNICAMϬ5qjQLȅ̱x\Ùɡ!

ŠɨŖsmd\ŵϢL̀+( îËʺ36 Niwaϫ2010Ϭʩ(ǡɴLʩ. JRA25ϫOonogi
et al., 2007Ϭ5ϜΗŖLħ\mr/smd\!

2004 ƥF 2009 ƥ?/5ĪÇËŖ5ðʣŵϢL̀+( Yoshimura et al.ϫ2008Ϭ IsoGSM 0ĪÇËŠǃʦpLʩ.̀+(smd\ŵϢ̅Ɂ0ɥ΄#H0

500hPa ϣƬ/5êʤƤō RMSD 3. 10m ˝ƬŠ2ͣƛʧ".!?+(ϫIsoNICAM /˽ 17m IsoGSM /6˽ 7mϬ I6smd\ƵƬ3δ#HȣųȎ5ƛ0/H0̡FIǌL͐H0̈́ϑ»Ώ6?Gsmd\!20ǡɴ5ƛ3EHC5

ǃʦŖ&5C536Šƺϓ!20øȑ!(®ŵŵϢ0C˺Ƭ5ȣˣγôƝ3E+.Š2ƛ6͐FI2+(ζɩέ5ðʣ
&5̅ɁL͔ʅpjϫGNIP pjϹIAEA, 2007Ϭ0ɥ΄!(0J ħŌʒ3.ζɩέ5ðʣǌ
0Īɘæ̀#H IsoGSM 0ɥ΄Ģ̫2ǌ̫ǁFI(9ͻ«ʘŒ3./HôƝEGʣŵʺ3ðʣIŃ 3.1.18 3ˑ#E3

Š2ȅĻ͐FI(56ɕŒĚɕŒ3.6ζɩĪÇËɥ5ˣγ&5̅ɁŌ̈́»Ώ5ɨʄ05ˀδEGϚ̻3̈́IHE32+( I6 NICAM 5ʛ̲/HʈɘɋŨ˻3E+.ɕŒ/5ʚͷΈΓ5˺ƬĬ!(03ͺĿ!.H0̡FIHe. ȶ ˌ ˢ / ú ʩ Ģ ̫ 2 p  j Ī Ċ Ǥ ́ 5 Ȯ Ȓ 5 ˌ ˢ Ĉ Ĭ 5 ǥ ǽȶˌˢ/úʩĢ̫2pjĪĊǤ́3,.

ȮȒ5ˌˢĈĬLǥǽ#H(B5ȐʟͨɆ

2F93ŅïŞ5δΘŬÄ3.ͨɆLŵȕ!(Äͮ3.

ʛ3

4 ƥ3ƬβàIHŅο CO2

ĒċĐʤγΈΓ3δ#HȰʩ2ǓŕǁFI(53

Ń 3.1.18

ƱʩȐʟ
Machida, T. H. Matsueda, Y. Sawa, Y. Nakagawa, K. Hirotani, N. Kondo, K. Goto, T. Nakazawa, K.
Ishikawa, and T. Ogawa (2008), Worldwide measurements of atmospheric CO2 and other trace gas
speciesusingcommercial

airlines,

J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol,25(10),

1744-1754,

DOI:10.1175/2008JTECHA1082.1.

2. Š ɨ ɬ Ʌ ʚ ͷ  k e q 5 Ī Ċ 0 Δ Ĺ ϙ c e o  5 ɗ ˳ǩƶɟδϸȽµŠŬŠɨɾɷˌˢǠ©ƘŠŬǉʩĂŬˌˢǠīġƌŠŬŠŬθʦŘŬˌˢǠŅ˥ʦŘˌˢǠʥĊŬˌˢǠ͗˯˚ŬˌˢɟɗɾɷˌˢβʹɟɗV
m[e}UrŠŬˌˢ̢īϸɒȾçţ
Ō4
¼Ɖ

ϥʪɱσ

²ͰǈΦ

ϤάÂɸǈ

ʁȳΠª

Ǣʪ˾ª

Tie Dai

ĚƗ̶ɱ

ʌ̟Š

Ÿ

ϖ̾ÝǏ

Šėú˃

ɑάǐ

±̾ŠΆ

ë

˧ȹÖƸ

Ê̾μ˓

ʉƗτ¦
54

ėȈ¦

Nick Schutgens

Ƥǝ 23 ƥƬ6

NICAM-Chem pLʩ(ȎÜŵϢE9&5ɥ΄ɓ͜L̀(B3ɠ5 3 ,5a~ͧϙϫa b cϬ0˖Ɣ˩ėŨĂʹϊǠ5®ȉ3ÅȇƄǌʚͷ3δ#Hc
cLa~ͧϙ d 0!.Ȓ!͛(a. ħ ˞ p  j   e 5 ĝ υ  ȏ ß
a-1. Š ɨ ʦ Ř ͔ ʅ p  j 5 ĝ υ  ȏ ß ȶdS[q3Ǉ͎2ŠɨʦŘpj1315E2pje/ŪŊ!.HLƤǝ 22 ƥƬ3ͨɆ! δȽŌȓ/ˉƂĳɨËTOi5͔ʅ̅Ɂåŵ!.HȲγ Ņ˥ʦŘˌˢǠL¢ǆ3̀KI( FAMIKA dS[qϫŅ˥ʦŘˌˢǠʛùˌˢŕİ SR-91-2009 2009ϹΰͯƗF 2008ϬŵȕI( 2007 ƥ 8 ȯ/H0øȜ!(5/ĝυpj65Ȳγ3̆+(/

FAMIKA ½Ş/Cúʩ5Ģ̫ǌ5HpjLĝυ!(5&IF5˞ϛDj^mq5ŜȎ5ǓŕL̈́ 3.2.1 3?0B(

55

C 3.2.1 -?@GR<F6E

1I(

8:!(

2-weeks average (ALV),
2-days average (SASS)

August, 2007

August, 2007

2001-present

Every year

July 30 to August 16, 2007
2001-(except for Cambodia
andLaos(2003-)
andMyanmar (2005-), detail in
captiona
4 seasons per year from 2001
to 2008 years

Covered area

19(4) for ALV,
19(7) for SASS

2-weeks average

August, 2007

2000-presentName

17(13)

HourlyAugust, 2007

2000-present

Period(this
Period (raw)work)
August, 2007'#A 98J,P&Q
Japan
H0(EX-AS)M.)4KA 98J
Kanto areaH0(KantoSPM)
39

Every 10 or 15 minute

August, 2007

Every year

Number of sites
Time resolution(Kanto)4(4)Hourly and 6-hourly;>13/8J$
Japan=D(AEROS)~600(2)

Every 10 or 15 minute

NOT USED

From 2000 to present

Kanto area

Worldwide~60(5)

Every 3 minute

August, 2007

From 2002 to present
From 2010 to present
Every year

FAMIKAAERONETWorldwide

19(7) for SASS

Once per day

NOT USEDNOT USED
August, 2007

F6

SKYNET

Worldwide

Once per day
Once per day
Hourly58
forwet 1-day or 1-rain (wet)39 for dry FP 1-day2-weeks (dry FP) NOT USED
26 for dry Auto
1-hour (dry Auto)

BSRN

Worldwide



1485

Asia, 10countries

B+F6 MODISWorldwide
Worldwide
Japan

Available sites are in Dabagou/China and Nanshan/China (2000), Weishuiyuan/China (2000-2006), Guanyingiao/China (2000-2007), Hongwen/China,

F6

MISR
GOSAT
AmedasEANET(a) F6Ea

Oki/Japan,

RIshiri/Japan,

SadoSeki/Japan,

Tappi/Japan,

TanahaRata/Malaysia,

PetalingJaya/Malaysia,

Tereli/Mongolia,

Shizhan/China, Xiaoping/China, Zhuxiangdong/China, Jakarta/Indonesia, Kototabang/Indonesia, Banryu/Japan, Happo/Japan, Hedo/Japan, Ijira/Japan,
Ogasawara/Japan,

Khanchanaburi/Thailand,

Patumthani/Thailand,

Samutprakarn/Thailand,Hanoi/VietNam,

HoaBinh/VietNam(2000-2009),

Ulaanbaatar/Mongolia, LosBanos/Philippines, PetalingJaya/Philippines, Cheju/Korea, Kanghwa/Korea, Irkutsk/Russia, Listvyanka/Russia, Mondy/Russia,
Bangkok/Thailand,56

Jinyushan/China, Jiwozi/China, Xiangzhou/China, Serpomg/Indonesia, Yusuhara/Japan, Imsil/Korea, Chiang Mai/Thailand (2001-2009), Primorskaya/Russia(2002-2009), Ochiishi/Japan and Vientiane/Laos (2003-2009), Phnom Penh/Cambodia (2004-2009), DanumValley/Malaysia (2005-2009), Mt

○

×

×

O
×

○

×

*"L
○

PM2.5
○
○
×
×
○
×

BC
○
×
○
○
×
×

OC
○
×
○
○
×
×

SO42○
○
×
○
×
×

StoTomas/Philippines (2006-2009), Nakhon Ratchasima/Thailand (2006-2009), Tokyo/Japan and Yangon/Myanmar (2007-2009), Haihu/China,

○
×

PM10
○
○
×
○
○
×

Maros/Indonesia, Kuching/Malaysia (2008-2009), and CucPhuong/VietNam and DaNang/VietNam (2009)

15
○
○
×

×

1I(


AMeDAS○×○TbU F6FAMIKA××S 7% N2L
○
○
○

BSRN
×

AOT
×
×
×
×
×
○

×

Ox
○
○
×
○
○
×

×

!(
SO2
○
○
×
○
○
×

MODIS, MISR, GOSAT

TcU F6FAMIKA
EANET
EX-AS
KantoSPMAEROSAERONET, SKYNET, MODIS, MISR, GOSAT

57

a-1-1. FAMIKA
2007 ƦŠŲ2χȱōȐ.͎KI' 4͡ʆ5ǁƊ̅ůLƄ΂/'ƨœˉ1|P͡ʆ/o\4~cS[pЉFine Aerosol Measurement and Modeling in Kantoqϛ

Area; FAMIKAЊ.H ͡ʆōʚ5 þɕЎ̩ϽˏþɕƞЉ̩Ͻˏ͑ʴʳś˖˭ǜ; 139.096E,
36.404NЊ Ѐ͛ЎŕʮˏĄϲƞЉŕʮˏʳśˤųňϖfj; 139.559E, 36.087NЊ +6Ў̀Œˏ+6ƞЉň˱ʳś˖˭ǜ; 140.119E, 36.052NЊ ʩɬЎȱ¯ηʩɬƞЉϤĂ˭ǜ; 139.583E, 35.638NЊ4 4 ōʚ.Gũ˖͡ʆȩφ5 2007 Ʀ 7 Ȧ 30 ȓF 8 Ȧ 16 ȓ.

H TOi4ĊųǘóojƿFI'ȩφ5ύFI-G 2007 Ʀ 7 Ȧ 31 ȓF 8
Ȧ4ȓ

E7

8 Ȧ 7 ȓF 10 ȓ4ȩφ.*'ȓ25χȱōȐ2ĥϹǶΜ

8 Ȧ 1 ȓ2Ʌϟȗ

8 ȦЏF 2' %I·Ţ4ȩφ5Ђɧŋ2͝KI'ȞŦ.*''@ȭ˖˭.54ĥϹ4ƸϮ4HȩφLγ 8 Ȧ 7 ȓF 10 ȓ4 4 ȓφL͡ʆ/4ɥΕƄ΂ȩφ2ͩŸ'FAMIKA .͡ʆI'ʦʲν5

ɧʅ

Ϲ

ʉƫ

4ɧ΂ǎŗ2Ą-

ɧÅЉO3

NOx

CO SO2ЊE7TOiЉorganic carbon aerosol: OC elemental carbon aerosol: EC SO42NH4+

NO3-

PM2.5Њ.H1

ȭ˖˭.5 EC / BCЉBlack carbon aerosolЊ5Ĭ4A-H =' PM2.5 5̅ƺ 2.5µm ·4ťɧ

4/>1

6 ȝφɣ.ùʶ.

ó4͡ʆ̕ȷ5

ƥǘ 23 Ʀƫ.5ɽΪʦΈ.H IF4Ċųǘ

IFLʶ-oɉͬɥΕL͎*'̕ȷ5˯̎̊4TOiЉNH4+, NO3-ЊLġGǟc

˲.Ξ:H

='

L̬Ǖ

-14. IF4Ċų˪5ɥΕ25Êʶ

ƫ.5

ɧÅǘóЉO3

NOx

CO

2-2

-1 F2 ƥǘ 23 Ʀ

SO2Њ5 NICAM-Chem oυˆ4ΩIF

FAMIKA

4ojLʶ'ɥΕɉͬ25̸*-1 IF4ǘó4ɥΕ5 ƥǘ 24 Ʀƫ·ό2͎

a-1-2. ȱ O c O ι Ǌ ϟ  s j   \ t m p   [ Љ EANETЊ ņ 3.2.1 5
NOx

2007 Ʀ 8 Ȧ2- EANETЉhttp://www.eanet.cc/Њ.͡ʆI'ɧÅЉO3

SO2Њ/TOiЉSO42-

̅ƺ 10µm ·4ťɧFI-H

PM10

Ca2+

ɽΪʦΈ.H

NH4+

NO3-Њ4ʕƫL˜TOi4Ċųǘó2χȭ˖˭.Êʶ"Hǘó5IF.;<̧̛IH

-H

-5

PM10 5³2AţȈƿ

ƿFIH͡ʆ̕ȷ4ϴƫƋ1// TOi4¢ǘó.AHʙ̎ǊTOi4͡ʆɗ-H/oɉͬL"H.4ľ϶ʚ/-ǮFIH ʧ2 ƥǘ 23 Ʀƫ͎*'ŹЁ.5 2007

Ʀ 8 Ȧ2Hȥť 10 ȓφ4ŹЁ.*'4. ͡ʆϴƫ4Ƌ1 EANET 4oj5oɉͬ25ʶ1*' ƥǘ 24 Ʀƫ.5 χȱōȐ2-AΌśɫȺ4ƸϮ̬FI
H'@OcOæÅ.4oɉͬL͎

%4ϖ2 EANET 4͡ʆojLÊʶ"H¨Ÿ.H58

Observa/ons*over*East*Asia:*EANET
O3

NOx

SO2

SO42H

PM10

Ca2+

NH4+

NO3H

ņ 3.2.1 EANET ̛4ĩ`Qp.ʆŸI'ĩǘó4ƥŏʕƫЉ2007 Ʀ 8 ȦЊThese*are*averaged*concentra/on*during*August*2007.*Other*aerosols*are*also*obtained.

a-1-3. ǁ Ɗ ̅ ů ʨ ʦ Έ Ȣ Ϩ Ƹ Ϯ ͹ Ȼ Љ ·  ʳśˎ¢Å/1G

EX-AS / " H Њ̼ťɧʳś2HǁƊ̅ůʨʦΈ4ȢϨ/ÙƮƸϮ/4χΦǊ

Lͣȗ"H'@2 ȢϨ ˃ų ɤǊ4 3 +4óμ2+- ġG̓=I-'͹Ȼ.H
%4

. ťɧ

4 PM2.5 Ğ7%4ĊųǘóЉOC BC SO42-ЊLʆŸ"H͹ȻG %4

̕ȷLȭ˖˭4oɉͬ2ƹ˱-'IF4ǘó4ʆŸ5

ǘóóȴ·ȍǵġʶťɧ`

~ЉSASSЊ/OkfTO`~ЉALVЊ2E*-ø.5

2ʆŸI' ȭ˖˭

2007 Ʀ 8 Ȧ 6 ȓF 8 ȓ=.4 3 ȓφ͡ʆI' SASS 4̕ȷLùʶχȱōȐ2

H 7 +4͡ʆʚЉġǝƞƹǜЎ̀Œˏġǝƞ; 140.050E, 35.912N

͊ʷЎŕʮˏ͊ʷƞ;139.652E, 35.975N

ˑφƊųȾЎĐ͆ˏƞƙƞ; 139.910E, 35.738NȳɕЎȱ¯ηȳɕƞ;

139.706E, 35.753Nġǝɿϋ̦Ў̀Œˏġǝƞ; 140.071E, 35.909NřɻЎȱ¯ηɬȱč;

139.914E, 35.661N ɺφЎ̀Œˏƣ̝ƞ; 139.611E, 35.466NЊ2ɵˋ' %4̕ȷ5 2-2

˲.Ξ:HЉņ 3.2.12Њ

a-1-4. χ ȱ ō Ȑ ɽ Ϊ ̅ ů ʨ ʦ Έ Ī Ĭ ͹ Ȼ Љ · 

KantoSPM / " H Њ χȱōȐťɧʳśƄ˹ǷΨΦ̖¼ɽΪ̅ůʨʦΈĪĬ͹Ȼ¼;.͎KI-'Ϫ2HŠŲϛχȱʹÑʆŸ̕ȷAùʶĤ̵.H ʆŸǘó5 PM2.5 Ğ7%4ǘóЉOC BC

SO42- Ca2+ NH4+ NO3-Њ/ ɧÅЉO3 SO2Њ.G ņ 3.2.2 2 2007 ƦŠŲ 3 ȓφ4̕ȷ
LΖ$'

'(

%4ȩφ FAMIKA 4ȩφ/5λ͙o̕ȷ4ɉͬ25ùʶ

1*'
59

1*''@

ƥǘ 23 Ʀƫ5Observa/on*over*Kanto:*







Organic*Carbon

Elemental*Carbon

SO42H

Ca2+

NH4+

NO3H



These*are*averaged*concentra/on*during*Jul.31HAug.3*in*2007*.*Other*components*are*also*obtained.
ņ 3.2.2χȱōȐɽΪ̅ůʨʦΈĪĬ͹Ȼ.ʆŸI'ĩǘó4ƥŏʕƫÖЉ2007 Ʀ 7 Ȧ 31

ȓF 8 Ȧ 3 ȓ=.4ƥŏÖЊ

a-1-5. ō Ȑ ̷ ɰ Å 2 E H ť ɧ ɫ Ⱥ ʦ Έ ƨ œ ˊ ͠ b d nЉ· ťɧɫȺϋɚɳ2Ŕ,-ĩ̷ɰÅƣȝˊ͠ƏL̥ͩ

1987 4ʆŸƏ2-

NOx

SO2

Ox

ϫjʙĊɨ̎

AEROS / " H Њƥǘ 20 ƦƫȬ.5æň.
SPMЉPM10 /5Wmp̅ƺ

˂1H ;< 10µm ·4̅ƺLA+̅ůЊ Ϲ/ɧʅ10LΦ̚ˉ2ʆŸ.ʆŸI'Ϲ4ǎŗ5 Ȑ

o4ɉͬ2ÊʶTOiǘó2χ"/.H

-5'Љņ 3.2.10Њo.ͦ˺IH SPM æTOi4Ĺ/o.ġGǟ*-HĊųǘó4ûύF

5͡ʆ.4 SPM EGAάƊͭÍ"H/˓FI-GЉɇμF
˭.A͞FI'Љņ 3.2.13Њ Ȇ2

14.

'(

ƥǘ 24 Ʀƫ.5-͒̼ˉ2o.4 SPM
2010Њ 4ÝĮ5ȭ˖

AEROS .ƿFI'TOiǎŗ5Ǣ2Ǣǻ"H˩ƫ.I6oɉͬ25ƹ˱+Ĥ̵ǊЂ-H 

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1*-χȱōȐ2A`QpЉ˷ɴ Đ͆ťЊ.' SKYNET 5 ȓȭ˻ʲ"H AERONETĬɎ4ō͡ʆtmp[̛.G PREDE ˝4dWQcVjЉPrede Co. Ltd. inTokyo, JapanЊLʶ-ŧϑäL͡ʆ
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2007 Ʀ 8 Ȧ4ɉͬ4'@4ȉÜL͎*'a-1-9. Ʊ ʶ Ȍ ʬ
Holben, B., T. F. Eck, I. Slutsker, D. Tanré, J. P. Buis, A. Setzer, E. Vermore, J. A. Reagan, Y. J.
Kaufman, T. Nakajima, F. Lavenu, I. Jankowiak, and A. Smirnov (1998), AERONET-A
61

Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization, Remote Sens.
Environ., 66, 1-16.
Kahn, R., W.-H., Li, J. V. Martonchik, C. J. Briegge, D. J. Diner, B. J. Gaitley, and W. Abdou (2005),
MISR Calibration and Implications for Low-Light_Level Aerosol Retrieval over Dark Water, J.
Atmos. Sci., 62, 1032-1052.
Nakajima, T., G. Tonna, R. Rao, Y. Kaufman, and B. Holben (1996), Use of sky brightness
measurements from ground for remote sensing of particulate polydispersions. App. Opt., 35,
2672-2686.
Nakajima, T., S.-C. Yoon, V. Ramanathan, G.-Y. Shi, T. Takemura, A. Higurashi, T. Takamura, K.
Aoki, B.-J. Sohn, S.-W. Kim, H. Tsuruta1, N. Sugimoto, A. Shimizu, H. Tanimoto, Y. Sawa,
N.-H. Lin, C.-T. Lee, D. Goto, and N. Schutgens (2007), Overview of the Atmospheric Brown
Cloud East Asian Regional Experiment 2005 and a study of the aerosol direct radiative forcing ineast Asia, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24S91, doi:10.1029/2007JD009009.
Ohmura A., E.G. Dutton, B. Forgan, C. Fröhlich, H. Gilgen, H. Hegner, A. Heimo, G. König-Langlo,
B. McArthur, G. Müller, R. Philipona, R. Pinker, C. H. Whitlock, K. Dehne, and M. Wild (1998),
Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN/WCRP), a new precision radiometry for climate
research. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 2115-2136.
Remer, L. A., Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanre, S. Mattoo, D. A. Chu, J. V. Martins, R-R. Li, C. Ichoku, R. C.
Levy, R. G. Kleidman, T. F. Eck, E. Vermote, and B. N. Holben (2005), The MODIS Aerosol
Algorithm, Products and Validation, J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 947-973.
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ņ 3.2.8c 1980 ƦF 2010 Ʀ2-4 ЉaЊ c ň/ЉbЊQq2H
BC 4ǳòbrddVЉGrainer et al., 2011 EGǤ̄Њ

a-2-4. Ʊ ʶ Ȍ ʬGranier, C., B. Bessagnet, T. Bond, A. D’Angiola, H. D. van der Gon, G. Frost, A. Heil, J. W. Kaiser,
S. Kinne, Z. Klimont, S. Kloster, J.-F. Lamarque, C. Liousse, T. Masui, F. Meleux, A. Mieville,
T. Ohara, J.-C. Raut, K. Riahi, M. Schultz, S. J. Smith, A. Thompson, J. van Aardenne, G. R. vanFig.
5 Emissionsof SO
BC2 (bottom(top left),right)(toright), fromNOx (bottom left) and SO2 (bottom
4 Emissions
BC (top (2011),
left), CO Evolution(to right), NO(bottomleft) andin China
x anthropogenic
derFig.
Werf,
D. P. vanofVuurenofandbiomassCO
burningemissionsat1980 to 20101980 to 2010global and regional scales during the 1980-2010 period, Climate Change, 109, 1-2, 163-190, doi:
10.1007/s10584-011-0154-1.
Kannari,aA., Y. Tonooka, T. Baba, and K. Murano (2007),b Development of multiple-species 1 km x 1
km resolution hourly basis emissions inventory for Japan, Atmos. Environ., 3428-3439.
Kondo, Y., K. Ram, N. Takegawa, L. Sahu, Y. Morino, X. Liu and T. Ohara (2012), Reduction pf black
carbon aerosols in Tokyo: Caomparison of real-time observations with emission estimates,
Atmos. Environ., 54, 242-249.
Ohara, T., H. Akimoto, J. Kurokawa, N. Horii, K. Yamaji, X. Yan, and H. Hayasaka (2007) An Asianemission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020, Atmos. Chem.
Phys.,
c 4419-4444.

d

Van Vuuren, D. P., J. Edmonds, A. Thomson, K. Riahi, M. Kainuma, T. Matsui, G. C. Hurtt, J.-F.
Lamarque, M. Meinshausen, S. Smith, C. Granier, S. K. Rose, and K. A. Hibbard (2011)
Representative

Concentration

Pathways:anoverview,

Climatic Change,109,

doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z

Fig. 5 Emissions of BC (top left), CO (to right), NOx (bottom left) and SO2 (bottom right) in India from1980 to 2010

68

5-31,

b. NICAM-Chem  o  4 υ ˆ ƥǘ 23 Ʀƫ5ƥǘ 22 ƦƫFƱ̚-ȏæʱϡͣào.H NICAM 2

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•
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ņ 3.2.9 NICAM o.ÊʶIHdpmlɳ4Ë

Still a global model, but points are concentrated at one area (Schmidt transformation). (a number of grid stays constant)Detailed computation at a place of the interest.
70
No need for a “Nesting” scheme.
Shortcomings:• Still have to compute regions that are far from the point of interest.
• Time step depends on the smallest grid scales even at far away from a focused point, which has much larger grid-size. (longer
computation time)• May cause an inconsistency in parameterization of cloud microphysics due to varying grid scales.

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L%I&I͎*'2030Ʀ8Ȧ7ȓF10ȓφLˬóoȯ¹52007

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ɧ΂Ř56ȝφ2tdpЉśʽ5ȝ

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Ͳ̐5˴3ʯ4˲Lĝʡ'ŹЁA͎*'

4ŘĪͦ˺Ƅ΂ϳœţƋ#IHŔȭˉ252007ƦŠŲŹЁ/Ĭ!.H

b-1-3. ̕ ȷ
b-1-3-1.

2007Ʀ Š Ų Ź Ё Љ Diamond-NICAM

Stretched-NICAM-SPRINTARSNHM-SPRINTARSЊ
b-1-3-1-1. ɧ ʅ  Ϲ ņ 3.2.12 .5
ɵˋ΂/χȱōȐ4ĩηƞЉĐ͆ƞ+6ƞ

AMeDAS 2E*-ƿFI'͡ʆ̕ȷ/ʢ΀ƞ

NICAMЉDiamond-NICAM 4̕ȷLɥΕƄ'Њ/ NHMЉNHM-SPRINTARSЊ4o̕ȷ4ɥΕL͎*'

ȓ=.5ɱƕ2ΜĐ͆ƞ.5ȥЂɧʅ 32˩ƫ

͡ʆ/̹
άťͭÍ

8 Ȧ 7 ȓF 8 Ȧ 9ȥÂɧʅ 26-27˩ƫ.*'

NICAM 5 8 Ȧ 8 ȓ-8 Ȧ 9 ȓ4ȥЂɧʅL 3ΜάťͭÍ-'

NHM 5ϫƣ2̽

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Ĭȩφ4ʢ΀ƞCþɕ-G ʧ2ȥÂɧʅL 3·άƊͭÍ-H/-5 NICAM 4oó̵ͣ 10km ˩ƫ/̆// NICAM-HŊōùʶoj.5ηƞĊL=ğș-1'@2ɧʅGC"/ǮFIH %4Ȑ. NHM 4̕ȷ.5ʢ΀ƞ.5͡ʆ4ɧʅLϫƣ2̽îʰ75

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Ђʅ/1Hʢ΀ƞ.4ȥЂɧʅ4îʰǊ5 NICAM EG NHM 4Ȑ̽ 8 Ȧ 15 ȓF 8
Ȧ 16 ȓ2͡ʆI' 40Μ4ɧʅA̽îʰ.-H

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76

ɧʅ2E

ʆ̕ȷ5 Amedas

Temperature ( )

40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22

2007/8/9 0:00

Days (LT)2007/8/18 0:00

2007/8/17 12:00

2007/8/17 0:00

2007/8/16 12:00

2007/8/16 0:00

2007/8/15 12:00

ʢ΀ƞ

2007/8/15 0:00

+6ƞ

2007/8/14 12:00

Choshi ()2007/8/14 0:00

2007/8/11 0:00

2007/8/11 0:00

2007/8/10 12:00

2007/8/18 0:00

2007/8/18 0:00

2007/8/18 0:00

2007/8/17 12:00

2007/8/17 0:00

2007/8/17 0:00
2007/8/17 12:00

2007/8/17 0:00

2007/8/16 0:00
2007/8/16 12:00

2007/8/16 0:00
2007/8/16 12:00

2007/8/16 0:00

2007/8/16 12:00

2007/8/17 12:00

2007/8/15 12:00

2007/8/15 0:00

2007/8/14 12:00

2007/8/14 0:00

2007/8/13 12:00

2007/8/13 0:00

2007/8/12 12:00

2007/8/12 0:00

2007/8/11 12:00

2007/8/11 0:00

2007/8/10 0:00

2007/8/15 12:00

NHM

2007/8/15 12:00

Kumagaya ()2007/8/15 0:00

2007/8/14 12:00

Days (LT)2007/8/15 0:00

2007/8/14 12:00

2007/8/13 0:00

2007/8/12 12:00

2007/8/12 0:00

2007/8/11 12:00

2007/8/14 0:00

Maebashi ()2007/8/14 0:00

NHM

2007/8/13 12:00

Days (LT)2007/8/13 12:00

2007/8/13 0:00

2007/8/12 12:00

2007/8/12 0:00

2007/8/11 12:00

2007/8/9 12:00

Tsukuba (2007/8/13 12:00

2007/8/13 0:00

2007/8/12 12:00

2007/8/12 0:00

ņ 3.2.12 χȱōȐ4ĩηƞЉĐ͆ƞ

2007/8/11 0:00

2007/8/10 0:00
2007/8/10 12:00

NHM

2007/8/9 0:00

NICAM

2007/8/11 12:00

2007/8/10 0:00

NICAM

2007/8/10 12:00

NICAM

2007/8/10 0:00

2007/8/9 0:00
2007/8/9 12:00

Temperature ( )2007/8/18 0:00

2007/8/17 12:00

2007/8/17 0:00

2007/8/16 12:00

2007/8/16 0:00

2007/8/15 12:00

2007/8/15 0:00

2007/8/14 12:00

2007/8/14 0:00

2007/8/13 12:00

2007/8/13 0:00

2007/8/12 12:00

2007/8/12 0:00

2007/8/11 12:00

2007/8/11 0:00

2007/8/10 12:00

2007/8/10 0:00

2007/8/9 12:00

2007/8/9 0:00

2007/8/8 12:00

2007/8/8 0:00

2007/8/7 12:00

2007/8/7 0:00

NICAM

2007/8/10 12:00

2007/8/9 0:00

2007/8/9 12:00

2007/8/8 12:00

2007/8/8 0:00

2007/8/7 12:00

2007/8/7 0:00

obs

2007/8/9 12:00

obs

2007/8/8 12:00

2007/8/8 0:00

2007/8/7 12:00
obs

2007/8/8 12:00

2007/8/8 0:00

2007/8/7 12:00

Temperature ( )obs

2007/8/8 12:00

2007/8/8 0:00

2007/8/7 12:00

40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22

2007/8/7 0:00

40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22

2007/8/7 0:00

Temperature ( )
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22

2007/8/7 0:00

Temperature ( )

40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
NHM

Chiba ()Days (LT))

Days (LT)þɕƞЊ2HɧʅɥΕ

obs
NICAM
NHM
o̕ȷ5NICAM / NHM 4 2 +4̕ȷLʶ'77͡ ņ 3.2.13 .5

χȱōȐ.4ϹΤϹĮ4ɥΕɉͬL͎*'Ë.

20078803JST
NHM,NICAM,

4̕ȷ.HIF4ņL͞H/
˂1Hȝφ.5H

EGA NHM 4Ȑ̽/KH

8 Ȧ 8 ȓ4 6 ȝφɣ04ȝü2-A NICAM

JST21 ȝ.5 ȱ¯ʈ´Μ.5ċ͛Ϲ͡ʆI-H o̕ȷ.5ċȱϹ/1*-H 4E1ÝĮ5 ³4ȩφ.AG
o.ͦ˺IHTOiċȱ2ɹIH/ţ1H͜ł4 1 +.H/̬F
IH

20078803JST NHM,NICAM
NHM

20078803JSTObservation
NHM,NICAM, NICAM

20078809JST NHM,NICAM,


2007/8/7 JST03

20078809JST NHM,NICAM,

20078815JST NHM,NICAM,



20078809JST NHM,NICAM,


20078815JST NHM,NICAM,



2007/8/7 JST09

20078815JST NHM,NICAM,
20078821JST NHM,NICAM,



2007/8/7 JST15

20078821JST NHM,NICAM,



2007/8/7 JST21

ņ 3.2.13 χȱōȐ2HϹΤϹĮ4ɥΕ
7820078821JST NHM,NIC

b-1-3-1-2. T O  i  ņ 3.2.14 .5

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3.2.14 .5

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SO42-4ɥΕL>Hņ

4ÝĮ5ņ 3.2.15 .AH
ņ 3.2.14 4̕ȷL͞H/oάƊͭÍÝĮ.5HOC

4//ĬɎ2 NICAM 4 SO42-ƥŏʕƫ5 NHM 4 SO42-ƥŏʕƫEGA͡ʆ2Μ>H%4Ȑ.ņ 3.2.15 4̕ȷ.5 Þ1Ɲ.5H NICAM 4Ȑ NHM EGA͡ʆ2Μ
 I5 ņ 3.2.15 .5ɥΕ-1 8 Ȧ 10 ȓ2- NICAM 4 SO42-ʕƫȝ

ˉ2 10 µgm-3 ·21*'/F

8 Ȧ 10 ȓLİM.Hņ 3.2.13 4̕ȷ.5 NICAM 4ƥŏÖЂ1*'
 ȥƽ2

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χȱōȐ.4óƟ4Ɏ

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79

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EC/TC#ra-o#(Aug638,2007)

EC/TC#ra-o#(Aug638,2007)
OC SO42-Њ4ɥΕņ 3.2.14 FAMIKA ͡ʆȩφ2HTOiĊųǘóΈνЉBC
10"

5"

8"

4"

6"

3"

4"

2"

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2008Њ o̕ȷ5 NICAM / NHM 4̕ȷLʶ'

EC#mass#concentra-on#(Aug638,2007) EC#mass#concentra-on#(Aug638,2007)
1" OC#mass#concentra-on#(Aug638,2007)
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EC/TC#ra-o#(Aug638,2007)

2"

0"

0"

10"

8"

6"
EC#mass#concentra-on#(Aug638,2007)
SU#mass#concentra-on#(Aug638,2007)
ņ 3.2.15 ǁƊ̅ůʨʦΈȢϨƸϮ͹Ȼ2E*-ʆŸI'TOiĊųǘóΈνЉBCOC

SO42-Њ4ɥΕ

4"

͡ʆ̕ȷ5 2007 Ʀ 8 Ȧ 6 ȓF 8 ȓ4ƥŏÖ2"o̕ȷ5 NICAM/ NHM 4 2 +4̕ȷ. 2007 Ʀ 80" Ȧ 7 ȓF 8 ȓ4ƥŏÖLʶ'


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139E


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 139.5E
" #

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"!" ""#140.5E
!!!
 141E


" !# !

138.5E

37N

37N

36.5N

36.5N

36N

36N

35.5N

35.5N

35N

35N

2012 Apr 02 10:27:36

139.5E

140E

140.5E

139.5E

140E

PM2.5−NICAM
140.5E

37N
µg/m3

139E

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140E

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141E

" " "141E

SPM−mean.sh

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70

37N

µg/m3

37N

37N

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36.5N

0
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2
36.5N

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4
6

36N

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6
36N

36N

12

14
35.5N

16 35.5N

35.5N

35N
138.5E

139E

139.5E

140E

140.5E

141E

ņ 3.2.16ōȐ̷ɰÅ2EHťɧɫȺʦΈƨœˊ͠bdn
2012 May 11 11:10:41

PM2.5−NHM1.sh

14
16

18
35N

8
10

12

35.5N

2
4

8
10

0

18

20
35N

35N
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139.5E

140E

140.5E

20141E

2E*-ʆŸI' SPM 4ɥΕ2012 May 10 16:28:20

PM2.5−NICAM.sh͡ʆ̕ȷ5 2007 Ʀ 8 Ȧ 7 ȓF 10 ȓ4ƥŏÖ o̕ȷ5 NICAM / NHM 4 2 +4̕ȷ.Ĭȩφ4ƥŏÖLʶ'80

b-1-3-1-3. CMAQ / 4  o  ɥ Ε FAMIKA ȩ φ L Ƅ ΂ 2 ͦ ˺  I ' WRF-CMAQ 2 E H ̕ ȷ Љ ɇ μ F
NICAM-SPRINTARS E7 NHM-SPRINTARS 4ɥΕo/-ùʶ2010Њ L' ɇμFЉ2010Њ

2EI6 WRF-CMAQ 4 SO42-îʰǊ5Ђ BC / OC 5͡ʆ2ɥ:-άƊͭÍÝĮ2
H

BC 4άƊͭÍ5Êʶ='ͭÍ5ªɘʴǘ OC L)BM/̬Ǖ
ʰǊ5Ђ4.

ȭ˖˭.υˆ

-1/͜ł.H/

%I.Aɧ΂Ř4î

' NICAM-SPRINTARS E7 NHM-SPRINTARS 4ˮφó

Ɵ4îʰǊLǢǻ"H/Ĥ̵.H/̬
1 .Êʶ

OC 4άƊ

'ǳòQp4άƊͭÍ͜ł.G

4˲.5%IF4ɥΕ̕ȷL=/@'' CMAQ o5 CMAQv4.7 . ɨƥó̵ͣ5 5km ťɧ4πˌȥƒ5 70m .Hņ 3.2.17 3.2.18 3.2.19 .5 8 Ȧ 7 ȓF 10 ȓ2Hoȥƒ2H BC OC
SO42-4ƥŏΈνóƟL˜-H

BC 504oAάƊͭÍÝĮ.H

NHM 4̕ȷ5 CMAQ EGAF2άƊͭÍ-H/KH

NICAM C=' BC 4ˮφˉ1ƨ

G5 NHM EGA NICAM 4Ȑ Âʕƫơ4ƨG=îʰI-HE2>
H CCċ͛ȐĮ2ɹI-H I5ņ 3.2.13 .ɉͬ

'E2 NICAM 4Ϲ5ċ͛2Į*-Ĳ-H'@.H =' NHM .5 BC ʕƫCCƏǜˉ2óƟ

-H/AKH OC 4ÝĮ5 BC /¿-H CMAQ .5 OC ʕƫLϫƣ2άƊͭÍ

-H'

@2

NICAM C NHM 4Ȑʕƫ5ЂάƊͭÍʔ

SO42-.5 NICAM / NHM 5é2 CMAQ EGA

 CMAQ .5ɋťȼȪˏF̩Ͻˏ2-4Řǜ. %4Ö 6 µgm-3

˩ƫ.H42Ƅ

- NICAM .5ɋťòʰ"HŘǜ5 CMAQ 2Μ %4Ö 2 µgm-3

˩ƫ/1*-H NHM .5 CMAQ C NICAM /5óƟ˂1*-G χȱƥμ4ōƶ
2ɱ*'ƶ.ʕƫóƟʰI-G-3µgm ˩ƫ/1*-Hȱ¯ηFĐ͆ˏ

NHM .5o4ťɧȥƒЂƫ 20m .G

4 80m C CMAQ 4 70m 2ɥ:-Â'@2ľ϶Lˆ͞"H/.'
¥ɹdY
 F2

̀Œˏ2-4ƥμ.4Ö5 2±ƽ5

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ōƶ4ƸϮLƴĢHĤ̵ǊGȏťɧȥƒ4ί/śʽƒ.4ʦΈǀʳLɭ@H

4ί4ƸϮLΟ˭"Hņ 3.2.20 .5

8 Ȧ 8 ȓ2H 6 ȝφɣЉJST03

09

15

21Њ4drm~b

mpɥΕЉBC ʕƫЊL͎*' CMAQ .5 8/8 4 JST03 2-ˁʕƫЂ ȱ¯.
5 µgm-3 ˩ƫ.G %4ƽ JST15 2-ʕƫʃƋ
1H/î7ʕƫȖЂƫЂ1H'@-H

IF4ȓşć5BC πˌȐĮ2AǩȇI-H4KH %- JST21 2

JST03 F JST15 2-5śʽƒō͒Ϭ´Μ4 BC ʕƫƊ1H

Ť21H/±ƫ5śʽƒЂƫ*-H'@2ō͒Ϭ´Μ4 BC ʕƫť1H/̬
FIHЉɇμF 2010Њ NICAM 4̕ȷ.5 %4E1ȓşć͞FIH NHM 4̕ȷ.5Ɗ1ȓşć͞FIH˩ƫ.*'81

ņ 3.2.17 2007 Ʀ 8 Ȧ 7 ȓF 10 ȓ4ō͒Ϭ´Μ.4ƥŏ BC ʕƫo̕ȷ5NICAM-SPRINTARS NHM-SPRINTARS WRF-CHAQ 4 3 +4̕ȷ.Ĭȩφ4ƥŏÖLʶ'͒˜4Ö4˽Ņ5 0-3.0 µgm-3 .H

ņ 3.2.18 ņ 3.2.17 /Ĭ!

À

OC ʕƫ

͒˜4Ö4˽Ņ5 0-3.0 µgm-3 .H

ņ 3.2.19 ņ 3.2.17 /Ĭ!

À

SO42-ʕƫ͒˜4Ö4˽Ņ5 0-3.0 µgm-3 .H82

ņ 3.2.20 2007 Ʀ 8 Ȧ 8 ȓ JST03
o̕ȷ5ƜF
.H

09

15

21 4ȝü2Hō͒Ϭ´Μ.4 BC ʕƫ

NICAM-SPRINTARSNHM-SPRINTARSWRF-CMAQ 4ϱˁ.M

͒˜4Ö4˽Ņ5 0-5.0 µgm-3 .H

b-1-3-2. b r  V Ź Ё
b-1-3-2-1. 2030 Ʀ Š Ų Ź Ё Љ NHM-SPRINTARSЊ ƈȰ2-ɧʅťɧɫȺ2EHÙƮƸϮͭÍL͎'@ƥǘ 23 Ʀƫ5 2030 Ʀ4b

NHM-SPRINTARS 2EHndpŹЁL͎

rVŘLʶ'oŹЁ4ȸ̓>Lɉͧ83

/.' 2030 Ʀ4brVŘ5 MIROC oLʶ' RCP4.5 brVŹЁ4 2030
Ʀ 8 Ȧ4̕ȷLöȩÖśʽȯ¹/
2H 10 ȓφ4ƥŏɧʅ2χ

ĬƦ4 MIROC 4̕ȷ.5

ņ 3.2.21 5

ʧ2ʢ΀Cþɕ104ëϐζ.άƊͭÍ

-H

I

ņ 3.2.21 .5 2030 Ʀ2H

2007 Ʀ2ɥ:-ɧʅʃƋ"HÝĮ͞FIH

.5 NCEP-FNL îͣȴojLśʽȯ¹.ʶ-H42Ƅ
1o̕ȷ.H'@'A4.H

ņ 3.2.12 .Ξ:'E2ɥΕˉ̽îʰ.--55ɧÕo4ɨƥó̵ͣ̆104ʲʸǮFIH
NHM 4̕ȷ.5

2007 Ʀ 8 ȦĞ7 2030 Ʀ 8 Ȧ- NHM-SPRINTARS / MIROC 4ɥΕL

2007 Ʀ2H NHM 4̕ȷ2χ
H-'

I5 NHMЉ2007Њ

- MIROCЉ2007Њ.5̌̄
NHMЉ2007ЊŹЁ2

%A%A4ɧ΂Ř˂1HF.H- MIROCЉ2007Њ4ɧ΂ŘLśʽȯ¹2ʶH/ NCEP-FNL Lʶ'/EGAÂʅ/1
G 2007 Ʀ/ 2030 Ʀ4ˍƄˉ1ɧʅƝ5 MIROC 4fd/Ĭ!21H/5˚@-Hņ 3.2.22 .5 NHM .ͦ˺I' 2007 Ʀ/ 2030 Ʀ2HχȱōȐ4ηˏ2HȥЂɧ
ʅ4ƥŏÖL˜' ȥЂɧʅ2χ

-A 2030 Ʀ5 2007 Ʀ2ɥ:-ʃƋ

4̕ȷ.5 2030 Ʀ4ɧʅ5 2007 Ʀ2ɥ:-ŜĄ.52030 Ʀ2HŊōùʶşĊ10̬Ǖ-1//é2Ё̕ȷ4ɨƥó̵ͣ̆'@2 NHM 4śʽȯ¹/
H10F±Ł4 NHM 4ŹЁͩŸ-H À-H MIROC 4ͦ˺̕ȷëϐζ.ϫƣ2Âʅ21*-' Ρ2 MIROC

brV/

-Êʶ

=/ %A%A4 MIROC Ź-Êʶ"Hζó.ȉĪ1/

2030 Ʀ4ɧʅ̕ȷ2Ƅ"HÑϵƫ5±ƫF2Ђ@-Ǆ͜H



Chiba
Choshi
Kumagaya

Maebashi
Tsukuba




NHM

MIROC
2030
30.37620541
29.39047925
2007
30.49952037
28.25799245
     
2030
30.95490499
28.74262528
2007
31.10442536
27.63301245
2030
28.88207214
27.21012717
2007
31.29684802
26.15058755
2030
29.32469106
25.29388906
2007
31.98054802
23.38303774
2030
31.02026757
28.77627321
2007
31.84149397
28.04247396









   

ņ 3.2.21 NHM E7 MIROC o.ͦ˺I'
NHM
Chiba
ȱōȐ4ƥŏɧʅ̕ȷ
Tsukuba
Kumagaya
MaebashiNHM(2007)
30.49952037
31.84149397
31.29684802
31.98054802

NHM(2030)
30.37620541
31.02026757
28.88207214
29.32469106

84





2007 ƦE7 2030 ƦŠŲ2Hχ

MIROC(2007)28.25799245
28.04247396
26.15058755
23.38303774

MIROC(2030)
29.39047925
28.77627321
27.21012717
25.29388906

ņ 3.2.22 NHM o2E*-ͦ˺I' 2007 Ʀ/ 2030 Ʀ4 8 Ȧ2HȥЂɧʅ4óƟ ņ 3.2.23 .5

NHM .ͦ˺I' 2007 Ʀ/ 2030 Ʀ2HχȱōȐ4ηˏ2HťɧɫȺ̅ůʨʦΈʕƫЉPM2.5Њ4ƥŏÖL˜' RCP4.5 4brV.5 2030 Ʀ5 2007 Ʀ

2ɥ:-TOi4ǳòνʃƋ"H/̬FI-G%4brV2ʌǨ͎*''@2 2030 Ʀ4 PM2.5 4Ö5 2007 Ʀ4A4EGAʃƋ.˜I-' SRES-A1B brV.5
HbrVA̬FI-''@
ndp/

'



'ŹЁL

IPCC-AR4
Љ2007Њ

RCP brVEGAťɧɫȺĠ=F#ťɧɫȺʦΈ2χ

-˂1HbrV2ʌǨ

ŜĄ"

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-͎*' %4̕ȷ ˆϤǜΜÛ4ȱ¯ʈÚ4Ǜ̝ĒƖCЄƖ.5 PM2.5 ʕƫȥť 10-50 µgm-3 4ŜĄ͞FI ȱ¯η.A 10 µgm-3 4ŜĄ͞FI' 4E1şĊ5
ÙƮƸϮ2/*-ť1Ɲ.GƈȰ2HťɧɫȺʦΈ4brVβøͭÍ2/*-ϫƣ2ť©1ľ϶.H/K*'

ņ 3.2.23 ņ 3.2.22 /Ĭ!(85ʦʲν5ƥŏ PM2.5 ʕƫÙƮƸϮņ 3.2.24 NHM o.ͦ˺I' 2030 Ʀ 8 Ȧ2Hƥŏ PM2.5 4

2 +4˂1HťɧɫȺbrVЉRCP4.5 / SRES-A1BЊȯ¹.4̕ȷ4Ɲ

ƥǘ 23 Ʀƫ5 ȭ˖˭͸϶.ˋǬʧ˵":/.H

F2-HƈȰbrVŹЁL͎ȸ̓>.'/5·4̕ȷL˴ 3 ʯ4ÙƮƸϮͭÍ\~2ǹÌȰbrV2HÙƮƸϮşĊ4̬ƂL͎/J=.úήɎ1ƈȰbrVLĄĶ'ƈ

ƥǘ 24 Ʀƫ·ό5'ŹЁL͎/é2 NICAM Lʶ'brVŹЁ2A˒ǝ"

H¨Ÿ.H

b-1-3-2-2. Ŋ ō ù ʶ Ź Ё
b-1-3-2-2-1. Ŋ ō ù ʶ 4 ǒ ƫ Ź Ё Љ Diamond-NICAMЊ ˴ 3 ʯ4̞ĊƸϮͭÍ\~.ͭÍ"H'@2ŊōbrVLş'/2ɧʅ2ǒ

ƫH0L͹:H'@2 Diamond-NICAM Lʶ-ǒƫŹЁL͎*' oȯ¹
5 Diamond-NICAM 4ɐʌŹЁ/Ĭ!.

Ƅ΂ȩφ5 2007 Ʀ 8 Ȧ 14 ȓF 4 ȓφ.HɐʌŹЁ.5 χȱōȐ.ĀGƵ-FI-HŊōùʶ5 Љ1Њɇȵ Љ2ЊÂȪ͗ō Љ3Њ
̯Çō
2

4¢2 3 ˪ϸ.HЉņ 3.2.25Њ4.

ǒƫŹЁ.5'ŹЁ A1 æ-4ŊōùʶLЉ2Њ ÂȪ͗ō2

Çō2'ŹЁ A3æ-4ŊōùʶLЉ1Њɇȵ'ŹЁ A2 æ-4ŊōùʶLЉ3Њ ̯L͎*' ņ 3.2.26 / 3.2.27 2HE2%4̕ȷĩŹЁ/ɐʌŹЁ2HȥЂɧʅ4Ɲ5

ŹЁ A1 .5χȱƥμ.5ȥť 3Ȗ'='

%4ĵΚ4Ɠ.5 5Ȗ'ŹЁ A3 .5χȱƥμ.ȥť 2Â"HȐ.

4/F'ƾ*-ŹЁ A2 .5χȱƥμ.5ȥť 2ÂŊōùʶLş'/4ɧʅ94ƸϮ5'+5F-3.H/K*Ŋōùʶ4brVLş'/4ɧʅƸϮͭÍL͎ǑĶ͞(I'

86·

MATSIRO NICAM
10

4
10

 

10


8

4

0
40km

ņ 3.2.25 NICAM .Êʶ
ùʶ4Ǭɐ

-1
0 Sea surface
1
2
3
4 Mixed coniferous & broadleaf
deciduous forest & woodland
567
8 Shrubs & bare ground 
910 Cultivation'ō͒Ϭo.čóI'
χȱōȐ2HŊō
NICAM MATSIRO 12km"$!#

Ǭɐ4 4 5ɇȵ

8 5ÂȪʖȪ

10 5̯ÇōL˜"

Max,Temp,with,Original,Index,(2007,Aug.)          
ņ 3.2.26 Diamond-NICAM 2E*-ͦ˺I' 2007 Ʀ 8 Ȧ4ƥŏȥЂɧʅ4óƟ

87

ΔMaxTemp,with,the,diﬀerent,index
(a) 1(b) 2(c) 3

ņ 3.2.27 Ŋōùʶ4ǒƫŹЁ.ƿFI' 4 ȓφƥŏȥЂɧʅ2χ-ɐʌŹЁ/4Ɲ

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!

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1km
2km

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1km


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ǃ2ʳʨ.Ί*-H/KH

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φó̵ͣ2Ίł"H/̬FIH4.
ņ 3.2.30 !!
.5!! 1 Evergreen
Broadleaf
Trees!! 1 Evergreen
Broadleaf
Trees
1 HŘǜFΎϝϝIH2ƾ*Evergreen Broadleaf Trees!! 2 Broadleaf
Deciduous
Trees
!!
2
Broadleaf
DeciduousTrees%4ϳœ.4ɧʅƥŏÖ04E2şĊ"H4L͹:'
ʧ2ɧʅşĊʔ*'ō
!! 2 Broadleaf
Deciduous
Trees!! 3 DeciduousandEvergreenTrees
3 Deciduousand Evergreen
Trees!! 3 Deciduousand Evergreen
ʚЉ139.5000E !!
36.0000NЊ.5
0.1 ƫmb.5ȥť
0.24ʃƋ͞FI'
Ĭȝü Trees!! 4 Evergreen Needleleaf
Trees!! 4 Evergreen Needleleaf
Trees
!! 4
Evergreen
Needleleaf. 0.05 ƫmb.5 0.54ʃƋ 0.025 ƫmb.5
0.74ʃƋ͞FI'ƥǘTrees23!! 5 Deciduous Needleleaf
Trees!! 5 Deciduous Needleleaf
Trees
!! 5
Deciduous Needleleaf Trees
Ʀƫ5 NHM oLʶ'ͦ˺ .1*' ƥǘ 24 Ʀƫ·ό5 Diamond-NICAM!! 6 Ground Cover withandCoverShrubs!! 6Trees
Groundwith !!
Trees
and Shrubs
6 GroundCover with Trees and Shrubs
oLʶ'Ђó̵ͣŹЁL͎¨Ÿ.H!! 7 Groundcover Only!! 7 Groundcover Only !! 7 Groundcover Only!! 8 Broadleaf Shrubs
Perennial
Ground!! with
8 Broadleaf
Shrubswith!!Cover
8 Perennial
BroadleafGround
ShrubsCoverwith Perennial Grou!! 9 Broadleaf Shrubs
Bare Soil!! with
9 Broadleaf
Shrubs with
Soil Shrubs with Bare Soil!! 9 Bare
Broadleaf!! 10 Groundcover with
Dwarf
Trees andwith
Shrubs!! 10
Groundcover
Dwarf
Trees and Shrubs!!
10 Groundcoverwith Dwarf Trees and Sh!! 11 Bare Soil!! 11 Bare Soil!! 11 Bare Soil!! 12 Agriculture or!!C312Grassland
Agriculture or C3!!
Grassland
12 Agriculture or C3 Grassland

北限，東端：N46, E149 北限，東端：N46, E149

南限，西端：N24, E123 南限，西端：N24, E12389

北限，東端：N46, E149
南限，西端：N24, E123

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ファイルのdemension:
pixel x 52800 line
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NHM o2EHŊōùʶbrVŹЁ2E*-ƿFI'2007 Ʀ 8 Ȧ 14 ȓ! M[ZTtOU
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TOi4̕ȷ4ǹÌL͎/.' F2 NICAM /5ø4ɢÅo.Hɧ΂ƧϫϪĂųoЉNHMЊ/ SPRINTARS L̕Ī' NHM-SPRINTARS oLυˆ4o2EHɧʅ/TOi4ŹЁ̕ȷA˴ 3 ʯ9ǹÌ"H/.'
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Ё

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109, 2779-2793.
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Ųť¼, P393.

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!"

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-

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ņ 2.2.32 4ōœčó5

Chin et al.

NAM 5ċOW SAM 5ĕOW EUR 5mx NAF 5ċ

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AOT 550nm

AE 440-870nm
NAM
SAM
EUR
NAF
SAF
ASA
AUS

0.1

NAM
SAM
EUR
NAF
SAF
ASA
AUS

1.5
Model

1
Model

2

1
0.5

0.01
0.01

0.1
AERONET

0
1

0

0.5

1
1.5
AERONET2

ņ 2.2.32AERONET ō͡ʆ̛4̕ȷLʶ' NICAM-SPRINTARS o̕ȷ4ɥΕɉͬčó4ί5ɥΕ'`Qp4Hϳœ4ί. NAM 5ċOW SAM 5ĕOW

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NAF 5ċO|W

pO

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AUS 5Vd-Hb-2-4.  K G 2
 ɾř̅ů4ʕƫLϹΤ4χȈ.͒ʰ- =/ ɾ.4ɾř̅ůʕƫLϹΤ2ǆ!Same!as!Chin!et!al.(2009),!we!compared!the!standard!model’s!clearGsky!month!

averaged!AOT!and!AE!with!the!AERONET!observation.!Generally,!when!the!AOT!
Ÿ2Ð+/21G
%IFϐ2ΗΠIHνAŜH'@ ʧ2ϐ2ɾř̅ů

is!small,!model!will!overestimate!the!AOT!in!NAM!and!EUR!and!AUS,!maybe!
= M86 LƉå"H/. %4E1άťͭÍLΔʃ"H/
because!the!overestimate!the!AOT!of!sea!salt!over!land,!and!the!underestimate!of!
.'ƾ*- ɾř̅ů4ˌǶˉ1ɉͬCɾř̅ůēΌ -HŘǜ.4 AOT 4ɉͬ
the!AE!in!EUR,!NAM!where!is!the!fine!aerosol!is!domain.!This!is!maybe!the!
uncorrected!scattering!optical!parameter!for!sulfate!as!suggested!by!NickGsan.!!
ďó2.1ƾȰEGAʦʲĊųˉ1ưLʶ-ͦ˺ ' M86 LƉå '/.
'=GC"1*-

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b-2-5. Ʊ ʶ Ȍ ʬ
Chin, M., T. Diehl, O. Dubovik, T. F. Eck, B. N. Holben, A. Sinyuk, and D. G. Streeets (2009), Lightabsorption by pollution, dust, and biomass burning aerosols: a global model study and evaluation
with AERONET measurements, Ann. Geophys., 27, 3439-3464.
94

Erickson, D., J. J. T. Merrill, and R. A. Duce (1986), Seasonal estimates of global atmospheric sea-salt
distribution, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1067-1072.
Monahan, E. C., D. E. Spiel, and K. L. Davison (1986), A model of marine aerosol generation via
whitecaps and wave disruption, in: Oceanic Whitecaps, editied by: Monahan, E., and Niocaill, G.,
M., D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., USA, 167-174.
Schutgens N. A. J., T. Miyoshi, T. Takemura, and T. Nakajima (2010), Applying an ensemble Kalmanfilter to the assimilation of AERONET observations in a global aerosol transport model.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, 2561-2576.

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H5 CMAQ oЉË6
H CBM-IV C SAPRC-99

Byun and Schere, 2006Њ.ÊʶIHĊųc.

104ʽˉ2ƨùʶI-Hc2ɥ:-AĬ˩ƫ-Hc.H

CHASER o.ͦ˺I'ViCĩViþϿɧÅ4óƟ5ĩ͡ʆÖ/ȉĪˉ.GViʴǘɿʎά˩4͒ʰ4ŬƵǊ˚ʹI-

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NICAM Âó̵ͣæʱŹЁЉglevel 5 5

jQ

dnm~5 20 óˬóȩ

φ5 2002 Ʀ4 1 ƦφЊL͎*' NICAM 4ĂųʦʲȄƇc5 2-2-1 ˲.Ξ:'A4Lʶ'ġGǟɧÅ4ǳòQp/öȩÖoj2χ

MIROC-CHASER oŹЁ.Êʶ-5-HA4Lʶ'ЉSudo et al., 2007Њ

95

b-3-3. 2002 Ʀ æ ʱ Ź Ё Љ NICAM-CHASERЊ ņ 2.2.33 25

NICAM-CHASER 2E*-ͦ˺I' CO

NOx

SO2

SO42-4ÅˬʁĪɥ

4 2 Ȧ4ȦƥŏÖL˜-HΈ4ĬȩφƥŏÖA˜'Љņ 2.2.34Њ CO C NOx 5°φɸć2E*-ˆʴ"Hά˩ţťɧ='ɥΕ4'@2

MIROC-CHASER .ͦ˺I'Ĭʦ

CO 54Ċųğǆ2E*-Ŝʃ"HʦΈ.H ƾ*- ˆʴʋ´Μ.ЂʕƫL˜ɥΕˉЂƅĸ.H4.ťɧ
2ƨF1

2ǩȇI->H

NOx 5˔ƅĸ.H4.=Gťɧ%4E1_pdp5 NICAM .A MIROC .A͞FIH

NICAM
2-

4̕ȷ.5ˆʴʋ´Μ4ÖCCƊ1*-H =' ĬɎ4ÝĮ5 SO2 C SO4 104
˙ι̊4ʦΈ2A͞FIHȭ˖˭͸϶.AġGǟ*-H NICAM 2̓>Λ=I'³4ʦΈЉªιĊʙ̎ ĬÁÅ TOiЊLġGǟ*'o.5 NICAM-CHASER.Ί*-HE1ľ϶5ŗĴI-14.

NICAM-CHASER Ňȧ4ľ϶.H/

̬FIH ƥǘ 24 Ʀƫ54ľ϶Lͣɭ"HE2ą@H Ȑ Vi5ťɧğǆ2E*-ʴǘIHʦΈ.H4.

o2E*-óƟ˂1HÝĮ2H

23 ƦƫƿFI' NICAM-CHASER 4̕ȷ.5 ċĒʱ2ЂʕƫViƨ*H4.

IF4Ö5͡ʆ2ɥ:-AЂ
CO C NOx 4ľ϶/é2

4Ċų
ƥǘ

=*-

͡ʆ/̽Ī*-H MIROC-CHASER /A˂1H

ƥǘ 24 Ʀƫ2ͣɭ":͸϶.H(a) CO(b) NOx(d) SO2(e) SO4

ņ 2.2.33 NICAM-CHASER .ͦ˺I'ĩʦΈЉCO
4 2 ȦƥŏÖЉĖÁ5 ppbvЊ
96(c) Ox

NOx

Ox

SO2

SO42-Њ4ÅˬʁĪɥ(a) CO(b) NOx(d) SO2(e) SO4

ņ 2.2.34 MIROC-CHASER .ͦ˺I'ĩʦΈЉCO(c) Ox

NOx

Ox

SO2

SO42-Њ4ÅˬʁĪɥ

4 2 ȦƥŏÖЉĖÁ5 ppbvЊ

b-3-3. = / @ƥǘ23Ʀƫ5˔ƅĸɧÅL¨ŗ"HCHASERoLNICAM2̓>ΛM(NICAM-CHASER
oLυˆ

æʱŹЁL1Ʀ˩ƫ4ˬó.͎/.' ľ϶+H4.

ƥǘ24Ʀƫ.5 îʰǊ4EMIROC-CHASERo/̽̹ƿFIHE2o4ɥΕɉͬLΨ@-='ƥǘ24Ʀƫ5χȱōȐLǃ/'Ђó̵ͣŹЁ2A˒ǝ

ƿFI'̕ȷL˴3ʯ4ÙƮƸϮͭÍ\~9ǹÌ"H¨Ÿ.H
NICAM-CHASER2SPRINTARS/̕Ī=''NICAM-ChemoŶǘ=.͎¨Ÿ.H

b-3-4. Ʊ ʶ Ȍ ʬ
Fast, J.D, W. I. Gustafson Jr., R. C. Easter, R. A. Zaveri, J. C. barnard, E. G. Chapman, G. A. Grell,and S. E. Peckham (2006), Evolution of ozone, particulates, and aerosol direct radiative forcing in
the vicinity of Houston using a fully coupled meteorology-chemistry-aerosol model, J. Geophys.
Res., 111, D21305, doi:10.1029/2005JD006721.
Byun, D. W., and K. L. Schere, (2006), Review of the govering equations, computational algorithms,
97and other components of the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modelingsystem. Appl. Mech. Rev. (59), 51-77.
Sudo, K., M. Takahashi, J. Kurokawa, and H. Akimoto (2002), CHASER: A global chemical model ofthe troposphere 1. Model description, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD001113.
Sudo, K., and H. Akimoto (2007), Global source attribution of tropospheric ozone: Long-range
transport

fromvarioussourceregions,J.

Geophys.

Res.,

112,

D12302,

doi:10.1029/2006JD007992.

b-4. ˔ ƅ ĸ ɧ Å / T O  i  4 ˍ « Ç ʶ  c    4 Ȃ ̽
b-4-1. 5 ! @ 2 ȭ˲.5ťɧťǀʳoMIROC2̕Ī'ĊųɧÕoCHASER/TOiɧÕoSPRINTARS4Φǽ̕Ī2EG NICAMo94ǆʶLņH//A2 oLʶ'ŹЁͣȴLŹȑ"H

ƥǘ23Ʀƫ.5ťɧʳśʦΈćǓ2+-4Ŕ˛ˉ1ʲͣLƿH/Lˋˉ/
kdp4şΈά˩2˒ˋ

kdp͒Ϭ.4ŏğǆ2EHª2-ιĊ˙ЅЉSO2Њ4˙ιЉSO4 Њ94şǺά˩10Lo2ƉåιřTOi4æʱóƟ2Ƅ"HƸϮ4ͭÍL͎*'4Ɍˀ/

kdpE<"˙·2ĊųTOi̕ĪoȭƦƫ2͎*'˖˭4ÇɊȐɳǝϱ2+-ͨΞ"Hb-4-2.  o  Ȃ ̽ Е Ŋ Ş k d p / ˙ Ѕ ǘ ó 4 ˍ « Ç ʶ 4 Ɖ å / ͭ Í Ź Ё ȭ`}͸϶˖˭.5ťɧťǀʳoMIROC2̕Ī'æʱĊųɧÕo CHASER

ЉSudo et al., 2002a,b; Sudo and Akimoto, 2007Њ  E 7 æ ʱ T O  i   ɧ Õ  o 
SPRINTARSЉTakemura et al., 2002,2005ЊLΓ/d2υˆȂ̽I-'ĩo5o̕ĪI'o˖˭L͎

I=.4ÇɊ2EG

MIROCoL

CHASER/SPRINTARS4

TOi/ViĊų4Ĭȝͦ˺Ĥ̵/1*-GªɘȧɖTOi4ʴǘά˩4ͦ˺AƉåI-H ƥǘ23Ʀƫ5Ξ4æʱĊųTOiɧÕoCHASER-SPRINTARSLʶ-ιřTOi4æʱóƟ2Ƅ"Hkdp4ƸϮͭÍL͎*'4ŏğǆ2EH˙ιř4ʴǘ
Ɖå

=#

˙

kdp͒Ϭ.4SO2

E7˙ιř̅ů4kdp͒Ϭ94ñϛά˩Lo2

Љņ2.2.35Њ ˙ιǘókdp͒ϬL͓͝"H/2EHƸϮLȈÖŹЁ2EGɉͧ

'ЉŹЁ1Њ ɘ2 ϡɨЉʀˍЊ .4˙ι/CaCO34+ CO2 + H2OЊCkdp

4ϑQVǘó2EH

ιř4ʴǘóƟ2HƸϮLŸνˉ2ͭÍ

98

ĹğǆЉH2SO4 + CaCO3 → CaSO4

ĹL̬Ǖ'ЉŹЁ2Њ

ʀˍά˩2-kdp˙

SO2 

SO2 








SO2



(6&bins)

,

ņ 3.2.35 oë.4

kdp͒Ϭ4ŏğǆ4Ɍˀņ

b-4-3. ̕ ȷ
b-4-3-1. k d p ͒ Ϭ  4  ŏ  ğ ǆ 4 Ƹ Ϯ kdp͒Ϭ.4ά˩2˒ˋ

'ŹЁ 1 .5

kdp4 SO2 4ŏğǆ4Ɖå2EG

OcOœ2-kdp4ΗΠ̔Ώ2'HϭňCȓȭ4ȓȭɾÚ4͡ʆ`Qp4ţ.
SO2 4oÖ/͡ʆÖ/4ˍχĮ"H/˚ʹI' ŏğǆ4ġGΛ>ÎȈ γ
L 0.01 /'ŹЁ.5

SO2 4kdp͒Ϭ4ğǆ2EHȝŸȈ5

cO. JJA 2ȥť/1G

O|WċζF͛OЂƫ 3km .5ȈȝφНĒȓ.*'ō͒.ЏН2 ȝφkdp

͒Ϭ2͓͝I-H˙ιƒ4ę>5 Ʀƥŏ.5ȱOcO.ȥťL/G ̅ƺ 0.13µm 4kdp2-5
p4̅ƺ2Ƅ

kdpĒƺ4 80Н120Ј˩ƫ4ę˙ι2͝KI-H-͝*-H˙ιƒ4ę>4ɥЉcore/shell ɥЊ5ť1*-H

%

-

='

kd

̅ƺƊkdp;0

kdp͒Ϭ2űŌ"H˙ιřʕƫ/æ˙ιʕƫ4ɥ5ɋœ.ʧ2ť1*-GЉ90%·Њ SON .ȥť/1*' ŏğǆ5 kdp͒Ϭ4 SO2
4ŏğǆ4 γ  0.001 E7 0.01 4/ŢζʁĪ4˙ιřTOi̝νL%I&I

0.02 TgSЉ2.4%Њ 0.15 TgSЉ18.1%Њ ʃƋ$HĆȷ͞FI'
Oi4ʃƋ5

γ = 0.01 4/4ŢζʁĪ4˙ιřTˌǶĆȷĞ7φǶĆȷ4ȄƇƴûĂL%I&I 0.083

Љ0.038Н0.174Њ 0.127Љ0.054Н0.327ЊW/m2 ʃƋ$H/2ˍƵ"Hkdp͒Ϭ.4ŏğǆ2EH˙ιřʴǘν5 12 TgS/year .GЉγ З0.01Њ I5 OH 2EHɧˍğǆ
4˙ιřʴǘν2ČȊ"HЉņ 3.2.36Њ ='γ = 0.01 4/kdp͒Ϭ4˙ιřĞ7ŢζʁĪ4˙ιř4ʉǊɮ˒/¦Ǌɮ˒4ɥ5 0.22 7.6 /1G kdp͒Ϭ4˙ιř5ʉǊ
ɮ˒2EGϏĜI2ʧǂLǫ*-'99

Budget of S in the model (TgS/yr)
Oxidation in cloud (41.0 TgS/yr)+O3 (7.0)+H2O2 :(34.0)

OH

SO2

Sulfate( 0.68TgS )
(12.0TgS/yr)
Oxidation(13.2)

Emission(79.4)

Coagulation(0.03TgS/yr)

O3

Sulfate on dust
(0.25TgS)

DMS

Wet deposition
2.4

Emission(14.8)

   

ņ 3.2.36 ġGΛ>ÎȈ γ=0.01 2

Wet
Dry
deposition deposition(55.2)(9.8)

Dry
deposition(6.5)'ŹЁЉA3Еγ=0.01Њ2HƦƥŏ4æʱƄɹŉ˙ЅĠȁЉĖÁ5 TgS/yrЊ

b-4-3-2. ʀ ˍ ά ˩ 4 Ƹ Ϯ ŹЁ 2 2-5Ǌƫ4ʀˍ

.4˙ι/ CaCO3 /4ĹL̬Ǖ"H/.

*'='.4˙ιʴǘΤƫ94ƸϮLŸνĊ

/. SO42-ϏĜI
kdp4

4ϑQV2EHι

͡ʆI'˙ιǘó4ʉǊɮ˒νCόɨ pH 4Ų˼şćLEGɛ˚2îʰ.H/˚ʹI'
HʀˍĹğǆCkdp+4ǒƫŹЁL͎'

pH H/2E*-

Ĺğǆ2EG

ȱOcO2

CaSO4 ʴǘIH

ňɱƕœ.5˙ιʴǘΤƫť1

ĹğǆĞ7kdp4ϑQV4˙ιʴǘLÏΨ$HĆȷ4Ĺ5

NH4+4

Ćȷ2ČȊ"H/˜ļI'

b-4-4.  K G 2
 ƥǘ23Ʀƫ5¢2ĊųTOioЉCHASER-SPRINTARSЊ4ȸ̓>2-I=.̬ǕI-1*'˙ιřTOi/kdp/4ˍ«ÇʶLƉå
Ё2EHoɉͬLŹȑ

'

'

ͫȎŹ

kdp͒Ϭ4˙ι2EH͓͝Ćȷ4ƫĪΤƫ2+

-5 EGţōʚ.4͡ʆojLʶ' F2Ͳ̐1ɥΕОɉͬǄ͜.J ±ƽ
5kdp͒Ϭ4ƶǓşĊ"H/2EG

kdp4óƟCȄƇƴûĂ04E2şĊ

"H10Lİ@'ͣȴAǄ͜.H

b-4-5. Ʊ ʶ Ȍ ʬ
Sudo, K., M. Takahashi, J. Kurokawa, and H. Akimoto (2002a), CHASER: A global chemical model100

of the troposphere 1. Model description, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD001113.
Sudo, K., M. Takahashi, and H. Akimoto (2002b), CHASER: A global chemical model of thetroposphere 2. Model results and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001/JD001114.
Sudo, K., and H. Akimoto (2007) Global source attribution of tropospheric ozone: Long-range
transport

fromvarioussourceregions,J.

Geophys.

Res.,

112,

D12302,

doi:10.1029/2006JD007992.
Takemura, T., T. Nakajima, O. Dubovik, B.N. Holben, and S. Kinne (2002), Single-Scattering albedo
and radiative forcing of various aerosol species with a global three-dimensional model,
Journal of Climate, 15, 4, 333-352.
Takemura T, T. Nozawa, S. Emori, T.Y. Nakajima, T. Nakajima (2005), Simulation of climate response
to aerosol direct and indirect effects with aerosol transport-radiation model, J. Geophys. Res.,
110, doi:10.1029/2004JD005029.

c. NICAM 2 E H T O  i  4 Ĭ Ċ b d n
c-1. NICAM-SPRINTARS 2 ΰ ʶυˆ'ojĬĊ

c-1-1.  o  Ɍ ͜ƥǘ 23 Ʀƫ5O`}W|PjɳЉEnKF ɳЊ4 NICAM-SPRINTARS o94̓>Λ>ÇɊL̒H/.'Љ·ƽ4oL NICAM-SPRINTARS-EnKF/ķ8Њ4 EnKF ɳ5 MIROC-SPRINTARS o2Ȓ2̓>Λ=I-'ЉSchutgens et al.,2010a; 2010bЊ

NICAM / MIROC 4ɢÅo1G˂1H|NQƶư/\mq

4ƶLǟ*-G

NICAM ʶ4_qLÇǘ"HǄ͜G

MIROC 4ojƶư2şǺ
-5

NICAM 4ojƶưL- EnKF ɳLΰʶ"HǝɠL/*' %- êÅˉ1ǝϱ/·4E2ojĬĊL͎*-H

1. The assimilation system uses the some grid and regional styles as the forward modelЉNICAM-SPRINTARSЊ, so it is convenient to use the forward model restart results for parallel
computation.
2. Each Process finds the observation sites one by one in the regional grid boxes at the same time.
Once the observation site is found, the simulated observation will be calculated and transmit it to all of
the other processes.
3. In every grid point, each process choose the useful observation based on the distance between theobservation site and the grid point to do the assimilation based on the Local Ensemble Transform
Kalman Filter (LETKF) method simultaneously.
101

4. Output the analysis results as the file style of the forward model for the next forward calculation.

!
ƥǘ 23 Ʀƫ2͎*'ͦ˺.5 NICAM æʱŹЁL glevel 5 .͎*' oɌ͜5 2-2-1-2
NICAMGSPRINTARS!assimilation!system!
! ˲LĝʡI' ˬóȩφ5 2009 Ʀ 2 Ȧ4 1 Ȧφ.O`}w5 10 Local
Method!
Patch size 5 2000km .ŹЁL͎*' MODIS 4TOiäųˉę>ЉAOTЊ̕ȷLʶ!
ojĬĊL͎ %I/5ʪ˱ -͡ʆI' AERONET ͡ʆ̛4 AOT ̕ȷLʶ1.The!assimilation!system!uses!the!some!grid!and!regional!styles!as!the!forward!
model!(NICAMGSPRINTARS),!so!it!is!convenient!to!use!the!forward!model!restart!
o4 AOT ̕ȷ4ɉͬL͎*'
results!for!parallel!computation.!
2.Each!Process!finds!the!observation!sites!one!by!one!in!the!regional!grid!boxes!
at!the!same!time.!Once!the!observation!site!is!found,!the!simulated!observation!
c-1-2. ̕ ȷwill!be!calculated!and!transmit!it!to!all!of!the!other!processes.!!
 ņ 3.2.37 .5 AERONET 4OcO.4͡ʆōʚ.ɥΕɉͬL͎*' 04̕ȷAɌ3
3.In!every!grid!point,!each!process!choose!the!useful!observation!based!on!the!
distance!between!the!observation!site!and!the!grid!point!to!do!the!assimilation!
̽ū.*' υˆ ' NICAM-SPRINTARS-EnKF o=Çć -H/L˜
based!on!the!LETKF!method!simultaneously.!
-H =' æʱ͟ɑ.4 AOT 4̕ȷL ojĬĊþƽE7͑Ș͡ʆ MISRЉoj
4.Output!the!analysis!results!as!the!file!style!of!the!forward!model!for!the!next!
ĬĊ ' MODIS /5ʪ˱4A4Њ4̕ȷ/ɥΕ 'Љņ 3.2.38Њ æʱ͟ɑ.̕ȷL>-A
forward!calculation.!
! υˆ ' NICAM-SPRINTARS-EnKF o=Çć -H/L˜ -HResults:!
!

!
ņ 3.2.37 AERONET ͡ʆōʚ2H NICAM-SPRINTARS-EnKF Lΰʶþƽ4o/͡
ʆLʶ'TOiäųˉę>4ɥΕ

102

!

!
!
!

 
!

MISR!Observation!
ņ 3.2.38
NICAM-SPRINTARS-EnKF 4ΰʶþƽЉAssimilation ΰʶþƽЊ2Ho.
!
Generally,!the!assimilation!results!are!closer!to!the!independent!observations.!!

!
ͦ˺I'TOiäųˉę>ЉAOTЊ4̕ȷЉɠ
2 +Њ ƥŏª¤ͶƝЉRMSЊ4̕ȷЉ

ɠ 2 +Њ °ƛ͑Ș2ǼΖI' MISR f`.͡ʆ
103' AOT 4̕ȷЉɠЊc-1-3. = / @ / ± ƽ O`}W|PjɳLƉå23 Ʀƫ.υˆŶ§' NICAM-SPRINTARS-EnKF o5æʱŹЁA͎/.'ƥǘ 24 Ʀƫ.5ƥǘ̷ɰÅ2EHTOi͡ʆ.ƿFIH SPM ojLΰʶ"H/C NICAM-CHASER 2A EnKF ɳLΰʶ˔ƅĸɧÅ4ojĬĊA͎/L¨ŸaɳAΰʶ"H/.

-H

='

W|Pjdˆʴʋ4ǷŸL͎oυˆ2A˒ǝ"H

c-1-4. Ʊ ʶ Ȍ ʬ
Schutgens N. A. J., T. Miyoshi, T. Takemura, and T. Nakajima (2010a), Applying an ensemble Kalmanfilter to the assimilation of AERONET observations in a global aerosol transport model.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, 2561-2576.
Schutgens N. A. J., T. Miyoshi, T. Takemura, and T. Nakajima (2010b), Sensitivity tests for an
ensemble Kalman filter for aerosol assimilation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10,6583-6600.

c-2. HDDM L Ź ͔' CMAQ 2 E H O c O œ 4 h  d   f ~ j  ͣ ȴ 4 Ƒ υ

c-2-1 ˋ ˉ
 OcOd]4ΌśťɧɫȺ2Ίł"HäĊųVYbkpCTOi4ƦŗĴI-HΌśťɧɫȺȝ25VYbkp104ɫȺXd4>.1

TOiЉ˙ιř˘ιř10ЊAĬȝ2ŜĄ"H/˓FI-H4ñ̕ȿ/-ϡ4ǁʦʲʧǊCόɨĆʭ10Lş͹$-ÇʶĠȁ2λ͜1ƹĀLǫ+
ųˉ1ʧǂ

̔ƦşĊ

%4'@

ťɧǁ̅ů

TOi5ϡ\w1TtZťɧɫȺ2Ίł"HTOi4óƟhdf~jχÎ4Ǣǻλ͜.H

şć

ʧ2

%4ʦʲĊ
04ˆʴʋ

ЉhdЊFǳòI'ʦΈ04͡ʆōʚЉf~jЊ2úή"H/
Source-Receptor χÎЉS-R χÎЊ4ɛ˚1ͣȗλ͜.HTOiʕƫbb2χȭ˖˭.5

χȱd]4- OcOΊʋ4М−ЛχÎLȗ˚"H'@2 ǒƫͣȴǝɳ4 1 +.H Higher-order Decoupled Direct Method
ЉHDDM; Dunker, 1984; Cohan et al.,2005ЊLȱOcOd]4hdf~jͣȴ2ΰʶ'̕ȷLŗĴ"H

c-2-2. HDDM ǒ ƫ ͣ ȴ ǝ ɳ ǒƫͣȴ.5
HĊųǘóʕƫ!!! !, ! !4ǒƫxj!! !, ! !4Ǿć2Ƅ"Hǆ˸L͹: i 5ĊųǘóL͒

5ǒƫxjL͒"

2HQ~mpxjЉË6ǒƫxj/öȩȯ¹Cśʽȯ¹

104

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c-2-5. Ʊ ʶ Ȍ ʬ
Byun, D. W., and K. L. Schere (2006), Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms,
and other components of the Model-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modelingsystem, Applied Mechanics Reviews, 59, 51-77.
Cohan, D. S., A. Hakam, Y. Hu, and A. G. Russell (2005), Nonlinear Response of Ozone to Emissions:
Source Apportionment and Sensitivity Analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 6739-6748.
Dunker A. M. (1984), The decoupled direct method for calculating sensitivity coefficients in chemical
kinetics, J. Chem. Phys. 81(5), 2385-2393.
Guenther, A., C. N. Hewitt, D. Erickson, R. Fall, C. Geron, T. Graedel, P. Harley, L. Klinger, M.
Lerdau, W. McKay, T. Pierce, B. Scholes, R. Steinbrecher, R. Tallamraju, J. Taylor, and P.
Zimmerman (1995), A Global-Model of Natural Volatile Organic-Compounds Emissions, J.
Geophys. Res., 100 (D5), 8873-8892.
Guenther, A., T. Karl, P. Harley, C. Wiedinmyer, P. I. Palmer, and C. Geron (2006), Estimates ofglobal terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols
from Nature), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3181–3210.
Ohara, T., H. Akimoto, J. Kurokawa, N. Horii, K. Yamaji, X. Yan, and H. Hayasaka (2007), An Asianemission inventory of anthropogenic emission sources for the period 1980-2020, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 4419-4444.

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Morino, Y., T. Ohara, and M. Nishizawa (2011), Atmospheric behavior, deposition, and budget ofradioactive materials from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in March 2011, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 38, L00G11, doi:10.1029/2011GL048689.
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Chung J.Y., Y. Honda, Y.-C. Hong, X.-C. Pan, Y.-L. Guo, and H. Kim (2009), Ambient temperatureand mortality: an international study in four capital cities of East Asia, Sci. Total Environ., 408(2),390-396.
Huang, C., A. G. Barnett, X. Wang, P. Vaneckova, G. FitzGerald, and S. Tong (2011), Projecting futureheat-related mortality under climate change scenarios: A systematic review, Environ Health
Perspect, 119, 1681-1690.
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Date

Time

Presentation

10:00 - 10:05

Opening (Chair: T. Inoue (AORI))

10:05 - 10:10

Welcome: T. Nakajima (AORI)Group 0: Managing (Chair: T. Inoue (AORI))

10:10 - 10:40
10:40 - 11:10
11:10 - 11:40
11:40 - 13:20
13:20 - 13:40
13:40 - 14:00
14:00 - 14:20
12/15
(Thu)

14:20 - 14:40
14:40 - 15:00
15:00 - 15:10
15:10 - 15:40
15:40 - 16:00
16:00 - 16:20
16:20 - 16:30
16:30 - 16:50
16:50 - 17:10
17:10 - 17:30
18:00 - 20:00

10:00 - 10:20
12/16
(Fri)

10:20 - 10:40
10:40 - 11:00
11:00 - 11:10

G0_1: T. Nakajima (AORI): Overview of SALSA
Invited: S.-C. Yoon (SNU: Korea): Estimation of mineral dust emission ineast Asia
Invited: X. Dong (UND: USA): Investigation of the chemical andphysical properties of Asian dust and pollution transpacific transport during
the INTEX-B field campaign
LunchGroup 2: Air pollutant assimilation (ChairЕH. Tsuruta (AORI))
G2_1: M. Uematsu (AORI): Outline of Group 2 activities in 2011
G2_2: J. Uchida (AORI): A regional-scale simulation using Diamond
NICAM
G2_3: T. Dai (AORI from China): Application of the local ensemble
transform Kalman filter assimilation system to the NICAM-SPRINTARS
model
G2_4: D. Goto (AORI): Development of NICAM-Chem (CHASER and
SPRINTARS) modelG2_5: T. Ohara (NIES) (talked by H. Tsuruta (AORI)): Update of regionalemission inventory in Asia (REAS): REAS 2.0
BreakGroup 3: Impact assessment group (Chair: A. Takami (NIES))
Invited: J. Schauer (UW: USA): Atmospheric pollution metrics to support
human health studies
G3_1: A. Takami (NIES): Overview -Impact assessment and adaptation(Group 3)
G3_2: K. Ueda (NIES): Excess mortality due to increase in ambient
temperature and ozone in Kanto area
Break
G3_3: A. Murakami (U. Tsukuba): Potential impacts of climate change on
local government functions and adaptation actions for planning anddevelopment
G3_4: A. Higuchi (U. Chiba): Review of the impact of land-use on theenergy and water exchange at the surface
G3_5: Y. Masutomi (Saitama Pref.): Understanding of research needs formaking adaptive policies
Reception
Group 1: CO2 assimilation and inversion group (Chair: R. Imasu (AORI))
G1_1: R. Imasu (AORI): Objective of WG1 studies and GOSAT specificobservations targeting at urban CO2 emissions
G1_2: Y. Niwa (MRI): New constraint by aircraft measurements on
estimates of global CO2 flux and concentration field
G1_3: Y. Sawa (MRI), H. Matsueda (MRI), and T. Machida (NIES):CONTRAIL CO2 observation activity and movement of network CO2
observations
Break
137

11:10 - 11:30
11:30 - 12:00

G1_4: K. Yoshimura (AORI): Comparison of an isotopic AGCM with newquasi global satellite measurements of water vapor isotopologue (HDO)
Invited: K. Gribanov (USU: Russia), R. Imasu (AORI), V. Zakharov (USU:
Russia), N. Rokotyan (USU: Russia), and G. Skorik (UBRSA: Russia):
HDO retrieval from thermal infrared spectra as observed by satellite sensors
Lunch

14:00 - 16:00

Group Meeting

16:00 - 16:30

Group Leader Report

16:30 - 17:00

Summary by T. Nakajima (AORI)

17:00

Adjourn
Affiliation
SNU: Seoul National University, Korea
UND: University of North Dakota, United States of America
UW: University of Wisconsin, United States of America
USU: Ural State University, Russia
UBRSA: Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
AORI: Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute/University of Tokyo, Japan
NIES: National Institute for Environment Studies, Japan
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