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Yukio Kurihara and Takahiro Hamada
RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama,
Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro,
Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
DOI: 10.24480/bsj-review.8b1.00111
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Baulcombe D. 2004. RNA silencing in plants. Nature 431: 356-363.
Fire, A., Xu, S., Montgomery, M. K., Kostas, S. A. Driver, S. E., & Mello, C. C. 1998. Potent andspecific interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391:
806-811.
Hamilton, A. J., & Baulcombe, D. C. 1999. A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional
gene silencing in plants. Science 286: 950-952.

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ȂƠşǊDepartment of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan
4075 Nat. Sci., 830 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
The feature of microRNAs in plant development and evolution
Keywords: development, evolution, microRNA, small RNA
Masayuki Tsuzuki
Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan
4075 Nat. Sci., 830 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
DOI: 10.24480/bsj-review.8b2.00112
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 !"%"   #$      )-

ļœŜ, Ğ©ñÄń¥ÌŘŧù Ņ¾ƢķŞÌŘŧLmNo
230-0045 ŝÆÚŕħĳÜǑƖ¦ėáŊ 1-7-22
Naoyoshi Kumakura, Yukio Kurihara
Link between plant virus and RNA silencing
Key words: plant RNA virus, resistance, RNA silencing, symptom
RIKEN Center for Sustainable Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama,
Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
DOI: 10.24480/bsj-review.8b3.00113
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23
 ĠĿ( RNA Řŧ, ŀ' RNA G<kmImC'ǀ5Řŧ'ìw5Ĩ8s"ěyÃÌÃÌǄŷ®ċ¥ŘŧŞ(ĵƳǇpƴĉĂ'(¼84"íśŉq-$/(.Abel, P. P., Nelson, R. S., De, B., Hoffmann, N., Rogers, S. G., Fraley, R. T., and Beachy, R. N. 1986.
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 &$#&%  &%"!%  % '" (      

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ëì ÷Þ 1,2ĤÕÛ¡ÙŠūłĽÛōŗĊ 1
113-0032 ĤƝė¯øł 1-1-1ĤÕÛÕÛƭęƴÌªĉŐÛōŗŐlX@EsąÎłÀåĕ 2
113-0032 ĤƝė¯øł 1-1-1

Hiro-oki Iwakawa1,2
How do plants avoid self-attack by unwanted RNA silencing?
Key words: Antiviral defense, PTGS, RNA silencing, siRNA
1

Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-0032, Japan.
2

Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
DOI: 10.24480/bsj-review.8b4.00114

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Tissue specific transcriptional regulation in plants
and time series analysis tool for single cell data
Keyword: transcriptional regulation, cis-element, circadian clock, tissue specificity, single
cell transcriptome
Kotaro tori & Motomu Endo
Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
DOI: 10.24480/bsj-review.8b5.00115
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ęɁȉƪɨ 1,2
1ĚȘÅǮǤĢŠȤęĢɸęĢ sNS\NQ_ǞǪǤ
630-0192 ĚȘǚǊʓĹʕĳǎ 8916-5
2ǈǞ ǉēɆƷǤĢǞǪae

230-0045 ǣĚĴǚƛưĹʖȬçƅľǎ 1-7-22
Misato Ohtani1,2pre-mRNA splicing regulates development, environmental response,and organ regeneration in plants
Keywords: alternative splicing, environmental response,
organ regeneration, plant development, pre-mRNA splicing
1

Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology,
Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
2

RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science,
Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
DOI: 10.24480/bsj-review.8b6.00116

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2014ʙ
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ǔǇšÙÙō+ EʘShang et al. 2017ʙF/1 non-coding RNA + E COOLAIR 0ɥŢǕ_y
N]WɵE,ǜCF* EʘSwiezewski et al. 2009ʙCOOLAIR 1 FLC mRNA ,Ĥ #!  "$ %         

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2014, Wang et al. 2014ʙC/×0 MADS ɎÏąğ+ E SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASEʘSVPʙ@FLOWERING LOCUS MʘFLMʙ.-0ɦ¬ğ?ƵĿ·ĠǕ.ɥŢǕ_yN]WÙōIòE
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

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ȏ
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ąğIʚRID1 ɦ¬ğ1 DEAH-box ċ RNA 6TbIZl* E,źC,.'* E
ʘOhtani and Sugiyama 2005, Ohtani et al. 2013ʙ
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2013ʙʚƑį²1ǽȐɇ+»ʏIòŜƾċ,.'*ƑÍ6Ş'*$ U snRNA ʚǂǑǕetVɇ,ȁö U snRNP ,.Eđ+ E0,CʚRID1 1 U snRNP ǊöŜ/Ɲȑ* E
RNA zTb+ E,ȌCF$ʘOhtani et al. 2013ʙ
;,>E,ʚSRD2 , RID1 0-&C?
Ơĺ. U snRNP ǊöŜ/őʆ0Óğ+ Dʚsrd2-1 , rid1-1 ĖǑ²+1ʚƝȑǕ U snRNP ɭ°/BE_yN]WÉɉ'* E,ŘÃFEȰƊ0ȁƌʚħɼ/ srd2-1 , rid1-1
ĖǑ²/E_yN]WÙōǑĺȯĬFEʘOhtani et al. 2013, unpublished dataʙȖýƲ,/ʚSRD2 ? RID1 ?ʚȏɏC0T_ŅŜȹĮɠǦ/ *ʚĎĊ/ú;FESU]
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2013ʙ
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ʘOhtani, 2015, 2017, ęɁ 2017ʙ u k 0 SRD2 |   W 1
hSNAP50 , B 2 F ʚ snRNA
activating protein complexʘSNAPcʙ
etVɇȪö²0\x nhk
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Hernandez 2003, Ohtani 2017 ʙ
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 DNA \^ǳBkĕbĴDǋCnmȞÆŇċCŤDǸInW>m8Onk]ȞÆŇċ  % "    ( & !#  '#)$#*      CƦƞƁȸiþȐƝĎ]ďí\ŃKWŻǜLmQg\^, Łǰ[ DNA ɁĈBk mRNACȍÝIn, ŻǜpœTQ²}ȈbYǖǹInmHYCŁǰX=mɏ²­¯~¤, ąɒɐ8 ƛĆ, ²­¯~¤pŘ@mȞÆĕƦƛæľ§y¦^Ǻǆ\ǵŮIn, đE]ƯǲCĽknW>m8Î@_, DNA Bk] mRNA ȍÝȯĔ^, DNA ¶\ǸInQȍÝȯĔƔ
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>EɏĒȄ 2017ɐ8ǆǛȈ\ȑlƭ>Q mRNA ^®¢´¦bYș_n, ²}Ȉ
\ǖǹInm8 µş, Ȇ]ȞÆĕƦƛæľɏzt°|ª°´¬²ɐhĖĆJ, ȍÝōæ,mRNA ]ȝŎƧáǵ, ²}Ȉ]ǖǹōæ[Z\jl, ȞÆĕ]Ʀƛ] on-off CȜâ\ǿǀInW>mɏąɒɐ8ȍÝ°¯X^, DNA §¯íi±}±¤²í[Zhȱol, Ʀƞ³áíƙŉiƝĎďí\ŃKQȍÝōæCĴDȉHInmHYhƯkn
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CCR4-NOT ǯúÊ\jm 3’ũƽ]ǝs¯íɏȨŨk 2017ɐi Decapping ǯúÊ\jm 5’ũƽ]{©ŸȗáǵCȦǰX=mHYCƯknW>m8µǣƧ\^ 3’ũƽ]ǝs¯íCĴDȉHInQļ\, 5’ũƽ]{©ŸȗáǵCȉHmYǗ@kn
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mHYCƯknW>mɏąɓɐ8OnPn] RNA ɂǂ\^»ǰŸŊĄĕCĖĆLmC, O]µş, ÙȖJWĖĆLmŸŊĄĕhđŜ=mYǗ@knW>m8

 P-body ^ RNA ]áǵɏ5’ũƽ]{©ŸȗáǵY 3’ũƽ]ǝs¯íɐ\ȱom RNA ɂǂX=l, O]ŸŊĄĕYJWǝ{©ȤǅX=m DCP2 YO]ƫ½ËƟ
ĄĕX=m DCP1, 5’ũƽw{}°s´ XRN1 \ê@, ǝs¯íȤǅX=m
CCR4-NOT ǯúÊ[ZCýdnW>m(Iwasaki et al. 2007, ȨŨk 2017)8dcp1 ďƥÊ^¡¨ŕúÊX^ǚŅǡž]ǪƛćpƳLHYBk7äŧ]ƦƞƁȸX]ĸéCƳĂIn
mɏIwasaki et al. 2007; Motomura et al. 2012ɐ8°ɂǂ^, ǆǛCƞž\ȱomj?[Ķ>°pöGQȹ\ķŊInm  % "    ( & !#  '#)$#*      

RNA ɂǂX=m8HndX\, ìƗǆǛiȤƂX^, ɌƏ, ǅ, vu¯ĥ, űɇɆɈ[Z\jl,°ɂǂCǼĦInmHYCƯknW>mɏKedersha etal. 2013ɐ8ŶƗX^, ɌƏ, Éȥǅ, Ɍčƒĳ, §¯©
°ňŰ, UV ƕ¨²ȥ[Z]çƑ\jlɂǂCǼĦInmɏWeber et al. 2008, Pomeranz et al. 2010, Sorenson & Bailey-Serres

2014, Yan et al. 2014, Gutierrez-Beltran et al. 2015ɐ8 °ɂǂ]»[ŸŊĄĕYJW^,mRNA \ê@, ǖǹȯĔĄĕǔɏeIFsɐ, £® A Ǌú²}Ȉǔ, 40S ®¢´¦ħ«[ZCƯknW>m8Hnk]ŸŊĄĕ^, ȿ®´YJWǆǛȈ\áśLmj?\ǴĢInmC,°°

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X^Ó9]ǆǛCìG[>Qg, ǆǛ]ÈǒŇċ\ĊV>WǆǛ]áíƙŉCƅĝI
nW>m8H]ǆǛ]ÈǒŇċ, L[oSǆǛáí]ĎƣpŠƱ\îåLm]C, >E
UB]ŶƗ microRNA ]ÃǪƧ[ĸéYǷ@m8microRNA YO]áǵ´X=mȍÝĄĕ mRNA ^ƥ[mǆǛXƦƛJ, ȺŕLmǆǛbƷìLm8microRNA YȍÝĄĕ mRNA YßÅ?Y, O]ǆǛX^ȍÝĄĕCƦƛXDM, OHCǈǐáí]Ďƣ
Y[m8Î@_, miR165/miR166 ^ HD-ZIPIII ȍÝĄĕr¥®´pæľJ, Ǧ]ǪǬ]ĎƣƅĝiŴ]áíĎƣƅĝ\ȱoTW>m(Mallory et al. 2004a, Kidner & Martienssen,
2004, Carlsbecker et al. 2010, Miyashima et al. 2011, Sakaguchi & Watanabe, 2012)8dQ
miR164 ^ NAC ȍÝĄĕr¥®´pæľJ, ǤɀáǫǈǐĎƣ]ƅĝ, ÔŴķŊ, Ǧ]ȫŽķŊ[Z\ȱoTW>m(Laufs et al. 2004, Mallory et al. 2004b, Guo et al. 2005,
Nikovics et al. 2006)8×\ǇÀJQ dcp1 ďƥÊX^7>EUB] miRNA ]ǧƺCƍĨ
JW>mHYCǲ>RInW>mC(Motomura et al. 2012)7O]ƍĨLm miRNA ƹ\
miR165/166 Aj` miR164 CaEdnW>m. DCP1/P-body CH?JQĎƣƅĝ]ȚƸ
\ȱ¹J7äŧƦƞ]Șǩ\Ġ¹JW>m]BhJn[>8 µş, siRNA h AGO ²}Ȉ, RDR6, SGS3 YÙ\ siRNA body pķŊJW>mɏKumakura et al. 2009, Jouannet et al. 2012ɐ8siRNA ^vu¯áǵ´YJ, vu¯RNA [Z]ĐŬ RNA pňŰpȲľLmĸépœTW>m(Ruiz-Ferrer & Voinnet

2009)8siRNA hǆǛȰpƷìLmQg, =mǦXvu¯ňŰCȉHl siRNA CúŊ

InmY, O] siRNA ^ŶƗÊØÊbĲCmHYCƯknW>m8H] siRNA ]úŊ
\^, ´ RNA pȪćYJWɓŪȬ RNA pķŊLm RNA ÏĖƧ RNA £®§­´ɏRDRɐCÖE8[A£® A pż>QŶƗǟȌ] mRNA Cƥİ\ǧƺJQČú,  % "    ( & !#  '#)$#*      

Onk] mRNA Bkh siRNA CƞŊIn, siRNA ] RNA ōæ§y¦Cȁà]èY
JWŶƗ]ƞǙpȳğLmHYCƯknW>m (Cao et al. 2014; Martínez de Alba et al.
2015; Zhang et al. 2015, Ĭĭ 2017)8dQ siRNA ^ RNA ŔüŅ DNA §¯íɏRNA
directed DNA Methylation, RdDMɐY>?§y¦\jlųÛ DNA §¯ípǼĦJ,­²£²]ōæiȞÆĕ]ȍÝǿǀ\ÖEHYhƯknW>m(Matzke et al.

2015)8

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1999ɐ8ȒıX^đE] RNA ɂǂĩĆ²}ȈC, Ƙĝ]ƼÊŸȗ^œQ[>C7IDR(intrinsically disordered regions)ȣãi LCɏlow complexityɐȣãYĀ_nmƘĝ]s¥ȥſĊ\jmǑlȓJȣãpœS7²}Ȉ—²}ȈȰƫ½ËƟ\ÖEHYC
ŠkBYInW>m8Hnk]ȣãpœU²}Ȉ^ƐƋºXs¥±uŹǎǌpķŊJW¯ƙ\ÞȼLmQg, RNA ɂǂ]ĊƲY[mùǜŅCƳĂInW>mɏKato etal. 2012, Han et al. 2012ɐ8H]ƫȍŖƛȅɏLLPSɔliquid- liquid phase separationɐ^ǆǛÛXhȉHmYIn,°ɂǂi P-body, ƞƀǆǛɂǂ[Z] RNA ɂǂ]e[kM, ųħÊ, y´¯¢t[ZųÛ RNA ŸȗÊ\hÙȖLm§y¦X=mYǗ
@knW>mɏBanani et al. 2017ɐ8ŶƗ\A>W^ TIA-1 ¡¨±~X=mYInm UBP1
CûĝIn,

°ɂǂb]ĩĆCƱǻInW>mɏSorenson & Bailey-Serres 2014ɐ8

JBJ[Ck, O]Ǻǆ[áĕ§y¦iO]Á] RNA ɂǂǼĦĄĕ\U>W^cYqZƯǲC[>8 ŶƗ\A>Wh, RNA ɂǂķŊ§y¦]ĊŪòƜ^ÙȖL\mƔCđ>YǗ@knmC, O]µşXŶƗƚƘ[ƦƞiƝĎŃƾ§y¦\AGm RNA ɂǂ]ÖD
i, O]ŸŊĄĕ^ŶƗƚƘX=mùǜŅhɌ>8Î@_, ŶƗ] mRNA i microRNA^ǆǛȰpƷìLmHYX, ǆǛȰ¥ª´¬²]ĊƨY[l, Ʀƞ³ǈǐáí
pŘ@W>m8dQŶƗÊØÊXhǁƿpȖKQ microRNA, siRNA, mRNA [Z]ȏȕ
CƱǻInW>mɏMolnar et al. 2010, ȧƠ÷ 2017ɐ8Hnk RNA ]ǆǛȰƷǩ^, ǆǛȰXǆǛȈpǏFŶƗƘŦ]ŸȗX=m­¨¤´pÀJWǩonW>mYǗ@knW>m8JBJ[Ck, O]§y¦\ȱJW^¸Š[ƔCđEſInW>m8µş, ìƗX^ microRNA Cw{u´/w²u´\jTWá  % "    ( & !#  '#)$#*      ƈħǛX=mw{´¦\ÏĖJWȏȕInmHYCƯknWAlɏMittelbrunn &Sanchez-Madrid 2012ɐ, ŶƗ\A>Wh microRNA, siRNA, mRNA [ZC­¨¤´]e[kM, w{´¦ÏĖƧ\ȏȕInmùǜŅhǗ@knm8ƛĆ, ŶƗǆǛÛX^, RNA ɂǂCȮȊȽȏȕInmČú^s}²ǎǌÏĖƧ\ǩon, ǆǛǪīX^Ŀħƿ¶\ÐƤInmHYCƯknW>mɏHamada et al. 2012, Steffens et al.
2014ɐ8ǆǛȰ] RNA ȏȕ\ȱJWh, Ǻǆ[ RNA ɂǂu§´²~pĊƨYJQư
ƻ\jl, ţ[mƯǲCĽknmHYCŧĻInm8 dQƝĎŃƾ\A>Wh, ƚƘ[æľCĖĆLmùǜŅC=m8Ǣÿƌ>HY\ȖİƞǙūÄX=m 22℃XƞǙINQ±uX^, P-body ]ŸŊĄĕX=m
decapping Ȥǅ]ƊŅºŀX=m DCP2 ]ĒðCǆǛȈ\ĖĆJW>Q8ǆǛȈ\ŒśJW>Q DCP2 C, ɌƏūÄ\ABnmY DCP1 XźȃJQ P-body \ȼƺLmHYCƱ
ǻIn, ɌƏūÄƘƥƧ\ P-body \AGm decapping ƊŅCɌdTW>mùǜŅCƳĂ
InW>mɏMotomura et al. 2015ɐ8RNA ɂǂ^, ƞÊǞXǱonWAkM, ǆǛȈ\ĖĆLm RNA-²}Ȉ]ɂǂX=m8O]Qgƥ[m RNA ɂǂCȺŕJWŕǶLm
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°ɂǂ^, P-body \ȺŕJWĩĆLmHYCƯknWAl,

°ɂǂÛXǖǹ

ōæInQ RNA ^, ƙƇ\ŃKW, RNA áǵ\ȕknW>mùǜŅCǗ@knm8H]j?[ RNA ɂǂȰX] RNA ]ilõl[Z^ìƗXh¸Š[ƔCđE, ¿ļ]ǾɃX=m8

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ŐTW>mYInW>mC, H]Ğɋ^¤ĉɇǆǛXǩonW>mɏNover et al.
1989ɐ8Ĺk^ 25℃Y 40℃]¤ĉɇǆǛ]Ø²}Ȉ±ru¯ô`, ƞíĘƧ\ǃǮJQ°ɂǂƢáɏHeat shock granulesɐBkŏßJQ mRNA pƟ>W in

vitro ǖǹINQ²}Ȉ±ru¯pƃȎǵŮJ, ǊȀpĽW>m8
 ìƗ]ƵǉǆǛɂǂɏneuronal granulesɐ, ƞƀǆǛɂǂɏgerm cell granulesɐ[Z^ǖǹōæInQƙŉXǆǛÛpș_n, O]=YȜâ[Čŋ³u¥²~XǖǹCȯĔ
InmHYCƯknW>m8H]j?[ mRNA ]ȏȕ^ 1930 ıÃ\ǩonQĮĒñǆ  % "    ( & !#  '#)$#*      ǛǨɅX=my®ɏɒǆǛXťĒ 10 cmɐpƟ>QĞɋXƦǲInWAl, Ċȡ\=mųBkÕCķŊInm¶ȡdXŇċÆțƗȈɏmRNAɐCȕknmHYCƳĂInW>Q(Haemmerling 1963)8ƛĆ, ¨¯ŶƗYJWÍonm±upýfȶ¶ŶƗX^, Ʀƞæľ\ȱomj?[ǖǹōæɂǂ]ĖĆǟÊ^ǲUBTW>[>C,ɅÇJQ§y¦CĖĆLmùǜŅ^Ɍ>Yńonm8 RNA ɂǂ^, ŶƗ]Ʀƞiǈǐáí, ƝĎŃƾ[ZpŘ@m RNA ÃȂ]ĊƨX=l,ůQJW>mĸé^ĒD>8¿ļ, :RNA ɂǂ;Y>?Ÿȗ\ƉƩJQưƻCŪŵíL
mHYX, Ik[mŶƗƶĘưƻ]ƦĪYƌíCŧĻInm8

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Ūưƻ^ JSPS ƶưȇ JP16H01229, JP15H04628 ]ëŊpöGQh]XL8

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ĬĭĵĜ 2017. ŶƗ]RNAu°²²~ŻŸCǟį]mRNApřŗJ[>§y¦ BSJ-review 8, 58-70.
ĒȄǓƆȢ 2017. pre-mRNAăěÜƞ­u²~CæľLmŶƗ]Ʀƞ³ƝĎŃƾ³

BSJ-review 8, 81-99.

ƖÒƪƴ & Ųòłē 2017.

RNAu°²²~YŶƗvu¯

BSJ-review

8, 48-57.
ȨŨņ¼ɑǥƄšő & ïǦơÌĕ 2017.

mRNA]£®AȬpÀJQȍÝļæ

ľ BSJ-review 8, 111-121.
ȧƠ÷Ɯė 2017. ŶƗ]ØȌpȮȊȽƷǩLm RNA

BSJ-review 8, 122-130.

  % "    ( & !#  '#)$#*        

mRNA  A 63!"ǠĶĚǸƦŕĲĥǸ·ƩůèµřǓäêäêǧ ŬÍƀêǧ
060-0810 µřǓĺÿüµ¶µ 10 ĻƲ 8 }ŸµřǓäêŪêǘ 5 ÄǵYuya Suzuki, Tomohiro Arae and Yukako ChibaPoly(A)-dependent Post-transcriptional Regulations
Keywords: deadenylation, mRNA decay, Poly(A), Post-transcriptional Regulation
Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University
Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810 Japan
DOI: 10.24480/bsj-review.8b8.00118

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 #&#" ' !$%        ?8)$(Beelman, C.A., Stevens, A., Caponigro, G., LaGrandeur, T.E., Hatfield, L., Fortner, D.M. & Parker,
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464-8602ĦƢƟÒÎĉĊÂƪÁǋƓMichitaka Notaguchi
Systemic long-distance transport of RNAs in plants
Key words: Grafting, Mobile RNA, Phloem, RNA-Seq analysis, Systemic signaling
Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University,
Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, JST PRESTO
Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, JAPAN
DOI: 10.24480/bsj-review.8b9.00119
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Ũ, RNA ³øƪȻAȼȽƴȘƹǏ<ÈĔǺȍǀB(ƴƲƹǏ-Ƭ6Ȇ5?>ƴƲ.sYl~ȻǻơÆȼ-&(ȽåȘ.īȢƀ:å Ș.Š-Ó(­ȁ3*ȢǾȭƨǞ>ƨǞ«- ( RNA ³øãŐ-ĵ'Ǝƌ¡ƐBƗļȽ¨}o|)ǁ¹.*?#ƗƎīȢBŜ# #% &!")
 $'"(       ƨǞƢ<?>Ȼâ 1Bȼ
ţƆ.ƴƲ/ȽƎ#ƹǏ<,=Ƚ¬ÐīƏƆȽ,A%Şȸ³B­ȁ-Ȑ2©Bĵ'ňȽƴƲ/­ȁ.ßüB',Ƽǆ*(Ƚ¨. >Ș)ħÌ#ģëB¶.Ș-ȓ>WQc|ȓƽǿ*(©*9ȇČŊ<-,='' >ƴƲ/ȋȒƼǆ
3*ƹǏ³À>ȑƩ)şBô ȽȘ.L|Nfz*ƹǏǺ-;&(ŧī?#ƹǏ*,>!
.#8Ƚş-¿Ő?>SguģëȂ±ǊǮ?>*/³À#ƴƲƹǏ)/Ǽ=, !?-9ȥA<ȽƴƲ.-/Şȸ³Ƚp|w,+.³øÀÐƆ.-ȽRNAȽ]iPǺ*&#ƎȺ³øùä>*Ƚ1990 ČȨ.ƴƲŻ³ŚBȋ(ġȌ-Ŋ<*,&#ȻLough and Lucas 2006, Notaguchi and Okamoto 2015ȼĚ&(ȽRNA :]iPǺ×=.ƹǏ<ƴƲƹǏ3*Ƭ6Ȇ5?>* *) >ƴƲƹǏ.ȫ-/ƴȘƹǏä=Ƚ]iPǺ: RNA.Ƭ6Ȇ6/ƴȘƹǏ<ÈĔǺȍǀB(ǞA?>*ǌ<?( >ƴƲBȐ0?> RNA³ø.ƪȴ/òŨ) =ȽmiRNA, siRNA, tRNA, long noncoding RNA, mRNA ,+Ƚȋċ.ƹǏ)©³øƪ.òȽ!.ŧī/ƕ,>9..ȽƴƲ-9ǥ'>ŬWRUBƐ #SguGb, RNA ǩŚĮǟ-;=ȽƴƲ. RNA ³ø-' (¿Ĵƙ,ģëě<?>ŋ*,=Ƚ
ęƚ.ƣƭ.ȵȀǥȆ5?>Ŗƫ)/ȽƴƲB(ţƆ.­ȁBȢǾȭƨǞ> RNA ³
ø.%Ƚƃƀ?(ƣƭȎ8<?(# small RNA * mRNA -' (ŦǴ>


%:<9=57  ȇČ.sGP~E}G:ŬWPJUBƐ #ǩŚ-;&(ȽǗB´ņ(ě<?>ƴƲ
Ż.-/òŨ, small RNA Ô5?>*Ŋ<*,&#ȻMolnar et al. 2010, Buhtz et al. 2010ȼ

miRNA : siRNA * &# small RNA /ƴƲB(­ȁ3ȢǾȭȄȊ?ȽȗøUG}WQȽ
ƍïĠƱȽŞȸș³Ƚ!(ƗƎB¹Ĝ>*ǌ<?( >ȻKehr and Buhtz 2007, Mlotshwa et al.
2002ȼ siRNA -' (/Ƚ­ȁƨǞ> RNA .)ŪǐŎ9ǴŊ?( >siRNA .­ȁƨǞĢ' (/ siRNA ƏƎ-ȥA> Dicer .ðƕBƐ #ĸœþȹ-;&(Ŋƥ-Ʀ?(=ȽsiRNA.­ȁƨǞ-;&(Ȃ±}o|.ȗøUG}WQȻTranscriptional gene silencing, TGSȼ*Ȃ±ę- mRNA B³ǩ>*)Ǽ>Ȃ±ęȗøUG}WQȻPost-transcriptional gene silencing,
PTGSȼ.ňBđǼ*Ƣ<?>?<.ȗøUG}WQŪŧ/HF|Y,+.Ɩ
ÿ-<?#ȪȽ­ȁƙ-ĲİĢBƗļ>)Ȯċ-ȝǤ) >ȻMolnar et al., 2010ȼ
TGS -'(ƺ>*ȽTGS / siRNA .©-;&(ȽRNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM)B# DNAv^|ÀȽ > /P~s^.ŹÀǼȽƾŜ*(ũƙ?#ȗø.Ȃ±į¹?>
Bai et al. (2011).ĸœþȹ)/Ƚ2 ƪȴ.ţƆȽM{lzwVGPHF|Y. 35S n~w]
-ƒř> siRNA BĔī>ţƆ* 35S n~w]) GFP ȗøBƗƊ>ţƆȻCaMV
35Sp::GFPȼƐ <?ȽǍ.Ȥ)ĸœBǞ*ȽCaMV 35Sp::GFP ţƆ-> GFP ȗø.
ƗƊį¹Ǽ>*Ʀ?#<-ȽsiRNA ƏƎ),Dicer .') > DCL3 .ðƕ

BƐ #ĸœþȹ)/ȽȞƎç)ǲ8<?> TGS  dcl3 ðƕǎŌ)/đǼ?, *<ȽsiRNA ­ȁƨǞ>þ) =ȽTGS / siRNA .ȄȊ«)đǼ?>*ƦÝ?# #% &!")
 $'"(       ȻMelnyk et al. 2011ȼ
RdDM ƽǿ-' (9ƌǩż5=ȽDCL3  24 îê. siRNA BƏƎ>
*ȻQi et al. 2005ȼ
ȽRdDM / 24 îê. siRNA -;=đǼ?>*Ŋ<*,&#ȻLaw andJacobsen 2010ȼ
Lewsey et al. (2016) /­ȁƨǞĢ siRNA -;> DNA v^|À-' (SguGb-ǩŚȽsiRNA -;> RdDM / DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (DRM1) *DRM2 -£ù(Ǽ>*BŊ<-#BÐA >*ȽTGS /5 DCL3 -;> 24 îê. siRNA .ƏƎ-ö5=ȽŬ-ƏƎ?# siRNA .­ȁƨǞȽƨǞ«). DRMs *.ǣÐBĔī
;1 RdDM .Ɨ¾*ǂȽŎƻƙ-ũƙȗø.ȗøUG}WQƥƮ?>* .Ɗƈ.ƌǩ) >,ȽDNA v^|ÀƈĨ.ðÀ/ȽW~GecZc.ƕ,>JT]GnȤ)ĸœ
#ìÐ:ȻLewsey et al. 2016ȼ
ȽH{Ƨ:cYƧ.ƕ,>ƪȤ)ĸœ#ìÐ-9Ť²?(=ȻAvramidou et al. 2015, Kasai et al. 2016, Wu et al. 2013ȼȽąřƙ-/þƐ¡Ɔ- (9ȽĸœB(JkXIf`F_P,ðÀBǳĆ>*)ŐƐĔǺB>* &#ĮǟƎ5?>ÏǐĢ> ňȽmiRNA .ƨǞ-ȥ>Ɨǥ/ȽǤŞȸƸ.') >{ȻPȼ3.ĠƱŨĐ.ƣƭ-/5>{/ȽATPȽşțȽ{ǑǺ-Ô5?>ğȱªƸ) =ȽƂŪ{țȻPiȼ*(Š<Ë=Ȇ5?>ȻSchachtman et al. 1998ȼ
Pi /ȽǃƲŗBȐ0?>Ȫ.Ǥ,ĔĨ) =ȻBieleski 1973ȼȽ
Pi .ūŋ-/ȽūƈĨBǡ#8 Pi .ÕÊ¼/Ⱥ5>ȻDrew and Saker 1984ȼ
Pi .ūƈĨ-?#ţƆ/ȽmiRNA .ƪ) > miR399 BȺƗƊȽmiR399 .ũƙ*,> PHO2 ȗø.ƗƊ
Bį¹>PHO2 ȗø/yjO^ƾÐȚƸBTbȽmiR399 -;> PHO2 ȗø.ƗƊį¹/Ƚ!. ź- ( Pi azYr]ȗø.ƗƊŉBđǼȽ!.ƾŜȽǚ->Pi .ǜƬ¥Ȏ?>ȻBari et al. 2006, Fujii et al. 2005ȼ
.;-ȽmiR399/PHO2 WQc|ȓƽǿ-;&(Ƚ{.­ȁƙ,ș³ǵŃ?( >!.ę.ƣƭ)Ƚ.vMdZu/Ũ,ţƆď¦ù?( >*9Ɗä)/Ƣ<?( >ȻBranscheid et al. 2010, Zhang et al. 2016aȼ{ñ.ŞȸƸ-' (9Ƚ­ȁƙ,ș³.ǵŃ.#8-ȴ#Ūŧ©ìÐǥ'&(=ȽƤțî.ūŋ-9 miR395 *  miRNA .ƗƊŉǲ8<?ȽƾŜ*(ƤțazYr]ȗø.ƗƊŉ>*ëÖ?( >ȻBuhtz et al. 2010, Kawashima et al. 2011ȼ
-XxNGw)/ miR172 * miR156 .ƨǞĢëÖ?(=Ƚ!?</Ǖī:íǗĔī.]GtQB¹Ĝ(>ÏǐĢƦÝ?( >ȻMartin et al. 2009; Kasai et al. 2010; Bhogale et al. 2014ȼ
ȽmiRNA /ƹǏǒĘƙ-©ìÐǔƙ) >ȻSchwab et al. 2006ȼȽǭ.¢- >;-ȽȘ. miRNA-' (/¨}o|.­ȁĢ.WQc|ȓȻȢǾȭWQc|ȓ*Ù0?>ȼ-©*ƦÝ
?( >,Ƚ30 90 îê* si/miRNA ;=/Ȣsmall noncoding RNA -' (9 in vitro )+C,ŹĢBĵ'ǵ4<?#* =Ƚ]iPǺǊǮ.ȧÿŹĢBƦ*ëÖ?( >ȻZhang et al. 2009ȼ
.;-ȽţƆ.¨.-/Ũ, small RNA ȢǾȭƨǞȽ³øƪ*-ƕ,>ŨĐ)ȽƨǞ«.Ƽǆ->ũƙ³ø.ƗƊ}o|BǵƳ( >
%:<9=57  mRNA .ƴƲB#ȢǾȭȄȊ/Ƚ?5)-ǣł.ţƆƪBƐ (ƣƭ?((=ȽȄȊ #% &!")
 $'"(       ?> mRNA .Ñý:!.ȄȊŪŧ-ȥ>Ƣǥ9Ȭ5&(( >ǓØż *-Ƚǣł.ţƆ
)ȢǾȭƨǞ> mRNA BÑý>*ȽƇý.ȗølDt{. mRNA ǵ4#ǣł.ƪ)®ȋ
(ǥ'>*³=ȽmRNA .ȢǾȭƨǞ/¦ù?#ƊǸ) >*Ĺă?( >ȻNotaguchi 2015 -(ŦǴȼ<-ȽƴƲ-/ RNA ƾÐ]iPǺǥ'>*ȻBalachandran
et al. 1997, Xoconostle-Cázares et al. 1999, Aoki et al. 2002, Gómez et al. 2005ȼ
Ƚ!?<.]iPǺ/ũƙ
mRNA .Ƈý.șµ-Ą(Ƈƕƙ-ƾÐȽȢǾȭƨǞ.#8. RNA]iPǺǣÐBĔī
>*ƦÝ?( >ȻHam et al. 2009, Cho et al. 2012ȼ
5#ȽƴƲ-/!9!9 RNA ³ǩȚƸ.ŹĢŤ²?, *9Ƣ<?ȻSasaki et al. 1998, Doering-Saad et al. 2002ȼȽţƆ-ħŝ>ţƆ
HF|YȻò/ RNA HF|Yȼ/!<ā.ţƆŐ>ƴƲȄȊWY`uB·Ɛ( >* Ĺă9ǔƙ-,?( >ȻNelson and Citovsky 2015ȼ
/ȽţƆ/ <. mRNA B
ȢǾȭȄȊ>ŪŧBƉěǃĵ(=ȽȄȊ?> mRNA -/ <.ƎƆûƙĥǉ >*BĹă >Ƚ?5)-ƴƲBƨǞ> mRNA .ƣƭ/Ƶ¼ƙ-ǞA?( >9..Ƚ
!.Ė»-' (/Ů+Ŋ<-?( , Ǳƹ-' (/ȽŖƫñ-9¶.ŦǴǶńBÉƅ
?# ȻKehr and Buhtz 2007, Harada 2010, Spiegelman et al. 2013, Notaguchi 2015ȼ Ŏȇ-,=ŬWRUBƐ #SguGb,ǩŚǞA?Ƚĸœ:ĂƎ* &#ƪȴ.ţƆĸÐ#ìȯ)/Ƚ!?<.ţƆ.Ȥ)łƘ<łÂ. mRNA ĸÐȘBǽ(ȢǾȭȄȊ?>*ëÖ?( >ȻKim et al. 2014, Notaguchi et al. 2015, Thieme et al. 2015, Yang et al. 2015,
â 2 A, BȼȘ. mRNA -' (/<,>ŪǐǩŚǰ6<?ȽmRNA ȢǾȭȄȊ?#ƾŜȽȄȊ?#«.ƗƎƊǸ-ĕȰB>*ëÖ?( >ȻKim et al. 2001, Haywood et al. 2005,
Banerjee et al. 2006, Notaguchi et al. 2012, â 2Cȼ
?5).ƣƭ)/ȽȄȊ«) mRNA ]iPǺ

A

B
mRNA

RNA-Seq 解析

タバコ属
（Nb ）

遺伝子1

At

Nb

遺伝子2
遺伝子3

Nb
At

C
穂木

欠損

優性

台木

欠損

欠損

・

12

・
・

接ぎ木
部位
シロイヌナズナ
（At ）

・

8

・

6

・
・

4

・

数百〜数千 の長距離移行性mRNA
の同定

・
・
・
・
・

アクチン

( 1#$"!"402%:57- 

P >0.01 P >0.01

10・
Illumina GIIx Sequencer

側根数
14

1 cm

2
0

野生型 欠損 優性 欠損 優性
欠損 欠損

'*

ȻAȼƪȴ.ţƆBĸœ>*Ƚ­ȁƨǞĢ. mRNA /ĸœȘBǽ(Ɲĭ.ţƆ3ƨǞ>Ŭ
WRUBƐ (Ɲĭ.ţƆ.mRNA BǄǇǩŚ>*)Ƚ
ƨǞ(#mRNA .șµģëBËě)Ƚ
­ȁƨǞĢ. mRNA BÑý>*)>
ȻBȼRT-PCR -;>ƾŜ.ȉǯ
ȻCȼ­ȁƨǞĢ mRNA *(Ñý?# Aux/IAA mRNA .Ǝƌ¡Ɛ-' (ŤǬ#ĸœþȹ!?"?.þȹ.Ǳƹ/ȽÈǛǶńBÉƅ
ȻA, B: Notaguchi et al. 2015, C: Notaguchi et al. 2012ȼ #% &!")
 $'"(       

3ǊǮ?( >*BŊƦ#¢/, ȽǠƊç.ǩŚ<]iPǺ3.ǊǮ/Ǽ=>*Ĺă?( >ǛǍ<.º.ŤǬ)/ȽȢǾȭȄȊ?> mRNA ǈ.ƇĝBSgu.­ mRNA.Ƈĝ*űȃ(6>*Ƚ mRNA .Ȣ-9Ƚȗøn~w].șµw^l-9ȽmRNA!.9..șµ-9ȽƇư4Ƈĝ/ǥ'<,&#ȻNotaguchi et al. 2015ȼǓØż&#./Ƚ
ƨǞĢBƦ mRNA .-/Ƚ/8<­ȁ)ƗƊ>hHYOkQȗø9òÔ5?(#*) >!?<. mRNA  (¨.BƨǞ>ğǤĢ/ ;-ǌ<?>#8ȽƨǞĢ mRNA .-/WQc|ȓ-ȥ¤>9.*ȥ¤, 9..ňÔ5?( >.)/,
* .ǛǍ.Ĺă) >,ȽȢǾȭȄȊ?> mRNA .ƗƊȟ*ƨǞĢ.ȥ¤Bǵ4>*ȽÅƷ,ƗƊȟƨǞĢBǴŊ>Ǯ)/,ȽƨǞ-/ <.¹ĜŪŧ©*Ĺă?
#ȻNotaguchi et al. 2015ȼ
#$Ƚ¶.ƣƭQ|n.ǩŚƾŜ)/Ƚò. mRNA .ìÐ-' (ƗƊȟ*ƨǞĢ.Ȥ-ȥ¤Ģǥ²?>*9ƦÝ?(=ȽƴȘƹǏ<ƴƲƹǏ3.
mRNA .ƨǞ-' (/ȽȖıĢBĵ&#¹ĜBÌ>ƨǞ*ȽƗƊȟ-Ġ#ý}o|.žŸȽÇ%ȖıĢ. ȽȖıƙ¹ĜBÌ, ƨǞ.i] =>*ǌă?( >ȻThieme et al.
2015, Calderwood et al. 2016ȼȴ#ƴƲƹǏ3.ƎȺ³ø.žŸ/Ƚ]iPǺ.ìÐ)9ǲ8<?>* ëÖŎȇ,?(=ȻPaultre et al. 2016ȼȽę/!#ý.žŸƈŵBǌĩ(
ƾŜ*ÓÐğǤ >
 5#þȹĭŶ.Ǩƀ)9ŷĥ/ğǤ) >ƆǺ.ȢǾȭȄȊ.Ťǯ-;Ɛ <?>ĸœŶ' (ȽǓØż ëÖ,?( >Yang et al. (2015) -;>*Ƚĸœ( 11 Čƽȑ#mbH
.īœǖ*ĸœ( 1 ŏ.ĎǖBƐĥȽ!?"?.ǰŅ<ƨǞĢBƦ mRNA BÑý(6>*Ƚ11 Čǖ)/ 1 ŏǖ.ìÐ-ű4(ƨǞĢBƦ mRNA łȻƪȴłȼć,,>* .
ƾŜ.ǩȜ*(ȽīȢY`X-;&(ƨǞ> mRNA .ƪȴðÀ#* ÅƷ,ǩȜ.-Ƚĸœ* ƁĿ¡-;>ĕȰŋȤƽȑ*®-Ǚ%Ơ ##8*>ǩȜ9ī=Ʈ'!.#8Ƚ
mRNA .ƨǞĢ-' (Ŏƻƙ,ƾǶBě>-/Ƚĸœñ.ĭŶ-;>ǰȹ9ğǤ) >*ǛǍ/ǌ> mRNA .ƨǞ-' (/ȮȖıƙ,žŸ.ÏǐĢBĶ#Ƚý.¹ĜŪŧ© ( >*9
?5).ƣƭ)Ŋ<-?( >ƨǞĢBƦ mRNA .Ș³șµBȽŖř/ƨǞĢBƦ,
GFP : GUS ,+.}r]ȗø-ǝÐ>*ȽGFP : GUS mRNA -ƨǞĢ?>*þȹƙ-Ʀ?( >ȻBanerjee et al. 2009, Huang and Yu 2009, Thieme et al. 2015, Zhang et al. 2016bȼ?5)-ǣł. mRNA BĄǸ-þȹǞA?ȽmRNA . UTR Ș³,+Ƈý.șµȳèƨǞȝǤ) >*Ʀ?( >«Ȉ.;- RNA ƾÐ]iPǺƴƲ-ùä>*:Ƚ
-9ȽƨǞĢBƦ mRNA .¶.ȗølDt{Bǵ4>*Ƚğ9ƨǞĢBƦǮ)/, *,+ȻHuang and Yu 2009, Notaguchi et al. 2012, 2015ȼ
ȽmRNA .ƨǞ/ȖıĢBĵ'*9ƦÝ?
( > ęȽ­ȁƨǞĢ. mRNA .ƎƆûƙŪǐBǩŊ>#8-/ȽÑý¡ť-ǂȽ!.ę.ƣƭ)ũƙ>ĄǸBƿ=Ȇ7¡ťğǤ) >'.ĺŢ/ȽThieme et al. (2015)Ǟ&#;-ȽƇý.ƍï )Ƈƕƙ-ƨǞĢBƦ mRNA -Ơƛ>*) >Èƌƙ-/Ƚ­ȁƨǞĢWQc|/¨. >ìĬ)ÌĀ#ģëB¶.ìĬ3*ȓ>#8- >!.#8ȽƍïǤà.)9Ƈ #% &!")
 $'"(       -ĈĬƙ-Gn_a?>Ǥà-Ơƛ>Ȼ > /Ɛĥ(ǵ4>ȼ.õ5Ƚ?5)ƥ
Ʈ?(#ƨǞĢ mRNA .ÑýĮǟBĭ-ȕƐ>*)ȽƊǸ.ƌǩż5>*ő5?>
þȪ.ǒƄƔ)/ò.ƍïǤà/ţƆ.¨Bæ-Ë=áC)=Ƚ!#ƍïģëBȓ
>WQc|³ø.ƣƭ/ȽţƆ.ƍïĠƱvMdZuBƶǩ)ȡ*,>/) >+/
 ţƆ.­ȁĢWQc|ȓŪŧ/ȽġȌ-ĳ#³Ȟ-,='' >RNA /!.ſäƙ,ŪǐĢ.Ⱥ<ȽWQc|³ø*(òŨ,ƊǸ-Ă>ÏǐĢȺ siRNA -' (/Ūǐƌǩ
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