KNOWLEDGE HUB FOR SANITATIONJAPAN SANITATION CONSORTIUM (JSC)
CONTACT MISSION TO INDONESIA (NOV.30-DEC.4, 2009)MISSION REPORTJANUARY 18, 2010
JSC
1. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCING JSC
The Japan Sanitation Consortium (JSC) is a newly established organization in Japan thatworks as the Asia Pacific Water Forum‟s regional hub for sanitation. This hub is part of a
network of regional centers of excellence, or KnowledgeHUBS, committed to improving
water security in the Asia-Pacific region. Together, the hubs collaborate to deliver advanced,
knowledge-based products and services that meet the practical needs of waterorganizations like utilities, river basin organizations, ministries, and planning agencies.
The purpose of JSC activities is to generate and share information, spread knowledge
and promote the improvement of sanitation in the Asia-Pacific region.

OBJECTIVES OF THE JSC MISSION TO INDONESIA
JSC selected Indonesia as its first target country for a comprehensive country sanitation
survey. Sanitation has a wide impact on health, water resources and the economic activity,
as poor sanitation and hygiene result in significant financial and economic costs, and also
contributes greatly to water pollution. According to UN Coverage Estimates in 2006, accessto improved sanitation (that is, with accessible, private, and safe place to urinate anddefecate) in Indonesia was reported to be around 52% (rural 37%, urban 67%), whichcorresponds to 119 million people without sanitary toilets. This result is below the regional
average for Southeast Asian Countries of 67% and shows the need for further improvementin this sector.
In order to prepare for the comprehensive country survey that JSC intends to conduct in
the next fiscal year and to prepare two important international events on sanitation that will
be organize in Indonesia in 2010: the Japan-Indonesia seminar on sanitation in Jakarta,
jointly organized by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in Japan(MLIT), the Japanese Embassy in Indonesia and the Ministry of Public Works of Indonesia(February 23, 2010), and the international conference and exhibition organized in Surabaya(Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Solutions in Developing Countries - DEWATS, March
23-25), JSC went on a contact mission for 4 days to Jakarta and Surabaya. There, themission met some of the key persons and organizations involved in sanitation and learned
about the current situation and needs.

MEMBERS OF JSC MISSION
Chief of Secretariat: Takehiko Kawai, Managing Director, Sewerage Business Management
Center (SBMC)
Advisor: Kazushi Hashimoto, Councilor, Japan Water Forum
On-site Wastewater Systems Expert: Akira Morita, Deputy Managing Director, Japan
Environmental Sanitation Center (JESC)
Off-site Wastewater Systems Expert: Muneharu Hamada, Consultant
Survey Staff: Pierre Flamand, Consultant

VISITED AGENCIES AND CONTACT PERSONSThe mission schedule and list of visited agencies and contact persons are shown in thefollowing table1.

2. CURRENT SITUATION OF SANITATION POLICYPLANNING IN INDONESIA (MISSION FINDINGS)ANDSANITATION IN INDONESIA
The sanitation in Indonesia is slowly developing. Only about 2% of the population in Jakarta,
the capital city of Indonesia, is connected to the only available sewerage system. Elevencities have some kind of sewerage systems but only one city, Denpasar, the capital city of
the Bali province, has a full scale sewerage system. It is estimated that 50 million people,
21% of the total population, lack access to basic sanitation.

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ON WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA (see Appendix 1 formore details)
The regulatory framework on wastewater management in Indonesia is at a very initial stageof development. The water quality control of domestic wastewater has been introduced by
Decree by the Ministry of the Environment (Decree No.112, 2003) which sets thewastewater quality standards for residential areas, apartments, large restaurants,
commercial complex and others.
As for industrial wastewater, the Ministry of the Environment concludes the pollution
Control Agreement with industries and evaluates their environmental performance.

Evaluation results are made public once a year. However, these controls are limited to some
two hundreds large-scale industries and there are no measures to control the pollution
originated from a numerous number of medium and small-scale industries.
Sewerage Law or Sanitation Law has not been established yet. The administration isconsidering drafting such law and introducing it to the parliament in 2011.

IMPLEMENTING BODIES FOR SANITATION IN INDONESIA
The implementing bodies of sanitation are local governments (that is, provincial
governments or municipal governments). The central government‟s role is to set the nationaltargets, rules and distribute budgets.
Especially since the decentralization in 2001, it is ultimately the local government‟s
responsibility to decide how much investment is to be put into sanitation. Therefore, if thelocal parliament‟s awareness on sanitation is not high enough, the investment will notmaterialize. For example, in the case of Surabaya City, besides the Environmental
Department, there has been no specific department responsible for implementing
investment in sanitation. Recently, the local Department of Public Works (CHIPTA KARYA)
was designated to be the implementing body for sanitation investment in Surabaya, andmade a belated start.

EFFORTS BY CENTRAL GOVERNMENTThe Department of Environmental Sanitation, General Directorate of Human Settlement(CHIPTA KARYA), Ministry of Public Works, is responsible for setting national target, rules
and regulations for urban sanitation. The current major efforts by the central government in
the area of sanitation are as follows:(1) The National Water Supply and Sanitation Working Group is established as thecoordination body among the concerned ministries in the central government, which
includes BAPPENAS, the Ministry of Public Works, the Ministry of Environment, theMinistry of Health, the Ministry of Home Affairs and so on.
(2) The preparation of the Five Year Plan in the sanitation sector, which will start in2010.
(3) The preparation of the draft of the Sanitation Law or Sewerage Law, which should
be discussed in the 2011 National Parliament.
(4) The creation of the Association of Sanitation for Awareness. Currently, 12 governors
and mayors have joined.

THE FIVE YEAR PLAN
According to CHIPTA KARYA, the major sanitation components of the Five Year Plan
(2010-2014) are as follows:(1) The development and expansion of off-site (sewerage) systems in 16 cities (5 new
developments and 11 expansions). (see Appendix 2)(2) SANIMAS, the Community-based On-site Sanitation and Treatment Program, in
260 cities. (see Appendix 3)(3) The reduction by 20% of sludge volume in the on-site systems (septic tanks). (seeAppendix 4)
Each of 330 Provincial governments is required to formulate a City Sanitation Strategy.
Half of 330 CSS will be implemented in the Five Year Plan period.

Table 1. Mission schedule and list of visited agencies and contact persons
Date

LocationContact Name

Tuesday 1 December

EMBASSY OF JAPANMs. Chikako Sado
(Second Secretary Economic Section
Public Works)
Embassy of Japan in Indonesia

Tuesday 1 December

JICA INDONESIA

Mr. Takashi Sakamoto(Chief Representative)
Mr. Shigenori Ogawa(Senior Representative)
Mr. Nobuo Iwai
(Representative)
Ms. Keiko Kitamura(Project Formulation Advisor
Assistant Resident Representative)
JICA-Japan International Cooperation Agency

Tuesday 1 December

ADB JAKARTA

Mr. Rehan Kausar(Infrastructure Specialist
Indonesia Resident Mission)
ADB-Asian Development Bank

Tuesday 1 December

THE WORLD BANK JAKARTA

Mr. Risyana Sukarma(Water Management and Environment
Consultant)
The World Bank
Ms. Isabel Blackett(Senior Sanitation Specialist)
WSP-Water and Sanitation Program

Wednesday 2 December

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS GOI

Mr. Handy B. Legowo(Subdirectorate of Sanitation)
Ministry of Public Works
Directorate General of Human Settlements

Wednesday 2 December

PD PAL JAYA

Ms. Loedin Liliansari(President Director)
Mr. Ir. Erwin Marphy Ali
Wastewater Management EnterpriseCity of Jakarta

Thursday 3 December

SURABAYA MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT

Mr. Togar Arifin Silaban(Chief of the Environmental Bureau)
City of Surabaya
Environment Agency

Friday 4 December

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS GOI

Mr. Susmono (Director)
Ministry of Public Works
Directorate General of Human Settlements
Mr. Handy B. Legowo(Subdirectorate of Sanitation)

Friday 4 December

EMBASSY OF JAPANMs. Chikako Sado
(Second Secretary Economic Section
Public Works)
Embassy of Japan in Indonesia

Appendix 1
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND FINANCING FOR SANITATION IN
INDONESIA

Without doubt, sanitation improvement will contribute to people through health and welfare
enhancement but it will take a long time before these benefits are felt and therefore, theadvantages provided by sanitation will not be acknowledged instantly by people. Even
though, sanitation improvement would be greatly beneficial to the national economy with therestoration of the aquatic environment of rivers, lakes and coastal seas. However, theparadox is that, although sanitation is an essential service for the development of the nationand the society, people place a low priority in it and a weak willingness to pay for it.
Consequently, it is difficult to increase sanitation investment through the market mechanism
only. A „Carrot and Stick Approach‟ would be needed with, on the one hand, an element ofcompulsion, such as a penalty for not investing in sanitation (then giving no other choice but
investing), and, on the other hand, with the nation covering a certain portion of theinvestment cost for sanitation. By doing so, individuals‟ burden would be reduced andsanitation services would become affordable for them.
For example in Japan, under the Sewerage Law, people have the obligation to connect
to the sewer within three years after the sewerage network becomes operational in the area.
On the other hand, when a municipality constructs a sewerage system, a substantial portionof the investment cost (up to 50%) is covered by the central government through subsidy
and the sewerage charge is usually set at a slightly lower level than the water tariff. If all of
the capital costs and the operation and maintenance (O&M) cost were to be recovered by
the sewerage charge only, the collected charge would be three times higher than the current
level.
In Indonesia, since both elements of the „Carrot and Stick Approach‟ are not well inplace, it is difficult to increase sanitation investment dramatically. In this country, the New
Environment Law was established in 2008, and the Solid Waste Law was also enacted.
Under the Solid Waste Law, local governments are required to close open dumping sites
and to convert them to sanitary disposal sites within five years. If local governments fail tocomply with this law, they will be fined. Under the New Environment Law, industries are
obligated to meet the wastewater quality standards, and in Jakarta, industries are regulated
not only by the wastewater quality standards but also by the total volume of pollutants they

discharge. However, since the Sewerage Law or the Drainage Law has not been
established yet, there is no regulatory framework to oblige local governments to invest in
sanitation, such as sewerage and drainage.
Without a Sewerage Law, even if a municipality installs a sewerage system in thecommercial district of a large city, it would be difficult to enforce the commercial institution,
which has already in-house wastewater treatment facility, to connect to the public seweragesystem. It would not be easier to enforce ordinary houses in residential areas, alreadyequipped with a septic system, to connect to the sewerage system. Thus, the recovery costfor sewerage investment comes along with uncertainties, which could discouragemunicipalities from investing in such systems.
For sanitation purpose, most of the houses in urban area have installed septic tanks
that actually are not functioning as a treatment system, since regular desludging, anessential operation to allow septic systems to work properly, is usually not done in a suitableway. As a result, untreated wastewater from septic tanks infiltrates into the ground andpollutes groundwater.
In Jakarta and Surabaya, sludge treatment facilities are owned by municipalities but thesludge collection is done by private operators, who charge residents at a higher price than inJapan. However, since residents only call sludge collection operators when they experience
troubles, such as septic tank overflow, the desludging of a significant number of septic tanks
has not been conducted for many years, leaving sludge treatment facilities underutilized.
Municipalities understand the necessity of regular desludging but they are hesitant topromote this practice since it would be very difficult to collect the associated charge fromhouseholds, as there is no existing law to enforce this operation.
The Government of Indonesia, inspired by the International Year of Sanitation 2008,
has created the National Water Supply and Sanitation Working Group to tackle thesanitation problem, whose members are: BAPENAS, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of
Public Works, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Home Affairs and others. BAPENAS has
formulated the Urban Sanitation Development Acceleration Plan (PPSP), with a targetedvolume of investment of US$5.5 billion for 5 years, during 2010-2014. BAPENAS expressed
their intention to use US$0.5billion from the Special Allocation Fund, which is reserved forthe important projects of the nation, apart from the usual fund transfer from the central
government to local governments. This magnitude of financial support from the central
government may not be enough to motivate local governments to invest in sanitation.
Decentralization in 2001 had negative effects on the development of sanitation inIndonesia. The central government‟s stance is that, while it will assume its role for generalsanitation matters, concrete sanitation initiatives need to be decided and implemented by
local governments according to their priorities. However, local governments have a different
view point. Even in the case of Surabaya City, which is implementing a very innovative
initiative in the area of Solid Waste Management, sanitation has been neglected by themunicipal parliament and there was no department assigned for it until recently. Sanitation isa low priority on the municipal parliament‟s agenda and there is almost no budget allocatedto sanitation.
Although the municipal government of Surabaya intends to implement 75
Community-based Sanitation projects, which are similar to SANIMAS projects, only fiveprojects have been materialized. The reality shows that it is difficult for local governments totake initiatives in the area of sanitation without the strong support of the central government
in both regulatory and financial areas.

Appendix 2

OFF-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN INDONESIABACKGROUND
The sewerage coverage in Indonesia is low, even in Jakarta, the capital city. Only about 2%of the population is connected to a sewerage system. Eleven cities (except Denpasar inBali) have started sewerage projects but the coverage rate and the amount of wastewater
treated in these cities remain minor.

CURRENT CONDITIONS OF OFF-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN JAKARTA
The visited wastewater treatment facility was the Setiaburi plant, which is located in thecentral commercial area of Jakarta. This is the only wastewater treatment plant for thesewerage system of the city and the number of connections to this facility is around 1,400 which covers about 200,000 people. It is equipped with an aerated lagoon system. Apartfrom treating wastewater, the Setiabudi plant has also another function and is used as astorage facility for rain drainage and flood control.
Current conditions do not provide fully effective treatment and have a negative impact
on the environment, favoring the spread of mosquitoes and flies, as well as odor and otherconcerns. The quality level of wastewater treatment could improve if the two following
countermeasures are carried out:-

Construction of an additional stormwater overflow facility for discharge in theevent of heavy rainfall-

Appropriate and regular desludging operations

In anticipation of future planning for sewerage expansion, the surrounding conditions ofwastewater treatment plants, as well as the selection of suitable wastewater treatment
methods, need to be well considered in order to avoid negative impacts on public hygiene.

CONDITIONS TO EXAMINE FOR SEWERAGE PROJECT PLANNING IN JAKARTA
Characteristics to consider for sewer pipeline installation in Jakarta-

Urban area is mostly flat-

Privileged residential zones are located in the hilly areas of the city, but they are
not widely spread nor situated at a much higher altitude than the central area-

Soil mainly contains clay-

Continuous traffic jams occur from 6:00 am to 9:00 pm in the urban area.

Land for wastewater treatment plant
Downstream areas of rivers are suitable for wastewater treatment plants, but they are
already densely populated or with slums. Therefore, it seems difficult to secure a substantial
quantity of land at several locations for the construction of wastewater treatment plants.

Weaknesses of water supply system in Jakarta
Water supply system in Jakarta is weak, highlighted by the low coverage ratio (only 60% of
population is served) and high non-revenue water (NRW: 45-55%). The water supply
demand is expected to increase if the sewerage system expands. In that case, the capacityof the water supply system needs to increase simultaneously with the sewerage system.

CHOICE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS
Scale of wastewater treatment areas
From the conditions previously described, the setting of numerous small-scale areas for
wastewater treatment is recommended. This would provide a quick gain of performance thatwould facilitate further development of sewerage projects. To be advantageous, suchplanning should be conducted through an appropriate balance between pipeline burying
cost and wastewater treatment plants construction cost, including land acquisition cost.

Wastewater treatment technology
After examining the scale of wastewater treatment areas (which also depends on theamount of wastewater to treat), the mission believes that activated sludge process, including
conventional or extended aeration and oxidation process, would be suitable for Jakarta. If
local conditions allow it, the extended process or oxidation ditch, which require wider landfor construction in comparison to the conventional type, would be appropriate, since thesesystems offer more stability against irregular amounts and quality of wastewater inflow.
Furthermore, oxidation ditch is the easiest process among other kinds of activated sludge
processes. In addition, separate sewer system is recommended to maintain a regularwastewater treatment quality and cope with heavy rainfall.

Who should manage the sewerage system?
In Indonesia, the regulatory framework for sewerage has not been created yet and willprobably take a long time to develop. In the meantime, it would be recommendable to assign
the existing public corporation, PD PAL JAYA, as the implementing agency for sewerage
projects and let this organization gather experience in managing sewerage systems. The
accumulated experience could then be reflected in the development of a practical legalframework for sewerage in Indonesia.

NEXT STEPS
A large-scale sewerage project is ongoing in Denpasar, Bali, under JICA loan. Furthermore,
JICA is preparing a technical assistance project to review the previous Master Plan forsewerage system development in the central Jakarta area, and for the capacity building andregulatory framework development for the sewerage sector.
ADB is also developing a sanitation project including the expansion of sewerage
networks in mid-size cities. JSC will coordinate its activities with JICA and ADB.

Appendix 3

THE SANIMAS PROGRAM
CONCEPT
To improve sanitation conditions in disadvantaged urban areas, the Government ofIndonesia has developed SANIMAS (Sanitasi Oleh Masyarakat), a Community-based
Sanitation (CBS) program, and implemented projects throughout the country in collaboration
with local governments and communities. SANIMAS is an alternative option for local
governments to improve sanitation for communities with low income in densely populated
urban areas. It aims to fill the important gap between inappropriate or non-existent on-site
sanitation and conventional/less affordable sewerage systems, and promote behavior
changes towards sanitation. The first projects were launched as pilot projects to draw theattention of local governments in the hope for interest and further replication.
Wastewater treatment in Indonesia is mainly done through septic tanks (on-site
systems), with or without regular desludging, or frequently with no system at all in slumareas. Sanitation is a difficult issue in Indonesia. People do not seem to have much interestfor it, as they cannot directly see its benefit and do not associate health problems with thelack of sanitation. They have other priorities (like getting access to drinking water) and they
do not want to pay for a service that was previously free of charge. Therefore, there is a
crucial need for health and hygiene practice education, behavior change and community
involvement that can be improved through the SANIMAS program.

SYSTEM
In this program, three preferred technical options are proposed, based on the conditions
mostly found in Indonesia‟s urban slums:
1.

A septic tank is shared

betweenanumberofhouseholds (10 to 20 on average,or several septic tanks for moreconnections).
2.

A

community

sanitation

centre is built for about 100
households, known as MCK++(Mandi Cuci Kakus). The first “+”signifies a proper wastewater treatment plant under the upper structure. The second “+”means that biogas generated from a digester can be used for cooking in three houses
or for lighting. Where it applies, the third “+” signifies a sustainable job opportunity for
one operator who will have the responsibility to maintain the facility‟s cleanliness.
A community sanitation centre gathers water points, toilets, bathrooms and areas
dedicated for washing and laundry. It is a combination of decentralized wastewater
treatment system module (the DEWATS system designed by BORDA) and ananaerobic baffled reactor enabling a small production of biogas (optional). A fee iscollected for the utilization of the facilities but the collection system can vary, with apayment at each visit (Rp 100 – 1 US cent on average) or, regardless to the number ofpassages, on a monthly basis for local residents and for each passage of visitors notliving inside the community.
3.

Simplified sewerage systems in areas where households are equipped with a toilet

and bathroom but without the space for an individual septic tank.

SELECTION, FINANCING AND MANAGEMENT
The selection of cities and communities depends on local conditions, specifics and thedemonstrated willingness to resolve their sanitation problems. From the first few pilot
projects, more cities were invited to join the program and include SANIMAS implementationsin their annual budgets but in reality, financing can be a difficult issue. Consequently,
SANIMAS diffusion greatly relies on the political will and financial possibilities of local
governments. After considering a number of locations, the central government shortlists 3 or
4 locations and a participatory assessment is carried out. To be chosen within a city, local
communities have to show an interest, demand and willingness to contribute for the
improvement of sanitation services and the operation and maintenance (O&M) of the
SANIMAS facilities
The selection of a technical option varies from location to location depending on
available finances, physical constraints and the demand from the community. Ultimately, thecommunity chooses its sanitation system. In 2003, 6 SANIMAS projects were launched and,according to the Ministry of Public Works of Indonesia at the end of 2009, SANIMAS
coverage has grown significantly since, with 348 sites in 2009. All sites are functioning, butmany of them are not used at their maximal capacity as the public consultation was notproperly conducted.
SANIMAS financing comes from different sources. Key partners are central government,
national agencies, local governments, local NGOs such as BEST (Bina Ekonomi Sosial
Terpadu) and international NGOs such as BORDA, AUSAID, USAID, WORLD BANK(WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM - WSP), and beneficiary communities. According tothe Ministry of Public Works in November 2009, so far SANIMAS projects have been mainly
financed by municipalities (53%), then Central Government (around 30%), international andlocal NGOs, and communities (3.5 to 4.5%).
SANIMAS facilities are owned by local governments through a Community-based
Organization (CBO). O&M is done by the CBO, which usually hires an operator chosen
inside the community. The operator‟s training is provided through consultants by the central
government, in cooperation with NGOs (like BORDA and associates). In some cases, where
O&M requires higher skills, NGOs can also employ the operator and manage the service.
To implement a SANIMAS project involves:-

Training awareness on sanitation and health in the community, and creating apriority demand for sanitation through communication strategy and information
campaign-

establishing a SANIMAS Community-based Organization (CBO)-

creating a capacity building (for management and financial issues, O&M andrelated human resources)-

choosing an appropriate sanitary system by the community-

creating new regulations and laws-

conducting O&M (by the community or by a NGO on behalf of the community)-

conducting monitoring and evaluation

The Ministry of Public Works expects the SANIMAS approach to be adopted by local
governments in their City Sanitation Strategy (CSS). By 2014, 330 cities are targeted for a
CSS creation.

ADVANTAGES & CHALLENGES
Advantages of SANIMAS
 Providing solutions for domestic wastewater treatment with low cost technology
 Offering access to sanitation for poor urban areas and improvement in wastewater
treatment and water quality in public water bodies
 Financing from central and local governments and financing opportunity for donor inputs
 Involving local communities for the education process, selection of technology, planning,
preparation, construction, O&M, and management of their project Improving hygiene and sanitation behavior
 Reducing health expenses by improving public health and limiting water-borne disease
spread Providing a viable option for the Local Government‟s wastewater management Limiting water pollution by removing more than 50% of the BOD measured inwastewater, to comply with national domestic wastewater effluent standards (50 mg/L)
 Creating remunerated jobs for O&M operations
 Quick implementation (within a year), compared to centralized sewerage systems
Challenges

Low initial cost compared to sewerage systems but only concerns a small amount of
population and locations, and does not entirely respond to the sanitation needs inIndonesia (especially in large cities where citywide planning and sewerage systems are
required)

Low operation cost prevents from using electricity inputs, which does not enableaerobic treatment and limits wastewater treatment quality



Systems requiring land to implement treatment facilities, which is often not available indensely populated areas“One size fits all” program with mainly the DEWATS system by BORDA, offering full
wastewater treatment but only serving 300 people on average. System becoming
expensive per capita, hard to afford and replicate for local governments with low budget

SANIMAS projects including sludge treatment are costly, cannot be managed by thecommunity nor cost-coveredCommunity sanitation centre payment requirement for each passage can be disliked
and not used if too expensive for low income families. The same problem can appear if
facilities are badly managed (becoming dirty, smelly, lacking of water and with longqueues at peak hours)

Not always a fair system (e.g. poor and rich households pay the same fees forconstruction, O&M)

O&M needs to be well organized and regularly carried outSystems not always used at their maximal capacity when the public consultation is notproperly conducted
The SANIMAS program is one of the options to address sanitation problems inIndonesia, but not the only one. The sanitation challenges in urban areas, especially the low
coverage rate to sewerage systems, require a combination of different technical solutions
according to areas, identifiable through sanitation mapping and citywide sanitation
strategies. This could include:- Improved individual systems for least densely populated areas (<100 people/ha),assuming that they might not be connected to a centralized sewerage system for thenext 20 years- Centralized systems for business districts who can afford to pay O&M fees andeventually the most densely populated areas (>250 people/ha)- Community-based Systems (CBS, like SANIMAS), with either communal septictank or public toilets/facilities for the intermediate areas
However, as the most densely populated areas are also the poorest, it would be politicallyand economically difficult to start with the implementation of centralized sewerage systems
due to the investment needed for implementation and O&M. Therefore in these areas, CBSseems the best compromise before future connection to a centralized network.
The initial cost for a centralized sewerage system is now estimated at US$250 dollars
per capita, which means for an average family of 5 people US$1,250 dollars. In comparison,a SANIMAS system costs around US$30,000 dollars for 50 families on average, whichmeans US$600 dollars per family. Consequently, decentralized systems cost lessconsidering the initial cost and O&M. Nevertheless, a sewerage system would treat
wastewater for areas with 50,000 people (10,000 connections). This could be done by one
centralized system, but would require about 200 SANIMAS systems, which necessitates a
lot more organization, land issues, risk of failures, etc. Therefore, to choose the mostappropriate sanitation strategies according to areas, the need for planning with a long-term
perspective is a crucial issue.
According to the Ministry of Public Works of Indonesia, beside the political will andavailable finance of local governments, the problem faced to replicate the SANIMAS
approach to all provinces/cities in the country is also due to the limited number ofexperienced facilitators to develop SANIMAS infrastructure. As for each project location, twofacilitators are needed (a technical facilitator and a social facilitator), their provision andavailability must be seriously considered to diffuse this program more efficiently.

DECENTRALIZED (ON-SITE) SANITATION OPTION
The decentralized domestic wastewater treatment system used in Japan - johkasou - is wellknown by the high officials involved in sanitation in Indonesia. It is seen as an equipment
providing high treatment performance but expensive.

Appendix 4

ON-SITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN INDONESIASEPTIC TANK & SLUDGE REMOVALIn Indonesia, on-site night soil treatment system is widely spread. In toilets, a small amountof water is used to wash away and dispose the human wastes to a septic tank for anaerobic
digestion. Structural deficiencies and irregular maintenance of septic tanks are challenges totackle, as they cause groundwater pollution or originate water contamination at close
locations.
The way to use these toilets is to wash away after utilization with a small amount ofwater disposed nearby, to dilute night soil by few times its amount of water to allow its
evacuation. Then, night soil flows by gravity to the buried septic tank, and infiltrate into theground after digestion.
The widely diffused type of septic tank is usually built with brick walls but has nowaterproof structure on the ground, allowing night soil infiltration into the soil surface. Other
types of septic tank have one or two chambers with a combined system (one chamber fordigestion and the second one for the infiltration of the wastewater discharged from the firstchamber), or an additional tank for infiltration. Recently, an improved septic system has
been developed, using a plastic body instead of bricks, and equipped with biofilters (seepicture below).
The conventional type of septic tank includes a combined system with anaerobic
digestion and soil infiltration through percolation into the soil, and its treatment ability
depends on utilization conditions, soil characteristics, maintenance conditions and others.
Therefore a certain level of wastewater treatment can be expected with proper desludging.
However, the septic tank structure does not prevent from wastewater directly infiltrating into
the soil and therefore, this equipment should be considered as imperfect for wastewater
treatment.
When used over a long period of time, the septic tank function declines and wastewater
may overflow from the tank. If hydraulic gradient is not maintained, the toilet might becomeout of order and then consumers are urged to clean the tank. Nevertheless, the users of
toilets connected to a septic system usually neglect maintenance for an extended period oftime and they view the septic tank as a convenient and cost-saving equipment.
Even if sludge removal is necessary to avoid groundwater pollution, this does not directly
benefit to consumers. For that reason, septic tanks are not properly cleaned at the present
time. The countermeasures to resolve this problem, on the technical side as well as on themanagement side, are detailed as follows:

Technical improvement
To prevent from direct wastewater infiltration into the soil, it is necessary to replace theactual body of the tanks by a waterproof structure made of reinforced concrete or plastic, orto add another tank after the existing septic tank, allowing the partially treated wastewater toinfiltrate into the soil after the anaerobic treatment and bring some improvement incomparison to the current conditions.
In order to promote such change in every household, institutional arrangement andfinancial support are needed. In addition, construction regulations to determine septic tankcapacity according to the number of consumers are also required.

Operation and maintenance (O&M) improvement
To establish regular sludge removal, it is necessary to obtain residents cooperation, as wellas the government‟s administrative and financial support for desludging operations andmaintenance costs. These countermeasures should be taken simultaneously.
Regarding residents cooperation, it is important, as a basic measure, to raise publicawareness on hygiene (education at elementary schools, residents education), and toorganize the community so that they would work together to improve sanitation conditions
by themselves.
Concerning desludging cost, the establishment of a system with charges is basicallyneeded. It is realistic to conceive that part of the collection cost and sludge treatment cost
would be charged to the residents and the remaining burden to the administration (local
government)

Improved version of a septic tank

FACILITY IMPROVEMENT OF KEPUTIH SLUDGE TREATMENT PLANT - SURABAYA, INDONESIA
To resolve septic tanks issues with a long-term perspective, it may be desirable to replace
the existing system by an improved version and to introduce a small-scale wastewater
treatment plant for the community. Currently, there are financial limitations and theimprovement is expected to take a long time. As urgent countermeasures, it is crucial toestablish a proper desludging and sludge treatment system. Consequently, the constructionof a centralized sludge treatment plant is also needed.
The mission visited one of the existing sludge treatment plant. The present conditions
and countermeasures for the Surabaya Keputih sludge treatment facility are described
below.
Firstly, this plant has been planned as a domestic wastewater treatment facility and is
now used for the treatment of sludge with high concentration, which does not enable theoriginally expected biological treatment quality. To develop facilities efficiency, it is necessary
to establish a suitable treatment process according to the characteristics of the targeted
substance (sludge). As urgent countermeasure, it would be beneficial to improve theoperation method, for example to utilize the unused ditch of the Surabaya Keputih Sludge
Treatment Plant.
Furthermore, to improve treatment quality, it would be valuable to modify the process byadding a solid-liquid separation device between the existing pre-treatment separationequipment and the oxidation ditch, in which the water treated would be discharged after
disinfection. For sludge dewatering, it is possible to do the solid-liquid separation process
through a centrifuge container or a sludge dehydrator and to use the existing sludge drying
beds or to reuse sludge as fertilizer for agriculture.
Flowchart of Surabaya Sludge Treatment Facilities
Collected Night Soil→ Pre-treatment → Solid-liquid Separation → Biological Treatment → Disinfection →Discharge(Existing)↓ (To be added)(Existing)(To be added)

Dewatered Sludge →Reuse for Agricultural Land

NEXT STEP
The mission learnt that the possibility of a technical cooperation project for the improvementof desludging and the sludge treatment system in Surabaya City is being discussed
between the concerned Indonesian authorities and JICA. JSC will coordinate its activities
with JICA and other donors including ADB, which is also interested in other cities of thisarea.