                  ᜏᫍศගࡢ㛤ᖥᮇ ࡑࡢ               ̿̿ᜏᫍኳᩥᏛࡢ※ὶ࠙ࠚᜏᫍศගࡢ㛤ᖥᮇ ࡑࡢ  ᑠᬽᬛ୍㸦ඖி㒔኱Ꮫ㸧/HZLV0RUULV5XWKHUIXUG   ᅇ᝿㘓࡜ㄽᩥ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚㎺ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
 ⏕࠸❧ࡕ࠿ࡽ࢔࣐ࢳࣗ࢔ኳᩥᐙ࡬

Rutherfurd ࡣ 1816 ᖺ 11 ᭶ 25 ᪥ࠊࢽ࣮ࣗ1856 ᖺ ࡢ ⛅ ࠊ ࢽ ࣗ ࣮ ࣚ ࣮ ࢡ 㑹 እ ࡢ࣮ࣚࢡᕞࡢ Morrisania㸦⌧ᅾࡣࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚRutherfurd ᐙ࡛ࡣᗞඛ࡟᪂ࡋ࠸ኳᩥྎࡀ᏶ᡂࢡᕷࡢ୍㒊㸧࡛⏕ࡲࢀࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ྡ㛛ࡢ⾑ࢆࡋࡓࠋᘬ ࡁ ⥅ ࠸ ࡛ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ∗ ࡣ Robert Walter

Rutherfurd ࡣࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡᅾఫࡢࠊᘚㆤRutherfurd ࡜࠸࠸ࠊ♽∗ࡢ John Rutherfurd

ኈ࠿ࡽ㌿㌟ࡋࡓ࢔࣐ࢳࣗ࢔ኳᩥᐙ࡛࠶ࡿࠋඃ

ࡣ 1791 – 1798 ᖺ࡟ྜ⾗ᅜୖ㝔㆟ဨࢆົࡵࡓࠋࢀࡓᕤᏛⓗࢭࣥࢫࢆࡶࡕኳᩥ࡛ࡣ෗┿ほ࡜ẕ ࡣ Sabina Elliot Morris ࡛ ࡑ ࡢ ♽ ∗ ࡢ࡞࡝࡛ࠊ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ WilliamLewis Morris ࡣ ྜ ⾗ ᅜ ࡢ ⊂ ❧ ᐉ ゝ (1776)

Huggins ࡟ఝࡓᙺ๭ࢆ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ᯝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࡟⨫ྡࡋࡓ୍ே࡛࠶ࡿࠋRutherfurd ࡣࡑࡢྡᙼࡢ⏕ᾭ࡜௙஦ࡣྠ᫬௦ே࡛῝࠸ぶ஺ࡢ࠶ࡗࢆẕ᪉ࡢ᭮♽∗࠿ࡽ㈔ࡗ࡚ Lewis Morris ࡜ࡓ John K. Rees (1906) ࡜ Benjamin A.

ྡ࡙ࡅࡽࢀࡓࠋศගほGould (1895)ࡢ㏣᝚ᅇ᝿㘓࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑࡢ㊊㊧1831 ᖺ 15 ᡯ࡛࢘࢖࣒࣭ࣜࣕ࢝ࣞࢵࢪ࡟ධ

ࢆ㎺ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ[96][97]ࠋRees ࡣࢥࣟࣥᏛࠊἲᚊᑓᨷ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊ≀⌮ᐇ㦂࡟⯆࿡ࢆࣅ࢔኱Ꮫኳᩥྎ㛗㸦఩⨨ኳᩥᏛ㸧࡛ࠊࡇࡢኳࡶࡕࠊ≀⌮ࡢᤵᴗ࡛ࡣᐇ㦂⿦⨨ࡢ〇సࢆᡭఏᩥྎ࡛ࡣ Rutherfurd ࡢ᧜ᙳࡋࡓᫍ㔝෗┿ࡢࡗ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺⤒Ṕࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ18 ᡯ࡛༞ᴗࡍࡿゎ ᯒ ࡟ ኱ ࡁ ࡃ ྲྀ ࡾ ⤌ ࢇ ࡛ ࠾ ࡾ ࠊ Rutherfurd

࡜ 2 ᖺ㛫ࠊἲᚊᐇົࡢ◊ಟࢆ⾜ࡗࡓᚋࠊࢽࣗ࡜ࡣ῝࠸㛵ಀ࡟࠶ࡿࠋ୍᪉ࠊGould ࡣ࢔࣓࣮࣮ࣜࣚࢡࡢἲᚊ஦ົᡤ࡛ᘚㆤኈ࡜ࡋ࡚ാࡃࡼ

࢝ἢᓊㄪᰝᡤᡤ㛗ࡢᚋࠊ࢔ࣝࢮࣥࢳࣥࡢ࠺࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡑࡢవᬤࡣ໬Ꮫᐇ㦂࡜ኳCordoba ኳᩥྎ㛗࡜࡞ࡾࠊRutherfurd ࡢᮃᩥほ࡟㐣ࡈࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋ㐲㙾ࢆ⏝࠸࡚༡ኳࡢᜏᫍ┠㘓ࡢసᡂ࡟㈉⊩ࡋ1841 ᖺ ࠊ ࣐ ࣮ ࢞ ࣞ ࢵ ࢺ ࣭ ࢳ ࣕ ࣥ ࣛ ࣮ࡓࠋᙼࡣ 1849 ᖺ࡟ Astronomical Journal ㄅ(Margaret S. Chanler) ࡜⤖፧ࡍࡿࠋᙼዪࡶ

ࢆ๰หࡋࡓࡀࠊ1861 ᖺࠊ༡໭ᡓத࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ఇྡ㛛ࡢฟ࡛ࠊ⏕ᾭࡢࡼࡁక౶࡜࡞ࡿࠋ⤖፧ᚋหࢆవ൤࡞ࡃࡉࢀࠊࡋ࠿ࡶ Cordoba ࡛ࡢ໅ࡣࡉࡽ࡟ኳᩥ࡬ࡢᚿྥࢆᙉࡵࠊ1849 ᖺࠊࡘ࠸ົࡀ㛗࠿ࡗࡓࡓࡵ࡟᚟หࡋࡓࡢࡣ 1885 ᖺ࡟࡟ᘚㆤኈࢆᗫᴗࡋ࡚ኳయほ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟ᖐᅜࡋࡓᚋ (Vol. 7, 1888) ࡜࠸࠺࡟࡞ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡣ࣐࣮࢞ࣞࢵࢺኵேࡢ≀ᚰ⤒Ṕࡶ࠶ࡿࠋGould ࡣࡲࡓ㖟Ἑ⣔ࡢ኱つᶍᵓ୧㠃࠿ࡽࡢᨭ࠼ࡀ኱ࡁ࡞ຊ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡋ

㐀࡛ࢢ࣮ࣝࢻ࣋ࣝࢺࡢⓎぢ࡛ࡶ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࠿ࡋࠊࡇࡢࡇࢁ࣐࣮࢞ࣞࢵࢺࡢ೺ᗣࡀඃࢀࡎࠊ

Gould, Rees ࡢㄽᩥ࡟ࡣࡋࡤࡋࡤ Rutherfurd

་ᖌ࠿ࡽ㌿ᆅࢆ່ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࠊ2 ேࡣࡢᴗ⦼ࡀᘬ⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࢀࡣ୺࡟ᫍࡢ

ᙼዪࡢ⒪㣴ࢆ࠿ࡡ࡚࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡬࡜Ώࡿࠋࡑ෗┿ほࡢᡂᯝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡛࠶ࡿࠋRutherfurd

ࡋ࡚ᩘᖺ㛫ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫࠊࢻ࢖ࢶࠊ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔ࢆㄽ ᩥ ࡣ American Journal of Science andゼࡡࡿࡀ࢖ࢱࣜ࢔⁫ᅾ୰ࡣࣇ࢕ࣞࣥࢶ࢙ࡢ≀Arts ㄅ࡟ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛ ADS ࡞࡝࡛࢔ࢡࢭ⌮Ꮫ࠾ࡼࡧ⮬↛ྐ༤≀㤋ࡢ Giovanni Batistaࢫ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࡑࡢ⏕ᾭࡸᴗ⦼ࡣୖグ 2 ேࡢAmici (ḟྕࠊ➨ 7 ⠇ཧ↷) ࡢࡶ࡜࡛Ⰽᾘࡋࣞኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧࡟ᑓᛕࡍࡿࡇ࡜̿̿             ‫ ڦ‬㐃㍕  ᜏᫍኳᩥᏛࡢ※ὶ࠙ࠚ ‫ڦ‬ࣥࢬࡢ〇స࡞࡝ගᏛᢏ⾡ࡢ⩦ᚓ࡟࠶ࡓࡗ࡚࠸

13 ࢖ࣥࢳ(33 cm), ↔Ⅼ㊥㞳 240 cm㸧ࡢヨసࡿࠋ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡶࣇ࢕ࢵࢶࡼࡗ࡚〇ᖐᅜᚋࠊཱྀᚄ 11 ࢖ࣥࢳ㸦28.5 cm㸧ᒅᢡᮃసࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ࣓ࢵ࢟ᢏ⾡ࡀࡲࡔ༑㐲㙾࡜Ꮚ༗൤ࢆ〇సࡋࠊᐙࡢᗞ࡟ኳᩥྎᘓタศ࡛࡞࠿ࡗࡓୖࠊࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡᕷෆࡢሻᇕ࡞

ࢆィ⏬ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢᒅᢡᮃ㐲㙾ࡣᙼࡢᣦᑟࡢୗ

࡝࡟ࡼࡾࠊ10 ᪥ࡈ࡜࣓ࢵ࢟ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡉ࡞ࡅࢀ

࡟ Henry Fitz ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚〇సࡉࢀࡓࡢ࡛ࣇ࢕ࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸࡜࠸ࡗࡓ≧ἣ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢ࡛ࠊᙼࡣࢵࢶᮃ㐲㙾࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊᙼࡀ᭱

ヨసࢆࢃࡎ࠿ 3 ࣨ᭶࡛࠶ࡁࡽࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋึ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࡢࡣᏊ༗൤࡟ࡼࡿ⤒ᗘほ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᙼࡢᢏ⾡ຊࢆά࠿ࡋ࡚〇సࡉࢀࡓᏊ༗൤ࡣᐃ⢭ᗘࡀ༟㉺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡓࡵࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ

࢝ἢᓊㄪᰝᡤ (Coastal Survey) ࠿ࡽὀ┠ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊࡑࢀࡀዎᶵ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚ᡤ㛗ࡢ Gould࡜▱ᕫ࡟࡞ࡾࠊ⏕ᾭࡢ஺཭ࡀጞࡲࡿࠋ
ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ 1856 ᖺ⛅࡟ Rutherfurd 㑰ࡢᗞ࡟᪂ࡋ࠸ኳᩥྎࡀ᏶ᡂࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢኳᩥྎࡢᏊ༗
㤋ࡣࡲࡶ࡞ࡃ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ἢᓊㄪᰝᡤ⤒ᗘᐃᇶᆅᒁࡢ㸯ࡘ࡟ᣦᐃࡉࢀ࡚ࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࡢ⤒ᗘほ࡟኱ࡁࡃ㈉⊩ࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢ㡭ࠊἢᓊㄪᰝᡤࡣ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡜࢔࣓ࣜ࢝ࢆึࡵ࡚↓⥺㏻ಙ࡛ࡘ࡞࠸࡛⤒ᗘᐃ⢭ᗘࢆ㣕㌍ⓗ࡟ྥୖࡉࡏࡓࡇ࡜ ࡛ ࡶ ▱ ࡽ ࢀ ࡚ ࠸ ࡿ ࠋ ࡋ ࠿ ࡋ ࠊ Rutherfurdࡣ⤒ᗘほࡀ㡰ㄪ࡟㐍ࡴࡢࢆ☜࠿ࡵࡓᚋࠊほࡣᇶᆅᒁࡢே࡟௵ࡏࠊ1858 ᖺ࠿ࡽࡣḟࡢ௙஦࡜ࡋ࡚ኳయ෗┿⾡ࡢᨵⰋ࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡴࠋࡑࡢᖺࡢ 6 ᭶ࠊࣇ࢕ࢵࢶᮃ㐲㙾࡟ྲྀࡾ௜ࡅࡓ෗┿൤࡟ࡼࡗ࡚‶᭶ࡢ᧜ᙳ࡟ᡂຌࡋୡ㛫ࡢヰ㢟࡟ᅗ 

5XWKHUIXUG⫝̸ീ:HE 6PLWKVRQLDQ ,QVWLWXWLRQ /LEUDULHV'LJLWDO&ROOHFWLRQ ࡼࡾ㌿㍕ ࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡑࢀࡣ᭶㠃㍤ᗘࡢ⃰ῐࢆ⿵ṇࡍࡿࢢࣛࢹ࣮ࢩࣙࣥࡢ᪉ἲࢆ๰᱌ࡋࡓࡓࡵ࡜࠸ࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ෗┿ࡣୡ㛫ⓗ࡟ࡣ Rutherfurd ࡢ ᜏᫍศගほ௦⾲ⓗ࡞௙஦࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ1860 ᖺࠊRutherfurd ࡢ ᜏ ᫍ ศ ග ࡬ ࡢ 㛵ᚰ ࡣ 1861

࢝ࢼࢲ໭㎶ࡢࣛࣈࣛࢻ࣮࡛ࣝⓙ᪤᪥㣗ࡀ࠶ࡗ

ᖺࡢ 12 ᭶࡟཭ேࡢ Dr. W. B. Gibbs ࡜ࡢ఍ヰ

ࡓ࡜ࡁࠊSecchi (1852)[64]࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡟ኴ㝧࡟ጞࡲࡿࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ Gibbs ࡣ Fraunhofer ࡀ࡜᭶ࡢྠ᫬෗┿᧜ᙳࢆ⾜࠸ࠊ᭶ࡢ⦕ࡀࢩ࣮༙ࣕୡ⣖㏆ࡃ๓࡟ኴ㝧ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ୰࡟ከᩘࡢᬯ

ࣉ࡞ቃ⏺ࢆసࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊኴ㝧ീ࡛ࡣ⦕ࡀࡰ⥺ࢆⓎぢࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࢆ⤂௓ࡋࠊᙼ࡟ᫍ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡅ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ୧ኳయࡢᵓᡂࡢ㐪࠸ࢆ᫂☜࡟♧ࡋࡑࡢ௙஦ࡢ⥆ࡁࢆࡸࡗ࡚ぢ࡞࠸࠿࡜⸀ࡵࡓࠋࡓࠋࡲࡔ‵ᘧ஝ᯈ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡇࡢ㡭࠿ࡽࡇࡢ࡜ࡁ Rutherfurd ࡣ Fraunhofer ࡢⓎぢḟ➨࡟㩭᫂࡞⏬ീࡀᚓࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࡲࡔ▱ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢヰ࡟኱1861 ᖺ࡟ࡣ࢝ࢭࢢࣞࣥ཯ᑕᮃ㐲㙾㸦ཱྀᚄࡁ࡞⯆࿡ࢆᣢࡕࠊ᪩㏿ࠊศගჾࡢ〇స࡟ྲྀࡾኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧                  ᜏᫍศගࡢ㛤ᖥᮇ ࡑࡢ               ̿̿

⾲5Rutherfurd ࡢศගศ㢮[97]----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ࡜Ⰽ

௦⾲ⓗ࡞ᫍ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1  2ኴ㝧࡟ఝࡓከᩘࡢ྾཰⥺࡜ࣂࣥࢻ

Capella, șGem,  Ori,ࢆ♧ࡍࠋⰍࡣ㉥ࡲࡓࡣ㯤㔠ⰍࠋȚLeo, șPeg,ኴ㝧࡜␗࡞ࡗࡓከᩘࡢ⥺ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ

SiriusArcturusࢆ♧ࡍࠋⓑⰍᫍ 3⥺ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆ♧ࡉ࡞࠸ⓑⰍᫍ Vir, Rigel----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------࠿࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢศගჾࡢ≉Ⰽࡣ᭱ึ࠿ࡽ෗┿ほ࠸ࠋࠖࢆពᅗࡋ࡚࠸ࡓⅬ࡟࠶ࡿࠋศගჾࡣࣇ࢕

࡜㏙࡭࡚⾲ 5 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ 3 ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓࠋࢵࢶᮃ㐲㙾ࡢ᥋║㒊࡟ྲྀࡾ௜ࡅࡽࢀࠊ෇⟄ࣞ⌧௦ⓗ࡟ぢࡿ࡜ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ 1 ࡣᬌᮇᆺᫍࠊࢢࣥࢬ࡛ᖜ௜ࡅࡉࢀࡓ㩭᫂࡞ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡀᚓࡽ࣮ࣝࣉ 2 ࡣ A ᆺ࡛ࣂ࣐࣮ࣝ⥺ࡢᙉ࠸ᫍࠊࢢࣝࢀࡓࠋ

࣮ࣉ 3 ࡣࣂ࣐࣮ࣝ⥺ࡢᙅ࠸᪩ᮇ B ᆺᫍ࠿ࠊࡲ

ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ 1862 ᖺ࡟࠸ࡼ࠸ࡼศගほࢆ㛤ࡓࡣࠊ྾཰⥺ࡢ⣽࠸㉸ᕧᫍࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋጞࡋࠊࡑࡢ➨ 1 ሗࡣ⩣ᖺ 1 ᭶࡟ Amer. J. Sci.

Rutherfurd ࡀ⥺ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆ♧ࡉ࡞࠸࡜㏙Arts ㄅ࡟ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓ[98]ࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚࢔࣓ࣜ࢝

࡭ࡓࡢࡣศගჾࡢศᩓࡀࡲࡔ༑ศ࡛࡞࠿ࡗࡓ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶྠࡌ 1863 ᖺ࡟࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡜ࡣ⊂ࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢㄽᩥࡢ୰࡛ᙼࡣ❧࡟ᜏᫍศගࡢ᫬௦ࡀጞࡲࡗࡓࠋࡇࡢᖺ࡟ᙼࠕ୍ࡘࡢ⪃࠼ࡀ⚾ࢆᤊ࠼࡚ヰࡉ࡞࠸ࠋࡇࢀ

ࡣ 3 ࡘࡢㄽᩥࢆබหࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲ࡛ࡣࠊ࠶ࡿᫍ࡜௚ࡢᫍ࡜ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣ᫂ࡿࡉࡇࡢ➨㸯ㄽᩥࡣGibbs࡜ࡢ఍ヰ࠿ࡽࡣࡌࡲࡿศගほ࡟࠶ࡿ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊᫍࠎࡣᐇࡣࡑࢀࡒ

࡬ࡢືᶵ࡜ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᚲせ࡞ࣉࣜࢬࢀࡢඖ⣲⤌ᡂ࡛ࡶ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࠋࡋ࠿

࣒ศගჾࡢ〇సᐇ㦂࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢグ㏙ࡢᚋࠊほࡋࠊࡑ࠺࡞ࡿ࡜ཎጞᫍ㞼ࡢᆒ୍ᛶ࡟ᇶ࡙࠸

⤖ᯝࢆ㏙࡭࡚࠸ࡿࠋほࡣኴ㝧ࠊ᭶ࠊᮌᫍࠊࡓᫍ㞼௬ㄝࡣ࡝࠺࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺࠿㸽ࠖⅆᫍࡢ࡯࠿ 17 ಶࡢᜏᫍࢆྵࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ

࡜ Huggins ࡜ྠࡌࡼ࠺࡞␲ၥࢆ࿊ࡋࡓᚋࠊ࠺ࡕࠊᮌᫍࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ㉥እᐤࡾ࡟ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢ⤒㦂ࢆά࠿ࡋ࡚ศගჾࢆࡉࡽ࡟ᨵᩘᮏࡢᮍ▱ࡢࣂࣥࢻࢆ᳨ฟࡋࡓࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽࡣ

Ⰻࡋ࡚ᫍࡢほ1932 ᖺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࣓ࢱࣥ㸦CH 4 㸧ࠊ࢔ࣥࣔࢽ࢔

Ⰽࠊ➼⣭ࠊኚගࠊ㐃ᫍ࡞࡝ࡢ㛵㐃࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࡳ

㸦NH 3 㸧࡜ྠᐃࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡓࡵࠊ

ࡓ࠸࡜ពḧࢆ⇞ࡸࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᙼࡣࡍࡄ࡟ศග

Rutherfurdࡣ࠸ࡲ࡛ࡶᮌᫍศගࡢࣃ࢖࢜ࢽ࢔

ჾࡢᨵⰋ࡟஌ࡾฟࡋࠊࡑࢀࡣ 4 ࣨ᭶ᚋ࡟➨ 2࡜ࡶ࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ[99]ࠋ

ㄽᩥ࡜ࡋ࡚⤖ᐇࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ᜏᫍࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆጞࡵ࡚ぢࡓ࡜ࡁࠊࡑࡢከᵝᛶ࡟኱ࡁ࡞༳㇟ࢆཷࡅࠊ࡟ᣮࡳࠊᫍࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ࡜ࠊ➨ 2 ㄽᩥ࡛ࡣศගჾࡢ᧯సᛶࢆᨵⰋࡋࠊࡲ
ࡓࠊࣉࣜࢬ࣒ࢆ㏻ࡋ࡚ẚ㍑⏝ࣛࣥࣉࡢගࡀᫍࠕᫍࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࡣ኱ࡁ࡞ࣂ࢚ࣛࢸ࢕ࢆ♧࡜ྠ᫬࡟ど㔝࡟ධࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚Ἴ㛗ࡍࡢ࡛ࡑࢀࢆศ㢮ࡍࡿࡢࡣᅔ㞴࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௒ࢆୖࡆࠊArcturus ࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝࢆゎᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡢ࡜ࡇࢁࠊ⚾ࡣᫍࢆኴ㝧ࠊࢩࣜ࢘ࢫࠊࢫࣆ

ࡿ[100]ࠋࡑࡢࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ୰࡟ Fraunhofer ⥺࢝࡜࠸࠺ 3 ࡘࡢࢢ࣮ࣝࣉ࡟ศࡅ࡚࠾ࡁࡓࡢ D, E, b, G ࢆ᳨ฟࡋࠊࡑࡢ௚ࡢ⥺ࡶኴ㝧ࢫኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧ᐃ⢭ᗘ̿̿             ‫ ڦ‬㐃㍕  ᜏᫍኳᩥᏛࡢ※ὶ࠙ࠚ ‫ڦ‬࣌ࢡࢺࣝ࡜ᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆぢฟࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨௳ࢆ᥈ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ Rutherfurd ࡣࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ࡟1 ㄽᩥ࡜࠶ࢃࡏࠊᙼࡣࡲࡍࡲࡍᫍ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚໬ࡼࡿἼ㛗ศゎᐇ㦂ࢆ⧞ࡾ㏉ࡋ࡚᭱㐺್ࢆồࡵᏛ⤌ᡂࡀ␗࡞ࡿ࡜⪃࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠸࠺ࠋᚑࡗ࡚ࡇࡢᮃ㐲㙾ࡣ෗┿൤࡛࠶ࡗ⥆࠸࡚ྠࡌᖺ࡟ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓ➨ 3 ㄽᩥ࡛ࡣ⮬࡚║ど⏝࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ౑⏝࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡽࡢศගჾࡢᛶ⬟ࢆ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ ࢢ࣮ࣝࣉࡢศ2) ᮃ㐲㙾ࡣ 9 cm 12 cm ࡢ஝ᯈ࡟࡯ࡰ 1

ගჾ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ࠊගᏛ⣔ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽ฼ⅬࠊḞᖹ᪉ᗘࡢど㔝ࢆᣢࡕࠊ෗┿ࡣ‵ᘧ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀ

Ⅼࢆㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ[101]ࠋࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࢀࡤ⮬ࡽ〇సᙜ᫬࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㩭᫂࡞෗┿ീࢆᚓ࡚࠸

ࡋࡓศගჾ࡛ࡣ Kirchhoff ࡢኴ㝧ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ

ࡿࠋࣉࣞ࢔ࢹࢫࠊࣉࣞࢭ࣌ᫍᅋ࡟ᑐࡋࠊ4 ศ࣐ࢵࣉ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࠊኴ㝧 D ⥺㸦Ἴ㛗 ~5890ύ㸧ࡢ㟢ฟ࡛ 8.5 ➼ᫍࡲ࡛ࡢᚤගᫍࡢ᳨ฟ࡟ᡂຌࡀ㸷ᮏࡢᡂศ࡟ศ࠿ࢀࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓࠋࡋ࠿ࡶࠊ

ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[104]ࠋ

ࡑࡢ࠺ࡕ㸳ᮏࡣᆅ⌫኱Ẽ㉳※࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧3) ᮃ㐲㙾࡜ᖹ⾜ࡋ࡚〇సࡉࢀࡓ෗┿஝ᯈࡋ࡚ࠊศගჾࡢඃࢀࡓᛶ⬟ࢆ㄂♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⏝ࡢ࣐࢖ࢡ࣓࣮ࣟࢱࢆ⏝࠸ࡿ࡜ᫍࡢ఩⨨ࡀ⛊

Rutherfurd ࡟ࡣ࠿࡞ࡾ࣮ࣚࣟࢵࣃ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࣛゅ༢఩࡛࢖ࣂࣝព㆑ࡀぢ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࣚᐃ࡟ᛂ⏝ࡉࢀࡓࠋᐃࡉࢀࠊᫍࡢᅛ᭷㐠ືࡸどᕪࡢᐇ㝿ࠊGould ࡣࣉࣞ࢔ࢹࢫᫍᅋࡢ෗┿஝ᯈ࣮ࣟࢵࣃ࠿ࡽࡣఱࡢ཯ᛂࡶ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋࡢ఩⨨ᐃࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ 1840 ᖺࡢ Bessel ࡢᐃ࡜ẚ㍑ࡋࠊ1866 ᖺࡲ࡛ࡢ 26 ᖺ㛫ࡢ⛣ື ࡑࡢᚋࡢάື
ࡑࢀ௨ᚋࡶ Rutherfurd ࡣᮃ㐲㙾〇సࠊศ࠿ ࡽ Alcyone ࡢ ᅛ ᭷ 㐠 ື ࡜ ࡋ ࡚ ᖺ ⋡ ㉥ ⤒ගჾ࡜෗┿ᢏ⾡ࡢᨵⰋ࡞࡝୺࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵჾ㛤Ⓨ+0”.015ࠊ㉥⦋ -0”.048 ࡢ⤖ᯝࢆᚓ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

࡟ពḧࢆὀ࠸࡛࠸ࡿࠋ

௚ࡢᫍ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠᵝࡢ

ᐃࢆ⾜࠸ࠊࣉࣞ࢔1864 ᖺ࡟ࡣ㸴ಶࡢࣉࣜࢬ࣒ࢆࡶࡘศගჾࢆ

ࢹࢫᫍᅋࡢ࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ᫍࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ␗࡞ࡗࡓ㐠〇సࡋࡓࠋᙼࡣࡑࡢ㧗࠸ศゎ⬟࡟ࡼࡗ࡚,ືࢆ♧ࡋࠊࠕ ࡇࡢᫍᅋࡀ༢୍ࡢ⣔⤫ⓗ㐠ືࢆ♧

Bunsen and Kirchhoff ࡢసᡂࡋࡓኴ㝧ࢫ࣌ࢡࡍࡶࡢ࡛࡞࠸ࠖ࡜⤖ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

ࢺ࣐ࣝࢵࣉ࡟ẚ㍑ࡋ࡚ 3 ಸࡶࡢከᩘࡢ྾཰⥺ࢆ᳨ฟࡋࡓ࡜ሗ࿌ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊඖ⣲ྠᐃࡲ࡛ࡣ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸[102]ࠋᙼࡢ⯆࿡ࡣᶵᲔ〇సࡢᢏ⾡ⓗഃ㠃࡟㞟୰ࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊᙼࡢᜏᫍศගࡀ
㛗ࡃ⥆࠿࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡶࡑࡇ࡟ཎᅉࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛
࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
1865 ᖺ࡟ࡣཱྀᚄ 11.25 ࢖ࣥࢳ㸦28 cm㸧↔
Ⅼ㊥㞳 15 ࣇ࢕࣮ࢺ (4.5 m) ࡢᒅᢡᮃ㐲㙾ࢆ〇సࡋࡓ[103]ࠋࡇࡢᮃ㐲㙾࡜ࡑࡢほ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ Gould (1867, 1878)࡟ヲࡋ࠸グ㏙ࡀ࠶ࡿࡢ࡛ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡑࡢ≉ᚩࢆ⤂௓ࡋ࡚ぢࡼ࠺[104][105]ࠋ
1) ᑐ≀ࣞࣥࢬࡣⰍᾘࡋ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᚑᅗ *RXOGࡢ⫝̸ീ᮶࡜␗࡞ࡿⅬࡣⰍᾘࡋࡀ║ど࡛࡞ࡃࠊ෗┿ឤ:LNLSHGLD%**RXOGࡼࡾ㌿㍕ ᗘ࡟఍ࢃࡏࡓ࡜࠸࠺࡜ࡇࢁ࡟࠶ࡿࠋⰍᾘࡋ᮲ኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧                  ᜏᫍศගࡢ㛤ᖥᮇ ࡑࡢ               ̿̿   ⾲6Rutherfurd ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚᧜ᙳࡉࢀࡓኳయ࡜෗┿ࢿ࢞ᩘ[96]-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  ኳయࢿ࢞ᯛᩘほᮇ㛫------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ኴ㝧᧜ീ

175 ᯛ

1860 – 1874 ᖺኴ㝧ࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ

174

1860 – 1874

᭶435

1858 – 1877

  ᜏᫍ664

1858 – 1877  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rutherfurd ࡢ෗┿ᢏ⾡࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᚋ࡟ྎ࡟タ⨨ࡉࢀࡓࡀࠊRutherfurd ࡣࡇࡢᮃ㐲࡞ࡗ࡚ Rees (1892)ࡶࡇࡢ᫬ᮇࢆᅇ㢳ࡋࠊ18㙾࡟ࡼࡗ࡚෗┿ほ60 - 70 ᖺ௦࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣ᭱ࡶඃࢀࡓ෗┿࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡣᑐ≀ࣞࣥࢬࡢእഃ࡟ 13 ࢖ࣥࢳࡢ⿵ṇࣞࣥ࡜㧗ࡃホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[106]ࠋࡇࡢ 11 ࢖ࣥࢳᮃࢬࡀࣇ࢛࣮࢝ࣝࣞࢪ࣮ࣗࢧ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ྲྀࡾ௜ࡅ㐲㙾ࡣ 1870 ᖺ࡟ Gould ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚࢔ࣝࢮࣥࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࢀ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚↔Ⅼࢳࣥ࡟⛣タࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡀࠊ㍺㏦ࡢ㏵㊥㞳ࡀ 15 ࣇ࢕࣮ࢺ࠿ࡽ 13 ࣇ࢕࣮ࢺ࡬▷⦰ࡉ୰࡛ᑐ≀ࣞࣥࢬࡀ┿ࢇ୰࠿ࡽ㸰ࡘ࡟๭ࢀ࡚ࡋࢀᝨᫍ࠾ࡼࡧᫍ㔝ࡢ෗┿ほࡲ࠺࡜࠸࠺ࣁࣉࢽࣥࢢࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡸࡀ࡚ࠊ᪂ࡿࠋ࡟ᑓᛕࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢᮃ㐲㙾࡟ጾຊࢆⓎ᥹ࡍࡋ࠸ࣞࣥࢬࡀ฿╔ࡋࠊ1871 ᖺ࡟࢔ࣝࢮࣥࢳࣥ

ࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ1880 ᖺ௦ึᮇ࠿ࡽᙼࡣḟ➨࡟೺ᗣࡢ୰ኸ㧗ᆅ࡟ࣛࢸࣥ࢔࣓࡛ࣜ࢝ࡣ᭱ึࡢኳᩥࢆᐖࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࠊ࠾ࡼࡧࠊࢽ࣮ࣗ

ྎ࡜ࡋ࡚ Cordoba ኳᩥྎࡀ㛤タࡉࢀࡓࠋ࢔

࣮ࣚࢡᕷ⾤ࡢᣑ኱࡟క࠺ගᐖࡢࡓࡵほࣝ ࢮ ࣥ ࢳ ࣥ ࡢ ࡜ ࡁ ࡢ ኱ ⤫ 㡿 Domingo F.

➨࡟ᅔ㞴࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡞࡝ࡢ⌮⏤࡛ࠊ1883

Samiento ࡣ⚃㎡ࡢ୰࡛ࠕࡶࡋࠊ⚾ࡀᇶ♏⛉ᖺ࡟ࡣࡇࡢᮃ㐲㙾࡜᧜ᙳࡉࢀࡓ෗┿ࢿ࢞ࡢࡍ

ᏛࡢⓎᒎࢆᨭᣢࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤࠊᩥ᫂ㅖᅜࡢ௰㛫࡭࡚ࡀࢽ࣮࣮ࣗࣚࢡࡢࢥࣟࣥࣅ࢔኱Ꮫኳᩥྎ

ධࡾ࡜࠸࠺⌮ᛕࢆᨺᲠࡋࡓࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠖ࡜㏙

࡟ᐤ㉗ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࡢ࡜ࡁࡢ෗┿ࢿ࢞ᯛᩘࡣ⾲࡭࡚ࣛࢸࣥᅜᐙࡢពẼ㎸ࡳࢆ⾲᫂ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

6 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ 1456 ᯛ࡟㐩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[96]ࠋ

ࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ Gould ࡀึ௦ྎ㛗࡟௵࿨ࡉࢀࡿࠋ
ࡇࡢኳᩥྎ࡛ࡣ Rutherfurd ࡢᮃ㐲㙾࡟ࡼࡗ࡚༡ኳࡢほࡀḟ

Rutherfurd ࡣ⾲ 6 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟✀ࠎࡢኳయࡢ෗┿᧜ᙳࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ࠺ࡕࠊᜏᫍ࡟ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࠊ1879 ᖺ࡟ࡣ㸵୓ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣศග෗┿ࡀྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣ

ಶࡢᫍࢆྵࡴ Uranometria Argentina ࢆබ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࡞࠸ࠋᫍ㔝෗┿࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࢥࣟࣥࣅ

หࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ[107]ࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢࢧ࣮࣋࢖ほࡢ࢔኱Ꮫኳᩥྎ࡛ᗈ⠊࡞ゎᯒࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ୰ࡣ᫂ࡿ࠸㹀ᆺᫍࡀ㖟Ἑ㠃࡜⣙ 20 oᚰ࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣ H. Jacobi ࡜ H. S. Davis ࡛ࡢഴࡁ࡛ᖏ≧࡟ศᕸࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆⓎぢࡋࡓࠋࡇ࠶ࡿࠋ2 ேࡣ Rutherfurd ࡢᜥᏊ Rutherfurdࢀ ࡣ ⌧ ᅾ ࠊ Gould Belt ࡜ ࿧ ࡤ ࢀ ࡿ ࠋ

Stuyvesant ࡢ༠ຊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚୺࡜ࡋ࡚どᕪࢆ୰

Uranometria ࡣ ᚋ ࡟ ᣑ ᙇ ࡉ ࢀ ࠊ ୍ ⯡ ᫍ ⾲ᚰ࡜ࡋ࡚Cordoba Durchmustrung (CoD, 1892 -࠸ࡿࠋRees (1897)ࡢࣞࣅ࣮ࣗ[108]࠿ࡽࡑࡢ

1900) ࡜ࡋ࡚㡰ḟබหࡉࢀࡿࠋ୍㒊ࡢ⾲㢟ࢆ࠶ࡆࡿ࡜ࠊ

୰࡛Gouldᐃࢆ㐍ࡵࠊከᩘࡢㄽᩥࢆබ⾲ࡋ࡚

1868 ᖺ࡟ࡣ Henry Fitz ࡜ࡢඹྠ࡛ 13 ࢖‫ࢫࢹ࢔ࣞࣉڧ‬ᫍᅋࡢ Rutherfurd ෗┿ࡢࣥࢳᒅᢡ㙾ࡀ〇సࡉࢀࠊRutherfurd 㑰ࡢኳᩥ(࣓ࣥࣂ࣮ᫍࡢᅛ᭷㐠ືࡢ◊✲ࠊJacob)ኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧ᐃ̿̿             ‫ ڦ‬㐃㍕  ᜏᫍኳᩥᏛࡢ※ὶ࠙ࠚ ‫ڦ‬‫ڧ‬șCyg ࿘㎶ᫍ㔝ࡢ Rutherfurd ෗┿ࡢᐃ஌ࡾฟࡋࠊ1875 ᖺ࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ࡼ࠺ࡸࡃ‶㊊࡛ࡁ
ࡿ㏱㐣ᆺࢢ࣮ࣞࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡢ〇స࡟ᡂຌࡍࡿࠋ

(Jacob)‫ڧ‬Rutherfurd ෗┿ࡢᐃ࡟ࡼࡿȣ࠾ࡼࡧȟ

Cassiopeia ࡢどᕪ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ (Jacob)‫ڧ‬Rutherfurd ෗┿ࡢᐃ࡟ࡼࡿȞCas ࡢどᕪ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ (Davis)‫ڧ‬Rutherfurd ෗┿ࡢࡇࢀࡣ 16.4 mm  24.5 mmࡢ㠃ୖ࡟ 680mm -1 ࡢ⁁ᩘࢆࡶࡕࠊNobertࡢࢢ࣮ࣞࢸ࢕ࣥ
ࢢࢆ㐶࠿࡟ࡋࡢࡄࡢࡶ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋ1877 ᖺ࡟ࡣ㔠ᒓ㠃ୖ࡟཯ᑕᆺࢢ࣮ࣞࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡶ〇సࡋ࡚ᐃ࡟ࡼࡿ 61 Cyg ࠾ࡼࡧ Bradley 3077 ࡢどᕪ (Davis)ࡑࡢ࡯࠿࡛࠶ࡿࠋ

࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚Rutherfurdࡣࢢ࣮ࣞࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ
ࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡛▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊHenry Draperࡶᙼࡢࢢ࣮ࣞࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡛ኴ㝧ࡢศගほࡇࢀࡽࡣࢥࣟࣥࣅ࢔኱Ꮫኳᩥྎ⣖せ࡟ᥖ㍕ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚ࠊࡲࡔ‵ᘧ஝ᯈࡢ᫬௦
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊRutherfurd-Fitz ᮃ㐲㙾ࡣᜏᫍ
ኳᩥᏛࡢⓎᒎ࡟኱ࡁࡃᐤ୚ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀ[109]ࠊᙼ⮬㌟ࡣ࡞ࡐ࠿ࢢ࣮ࣞࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡟
ࡼࡿᜏᫍศගほࢆ⾜ࡗࡓグ㘓ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ

Rutherfurd ࡣ 1858 ᖺ࠿ࡽ 1884 ᖺࡲ࡛ࠊࢥ ࣟࣥࣅ࢔኱Ꮫࡢホ㆟ဨࢆົࡵ࡚࠾ࡾࠊኳᩥ

Rutherfurd ࡣ 1870 ᖺ௦௨ᚋࠊᜏᫍศගᆅᏛᩍᐊࡢタ❧࡟ᐤ୚ࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟ࡣྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇ࡛࠸࡞࠸ࡀࠊ୍᪉࡛ࡣࢢ࣮ࣞࢸ⛉Ꮫ࢔࢝ࢹ࣑࣮࡟ࡣタ❧ጤဨ఍ࡢ᫬ᮇ࠿ࡽཧ࢕ࣥࢢࡢ㛤Ⓨ࡟኱ࡁ࡞ຊࢆὀ࠸࡛࠸ࡿࠋࢫ࣌ຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋ࡚⢭ຊⓗ࡟ࡍࡍࡵࡽࢀࡓࢡࢺࣝ⥺ࡢἼ㛗ᐃ࡟ࢢ࣮ࣞࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࢆ⏝࠸ᙼࡢ௙஦ࡣࡑࡢᚋࠊ࢔࣓ࣜ࢝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࡓ ࡢ ࡣ Fraunhofer ࡀ ᭱ ึ ࡛ ࠶ ࡗ ࡓ ࡀHenry Draper ࡟ᘬࡁ⥅ࡀࢀࠊࡉࡽ࡟ศගほRutherfurd ࡶࡑࡢ㔜せᛶࢆㄆ㆑ࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࢢࡣ E. Pickering ࡟ࡼࡿ Harvard ศගศ㢮࣮ࣞࢸ࢕ࣥࢢศගࡢ฼Ⅼࡣࢫ࣌ࢡࢺࣝ⥺ࡢ఩

࡬࡜Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࠋᬌᖺࡢ Rutherfurd ࡣḟ⨨ࡀἼ㛗࡟ẚ౛ࡋἼ㛗➨࡟೺ᗣࢆᦆࡡ࡚ࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤࣇࣟࣜࢲࡸ༡ࣚᐃ࡟㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡽ

࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣮ࣟࢵࣃ࡞࡝࡬ࡢ㌿ᆅ⒪㣴ࢆ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ

Rutherfurdࡀᫍࡢศගࢆጞࡵࡓ㡭ࠊ᭱Ⰻࡢ᭱ᚋࡣ 1892 ᖺ 5 ᭶ࠊ╀ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ 76 ṓࡢࢢ࣮ࣞࢸ࢕ࣥࢢࡣࢻ࢖ࢶࡢFriedrich Nobert⏕ᾭࢆ㛢ࡌࡓࠋGould ࡣ Rutherfurd ࡜ࡢ 30

ࡀ 1850 ᖺ௦࡟〇సࡋࡓ㢧ᚤ㙾⏝ࡢᑠᆺࢢࣞ

ᖺࡢ஺཭ࢆᅇ㢳ࡋࠊᙼࡢࡇ࡜ࢆḟࡢࡼ࠺࡟ㆭ

࣮ࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡇࢀࡣ⁁ᩘ 296 mm -1 ࡜࠼࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸࠺ࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࡀࠊࡑࡢ〇సἲࡣ௻ᴗ⛎ᐦ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋRutherfurdࡣࡑࡢࡓࡵ➨ 1 Ṍ

ࠕ Rutherfurd ࡣ≀ᰂࡽ࠿࡛Ẽ๓ࡀࡼࡃࠊ࠿ࡽࡑࡢ〇స࡟ྲྀࡾ⤌ࢇࡔࠋ㏱㐣ᆺࢢ࣮ࣞࢸே࡟ࡣぶษ࡛␗࡞ࡗࡓពぢ࡟ࡶᐶᐜ࡛࠶࢕ࣥࢢ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ࢞ࣛࢫ࡟⁁ࢆ้ࡴ࣮ࣝࣜࣥࢢࡗࡓࠋᙼ࡟ࡣෆẼࡉ࡜㐲៖῝ࡉࡀࠊᶵჾ࣐ࢩࣥ࡜ࡋ࡚ᙼࡀ⪃᱌ࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊ࣮ࣔࢱ࣮࡟㛤Ⓨ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ኱⫹ࡉࠊ㎞ᢪᙉࡉ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࡼࡿࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࣗ㥑ື࡜ࠊ࢝ࢵࢱ࣮࡜ࡋ࡚ࢲ࢖ഛࢃࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢẼ㉁ࡣ◊✲⪅௰㛫࡛ࣖࣔࣥࢻ࣊ࢵࢻࡢ౑⏝࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1867 ᖺ࡟ 1

࠿ࡃ㏄࠼ࡽࢀࠊ኱ࡁ࡞⛉Ꮫⓗ่⃭ࡢ※ྕᶵࡀ〇సࡉࢀࠊኴ㝧࡜ᫍࡢศග࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀἨ࡟ࡶ࡞ࡗࡓࠋ࠸ࡎࢀࡢⅬ࠿ࡽゝࡗ࡚ࡶࡓࡀࠊࢢ࣮ࣞࢸ࢕ࣥࢢ〇స࡟ࡣࢫࢡ࣮ࣜࣗࡢᙼࡣࡍࡄࢀࡓ⤀ኈ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࠖᏳᐃᛶࡸࢲ࢖ࣖࣔࣥࢻ࣊ࢵࢻࡢᙧ≧ࠊࡑࢀ࡟ᗘไᚚ࡞࡝࡟኱ࡁ࡞ၥ㢟ࡀṧࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ཭ேࡢᩍᤵRoodࡢ༠ຊ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ࡇࢀࡽࡢᨵၿ࡟  ୡ⣖ࡢᒅᢡᮃ㐲㙾ࡢᘓタ≧ἣኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧                  ᜏᫍศගࡢ㛤ᖥᮇ ࡑࡢ               ̿̿

ࡇࡇ࡛ᮏ㢟࠿ࡽࡑࢀࡿࡀࠊ1898 ᖺࡢ The-----------------------------------------------

Observatory ㄅ (Vo. 21, 239)࡟ 19 ୡ⣖࡟࠾ࡅࡿ኱ᆺᒅᢡᮃ㐲㙾(12 ࢖ࣥࢳ௨ୖ) ࡢࣜࢫཱྀᚄ(࢖ࣥࢳ)ᮃ㐲㙾ᩘ-----------------------------------------------

ࢺࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡑࢀࢆ═ࡵ࡚ぢࡼ࠺ࠋ40

11830 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽ 1898 ᖺࡲ࡛࡟ᘓタࡉࢀࡓᮃ㐲

30 – 396㙾⥲ᩘࡣ 124 ྎ࡟㐩ࡋࠊࡑࡢࢧ࢖ࢬศᕸࡣ⾲

20 – 29

1915 – 19

36 + 1

7 ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦15-19 ࢖ࣥࢳ࡛ +1 ࡜ ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࡇࡢࣜࢫࢺ࡟ Rutherfurd ࡢ  12 – 14ᮃ㐲㙾ࡀḞⴠࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣ

-----------------------------------------------

Rees ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚ᣦ᦬ࡉࢀࡓ㸧ࠋḟ࡟ࠊࣜࢫࢺ࡟ࡣ〇సᖺ௦୙᫂ࡀከ࠸ࡀࠊ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿศ࡟ྜィ

61124-----------------------------------------------

ࡘ࠸࡚኱ᆺᒅᢡᮃ㐲㙾ࡢ〇సᖺ௦࡜ཱྀᚄࡢศ
ᕸࢆᅗ 21 ࡟♧ࡍࠋࡇࡢᅗ࠿ࡽ኱ᆺᒅᢡ㙾ࡢ

ࡿࠋ20 ୡ⣖࡟ධࡿ࡜཯ᑕᮃ㐲㙾ࡢ᫬௦࡜࡞ ࡿ〇సࡀ 1880 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽᛴ㏿࡟ቑ኱ࡍࡿᵝᏊࡀࡢ ࡛ࠊᜍࡽࡃ 1880-90 ᖺ௦ࡀ኱ᆺᒅᢡ㙾ᘓタ࠺࠿ࡀࢃࢀࡿࠋ࡜ࡃ࡟ࠊ20 ࢖ࣥࢳࢆ㉺ࡍ኱ᆺࡢ඲┒ᮇࡔࡗࡓ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋᒅᢡ㙾ࡣ 1880 ᖺ௦࡟࡞ࡗ࡚ึࡵ࡚ᘓタࡉࢀ
⾲71898 ᖺࡲ࡛࡟ᘓタࡉࢀࡓᒅᢡᮃ㐲㙾ࢧ ࢖ࢬศᕸ (The Obs. 21, 239, 1898)

ᅗ ᒅᢡᮃ㐲㙾ࡢ〇సᖺ௦࡜ཱྀᚄ ࢖ࣥࢳ  〇సᖺ௦ࡣᶓ㍈ࡢᖺ࠿ࡽጞࡲࡿ  ᖺ㛫ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡿࠋཱྀᚄࡣ ̽̽ ࢖ࣥࢳࡢ  ✀࡟ศࡅ࡚♧ࡋࠊྜࢃࡏ࡚⣼✚ྎᩘࢆ♧ࡍࠋኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧̿̿             ‫ ڦ‬㐃㍕  ᜏᫍኳᩥᏛࡢ※ὶ࠙ࠚ ‫ڦ‬

㸦7KH2EV ࡼࡾసᡂ㸧ᩥ ⊩[64] (෌ᥖ) Secchi, A. 1852, AN, 33, 139-141,Schreiben des Hern Secchi der Sternwarte

Schreiben des Herrn Dr. Gould an den

Collegio Romano an den Herausgeber.
࡟㛵ࡍࡿྎ㛗ሗ࿌)(ึᮇࡢ᪥㣗෗┿ほ[104] Gould, B. A. 1 867, AN, 68, 183 – 186,Heausgeber.
[105] Gould, B. A. 1878, The Obs., 2, 13 –[96] Rees, John K. 1906, Contributions
from the Obs. of Columbia Univ., No. 1.

19, Celestial Photography. 㸦Rutherfurd

The Rutherfurd Photographic Measures,ᮃ㐲㙾ࢆ୺య࡜ࡋࡓࣞࣅ࣮ࣗㄽᩥ㸧

No.1. Lewis Morris Rutherfurd, pp.1 – 15.

[106] Rees, J. K. 1892, The Obs., 15, 49 – 51㸦ఏグ㸧Preliminary notice of the Rutherfurd’s

http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1

star-plates.

906CoRut...1.....5R[107] Gould, B. A. 1879, Resultados del[97] Gould, B. A. 1895, Memoir of Lewis

Obervatorio

Nacional

ArgentinoenMorris Rutherfurd, 1816 – 1892, Repo rtCordoba, Uranometria Argentina, pp.

for National Academy, pp. 415 – 441.

385.

㸦ఏグ㸧

(ࢫ࣌࢖ࣥㄒ)[108] Rees, J. K. 1897, Bull. Yerkes Obs. of[98] Rutherfurd, L. M., 1863, Amer. J. Sci.
& Arts, 35, 71, Astronomical observations
with the spectroscope. 㸦➨ 1 ㄽᩥ㸧the Univ. Chicago, 5, 431 –435.
[109] Draper, H. 1873, Philosophical Mag.
46,[99] Taylor, F. W. et al. 2004, in Jupiter:418,On

diffraction

photography.

The planet, satellites and magnetosphere,Bagenal, F. et al. (eds.), Cambridge Univ.
Press, p. 59 – 78, The composition of theatmosphere of Jupiter.㸦ᮌᫍศග㸧[100] Rutherfured, L. M. 1863, Amer. J. of
Sci.

andArts,

Astronomical

35,

March,observations

spectroscope. II.

with407,the㸦➨ 2 ㄽᩥ㸧[101] Rutherfured, L. M. 1863, Amer. J. of
Sci. and Arts, 36, June, 154, Observations
on stellar spectra. 㸦➨ 3 ㄽᩥ㸧[102] Rutherfured, L. M. 1864, Amer. J. of
Sci.

andArts,39,129(6-prism

spectroscope).

ᑠᬽᬛ୍㸦ඖி㒔኱Ꮫ㸧 

[103] Rutherfured, L. M. 1865, Amer. J. ofSci. and Arts, 39, 308.

tkogure@pa2.so-net.ne.jp(ኳయ ෗┿൤ࠊࣉࣞ࢔ࢹࢫࠊࣉࣞࢭ࣌ᫍᅋ᧜ീ)ኳᩥᩍ⫱  ᖺ  ᭶ྕ㸦9RO1R㸧

spectrum