8th International Forum
Lecturer & Coordinator Profile
on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration“Urban River Restoration at the confluence of Disaster Mitigation and Environment Preservation”

Lecture Record

Ochiai River (Tokyo)

Date:

11 November 2011 (Friday)

13:00 – 16:15

Venue:The University of Tokyo, Yayoi Auditorium

Organizer: Asian River Restoration Network / Japan River Restoration Network
Supporters:
Japan River Association, Ecology and Civil Engineering Society (ECES), Foundation of Riverand Watershed Environment Management, Japan Water Forum, Foundation for Riverfront
Improvement and Restoration, CTI Engineering Co, LTD, China River Restoration Network(CRRN), China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Korea
River Restoration Network (KRRN), Korea River Association (KRA), Korea Institute ofConstruction Technology(KICT), European Centre for River Restoration(ECRR), River
Restoration Centre (RRC)

1

ARRN Forum 2011 is supported in part by the River Fund in charge of “the Foundation of River and Watershed Environment Management (FOREM), Japan”

2Contents
Objective ............................................................................................................ 4
Lecturer & Coordinator Profile ............................................................................ 5
Opening address ................................................................................................. 8
Dr. koutarou Takemura
Introduction of “ARRN RR guideline ver.2” .......................................................................................10
Mr. Katsuhiro Goto
Lecture 1 ...............................................................................................................................................13
The response to the 2011 Brisbane River Floods & a national picture of river
and wetland assessment, management and restoration in Australia
Mr. Alastair Mcharg
Lecture 2 ...............................................................................................................................................24
Current river restoration in Taiwan on some urban cases
Prof. Shaohua Marko Hsu
Lecture 3 ...............................................................................................................................................36
Development of technology for waterfront creation and case study of continuous block system

Prof. Suk Hwan Jang
Lecture 4 ...............................................................................................................................................45
Feng River Restoration - from Land to Water
Prof. Aizhong Ding
Lecture 5 ...............................................................................................................................................54
River basin flood control and restoration as innovations from Hii River
Prof. Yukihiro Shimatani
Discussion by all lecturers ..................................................................................................................65
Chair: Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai
Closing address ...................................................................................................................................74
Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai

38th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

Objective

The annual international forum is held under the auspices of the Asian River Restoration
Network (ARRN). It was held in Korea in September 2009 and September 2010, and in
China in November 2008. It has been four years since it was last held in Japan.
Rivers are closely linked to people’s daily life. They can bring comfort and peace to many
people. Now is the time to promote information exchange and make proposals on rivers
among not only those involved with rivers, including administrative authorities, NPOs,
researchers and engineers, but also the general public. It is also increasingly important tohave river-related interactions with other countries.
The Great East Japan Earth Quake occurred this year. In addition to earthquake damage,
Japan has suffered a significant impact from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
accident, etc. Taking this as an opportunity, many Japanese people are starting to worry
about what will happen if their involvement in nature and life cycles go on the way they are
now. Particularly in disaster response measures and energy policies, a dramatictransformation is demanded. Given these circumstances, the forum should focus on“coexistence with nature”, “ties between people and communities” and “safety andsecurity” by reaffirming the significance and necessity of river restoration.
It is 6 years since ARRN was founded in 2006 with the support of all those concerned. ARRN
is promoting information exchange and collaborative activities for river restoration mainlyin Asian countries, including China and Korea. JRRN (Japan River Restoration Network),founded together with ARRN, aims to contribute to the development of technologies andsystems for river restoration suitable for each region as an organization that helps to share
information about river basin restoration in Japan, thus expanding the range of themember community.
We would like you to use this opportunity to consider the significance of river restoration as
well as the necessity of international interactions in this field. Your understanding andcooperation as regards the activities of JRRN and ARRN would be deeply appreciated.

4

Lecturer & Coordinator Profile

Lecturer & Coordinator Profile
Lecturer 1

Alastair McHarg
National Water Commission, AUSTRALIA
Alastair McHarg is the Senior Manager of Water Planning,
Water for the Environment and the RNWS Program of the
Sustainable Water Management Group at the National Water
Commission in Canberra, Australia. Alastair’s expertise is inwater planning, waterway health, river restoration and urban
water management.
At the National Water Commission Alastair manages a numberof programs that support Australia’s National Water Initiative(NWI). The NWI is Australia’s blueprint for National Water
Reform; it represents a shared commitment by governments
to increase the efficiency of Australia's water use, leading togreater certainty for investment and productivity, for rural andurban communities, and for the environment.
In previous roles Alastair has worked for the Brisbane City Council (Integrated Water Cycle
Planning), the Fisheries Research Service in Scotland and the NSW Department of Landand Water Conservation.

Lecturer 2

Shaohua Marko Hsu
Professor, Department of Water-Resources Engineering and Conservation,
Feng Chia University, TAIWAN

Prof. Shaohua Marko Hsu received his MS and Ph.D at Civil &Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, U.S.A. He serves
as professor at the Department of Water-Resources Engineeringand Conservation, Feng Chia University, Taichung City, TAIWAN.
-

Research Fields: River Sedimentation and Modeling, River
Restoration, Reservoir Sedimentation and Turbidity Currents,
Groundwater Flow and Pollutant Transport, Groundwater
Modeling and Water Resources evaluation

5

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

Lecturer 3
Sukhwan Jang
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Daejin University, Korea

Prof. Sukhwan Jang received his BS, MS and Ph.D at University ofSeoul. He serves as professor at the Department of Civil
Engineering, Daejin University, Pocheon Kyunggi Do, KOREA. He iscurrently a secretary general of Korea River Restoration Network(KRRN).
-

Research Fields:-

Flood Analysis, Urban Hydrology, River Restoration-

Professional Experience:

2005~2006 Visiting Researcher in Colorado State University
2006~2009 Affiliate Professor in Colorado State University
2008~2010 Chair of Design Standard Division of KWRA (Korea
Water Resources Association)
2008~2010 Vice Chair of International Cooperation Division of
KDPA(Korea Disaster Prevention Association)
2008~2011 A Member of Advisory Committee of 4 River
Restoration Project
2011~2012 President of Korea-Mongolia Resources Forum

Lecturer 4
Aizhong Ding
Professor, College of water sciences, Beijing Normal University, China

Prof Aizhong Ding is working in the college of water sciences at
Beijing Normal University. His main research interests are
groundwater contamination and bioremediation, river restoration.
His research projects include scientific investigation of watercontamination processes in the scale of micro- to field, and policy
design on integrated water and environment management.
Prof Ding is a member of the National Committee of Environmental
Emergency Management, director of China Center of River
Restoration at BNU, and director of China-UK Catchment Science
Center. He obtained his Master in Changchun College of Geology,
MPhiL on environmental engineering in Sheffiedl University UK and
PhD on environmental geology at Chinese Academy of
Geosciences. He has worked in Chinese Academy of Science, UK
and Belgium, and published more than 100 papers and 20 patents.

6

Lecturer & Coordinator Profile

Lecturer 5

Yukihiro Shimatani
Professor, Kyushu University, Japan

Prof. Shimatani was born in Yamaguchi Prefecture and he served
as director of the Public Works Research Institute, Ministry ofConstruction, and the Takeo Office for Rivers, Kyushu Regional
Development Bureau. Now he serves as professor at Kyushu
University.
Prof. Shimatani majored in river engineering and riverenvironment, and recently he is focusing on various subjects,
including citizen participatory river development, nature-oriented
river management, release of Japanese crested ibis into the wild,
nature restoration, landscape design for rivers, flood control of thewhole basin, and improvement of engineers’ skills. He has acheerful, positive and easygoing nature, and likes to do researchon rivers, and enjoys gourmet cuisine.
Books written: ”Appeal of Waterfront Space and its Creation” (joint editor), “River
Landscape Design”, “Preservation and Restoration of Natural Environment in Rivers”, “To
Create Bountiful Rivers: Gakken Tanoshiku-Manabu-Gakko Series Vol. 10”, “Water Quality
Improvement in Rivers and Lakes by Eco-technology”, “Frontline Report on Citizens’
Activities for Good River Development” (joint editor).

CoordinatorNobuyuki Tamai
Professor, Kanazawa Gakuin University, Japan

ARRN Chairperson
Prof. Tamai was born in Aichi Prefecture. He graduated from the
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universityof Tokyo. He assumed his post as professor at the University ofTokyo in 1983, and left the University of Tokyo in March 2002 onreaching his 60th birthday. He assumed his post as professor at
Kanazawa University in April 2002, and left Kanazawa University
due to mandatory retirement in March 2007. He assumed his post
as specially-appointed professor at Kanazawa Gakuin University
Graduate School in April 2007.
Books written: “River Ecology Environmental Engineering” (joint
editor), “River Ecology Environmental Assessment Method” (joint
editor), “River Planning Theory” (editor), etc.

78th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

Opening address
President, Foundation for Riverfront Improvement and Restoration
Dr. Koutarou Takemura

Welcome to the 8th International Forum onWith this, I would like to conclude my

Waterfront and Watershed Restoration. I

opening remarks.

would like to send my sincere appreciation
Professor Tamai and all the relevant parties
who worked very hard to prepare thisInternational Forum and I would like toappreciate their hard effort. This makes the
8thInternational

Forum.

Asian

River

Restoration Network has been continuing
this International Forum, which I believe isof utmost importance. There is a saying inJapan, which means that continuation is theforce, so continuing something for many
years’ matters.
In Asian countries as well as internationalcountries, it’s very important to consider theriver restoration. This plays crucial role inurban planning. Today, we have leadersfrom around the world. I am sure thoseleaders

andopportunity

experts
towillexchange

take

this

information,

opinions, and utilize this opportunity for
networking.
In order to make that happen, Riverfront
Improvement and Restoration would like tomakeutmosteffort.

Today,

timeisunfortunately limited, but I hope all of you
would

enjoy

today’s

symposium.

From

Australia, China, Taiwan, and Korea, wehave privilege to have distinguished guest
speakers. I hope all of those distinguishedexperts will enjoy their stay here in Japan.

8

Opening address

Moderator

but also the city-community level relevant
engineerscanexchange

information

Thank you very much. Before we move on tothrough ARRN operated website. If you look

the presentation, we would like to briefly

at dot number two, it talks about thetouch upon ARRN and JRRN activities.

guideline. We would also like to collect the

As you can see from this abstract, we havecase studies and update these guidelines.

time until 4:15, so we have only 3 hours or
so and we have five presentations planned.

If you look at JRRN as you may know, it

The time management is going to be very

stands for Japan River Restoration Network.

difficult I believe. I would like to ask all theThis is the organization within Japan. JRRN

speakers to follow the given time and I am

is a forum where the relevant parties can get

sure audience will have a lot of questions but

together to exchange information on theplease refrain from asking questions at theriver improvement and restoration. The

end of each presentation. I would like tomembership is free of charge. I am suretake questions from the floor at the very end

there are quite significant numbers of theof this forum.

member within this JRRN, but we would like
to

even

improvethenumberofthe

If you look at this booklet, actually on themembership. For Korea for China, KRRN,

very last page of this booklet, page 16, it has

CRRN, these organizations do exist in thosea brief explanation of ARRN and JRRN. ARRN

two countries.

stands for Asian River Restoration Network.
Six years ago actually in Mexico, there wasthActual activities are written down at theWorld Water Forum and that was abottom half of the page. Let me explain

trigger to found this ARRN. Within the Asian

about the establishment of guideline, so inregion, this organization is contemplating on

what

the river planning. So, under the leadershipguideline. From the Secretariat, Mr. Goto willofgive a brief speech on this.

4

ARRN

the

membercountries

areprocess

weareproducingthisexchanging information on river restoration.
If you look at this description, there are twopoints. Number one, ARRN operates website
and

use

this

websitetoexchange

information, not only the government level,98th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

Introduction of “ARRN River Restoration guideline ver.2”
Researcher, Foundation for Riverfront Improvement and Restoration
Mr. Katsuhiro Goto

I would like to explain about the ARRN RR

basic thinking in river restoration in Asian

guideline ver.2. My name is Goto from JRRN

region. With this guideline, we would also

Secretariat. Originally, complete version 2

provide the actual cases. The readers will

was supposed to be distributed to all of you

increase or enhance their interest in theat this international forum; however weriver restoration activities.

weren’t able to make that happen by time.
But actually, almost all the contents are

For those who are interested in river

ready, so by the end of this month or atenvironment are said to be the expectedlatest within this year, we would like toreaders.

complete the version 2 guideline and post

introductory pamphlet or guideline for thethis on the webpage. Let me explain about

river

the guideline. Actually I didn’t prepare a

guideline is supposed to be reader-friendly.

ARRN

is

environmental

tryingtoestablish

restoration.

This

PowerPoint, so I would like to use thisSo 2008 February, version 1 of the guideline

handout.

was made, Japanese version and English
If you turn to page 2, this talks about theversion and it is disclosed on the website.

background.

are

After that 2010, last year actually, eachparticipating in this international forum, so

country’s characteristics of the rivers and so

those people may not be aware of thison are compiled and become the version 1

guideline.

theand it’s now disclosed. That is only in English

background. Dr. Sago has just explained

available. December 2011, we are going toththat ARRN was established having the 4complete the guideline version 2 and plan toWorld Water Forum in 2006 in Mexico. In thedisclose soon.

Let

Non-JRRN

memembers

explainabout

recommendation statement it mentions theestablishment of the guideline for river

What kind of content will be upgraded isenvironmental creation.

written on the next page; on the table under
that, the differences or comparison of the

ARRN plays importance on the creation oftable of contents of the version 1 andguideline. ARRN expert committee wasversion 2. There are three main contents inestablished. With that, we are compiling thethe version one. The left-hand side item

version 2 guideline. The purpose of thisshows the important viewpoint to know theguideline as you can see is to provide thecharacteristics of the river and so on and

10Introduction of “ARRN RR guideline ver.2”

what kind of measures you can take to

Kushiro River. Those case studies’ examples

restore the rivers. Those are the three major

are shown.

contents.
Appendix 1 is shown. The measure is to help
We continue to have the same three major

the restoration of the river environment.

contents. The background and the history ofAppendix 2 is the technical guideline listed

the

up.

river

environment

improvement

Appendix

3

is

the

table

of

the

together with the specific examples and list

information, list of the information sourcesof the information sources and information

you can refer to when you promote the riverfrom the Japan, Korea, and China will be

restoration. The website URLs are shown

updated and have the same amount fromthere, which limited to the English ones soeach three countries.

that only English websites are introduced
there. The point here of the update is that

The red letters are the new ones; newly

China and Korea’s fresh information can be

added items are shown in red color. Can you

incorporated. That’s the big characteristics

go on to the next page?

of this time update.

That shows theoutline of the version 2. Chapter one,
introduction says the significance of the

The version 1, there is a strong tendency toriver restoration. This guideline’s position is

introduce only things in Japan, but version 2

shown there. Chapter two, what are thewe asked to the Korean counterpart “KRRN”

important prospects to know the river’s

and Chinese counterpart “CRRN” to write

situation. It shows the basic notion which is

the topics as well, so I think it’s very

important to know the river. Also, we added

valuable content – becomes very valuable

the trend of the river administration, how tocontent.

improve

the

water

quality

and

water

compatibility and water related activities are

Lastly, in the future this guideline will

added.

become the introductory version. We aregoing to promote more detailed version that

Chapter four, in order to restore the good

we are going to update once again in thequality riverfront, it shows the case studies

future. Also, the result of the discussionof the content which is shown in chapter

includes not only the good example but also

three. Chapter five is a newly added chapter

the problematic examples. Those are thein Japan, Korea, and China and goodcomments or the feedback we’ve got. We

examples are shown.

also want to gather such kind of comments,
so that we can continue to improve ourGood example means that there are famous

guidelines in the future.

examples which are often appeared on thewebsite, Sumida River, Izumi River andWe also want to ask your opinions actively.

11

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

So, in this kind of opportunity like this forum

Moderator

or other emails, you can give us any

Next, we are going to go on to the lecture,comments or opinions to us. Thank you very

lecture number one. As I said we aremuch.

pressed for time. In 3 hours we have fivelectures, so we strictly limit to 25 minutes
for one lecture. I would like to introduce thebackground of the lecturer but because of
the time those background are written in the
abstract, so please read them. So now, I
would like to introduce the first lecturer. The
response to the 2011 Brisbane River floods
and national picture of river and wetland
assessment, management and restorationin Australia.
Mr.

Alastair

McHarg,National

Water

Commission, Australia. He used to work in
Brisbane, so he is also introducing theexampleofBrisbane’s

flood

Australia’s water management.

12

and

also

Lecture1
The response to the 2011 Brisbane River Floods & a national picture of river and wetland assessment,
management and restoration in Australia

Lecture 1
The response to the 2011 Brisbane River Floods & a national picture ofriver and wetland assessment, management and restoration inAustralia
National Water Commission, Australia
Mr. Alastair Mcharg
In recent years Australia has experienced

initiative of the Australian Government

unprecedented water scarcity across muchadministeredof the continent, exacerbating pressures on

Commission. The core objective of the

our

and

RNWS Program is to provide information andirrigation communities, and urban cities andtools to support better management of

towns. Water scarcity has led to a new wave

Australia’s water resources and to accelerateof water investments and a range of policy,

the process of water reform by securing

institutional

practical

environmental

andassets,rural

regulatory

reformscharacterised by a significantly expanded

by

the

outcomes

National

consistent

Water

with

the

implementation of the NWI.

Australian Government role in water policy
This paper will present a national picture ofand management.

river

restoration

The National Water Initiative (NWI) is

policyinitiatives,

Australia's

developedbytheNational

Water

Through it, governments across Australia

Commission

to

drive

and

river

have agreed on actions to achieve a more

restoration

andprotect

cohesive national approach to the way

freshwater aquatic ecosystems.

blueprint

for

water

reform.

inAustralia,
products

including

and

and

aid

tools

improve

Australia manages, measures, plans for,prices,andrepresents

tradesawater.

sharedThe

commitment

NWI
bygovernments to increase the efficiency ofAustralia's water use, leading to greatercertainty for investment and productivity,
for rural and urban communities, and for theenvironment.
freshwater

Protecting

aquatic

andsystems

improving
is

a

key

component of the NWI.
The

RaisingNational

Water

Standards(RNWS) Program is a $250 m (AUS)

13

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

I work for the National Water Commission.

To start with, I’ll give you a bit about myself.

In my previous role as of March last year, I

I grew up in a small town in the northeast ofworked for the Brisbane City Council. I am

Victoria

here today to present on the response of the

Yackandandah is about there, right on the2011 Brisbane river floods and a nationalvery

pictureYackandandah

of

river

and

wetlandhealthcalledYackandandah.

northeast

corner

is

an

of

Now,
Victoria.

indigenous

nameassessment restoration. I am sure you canmeaning water flowing between rocks. I

appreciate, it’s a rather ambitious title tospent my childhood swimming and fishing inachieve in just 25 minutes and I’ve been told

the Yackandandah Creek. That’s a picture of

to keep my speaking pretty slow.

the Yackandandah Creek there and I think

So, we’ll try and get as much information inthat’s where I get my love of aquaticas we can. If time doesn’t permit, I am

science.

happy to talk further about any of the topics

That’s a picture of the Yack Creek undercovered in today’s presentation further withreasonable flow. It’s usually quite a small

you, just come up and see me after the

stream but the fishing is good and it’s quite apresentation.

beautiful creek.

Here is the overview of my presentation.

Due to the reasonably high rainfall in thatWe’ll just skip through it and we’ll see how

part

far we can get.

year-around flow. However, not all parts ofofAustralia,

there

is

generally

Australia are so lucky. This chart shows the
distributionofsurfacerunoffacrossAustralia. You’ll see a large majority of the14

Lecture1
The response to the 2011 Brisbane River Floods & a national picture of river and wetland assessment,
management and restoration in Australia

runoff occurs in the northern parts ofmany droughts. The droughts have had

Australia. You’ll also note that there is large

significant

impacton

dry arid areas in Australia that basicallytransport,

water

supplydon’t produce much runoff at all.

livelihoods. The millennium drought 2002 to

An important part of this diagram is that the2009

Murray-Darling Basin catchment, which is

between 2002 and 2009 and the following

thechart shows the rainfall across Australia oversmall

catchment

here

is

one

of

Australia’s most developed water resource

was

the

most

the

agriculture,andrecentpeople’soccurring

this period.

catchments and that runoff is only 6.1%.
Across Australia the distribution of rainfall isquite sparse. On top of that, Australia is thedriest continent on earth. It has the highest
rainfall variability. On top of that, we’ve now
got to deal with climate change, which will
put further pressure on already stressedwater resources. Just to exacerbate thealready tough conditions, Australia often

As you can see, most of the southeast

faces severe drought.

corner of Australia experience extremely dry
conditions. That’s the southeast corner
there. Note, the northern parts of Australia
experienced above-average rainfall. Again,
the majority of the food bowl of Australia,
theMurray-darlingbasinexperienced

extremely dry conditions.
Following a decade long drought that almost
crippled the country with dam water levels
have

low and agriculture struggling across theoccurred in Australia over the past 120 years.

country, many parts of Australia were then

Australia’s dry-wet weather patterns are

hit by extreme flood events. It seems funnyconnected

that

This

table

shows

with

a

droughts

climatethat

phenomenoninAustralia

these

large

drought

known as the Southern Oscillation Index, aconditions seemed to be always followed bymajor pressure shift between Asia andsevere floods.

Pacific regions. When it’s El Niño, a negative
pressure difference between Tahiti andDarwin, we get drought. When La Niña,
which is a positive pressure difference, we
get floods.
As you can see, Australia has experienced

15

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

I was living in Brisbane, in Queensland inThis chart shows the level of the Wivenhoe

early 2011 when the floods hit. Well actually

Dam in the years prior to the 2011 floods.

I was on holidays in Mexico, which was a

You’llgood place to be, but technically I was living

volumes of water in the storage pre thein Brisbane. This is the reason I’ve been

millennium drought.

asked to talk a bit about the floods in

Then we’ve got the impact of the millennium

Brisbane today. First I’ll give a few facts

drought which saw significant water level

about the Brisbane floods and the Brisbane

reductions through to 2007. Then following

River.

the rainfall events in early 2011, which was

The Brisbane River is a major river in thehere,

southeast of Queensland, which is in theapproach critical water levels and actuallynorth of Australia. It has a catchment area of

reaches 190% of supply capacity.

13,570squarekilometers.

major

To restore the structural integrity of thestorageof

BrisbaneistheWivenhoe Dam, water was continuously

Wivenhoe Dam which operates as bothreleased from the dam so that maximum

water supply and flood storage. Wivenhoe

flood’s storage was not exceeded. This

Dam was built in response to a major flood

resulted in large volumes of water heading

event in 1974. It was a one – in – a –downstream towards Brisbane. Flooding

hundred -year event and it almost destroyedbegan to hit the low lying areas of Brisbane

the city. During the millennium drought, thein the morning of 11th of January and theWivenhoe Dam storage was used for water

river broke its banks at 2:46 p.m. The flood

supply rather than flood mitigation.

peaked in the morning of the 13th of January.

Wivenhoe has a water supply storage ofThis

1150 million cubic meters, an additional

occurrence of a king tide, so there you’ll see

1450 million cubic meters of flood storage.

the peak of the tide at 4.46 meters of theInfloods.

2011,

the

Brisbane

River

The
River

floodswere

instigated by rainfall of up to 150 millimetersin 3 hours across the catchments of the
Brisbane River.

16

notice

you

the

see

floodingthewasconsistently

storageregularbeginsexacerbated

by

to

the

Lecture1
The response to the 2011 Brisbane River Floods & a national picture of river and wetland assessment,
management and restoration in Australia

the floods. This is the river in flood just near
Woolloongabba,

which

is

Brisbane.

will

noticeYouasuburb
the

of

large

residential areas that have been inundated,some 22,000 homes were flooded during theevent.

I have some pictures of the event, given thebuffering capacity of the Wivenhoe Dam andthe length of the river between the storageand Brisbane City, local disaster actiongroups had some time to prepare. It took
about 32 hours for the river floods to reach
Brisbane, so the flood response teams had aThis is some flood modeling. Now this is

bit of time to prepare for the floods as theymodel data showing the extent or thewere coming, they had a little bit of warning.

expected extent of the floods, so you see
obviously, the river comes through here andthen the flooded low lying areas in Brisbane.

These are picture of the local disaster staff
here and here, and these are all my
ex-colleagues from Brisbane City Council

This is the Brisbane Sewage Treatment Plant

where I used to work.

in the dry and then in the flood. They say it
was almost completely inundated. The flood
was about one–in–a–hundred- year flood.

I will now show you a few more pictures of17

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

Some of the infrastructure was damaged.

Some facts from the flood, 8300 storm

This is roads and walkways along thewater gully inlets and 450 kilometers of

Brisbane River that were flooded on South

storm water pipes had to be desilted. Road

Bank. A lot of the walkways and planktons

pavements had to be repaired. Thousands ofalong the river were all washed away out totons of rubbish were sent to landfill.

sea.

Structures, parks, ferry terminals had to be
repaired. The cost to council was about
Australian $440 million, so it’s about what
American dollars are at the moment. Plus all
the private assets, houses, buildings, cars,
and businesses. The total cost of the floods
estimated was $3 billion.

That’s McDonalds. That’s in Paddington, justnear where I used to live in Brisbane and it’swell and truly under water, roads comealong here, so you can’t see there. That’s
some

more

pontoons

that

have

been

washed down the stream after the flood, sothat’s post-flood, there is quite considerable

As you see, in Australia we live in a pretty

damage.

uniqueenvironment

where

we

swing

between droughts and floods. From extreme
events, managing water to provide for
consumptive environmental and culturalvalues is often difficult.

18

Lecture1
The response to the 2011 Brisbane River Floods & a national picture of river and wetland assessment,
management and restoration in Australia

In 2004, the Australian government stepped

The

in

Program’ is a program of works that isanddevelopedthe

National

Water‘Raising

NationaltheStandards

Initiative. The National Water Initiative isadministered

Australia’s blueprint for water reform. It’s

Commission, which is my agency, to direct

basically an intergovernmental agreement

improvements

between Australian, State and Territory

measures, plans, and process and trades forgovernments to improve management ofwater

the nation’s water resources and provide

achieving the National Water Initiative.

greater certainty for future investment.

Within the Raising National Water Standards

Australia is made up of six states and two

Programterritories, which is what the National Water

accounting, water markets, irrigation, water

Initiative covers. Its objective is to achieve adependent

national compatible market, regulatory andmanagement, groundwater, northern rivers,planning based system of management of

national assessment of water resources,

surface and groundwater resources for ruralknowledge

and urban use that optimizes economic,

northern futures. Now the projects that I

social, and environmental outcomes.

manage at the National Water Commission

The organization that I work for, thefall within the water dependent ecosystems

National Water Commission, has a directive

theme.

and

by

Water

of

water

ultimately

there

are

National

ecosystems,

andmanagement,

progress

11

capacity

Water

towards

themes:urbanbuilding,

water
water

and

to drive the implementation of the National
Water Initiative, assess its progress andprovide advice to the Federal Minister and to
the Council of Australian Governments.
The National Water Commission is located in
Canberra and has only 54 staff. The role ofthe commission is to provide advice onnational water issues and improve and assist
with the effective implementation of the

The RNWS program has over 171 projects.

National Water Initiative agreement.

Now, I wanted to present on three of theseprojects today, but I think unfortunately

19

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

we’re not going to have much time, soof systems across rivers, regions, states,

come back to me when I can talk to you

and potentially even countries, which makes

about them later. The ones we won’t coverit an extremely useful management tool.

today is watering floodplain wetlands in the
Murray-Darling Basin for native fish. It’s
project that looks at the response of nativefish to different flow regimes in wetlands
looking at recovery and response and also tosome exotic fish. The Source Hydrologic
Modeling,

that’sahydrology

modeling

program the commission has jointly funded
to develop a consistent modeling framework

How do we know what condition our rivers

across Australia. The Framework for theand wetlands are in?

Assessment of River and Wetland Health,

to make effective management decisions?

which I’m going to talk to you today.

How do we know how effective thosedecisions have been?

How do we know how

How do we prioritize

restoration and management?
supposedly

simple.

We

Well it’smonitorthem.

Information collected from the monitoring of
the system provides a data we need for theireffective management. As my boss says, if
you can’t measure it, then you can’t manage
it. The information we gather gives us theWhy did I come all the way to Japan toinformation of how well we are managing

present on the FARWH framework? Well, we

our water resources and whether we’ve

all understand that monitoring should form

been successful in the goals we set.

the fundamental part of both river research
and management, it is used to assess health,informed management decisions, prioritize
investment, measure success and failure ofintervention measures. Without monitoring,
there

is

no

measurefor

successofrestoration projects. I’ll explain in moredetail in subsequent slides, but basically the
FARWH is a monitoring framework that canIn

be applied at a range of scales both spatial

programs that monitor all different aspects

and temporal. It uses largely existing dataof river and wetland health, some of which

and most importantly it allows a comparison

have data that spans decades. There is a20

Australia,

there

have

been

many

Lecture1
The response to the 2011 Brisbane River Floods & a national picture of river and wetland assessment,
management and restoration in Australia

sustainable river audit in Victoria, index of
stream condition, which is also in Victoria.
Southeast Queensland Healthy Waterways
Monitoring Program, which is called the
EHMP. There is the SEAP also in Queensland
andinTasmania,

we

have

CFEV,

Conservation of Fresh water Ecosystem
Values.
Now, these are all programs that monitor

Here is how it works. I’ll explain it very

different things required for different statesbriefly and if you want more detail, we canand organizations for the data that theytalk more to it later. Basically, the FARWH

need. It satisfies their needs; however,uses six indices, each were chosen to

there is no comparison between programs

represent components that make up theor between states. Each program satisfies

ecological integrity of aquatic ecosystems.

its own objectives, but not the objective of a

Very briefly, we have catchment disturbance,

national framework.

which covers influences like land use,

To address this problem, the FARWH wasinfrastructure, and the effective large-scale

developed and provides a framework for the

impacts.

consistency of reporting, so that rivers andWe have physical form, which covers things

wetlandlikehealthassessments

andsubstrate

structureconnectedness,management is consistent across Australia.

groundwater

Further,developed

snagging. We have hydraulic disturbancespecifically to address requirements of thewhich covers matters such as the current

FARWH which further improves its coverage.

water

Most importantly, the FARWH framework

groundwater and dams and water levels. We

uses existing data. In most cases, it does

have the fringing zone, which measures

not require the collection of new data. This is

structural and condition features with thefurther benefits when data from multiple

surroundingorganizations or states can be used to form

vegetation and other influences surrounding

the analysis of one system catchment or a

the river and wetland.

region. The savings achieved in resources

We have water quality and soils, which

can be quite large as monitoring is often

includesvery expensive.

nutrients, concentrations or loads, salinity,

programs

canbeobstruction,

regime,surface

zone

water

and

gradient,flow,

including

soil

and

and

riparianquality,total

and toxicity levels.
And aquatic biota, which is probably themost familiar to everyone as it covers, biota
such as fish, water plants, and algae. So,each of these indices have set up to inform21

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

the management framework.

implemented.

Basically how it works?

Within each indices

To further the FARWH framework, the– these are the six indices we just talked to,

National Water Commission sponsored thethere are sub-indices for each one, so sayrole out of four study trial areas. You can see

for aquatic biota, indices might be fish,them Queensland in the Northern Territory,observeor

species’

New South Wales and Victoria and Western

richness.

The

scoredAustralia and Tasmania was one of the initialmacroinvertebrate
sub-indicesaretogether on a standardized score of 0 to 1

ones.

and then that score of 0 to 1 is thenaggregated to an aquatic biota score, total
aquatic biota score.
Each of the indices then are then summed
up together to give an overall score for thesystem between 0 and 1 where 1 is goodand 0 is the lowest score.
Different

sub-indices

can

be

different

catchments,

different

used

in

regions,The

development

of

the

FARWH

and

different reaches of river. It’s the beauty ofsubsequent trials has demonstrated that thethe system that based on local expert

FARWH provides a consistent reportingknowledge you develop the sub-indices thatframework within and across jurisdictions.

are going to feed into the ultimate indices,

The framework allows more comparable

which will then provide the overall score,

reporting of river and wetland health acrosswhich then gives us – I can compare a

all parts of Australia and the FARWH trials

wetland that I’ve monitored in New Southdemonstrate that an effective approach toWales with a wetland that I’ve monitored inriver and wetland assessment is possible.

Victoria, so then you can then make more

Again the beauty of the FARWH is its ability

informed management decisions. You canto be used at different scales, regions, local

prioritize project work, project money, andareas or even different countries.

then also track progress at a time after
management22

measures

have

been

Lecture1
The response to the 2011 Brisbane River Floods & a national picture of river and wetland assessment,
management and restoration in Australia

experiences both in Australia and abroad.
Thank you.

Okay, so I am getting the windup, so inconclusion through projects run by the
RNWS

Program

and

other

works,the

National Water Commission continues toadvance Australia’s progress towards theModerator

National Water Initiative. However, there isThank you very much. Within the given

still much work to be done to advance

timeframe, he was able to cover everything

National Water Reform in Australia. For

I think. Thank you.

more information, please visit our website
www.nwc.gov.au or come and have a talkAnd next I would like to ask the speakerwith me and I’m happy to discuss further.

from Taiwan to give us a presentation on
current river restoration in Taiwan on someurban cases. We have Professor Shaohua
Marko Hsu from Feng Chia University,
Taiwan. So Professor Hsu, please.

Thank you to the Asian River Restoration
Network for giving me the opportunity topresent at the Annual Forum and I lookforward over the next 2 days sharing some23

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

Lecture 2
Current river restoration in Taiwan on some urban cases
Feng Chia University, Taiwan
Prof. Shaohua Marko Hsu
river

and better water quality from storm water

restoration in Taiwan is not yet rooted intodrainage system into the Fazih river. Any

people’ssuggestion or advices from the international

ComparedtoJapan,

mind.

concept

Throughofhistory,

many

natural streams in Taichung city weretransformed into concrete channels forbetter protection on bank erosion or bed
degradation.
The only eco-sound river in Taichung city
was Fazih river, where many species of bird
could be found. Due to expansion of urban
area in recent years and construction ofhigh-speed rail way, the eco-system in Fazih
river was deeply deteriorated. Some near
natural constructions were introduced into
Fazih river for river restoration. Expansion of
the river width for flood mitigation waspartially done and currently under way fromthe downstream to upstream. Adoption on
Fazih river by our department was promotedby the author. Research by our group on
monitoring eco-system, water quality, andbase-flow discharge will be presented in this
talk.

Some

background

on

this

river,

including geography, geology, and irrigation
system will be also introduced. Activities
with NGOs or NPOs for waking up ourcommunity with higher sense of eco-riverandaskingforbettergovernmental

involvement are also progressing.
Concept of LID (Low Impact Development)iscurrently

promoted

to

the

city

government for reducing peak discharge

24

communities are mostly welcome.

Lecture 2
Current river restoration in Taiwan on some urban cases

Okay, I want to show you, this is a satellite
Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. My

view of the central part of Taiwan and this isname is Marko. I’m from Taiwan. My

city I live in. You can see from the photo, theJapanese is not good yet, so I would like towhite part is mostly highly populated area

speak in English from now onward.

and that is first topic of my talk.

I want to talk about the current riverrestoration in Taiwan for some urban cases.

Then the second part of my talk will be on
this river on the west part of Taichung city.
This is my outline. I have six parts but

Because of highly populated, so all the rivers,

because time is limited so I will skip the first

the natural rivers become artificial, so I will

one, but I will start from two.

mention about three rivers: one is green

My talk, there are two main parts, one isstream, one is willow stream, and the plumconcrete channels in the most populated

stream. The urban planning in the oldarea and one is Fazih River also in the same

Taichung city started very early in thecity and then it’s my research on Fazih River

Japanese government era. At that time,and some action on restoring the river andJapanese government planned the city to

finally it’s a network we have – I need to go

have 0.2 million population, but now even in

to the last page.

the old Taichung City, we have more than 1
million already, so it’s overpopulated.
The reason for construction of road or landdevelopment, the many natural streams
become straightened and became very
narrowed, or sometime they covered by25

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

parkinglots

andsometimes

they

disappeared and replaced by culvert.
I want to show, you maybe 20 years ago
there is a natural stream was diverted to joinaparallelstream.

Asaresult,thedownstream of the original stream became adried ditch for many kilometers.
And that is a typical photos of them. This isgreen stream. This is plum stream. This is
willow stream. They all look similar, verystraight and all concretized.

I will show you. This is dry creek. Originally,it goes directly to Cho River. For somereasonsoflanddevelopment,

it

was

diverted to the other stream, so they can dosome land development in this area, whichis totally not a respect of nature.

And very steep bank in drought season
because not much water left, so you have acompound channel with deep central part in
the middle.
Although many NGOs want their rivers back,which means river restoration, but there isso much constrain on it because the landalready used for road, so you cannot domuch. Some politicians did something on

Let’s take a look of the rivers in the city. It’s

the waterfront landscaping improvement,very common. You can find they are become

but still far away from the concept of near

very straight and sometimes they covered

nature.

by land and then they turn 90 degrees.

For example, the many natural function was
ignored. For example, infiltration does notexist anymore, water purification by thegravel-bed contact or by vegetation uptake,and the aeration by the natural drop.
That is how those politicians did.

26

Lecture 2
Current river restoration in Taiwan on some urban cases

thought they wanted to open it and becomea nature one, but then they create this kindof monster because we say the gravel-bed isvery good for natural contact of purificationof water, but they do it like this. Why,because they only consider for flood, so I
want to show you some flood events inTaichung.
They tried to create some waterfront feature
for people to get near to the river, but still
the river still not so clean and they have nolife in some other case. Maybe they put
some vegetation on top, but still there isconcrete underneath. This is very different
from Australian, right.
You can see this is not river, this is the river
and went across the bridge. It’s flows
overtopping the bridge and flooded into thecity. Okay, you can see from the road. And
this is the center part of Taichung city.

This is also some very artificial case. Somepeople like it because water is clean. They
made some clean water to flow, but it’s not
original water.

This is the other case. Okay, you can see
here, the water, this is the sideward of thebridge so the water comes overtopping the
sideward and go into the road. The velocity
can reach 5 meters per second and that’s
why they come up with this kind of design.
We can see from the place, the city Mayor
said he will restore the Plum stream, but at
first we saw they started digging and we27

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

That is a photo taken 100 years ago, whichis in the Japanese government era. The riverused to have many water, you can see. Fazihmeans the vessel for transportation because
at that time there was not any bridge. That’s
a name why Fazih river. Because at that time,
the groundwater level is very high, so you
have many recharge from the groundwater,
I will go to Part 3, which is Fazih River. It’s an

so you have very high base flow.

urban stream in Taichung city, but still hassome limited eco-functions.

Now if you look at the river, it becomes muchless water. You can see the high-speed rail
I want to show you on the map. Here theacross it because high-speed rail go fromlength is about 22 kilometers and the widthsouth to north, so they use all the flat pan

about 7 kilometers. This goes north; this isarea in Fazih River. During the construction

south; and this is the city center, highly

time, ecosystem was destroyed.

populated area; and this has less populated.
We have a wide mountain on the west andthere is a high-speed rail station on theleft-hand side.
The bed slope is 1 to 160, which means if
you walk for 160 meters, you have 1 meter
dropped, which is quite steep.
Because of the gradual urbanization, thechannel also becomes more generalized.
This photo took from west looking east. Thisis the center.

28

Lecture 2
Current river restoration in Taiwan on some urban cases

If you come to Taiwan, if you take theThis is a Kingfisher. I like it most, but theyhigh-speed rail from north to south, before

build nest on the soil bank, but when the soil

you stop on the station, the speed will slow

bank replaced by concrete, then they

down and that’s why you can see on the river.

gradually disappear.

This is downstream side of the Fazih River.
It’s still looked pretty good. You can see
many gravel on top of the surface. You caneven find central islands, which has a lot ofbirds.
People are still here watching birds, so theecosystem still exists, although degrading.
Those people are watching birds.

This person is a medical doctor. He took

This is a mandarin duck. This is Moorhen.

those photos in 2006. We have many kinds

When I was in New Zealand, I saw thatof birds. I just want to quickly go througheverywhere has this kind of the birds.

this.

Taiwan still has these kinds of birds once in awhile, some come only in winter.

29

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

I want to talk about some restoration

This is another case on Donghai bridge andgovernment done on this river. Okay, firstthat is reconstruction of levee, so theytime they want to enlarge the width to holdreplacedmore flood water. This is a site on Tarutianmaterial, so it can be a little bit green andbridge. This is 2008. You stand on the bridge

also

and look upstream, you can see the concrete

construction also in another site, because

bank. But on the right hand side, you havethis is inside the river, so you need very

island like a mountain with many vegetation,strongso a lot of birds stay here.

underneath

Here you have a weir which is for irrigation

constructed by very strong material likewater intake.

concrete and gravel materials.

Okay,

this

is

you

go

from

levee

milder

flood

with

slope.

somethingThisdefense
the

green

is

porouslevee

something,
stuff

it

with

so
was

looking

This is a levee construction with the willow

downstream. This is 2011. This is on thetechnique. I think we learned this frombridge, you look upstream. You can see theJapan, but still we have a lot of local sculling

river width enlarged. You have like porousat bridge crossing and the levee base,

media on the bank instead of concrete wall.

because when we built the high-speed rail,

However, the mountain disappears, so a lot

we need to use a lot of land so actually someof birds disappear also when you look on theof the places the river also becomes

downstream.

narrowed.
So, the work done on the river was muchbetter than previously mentioned urban
stream in the first part, but it is not enough30

Lecture 2
Current river restoration in Taiwan on some urban cases

toguarantee

theecosystem

canbepreserved. For government, there are manydifferent government agencies. Each agency
has a different prospect. Some agencies
care only about bridge, some care only
about flooding and some care for only about
irrigation.
Those opinions always contradictory to eachother; for example, the flood control work

For example, there is some soil bankreally damage the eco-habitat and thereplaced by concrete one, because they

conflicts between the environmentalist andwant more safe.

the government become intense.

I will introduce some research by our group
We think there is some research needed toprovidethecorrect

information

on Fazih River.

togovernment. For example, there are many
this kind of irrigation weir and water-intake.
This is the main stream of the Wachee river.
You can see across the river, there are many,
many bridges, also many weirs which is forwater intake. They block the corridor for fish
and other animals. For example, this is done
for flood protection, but they created very

I summarize they are several. One isfastest flow which is not good for small fish.

measurement of gravel movement which isimportant for morphological change; one ishabitat and ecological investigation; one is
physical modeling on alternating bars andfield observation; one is investigation on
pollutantsources

and

water

qualitymeasurement; and one is groundwater
recharge and the base flow estimate; and31

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

last one is the low impact development to

the river in a different scale.

restore surface runoff, because the last one
is that I find that we cannot concentrate only
on the stream, we need to go to thewatershed.

At this time, ecological investigation and
then

we

comparewithprevious

investigation we find that all the species,
number of species decreased very fast like
This is the case we did. I designed anfish, or bird or plant or insects also.

equipment to measure the gravel movement.

Now, one of my Ph.D. students is working on
Thithis. It’s kind of macro-invertebrate, whichs is we measure, riffle, and pool in the river

can represent the water quality in the river.

according to the water velocity and water

We do something like that to identify how we

depths.

can measure it correctly.

In this, we identify different eco-habitat

Because we don’t have a financial support

around bridge and also we identify thefor this research, so we did some very

different riffle run and the pool system along

simple ones. We want to look at the river32

Lecture 2
Current river restoration in Taiwan on some urban cases

from the top, so that’s the picture we took.

Then we do the groundwater modeling, try
We can see it’s the poor system, because it

to identify how much is the base flow andis the alternating bar system.

also we go to the field to measure the base

We go to the laboratory and we canflow.

reproduce by field experiment to reproduce
the reality by a smaller scale and then we
can watch how the morphologic change andwhich affects the eco-habitat.
We go to the field to identify some pollutant
source and then inform our government to
get regulation
And then we find out in dry season and inwet season the line change; for example, on
this line the groundwater recharged this
river

and

above

this

water

recharged

groundwater; so we can identify in different
season.
And that is some part – we take water
quality test every 500 meters. We find out inthe upstream, the water quality is reallyserious and the downstream is much better.
That’s because of groundwater recharge.

Then the last one is we want to promote low
impactdevelopment,

because

that

will

increase the infiltration, because we thinkthat the capacity of the channel will never33

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

enough if we keep digging up the land. We
cannot just do river restoration on thechannel,

we

need

to

care

with

the

watershed.

Action one, we establish an interdisciplinarygroup in my university. I establish an
information platform on the Fazih River. We
devote our academic studies on the topics
That is the idea. We want the discharge to go

related to Fazih River. We exchange ideabackthrough many discussions between various

to

the

original

predevelopment

condition.

groups, some NGOs, some government
people

also

and

some

peoplefrom

consulting firm, because I have many
students, they work in consulting firms now.
Then we visit local leaders around Fazih
River, try to identify the problems, and how
we can improve. We want to combine withlocal people. Also, I designed some course
materials related to Fazih River, so my
The part five is the action, because only

students will go to touch the water and feel

research you cannot improve with water,

the velocity when they cross weir and they

you only know something. We want to

can know and they can measure everythingconserve all living creatures in Fazih River

there.

and we want to popularize the idea ofThen we have site observation lesson on theecosystem protection to our neighboring

engineering

ethics.

residents. We want to combine all people inelectronicengineering

the organization to reach the goal.

produce many pollutants to the river, so I

Thislessonbecause

is

on
they

want them to know in the future they will try
to minimize this kind of exchange. And we
also have clean up lesson for students. Thenif some of my friends came, I always ask
them to go with me to the river. Then we
provide knowledge and work with local
non-governmental organizations. We have34Lecture 2
Current river restoration in Taiwan on some urban cases

activities for public involvement. I try to

I think we can use some help from ARRN andbridge the gap between government andI think we want to connect with ARRN andNGOs, so here we have some people fromother people doing water restoration. Thankgovernment, some are NGOs, because they

you very much.

have extreme ideas.

In part six, now we have the Taiwan
restoration network and this is created by
Water

Resource

Agency.

We

try

to

Moderator

incorporate together in technology andThank you very much. We were able to hear

management experience with other people.

actual cases of urban river restoration. Next
I would like to move on to the Koreanpresentation, development of technology forwaterfront creation and case study ofcontinuous block system. We have Professor
Suk Hwan Jang from Daejin University,
Korea. Professor Jang, please. The professor
is also the Secretary General of KRRN.

That is some typical photo and pictures in
the website. This is the website of ours.

I think to end my talk is that I came here and35

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

Lecture 3
Development of technology for waterfront creation andcase study of continuous block system
Daejin University, Korea
Prof. Sukhwan Jang
For last a few decades, stream management
based on government-led planning was mainly
performed considered with the use of water andflood-control oriented streams in urban areas.
Recently, development of nature friendly
waterfront technology to improve ecologicaldynamic, function of ecological path between riverand land including hydrological safety is to improve
aesthetic function nearby waterfront and securing
nature-friendly leisure and resting places for the
residents.
This study has its objective in reviewing thehydraulic characteristics of Grass-Con, continuous
block system in the river slope, which is developed
for cast-in-place vegetation block system in orderto improve the stability and maintenance against
the high flood condition in comparison withpre-cast concrete block. Physical hydraulic model
test was carried out at first and 1-dimensional
numerical modelingwith
HEC-RASand
2-dimension numerical modeling with RMA wasadopted to compare the result of the hydraulicmodel experiment with numerical simulation
results in terms of with vegetation or without
vegetation; so that we can come up with a solution
for the reduction effect in case of a flood. In thehydraulic model experiment, a river inKyungsangbuk-do, Korea was applied to a scaled
model, which discharge is supplied from a dam.
Discharge in a laboratory supplied to the model byrectangular weir and water velocity and depth
were measured to investigate flow pattern or
hydraulic characteristics with or without vegetationin the artificial channel. The experiment discharges
were 200m3/sec, 100 year design flood, 400
m3/sec and 600 m3/sec, probabilistic maximum
flood.
For the applied field’s measurement verification,
data of actual velocity and water stage werecompared with the numerical simulation results ineach section through the HEC-RAS (Hydrologic
Engineering Center-River Analysis System). Also,
through SMS (Surface water Modeling System),
which is the 2-dimension flow analysis, flow

36

pattern in the stream was examined with andwithout vegetation. Roughness coefficient is amain issue to calibrate the simulation model. The
physical model was built as a scale of 1:50 by
Froude similitude measuring the water levels andthe water velocities with and without vegetationand the effects were analyzed after reviewing theresults.
In consequence, the water velocities wereobserved to decrease and the water depth were
determined to increase in case of the of design
flood. The results of the numerical simulation,
under the condition of roughness coefficientcalibration, show similar results of the physicalmodeling. These results show that the results ofhydraulic modeling and the predicted results ofnumerical modeling corresponded reasonably
each others. This research will come in pretty
handy in reinforcement of the current constructing
close-to-nature rehabilitation as well as
maintenance against flood. Also, the computationof tractive force and the resisting force of waterflow on river bank vegetation protection is neededin further study.

Lecture3
Development of technology for waterfront creation and case study of continuous block systemcase studies.
Thank you Dr. Shaohua. My name is Suk

I will skip the contents. As you know well,

Hwan Jang from Korean River Restoration

for the last decades before 21st century,

Network.

the

I

am

a

professor

in Daejin

streammanagement

based

on

University. First of all, I would like to thankgovernment-led plan had been mainly

JRRN to give me a good presentation here

considered with the use of water andandflood-control in urban areas. As a results

this

is

first

visit

at

the

Tokyo

University as well.

the ecology of urban streams was moredeteriorated

due

to

such

as

drying,straightening, concrete covering, artificial
riverbed, and water pollution etcetera.
Our research team’s objectives are todevelopnature-friendly

waterfront

technology

toecological

functionasimprove

well

as

the

hydraulicsafetybetween river and bank slope and to
What I would like to present today is therestoredevelopment of technology for waterfront

improvement

creation and case study of continuous

waterfronts and improve also the aesthetic

block

I

function nearby waterfront and securing

would like to give a short background ofnature-friendly leisure and resting places

my topics. We have a big research group in

for the residents.

systems.

Beforepresentation,aquatic
ofecosystem
thediversity

andin

Korea, which is called Ecostar Projects
sponsored by the Ministry of Environment
to develop the technologies.
For the previous two presenters today
would present the large scale the concept
or technology, but I would like to speak
about very small scale and the specifictechnology for the waterfront creation37

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restorationon the river bank slope are hydraulicsafety problem, especially for the existingslope protection for the close-to-natureapplication.
The next one is ‘The sustainable waterdrainage systems.’ I would like to review
theexisting

block

application

system,which I called the Pre-cast Block Systems
In

our

team,

six

for slope protection in river banks. We

andhave developed for the hydraulic safety as

riverbeds to slopes. The first one is thewell as eco-friendly bank slope too. I

mattressverified the hydraulic analysis for thosetechnologies

we haveforthegroynedeveloped
waterfront

systemcomposedofnatural materials in the streams. The

technologies.

second one is soft-bag system for thecreation of natural waterfronts. The third
one is geo-green loess fiber block. The
next is soil-layered systems reinforced
withfibersgrass-conforvegetation;systemofandcontinuous

the
block

system which I would present one of thecases of those six developed technologies.
The last one is frame system composed of

As you can see, I started thinking of theburned woods.

availabilityofhydraulicsafetyandeco-friendly

slopes.

As

co-existence

betweenvegetation,
you

know,

in

monsoon countries such as Korea as wellas Japan and China, the rainy season from
June to August, more than two-thirds
precipitation

focused

on

these

rainy

seasons.
In our country, the annual precipitation is
At first for the grass-con, the continuous

1300mm, but more than 2/3rd, about

block systems the background of this

900mm were concentrated on the June totechnology.

As

river

July. So, there are many disasters in therestoration

propelled

rehabilitation

urban area streams like this. So, when we

you

know,
the

the

after the 90s were by the government

apply

thread and just to prevent the damages.

nature-friendly block systems, there had

But, the problems for the rehabilitations

happened

38

to

the

inundatedeco-friendly
andfloodedorandLecture3
Development of technology for waterfront creation and case study of continuous block system

destroyed like this. So, how could we meet
the two conditions, the hydraulic safety
and vegetation conditions?

This is the typical failure pictures of thesurface heave. You can see the picture,especially in the bottom of these slopes.
Let’s see the existing block system for the
failure, especially the causes of pre-cast
block system. One of the major causes ofthe failure is the rotational slip circle
caused by water intrusion at the top of theslope. This is the interlocking between theunit blocks. And just one unit is destroyed,
it influence the whole slopes.
It’s also applied the vegetations and thewater slope protection here. After flood
seasons we can see many times and manycases in the river in Korea.

Secondone,

secondmajor

causesofpre-cast failures is that the surface heave
caused by static pressure between two
impervious layers especially when themelting or the swelling in the winterIt shows that the tractive forces and theseasons.

erosion against the high velocity in theflood season. Also this is another picture
for the interlocking problems between theunits.

39

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restorationand then pours the concrete with mud here
and after mature you can see void wasremoved the former tops and it makes
holes and voids here with guns or by hands
or by another methods. And then fill thesoils and the seed here. This is somematerials by filler, concrete and mud here.
The black spot is the reinforcements andNow, I will talk about new technologies wethe red one is soils and the seed here.

have developed. Those are six developed
technologies. We named the grass - con,grass-con means grass plus concrete orconcrete materials, something like that.
This

is

not

the

pre-cast

block,

but

continuous one body and there are threecomponents. The major component is thefiller. Filler means that this is the fillingmaterials. It’s a concrete and yellow mud.

This is a typical cross-section in the Bed

It’s a mixture of concrete and yellow mud.

Rivers here. As you can see, this is the

And the second one is the reinforcement

soils and vegetations here. This is thebar here and the third one is you can see

reinforcement bar and the material is filled

the black ones, this is the former which

here. But this is not pre-cast but it’s thefunctioned as scaffold in those things. This

whole body in the total system.

is performance of reinforced material withgrass. This is in-situ applicable continuous
structure, not the pre-cast structure.

Also, if we apply these systems in apavement on the road or in the parking lot,the function of the sustainable urban
Now let me show you the application

drainage systems to prevent local floods

sequence of those. First, the lay formers,

and retain the surface water and increase

which function the scaffold here and also

the drainage lag time as well as reduce themesh reinforcement among the void here

downstream of flooding too.

40

Lecture3
Development of technology for waterfront creation and case study of continuous block system

Here are some pictures to apply to the

In the hydraulic safety, we have tested forreservoirs and spillways here. This is thethe resistance for the velocity, and tested

picture that was applied after 2 years after

velocity

this grass-con system.

couldn’t destroy to over 8m/s, so it’s very

resistanceagainstfailure.

It

resistible for the high flood and highvelocity in the flood seasons.

Here the another picture of the repaired
river embankment from floods.
This is the typical section. We apply thedrainage

gate

and

the

spillways

andreservoirs and sometimes in the parking
lots or some pavements there.

Here is urban area restoration stream,
very

small

streamandresisterosionunderneath. This supports a wide range ofvegetation in flood storage too.
Let me talk to the hydraulic analysis andphysical model test of these systems. I
applied to the physical model test andunder the scale of Froude Similarity, the 141

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

to 50. This is the channel. This is dam

conditions

spillway. Dam spillway discharges under

discharge of 200, 400, and 600, the33the condition of 200m /s and 400m /s and
3600m /s and the lengths of the river is 200

withmeasurementforvegetations
water

for

levelstheandvelocities.

meter and the width is 35 and bank slope
is 1:2 and 1:3.

For 200 m3/s is the design flood of thisriver, so the basic, the standard is 200m3/s.
This is the layout of the physical model

The difference comparison with vegetation

facilities here.

andwithout

vegetation,thevelocity

decreases 3% to 19% and the water level
increases 1% to 28% increase.
That means from the physical experiments
reduced the lag time, so reduce the flood,
the peak floods there.

We tested and measured basically thewater level and velocity for those physicalmodels.

Secondwasnumerical

analysiswasperformed with the 1-D model and the 2-D
model. From the physical model test, wecalibrated

fromroughnesscoefficientparameters without vegetation condition
and with vegetation condition.
And we also experiment performed under
the conditions without vegetation and withvegetation. We measured the grass-con

42Lecture3
Development of technology for waterfront creation and case study of continuous block system

The result of the 1-D, the numerical

Let me summarize our topic. We reviewed

analysis is that the difference comparison

the

with

pre-cast

physicalvegetation

is

model

is

4%

11%

to

that

without

andwithvegetation 2% to 13%.

characteristics
block

betweenandexisting

continuous

block

system in terms of hydraulic safety andenvironment.

We

can

apply

also

the

feasibility for the close-to-nature stream
river

works,

especially

for

the

river

restorations in urban area.
Also we verified the Hydraulic Model Testfor

continuous

block

systems,thevelocities decrease, water level increases,
and numerical analysis applied as well. We
are

still

ongoingstudiesonthesetechnologies for the flow resistance andthe maximum allowable velocities too.
Thank you.

And 2-D results as well for 200 cubic meterpersecond,so

without

vegetation

condition is 1% to 10% with 10% asdifference. That means the closer results
to physical model results than to 1-D, so
2-D model test is more close to thephysical results, so we can apply the 2-D
model when we simulate the vegetation
condition, it’s more rational there.

43

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

Moderator
Thank you very much. He talked abouthydrologic

analysis

of

the

slope

establishment. I would like to have 10
minutes break until 2:40p.m. and then wewould be starting the second part of thepresentation.

Moderator
Now I’d like to resume the lecture, thelecture number four. It’s the Feng River
Restoration

-

from

Land

to

Water.

Professor of the Beijing Normal University,
Professor Dr. Aizhong Ding, please.

44

Lecture 4
Feng River Restoration – from Land to Water

Lecture 4
Feng River Restoration – from Land to Water
Beijing Normal University, China
Prof. Aizhong Ding
Feng river is one of the eight rivers flowing(2) impacts of solid wastes on river water

through Xi’an city, the 1st tributary of Wei

quality and its reuse,river which is a 1st tributary of Yellow River.

(3)

Feng river originates from Qinling mountaincontrol with buffer zones,

with length of 78km and basin area of(4) river water quality polishing using2

diffusepollution

identification

and1460km . The population lived in the river

ecological engineering such as ecologicalbasin is about 0.66M with density ofponds, and2

483/km . Most of the residents are living in(5) habitats restoration with consideration

the downstream where Xianyang and Xi’anof aesthetic purpose simultaneously.

are located.

To assess the progress of the restoration

The monitoring data showed that Feng riverproject,

has been polluted with ammonia and COD at

monitored accordingly and incorporated into

the

water

middletodownstream.

The

main

river
qualitywater

quality

model

for

are

being

prediction.

sources of the contaminants are from

Ecological status is to be investigatedindustrial discharge, municipal wastewater

biannually.

andagriculturalinvestigations

activities.

indicated

that

The

field

ecologicalstatus decreases from the upstream todownstream, habitats were destroyed byhuman activities like sand mining.
To restore Feng river, a project supported by
the Major Science and Technology Program
for Water Pollution Control and Treatment
was carried out in 2008. Regarding to waterpollution control, river restoration is not only
within river channel itself, the sources ofwater pollutants from the land need to becontrolled in the basin scale. Therefore, theresearch included(1) municipal wastewater treatment using
low-cost

technology

like

constructedwetlands for rural area,45

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

an issue of watershed management –catchment scale issues, not just river itself.

Good afternoon, everybody. My name is
Aizhong Ding from Beijing Normal University.

The Feng River is here original from theToday, I would like to you talk you about as

Qinling Mountain. The Qinling Mountain is

the river restoration issues in China. First ofvery famous in China is the diversion of theall, I would like to thank ARRN to invite me

north and south of China. Many rivers

to give my presentation here.

originated from the north of the Qinling
Mountain to Shiyan City. You can see somepictures of Shiyan City, the famous tourist
city.
The Feng River is one of eight rivers flowing
by Shiyan City. The local government want
to restore the eight rivers one by one. Thisriver Baier River and Jiang River was alreadyrestored. Now they are doing Feng riverrestoration.

The title of my presentation is Feng River

The length of the river just the 8 kilometers

Restoration. It is a small river in China close

is small, relatively small in China and theto Shiyan City. In China, we have many,

area of the catchment is about 1500 square

many rivers, more than 20,000 rivers inkilometers. This river has very, very typical

China from very big largest scale likefeatures from the mountain to the city. In

Yangtze River, Yellow River, and to small

this section of the river is in the mountain

rivers in city or around the city.

area, so very few people live there. But

From Land to Water, what I mean is withnowadays urbanization of the Shiyan City,

total amount of river restoration – I mean

the people moving to the mountain area,

it’s not river itself. They should think about

there appeared some villas in this area forthe human activity on the land. The humanthe vacant holidays.

activity have very influence on the river

Then the river – in the middle of the riverdegradation. I think the river restoration issome university campus build a new branch46Lecture 4
Feng River Restoration – from Land to Waterin this area and some villagers living in this

China the ammonia is a big environmental

middle section of the river and downstream

problem in rivers. Also with some sedimentof the river flow to Baier river, then finallyinvestigation and analyze the impact offlow into Yellow river.

human activity on rivers.

The city area, the river won't modified by

The second group is ‘Pollution Control

human. You can see the picture from theTechnology Development.’ For this kind of

upstream to the downstream, is original insmall river catchment, in city we can collectthe mountain. The building was the logo of

the wastewater from the building from thethe two water system, here is Yangtze River

industrial municipal but in rural areas thesystem. This is yellow river, so changed thepeople live very far from each other. How toversion of the two big water systems. This

collect

middle area, many villagers are living in thiswastewater for community of survey should

area.

be

At the downstream you can see with somecommunity wastewater treatments.

creeks, banks, and sometimes people will

Another problem is the solid waste in

get water from the river. For this kind of river,catchments. The solid waste way, somethe Chinese government issued a big project

pictures show the solid waste flow to thefor Feng river restoration project founded byrivers. For this kind of some restoration

Ministry of Science and Technology. The

engineering design, planning and design

budget of our research is more than 20

and implementation.

million China RMB.

For river problem identification, we use longthedeveloped

wastewater
low-cost

andtreatedtechnology

forseries of water quality data to find its
activity on the river quality, taken from 1980
until now. You can find the river qualitychanges with time.
During the last 30 years, the government dosome pollution control measures to reduce
the pollutants from this bank, like shutdown
some

small

factory,toremovesomepolluted industry in other area.
Research project how to restore this river, I
divided the research group in three.
One is for ‘River Problem Identification.’ Weneeded to know what is the problem. Thensome river health evaluation assessment,ammonia source tracing, they must knowthat ammonia comes from the poisonous
source or nonpoisonous source because in47

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

This is biological, obviously the amountFinally, we find that 20% of the ammonia

changed during the last 28 years. Asfrom agricultural source in this area.

ammonia, we can find ammonia – in someareasammoniaincreased

due

to

the

chemical fertilization.
In China, a typical time is 1980, before theuse of chemical fertilizers. After that theagricultural reform, every home use morechemical fertilizer to improve the productionof the rice and cost.
There will be some model to find which area
are the critical zones for different kind ofpollutants load like sediments, ammonia,
nitrate,phosphorus,

anddissolved

phosphor.

To trace ammonia source from the land, we
use some data. The result shows that theuntreated

municipal

wastewaterhasadifferent isotope composition with treatedindustrial wastewater and nitrites other
different isotope concentration from theministry of agriculture. We used a different

Sorry, some figures are lost because ofcomputation of isotope data to determine

different system.

the ammonia source in the rivers

From the point source like waste water is adifferent composition of ammonia from48

Lecture 4
Feng River Restoration – from Land to Water

more than 57% from University campus

decreased. This is a different biologicalbecause the university builds a new campus

index.

in the middle of the stream; 20% from thetourist and 19% from municipal and homes.

We think about all these kinds of things
togetherlikehydrology,

qualityandAlso the investigated the sediment pollutant,biological together for water. For river issues

we test to some analysis of heavy metals in

we do some river case evaluation. Use

sediments and find the different location.

different scores. Score 1 means the river is

We collected the sample from the headwater

healthy; the 5 means the river will getto the downstream. In different section ofworse.

the river, the heavy metal concentration are
different. We can find which source – where
are the sources of the heavy metal to thesediments.

So,

the

results

show

that

from

the

headwater to the downstream, the score
decreased. That means the downstream
river is not healthy than the upstream of theAlso, the biological investigation – what kindriver. The different paths mean differentof biological one in water pollute andseasons. We can find in each site in different

sequence in this area in this river. We usedseasons healthy condition doesn’t change a

some

the

lot. In wet seasons the river is more healthy,

community of the biological with the water

than in dry and normal the river healthy

quality; we can find from the headwater tocondition is not so good.

thebiologicaldownstream,

index

the

to

relatebiological

index

49

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

We do some land use change to compare

The second part of the project is pollutiondifferent times the people, the humancontrol technology development; the firstactivity on the river quality from the 1980s

one is rural wastewater treatment. The

to 2010. The findings that people, because

study constructed wet land for waste waterof the development of the city and thetreatment. Studying treatment to improve

population increase, the people use more

the efficiency of constructed wet land.

land for city building.
Some land and water bodies get lost fromthe expending of city, but we can see therelation between the land use with water
quality. We can see the land use are closely
link with related to river healthy we think
about the hydrology or something together
is not just related to water quality only.
From the river problem we used different
way to restore the river. Just like I talked

For the university campus, they build thebefore, in different section of the river the

CASS reactor and they used the treatedproblem – especially in the middle of thewater for irrigation, for plant irrigation, forriver the problem is water quality and thecampus use, or toilet flushing. So, in thepollution from the university campus fromuniversity campus the combined water

agriculture. The downstream of the river,treatment, and waste water treatment werethe main problem is ecological because ofused together.

the bank, building, and the dams.

50

Lecture 4
Feng River Restoration – from Land to Water

Then, the solid waste, we have done some

When we control the point source from thesite investigation to find the different kind of

human homes and we also started the buffer

composition of the solid waste.

zone for diffusion pollution control withFor organics like kitchen, paper, wood andsome different kind of buffer zones, different

fibers can use the reused, we can take it

figures, size, and how to control thelater. Then for plastic, metal, and glasses itammonia and phosphorus retention andcan be recyclable, more than 10%. For stone,

degradation.

soil and other selected construction, solid
waste can be used for reuse and landfill
which takes 40% in this area.

What we consider this problem in thecatchment area, then we use the different
kind of treatment technology together, weThis picture shows the result of the use offound the catchment model to link thefabric to develop absorbing material forhuman activity with the water quality, thenwaste water treatment. You can find thiswe can combine the technology, what kind

kind of porous media for heavy metals andof technology can be used to improve theorganic contaminants from waste water andriver water quality. The right is the modelingthis shows the different experiment andresult is flow filled with narrow and modeling

result.

result is quality, sediment, and phosphorus.
You can as the model can be good to predict
the water quality with the human activity on
the land.

51

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

We make some scenarios to evaluate the

To my understanding, in China the rivercontrol measures, what kind of control

restoration is not – as I said before, it is notmeasures can better to improve the water

river itself. And we think 3 things we should

quality. We think about the point source

think about in the future for river restoration

control, industry waste water reduction andin China.

BMG of the agriculture activity and buffer

The fourth one is development versus

zone’sandprotection. This attitude of the government

constructed wetland. Different kinds ofand human is issue of policy. In China, in thetechnology give some modeling result andlast 20 years the economic developed very

model can predict the water quality offast, so what kind of river we want fordifferent kind of technology obligation.

human. The second one is the integrated

ecologicalengineering

management in catchment. In some areas
in China, people live and work in poor
condition, but in some area the people ismore like Beijing, big city, is living better
than the people in the middle area. Whatkind of the government should do, I think
the compensation. In the upstream in somearea upstream of the river, the China
government should protect this headwater
It just shows my design my part of this area.

of the river but some people living there,

Shiyan City with different. This chart showsthey have not tried to build some, to makevery briefly of the design map. In some

some industry or some industry activity.

areas there is a bank building and ecological

They lost some job so for the balance, therestoration, and more things about the

government should think about is the poor

catchment management and the water riverpeople.

restoration. Let’s just talk about is the whole

The third one is rehabilitation of the river,project briefly.

the poverty alleviation. At present the firstproblem with the river is the quality I think.

52

Lecture 4
Feng River Restoration – from Land to Water

The second is the quantity of the river. In

countries can work together to improve thesome rivers in different section of the river,

river issue.

they want to get more and more water fromThank you.

the river. The downstream of the river
getting dried up. So, that’s a problem. The
third one is ecological. We don’t have a flow,
we don’t have a good water quality, how can
we talk about ecological, the fish. I think indifferent areas the problems are different
what I’m talking about is the project.
The fourth is problem identification. In China,
from the south to the north, the ways aredifferent,thegeography

different,theeconomics are different, the people, culture,
I think everything are different. So we think

Moderator

the first think they should find is theThank you very much. The Chinese actual

problem in different river catchment.

current

I just show some the work group. I worked

explained in a very easy to understandin China in different areas. This small river inmanner. Now, the next lecture, the lastBeijing, the river is getting drier because of

lecture is concerning Japan.

technology

andsituationisthe people using more and more water in
upstream of the river, so everything. I think

The title is the ‘River basin flood control andfor river restoration in China is challenging.

restoration as innovations from Hii River.’A lot of things together and hope to – andProfessor Yukihiro Shimatani.

China

river

network

and

other

Asian

53

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

Lecture 5
River basin flood control and restoration as innovations from Hii River
Kyushu University, Japan
Prof. Yukihiro Shimatani
On July 24, 2009, torrential rain hit Fukuoka
City, where hourly rainfall exceeded 100 mm
locally. Temporary evacuation orders were
issued when the Hii River flowing throughthe central area of Fukuoka City was flooded,
and the river basin area suffered serious
damage. To respond to it, we organized theHii River Basin Flood Control Citizens’
Council on October 4, 2009, and started towork with citizens to tackle flood control.
The Citizens’ Council has already has 20
meetings, and will continue to holdmeetings.
Duetourbanization,water-retaining
capacity and seepage force have decreased
in urban areas. As a result, the flood arrival
time has shortened remarkably and thepeak flow has more than doubled. How
should we deal with this urban flooding?
One option is to develop flood control
facilities that can respond to increasing flow.
They include river channels built throughexcavation,
large-scale
underground
discharge channels, and large-scale flood
control basins created along a river. This is aconventional method which is a so-called
flood flow responsive method.
Another option is to control the wholerainwater runoff from watershed areas, andto redesignate the area where floods cannot
be controlled as a flood area. Water stored
at low cost in such facilities as houses, public
use land and public facilities will be allowed
to percolate down or used effectively aswater for daily life. Flood control projects will
accept participation by citizens, and at thesame time will contribute to regional
development. To achieve this, it is necessary
to promote cooperation with citizens andcompanies, as well as administrative
departments and agencies in various fields.
We think that the latter is a method thatoffers a direction for national landdevelopment in the age to come. Flood54

controlmeasuresshouldnotbeimplemented just for flood control, but forencouraging many people to think about
their own communities and participate inactivities toward the creation of a moresustainable society. In addition, it isnecessary to improve the environment forchildren so that they can have contact withliving things in the midst of rich greenery.
That is why the Hii River Basin Flood Control
Citizens’ Council was set up. It aims topromote citizen-participation efforts forflood control led by residents in river basin
areas in order to control runoff in all
watershed areas by way of water retention
and storage, percolation, etc. Those efforts
are not mere flood control measures, but
aim to improve regional landscape andnatural environment during the process of
implementing flood control measures inbasin areas. It is expected that such
improvement will serve the public welfare
and contribute to regional development.
In this lecture, I would like to talk about how
to proceed with a meeting of the Citizens’
Council, flood control effects created bywater storage, water storage effects in an
earthquake disaster, water storage effects ina drought, how to store water at various
locations, citizens’ awareness which haschanged by storing water, the problems now
facing us, and so on.

Lecture5
River basin flood control and restoration as innovations from Hii River

I am really surprised to this. In Toga river, 2
kindo’clock, 1.3 meters water level increase

introduction, I am Shimatani. I am involved

occurred in less than few minutes – several

in the activities in Fukuoka Prefecture. Hii

seconds. The Fukuoka Prefecture also in theriver is a very small river and flood control

Hii River, two meters level increased in 10

civic council is one I am involved.

minutes occurred.

Urbanization bring about the amount of the

In urban situation, when we want ourwater, the flow increase, and also the time tochildren to play safely, it becomes more and

flat

the

more difficult. We have to tell our children

urbanization is 13% and 54% if is comparedthat you have to quickly flood if the lighting

in this graph, it shows that there is acomes and not only the amount of rainfall

differencetheincrease but also the global warming leads

urbanization goes on, the flat damage

to an increase in brief down powers and so

becomes bigger, flow increases; therefore,

on. So, there is a great possibility of thethe urbanization and how to deal with thelarger damages and along small to midsizedflood problem is what we have to do. And

river in cities. So if we do apply, thethis is the picture we can often see the watertransitional river improvement, this kind ofcomes really quickly.

river you can see.

Thank

you

the

very

level

of

much

is

the

for

shortened.

threefold.

the

If

If

And at the opening picture, this picture isused for our pamphlet. This is the picture of
the Isumi River in Yokohama Prefecture.
This is the dream picture of us who are55

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

involved in the river restoration. We have to
explore how we can have this kind of riverrestoration.

This is Japan’s seaside and Sun Mountain ishere and this line is low land area.
Basically, the smaller amount of the water
comes from one house but if we got togather in total, it will be a huge amount ofwater. Two years ago, there was a hugetorrential rain. The 90 mm first hour rainfall
and 152 mm per hour at the Fukuoka
Airport; the Fukuoka Airport was flooded.
The airplane was okay because it has huge

The mount 80,000 people lived in the areatires but trucks cannot come to the airplane

and a very small river but the evacuation

so we cannot go inside the airport.

order is issued and huge damage wasoccurred; 410 houses are under water.

This river goes through the Fukuoka City
Aburayama

What we thought about the measure to

Mountain. It’s the source and it goes

restore the beautiful river like that picture,through in the very middle, the center of the

we have to reduce the amount of flow in the

Fukuoka City. Here is a baseball stadium andflat, so we so we started activity to store thethe biggest park in the middle of thewater by each one of the citizens. There, we

Fukuoka City and this is upscale residential

have to utilize a lot of different places, whicharea.

means the people who are involved are

and

they

come

from

the

ordinary citizens and many people so we

56Lecture5
River basin flood control and restoration as innovations from Hii River

involve the citizens. So, this kind of citizens’
collaboration is the citizens in the waterbasin area from proactive organization andvarious measures are used attractive way.

And what we are aiming at is that we want tochange how to manage the water in the cityarea. The concentrated water management
system is used in which the very attractive
This

is

a

very

importantpoint.

The

and multipurpose way of using the water.

compressive measures so far, if we store the

The cost is incurred by the civilians. Probably,water, then it is not convenient for thethe cost is high but it is considered as one

school to use the land. The attractiveness isindustry, so I want to have the scheme

very important point. It is not just the flood

where the usual people can pay some

control – the aim is to control the flood butmoney to protect the river. In Edo period, we

not only controlling the flood but also it have

had such a scheme that kind of voluntary

to bring about the merit like benefit like weprotection of the river. Basic way of thinking

can utilize the water to water the plant andis that the rain falling on your area, you havegreen is increasing and community has

to treat those water. Basically, if the rain falls

become more active because of those wateron the school, the school have to store thoseusages and it has a good impact on thewaters; park is the same that they have tonatural environment and the community

treat the water by themselves. This is thebuilding and so on and so forth. That is also

technology suited for the uncertainty andconsidered in this attractive control of thethey also – it is a flexible way of doing theflood.

measure and the people are reliable. We
ishave to have the people’s communicationconsidered. Not only work together but also

and at least to the protection of the heatact together. We use the Japanese character.

island also and low carbon society can be

In English probably we can say this is notrealized.

In

just

FukuokaCity

collaboration

collaborative

but

the

work

proactive

collaboration.

57

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

it is degragaded, so the farmers are notcontrolling that but reservoir is a goodtarget. And the school has a large area; youcan see this pie chart. They calculate thearea and the feasibility is calculated andtimes 80% of the feasibility we calculate theprobability of this achievement.
The starting point of the river is used in theThis citizen is a very broad notion of citizens,

past to calculate this amount but the sewage

so not only the residents but also peopleor the drainage pipe directly impacted, so

who are involved in the Hii River including

we can promote this one by changing thethe college, workers, and the businessmen

prospect of these kind of measures have theand so on.

quick winds if we apply to the other area.

How to do that is that just keep the water

Actually, this is a rough estimate. For

falling on your place.

example, in Hii River, 30 square kilometers,

Left-hand side says the use of the land,

70% is the city area. If we think about themountain is the largest amount, so thecity area alone, 100 mm amount of water iswater falling on the mountain, we cannot

shed, then 40 mm becomes the flow of – ifhave any way to store those waters.

the 620,000 tons are the overflow, that isAburayama

Fukuoka

the calculation. This is the very small river

Prefecture, the condition of the mountain isbasin, so water goes down really quickly. It’s

well protected – well conserved, so it isenough to think about 100 mm per hour orimportant to keep that way. We don’t have

200 mm per hour but they often occurs rightthe positive way to change that. And

now. We have to agree on the amount of thefollowed by the school use and so on and therainfall on about 100 mm per hour, so thereservoir is 18%. There are a lot of reservoir

reservoir can play a role and the road canbut those not used for the agriculture. If wemaintain the water as some amount. And if

can keep the water in the reservoir as it is,

we sum up all the things, 1.14 million

then we can save a lot of water. But thecapacity is there, but one house has to store

reservoirs are not used for the agriculture so

6 ton, so it’s equivalent of the one car

58

MountainhereinLecture5
River basin flood control and restoration as innovations from Hii River

parking lot area.
If you are building a new house, that is thearea you need to have. So, 6 tons can beused for the daily use like toilet and so on.

In the schools or the evacuation center, wereally want them to store the water. If they
store the water – if we make a reservoir
under the floor of the gymnasium, we canSo, about 30% of the tap water is used forstore huge amount of water, 2 tons per

such usage, therefore if you store the water

person amount of water can be stored.

at your houses, you can utilize that water to

The Hanshin Great Earthquake, 20-30 liters

flush the toilet and so on.

of water can suffice for one person for time

We also want to improve the technology

being. If we store the water under the floor

utilizing the IT technologies like the systemsof the gymnasium, it can be really useful at

where

the time of the disaster of the earthquake.

if

the

torrential

rain

comes,

automatically the water is stored so that thiscan be very convenient device.

And at the time of the earthquake disaster,
this is the Tohoku area, the earthquake
picture. There is scarcity of the water at thetime of the earthquake disaster.

We advised that in the government also, andthis is the organization of the flood control
and they are divided into various small

59

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restorationgroups and so on and the prefecture leveland municipal city levels also collaborating.

First, when we talk about that, the victims
say that your action is so slow, they needalso conventional type of measures but they
understand that restoration needs the quick
action.

Torrential rain occurred 24th of July and thecouncil started in September 9th and 22
times of meeting were held so far.
But about the 8th meeting, they understandthey have to do what they have to do. They
are now the center of the project.

The meeting was held in Fukuoka University
and especially the people who are the victimof the flood are participating. The local
residents know a lot. This is the picture of
the meeting.

60

Lecture5
River basin flood control and restoration as innovations from Hii River

Fukuoka, 3 mm to 4 mm can a percolate into
the below layer. If it is like 100 mm, it takes
a day. If we can have pervious soil, and thenwe can make sure that the surface water canpercolate to the below layers and then by
doing so, we can store 200 mm equivalent ofwater just on this ground.
And

January

28th

weissuedrecommendation document but we will skip
those things.

This is a case of football ground at the
Fukuoka

University.

On

top,

we

have

artificial lawn and then underneath we havea cushion material and we have an improved
For schools, I think all the schools need to dosoil underneath and we have some type of

their best to store water and we created asoil with concrete for the water retaining

model school for water storage case.

capability improvement and then we have aroadbed at the very bottom. If the rainfall islike 300 mm, only 30 mm will outflow. It hasa very good water retaining capacity and it
has a very good percolation.
Throughout the year, Fukuoka University
soccer team can practice. And Mr. Nagai
became Olympic player and he actuallyenteredFukuoka

University

after

the

And normally when you develop the ground,

university created this special ground.

you have like a surface soil and you have

The point here is about the water storage

supporting materials underneath.

capacity and also the ground itself is quite

The question is whether or not we have aeasy to use. So, I am wishing all the schools

good technology for percolation. If thewill apply this kind of ground and if you

thickness is about 50 cm and then we canmeasure the temperature in summer, sincestore around 200 mm and then we would

this ground has very good water retaining

use the percolation for drainage and incapability, so the temperature on this61

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

ground can be kept lower. It’s good for

because we need to gain the consensus fromchildren.

the agriculture workers.

anThis is typical reservoir in Fukuoka City. Justembankment here and if you apply the drain,

alongside the reservoir, we see a lot of

normal times the water is outflowing to theresidential houses, once the reservoir was

drainage piping, but around the flood we canflooded, immediately the damage will be

store the water.

imposed on the residence. And this is a very

This

is

another

view.

We

have

gigantic reservoir and whenever rain would
fall, he would go down to make sure that thereservoir will discharge the water to theneighboring drainage.

And normally if we apply special equipment
for the water storage and then it would
acquire like ¥20,000 per cubic meter, butwith this technology it will cost only like
¥300.

This area is quite difficult because we needto gain the consensus from agriculture
workers

and

from

the

flood

controladministrative authority. This year for the
first time in 22 years, we dried this reservoir
to improve the underneath bed.

It has a very good cost benefit as well andthe62

reservoirisanotherdifficulttask

Lecture5
River basin flood control and restoration as innovations from Hii River

Also, individual house is trying to store 6

And we are trying to use a lot of green so

tons of water, I just mentioned. When youthat we can conserve the nature at the same

flush the toilet, sewage water fee will betime and this is massive housing lot, 105

charge; if it is not charged, the situation will

tons of water is going to be stored with 17

be quite different.

households.

This is an actual house with the water
storage capability. Once you can store more
and more water and then you can growvegetation.

So, if the city can store more water and then
the

city

will

have

more

vegetation;

underneath the deck you can put the water
storage small devices.
With this kind of community, we are trying

63

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

to set up the retention water storage facility.
And also, we are trying to install the rainfall
storage tank. What’s interesting here is that
we asked, do you want to recommend to
install the rainfall storage tank and then
80% said that with this initiative, myinterest into the flood control and water
storage went up. Through the introductionof this kind of rainfall storage tank, we wereable to kind of change the people’s mindset.
With that, I would like to conclude myModeratorpresentation. Thank you very much.

Thank

you.

The

comprehensive

flood

controls were the things considered in thepast. The new way is the entire river basinarea’simprovement

together

with

the

citizens. We would like to do the discussion.
ARRN chairperson and Kanazawa Gakuin
University, Professor Tamai will coordinate
the discussion. Now, we are preparing.

64

全体討議

Discussion by all lecturers
Chair:

Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai

Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai
Thank you for the kind introduction. I’m

Those are the two themes I’d like to do as a

Tamai from ARRN.

discussion theme. Before that, I’d like to ask
the floor people to ask some questions.

We have a very tight schedule for thisPlease name your name and you want to ask

discussion. We have to finish by 16:15, so

who, to whom, and about which lecture andabout 40 minutes we have. I want towhere are you from.

proceed effectively as possible.

Questioner 1
I’m working as a writer concerning Zoo.
Professor Shimatani mentioned the various
relationship in the entire water basin, theTaiwan, Korea and Australia, they arefocusing on the urban area. But the river iscoming from the upstream.
So, I didn’t understand the relationship of
We listened to five lectures but we didn’t

those residents who live in the upstream.

have any question and answer time, so I

Like Taiwan or Australia, the habitats natural

want to use 10 minutes or so for thisaboriginal people.

discussion time for the floor people to ask
questions and then after that we’d like toProf. Nobuyuki Tamai

discuss under two themes. The flood andHow about Taiwan’s condition from thatenvironment protection, the water quality ispoint of view?

discussed by Professor Ding.

Prof. Shaohua Marko Hsu
How the speaker thinks about the human

What I talk today is not related to mountainactivities

water

areas. People in mountain areas, they

quality and also flood control, those things.

suffered a lot because their land is very

Second is the large area like countrywide

limited and all their land is dangerous if you

measures and like Professor Shimatani’s

have debris flow because that was the debris

lecture, the municipal local activities areflow created the land previously. All the land

going on. What do you think about the large

they have is kind of dangerous. In the year

areas activities and the local activities?

2009, we have very major flood which came

and

the

environmental

65

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restorationfrom Typhoon Morakot and within 3 days wecontrol on how far you can develop down tohave 3000 mm of rainfall, so that create athe waterfront and into a flood zone for sure.

lot of erosion on mountain areas. And in

That’s also changing as we speak, after thesouth part of Taiwan some village was

Brisbane floods they are revising that. They

covered by deep erosion.

are looking at where you can build and also
on the gradient of the slope as well there are

But today what I mentioned is in the center

restrictions on where you can build.

part of the tide zone which was not affected.
But I agree on Professor Shimatani’s topic

Questioner 2

because in my talk I also mentioned about

Thank you for the very interesting andthe Low Impact Development (LID), which

informative lectures. I have two questions.

means the watershed, we need to consider

One is for Mr. Mcharg from Australia.

the whole watershed, not only the river itself.

Actually, in November’s newsletter, I was on

We need to consider both pollution and also

the November newsletter. I went to thethe water itself.

Brisbane International Symposium held in
September

and

I

heard

the

socialFor Professor Shimatani, he mentioned

experiment conducted in Brisbane. I am theabout how to reduce the flood water and

only

after we do the computation, it is very good

symposium. Do you have anything about

for middle and small flood, although in huge

the symposium first?

one Japanese participated

in

the

Do you have any?

flood it may not be very effective. But I think
I agree on Shimatani’s point, we should do

Mr. Alastair Mcharg

this on the land development and to reduce

Thank you. I was at the River Symposium

the flood. In the channel, then we can doalso in Brisbane this year and I thought itsomething else to create the nature. We can

was a great event. It used to always be held

do like a step track and we can use big rockin Brisbane every year and it gets bigger

instead of a concrete, that’s my point.

from all around the world and I’ve spoken toa few of the presenters here today who haveProf. Nobuyuki Tamai

been to it before.

Thank you Marko.
Last year I believe it was in Perth, so they
I’d like to ask Alastair, are there somealternate between Brisbane and other city.

regulation in Australia for land use, too

They are trying to encourage more andmuch you say the development. In Australia,

more international participation, so I guess

what is the current situation?

if you are interested contact me and I can
put you in contact with the appropriate

Mr. Alastair Mcharg
Certainly in Australia there is land use

66

people.

Discussion by all lecturers

Questioner 2

construct solid waste to build porous for

Thank you.

pavement or building for this research
project. From the investigation, I’m going toProf. Nobuyuki Tamai

show you some pictures of the solid waste

The second question, please.

pollutant problem.

Questioner 2

The village people disposed their solid waste

Aizhong Ding from China, you explained

just around the bank of the rivers. They

about the diffuse kitchen waste, you are

construct, build a disposal there – constructusing kitchen waste to absorb wastewaterlike soils on the tee

andbig problem I think and for China rivers to

for

the

pollution

you

use

some

of the rivers. That’s adeal with solid waste the resource projectmeasurement in the river.

just to find some ways to ways to release theI want to ask you to explain a little more

solid.

about that kind of measurement. And thesecond one, diffuse pollution is, is that

Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai

similarI think you wanted to have a one-to-one

to

the

river

water

purification

facilities which installed in Japanese river?

discussion later on after this symposium for
more details I guess. The time is running out,

Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai

so I would like to get back to the two themes

Professor Ding, please.

I wanted to discuss today.

Prof. Aizhong Ding

Because of the change in land use, I think

Because that’s a big project, I mean as a PI

we have now new challenges in the riveroffice presented, the waste water and solid

restoration

waste was studied by one of the professor

environmental conservation. On this point, I

from the Chinese Economy of Science, hewould like to ask each one of the fivegraduated from Japan, I don’t know which

speakers to make brief comment starting inuniversity. He used some low temperature

the order of presentation. So, can I have few

carbonization and something we also likecomments from Mr. Alastair Mcharg, please.

or

river

managementorthat to extract the fibers from the kitchen’ssolid waste to maybe some absorbing

Mr. Alastair Mcharg

materials to characterize the property of the

I guess the comment I’d like to give there ismaterials

thebased on some experiences in Brisbanematerials for remove effect of heavy metals

where Brisbane City Council now looks

and fibers from waste water.

towards what they call Creek Orientated

and

start

the

effectofDevelopment and it’s basically in new
Also, he is doing the research on use ofdevelopments trying to incorporate water67

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

sensitive urban design features and water

get it back to a more natural state, lowering

treatment features and flood mitigationwater levels, opening up the floodplain,measures into the landscape.

getting the floodplain back engaged with thecreek again.

It’s a really interesting design concept and I
am happy to pass on some of the graphics

They are actually trialing the stuff thatthat Brisbane City Council have put together

they’ve designed, so happy to pass them theon this. Looking at big open spaces likedetails.

playgrounds and park areas where thepeople use it during times of no flooding

Prof. Shaohua Marko Hsu

which has wet lands and creeks incorporated

Actually in my slide, the first part I show that

into its design with the ability to treat a flood

the original river in Taichung City was nature

event of up to 3-month ARI. But then once

and this kind of meandering is kind of wide,

you get the large floods come through,but because of land development and also

those area act as flood mitigation measures.

because of road construction and also
because of flood prevention, we make theProf. Nobuyuki Tamai

river become a concrete channel.

So, you already have concept and Brisbane
City Council has already kicked off that kindThat was done before as in the error the

of

the

engineer decide in the design and now weannouncement on the overall direction; solearn as time passed, we know that we need

the city council is the one who is taking theto respect more nature. We cannot decideleadership, is that correct?

something very narrowed like engineering

initiatives

andthey’vemadethinking. We need to think more widely and
So the Brisbane City Council is the major

more wisely and how the nature was doing.

stakeholder, not the state government, not

The nature actually does a lot of the service

thelike infiltration, like natural purification. If

federalgovernment.

BrisbaneCity

Council is the leadership?

we can utilize this kind of natural functions
which include the ecosystem, then I think

Mr. Alastair Mcharg

the river will be getting better and it is

I guess Brisbane City Council took thepossible, it’s not impossible. I think that’s

leadership because they had the interest in

my experience. Thank you.

it, it didn’t come from the state. But equallythat design could be applied anywhere, so I

Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai

think it’s has been used throughout. There is

You now have holistic approach?

also Norman Creek catchment which is inJang, please.

one of the Brisbane catchments is currently
undergoing a redesign and they are trying to

68

Prof. Suk Hwan Jang

Professor

Discussion by all lecturers

andhuman activity from the land. We can doenvironmental is that the concept between

some river restoration engineering now, just

flood

the

find some green slope, have data for the fish.

development and conservation. This is both

But I think we need to think about the future.

sides of the shield – both sides of coin, which

What’s the future of our rivers? Because

means

but

with the development of urbanization, thecomplimentary. We should meet the climate

human population, everything changes withchange especially in monsoon area, so wetime and I think what kind of river condition

should adopt the kind of two points both

I should take for the future. Like thetogether.

urbanization, the people use more land for

When

we

talk

and

about

environment

that

is

not

the
is

flood
like

reversebuildings, homes, so I think about is the
The second one is what we think when we

future,that’sthink about river rehabilitation and riverpresentation.

my

first

point

of

my

restoration. The river is like a live animal,
river is alive. So let it go freely. When as

The Chinese towns have divided the rivers inmuch as we can, the first thing we do whendifferent zones. Yangtze River something in

we do river restoration is to find the former

Brisbane was in September. Some area of

trace and it gives you room for the river,

the river should be kept, some area of thesomething like that. We should find theriver should be reserved, and some section

former old trace and navigations and we tryof river will be used by the human. So how

to morphological and line the navigation. So,

to balance the development between theI think flood and environmental is bothhuman and the nature, to balance between

things we should get along with in these

sections of the river, I mean everything is adays. Thank you.

balance, harmony with river’s developmentwith nature. In the future, I think the target

Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai

of the river restoration is more important I

Thank you very much. You used the word

think. Thank you.

room, so instead of containing river in a verysmall concrete room, I think it’s important toProf. Nobuyuki Tamai

provide more natural rooms to the rivers soThank you. So striking a balance andthat we can restore the original status of theharmonize is very important. That notion isriver.

shared by many people. In China also thatconcept is held by Chinese people. That

Prof. Aizhong Ding

notion that striking a balance is very

Yes. In my presentation I am talking about

important is very popular in China. For

the river restoration scale for catchment. To

example not only the researches but also

my understanding, river restoration is not

the usual general public people already think

just a river, it is we should think about as athat it is very important to strike a balance69

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

between the environment and development

past

10

years,

ourhistoryof

riverand so on.

engineering changed so that we can takecare of the environment aspect as well, but

Prof. Aizhong Ding

in the regional area, the situations are

The people think about is nature very

different. The torrential rain made theimportant in principle because everywhere

people think about the applied concrete toand not just China, as countries evolved thethe river but we definitely have to take thepeople are always fighting with the nature.

approach to reduce the flow amount before

Also, the people are always fighting with

apply the concrete to cover the river. We

each other. I mean, it very important tohave to solve the problem by thinking about

think about velocity in terms of.

both sides.

Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai

Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai

Because Chinese people have very deepThank you very much. In your presentation

philosophy.

also it should be multipurpose and attractive.
What you said right now is also one of theProf. Aizhong Ding

examples of those attractiveness.

Attitude to this kind of the development
force some years ago and the people also

The second point or the topic I want to raise

including public change.

is

the

standard

and

each

river’scharacteristics. The rivers in the rural area

Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai

and the rivers in the urban area are differentYour slide also shows the change. Thank you

or not. My question is that are there any

very much.

universal ways of looking at the river
characteristics? Please go from this, Dr.

Prof. Yukihiro Shimatani

Shimatani, the organization problem can beareseen all over Japan. Those should have been

subjected to flood. I mean, the flood createdsolved by each rural area. I mean, now thethe environment. We cannot separate flood

local government has a lot of power.

As

you

already

know,

the

riversand the environment problem. If there is a
lot of land to be used, then we can allow

Prof. Yukihiro Shimatani

some are to be used for the nature but

Of course there are unique characteristics insometimes it is very difficult. We cannot

each river, so we cannot have the entirely

afford to have free space for nature. The

same way or measures. However, we haveurbanization grows.

to

have

some

consistentmeasuresnationwide otherwise we cannot promote
In Japan, our growth stopped and our way ofthe measures. Not the completely across thethinking about the river changed. For theboard kind of way in the things, like the70Discussion by all lecturers

measures that we had in the past is not socharacteristic unique itself?

good but we also have to have some kind ofdrivers

becauselocal

government

onlyProf. Aizhong Ding

cannot achieve very big thing. So, I also

8 rivers flow around the Shiyan City. At thatthink that national government needs totime, it seems the flow, the water quality aretake some role. Completely separate is

better than now. The current situation theimpossible, so probably combination of bothgovernment wants to restore the rivers butof two players.

we have different objectives for the 8 rivers.
People want to live in a good condition, clean

Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai

water, good river landscape, everything. I

Professor Ding, please.

think though up to now, the river restoration,
the issue in China they have multiple targets

Prof. Aizhong Dingfor this kind of rivers, partly the rivers and

For the river it is there we should think aboutwater characters they originate from theis what the river need for himself: water

mountain and flow by the transition zones

quality, ecology, quantity, for different rivers

between the city and then to the city.

they have different characters like hydrology,
everything are different. But I think forProf. Nobuyuki Tamai

different rivers in different section of theProfessor Jang, please?

rivers, like in urban area the river alreadymodified by human. This kind of river cannot

Prof. Suk Hwan Jang

be restored to the original condition. I am

As I said before, I would like to emphasize

now doing a project to see the managementon 2 points in river restoration, especially intargetandurban area. The first one is the room for the

ecology for the Chinese government. So, I

river and because for the last urbanization

was thinking about the kind of issues on

period, many populations and the buildings

rivers.

and something materials invaded to the

like

river

quantity,

quality,

riverfront and river area, so we should

Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai

return – we try to return. But likewise inyou

Tokyo, Seoul is very developed city, so it’smentioned the actual case in Shiyan and its

very difficult for us to restore the whole

neighboring area and from historical point ofrooms.

May

I

interrupt?

In

ShiyanCity,view, Shiyan City has like a long history. And
the

kind

of

historical

The

and

you

have

different

navigations. When we compared the presentcharacteristics for Feng River. This river issatellite picture with the former like 100

located near Shiyan, does this make a lot ofyears ago, the picture of satellite to former

difference or does this fact make the riveris very different which means the river is

you

have

characteristics

secondone

isrehabilitate

the

71

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

alive, so we should try to find that trace, that

concrete ditch, we can still find fish, so wekind of trace.

want to think that human being is not the
only creator in the earth.

The third one is when we restore andrehabilitation in the urban area, so we

I read the newspaper a couple of months

shouldtheago that in Mainland China some farmer has

rehabilitation theme or the title of that kind,

to – because the bee and the butterfly

so that ordinary people can know thedisappear,

philosophy of the rehabilitation of the kind ofthemselves to the fruit otherwise they

the urban area I think.

cannot grow fruit. Nature does a lot of

give

some

theme

for

so

they

have

to

powderservice on human being but we take it forProf. Nobuyuki Tamai

granted and when it ceases the service thenThank you very much. Listening to Professor

we realize it is very important.

Jang, I got a very important message which
is river is alive and when the neighboring

What my point is that we don’t want to makearea changes, of course the river would

the river become the original like 100 years

change accordingly. So we have to take thatago but we can do our best to create certain

into our consideration when we do the riversituation to make the natural process exist

rehabilitation and restoration.

and back to the part of the nature process,

Next, Marko please.

that is my point. Thank you.

Prof. Shaohua Marko Hsu

Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai

In my case in Taichung City, I think theThank you very much. Alistair, please?

urban river actually is connected to the ruralarea. For example, why the water in the

Mr. Alastair Mcharg

flooded river getting down? because weThanks – thank you. Just I guess further tohave too much pumping on the groundwater

that, it’s kind of what the society is prepared

and also we reduce nature infiltrationtobecause of urbanization. We need to thinkwaterways. A waterway may function wellabout the nature. When we do the land

but not be in a completely natural state.

development, people think about money.

When we restore systems, they don’t

They want to increase the land they havenecessarily follow the same trajectory to

but which creates some problem later on.

restoration from what they came throughWhen I say river restoration in the urban

degradation so they end up in a different

area, I did not say that we want the river go

spot anyway.

be

happy

the

restoration

of

the

back to the original form is impossible, but
still we can make it much better in terms ofI guess it’s what society is content with, withgood to other living creature. Even in thethe waterways as a resource. I’d just also72

Discussion by all lecturers

like to add that in regional areas in Australia
water

allocation

planning

occurswhich

allocates water to the environment, water toconsumptive use and water to cultural uses
as well and cultural uses might be billabongflooding at a certain time of year that might
have been instigated in an indigenous
ceremony or something like that and also
triggering, abrading a bit. But I think that’s areally interesting concept when you got thebalance of those three and getting thebalance right is the difficult thing in Australia
at the moment; especially with waterplanning we’ve got the growers of food andirrigation district screaming up for morewater and at the same time we are trying togive the environment more water as well, so
it’s a tough game.

73

8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration

Closing address
Chairperson, Asian River Restoration Network
Professor, Kanazawa Gakuin University, Japan
Nobuyuki Tamai
Thank you very much. I wanted to have athat sense this ARRN and guideline withdiscussion with the audience in the floor but

exchange of information, those what we areunfortunately time is running out and thisaiming in and what we are doing in ARRN tovenue will be used for a different purpose

keep the diversity and to realize the better

after this, international symposium, so I

involvement in urban area or other areas asreally have to close this symposium on time.

well, that is the direction we want to go.

So, if I may wrap up what I’ve heard from all

For the five lecturers, a good lecture andthe presenters, I think the summary is likegood discussion. Thank you very much. A

this. The diversity is important, for example,

big applause to express our gratitude, thankconcrete channel – I mean, in natural river

you very much.

with the introduction of concrete channel,
the diversity was reduced. And when it

That is the end of the 8th forum of thesecomes to river restoration which is theactivities, thank you very much.

theme of this forum, cannot really ignore
that

fact.

Riversdohaveuniquecharacteristics, urban versus rural. I mean,
there

are

different

featuresandcharacteristics in urban area and rural areas.
Within that framework of diversity, I thinkwe were able to hear some engineering andtechnological presentation today.
There are some kind of rules that needs tobe there and also we have to strike abalance in very different aspect. That is theconclusion I can say from this forum. And in74

Closing address

Lecture Record of 8th International Forum on Waterfront and Watershed Restoration（11 November 2011）

January, 2012

Publishing

Asian River Restoration Network (ARRN)
Japan River Restoration Network (JRRN)
Foundation for Riverfront Improvement and Restoration
Shinkawa Chuoh Bldg., 7th Flr., 17-24, Shinkawa 1cho-me,
Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033, Japan
Tel: +81-3-6228-3860 Fax: +81-3-3523-0640
E-mail: secre@a-rr.net, URL: http://www.a-rr.net/
Editing

Takuya Kaneko
Graduate School of System and Information Engineering
University of Tsukuba
Prof. Shirakawa laboratory

Japan River Restoration Network (JRRN) has a role of ARRN secretariat from Nov. 2006 to Oct.
2012. Secretariat of ARRN and JRRN is operated by Foundation for Riverfront Improvement
and Restoration and CTI Engineering Co., Ltd. as joint study on development of Asian River
Restoration network.
http://www.a-rr.net/jp/en/7576