S5-1
Development and Universality of the Research on Non-equilirbruim andExtreme State of Plasmas
1. Introduction
非平衡極限プラズマ研究の展開と普遍性	 
1.	 はじめに	 
Kimitaka Itoh伊藤公孝
National Institute for Fusion Science 322-6 Oroshi cho, Toki, Gifu, 509-5202, Japan
Research Center for Plasma Turbulence, Kyushu University
6-1 Kasuga Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
核融合科学研究所	  〒509-5202	  土岐市下石町322-6
九州大学極限プラズマ研究連携センター	  〒816-8580	  春日市春日公園6-1

Here we introduce the recent development of the research of extremely non-equilibrium plasmas. This
area of research covers almost all of plasmas in laboratory and nature. The main emphasis of thissymposium is that the varieties in the phenomenology diverse plasmas, being generated by quite different
production schemes, are organized under general physics point of view. In addition, by organizing
pheneomenologies along the principles of plasma physics, the advancement in one area can induce solution
in other area of research.

BackgroundResearch of plasmas is basic to the modernscience, civilization and industry, and will be
the origin of future progress. In particular, thestudy of the extremely-nonequilibrium plasmas
has the impact in advancing the central issue ofmodern physics and has possibility toaccelerate the scientific innovation. Study ofplasma turbulence leads the understanding ofcomplex behaviour of plasmas in laboratory
and in nature. The coupling between plasmas
and intense light fields generates the highenergy density state, that make possible themetal silicon and super diamond, etc. The
dynamics variation of heat flux and/or thecontrol of fluctuation provides new freedom inmanipulating the state of matter. This is thetime to develop the research to unify thephysics progresses that have been establishedin the past for various types of plasmas.
Non-equilibrium properties
Non-equilibrium properties of plasmas arecharacterized by, e.g.,
Spatial inhomogeneity,
Deviation from equi-partition,
Selective excitation of fluctuation,

Cross-scale interaction of fluctuations,Interferences between different time scales(violation of time-scale separation),
Deviation from Arrhenius law,and others.
Focus of this symposium
In this symposium, we choose the issue of timescales: Focusing at the mixing of the timescales is the key to understand the universal
feature in phenomenologies in different type ofplasmas. Figure 1 illustrates the keywords
and subjects of in talks. Elementary processes
that are highlighted in this symposium are:Fast dynamical change (i.e., the change isfaster/as-fast-as the relaxation time),
Dynamics in phase space that introduces
time-scale mixing,
Change of state of matter that is realized by
the change that is faster than the relaxation insolid state,
Fast change of heat flux (in comparison withthe diffusive relaxation of energy),
Realization of structure through selective
generation of fluctuating fields.
Presentations explain a few key issuesin the list, and are chained to each other.

While each presentation treats different
plasmas from phenomenological point of view,
they are linked tightly with others whenorganized along the elementary issues in thenonequilibrium plasmas.

The programme is as follows.
1. Introduction (Kimitaka Itoh)
2. New transport picture in turbulent plasma
introduced by novel measurements ofturbulence (Shigeru Inagaki)
3. Ion temperature gradient driven turbulencewith strong trapped ion resonance (YusukeKosuga)
4. High-energy density materials; its dynamics
and phase transitions (Norimasa Ozaki)
5. Break
6. Complex interactions between high flux
plasma and materials (Shin Kajita)
7. Development of a method to synthesize
functional nanopowder using modulated
induction thermal plasmas with a highproduction rate (Yasunori Tanaka)
8. Analysis of coupling between nanoparticles
and radicals using perturbation of radical
density in reactive plasmas (Kazunori Koga)
9. Summary (Satoshi Hamaguchi)

Figure 1: Key concepts, which are highlighted
in the symposium, and relation withpresentations (2-7).
Acknowledgments
Stimulating discussions with S.-I. Itoh, A.
Fujisawa, T. Kaneko, R. Kodama, S.
Hamaguchi, R. Hatakeyama, N. Ohno, S.
Shiratani, K. A. Tanaka, Y. Uesugi, and H.
Yoneda are cordially acknowledged. This work
was partly supported by Grants-in-Aid for
Scientific Research of JSPF of Japan(23244113 and 21224014).
References[1] S.-I. Itoh et al.: J. Plasma Fusion Res. 87 (2011)371[2] 伊藤早苗、佐藤元泰: プロジェクトレビュ
ー「プラズマ乱流とRF非平衡場の科学」
J. Plasma Fusion Res. 85 (2009) 634-641[3] 藤澤彰英、他：非平衡極限プラズマネット
ワーク構想 - プラズマ物理科学の新しい研究
体制 –, J. Plasma Fusion Res. 90 (2014) 177