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文章编号:1003-2398(2019)01-0009-05 DOI: 10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2019.01.002

从国家间到多尺度的政治地理学：日本的历程与启示ᆝሺႉञ 喏݄ν݆ 
喋1.๓䭖ጮ⿷๓႒ ๓႒䮎᪳႒ⵀ⾢⻽e᪳႒䘔喏๓䭖 5970054喞2.ࡺࢃጴ㠯๓႒ ౜⤲⻽႒႒䮎喏Ꭻጊ 510631喌

FROM INTER-STATE T
TO
O MULTI-SCALAR POLITICAL GEOGRAPHIESGEOGRAPHIES:A JAPANESE PERSPECTIVE
Takashi Yamazaki1, LIU Yun-gang2

喋(SBEVBUF 4DIPPM PG -JUFSBUVSF BOE )VNBO 4DJFODFT 0TBLB $JUZ 6OJWFSTJUZ 0TBLB  +BQBO
4DIPPM PG (FPHSBQIZ 4PVUIFSO $IJOB /PSNBM 6OJWFSTJUZ (VBOH[IPV  $IJOB喌Abstract: The postwar histories of political geography in Japan in particular are not necessarily prominent.
Abstract
Political geography had basically been one of the most inactive sub- fields in postwar Japanese geographywith a limited number of scholars and published works. This, however, is not necessarily the case now. Political geography is a reemerging field in Japan. In this paper, by specifying general trends in the publication onpolitical geography and geopolitics, the authors first illustrates how political geography has been reemerging
and critically reconstructed in Japan since the beginning of the 1990sto show its prewar involvement in classical geopolitics and postwar "slow" development of renewed political geography. From this comparison,
they identifies recent parallel rise of publication on geopolitics and territory and proposes three future research orientations in political geographies of East Asia ― the necessity of critical reflection on the historical development of political geography rooted in the 19th century, the danger of returning straight to classical geopolitics as an art for statecraft, and the significance of multi-scalar perspectives. They conclude thatwithout these orientations it would be difficult to elucidate the spatiality, territoriality, and complexity of thecontemporary world political map.

Key words:
words political geography; geopolitics; inter-state; multi-scalar; Japan᣼ 㺭喝ӂᡎ੄ᰛᵢ᭵⋱൦⨼ᆜ㔅়Ҽⴑᶷ㙂㺦ҁぁθᵢᮽ䇚Ѱθᵠᶛऻᤢѣᰛ丟൞޻ⲺђӐ᭵⋱൦⨼੄߃䎭↛Ⲻᴨᣎ়ぁθ᭵⋱൦⨼ᆜжᓜᡆѰᰛᵢ൦⨼ᆜⲺਇኋቚެ㾷䠃㿼ԛсп⛯φжᱥ㾷⌞䠃ђᯯളᇬᆜѣᴶу⍱䏹Ⲻ࠼᭥ᆜ〇θҕቇᴿᆜ㘻࠰ᑣ⴮ީⲺᆜ

᭵⋱൦⨼ᆜⲺ⤢⢯ᙝχӂᱥ㾷䆜ᜋഔᖈࡦ֒Ѱ⋱ളᯯ

ᵥ⍱ࣞȾռᱥθ20 ь㓠 90 ᒪԙԛ੄θ䘏〃⣬߫ਇ⭕Ҽ⮛Ⲻਚޮ൦㕎᭵⋱ᆜⲺধ䲟ᙝχпᱥ㾷‫࠼ݻ‬䇚䇼ཐተ䖢਎θ᭵⋱൦⨼ᆜ൞ᰛᵢ߃ᓜު䎭Ⱦᵢᮽ䙐䗽࠼᷆൞ᓜ㿼䀈Ⲻ䠃㾷ᝅѿȾᵢᮽ䇚Ѱθ䘏пᯯ䶘Ⲻ࣑࣠θሼᰛᵢ᭵⋱൦⨼ᆜ⴮ީ࠰⡾⢟Ⲻ਎ौθ㘹ሕҼӂᡎ㔉ᶕ

ᴿਥ㜳ֵђӐ᭵⋱൦⨼ᆜѰᖉԙь⮂᭵⋱൦ഴⲺ亼ตԛᶛ᭵⋱൦⨼ᆜ൞ᰛᵢགྷުᒬ㻡䠃᯦ᔰᶺⲺ䗽ぁȾ⹊ᙝૂགྷᵸᙝ⨼䀙‫⤢࠰ڐ‬ᴿⲺ䍗⥤Ⱦガਇ⧦θф൦㕎᭵⋱ૂ亼ൕ⴮ީⲺ࠰⡾⢟൞ᰛᵢ∊䖹ཐθ㔅়ҼњѠ儎ጦθ㙂ᴶ䘇৾༺ӄ໔䮵䏁ࣵȾ᭵⋱൦⨼ᆜ൞↚ᵕ䰪㔅়Ҽ⭧ളᇬ䰪൦㕎᭵⋱ੇཐተᓜⲺ

‫ڟ‬䩚䃹喝 ᭵⋱൦⨼ᆜχ൦㕎᭵⋱χളᇬ䰪χཐተ
‫ڟ‬䩚䃹

ᓜχᰛᵢ
͙పܲㆧण喝K901.4
͙పܲㆧण᪳⡚ᴳ䃲ⴭ喝A
᪳⡚ᴳ䃲ⴭ᭵⋱൦⨼ᆜⲺ䖢਎Ⱦะӄᰛᵢ᭵⋱൦⨼ᆜⲺਇኋ়
基金项目：‫ࠑڍ‬ᒬཨመߥ۲᧚ᮉᄫḸ41571130Ḽ41271165ḹ
作者简介：ࡢ࢔ߟԽḸTakashi YamazakiḼ1961úḹḼ௅ఴ̚ᦏ̠Ḽӯ‫ܢ‬Ḽஓ૾ḼIGU ஊ෴‫ށူڠ‬տ͗ґ˞ࣝḼ˞᜵ᆐቂழՓ˝ஊ෴‫ူူڠ‬᝶ǋу፣ᆐቂǌE-mail: yamataka@lit.osaka-cu.ac.jpǌ
通讯作者：ѵ̇ѷḸ1973úḹḼЮᗛ԰̠Ḽӯ‫ܢ‬Ḽஓ૾Ḽ˞᜵ᆐቂழՓ˝ۡࣉ‫ߥူڠ‬ǋஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ǋၶาቆᫍ᝶ǌ
E-mail: ygliujp@163.comǌ
收稿日期：2018-11-06；修订日期：2018-12-27
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Vol.34
Vol 34. No
No.1 20192019/29 ࣱኃ  య঳ኃ  యΜ໊࠯ᔊᄉѢྟྫྷణЎѢဗ‫ ڙ‬1890 ࣱ̼ҁ 20 ˆጡ௉యᤇʶ᫼ൿǌҁ

1 引言

20 ˆጡ 40 ࣱ̼Ḽಕᮤ˖ࣛథþ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ÿߙಧᄉѢྟྫྷ̾̋‫˧ؤ‬Ҹܷ᧙ѢဗǌᤇʶᣀԪᄉԓ‫ॆځ‬ཨˀ௅ఴԟˀ˿̍

௅ఴஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉԦࡘፂԊ˿̃ੌґ֖̃ੌՐˏ˓ঋ

ฮࣰܹฟੌ́థСḼॆௐ௅ఴ᝴ܲ‫ࠑߥူڠ‬ᄉᆐቂழՓᣀ

ᤳ੆᫁᫼ൿḼᄫґ‫̅ܪ‬ኃʻ˓੆᫁య[1]ǌੌՐ௅ఴᄉஊ෴‫ڠ‬Փ˿‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ǌʿ᣾Բʶழ᭦Ḽ̯ͺᏧᄉᐿ௿౎ᄹḼܷᦉူߥࣲ෤థϷ˖‫ڍ‬ʶಧϢ໔ʿґḼᏪ௦ፘ፝ፂԊ˿ 20 ࣱࢺѫ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ᄉώ࠭Ꮷࣲ᭣ஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᏧḼᏪ௦СซԊԽǋԾᄉঋᤳԦࡘయḼᄯҁ 20 ˆጡ 70 ࣱ̼Րయ੥ध‫ᤩݼ‬ຑෛፂ฿֖Ӝ۪ᄉ‫ߥူڠ‬ᏧḼ‫ࠃྫ࠴ݟ‬ጒ, ෇⇏䃀❫ǋዚԶ̃᥼ࠗḼᤈЙþʶ໻൪පÿ[2]ᄉ࿃খǌʿ᣾Ḽᤇሗ࿃х̯ 20 ˆጡኍ[3-6]ǌᤇʶཁˀડ᧓࠶ᄉ ǑPolitische Geographieǒ ֖‫͟ݎ‬ᄉ

90 ࣱ̼ՐయԠध‫ݼ‬ԦၶஇԪḼ̯̂ஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉᆐቂ̠տ

ǑGeopolitikǒ ˧ᫍᄉူ᝶͛੽᤾ᣣథ੝ʿՎ[7,8]ǌᤇឬ௙௅ఴ

ध‫ܲܘݼ‬ḼߥᏧ͂ध‫ݼ‬ᮟጒѢࣝՉሗஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬३‫ڍ‬ᬄߥᄉ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴Тᡐࣲʿ௦ஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷ଍Үᄉፆ౦ǌஊ෴‫ڠ‬శ͗ᝫḼҪЙ‫ڍݟ‬ᬄ‫ߥူڠ‬ᐎՋ͗ ḸIGUḹǋ‫ڍ‬ᬄஊ෴መߥ

ူߥԵ௦ᓑ౎ᄉþયྠÿḼ֖߱‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴˧ࣲᫍ෤థူ᝶੽Ө͗ ḸIPSAḹǋᎾ‫ ͗ߥࠑߥူڠڍ‬ḸAAGḹ ֖᣷ܑ‫ڠ‬Ӝ͗ᝫଋСጆǌḸBRITḹ ኍߥశጷጺḼѢྟᄉ੆౦ஜ᧙˶ध‫ܘݼ‬ҪḼᤇឬ௙ஊ෴‫ڙߥူڠ‬௅ఴвऎТᡐǌ̃ੌ˧ՐḼ‫˝ځ‬ᜁ҃ᜆᄉԓ‫ځ‬ḼథСþ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ÿᄉѢྟྫྷበ҈๖ܾ൰ࡉḼͭಕᮤ˝þஊ෴‫ူڠ‬ÿᄉѢྟྫྷ̮ఴ஠‫ڙ‬൤ᐿ௿ʽḼࠪ௅ఴஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉԦࡘᑡፎᤈᛠ

γ૆ஜ᧙‫ܘ‬᫁Ḽᄯҁ 20 ˆጡ 70 ࣱ̼ళ Ḹ‫ ڎ‬1ḹǌᤇʶจ‫ܘ‬᫁ᏥࠢḼѫౡФԦࡘᡕҸԢФࠪ˖‫ڍ‬Ԣஞ˓ˋ̍ஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬଍฽ˀ௅ఴஊ෴‫ူڠ‬ᆐቂ͗ Ḹኤሥ JAPGḹ ᄉ੆በథС [1]ǌԦࡘᄉύ᧜ǌఴ஠ѫౡ੝ၸᄉ஠࿸ஜ૵Ḽ‫ຸ̅౎ڨ‬௅ఴᄉJAPG ൣय੆በ̅̅ 1959 ࣱḼФ੆տܷᦉѫ‫ੌ˝ڨ‬ґ̯̂‫ڠ‬Ѣྟஜ૵ं Webcat Plus ֖ߥశ᝶஠ஜ૵ं CiNiiḼᤇ௦௅ఴᎅஊ෴ᆐቂᄉ‫ߥူڠ‬ᏧḼ̼ᛪ̠ྫྷ௦ JAPG ᄉ˞ࣝࡷၾߟ

ဗ‫ڙ‬ణК᭦ᄉ˹ዙ֖᝶஠ஜ૵ंḼၿ‫ࠑڍ‬ζো఺ౝᤁᖸḼʻ [9]ǌ ᤇ ʶ ௐ య థ ᝴ ܲ ᝶ ஠ ‫ ڙ‬JAPG ˞ ᎃ ᄉ య Ѯ Ǒஊ ෴ ‫ڠ‬๯ᄥ˿෇ਖ਼ௐ̼̾౎௅ఴѢྟᄉ੝థ˹ዙ֖᝶஠ǌ᤯᣾ѫူǒ ʼԦᛪḼͭЮࠓܷᦏ௦‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ᄉᄰСាᮤǌԺ᜸ḼౡФ˖ᄉ஠࿸ḼፆՋࠪ௅ఴߥᏧᄉ᝺ៀḼቷᏧᝢ˝Ḽ௅ఴ̃ੌՐᄉ௅ఴஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬в൒੆˝‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ᄉþયྠÿǌФஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉԦࡘԊርࠪ˖‫̾ڍ‬Ԣˋ̍Չ‫ڍ‬ըᇧᮗܲḼӉᫍḼ᜴ழ‫ߥူڠ‬ႌ௾᥅ࠪ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥᤈᛠ੺ѻ੊͟ူԥહࠪ‫͛ॅٿ‬ፑ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥᄉ᝜৵ǋࠪߥመԦࡘ࿗ྱবᄉᤜ

ধḼԥধੌ́ˀ‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉСጆḼͭ‫˝ځ‬௅ఴՏሥʼࣲ෤థ

යḼࠪܲࡆऎ᜼ᝇᄉ᧗᜼ኍኍḼ‫ڨ‬௦ФԺύ᧜ᄉፂᰍǌఴþ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ÿḼ੝̾ॆௐ௅ఴþஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ÿႌࠪ൤̕෤థ஠ᝢ˝ḼӉહ˖௅‫ڙ‬Юᄉˋ̍ஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬Ḽ࠱థԺᑞ۲̅

͉ʹᄉᝦ᝶Ḽᤇ˶௦ʶ˓᭣࣡థᡙᄉဗ៵ǌᒬᢵᄉˋழ஠Ӑ᜼ᝇḼ˝ॆ̼ˆႌஊ෴‫ڎڠ‬ᄉᮖ۪ব֖‫ܬ‬᜴ழ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉஊ෴‫ ̅ߥူڠ‬20 ˆጡ 70 ࣱ̼ళ‫ܬ‬ТḼᤇ௦ఽবူᝌϡѢ࿗ྱᄉ᠇࿸ǌ‫ڙ‬ፆ᝶ᦉѫḼቷᏧଡѢतበ۲ ̅ ̠ ͂ ࠪ ᇪ ͗ ˀ ஊ ෴ ̂ ͇ ᄉ Т ᡙ ௅ ຑ ‫ ܘ‬᫁Ḽ ‫ ݟ‬ᡔ Ӯ ੌþࣰ֖ஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ÿᄉώᝫḼ࣎భ̾൤᧗ౝஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉழ

́ǋۡࣉ఑˼ǋඞాᤁҮ̾ԢФ߱ᇪ͗᫇ᮤᄉѢဗ˝ᐿՓḼ΍˧੆˝ʶ᫂నҫ̅þࣰ֖ÿᏪʿ௦þੌ́ÿᄉߥ᫇ǌ

௿ [10]ǌͭ௦ḼՎʶௐయ௅ఴ˶థឰܲᇪ͗ᤁҮǋۡࣉ఑˼Ḽͭ௅ఴஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉᆐቂՎಧ˶ˌඒలԩ൤ॕֽḼԥᏪ̯

2 日本政治地理学的“地缘政治”基因20 ˆጡ 70 ࣱ̼ళध‫ݼ‬Ḽஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉᄰС੆౦ஜ᧙ܷࣧђ࠵ǌ‫ڙ‬൤˧ґ௅ఴᄉþஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷÿ଍Ѣ˿᝴ܲ੆౦Ḽ௅ ఴ Ѣ ྟ ஜ ૵ ं ḸWebcat Plusḹ ֖ ߥ శ ᝶ ஠ ஜ ૵ ं‫ݟ‬ґᤗᄉ JAPG ˞ࣝࡷၾߟʻஓ૾Ḽ̴ᄉ੆౦ෂྥЌಙḼͭḸCiNiiḹ ᄉஜ૵௬ᇧ Ḹ‫ ڎ‬1ḹḼಕᮤ˖դథþஊ෴‫ူڠ‬ÿߙಧଉᝦᄉᦏ௦‫ࠑڍ‬ᫍᄉ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ǌ௅ఴኃʶఴஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ஓ

图 1 1889—2015 年日本政治地理学与地缘政治学出版物数量的变化

Fig.1 Changing of Publications on Political Geography and Geopolitics(1889—2015)౎ຸṊWebcat Plus. http://webcatplus.nii.ac.jp/, CiNiiAriticles. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ǌ

10 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Vol.34
Vol 34. No
No.1 20192019/2ࡢ࢔ߟԽḼѵ̇ѷṊ̯‫ࠑڍ‬ᫍҁܲࡆऎᄉஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬Ṋ௅ఴᄉԊርˀըᇧ౅௦ၿˋܷ̚ߥᄉఱЮζᘨஓ૾ᎃᗂḼᤇఴ˹˶̨௦᫧᧕

ͭ௦Բʶழ᭦Ḽᬣᅋ௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬ႌС̅ஊ෴ពᮤᄉᆐ

˿థС‫ࠑڍ‬ǋ‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ‫ڍ֖ڗ‬ᬄСጆᄉពᮤ ǌᤇఴ˹˶ಕং

ቂ੆౦ஜ᧙‫ܘ‬᫁Ḽ20 ˆጡ 90 ࣱ̼Ր௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷ଍Үஊ෴ᅋஊ෴‫ڙߥူڠ‬௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬ႌᄉൣयᆷበǌӠࣱՐḼJAPG

‫ߥူڠ‬Ԧࡘᄉབৰᰳ๨ᡐ౎ǌ1993 ࣱḼ‫ڍ‬ᬄ‫ߥူڠ‬ᐎՋ͗ᄉ੆տ˧ʶശࡢ௥ࣉஓ૾֖౔Аᤥஓ૾ՋͺḼណ‫ڎ‬लЙ᜴ˆႌஊ෴‫ށڎڠ‬տ͗ Ḹဗ‫ڙ‬ᄉஊ෴‫ށူڠ‬տ͗ḹ ‫̚ˋڙ‬Էழஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉ੆౦ [12]Ḽͭ‫ࠃݜ‬ᬄʼलЙᄉ̨௦౔Аᤥᄉध˿ʶ൒ஊ෴‫͗ߥူڠ‬ᝫ [19]Ḽ͗ᝫ᝶஠ᬶథᔭ஠֖௅஠ྟ

þጆፑူ᝶ÿḼᤇᮉူ᝶‫᜴ڙ‬ழஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ႌ෤థॕֽḼࠪఴ[20,21]ǌᬣՐḼ௅ఴ‫͗ߥူڠ‬ʽᄉஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᆐቂጷ̅ 1994

௅ఴஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉ੺ѻবतౝ˶ॕֽၴॱǌ

ࣱ੆በǌTakagi ߸ஞ᝭े˿̴͂ᄉาҮ੆౦[22]ǌࡉክᤇ˓ᆐ

[11]ᤇឬ௙Ḽ௅ఴᄉஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ఴ᠎ʼХథþ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ÿቂጷधࡘาҮ̨፤૆ҁ 1999 ࣱḼ̴͂ᄉଉጉࣲలᑞૈѢ௅۲‫ځ‬ḼФԦࡘࣲలԩҁ Ḹ᜴ழḹ ̠஠‫ߥူڠ‬ধ໼ᣀ‫ۋ‬ᄉॕఴஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ల౎ᄉԦࡘழՓḼͭ᤯᣾Չሗஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᆐֽḼ˶లܹܲԩҁܰᦉᇪ͗ဖܑԪӐᄉॕֽǌʶ੺བᛱ̅

ቂ˞ᮤᄉଉᝦḼ᝴ܲԺᑞᄉᆐቂᝫᮤᤆ௦ᜁࡘဗѢ౎ǌ‫ࠑڍ‬ᫍ ḸԀ԰Цḹ ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ᆐቂᄉ‫ߥူڠ‬ᏧѸत˿þஊ෴ͺ˝ࠪʼᤗஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬መТᡙ‫ܘ‬᫁ᄉ‫ٿ‬ःḼ21 ˆጡˆ‫ߥူڠ‬ÿḼࣲ‫ੌڙ‬Րፘ፝ၸþஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ÿᄉՏሥࡘधФ‫ڠ‬ጡѹԠథʶఴС̅ஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉᗂͺ Ǒቆᫍᄉஊ෴‫ူڠ‬ǒᎅஊ෴ᆐቂḼᤇʶཁ᜴֖ழஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉԦࡘᑡፎ֖Ԧࡘ

ᜁጩЙ‫ߥူڠ‬ጆѴஓ౅˖ [23]ǌˀ Kiuchi ੊ Takagi ᄉᗂͺʿ᤾ᣣܷᄰफ़ऐǌՎ [11,22]Ḽᤇఴஓ౅Ӊդ˿ఝܲᄉူ᝶বብᓫḼ๯ᄥ˿੺ѻ‫ڠ‬
ᎅஊ෴ߥǋࡆऎஊ෴ǋՐ൸ඞ˞˦֖ቆᫍၶ̖ኍူ᝶ǌࡉ

3 日本地理学的“政治转向”ክᤇ̎ብᓫᄉͺᏧలॸ੽ᝢᒬࣁ௦ஊ෴‫ࠑߥူڠ‬Ḽͭᤇఴ˹ᄉѢྟಕংᅋ௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷध‫ݼ‬ᒬ˞ଉጉቆᫍǋ‫ڠ‬ழˀԲʶழ᭦Ḽ‫ڙ‬௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬ႌḼ20 ˆጡ 90 ࣱ̼ՐԁѢဗஊ෴ᄉСጆḼ˞࠭ஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉԦࡘǌ˿௙௬ᄉஊ෴Ӑ໼ึ [13]ǌ‫ ڎ‬1 ˖ᄉఛጲ௬ᇧḼ̯ 20 ˆጡ 90‫ ڙ‬൤ ˧ Ր Ḽ Yamazaki ଍ Ѣ ˿ ஓ ౅ Ǒஊ ෴ e ቆ ᫍ e ‫ڣ‬ࣱ̼ళҁ 21 ˆጡѹḼథСஊ෴ᄉ‫ߥူڠ‬ᆐቂ஠࿸ Ḹឰ‫ݟ‬൤੝Ṋ᭦Փஊ෴ᄉ‫ߥူڠ‬ǒ [24,25]ǌˀ˧ґᄉஓ౅ʿՎḼᤇఴஓዜѾᄉ˹ዙ֖యѮ᝶஠ኍѢྟྫྷḹ ‫ڙ‬ஜ᧙ʼܷࣧ‫ܘ‬Ҫǌឞ౅ណ‫࠱ڎ‬ஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮅ̅௅ఴԢˆႌФ߱‫ڠ‬ӜᄉੌՐ‫ူڠ‬ఛጲᄉஜ૵˶ᦉѫ๯ᄥ˿᥵ᤂߥመ‫ݟ‬ᇪ͗ߥǋԊԽߥǋ‫ڠ‬ߥԊԽ˖ԜᏥࠢḼ࠱˞᜵‫ڙ‬ൖฮ੊ӑᎾ੝्੆ᄉஊ෴‫ူڠ‬

۪ߥǋፂ฿ߥ֖ஊ෴ߥኍழ᭦ᄉஊ෴ᆐቂḼ‫ځ‬൤ឞ໼ึ਒

ߥူ᝶ഏএःၸҁ௅ఴᄉՉሗࠃΒ˖ǌࡉክ˧ґՉሗ᜴ழ։ᅋஞ˓̠஠ˀᇪ͗መߥࠪஊ෴ᤫ‫ܘ‬ᄉߥశТᡙǌᤇ̎Тஊ෴‫ူߥူڠ‬᝶ࣂፂᜁþलᤈÿ௅ఴḼࣲͭ෤థᜁ௅ఴ‫ڠ‬ᡙ௦ၿʶ̎ॆௐТᡐᄉߥశধ໼ Ḹ‫ݟ‬Րဗ̼˞˦ǋՐፆౝူߥᏧᄽൣଋԩǌᤇ̎ᅻខᤆᭉ᜵‫ڙ‬௅ఴᐿ௿ʽᜁᰍ᝼֖

˞˦ǋՐ൸ඞ˞˦ǋᝌౝ˞˦ኍḹ ੝ࣛ౎ᄉḼᤇ̎ধ໼ࠪ

இᓡḼࣲв൒࠱੆౦þᣤѢÿҁˆႌ[26]ǌFukushimaǋ Taka-ਆॆཨᄉాҦСጆ Ḹ‫ݟ‬᫼ጞǋবѾǋሗிǋඞி֖൸ඞኍ

giǋ Maeda ֖ Yamazak ኍ̠ᦏ௦ᤇழ᭦ᄉዜͪ࠼ណ[5,9,27-31]ǌழ᭦ᄉాҦСጆḹ ଡѢ᠎ႠǌՎௐḼᤇ̎ধ໼ࠪᄫґӳ˞࠭ᄉᒬཨဖܑф߿᝶ᝢខ᝶ഴ‫ۋ‬ଡѢ಩ఴব੺ѻǌԩᤇ̎

4 日本政治地理学的进化ধ໼ॕֽḼ௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷध‫ݼ‬ఝܲ‫࠱ڠ‬ஊ෴ͺ˝̴͂ᄉᆐቂС᪃ជǌ‫ڙ‬௅ఴḼᄫґᤇ̎ளধ໼‫ူڠڙ‬ᄉ᝴ܲѫஂߥ‫ݟ‬ʼ੝ᤗḼ௅ఴஊ෴‫ ڙߥူڠ‬20 ˆጡ 90 ࣱ̼ՐѢဗ˿መध‫ݼ‬௬ဗḼ‫ݟ‬ᇪ͗‫ߥူڠ‬ǋ஠Ӑ‫֖ߥူڠ‬ஊ෴‫[ߥူڠ‬1]ǌ

ˏ˓ᦉѫᄉࣲበṊʶ௦͛ፑᄉ̾‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴˝Юನᄉþஊ෴ᤇሗᆐቂழՓʼᄉஊ෴ᣀՓḼ௦ၿ௅ఴ‫੺ࠪ˖ߥူڠ‬‫ߥူڠ‬ÿḼᙉཨᛯᖿयॱͭॕֽΙཨຆᤉṋԲʶ˓௦‫ߥူڠ‬ѻবᇪ͗ူ᝶ᄉल̭੝଍Үᄉǌശࡢ௥ࣉḼᰳఱ॔ॏ֖ࡢ

ᄉþஊ෴ᣀՓÿࣛҮ˿థСஊ෴ᄉ‫ߥူڠ‬ᆐቂ‫ܘ‬᫁Ḽᤇ̎࢔ߟԽኍߥᏧᄉᗂͺ࠱ᔭᎾူ᝶᜹ཁलЙ௅ఴஊ෴‫ူڠ‬ᆐቂ˞᜵ᬶ˖‫˧ࠑڍڙ‬ʽᄉ‫ڠ‬ழࡆऎ[32]ǌ௅ఴ̠஠‫͛ߥူڠ‬ߥǌྱѾ௦ᰳఱ॔ॏ֖ࡢ࢔ߟԽ˝௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷ̭ፀፑʼ௾᥅Ꭴ࠵ܲࡆऎ᜼ᝇḼ਄̅ᤈᛠ࠴ࡆऎᄉᆐቂǌᏪᤇ˿ஊ෴‫ ڙߥူڠ‬20 ˆጡ 80 ࣱ̼Րᄉ᧗᜵ူ᝶໼ึ Ḹ‫ˆݟ‬ႌ௬ཨ᫽ᆽ˿௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷࠪஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉᆐቂຆЙ[33]ǌၿ̅

[12,14-16]

ͳጆူ᝶ǋ੺ѻব‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴̾Ԣ‫ڠ‬ழஊ෴ኍḹǌൣ‫֖࢔ࡢݟ‬ᥗध˿̾‫ॶ˖˝ࠑڍ‬ᄉ԰Ц‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥ੊ஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬Ḽ‫ڠ‬ེ៭੝ૈѢᄉḼᤇʶௐయ௅ఴஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᆐቂᄉஜ᧙‫ܘ‬ူߥᏧ࣡࣡঒᜼ඞி‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉቆᫍব֖‫۪ڠ‬বḼԢФ‫ڙ‬КီҪḼˀ௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷᝠ᫝֖लၸ Ǒஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ǒ ఽংᄉஜӐˆႌ˖ҮখবᄉᆐቂǌᤇሗᡕҸ˶࠭ᒰ௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷࠪ᧙‫ܘ‬Ҫ௦Վ൥ᄉ[17]ǌ‫ځ‬൤Ḽ̴͂ᝢ˝ឞఽং˝ஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬੩᣷ܑᆐቂᄉ໧᜼ǌ੝̾ဗ‫ڙ‬௅ఴ᣷ܑᆐቂᄉ˞ึ௦ஊ෴ߥ

ध˿ளᄉူ᝶᜼ᝇǌ֖‫ڍ‬ᬄСጆḼᏪʿ௦‫[ߥူڠ‬33]ǌчੌፆోՐḼग़३eฐҾᄉஓ౅ᜁᏡដ੆௅஠ ǌឞஓ‫ڙ‬൤ᐿ௿ʽḼ௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷ̯ 1990 ࣱ̼Րయध‫ݼ‬Ḽࠪ౅ᒯ̬̮‫ڙ‬ʿறνᝠ߸ؒḼࠪஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᆐቂᡐᅋૈलழ

᣾ѫ˃ซ̅‫ڠ‬ழࡆऎᆐቂᄉϙՓࡘध੺ѻবԥধḼඊ‫ݟ‬ύՓᄉͺၸǌФ˖तበ˿ܲࡆऎᄉᆐቂழกḼ࠱‫ڠ‬ழবᄉஊ᧜௅ఴᇪ͗ߥᄉܲࡆऎᣀՓፂᰍ[34]ḼलЙ᜴ழஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬థ෴ᝫᮤᎵ̅КီӐˆႌ˖Ҫ̾ᆐቂǌཨᏪḼฐҾᄉፆౝ˞С԰Ц‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ᄉ੺ѻবᆐቂḼलЙ੺ѻবᇪ͗ူ᝶ኍḼ˦ழกॡᬱ‫ڙ‬௅ఴ३ҁᤁၸḼ‫˝ځ‬௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬ᆐቂ˞᜵С΍ஊ෴‫ᤩߥူڠ‬൥ध‫ݼ‬ՓܲࡆऎᄉᆐቂᔴयᣀԪḼᣀᏪ੆ซ‫ڠ‬ழࡆऎ֖ఴ‫ڗ‬ᝫᮤḼᏪᣖ࠵࠱Фˀ‫֖ࠑڍ‬КီࡆऎС˝ʶ᫂ᆐቂၿܲ˓ஊ෴ᛠҮᏧ ḸӉહඞி‫ڙࠑڍ‬Юḹ ԟˀᐎ ǌ‫ځ‬൤‫ڙ‬௅ఴḼॡ࠵థ̠᧓ၸฐҾᄉܲࡆऎ᜼ᝇᤈᛠࠃ

ᄉḼଉᝦФాҦСጆᄉቆᫍবǋᮖ۪বᄉߥመ[30]ǌ

[18]

[12]

᝼ᆐቂǌ

൤ܰḼʶ̎੺ѻ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ͺֵ˶ᜁ௅ఴ‫ࠑߥူڠ‬लЙ
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Vol.34
Vol 34. No
No.1 20192019/211 ࣱኃ  య঳ኃ  యΜ໊࠯ᔊ௅ ఴ Ḽ ‫ ݟ‬Naruseǋ Yamazakiǋ Kitagawa ֖ Takagi ኍ [13,35- 37]ǌ

ူߥԵ௦ͺ˝˿෴‫ڍ‬ழ႔ᄉࢹХǌᤇ˶௦௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷ᫁Colin Flint ᄉ Ǒ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴Й᫂ǒ ˶ᜁ௅ఴ‫ࠑߥူڠ‬Ꮱដ੆௅యᥗБ࠱‫ࡆࠑڍ‬ऎͺ˝ѫౡӬЊᏪ˞᜵Сซ‫ڠ‬ழࡆऎ᫇ᮤ

஠ḼᛪဗѢߥᏧ͂ࠪ௅ఴ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥ‫ܬ‬Тᄉథ਒ខֽः ǌᄉԓ‫˧ځ‬ʶǌ‫ ݟ‬Peter Taylor ֖ Neil Smith ૈѢḼˀஊ෴ᄰСᭉ᜵ซ਒ᄉ௦Ḽᤇሗ‫ܬ‬Тࣲ᭣̖ၶ̅௅ఴஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬శᄉᆐቂᦏʿःᬌ̅౼˓Ӭʶࡆऎǌ20 ˆጡ 80 ࣱ̼̾౎ஊ෴

‫ړ‬ǌᒬ 20 ˆጡ 70 ࣱ̼ JAPG ᄉาҮϢൢ̾౎Ḽ‫ڙ‬ஊ෴‫ူڠ‬‫ڙߥူڠ‬ൖฮ֖ӑᎾͺ˝ʶ˓ܲࡆऎߥመ३ҁ‫ܬ‬ТḼ‫ڙ‬ᤇߥ֖‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥ˖Ḽ̾‫ॶ˖˝ࠑڍ‬ᄉᆐቂ͛ፑ֖ᑡፎ‫ڙ‬௅ʶ᣾ር˖Ḽ੺ѻবխஅ԰Ц‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥ͛ፑḼՎௐࠪቆᫍ

ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬ᮖ۪і˪߸К๖ܾ˿ǌ‫׬‬ʶᄉΒܰ௦ശࡢ[39]Ḽ‫̮ݜ‬ాҦˀᮖ۪ஊ෴ဗ៵ᤈᛠܲࡆऎᤨ᜼Ḽࣂፂ੆˝ஊ෴‫ူڠ‬ཨᥕ९ᅋ̾‫ॶ˖˝ࠑڍ‬ᄉ԰Ц‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ᆐቂᔴयḼࣲలСߥᏧᄉРខǌ‫ځ‬൤Ḽ௅ఴ̾‫ॶ˖˝ࠑڍ‬ᄉஊ෴‫ੌڙߥူڠ‬ซᣀՓՐᄉஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ԦࡘǌՐᄉ௅ఴ‫˖ߥူڠ‬і˪๖ܾ൰ࡉḼᏪᤂయ௅ఴ԰Ц‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ[38]Բʶழ᭦ḼС̅‫ࠑڍ‬ᫍᄉஊ෴‫ڠ੊ߥူڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ᆐቂ

෴ߥᄉвऎТᡐࣲ᭣ຸ̅௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬ႌǌ߱௦᧪ࠪ‫ߥူڠ‬˶‫ܬڙ‬Т˖ǌ಩૵ʼᤗஜ૵ंᄉ஠࿸ፑ᝟, ಕᮤࣛథþ‫ڠ‬ᎅ˧ܰᄉǋॆґ௅ఴ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ᐿ௿ᄉʶሗ௾᥅বԥःǌ‫ݟ‬ґஊ෴ÿᄉѢྟྫྷ֖ಕᮤࣛథþᮖ‫ڗ‬ÿᄉѢྟྫྷஜ᧙‫̅ܪڨ‬੝ᤗḼ௅ఴஊ෴‫ࣂߥူڠ‬ፂᤉሎᤇ̎͛ፑধਆḼࣲᤈᛠ˿૆፝ᄉ‫ܘ‬᫁࿃খǌᤇˀᤂࣱᄉˋ̍ֆ᣷‫ڠ‬ᎅ्ҸԪӐథ᧗ளतౝḼܲࡆऎˀ੺ѻবஊ෴‫ڙߥူڠ‬௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬መ˖

Сǌ಩૵௅ఴஊउᄉඞ਒ុಉḼ‫˝ځ‬௅ఴˀ˖‫֖ڍ‬᭽‫˧ڍ‬ൣᤩຑԦࡘ‫ܷܤ‬Ḽᤇʶ࿃х‫ڍ˖ڙ‬ǋ᭽‫˶ڍ‬௦ዜͪ[47,48]ǌ

ᫍᄉܰ̓Сጆˀᮖ‫́ڗ‬ቪ‫̅ܪ‬ጊष࿃খḼ௅ఴඞ͔ࠪ̅˖

˖‫ڍ‬ᒬఴˆጡѹ̾౎థС‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ᄉѢྟྫྷᤩຑ‫ܘ‬‫֖ڍ‬᭽‫ڍ‬ǋమᱤᄉ‫ݝ‬ਕऎᦏ‫ڙ‬ᬋͯ[40]ǌၿ൤Ժ̾଍றḼ௅ఴܲḼᤇˀ˖‫ॆڍ‬ʽ‫ڙ‬КီӐˆႌ˖ፂ฿ˀܰ̓ஊንᄉ᧗ள

ඞ͔ࠪˋ̍‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ᄉʿ߶Кਕ‫ڙ‬ᣀӐ˝௅ຑ‫ܘ‬᫁ᄉ‫ڠ‬ᎅᦠᎵథСǌᥦ‫ڙ‬൤ᐿ௿ʽḼ˖‫ʹݟߥူڠڍ‬ःࠪ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ஊ෴Тᡙǌ‫ځ‬൤Ḽॆґ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴Ԣᮖ‫ ڗ‬Ḹ᣷ܑࡳࡥḹ ᄰСߥᄉТᡐṏ̯ʼᤗ௅ఴஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉ಴Βཱࠪ౎ᄹḼࠃᬄᄉѢྟྫྷ ḸӉહథСᤇʶ˞ᮤᄉ੺ѻবᆐቂḹ ஜ᧙௦૆፝

ʼᤇ௦ʶ˓థཁೣ੣ᄉ᫇ᮤǌ԰Ц‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥ‫֖ڍ˖ڙ‬௅‫ܘ‬᫁ᄉǌ԰Ц‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴в൒ԩҁ൓ᤀḼፂЦᄉ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ᗂఴᄉ‫ܬ‬ТḼॸ࠱ҪҚˏ‫˧ڍ‬ᫍᄉᮖ‫́ڗ‬ቪḼࣲᤈʶ൥ৎӐͺ‫ ݟ‬MackinderḼMahan ֖ Spykman ኍԠͺᜁᏡដ੆௅஠Ѣˏ‫ڍ‬ඞ͔ࠪࠪழ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉਕԩǌᥦ˥Ḽ‫ڙ‬ౝतఝ‫ݝ‬ᄉǋᏪ᭣

ǌᄰःᄉС̅‫ࠑڍ‬ᫍСጆᄉဖܑф߿᝶ᝌ᧕˶థ੝‫ܬ‬ࠪઇবᄉ‫ࠑڍ‬Сጆழ᭦Ḽஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᑞՠͺѢ᠇࿸ṏஊ෴ᔙḼᤇ‫ ڙ‬Robert Kaplan ᄉ Ǒ‫ူڠ‬ᄉ‫̪ܬ‬ǒḸ௅஠ྟḹ ˖३ҁ‫ࠑߥူڠ‬᣾ԜʶᄯᒰҦ̅ᆐቂʿՎሗዜᄉу቉Ḽࣲណ‫ڎ‬ପ˿Ќѫͳဗ ǌKaplan ૈѢḼܰ̓ Ḹ߶Кḹ ஊን҃߿Ꮷ᧗ளᇧ‫ʹݟူڠ‬ॕֽᤇ̎у቉ǌ᥋ਲ਼ᄉ௦Ḽᤇሗᅻខͳጆ‫ڙ‬᣾ᝢខҁ‫ࠑڍ‬ᄉ‫ူڠ‬ಪࡌ֖‫ူڠ‬ᐿ௿௦‫ࠑڍ‬በᡛ̅Ќ໗ባ́Ԝ֖ဗ‫ᦏڙ‬௦ቢ‫ڙ‬у቉ᄉ౼ʶழ౎଍Үу቉Ԧࡘǌੇ͂Ժᄉˆႌஊ෴ᄉþф߿বÿ‫ځ‬ገḼ‫ځ‬൤̾‫ॶ˖˝ࠑڍ‬ᄉ‫ڠ‬ᎅ̾ᮔ᜸Ḽஊ෴‫ူڠ‬ᅻខ‫ڙ‬ల౎Ժᑞ͗в൒ၸ̅଍Үу቉ǌஊ෴௦ধᏥ‫ࠑڍ‬ᮖ‫ࠑڍ֖ా˞ڗ‬ᫍСጆಪࡌᄉူ᝶۲ᆨ ǌᥦ˥ੇ͂۲̅ࠪ̃ੌయᫍஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ͺၸᄉԥᄴḼॆʽᄉ঳ͳᏪᝒḼᒬ 20 ˆጡ 90 ࣱ̼Րయ̾౎Ḽ௅ఴᄉˏዜஊ

‫ࠑߥူڠ‬Ժ̾˝൤ϡ̣̎˥ṏቷᏧ‫ڙ‬൤ଡѢ̾ʽʻ˓᜹ཁǌྟ[41-43]

[44]

[45]

෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᆐቂᦏᄹҁ˿в൒Ԧࡘᄉᤛ៵ǌᤇ൒Ԧࡘ˖ᄉሤ

ᯪЎḼ‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷ‫ڙ‬ណ‫ူڠ࠱ڎ‬ᅻខःၸ̅ܰ̓ˀи̂౜ζՁ˧ʶ௦Ḽ௅ఴͺᏧ‫ڙ‬ឞᮖ۪ʿற‫ܲܘ‬ᄉᗂͺ ḸᏪ᭣ஊን˧ґḼᭉ᜵˿ᝌ‫ڠ֖ߥူڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥ˧ᫍᄉᝢខ᝶֖ដͺḹ ஜ᧙ǌᤆథʶ̎Ժ᜸ᄉᡕҸḼ‫ݟ‬௅ఴ‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷ࠼ណ਒ខ्খСጆ ḸΒ‫ݟ‬ဖܑф߿᝶֖þᮖ۪ᬝ᫷ÿḹǌФ൒Ḽ᤯᣾௅ఴᄉࠃ᝼ᆐቂଡӣူ᝶᜹ཁኍǌࡉክ௅ఴஊ෴‫ူڠ‬ࡉክ̾‫ॶ˖˝ࠑڍ‬ᄉ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥ௦ஊ෴ဗࠃ˞˦ˀྕ‫˞ڍ‬ߥ‫ڍڙ‬ᬄʼ̮ॕֽҦʿᡛḼͭФॕֽҦ‫ڙ‬ଡӣ˧˖ǌԲʶ˦ ᄉ ̖ ྫྷ Ḽ ͭ ߱ ͂ ᄉ ౜ ቪ ् य ͗ Ҫ Қ ḸᏪ ʿ ௦ ᎀ ᝌḹ уழ᭦Ḽၿ̅નࡘ˿԰Ц‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥ੊̾‫ॶ˖˝ࠑڍ‬ᄉஊ෴

቉[49]ǌ‫ࠑߥူڠ‬ःধᏥঞಧԜ᧗ౝஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬Ḽ̯Ꮺൣᆷူ

‫ߥူڠ‬Ḽ௅ఴஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬Юध‫ݼ‬Ѣဗ˿ܲࡆऎᄉᆐቂᔴ

ᝌ‫ࠑڍ‬ᫍᄉу቉ḼࣲଡѢђᎀу቉ᄉԺᑞழ႔ǌኃʻḼ˝

यǌ۲̅ࠪ԰Ц‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ᄉ੺ѻḼူᝌஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬᣾Ԝ˝ᝌфʼᤗᬱᮤḼᭉ᜵तበ̾þࣰ֖ஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ÿ˝˞ᮤᄉʹԢ‫ʹݟ‬௃กᎀᝌᇪ͗у቉ǋᬱ̾ౝतࣰ֖ˆႌᄉԓ‫ځ‬ṋߥశࣰԻḼࣲԦ૘ˋழþࣰ֖ÿধਆူএᄉͺၸḼ଍Ү‫ڍ‬᤯᣾लЙ੺ѻবᇪ͗ူ᝶Ḽପᇧၿܲ˓ஊ෴ᛠҮᏧԟˀᄉᬄஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉழՓᣀ‫ۋ‬ǌቆᫍాҦͺၸǌʿ᣾Ḽ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ழ᭦ᄉ੆౦ܷᦉѫ̮ʿ௦۲̅ᄫґஊ෴‫ڍ˖ڙߥူڠ‬ᄉ‫ͮڠ‬Ḽୋ‫ߥူڠڍ˖ڙ‬Ѣᒬ‫˧ࠑߥူڠ‬੣ḼФͺᏧܷᦏ௦ஊ෴ߥ֖‫ڍ‬ᬄСጆழ᭦ࠑ᭦ґᄉ᫇ᮤ௦Ḽ‫ࣲڍ˖ڙ‬లԥধੌґ൸ඞ‫ߥူڠࠑڍ‬ˀǌʿ᣾Ḽʿክঞ

‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥ˧ᫍᄉСጆḼ̾ԢᏥᘼੌՐԦ᣹‫ࠪߥူڠࠑڍ‬ಧḼ௅ఴᄉஊ෴‫˖ߥူڠ֖ߥူڠ‬ᄉஊ෴᜵ገᆐቂᦏ‫ڙ‬Ԧஊ෴ᄉ੺ѻবԟˀᄉᐿ௿ʽḼ‫ߥူڠ‬Ꮷःॆ‫ူܪʹݟ‬቉ཨࡘḼ३ҁ˿ఝܲᄉСซḼᤇࠪ௅ఴஊ෴‫ߥူڠ‬ᄉԦࡘ௦Тᡐᄉ‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥࣲˀФРၶṏ˖‫ࠑߥူڠڍ‬௦ሤ౜଍Ү‫̂ݝ‬ǌᤇሗ໼ึḼᤆ௦ͺ˝ߥᏧ࠴ॶ៞ਠ‫ࠪڠ‬԰Ц‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥ˖

ᄉߥᏧḼᤇʶཁ˖‫ڍ‬ᄉৰх˶థዜͪ[45,46]

ᄉ਒ខ्খˀф߿᝶ᤈᛠ̲ጹࠅ᜼ṏᤇःឞ௦௅ఴஊ෴‫ڠ‬

5 讨论和结论

ူߥ᣼̬Ԧࡘࣛ౎ᄉణܷ১এḼ˶௦ੇ̬͂Րॸᮋሤ౜᭦
ࠪᄉាᮤǌJohn Agnew ᄉþᮖ۪ᬝ᫷ÿ᜹ཁࣂૈѢḼኤӐᄉ̾‫ڍ‬

㠪䉘φ᝕䉘ѣኧཝᆜᕖѳኅࣟ⨼⹊ガ઎Ƚ⧁丢ঐ༡Ƚ‫⫆ץ‬㠪䉘ࠑ˝˖ॶᄉᮖ۪ϛ᝹௃กઁଦˆႌஊ෴˖ᄉ‫ఽܬ‬ᄉ‫ူڠ‬ဗ⫆ঐ༡Ƚᕖᛜঐ༡Ƚ⺋༡⭕੪ᇻ⨀ㅿሯᵢᮽ‫ؤ‬䇘Ⲻᑤࣟθ⢯↚ࠃ[47]ǌ‫ڙ‬԰Ц‫ڠ‬ᎅஊ෴ߥᄉԊԽ˖Ḽ̾‫ॶ˖˝ࠑڍ‬ᄉஊ෴‫ڠ‬㠪䉘έ

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HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Vol.34
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