Mobile Testing Guide

ANDROID & iOS
Version 3, August 2019

The details are correct at the time of writing and based on iOS 12+ andAndroid 4.4+. Note that new releases on both platforms may mean thedetails change or are adjusted slightly. Additionally Android features
can be inconsistent across devices and versions. The document flags
issues where known however there may be further issues.

CONTENTS
ANDROID
Talkback
Switch access
Auto scanning
Magnification gestures
Greyscale
Browser & Talkback support
Testing tools

2
3
10
11
12
13
14
16

IOS
Voiceover
The Rotor
Basic gestures
Screen Curtain
Speech Off
Pass-through Gesture
Zoom
Invert colors
GrayscaleTesting tools

17
18
19
22
25
25
25
26
28
28
28

RESOURCES
Standards & Guidelines
Android resources
Apple Resources
Articles and other resources

29
29
30
30
31

i

ANDROIDGETTING STARTED
Android accessibility features can be enabled on Android
devices through Settings → Accessibility.
TalkBack
Pre-installed Android screen reader. When enabled, Android reads
everything on the screen. In apps, this includes all buttons, images, form
elements, static text, etc. In the mobile browser, this should include all web
content (text, alternatives for images, links, form fields, tables, and so on).
TalkBack users include blind and low-vision users, as well as users withsome cognitive or learning difficulties.

Switch accessSwitch access allows you to control your device using configurable key
combinations with an external keyboard. You can move focus to clickable
items and select an item.

Magnification gestures
When enabled, magnification allows you to zoom in and out by tripletapping the screen.

Grayscale view
When enabled, this setting removes all color from the display, which canmake it easier for users with vision disabilities, such as color-blindness, toread the display.

ANDROID

2

TALKBACKTo enable TalkBack, navigate to Settings→ Accessibility → TalkBack thenswitch the button to On. A ‘Use TalkBack’confirmation screen will appear. Whenused for the first time a tutorial will belaunched. Ensure the device volume isturned up as TalkBack doesn’t
automatically adjust the volume if muted.

Figure 1: The accessibility settings panel shown
on a Nexus Tablet

You can customize the TalkBack
experience through Settings →Accessibility → TalkBack → Settings.
Mid-way down the settings screen under
the heading “Touch Exploration” ensurethat “Explore by touch” is selected, andthen launch and complete the “Explore bytouch” tutorial. It is recommended you
follow the Talkback tutorial accessed
mid-way down the settings screen under
the heading “Touch Exploration”.

Switching Talkback on and off quickly

You can map the TalkBack on/off button to the Power key by navigating to Settings →Accessibility → Accessibility shortcut and selecting On. Then you can then switch
TalkBack on and off using these two steps:
1. Press and hold the Power button until you hear a soundor feel a vibration.
2. Touch and hold two fingers on the screen until you hear

spoken confirmation.
If the device has multiple users, using the shortcut on the lock screen temporarily
enables accessibility features until the device is unlocked.
Note: This feature is not universal across devices.

For example it does not appear to work on the
Hudl running KitKat 4.4.2.

ANDROID

3

Basic gestures on Android
Once you enable TalkBack, the way you interact with the device changes.

All TalkBack gestures use one finger.

When you use two or more fingers, your touchor gesture goes straight to the application, rather
than to TalkBack.
For example, with TalkBack off on most pages you canusually scroll by slowly dragging one finger. With
TalkBack on, you can scroll by dragging two fingers.

There are two interaction methods:
nn Explore by touch: Drag your finger over the screen to have TalkBack

describe the items under your finger. You can double tap to open links,
press buttons, and so on. When you switch TalkBack on, touch
exploration is automatically enabled.
nn Gesture navigation: You can swipe right with a single finger to movefrom one item to the next in sequence. Or you can swipe left to go
backward through this sequence. TalkBack describes items as you movefocus around the screen. You can double-tap to open links, press buttons,
and so on.
In some applications, you can zoom by putting two fingers on the screen and pinchingthem together or pulling them apart. The chart below shows Android’s core touch andgesture commands.

ANDROID

4

Core TalkBack commands
Switch TalkBack on/off

Press and hold the off button, wait for thevibration then hold two fingers down.
Or through Settings → Accessibility → TalkBack
Note: This only works if the Accessibility Shortcut has
been enabled in the accessibility settings screen

Speak an element

Scroll forward

Single tap

Right then left
If you’re on a page
longer than one screen

ScrollMove to first item on screen
Two-finger slide

Select next item

Up then downMove to last item on screen

Swipe right / down

Select previous item
Swipe left / up

Down then up

Scroll backLeft then rightIf you’re on a page
longer than one screen

ANDROID

5

Move slider down

Notifications

Left then right

Right then down

Such as volume

Home button

Open local context menu

Up then left

Back button

Up then rightOpen global context menu
Down then left

Recent apps
Left then up

Down then right

Zoom
One-finger triple tap
Built in screen
magnification,
when enabledThis isn’t considered necessary for testing, but you can assign new actions to the gestures
through
Settings → Accessibility → TalkBack → Settings → Manage gestures .

ANDROID

6

Context menus
TalkBack has a global context menu and a local context menu to make it easy to findsettings and controls. The global context menu contains commands that work anywhere,
and the local context menu varies depending on the focused item. On older versions, theglobal and local context menus are shaped like circles, so you can drag your finger in acircle to hear the different options. On Android 5+ they are presented as lists.

TalkBack global context
menu features
The following explains features available
in the global context menu.

Quick navigation
Hear all of the items on the screen as you
move your finger in a circle. This option
isn’t available if you’re using the list
version of the context menu instead of thecircle version (by enabling “Show Context
Menu as list” in TalkBack settings).

Read from top
Hear a read-out of all items on the screen,
starting from the top.

Read last utterance
Hear the last verbalization again.

Spell last utterance
Hear a letter-by-letter spelling of
TalkBack’s last verbalization.

Using the global
context menu
Swipe down thenright to open themenuDrag your finger
to hear menu
items.

When you hear
the item thatyou’d like toselect, release
your finger.

Read from next item

Text to speech settings

Hear a read-out of all items on the screen,
starting from the last focused item.

This option is outside the circle menu, atthe bottom-right corner of your screen.
Selecting this option opens your text-tospeech settings. You can disable TalkBack
or dim the screen from here.

TalkBack settings
This option is outside the circle menu, atthe top-right corner of your screen.
Selecting this option opens the TalkBack
settings screen.

ANDROID

7

Local context menu
The local context menu contains
controls that relate to the focused item.
The options available in the menu change
depending on the item. If there are no
relevant options, TalkBack announces‘No menu items’.

TalkBack local context
menu features
The following explains features available
in the local context menu.

Using the local
context menu
Swipe up thenright to open thelocal context menu.
Drag your finger
in a circle to hearmenu items.

Default
Each swipe to the right reads the content
of the focused item.

Characters
Each swipe to the right speaks one
character of the currently focused item.

When you hear
the item thatyou’d like toselect, release
your finger.

Words
Each swipe to the right speaks one wordof the currently focused item.

Alternative TalkBack
local context menu features

Lines

When you activate the local context menu
from screens other than your home
screen, you might hear the features in thefollowing table.

Each swipe to the right speaks a single lineof the currently focused item.

Paragraph

Page navigation

Each swipe to the right speaks one
paragraph of the currently focused item.

Open a new local context menu with
options for moving to the next or previous
page.

Page
Each swipe to the right speaks all of theitems on the current page.

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8

Cursor control menu
Open a new local context menu with
options for moving the cursor and editing
text.
Options in the cursor control menu include:
nn Move cursor to beginningand move cursor to end
nn Cut, Copy, Paste, Select allnn Start selection modeand End selection mode.
To move the cursor while in an edit box,
you can tap the volume keys.

Links menu
When you navigate to text that contains
links, you can open the local context
menu, and select the Links submenu toselect one of the links included in the text.

Word
Each swipe to the right speaks one wordof the currently focused item.

Change granularity menu
Select this option to open a new local
context menu with the navigation
granularity options listed above (Default,
Page, Paragraph, Line, Word andCharacter).
In certain apps (such as web browsers),
you may also see options to navigate by
Headings and Landmarks, Links, Lists,
Controls and Special Content, e.g. tables).

Figure 2: The global context menu displayed onscreen when TalkBack is running

Label controls
This menu allows you to add, remove, andedit customized labels for unlabeledcontent. Sometimes applications are
missing labels on images. You can use
TalkBack to create your own labels forthese images, to make it easier to identify
them in the future.

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Screen blanking
With TalkBack 4.2 and later, there is an option to dim/undim the screen from the Global
Context menu. For older devices you can download the free Android app Shades toaccomplish the same thing. This is a useful technique for testing since it allows the tester
to have a similar experience to users who can’t see the screen.
CC To blank the screen, run Shades and turn down the screen-brightness

slider to 0.
CC To un-blank the screen and bring it back to full brightness, press thepower button rapidly several times—that’s the trigger to disable Shades.

SWITCH ACCESSTo enable switch access, navigate to Settings → Accessibility → Switch access andthen switch the button to On.
Switch access allows you to control your device using configurable key combinations.
This means you can use an external keyboard or switch device to execute core keyboard
commands to navigate and interact with websites and native apps. As with the use of
TalkBack, this is a useful feature for testing keyboard access and content order.
To use switch access, you’ll need a keyboard paired with the tablet or mobile. Then you’ll
need to assign keys to actions through Settings → Accessibility → Switch access →Settings. Select Actions under the heading “Assign Keys to Actions” to map a keystroketo the action.

ANDROID

10

Recommended keystroke mappings
While keystroke mappings depend on user preference, we recommend (for consistency)that test teams use the same keystrokes, as shown in the table below.

Global context
menu features

Description

Auto scanningSpace bar (this is already mapped)

Next

Tab

Previous

Shift + Tab

Click

Enter

Long click

Semi colon (;)

Scroll forward

Right arrow

Scroll backwards

Left arrow

Back

DeleteHome

EscapeNotifications

Equals (=)

Quick settings

Down arrow

Recent apps

Up arrow

AUTO SCANNING
Auto scanning is a feature that moves focus automatically through all visible elements onscreen, both focusable and inactive (for example, static text). Once all visible content has
been auto scanned, the user is presented with five additional auto scan options:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Back
Home
Recent apps
Notifications
Quick navigation

This is a useful tool for testing content and focus order.

ANDROID

11

MAGNIFICATION GESTURES

To enable Zoom, navigate to Settings → Accessibility → Magnification Gestures thenswitch the button to On.
When magnification gestures are enabled, you can zoom, pan across the screen and pancontent:1.

Zoom in or out by triple-tapping the screen. Then, while zoomed in, you can:Drag two or more fingers to pan across the screen.

Pinch two or more fingers together or spread themapart to adjust the zoom level.

Note: If you enter or exit an app when zoomed in, you
automatically zoom out. Simply triple-tap to zoom in again.
2.

You can also temporarily magnify what’s under your finger by triple-tappingand holding. In this magnified state, you can drag your finger to explore
different parts of the screen. Lift your finger to return to your previous state.
Note: Triple-tap for magnification works everywhere
except the keyboard and navigation bar.

ANDROID

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GREYSCALE

To enable Android’s grayscale view, first enable Developer Mode on your device. (This isa one-time process for each device.)

1. Go to Settings →2. Locate the Build

About Tablet(which might also
be labeled About
Phone or About
Device ).

number section,and tap on thephrase “Build
number” 7 times.

3. Go back to themain Settings page
and tap on
Developer
Options.

4. Enable theDeveloper Options
switch.

From then on, you can enable Android ’s
grayscale view (Lollipop 5.0 onwards) bygoing to Settings → Developer Options→ Simulate color space and selecting“Monochromacy.” Once you’ve made that
selection, display colors will be replacedby shades of gray.
Grayscale is applied to all screens until
you turn off the feature, which you can doby going back to Settings → Developer
Options → Simulate color space andselecting “Disabled.”Android ’s grayscale view can be usedalongside any of Android’s other modes orapplications, including TalkBack andShade, among others.

ANDROID

13

BROWSER AND TALKBACK SUPPORTThe native Android browser, Chrome, has basic support for web browsing with TalkBack.
This means that some of the newer techniques found in WAI ARIA or HTML5 may not becompatible and may not be announced correctly by TalkBack if you were to use it with
Chrome. Firefox for Android has better support for WAI ARIA and HTML5 as well as
more robust support for core HTML such as headings, WAI ARIA Landmarks, data tables
and so on. So we recommend testing on Firefox for Android.
Ideally, the best web development practice is to use core HTML where possible and only
use WAI ARIA and HTML5 where functionality can’t be achieved though core HTML.
Where WAI ARIA and HTML5 must be used, keep in mind that while they may not be
fully supported in Chrome with TalkBack, that support may exist elsewhere:
1.

Firefox on Android

2.

Other platforms such as iOS

3.

Future versions of Chrome on Android

Navigating Firefox
Firefox uses the three-finger swipe to navigate elements.
A three-finger swipe up or down cycles between the options listed below.
nn List items (not lists)
nn Links
nn Headings
nn Form elements (edit boxes, checkboxes, buttons...)nn Landmarks

A three-finger swipe left or right moves up or down the page by theselected element:

The consistenty of this feature may vary across devices and versions. For example, threefinger gestures do not appear to work on the Hudl running KitKat 4.4.2.

ANDROID

14

Firefox quick-navigation keystrokes
that work with TalkBack
Firefox supports quick navigation keys with TalkBack. These work with a physicalkeyboard, a Bluetooth keyboard connected to your Android device, or the Eyes-Free
keyboard in typing mode.
Keystrokes will only work when focus is in the HTML and not on the browser UI or in atext field.

Key

DescriptionaMoves to next named anchorbcMoves to next button
Moves to next combobox or listbox

eMoves to next text entry or password fieldfMoves to next form field (button, combobox,
text entry, radio button, slider, checkbox)g

Moves to next graphichMoves to next heading of any leveli

Moves to next item in an unordered, ordered ordefinition listkMoves to next hyperlink

l
p
r
s
t
x

Moves to next unordered, ordered or definition list
Moves to next page tab (in ARIA-enabled web apps)
Moves to next radio button
Moves to next separator
Moves to next data table
Moves to next checkbox

ANDROID

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TESTING TOOLSThe Android Accessibility
Scanner suggests accessibility
improvements for Android
apps such as enlarging small
touch targets, increasing
contrast and providing content
descriptions.
The Accessibility Scanner isonly compatible with later
versions of Android and can beaccessed via Settings →Accessibility → Accessibility
Scanner. To run the scanneropen the app and tap theAccessibility Scanner button.

ANDROID

16

iOS
GETTING STARTEDiOS accessibility features can be enabled on iOS devices
through Settings → General → Accessibility.
VoiceOver:
Pre-installed iOS screen reader. When enabled, VoiceOver reads
everything on the screen. In mobile Safari, this includes all web content(text, alternatives for images, links, form fields, tables, and so on). In apps,
this includes all buttons, images, form elements, static text, etc.

Zoom:
A full screen magnifier that scales content by 200 percent when enabled
and the screen is double tapped with three fingers. Magnification can thenbe adjusted between 100 and 500 percent. Zoom works throughout iOS aswell as together with VoiceOver when enabled.

Invert Colors:
A high-contrast mode for users with low vision, color blindness, andsensitivity to brightness. Once enabled settings apply throughout thesystem including video.

Grayscale:This setting removes all color from the display, which can make it easier forusers with vision disabilities, such as color-blindness, to read the display.

iOS

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VOICEOVER
VoiceOver users include blind andlow-vision users, as well as users withsome cognitive or learning difficulties.
To enable VoiceOver, navigate to
Settings → General→ Accessibility → VoiceOver
Then, touch and slide the white Off
button (beside the word VoiceOver) to
the right to enable VoiceOver. Once in
the On position, the button changes
color to indicate VoiceOver is enabled.

Figure 3: The accessibility settings panel shown in
iOS 12ACCESSIBILITY SHORTCUT
You are able to switch theaccessibility features on and off
using triple click on the side
button (home button for older
devices). To enable this go to
Settings → General →Accessibility → Accessibility
Shortcut and select the features(such as VoiceOver) from the listof options. It is recommended you
do this as it makes testing a lot
quicker and easier as you don’t
have to go into settings each timeto switch VoiceOver on and off.

Figure 4: Accessibility shortcut menu

iOS

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THE ROTOR
The Rotor is a virtual control built into
VoiceOver. It allows you to select how you
navigate through a dial format that lists
marked-up elements on screen. It works
with web content as well as native apps.

To use the Rotor:
Place two figures on thescreen and twist themlike you’re turning adial. The arrow points tooptions for how you
wish to navigate (forexample, by headings)
Swipe up or down tojump between headings

Swipe left or right tomove backward or
forward through allcontent on the page

You can customize which features areincluded in the Rotor through Settings →Accessibility → VoiceOver → Rotor.
These features include:

Figure 5: The Rotor displayed on screen when
VoiceOver is running, showing the “Headings”
options selected

iOS

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VoiceOver Rotor features
Rotor features

Description

Availability

ArticlesNavigate between articles

Web

Audio Destination

Change where the audio is routed

Web and apps

Audio ducking

Toggle audio ducking (lowers thevolume of other audio content
when VoiceOver speaks).

Web and apps

Braille screen support

Shows an on screen Braille keyboard

Web

Buttons

Navigate between buttons

Web

Characters

Navigate one character at a time

Web and apps

Containers

Navigate by containers within a page,
such as lists, landmarks, tables, etc.

Web and apps

Form controls

Navigate by form controls

Web

Handwriting

Fill in text fields by writing on screen

Web

Headings

Navigate between headings

Web and apps

Hints

Turn hints on and off

Web and apps

ImagesNavigate images

Web

Landmarks

Navigate between WAI ARIA
Landmarks

Web

Language

Switch between supported

Web

Links

Navigate between links

Web

Lists

Navigate between lists

Web

Lines

Navigate line by lineWeb

Non-visited Links

Navigate non-visited links

Web

Punctuation

Announces all punctuation, somepunctuation, some punctuation

Web and apps

iOS

20

Rotor features

Description

Availability

Same Item

Navigate the previous item

Search Fields

Navigate search fields

WebSoundsSwitch sounds on or off

Web and apps

Speaking Rate

Increase and decrease thespeaking rate

Web and apps

Static Text

Navigate between static text

Web

TablesNavigate between tables

Web

Text Fields

Navigate between text fields

Web

Typing Mode

Switch between Standard, Touch,and Direct Touch typing

Web

Vertical Navigation

Flicking up or down, left or right issimilar to using arrow keys on
desktop

Web and apps

Visited links

Navigate between visited links

Web

VolumeIncrease and decrease the volume

Web and apps

Words

Navigate between words

Web and apps

Zoom

Switch zoom on and off

Web

For testing purposes we recommend that you select at least these features within the Rotor:
nn Buttons

nn Images

nn Static Text

nn Containers

nn Landmarks

nn Tables

nn Form controls

nn Links

nn Zoomnn Headings

nn Lists

nn Hints

nn Search fields

The Language Rotor allows users to switch VoiceOver to use different languages. Thissetting is important so that second-language users can select English in the Rotor in orderfor content to be pronounced correctly.

iOS

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BASIC GESTURES
You may get an alert that VoiceOver changes the gestures used to control the device.
Select OK.
Once you enable VoiceOver, the way you interact with the device changes. There are
two interaction methods:
1. Explore by touch:
Drag your finger over the screen to have VoiceOver describe theitems under your finger.

You can tap with a second finger or double-tap to open links,
press buttons, and so on.

2. Gesture navigation:

You can swipe right with a single finger to move from one item tothe next in sequence.

You can swipe left to go backward through this sequence.
VoiceOver describes items as you move focus around the screen.

You can double-tap to open links, press buttons, and navigate
using the Rotor.

iOS

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Core VoiceOver commands
These are VoiceOver’s core touch and gesture commands:

Switch VoiceOver on/off

Rotor
Turn a dial with two
fingers

Triple-click
the side button

Speak an element
Single tap

Activate an element
Double tap

ScrollZoom
Three-finger double tap

Jump to the previous/next Rotor item
Swipe up / down

Select previous / next
Flick three fingers

Swipe left / right

iOS

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Read all top to bottom/bottom to top
Two-finger swipe
down / up

Next / previous page
Three-finger swipe
right / left

Speak additional information
Three-finger tap

Play / pause media
Two-finger double tap
Audio, video, voice
memos, photos

Screen curtain on / off
Three-finger quadruple
tap

Mute / un-mute VoiceOver
Three-finger triple tap

Such as position onscreen, pagination,
position in a table, andso on

Pass-through gestureTwo-finger tap andhold

Tip: A good place to practice VoiceOver gestures is in the VoiceOver
Practice area found in
Settings → General → Accessibility → VoiceOver.
VoiceOver needs to be enabled for the VoiceOver Practice button to appear.

iOS

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SCREEN CURTAIN
Sighted developers and testers can turn off the screen to understand how well content iscommunicated when it can’t actually be seen. Turn off the display by triple-tapping thescreen with three fingers. This is an essential feature when testing.
Note: If you have both VoiceOver and Zoom enabled at the same time,
Screen Curtain is enabled with a three-finger quadruple tap. For
accessibility testing, we require running the features in isolation. But it
could be useful to try running the features together on a few screens.

SPEECH OFF
You can temporarily mute VoiceOver by double-tapping the screen with three fingers.
Note: If you have VoiceOver and Zoom enabled at the same time, you can
toggle speech output with a three-finger triple tap. For accessibility testing,
we require running the features in isolation. But it could be useful to try
running the features together on a few screens.

PASS-THROUGH GESTURE
You can use the pass-through gesture to tell VoiceOver to treat the next
gesture as a standard iOS gesture. You can perform the pass-throughgesture by double-tapping the screen and holding down your finger on
the second tap for one second before performing the standard iOS
gesture.
A short audio prompt after you’ve held the second tap for one second
tells you that iOS is ready for you to perform the standard gesture.

For example, to scroll a view, double-tap and hold for one second before swiping left or
right. You can also use the pass-through gesture for drag-and-drop functionality, or toadjust a slider with more precision than the usual VoiceOver behavior of giving theslider focus and requiring up and down swipes to adjust the value.

iOS

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ZOOM
People with low vision often use Zoom. Users with cognitive impairments, such as
autism, may also use Zoom to focus in on key content and reduce the amount of visual
clutter on the screen. To enable full screen Zoom, first navigate to the Zoom screen andselect Settings → General → Accessibility → Zoom

Then, touch and slide the white Off button (beside the word Zoom) to the right to enable
Zoom. Once in the On position, the button changes color to indicate Zoom is enabled.
Standard iOS gestures—flick, pinch, tap, and rotor—still work when the screen is magnified.
Invert Colors and Grayscale also work with Zoom. There are some differences in commands
when Zoom is run with VoiceOver: see the VoiceOver Basic Gestures section.
You can view magnified screens either in either “Full Screen Zoom” or “Window Zoom”.

Zoom Commands
Toggle Zoom on/off

ScrollDouble-tap 3 fingers

Speak an element
Single tap

Activate an element
Double tap

Flick three fingers

Rotor
Turn a dial with
two fingers

Jump to the previous/next Rotor item
Swipe up / down

iOS

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Select previous / next
Swipe left / rightPlay / pause media
Two-finger double tap
Audio, video, voice
memos, photos

Next / previous page

Screen curtain on / off

Three-finger swipe
right / leftThree-finger
quadruple tap

Speak additional information

Mute / un-mute VoiceOver

Three-finger tap

Three-finger triple tap

Such as position onscreen, pagination,
position in a table, andso on

Pass- through gestureTwo-finger tap and
hold

iOS

27

INVERT COLORSTo enable Invert Colors, first navigate to Settings → General → Accessibility →Display Accomodations → Invert Colors.

Then, touch and slide the white Off button (beside the words Smart Invert or Classic
Invert) to the right to enable Invert Colors. Once in the On position, the button changes
color and display colors are inverted to indicate Invert Colors is enabled.
The color inversion is applied to all screens until the feature is disabled by sliding the
button to the Off position.
Invert Colors can be used with VoiceOver, Zoom, and Grayscale.

GRAYSCALE
To enable Grayscale, first navigate to Settings → General → Accessibility → Display
Accommodations → Color Filters and enable the Color Filters toggle toview grayscale and other filters.
Then, touch and slide the white Off button (beside the words Grayscale) to the right toenable Grayscale. Once in the On position, the button changes to dark gray and display
colors are replaced by grayscale colors to indicate Grayscale is enabled.
Grayscale is applied to all screens until the feature is disabled by sliding the button to the
Off position.
Grayscale can be used with VoiceOver, Zoom, and Invert Colors.

TESTING TOOLSThe Accessibility Inspector in Xcode can be used to test for missing or incorrect labels,
traits and hints amongst other things. This can be run in the developer environment orusing the iOS simulator.

iOS

28

RESOURCES
STANDARDSC Section 508 of the US Rehabilitation Act
C W3C: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1
C Draft Information and Communication Technology (ICT)Standards and Guidelines (2010)

GUIDELINESC W3C Mobile Accessibility Task Force extension
C W3C Note: Mobile Accessibility: How WCAG 2.0 and UAAG 2.0

Apply to Mobile Devices
C W3C: Techniques for WCAG 2.1
C WCAG 2.0 Techniques Applicable to Mobile without Changes
C BBC: Mobile Accessibility Guidelines
C Mobile Accessibility Guidelines for Developers

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ANDROID RESOURCES
C Accessibility – Android Developers
C Accessibility – Android Design
C Android Testing Tools

APPLE RESOURCESC Apple Accessibility
C iOS Human Interface Guidelines
C Apple Accessibility Mailing List
C Accessibility Programming Guide for iOS - A technical introduction to

iOS accessibility features, using its accessibility API to implementing
accessibility in native apps, and testing apps for accessibility.
C Accessibility on iPhone – A technical introduction to iOS accessibility

features and API.
C Making Your iPhone Application Accessible – A springboard for

implementing accessibility in native iOS apps.
C Testing the Accessibility of Your iPhone Application
C UIAccessibility Protocol Reference – A full reference for iOS’s main

accessibility API methods and properties, a great place to start when
you need to find a way to handle special use cases.
C UIAccessibilityContainer Protocol – Useful for understanding how tocontain and group interface elements, especially when creating
custom views.
C UIAccessibilityFocus Protocol – Useful when handling focus, listening

to changes in VoiceOver focus, and so on.
C Xcode toolset
C iOS Simulator User Guide

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ARTICLES AND OTHER RESOURCESC WebAIM Articles
C Georgia Tech Research Institute: Accessibility Assistant:Accessibility Information
C What’s ‘large text’ in WCAG 2.0 parlance? – Helpful for deciding thecolor contrast requirements for text of different sizes.
C Google I/O 2013 Enabling blind and low-vision accessibility on

Android (video)
C Google I/O 2012 – Making android apps accessible (video)
C Testing with Android
C Accessibility Testing Criteria for Android
C Browsing the Web with Chrome and TalkBack
C Learning iOS VoiceOver gestures (PDF) – A cheat sheet that will help

you to remember the gestures used to control VoiceOver.
C Accessibility for iPhone and iPad apps

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