Chapter 7: Precursors and Indirect Emissions

CHAPTER 7

PRECURSORS AND INDIRECTEMISSIONS

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

7.1

Volume 1: General Guidance and Reporting

Authors
Michael Gillenwater (USA), Kristina Saarinen (Finland),and Ayite-Lo N. Ajavon (Togo)

Contributing Author
Keith A. Smith (UK)

7.2

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 7: Precursors and Indirect Emissions

Contents
7

Precursors and Indirect Emissions
7.1

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 7.4

7.2

Precursor emissions ............................................................................................................................. 7.4

7.2.1

Inventory of precursors ............................................................................................................... 7.5

7.2.2

Link to relevant methodology chaptersin the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook ......................................................... 7.7

7.3

Indirect N2O emissions from the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in NOx and NH3 .................... 7.15

7.3.1

Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 7.15

7.3.2

Quality Assurance/Quality Control, Reporting and Documentation ......................................... 7.16

References ........................................................................................................................................................ 7.16

Equations
Equation 7.1

N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition of NOx and NH3 .......................................... 7.15

TablesTable 7.1

Link between the IPCC categories and the corresponding methodology chapters in
EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook ........................................................................................... 7.7

Boxes
Box 7.1

CLRTAP and Emission Inventory Guidebook .................................................................... 7.5

Box 7.2

Calculating CO2 inputs to the atmospherefrom emissions of carbon-containing compounds ............................................................... 7.6

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

7.3

Volume 1: General Guidance and Reporting

7 PRECURSORS AND INDIRECT EMISSIONS
7.1

INTRODUCTION

Although they are not included in global warming potential-weighted greenhouse gas emission totals, emissions ofcarbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), andsulphur dioxide (SO2) are reported in greenhouse gas inventories. Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen oxides (NOx)and NMVOC in the presence of sunlight contribute to the formation of the greenhouse gas ozone (O3) in the
troposphere and are therefore often called ‘ozone precursors’. Furthermore, NOx emission plays an important role in
the earth’s nitrogen cycle. Sulphur Dioxide emissions lead to formation of sulphate particles, which also play a rolein climate change. Ammonia (NH3) is an aerosol precursor, but is less important for aerosol formation than SO2.
Section 7.2 addresses the estimation and reporting of the precursors for national inventories. The methodologies
for ambient air quality emission inventories have been elaborated in detail in the EMEP1/CORINAIR Emission
Inventory Guidebook (Guidebook), and these methodologies for CO, NOx, NMVOCs, and SO2 emissions arereferenced in this chapter rather than to be included in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories (2006 Guidelines). Exceptions are for sources not well-covered by the Guidebook.
Section 7.3 addresses nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions that result from the deposition of the nitrogen emitted as NOx
and NH3. Nitrous oxide is produced in soils through the biological processes of nitrification and denitrification.
Simply defined, nitrification is the aerobic microbial oxidation of ammonium to nitrate and denitrification is theanaerobic microbial reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas (N2). Nitrous oxide is a gaseous intermediate in the reaction
sequence of denitrification and a by-product of nitrification that leaks from microbial cells into the soil atmosphere.
One of the main controlling factors in this reaction is the availability of inorganic nitrogen in the soil and therefore
deposition of nitrogen resulting from NOx and ammonia (NH3) will enhance emissions. N2O emissions will also beenhanced if nitrogen is deposited in the ocean or in lakes. For this reason the 2006 Guidelines include guidance for
estimating N2O emissions resulting from nitrogen deposition of all anthropogenic sources of NOx and NH3. Only
agricultural sources of nitrogen were considered in the Revised 1996 Guidelines (IPCC, 1997).
Guidance is provided in Section 7.3 on estimating N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition resulting from all
categories except agricultural soil management and manure management. Section 7.3 provides information on
NOx emissions. Countries may use national methodologies to estimate emissions of NH3 not originating fromagriculture. NH3 emissions are also covered in the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook.

7.2

PRECURSOR EMISSIONS

Where the country already has inventories for precursors, the results should be reported in the inventory. In somecountries, air pollutant emission inventories are collected via separate procedures than the inventory of direct
greenhouse gases, and the methods to produce these inventories can differ from those for greenhouse gases. Also,
while the greenhouse gas emissions and sinks inventories are often based on national statistics, air pollutant
emission inventories are often developed using plant specific data. Countries should consider whether there is any
scope for improving consistency between inventories or cross-checking estimates.
Detailed methodologies for estimating the emissions of precursors are provided in the EMEP/CORINAIR
Emission Inventory Guidebook (http://reports.eea.eu.int/EMEPCORINAIR4/en). This guidebook has beendeveloped for emission inventories of substances regulated under the UNECE Convention on Long-Range
Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) (see Box 7.1) and covers all source sectors and should therefore beconsidered as primary source of information for estimation of these emissions.
Table 7.1 provides a linkage between the IPCC categories and the corresponding methodology chapters in the
EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook. This table provides information on the specific EMEP/CORINAIR chapters that list2
methodologies for preparing NOx, CO, NMVOCs, NH3 and SO2 inventories. It also includes information on theavailability of methods and the significant precursor emissions from particular categories.
Some of the methodologies and emission factors in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook are technology-specificand are relevant to conditions and categories in both developed and developing countries. However, for some1

Cooperative programme for the monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe(EMEP).

2

The EMEP/CORINAIR Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR) source categories have been developed to be compatible to the
IPCC reporting categories.

7.4

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 7: Precursors and Indirect Emissions

sectors, like solvents, small combustion sources (biomass in particular) and open burning, differences between
the developed and developing countries may be larger, and the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook should be usedwith great care.
BOX 7.1
CLRTAP AND EMISSION INVENTORY GUIDEBOOKThe Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution has been in force since 1979 andincludes eight protocols with requirements to reduce emissions and technical annexes onabatement techniques. More detailed information on the Convention is available at
http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/welcome.html. As emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon
monoxide (CO), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), and sulphur dioxide (SO2)are reported both to the UNFCCC and UNECE CLRTAP it is important to ensure consistentmethodologies and reporting between these two Conventions. (UNECE, 2003)
The EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook has been prepared by the LRTAP Task Force on Emission
Inventories and Projections (TFEIP) and is updated regularly by the Expert Panels under the
TFEIP (http://tfeip-secretariat.org/unece.htm) to provide comprehensive information andmethodologies for estimating emissions. The EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook is
published by the European Environment Agency (EEA).

7.2.1

Inventory of precursors

An inventory of precursors typically includes oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, non-methane volatile organic
compounds, and emissions of sulphur compounds. When estimating emissions of these air pollutants, the use ofdetailed process or facility-specific data (bottom-up data) gives more accurate estimates than the use of generalaggregated emission factors. For all pollutants and source categories it is critical to apply methodologies andemission factors that account for the presence of any emission controls or abatement measures. For large point
sources many countries have a registry of individual air quality pollutant emissions reported by the plants. Whenusing data reported by the plants it is good practice to ensure that emissions are not double counted with the topdown inventory data. Data reported by the plants can also be used to check completeness of the inventory.

7.2.1.1

E NERGY

For most countries, road transportation will be a major source of NOx, CO, and NMVOC emissions. Public
electricity and heat production will likely be the major source of SO2 emissions in countries where coal is used
extensively, and also an important source of NOx emissions. Industrial combustion will also be a source of SO2,
NOx and CO emissions and residential combustion a source of CO emissions. Oil production will likely be asource of NMVOC, NOx, and, CO emissions in countries that produce oil and gas.
Most NOx emissions resulting from fuel combustion are typically ‘fuel-NO’ that is formed from the conversionof chemically bound nitrogen in the fuel. The content of nitrogen in different fuel varies. Depending on the
combustion temperature, thermal-NOx can also be formed from nitrogen contained in the combustion intake air.
Carbon monoxide and NMVOCs are generated during under-stoichiometric combustion conditions and are
dependent on a variety of factors, including fuel type and combustion conditions.
Emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx) are primarily related to the sulphur content of the fuel, although some sulphur
can be retained in the ash. Abatement in stationary combustion can reduce the amount emitted.

7.2.1.2

I NDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE

Industrial processes can generate NOx, CO, NMVOC and SO2 emissions. Emissions of these gases depend on thetype of process, abatement techniques, and other conditions. Industrial process and product use emissions include
both channelled emissions (e.g., point sources emissions from a stack) and diffuse emission sources. For example,
diffuse emissions from the evaporation of solvents and storage and handling of products are typical primary sourcesof NMVOC emissions. In some cases, exceptional emissions (e.g., accidental releases) can constitute major
emissions from source. Further guidance on estimating total emissions from an industrial site are provided in the
EU IPPC (European Union Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) Reference Document on Monitoring of2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

7.5

Volume 1: General Guidance and Reporting

Emissions (EC, 2002) 3.

7.2.1.3

A GRICULTURE , FORESTRY AND OTHER LAND USE

The burning of crop residues emits NOx as does the addition of nitrogen to the soils from nitrogen fertilizers and othernutrients. CO and SO2 are emitted when biomass is burned. The primary sources of the NMVOC emissions areburning of crop residues and other plant wastes, and the anaerobic degradation of livestock feed and animal excreta.
Plants, mainly trees and cereals, also contribute to NMVOC concentrations in the atmosphere.
The EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook does not fully cover emissions from burning of biomass, therefore additional
guidance is given in AFOLU Volume, Chapter 4.2.4 for Non-CO2 emissions from biomass burning from forest,
Chapter 5.2.4 and 5.3.4 for Non-CO2 emissions from biomass burning in Cropland, and Chapter 6.2.4 and 6.3.4
for Non-CO2 emissions from biomass burning in Grassland (CO, CH4, N2O, NOx). Biomass burning when forestand grasslands are converted to other uses, forest fires, and biomass burning due to forest management practices
are discussed in these chapters of Volume 4 for AFOLU sector.

7.2.1.4

W ASTE

Emissions of NOx, CO, and SO2 are produced by domestic and municipal waste incineration processes as well as
the incineration of sledges from wastewater treatment. NMVOC emissions can originate from wastewater
treatment plants and solid waste disposal on land.

7.2.1.5

C ARBON EMITTTED IN GASES OTHER THAN CO 2

The 2006 Guidelines estimate carbon emissions in terms of the species which are emitted. Most of the carbon
emitted in the form of non-CO2 species eventually oxidises to CO2 in the atmosphere and this amount can be
estimated from the emissions estimates of the non-CO2 gases. Box 7.2 provides an approach for making thiscalculation.
In some cases the emissions of these non-CO2 gases contain very small amounts of carbon compared to the CO2
estimate and it may be more accurate to base the CO2 estimate on the total carbon. Examples are fossil fuelcombustion (where the emission factor is derived from the carbon content of the fuel) and a few IPPU categories
where the carbon mass balance can be estimated much better than individual gases.
BOX 7.2
CALCULATING CO2 INPUTS TO THE ATMOSPHERE FROM EMISSIONS OF CARBON-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS

Methane, carbon monoxide (CO) or NMVOC emissions will eventually be oxidised to CO2 in theatmosphere. These CO2 inputs could be included in national inventories. They can be calculated
from emissions of methane, CO and NMVOCs. The basic calculation principles are:From CH4:

InputsCO2 = EmissionsCH4 • 44/16

From CO:InputsCO2 = EmissionsCO • 44/28

From NMVOC:

InputsCO2 = EmissionsNMVOC • C • 44/12

Where C is the fraction carbon in NMVOC by mass (default = 0.6)
The carbon content in NMVOCs will vary depending on the source. Therefore, an inventory basedon the speciation of the NMVOC compounds gives more accurate results.
In making these estimates inventory compilers should assess each category to ensure that thiscarbon is not already covered by the assumptions and approximations made in estimating CO2
emissions. Relevant examples include carbon from;

3•

Fugitive emissions from energy use,•

Carbon from Non-CO2 gases from IPPU,•

AFOLU emissions where non-CO2 gases have been explicitly deducted.

Chapter 3.1 in EU IPPC Reference Document on Monitoring of Emissions, which is available from website
http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/ FActivities.htm.

7.6

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 7: Precursors and Indirect Emissions

7.2.2

Link to relevant methodology chapters in the
EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook

Table 7.1 provides specific information on methodologies for preparing national emission inventories of NOx,CO, NMVOCs, and SO2. The table includes information on the availability of methodologies in the
EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook and the expected significance of the emissions for each IPCC
category under the 2006 Guidelines (see Table 8.2 of Chapter 8 of this Volume) and gas. The Guidebook’s codes
are equivalents in function to the IPCC reporting categories under the 1996 Guidelines. A mapping between the
EMEP/CORINAIR Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR) and the IPCC common reporting framework (CRF) of
the 1996 Guidelines with categories under the 2006 Guidelines is also provided in the table.
In case the inventory compiler does not find a corresponding category to a specific IPCC 2006 category in Table
7.1, it is advisable to attempt to find a similar category (e.g., a corresponding boiler size for another industrial
branch) in Table 7.1 and apply the corresponding methodology in the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory
Guidebook for this category or to search for other sources of information (see also Chapter 2 of this Volume).
The following codes are used to indicate whether the emissions from the specific source are relevant and coveredby the Guidebook:
A=

Emissions of this gas from this category are likely to be emitted and a methodology is provided
in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook.

NI=

Emissions of this gas from this category are likely to be emitted, but a methodology is not
currently included in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook.

B=

Emissions of this air pollutant from this category are likely to be emitted and the methodology
may be included in the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook in the future.

NS =Emissions of this gas from this category not expected to be significant.

NO =Emissions of this gas from this category do not occur.

TABLE 7.1
LINK BETWEEN THE IPCC CATEGORIES AND
1
THE CORRESPONDING METHODOLOGY CHAPTERS IN EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
Reporting category
IPCC
category

Source Sector

EMEP/CORINAIR
Inventory Guidebook
Chapter

NMSOx
VOC
Relevance of emissions
from the category (seecodes above the table)

NOx

CO

CRF

NFR

1A1a

1A1a

1A1a

Main Activity Electricity and Heat
Production

B111 and B112

A

A

A

A

1A1b

1A1b

1A1b

Petroleum Refining

B132 and B136

A

A

A

A

B142, B146 and B152

A

A

A

A

1A2 Manufacturing Industries and Construction

1A1 Energy
Industries

1 ENERGY

1A1c

1A1c

1A1c

Manufacture of Solid Fuels and Other
Energy Industries

1A2a

1A2a

1A2a

Iron and Steel

B111, B112, B323, B324,
B325, B331, B332, B333

A

A

A

A

1A2b

1A2b

1A2b

Non-ferrous Metals

B336, B337, B338, B339,
B3310, B3322, B3323

A

A

A

A

1A2c

1A2c

1A2c

Chemicals

1A2d

1A2d

1A2d

Pulp, Paper and Print

1A2e

1A2e

1A2e

Food Processing, Beverages and Tobacco

B111 and B112

A

A

A

A

B3321

A

A

A

A

B111 and B112

A

A

A

A

Non-Metallic Minerals

B3311, B3312, B3313, B3314,
B3318, B3319, B3320, B3323

A

A

A

A

1A2g

Transport Equipment

B111 and B112

A

A

A

A

1A2h

Machinery

B111 and B112

A

A

A

A

1A2i

Mining and Quarrying

B111 and B112

A

A

A

A

1A2j

Wood and Wood Products

B111 and B112

A

A

A

A

1A2k

Construction

B111 and B112

A

A

A

A

1A2l

Textile and Leather

B111 and B112

A

A

A

A

1A2m

Non-specified Industry

B111 and B112

A

A

A

A

1A2f

1A2f

1A2f

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

7.7

Volume 1: General Guidance and Reporting

TABLE 7.1 (CONTINUED)LINK BETWEEN THE IPCC CATEGORIES AND
1
THE CORRESPONDING METHODOLOGY CHAPTERS IN EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
Reporting category
IPCC
category
1A3a

Source Sector
CRF

NFR

1A3a

1A3ai(ii) 1A3ai(ii) International Aviation (Cruise)

1B Fugitive Emissions from Fuels

1A5 NonSpecified

1A4 Other Sectors

1A3 Transport

Domestic 1A3aii(i) 1A3aii(i) Civil Aviation (Domestic, LTO)
Aviation
1A3aii(ii) 1A3aii(ii) Civil Aviation (Domestic, Cruise)

7.8

CO

B851

A

A

A

A

B851

A

A

A

A

B851

A

A

A

A

B851

A

A

A

A

B710

A

A

A

A
A

Civil Aviation

1A3ai
Inter1A3ai (i) 1A3ai (i) International Aviation (LTO)
national
Aviation
1A3aiiNMSOx
VOC
Relevance of emissions
from the category (seecodes above the table)

NOx

EMEP/CORINAIR
Inventory Guidebook
Chapter

1A3b

1A3b

1A3b

Road Transportation

1A3bi

1A3bi

1A3bi

R.T., Passenger cars

1A3bii

1A3bii

1A3bii R.T., Light-duty vehicles

B710

A

A

A

1A3biii 1A3biii 1A3biii R.T., Heavy duty vehicles

B710

A

A

A

A

1A3biv 1A3biv 1A3biv R.T., Mopeds & Motorcycles

B710

A

A

A

A

1A3bv

1A3bv

1A3bv R.T., Evaporative Emissions

B760

NO

NO

A

NO

1A3c

1A3c

1A3c

Railways

B810

A

A

A

A

1A3d

1A3d

1A3d

Water-borne Navigation

1A3di

1A3di

1A3di

International Water-borne Navigation(International bunkers)/International
maritime navigation

B842

A

A

A

A

1A3dii

1A3dii

1A3dii

Domestic Water-borne
Navigation//National Navigation

B810 and B842

A

A

A

A

B561 and B152

B

B

A

B

B810

A

A

A

A

B111, B112, B216 and Small
Combustion Installations *)

A

A

A

A

B111, B112 and Small
Combustion Installations *)

A

A

A

A

B111, B112 and Small
Combustion Installations *)

A

A

A

A

A

1A3e

1A3e

1A3e

Other Transportation

1A3ei

1A3ei

1A3ei

Pipeline Transport/Compressors

1A3eii

1A3eiiOff-road/Other mobile sources and
1A3eiimachinery

1A4a

1A4a

1A4a

Commercial/Institutional

1A4b

1A4b

1A4b

Residential

1A4b

1A4bi

1A4bi

Residential plants

1A4b

1A4bii

1A4bii Household and gardening (mobile)

1A4c

1A4c

1A4c

Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing/Fish farms
Stationary

1A4ci

1A4ci

1A4ci

1A4cii

1A4cii

1A4cii Off-road Vehicles and Other Machinery

B111, B112 and B235

A

A

A

B111, B112, B235 and B810

A

A

A

A

1A4ciii 1A4ciii 1A4ciii National Fishing (mobile combustion)

B111, B112, B235 and B842

A

A

A

A

1A5a

1A5a

1A5a

Other, Stationary (including military)

B111, B112, B216 and Small
Combustion Installations *)

A

A

A

A

1A5b

1A5b

1A5b

Other, Mobile (including military)

B810

A

A

A

A

1B1

1B1

1B1

Solid Fuel

1B1a

1B1a

1B1a

Coal Mining and Handling, including
Post-mining activities/Solid Fuel
Transformation

NO/A NO

A

NO

1B1b

1B1c

1B1c

Uncontrolled Combustion andBurning Coal Dumps /Other

1B1c

1B1b

1B1b

Solid Fuel Transformation

1B2

1B2

1B2

Oil and Natural Gas

1B2a

1B2a

1B2a

Oil

B511

NI

NI

NI

NI

B142 and B424

NI

NI

A

NI

1B2ai

1B2c

1B2c

Venting

B521, B923 and B926

NI

NI

NI

NI

1B2aii

1B2d

1B2d

Flaring

B521, B923 and B926

NI

NI

NI

NI

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 7: Precursors and Indirect Emissions

TABLE 7.1 (CONTINUED)LINK BETWEEN THE IPCC CATEGORIES AND
1
THE CORRESPONDING METHODOLOGY CHAPTERS IN EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK

1B2aiii1

1B2ai

1B2ai

Exploration

B521 and B541

NMSOx
VOC
Relevance of emissions
from the category (seecodes above the table)
A
A
A
A

1B2aiii2

1B2aii

1B2aii

Production and Upgrading

B521 and B541

A

A

A

A

1B2aiii3

1B2aiii

1B2aiii

Transport

B521 and B541

A

A

A

A

1B2aiii4

1B2aiv

1B2aiv

Refining

B521 and B541

A

A

A

A

1B2aiii5

1B2av

1B2av

Distribution of Oil Products

B551

NO

NO

A/B

NO

1B2aiii6

1B2avi

1B2aviOther

B521 and B541

NO

NO

NO

NO

1B2b

1B2b

1B2b

Natural Gas

B521 and B561

NO

NO

A

NO

NI

NI

NI

NI

Reporting category
Source Sector

1C CO2 Transport,
and Storage

1B Fugitive Emissions from Fuels

IPCC
category

CRF

NFR

EMEP/CORINAIR
Inventory Guidebook
Chapter

NOx

CO

1B2bi

1B2c

1B2c

Venting

B521, B923 and B926

1B2bii

1B2d

1B2d

Flaring

B521, B923 and B926

NI

NI

NI

NI

1B2biii

1B2e

1B2e

Other

B521 and B561

NO

NO

NO

NO

1B3

1B3

1B3

Other Emissions from Energy
Production

B570

NI

NI

NI

NI

Emissions from CO2 transport
injection and storage

1C

2A1

2A1

2A1

Cement (decarbonizing)

B3311

(A =
fuel
rated)(A =fuelrated)(A =fuelrated)(A = fuel rated, processrated depends on theprocess)

2A2

2A2

2A2

Lime (decarbonizing)

B3312 (fuel rated and diffuse)
and B461(A =fuelrated)(A =fuelrated)(A =fuelrated)(A =fuelrated)

2A4

2A3

2A3

Other uses of carbonites/Limestone andDolomite Use

B4618

B

B

B

B

2A4b

2A4

2A4

Other uses of Soda Ash/Soda Ash
Production and use

B4619

B

B

B

B

2A3

2A7

2A7

Glass (decarbonizing)

B3314(A) dependingon the process(NS ) dependingon the process( NS ) dependingon the process(A) dependingon the process

2A7

2A7

Batteries Manufacturing

B461

NS/B NS /B NS/B NS/B

2A7

2A7

Extraction of Mineral Ores

B461

NS/B NS/B NS/B NS/B

Other (including asbestos
products manufacturing)

B461

NS

NS/B NS/B NS/B NS/B

2A5
Other

2 B CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

2A7

2A7

Other including
Non Fuel Mining& Construction

2A Mineral Industry

2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE

NS

NS

NS

2B1

2B1

2B1

Ammonia Production

B443

2B2

2B2

2B2

Nitric Acid Production

B442

A

NS

NS

NO

2B3

2B3

2B3

Adipic Acid Production

B4521

NS/B

NO

NO

NO

B443

NS/B NS/B NS/B NS/B-

NS/B NS/B NS/B NS/B

2B5

2B4

2B4

Carbide Production/Calcium Carbide
Production

2B4

2B5

2B5

Caprolactam Production

2B4

2B5

2B5

Glyoxylic Acid Production

B453

NS

2B6

2B5

2B5

Titanium Dioxide Production

B443

NS/B NS/B NS/B NS/B

2B7

2A4

2A4

Soda Ash Production

B4619

2B8

Petrochemical and Carbon Black Production

2B8a

2B5

2B5

Methanol Production

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

NS

B

NS

B

B

B

B

NS

NS

A

NS

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Volume 1: General Guidance and Reporting

TABLE 7.1 (CONTINUED)LINK BETWEEN THE IPCC CATEGORIES AND
1
THE CORRESPONDING METHODOLOGY CHAPTERS IN EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK

CRF

NFR

2B5

2B5

Ethylene Production

B451

NMSOx
VOC
Relevance of emissions
from the category (seecodes above the table)
NS
NS
A
NS

B454

NO

Reporting category
Source Sector

IPCC
category
2B8b

NOx

CO

NS

NS

2B8c

2B5

2B5

Vinylchloride (except 1,2
dichloroethane+vinylchloride) Production

2B8d

2B5

2B5

Ethylene Oxide Production

B453

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B8e

2B5

2B5

Acrylonitrile Producton

B4520

NO

NO

A

NO

2B8f

2B5

2B5

Carbon Black Producton

B443

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B5

2B5

Sulphuric Acid Production

B441

NS

NS

NS

A

2B5

2B5

Ammonium Sulphate Manufacturing

B443

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B10 Other

2B9

7.10

EMEP/CORINAIR
Inventory Guidebook
ChapterNO

Fluorochemical Production

2B5

2B5

Ammonium Nitrate Production

B443

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B5

2B5

Ammonium Phosphate Production

B443

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B5

2B5

NPK fertilizers

B443

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B5

2B5

Urea

B443

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B5

2B5

Graphite

B443

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B5

2B5

Chlorine Production

B443

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B5

2B5

Phosphate Fertilisers Production

B443

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B5

2B5

Storage and Handling of Inorganic
Chemical Products

B443

NS

NS

B

NS

2B5

2B5

Other

B443

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B5

2B5

Propylene Production

B452

NO

NO

A

NO

2B5

2B5

1,2 dichoroethane (except 1,2
dichloroethane+vinylchloride) Production

B453

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B5

2B5

1,2 dichloroethane + vinylchloride(balanced process)

B455

NO

NO

A

NO

2B5

2B5

Polyethylene (low density) Production

B456

NO

NO

A

NO

2B5

2B5

Polyethylene (high density) Production

B456

NO

NO

A

NO

2B5

2B5

Polyvinylchloride Production

B458

NO

NO

A

NO

2B5

2B5

Polypropylene Production

B459

NO

NO

A

NO

2B5

2B5

Styrene Production

B4510

NO

NO

A

NO

2B5

2B5

Polystyrene Production

B4511

NO

NO

A

NO

2B5

2B5

Styrene Butadiene Production

B4512

NO

NO

A

NO

2B5

2B5

B4512

NO

NO

A

NO

2B5

2B5

B4512

NO

NO

A

NO

2B5

2B5

Styrene-butadiene Latex Production
Styrene-butadiene Rubber (SBR)
Production
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)Resins Production

B4512

NO

NO

A

NO

2B5

2B5

Formaldehyde Production

B453

NS

NS

NS

NS

2B5

2B5

Ethylbenzene Production

B4518

NO

NO

NS

NO

2B5

2B5

Phtalic Anhydride Production

B4519

NO

NS

A

NS

2B5

2B5

Storage & Handling of Organic Chemical
Products

B453

NS

NS

B

NS

2B5

2B5

Halogenated Hydrocarbons Production

B453

NS

NS

B

NS

2B5

2B5

Pesticide Production

B453

NS

NS

B

NS

2B5

2B5

Production of Persistent Organic
Compounds

B453

NS

NS

B

NS

2B5

2B5

Other (phytosanitary )

B453

NS

NS

B

NS

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 7: Precursors and Indirect Emissions

TABLE 7.1 (CONTINUED)LINK BETWEEN THE IPCC CATEGORIES AND
1
THE CORRESPONDING METHODOLOGY CHAPTERS IN EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOKBlast Furnace Charging

B422

NMSOx
VOC
Relevance of emissions
from the category (seecodes above the table)
NS
A
NS
NS

Pig Iron Tapping

B423

NS

NS

Reporting category
Source Sector
CRF

2D NON-ENERGY PRODUCTS FROMFUELS AND SOLVENT USE

NFR

NOx

CO

NO

NS
NS

Open Hearth Furnace Steel Plant

B425

A

NS

NS

Basic Oxygen Furnace Steel Plant
2C1 Processes
in Iron and Steel Industries Electric Furnace Steel Plant
and Colliers
Rolling Mills

B426

NS

A

NS

A

B427

A

A

NS

NS

B428

NS

NS

NS

NS

Sinter and Pelletizing Plants (except
combustion)

B331

A

A

A

A

Other

B4210

NS

NS

NS

NS
NS

2C2

2C2

2C2

Ferroalloys Production

NS

NS

NS

NS

2C3

2C3

2C3

Aluminium Production (electrolysis)

B431

NS

A

NS

A

2C6

2C5

2C5

Zinc Production

NO

NO

NO

NI

2C5

2C5

2C5

Lead Production

NO

NO

NO

NI

2C5

2C5

Magnesium Production (except
combustion)

B432

NS

NS

NS

NS

2C5

2C5

Silicium Production

B432

NS

NS

NS

NS
NS

2C4

2C7 Other

2 C METAL INDUSTRY

IPCC
category

EMEP/CORINAIR
Inventory Guidebook
Chapter

2C5

2C5

Nickel Production (except combustion)

B432

NS

NS

NS

2C5

2C5

Allied Metal Manufacturing

B432

NS

NS

NS

NS

2C5

2C5

Galvanising

B432

NS

NS

NS

NS

2C5

2C5

Electroplating

B432

NS

NS

NS

NS

2C5

2C5

Other

B432

NS

NS

NS

NS

2D1

3D

3D

Lubricant Use

NO

NO

NI

NO

2D2

3D

3D

Paraffin Waxes Use

NO

NO

NI

NO

2D4

2D3

2A5

2A5

Asphalt Roofing

B4610

NS

A

A

NS

2A6

2A6

Road Paving with Asphalt

B4611

A

A

A

A

See "SOLVENT
USE" below

Solvent Use

CRF/NFR 3A PAINT APPLICATION
3A

3A

Manufacture of Automobiles

B610

NO

NS

A/B

NO

3A

3A

Car Repairing

B610

NO

NO

A/B

NO

3A

Construction and Buildings (except wood
painting)

B610

NO

NO

A/B

NO

2D3 SOLVENT USE

3A
3A

3A

Domestic Use (except wood painting)

B610

NO

NO

A/B

NO

3A

3A

Coil Coating

B610

NO

NO

A/B

NO

3A

3A

Boat Building

B610

NO

NO

A/B

NO

3A

3A

Wood Painting/Coating

B610

NO

NO

A/B

NO

3A

3A

Other Industrial Paint Application

B610

NO

NO

A/B

NO

3A

3A

Other Non-industrial Paint Application

B610

NO

NO

A/B

NO

CRF/NFR 3B DEGREASING AND DRY CLEANING
3B

3B

Metal Degreasing

B621

NS

NS

A

NS

3B

3B

Dry Cleaning

B622

NO

NO

A

NO

3B

3B

Electronic Components Manufacturing

B623

NS

NS

NS

NS

3B

3B

Other Industrial Cleaning

B623

NS

NS

NS

NS

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

7.11

Volume 1: General Guidance and Reporting

TABLE 7.1 (CONTINUED)LINK BETWEEN THE IPCC CATEGORIES AND
1
THE CORRESPONDING METHODOLOGY CHAPTERS IN EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
Reporting category
IPCC
category

Source Sector
CRF

NFR

EMEP/CORINAIR
Inventory Guidebook
Chapter

NMSOx
VOC
Relevance of emissions
from the category (seecodes above the table)

NOx

CO

2D4 OTHER

CRF/NFR 3 C CHEMICAL PRODUCTS, MANUFACTURE AND PROCESSING
3C

3C

Polyester Processing

B631

NS

NS

A/B

NS

3C

3C

Polyvinylchloride Processing

B631

NS

NS

A/B

NS

3C

3C

Polyurethane Foam Processing

B633

NS

NS

A

NS

3C

3C

Polystyrene Foam Processing

B633

NS

NS

A

NS

3C

3C

Rubber Processing

B631

NS

NS

A/B

NS

3C

3C

Pharmaceutical Products Manufacturing

B631

NS

NS

A/B

NS

3C

3C

Paints Manufacturing

B631

NS

NS

A/B

NS
NS

3C

3C

Inks Manufacturing

B631

NS

NS

A/B

3C

3C

Glues Manufacturing

B631

NS

NS

A/B

NS

3C

3C

Asphalt Blowing

B6310

NS

A

A

NS

3C

3C

Adhesive, Magnetic Tapes, Films &Photographs Manufacturing

B631

NS

NS

A/B

NS

3C

3C

Textile Finishing

B631

NS

NS

A/B

NS

3C

3C

Leather Tanning

B631

NS

NS

A/B

NS

3C

3C

Other

B631

NS

NS

A/B

NS

3D

3D

Glass Wool Enduction

B641

NS

NS

B

NS

3D

3D

Mineral Wool Enduction

B641

NS

NS

B

NS

3D

3D

Printing Industry

B643

NO

NO

A/B

NO

3D

3D

Fat, Edible and Not Edible Oil Extraction

B644

NS

NS

A

NS

3D

3D

Application of Glues and Adhesives

B641

NS

NS

B

NS

3D

3D

Preservation of Wood

B646

NO

NO

A

NO

3D

3D

Underseal Treatment and Conservation of
Vehicles

B647

NO

NO

IE 3A (carmanufacturing &repairing)

2D4 OTHER

CRF/NFR 3 D OTHER including products containing HMs and POPs

NO

3D

3D

Domestic Solvent Use (other than paintapplication)

B648

NO

NO

A/B

NO

3D

3D

Vehicles Dewaxing

B647

NO

NO

A

NO

3D

3D

Domestic Use of Pharmaceutical Products

B641

NS

NS

B

NS

3D

3D

Other (preservation of seeds, etc.)

B641

NS

NS

B

NS

3D

Other (anaesthesia, refrigeration and air
conditioning, electrical equipment, etc.)

B651

NS

NS

B

NS

3D

See for relevant subcategories underNFR 3D

-

NS

NS

NS

NS

3D
2E
ELECTRONICS
INDUSTRY

2F

2F
PRODUCT
USES AS
SUBSTITUTESFOR OZONE
DEPLETING
SUBSTANCES

2G
OTHER
PRODUCT
USES

7.12

2F

2F, 3D

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 7: Precursors and Indirect Emissions

TABLE 7.1 (CONTINUED)LINK BETWEEN THE IPCC CATEGORIES AND
1
THE CORRESPONDING METHODOLOGY CHAPTERS IN EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
Reporting category
Source Sector
NFR

2D1

2D1

2D1

2D1

2D1

2D1

2D1

2D1

2D1

2D1

2D2

2D2

2D2

2D2

2D2

2D2

2D2

2D2

2D2

2D2

3D

3D

Mineral Wool Enduction

B641

NS

NS

B

NS

3D

3D

Printing Industry

B643

NO

NO

A/B

NO

3D

3D

Fat, Edible and Not Edible Oil Extraction

B644

NS

NS

A

NS

Processes in wood, paper
pulp, food, drink and otherindustries

Pulp and Paper
Pulp and Paper - Chipboard

B461

NS

NS

NS

NS

Pulp and Paper - Paper pulp
(kraft process)

B462

A

NS

A

A

Pulp and Paper - Paper pulp(acid sulphite process)

B463

A

NO

A

A

Pulp and Paper - Paper pulp
(neutral sulphite semichemical process.)

B464

A

NO

A

A

Food and Drink - Bread

B465

NS

NS

A

NS

Food and Drink - Wine

B466

NS

NS

A

NS

Food and Drink - Beer

B466

NS

NS

A

NS

Food and Drink - Spirits

B466

NS

NS

A

NS

Food and Drink

2H3

Other

3D

3D

Application of Glues and Adhesives

B641

NS

NS

B

NS

3D

3D

Preservation of Wood

B646

NO

NO

A

NO

3D

3D

Underseal Treatment and Conservation of
Vehicles

B647

NO

NO

IE 3A
(car manufacturing& repairing)

2 H OTHER

CO

CRF

2H1

2H2

NMSOx
VOC
Relevance of emissions
from the category (seecodes above the table)

NOx

Processes in wood,
paper pulp, food,drink and otherindustries

IPCC
category

EMEP/CORINAIR
Inventory Guidebook
Chapter

NO

3D

3D

Domestic Solvent Use (other than paintapplication)

B648

NO

NO

A/B

NO

3D

3D

Vehicles Dewaxing

B647

NO

NO

A

NO

3D

3D

Domestic Use of Pharmaceutical Products

B641

NS

NS

B

NS

3D

3D

Other (preservation of seeds,....)

B641

NS

NS

B

NS

3D

3D

Other (anaesthesia, refrigeration and air
conditioning, electrical equipment, etc.)

B651

NS

NS

B

NS

3B Land

3A
Livestock

3 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND OTHER LAND USE (AFOLU)
3A1

4A

4A

Enteric Fermentation

B1040

NO

NO

NO

NO

3A2

4B

4B

Manure Management

B1050, B100511, N1090

NO

NO

B

NO

5A

5A

B112100

B

B

A

B

5B

5B

B112200

A

B

NS

B

5C

5C

B112300

A

B

NS

B

Managed Forests (broadleaf andconiferous)

B1101, B110117

NI

NI

A

NI

Non-managed Forests (broadleaf andconiferous)

B1101, B110117

NI

NI

A

NI

B112500

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

NS

3B1
Forest
Land

5E

5E

Changes in Forest and Other Woody
Biomass Stocks
Forest and Grassland Conversion(tropical, temperate, boreal forests,
grassland, other)
Abandonment of Managed Land (tropical,
temperate, boreal forests, grassland,
other)Other
3B2
Cropland2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

7.13

Volume 1: General Guidance and Reporting

TABLE 7.1 (CONTINUED)LINK BETWEEN THE IPCC CATEGORIES AND
1
THE CORRESPONDING METHODOLOGY CHAPTERS IN EMEP/CORINAIR GUIDEBOOK
Reporting category
CRF

CO

NMSOx
VOC

Source Sector

B1104
B110117

A

NI

A

NI

NFR

Relevance of emissions
from the category (seecodes above the table)

3B3
Grassland

4D

4D

Natural Grassland and Other Vegetation(grassland, tundra, other low vegetation,other vegetation (Mediterranean,
scrub…)), Soils

3B4
Wetland

4D

4D

Wetlands (marshes - swamps)

B1105

NI

NI

NI

A

3B5
Settlem
ents

4G

4G

Other

B1060

NO

NO

NO

NO

3C1a

5B

5B

Forest and vegetation fires (man-induced,
other)

B1103

A

A

A

A

3C1b

4F

4F

Field burning of agricultural wastes

B1030

A

A

A

A

3C1c

4D

4D

Prescribed burning of savannas

B

B

B

B

3C4

4D

4D1

Agricultural soils, direct soil emissions

B1010, B1020 and B1105

A

NO

A

NO

3C7

4C

4C

Rice Cultivation

B1010, B1020

A

NO

A

NO

3D1

NA

NA

Harvested Wood Products

NO

NO

B

NO

NA

NA

Volcanoes

B1108

NO

NO

NO

A

NA

NA

Gas Seeps

B110900

NO

NO

NO

NO

NA

NA

Lightning

B111000

A

NO

NO

NO

NA

NA

Wildlife animals

B1107

NO

NO

NS

NO

4D

4D

Waters

B1106

NO

NO

B

B

4A and
4B

6A

6A

Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal andBiological treatment of solid waste

B940

NO

NO

A/B

NO

4C

6C

6C

Incineration and Open Burning ofWaste/Waste Incineration

B921, B922, B924, B925,
B927, B970, B991, B992

A

A

NI/B

A

4D

6B

6B

Wastewater Treatment andDischarge/Wastewater Handling

B9101 and B9107

NO

NO

A

NO

4E

6D

6D

Other waste

B9101, B9203, B9105, B9106

A

A

A

NO

3D OTHER

3C AGGREGATED SOURCES AND NONCO2 EMISSION SOURCES ON LAND

3B6
Other land

3B Land

IPCC
category

NOx

EMEP/CORINAIR
Inventory Guidebook
Chapter

3D2

5A Indirect
N2O emissions

5 OTHER

4D WASTE

4 WASTE

5B
7
7
Geothermal energy extraction
B570
NO NO
NI NO/B
Other*) Chapter Small Combustion Installations is available from website http://tfeip-secretariat.org/unece.htm > Expert Panels > Expert Panelon Combustion and Industry
1

Current references are to the version of the EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook available when these guidelines are published.

7.14

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

Chapter 7: Precursors and Indirect Emissions

7.3

INDIRECT N 2 O EMISSIONS FROM THE
ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION OF NITROGENIN NO X AND NH 3

In this Guidance, direct nitrous oxide emissions are estimated on the basis of human-induced net nitrogen input
to managed soils (e.g., synthetic or organic fertilizers, deposited manure, crop residues, sewage sludge), or ofother changes in inorganic nitrogen in the soil as a result of interventions by management practices in nitrogen
cycling, e.g., mineralization of nitrogen in soil organic matter, following drainage/management of organic soils,
or cultivation/land use change on mineral soils.
In addition to these direct emissions of N2O, indirect emissions also take place as a result of two different
nitrogen loss pathways. These pathways are (1) the volatilization/emission of nitrogen as NH3 and NOx and thesubsequent deposition of these forms of nitrogen as ammonium (NH4+) and oxidised nitrogen (NOx) on soils andwaters, and (2) the leaching and runoff of nitrogen from synthetic and organic nitrogen fertilizer inputs, crop
residues, mineralization of nitrogen through land use change or management practices, and urine and dungdeposition from grazing animals, into groundwater, riparian areas and wetlands, rivers and eventually the coastal
ocean.
The volatilization of nitrogen as NH3 and NOx results both from agricultural fertilizer applied to land and frommanure management, as well as from fossil fuel and biomass combustion, and industrial processes. Before being
redeposited, NOx and NH3 are typically transformed to other nitrogen containing compounds. Oxides of nitrogenare commonly hydrolysed in the atmosphere or upon deposition to form nitric acid (HNO3), while NH3 gas
generally combines with atmospheric nitric acid or sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to form ammonium nitrate andammonium sulphate aerosols, which are then transformed to a particulate ammonium (NH4+) form. The
deposition of these reactive nitrogen compounds from non-agricultural sources onto soils and waters causes N2Oemissions in an exactly analogous way to those resulting from their deposition from agricultural sources.
Therefore the indirect N2O emissions resulting from these various sources are included in these Guidelines using
the assumption that same emission factor applies to soil and water deposition.

7.3.1

Methodology

All anthropogenic NH3 or NOx emissions are potential sources of N2O emissions 4 . Specific guidance on
estimating N2O emissions from that portion of nitrogen compounds associated with the volatilisation of NOx andNH3 from (1) manure management systems and applied sewage sludge and (2) synthetic and organic nitrogen
input to managed soils, and urine and dung nitrogen deposited by grazing animals, are provided in Section 10.5
of Chapter 10, Emissions from livestock and manure management, and Section 11.2.2 of Chapter 11, N2O andCO2 emissions from soil amendment, of Volume 4 of AFOLU.
This section provides guidance on estimating N2O emissions from the atmospheric deposition of nitrogencompounds from all other sources of NOx and NH3 emissions, such as fuel combustion, industrial processes, andburning of crop residues and agricultural wastes. The method needs only to be applied where data on NOx andNH3 emissions from these sources are available, e.g., from the inventories identified Section 7.2.
Equation 7.1 and EF4 from Equation 11.9 in Section 11.2.2.1 of Volume 4 can be used to estimate N2O
emissions from the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen resulting from NOx and NH3.

EQUATION 7.1
N2O EMISSIONS FROM ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION OF NOX AND NH3
⎡⎛
⎞⎤
⎞ ⎛
N 2 O(i ) = ⎢⎜⎜ NO x N (i ) ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ NH 3 N (i ) ⎟⎟⎥ • EF4 • 44 / 28
⎠⎦⎥
⎠ ⎝
⎣⎢⎝

4

In addition to being redeposited on soils and surface waters, NH3 can also lead to the formation of N2O from atmosphericchemical reactions. However, there is currently no method available for estimating conversion of NH3 to N2O in theatmosphere.

2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories

7.15

Volume 1: General Guidance and Reporting

Where:
N2O(i)=

N2O produced from atmospheric deposition of N from NOx and NH3 emissions fromsource i, in Gg

NOx-N(i) =Nitrogen content of NOx emissions from source i assuming that NOx is reported in NO2
equivalents (Gg NOx-N or Gg NO2 • 14/46)

NH3-N(i) =Nitrogen content of NH3 emissions from source i (Gg NH3-N or Gg NH3 • 14/17)

EF4

Emission factor for N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition of N on soils and water
surfaces (kg N2O-N/kg NH3-N or NOx-N emitted).

=

The activity data NOx-N(i) and NH3 –N(i) are taken from the inventories as identified in
Section 7.2, if available.
This method assumes that N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition are reported by the country that produced
the original NOx and NH3 emissions. In reality the ultimate formation of N2O may occur in another country due
to atmospheric transport of emissions. The method also does not account for the probable lag time between NOx
and NH3 emissions and subsequent production of N2O in soils and surface waters. This time lag is expected to besmall relative to an annual reporting cycle.

7.3.2

Quality Assurance/Quality Control, Reporting andDocumentation

It is good practice to estimate and report N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition of NOx and NH3 where acountry already has an inventory of these gases. For the purposes of calculation, it is assumed that N2O isemitted in the same year that the original NOx and NH3 were emitted.
It is good practice to estimate emissions ensuring consistency with the emissions estimated for agriculturesources and avoiding double-counting. Because N2O emissions may occur outside the country emitting NH3 orNOx, use of country- or region-specific emission factors should be thoroughly documented.
N2O emissions from atmospheric deposition of NH3 and NOx are reported in Table 5A of reporting tables inAnnex 8A.2 for all sectors, and the AFOLU Sector is also reported in Table 3.8 in Annex 8A.2.

References
EC (2003). Reference document on the general principles of monitoring, July 2003, 111 pp. European
Commission (EC) Directorate-General for Environment, Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control(IPPC). http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/ FActivities.htm
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