IEEJ：2009 年 5 月掲載

Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan

OVERVIEW
OF
ENERGY POLICIES OF
BHUTAN

Department of Energy
Ministry of Economic Affairs
Royal Government of Bhutan

ThimphuMarch 27, 2009
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Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan
1. Country Profile
Bhutan is a small country in the eastern Himalayas and Thimphu is the capital city. It is aland-locked nation sandwiched between two giant neighbours and fastest growing
economies in the world - China in the North, India in the East, West and South. It occupies
an area of 38,394 sq. km and is inhabited by about 650,000 people. The country is subdivided into twenty districts or administrative regions. The geography of the Himalayan
mountain terrain has physically kept the country in isolation and the modernization process
started only from the early sixties. Even today after the completion of four decades,
mountainous and rugged terrain has impeded the development efforts where the cost ofbuilding modern development infrastructures such as roads, schools, rural electrifications,drinking water supplies, etc. have been prohibitively high in addition to being difficult andtime consuming. The literacy rate of Bhutan is 59.5% and per capita GDP is about
US$ 1,400 with unemployment rate of 2.5%. The Buddhism is the predominant religion of
the country. Bhutan’s economy is one of the smallest and least developed (low income) in
the world which is based on agriculture and forestry that provides the main livelihood tomore than 69% of the population. As of 2008, only 66% of the total households have accessto electricity and the government has mandated to provide electricity to all by 2020.
Hydropower, cement, wood and food products constitute its main industries. Bhutan has aforest cover of 72.5% and the new constitution further mandates the forest cover to be
maintained at 60% for all times to come. The rich cultural heritage, pristine environment andof late the adoption of a distinct and holistic growth philosophy of Gross National
Happiness – a policy most constructively defined as favouring sustainable development,
cultural preservation, social wellbeing and happiness over Gross Domestic Product has
made Bhutan a top destination for tourists and topic of discussions in the academia
worldwide. The country has been unanimous in maintaining that, economic growth as it isachieved in the west is not the solution for true development in the country, rather thedevelopment should encompass efforts to sustain economically, culturally and ecologically.
According to a recent study on happiness by sociologist Adrian White, University ofLeicester, United Kingdom, Bhutan is the eighth happiest country in the world. Yet, Bhutanremains a poor country, heavily reliant on foreign aid and with little industry other than
tourism. India is the largest donor and trading partner as the country’s economy isintrinsically linked with that of India’s through strong trade and monetary arrangements. The
hydropower export and tourism are the main revenue earners and the source of foreignexchange. The average share of annual national revenue contributed by the hydroelectricsales was 38.52% since 2000 and is expected to provide 60% in 2009. In 2006, Bhutancommissioned the 1,020MW hydropower project more than tripling the country’s total
generation, the largest facility in the country which was financed by India. However, thisrepresents only 5% of the country’s hydropower potential, estimated at 30,000MW.
On the political front, the remarkable political change initiated by the 4th King had
transformed the country from monarchy to constitutional democracy and is the youngest
democracy in the world. As such, there was a sudden change in national policies and outlook
on development activities under a new government while the long-term national goal will beto achieving self sufficiency and becoming a strong, happy and a dynamic nation.
Also, Bhutan is endowed with rich potential for harnessing hydropower, because of its
mountainous terrain, high gradient rivers flowing through rocky & steep gorges, good

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IEEJ：2009 年 5 月掲載

Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan
weather and other favorable (political, social, economic) conditions. Most of schemes
identified are run-of-the river types and they are found to be techno-economically least-costand environment-friendly. Few reservoir schemes are also identified with limited and/or noenvironment impact in the Southern belt before the Bhutanese rivers fan-out and enter the
Indian plains.
2. Rationale for Energy Policy
Bhutan being a fast developing country there is a need for increasing productivity and,
therefore, for energy resources. Like any modern industrial society, Bhutan will one day also
become an energy-intensive society and the availability of reliable and affordable energy will
become key issue of the country. As the living standard of the people keeps on improving
every year, there are equally a lot of pressure on energy resources and supplies. Today,
Bhutan exports more than 75% of the hydroelectricity produced to the neighbouring
country, India and this export has become crucial in terms of revenue earnings as well as theforeign exchange. In this context, the energy policy of the country has to gear towards
fulfilling two mandates: providing reliable, affordable and quality energy service to the nationand export service to earn increased revenues. Therefore, the need for a energy policy for
Bhutan is becoming apparent due to the following reasons:-

As of date, there is no such policy framework to provide guidance to the energy
sector of Bhutan and it is imperative that Bhutan needs to develop a comprehensive
energy policy covering all parts of the energy sector as an integral part of the general
economic management and the national development plan.

-

There is a need to adopt a policy addressing the sustainability of the sources ofenergy including supply, consumption and most importantly the energy security. The
primary mandate of the policy should centre to providing affordable, reliable,
environmentally sound, and efficient energy to raise the living standards of thepeople and earn maximum revenue by exporting hydro power energy to India.

-

The framing of the energy policy requires the evaluation of very many scenarios andpolicy decisions and implementation schedules that produce the desired scenarios.
With the policy instruments like Hydropower Master Plan, Integrated Energy
Management Master Plan and the National Energy Data Directory in place,development of an overall Energy Policy that emphasizes hydropower developmentwith clear set goals, targets and that fulfils national development objectives becomes
necessary and appropriate.

-With the rapid pace of economic development, Bhutan’s primary energy source isshifting from biomass to other conventional energy sources, viz., hydroelectricity andfossil fuels like oil. While the fossil fuels (oil, coal & gas) constitute the main
components of the energy mix of the developed countries, hydropower dominates
the Bhutan’s energy mix. A policy needs to be framed for this particular renewableenergy development.

-

Not only the social objectives like electricity for all by 2020 should be given renewedemphasis and targets achieved before the deadline, the country must ensure that rural

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IEEJ：2009 年 5 月掲載

Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan
populations in particular and weaker sections of the society in general have access toreliable and affordable supply of energy for years to come. There is a need to provide
access to cleaner cooking fuels to the villages where biomass is the traditional sourceof their daily energy needs through a clear framework by further disseminatingenergy efficient cooking technologies, because rural populace have less purchasing
power to use modern forms of energy.
Bhutan must draw a policy that will fully ensure reliable, affordable, sustainable andenvironmentally sound energy for years to come. Bhutan’s growing economy, increasing
population and rising living standards should be sustained by a plausible energy policy withemphasis on universal provision of affordable energy services for a long time to come.
3. Energy Institutions
The energy sector of Bhutan is administered under two ministries, viz. Ministry ofAgriculture and Ministry of Economic Affairs. The former is mainly associated with theadministration of biomass while the latter is responsible for policy formulation, planning,
coordination and implementation of conventional energy generation, consumption andexports and fossil fuel imports. The structure of the energy sector is as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

Organizational outline of the Bhutan’s Energy Sector

Organisation chart on next page...............

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IEEJ：2009 年 5 月掲載

Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan
Ministry of
Economic Affairs

Administrative
Authorities

Department of Energy- Policy & Planning of
the Power/Energy
Sector including
Renewable Energy

Department of Trade- Import of Oil and other
Petroleum products
and distribution control

Department of Geology& Mines- Manages and controls
mining of minerals andcoal

Ministry ofAgriculture

Department ofForestry- Supply of biomass
in rural areas

Forestry
Development
Corporation Limited- supply of biomass
for urban areas

Regulatory Authorities
National Environment Commission(NEC)- monitors the environmental impactsof development

Bhutan Electricity
Authority (BEA)- Regulates the Hydro
Power Sector

Bhutan Power Corporation(BPC)- Utility Service Company
Supply, Transmission &Distribution of Electricity

Druk Green Power Corporation- Generates hydropower and sells to
BPC and exports the surplus to India

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IEEJ：2009 年 5 月掲載

Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan
Under the Ministry of Economic Affairs, three departments, viz., Department of Energy(DOE), Department of Geology & Mines (DGM) and Department of Trade (DOT), theregulatory authority - Bhutan Electricity Authority (BEA) and government owned
corporations (BPC&DGPC) are the main players in the energy sector. The Department ofEnergy is a government agency responsible for formulation of policies, plans, projects andprogrammes, and other initiatives related to hydropower and alternative forms of energy inthe country, while the Bhutan Electricity Authority is an autonomous regulatory agency
which regulates the electricity sector.
4. Energy Supply
Renewable energy sources dominate the present energy supply in Bhutan. Firewood is themain source of primary energy for the people of Bhutan, and it represents the largest slice ofenergy consumption. More than 60% of population lives in the rural areas where they haveno access to modern forms of energy supplies and fuel wood is easily available from the
nearby forests wherein, 70 % of country’s land mass is covered with forests. Bhutan is also
endowed with huge hydropower potential which could be harnessed from the perenniallysnow-fed north-south flowing rivers. Hydropower generation, though still relatively small incomparison with the rest of the world has shown unprecedented growth due to theimportance accorded in the Bhutan-India relations. As said by our 4th King during the press
conference in New Delhi, “Water is to us what oil is to the Arabs”. So is also being said by
the outside observers, “What clocks are to Switzerland, water can be for Bhutan”. Morerecently, hydroelectric power has become the most prominent source of energy in urban andrural places alike.
The total energy supply for 2005 was 554,752 tons of oil equivalent (TOE). The major
contributions to the energy supply mix came from biomass and electricity from hydropower
generation. The per capita energy supply for the year 2005 was 0.87 TOE which was 51%
below the world’s average supply for the same year. The 99% of electricity generation in
Bhutan is from hydro resource and rest comes from diesel generating plants.
LPG (0.91%)
Kerosene (1.99%)

Others (1.01%)

Gasoline (2.03%)

Fuelwood (41.80%)

Coal (4.92%)
Diesel (8.26%)

Elec tric ity (39.09%)

Figure 2

Energy Supply Mix 2005

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IEEJ：2009 年 5 月掲載

Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan

Figure 3

Renewable energy dominates the electricity generation in the country

The supply scenarios with respect to the principal energy supply sources in the country are
discussed below.
-

Biomass Supply

Biomass refers to a variety of plant materials which can be used as feed stocks forconversion to useful fuels and products. The plant materials with the greatest potential aretrees, forestry, and agriculture residues. The most obvious source of biomass energy in
Bhutan is wood, a renewable resource that is certainly not a new form of fuel.
The main source of primary energy supply for the majority of Bhutanese population are
traditional fuels such as firewood, wood chips and animal dung which are used for cooking
and space heating. Today, biomass is the predominant fuel and forms the large share of theoverall energy supply. In general, biomass includes wood, wood waste, peat, wood liquors,
railroad ties, pitch, wood sludge, municipal solid waste (MSW), agricultural waste, straw, tires,
landfill gases, fish oils, and other waste materials. The entire rural populace use fuel wood as
its main source of energy while the urban and suburban populace uses it for space heating
during the winter. Bhutan consumed about 725,000 tons of fuel wood in 2005 which
accounted for 57.7% of the total primary energy supply mix and studies reported Bhutan as
the highest per capita consumer of fuel wood in the world. However, this scenario is slowly
changing with the increase in rate of rural electrification and the government’s policy of
duty-free import of wood saving electrical gadgets like rice cookers, water boilers, curry

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IEEJ：2009 年 5 月掲載

Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan
cookers, etc. According to the Bhutan Energy Data Directory 2005, biomass accounted for
91% of residential energy use while at the same time the residential sector emerged as thelargest energy-consuming sector, accounting for 46.8% of the total energy consumption.
Today, wood provides about four seventh of the country’s total energy needs and provides asignificant contribution to the current energy security of the country.
-

Fossil Fuel Supply

Bhutan has no known reserves of petroleum resources, nor there are any refineries set up for
import of crude oil and its processing. While the entire petroleum products are imported
from India through a special long-term agreement, coal is mined in south-eastern parts ofthe country where deposits are found along the 35 mile-long stretch and the total reserve ofcoal is estimated at 1.96 million tons. And with the average annual extraction rate of 4.6%,
this reserve would last only up to 2028. Also, some of the coals are exported while equalamounts are also imported depending on the grades of coal.
The imported commercial energy sources include petroleum products like diesel, gasoline,
kerosene, LPG, lubricating oils, etc. where diesel and gasoline are used for transportation,
kerosene for space heating and lighting in urban and rural homes respectively, and LPG isused mainly for cooking in the cities and some rural places. Along with the above fuels,
certain quantities of octane petrol, furnace oil, bitumen, high speed diesel, aviation-grade
gasoline, etc. are also imported. The prices of fossil fuels mentioned above and the otherpetroleum related products are exposed to changes as per the increase and decrease of its
prices in India which in turn were influenced by demand and supply of crude oil in theinternational markets. Oil imports have been steadily increasing over the past few years dueto the rapid growth in number of vehicles in the country and the oil imports increased byover 8 times in the years between 1995 and 2005.
The prices of kerosene and LPG are subsidized by the government since they are usedmainly for domestic purposes and by the rural populace. Following the recent hike ininternational crude oil prices, there has been an increase in prices of oil in Bhutan whichshows that in this world of increased globalization; all nations and consumers alike aresubject to oil price surprises which is ever going on the increase.
-

Hydroelectricity Supply

Hydropower is largest renewable energy resources in Bhutan. Hydropower, the source for
99% of country’s electricity generation today is widely abundant in terms of hydropower
potential estimated at 30,000MW. However, the total hydroelectric potential technically
exploitable capacity based on all practicable sites for head development and assuming
average water flows is estimated at 23,500MW.
The hydropower generation in Bhutan began during the late 60’s. Earlier, electricity
generation was based on small diesel generating plants and micro hydro stations, providing
limited supply of electricity to few places only until the commissioning of the 336MW
Chukha Hydropower Project in 1988, where Bhutan saw a quantum increase in her
electricity generation and since then became a net exporter of electricity to India after
internal demand was met. However, the internal demand as of today is due to demand from

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IEEJ：2009 年 5 月掲載

Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan
the 60% of total 126,115 households which has access to electricity and a handful ofmanufacturing industries that uses electricity. The internal demand of the country was foundto be 120MW in 2005. The domestic consumption of electricity has been marginal but
should increase with the spread of rural electrification which is being carried out with thesupport of government and the external loans and bilateral donor contributions.
Table below shows the list of hydropower (Large & Small) generating stations in operation
as of today. From the table, we can see that hydropower generation is a recent phenomenon
but has shown impressive growth over the recent years. The total energy generations bymajor power plants in 2006 is about 1500 MW.

1,020

Cumulative Energy
Generation up to
Percent exported
2006 (MU)
1,001.30 100%

Kurichhu (2001)
Basochhu Stage-I (2002)

60
24

1,055.40 85.4%
412.57 Consumed internally

Basochhu Stage-II (2004)40

114.68 Consumed internally

Chukha (1986-88)

336

Name of Plant (Year ofcommissioning)

Capacity(MW)

Tala (March 2006)

Micro/Mini
Total as of 2006
-

4
1,484

34,836.799 82%
20 Consumed internally
37,440.749

Other Renewable Supplies

Other forms of energy available in abundance are the solar and wind power. Solar
contribution to Bhutan’s energy supply has been almost negligible compared to thehydroelectricity but has been crucial in that the solar energy is used mainly for rural
electrification of far-flung and isolated communities including the social institutions likeschools and monasteries, telecommunication centres, etc. where extension of grid electricity
has been impossible due to prohibitive costs, climatic and environmental conditions. Windpower has remained elusive and unexplored so far although some efforts have been made in
the past to tap it but without any success. Solar power is mainly used to provide lighting andhas become an important part of rural electrification. So far the total installed capacity in the
country is a marginal 0.239MW. The use of solar energy for space heating and domestic hotwater production purposes has received little attention from public as well as private mainly
due to high cost of solar PVs and availability of cheap hydroelectricity which has somehow
diverted the attention of the consumers. The solar resource in the southern and northernparts of the country were found to be 4.0 kWh/m2 and 5.0kWh/m2 per day respectively
according to the study carried out by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
The growth of solar energy is hampered due to economics - high price and lack of adequate
financing, inadequate documentation and evaluation of the many solar projects that havebeen undertaken, lack of skills in operation and maintenance, etc.

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Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan
Wind energy is the fastest growing form of energy in the world today but its development in
Bhutan has been neglected due to the emphasis on the more reliable hydropower resource.
In addition, there are no studies conducted so far on wind resources potential to pursue its
development. Other renewable energy sources like, municipal solid waste, geothermal energy,
etc. also remains unexploited as of today mainly due to budget paucity and absence oftechnical expertise.
5. Energy Demand
The various end-users of the energy are categorized as residential, industrial, institutional andcommercial, transportation and agriculture. As stated earlier, the residential sector is thehighest energy-consuming sector, accounting for 48.7% of the total energy consumption, of
which 91% of the demand is met by biomass and rest from other conventional supplies,
while in the developed countries like USA, industrial sector consumes the most energy
followed by transportation, residential and commercial entities. But there is a whole lot ofdifference in the pattern of energy consumption between the two countries. About 69% of
the total population lives in the rural areas while only 40% of the total rural households areelectrified. The rest of them meet their energy needs from the fuel wood. The residential
sector accounts for 14.1% of the total electrical energy consumption which also uses
kerosene for lighting and LPG for cooking purposes.
The industrial sector consumes 25% of the total energy and is the largest consumer ofelectricity in the country accounting for 64.7% of the total electricity consumed in the
country. The transport sector accounted for 14.3% of the total energy and this is one area ofenergy which is fully dependant on imports. Oil is the dominant source of energy fortransportation industry. The commercial sector accounted for 10.2% of the total energy
consumption meeting the energy needs from the electricity besides fuelwood and LPG. The
agriculture sector which is the mainstay of the Bhutanese economy involving 79% of the
population, primarily meets its energy from the human and animal power. In 2005, thesector accounted for only 1.2% of the total energy consumption. The shares of energy
consumed by the various economic sectors are as shown in figure below. The total
consumption of energy in 2005 was 392,467 TOE where most energy was consumed by theresidential and industrial sectors. The per capita energy consumption for the same year was
0.62 TOE which was 65.7% below the world’s average of 1.81 TOE in 2005. The electricity
consumption increased rapidly from no electricity to 1,084 kWh per capita since 1961.
6. Regional and Global Standpoint
The per capita supply and consumption of energy and electricity respectively are way below
world average although from the regional context, Bhutan tends to lead, yet the per capita
use of energy and electricity is only about one third and two fifth of the world’s average.
However, the high per capita energy consumption is somewhat skewed since majority ofenergy used in Bhutan comes not from commercial fuels such as oil and coal but fromtraditional principal fuel of firewood. Also, the high per capita consumption of electricity
does not necessarily represent the individual’s personal use of electricity but is largely
attributed to the share of industries’ usage in manufacturing and production as discussed
before. There is a huge disparity in per capita energy use among the developed countries like
USA, EU & OECD member countries and the developing country like Bhutan.

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Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan
Per Capita
EnergySupply(TOE)

PercapitaenergyConsumption
(TOE)

Per
capitaElectricity
Supply(kWh)Percapitaelectricity
Consumption(kWh)*

Bangladesh 402

0.16

0.15

140

127.70Bhutan

695

0.87

0.62

3,971

942.07

India

538

0.53

0.50

457

434.80

Nepal

231

0.34

0.32

69

67.90

Pakistan

566

0.49

0.44

425

407.80

Sri Lanka

962

0.49

0.42

345

325.10

Myanmar

-

0.28

0.27

104

101.10

China

1,323

2.36

1.11

2,140

1,378.50

Norway39,0056.50

5.81

22,85923,195.80

USA36,655

7.82

7.63

12,187

13,243.00

Country

GDPperCapita(constant
2000 US$)*

Table showing comparison of per capita energy and electricity supply and consumption for
selected countries
7. The Challenges
We must appreciate that energy is one of the building blocks of modern society and that theavailability and cost of energy resources are key factors in a country’s economic growth.
Energy is not an end in itself but a means to achieve the goals of a healthy economy and ahealthy environment. Bhutan faces a daunting task in terms of technology, skilled manpower
and financial resources to provide adequate, quality and affordable energy to its citizens in asustainable manner. There are several dimensions that make the planning and managementof energy sector and hydropower/energy investments especially complex and challenging.
The following illustrates some of the difficulties and bottlenecks faced by the energy sectorof the country:
1. Due to the geographic nature of the country the cost of rural electrification has
remained prohibitively high for the government and the donor agencies. Therefore,
the effort to provide clean, affordable and convenient “lifeline” energy to the rural
populace and poorer societies who cannot fully pay for it and the services remains
evasive.
2. A majority of the people use traditional fuels such as firewood and animal dung forcooking and heating where these fuels causes indoor pollution and heavy burden on

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Overview of Energy Policies of Bhutan

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

women and children in the rural places. We need to improve the quality of life andalleviate poverty especially in the rural areas by providing reliable and affordable
electricity as stimulant for socio-economic development.
With the economic development, import dependence on oil is growing rapidly whichraises serious concerns about Bhutan’s energy security. There comes the need toimport crude oil and set up crude oil processing plants as well as import fuel efficient
vehicles and improve road conditions in the country.
Energy efficiency and conservation measures shall be promoted for sustainablesupply and end use. The Government shall encourage general improvements in theenergy performance standards of buildings for lighting, heating, ventilation andinsulation levels.
Achieving the national goal of “Electricity for All” by 2020 and thereafter operating
and maintaining those extensive and expansive networks of transmission lines andconsumer terminals would require skilled manpower and huge amount of resources
against insufficient revenues and budget. Securing investments for the constructionof major transmission lines to link western, central and eastern grids remain achallenge while such interconnection would provide smooth transfer of power fromthe surplus to deficit areas inside the country thus avoiding re-imports from various
points from India and would bring balanced regional development and power
pooling.
Bhutan today has enough generation to meet the internal demand of the country
even if the entire country is electrified and all people are given access to electricity.
There will never be any shortage of power generation to fulfill the power
requirements of the country in the foreseeable future other than the challenge oftransmitting power to the scattered consumer centres. However, due to the low
river-flow volume in the winter months, the firm power available may not leaveroom for export thereby curtailing the revenues. Since hydropower forms the
backbone of the country’s economy, emphasis is given to export as much power
available as possible and improve revenue earnings each year which has a bearing on
the country’s economy.
The hydro resource base is abundant but requires a heavy investment in hydropower
development amount to several millions of dollars which gives rise to formidable
problems in the scale of investment financing from different sources, all external asof today. Since, energy investments tend to be large with long gestations periods,
projects have to be carefully planned and quickly executed. The cost of delay or
failure becomes enormous and adds to the overall debt. Hydropower projects havelong gestation period. The pre-feasibility study generally takes one to two years, andthereafter the detailed survey and investigations for the preparation of Detailed
Project Report take another two years. The construction for a Project of the size of1020 MW in an interior location would generally take 8-10 years to complete.
Therefore, right from concept to commissioning phase, it will take 11-14 years.
There is additional risk of uncertainty due to geology during the construction phase.
Hydropower projects are quite capital-intensive and have slow return on cash flow inthe beginning. After a hydropower project is commissioned, initial 12-15 years’ timegoes mostly on debt servicing and only thereafter, the cost of generation comes
down and the investor starts getting solid return on his equity as hydropower project
has no other variable cost unlike in thermal power plant. The investor is averse toinvestment with such slow rate of return in the beginning and does not like to wait.

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That is the difficulty and generally, hydropower projects’ infrastructures are generally
built on public funds. Being a land locked and mountainous country, thetransportation cost of the project is also very high. So far Government of India has
been providing us 60% grant and 40% loan for investment in hydropower projects.
The situation is becoming difficult as India themselves needs huge capital investment
in infrastructures development and as a result opportunity for such financing is
becoming difficult even if Government of India desired to assist us.
8. There is a huge deficit of power in our neighbouring country, India. The Ministry ofPower in India has declared that it would need to add 100,000 MW by 2012 andincrease the hydro-thermal mix from the existing 25:75 to 40:60. There is clearly an
opportunity for Bhutan. Nepal is also very keen to export power to India. The northeastern states of India also have huge hydropower potential. Bhutan needs to act
quickly and make clear plans to enhance its electricity export to India.

Subject of Interest:
As hydro potential is abundant in Bhutan and the hydro electricity being the most
predominant source of energy in the country and also due to the huge deficit of power in theneighbouring country, India, currently the country’s major thrust is in the development of as
many projects as possible in the accelerated form of development. Basically looking at the
shortage of firm power during the lean season of the year, Bhutan encourages thedevelopment of reservoir scheme of hydro power generation with minimum environmental
degradation.
Bhutan aims at providing additional power of 10,000 MW by the year 2020 purely for export
to India.
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