U01-01

会場:国際会議室

時間:5 月 26 日 13:25-13:40

JpGU の紹介
JpGU Promoting International Collaboration in the Geosciences
津田 敏隆 1∗TSUDA, Toshitaka1∗
1
1

京都大学生存圏研究所
Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University

Japan Geoscience Union (JpGU) is the academic organization that represents the geoscience community in Japan. It consistsof over 50 member societies and about 10,000 individual members including researchers, technologists, students, educators,
science communicators and interested members of the general public.
JpGU was officially recognized as a public service corporation on the 1st December 2011. JpGU acts as a forum for theexchange of information and the collection of opinions and ideas within the diverse geoscience community. Our academic activities are focused on the following five sections: space and planetary sciences; atmospheric and hydrospheric sciences; humangeosciences; solid Earth sciences; and biogeosciences. We hold an academic meeting, the JpGU Annual Meeting, every year in
the spring, issue a newsletter and work to provide relevant geoscience information to society at large. In 2014 we also launched
a new geoscience open access e-journal, Progress in Earth and Planetary Science (PEPS).
Geoscience is the area of natural science that deals with the Earth, the other planets and, on a larger scale, with the whole ofthe solar system. On the Earth it aims to understand the dynamics governing the evolution of both natural phenomena and social
systems. It also aims to clarify the essential features that contribute to the existence and evolution of life. Geoscience can bedivided into pure and applied areas, the first concerned with increasing our understanding of natural phenomena and the second
with using this knowledge to help to deal with environmental problems, to mitigate natural disasters and so on. Geoscientificknowledge is relevant to many of the problems facing mankind and geoscientific research is indispensable if we wish to maintainthe continued prosperity of our species. As a pure discipline, geoscience offers us a birds-eye view of the natural wonders of theplanetary system in which we live. As an applied science it includes cultural and social elements which allow us to construct a
new paradigm that offers the hope of resolving many of the problems facing mankind.
In order to provide solutions and see them adopted by society, the geoscience community must continue with scientific research
but also work to educate society at large and to communicate our message to the general public and our political leaders. JpGU
aims to promote research and also to increase the understanding of geoscience issues in the general public, therefore, we encourage the exchange of information and collaborations among researchers in geoscience societies, and promote public relations toensure that important information is communicated to society at large. We seek to ensure the continued vitality and importanceof geoscientific research in Japan, the Asia Pacific region and worldwide.

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U01-02

会場:国際会議室

時間:5 月 26 日 13:40-14:05

Geoscience Ahead: A European perspective
Geoscience Ahead: A European perspective
Thybo Hans1∗
THYBO, Hans1∗
1
1

University of Copenhagen, Denmark
University of Copenhagen, Denmark

Geosciences are as important as ever to society in relation to a broad range of challenges. Our geoscience subjects are central
to six of the global top ten challenges to society, including the supply of fresh water to the whole population, stable supply ofenergy, the climate evolution and severe weather conditions, stable and sufficient food supply where soil sciences is at the centre,
geohazards, and ocean acidification. The political solutions to these key challenges require scientific knowledge and insight,
and learned societies should assume a key responsibility in defining the challenges. The science advice to the political world
will come from a variety of organisations, and it is reassuring that ICSU recently has launched its new flagship programme on
Future Earth . However, the geoscience unions should also play a key role in ensuring that society has the best scientific insightbefore decisions are made to these grand challenges. The unions with their broad membership, geographically and subject-wise,
have the organisation that may foster increased international collaboration on the key challenges across the borders.
The European Geosciences Union (EGU) is Europe s premier geosciences union, dedicated to the pursuit of excellence in thegeosciences and the planetary and space sciences for the benefit of humanity, worldwide. It was established in September 2002
as a merger of the European Geophysical Society (EGS) and the European Union of Geosciences (EUG), and has headquartersin Munich, Germany. EGU is a non-profit international union of scientists with over 12,500 members from all over the world.
Membership is open to individuals who are professionally engaged in or associated with geosciences and planetary and spacesciences and related studies, including students and retired seniors.
The EGU has a current portfolio of 16 diverse scientific journals, which use an innovative open access format, and organises
a number of topical meetings, as well as education and outreach activities. Its annual General Assembly is the largest and mostprominent European geosciences event, attracting over 13,000 scientists from all over the world. The meeting s sessions covera wide range of topics, including volcanology, planetary exploration, the Earth s internal structure and atmosphere, climate, as
well as energy and resources.
Europe is a diverse continent with many small countries. Although many countries are members, the European Union (EU)
has limited influence on the policy making in Europe (e.g. laws require decision in all parliaments in the member countries).
Nevertheless, the political system in Europe develops toward integration between the members of the EU. The disciplinary
breath and its large membership provide excellent background for EGU to assume a role in assisting policy makers by providing
scientific advice.
EGU is already a premier forum for open debate on the role of geosciences in modern society and development of new relations
between scientists and the political system. We are now taking up the challenge and responsibility of promoting geosciences ina wider context to society, including promoting research opportunities for talented early career researchers, and providing links
between decision makers, the political system and the scientific community. Outreach in terms of information sharing with the
public is already at a high level and the ambition for the coming years is that EGU s voice should be heard among the coming
generations of scientists, politicians, economists, and other decision makers throughout Europe. Being the premier geoscience
union in Europe, EGU has a commitment to provide reliable scientific information to society, in particular to the main global
scientific challenges faced by our societies. On global scale, the geosciences unions should consider joint action in identifying
the key questions in relation to the key global challenges.

キーワード: EGU, EGS, EUG, EU, Future Earth
Keywords: EGU, EGS, EUG, EU, Future Earth

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U01-03

会場:国際会議室

時間:5 月 26 日 14:05-14:30

Intensify co-operation among geo-science communities to cope with the challenges of theyears to comeIntensify co-operation among geo-science communities to cope with the challenges of theyears to comeChen Yun-Tai1∗
CHEN, Yun-tai1∗
1
1Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration
Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration

On behalf of Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS), I sincerely congratulate Japan Geoscience Union (JpGU) on his
silver anniversary.
AOGS was established in 2003. Its mission is to promote geosciences and its application for the benefit of humanity, specifically in Asia and Oceania and with an overarching approach to global issues. Since it was established, AOGS has developed
steadily. Over 1,000 geo-scientists in Asia and Oceania attend AOGS annual convention to present the latest results of theirresearch and exchanging scientific knowledge.
In the process of economic construction and social development humanity faces serious difficulties such as resource shortage,energy crisis, environment pollution, damage of ecological balance and frequent occurrence of disasters, etc. These difficulties orchallenges are mostly directly or indirectly related to the geo-scientific and geo-technological issues. It is geoscientists’ bounden
duty to make every effort to cope with these challenges by improving our understanding of the nature of these geo-scientificphenomena through scientific and technical approaches.
It is well known that the geo-scientific phenomena are not defined by national boundaries. In recognizing this nature, AOGS
has devoted its efforts not only to intensify scientific exchange and co-operation, but also to develop good co-operation withother international geo-science societies and unions such as the European Geosciences Union (EGU), American GeophysicalUnion (AGU), International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), Japan Geo-science Union (JpGU), and Science Councilof Asia (SCA).
AOGS pays special attention to public participation of coping with the challenges we faces, and has been active in the public
outreach. The public participation is considered to be an important factor for increasing awareness of the problems that the wholesociety confront.
I greatly appreciate JpGU for generous invitation and providing a unique opportunity to exchanging scientific knowledge anddiscussion to address important geo-scientific issues among scientists. I sincerely congratulate JpGU on his success in the past
25 years, and wish JpGU a prosperous prospect in the years to come.

キーワード: AOGS, IUGG, SCA
Keywords: AOGS, IUGG, SCA

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U01-04

会場:国際会議室

時間:5 月 26 日 14:30-14:55

AGU: Global collaboration for the Earth and space sciences
AGU: Global collaboration for the Earth and space sciences
Leinen Margaret1∗
LEINEN, Margaret1∗
1
1American Geophysical Union
American Geophysical Union

The American Geophysical Union (AGU) will celebrate its centennial in 2019. The AGU represents 60,000 geoscientists
as members (including over 24,000 members outside of the USA with almost 2,600 from Japan) while reaching over 300,000
scientists through its global meetings and publications programs.
As geoscience has grown to know no borders, so has the AGU. Our Fall Meeting held in San Francisco includes scientists
from almost 150 countries, and over half of the articles published in AGU journals are from lead authors outside the USA.

キーワード: AGU, history, international, community, partnership
Keywords: AGU, history, international, community, partnership

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U01-05

会場:国際会議室

時間:5 月 26 日 15:15-15:35

宇宙空間物理学分野における国際共同研究の将来展望
A personal future perspective of international collaborations in space physics
関 華奈子 1∗
SEKI, Kanako1∗
1
1

名古屋大学太陽地球環境研究所
Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University

Space physics is a research field that has developed rapidly along with the dawn of the space age. The international collaborations have been one of key elements of researches in the space physics. Interdisciplinary researches are also fundamental natureof the research field, since it has close relations with astronomy, meteorology, planetary science, plasma physics, and other fields.
In recent years, it has further developed roughly in three directions. One direction is contribution to understanding of universal
plasma processes in the universe such as the magnetic reconnection, plasma turbulence, and shock waves, utilizing the ’in-situ’plasma observations that enable direct measurements of space plasma phenomena in the solar system. In this direction, the launchof NASA’s formation flight mission called MMS (Magnetospheric Multi-Scale) is schedules in March 2015 with instrument-level
collaboration between US and Japan. The main goal of the mission is to reveal the nature of the microphysics of three fundamental plasma processes, i.e., the magnetic reconnection, energetic particle acceleration, and turbulence. Interdisciplinary researches
between space physics, astronomy, and laboratory plasma physics have been enhanced.
The second direction is the understanding of dynamic variations of Geospace environment. A wide scope of researches frombasic studies of physical mechanisms to applications to space weather forecast has been deployed worldwide. In this direction,international geospace exploration is underway: NASA’s Van Allen Probes has provided new data since their launch in 2012,
and in Japan, preparation of the ERG (Energization and Radiation in Geospace) mission is ongoing for scheduled launch in summer 2016. Regional couplings are key elements in this direction of researches, and the solar wind-magnetosphere-ionospherethermosphere interactions have been investigated. The international programs such as ISTP, CAWSES, and VarSITI have played
important role in promotion of international collaborations.
The third direction is expansion to the comparative planetary researches. Each planet in our solar system has different properties in terms of size, weight, distance from the sun, atmosphere, and intrinsic magnetic field. Particularly, characteristics
of atmosphere and structure as well as strength of intrinsic magnetic field are important parameters to determine space environment around a planet. The knowledge of other planets with different conditions enables us to understand more deeply thesolar-terrestrial system. International mission to Mercury, BepiColombo is now under preparation and will be launched in 2016.
The mission consists of two orbiters and one of the orbiters, MMO, has been developed in Japan, while ESA is responsible for
MPO development. The mission has also enhanced international collaborations in science before launch. There are many othermissions that have excited international collaborations such as MAVEN and JUICE. In order to understand the diversity anduniversality of the stellar-planetary system, cooperation with astronomy and planetary science is getting more essential. This
presentation provides a brief review of these international collaborations in space physics. Keeping these three directions ofresearches, a personal future perspective will be also presented.
キーワード: 磁気圏, 電離圏, 惑星探査, 宇宙空間物理学, 宇宙プラズマ, 太陽惑星圏
Keywords: magnetosphere, ionosphere, planetary exploration, space physics, space plasma, solar-planetary system

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U01-06

会場:国際会議室

時間:5 月 26 日 15:35-15:55

気候モデルによる全球気候変化の研究：現状と将来
Model-based climate research on global change: Challenges for the future
渡部 雅浩 1∗WATANABE, Masahiro1∗
1
1

東京大学大気海洋研究所
Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo

Climate sciences have evolved rapidly during the past decades as observations suggest gradual changes in weather and climate
due to increasing anthropogenic radiative forcing. General circulation models (GCMs) have also been developed and improved,
though incrementally, for attributing the past climate change signals as well as for future climate projection. International efforts
of coordinating the GCM experiments, called the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), have provided information
on climate changes imperative to the IPCC Assessment Reports.
We, a joint climate modeling group among the University of Tokyo, National Institute for Environmental Science, and Japan
Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, has developed a state of the art GCM, called MIROC, which participated inpast CMIPs. Using MIROC and simulations with other CMIP models, we have carried out several attribution studies, including
increasing frequencies of Northern Hemisphere heat waves, Indonesian drought, and Eurasian cold winters over the last decades.
I present those examples of the climate change attribution in this presentation, followed by a recent issue of the global warming‘hiatus’. Despite climate change signals being apparent from observations and model simulations, global mean surface airtemperature has increased little over the past 15 years, which is contrasting to a rapid increase during the late 20th century. This
stall in temperature increase has attracted attention from both climate science community and society. In order to explore themechanism of the warming hiatus, we performed ensemble historical simulations using MIROC with prescribed surface windstresses over the tropical oceans. Unlike conventional CMIP simulations, our simulation well reproduced the warming hiatus,suggesting a vital role of the tropical wind changes associated with decadal-scale natural fluctuations. A combined analysis to the
MIROC ensemble simulations enabled us to assess relative contribution of the human induced external component and naturalvariability to the past decadal temperature changes.
Current debate on the warming hiatus indicates that our understanding of the climate system, such as the energy budgets,ocean heat uptake, climate feedbacks, and global mean temperature change, is not yet sufficient. I outline these challenging
issues for global change, and introduce possible ways for further progress, which include the coming 6th phase of CMIP, ultrahigh-resolution global simulation, new measurements with satellites, and use of palaeo records.

キーワード: 気候科学, 大循環モデル, 気候変化, CMIP
Keywords: Climate science, General circulation model, Climate change, CMIP

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U01-07

会場:国際会議室

時間:5 月 26 日 16:15-16:35

環境変動とサンゴ礁ー気候変動、土地利用変化との関わりと保全策
Coral reefs in a changing world: climate change and land-based pollution issues and conservation strategies
山野 博哉 1∗YAMANO, Hiroya1∗
1
1

国立環境研究所
National Institute for Environmental Studies

Tropical and subtropical islands are associated with coral reefs, which provide ecosystem services, including fisheries, tourism
and coastal protection. This is especially true to reef islands that are composed fully of reef-derived materials. Both global-scale(climate change) and local-scale (land-based pollution) have been causing significant change on coral reefs.
Japan provides an ideal setting to examine these changes, because it covers a wide latitudinal range, stretching from subtropical to temperate areas, and latitudinal limits of coral reefs and coral distributions are observed around the Japanese islands.
Seas around Japan showed significant sea surface temperature (SST) rises in winter, which is critical for corals to survive at thelatitudinal limits of their distribution. In addition, some islands have significant amount of sediment discharge through rivers as
a result of extensive land development. So land-based pollution issues can be examined.
In the southern part of Japan, mass coral bleaching occurred in 1998, 2001 and 2007. These events were driven by anomalously high SSTs in summer, which suggests that rising SSTs would cause higher frequency of bleaching. On the other hand,
range expansion of corals was observed around the mainland Japan. We collected records of coral species occurrence from eighttemperate regions of Japan along a latitudinal gradient since the 1930s, and detected four species showed range expansions, withspeeds of up to 14km/year.
Future projection of coral reef status would require consideration of another important issue, ocean acidification, caused bydissolved CO2 in seawater. Higher concentration of dissolved CO2 cause reduction in aragonite (one of the forms of CaCO3
that construct coral skeletons) saturation state (Ωarag). We used climate model outputs for SST and Ωarag and present-day theirthreshold values for coral distribution to project future coral habitats. Without consideration of coral adaptation and/or acclimation, in high CO2 emission (SRES 2A) scenario, coral habitats will be lost in the 2070s because of higher SST in the south andlowered Ωarag in the north. On the other hand, lowered CO2 emission (SRES 1B) scenario, coral could survive in the southernpart even in the 2090s. This strongly suggests the importance of reducing CO2 emission for conservation of corals.
Extensive land development and modification caused significant increase in sediment discharge, which is called ”red-soil discharge (RSD).” A 15-year monitoring results showed no recovery of corals at sites affected by RSD, while a site without RSD
showed recovery of coral cover. This means that reducing other stressors such as land-based pollution would be an effective
way to enhance resilience of corals to bleaching, in addition to reducing CO2 emission. Because sediments are derived fromfarmlands, integrated framework to consider land-sea connections and regional economy, i.e., setting biodiversity conservation
targets, identifying sediment source areas by monitoring and modeling, and estimating costs for preventing sediment discharge
from farmlands, is needed, in order to prioritize the farmlands to conserve river and coastal ecosystems.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an effective tool for conserving coastal ecosystems. Identifying the candidate areas basedon rigorous scientific knowledge is required. Generating large-scale databases for species distribution and physical environments
would contribute to set up new MPAs for conserving biodiversity. Further, because distributional ranges are shifting/expanding,marine protected areas that incorporate these shifts/expansions are required. Integration of climate model outputs and spatialplanning would help identify the areas. A data-based, spatially-explicit, transdisciplinary approach is required for future conservation of coral reefs in a changing world.

キーワード: 環境変動, サンゴ礁, 気候変動, 土地利用, 生態系保全
Keywords: environmental change, coral reef, climate change, land use, ecosystem conservation

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U01-08

会場:国際会議室

時間:5 月 26 日 16:35-16:55

Broadband Earthquake Science
Broadband Earthquake Science
井出 哲 1∗
IDE, Satoshi1∗
1
1

東大・理・地球惑星科学
Dept. EPS, Univ. Tokyo

A huge earthquake can significantly change the atmosphere of our society. Although a practical scheme for predicting future earthquakes has been one of the most desired research products in earth science, it yet remains totally unrealized. Rather,increasing knowledge on the rupture process of earthquakes reveals how and why the deterministic prediction of earthquake isdifficult. While each dynamic rupture process obeys deterministic physical laws, the nonlinearity in these laws and the complexity of hosting fault systems limit our predictability. Thus, rupture apparently behaves like a stochastic process, which is only
probabilistically predictable.
In one extreme view, an earthquake is a randomly growing rupture process starting from a tiny nucleus. The growth is scale
independent and the final size of each event is almost unpredictable by observing the initial stage. However, this view is notalways correct. Sometimes, high regularity is observed in size and timing for a group of earthquakes, such as well-known repeating earthquakes in the Tohoku-Oki region. Such regularity cannot be ruled out by randomness and must be related to thecharacteristic structure in seismic regions. Therefore, the quantitative understanding of structural heterogeneity is an importanttask for probabilistic forecasts of seismic activity.
Structural heterogeneity in seismic region has been considered using a locked region, which is often loosely defined as ”asperity”, in the sliding background. The background was considered as an unobservable imaginary system, like a steadily slipping
plate interface. However, this perspective has been changed by recent discoveries of ”slow earthquakes” in many places worldwide. The background is probably the place where spatially and temporally variable slow deformations occur. Unlike ordinary
earthquakes finishing in several hundred seconds at most, slow earthquakes continue for hours, days, and even several months.
Slow earthquakes controls stress loading in seismogenic region and may precede very large earthquakes. There is some evidence
for the effects of atmosphere and ocean on seismic activity, probably through slow earthquakes, which are susceptible to small
stress change. To understand slow earthquakes and their effects on fast earthquakes, we need very broadband observations andmodeling of tectonic system.
Keywords: earthquake, slow earthquake, dynamic rupture, scaling

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U01-09

会場:国際会議室

時間:5 月 26 日 16:55-17:15

生命惑星の地球化学
Biogeochemistry of life-inhabited planets: Lessons from Early Earth
上野 雄一郎 1∗
UENO, Yuichiro1∗
1
1

東京工業大学Tokyo Institute of Technology

Among planets so far we know, only the Earth is known to harbor life. Therefore, environmental condition of early Earth musthave been essential for origin of life as well as for subsequent evolution of biosphere. Chemistry of the early atmosphere andocean is still largely uncertain, though recent geochemical investigations allow us to understand redox state of the early Earth.
The anomalous isotopic ratio (S-MIF) recorded in sedimentary rocks only before 2.3 billion years ago indicate that the pre-2.3
Ga atmosphere was virtually devoid of molecular oxygen (Farquhar et al., 2000). Photolysis of SO2 in an O2-poor atmosphere
has been the only known process that produces the large sulfur isotopic anomaly. Atmospheric model calculation has indicatedthat a reducing atmosphere (pO2 <1 ppm) is required for preserving the atmospheric isotopic anomaly into geological record,
otherwise all the atmospheric sulfur species can be oxidized into sulfate before deposition and thus erase the isotopic anomaly(Pavlov and Kasting, 2002). Based on isotopic fractionation factors determined by a series of our laboratory experiments, wehave suggested that the preservation of the S isotopic anomaly requires low CO2 well below 1 bar, instead including otherreducing gasses like H2, CH4 or CO (Danielache et al., 2008; 2012; Ueno et al., 2009; in press). In such a reducing atmosphere,
photochemistry should have been an important source of simple organic compounds like aldehydes and carboxylic acids that candrive prebiotic synthesis. The organic species and their flux are changed by redox condition of the system. The presence of ocean
together with its reducing capacity from dissolved ferrous iron may have played a key role for chemical evolution before originof life.

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U01-10

会場:国際会議室

時間:5 月 26 日 17:15-17:35

地球惑星科学の将来へ向けた国際連携について：日本学術会議の取組み
International activities of the Science Council of Japan toward the future of earth andplanetary science
中村 尚 1∗NAKAMURA, Hisashi1∗
1
1

東京大学先端科学技術研究センター, 2 日本学術会議第三部地球惑星科学委員会
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 2 Science Council of Japan

In this invited talk, various academic activities of the Science Council of Japan (SCJ), including international collaborations,
are introduced. The Committee of Earth and Planetary Science (EPS) of SCJ have more than 70 scientists, comprising 14
subcommittees nine of which are for international collaborations. As an organization under the Cabinet Office, SCJ offers
financial contributions to ICSU and its related international organizations, including IUGG, IGU, SCAR, IUGS, IMA, COSPAR,
SCOR, SCOSTEP, INQUA, IASC, ICA and WCRP, while having active commitment to the Future Earth program. In parallel,scientists in the nine subcommittees support specific activities of the corresponding international organizations, by acting as
members of executive committees or scientific steering committees and conveners of international conferences and by hosting
international conferences in Japan. These activities of the EPS Committee of SCJ are overall complementary to those of JpGU
and related academic societies that are supported directly by individual scientists. For further progress in academic activities
related to earth and planetary science, it is therefore essential for the EPS Committee to further tighten its relationship with
JpGU, supporting its linkage with AGU, EGU and AOGS.
キーワード: 地球惑星科学, 日本学術会議, 国際連携
Keywords: earth and planetary science, Science Council of Japan, international collaborations

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