AsiaFlux2019-20th Anniversary Workshop-

September 29-October 1, 2019
Gifu University
1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu prefecture 501-1193 Japan

October 2-4, 2019
Hida Earth Wisdom Center
900-1 Chishima-machi, Takayama, Gifu 506-0032 Japan

October 5, 2019
Field excursion
City excursion

Contents

Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 1
Organizers ................................................................................................................................. 4
Plenary speakers ....................................................................................................................... 5
Host and supporting agencies.................................................................................................. 7
Local information for the training course.............................................................................. 8
Local information for the conference ................................................................................... 12
Excursions ............................................................................................................................... 15
Program................................................................................................................................... 17
Detailed program.................................................................................................................... 18
Poster presentations (day 2) .................................................................................................. 22
Poster presentations (day 3) .................................................................................................. 25
Abstracts: Oral presentations ............................................................................................... 29
Abstracts: Poster presentations (day 2) ............................................................................... 74
Abstracts: Poster presentations (day 3) ............................................................................. 112
Business advertisement ........................................................................................................ 169

Welcome to the 20th anniversary of AsiaFlux
AsiaFlux was established in 1999 as the Asian arm of FLUXNET, the worldwide flux research
network, and had its 20th birthday this year. Over the past 20 years, AsiaFlux has hosted 15
workshops, one of which was co-hosted with OzFlux, under the leadership of the past fivechairs, through the great efforts of domestic flux networks in Asian countries, and through theadministrative support of the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan. In addition,
AsiaFlux has held training courses 12 times for flux measurement and data analysis andpublished 39 issues of Newsletter. These successful activities have greatly contributed to thedevelopment of flux-related research in Asia and helped young scientists grow.
AsiaFlux will continue to lead flux-related research, contribute to the achievement of
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Asia, and provide an open forum for both fieldresearchers (data providers) and remote-sensing / modeling researchers (data users) to
encourage their communication and collaboration. Furthermore, AsiaFlux will advancecommunity collaboration under FLUXNET.
This workshop will celebrate the 20th anniversary of AsiaFlux. The workshop is held in
Takayama, Japan, which is known as the flux site with the longest observation record in Asia.
Also, Takayama, or Hida Takayama as it is often referred to, is a famous sightseeing spot inJapan, conserving its old town atmosphere. Please enjoy the special workshop and autumn daysin Takayama!

Guirui Yu(Chair of AsiaFlux)

Takashi Hirano(Vice-chair of AsiaFlux)

1

Kazuhito Ichii(Chair of JapanFlux)Congratulations on 20th anniversary of AsiaFlux

I congratulate AsiaFlux on the occasion of its twentieth anniversary since 1999. The flux study
is one of the most important aspects regarding the impacts of global climate change onterrestrial ecosystems. I am delighted that the international workshop titled “AsiaFlux2019 20th Anniversary Workshop -” is going to be held from September 29 to October 5, 2019 at
Gifu University, Gifu, and Hida Earth Wisdom Center, Takayama, Japan.
The River Basin Research Center (RBRC), Gifu University, was established in 2002. The
primary objectives of RBRC is understanding the benefits and risks from nature to the society
on a river basin scale. We also focus on putting research outputs to practical use to achievesustainability of the society. In particular, RBRC has encouraged the long-term observation ofcarbon dioxide exchange over the forest and ecological research for carbon cycle processes in
the forest at the Takayama site, which has the longest flux observation records in Asia. RBRC
has also led the so called "Satellite Ecology (SATECO)", an interdisciplinary initiative linking
ecology, micrometeorology, modeling and remote sensing to explore the behavior of theecosystem functions on various temporal and spatial scales.
We have very similar objectives to the AsiaFlux community that focus on the improvement andfurther understanding of terrestrial ecosystems toward sustainability and quality of life in Asia.
As the director of River Basin Research Center of Gifu University, I sincerely celebrate the20th anniversary of AsiaFlux. I am convinced that this workshop will be an excellent
opportunity for active academic communication for future environmental sustainability in the
Asian region.

Yoshio Awaya
Director, River Basin Research Center,
Gifu University

2

Congratulations on the 20th anniversary of the establishment of AsiaFlux!
I was trained as a researcher in the AsiaFlux community and am now working in the Center for
Global Environmental Research (CGER), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)
of Japan. First, I would like to briefly introduce the long and true bond between AsiaFlux andCGER/NIES.
NIES has been involved in the activities of AsiaFlux since the time of its establishment. The
first International Conference of AsiaFlux was held in Hokkaido University in September 2000,
and the first AsiaFlux Newsletter was released in March 2002 with devoted contributions ofDrs. Gen Inoue and Yasumi Fujinuma working in CGER/NIES, who served as AsiaFlux
Secretariat in the early period (Fujiuma et al., 2001; Inoue 2002).
The First Training Course of AsiaFlux in 2006 was supported by NIES as well as the Forestry
and Forest Products Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science andTechnology, and the National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences. Training Courses of
AsiaFlux have been helping aspirational members in Asia to mutually learn from each other toenhance science and technology in their own countries and regions.
Now, research fields in AsiaFlux keep expanding from atmospheric science, ecology,hydrology, agriculture and forestry, and biogeochemistry to climate change
mitigation/adaptation, biodiversity conservation, food security, and social transformation.
Study methods cover not only field observation, remote sensing, and process modelling, butalso isotope technology, genetic analysis, deep learning and artificial intelligence, etc. AsiaFlux
is connected with over 100 long-term observation sites and active groups in Asia. This isdefinitely a great asset for fostering ideas and problem consciousness for the next generation ofscience. Let's create our future by better understanding our present environment based on longterm network observations and by accurately predicting future changes in nature and society of
Asia.

References
Fujinuma Y. et al. (Eds.), 2001: Proceedings of International Workshop for Advanced Flux Network and
Flux
Evaluation.
CGER-REPORT,
CGER-M-011-2001,
ISSN
1341-4356,
191pp.
(http://www.cger.nies.go.jp/publications/report/m011/m011_2001.html)
Inoue G. (Ed.), 2002: AsiaFlux Newsletter No.1 (http://asiaflux.net/?page_id=24)

Nobuko Saigusa
Director, Center for Global Environmental Research
National Institute for Environmental Studies

3Organizers- AsiaFlux- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University- National Institute for Environmental Studies

Local Organizing Committee Members- Kazuhito Ichii (Chair) (Chiba University), Japan- Takashi Hirano (Hokkaido University), Japan- Hiroyuki Muraoka (Gifu University), Japan- Yasuyuki Maruya (Gifu University), Japan- Ichiro Tamagawa (Gifu University), Japan- Taku M. Saitoh (Gifu University), Japan- Hideki Kobayashi (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Sciences and Technology; JAMSTEC),Japan- Hiroki Iwata (Shinsyu University), Japan- Tomomichi Kato (Hokkaido University), Japan- Masahito Ueyama (Osaka Pref. University), Japan- Ayumi Kotani (Nagoya University), Japan- Yoshiyuki Takahashi (National Institute for Environmental Studies; NIES), Japan- Ryuichi Hirata (NIES), Japan- Hibiki Noda (NIES), Japan- Munemasa Teramoto (NIES), Japan- Yukimi Nakata (NIES), Japan

4

Plenary speakers
Doctor Benjamin Bond-Lamberty
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global
Change Research Institute at the University of Maryland,
USA

Benjamin Bond-Lamberty (Ph.D., Forest Ecology andManagement, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2003) has
over 15 years’ experience in ecological modeling, carbon cycle
research, and mentoring.
Since 2008 he has been employed by Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, and currently supports four juniorscientists while working with many other colleagues inacademic and the National Lab system.
He has been repeatedly recognized for his mentorship, reviewing, and high-impact science contributions.
His current research interests focus on the numerical modeling of carbon cycling; soils and theirresilience in the face of disturbance and climate change; and open, reproducible science.
Dr. Bond-Lamberty is an editor for Ecosystems, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, and Environmental
Research Letters.

Professor Dario Papale
University of Tuscia and Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy

Dario Papale is Associate Professor of Forest Ecology
and Remote Sensing in Forestry at the University of
Tuscia (Viterbo, Italy) where he also got his Ph.D. in
Forest Management and Ecology in 2003 working on
artificial neural networks and eddy covariance data. His
research interests are in measurements of greenhousegases exchanges at ecosystem scale and their use in datamodel integration and empirical data-oriented models.
Since 2004 he has been the responsible scientist for theEuropean Eddy Covariance fluxes databases cluster
where eddy covariance data standardization, quality
control and uncertainty estimation are developed andapplied.
In the last years his main activity and interest has been the development and coherent growth of the
global network of eddy covariance sites (FLUXNET). In this context, he was one of the organizers andmembers of the FLUXNET synthesis activities, where fluxes measured using the eddy covariance5technique in more than 250 sites worldwide are standardized, processed and made available to thescientific community. Since then, he continued to work on the development of new methods andtechniques to enhance the quality of the eddy covariance measurements, particularly in Europe and theUS. He is a member of the AmeriFlux Management Project Team and he has been nominated for the2013 Director of the Ecosystem Thematic Centre of the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS)
in Europe.
He published more than 90 papers in international journals and he is co-editor of a book on the Eddy
Covariance technique.

Professor Dennis D. Baldocchi
Department of Environmental Science, Policy &management, University of California, USA

Dennis Baldocchi is a professor of biometeorology at the
University of California, Berkeley. He and his research groupconduct experimental and theoretical studies on the physical,
biological and chemical control of trace gas exchange between
vegetation and the atmosphere. Goals of work are to predict
fluxes of carbon, water and energy, mechanistically,
everywhere, all of the time.
Lines of inquiry have been along understanding how fluxes ofmass and energy between ecosystems and the atmosphere varyalong a spectrum of time and space scales in accordance with structure, function, weather and climate
and management. Methods used include use of the eddy covariance method to measure net fluxes ofmass and energy across the atmosphere-ecosystem interface. Data are interpreted and distilled throughthe lens of the CANVEG family of models, physiological measurements at the leaf scale and flux
measurements across the soil-atmosphere interface.
His current work focuses on: 1) the roles of management and ecological restoration on greenhouse gas
fluxes of crops and wetlands; 2) the impact of weather, climate trends and variability, physiologicalstress, and structure and function on the greenhouse gas fluxes of savanna woodlands and annual
grasslands; and 3) the upscaling and interpretation of fluxes across climatic and ecological gradientswith the AmeriFlux and FLUXNET networks.
Prof. Baldocchi has been principal investigator of FLUXNET since 1997 and is co-investigator of
Ameriflux. He is a fellow of the American Geophysical Union, recipient of the American MeteorologicalSociety Award for Outstanding Achievement in Biometeorology and a Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited
Scientist over multiple years in Agricultural Science and once in Ecology/Environment.
He served as Editor in Chief of the Journal of Geophysical Research, Biogeoscience, as subject editorof Global Change Biology and on the editorial boards of numerous other journals. He has served on
numerous science advisory panels including the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry and theDepartment of Energy, Biological and Environmental Research Division.
6

Host and Supporting Agencies

7Local information for the training course: From Gifu Station to Gifu University

Retrieved from https://www.gifu-u.ac.jp/en/access/8Local information for the training course: From Gifu Station to Gifu University
Please use local bus from Gifu station to Gifu University

Retrieved from https://www.gifu-u.ac.jp/en/access/9Local information for the training course: From Gifu Station to Gifu University

Retrieved from https://www.gifu-u.ac.jp/en/access/Please get on a bus frombus stop No. 9 (to Gifu
University) at JR Gifu
Station10

Venue for the training course:
Room 207, 2nd floor, General Research Building 1, Gifu University

GeneralResearch
Building 1

Bus Stop(Gifu
University)

Retrieved from https://www.gifu-u.ac.jp/en/upload/campusmap_2018.jpg
Gifu University → Takayama city on 1st Oct.
The Local Organizing Committee (LOC) will arrange free transportation service (charteredbus) for workshop participants from Gifu University to Takayama city. (about 2.5 hours)
Please bring all your luggage in the morning on 1st Oct.
Lunch:
Day 1 (29 Sept., Sunday): The University cafeteria is closed. Please have lunch somewhere before
participating in the course.
Day 2 & Day 3: We recommend that you have lunch in the University cafeteria.
11Local information for the conference: Hida Earth Wisdom CenterFree shuttle bus station
Retrieved from http://www.hida-center.jp/english/html/guide.html

LOC will prepare a shuttle bus from JR Takayama Station to Hida Earth Wisdom
Center for participants. Please refer to the following URL for local information aroundthe venue.
https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=15EcpY3LqM-hz5ZzkizyWSVmc8n8AY5g&usp=sharing

12

Hida Geijutsudo (Oral session room)

Retrieved fromhttp://www.hida-center.jp/shisetsu/geijyutsu_do/index.html center.jp/shisetsu/geijyutsu_do/index.html
13

Welcome Plaza (Poster session room)

Lunch and Young Scientist Meeting

Shokuyu-kan 1F: Lunch

Shokuyu-kan 2F Conference room 1:
Lunch and Young Scientist Meeting
Retrieved fromhttp://www.hida-center.jp/shisetsu/syokuyukan/index.html

14

Excursions[1] Field trip to the Takayama flux sites (approx. 8:00-13:00 on October 5, 2019)■Contents
An approx. 5-hour field trip to two different flux sites (including transit time and toilet break).

■Booking information
Participants need to register in advance using the registration form.

■Tentative schedule on October 5, 2019
8:00: Departure near JR Takayama Station.
8:40-12:20: Field trip to the TKY and TKC sites.
Around 13:00: Arrival back at JR Takayama Station.

■Location of the TKY and TKC sites
The TKY and TKC sites are situated at about 40 and 20 minutes by bus from JR Takayama
Station, respectively.

■Climate condition and other information
The maximum air temperature at the sites around noon in early October is expected to beapproximately 15 degrees Celsius, but sometimes it is very cold (less than 10 degrees C) evenduring midday depending on the weather. A warm coat will be useful to protect from cold
weather. In case of light rain, the field trip will be conducted. Please prepare hiking shoes anda raincoat for the field trip. In case of heavy rain, the field trip may be canceled.

■Caution
Participants will walk in the forest during the field trip. Please buy an overseas travel accident
insurance by yourself and confirm that your insurance covers field activities.

15

■Detailed site description
The "Takayama site” mainly consists of a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest (TKY)
and an evergreen coniferous forest (TKC), which are parts of the AsiaFlux(http://www.asiaflux.net/) and Japan Long-Term Ecological Research (JaLTER,
http://www.jalter.org/) networks. The establishment of the Takayama site was initiated for the
long-term observation of CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and the deciduous forest, andecological research for the carbon cycle processes in the forest, by a number of scientists andstudents from several research institutes and universities. Efforts have been also made to link
ecology, micrometeorology, modeling and in-situ remote sensing to explore the ecosystems andsurrounding landscape by means of multi-scale investigations. This initiative is called ”Satellite
Ecology” (SATECO), and is now one of the interdisciplinary initiatives for cross-scaleobservation of ecosystems.

[2] City excursion to Takayama city (October 5, 2019)■Contents
Free city excursion to Takayama city

■Booking information
Participants do not need to book in advance (free excursion).

■Detailed city information
Takayama is a local city in the mountainous Hida region of Gifu prefecture, Japan, and is wellknown for its rich nature and history. In particular, the old town, so-called little Kyoto, locatedin the heritage preservation area, is one of the most famous sightseeing spots. Please see thefollowing web site for detailed information: tourist information http://www.hida.jp/english/

16

Program
Day 1
Oct. 2

Start
9:00
10:30

End
10:30 Registration
10:45 Opening remarks

Wed.

10:45

12:35 20th anniversary session: Review and future perspective

12:35
13:45
15:15
15:30
15:50
17:35
19:00
9:00
11:10
11:25
13:00
14:05
16:05
16:15
18:00
9:00
10:40
10:50
12:50

13:45
15:15
15:30
15:50
17:30
18:25
21:00
11:10
11:25
13:00
14:05
16:05
16:15
17:45
20:00
10:40
10:50
12:50
14:00

14:00

15:20

15:20
15:30
16:30
8:00
Free

15:30
16:30
16:50
13:00
Free

Day 2
Oct. 3Thu.

Day3Oct. 4Fri.

Day4Oct. 5
Sat.

Lunch
Soil ecology and biochemistryGroup photo
Coffee break
Remote sensing
20th anniversary ceremony
Banquet (Festa Forest in Takayama)
Flux measurements and multi-site synthesis
Coffee breakTrace gases
Lunch
Poster session
Coffee break
Modelling
AsiaFluxSSC and Young Scientist Meeting
Ecosystem processes
Coffee break
Poster session
Lunch
20th anniversary session: Linking scientific communities& Linking science and society
Coffee breakGeneral discussion
Closing remarks
Excursion to Takayama site
Excursion to Takayama city (Free)17

Detailed Program
Start

Title

Day 1

9:00

Registration

Oct. 2

10:30

Opening remarks

Speaker

20th anniversary session: Review and future perspective
10:45

A brief explanation of "20th anniversary session: Review and future perspective"

Kazuhito Ichii

10:50

A-1: Look back the history of tower flux observation in Asia

Ryuichi Hirata

11:05

A-2: Progress in water and energy flux studies in Asia: flux measurements and multi-site synthesis

Minseok Kang

11:20

A-3: Soil respiration research in Asian region

Liqing Sha

11:35

A-4: Volatile organic compound exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere

Akira Tani

11:50

A-5: Scaling between leaf photosynthesis and ecosystem GPP in Asian forests

Shih-Chieh Chang

12:05

A-6: Remote sensing monitoring of terrestrial ecosystems in Asia: review and future perspective

Hideki Kobayashi

12:20

A-7: Model studies for mining flux data: empirical, process-based, and machine learning

Akihiko Ito

12:35

Lunch
Soil ecology and biochemistry Chair: Munemasa Teramoto

13:45

S-1: Soil CO2 fluxes and global change: data and statistical approaches to better understand regional andglobal scale soil carbon dynamics

BenjaminBond-Lamberty

14:15

S-2: Long-term soil warming effect on soil organic carbon decomposition in Asian monsoon forests

Munemasa
Teramoto

14:30

S-3: Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration across multiple time scales in a temperate plantation forest

Tao Yan

14:45

S-4: Nitrogen addition effects on SOM stability, and CO2 and N2O efflux in a tropical rainforest and rubber
plantation in SW China

D. Balasubramanian

15:00

S-5: Continuous measurements of soil CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes during the spring thawing period in broadleaved Korean pine mixed forest of Changbai Mountains

Chuying Guo

15:15

Group photo

15:30

Coffee break18

Day 1
Oct. 2

Remote sensing Chair: Hideki Kobayashi
15:50

R-1: Phenological Eyes Network (PEN): a platform supporting AsiaFlux remote sensing activity by longterm continuous in-situ spectral / imaging observations

Kenlo Nishida
Nasahara

16:10

R-2: Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS) as a flexible and scalable platform to monitor landatmosphere fluxes from plot to the global scales

Youngryel Ryu

16:30

R-3: Understanding species diversity and composition along successional and environmental gradients in a
tropical secondary forest

Sawaid Abbas

16:45

R-4: Relationship between surface dry conditions and carbon dioxide emission of forest fire in Far East
RussiaHaemi Park

17:00

R-5: RS-driven GPP model from eddy covariance flux data

Guangsheng Zhou

17:15

R-6: Temporal dynamics of satellite-derived photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and solar-induced
fluorescence (SIF) in climate-changing Mongolia

Tomoki Kiyono

17:35

20th anniversary ceremony

19:00

Banquet (Festa Forest in Takayama)

Day 2
Oct. 3Flux measurements and multi-site synthesis Chair: Hiroki Iwata
9:00

F-1: Experiences Measuring Methane Fluxes across a Meso-Network of Restored Fresh Water Wetlands,
Rice and Irrigated Pastures in California, and Beyond

Dennis D.
Baldocchi

9:40

F-2: Temporal variation of methane fluxes and its biophysical drivers in a subtropical mangrove wetland

Jiangong Liu

9:55

F-3: Greenhouse gas fluxes characteristics in small aquaculture ponds in Yangzi river delta of China

Mi Zhang

10:10

F-4: Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 from two land-uses on tropical peatlands in Sarawak, Malaysia

Frankie Kiew

10:25

F-5: Radiation controls the interannual variability of evaporation of a subtropical lake

Wei Xiao

10:40

F-6: Attribute parameter characterized the seasonal variation of gross primary productivity (αGPP):
Spatiotemporal variation and influencing factors

Weikang Zhang

10:55

Discussion

11:10

Coffee break
19

Day 2
Oct. 3

Trace gases Chair: Seiichiro Yonemura
11:25

A brief explanation of "Trace gases" session

Seiichiro Yonemura

11:30

T-1: Applicability of a closed-path gas analyzer based on quantum cascade laser (QCL) spectrometers for
EC flux measurements of N2O and NO over a cropland

Kai Wang

11:45

T-2: An open-path QCL-based sensor for fast and 0.5 ppbv sensitivity measurements of atmosphericammonia

Yin Wang

12:00

T-3: A mass spectrometric observation of multiple soil gas fluxes with a portable ultra-high resolution mass
spectrometer (MULTUM) coupled with an automatic chamber

Noriko Nakayama

12:15

T-4: Observation of vertical profiles of NO, O3, and VOCs to estimate their source and sink distributions byinverse modelling in a Japanese larch forest

Ryuichi Wada

12:30

T-5: Biogenic volatile organic compound emission from Tokyo urban area, Japan

Yutaka Kokubu

12:45

T-6: Leaf uptake of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by plants

Akira Tani

13:00

Lunch

14:05

Poster session

16:05

Coffee break
Modelling Chair: Kazuhito Ichii

16:15

M-1: Making full use of hyperspectral data for gross primary productivity estimation with multivariate
regression: mechanistic insights from observations and process-based simulations

Benjamin Dechant

16:30

M-2: Modeling soil GHG emission from Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem by Forest-DNDC

Shu Ye16:45

M-3: Measurement and modeling of nitrous and nitric oxide emissions from a tea field in subtropical central
China

Yong Li

17:00

M-4: Carbon flux estimation in South Korea using eddy covariance, remote sensing, and support vector
regression

Sungsik Cho

17:15

M-5: Estimating high-latitude methane fluxes based on the satellite data-driven Terrestrial Carbon Flux
Model

Ji Luo17:30

M-6: Exploring the mechanisms controlling the seasonality and the trend in global LAI during 2001-2017

Shaoqiang Wang

18:00

AsiaFlux SSC and Young Scientist Meeting20Day 3Oct. 4

Ecosystem processes Chair: Hiroyuki Muraoka
9:00
9:20
9:40

E-1: Nitrogen biogeochemistry in a forest ecosystem under changing climate – Challenge and opportunityof Long-Term Ecological ResearchE-2: Revealing the relationship between tree diversity and ecosystem functions through long term andnationwide datasets
E-3: Long-term soil warming experiment in a northern cool-temperate forest in Tomakomai, Hokkaido
Japan - What was clarified or still unknown?

Hideaki Shibata
Masae Ishihara
Tatsuro Nakaji

10:00

E-4: Maximum carbon uptake rate dominates the interannual variability of global net ecosystem exchange

Zheng Fu andShuli Niu*

10:20

E-5: Development of long-term and multidisciplinary research and networking in forest ecosystems of
Takayama site

Hiroyuki Muraoka

10:30

Discussion

10:40

Coffee break

10:50

Poster session

12:50

Lunch
Linking scientific communities & Linking science and society Chair: Ryuichi Hirata

14:00

A brief explanation of "20th anniversary session: Linking scientific communities & Linking science andsociety"

Ryuichi Hirata

14:05

L-1: Contribution to FLUXNET and collaboration across regional networks – recent directions anddevelopments

Dario Papale

14:30

L-2: Earth system modeling and expectations for future collaboration with AsiaFlux

Kaoru Tachiiri

14:55

L-3: Climate science and social values

Seita Emori

15:20

Coffee break

15:30

General discussion (includes 5 min presentation from each session)

16:30

Closing remarks

Day 4

8:00

Excursion to Takayama site (-13:00)

Oct. 5Free

Excursion to Takayama city (Free)

21

Poster Presentations (Day 2)
Poster presentations on Day 2 are registered to poster award competition except P1-O1 and P1-O2.

Poster Number

Title

Presenter

Flux measurements and multi-site synthesis
P1-F1

Year-round measurements of methane and carbon dioxide fluxes in two urban landscapes

Tsugumi Takano

P1-F2

Seasonal dynamics of carbon uptake and release and their climate controlling factors in the North Hemisphereterrestrial ecosystems

Lang Han

P1-F3

Attribution of Lake Taihu evaporation change simulated by CLM4-LISSS model on the basis of future scenarios
data

Zhen Zhang

P1-F4

Seasonal and interannual variations in carbon fluxes in East Asia semi-arid grasslands

Huichen Zhao

P1-F5

An evaluation of the flux-gradient and the eddy covariance method to measure CH4, CO2, and H2O fluxes fromsmall ponds

Jiayu Zhao

P1-F6

Driving factors of changes in evapotranspiration from a red pine ecosystem

Takumi Suzuki

P1-F7

The controlling factors of diffusive and ebullitive methane emission on sub-daily time scale at a mid-latitude
shallow lake

Tsukuru Taoka

P1-F8

How to register your observation data to European Flux Database?: Toward open data policy of JapanFlux data

Hina Yamanuki

P1-F9

Exploring influences of different management strategies on surface energy patterns in tea fields

Siang-Heng Wang

P1-F10Inter-annual variability of net ecosystem exchange of CO2 in a temperate deciduous forest in the Gwangneung
National Arboretum in Korea

Hyunyoung Yang

Soil ecology and biochemistry
P1-S1

Soil respiration after six years of continuous drought stress in the tropical rainforest in Southwest China
22

Liguo Zhou

P1-S2

Nitrogen addition decreased soil respiration by altering microbial composition without changing the temperaturesensitivity in a semiarid grassland

Wei DuTrace gases
P1-T1

Isoprene emission from bamboo species

Tingwei Chang
Ecosystem processes

P1-E1

The effect of lost canopy on the seasonal variation of stem surface respiration in Japanese cedar

Haruna Takahashi

P1-E2

Eddy covariance reveals the seasonal patterns in energy balance and evapotranspiration from an alpine Sphagnum
peatland in the Australian Alps

Meeruppage Dilani
ManjulaGunawardhana

P1-E3

Does decomposition of leaf mixtures and absorptive-root mixtures synchronously change with deposition of
nitrogen and phosphorus

Lei Jiang

P1-E4

Gas exchange process during and after rainfall over a Japanese cypress canopy by using eddy covariance and
SVAT multi-layer model

Linjie Jiao

P1-E5

Tree root exudation with fine root traits under four coniferous forests in Japan

Maiko Akatsuki

P1-E6

Response of fine root respiration rate and morphology traits along the elevation gradient in Japanese subalpine
forestMizuki Okamoto

P1-E7

Flower litters as hyper nitrogen- and phosphorus-rich resources for soil ecosystem

Kazuhide Ohta

Remote Sensing
P1-R1

Ground based measurement of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence dynamics in rice paddy field ecosystem

Kanokrat Buareal

P1-R2

Mapping the forest aboveground biomass in Japan by SAR-based machine learning model

Lan WuP1-R3

Precipitation-use efficiency in Eurasian steppe region: spatial pattern and influence factors

Tianyou Zhang

P1-R4

Determination of parameters for evergreen broadleaf forests in gross primary production capacity estimation
algorithm using flux data for Amazon, Thailand and Australia

Aika Wakai

P1-R5

Long-term observation of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and light-use efficiency (LUE) in a temperate
Japanese cypress forest at Kiryu Japan

Siyu Chen

23

P1-R6Detecting vegetation changes induced by afforestation and land use change in China using multiple satellite
products

Takuto Taguchi

P1-R7

Data Driven GPP and NEE Estimation with Lag Effect, Remote Sensing and Machine Learning

Zhiyan Liu

P1-R8

Changes in terrestrial carbon cycle in Mongolia: Synthesis analysis

Zaya Mart

P1-R9

Using the BRDF corrected photochemical reflectance index to track light use efficiency for subtropical evergreen
mixed forest

Li Ma

P1-R10Developing a Machine Learning based Flowering Detection and Quantification Algorithm using Time-Series
Image Data

Tae Kyung Kim

P1-R11

Lidar-derived canopy structure of restored temperate wetlands

Robert John Shortt

Modelling
P1-M1

Estimation of greenhouse gas budget over high-latitude ecosystems using a process-based ecosystem model, VISIT

Mikita Okamura

P1-M2

Latent heat and sensible heat flux simulation in tropical peat swamp forest using artificial neural network

Edward Baran Aeries

P1-M3

Flood risk assessment in Bangladesh, India and Myanmar based on the AHP weight method and entropy weight
methodYuanyuan Liu

P1-M4

Freezing injuries impact carbon and water use efficiency by leaf area index of natural zonal terrestrial vegetationsin Inner Mongolia between 2004 and 2015

Pengyuan Wang

OthersP1-O1

Field-scale productivity and water use of a high-yielding rice cultivar

Hiroki Ikawa

P1-O2

Field challenges of eddy covariance measurement in tropical peat ecosystems in Sarawak, Malaysia – The TROPI
experience

Joseph Wenceslaus
Waili

24

Poster Presentations (Day 3)
Poster Number

Title

Presenter

Flux measurements and multi-site synthesis
P2-F1

Net ecosystem CH4 exchange of three tropical peat ecosystems in Sarawak, Malaysia

Guan Xhuan Wong

P2-F2

Biophysical controls on the variability of ecosystem-scale CO2 exchange in a Bornean peat forest

Angela Che Ing Tang

P2-F3

Evapotranspiration from three tropical peat ecosystems in Sarawak, Malaysia

Kevin Kemudang
Musin

P2-F4

Patterns and controls of light use efficiency in four contrasting forest ecosystems in Yunnan, Southwest China

Yiping Zhang

P2-F5

The forest-atmosphere carbon dioxide and methane exchanges in Indian tropical mangrove ecosystem

Gnanamoorthy
Palingamoorthy

P2-F6

Ecological effect of fog on carbon and water exchanges in tropical rainforest and sub-tropical evergreen forest,
Southwest China

Gnanamoorthy
Palingamoorthy

P2-F7

Estimation of surface carbon dioxide exchange over rubber tree plantation in Thailand using area-averaged flux
methodChompunut Chayawat

P2-F8

Latest in flux data analysis software: from quality control and gap filling to flux and footprint partitioning

George Burba

P2-F9

Illustrative maps of past and present eddy covariance measurement locations: II. High-resolution images

George Burba

P2-F10Spectroscopic Effects in Laser-based Eddy Covariance Flux Measurements

George Burba

P2-F11

Factors influencing the variation of CO2 flux and evapotranspiration in larch forest ecosystem affected by theextreme wet-soil condition

Ayumi Kotani

P2-F12

Twenty years of carbon monitoring at Sapporo forest meteorology research site in the northern part of Japan

Yasuko Mizoguchi

P2-F13

Seasonal variations of methane flux in tropical peat swamp forest in Indonesia

Ayaka SakabeP2-F14

Estimation of surface soil water contents by combining water balance model with machine-learning based
evapotranspiration estimates and its comparison with process-based approach

Juhan Park25

P2-F15

Dissolved carbon transportation and CO2 emissions in main rivers of the Tibetan Plateau

Bin QuP2-F16

Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, phosphorous, and acid in Chinese ecosystems: dynamics, patterns, and theinfluencing factors

Qiufeng Wang

P2-F1718 years to compensate all CO2 emission after a clearcut harvesting in a cool-temperate forest

Kentaro Takagi

P2-F18The influence of precipitation pulses on surface energy balance and evapotranspiration over an arid shrubland

Xibin Ji

P2-F19Long term variation of CO2 flux at cool temperate red pine forest in Japan

Yuji Kominami

P2-F20Long-term variations in the carbon budget and the atmospheric CO2 concentration detected from 26-year
observation in a cool-temperate deciduous forest at Takayama

Shohei Murayama

P2-F21

Simulation of methane dynamics in a mid-latitude eutrophic lake with constraints using incubation data

Hiroki Iwata

P2-F22

Reanalysis of 20 years data at TKY

Hiroaki Kondo

P2-F23Discrepancy in phonological indicators derived with CO2 flux, MODIS image and ground monitor at a temperate
mixed forest and an alpine shrub ecosystem

Leiming Zhang

P2-F24

Assessing the net carbon flux to the atmosphere from land-use change in tropical peatland- the new emissions thatthe atmosphere will see

Chandra Shekhar
Deshmukh

P2-F25

The greenhouse gas and energy balance of a commercial oil palm plantation in tropical lowland Jambi province(Sumatra, Indonesia)

Christian Stiegler

P2-F26The differences of net ecosystem production changes between Pinus koraiensis plantation and mixed forest overfour years after drought event

Hyun Seok Kim

P2-F27

Carbon dioxide exchanges over the secondary dry dipterocarp forest in Thailand as affected by the 2015/2016
strong El Nino

Rungnapa
Kaewthongrach

P2-F28Inter-annual variations in carbon sequestration of Inner Mongolia semi-arid grasslands

Shiping Chen

P2-F29Ecosystem Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics of Tropical Peatland (ECaNDoTP): Cross-site comparison of trace gas
exchange between managed tropical peatlands in mainland and insular Malaysia

Lip Khoon Kho

26

Soil ecology and biochemistry
P2-S1

Soil CO2 fluxes in a tropical lowland ever-green secondary forest in Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia

Jeyanny Vijayanathan

P2-S2

Analysis of soil characteristics of the agrometeorological observatories in Korea for the production of high quality
soil moisture data

Sung-Won Choi

P2-S3

Development of reference soil moisture measurement system for calibration of soil moisture sensor

Jongho Kim

P2-S4

Soil respiration rates of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher) stands regenerated from a pine wilt
disease forest

Gyeongwon Baek

Trace gases
P2-T1

Seasonal variations of isoprene and monoterpenes concentrations in six forests between cool temperate andsubtropical zone in Japan

Takafumi Miyama

P2-T2

NO emission from tropical and polar soils

Seiichiro Yonemura

P2-T3

Effect of growth temperature on monoterpene emission rates of Acer palmatum

Tomoki Mochizuki

Ecosystem processes
P2-E1

The effect of canopy phenology and canopy surface physical phenomena on carbon budget in evergreen coniferous
and deciduous broad-leaf forests in a cool-temperate region under ongoing climate change

Taku M. Saitoh

P2-E2

Characteristics and Scenarios Projection of NEE Change on the Tibetan Plateau

Mingyuan Du

P2-E3

Quantification of water usages of man-made oasis and natural vegetation in the middle part of Hexi corridor,
northwestern China

Wenzhi Zhao

P2-E4

The variation of carbon dioxide flux and response to the water level changes over a large ephemeral lake

Xiaosong Zhao

P2-E5

Hydraulic characteristics and water storage of Japanese cypress using sap flow rate and water potential
measurements

Mai Kamakura

P2-E6

Contribution of whole-tree water storage to daily transpiration in conifer trees

Wakana Azuma

P2-E7

Long-term soil warming effect on insect-plant interactions at the canopy of tall oak trees

Masahiro Nakamura

27

Remote Sensing
P2-R1

The temporal variation of Solar Induced Fluorescence detected by the canopy spectroscopy in cool-temperatebroadleaf deciduous forest in central Japan

Tomoki Morozumi

P2-R2

High temporal monitoring of terrestrial CO2 fluxes using geostationary satellites

Kazuhito Ichii

P2-R3

Estimation of carbon dioxide emissions through tropical peatland subsidence using interferometric synthetic
aperture radar analysis

Tomohiro Shiraishi

P2-R4

Measuring landscape albedo using unmanned aerial vehicles

Chang Cao

P2-R5

High-Frequency estimation of the land surface temperature using next-generation geostationary satellite data

Yuhei Yamamoto

P2-R6

GPP capacity estimation algorithm using light response curve in various vegetation types for global observing
satellite data

Kanako Muramatsu

P2-R7

Phenological changes in in-situ and GOSAT-based SIF in evergreen coniferous forest in Japan

Hibiki M. Noda

P2-R8

Ground based measurements of aerosol properties for estimating biophysical parameters by using optical Earthobservation data

Hirokazu Yamamoto

ModellingP2-M1

Spatio-temporal variability in N2O emissions from a tea-planted soil in subtropical central China

Xinliang Liu

P2-M2

Rubber yield estimation using net ecosystem production (NEP)

Duangrat Satakhun

P2-M3

A global carbon cycle model system for the GOSAT-2 project

Makoto Saito

P2-M4

Effects of mortality in a long-term carbon budget modeling

Katsumi Yamanoi

P2-M5

Applicability of daily evapotranspiration models of spring maize based on eddy covariance

Qijin He

28

Abstracts: Oral Presentations

A-1
Look back the history of tower flux observation in Asia
Ryuichi Hirata*1
1 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,
Japan
Asia region is distributed under wide climate zone from tropical through temperate to boreal.According
to the climate zone, there are various types of terrestrial ecosystems such as many types of forests, paddy
fields, crop lands, grass lands, wetlands, desert and tundra. Population and GDP in Asia accounts for
60% and 30% of the world, respectively and land use changes such as farming,
deforestation/afforestation are increasing with increase of population and GDP. Both climate and humanactivity strongly affect on carbon dynamics and water balance of terrestrial ecosystems. In order toclarify it, long term flux observation using eddy covariance technique with towers had started.
First long-term flux observation started in Takayama site, Japan from 1994 (Saigusa et al., 2002,
2005). From 1994 to 1997, aerodynamic method was used and observation using eddy covariancetechnique started from 1998 and it was still the oldest data in Asia. In early 2000s, many long-term flux
observations were started, and they are mainly initiated by Japan, Korea and China. In late 2000s to
early 2010s, researchers in Philippine, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and India started long-term flux
observations. Now, in 2019, 108 sites are registered in AsiaFlux and data of 38 sites are registered in
AsiaFlux Data.
Before long-term flux observation started, diurnal variations in flux during several days or several
month and analyzed the relationships between CO2 flux and environmental factors using limited data.
Long-term flux observations allow us to divide NEE into GPP and RE, to know annual values of themand to clarify seasonal and inter-annual variations in them. We can also analyze seasonal and interannual changes in relationship between carbon balances and environmental factors. Effects of extreme
climate such as ENSO were able to be detected by long-term observations. Several sites were affectedby disturbances and it clarified the effect of disturbance on carbon balances.
Several years data in each site had been stored, site-inter comparison studies had been available.
These studies clarified what kind of environmental factors affected on carbon balances of terrestrial
ecosystems in Asia. In late 2000s, open-path sensor for CH4 density was spread and CH4 flux
observations using eddy covariance method started in wetlands.
In this presentation, I will review long-term flux observations in various types of terrestrial
ecosystems, synthesis analysis using such kind of data.

30

A-2
Progress in water and energy flux studies in Asia: flux measurements and multi-site
synthesis
Minseok Kang*1 and other contributors in AsiaFlux
1 National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea
In the past three decades, global (i.e., FLUXNET) and several regional networks (e.g., AmeriFlux,
AsiaFlux, ICOS, OzFlux) of eddy covariance technique based tower flux measurements have been
continuously growing and are now better distributed to represent diverse plant functional types invarious climates, enabling the regional assessment of spatiotemporal variability of surface fluxes. The
history of AsiaFlux (i.e., the continental network of tower flux measurements in Asia,
http://www.asiaflux.net) is relatively short compared to those of Europe and North America. The
number of flux measurement sites in Asia, however, has increased to over a 100, and more multi-year
observation data are now available and are used for synthetic analyses and validations for various
models and satellite algorithms. In this presentation, we will review the progress in water and energy
flux studies in Asia from the 1990s to the present (Fig. 1) including continuous evapotranspiration andsurface energy balance measurements in various ecosystems (e.g., forest, cropland, urban, lake) fromthe tropics to the polar regions, inter-comparison experiments between eddy covariance system and theother observation techniques (e.g., lysimeter, scintillometer), data processing techniques (e.g.,
partitioning, gap-filling), model-data fusion (e.g., calibration and validation of land surface-hydrology
model), evapotranspiration mapping based on satellite remote sensing, and inter-linkages of carbon
and water fluxes.
Acknowledgement This work was funded by the Development Program on See-At Technology for
Meteorology and Earthquake of the Korea Meteorological Administration under Grant
KMI2018-05810 and by the R&D Program for Forest Science Technology (Project No.
2017099A00-1719-BB01) of the Korea Forest Service (Korea Forestry Promotion Institute).

Fig. 1. The AsiaFlux publication related to evapotranspiration and/or energy flux from 1998 to 2019.
(Peer-reviewed international journal only, Source: Scopus database, https://www.scopus.com)

31

A-3
Soil respiration research in Asian region
Liqing Sha*1, Munemasa Teramoto2, Naishen Liang2, Shoji Hashimoto3, 4, Meng Yang5, Nam Jin Noh6,
Montri Sanwangsri7
1 Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
2 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
3 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Japan
4 Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
5 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China
6 Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, Australia
7 University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
Soils are the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystem, which contain about twice the carbon present
in the atmosphere, and almost triple in the plants. Uptake of carbon by terrestrial primary production
approximately equals return to atmosphere by soil and plant respiration. Therefore, soil respiration
plays an important role in global carbon balance.
In this presentation, we reviewed soil respiration study in the last two decades in Asian region.
We introduced background, methods of soil respiration, achievements in tropical forest, subtropicalforest, temperate forest, glass land, peat land. We discussed climate change, disturbance and long term
experiments of controlled water and temperature on soil respiration. Finally, we stressed theimportance of controlling mechanisms, multiple factors (C, N, H2O, microbes), model development
and validation in future study.

32

A-4
Volatile organic compound exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and atmosphere
Akira Tani *1
1 University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
Large amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from anthropogenic and biogenic
sources. Their concentrations in the atmosphere are very low, typically ppbv or less than ppbv levels.
However, through some chemical decomposition process, they contribute to the production ofphotochemical oxidants including ozone. Ozone degrades air quality and has negative impacts onhuman, other animals and plants. If a compound group of VOCs is highly reactive in the atmosphere,
its contribution to the ozone formation is significant.
Plants are known to absorb some inorganic gas species including CO2. Recent study has showedthat trees can absorb some groups of VOCs through stomata. In this presentation, the recent progresson the VOC uptake study will be reviewed. VOC removal by plants may be able to decrease VOC
concentration in the atmosphere and, as a result, can reduce the ozone-forming reaction frequency.
On the other hand, plants produce and release some VOCs. Terpenoid is a group produced byplants. Among terpenoid compounds, isoprene (C5H8) is highly volatile and emitted from manybroad-leaved trees. Monoterpene is the general name of compounds having the molecular formula of
C10H16. Typically, more than 20 compounds are detected in forest atmosphere. Most of them arehighly reactive in the atmosphere and more or less contribute to producing the photochemical oxidants
and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). SOAs may directly and, by producing cloud condensation
nuclei, indirectly reflect sun light and is believed to have suppressing effect on global warming.
However, study regarding SOAs still has large uncertainty. It is shown by several reports that theannual emission of the terpenoids on global scale is estimated to be higher than that of anthropogenic
VOCs. Because of its high reactivity and large amount of their emissions, many researchers have beenaddressing these compounds. Major concerns regarding the compounds are effects of environmental
factors including temperature, drought, ozone, CO2, and other factors on terpenoid emission, effect ofland use change on its emission and regional atmospheric chemistry and climate, and interaction
between future climate change and its global emission. The methods to measure terpenoid emission
from plants are leaf cuvette method for individual leaves, branch enclosure method for tree branches,
and tower flux measurement methods for forest and crop canopies. The flux measurement methods
include relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) and eddy covariance methods. Here the recent progress ofthe terpenoid emission study will be reviewed.

Figure Volatile organic compound exchange between terrestrial
ecosystems and atmosphere

33

A-5
Scaling between leaf photosynthesis and ecosystem GPP in Asian forests
Shih-Chieh Chang*1
1 Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, National Dong Hwa University, 974
Hualien, Taiwan
Photosynthesis by all the terrestrial plants is the biochemical reaction that converts the atmospheric CO2
into organic carbon that ultimately feeds the terrestrial biosphere. Because of this unprecedented
importance, photosynthesis is the only process that has been studied across more than 13 order ofmagnitude in space from nano-scale molecular biology to the global-scale carbon flux of gross primary
production (GPP). For the flux community, the core question in terms of photosynthesis is thequantification of photosynthetic carbon flux and the identification of its controlling mechanisms at thescales from leaf up to the globe. Those knowledges allow the construction of mechanistic models of
ecosystem carbon fluxes and thus enable the projection of future carbon budget that will determine thefuture climate change pathway. The several decades of flux tower measurements around the globe,
including the AsiaFlux sites, have accumulated large amount of ecosystem net ecosystem carbon
exchange (NEE) data by the eddy covariance methodology. From the daytime NEE data, GPP can thenbe derived through different algorithms with unavoidable high uncertainties. Though the current
knowledge about ecosystem GPP is mainly based on this indirect way of measurement, the flux site GPP
values are widely used for ground-truthing in satellite remote sensing and for model validation. Someflux sites have conducted independent measurements of leaf-scale photosynthesis besides the eddy
covariance method. Most of these leaf-scale measurements are used for understanding the characteristicsof photosynthesis and for deriving parameters such as the maximum carboxylation rate of the enzyme
Rubisco. These parameters are used for creating models that calculate larger scale carbon budgets. In
this case, the simulated values will be validated by the measured flux data. Only very few flux sites have
tried to compare the NEE-derived GPP with the photosynthesis rate measured at the leaf scale. The
measurement of photosynthesis at the leaf scale, and the scaling between leaf and ecosystem scales ofeddy flux measurements, might deserve more attention in flux community.

34

A-6
Remote sensing monitoring of terrestrial ecosystems in Asia:
review and future perspective
Hideki Kobayashi*1 and Tomomichi Kato2
1 Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
2 Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
In the past fifty years, Asian countries have achieved remarkable successes in economy and social
development. The time of this rapid social development in Asia was fully overlapped with the historyof Earth observation by satellites after the success of Landsat-1 in July 1972. Remote sensing data havebeen recorded various environmental changes during this rapid Asian growth e.g. land cover change,
forest/grassland degradation and deforestation, wildfires and smokes, permafrost degradation. Temporalmonitoring of ecosystem structures and functions (e.g. biomass, phenology, photosynthesis) is also key
information in the context of regional carbon managements under future warming climate. On the other
hand, remote sensing observations are always suffered from “noise due to atmospheric particles” whenlooking at land surfaces. In addition, remote sensing quantities are only limited in outgoing
electromagnetic waves and are insufficient to understand the flows of carbon and water in the terrestrial
ecosystems. In this review, we highlight the remote sensing monitoring in Asia emphasizing a close
relation with the AsiaFlux observation network.

35

A-7
Model studies for mining flux data: empirical, process-based, and machine learning
Akihiko Ito*1,2 and Kazuhito Ichii3
1 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
2 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
3 Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
Advancing data–model fusion is an important issue for flux community including AsiaFlux. Even in themost observation-oriented studies, we need to use models for data correction, gap-filling, and foot-print
analysis. In addition to empirical or statistical models, more biological and micrometeorological models
have been developed and used to derive further insights in conjunction with flux measurement data.
One well-known example is the multi-layer canopy model, in which vertical transfers of energy
and materials are explicitly resolved on the basis of biophysical principles. The multi-layer models, eventhough horizontal heterogeneity is ignored or simplified, help us to understand turbulent diffusion
processes in boundary layer and canopy air space and ecophysiological mechanisms such as verticalgradient of leaf properties. Most of multi-layer models include a biochemical photosynthesis scheme
coupled with a parameterization of stomatal conductance, allowing us to conduct biologically in-depth
analyses but in most cases at short-term spans.
Another kind of models, i.e. process-based or dynamic vegetation models, utilize the flux
measurement data at longer time spans. These models were developed to simulate carbon cycling inecosystems at annual to centennial scales, and then flux data were firstly used for model validation interms of seasonal and interannual variability of atmosphere–ecosystem CO2 exchange. The growing
amount of flux data so far enabled us to conduct model validation across multiple biomes and at decadal
time scale. In turn, these ecosystem models have provided opportunities to flux studies. First, thesemodels clarified necessities to elucidate underlying mechanisms that determine fluxes. For example,
process-based model studies have revealed the importance of leaf phenology in determining fluxes ofdeciduous biomes in a quantitative manner. Second, these models allowed us to integrate different
ecosystem components into a comprehensive framework. Namely, while the multi-layer models well
capture canopy processes, the ecosystem models account for both above- and below-ground processes
though at lower time-step and accuracy. The models allow us to evaluate the contributions of plant roots,
microbes, and soil organic matter. Third, these ecosystem models explicitly consider the carbon stockchange, allowing us to simulate long-term structural ecosystem development and associated flux change.
This is particularly advantageous for making future projections under different environmental change
scenarios, and several recent studies use dynamic vegetation models to account for the longer-termchanges in ecosystem structure. By using AsiaFlux data, a number of models have been developed andused for specific studies, including those aimed at elucidating broad-scale carbon budget.
One contemporary direction of data–model fusion is the data assimilation, in which model statevariables and parameters are (sequentially) optimized by using observational data and certain
mathematical algorithms. For example, parameters related to leaf phenology were optimized to correctly
retrieve seasonal change in leaf area index. Data assimilation is promising for integrating a variety ofobservational data such as flux, biometric, and satellite remote sensing data into a single model
framework. Similar to other regions, assimilation of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence data into an
ecosystem model is ongoing at AsiaFlux sites. Recently, new numerical methodologies, i.e. machinelearning or artificial intelligence, are rapidly growing in every research area. One relevant example is
the global upscaling of flux measurement data, which have a limited extent of spatial representativeness,allowing linkage with global-scale modeling and Earth observation by remote sensing. Although present
attempts indicate not only possibility but also problems in the methodology, machine learning will
provide research opportunities and allow us to derive practical insights from flux measurement data.
Global flux network has allowed us to clarify regional characteristics and necessity of regionspecific model studies: e.g., paddy field models to simulate methane fluxes. We review status-quo andproblems and then discuss future opportunities in flux data–model studies, especially from theperspective of AsiaFlux and social contributions.

36

S-1
Soil CO2 fluxes and global change: data and statistical approaches to better understandregional and global scale soil carbon dynamics
Ben Bond-Lamberty*1, Jinshi Jian1 and Alexey Shiklomanov1
1 Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD
20740 USA
Globally, soils store two to three times as much carbon as currently resides in the atmosphere, and it iscritical to understand and predict how they will respond to ongoing climate change. Our ability to detectand confidently attribute changes in soil carbon fluxes such as soil respiration is uncertain, however, as
is the very magnitude of major fluxes in the global carbon cycle. We examine the probability ofobserving climate-driven changes in heterotrophic soil respiration (RH), how likely it is that our current
estimates of RH and primary production are consistent, and what types of data, databases, and analyses
are most likely to advance this science. We situate these analyses within the context of ongoing changes
in the global carbon cycle, discussing the implications with respect to the Asian region and AsiaFlux
community.

37

S-2
Long-term soil warming effect on soil organic carbon decompositionin Asian monsoon forests
Munemasa Teramoto*1, Naishen Liang1, Kentaro Takagi2, Toshiaki Kondo3, Jun Koarashi4, Mariko
Atarashi-Andoh4, Takashi Hirano5, Yoshiyuki Takahashi1, Masahiro Takagi6, Sachinobu Ishida7,
Masaaki Naramoto8, Yiping Zhang9, 10, Derrick Yuk Fo Lai11, Po-Neng Chiang12, Jiye Zeng1, Shilong
Piao13, Shenggong Li14, Hajime Tomimatsu1, Zhao Xin1, Kaneyuki Nakane15, Yan Tao13, Tze-Leong
Yao16, Samsudin Musa16
1. Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies
2. Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University
3. Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences
4. Japan Atomic Energy Agency
5. Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University
6. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
7. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
8. Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University
9. Key laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese
Academy of Sciences
10. Ailaoshan Station for Subtropical Forest Ecosystem Studies
11. Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
12. The Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University
13. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University
14. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences
15. Hiroshima University
16. Forestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia
Soil respiration (Rs) consists of root respiration and heterotrophic respiration (Rh, decomposition of soilorganic carbon by soil microbiota). Globally, Rs is estimated as 98 GtC yr-1, and Rh contributes morethan the half of Rs. Because Rh exponentially increases along with the rise of temperature, it is concernedthat increased Rh under future warmer environment might be further accelerate global warming (positive
feedback). Therefore, long-term response of Rh to global warming is one of the most important elementsfor precise prediction for future climate change. In addition, it is possible that magnitude andsustainability of the warming effect on Rh are different in each region depending on the climate and soil
properties. Soil warming experiment in field is one of the effective methods to examine the long-term
response of Rh against global warming. Building up long-term monitoring data for Rh under soil warmed
environment in several ecosystems all over the world will contribute to precise prediction for the
feedback of terrestrial ecosystems against global warming. However, such long-term monitoring data
under warmed environment is totally limited, especially in Asian monsoon region. Asian monsoon
region is rich in plant biomass and vegetation types, and feedback of this region is critical for global
climate change. To examine long-term response of Rh in Asian monsoon forest soil, we installed thesame multi-channel automated chamber measurement system in typical forests in Asian monsoon region,
and we conducted several years of soil warming experiments. In this presentation, we show the longterm response of Rh against artificial soil warming and control factors for the seasonal and inter-annual
variation of the warming effect on Rh in those several forest ecosystems.

38

S-3
Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration across multiple time scales in a temperate
plantation forest
Tao Yan*1, Huanhuan Song2,3, Zhaoqi Wang1, Munemasa Teramoto4, Jinsong Wang5, Naishen Liang4,
Chao Ma1, Zhenzhong Sun1, Yi Xi1, Lili Li1, Shushi Peng1
1 Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking
University, Beijing 100871, China
2 CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Shenyang
110016, China
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
5 Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Soil respiration (Rs) is the largest carbon (C) flux from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere.
Predictions of Rs and associated feedback to climate change remain largely uncertain, in part due to thehigh temporal heterogeneity of temperature sensitivity (apparent Q10) of Rs under a changing climate.
Therefore, it is of critical importance to provide better insight into how Q10 varies across multiple
temporal scales. We investigated the diurnal, seasonal, and annual variabilities in the Q10 of Rs using
continuous Rs measurements (at hourly intervals) over six growing seasons in a mature temperate larch
plantation in North China. We found that night-time values of Q10 were slightly lower than daytime
values. Large seasonal and annual fluctuations of Q10 were observed, as illustrated by high coefficientsof variation of 15.0% and 21.8%, respectively. The higher Q10 in spring and autumn were primarily
regulated by fine root growth and higher soil moisture after snow melt in spring, and leaf senescence inautumn. Lower Q10 in summer may have been caused by limitations in substrate availability andmicrobial activity resulting from drought, which also caused a decoupling of Rs from soil temperaturein summer. Furthermore, a bivariate nonlinear model incorporating both soil temperature and soil
moisture best explained Q10 variability. Generally, lower soil temperature and higher soil moisture leadto higher values of Q10, indicating that climate warming could exert a negative effect on Q10, partially
offsetting the warming-induced increase in soil C loss. We provide long-term field experimental
evidence that it would be inappropriate to estimate Rs on a multiyear scale using a fixed Q10 value or avalue obtained from one season and/or one year. Thus, we emphasize the importance of incorporating
the seasonal and annual heterogeneities of Q10 into C cycle model simulations under future climatechange scenarios.

39

S-4
Nitrogen addition effects on SOM stability, and CO2 and N2O efflux in a tropical rainforest
and rubber plantation in SW China
D. Balasubramanian*1, Wen-Jun Zhou1, Yi-Ping Zhang1, Li-Qing Sha1, Li-Guo Zhou1,2, Qing-Hai Song1,
and Yun-Tong Liu1
1 Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China
2 Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China

The pressure to convert the natural forest area into rubber plantations and other land-uses can be widely
observed Xishuangbanna. In order to increase and sustain the productivity of rubber plantations, nitrogen(N) fertilization is essential. However, it can be detrimental to soil fertility if applied in excess. Further, it
is important to assess the effect of N addition on SOM stability and soil GHGs efflux to understand carbon(C) stability in tropical rainforest (TF) and rubber plantation (RP) soil. Hence, we have conducted a field N
addition experiment to determine the N addition effect on soil SOM dynamics, CO2 and N2O efflux in a
tropical rainforest and rubber plantation in Xishuangbanna. N addition significantly (p < 0.05) increased
heavy fractions (HF), while decreasing free light and occluded light fractions under both TF and RP. N
addition did not have any significant (p > 0.05) effect on CO2 flux in TF. Contrarily, both CO2 and N2O flux
were significantly higher under N fertilized plots in both TF and RP. Further, CO2 and N2O efflux showeda strong seasonal pattern, with the highest and lowest flux occurred during wet (May–October) and dry(November–April) season respectively. Soil CO2 flux showed a significant (p<0.05) positive relationshipwith soil temperature and soil moisture under both TF and RP. However, soil moisture did not have any
significant effect on CO2 flux in rubber plantation. The results suggests that under the similar soil type andclimatic condition, tropical rainforest and rubber plantation have different CO2 and N2O flux rates in
response to N addition.

40

S-5
Continuous measurements of soil CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes during the spring thawing
period in broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest of Changbai Mountains
Chuying Guo*1, Leiming Zhang1, Shenggong Li1,Xuefa Wen1,Guirui Yu1
1 Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing, China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
This study was carried out in broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest of Changbai Mountains (CBM).
The main aims are to understand the dynamic changes and influencing mechanisms of greenhouse gases
fluxes. We has acquired the flux data of CO2, CH4 and N2O in situ for five years by using dynamic
chambers. Continuous measurements provide more support to understand the responses of soil processes
to the rapid changing environment. It becomes possible to realize the differences of these three kinds ofgreenhouse gases fluxes throughout the year and the contributions in temporal scale to the warming
effect with dynamic chambers.
Soil CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes showed apparent seasonal variations. The results indicated that thethawing period has drawn attention to the huge soil N2O emission in CBM. A rush-out of soil N2O flux
was observed during the beginning of spring. The data of soil CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes during nongrowing season were rarely reported in the past. To increase the credibility of the data, comparison
experiments were carried out with static-chamber method combined with the Gas Chromatography
technique and soil CO2 flux system (Li-8100) acknowledged to be common methods in soil respiration
measurements during the spring thawing period. The measurements were also monitored intensively via
increasing the sampling frequency, and a set of meteorological and soil environmental factors during
soil thawing were analyzed. This presentation will show the characteristics of the fluxes of soil CO2,CH4 and N2O in response to biotic and abiotic factors. It helps to better understand the patterns andmechanisms of soil CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes during the spring thawing period and estimate
the carbon and nitrogen budget.

41

R-1
Phenological Eyes Network (PEN): a platform supporting AsiaFlux remote sensing
activity by long-term continuous in-situ spectral / imaging observations
Kenlo Nishida Nasahara*1
1 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JapanThe Phenological Eyes Network (PEN) started in 2003 as a network of flux sites equipped with in-situ
remote sensing instruments. It was designed as a platform for validation and algorithm development of
remote sensing of ecosystems by providing long-term in-situ data. In particular, PEN has been putting
its focus on seasonal changes (phenology) and inter-annual change of vegetation.
There are three types of core sensors at PEN sites; an Automatic Digital Fish-eye Camera (ADFC),
a HemiSpherical SpectroRadiometer (HSSR), and a Sun Photometer (SP). As of 2019, there areapproximately 30 PEN sites, among which many are also FluxNet and/or International Long Term
Ecological Research (ILTER) sites. The PEN is now part of a biodiversity observation framework.
Collaborations between remote sensing scientists and ecologists working on PEN data have produced
various outcomes about remote sensing and long-term in-situ monitoring of ecosystem features, such as
phenology, gross primary production (GPP), and leaf area index (LAI) (Nasahara and Nagai, 2015).
Those PEN data have been used mainly for validation of moderate resolution satellites such as
MODIS and SPOT-VEGETATION for more than 10 years. In addition, validation of phenology
monitoring by geostationary satellite (Himawari-8) has begun. Meanwhile, to enable direct and precise
comparison between satellite data and in-situ monitoring, some PEN sites have received newinvestments to cover a large footprint of satellite sensors such as MODIS and GCOM-C/SGLI, namely,
500 m x 500 m, by a support of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. In addition, recently PEN has
been working for remote sensing of chlorophyll fluorescence (for application of GOSAT and GOSAT2 satellites). Many of the PEN data are now getting open for public use.
Takayama (TKY) is one of the longest and the most invested site of PEN. By collaboration withecology and flux scientists in TKY, and combination of PEN data with other data (satellite, flux,
physiology, laser, etc.), PEN-TKY has been working as one of the model sites of scientific study of PEN.

42

R-2
Breathing Earth System Simulator (BESS) as a flexible and scalable platform to monitor
land-atmosphere fluxes from plot to the global scales
Youngryel Ryu*1, Benjamin Dechant1, Yan Huang1, Chongya Jiang1, Minseok Kang2
1 Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
2 National Center for AgroMeteorology, Seoul, South Korea
Satellite remote sensing enables us to monitor land-atmosphere processes across a range of spatial andtemporal scales, but integrating multiple sources of remote sensing into a single platform remains achallenge. Here we present BESS as a flexible and scalable platform to monitor land surface processes
from plot to the global scales. BESS is a process based model that couples atmospheric and canopy
radiative transfer, canopy photosynthesis, transpiration, and leaf energy balance which are forced withmultiple satellite remote sensing data. We report new modules, BESS-Rice, BESS-SiF, and BESSVcmax. BESS-Rice simulates rice growth development and yield by allocating canopy photosynthesis
into grain, leaf, stem and root, which was evaluated at six site-years flux tower data in Korea. BESSSiF computes canopy escaping SiF by coupling the Farquhar photosynthesis model with an establishedleaf model of SiF and an escape ratio scheme under the two-leaf canopy model, which was tested on
tower-based, landscape and global scale SiF datasets. BESS-Vcmax is based on an optimality
hypothesis, which was evaluated across space and time using TRY database. BESS is highly scalable
depending on forcings. As one example, we report 30 m resolution BESS flux maps forced with fineresolution forcing datasets. We are incorporating more modules into BESS and enhancing spatial andtemporal resolutions with more satellite datasets.

43

R-3
Understanding species diversity and composition along successional and environmental
gradients in a tropical secondary forest
Sawaid Abbas*1,2, Janet E Nichol1,3, Man Sing Wong1,2, Jinlong Zhang4, Gunter A Fisher4, Syed
Muhammad Irteza1
1 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Department of Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, HongKong
2 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development,
Hong Kong
3 Department of Geography, School of Global Studies, University of Sussex, UK
4 Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden Corporation, Flora Conservation Department, Hong Kong
Forests are dynamic ecosystems that undergo successional changes through natural or assisted growth.
Mapping of forest structural changes and successional growth patterns across spatial and temporal scales
play a pivotal role in reducing the limitation of measuring global carbon flux. The majority of secondary
forest in Hong Kong has developed through structural succession on lands protected from fire since1945.
A multi-scale multi-temporal object-based image analysis approach was applied on the sequentiallyremote sensing data from 1945 to 2014 to map the successional age and structural classes of therecovering forest. In addition, a vegetation census survey consisting of 28 quadrats (20 x 20 m) wascollected and analyzed along topographic, soil and successional gradients to examine the importance ofdifferent environmental factors on species assemblages in the secondary forest. The results show thatelevation divides the species composition into two components at the landscape level. However, thespecies composition was further distinguished by successional age groups, with median ages of 7, 20,
39, 61, and 70 years, at a localized scale. Furthermore, the forest at a higher elevation was found to be
more diverse and had a markedly higher concentration of soil carbon relative to nitrogen. Although thesecondary forest has attained a species richness comparable to or greater than the old growth forest sites,
their composition is very different from the old growth forest stands in the study area. These results
clearly show that there is an urgent need to introduce the late successional species either by facilitating
natural succession or by artificial enhancement planting. Thus, for effective forest restoration, the rolesof GIS and Remote Sensing are important in locating sites for assisting shrub encroachment, as well as
for accelerating secondary succession where shrubland has already been established.

44

R-4
Relationship between surface dry conditions and carbon dioxide emission of forest fire in
Far East Russia
Haemi Park*1, Wataru Takeuchi1 and Kazuhito Ichii2
1 Istitute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
2 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
Forest ecosystem in cool to cold climate plays a role of major carbon absorber. The carbon storage of
those ecosystems is known as about twice of tropical forests. Positive feedbacks of the disturbances offorests to the global warming are reported many previous studies recently. The effects of global warming
to high latitudinal region are more severe than the other ecosystems which were formed under the lowtemperature. Furthermore, in Russia, there are fire events continuously along with recent economic
development. However, wide area and low accessibility of forest in Russia are main limitations for
obtaining regularly taken ground-truth data. To overcome those limitations, this study used satellitebased dry condition data estimated by Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI). The objective of this study
is to analyze relationships between KBDI and CO2 flux from fire events in Far East Russia from 2007
to 2018 using satellite-based meteorological and vegetation factors. For the calculation of KBDI, land
surface temperature from MTSAT, NDVI from MODIS, and precipitation from GSMaP were used.
MOD14 hotspot data was combined with fire radiative power (FRP) for estimating CO2 emissions fromdetected fire event. As the result, fire emissions are clearly related with KBDI. In summer, the increaseof fire events are highly correlated with land surface dryness within all seasons. In terms of the effect ofland cover types, croplands showed different pattern of fire occurrence with other land cover types forexamples savannas and forests. From these results, satellite-based KBDI can be an index of CO2
emission from forest ecosystems in Far East Russia. For future task, not only the precipitation and LST,
but also the snow-thawing cycle in meteorological factor of KBDI have to be considered to improve
KBDI in cold climate regions.

45

R-5
RS-driven GPP model from eddy covariance flux data
Guangsheng Zhou*1, Feng Zhang2, Qijin He3
1 Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
2 Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing China
3 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
The assessment of vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) is of great importance for terrestrial
ecosystem carbon budgets and climate change. Eddy covariance (EC) technique provides long-term
continuous and frequent observations of CO2 flux at the ecosystem level. Remote sensing techniques
conduct consistent and systematic monitoring of vegetation structure and function at regional and site
levels. How to effectively relate CO2 flux observations with remote sensing techniques at site leveland ultimately to implement repetitive observations of CO2 flux over extensive spatial areas are
becoming critical challenges for assessing terrestrial ecosystem carbon budgets and monitoring
ecosystem dynamical processes. The key for addressing these questions lies in the development of
remote sensing-based ecosystem process models at broad spatial scales that can be effectively andquantitatively parameterized and validated by CO2 fluxes at site level.
Among all the predictive methods of GPP, the light use efficiency (LUE) model has the mostpotential to adequately address the spatial and temporal dynamics of GPP because of its theoreticalbasis and practicality. However, accurate estimations of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically
active radiation (fAPAR) and the light use efficiency (LUE) are two large sources of model
uncertainties for LUE models. Previous studies showed that the sensitivity of the normalized
difference vegetation index (NDVI) to variations in fAPAR usually decreases when fAPAR exceeds
0.7 for moderate- to-high vegetation density and was also influenced by plant phenology; LUE was
not a prescribed constant during the whole growing season and was not only related to the absorbed
photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) by green vegetation but also affected by soil water content(SWC), nutrient conditions, ratio of direct to diffuse radiation, canopy age and site history. Thus,
studies on how to improve the accuracy of remote estimation models for fAPAR and LUE were
especially essential.
This study aimed to reveal the empirical relationship between NDVI and fAPAR and the lightuse efficiency (LUE) via vegetation canopy chlorophyll content (CCCcanopy) based on in situ
measurements of spectral reflectance, biophysical characteristics, ecosystem CO2 fluxes andmicrometeorological factors over a maize canopy in Northeast China as a case study. The results
showed that the fAPAR increased rapidly with the day of year during the vegetative stage, it remained
relatively stable at the stage of reproduction, and finally decreased slowly during the senescence stage.
In addition, fAPARgreen [= fAPAR × (green LAI/green LAImax)] showed clearer seasonal trends thanfAPAR. The NDVI, red-edge NDVI, wide dynamic range vegetation index(WDRVI), red-edge
position (REP) and REP with sentinel-2 bands derived from hyperspectral remote sensing data were
all significantly positively related to fAPARgreen during the entire growing season. In a comparison of
the predictive performance of VIs for the whole growing season, REP was the most appropriate
spectral index, and can be recommended for monitoring seasonal dynamics of fAPAR in a maize
canopy. Among the common chlorophyll-related vegetation indices (VIs), CCCcanopy had the mostobviously exponential relationships with REP(R2=0.97, p<0.001) and NDVI (R2=0.91, p<0.001). In a
comparison of the indicating performances of NDVI, ratio vegetation index (RVI), WDRVI, and2-band enhanced vegetation index (EVI2) when estimating CCCcanopy using all of the possiblecombinations of two separate wavelengths in the range 400−1300 nm, EVI2 [1214, 1259] and EVI2
[726, 1248] were better indicators, with R2 values of 0.92 and 0.90 (p <0.001). Remotely monitoring
LUE through estimating CCCcanopy derived from field spectrometry data provided accurate predictionof midday GPP in a rainfed maize agroecosystem (R2=0.95, p<0.001). This study provides a newparadigm for monitoring vegetation GPP based on the combination of LUE models with plant
physiological properties.
Key words: fAPAR, canopy chlorophyll content, eddy covariance, hyperspectral remote sensing, lightuse efficiency, spectral vegetation indices, maize canopy

46

R-6
Temporal dynamics of satellite-derived photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and solarinduced fluorescence (SIF) in climate-changing Mongolia
Tomoki Kiyono*1, Hibiki M. Noda1, Kouki Hikosaka2, Tomo’omi Kumagai3, Yukio Yoshida1 andHaruki Oshio1
1 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
2 Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
3 The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
In recent years, optical data observed by Earth observation satellites enables us to obtain two indices,which are directly linked to light use efficiency (LUE) of terrestrial vegetation; photochemicalreflectance index (PRI) and solar-induced fluorescence (SIF). In a photosynthetic process, a part ofabsorbed light energy is consumed as heat dissipation and some other part is emitted as fluorescence.
PRI correlates with the state of the xanthophyll cycle which is related to heat dissipation [Gamon et al.
1992] and SIF is the fluorescence observed under solar-radiation [Frankenberg et al., 2011; Joiner et al.
2011]. Thus, both PRI and SIF may give us complementary information, however, it is difficult to usethem simultaneously. The first problem is the difference between the viewed subjects in a canopy.
Because PRI is determined by the change in surface reflectance whereas SIF is a radiance emitted fromleaves or canopies, PRI reflects the stress conditions of the leaves at canopy surface but SIF correlates
more with whole canopy LUE (or GPP). The time scales of these indices also make it difficult to use. In
a long time scale, such as seasonal change, the effect of the ratio of chlorophyll and carotenoids on PRI
is larger than that of the status of xanthophyll cycle [Gamon & Berry, 2011]. On the other hand, because
satellite-SIF has relatively low signal-to-noise ratio and it must be averaged over several weeks or amonth in general. Therefore, to understand light energy partitioning in a single leaf, the simple
comparison between PRI and SIF is no meaning. In this study, we aimed to quantify and solve these
problems and develop the method to analyze light energy usage in vegetation canopy by using satellitePRI and SIF.
We examined temporal changes in satellite-PRI and SIF in two subregions in and around
Mongolia; one is a taiga subregion, Selenge-Orhon river basin (104°E–108°E and 48°N–51°N) and theother is a steppe subregion, the center of Mongolian-Manchurian grassland in Dornod province (110°E–
120°E and 46°N–51°N). Mongolia is under rapid warming and experienced historic drought events inthe late 1990s and 2000s [Hessl et al. 2018]. We hypothesized that (1) the difference of root depth
between grassland and forest should affect the responses of PRI and/or SIF to drought in each subregion,and (2) the differences of canopy structure between grassland and forest should make the different
responses of PRI and SIF to photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). To test these hypotheses and reveal
the temporal changes in PRI and SIF related to other environmental changes, we analyzed satellite data
and metrological data from 2009 to 2018. PRI was obtained from MODIS surface reflectance products[Vermote and Wolfe, 2015] for both morning (Terra) and afternoon (Aqua). We used MODIS band 1
reflectance (620–670 nm) as the reference of PRI instead of the general 570 nm reflectance, according
to recent studies [e.g. Gamon et al., 2016; Middleton et al., 2016]. SIF was retrieved from GOSAT,
according to Frankenberg et al. (2011). To understand the consequence between these optical indicesand environmental conditions, we examined the relationship between PRI/SIF and land surface
temperature and surface skin soil moisture.

47

F-1
Experiences Measuring Methane Fluxes across a Meso-Network of Restored Fresh Water
Wetlands, Rice and Irrigated Pastures in California, and Beyond
Dennis D. Baldocchi*1, Kyle Hemes1, Alex Valach1, Kuno Kasak1, Sam Chamberlain1, Sara Knox1,21 University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
2 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Society is looking for Natural Carbon Solutions to offset carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion.
Restoration of wetlands or planting rice are logical options since flooding can preserve large carbon
stores in the soil, as peat, for geological time periods. Unfortunately, we are finding ‘there is no freelunch’. Flooding also leads to ideal conditions for producing methane, a greenhouse gas many times
stronger than CO2 on the scale of human life time.
The Berkeley Biometeorology lab has been measuring methane fluxes across a network of sites in the
Sacrament-San Joaquin Delta of California year-round since 2007. Due to our long growing season,
ample sunshine, and high productivity, we are observing some of the largest amounts of methane emitted
world-wide. But the story gets more complicated as we add more sites and make longer measurements.
Year to year variation in methane fluxes is high and can be due to phenology, salinity, change in soil
chemistry, amount of legacy dead biomass and water management. Using mutual information theory,
we studied how such factors as photosynthesis, water and soil temperature, evaporation, salinity andwater table modulate methane fluxes. We find, for example, that methane fluxes on monthly timescales is closely related to photosynthesis when water is fresh and amount of legacy biomass is low.
When water is more brackish, as during our droughts, temperature becomes dominant. Across sites we
see an orthogonal response between methane and carbon fluxes. Sites with the greatest annual methane
emissions are those with the lowest annual net carbon exchange.
How do our results relate to elsewhere? At this writing, the global methane flux community is building
a synthesis database, like FLUXNET. We show some preliminary synthesis results that is emerging
from this analysis.

48

F-2
Temporal variation of methane fluxes and its biophysical drivers in a subtropicalmangrove wetland
Jiangong Liu*1 and Derrick Y.F. Lai1,2
1 Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
2 Centre for Environmental Policy and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
Coastal mangrove wetlands can sustain a high carbon sequestration rate. However, mangroves are also
potentially ideal hotbeds for methane (CH4), a powerful biogenic greenhouse gas, owing to thepresence of active root exudation and carbon-rich sediments. Given the favorable meteorologicalcharacteristics (high temperature and abundant rainfall) in the tropics and subtropics formethanogenesis, CH4 emissions can potentially offset part of the climatic impacts of a high net
ecosystem production (NEP) in mangroves. Ecologists often use the upscaled CH4 results obtained
from either chamber measurements or empirical k models to estimate ecosystem-scale flux in wetland
ecosystems. Yet, the complexity of biogeochemical processes in coastal wetlands and a paucity ofcontinuous hydrological measurements reduce our confidence in the process-based flux estimates.
Over the past two decades, the steady development of the eddy covariance (EC) approach has helped
us understand the temporal variation of ecosystem-scale CH4 fluxes and its biophysical drivers fordifferent types of wetlands, but no long-term results have been reported for mangroves.
In this study, we analyzed three years of CH4 data collected by an EC system in a subtropical estuarine
mangrove wetland dominated by Kandelia obovata in Hong Kong SAR, China. Diurnal pattern of CH4
fluxes displayed two peaks right before and after mid-noon, which coincided with the diurnal patternof temperature and plant productivity. High temperature and low salinity resulted in a CH4 peakemission that reached 0.1 gC-CH4 m-2 day-1 during the summertime, while the wintertime CH4 fluxes
were negligible. The annual budgets of CH4 fluxes were estimated to be 11.4 ± 0.6, 11.8 ± 0.6 and11.8 ± 0.8 gC-CH4 m-2 year-1 for 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Although these values werecomparatively small relative to the estimates from freshwater wetlands, the positive radiative forcing
caused by CH4 emission can offset the negative one caused by NEP by 144% and 67% using the
20-year and 100-year sustained-flux global warming potentials (SGWPs), respectively, which weremuch larger than the previous estimate of 20% on a global scale.
We used a combination of wavelet decomposition and mutual information to identify thescale-emergent and non-linear interactions between CH4 fluxes and their biophysical drivers. At thehourly and diel scales, temperature and plant-related activities including evapotranspiration, net
ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and gross primary productivity (GPP) shared most information with
CH4 fluxes through synchronous processes. At the multiday scale, CH4 fluxes were dominantly
coupled to hydrological variables including tidal water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, andthe dominant interactions were asynchronous. Wavelet-information results highlighted the importanceof long-term monitoring of hydrology in gaining a better prediction of CH4 fluxes in coastal wetlands
over time.

49

F-3
Greenhouse gas fluxes characteristics in small aquaculture ponds in Yangzi river delta ofChina
Mi Zhang*1, 4, Jiayu Zhao1, Yanhong Xie1, Lei Jia1, Yini Pu1, Xiufang Zhang3, Jiao Wang1, Zhen
Zhang1, Yongbo Hu1, Wei Xiao1, 4, Wei Wang1, 4, Shoudong Liu1, Fucun Zhang1, Xiang Zhao1, Xuhui
Lee1, 2
1 Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate andEnvironment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing,
Jiangsu Province, China
2 School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
3 Yunnan Meteorology Service, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
4 NUIST-Wuxi Research Institute, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
As a component of inland small waters, freshwater aquaculture ponds are important anthropogenic
greenhouse gases sources. Aquaculture production of China is the largest in the whole world. In China,
the area of aquaculture ponds accounts for 47.12% of the freshwater aquaculture area. The area of
aquaculture ponds in Yangzi river delta is the largest. However, the greenhouse gas fluxes dynamics is
uncertain in small aquaculture ponds in Yangzi river delta. In this study, combined eddy covariancemethod with floating dynamic chamber and transfer coefficient methods, CO2, CH4, and N2O flux
dynamics and their impact factors are identified in small aquaculture ponds located in Guandu (31° 58′
N, 118° 15′E), Anhui Province, China. The results showed that CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes were thehighest in summer and the lowest in winter. The small aquaculture ponds were CO2 neutral. The
annual mean CO2 flux was -0.0042 ± 0.048 mgCO2 m-2s-1. The small aquaculture ponds were CH4 andN2O source. The annual mean CH4 flux and N2O flux were 4.49 ± 4.95 µg CH4 m-2s-1 and 0.01µg N2O
m-2 s-1, respectively. The CH4 emission was higher than that in the aquaculture zone of large lake.
However, the N2O emission was lower than that in paddy field and large shallow lake (Lake Taihu) inthe same climate zone. Water temperature was a main meteorological factor that controlled theseasonal variations of the three greenhouse gases flux. Moreover, anthropogenic management is an
important factor that impact the three greenhouse gases emissions from the small aquaculture ponds.
Currently, the area of aquaculture ponds increases rapidly in China. Discerning the key environmental
and anthropogenic factors affecting CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes is a basis for adopting optimal
management to mitigate the three greenhouse gases emissions from the aquaculture ponds.

50

F-4
Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 from two land-uses on tropical peatlands in Sarawak,
Malaysia
Frankie Kiew*1, Ryuichi Hirata2, Takashi Hirano3, Wong Guan Xhuan1, Edward Baran Aries1, Kevin
Kemu dang1, Joseph Wenceslaus1, Lo Kim San1 and Lulie Melling1
1 Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300
Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
2 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
3 Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
Indonesian and Malaysian oil palm plantations expansion have been intensifying in the recent decades.
Tropical peat swamp forests are also not excluded from being utilized for high scale oil palm plantation,owing to its high accessibility. Drainage is the foremost prerequisite for peatlands conversion intoplantation, and often associated with environmental issue especially carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
through accelerated peat decomposition. In addition, changes in aboveground biomass can also have asubstantial effect on the CO2 exchange dynamics of the ecosystems. However, direct measurement using
eddy covariance (EC) technique to quantify such changes is still non-existence.
This study monitored eddy CO2 flux above a tropical peat swamp forest and an oil palm plantationon peat in Sarawak, Malaysia since 2011 using EC technique. The two sites were about 100km apartfrom each other. The main objective of the study is to understand the changes in CO2 exchange dynamic
following conversion by comparing two sites with different land-uses. Forest site was used to represents
the condition before conversion and the oil palm plantation represents the condition after conversion.
In the first 4 years of the study, the forest was a moderate CO2 sink (NEE of -136 ± 51 g C m-2 yr1), but the plantation a stable CO2 source (NEE of 994 ± 158 g C m-2 yr-1). The large NEE following
conversion was caused by reduction in gross primary production (GPP) (3682 ± 149 g C m−2 yr−1 vs.
2529 ± 125 g C m-2 yr-1) attributable to lower leaf area index and large ecosystem respiration (RE) (3523± 152 g C m-2 yr-1) similar to that of the peat swamp forest (3546 ± 149 g C m−2 yr−1). Decomposition ofcoarse woody debris (CWD) presents on the ground after land preparation was the contributor to thelarge positive NEE as it was approximated at about 950 g C m-2 yr-1 on average, which is almost
equivalent to NEE in the oil palm plantation. Therefore, NEE can approach zero without the CWD even
if the peat was drained for plantation.

51

F-5
Radiation controls the interannual variability of evaporation of a subtropical lake
Wei Xiao*1, Zhen Zhang1, Wei Wang1, Mi Zhang1, Qiang Liu1, Yongbo Hu1, Wenjing Huang1,
Shoudong Liu1, and Xuhui Lee1,2
1 Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science andTechnology, Nanjing, China
2 School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, USA
Does lake evaporation increase or decrease under the scenario of climate warming? This paper aims toidentify the controlling mechanism of lake evaporation based on the eddy covariance measurement overmore than 7 years combining a diagnostic analysis based on surface energy balance principle. The results
indicated that lake evaporation was enhanced mainly by increasing energy inputs including solar
radiation and incoming longwave radiation, and weakened by surface feedback through outgoing
longwave radiation. The incoming longwave radiation was positively correlated with cloud cover.
Bowen ratio and surface albedo had slight effect on the change of lake evaporation. The annual lake
evaporation can be predicted by the Priestly-Taylor model using a bigger coefficient of 1.39, whichindicates the effect of advection or entrainment on lake evaporation should be considered.

Figure 1. Time series of monthly and annual λE at Lake Taihu. Blue circles and red squares denotemonthly and annual means, respectively.

Figure 2. Attribution of the annual lake evaporation change ΔλE. a: results for individual years from2013 to 2017. b: multi-year means. Error bars are ± one standard deviation.

52

F-6
Attribute parameter characterized the seasonal variation of gross primary productivity(αGPP): Spatiotemporal variation and influencing factors
Weikang Zhang1,2*, Guirui Yu1,2 and Zhi Chen1,2
1 Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,
China
The seasonal dynamic of gross primary productivity (GPP) has influences on the annual GPP (AGPP)
of the terrestrial ecosystem. However, the spatiotemporal variation of the seasonal dynamic of GPP
and its effects on spatial and temporal variations of AGPP are still poorly addressed. In this study, wedeveloped a parameter, αGPP, defined as the ratio of mean daily GPP (GPPmean) to the maximum daily
GPP (GPPmax) during the growing season, to analyze the seasonal dynamic of GPP based on Weibull
function. The αGPP was a comprehensive parameter characterizing the shape, scale, and location of theseasonal dynamic curve of GPP. We calculated αGPP based on the data of GPP for 942 site-years from
115 flux sites in the Northern Hemisphere, and analyzed the spatiotemporal variation and influencing
factors of the αGPP. We found that the αGPP of terrestrial ecosystems in the Northern Hemisphere ranged
from 0.47 to 0.85, with an average of 0.62±0.06. The αGPP varied significantly both among different
climatic zones and different ecosystem types. The αGPP was stable on the interannual scale, while
decreased as latitude increased, which was consistent across different ecosystem types. The spatial
pattern of the seasonal dynamic of astronomical radiation was the dominating factor of the spatial
pattern of αGPP, that was, the spatial pattern of the seasonal dynamic of astronomical radiation
determined that of the seasonal dynamic of GPP by controlling that of seasonal dynamics of total
radiation and temperature. In addition, we assessed the spatial variation of AGPP preliminarily basedon αGPP and other seasonal dynamic parameters of GPP, indicating that the understanding of thespatiotemporal variation of αGPP could provide a new approach for studying the spatial and temporalvariations of AGPP and estimating AGPP based on the seasonal dynamic of GPP.

53

T-1
Applicability of a closed-path gas analyzer based on quantum cascade laser (QCL)
spectrometers for EC flux measurements of N2O and NO over a cropland
Kai Wang*1, Xunhua Zheng1, Dong Wang1, David D. Nelson2 and Klaus Butterbach-Bahl1,3
1 State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Instituteof Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing, China
2 Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
3 Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
Croplands are important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) due tointensive use of nitrogen fertilizers. N2O is a greenhouse gas, while NO is an important precursor of air
pollutants, which is reactive and participates in many atmospheric chemistry reactions. The eddy
covariance (EC) method has been widely used for measuring energy and mass exchanges between
biosphere and atmosphere. However, there are only a limited number of studies using the EC method
for flux measurements of N2O and NO. We also found that all the existing EC studies on NO are basedon closed-path chemiluminescent analyzers for NO detection. However, this type of instruments may
have limitation in solving high frequency turbulence, as they usually have a true instrumental responsetime of up to 0.2 s.
In this study, a closed-path gas analyzer based on two quantum cascade laser (QCL) spectrometers
is used for simultaneous flux measurements of N2O and NO over a cropland using the EC method. The
purpose is to evaluate the applicability and performance of this closed-path QCL analyzer inmeasuring the turbulent fluxes of N2O and NO. It should be noted that the observed NO fluxes represent
the turbulent fluxes at the sensor height, rather than the soil surface emissions. The systematic errors
caused by chemical reaction loss of NO under the sensor height was not discussed in this study.
The field measurements were conducted for two months over a subtropical vegetable field in central
China, with nitrogen fertilization having already commenced two months before the measurement
started. The performance of the QCL analyzer was stable during the whole measurement period, showing
an average precision of 0.263 and 0.338 ppbv for 10 Hz N2O and NO concentration measurements,
respectively. The corresponding flux detection limit was 8.7 μg N m−2 h−1 for N2O and 5.6 μg N m−2 h−1
for NO (95% confidence interval).
The measured N2O fluxes ranged from 7.3 to 402.7 μg N m−2 h−1 (median: 68.3 μg N m−2 h−1),
meaning that the EC system could detect almost all the half-hourly N2O fluxes with high confidence.
The NO turbulent fluxes were much lower in magnitude, ranging from −5.4 to 60.2 μg N m−2 h−1(median: 3.5 μg N m−2 h−1), with an average random error of 290%. The EC system could only resolve
37% of the half-hourly fluxes with high confidence. However, it could be still qualified for measuring
NO turbulent fluxes over common croplands if flux estimates at daily or longer timescales are of interest,
because both flux detection limit and random error would become even lower. The systematic errors
caused by spectral attenuation was estimated at −8% on average in both N2O and NO fluxes.
Uncertainties in lag time determination contributed another 3% systematic underestimation in the NO
turbulent fluxes.
This study shows that the closed-path dual-QCL analyzer could be an effective alternative for EC
measurements of N2O and NO fluxes with the advantages of (i) stable performance and high precision,(ii) fast response and capacity of measuring high frequency variation of turbulence, and (iii) easy
operation under field conditions due to reduced need for site calibration. However, the observed NO
turbulent fluxes still underestimated the soil NO emissions due to chemical reaction loss of NO under
the sensor height. Further studies are necessary to address this systematic error.

54

T-2
An open-path QCL-based sensor for fast and 0.5 ppbv sensitivity measurements ofatmospheric ammonia
Yin Wang*1, Peng Kang1, Yin Lu1, Kai Wang2 and Xunhua Zheng2
1 HealthyPhoton (Ningbo) Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Instituteof Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

349.3 ppb

Fig. 1. A photo of the NH3
sensor.

Fig. 2. An Allan deviation plot
showing stability and precision of
the NH3 sensor.

NH3 mixing ratio(ppb)

Ammonia (NH3) emissions from farmlands and livestock are attracting more and more attention.
There is an urgent need for ground-based instruments that can acquire the spatial and temporalvariability in NH3 concentrations and emissions, particularly in field environments where power andshelter are not readily available. However, accurate measurements of atmospheric NH3 is of greatchallenges due to its reactive nature. Most of the available NH3 sensors are subject to drawbacks, suchas slow response time, limited precision, intensive maintenance, or high power consumption due to
use of the closed-path tube, optics and vacuum pump.
We have developed an open-path sensor for fast (10 Hz) and sub-ppbv sensitivity measurements
of atmospheric NH3 concentration (Fig. 1). The sensor is based on second-harmonic (2f) wavelength
modulated laser absorption spectroscopy technique (WM-LAS), which employs a distributed-feedback
semiconductor quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) and a HgCdTe (MCT) photodetector, both cooled
by a thermoelectric cooler. An open-path Herriott cell configuration with 0.5 m physical path and 46
m optical path-length is used for selective and sensitive detection of the mid-infrared absorption
transition of NH3 at 9.06 μm [1]. The sensor has a precision (1σ noise level) of 0.53 ppbv and 0.15
ppbv at sampling frequency of 10 Hz and 1 Hz, respectively (Fig. 2). The entire NH3 sensor has aweight of ~5 kg and dimensions of 84 cm (length) and 20 cm (diameter). It can be powered byrechargeable lithium batteries, with a total power consumption of as low as 50 W.
The NH3 sensor shows good stability under a wide range of environmental conditions, as well as
good performance in vibration resistance. It can be used in ground-based or vehicle-based (Fig. 3,
integrating with a GPS module) measurements of atmospheric NH3 concentration. Furthermore, withthe good performance in terms of response time and precision, this sensor is an ideal tool for NH3 flux
measurements based on the eddy covariance technique [2]. Flux studies which is able to accurately
quantify the net exchange flux of atmospheric ammonia will be presented during the workshop.

Fig. 3. Spatial variation of NH3
concentration near a pig farm.

References:[1] Miller, D. J., Sun, K., Tao, L., and Zondlo, M. A.: Open-path, quantum cascade-laser-based sensor
for high-resolution atmospheric ammonia measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 81–93,2014.
[2] McDermitt, D., Burba, G., Xu, L., Anderson, T., Komissarov, A.,Riensche, B., Schedlbauer, J.,
Starr, G., Zona, D., Oechel, W.,Oberbauer, S., and Hastings, S.: A new low-power, open-path
instrument for measuring methane flux by eddy covariance, Appl.Phys. B, 102, 391–405, 2011.

55

T-3
A mass spectrometric observation of multiple soil gas fluxes with a portable ultra-highresolution mass spectrometer (MULTUM) coupled with an automatic chamber
Noriko Nakayama*1, Yo Toma2, Hiroshi Furutani3, Ryusuke Hatano4, and Michisato Toyoda1
1 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
2 Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan.
3 Support Center for Scientific Instrument Renovation and Custom Fabrication, Osaka University,
Osaka, Japan.
4 Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan.
Mass spectrometric (MS) chemical analysis in general has a large advantage in higher sensitivity anduniversal detection capability, and has been thus widely used for trace analysis of various chemicalcompounds. But application of MS techniques for simultaneous measurement of greenhouse gases(GHGs), such as O2, CO2, N2O, and CH4, has been quite difficult since N2O and CO2, two important
GHGs, share quite similar mass (44.001 u and 43.989 u, respectively) and their ions are quite difficult
to be distinguished as independent ion peaks with an ordinary mass spectrometer like quadruple mass
spectrometer. In order to independently detect N2O+ and CO2+ by mass spectrometry, mass resolution
larger than 8000 is necessary, which is in the range of so-called high- or ultrahigh-resolution mass
spectrometers and only laboratory-based mass spectrometers could offer.
It is until recent when direct and simultaneous mass spectrometric field measurement of multiple
GHGs becomes feasible (Anan et al., 2014), after a portable ultrahigh-resolution multi-turn time-offlight mass spectrometer (MULTUM) was introduced, which is about desktop PC in size and has
adequate higher mass resolution (30000-50000) for the direct mass spectrometric separation of natural
gas mixture (Shinma et al, 2010). Although the MULTUM could well resolve N2O+ and CO2+ ion peaks,
it was still technically hard to simultaneously measure the two gas species with different concentrations
by more than several-orders of magnitudes due to the limited dynamic range of ion detectors. Anotherproblem is ion suppression effect in electron ionization ion source in which major gases restrict
ionization of trace gases and result in much lower sensitivity for trace gases. Even with the MULTUM,
these inherent restrictions in MS technique had to be mitigated for simultaneous atmospheric gas
measurement of O2, CO2, CH4, and N2O, which spans by 6 orders of magnitudes.
In this work, we developed a field deployable MS-based multi-gas flux measurement systemutilizing a portable high resolution mass spectrometer (MULTUM) with an automated chamber (Figure1). To overcome the inherent restrictions in MS technique, sample atmospheric air was briefly separated
into each component with a short gas separation column and a hybrid ion detection technique wasutilized for wider dynamic range to enable qualitative and simultaneous measurements of multiple gaseswith concentrations differed by 6 orders of magnitudes. The system simultaneously observed CO2, N2O,
CH4, and O2 every 2.5 min. For flux measurement, 8 consecutive gas measurements were carried out
with the chamber closed for 20 min every hourto obtain hourly soil-atmosphere gas fluxes. A
field study was conducted in a soybean field at
the Ehime University farm (Ehime, Japan) in
September, 2018 (Figure 1). The temporalvariation of N2O fluxes was mostly below 300µg N m-2 h-1 and showed a dependence on soil
moisture. After a precipitation, a rapid andsignificant increase in N2O flux to 700 µg N m-2
h-1 was observed although no significant
variation was observed in CO2 flux.
The observation results clearly show thatthe continuous hourly multiple gas flux
observation is quite informative and can provide
much deeper insight into soil microbiological Figure 1. Schematic view of field observation in a soybean fieldecosystems and physicochemical processes at Ehime University farm. (Left) an automatic soil chamber,(Right) MULTUM mass spectrometer system.
underlying mechanisms of GHGs emissions.

56

T-4
Observation of vertical profiles of NO, O3, and VOCs to estimate their source and sink
distributions by inverse modelling in a Japanese larch forest
R. Wada*1, M. Ueyama2, A. Tani3, T. Mochizuki3, Y. Miyazaki4, K. Kawamura5, Y. Takahashi6,
N. Saigusa6, S. Takanashi7, T. Miyama7, T. Nakano8, S. Yonemura9, Y. Matsumi10, G. Katata11
1 Teikyo University of Science, Uenohara, Japan
2 Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
3 University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
4 Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
5 Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
6 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
7 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
8 Mount Fuji Research Institute, Fujiyoshida, Japan
9 National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
10 Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. 11 Ibaraki University, Mito, Japan

Height /mHeight /m

The emission and absorption of trace gases at the biosphere affects to atmospheric chemistry, and thus
it makes influence with potential indirect effects on carbon cycle and climate (Ollinger et al., 2002).
However the detailed dynamics of these species within a canopy are not well known. The
concentration profiles of O3, NO and volatile organic compounds (VOC) were measured in a larch
forest and discussed their sink or source distributions within the canopy estimated by inverse models.
The height of the observation tower is around 30 m. O3 and NO concentrations were measured
by an ultraviolet absorption O3 analyser and a chemiluminescencence NOx analyzer, respectively. The
air for O3 and NO was sampled every 220 seconds from four heights, above the canopy (28 m), nearcrown (16 m), at trunk space (10 m), and just above the ground (2 m). VOC were sampled by gas
sampling tubes every 3 hours from 9:00 to 18:00 at the height of 27 m, 22 m, 16 m, 10 m, and 2 m.
Micrometeorological data, such as wind speed, wind direction, radiation, precipitation, andtemperature, were also observed.
30 (b)EUL(a)
Eulerian and Lagrangian inverse
LNF
canopymultilayer models (Ueyama et al.,202014) were applied for estimating
trunk
fluxes and identifying the sink and10source distributions of these gases
forestwithin the forest canopy.
floor
Daytime-averaged simulated
0
-2 -1
0
1
2
30
35
40
45
sink or source distributions by the-3 -1[O3] /ppbv
O3 sink or source/ nmol m smodels and the O3 and NO
30 (d)(c)concentration profiles are shown in
canopyFig. 1. The distinct trace gas sinks
20
or sources were explained bytrunk
absorption, deposition, and emission
10by the canopy leaves, floor plants,
forestand soil. Higher O3 deposition andfloor
0
absorption were estimated at the
0.1
0.2
0.3
-0.05 0.00
0.05
-3 -1
forest floor compared to those in the[NO] /ppbv
NO sink or source/ nmol m s
canopy layer, which suggests thatfloor plants were important in Fig. 1. Daytime-averaged simulated sink or source distribution
understanding trace gases dynamics of (a) O3 and (c) NO using the Eulerian (EUL) and Lagrangianin the forest. The NO sink at the (LNF) models and concentration profiles for (b) O3 and (d) NO.
trunk space was mainly caused by a chemical loss reaction with O3. The inverse models estimated thesinks or sources of the BVOCs and their oxidised products, which could be explained by deposition,
absorption, and emission by leaves of the canopy and understory. This study showed the possibility toapply the model inversion for estimating the vertical O3, NO and VOC sink and source distributions
within a forest canopy.

57

T-5
Biogenic volatile organic compound emission from Tokyo urban area, Japan
Yutaka Kokubu*1, Tomoki Mochizuki2, Akira Tani2 and Junya Hoshi1
1 Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute for Environmental Protection, Tokyo, Japan
2 University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
Biogenic volatile organic compound (biogenic VOC or BVOC) emissions from urban trees are pointed
out as one of the possible causes of regional tropospheric ozone formation. However, the BVOC
emission inventory in urban areas such as Tokyo remains uncertain, and must be determined in order tofully clarify the role of those reactive VOCs to the elevated ozone concentration occurring in thismegacity. In this study, we estimated an annual BVOC emission from the entire Tokyo urban area (thespecial wards of Tokyo).
Leaf BVOC emission rate measurement: We measured the BVOC emission rate (i.e. emission per unit
leaf area and time; nmol m-2 s-1) from the 20 most dominant street lining tree species in the Tokyo special
wards. This was done by two methods, namely branch-enclosure method and leaf-cuvette method. The
BVOC from leaf was immediately trapped in an absorbent tube and analyzed in the laboratory by GCMS using thermal desorption technique. The measurements were conducted in spring, summer, autumn,
and winter to test a seasonal variability in their BVOC emission rate.
Tree canopy leaf area estimation: We estimated a seasonal tree leaf area in the Tokyo special wards
using WorldView-2/3 satellite imagery acquired during different tree phenology periods (leaf-on andleaf-off season). First, the tree canopy was isolated from non-tree land cover by pixel-based analysis.
Next, we used field observation data of urban tree leaf area index (LAI) to directly map tree leaf area
over the entire Tokyo special wards. Based on the number of tree species planted in the Tokyo special
wards, we estimated the total leaf area of each tree species for the both phenology seasons.
Total BVOC emission estimation from Tokyo special wards: Using the aforementioned results, weestimated the total BVOC emission in 2014, 2015 and 2016. Total emissions of the tree species were
calculated by multiplying their BVOC emission rates (unit leaf area and time) by the total leaf area of
each tree species, respectively. We herein used the BVOC emission rate that was adjusted bytemperature/light condition in Tokyo (35.962N, 139.750E) observed by Tokyo Regional Headquarters.
1. Nine in 20 species were found to emit BVOC, and their emission was temperature/light dependent.
2. We obtained their seasonal BVOC emission model, respectively, using the G93 algorism (Fig.1).
3. The total tree canopy leaf area herein was 281 km2 in leaf-on season, and 97 km2 in leaf-off season.
4. The calculated BVOC emission over thethree years was 468 ± 47 t (mean ± SD) in
spring, 2,014 ± 367 t in summer, 17 ± 3 t
in autumn, and 0.3 ± 0.03 t in winter, withan annual total of 2,499 ± 416 t/yr.
5. This annual emission corresponds to 4% of
the anthropogenic VOC emission from theentire Tokyo area (including the remaining“Tama” region) in 2015.
6. More than 80% of the annual BVOC emission Fig. 1. Seasonal BVOC emission model (G93 algorism)
concentrated in summer daytime, whichcoincides with the timing when ozone
concentration elevates significantly in Tokyo.
7. Future studies should incorporate the BVOC
inventory data obtained in this study into theatmospheric simulation models, in order tobetter understand the role of BVOC emissions
as a precursor for regional ozone formation in
urban area, such as Tokyo.
Fig.2. Seasonal map of tree leaf area in Tokyo special wards

58

T-6
Leaf uptake of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by plants
Moeko Koike1, Tomoki Mochizuki1 and Akira Tani*1
1 Graduate division of Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.
Plants are reported to remove several species of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from theatmosphere. The uptake of VOCs by plants contributes directly to the purification of the atmosphere andindirectly to suppression of the generation of photochemical oxidants such as ozone. Aromatichydrocarbons including benzene, phenol, benzyl alcohol, and benzaldehyde are ubiquitous in theatmosphere. We determined leaf uptake rate of these compounds by Spathiphyllum clevelandii,
Osmanthus fragrans, Quercus acutissima, and Quercus myrsinifolia at several part per billion by volumeusing a measurement system consisting of a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS),
infrared gas analyzer, diffusion device and two leaf enclosure bags. One bag contained the plant leaf
(sample bag) and the other bag was empty (blank bag). We calculated the VOC uptake rate, net
photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate from the concentration differences of VOC, CO2, and water
vapor, respectively, between sample and blank bags. The uptake rate was normalized to the fumigatedconcentration by dividing it by the concentration (standardized uptake rate).
Phenol, benzyl alcohol, and benzaldehyde were absorbed by plants. However benzene was notabsorbed by any plants. All the plants did not uptake VOCs in the night. In the daytime, the standardized
uptake rate, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate increased with increasing light intensity. A
positive linear relationship was observed between stomatal conductance and standardized uptake rate
(Figure 1), and the slope of the regression
line was different among substances andplant species. Net photosynthetic rate was
not in proportion to stomatal conductance,
depending on PPFD. Therefore, leaf
uptake rate of VOCs is mainly controlledbystomatal
conductance,but
photosynthesis may be affected by otherfactors (PPFD, metabolism, etc.), in
addition to stomatal conductance. We
compared VOC uptake capacity using theslopes of the regression lines between
stomatal conductance and standardized
uptake rate. Quercus myrsinifolia tended
to have lower absorption capacity
compared to other plant species used inthis study. We also found that S.
clevelandii leaves exposed to phenol
emitted anisole. It might be produced bymethylation of phenol inside the leaf. We Figure 1 Relationship between stomatal conductanceare now producing a model to explain and standardized uptake rate
plants’ VOC absorption by individuallydescribing VOC partitioning between leaf
water and air and metabolic activity withinleaves.

59

M-1
Making full use of hyperspectral data for gross primary productivity estimation withmultivariate regression: mechanistic insights from observations and process-based
simulations
Benjamin Dechant*1, Youngryel Ryu1,2 and Minseok Kang3
1 Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University,
Seoul, South Korea
2 Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul,
South Korea
3 National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, South Korea
Hyperspectral data in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) spectral ranges are increasingly acquired at
eddy covariance sites as well as from airborne instruments and satellites. However, many researchers
still reduce the information content of such data by extracting multispectral vegetation indices (VIs) or
retrieving sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) at only one or two wavelengths. This iscommon practice despite the availability of appropriate multivariate methods that can take fulladvantage of all relevant information contained in the hyperspectral data and indications that the
information in SIF in a wider spectral range can improve the estimation of gross primary productivity(GPP). Similarly to the case of SIF, xanthophyll-related spectral changes (XC) in the range of 500-570
nm are known to be related to photosynthetic light use efficiency but are typically only assessed via
the multispectral photochemical reflectance index (PRI) at two wavelengths. All this suggests thepotential to improve GPP estimation from hyperspectral data by including all available spectral
channels when using an appropriate multivariate regression method.
Here, we applied partial least squares (PLS) regression to a continuous, half-hourly hyperspectral
dataset from a rice paddy site in South Korea covering two growing seasons (years 2016 and 2017).
We found that the PLS-based GPP estimation achieved very high estimation performance (R2=0.9),
even when applied to the 2017 growing season of which no data was used in the model calibration.
PLS clearly outperformed far-red SIF retrievals (R2=0.8) and commonly used VI-based approaches(R2<0.8). We then restricted the spectral range of the input data to test hypotheses of underlying
mechanisms related to SIF and XC. We found that the NIR range of 850-900 nm had comparable
performance to the full VNIR range, which excludes SIF and XC as factors underlying the estimation.
To more directly test for the contributions of SIF and XC to the GPP estimation performance, we also
performed analogous PLS regression analyses on simulated hyperspectral data and GPP output fromthe process-based SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy fluxes) model. We
found that, in contrast to the observation-based results, both SIF and XC notably improved the results.
In particular, the narrow spectral range 500-570 nm including the XC signal performed as well as thefull VNIR range including SIF and XC. The improvement when including SIF or XC was strongest at
the diurnal time scale.
Our results clearly indicate the potential to improve GPP estimation from hyperspectral data by
applying suitable multivariate regression methods. Furthermore, the process-based simulation results
suggest the considerable potential of using the XC spectral range (500-570 nm) that did not receive thesame amount of attention as SIF. Our findings are relevant for future large-scale GPP estimation fromhyperspectral satellite data and, more generally, are expected to stimulate further research using
continuous hyperspectral observations.

60

M-2
Modeling soil GHG emission from Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem by Forest-DNDC
Ye Shu*1,2, Guo Chuying1,2, and Zhang Leiming1,2
1 Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,
2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
CO2, CH4 and N2O, the three greenhouse gases (GHGs) have increased in the atmosphere since preindustrial times, and this increase is the main driving cause of climate change (IPCC, 2013). Soil flux is
an important path for the three GHGs exchange between soil and atmosphere. There remains uncertainty
regarding the dynamic change of modeled soil GHGs flux and environmental responses, especiallyduring the non-growing season. Production of GHGs in soils is predominantly due to the microbial
processes of composition-decomposition and nitrification-denitrification. The Biochemical ModelDNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition) (Li, 2000), which integrates the ecological process of carbon
and nitrogen, has been widely used.
This study adopted a biogeochemical model (Forest-DNDC) combined with automatic flux
observation system, which aimed to estimate the soil GHGs emissions in Changbai mountain forest
ecosystem and to validate this model against observation data, and then to analyze the response of the
GHGs emissions by the environment factors (eg. soil temperature and moisture).
The results showed that the Forest-DNDC model reproduced general patterns of environmental
variables, however, simulated seasonal variation in soil temperature, snow melt processes and soil
moisture partly deviated from measured variables, especially during the non-growing season. The
modeled CH4 flux was close to the field measurement and co-varied mainly with soil temperature andsnowpack. The modeled soil CO2 flux had the same seasonal trend to that of the observation along withvariation in temperature, however, simulated CO2 flux in the growing season was underestimated. The
modeled N2O flux attained a peak in summer due to the influence of temperature, which was apparently
different from the observed peak of N2O flux in the freeze-thaw period. Meanwhile, both modeled CO2
flux and N2O flux were dampened by rainfall events. Apart from consistent estimation of annual soil
CH4 flux, the annual accumulation of CO2 and N2O was underestimated. It is still necessary to further
optimize model parameters and processes using long-term high-frequency observation data, especiallytransference of heat and water in soil and GHGs producing mechanism.
This study try to quantify the effects of environmental and biological factors on soil GHGs
emissions and estimation of soil GHGs flux from the site to the region.
References[1] Ciais, P., C. Sabine, G. Bala, L. Bopp, V. Brovkin, J. Canadell, A. Chhabra, R. DeFries, J. Galloway, M.
Heimann, C. Jones, C. Le Quéré, R.B. Myneni, S. Piao and P. Thornton, 2013: Carbon and Other Biogeochemical
Cycles. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M.
Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
[2] Li, C.S., Aber, J., Stange, F., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Papen, H., 2000. A process-oriented model of N2O and NO
emissions from forest soils. 1. Model development. J. Geophys. Res. Atm. 105, 4369–4384.

61

M-3
Measurement and modeling of nitrous and nitric oxide emissions from a tea field in
subtropical central China
Yong Li*1, Dan Chen1, Cong Wang1, Xinliang Liu1, Jinlin Shen1 and Jinshui Wu1
1 Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region and Changsha Research
Station for Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Hunan, China
Tea fields represent an important source of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions due tohigh nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications and very low soil pH. To investigate the temporalcharacteristics of N2O and NO emissions, daily emissions were measured over two and a half years
period using static closed-chamber/gas chromatograph and chemiluminescent measurement system ina tea field of subtropical central China. Our results revealed that N2O and NO fluxes showed similar
temporal trends, which were generally driven by temporal variations in soil temperature and soil
moisture content and were also affected by fertilization events. The measured average annual N2O andNO emissions were 10.9 and 3.3 kg N ha-1 yr-1, respectively, highlighting the high N2O and NO
emissions from tea fields. To improve our understanding of N-cycling processes in tea ecosystems, wedeveloped a new nitrogenous gas emission module for the water and nitrogen management model(WNMM, V2) that simulated daily N2O and NO fluxes, in which the NO was simulated as being
emitted from both nitrification and nitrite chemical decomposition. The results demonstrated that the
WNMM captured the general temporal dynamics of N2O (NSE=0.40; R2=0.52, RMSE=0.03 kg N ha1 -1
d , P<0.001) and NO (NSE=0.41; R2=0.44, RMSE=0.01 kg N ha-1d-1, P<0.001) emissions.
According to the simulation, denitrification was identified as the dominant process contributing 76.5%of the total N2O emissions, while nitrificationand nitrite chemical decomposition accounted for 52.3%
and 47.7% of the total NO emissions, respectively.

62

M-4
Carbon flux estimation in South Korea using eddy covariance, remote sensing, andsupport vector regression
Sungsik Cho*1,2, Minseok Kang1, Kazuhito Ichii3, Joon Kim1,2,4,5, Jong-Hwan Lim6, Jung-Hwa Chun6,
Chan-Woo Park6, Hyun Seok Kim1,2,7,8, Sung-Won Choi1, Yohana Maria Indrawati2, Seung-Hoon Lee2,
Jongho Kim1
1 National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, Korea.
2 Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea.
3 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
4 Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering, Seoul National University,
Seoul, Korea.
5 Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University Pyeongchang Campus,
Pyeongchang, Korea.
6 Division of Forest Ecology, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, Korea.
7 Department of Forest Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
8 Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Eddy covariance measurements consistently measure the net CO2 exchange of a whole ecosystem
where observations are made and have high temporal resolution. However, these measurements only
represent a site-level observation (at < 1 km2 scales) called the flux footprint. In order to overcome thislimitation, upscaling via linkage between observation data, remote sensing, and modeling methods has
been used. In particular, a data-driven approach by machine learning techniques is one of the mosteffective upscaling way to estimate regional-scale fluxes. In this study, we estimated gross primary
productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) using flux data from 14 sites (forests: 10,
non-forest: 4) in South Korea by combining with remote sensing data (i.e. MODIS) through support
vector regression (SVR) from 2000 to 2018 period. Site-level evaluation of the estimated GPP and
NEE from the SVR-based model shows equivalent performance compared to the previous researches(r2 = 0.81 and 0.65 at 8 days temporal resolution, 0.61 and 0.12 for the yearly comparison,
respectively). The mean estimated annual GPP and NEE of the South Korea region over the period
2000–2018 were 1375 and −366 g C year-1, respectively. The mean estimated annual GPP in this study
is 1370 g C m-2 yr -1 over the period 2001–2015, which was 1.25–1.4 times higher than that in theprevious studies i.e., FLUXCOM, Ichii et al.,(2017, JGR), MODIS, and BESS. We are analyzing thepotential reasons to explain such difference.
Acknowledgement This study carried out with the support of R&D Program for Forest Science
Technology (Project No. 2017099A00-1719-BBB01).

63

M-5
Estimating high-latitude methane fluxes based on the satellite data-driven Terrestrial
Carbon Flux Model
Ji Luo*1, Masahito Ueyama1, Mikita Okamura1, Jennifer D. Watts2, Hiroki Iwata3, Eugenie Susanne
Euskirchen4, Mathias Goeckede5, Oliver Sonnentag6, Lawrence B. Flanagan7, Yoshinobu Harazono1,
Manuel Helbig8, Takashi Hirano9, Walter C. Oechel10 and Donatella Zona11
1 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
2 Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA, United States
3 Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
5 Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
6 Department of Biogeochemical Systems, MPI Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
7 Department of Geography, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
8 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
9 School of Geography & Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
10 Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
11 Department of Physical Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
12 Department of Animal and Plant Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
The concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) have been gradually
increasing and have a significant influence to climate change. In this study, we used the terrestrial carbon
flux, TCF, model to simulate CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and validated the model results with observed eddy
covariance data from 15 northern ecosystem sites in high-latitude areas. The model is driven by gridded
climate data and satellite data products, including surface temperatures, soil moisture, the fraction ofphotosynthetically active radiation from NASA MERRA reanalysis dataset and MODIS dataset.
We recalibrated the model and determined some related parameters for each classification ofnorthern ecosystems: fen, bog, forest, tussock tundra, and wet tundra. After the calibration and validation,
the simulation performance has been improved significantly at the daily and seasonal scales. We foundthat the simulation results is highly sensitive to the calculated decomposition rate constant for organic
matter. This indicates the importance to determine the decomposition rate of different soil organic matterstate which could be highly heterogeneous at each northern ecosystem and vary with different soil stateand different temperatures. The final goal of this study is assessing the daily and seasonal variability in
CO2 and CH4 fluxes across the pan Arctic/boreal ecosystems based on the satellite-driven ecosystemmodel, TCF Model, calibrating with the eddy covariance data.
Key words: wetland; carbon dioxide; methane; northern ecosystem.

64

M-6
Exploring the mechanisms controlling the seasonality and the trend in global LAI
during 2001-2017
Miaomiao Wang1, Jing M. Chen2 and Shaoqiang Wang*2
1 Key Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences andNatural Resources Research, Beijing, P.R.China
2 University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Leaf area index (LAI) is a vital parameter in modulating the interaction between the land surface andthe atmosphere and therefore is used in many terrestrial biosphere models. However, the mechanisms
controlling the seasonality and the trend of LAI remain unclear. In this study, we use a regression method
and the Farquhar’s biochemical model to reconstruction global satellite LAI (RLAI), exploring thecontrol mechanisms of the seasonal dynamics of global LAI and their interannual trends during 20012017. We found that the control mechanisms of the global seasonality LAI varied from the latitudes andseasons. Temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and soil moisture combined can explain 98% of theseasonal dynamics of global LAI. Based on Farquhar’s biochemical model, the effect of elevated CO2
concentrations on LAI was 13.4% per 100 ppm, leading to the LAI increased was 0.05 m2 m-2 from 2001
to 2017. RLAI (only climate- derived) explained 27.3% of the global LAI trend and captured 29.8% of
the significant trend areas in global satellite LAI. After incorporating the CO2 fertilization into RLAI
(RLAIco2), there were 68.8% of the global trend in satellite LAI can be explained, and about 63.3% of
the significant trend areas were captured, which is much improved than RLAI. It is suggesting that CO2
fertilization is the critical component in regulating global LAI trend. This study also indicates that it isfeasible to use Farquhar’s biochemical model to estimate the effect of CO2 fertilization on LAI.

Figure. The spatial pattern of the magnitude of LAI changed due to CO2 fertilization during 2001-2017.

65

E-1
Nitrogen biogeochemistry in a forest ecosystem under changing climate – Challenge andopportunity of Long-Term Ecological Research
Hideaki Shibata*1, 2, 3
1 Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
2 Japan Long-Term Ecological Research Network (JaLTER)
3 International Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER)
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for primal productivity and carbon fluxes of ecosystem. Short-term
pulse and long-term press changes of climates disturb nitrogen cycles and other key ecosystem processes
through alteration of complex mechanisms. Understanding the consequences and pathway of nitrogenbiogeochemical processes which provide a bundle of ecosystem functions and services under changing
climate and other influences of human activities (e.g. air pollution) can help us to develop our sustainable
society. Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network is a powerful research platform to implementsite-based observations, experiments and modellings with cross-site and/or international collaborative
research to address various ecological and socio-ecological research questions including nitrogen issues(Mirtl et al. 2018; Shibata et al. 2015). I introduce a couple of research findings on nitrogen cycles offorest ecosystem in Japan LTER (JaLTER), a member of the ILTER, with 57 individual LTER sites
including various ecosystems (i.e., forests, lakes, rivers, farmlands, grasslands and marines) in Japan.
One of the recent in-situ experimental manipulation at a JaLTER site focused on the impact of winterclimate changes on soil nitrogen dynamic in a forest ecosystem located northern Japan (Watanabe et al.
2019; Shibata 2016). The less snowpack enhanced soil freeze-thaw cycles, significantly disturbed soil
microbial nitrogen transformation through the change of soil moisture regimes during the plant dormant
season. The International LTER (ILTER) has been expanding with >44 member-networks and >800
individual site, as a global in situ research infrastructure (Mirtl et al. 2018). The ILTER East Asia andPacific regional network (ILTER-EAP), a member regional network of the ILTER has uniquecharacteristics with large variation of climatological and socio-ecological variables and has great
potential to develop new research agenda on nitrogen biogeochemistry under changing climate in thisregion, a critical research topic relating to multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and otherkey targets for multiple stakeholders. I also address a couple of key challenges and opportunities ofnitrogen biogeochemical study at the regional and global LTER networks including the further possible
collaboration with FLUXNET based on the on-going and planning global research programs.
References:
Watanabe et al. (2019) The effect of a freeze–thaw cycle on dissolved nitrogen dynamics and its relation
to dissolved organic matter and soil microbial biomass in the soil of a northern hardwood forest.
Biogeochemistry 142:319–338
Shibata et al. (2015) Consequence of altered nitrogen cycles in the coupled human and ecological system
under changing climate: The need for long-term and site-based research. Ambio 44:178-193
Shibata H (2016) Impact of winter climate change on nitrogen biogeochemistry in forest ecosystems: A
synthesis from Japanese case studies. Ecological Indicators 65:4-9
Mirtl et al. (2018) Genesis, goals and achievements of Long-Term Ecological Research at the global
scale: A critical review of ILTER and future directions. Science of the Total Environment
626:1439–1462
Kim et al. (2018) The International Long-Term Ecological Research-East Asia-Pacific Regional
Network (ILTER-EAP): History, development, and perspectives. Ecological Research 33:19–34

66

E-2
Revealing the relationship between tree diversity and ecosystem functions through longterm and nationwide datasets
Masae Ishihara*1
1 Ashiu Forest Research Station, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
In ecosystem modeling, species diversity are usually neglected or simplified into several functional types.
However, diversity do matter to understand and predict ecosystem functions. In the community ecology
and the related fields, the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem function has been studied intensively since
1990s especially in grassland ecosystem. On the other hand, there are fewer researches in forest
ecosystems. In this presentation, I will show two examples how the tree diversity is related to forest
ecosystem functions.
Firstly, forest biomass are better estimated when you include information about tree species
difference. We developed generic allometric equations for aboveground biomass using large, compiled
data sets of 1203 harvested trees belonging to 102 species (60 deciduous angiosperm, 32 evergreen
angiosperm, and 10 evergreen gymnosperm species) from 70 boreal, temperate, and subtropical naturalforests in Japan. The best generic allometric equation included explanatory variables that representinterspecific differences in wood density in addition to stem diameter, reducing error by 4% comparedto the generic equations that did not include the interspecific difference. The best equation performed
even better than the equation based on functional types.
Secondly, we tested whether high biodiversity may assure higher stability of ecosystem function.
Simulation and experimental studies supported this hypothesis. However, there are still few studies in
the natural forests. We tested this hypothesis in boreal to subtropical natural forests in Japan using longterm annual tree census data (Monitoring 1000 Project by the Ministry of the Environment). Stability oftree biomass increment was not related to species diversity of the forest. However, stability was related
to asynchronous growth between tree species.
These result obtained from long term and large scale datasets show the importance of considering
biodiversity in understanding and predicting forest ecosystem functions.

67

E-3
Long-term soil warming experiment in a northern cool-temperate forest in Tomakomai,
Hokkaido Japan - What was clarified or still unknown?
Tatsuro Nakaji1*, Masahiro Nakamura1, Miki Ueda2, Sou N. Matsunaga3, Yuko Miyazaki4, Nam Jin
Noh5, Hiroyuki Muraoka6, Tsutom Hiura1
1 Field Science Center for Northern Science Center, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
2 Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
3 Reseach and Development Center, Taiki-sha Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
4 Graduate school of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
5 Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
6 River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, JapanThe magnitude of increase in global mean air temperature is predicted to be greater at higher latitudes
and will affect biogeochemical processes in forest ecosystem. Several researchers have studied theimpacts of rising temperature on forest ecosystem by using long-term monitoring data of environment
or data obtained from manipulation experiments. In northern Japan, we have started manipulation
experiments of warming in cool-temperate forests from 2007 in Hokkaido University forests. In thistalk, we introduce the long-term experiment for mature deciduous oak (Quercus crispula Blume) trees
at Tomakomai experimental forest (TOEF; 42°40’N, 141°36’E, 80 m a.s.l.).
In the field experiment at TOEF, the temperatures of branch surface and organic soil layer (5-10cm depth) around target trees have been warmed by using electric heating cables. As for the branchtreatment, we wired the cables around 1-3-thick branches at top canopy (18-20 m height). In the caseof soil treatment, we buried the cables in 5 m × 5 m area around the oak trees. We controlled thetemperatures of branch and soil in treated area to < 5°C higher than the untreated branch and soil
during experimental period. The warming treatments of branch and soil were conducted during
2008-2014 and 2007-2019 (ongoing), respectively.
We have evaluated both aboveground (canopy) and belowground (soil) responses to artificial
warming by comparing between control and warmed treatments. As for the aboveground responses,
we investigated the phenology, photosynthesis, acorn production, concentrations in nutrient andsecondary metabolites, emission of volatile organic compound and herbivory rate. Clear changes
induced by warming treatment were observed as the increased acorn production in first year and the
reduction of leaf damage by herbivorous insect accompanied with the lowered leaf nitrogen andincreased leaf phenol content. We also found that the magnitudes of leaf damage and the variation ofleaf chemical traits tend to be small year by year. As for the belowground responses, dynamics ofavailable soil nitrogen and autotrophic/heterotrophic respiration were mainly observed. Increased soil
temperature reduced available inorganic nitrogen concentration in spring soil together with depletionof freeze-thawing process by warming. Both autotrophic- and heterotrophic respirations wereaccelerated with increasing soil temperature, but magnitude and strength of acclimation to warming
environment differed between microbes and plant roots. This long-term monitoring of multiple
ecosystem components indicates that (1) soil warming would affect leaf-herbivorous insect
relationship via changing availability of soil nitrogen; (2) acclimation to warming environment can be
occurred in both aboveground and belowground parts. Based on these findings, we discuss about theimportance of long-term experiment and useful approach to evaluate resilience of forest ecosystem tochanging environment.
Keywords: acclimation, belowground, tree canopy, field experiment, oak

68

E-4
Maximum carbon uptake rate dominates the interannual variability of global net
ecosystem exchange
Zheng Fu1, 2, Shuli Niu*1, 2
1 Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Terrestrial ecosystems contribute most of the interannual variability (IAV) in atmospheric carbon
dioxide (CO2) concentrations, but processes driving the IAV of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE)
remain elusive. For a predictive understanding of the global C cycle, it is imperative to identify
indicators associated with ecological processes that determine the IAV of NEE. Here, we decompose
the annual NEE of global terrestrial ecosystems into their phenological and physiological components,
namely maximum carbon uptake (MCU) and release (MCR), the carbon uptake period (CUP), and two
parameters, α and β, that describe the ratio between actual versus hypothetical maximum C sink andsource, respectively. Using long-term observed NEE from 66 eddy covariance sites and global products
derived from FLUXNET observations, we found that the IAV of NEE is determined predominately by
MCU at the global scale, which explains 48% of the IAV of NEE on average while α, CUP, β and MCR
explain 14%, 25%, 2% and 8%, respectively. These patterns differ in water-limited ecosystems versus
temperature- and radiation-limited ecosystems; 31% of the IAV of NEE is determined by the IAV of
CUP in water-limited ecosystems, and 60% of the IAV of NEE is determined by the IAV of MCU in
temperature- and radiation-limited ecosystems. The LPJ model and the MsTMIP models underestimate
the contribution of MCU to the IAV of NEE by about 18% on average, and overestimate the contributionof CUP by about 25%. This study provides a new perspective on the proximate causes of the IAV of
NEE, which suggest that capturing the variability of MCU is critical for modeling the IAV of NEE
across most of the global land surface.
Key words: Interannual variability, net ecosystem exchange, maximum carbon uptake rate, carbon
uptake period, phenology, physiology

69

E-5
Development of long-term and multidisciplinary research and networking in forest
ecosystems of Takayama site
Hiroyuki Muraoka*1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1 River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
2 Japan Long-Term Ecological Research Network (JaLTER)
3 East Asia and Pacific International Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER-EAP)
4 Asia Pacific Biodiversity Observation Network (APBON)
5 GEO Carbon and GHG Initiative
Challenges to understand processes and resulting dynamics of the functions in forest ecosystems havebeen made by various scientific disciplines/techniques such as ecology (including ecophysiology andbiogeochemistry), hydrology, micrometeorology, simulation models and remote sensing. These
researches focus particularly on carbon, which is one of the “common” elements of ecological processes
involved in ecosystems such as photosynthesis, respiration and biomass growth, and of interaction
between atmosphere and ecosystems, as carbon cycle regulates biological aspects of ecosystems andhence determines the exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and ecosystems. In the recent decades
carbon cycle and budget have been the central theme of environmental sciences, by reflecting the ongoing climate change partly due to atmospheric CO2 rise. In order to achieve deeper understandings on
the dynamics of structure and functions of forest ecosystems over time and space, investigations on (1)the detailed ecological processes in carbon cycle, (2) their interactions with the climate, (3) integrated
analysis of ecological and meteorological process, and (4) observations of such structure and functions
over time and space, are essential.
This paper introduces such multidisciplinary and long-term challenges at the “Takamayama site”(Figure 1, Muraoka et al. 2015), which is located on a mountainous region in central Japan. The site
mainly consists of a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest (TKY) and an evergreen coniferous
forest (TKC) and are contributing to AsiaFlux and Japan Long-Term Ecological Research (JaLTER)
networks and Phenological Eyes Network (PEN,
Nasahara and Nagai 2015). The history of TKY
has initiated by the long-term observation of CO2
exchange between the atmosphere and thedeciduous forest, and ecological research for the
carbon cycle processes in the forest, by numbersof scientists and students from several research
institutes and universities (Saigusa et al., 2005;
Yamamoto and Koizumi 2005; Ohtsuka et al.
2007, 2009). Efforts have been also made to link
ecology, micrometeorology, modeling andremote sensing to explore the multi-scale
investigations of the ecosystems andsurrounding landscape, and this initiative iscalled “Satellite Ecology” (Muraoka and Figure 1. Multidisciplinary research and networking
Koizumi 2009) which was involved in a concept at the Takayama site to explore cross-scaleof cross-scale observation of ecosystems and for mechanisms and consequences of forest andbiodiversity-ecosystem-climatechange landscape structure and functions.
observations in the Biodiversity Observation
Network in Asia-Pacific region (AP-BON; Muraoka et al. 2013).
For the recent reviews of the Takayama site please refer to following paper and a special virtual
issue (2015), while there are a number of publications and special issues to date.
• Muraoka H., Saitoh T.M. and Nagai S. (2015) Ecological Research 30: 197-200, DOI
10.1007/s11284-015-1251-9• Special virtual issue by “Journal of Plant Research” and “Ecological Research”: Long-term andmultidisciplinary research of the forest carbon cycle at the Takayama site, Japan.
https://www.springer.com/life+sciences?SGWID=0-10027-6-1485142-0

70

L-1
Contribution to FLUXNET and collaboration across regional networks – recent directions
and developments
Dario Papale*1
1 University of Tuscia, ICOS Ecosystem Thematic Centre, Viterbo, Italy
FLUXNET is a success story, as demonstrated by the number of participants, the number of users andthe number of scientific works based on the FLUXNET collections. However, it is now time to reflect
about the future development of the FLUXNET initiative in order to increase its quality and impact inthe scientific community and its contribution to the stakeholders’ needs. This will open a number ofchallenges that must be discussed and addressed with the contribution of all the participants in order todefine the next steps. In particular tow aspects are critical:
Improving data quality. In the last few years, the development of new methods (for measurements,
processing and data storage and distribution) characterized the activities of the regional networks thanks
to a progressive recognition of the need of more stable and structured research infrastructures to monitor
ecosystem-atmosphere interactions (e.g. ICOS, NEON, TERN, CERN, AmeriFlux etc.). This led tothe development of tools and approaches that can be (and in some cases are) shared across regional
networks, improving also the data harmonization and comparability. In ICOS, in particular,
procedures to evaluate the data quality have been implemented and the first results already show that
improvements in our measurements are possible.
Organizing FLUXNET. The diversity in the FLUXNET participants and data users is the strength of
the network; eddy covariance and related measurements (meteo, ancillary etc.) are used at different
scales (from local to global), different time resolutions (from halfhourly to multiannual) and, more
important, in a wide range of applications (ecological studies, GHG budgets, remote sensing validation,models development, parameterization and validation, etc.). The growth and heterogeneity in therange of data uses requires from the networks’ side a new organization if we want to keep the FLUXNET
network alive. It means, for example, more frequent releases (e.g. to link them to the satellite datacollected continuously), higher level of data comparability across networks and respect of the FAIR
principles, improved quality and uncertainty determination, new key variables and processes to bemeasured and a common promotion of the global network. To achieve these results the best solution
would be a collaboration among the different networks, where all contribute to a shared and common
goal of making FLUXNET more robust and sustainable.
These two aspects are linked and can be jointly addressed, with benefits for the whole FLUXNET
community and for the other scientific communities that use our measurements. In the presentation,
the recent developments in the data quality improvement will be presented and discussed and then linked
to the overall FLUXNET development idea, with examples of how a common set of activities between
AmeriFlux and the European Database allowed important step forward in the FLUXNET organization.
It will be a unique opportunity to discuss these aspects with an important community like AsiaFlux andevaluate the best way to establish strong collaborations and links.

71

L-2
Earth system modeling and expectations for future collaboration with AsiaFlux
Kaoru Tachiiri*1, Tomohiro Hajima1
1 Research Center for Environmental Modeling and Application, Research Institute for Global
Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)
An Earth system model (ESM) is a global climate
model coupled with biogeochemical component,
including terrestrial and marine ecosystem, models(Figure 1). Using ESMs, we can simulate thefeedback between climate and biogeochemical
processes, future climate change for given emission
pathways and its effects to the global scaleecosystem. As an ESM is also available to estimate
the allowable carbon emission for the given
temperature targets, it plays an important role indiscussion on future “carbon budget” (note that here
this term means the cumulative allowable emission
for the given temperature anomaly target, not the
Figure 1 Structure of a typical ESM
balance of emission and uptake).
Modified from Watanabe et al. (2011, GMD)
In this presentation we will introduce what an
ESM is like, and show some examples of possible
future collaboration with flux observation research.
It is obvious that we cannot develop a model without observation data, and once model isdeveloped, we tune our model using observation data. In case of ESMs, global data products forvegetation and soil processes are often used for developing, tuning and validating ESMs, and thecontribution to such datasets is fundamentally helpful to improve ESMs. In considering more direct
collaboration, the major barriers between field study and global-scale Earth system modeling will bedifference in spatial and temporal scales. For the former, the spatial resolution of current ESMs arearound 100–300 km, which makes it difficult to directly compare the models’ outputs with point-based
observation data. For the latter, because an ESM run typically covers long-term (100 years or more)time scale, such long-term observation is needed for meaningful comparison. Remote sensing and offline models could be effective tools to bridge the gap and are already attempted in collaboration withsome AsiaFlux researchers. Another possible way of collaboration will be “emergent constraint”, amethod to constrain long-term future projection simulated by global climate models by using short-term
observation results. Occasionally a clear relationship between the short- and long-term response arefound for ESMs and by that relationship we can constrain the long-term sensitivity by constraining theshort-term sensitivity (e.g., seasonal amplitudes or sensitivity to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation), forwhich point-based shorter-time scale observation can have large impact to constrain the long-term
sensitivity.

72

L-3
Climate science and social values
Seita Emori*1
1 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,
Japan
The Future Earth, a currently operating international platform of sustainability science, calls for transdisciplinarity, meaning co-designing and co-producing science with various non-academic stakeholders
in the society. The need of trans-disciplinarity is justified from three perspectives: the logic of
accountability, the logic of impact and the logic of humility (van der Hel, 2016). The logic of humility,
which is often overlooked, essentially means that scientists should reflect on their own perceptions andvalues, which may be biased in various ways, and should appreciate diverse values of various
stakeholders in the society.
For example, when we observe climate debates in the society, different opinions based on different
values over risk perceptions of climate change or various mitigation options can be identified. The
climate issue is inevitably value-laden and climate science cannot be free from values as well.
Observational research might look relatively value free, but what to measure and where to measure, forexample, already involve some kind of value judgment. Also, continuous measurement needs stable
fund, which leads to a situation that research might be influenced by the values of funders.
Typologies and recommendations on how scientists behave in such value-laden research environment
have been discussed by social scientists (e.g., Honest Broker, Pielke, 2003). Here I present the idea ofReflective Advocacy (Asayama et al., 2017), which is characterized by transparency, anticipation,reflection, deliberation and responsiveness.

73

Abstracts: Poster Presentations (day 2)

P1-F1Year-round measurements of methane and carbon dioxide fluxes in two urban landscapes
Tsugumi Takano*1, Masahito Ueyama1
1 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan.
Measurements of urban greenhouse gas emissions are important. In particular, methane (CH4) fluxes
were rarely measured in urban areas; thus its budgets and variabilities are highly uncertain. Limited
studies reported that emission inventories underestimated urban CH4 emissions. Continuous flux
measurements and mobile measurements of the gas concentrations are effective tools for investigating
the spatial-temporal variabilities of CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from urban areas.
In this study, CH4 and CO2 fluxes were measured at two locations in Sakai, Osaka, Japan, using
the open-path eddy covariance method since 2018. The area of the city is about 150 km2, and its
population is approximately 840,000 residents. The site surrounding the city center (SAC) wascharacterized as a densely built-up, consisting of industrial, commercial, and residential areas. The site
located at an edge of the university (OPU) was characterized as suburb, consisting of university
buildings, vegetation, and residential areas. The mobile measurements of gas concentrations wereconducted around the two sites using a vehicle at the summer of 2019.
The SAC site emitted CH4 and CO2 throughout the year. The CO2 fluxes showed clear diurnal andseasonal variations. The CH4 fluxes also showed a clear diurnal variation, but an unclear seasonalvariation. Based on a mean diurnal cycle in the CO2 flux, high CO2 emissions were observed during thedaytime whose peak was around 12AM. The daytime maximum, over 20 μmol m-2 s-1, wasapproximately ten times greater than the nighttime minimum. In all seasons, CO2 fluxes increased during
the daytime, whose variations were similar to traffic counts nearby the site. The CO2 fluxes also showed
clear seasonal variations with two peaks in the summer and winter. In the seasonal scale, emissions fromgas-powered air conditioners may increase CO2 emissions in the summer and winter. Based on a mean
diurnal cycle, the CH4 fluxes had a daytime maximum, over 40 nmol m-2 s-1, around 3PM, which wasapproximately four times greater than a nighttime minimum. The high CH4 emissions during the daytime
could be caused by high emissions from the vehicle traffic, natural gas consumption, and/or seweragesystems in the daytime. Since the diurnal cycle of the CH4 flux in SAC was lagged after the CO2 fluxes,
CH4 emissions from other than vehicle traffic could also contribute to the diurnal variations in CH4fluxes. The CH4 fluxes would increase in the summer and winter as well as CO2, if emissions fromimperfect combustions of natural gas, such as gas-powered air conditioners, contributed in the seasonalscale.
The OPU site emitted CH4 throughout the year, but CO2 uptake was observed in the summer. The
CO2 fluxes measured in OPU decreased in the summer owing to photosynthetic uptake by vegetation.
Based on a mean diurnal cycle, the CH4 fluxes had a daytime maximum, about 50 nmol m-2 s-1, around
12AM, which was approximately three times greater than the nighttime minimum. Although the diurnal
variations in the CH4 flux were observed in both the summer and winter, the daytime maximum was
greater in the summer than other seasons. Consequently, for the seasonal scale, higher CH4 fluxes wereobserved in the summer than other seasons.
In the mobile measurements, CH4 and CO2 concentrations showed different spatial variations.
Since CO2 concentrations sharply increased during traffic jams and stops, vehicle-exhausted gases could
increase CO2 concentrations. These variations support the hypothesis that the diurnal variations in CO2
fluxes in SAC were caused by the vehicle traffic. For CH4 concentrations, the increases associated withtraffic jams were not observed. This suggests that the contribution of emissions from vehicle exhaustgas could be larger for CO2 than CH4. Previous studies in United States reported high CH4 concentrations
were observed due to natural gas leaks from distribution pipelines, but such high concentrations were
not observed in this area. In some locations, the increase of CH4 concentrations were not reproducible.
Further measurements should be required for identifying spatial-temporal variations in the gas
concentrations in the urban area.

75

P1-F2
Seasonal dynamics of carbon uptake and release and their climate controlling factors in
the North Hemisphere terrestrial ecosystems
Lang Han*1,2, Gui R. Yu1,2 and Zhi Chen1,2
1 Synthesis Research Center of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem
Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources
Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408,
China
Given the important contributions of terrestrial ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration to global
land carbon cycle, accurate depicting the seasonal dynamic of terrestrial gross primary productivity(GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) is important. Here, we analyzed seasonal patterns of GPP and
RE using eddy covariance data from 116 north hemisphere stations with a temporal coverage longer
than 3 years. The study included boreal, continental, temperate, and Mediterranean deciduous andconiferous forests, grasslands, shrublands, and wetlands, rainforest, arid grassland and shrublands, andpolar and alpine coniferous forest, grasslands, shrubland, and wetlands. We found that the seasonal
dynamics of GPP and RE were unimodal (except rainforest) and the dynamic of RE was coupled withthe dynamic of GPP, high GPP corresponded to high RE and low GPP corresponded to low RE. The
seasonal dynamics of grasslands were more fluctuated than other ecosystems, which was mostpronounced in the Mediterranean. The maximum value of daily GPP (GPPmax) in coniferous forests
was less than the GPPmax in deciduous forests. From temperate to boreal, the growing season length(GSL) and the growth respiration period (GRP) of ecosystems were significantly shortened. The
spatial variations in annual GPP were mostly explained by the spatial variations of GSL and mean
daily GPP (GPPmean). Similarly, the spatial variation of annual RE dependent on GRP and mean daily
RE (REmean), and REmean played a more important role than GRP. The spatial variation of GSL and
GRP were determined by autumn minimum air temperature, and GPPmean and REmean were influenced
by annual precipitation. The overall results of this study will improve our understanding of the spatial
patterns and climate controls of seasonal dynamics of ecosystem photosynthesis and respiration andthus can help to validate models that simulate changes in the global carbon budget.

76

P1-F3Attribution of Lake Taihu evaporation change simulated by CLM4-LISSS model on thebasis of future scenarios data
Zhen Zhang*1, Wei Wang1, Xuhui Lee1,2
1 Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate andEnvironment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing,
Jiangsu Province, China
2 School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Under the hydrological process, Lake evaporation is key factor which drive and affect water cycle,
carbon and energy cycle are also included. Lake acts as sentinel function and has a quick respond formany ecology systems transformations affected by climate change. On the premise of climate change,
the increase range of lake surface temperature is slower than air temperature and climate change willaffect the lake’s thermal and mixing condition and speed up the vulnerability of lake ecology. We use
the several years eddy flux dataset collected from Lake Taihu Eddy Flux Network to evaluate the CLM4LISSS model’s key parameters and prove the offline simulated result of CLM4-LISSS model isavailable for us to apply in Lake Taihu latent heat flux’s future simulation according to the comparison
result, then we apply revised CLM4-LISSS model to simulate different future scenarios’ Latent heat
flux of Lake Taihu during 2006 to 2100, which powered by multi earth system models’ meteorological
data. All four future scenarios’ latent heat flux shows significant increase trend, which in RCP 8.5
scenario owns the highest increase rate (2.55 W/m2 per decade), then two method is taken to analyze
main driver of the Lake Taihu’s latent heat flux change, statistical method (multiple stepwise regression
method) result shows downward shortwave radiation is main contributor of lake latent heat flux
variation, mechanistic method (the intrinsic biophysical theory) demonstrates the increase of latent heat
flux is attributed to the term of atmosphere forcing and surface feedback.

77

P1-F4
Seasonal and interannual variations in carbon fluxes in East Asia semi-arid grasslands
Huichen Zhao*1, Gensuo Jia1, Hesong Wang2, Anzhi Zhang1, Xiyan Xu1
1 Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of AtmosphericPhysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
2 Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
Semiarid regions have substantial interannual variation in carbon exchange between terrestrial
ecosystem and atmosphere but the diverse responses of carbon fluxes to climate variability are poorly
known. We compared carbon exchange processes and the responses to environmental factors in ameadow steppe at Tongyu (TY) and a typical steppe at Maodeng (MD) using long-term continuous
eddy covariance measurements. TY precipitation was 25% greater than MD. Both grasslands hadinterannual fluctuations of carbon sink and source and acted as weak carbon sinks averagely (-22.9 ±41.0 gCm-2yr-1 for TY and -11.8 ± 45.0 gCm-2yr-1 for MD). The seasonal dynamics of carbon fluxes
were significantly related to water availability at MD but more strongly related to air temperature at
TY. During dry years, the controlling effect of water availability on carbon fluxes increased. Summer
precipitation and soil moisture played key roles in the interannual variations in carbon fluxes in both
grasslands. At MD, net carbon uptake was negatively related to summer air temperature likely because
warming induced water deficit decreased photosynthesis. Greenness index derived from PhenoCam
images captured key phenological phases and diverse magnitude of canopy dynamics. The index wascorrelated with seasonal and annual variations in carbon fluxes at both grasslands, suggesting thepotential of PhenoCam for monitoring the spatial and temporal variations in canopy dynamics indifferent semiarid grasslands.

78

P1-F5
An evaluation of the flux-gradient and the eddy covariance method to measure CH4,
CO2, and H2O fluxes from small ponds
Jiayu Zhao*1,2, Mi Zhang1,2,4, Wei Xiao1,2,4, Wei Wang1,2, Zheng Zhang1,2, Zhou Yu1,2, Qitao Xiao1,2,
Zhengda Cao1,2, Jingzheng Xu1,2, Xiufang Zhang1,2, Shoudong Liu1,2, Xuhui Lee3,1
1 Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate andEnvironment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing,
Jiangsu Province, China
2 Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education and Collaborative Innovation
Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information
Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
3 School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
4 NUIST-Wuxi Research Institute, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
Despite their small overall area, small ponds play a large role in the greenhouse gas budgets of inland
water bodies. According to Holgerson and Raymond (2016), despite occupying less than 8.6% of thetotal water surface area, very small ponds (area smaller 0.001 km2) contribute disproportionately 15%of the total CO2 emission and 40% of the total CH4 emission from inland waters. Currently large
uncertainties exist in these estimates. These uncertainties are not only related to the uncertainty of thearea, number and spatial distribution of small ponds but also related to the sparsity of the actual flux
observations. More flux measurements at small ponds are needed in order to reduce these uncertainties
and to improve our understanding of the role of aquatic ecosystems in the global greenhouse gas cycles.
This study aims to evaluate the performance of the flux-gradient (FG) and the eddy covariance (EC)method for measuring the fluxes of CO2, CH4 and H2O at two small fish ponds (fetch < 120 m) in
subtropical climate conditions. The EC fluxes were subject to two sources of error: high frequency flux
loss and footprint contamination. Of the three gaseous fluxes, the CH4 flux suffered the largest highfrequency loss (18 %) due to a combination of low EC instrument height and long optical path of theCH4 analyzer. Despite the low measurement height, the EC fluxes were influenced by sources outside
the boundary of the target fish ponds, with the footprint contamination most severe on the CO2 flux andleast severe on the CH4 flux. With regards to the FG method, one major uncertainty lies in the eddy
diffusivity calculation. Of the three eddy diffusivity models evaluated [the aerodynamic (AE) model
deploying the full Obukhov stability correction, the modified Bowen-ratio model using H2O as a tracer,
and the wind profile model for neutral stability], the AE model yielded the best results for the CO2 andCH4 fluxes. Our results support Horst’s (1999, Boundary-Layer Meteorology 90, 171) theoreticalprediction that the footprint of the AE flux based on a two-level concentration profile measurement
should be much smaller than that of the gradient flux footprint and the EC flux footprint at the geometricmean of the two heights. We conclude that the most appropriate micrometeorological method formeasuring fluxes from small water bodies is a hybrid scheme, whereby an EC system is deployed tomeasure the eddy diffusivity and a precision gas analyzer is used to obtain the concentration gradient of
the target gas.

79

P1-F6
Driving factors of changes in evapotranspiration from a red pine ecosystem
Takumi Suzuki*1, Hiroki Iwata1, Satoru Takanashi2, Takafumi Miyama3, Yasuko Mizoguchi4,
Michiaki Okano3, Yuji Kominami3, Natsuko Yoshifuji3, and Takashi Nakano5
1 Department of Environmental Science, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japa)
2 Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Reseach Institute, Kyoto, Japan
3 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
4 Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hokkaido, Japan
5 Mount Fuji Reseach Institute, Yamanashi, Japan

Understanding the controls on evapotranspiration (ET) is important to predict future water resources
and regional climate (Kelliher et al., 1993). In general, ET is controlled by various driving factor suchas net radiation, vapor pressure deficit, soil water content and leaf area index, but these drivers
complexly affect the variation of ET due to the inter-factor dependencies. Futhermore, vegetation
sensitivity to these factors varies by ecosystems (Stoy et al., 2006, Igarashi et al., 2014). Thus, accurate
prediction of ET requires more detailed understanding of ecosystem characteristics inevapotranspiration. In this study, we examined controls on ET from a red pine ecosystem using 12-year
data, and applied the perturbation analysis to separate the effects of driving factors to the change in ET.
The ecosystem studied is a coniferous red pine forest with some below-canopy deciduous trees
located in the northern foot of Mt. Fuji in Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan. The latent heat flux (LE)using the eddy covariance technique and some climatic parameters were measured on the forest floor
and above the canopy. Data gaps of above-canopy LE values were filled by multiple imputation method(Hui et al., 2004). Canopy conductance was calculated by inverted Penman-Monteith equation.
The annual maximum above-canopy LE (LEc) was observed in August and the monthly average
was about 90 W m-2. Diurnal variation of LEc was driven by solar radiation (Rs), vapor pressure deficit(D) and canopy conductance (gc) as similar to previous studies, however significance in drivers changed
seasonally; effect of Rs and D increased in summer and gc effect increased in winter. The stomata tend
to close during winter, weakening the effect of Rs and D. Annual total LEc was most affected by D.
Stomatal response to changes in D can be moderate for humid ecosystems (Igarashi et al., 2014), andalso nighttime evaporation could be higher in high D condition.
To estimate contributions of forest floor LE on above-canopy LE, we examined driving factors offorest floor LE. A monthly average of forest-floor LE (LEf) was the highest in May and the value wasabout 10 W m-2. LEf was driven by D and net radiation (Rn), but LEf was more affected by D than Rn.
Therefore we made an empirical formula with driving factor D, with transport efficiency andevaporation efficiency by wind speed (U) and soil moisture content respectively. Estimates of spring(March-May) and summertime (June-August) LEf were relatively close to observed LEf. The linear
relationship between observed LEf and D multiplied with U showed that the slope was larger in morning(12.5) than afternoon (3.2) and this was remarkable in winter. We speculate that the morning LEf wasaffected by either evaporation of condensed water on the ground or dry air penetration from the air above
the canopy.
We will present the results from the perturbation analysis to quantify the contribution of driving
factors to the variation of LE at the poster.

80

P1-F7The controlling factors of diffusive and ebullitive methane emission on sub-daily timescale at a mid-latitude shallow lake
Tsukuru Taoka*1, Hiroki Iwata1, Yuichi Miyabara2, Ryuichi Hirata3, Yoshiyuki Takahashi3
1 Department of Environmental Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
2 Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Suwa, Japan
3 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,Japan
Lakes are one of the main sources of methane (CH4), an important greenhouse gas. CH4 is produced in
anoxic lake sediments by methanogenic bacteria, and it is emitted to the air via diffusion within thewater column, diffusion within plant aerenchyma, and ebullition.
For more precise prediction of CH4 emission from lakes, it is essential to clarify the mechanismsof diffusive and ebullitive emission on sub-daily time scale using continuous data of CH4 flux. In theprevious studies, floating chambers or bubble traps were generally used for measuring CH4 flux fromlakes. However, its spatial coverage and temporal resolution are limited. In this study, we applied apartitioning technique to CH4 flux measured with the eddy covariance technique in a mid-latitude
shallow lake, and examined the mechanisms of the CH4 emission via diffusion and ebullition on subdaily time scale.
The measurement was conducted in Lake Suwa, a shallow eutrophic lake located in the center ofNagano prefecture, Japan. The eddy covariance system was installed on a pier (36°2’47.66”N,
138°6’30.07”E) located at the south-east shore of the lake. The diffusive and ebullitive CH4 flux were
calculated using the 10 Hz data of ultrasonic anemo-thermometer and open-path CH4 analyzer at 30min interval with a modified eddy covariance technique (Iwata et al., 2018), which partitions the total
flux into diffusive and ebullitive fluxes. Along with the eddy covariance measurement, we obtained 30min averages of wind speed, atmospheric pressure, water temperature profile, water level, and radiation.
We used data from July 4, 2016 to August 30, 2017.
Both diffusive and ebullitive flux were significantly higher in the summer than in the winter,reflecting enhanced CH4 production in the lake sediment in warmer months. The ratio of annual
cumulative ebullitive flux to the total flux was 0.59.
Mean diurnal variation showed that diffusive flux became high in the afternoon, when wind speed
also became high, in every seasons. Diffusive flux increased with the increase of wind speed due toenhanced gas transfer efficiency. This wind speed dependence is consistent with those obtained withother methods such as floating chambers or transfer velocity method (e.g. Erkkilä et al., 2018).
Ebullitive flux during winter showed that higher flux (>0.05 µmol m-2 s-1) was more frequently
observed in the morning when wind speed started to increase, and few high flux was observed in theafternoon. However, in the summer, high ebullitive flux occurred at any time of day and no clear diurnal
variation was observed. Environmental dependence of ebullitive flux showed that high ebullitive flux
tended to be observed when hydrostatic pressure decreased and wind speed increased. These results are
consistent with previous studies in which the decreasing hydrostatic pressure and bottom shear stresscaused by wind are considered as a trigger for the ebullition. Such a tendency was clearer in the summer
than in the winter. The different sensitivity of ebullition on the environmental conditions between
seasons may be partly explained by the amount of bubble stored in the sediment. In the cold season,
when high ebullitive flux occurred at night, the ebullitive flux in the morning was generally smaller than
~0.05 µmol m-2 s-1. When ebullitive flux was relatively small (<0.05 µmol m-2 s-1) during night, highebullitive flux tended to be observed in the morning. This suggests that winter ebullition is also limitedby the amount of bubble in the sediment, in addition to the hydrostatic pressure and wind. On thecontrary, summer ebullition is less limited by the amount of bubble in the sediment. In the summer, theamount of accumulated bubble would be high due to high CH4 production rate, which supports highebullition at any time of day.

81

P1-F8How to register your observation data to European Flux Database?: Toward open data
policy of JapanFlux data
Hina Yamanuki*1, Kazuhito Ichii1,2, Zhiyan Liu1, Takuto Taguchi1, Ryuichi Hirata2, Reiko Ide2,
Masahito Ueyama3
1 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
2 National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba, Japan
3 Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
JapanFlux is now promoting dataset submission to European Flux Database to increase the visibility ofour datasets to wide communities. Therefore, we are working on preparing datasets to convert andregister to European Flux Database. In this presentation, we show how to register observation data into
European Database and discuss the potential benefit of the registration. We found that the dataregistration process is not so much complex and many users can easily put their datasets to the database.
Furthermore, we can get feedback from European Flux Database group on the submitted data, inparticular for incorrect data format and unit and questionable data. Advantages of open data via
European Flux Database are: (1) to improve visibility from research communities and (2) simple link to
the FLUXNET database. We can also help to upload more data from both JapanFlux and AsiaFlux.

82

P1-F9
Exploring influences of different management strategies on surface energy patterns in tea
fieldsSiang-Heng Wang*1 and Jehn-Yih Juang1, 2
1 International Degree Program in Climate Change and Sustainable Development, National Taiwan
University, Taipei, Taiwan
2 Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Understanding characteristic of different agricultural land use and land cover is one of the important
issues for land management and agricultural practices. Management strategies of agricultural fields
applied by farmers could play an important role to influence energy budget near the ground surface overdifferent scale. Although some surface energy budget has been evaluated in different kinds of cash crops,
quantitative comparison of energy components in tea field with row-planting and short canopy
properties is still rare. Tea is important cash crop as major income for farmers in northern Taiwan.
Dealing with the impact of weather fluctuation to ensure the sustainability of the tea farms is an major
concern for tea farmers in this region. For field management, the main purpose is to conserve moisturein tea field for more yield and higher production quality. To achieve these objectives, tea farmers use
their knowledges to manage their fields with different ways. This study tried to quantitatively
characterize the impacts and resilience of the tea farms with different management strategies byquantifying energy components in two neighboring tea fields with two different canopy structure causedby two management practices, conventional and organic-certified. Two sets of eddy-covariance (EC)system coupling with environmental observation system have set in tea fields with different canopy
structure during winter and summer. Different patterns of energy budget under different management
strategies in these two neighboring tea fields are evaluated. The results could sufficiently help farmers
to understand the characteristics in their fields, provide an quantitative information for sustainable
development in field management in the future, and help to develop more precisive regional climate
model for researchers.
Keywords: Perennial cash crop; Row-planting; Eddy-covariance; Flux; Energy budget83

P1-F10
Inter-annual variability of net ecosystem exchange of CO2 in a temperate deciduous forest
in the Gwangneung National Arboretum in Korea
H. Yang*1, D. Ryu1, M. Kang2, J. Chun3, J. Lim4, and J. Kim1,5
1 Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University,
Republic of Korea
2 National Center for AgroMeteorology, Republic of Korea
3 Research Planning and Coordination, National Institute of Forest Science, Republic of Korea
4 Forest Ecology & Climate Change Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Republic of Korea
5 Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University,
Republic of Korea
Gwangneung temperate deciduous forest KoFlux site (GDK) is one of the longest surface flux
measurement sites in Korea. In this report, we focused on the inter-annual variability of net ecosystem
exchange of CO2 (NEE) and its controlling factors. This oak-dominated mixed forest (e.g. Quercus
serrata, Carpinus laxiflora) is at least 80 years old and has been naturally preserved as a part of thenational arboretum with no management. The mean canopy height is approximately 20m and the soil
type is predominantly silt loam. During the study period from 2004 to 2018, annual temperature was
11.1±0.6 ℃ and precipitation was 1361±360 mm. Eddy covariance fluxes were measured at 40 m above
ground using a sonic anemometer, open- and closed-path infrared gas analyzers. Data processing,quality control, and gap-filling were performed, following the KoFlux protocols. First, we quantified
the inter-annual variability of NEE and then examined the biophysical factors that may have caused ayear to year variation. Second, we interpreted these results on the basis of Odum’s strategy of ecosystemdevelopment (SED) theory. During the 15-year period, 2004 and 2005 were excluded from the analysis(due to large data gaps). For the remaining period from 2006 to 2018, the mean NEE was −50 (±107)
gC m-2, indicating that the GDK forest was on average a weak carbon sink with large inter-annual
variability. The relationships of climatic (light, air temperature, precipitation) and phenological factors(growing season length) with NEE variation were rather complex and yet light explained largest portionof the inter-annual variance, as expected. The scrutiny of such inter-annual variations demonstrated that
the GDK forest was sensitive to changes in their environmental conditions by showing frequent shifts
between weak carbon sink and weak carbon source. Particularly with weakened or absence of intensive
summer monsoon for the recent several years, the forest has been turning from carbon sink to carbon
neutral and further into carbon source. Despite a wide range of variations in climatic and phenologicalconditions, the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to ecosystem respiration (RE) remained
relatively stable with an average of 1.05 (±0.09). In terms of water use, the efficiency (defined as theratio of GPP to evapotranspiration) also showed insignificant interannual variations. These results arefurther examined and discussed from the perspectives of thermodynamics and network growth.
(Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the fundamental study subsequent generation
scholarship in Seoul National University and our thanks go out to all the members of KoFlux who havecommitted and dedicated for continuous data collection and site management.)84

P1-S1
Soil respiration after six years of continuous drought stress in the tropical rainforest inSouthwest China
Liguo Zhou*1,2, Yuntong Liu1, Yiping Zhang1, Liqing Sha1, Qinghai Song1, Wenjun Zhou1, D.
Balasubramanian1, Gnanamoorthy Palingamoorthy 1, Jinbo Gao1,2, Youxing Lin1,2, Jing Li 1,2, Ruiwu
Zhou1,2, Sai Tay Zar Myo1,2, Xianhui Tang 1,2, Jin Zhang 1,2, Peng Zhang 1,2, Shusen Wang1, 3 and John
Grace4
1 CAS, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun 666303, China;
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3 Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Resources Canada;
4 School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom

Climate models predict that droughts will increase in Southeast Asia, yet little is known about how soil
respiration (Rs) and its components heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and autotrophic respiration (Ra) willchange following drought years. To clarify this issue and to detect underlying mechanisms, we
conducted a 2-year field experiment in the seventh and eighth year of long-term stress experiment at
artificially droughted plots within a tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. We
separated Rh and Ra by trenching and we measured dissolved organic carbon in the soil water andmicrobial biomass. In average, the drought stress (a through-fall reduction treatment), reduced throughfall by 50%, reduced fine root biomass by 36%. Ra declined by 35 % yet Rh increased. There was a 31%
increase in active inorganic nitrogen with a 29% increase in Rh. Further, the change in soil microbialcommunity composition, mainly, group-speciﬁc phospholipid fatty acid could explain 17%-59% of thespatial variation of Rh during the dry and rainy season of 2018. However, changes in dissolved organiccarbon, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, did not explain the increase in Rh(+29%). There was an inconsistent significant positive correlation between seasonal change of CO2 flux
and these processes dynamic across 2017 and 2018. Soil temperature, soil moisture and litterfall jointly
determined annual variation in Rs and Rh across two years. These findings highlights the different
response and mechanism of root and soil microorganisms to long term drought stress.
Keywords Soil respiration. Soil temperature. Soil moisture. Autotrophic respiration. Heterotrophic
respiration. Through-fall reduction85

P1-S2
Nitrogen addition decreased soil respiration by altering microbial composition withoutchanging the temperature sensitivity in a semiarid grassland
Wei Du*1, Yinghui Liu1
1 State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of GeographicalScience, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
The mechanism underlying the response of soil respiration (Rs) to nitrogen (N) addition remains to be
explored in semiarid ecosystems. This study was conducted to determine the effect of N addition on
soil microbial composition, Rs and its temperature sensitivity (Q10). A N addition experiment was
carried out in a semiarid grassland in China, with N fertilizer application rates of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 g
N m-2 yr-1 for three consecutive years. Microbial phospholipid fatty acids, Rs and Q10, and theirrelationships with soil properties were measured. Results showed that N addition significantly
increased the content of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic nitrogen (IN), anddecreased soil pH. N addition reduced microbial biomass carbon (MBC), reduced fungi to bacteria
ratio (F:B) and increased gram-positive bacteria to gram-negative bacteria ratio (G+:G-). The resultsof structural equation model showed that soil moisture was the main regulator of Rs. N addition
reduced Rs by lowering MBC and altering microbial composition. However, N addition had no
significant effect on Q10, soil total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN), indicating that N
addition alleviated soil carbon loss and was unlikely to change its potential for bigger loss underglobal warming.

Structural equation model for the effects of nitrogen addition, soil temperature and moisture on soil pH, C and N availability,
microbial composition, Rs and Q10.
Dashed, red, and blue path indicates the effect is insignificant, positive, and negative, respectively. The width of the arrow
indicates the strength of the standardized path coefficient. Bold and italic-typed value indicates the proportion of the varianceexplained for each variable.

86

P1-T1Isoprene emission from bamboo species
Tingwei Chang*1, Tomonori Kume2, Linjie Jiao1 and Yoshiko Kosugi1
1 Division of Environmental Science and Technology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
2 Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Isoprene is abundantly emitted by terrestrial plants and is one of the largest volatile organic compound(VOC) emission whose carbon weight approximately equal to that of the emission of methane in the
globe, leading it becomes a significant carbon pathway in terrestrial ecosystems. Besides of its
abundance, the high reactivity of isoprene can impact the atmospheric chemistry, for example, isoprene
and its oxidant can contribute to the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs),
which are significant air pollutants; also, isoprene can prolong the lifetime of methane (CH4) bycompeting radicals with it. Therefore, clarifying the isoprene emission from vegetations has its
importance on atmospheric chemistry including control of air quality, estimation of greenhouse gases
and clarification of carbon cycling.
Isoprene emission from vegetation have been studied on many species over the world, however,
only few studies focused on isoprene emissions from bamboo species. Bamboo species have widelydistributed in the world and across regions with different climate type including tropical, subtropical,
and temperate regions. Currently, bamboo forests have showed expansion and invasion in eastern Asia,
especially for species with running rhizomes, such as Phyllostachys pubescens (moso bamboo). Several
studies reported that some of the bamboo species, e.g. P. pubescens, Phyllostachys bambusoides andBambusa oldhamii, can be isoprene emitters, implying potential impact on regional isoprene emission
under the expansion of bamboo forests.
Previous studies of isoprene emission from bamboos only investigated the isoprene emission fora short term (about one day) with limited light and temperature changes. To clarify the isoprene emission
characteristics, which is essential for clarifying regional impact under the expansion of bamboo forests,
the dependence on several factors, including light intensity and leaf temperature, should be investigated.
Thus, we observed isoprene emission fluxes from leaves of P. pubescens with light control during
measurements in a pure forest of P. pubescens located in Xitou experimental forest of National Taiwan
University, Nantou, Taiwan from September 2015 to March 2016.
We found that the isoprene emission fluxes increased with photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD) then saturated at PPFD of ~1000 μmol m-2 s-1, which can be reproduced with a G93 model for
isoprene emission flux from plant leaf. On the other hand, under sufficient light, isoprene emission flux
increased with leaf temperature, however, it did not be reproduced with the G93 model because of thevery low emission flux at leaf temperature lower than 23°C and steeply increased emission flux withleaf temperature (Fig 1).
In this study, P. pubescens
showed strong isoprene emission
fluxes which are comparable to topclass emitter species at standard
condition. The steeper increase inemission flux with leaf temperature
could be explained by the different
regulatory mechanism between
tropical/subtropical
species
including P. pubescens andtemperate species which were theempirical parameters of the G93
model conducted from.
Fig 1 Isoprene emission fluxes from leaves in relation to leaf
temperature by culm (solid and open circles) with highest andlowest measurements (error bars) under sufficient light. The
solid and dashed curves represent the simulation by ordinary
G93 algorithm and optimized G93 determined in this study.

87

P1-E1The effect of lost canopy on the seasonal variation of stem surface respiration in Japanese
cedar
Haruna Takahashi*1, Taku M. Saitoh2, Yu Hirano3, Koh Yasue4
1 Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
2 River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
3 Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.
4 Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.
It is well known that Japanese cedar forest, which is typical ecosystem in Japan, is damaged by heavy
snow in cool temperate zone. In addition, a recent future climate study has predicted that extreme
snowfall events will increase in central Japan under ongoing climate change. Thus, the occurrence ofsnow damage in Japanese cedar forest in this region will increase in the future. It is, therefore, importantto understand the effect of disturbance caused by snow damage on photosynthesis and each respiration
components on carbon cycle in this forest. As the stem surface respiration is one of the largest respiration
components in forest ecosystem, we clarify the effect of lost canopy by snow damage on the seasonalvariation of stem surface respiration in Japanese cedar.
Our study was conducted at evergreen coniferous forest in Takayama, Japan (AsiaFlux TKC; 36°08’N,
137°22’E). At the site, many individual trees were damaged by heavy snow in December 2014 and lost
all or parts of canopy. In this study, we categorized the 21 individual trees into the following three types
based on the canopy conditions: healthy tree (H), broken stem tree but canopy still intact (BSc), andbroken stem tree with no canopy (BS). From April to December in 2018, we measured stem surface
respiration, stem surface temperature and diameter at breast height of all individual trees. Additionally,
we collected tree-ring core samples to confirm the annual ring formation and collected woody tissues
for observation of cambial activity of BSc and BS. We also estimated canopy projected area of H and
BSc.
Stem surface respirations of all samples had clear seasonal variation with highest in summer and lowest
in winter. As a result of the comparison of stem surface respirations under different canopy conditions,stem surface respiration in H and BSc were highest and lowest throughout the measurement period,
respectively. In addition, temperature dependence of stem surface respiration under three canopy
conditions were different. The different respiration rate and temperature sensitivity might be caused bydifferent respiration process among H, BSc and BS as follows: Stem surface respiration in H might
consist of the growth and maintenance respiration. In fact, we found the clear relationship between theannual stem surface respiration and annual stem radial growth in H. Almost stem surface respiration in
BSc might consist of maintenance respiration because almost all individual trees of BSc have living
cambium in despite of the lack of the annual rings after the year of canopy damage. Stem surface
respiration in BS might consist of microbial respiration because the cambium of all of BS had alreadydead. Consequently, our analysis indicates that the spatial heterogeneity of stem surface respiration isincreased by snow damage in the Japanese cedar ecosystem.

88

P1-E2
Eddy covariance reveals the seasonal patterns in energy balance and evapotranspirationfrom an alpine Sphagnum peatland in the Australian Alps
Meeruppage D M Gunawardhana*1, Ewen Silvester2,3, Oliver A.H. Jones4, Samantha Grover1
1 School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001 Australia
2 Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, PO Box 821,
Wodonga, Vic. 3689, Australia
3 Research Centre for Applied Alpine Ecology (RCAAE), La Trobe University
4 Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Science, RMIT
University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
Australia’s alpine Sphagnum peatlands are nationally significant ecosystems, for their biodiversity
values and playing an important water quality role in the headwaters of SE Australia; yet they are also
listed as endangered. In order to protect and sustainably manage these ecosystems, a greater
understanding of their hydrology is needed. In particular, peatland evapotranspiration remains poorly
characterized due to the complexity of surface characteristics and the diversity of peatlands (i.e.
condition, age position in landscape etc). This study examined the evapotranspiration dynamics and theenergy balance, of an alpine Sphagnum peatland under differing meteorological conditions for two years.
Energy and water vapour fluxes were determined continuously using the eddy covariance approach.
Potential evapotranspiration was computed via the modified Penman-Monteith approach. Measured
fluxes were characterized by a distinct seasonal pattern with the highest values observed during summer.
The closure of the energy balance of the in-situ measurements was acceptable (slope = 0.71, r2 = 0.90).
Spring, summer and autumn show a distinct diurnal pattern of latent and sensible heat fluxes, with thehighest average values observed between 10:00 and 14:00. In summer, the values of latent heat obtainedin the daytime account for an average of 40–60 % of the radiation balance, while the Bowen ratio has avalue of 0.3 to 0.7. Our results show that the seasonal average ET values were 43mm, 166mm, 343mm
and 136mm in winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively. The average daily total
evapotranspiration varied from 0.5 mm d−1 during the winter months to 3–3.5 mm d−1 in summer. During
the summer, daily evapotranspiration was closely related to the daily potential evapotranspiration.
Synoptic weather conditions, as reflected by incoming radiation and water vapour pressure deficit, were
the key factors controlling evapotranspiration. Differences in the precipitation patterns and summer
temperature also accounted for some of the observed differences in evapotranspiration between the 2years of the study period.
Keywords: Actual evapotranspiration; Bowen ratio; Eddy covariance; Energy balance; Peatland*Corresponding author
Tel.: +61 (0)455 733 904
E-mail: s3734343@student.rmit.edu.au
Postal address – School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne VIC 3001,
Australia.

89P1-E3
Does decomposition of leaf mixtures and absorptive-root mixtures synchronously changewith deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus
Lei Jiang*1, 3, Liang Kou1, 2, 3, Shenggong Li1, 3
1 Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2 Center of Forest Ecosystem Studies and Qianyanzhou Ecological Station, Institute of Geographic
Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
3 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,
China
Leaves and absorptive roots, the plant tissues that acquire resources, decompose quite differently due
to their distinct morphology, chemistry, and decomposition microenvironment. However, themechanisms behind leaf mixture decomposition and root mixture decomposition and their responses tonutrient deposition remain poorly understood. We used a nutrient-addition manipulative experiment toinvestigate the individual and interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on leaf mixture
decomposition and absorptive root mixture decomposition of Pinus massoniana and Schima superba
forests in subtropical China. Four treatments were employed: control (CTRL), +N (120 kg N ha-1y-1),+P (40 kg P ha-1y-1), and +NP (120 kg N and 40 kg P ha-1y-1). Both the leaves and roots decomposed
faster when in mixture (observed) than in isolation (expected). The synergistic effects were decreased
under all the nutrient-addition treatments for the leaf mixtures but only with +NP for the root mixtures.
The differences (observed - expected) of the extracellular enzymatic activities (EEAs) of
microorganisms were decreased with +N in the leaf mixtures relative to the CTRL, and the differences(observed - expected) of the concentration of acid unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) were decreased with
+NP in the root mixtures. The differences (observed - expected) of mass loss were positively
correlated with microbial EEAs differences for leaf mixtures and with AUR concentration differences
for root mixtures. Our results indicated that the decomposition of both the leaf mixtures and the root
mixtures had synergistic effects. The decreased synergistic interactions under nutrient addition wereassociated with microbial EEAs for the leaf mixtures and with AUR concentration for the root
mixtures. These findings highlight the contrasting mechanisms underlying the decomposition ofabove-ground mixtures and below-ground mixtures, and imply a slow cycling of carbon and nutrients
under atmospheric nutrient deposition.
Key words: Mixing effect; Litter decomposition; Fertilization; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Synergistic
interaction90

P1-E4Gas exchange process during and after rainfall over a Japanese cypress canopy by using
eddy covariance and SVAT multi-layer model
Linjie Jiao*1, Yuuichi Sempuku1, Tingwei Chang1, Yoshiko Kosugi1
1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
CO2 flux (Fc) and latent heat flux (λE) dynamics over temperate forest canopy are very important forsolving the problem of Global Warming and Greenhouse effect, because it reveals the gas exchange
process. However, in many sites with frequent precipitation, there is a blank on understanding the gas
exchange process during and after rainfall due to the low precision of traditional open path gas analyser
in wet environment. Moreover, for hypo-stomatal vegetations, whether rainfall interception can
distribute on the abaxial (lower) surface greatly effects stomata aperture.
This study used the method of eddy covariance withadvanced water proof enclosed gas analyser to capture thegas exchange dynamic of a temperate hypo-stomatalJapanese cypress canopy over in 3 years and analyse
stomatal activity by canopy conductance. Wetness
monitoring by handmade wetness sensors were also
carried out synchronously. The results showed there werehigher Fc, λE at the 3 hours after wet than 3-6 hours after
wet and over 6 hours dry periods when the meteorologicalconditions were the same (e.g. Figure 1). The similar trendof canopy conductance indicated higher stomatal
conductance at the initially dry periods (3 hours after wet).
The variations of gas exchange dynamic of different leaf Figure 1. relationship between gc (canopy
wetness condition were not same through the seasons and conductance) and VPD at different
especially significant in summer.
wetness conditions in 4 seasons
Meanwhile., a SVAT model has been employed todetect the gas exchange during the rainfall by using
two different rainfall interception solutions (Figure 2.:leaf wetness distributed on the adaxial surface andboth surfaces). In five degrees of rainfall, cases thatwere close to both two models and representatively
close to each model appeared. The results by positive
λE and negative Fc during the rainfall as model 1
indicated that Japanese cypress were able to process
gas exchange during the rainfall occasionally.
Figure 2. Conceptual figure of the two rainfall
interception solutions91

P1-E5
Tree root exudation with fine root traits under four coniferous forests in Japan
Maiko Akatsuki*¹, Naoki Makita¹
1 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
Plant roots have the function of releasing organic compounds to the soil, which is useful for plantsurvival through the degradation of microorganisms around the roots and the enhancements ofallelopathy against other plant invasions. In this study, we developed a method to collect exudative
carbon content from tree fine roots in natural forest field. We quantified the root exudation rates infour conifers and the relationship with morphology and N contents, and aimed to determine influenceof root traits on exudation.
The study was conducted in a cool temperate forest in Nagano, Japan. Target species withmature trees were red pine (Pinus densiflora), larch (Larix kaemoferi), Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria
japonica) and cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). The intact root system was exposed from the soil
without any disturbance and divided into three diameter classes (<0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.5 mm). We
measured exudation rate from the root system. The root samples were evaluated as root traits; diameter,
specific root length (m g-1), specific root area (cm2 g-1), root tissue density (g cm-3), and N
concentration (%).
Fine root exudation rate increased with decreasing diameter in all species. Exudation rate wascorrelated positively with specific root length and root N and negatively with root tissue density. These
results suggest that the roots with small diameter, high physiological activity, and low tissue density
has high C release by exudation. Therefore, it may be possible to have high exudation rates by forming
traits that are easy to exudate.
Keywords: Carbon flux, Secondary metabolite, Tree fine root, Rhizodeposition92

P1-E6
Response of fine root respiration rate and morphology traits along the elevation gradientin Japanese subalpine forest
Mizuki Okamoto*1, Koichi Takahashi1 and Naoki Makita1
1 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621,
Japan
The respiration of fine roots (<2 mm in diameter) is accounted for great part of soil respiration, andplays important role in carbon cycle in forest ecosystem. Fine root respiration and morphology could
reflect plant growth and resource uptake. Here, we elucidated the respiration and morphology of fineroots of Birch (Betula ermanii and Betula platyphylla) and Fir (Abies veitchii and Abies mariesii) in
response to elevation gradient in subalpine forest.
We established five plots (1500 m, 1600 m, 2000 m, 2300 m, and 2500 m) along the elevation
gradients of Mount Norikura(3026 m above sea level) in central Japan. The mean annual precipitation
is about 1600 mm, and the mean annual temperature is about 5 ℃ (1600 m). We measured the respirationof fine root system from five elevations in summer during 2018 and 2019. We investigate the respiration
rates and morphology of fine roots divided into three diameter classes (<0.5, 0.5-1.0, and 1.0-2.0 mm)
in the Birch and Fir species. At each elevation, the root system were sampled from the soil within 1 mfrom the trees. Fine root respiration was evaluated at about 20℃ using an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA
GMP343, Vaisala, Finland). The image data of the fine root system was created with a scanner after
measurement of respiration. Root length, root volume, and mean diameter were measured with
WinRhizo (Regent Instruments, Quebec, Canada). Specific root length and root tissue density were
determined from the measurement data as morphological traits. We determined the root branchingintensity (root tips per length) by counting the number of root tips from image data.
We will discuss the relationships between the respiration and morphology of fine roots along theelevation gradients in Japanese subalpine forests.
Key wards:

root CO2 efflux, elevation gradient, specific root length, root tissue density93

P1-E7
Flower litters as hyper nitrogen- and phosphorus-rich resources for soil ecosystem
Ohta Kazuhide*1, T Itabashi1, T Sato 1, K Hoshizaki1
1 Department of Biological Environment Akita Prefectural University
In forests, leaf litter is ubiquitous for decomposers, but its nitrogen and phosphorus contents are usually
very low. In contrast, flower litters contain more nitrogen and phosphorus than leaf litters in somespecies. However, decomposition process of the flower litters on the forest floor has rarely been
compared with that of leaf litters.
Thus in this study, we first quantified litter properties (C, N and P contents and C/N) of flower
litters, using 4 species (Fagus crenata, Pterocarya rhoifolia, Quercus crispula and Aesculus turbinata),
and found that flower litters had very high decomposability. Then we prepared flower litter bags whereas
leaf litter bags separately for these species, and placed them for 4 months under the canopy of eachspecies in a temperate mixed-species forest. Results show that flower litters lost 13 to 46% of initial
weight at the first 2 weeks and 42 to 77% at the end of the experiment and that leaf litters retained, in
contrast, 80 to 90% of initial weight even at the end of the experiment (4 months later).We also foundthat nitrogen released from the flower litters accounted for 35 to 159 mg/100g litters at the first 2 weeks,
whereas that release from leaf litters only 6 to 15 mg/100g.
Our study demonstrates that flower litters serve as very ephemeral resource for decomposers,
providing a seasonal pulse to soil ecosystems.

Flower litter
Leaf litter

Figure1. Litter properties (C, N and P contents and C/N) of flower litters compare with leaf litters.
Values are standardized within each of N, P and C/N. We used -C/N because this mean that that higher
values represent higher decomposability.

94

P1-R1
Ground based measurement of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence dynamics in rice
paddy field ecosystem
Kanokrat Buareal*1, Tomomichi Kato2, Tomoki Morozumi2 and, and Keisuke Ono3
1 Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
2 Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
3 Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
Solar-Induced Chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is one of state-of-art proxies, representing thephotosynthetic status. One of the unique characteristics of SIF, as a direct information on photosynthesis,
is to be able to be extended from single-leaf scale to the ecosystem and global scale for estimating thegross primary productivity (GPP) simultaneously. It’s been discovered that SIF had a strong correlation
with photosynthesis activity at the leaf level and global level detected by satellite (e.g. GOSAT, FLEX)
as well and, although large uncertainty has still remained in its mechanism. To understand more on SIFGPP relationship, the ground-based measurement of the SIF should be conducted over various
ecosystem types (considered climate conditions, plant species) in order to develop a higher accuracy
model of global carbon cycling. Rice paddy field is one of the major crops in Asia, occupying about
ninety percent of the world total paddy area. Therefore, detecting the GPP via remote-sensing
information is useful to know how much of atmospheric CO2 taking by plant through photosynthesis.
For SIF detection, we installed a high-resolution spectroradiometer, QEpro (Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL,USA) with the full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.30 (Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL, USA), in rice
(Oryza sativa L.; cultivar Koshihikari) field at Mase eddy flux site in Tsukuba city in Japan. The
spectroradiometer is connected to three optical fiber cables, the first one is for detecting the incoming
solar irradiance (field of view, FOV at 180°), and second and the third one is for detecting the upcoming
reflected radiance from paddy field (FOV at 25° and 180°, respectively). The diurnal and seasonal
dynamics of SIF were compared with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the other vegetation
indices; namely the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and Enhanced Vegetation Index(EVI). The SIF was also conducted from different 5 spectroradiometers (FLAME, HR4000 x 2, QE Pro
x 2) with 0.11-0.66 nm of FWHM. In this study, the ground-based assessment results of SIF variability
in the ecosystem are the preliminary results towards the process of validating the photosynthesis yieldat the global level.

95

P1-R2Mapping the forest aboveground biomass in Japan by SAR-based machine learningmodel
Wu Lan*1, Tomomichi Kato2 and Masato Hayashi3
1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
2 Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
3 Earth Observation Research Center (EORC), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tsukuba,
Japan
Forest plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. Estimating its biomass is quite important forunderstanding the carbon dynamics of the terrestrial ecosystem and climate processes. While passive
optical remote sensing has difficulty to capture the direct information of forest canopy structure, active
microwave radar can do it by penetrating the forest canopy and by the weather- and light-freedetectability. The combination of multi ground data can also improve estimation accuracy than thosegenerated by an individual sensor (Saatchi et al.,2011; Qin et al., 2016).
In this study, we applied the machine learning model, random forest regression model, trainedby the Phased Array L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) series data operated by JAXA from2006, and multiple remote sensing data, including vegetation indices and topography etc., for detecting
aboveground biomass (AGB) in Japanese forest. We used the PALSAR 25m mosaic data with HH and
HV polarizations. To reduce the speckles, we also did a filtering with averaging window size of 5 x 5pixels. The MCD43A4 product of Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) wasused to calculate the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index(EVI). To improve the estimation accuracy, the statistics in temporal variation (average, standard
deviation, range, skewness, kurtosis) and textures (mean, standard deviation, entropy, homogeneity,contrast, dissimilarity) of them are also used for model training, together with the 90 m spatial
resolution Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) product. In this study, random forest (RF)regression algorithm was used to determine the optimal variables of statistical models for estimationand validation of forest AGB derived from the ground survey of them by Japanese Forest Agency. As
Yu & Saatchi (2016) found that it is important to consider the forest types when using L-bandbackscatter to estimate forest AGB, we run the RF models for each forest type.
The objectives of this study are to (1) map the forest AGB in Japan using a combination of
PALSAR and others, (2) to quantify the spatiotemporal forest changes in Japan from 2007 to 2010.
Keywords: L-band ALOS/PALSAR; MODIS; random forest.
References:[1] Saatchi SS, Harris NL, Brown S, Lefsky M, Mitchard ETA, Salas W, et al. (2011). Benchmark mapof forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents. PNAS, 108(24): 9899–904.
doi:10.1073/pnas.1019576108.
[2] Qin, Y., Xiao, X., Dong, J., Zhang, G., Roy, P. S., Joshi, P. K. et al. (2016). Mapping forests inmonsoon Asia with ALOS PALSAR 50-m mosaic images and MODIS imagery in 2010.
Scientific Reports, 6, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20880[3] Yu, Y., & Saatchi, S. (2016). Sensitivity of L-band SAR backscatter to aboveground biomass ofglobal forests. Remote Sensing, 8(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8060522

96

P1-R3
Precipitation-use efficiency in Eurasian steppe: spatial pattern and influence factors
Tianyou Zhang1,2*, Guirui Yu1,2, Zhi Chen1,2
1 key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Study on the response and adaptation of terrestrial ecosystem carbon and water cycle processing on
climate change has become one of the key issues in ecology and global change science.
Precipitation-use Efficiency (PUE) is an ecological parameter to measure the efficiency of biomass
production using precipitation resources in terrestrial ecosystems. It is of great theoretical significanceto reveal the spatial variation pattern and its formation mechanism of PUE to assess the change of
production and to understand adaptive strategies of terrestrial ecosystem. Our study was based on
above-ground biomass sample point data and GIMMS Normalized Vegetation Index inversion to
generate NPPa data set, and then calculated the PUE data set. Combined with climatical factors and
PUE spatial grid sata, analysised NPPa and PUE spatial variation pattern and explored the universal
mode of environmental response and their formation mechanism at the continental scale. Our result
shown that the mean PUE value is about 0.15 to 0.07 g C m-2 mm-1, lower than the North and SouthAmerica grasslands and higher than African grasslands and the spatial pattern has clear horizontal
zone and vertical zone variation Law. We have found that the response of grassland vegetation typechanging formed the universal Positive Skewness unimodal pattern of PUE and NPPa to MAP spatial
variation at continental scale in the Eurasian grasslands. This study was the first to assess the mean
PUE value, put forward universal mode of PUE and NPPa response MAP spatial variation, reveals the
PUE spatial variation response environmental mode and potential mechanism, and also enhanced theunderstanding of the evolution of grasslands ecosystem and adaptive strategies to climate change.It
can provide a reference for accurate assessment the productivity change of grassland ecosystems andtheir impact on climate change.

97

P1-R4
Determination of parameters for evergreen broadleaf forests in gross primary production
capacity estimation algorithm using flux data for Amazon, Thailand and Australia
Aika Wakai*1, Rinako Yoshioka1 and Kanako Muramatsu1
1 Nara Women’s University, Nara, Japan
Gross primary production (GPP) is the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by plants via photosynthesis.
It contributes to reveal carbon cycle to estimate GPP globally. Schmitt et al. (2009) estimates evergreen
broadleaf forests occupy about 20% of the global forest area. It’s important to take them into
consideration when we estimate global GPP.
The amount of photosynthesis depends on photosynthetic capacity and reduction ofphotosynthesis results from weather conditions. Thanyapraneedkul et al. (2012) defines gross primary
production capacity (GPPcapacity) as GPP without stress of dryness focusing on photosynthetic
capacity and developed GPPcapacity estimation algorithm to estimate it using satellite data. In thisalgorithm, the relationship between ground-observed photosynthetically active radiation and
GPPcapacity is drawn as the light-response curve of photosynthesis. The maximum value of
GPPcapacity is considered to depend on chlorophyll content. Chlorophyll index (CI) is calculated using
the reflectance of green and near infrared bands of satellite data as propounded Gitelson et al. (2003).
The relationship between CI and GPPcapacity(2000) (i.e., GPPcapacity where photosynthetically active
radiation is enough high value of 2000 μmolm-2s-1) is assumed to be linear. Parameters in the lightresponse curve of photosynthesis and the linear regression are determined for each vegetation type ineach climate region. Parameters for evergreen broadleaf forests have not been determined yet regardlessof their importance when we estimate global GPPcapacity.
Parameters for tropical evergreen broadleaf forests were tried to be determined using flux data for
Amazon (BR-Sa1 and BR-Sa3) and Thailand (TH-SKR) and MODIS surface reflectance data for thesame flux sites. The data acquired in only dry season were used to examine the relationship between CI
and GPPcapacity(2000) because those acquired in rainy season were affected by clouds. However,
because of the narrow range of CI resulted from using the data for only dry season, the linear regression
could not be determined. Wider range of CI is needed to determine parameters. Temperate evergreen
broadleaf forests were considered to have a different range of it from tropical ones.
In this study, parameters common for tropical and temperate evergreen broadleaf forests were
determined using the data for Australia (AU-Whr) together with those for Amazon and Thailand. The
relationship between CI and GPPcapacity(2000) was examined (Fig.1). The ranges of them for Australia
were smaller than tropical ones. A linear regression for an evergreen broadleaf forests group wasdetermined as

They had a positive correlation with thecorrelation coefficient value of R=0.80.
GPPcapacity will be estimated for each
flux site using the determined parameters and
MODIS reflectance data. The values of
GPPcapacity will be compared to both GPP and
GPPcapacity values of flux data, and thenvalidity of the determined parameters will be
examined. Those results will be shown in ourpresentation.

0.121

CI

0.16 .

1

GPPcapacity(2000)[mgCO2m-2s-1]

GPPcapacity 2000

Chlorophyll index (CI)

Fig.1. The relationship between chlorophyll index(CI) and GPPcapacity(2000) for Amazon (BRSa1 and BR-Sa3), Thailand (TH-SKR) andAustralia (AU-Whr).

98

P1-R5Long-term observation of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and light-use
efficiency (LUE) in a temperate Japanese cypress forest at Kiryu Japan
Siyu Chen*1, Yoshiko Kosugi1, Tatsuro Nakaji2, Hibiki Noda3, Kenlo Nishida Nasahara4, Kouki
Hikosaka5
1 Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
2 Hokkaido University, Takaoka, Tomakomai, Hokkaido, 053-0035 Japan
3 National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
4 University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
5 Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, JapanThe light-use efficiency (LUE) of vegetation is one of the most essential parameters in production
estimation models for terrestrial ecosystems. LUE generally expressed as the ratio of gross primary
production (GPP) to absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR). Due to the characteristic ofphotochemical reflectance index (PRI) which is sensitive to changes in carotenoid pigments(e.g. xanthophyll pigments) in live foliage, we recorded the canopy spectral reflectance data withhemispherical spectroradiometers to calculate the PRI. Then we sorted and analysis the diurnal, seasonaland interannual changes of PRI to try to figure out the LUE in temperate Japanese cypress forest. We
measured and recorded the CO2 flux data of canopy by using eddy covariance method. This can help us
to calculate the GPP. We also recorded the micrometeorological data of temperate Japanese cypress
forest such as temperature, wind speed and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) since 2004.
During the monitoring period, clear seasonal and diurnal change of PRI were observed attemperate Japanese cypress forest. PRI was observed apparently changes with light intensity during
clear days, but during cloudy days the PRI showed only fluctuated trend with light intensity. Furthermore,
PRI was observed that high during July to December, and low during January to June. This phenomenon
can attribute to the phenology effects. In conclusion, we found that the PRI can be a useful VI to detect
the phenology related to gas-exchange in evergreen conifer forest.
Keywords: Japanese cypress, photochemical reflectance index (PRI), photosynthetic light use
efficiency(LUE)99

P1-R6Detecting vegetation changes induced by afforestation and land use change in China using
multiple satellite products
Takuto Taguchi*1, Kazuhito Ichii1, Yuji Yanagi1, Jingfeng Xiao2
1 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing(CEReS), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
2 Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA

Terrestrial vegetation environment in China has been changed under the influence of various
anthropogenic factors, such as government-led greening and urbanization development on the broader
area. Especially, afforestation and land use change are regarded as two of the most critical factors for
those we have indicated above. Therefore, monitoring changes in forest cover in China are necessary tounderstand these impacts. Remote sensing data provide appropriate data with high spatial and temporal
resolutions to better capture forest dynamics such as forest loss and gain across the regional, province,
and national scale for China. In this study, we analyzed vegetation changes in China from 2000 to 2018using multiple satellite-based data products. The satellite-based data includes various spatial resolution,from 25m (e.g., ALOS PALSAR and Landsat) to 1km scales (Terra, Aqua MODIS). Along with the
Chinese National Forest Inventory report datasets, we assessed various satellite-based products andfound that afforestation policy in China increases forest covers from 2000 to 2018 period.

100

P1-R7
Data Driven GPP and NEE Estimation with Lag Effect, Remote Sensing and Machine
Learning
Zhiyan Liu*1, Kazuhito Ichii1, Masahito Ueyama2
1 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
2 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan
Data-driven approach is effective for upscaling observation network data of terrestrial carbon fluxes. In
this study, we estimated terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE)
across the globe using machine learning methods – random forest regression (RF) and support vector
regression (SVR) with MODIS collection 6 datasets after previous studies used collection 5 [e.g. Ichii
et al. 2017; Tramontana et al. 2016; Kondo et al. 2015]. Furthermore, we introduced lag effects of input
parameters (simply input as a new column) on GPP and NEE and this lag effect include either historicalor future (lag within a month) remote sensing based input parameters. Because the ecosystem is a
dynamic system, which current status is affected by historical factors and meanwhile will be observedin the future as some other physics or biochemical quantities. Thus, both processes may include the lag
effect which mechanism are also different. Site-level experiments showed that the lagged parameter
improved the accuracy of NEE estimation (R2 0~0.06 increasing for total Koppen climate types). The
lagged parameter worked well in site-level anomalies, particularly, lag effect by shortwave solar
radiation or land surface temperature in the night. In order to interpret data-driven global GPP and NEE,
we analyzed the input parameter pattern of each region (global, 11 regions), and extrapolation certainty.
The estimated annual anomaly variations in GPP and NEE showed a good consistency with independent
model-based estimations (TRENDY V6). In the future research, the lag-effected will be a more
important factor for ecosystem’s prediction and estimation.

Reference[1] Ichii K., M. Ueyama, M. Kondo, et al. (2017) New data-driven estimation of terrestrial CO2 fluxes
in Asia using a standardized database of eddy covariance measurements, remote sensing data, andsupport vector regression. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences. 122, 767–795,
doi:10.1002/2016JG003640.
[2] Kondo M., Ichii K., Takagi H., and Sasakawa M. (2015) Comparison of the data-driven top-down
and bottom-up global terrestrial CO2 exchanges: GOSAT CO2 inversion and empirical eddy flux
upscaling. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 120, 1226–1245, doi:10.1002/2014JG002866.
[3] Tramontana G., M. Jung, G. Camps-Valls, et al. (2016) Predicting carbon and energy fluxes acrossglobal FLUXNET sites with regression algorithms. Biogeosciences, 13, 4291-4313, doi:10.5194/bg-134291-2016.

101

P1-R8Changes in terrestrial carbon cycle in Mongolia: Synthesis analysis
Mart Zaya*1, Zhiyan Liu1, Riku Kawase1 and Kazuhito Ichii1
1 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba university, Chiba Japan
Mongolia is experiencing large changes in terrestrial environments due to recent climate changes (e.g.
temperature rise and precipitation decreases) and enhanced human activities such as mineral extraction
and land use changes. Therefore, monitoring of its environmental changes is important. So far, manystudies analyzed terrestrial vegetation changes in Mongolia using satellite-based vegetation index,
vegetation cover datasets, and ecosystem models. However, synthesis analysis using ground observation,
remote sensing, and ecosystem modeling is missing.
We initiated a synthesis analysis using various existing datasets toward better understandings
terrestrial carbon cycle and vegetation changes in Mongolia. Potential datasets include network of eddycovariance observation, various remote sensing products, data-driven (machine-learning) estimates,
process-based models, and top-down estimations. Target periods are 1980-present and 2000-present.

102

P1-R9Using the BRDF corrected photochemical reflectance index to track light use efficiency
for subtropical evergreen mixed forest
Li Ma*1,2, Shaoqiang Wang1,2, Jinghua Chen1,2, Bin Chen1,2
1 Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,
PR China
Light use efficiency (LUE) is a key indicator of vegetation photosynthesis, it can provide important
insights into how vegetation productivity responds to environmental conditions. Photochemicalreflectance index (PRI) is based on the reflectance at 531 nm and 570 nm, which can reflect theprocess of xanthophyll cycle of plants under different radiation conditions. In this study, we used
tower-based PRI and gross primary productivity (GPP) measurements to explore the ability of PRI to
track LUE variations for a subtropical evergreen mixed forest in South China. The results show that astronger relationship between bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) corrected PRI and
LUE exists (R= 0.35, R=0.51). Generally, PRI is able to capture diurnal and seasonalchanges in LUE. Simultaneously, there was a significant correlation between LUE and PRI, but there
was a large seasonal difference in its correlation. The correlation in winter was significantly stronger
than that in summer. The strongest correlation is in November (R2=0.83) and the weakest is in July
(R2=0.11). Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by vegetation had strong influence on
LUE-PRI relationship, while vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and air temperature (Ta) had weak influence
on LUE-PRI correlation. We used ground-based lidar to retrieve the vertical structure of forest crown,
and found that the possibly complex vertical structure tend to have higher LUE. Overall, we found thatthe relationship between PRI and LUE is affected by the common effect of the environmental
limitation and vegetation canopy structure.

103

P1-R10Developing a Machine Learning based Flowering Detection and Quantification Algorithm
using Time-Series Image Data
Tae Kyung Kim*1, Su Kyung Kim1, Myung Soo Won2, Jong Hwan Lim2, Kye Han Lee3,
Yeong Dae Park4, Hyun Seok Kim1,5,6,7
1 Department of Forest Science, Seoul National University
2 Forest Ecology and Climate Change Division, National Institute of Forest Science
3 Division of Forest Resources and Landscape Architecture, Chonnam National University
4 Department of Forest Resources, Daegu University
5 Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University
6 National Center for Agrometeorology
7 Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University
Phenological phenomena of plants are deeply affected by climate change, therefore studies on phenology
are rapidly increasing. To collect plant phenology data, digital repeat photography is widely usedworldwide, generating massive image data. In response to demands for automatic processing of image
big data, several analysis techniques have been developed. For several decades, it had been mainly
focused in quantifying leaf phenology. Recently, however, there is growing interest in detecting thechanges of flowering phenology. In this study, we utilized machine learning techniques to detect andquantify flowering phenology. For our training dataset preparation, we used downloaded images from
ImageNet and Google Images. Due to the fact that white color is more sensitive to illumination changes
and possess greater difficulty in processing the images, we focused on the species that only have whitecolored flowers. We manually annotated every image to the patches that contain flowers or only leaves.
For testing the performance of the model, we also prepared several time-lapse videos that show discretechanges in phenological stages. Then, we implemented and trained a Mask Region-Convolutional
Neural Network(Mask R-CNN) model. The model, pre-trained with MS COCO dataset, was re-trainedwith our own dataset and tested with the time-lapse videos. We performed quantification of changing
flowering phenology by calculating the polygon area that model predicted as flowered white. The results
were consistently successful in quantifying the changing flower phenology as the calculated area showed
progressive growth and decline along with the phenological changes, while showing highest value at thepeak flowering moment. The results and insights gained from our study will broaden the understandingof automatic quantification and detection of changes in flowering phenology.

104

P1-R11
Lidar-derived canopy structure of restored temperate wetlands
Robert Shortt*1
1 UCB Biometeorology Lab, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Hereafter “Delta”) is a region of immense significance in
the Western USA. Historically, the Delta was a floodplain with very fertile soil, containing high levelsof organic carbon and nitrogen. During the turn of the 20th century the Delta was levied and drained for
agriculture, exposing its high carbon content peat soils to the air and enabling aerobic respiration of thenative microorganisms. This has caused subsidence of up to seven or eight meters in some areas, causing
significant stress on the surrounding network of levies. The Delta reroutes water to supply California’sCentral Valley irrigation project at the same time as it distributes drinking water to over 25 million
people in the southern part of the State. If the Delta were to experience levy failure it would have severe
human and material costs, measured in trillions of USD, with the potential to cripple the state for years
or even decades.
Rehabilitating wetlands has been shown not only to halt subsidence caused by aerobic respiration, butalso to lead to soil accretion due to the high productivity of the native wetland ecosystem and thedecomposition of its litter. The aim of this study is to combine robust and continuous eddy-covariancemeasurements with high resolution LiDAR imagery to examine subsidence, canopy structure, and soil
accretion rates across the Delta. I will source my data from the UC Berkeley Biomet Lab’s Ameriflux
Core sites, which compare intensive conventional agriculture to several different strategies of wetland
rehabilitation. I plan to show that the wetland restoration efforts are effective over decadal and centurial
timescales at not only sequestering carbon from the atmosphere, but also at restoring the region’s soil
reserves and protecting a key component of California’s water redistribution network.

105

P1-M1
Estimation of greenhouse gas budget over high-latitude ecosystems using a process-based
ecosystem model, VISIT
Mikita Okamura*1, Masahito Ueyama1, Akihiko Ito2, Kazuhito Ichii3, Hiroki Iwata4, Eugenie Susanne
Euskirchen5, Mathias Goeckede6, Oliver Sonnentag7, Lawrence B. Flanagan8, Yoshinobu Harazono1,
Manuel Helbig9, Takashi Hirano10, Walter C. Oechel11 and Donatella Zona12
1 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Japan.
2 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,
Japan.
3 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
4 Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
5 Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States.
6 Department of Biogeochemical Systems, MPI Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.
7 Département de géographie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
8 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
9 School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
10 Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
11 Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
12 Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
High-latitude warming has increased greenhouse gas emissions from northern ecosystems, resulting ina positive feedback on the climate system. Process-based ecosystem models have been used to estimate
high-latitude carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes and budgets. These estimates arecharacterized by large uncertainties. In this study, we simulated CO2 and CH4 fluxes across high-latitude
ecosystems using a process-based terrestrial ecosystem model, VISIT (Ito and Inatomi, 2012). The
model was calibrated using 17 multi-year eddy covariance data set from cool temperate, boreal, andarctic research sites (71-site years). In high-latitude ecosystems, the nitrogen availability strongly limits
carbon assimilation; thus we implemented a carbon and nitrogen coupling scheme into the model. In
addition, we introduced a soil heat conduction component into VISIT to be better represent soil thawingfreezing processes. Water table depth was simulated by a water balance model optimized throughobservations. Six parameters of VISIT were optimized using CO2 and CH4 fluxes at the high-latitude
ecosystems, including fen, bog, lowland forest, and tundra sites. We classified the observation sites into
four categories (peatland, forested peatland, dry tundra and wet tundra), and optimized model parameters
for each category. The differential evolution method, a global search algorithm for parameters, was used
to optimize the model parameters. As a cost function, the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient
was maximized. We used the best model parameters for estimating the CO2 and CH4 budgets across theterrestrial wetlands north of 40°N.
As a result of the parameter optimization, we successfully improved CO2 and CH4 fluxes by VISIT
model. The seasonal variations in the CH4 fluxes were improved by introducing the soil heat conduction
model, especially for the high-latitude ecosystems. In the presentation, we apply the model simulation
over the Pan-Arctic and boreal regions for estimating CO2 and CH4 budgets. Then, we discuss theaccuracy of the regional estimates by comparing with the inverse estimates from previous studies. We
discuss the importance of the tower flux data for improving model performance and reducing
uncertainties, and the importance of collaborations among field scientists and ecosystem modelers.
Reference
Ito, A., & Inatomi, M. (2012). Biogeosciences, 9(2), 759-773.

106

P1-M2
Latent heat and sensible heat flux simulation in tropical peat swamp forest using
artificial neural network
Edward Baran Aeries*1, Angela Che Ing Tang1, Guan Xhuan Wong1, Frankie Kiew1, Joseph
Wenceslaus Waili1, Kevin Kemudang Musin1, Kim San Lo1, Ryuichi Hirata2, Lulie Melling1
1 Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
2 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,Japan
Tropical peat swamp forests play an important role in the global climate system as they are known to
be one of the substantial regulators to the atmospheric carbon, water, and energy exchange. Two major
components of energy exchange between the land surface and atmosphere are the latent heat (LE) andsensible heat (H) flux. LE and H can be measured using various techniques, including eddy covariancetechnique. LE and H strongly influence the local climate such as its temperature, soil moisture andprecipitation via heat exchanges between the surface and atmosphere. In general, measurements of LE
and H using eddy covariance are done by deploying a 3-D sonic anemometer and an open-path gas
analyzer. Such instrumentations can be costly. However, recently, the estimation of LE and H throughcomputer simulation are becoming more cost efficient and reliable.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of artificial neural network (ANN) in
simulating LE and H for a tropical peat swamp forest. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN),
namely the gated recurrent unit (GRU) was developed and trained to simulate the LE and H. GRU wasused because it performs well for sequential data and time efficient when learning over long term timeseries data. Development of the GRU was done using Python Keras library with a TensorFlow
backend. Training of the GRU and validation of its output was done using eddy covariance data of LE
and H measured from a tropical peat swamp forest in Maludam National Park (MLM), Sarawak,
Malaysia which has been operational since 2011. Instrumentations setup for the site can be found in
Tang et al. (2018).

107

P1-M3
Flood risk assessment in Bangladesh, India and Myanmar based on the AHP weight
method and entropy weight method
LIU Yuanyuan*1, 2 , WANG Shaoqiang1, 2,3, WANG Xiaobo1, 2, N H RAVINDRANATH4,
ARAHMAN5, NYO MAR HTWE6, TARTIROSE VIJITPAN7
1 Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
2 College of Resources and Environment at University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100049, China
3 School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan
430074, Hubei, China
4 Centre for Sustainable Technologies, India Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
5 Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
6 Yezin Agricultural University, Naypyitaw 15000, Myanmar
7 United Nations Environment Programme - International Ecosystem Management Partnership,
Beijing 100101, China
The climates of Bangladesh, India and Myanmar (BIM) region are subtropical and tropical monsoon
climate. Floods frequently occur around here. Assessing the flood risk in BIM region is important forthe safety construction of the BCIM-EC. According to the theory of flood disaster system, we selectedevaluation indexes based on the synthetic analysis of hazard，sensibility and vulnerability. Using datasetsof precipitation from 1980 to 2016, river network, DEM, land use, soil, vegetation coverage, population,
GDP and et al, we established the risk assessment index system. To overcome the limitations of simple
weighting method, We obtained the synthesized weight using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
method and the Entropy weight method. Each indicator was combined to obtain the final flood risk map.
Based on the assessed results, about 0.09% and 5.85% of the BIM region have high risk and moderate
to high risk. High risk and moderate to high risk zones in the BIM region were primarily concentrated
on the Ganges Plain in northern India, Assam State in northeastern India and most of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is the country with the highest risk among three countries. The results show that high risk
areas and moderate to high risk areas take up 2.23 and 44.14% of the total area of the Bangladesh,
respectively.
Keywords: flood hazard; risk assessment; AHP; the entropy weight method; the BCIM-EC

108

P1-M4
Freezing injuries impact carbon and water use efficiency by leaf area index of natural
zonal terrestrial vegetations in Inner Mongolia between 2004 and 2015
Pengyuan Wang*1
1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Cycle of vegetation, which are associated with canopy structure (i.e. leaf area index). These traits ofvegetation are strongly influenced by freezing injuries. The impacts of freezing injuries on CUE andWUE differ among injury types and vegetation types. In Inner Mongolia, freezing injuries of highoccurrence include Frost, Cool and Cold, while natural zonal terrestrial vegetations contain broadleaf
forest, needleleaf forest, scrub, steppe and desert steppe. In this study, annual LAImax, CUE and WUE
series between 2004 and 2015 were integrated from MODIS LAI, GPP, NPP and ET of 8-day. Also,
indice dataset of each injury was spatialized to the scope of Inner Mongolia after calculation from dailysite meteorological records. Linear trend and coefficient analysis were also employed to reflect thecorrelations between these variables. The results showed that frost and cool are the dominant freezing
injuries for CUE, while cold and heavy cold are the dominant freezing injuries for WUE. LAImax is
restrained by all freezing injuries in mostly vegetations, while it is constrained by cold in steppe anddesert steppe. This impact decreased CUE and WUE of grassland immediately due to the positive
correlation between LAImax and CUE/WUE. However, in forests, freezing injuries increased CUE forthe losses of photosynthetic biomass through cool and cold, while stimulated CUE for boosted
physiological activity through frost and heavy cold. On the other hand, WUE in forests are stimulated
by reduced LAImax, which can be explained by tender biome and more tillers after freezing injuries.
Figures:Fig.1 The sketch map of this
study

Fig.
4
The
temporalcorrelations of LAImax to
CUE and WUE

Fig.2 The spatial variation slope offrost, cool, cold and heavy cold

Fig.3
The
temporalcorrelations between FIIs and
LAImaxFig.5
The
temporalcorrelations of FIIs to CUE

Fig.6
The
temporalcorrelations of FIIs to WUE

Note: Fig. a, b, c, d represent the correlations of frost, cool ,cold and heavy cold separately. In every histogram, pilliar c,d, e, f, g represent the pixel ratio of BLF, NLF, Scrub, steppe and desert steppe separately.

Fig.7 the temporal dynamics of freezing injuries, LAImax, CUE and WUE ofeach zonal terrestrial ecosystem in Inner Mongolia

109

P1-O1
Field-scale productivity and water use of a high-yielding rice cultivar
Keisuke Ono1 and Hiroki Ikawa*1
1 Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization,
3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
Rice production for industrial uses (animal feeding and food processing) has recently been increasing.
High-yielding rice varieties, such as Oonari and Takanari, are often used for industrial rice production.
Studies based on pot experiments or experimental fields have shown that high-yielding rice varieties
differ from common Japonica varieties such as Koshihikari in various aspects of physiology andphenology (Taylaran et al. 2011; Chen et al. 2014; Ikawa et al. 2019). However, less known is how thevarieties behave in a real crop field.
Our early study based on a bottom-up approach using leaf measurements and a canopy model
demonstrated that the difference in evapotranspiration between Takanari and a common rice cultivar,
Koshihikari strongly depends on wind speeds in the natural field (Ikawa et al. 2018). However, amodeling approach has a limitation in accounting for ecophysiological properties of rice plants thatconsiderably change over the course of the crop growth (Ono et al. 2013). Continuous field-scalemeasurements therefore are desirable to quantitatively evaluate productivity and water use of a highyielding rice cultivar throughout the growing season.
The objectives of this study are to measure CO2 and energy fluxes by eddy covariance in a rice
field of a high-yielding rice cultivar, Oonari over two growing seasons at the Ryugasaki site (RGS) andto compare them with those measured in a typical rice field (Mase site, MSE) with a common ricecultivar (Koshihikari) in the Kanto area of Japan. By so doing we aim to answer following questions: Does a high-yielding rice cultivar, Oonari show a higher productivity (photosynthesis) and wateruse (evapotranspiration) than a common rice cultivar, Koshihikari as predicted by a modelsimulation?
 How do the differences in photosynthesis and evapotranspiration between the varieties change by
the growth stage and environmental conditions, such as wind speeds?
Reference
Chen CP, Sakai H, Tokida T, et al (2014) Do the Rich Always Become Richer? Characterizing the Leaf
Physiological Response of the High-Yielding Rice Cultivar Takanari to Free-Air CO2
Enrichment. Plant Cell Physiol 55:381–391. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcu009
Ikawa H, Chen CP, Sikma M, et al (2018) Increasing canopy photosynthesis in rice can be achieved
without a large increase in water use-A model based on free-air CO2 enrichment. Glob Change
Biol 24:1321–1341. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13981
Ikawa H, Sakai H, Chen CP, et al (2019) High mesophyll conductance in the high-yielding rice cultivar
Takanari quantified with the combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescencemeasurements under free-air CO2 enrichment. Plant Prod Sci 0: doi:
10.1080/1343943X.2019.1626253
Ono K, Maruyama A, Kuwagata T, et al (2013) Canopy-scale relationships between stomatal
conductance and photosynthesis in irrigated rice. Glob Change Biol 19:2209–2220. doi:
10.1111/gcb.12188
Taylaran RD, Adachi S, Ookawa T, et al (2011) Hydraulic conductance as well as nitrogen accumulation
plays a role in the higher rate of leaf photosynthesis of the most productive variety of rice inJapan. J Exp Bot 62:4067–4077. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err126

110

P1-O2
Field challenges of eddy covariance measurement in tropical peat ecosystems in
Sarawak, Malaysia – The TROPI experience
Joseph Wenceslaus Waili*1, Edward Baran Aeries1, Guan Xhuan Wong1, Lo Kim San1, Ryuichi
Hirata2, Lulie Melling1
1 Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
2 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,Japan
In 2010, the Tropical Peat Research Laboratory Unit (now Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute)constructed three eddy covariance (EC) towers at three different tropical peatland ecosystems, namely
an undrained peat swamp forest (UF), a relatively disturbed secondary peat swamp forest (DF) and an
oil palm plantation (OP). The objective of these EC towers was to quantify the magnitude ofgreenhouse gases (GHGs) flux over a continuous period. TROPI was fully engaged with the
management of the experimental sites in terms of maintenance and repairs, despite the various
difficulties the research team had to face while working in a tropical peat environment. This paper
describes the field challenges that TROPI researchers encountered throughout their commitment toensure the collection of reliable data.
All three sites were beyond the reach of efficient road system. The UF, for instance, requires 30minutes boat ride and 4.5 km trek through the jungle before reaching the site. Wildlife could pose a
danger to the research team while at the site and cause some problems to the equipment at theexperimental site. At DF site, the research team once found a mangrove cat snake (Boiga dendrophila)
hiding in the canvas where the gas cylinders for calibration were kept. Since all three sites wereisolated from consumer’s power grid, the instruments utilize 12V solar power supply. The rated output
at 1 kW was sufficient to keep the system operating throughout the day, until a drastic attenuation was
detected in May 2015. This caused the system to shut down at night when the batteries weredischarging abnormally. The batteries had to be changed and intense labor were required for the
replacement of the batteries which weighed at least 65 kg.
Since the beginning of the measurements at the tower sites, TROPI researches have overcome
many obstacles in carrying out their field tasks. Such experiences could be a sound guidance which
may contribute to further improvements in the future. Inevitable situation may unfold but proper
planning and preventive maintenance should help to enable safe field work conditions and thecollection of continuous good quality data.

111

Abstracts: Poster Presentations (day 3)

P2-F1Net ecosystem CH4 exchange of three tropical peat ecosystems in Sarawak, Malaysia
Guan Xhuan Wong*1, Ryuichi Hirata2, Takashi Hirano3, Frankie Kiew1, Edward Baran Aeries1, Kevin
Kemudang Musin1, Joseph Wenceslaus Waili1, Kim San Lo1 and Lulie Melling1
1 Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
2 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,Japan
3 Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Wetlands of Southeast Asia are thought to be one of the greatest sources of methane (CH4) to theatmosphere. Tropical peatlands are typical in Southeast Asia, widely distributed in Malaysia andIndonesia. Despite the huge carbon stocks in these ecosystems, data on net ecosystem exchange ofCH4 (FCH4) fluxes are very limited. A few studies of soil CH4 flux have reported that CH4 emissions
from tropical peat swamp ecosystems were negligible. On the other hand, recently, it was reported
that some tree species growing in peat swamp forest emit considerable CH4 from their stems. Thus,
measurement of FCH4 is essential to quantify the CH4 balance of tropical peat ecosystems. To ourknowledge, only three studies have measured the FCH4 from tropical peat swamp forest.
In this study, we measured FCH4 continuously above three different tropical peat ecosystems in
Sarawak, Malaysia using the eddy covariance technique from February 2014 to January 2017 (3years). The three sites were different in disturbance; namely an undrained peat swamp forest (UF), a
relatively disturbed secondary peat swamp forest (DF) and an oil palm plantation (OP) established on
peat. This is the first eddy covariance measurement of CH4 flux in an oil palm plantation. Our
objectives were to: (1) quantify the FCH4 of each site; (2) examine the response of FCH4 to groundwaterlevel (GWL); and (3) compare FCH4 among the three ecosystems and discuss the inter-site differenceof CH4 balance.
The FCH4 was determined half-hourly as the sum of eddy CH4 flux and CH4 storage change inan air column below the flux measurement height. Monthly mean FCH4 was always positive, even in
the drained OP. The daily mean FCH4 was positively correlated to GWL in UF and DF, in which GWL
controlled the production and oxidation of CH4 in peat. In contrast, the FCH4 was almost independentof GWL in OP; the GWL was lowered by drainage. The annual CH4 emission was significantly
different among the sites. The inter-site difference was explained by a significant positive exponential
relationship with GWL. This positive relationship suggests that the conversion of a peat swamp forest
to an oil palm plantation decreases CH4 emissions, because the land conversion accompanies drainage.
The FCH4 from UF was lower than those from mid-latitude peat ecosystems, though it was muchhigher than soil CH4 emissions measured by the chamber technique in tropical peat swamp forests.

113

P2-F2Biophysical controls on the variability of ecosystem-scale CO2 exchange in a Bornean peat
forestAngela C. I. Tang*1,2, Paul C. Stoy2, Ryuichi Hirata3, Kevin K. Musin1, Edward B. Aeries1, Joseph
Wenceslaus1, Mariko Shimizu4, Benjamin Poulter5 and Lulie Melling1
1 Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Lot 6035, Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, 94300
Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
2 Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
59715, USA
3 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba
305-8506, Japan
4 Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Sapporo 062-8602, Japan
5 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Science Laboratory, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771,
USA

Tropical peat forests are a globally important reservoir of carbon, but little is known about CO2 exchange
on an annual basis as interannual ecosystem-scale measurements of undisturbed tropical peat forests
have not been measured to date. We used the eddy covariance technique to measure the net ecosystem
exchange of CO2 (NEE) between the atmosphere and an undisturbed tropical peat forest in Sarawak,
Malaysia over four years from 2011 to 2014. The aim of this paper is to improve the state of current
knowledge of tropical peat forests with respect to the seasonal and interannual variability in NEE andits components, gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE), and the role playedby environmental factors including changes in atmospheric radiation and ozone that may result fromfires elsewhere in Southeast Asia in controlling CO2 exchange. Our results demonstrated that the forest
was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere during every year of measurement, similar to a hydrologically
disturbed tropical peat forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. The ecosystem became a sink
for CO2 during the rainy season relative to the dry season during 2011, but the converse held for thesubsequent three years. The inter-annual variation in NEE was largely modulated by the variation ingross primary production (GPP), which was jointly controlled by vapor pressure deficit (VPD) andphotosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD). Temporal changes in ecosystem respiration (RE)were closely related to water table depth. Patterns of diffuse radiation and ozone played a minor role incontrolling the variability of NEE and its components. Results suggest that potential future increases in
VPD may result in additional net CO2 losses from this undisturbed tropical peat swamp forest in theabsence of plant acclimation to such changes in atmospheric dryness. These data will ultimately improveland-surface parameterizations for models used to estimate the regional and global C budgets and to
predict ecosystem responses to global climate change. Such results can also contribute to global CO2
mitigation efforts.

114

P2-F3
Evapotranspiration from three tropical peat ecosystems in Sarawak, Malaysia
Kevin Kemudang Musin*1, Ryuichi Hirata2, Angela Che Ing Tang1, Guan Xhuan Wong1, Frankie
Kiew1, Edward Baran Aeries1, Joseph Wenceslaus Waili1, Kim San Lo1, Takashi Hirano3 and Lulie
Melling1
1 Sarawak Tropical Peat Research Institute, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
2 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,Japan
3 Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia are mostly found in Malaysia and Indonesia, storing an enormous
amount of soil organic carbon as peat. In last decades, however, the peatlands have been drained forindustrial agriculture development. This development has significantly changed the peatland
ecosystem conditions especially the pedo-hydrological condition. Groundwater level is one of themost important factors controlling the oxidative peat decomposition in peatlands. Evapotranspiration(ET) is generally a major determinant of groundwater level of peatlands and thus a key process linking
the water cycle with carbon cycle. Understanding the nature of ET from different ecosystems has been
an ongoing effort in global water cycle.
Tropical vegetation plays a major role in atmospheric circulation, which drives the regional andglobal climate systems by massive ET and its resultant strong evaporative cooling. Currently, the dataof ET from tropical peatland is very limited in comparison with mid-latitude peatlands. Thus, in thisstudy, we measured the ET for 8 years (January 2011 to December 2018) in three tropical peatland
ecosystems in Sarawak, Malaysia using the eddy covariance technique. The objectives of this study
were (1) to quantify the ET, (2) to examine the seasonal pattern of ET and (3) to determine theunderlying environmental factors that influence the ET. Mean annual long-term precipitations at theUF, DF and OP were 3201 ± 614, 3358 ± 465 and 2797 ± 224 mm year–1 (mean ± 1 standard
deviation), respectively. The mean annual long-term air temperature was 26.5 ± 0.2 °C. The ET wasdetermined half-hourly and summed up annually after gap filling.

115

P2-F4
Patterns and controls of light use efficiency in four contrasting forest ecosystems in
Yunnan, Southwest China
Zhang Yiping*1, 3, Fei Xuehai1, 2, 3, Song Qinghai1, 3
1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China
2 College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou
550025, China
3 Global Change Ecology Group, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Menglun 666303, China
Ecosystem light use efficiency (LUE) is a critical parameter in estimating CO2 uptake by vegetationfrom climatological and satellite data. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics and biophysicalregulations of ecosystem-level LUE are not well understood, resulting in large uncertainties in theestimation of gross primary productivity (GPP) using LUE-based models. In this study, we used eddy
covariance (EC) to explore spatiotemporal variations and controls of LUE in four contrasting forest
ecosystems (savanna, tropical rainforest, subtropical evergreen forest, and subalpine coniferous forest).
Based on 27 site-years of data, we found that 1) the multiyear mean LUE was 0.063, 0.251, 0.247, and0.140 g C ∙ mol photon–1 in the four contrasting ecosystems; 2) the LUE in the wet season(May-October) was higher than that in the dry season in all studied ecosystems; 3) the leaf area index(LAI) controlled GPP and LUE significantly and explained 74%, 29%, 54%, and 36% of the variationin GPP and 51%, 19%, 41%, and 54% of the variation in LUE in the four contrasting ecosystems; 4)path analysis revealed the critical roles of GPP and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in controlling LUE inthese four forest ecosystems; and 5) under warming scenarios, LUE may decrease in savanna but
increase in the other three ecosystems, while decreasing precipitation (P) may reduce LUE in theecosystems studied. This study improves our understanding of the influence of biophysical factors on
LUE and demonstrates how LUE changes with variations in temperature, soil moisture and LAI,
thereby improving estimations of large-scale carbon exchange/cycling.
Keywords: Ecosystem light use efficiency, Critical factors, Path analysis, Climate change, Forest
ecosystems, Eddy covariance*Corresponding authors: Zhang Yiping (yipingzh@xtbg.ac.cn) and Song Qinghai (sqh@xtbg.ac.cn).

116

P2-F5
The forest-atmosphere carbon dioxide and methane exchanges in Indian tropicalmangrove ecosystem
Gnanamoorthy, P*1, 2, Qinghai SONG1, Yiping ZHANG1, R.Ramasubramanian2 and S. Chakraborty3.
1 Global Change Ecology Group, Key lab, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, China
2 Coastal Systems Research, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai, India
3 Centre for Climate Change Research, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
Mangrove ecosystems play a major role in the global carbon cycle. Since, the mangrove ecosystems
are extremely productive and have the three different compartments namely, aboveground and below
ground biomass and aquatic system. However, there is a gap in the understanding of Greenhouse gases(GHGs) exchange between forest canopies to atmosphere (CO2, CH4 flux) in Indian mangroves. We
for the first time estimate the forest CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and CH4 flux at Pichavaram
mangrove, south east coast of India, using the eddy covariance method during October 2017 to June
2019. The maximum daytime NEE varied from -14 µmol m-2 s-1 in the month of January 2019 to –5µmol m-2 s-1 during the summer month of April 2018. The estimated annual gross primary production(GPP) was 1466 g C m−2 y−1 and 1595 g C m−2 y−1 , Ecosystem respiration (Reco) was 1283 g C m−2
y−1 and 1401 g C m−2 y−1, during the period of October 2017- September 2018 and October 2018June 2019, respectively. The mangrove forest appeared to be a modest sink of atmospheric CO2, withan annual average Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) of 183 g C m−2 y−1 (October 2017- September2018) and 193 g C m−2 y−1 (October 2018- June 2019), whereas during the summer periods it acted asa source. Particularly in the summer months of June to July 2018 and April to June 2019 theecosystem acted as a net carbon source with the monthly averaged values being -0.54, -0.26, -0.46,-0.79 and -1.1 g C m−2d−1 respectively. The estimated annual evapotranspiration (ET) during the study
period was 609 mm y-1, whereas the precipitation was 653 mm y-1 (much dryer than the long-term
average). The surface energy balance of about 61% of the available energy was accounted. The mean
concentration of CH4 emission was 2142± 256 ppb or 1.513 mg m−3. The maximum methane
concentration of 3606 ppb was in August 2016. Minimum of 1,820 ppb was recorded during May
2017. The monthly mean CH4 flux ranges from -2.27 to 9.91 nmol m-2 s-1 at the site. The methane at
the Pichavaram forest is characterized by high concentration but very low fluxes compared to similar
other environments. The preliminary result concludes that, the mangrove forest seems to be a sink andsources of CO2 and CH4 to atmosphere, respectively. However, it is noteworthy that the carbon sinkcapability may decline in the future under rising temperatures, decreasing rainfall pattern, variable insalinity and changes in tidal inundation patterns.
Keywords: Pichavaram Mangroves; Carbon exchange, Methane flux; energy flux; Eddy Covariance.
*Email: gnanamoorthy@xtbg.ac.cn

117

P2-F6
Ecological effect of fog on carbon and water exchanges in tropical rainforest andsub-tropical evergreen forest, Southwest China
Gnanamoorthy Palingamoorthy*1, Qinghai Song1, Yiping Zhang1 And Li-Qing Sha1
1 Global Change Ecology Group, Key lab, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Menglun, PR.China
The Southwest region of China is rich in biodiversity and ecologically sensitive zone, so its receives
considerable research attention. However, for the past several decades anthropogenic activities andclimate change have posed a series of serious threats to tropical rainforest and sub-tropical forest
ecosystems, Southwest China. Generally these forests are frequently immersed with fog occurrence.
Ultimately it’s helps increasing the soil water availability through leaf interception, reducing
atmospheric water demand by frequent leaf wetting and reduces evapotranspiration. At the same time
fog affects light availability and increases the diffuse fraction, limiting forests primary productivity. In
recent years, fog frequency and duration has been reducing due to the land use changes and seasonaldroughts of the region. Therefore, it is critical to understanding the fog dynamics in tropical seasonalrainforest (Xishuangbanna) and subtropical evergreen forest (Ailao Mountain).
The present study results from the meterological and eddy covariance (EC) based flux
measurements carried out over these forests. The tropical rainforest and subtropical evergreen forest,
estimated interannual gross primary production (GPP) was 25.47 t C ha−1 yr−1 and 20.68 t C ha−1 yr−1,
Ecosystem respiration (Reco) was 24.22 t C ha−1 yr−1 and 13.66 t C ha−1 yr−1, respectively. These forests
appeared to be a sink of atmospheric CO2, with an inter annual average variability of Net Ecosystem
Productivity (NEP) of 1.25 t C ha−1 yr−1 (Xishuangbanna) and 7.02 t C ha−1 yr−1 (Ailao Mountain). The
visibility was measured by PWS 100 (Campbell Scientific Inc., Logan, UT, USA) in this forest. The
fog deposition occurs frequently in the whole year in sub-tropical evergreen forest, higher density
occurred during the wet season. Whereas in the tropical rainforest ecosystem fog occurred during thedry season, which helps the plant community by nutrient deposition as well as increase the soil water
availability through leaf interception. Further on this research, we recently installed the Fog monitorDroplets (model FM-120-Boulder, Colorado, USA) over these forest ecosystems on top of the EC flux
tower to understanding the number and size of the fog droplets and density. We are also collecting thefog water using the active strand fog collector on top of the towers to study the fog water chemistry.
Further we will investigate the relative contribution of fog water inputs to forests ecosystem throughsap flow techniques and stable isotopic signature in different sources from fog, rain, plant transpired
and soil waters. Finally this study will concludes the eddy covariance based evapotranspiration andwater use efficiency rate during foggy and non-foggy conditions of the forests.
*Email: gnanamoorthy@xtbg.ac.cn

118

P2-F7
Estimation of surface carbon dioxide exchange over rubber tree plantation in Thailandusing area-averaged flux method
Chompunut Chayawat*1, Doojdao Charuchittipan2, Duangrat Satakhun1, Yann Nouvellon3, andPoonpipope Kasemsap4
1 Center of Thai-French Cooperation on Higher Education and Research, Kasetsart University,
Bangkok, Thailand
2 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
3 UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
4 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Thailand has approximately 3 million hectares of latex-producing natural rubber plantations. These
rubber plantations have a large potential to sequester atmospheric carbon into the biomass and soil. We
applied the area-averaged flux method to evaluate the CO2 flux over rubber plantation in Thailand. Thismethod indicated a carbon sink over rubber plantation in 2017 by using CO2 flux data from 3 rubber
plantation with different age (south, east, and northeast of Thailand). These data were composed into atime series of the area-averaged surface flux by normalizing and averaging over a daily basis. Suchcomposite fluxes could be determined for about 80% of the whole measurement time. The averaged
Carbon absorption of rubber plantation in Thailand for 2017 was 71.9 T CO2 ha -1 year-1 and the daily
average absorption was the highest in summer.

119

P2-F8
Latest in flux data analysis software: from quality control and gap filling to flux andfootprint partitioning
G. Burba*1,2, I. Begashaw1, A. Forgione1, N. Franken1, F. Griessbaum1, P. Isaac1,2, D. Johnson1, J.
Kathilankal1, A. McQuistan1, A. Parkinson1, M. Sun1, A. Templeton1, L. Woodford1, and G. Fratini1
1 LICOR Biosciences, Lincoln, USA
2 Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Institute, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
3 TERN-OzFlux, Melbourne, Australia
Over 500 flux towers are presently operational as a part of several dozen continental and national flux
networks under the umbrella of the FluxNet global network. In addition, multiple dozens of flux towers
operate as smaller dedicated networks and standalone projects.
In 2016-2018, new tools to collect, process, and share time-synchronized flux data from multiple towers
were developed and deployed globally [1]. These new tools can be effective in fostering scientificinteractions and collaborations among the multiple research communities:• The fully automated FluxSuite system combines hardware, software and web services, and does not
require an expert to run it.
• The system can be incorporated into a new flux station or added to a present station, using aweatherized remotely-accessible microcomputer, SmartFlux3.
• It utilizes EddyPro software to calculate fully-processed fluxes in near-real-time, alongside radiation,
weather and soil data.
• All data are merged into a single quality-controlled file timed using PTP time protocol.
• Multiple stations can be linked into the time-synchronized network with automated real-time reports
and email alerts.
• Flux researchers can cross-share station access to specific stations and data with each other.
• Remote sensing researchers and modelers without actual physical stations can form “virtual networks”
of actual stations by collaborating with tower PIs from different physical networks.
The latest 2018-2019 development in this overall approach is the flux data analysis software, Tovi.
Driven and guided by the research community, and developed, implemented and supported by LI-COR
Biosciences, it is designed to seamlessly ingest the data from the flux stations and to allow a nonmicrometeorologist to quality control and analyze the data:• Shareable, traceable, and reproducible parallel workflows use methods available from the researchcommunity, and greatly enhance standardization and comparability among sites and users, making
results defensible.
• The present set of tools allows rapid execution of the QC/QA and data analysis steps which havebeen quite time-consuming and complicated in the past, and other data analysis steps virtually notdoable in the past, all using interactive and intuitive GUI.
• Examples include an automated search of 14000+ weather stations data for gap-filling; site-specificu* thresholds; advanced footprint calculations and flux apportioning; NEE and ET flux partitioning;
automated generation of reproducible workflows and specific lists of references for each workflow;
etc.
This presentation will show how this latest tool can be used for a sophisticated QC/QA and data analysis,
and will describe how the overall approach can be utilized for facilitating collaborations across researchdomains to improve scientific interactions and promote joint project developments, grant writing, andother forms of collaboration, between the flux, remote sensing and modeling communities.
[1] Burba et al, 2018. Time- and Space-Synchronized Flux, Weather, Soil and Optical Sensor Networks.
3d International GHG Flux Workshop “From Leaf, Soil and Canopy to Remote Sensing and Modelling”,
Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, China, October 22-25

120

P2-F9Illustrative maps of past and present eddy covariance measurement locations:II. high-resolution images
George Burba*1
1 LICOR Biosciences, R.B. Daugherty Water for Food Institute, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
The goal of this presentation is to provide high-resolution images of maps with locations where eddy
covariance flux measurements have been done in the past and where they are being done now. This
includes large networks which already have done detailed inventories, compiled databases and designed
very engaging interactive maps, but also smaller networks, tower clusters and individual site, including
all long-term stationary site locations, all short-term campaign locations, as well as all mobile transects
over land and ocean.

The images show locations of all past and present eddy covariance measurements available on the latest
date of update, a total of 2126 stationary measurement locations and 2 airborne campaigns with 27 flighttracks. The exactly overlapping sites (e.g., with identical coordinates) have been removed except forcases where a group indicated that several eddy covariance levels or closely positioned towers were
deployed.
It is likely that some of the locations with multiple systems have been removed in this process artificiallyreducing the count. There is also a possibility that some sites were listed at slightly different locations
due to different coordinate rounding at different databases artificially increasing the count.
In addition to the reduction in the count due to missing information about multiple levels or closely
clustered sites, there is still a significant amount of missing measurement locations related to: (i)evapotranspiration measurements and related networks; (ii) urban GHG flux measurements; (iii)
shipborne and airborne transects from the flux measurements
Thank you very much to all who contributed to this short, yet hopefully useful effort, especially thefollowing organisations: FluxNet, Ameriflux, Asiaflux, CarboEurope, ChinaFlux, ICOS, KiwiFlux,
OzFlux; and numerous individual groups and people for their past and future contributions.

121

P2-F10Spectroscopic Effects in Laser-based Eddy Covariance Flux Measurements
George Burba*1,2, Tyler Anderson3, and Anatoly Komissarov1
1 LI-COR Biosciences, 4647 Superior St, Lincoln, Nebraska 68504, USA
2 R.B. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute & School of Natural Resources, University of
Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA
3 Magic Leap Inc., 7500 W Sunrise Blvd, Plantation, Florida 33322; former Apple Computer, 1 ApplePark Way, Cupertino, California 95014, USA
A significant portion of the production and consumption of trace gases (e.g. CO2, CH4, N2O, NH3, etc.)
occurs in areas without sufficient infrastructure or easily available grid power to run traditional closedpath flux stations. Open-path analyzer design allows such measurements with power consumption 10150 times below present closed-path technologies, helping to considerably expand the global coverageand improve the estimates of gas emissions and budgets, informing the remote sensing and modelingcommunities and policy decisions, all the way to IPCC reports. Broad-band NDIR devices have beenused for open-path CO2 and H2O measurements since the late 1970s, but since recently, a growing
number of new narrow-band laser-based instruments are being rapidly developed.
The new design comes with its own challenges, specifically: (i) mirror contamination, and (ii)uncontrolled air temperature, pressure and humidity, affecting both the gas density and the laser
spectroscopy of the measurements. While the contamination can be addressed via automated cleaning,and density effects can be addressed via the Webb-Pearman-Leuning approach, the spectroscopic effectsof the in-situ temperature, pressure and humidity fluctuations on laser-measured densities remain astanding methodological question.
Here we propose a concept accounting for such effects in the same manner as Webb et al. (1980)
proposed to account for respective density effects. Derivations are provided for a general case of flux ofany gas, examined using a specific example of CH4 fluxes from a commercially available analyzer, andthen tested using "zero-flux" experiment.
The proposed approach helps reduce errors in open-path, enclosed, and temperature- or pressureuncontrolled closed-path laser-based flux measurements due to the spectroscopic effects from few
percent to multiple folds, leading to methodological advancement and geographical expansion of theuse of such systems providing reliable and consistent results for process-level studies, remote sensing
and Earth modeling applications, and GHG policy decisions.
H

LE
-2

Wm
0
50
50
200
200
400
400

WPL Terms
-2

Wm
0
50
400
50
400
50
400

Spectroscopic Effects

WPLH WPLLE Temperature Water Vapor Contribution to final flux value
mg m-2 h-1 mg m-2 h-1 mg m-2 h-1 mg m-2 h-1 mg m-2 h-1 umol m-2 s-1 % of flux*
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000
0
0.61
0.13
0.19
0.05
0.24
0.004
8
0.61
1.03
0.19
0.42
0.61
0.011
20
2.46
0.13
0.76
0.05
0.81
0.014
27
2.46
1.03
0.76
0.42
1.18
0.021
39
4.92
0.13
1.52
0.05
1.58
0.027
53
4.92
1.03
1.52
0.42
1.94
0.034
65

Example contributions of WPL terms, WPLH (thermal expansion term) and WPLLE (water vapor
dilution term), and related spectroscopic terms (temperature and water vapor), to the CH4 fluxes froman existing laser-based open-path high-speed CH4 gas analyzer at standard ambient conditions1 atdifferent levels of sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes.

122

P2-F11
Factors influencing the variation of CO2 flux and evapotranspiration in larch forest
ecosystem affected by the extreme wet-soil condition
Ayumi Kotani*1, Atsushi Saito1, Alexander V. Kononov2, Roman E. Petrov2, Trofim C. Maximov2,
Yoshihiro Iijima3, and Takeshi Ohta1
1 Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
2 Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithzone, Yakutsk, Russia
3 Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Mie, Japan
This study investigated the CO2 exchange from 2005 to 2014 inside and above a larch-dominant forest
in the central Lena river basin, eastern Siberia. A wet-soil condition, such as that found in the active
layer (seasonally thawed soil layer of upper permafrost), containing unusually high soil water close tosaturation and partial surface waterlogging, was prolonged during the warm season from 2005 to 2009.
In later years, the soil layer closer to the ground surface became dry (∼10% volumetric water content),
although the deeper part remained relatively wet (∼30%). We quantitatively compared the whole forest
and the understory CO2 exchanges to detect the separate effects of excessive soil waters on the overstory
and understory vegetation. Comparison of the fitting parameters of the light response function at twolevels revealed a smaller maximum net ecosystem exchange (NEE) under light saturation with a steep
response under weak light conditions for the understory. The CO2 exchanges at the understory increased
from the wet-soil period to the drying soil period by 46% (1.3 g C m−2 d−1) of gross primary production(GPP) and 29% (1.2 g C m−2 d−1) of ecosystem respiration (ER), while no trend was found in theecosystem scale fluxes. These increases were due to an increasing understory biomass, changes inplentiful light and soil water in the inside-canopy environments, and enhanced turbulent mixing. The
decline in the larch contribution could be compensated for by the understory growth and the remaining
wetness of the active layer, which indicated that the interactions between the larch and the understory
supported the stability of carbon cycles in this forest ecosystem.

Figure 1. Factors influencing the variation of CO2 flux and evapotranspiration in larch forest ecosystemaffected by the extreme wet-soil condition. Arrows to the right of variable names indicate changes after
the wet-soil period: increase (diagonal upward), decrease (diagonal downward), and insignificant
change (horizontal). (Kotani et al., 2019, Agric. For. Meteorol., 265, 295–309.)

123

P2-F12
Twenty years of carbon monitoring at Sapporo forest meteorology research site in thenorthern part of Japan
Yasuko Mizoguchi*1, Katsumi Yamanoi1 and Naoyuki Furuya1
1 Hokkaido research center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hokkaido Japan
Sapporo forest meteorology research site (AsiaFlux site code: SAP) is located in Hokkaido, thenorthern part of Japan (42°59‘N, 141°23’E, elevation 180m). It is a broadleaf deciduous forest withwhite birch (Betula platyphylla), japanese oak (Quercus crispula) and dwarf bamboo (Sasa kurilensis,
S. senanensis).
In 1999, flux observation using eddy covariance method was launched and is ongoing.
Meanwhile, biomass survey has been conducted. In addition to these ground observation, LiDAR
observation of vegetation environment was carried out several times.
This forest site has been influenced by several times of disturbance including severe wind-throwdamage in 2004 during these 20 years.
We report observation results and the influence of disturbance on carbon budget.
Table 1 Information of biomass survey
P3
Pole
Wing

Area
50m×50m
20m×20m×25plots
20m×20m×40plots

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

2012

2017

Table 2 Information of LiDAR observation
Date

Sep.,2003

Nov.,2003

LiDAR system

ALTM2050

ALTM2050

20
2 to 4

Diameter of footprint (cm)Pulse density(points m-2)

Oct.,2004
ALS50(Leica)Sep.,2010
ALS50(Leica)Feb.,2016
ALS70-HP(Leica)

20

20

20

20

2 to 42 to 42 to 4

10124

P2-F13
Seasonal variations of methane flux in tropical peat swamp forest in Indonesia
Ayaka Sakabe*1, Masayuki Itoh2, Takashi Hirano3 and Kitso Kusin4
1 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
2 School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo, Japan
3 Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, japan
4 CIMTROP, University of Palangkaraya, Palangkaraya, Indonesia

20

0.2

10

0.0

0

-0.2

-10
-20

5/1

-0.4

GWL
CH4 flux

7/1

9/1 11/1
2016

1/1

3/1

5/1

7/1
9/1
2017

11/1

1/1

125

3/1

5/1
2018

7/1

-0.6

GWL (m)-2-1

CH4 flux (mgC m d )The tropical peatlands in South-East Asia (SE Asia) store a vast amount of carbon and waterloggedorganic matter can release potentially large volumes of CH4 into the atmosphere, as CH4 is produced bymethanogenic archaea during the anaerobic digestion of organic matter. Satellite observations indicatedsignificantly strong CH4 emissions over SE Asia. On the other hand, chamber and soil incubation
experiments indicated that tropical peat swamp forest in SE Asia are small sources of CH4 (Couwenberg
et al., 2010). There is a lack of data on the ecosystem-scale CH4 flux in tropical peatlands. We observed
almost 2-year variations in the ecosystem-scale CH4 flux in an undrained peat swamp forest in Central
Kalimantan, Indonesia. The aim of this study is to elucidate the seasonal variations, controlling factors,
and annual budget of CH4 flux in a tropical peat swamp forest.
The study site (2.32°S, 113.90°E) is located near Palangkaraya in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.
The site was selectively logged until the late 1990s, but still has a relatively intact forest. The average
canopy height is approximately 23 m. The peat depth is 2-3 m. The annual air temperature andprecipitation were 26.5°C and 2,896 mm (2016-2018). Groundwater level (GWL) varied seasonally,
depending on the seasonal rainfall variations. The CH4 flux was measured using the eddy covariancemethod 36.5 m above the ground between June 1, 2016 and March 31, 2018 using a sonic anemometer(CSAT3, Campbell Scientific) and an open-path CH4 analyzer (LI-7700, Li-Cor Inc.). GWL, soil
temperature and other environmental variables were measured between June 1, 2016 and May 31, 2018.
The net ecosystem CH4 exchange was calculated as the sum of eddy CH4 flux and storage CH4 flux.
Gaps in the CH4 flux were filled using random forest regression using GWL, friction velocity and soil
temperature.
We found that the peat swamp forest switched from being a CH4 sink during the dry season to asource of CH4 during the wet season depending on changes in the GWL (Figure 1). The quadratic
regression indicated that the CH4 flux switched from a sink to a source when the GWL was -0.19 m. The
annual CH4 budget was -0.07 and 0.17 g C m-2 year-1 from June 1, 2016 to May 31, 2017 and from June
1, 2017 to May 31, 2018, respectively. These annual CH4 budgets were smaller compared to thosereported in boreal and temperate peatlands. The annual CH4 budget was significantly lower in 2016 than2017 (p < 0.05). High CH4 uptake and low CH4 emission in 2016 was considered to be caused by dry
environments in 2014 and 2015. The GWL decreased significantly to minimum values of -0.91 m and 1.43 m in 2014 and 2015, respectively. This implied an increased potential for the aerobic decompositionof the labile organic matter located deeper in the peat profile in the dry seasons of the two consecutive
years; furthermore, the amount of labile organic matter available for anaerobic decomposition could
have decreased in the 2016 wet season. Our measurement revealed that the undrained peat swamp forest
was a small sink or source of CH4 depending on the previous years’ climate. Long-term measurementof CH4 flux including wet and dry years are necessary to elucidate CH4 dynamics in tropical peat swamp
forest.
Figure 1
Variations in the daily
average CH4 flux andgroundwater
level(GWL) between June 1,2016 and May 31, 2018.

P2-F14
Estimation of surface soil water contents by combining water balance model withmachine-learning based evapotranspiration estimates and its comparison with processbased approach
Juhan Park*1, Minseok Kang1, Sungsik Cho1,2, Seung-Jae Lee1, Jonghwan Lim3, Joon Kim2,4
1 National Center for AgroMeteorology (NCAM), Seoul, Republic of Korea
2 Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, College of Agricultural and Life
Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
3 National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
4 Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, College of Agricultural andLife Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
Soil water balance models (SWBMs) are widely used to estimate soil water status under various weather
conditions, which is essential information for water management and landslide susceptibility on hilly
area. However, difficulties in reliable estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) which is the main
component of SWBMs have been major limitation on regional application of SWBMs. Recent expansionof eddy flux measurement network in Korea provides new opportunities for understanding the spatial
and temporal variation of ET and for reliable estimation of nation-wide ET. In this study, we estimatedsurface soil water contents at national scale by combination of SWBM and ET estimated by machinelearning based approaches and compared the results with process-based approach. First, the SWBM wastested in 10 flux measurement sites. It showed good agreements at forested sites but large errors on
irrigated rice paddy sites due to lack of irrigation information. Secondly, national-scale ET estimation
was conducted by using multiple machine learning (ML) algorithms, grid-based numerical weather
data, and remote sensed vegetation indices. At site level, the performance of ML algorithms in daily
ET estimation varied by vegetation types and site conditions, but they reproduced ET well (r2 = 0.75 –0.91). The estimated ET was used as input data into SWBM for national level soil water contents
estimation. Finally, these estimated soil water contents were compared with those results from theprocess-based approach. Process-based estimation used Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES)
land surface model. The plant functional type specific parameters with high sensitivity on water flux in
JULES were optimized by flux data-assimilation technique. At site level, JULES with optimized
parameters reproduced both ET (r2 = 0.81 – 0.92) and soil moisture well. At national level, ET fromensemble of ML algorithms and JULES estimation showed similar spatial and temporal variations, but
in some areas, annual ET showed large differences (up to 20%). The surface soil water contents showedsimilar spatial and temporal patterns in forested area, but large differences also found on agriculturalarea where irrigation was poorly represented. These soil water contents estimations will be further
compared with other remote sensing based soil moisture products.

126

P2-F15
Dissolved carbon transportation and CO2 emissions in main rivers of the Tibetan
Plateau
Bin Qu*1,2,3, Shichang Kang2,3, Chaoliu Li4, Mika Sillanpää5, Kelly Sue Aho6, Jacob D. Hosen6,
Fangping Yan5, Peter A. Raymond6, Xuhui Lee6
1 Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate andEnvironment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing
210044, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment andResources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
3 CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
100085, China
4 Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan
Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
5 Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli
50130, Finland
6 Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
06405, USA
Rivers are critical links for the carbon cycle in aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments. In thiswork, we provided an overview of the dissolved carbon (i.e. dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC] anddissolved organic carbon [DOC]) and CO2 exports in rivers on the Tibetan Plateau. Compared with theworld average, concentrations of DIC (30.7 mg L-1) are fairly elevated in rivers of the plateau due to theextensive topographic relief and intensive erosion. While concentrations of DOC (1.39 mg L-1) are low
due to the low temperature and unproductive land vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau. Nevertheless,radiocarbon of the DOC in most rivers of the plateau are more depleted/older (872±626 years before
present, ybp) than those in many other rivers in the world. Much of the DOC present was from terrestrial(e.g., humic) sources, indicating that the old carbon stored in the permafrost of the plateau is being
exported to river systems during the period of high flow. Furthermore, there was a significant
relationship between concentrations of dissolved carbon and carbon dioxide (CO2) in rivers of the
Tibetan Plateau. Despite low partial pressures of CO2 (864 μatm), the emission fluxes of CO2 (3,452
mg-C m2 d-1) during the summer half of the year in rivers of the plateau are comparable with most otherrivers in the world. Therefore, with global warming, an increasing export of carbon substances(including CO2 emissions) from rivers of the Tibetan Plateau can be expected in the future, which will
potentially add feedback to the regional production of greenhouse gasses.
Keywords: Dissolved carbon; Carbon isotope compositions; Greenhouse gases; Rivers; Tibetan
Plateau; Climate change*Email:Bin Qu bin.qu@nuist.edu.cn;

127

P2-F16
Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, phosphorous, and acid in Chinese ecosystems:
dynamics, patterns, and the influencing factors
Qiufeng Wang*1, 2, Guirui Yu1,2, Jianxing Zhu1,2, Yanlong Jia3, Haili Yu1,2, Qiongyu Zhang1,2, Nianpeng
He1,2
1 Instittue of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing 100101, China
2 College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Acadeymy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,
China
3 Department of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
The atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, phosphorus, and acid is increasing due to human activities.
This may not only bring negative effects on ecosystem, such as biodiversity damage, soil acidification,
reducing soil buffer capacity, but also bring positive effects on ecosystems, such as providing nutrient
element, increasing crop yields, promoting forest growing, and so on. Therefore, it will be helpful forevaluating the impact of atmospheric nitrogen, phosphorus, and acid deposition to ecosystemprocesses and functioning to explore their dynamics, patterns, and the influencing factors.
Based on Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) and other stations, we established theObservation Network of Atmospheric Chemistry Deposition in typical terrestrial ecosystems(China_WD) which consists of more than 50 ecosystems covering forest, grassland, cropland, desert,lake, wetland, and city. The network observes atmospheric nitrogen, phosphorus, and acid deposition
simultaneously. Based on the observation data, we quantitatively analyzed the spatio-temporalvariability, influencing factors and driving forces of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in China, thespatio-temporal pattern and its influencing factors of precipitation acid deposition, the atmosphericphosphorus deposition, N:P and its ecological implications in typical ecosystems in China.
The results showed that the annual average flux of atmospheric wet deposition (ammonium
nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen) in China was about 12.4-13.8 kg ha-1 a-1, significantly higher than that ofAmerica and European region; high nitrogen deposition region located in Central China and Southern
China, while low nitrogen deposition region located in Northern China, Western China, Neimenggu
and Qinhai-Tibetan. The average ratio of NH4+/NO3- was 1.22 in wet deposition. The main factors that
control the spatial pattern of wet nitrogen deposition were nitrogen fertilizer utilization, energy
consumption, and precipitation. The average pH value in precipitation was 6.2 in Chinese natural
ecosystems and croplands, and the acid deposition exhibited an aggravation trend from north to south,
with the most serious region in southwest region; energy consumption and precipitation affect aciddeposition significantly. The annual average value of phosphorus deposition in precipitation was about
0.21 kg P ha-1 a-1 in Chin, the ratio of N:P was 77:1 in atmospheric wet deposition, and the imbalanced
input of nitrogen and phosphorus might have impact on ecosystem productivity and biodiversity in
Chinese terrestrial ecosystems.

128

P2-F17
18 years to compensate all CO2 emission after a clearcut harvesting in a cool-temperate
forestKentaro Takgi*1, Maricar Aguilos2, Nobuko Saigusa3, Naishen Liang3, Yoshiyuki Takahashi3,
Takayoshi Koike4, Kaichiro Sasa1, Yasumi Fujinuma3
1 Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
2 Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC,USA
3 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,
Japan.
4 Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
A mixed forest in northern Japan, which had been a weak carbon sink (net ecosystem CO2 exchange =–0.44 MgC ha–1 yr–1), was disturbed by clear-cutting and was replaced with a hybrid larch (Larix
gmelinii × L. kaempferi) plantation. To evaluate the impact of the disturbance on the ecosystem’s
carbon budget, we conducted 19 yr (2001–2019) of eddy covariance measurements of CO2 fluxes. The
ecosystem turned to be a large CO2 source just after the harvesting in 2003, and the cumulative net
CO2 emission reached up to 15.4 MgC ha–1 at 7 years after the harvesting, then the ecosystem turned
to be a CO2 retrieve mode (CO2 sink in the annual budget). 81% of the net CO2 emission was retrievedby the end of the year 2018, and this ecosystem will recover all CO2 emission 18 years after the
harvesting in 2020, if off-site carbon storage in forest products is not considered. This implies one
anthropogenic disturbance cause large invisible and long-lasting effect on the forest ecosystem carbon
balance.

129

P2-F18
The influence of precipitation pulses on surface energy balance and evapotranspiration
over an arid shrubland
Xibin Ji*1,2, Wenzhi Zhao1,2, Dandan Jiao1,2, Bowen Jin1,2, Hai Zhou1,2, Liwen Zhao1,2, and Fei Guo1,2
1 Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, China
2 Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment andResources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
The episodic precipitation pulses in dryland environments has significant consequences on the patternsof the surface radiation balance, energy partitioning and evapotranspiration. Continuous measurementsof the surface radiation, energy fluxes and evapotranspiration using an eddy covariance and automaticweather station were made for two years at an arid shrubland, in the middle part of the Hexi Corridor
regions of northwestern China. The average midday time net radiation for clear-sky days after rainfall
events was increased by roughly of 10% with the addition of soil moisture, caused mainly by decreases
in albedo and in surface thermal radiation loss when compared to that prior to rainfall events. Even small
rainfall events can have a very large impact on the surface energy balance because the energy andmoisture budgets at the shrubland surface are principally linked by evaporation, which is an expenditureof both energy and water mass. The average latent heat flux is increased by about a factor of 2.5 withthe addition of moisture at top soil layers replenished by rainfall. There was a corresponding decrease
in sensible heat flux after rainfall by approximately 10%, compared with that before rainfall. The wet
soil heat flux was lower about 20% than the dry soil heat flux. Consequently, a wet soil decreased surface
temperature by more than 6 °C and increased the available energy (i.e., difference between net radiationand soil heat flux) by more than 20%. Evapotranspiration peaked in July due to more soil water content
caused by the relative frequent rainfall events. The increased evapotranspiration just after rainfall eventswas mainly contributed to increase in evaporation from soil and shrub canopy. However, the differencein transpiration of shrub canopy was very small between after and before rainfall events. This is because
these shrub species primarily are dependent on groundwater. So, the coupling between precipitation andthese shrubland might be very weak, although water is the main limiting factor for most desert vegetation.
These results might provide a significant implication for ecotone conservation (or, reforestation) andwater resources management in the arid areas.

130

P2-F19Long term variation of CO2 flux at cool temperate red pine forest in Japan
Yuji Kominami*1, Takafumi Miyama1, Natsuko Yoshifuji1, Michiaki Okano1, Yukio Yasuda1, Katsumi
Yamanoi2, Yasuko Mizoguchi2, Satoru Takanashi3, Kenzo Kitamura4, Takashi Nakano5, Taisuke
Yasuda5, Ryuichi Wada6, Hiroki Iwata7, Tsutomu Watanabe8, Yuichiro Nakai1, Yoshikazu Ohtani1
1 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
2 Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo, Japan
3 Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
4 Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kumamoto, Japan
5 Mount Fuji Research Institute, Yamanashi, Japan
6 Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Teikyo University of Science, Yamanashi, Japan
7 Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
8 Institute of Low Temperature, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
Carbon dioxide (CO2) flux have been measured above the forest at the Fujiyoshida site on the northernslope of Mount Fuji in Japan from 2000 using an eddy covariance method. The forest mainly consistsof Japanese redpine (Pinus densiflora) and Japanese holly (Ilex pedunculosa). Forest total biomass was
141 tC ha-1 and stand age was about 100 years(Ohtsuka et al. 2013). Closed path eddy CO2 flux system
and instruments for measuring meteorological conditions were equipped at a scaffold tower 32 m inheight.
The 19-year (from 2000 to 2018) average of monthly mean net ecosystem production (NEP)
ranged from -0.1 gC m-2 day-1 in January to 2.7 gC m-2 day-1 in May. The maximum net uptake wasobserved in May, although gross primary production (GPP) was highest in July. The 18-year averagesof annual NEP, GPP, and ecosystem respiration (RE)were 387, 1,906, and 1,505 gC m-2 year-1,
respectively. The annual NEP was lowest in 2003(298 gC m-2 year-1) and highest in 2010(516 gC m-2
year-1) over the 19 years. And yearly NEP had positive relation with air temperature.

1500

-2

-1

GPP Re NEP (gC m y )

2000

NEP
GPP
Re

1000

500

0
2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

131

2010

2012

2014

2016

P2-F20
Long-term variations in the carbon budget and the atmospheric CO2 concentration
detected from 26-year observation in a cool-temperate deciduous forest at Takayama
Shohei Murayama*1, Hiroaki Kondo1, Shigeyuki Ishidoya1, Takahisa Maeda1, Susumu Yamamoto1,
Nobuko Saigusa2 and Hiroyuki Muraoka3
1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
2 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
3 River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
Climate change and its impacts on human and natural systems have been our critical concern. Various
changes in terrestrial biospheric activities due to climate change have been discussed in many recent
studies. Given that East Asia is strongly influenced by the Asian Monsoon, climatic changes not only inthe temperature but also in the amount of precipitation and the length of the rainy season associated withthe monsoon would have a major impact on the terrestrial carbon budget. However, there are still large
uncertainties in the estimation of responses of the terrestrial biosphere to climate change. We can reducethese uncertainties by analyzing long-term measurements related to the terrestrial carbon budget.
We have made long-term systematic measurements of the CO2 flux between the atmosphere and theforest ecosystem, the atmospheric CO2 concentration, and meteorological parameters in a cooltemperate deciduous forest at Takayama (TKY; 36o08’N, 137o25’E, 1420 m a.s.l.), Japan since 1993.
TKY is the longest monitoring site in the AsiaFlux network. Using these data, we have examined theirinter-annual variations, long-term trends and environmental factors governing these variations. The
main results obtained from the analyses are as follows:(1) The annual net ecosystem production (NEP) and the annual gross primary production (GPP) varysignificantly from year by year, while inter-annual variation in the annual ecosystem respiration (ER) is
relatively small. The inter-annual variation in the annual NEP depends strongly on the annual GPP.
(2) Inter-annual variation of the annual NEP shows a statistically significant positive correlation withthose of the monthly NEP in June and July. Higher insolation during the summertime tends to produce
higher amount of the annual NEP.
(3) In the warm-spring years, beginning of the daily positive NEP and the spring downward zero crossing
of atmospheric CO2 concentration tend to occur early.
(4) Significant long-term trends in the increased annual NEP, GPP and ER and the enhanced seasonal
amplitude of atmospheric CO2 above the canopy during the daytime are found.

132

P2-F21
Simulation of methane dynamics in a mid-latitude eutrophic lake with constraints using
incubation data
Hiroki Iwata*1, Wataru Nakano1, Victor Stepanenko2, Daiki Kobayashi1, Tsukuru Taoka1, Masayuki
Itoh3, Yuuichi Miyabara4, Ryuichi Hirata5, and Yoshiyuki Takahashi5
1 Department of Environmental Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan.
2 Research Computing Center, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
3 School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan.
4 Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Suwa, Japan.
5 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba,
Japan
Lake is an important source of methane (CH4) contributing to approximately 10 % of total natural source.
Developing a lake CH4 emission model is one of the tasks for improving the accuracy of climate
simulation. LAKE2.0 is a process-based lake simulation model which includes CH4 dynamics module,
and have been evaluated against CH4 dynamics in boreal lakes. Further validations are called for toapply the model to lakes with different trophic level in different climate. We applied and validated thislake model to a mid-latitude eutrophic lake, Lake Suwa, in Japan where data of eddy covariance CH4flux, dissolved CH4 concentration, and production and oxidation rate obtained by incubation
experiments are available.
LAKE2.0 is a horizontally-integrated one-dimensional lake model which is composed of physicaland process-based biogeochemical modules. The lake mixing and turbulent diffusion of dissolved gasses
are calculated based on the k-e turbulence closure scheme. CH4 production is modeled to increase withtemperature with Q10 relationship and to decrease with sediment depth, with a parameter to determine
the maximum CH4 production rate at the sediment surface. CH4 oxidation is modeled to increase with
dissolved CH4 and oxygen concentrations, with a parameter to determine the maximum CH4 oxidation
rate without CH4 and oxygen limitation. We improved the accuracy of oxidation module by adding Q10
temperature dependence to the default module. Oxygen dynamics are also incorporated in the model.
Lake Suwa is a shallow eutrophic lake located in central Japan. In this lake, we have installed an
observation mast at a pier on the southeast shore where meteorological conditions were monitored.
These data were used to drive the model simulation. Lake water and sediment were periodically sampled,
and incubated under different temperature conditions to determine CH4 oxidation and production rates,
respectively, and their temperature dependence.
Simulation of water temperature and sensible and latent heat fluxes into the atmosphere showeda reasonable agreement with observations, suggesting the physical module of the model is relatively
sound. Whereas, simulated dissolved oxygen concentration was overestimated during winter, andconsumption of oxygen in the bottom water layer in summer was not reproduced well. We adjusted
sediment oxygen demand in the oxygen dynamics module and this improved the reproducibility ofsummer dissolved oxygen concentration. The overestimation in winter dissolved oxygen concentration
remained, however the oxidation rate has less dependency on dissolved oxygen concentration in theoxygen level observed.
The parameters in the CH4 production and oxidation modules were determined using production
and oxidation rate data obtained from incubation experiments. By optimizing the parameters, theproduction module can explain 49 % of variation in observations. Similarly, the parameters for oxidation
were determined, and the reproducibility of oxidation module was improved by taking the temperaturedependence into account, explaining 40 % of variation in observations.
Simulated dissolved CH4 concentration showed a reasonable agreement with the observations owing
to the parameter optimization and by considering the temperature dependence in oxidation module.
Resulting CH4 emission simulated showed a reasonable seasonal variation with 25 % overestimationcompared to the observations. Simulated diffusive emission contributed to, on average, 7 % of the total
emission. This contribution was underestimated compared to partitioned eddy covariance diffusive CH4flux, suggesting a need to improve the module of emission pathways.
In conclusions, the structure of LAKE2.0 model is sound, and the use of appropriately determinedparameters results in a reasonable simulation of CH4 dynamics. Further efforts should be made to
improve the biogeochemical module and to predict the variation of parameters among different lakes.

133

P2-F22
Reanalysis of 20 years data at TKY
Hiroaki Kondo*1,2, Shohei Murayama1, Takahisa Maeda1, Shigeyuki Ishidoya1, Nobuko Saigusa3,
Susumu Yamamoto1
1 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.
2 Japan Weather Association, Tokyo, Japan.
3 National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
TKY site is located at 36.146°N, 137.423°E (JGD2011), 1420 m above sea level in deciduous forest inmountainous area. The flux measurement with gradient method and other micro meteorologicalobservation started in 1993 at 25 m tower (flux tower). Since 1998 eddy-covariance measurement offluxes have been started. Looking back these 20 years, however, there are many gaps of measurementand data correction was not always completed. We are now trying data correction and gap filling of thedata and checking a trend during 20 years. At first gap filling of temperature and VPD at 25 m above
the ground was performed using the data at other levels or those at River basin research center, Gifu
University at 400 m south of TKY site. The data of long-wave radiation before 2007 is much shiftedand data correction was tried using temperature data at TKY.
Although these gap fillings and data correction are very important, long-term observation give
more confident tendency of the fluxes and variables due to increasing sampling numbers, even though
there are many gaps. For example, Saigusa et al. (2002) tentatively employed exponential relationshipbetween night-time CO2 flux and temperature, however, 20 years data showed that CO2 flux at nighttime
decline at higher temperature than 17oC (Fig. 1). This is because high temperature at TKY is associatedwith large VPD. A remarkable trend is increase of downward short-wave radiation due to improvementof air quality around Japan (Fig. 2).

7

300

300

250

250

200

200

150

150

2

100

100

1

50

50

0

0

5
4

SW(Wm-2)

Fc(μmolm-2s-1)

6

us00
us01
us02
us03
us04
us05
us06
Saigusa02

302000 2005 2010 2015year

-15-12 -9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Ta10(oC)

Fig.1 Relationship between temperature at 10m
and CO2 flux at night. us** means ustar-correction
value (01: 0.01m/s). Saigusa02 is exponential
form in Saigusa et al. (2002).

Fig.2 Trend of downward short wave
radiation. Increasing trend is significant
with significant level of 0.05.

Reference
Saigusa, N. et al., 2002, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 112, 203–215

134

P2-F23
Discrepancy in phonological indicators derived with CO2 flux, MODIS image andground monitor at a temperate mixed forest and an alpine shrub ecosystem
Leiming Zhang*1, Peiyu Cao1, Yingnianli2, Jiabing Wu3
1 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing, China.
2 Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
3 Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
To accurately assess the change of phenology is one of the key issues in context of global change,
however, different patterns were presented resulted from diverse methods and data sources using to
extract vegetation phenology. In this study, an alpine shrubland meadow in Haibei (HBS) of
Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and a broad-leaved Korean pine forest in Changbai Mountain (CBM) of
Northeastern China were selected to investigate the convergence of phonological indicators derived
with ecosystem carbon flux, satellite images and ground observation. Based on the long-term GPP
from eddy flux measurements and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), phenologicalindicators including the start of growing season (SOS), the end of growing season (EOS), and thegrowing season length (GSL) since 2003 were derived via multiple frequently-used methods.
Compared with ground phenology observations of dominant plant species, both GPP- and
NDVI-derived SOS and EOS exhibited a similar interannual trend. GPP-derived SOS was quite close
to NDVI-derived SOS, but GPP-derived EOS differed significantly from NDVI-derived EOS, and thus
leading to a significant difference between GPP- and NDVI-derived GSL. Relative to SOS, EOS
presented larger differences between the extraction methods, indicating large uncertainties toaccurately define EOS. In general, among the methods used, the threshold methods produced moresatisfactory assessment on phenology change. The results also indicates that how to harmonize withthe flux measurements, remote sensing and ground monitoring are a big challenge that needs further
consideration in phenology study, especially the accurate extraction of EOS.
Key words: phenology, carbon flux, NDVI, GPP, photosynthesis, alpine shrub, temperate forest

135

P2-F24
Assessing the net carbon flux to the atmosphere from land-use change in tropicalpeatland- the new emissions that the atmosphere will see
Chandra Shekhar Deshmukh*1, Dony Julius1, Nardi, Ari Putra Susanto1
1 Asia Pacific Resources International Limited (APRIL), Indonesia
Since the 1980’s, extensive areas of Indonesian peatlands have experienced rapid land-use change thateventually led small-holders and industrial agriculture establishment. One of the most importantenvironmental consequences of land-use change, yet poorly understood, is the associated change ingreenhouse gas exchange with the atmosphere. From a climate forcing viewpoint, assessing theanthropogenic impact of land-use change on greenhouse gas exchange should account for the net change(positive or negative) in greenhouse gas exchange with the atmosphere resulting from land-use change,that is the new emissions that the atmosphere will see. This has remained mostly unaddressed in thescientific literature as well as in debates on the environmental acceptability of agriculture development
on tropical peatlands. An understanding of greenhouse gas exchange over a natural landscape istherefore needed to provide a baseline to quantify the net impact of land-use change on greenhouse gas
exchange. This information is relevant to scientists and policymakers to better understand how land-use
changes affect the greenhouse gas exchange.
In this context, we set out to measure the net ecosystem-atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide using
the eddy covariance technique over three different land-uses in peatlands of the Kampar Peninsula in
the east coast of Sumatra, Indonesia: a natural forest, a plantation forestry (Acacia crassicarpa), and amixed land-use.
Initial observations indicated that on the annual basis, all three ecosystems including the natural forest
functioned as carbon dioxide source to the atmosphere. Notably, the Acacia plantation functioned ascarbon dioxide neutral at canopy closure which occurred 6-7 months after planting. Therefore, we cannot
yet assess the net effect of planation forestry on carbon flux. To fully capture the carbon dioxide
exchange dynamics over a five year plantation cycle, we plan to continue the measurement over a full
five year plantation cycle. This presentation discusses preliminary results and their potential
implications for land-use policy.

136

P2-F25
The greenhouse gas and energy balance of a commercial oil palm plantation in tropicallowland Jambi province (Sumatra, Indonesia)
Christian Stiegler*1, Ana Meijide2, Ashehad Ashween Ali1, Tania June3 and Alexander Knohl1
1 Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
2 Department of Crop Sciences, Division Agronomy, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
3 Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
In the past decades Indonesia has experienced substantial land-use changes from forests to oil palm(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations due to the world’s high demand for cheap vegetable oil inpharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industry as well as for biofuel. Oil palm expansion affects
ecosystem properties and functions such as biodiversity, microclimate, carbon pools and greenhouse gas(GHG) balance. However, there is still no information on the annual CO2 budgets of oil palm plantations
at the ecosystem scale. Further, the overall high rate of nitrogen-based fertilization in the oil palm
plantation, and related emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) raises concern over potential long-term impactof oil palm agricultural practices on climate. With respect to climate change, changes in precipitation
pattern and increase in the magnitude and frequency of extreme events such as El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) may severely stress oil palm plantations in the near future.
In this study, we therefore aim to quantify the full GHG and surface energy exchange, as well as
micrometeorology in a large scale mature commercial oil palm plantation in the tropical lowlands ofJambi province (Sumatra, Indonesia) to gain an understanding of oil palm GHG budget, global warming
potential, surface energy exchange as well as oil palm response to meteorological extremes such as
ENSO. We established our ongoing measurements in mid-2014.
Our results show that the oil palm plantation has a strongly negative net ecosystem exchange(NEE) that represents a large on-site sink of CO2 (-2750 g CO2-eq. m-2). However, when yield isconsidered, the plantation turns into a net source of CO2 (550 g CO2-eq. m-2). N2O plays an importantrole in the GHG balance of the plantation due to high fertilizer application (170 g CO2-eq. m-2) while
the role of CH4 is negligible (-0.13 g CO2-eq. m-2) due to the high mineral content of the soil. Considering
the contribution of all GHG fluxes, the oil palm plantation has a substantial global warming potential of
720 g CO2-eq. m-2.
The oil palm plantation has high water consumption, with evapotranspiration of 1368 ± 545 mm
yr-1 and the Bowen ratio (ratio of sensible (H) to latent heat flux (LE)) of 0.16 ± 0.12 shows that LE is
by far the dominant turbulent heat flux. The episodically reoccurring ENSO event, however, distinctly
alters the GHG and surface energy balance of the oil palm plantation. We found that during the 20152016 ENSO event, drought and smoke haze conditions from emerging forest fires, with related increase
in atmospheric vapor pressure deficit and air temperature, and changes in light conditions are major
disturbing factors for the oil palm plantation. The strong haze amplified the negative effects of thedrought and haze conditions resulted in a complete pause of oil palm net carbon accumulation for about
1.5 months and contributed to a decline in oil palm yield by 35%. It is very likely that without the haze,
the negative impact on CO2 fluxes, net carbon accumulation and yield would have been less pronounced.

137

P2-F26
The differences of net ecosystem production changes between Pinus koraiensis plantationand mixed forest over four years after drought event
Hojin Lee1, Hyun Seok Kim*1, 2, 3, 4
1 Department of Forest Science, Seoul National University
2 Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University
3 National Center for Agrometeorology
4 Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University
As climate change progresses, regional variability in extreme weather events such as drought will
increase and is expected to have a significant impact on the carbon cycle of forest ecosystems. Therefore,
it is important to understand the change of carbon cycle of forest ecosystem due to drought and therecovery after drought. In this study, we analyzed the changes of net ecosystem production(NEP) using
the eddy covariance system and the recovery of NEP after drought using the recovery index(RC NEP)
at evergreen needle-leaf forest(ENF) and at nearby mixed forests(MF) where Quercus species are
dominant in Mt. Taehwa, Central region of Korea during four years from 2015 to 2018. As a result ofstandardized precipitation index(SPI) analysis, drought occurred in 2014 continued until July of 2017
when 561 mm of heavy rain fell. And the soil water content at ENF decreased more than 9% than thatat MF due to the worst drought in May and June, 2017, which lasted from last autumn. The annual NEP
in 2017 except for the non-growing season of winter decreased more at ENF than MF. In particular,
NEP in May and June of 2017 at ENF decreased by 44.1±8.0 g C m-2 on average compared with May
and June of the other three years, and it was more than twice 17.6±59.2 g C m-2 at MF. The reason forthe difference between ENF and MF was that soil moisture content at ENF largely decreased lower thanthe plant’s wilting point, and photosynthesis rate decreased with stomata closure. Furthermore, it turned
out to be affected by evapotranspiration and canopy interception during non-growing season as well as
low precipitation. The annual NEP in 2018 excluding winter increased by 85.1±42.0 g C m-2 and239.0±64.9 g C m-2 on average compared with the other three years at ENF and MF, respectively. Thus,
RC NEP at ENF was 1.16±0.10, which was lower than 1.34±0.13 at MF, and it seemed to be attributedby drought legacy effect at ENF. The results of this study show that carbon cycle at ENF can be more
greatly affected by drought than MF due to leaf presence during winter and spring drought, and therecovery of NEP at ENF may be delayed after drought because of legacy effect.

138P2-F27
Carbon dioxide exchanges over the secondary dry dipterocarp forest in Thailand asaffected by the 2015/2016 strong El Nino
Rungnapa Keawthongrach*1 and Amnat Chidthaisong1
1 The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology
Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
Researches in the past indicate that about 25% of the terrestrial carbon is stored in tropical forests andclimate variability such as warming and drying during El Niño have been suggested to reduce carbon
uptake. In this study, we investigated the effects of a recent El Niño event on trace gases and energy
exchanges over a secondary dry dipterocarp forest in Ratchaburi, western Thailand. The El Niño
2015/2016 is one of the top three strongest El Niño events in the historical record since 1950. Thisstrong El Niño started at the end of 2014, peaked in late 2015, and ended in May 2016. It has triggereda widespread drought in Southern Asia. At our study site, the effects of this El Niño was observed 3-4
months after the onset of this strong El Niño and especially obvious during dry season. The rainfall
amount was 40.7% lower than the average. The dry season with low soil moisture and high temperature
lasted about 6-7 months during the El Niño compared to 3-4 months during the usual dry seasons. In
this forest, usually net carbon loss is occurred during the dry season. We found that carbon loss during
dry season was increased about three times, from 40-60 gC m-2 during non-El Niño to 152 gC m-2 during
the strong El Niño. The dry season GPP and RE were also reduced significantly by El Niño. However,
the annual NEP during the 3 years period have increased continuously from 527.26, to 721.02 and
1,039.97 gC m-2 year-1 in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The annual NEP in 2015/2016 continued
to increase despite hitting by strong El Nino can be explained by the carbon uptake in wet season thatso active and could compensate the extra carbon loss in dry season. The annual GPP and RE in
2015/2016 were approximately 9.64-22.23 and 17.70-21.66 %, lower than that of the usual years,
respectively. Thus, RE seems to be more sensitive than the GPP. In addition, the ET in dry season
2015/2016 was 296.7 mm, 37.88 % lower than the averaged ET in usual dry seasons (477.62 mm). The
annual ET in 2015/2016 (1,014.33 mm) was 18.70% below than averaged ET during 2014/2015 and2016/2017 (1,247.63 mm).

139

P2-F28
Inter-annual variations in carbon sequestration of Inner Mongolia semi-arid grasslands
Shiping Chen*1, You cuihai, Tingting Ren1, Guanghui Lin2, Jianhui Huang1, Xingguo Han1
1 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
2 Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System
Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Semi-arid ecosystems play an important role in regulating the dynamics of the global terrestrial carbon
cycle and are a major cause of inter-annual variability and uncertainty in global CO2 uptake. However,
it is still not well understood on the control mechanism on inter-annual variations (IAV) in carbon
fluxes and sequestration. Here, long-term carbon fluxes in semiarid grassland sites of Inner Mongolia
were presented and we found the typical semiarid grasslands act as a net carbon sink with an averageannual NEP of -47.56 ± 38.09 g C m-2 year-1 based on decade years eddy covariance observation.
Precipitation and its seasonality is the most important driver of inter-annual variations in ecosystemphotosynthesis and respiration, therefore carbon sequestration. Additionally, leaf area index, soil watercontent and air temperature are also play a role on the inter- and intra-annual fluctuations of carbon
exchange.
Correspondence to: Shiping Chen (spchen@ibcas.ac.cn)
Key words: Net ecosystem exchange (NEE), inter-annual variation, semiarid grassland

140

P2-F29
Ecosystem Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics of Tropical Peatland (ECaNDoTP): Cross-sitecomparison of trace gas exchange between managed tropical peatlands in mainland andinsular Malaysia
Kho Lip Khoon*1, Elisa Rumpang1, Nur Maisarah Jantan1, Jon McCalmont2, Timothy C Hill2, Lucy
Rowland2, Angela-Galago Sala2, Sim Siong Fong3, Frances Manning4, Yit Arn Teh5, Sarah Cook6,
Susan E. Page7, Norman Kamarudin1 and Ghulam Kadir Ahmad Parveez1
1 Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Malaysia
2 University of Exeter, United Kingdom
3 Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
4 University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
5 University of Newcastle, United Kingdom
6 University of Warwick, United Kingdom
7 University of Leicester, United Kingdom

Oil palm is the largest agricultural crop in the tropics, accounting for 13 % of all tropical land cover.
Due to its large areal extent, oil palm cultivation may have important implications not only for terrestrial
stores of C and N, but may also impact regional and global exchanges of material and energy, including
fluxes of trace gases and water vapor. In particular, recent expansion of oil palm into tropical peatlands
has raised concerns over enhanced soil C emissions from degradation of peat, and elevated N-gas fluxes
linked to N fertilizer application. The principal goal of this project is to quantify greenhouse gas fluxes
at the forest and oil palm sites. The wider goal of this activity is to conduct a cross-site comparison with
forest and oil palm sites in Sarawak (insular Malaysia) and Pahang (mainland Malaysia), in order to
identify both generic (i.e. cross-site) and site-specific trends in GHG fluxes and environmental variables.
Collectively, these data will enable us to develop a more robust picture of the climate impacts of oilpalm production across different parts of Malaysia and will enable us to develop generic and site-specificstrategies for mitigating GHG emissions. The ultimate challenge is to ensure sustainable plantations
integrating ecosystems, society, environment and the economics.

141

P2-S1
Soil CO2 fluxes in a tropical lowland ever-green secondary forest in Pahang, Peninsular
Malaysia
Jeyanny, V*1, Muhammad Asri L1 and Wan Rasidah K1
1 Soil Management Branch, Forest Plantation Programme, Forest Research Institute Malaysia(FRIM), 52109 Kepong Selangor

Soil respiration

Sampling interval

Microbial respiration

Apr-19Feb-19Dec-18Oct-18Aug-18Jun-18Apr-18

Feb-18Dec-17Oct-17900.00750.00600.00450.00300.00150.000.00-150.00-300.00

Aug-17

Soil Flux, CO2(mgC-2h-1)

Soil respiration is a key component of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. It is a sum of root
respiration and the heterotrophic decomposition of soil organic matter. Climatic conditions, mainly
rainfall and soil temperature are known to influence soil respiration. In this paper, we aim to determine
the differences between microbial respiration and root respiration using the trenching method in alowland secondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia. We randomly placed 8 trenched and untrenched plots
sized 1m2 in a 0.8 ha of Jengka Forest Reserve, Pahang (3º 35' N, 102º 34' E) in early June 2017 andstarted our measurements in October 2017. Data which was collected include soil respiration using
automated soil CO2 flux system (Li-8100A) every 4 months (8 replicates/treatment), soil water filledpore space, soil temperature, relative humidity, soil bulk density and other environmental variables. Data
collected from October 2017 to February 2019 displayed the values for soil respiration were 15-21%
relatively higher (271.77-784.08 C mg CO2 m-2 h-1) compared to microbial respiration except for
October 2018 due to instrumental error. The root respiration were markedly lower in all plots. Soil water
filled pore space (soil moisture) were relatively higher in trenched plots (0.3- 4.3%) compared tountrenched plots, possibly indicating the utilization of water in untrenched plots for both microbial androot respiration processes. There were no distinctive variations on soil temperature in both plots. Thismeasurements are on-going and our preliminary data suggests that soil moisture plays a pivotal role insoil flux measurements. Soil fluxes recorded are comparable to Pasoh Forest Reserve (Adachi et al.,2006). Data on fine root biomass and decomposition are on-going.

Root respiration

59.00
58.00
57.00
56.00
55.00
54.00
53.00
52.00

28.00
27.00
26.00
25.00
24.00
23.00
22.00

Water filled pore space (%)

Soil Temperature (°C)

Figure 1: Soil carbon dioxide fluxes from tropical secondary forest

Sampling interval
Untrenched

Trenched

Untrenched

Trenched

Figure 1: Soil temperature and water filled pore space from tropical secondary forest

142

P2-S2Analysis of soil characteristics of the agrometeorological observatories in Korea for the
production of high quality soil moisture data
Sung-Won Choi*1, Juhan Park1, Minseok Kang1, Sungsik Cho1, Jongho Kim1 and Seung-Won Sohn1
1 National Center for AgroMeteorology, Seoul, Korea

The Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) conducts soil moisture observations at 11 nationalsites as one of the elements of agrometeorological measurement, but the utilization of those data is
insufficient. As the problem of climate change deepens, it is becoming more important to produce highquality soil moisture data and to improve its usability in the agricultural sector. Establishment of correct
soil moisture observation method, periodic sensor calibration and understanding of soil characteristics
for measurement sites are the basis for this. This study mainly deals with the analysis of soil
characteristics at observation points in this series of processes. Soils were sampled at four different
depths (10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm from the surface) to understand their physical characteristics
and four analyses were performed: volumetric water content, bulk density, soil texture and soil water
holding capacity. The volumetric water content of the samples was obtained by subtracting the weightof the dried sample from the total one of the sample and dividing by the volume of the core. These values
were compared with the observations of existing sensors at the time of sampling. Although some points
have less deviation or the similar tendency of change according to depth, the cases where they did notagree were also significant. This result shows that precise calibration of the sensor values at each pointand depth is required. Bulk density is a value obtained by dividing the weight of the dried soil sample
by the volume of the core and generally tends to increase with the depth of the soil. In this study, however,
the tendency of change in the upper and lower parts of the soil was often different, and it was concluded
that the soil properties of the two parts did not match in the process of covering the original soil withthe external one on setting those sites up. The contents of sand, silt and clay were investigated byclassifying the particle size of collected soil samples, resulting in the characteristics of sandy loam or
loamy sand for most of the sites. As the portion of sand of these soil types is relatively higher than thatof the soil types, such as loam or silty loam, on the adjacent actual farmland, it is necessary to reflect
the difference in the soil moisture behavior between these two soil types. Lastly, the sampled soil was
saturated with water, and the residual moisture was measured after applying various pressures (0.3 bar,
1 bar and 15 bar) to obtain the soil moisture characteristic curve of each soil. The pressures of 0.3 barand 15 bar are related to the field capacity and the permanent wilting point of the soil, respectively. Field
capacity of the soil samples was mainly distributed in the range of 20-30% with the large variation.
Permanent wilting point was also the lowest at 2.6%, and the highest at 41%. The effective water content
between field capacity and permanent wilting point was about 10%. This information will be used as abasic data to make a correction formula for each site by comparing the measured values of the sensors
installed in the field with the ones of the reference sensors calibrated in the laboratory in the future.
* Acknowledgement: This work was funded by the Development Program on See-At Technology for
Meteorology and Earthquake of the Korea Meteorological Administration under Grant KMI201805810.

143

P2-S3Development of reference soil moisture measurement system for calibration of soil
moisture sensor
Jongho Kim*1, Seungwon Sohn1, Minseok Kang1, Juhan Park1, Sungwon Choi1, Sungsik Cho1
1 National Center for AgroMeteorology, Seoul, Korea
Soil moisture accounts for a very small proportion of the water present on earth, but it is an importantcomponent controlling water, energy, and carbon exchange between land surface and atmosphere. It
has significant effects on various fields such as agricultural productivity, flood and drought severity,
water resources security, so understanding the patterns of temporal and spatial variation of soil
moisture is important. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has designated soil moisture as
one of the essential climatic variables in 2010 and actively encourages to apply it to research invarious fields. Therefore, the importance of accurate soil moisture measurement is increasing.
Although the large improvement of soil moisture sensors, still sensitivity and reliability of soil
moisture sensors are one of main obstacles in soil moisture monitoring. This study introduces areference soil moisture measurement system for detecting measurement errors of a soil moisturesensor and calculating its calibration coefficients. This system consists of load cell weight sensors, andsoil moisture sensors to be calibrated. The system can measure changes of weight by adding or
removing of water in the soil and calculate gravimetric soil water contents in real time, which enables
quick and accurate comparison with values from various soil moisture sensors. For calibration,
constant amount of water is added to the soil periodically, and changes of gravimetric soil watercontents are compared with values from soil moisture sensor. We selected EnviroSCAN® soil
moisture sensor (Sentek Sensor Technologies, Stepney, SA, Australia) which is possible to be
separated the sensor unit with the access tube. This enables users to install only the access tube at themeasuring point at first and to add the sensor unit at necessary periods later. After calibration, thissensor will be used as a reference sensor for other soil moisture sensors.
Acknowledgement This work was funded by the Development Program on See-At Technology for
Meteorology and Earthquake of the Korea Meteorological Administration under Grant KMI201805810.

144

P2-S4
Soil respiration rates of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher) stands
regenerated from a pine wilt disease forest
Gyeongwon Baek*1, Byeonggil Choi1 and Choonsig Kim1
1 Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju,
Korea
This study was performed to measure the soil respiration (soil CO2 fluxes) rates of Japanese cypress(Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher) stands planted in pine wilt disease-disturbed forests. Twelve plots
with three treatments [four plots of undisturbed pine stands (NP), four plots of Japanese cypress planted
under slightly disturbed pine stands (DP), and four plots of Japanese cypress planted following
clearcutting of severely disturbed pine stands (CP)] were established in pine wilt disease-disturbed
forests in Southern Korea. In situ soil CO2 fluxes rates were measured by Licor-8100A from January to
December 2018. Mean soil CO2 fluxes during the study period were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in
the NP (2.04 µmol m-2 s-1) than in the DP (1.09 µmol m-2 s-1) and CP (1.33 µmol m-2 s-1) plots. Mean soil
temperature and soil water content were not significantly different among the three treatments (P >0.05), whereas mean soil pH was significantly lower in the NP (pH 4.50) than in the DP (pH 4.86) andCP (pH 4.72) plots. There were exponential function relationships between soil CO2 fluxes and soil
temperature in the three treatments. The coefficient of determination (R2) was higher in the CP (0.79)
and NP (0.78) plots than in the DP (0.60) plots. Q10 values were also higher in the CP (3.7) followed by
NP (2.83) and the DP (1.96) treatments. These results indicate that soil CO2 efflux rates following
clearcutting regeneration may be more sensitive to changes in soil temperature when compared withother treatments.

Figure 1. An exponential regression of soil CO2 efflux against the soil temperature in of Japanesecypress stands regenerated from a pine wilt disease forest (NP: undisturbed pine stands; DP: Japanesecypress planted under slightly disturbed pine stands; CP: Japanese cypress planted following
clearcutting of severely disturbed pine stands).

145

P2-T1
Seasonal variations of isoprene and monoterpenes concentrations in six forests between
cool temperate and subtropical zone in Japan
Takafumi Miyama*1, Katsumi Yamanoi2, Yasuko Mizoguchi2, Yukio Yasuda1, Tomoaki Morishita3,
Hironori Noguchi1, Michiaki Okano1, Yuji Kominami1, Natsuko Yoshifuji1, Satoru Takanashi4, Kenzo
Kitamura5, Kazuho Matsumoto6, Takashi Nakano7, and Ryuichi Wada
1 Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
2 Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Sapporo, Japan
3 Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Morioka, Japan
4 Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
5 Kyushu Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Kumamoto, Japan
6 Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
7 Mount Fuji Research Institute, Yamanashi, Japan
8 Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Teikyo University of Science, Yamanashi, Japan
With respect to radiative forcing, forests have the following two primary effects: carbon fixation andemission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). BVOC emissions are much higher thananthropogenic volatile organic compound emissions. BVOCs are precursors of secondary organic
aerosols (SOAs), which exhibit a negative radiative forcing by reflecting solar radiation. SOAs increase
the component ratio of scattered light in photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and the total
photosynthesis in canopy layers. They also generate clouds as cloud nuclei and increase precipitation
amount in forests. Unfortunately, the concentration of SOAs is very low, and the spatial heterogeneity
is very high. This poses a challenge in the evaluation of the spatial distribution of SOAs on a global
scale. In contrast, evaluation of spatial and time series variations of BVOCs as precursors of SOAs iseasier using an automated thermal desorption gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (ATD-GC/MS) andflux tower network.
Isoprene (C5H8, ISO) and monoterpenes (C10H16, MTs) are major components of BVOCs.
Broadleaf and needle-leaf trees primarily emit ISO and MTs, respectively. Because there are only a few
conifers in lower latitude areas, main emission sources of MTs are usually in higher latitude areas.
However, actual BVOC concentrations have not yet been simultaneously measured using the same
method in multiple forests distributed over a wide area. In particular, seasonal variation in BVOC
emissions in forests at different latitudes is not well known.
To address this research gap, we assessed seasonal variation in BVOC concentrations andcomponents about once a month for three years in six forest sites from Hokkaido (LAT 43N) to Okinawa(LAT 26.5N). Despite vegetation differences between coniferous and broadleaf forests, remarkableseasonal variation in ISO and MT concentrations was observed at all sites. The starting temperature of
ISO emissions in spring at lower latitudes was lower than that at higher latitudes. The relationshipbetween temperature and MT concentration was closest to the common emission model (Guenther etal.,1993) in the subtropical forests of Okinawa. During winter, trees in the northern areas store MTs in
the resin canals of their needle leaves, which might contribute to seasonal variations in MT emission
pattern.

146

P2-T2NO emission from tropical and polar soils
Seiichiro Yonemura*1, Ayaka W. Kishimoto-Mo1, Minako Adachi2, Yanhong Tang3, Masaki Uchida4
1 Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
2 Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan
3 Beijing University, Beijing, China
4 Polar Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan

CO2 emission (pmol soilg -1 s-1)

NO emission (fmol soilg -1 s-1)

NO is one of the trace gases which contributes to the formation of ozone with VOCs and then is one ofgases related to global warming. Exchange of NO in ecosystems is important because VOCs are emitted
in ecosystems at the same time. Generally, NO is not released from plants but from soils as well as
combustion processes such as in vehicles and industrial processes. In soil, NO is emitted from various
processes such as nitrification and denitrification processes. However, studies about NO exchanges inecosystems are quite limited and quantitative estimation of total NO emission is fairly poor because NO
is not direct greenhouse gases and in-situ measurements are necessary in the fields because storage ofNO in container vessels such as vials or canister is more unstable than greenhouse gases.
In this presentation, we report about soil gas emissions using chamber systems in laboratory tounderstand more about NO emission from soils.
The target soils were tropical forest soils at Pasoh in Malaysia and polar tundra soils from NyAlesund in Spitzbergen, Norway. At Pasoh sites, soils were taken from 4 sites (primary forest, secondary
forest, oil-palm plantation, rubber plantation). At Ny-Alesund, soils were taken from active layers at
Site3 (Yoshitake et al., 2011).
The soils were sieved by 2mm-mesh-sieve and incubated at 25°C for tropical soils and 5°C forpolar soils. The NO soil emissions (the amount of soil is equivalent to 100g of dry soil) were measured
at temperatures by controlling incubator temperatures. CO2 emission (soil respiration) was alsomeasured at the same time.
The tropical soils showed larger emission at primary forest and lower emissions at plantations(Fig.1). The temperature dependence was very similar in NO and CO2 emissions. The similarity ofthe temperature dependence plausibly indicates that NO60
was emitted under nitrification processes. When the soilNO
50
temperature was controlled from lower to higher
Primary forest
Secondary forest
temperatures and from higher to lower temperatures,
Oil-palm plantation
40
Rubber plantation
hysteresis in NO emissions were not observed.
30
The polar soils also showed similar trends as tropical20
soils in that NO emission is higher in organic soils underplants than mineral soils where lichens are sparsely
10vegetated in the surface.
0
When the soil temperature was controlled from lower to
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
higher temperatures (>30°C) and from higher to lower
Temperature (C)400
temperatures, hysteresis in NO emissions were observed.
CO2
350
From the results, temperature dependence of soil
Primary forest
300
Secondary forest
NO emission should be considered with original climate
Oil-palm plantation
Rubber plantation
250
temperature conditions. In the future, NO soil flux can be
200
modelled using results obtained experimentally as in this150
study.
100
50
0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Temperature (C)Fig.1 NO and CO2 emissions fromtropical soils

147

35

P2-T3
Effect of growth temperature on monoterpene emission rates of Acer palmatum
Tomoki Mochizuki*1, Fumika Ikeda1 and Akira Tani1
1 School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526,
Japan

Annual monoterpene
emissions (mmol m-2 year-1)

Ms (nmol m-2 s-1)

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are emitted by vegetation. Isoprene and monoterpenes
emitted from trees have important roles in atmospheric chemistry through the formation of secondaryorganic aerosols and photochemical oxidants. Short-term monoterpene emission from trees is typicallydependent on temperature. Since annual mean temperature of the earth is expected to increase in theforeseeable future, growth temperature may be an important factor for predicting monoterpene
emissions. To investigate the effect of growth temperature on monoterpene emission rates inbroad-leaved trees in Japan, we measured monoterpene emission rate of Acer palmatum grown at threedifferent sites among which the annual mean air temperature difference is at most 7 °C.
The study was conducted at Fujiyoshida city (FHK) (annual mean air temperature: 10.6 °C),
Gotenba city (GTB) (13.9 °C), and Shizuoka city (SZO) (17.7 °C), Japan. Six mature trees of A.
palmatum were selected at each site. About 1 m long branches with leaves were sampled for gas
exchange measurements. Monoterpene emission were measured with a leaf cuvette method(LI-6400XT, Li-Cor). Monoterpenes were collected in stainless steel adsorbent tubes. Monoterpenes
were identified and quantified using a gas chromatography mass spectrometer equipped with a thermal
desorption system (ATD-GCMS). To compare the capacity of monoterpene emissions, the emission
rates were measured at a standard temperature (30 °C) and a standard PPFD (1000 μmol m-2 s-1)
(standard emission rate: Ms). Measurements of Ms were conducted once every month in 2018.
In our previous study, monoterpene emission rate of A. palmatum depended on both leaf
temperature and PPFD. For monoterpene non-storing species, monoterpene emission rate is shown as
the temperature and light intensity algorithm (Guenther et al., 1993).
M = Ms×CL×CT …(1)where M is the monoterpene emission rate. CL and CT are temperature and light activity factor,
respectively. To obtain annual monoterpene emissions, we calculated the hourly monoterpene emission
rates by using the hourly averaged ambient air temperature and PPFD. Except for the measurementdays, daily Ms value was estimated by linear interpolation between two neighboring Ms values
experimentally determined. We did not measure the PPFD at GTB and FJY sites. The PPFD values
were assumed to be the same as that at SZO site.
A. palmatum emitted ten monoterpene
10
FJY
compounds. α-Pinene was the dominant (>80%)
8GTBcompound in all cases, except for April at SZO.
6SZO
Figure 1 shows variation in standard
4
monoterpene emission rate (Ms) during the2measurement period. After bud break, the Ms at
0
SZO, GTB, and FJY started to increase in early
1/1 2/1 3/4 4/4 5/5 6/5 7/6 8/6 9/6 10/711/712/8
May, middle May, and June, respectively. The Figure 1. Variation in standard monoterpene
highest Ms at FJY, GTB, and SZO were observed emission rate (Ms) in 2018.
during the period from July to August. Ms
25
gradually decreased as leaves of A. palmatum became senescent
SZO(FJY: late October, GTB: middle November, SZO: early
20
GTB
December). The date of start and end of the monoterpene
15
FJY
emission was different among the three sites, depending on leaf
10
phenology. However, the highest Ms did not differ among the5three sites.
0
The annual monoterpene emissions at FJY, GTB, and
10
12
14
16
18
20
Annual average air temperature (℃)
SZO in 2018 were calculated to be 10.5, 14.8, and 20.5 mmol
m-2 year-1, respectively. It was found to increase with annual
mean air temperature (Figure 2). Our results indicate that global Figure 2. Relationship between
warming might enhance the monoterpene emissions from A. annual monoterpene emissions andannual mean air temperature.
palmatum.

148

P2-E1The effect of canopy phenology and canopy surface physical phenomena on carbon budgetin evergreen coniferous and deciduous broad-leaf forests in a cool-temperate region underongoing climate change
Taku M. Saitoh*1, Nagai Shin2, Hiroyuki Muraoka1, Shinji Sawano3, Koh Yasue4
1 River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
2 Earth Surface System Research Center, JAMSTEC, Japan
3 Forest Research and Management Organization, Hokkaido, Japan
4 Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
Planted evergreen coniferous and natural or secondary deciduous broad-leaf forests are typicalvegetation types in Japan. Photosynthetic and respiratory carbon cycle in these forests have multiple
ecosystem functions which are responsible for regulating the regional biosphere as well as ecosystemservices to local society by providing natural resources and biodiversity. Because of such fundamental
importance of these forest types in Japan, quantitative clarification of possible influence of climatechange on their carbon cycle and sequestration is one of the highest priorities in ecosystem science inJapan. It is well known in temperate region that ecophysiological and physical processes as well as theirphenology are the key regulators of carbon cycling in forest ecosystems. However, it is still unclear how
much these canopy processes and resulting carbon sequestration are influenced by climate change. This
study aimed to quantify the effect of canopy phenology on carbon budget in evergreen coniferous anddeciduous broad-leaf forests in a cool-temperate region under ongoing climate change.
The study was conducted in mountainous region in central Japan, which is influenced by the Asianmonsoon, and is characterized by mild, humid springs and autumns, hot, humid summers, and cold,snowy winters.
First, ecosystem model, which can simulate carbon, water and heat cycle, was tuned and validated byusing field measurement data at the Takayama evergreen coniferous forest and Takayama deciduous
broadleaf forest sites (AsiaFlux TKC and TKY). The simulated seasonal patterns of gross primary
production (GPP), ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem production (NEP) coincided well withthose of the tower-flux measurements at both sites. In addition, simulated annual carbon fluxes weresimilar to those estimated by means of tower flux and biometric measurements at both sites.
Second, to compare the response of the carbon cycle to global warming at both forest types, we simulated
carbon cycle under present climate condition (1990-2016) and future climate condition (2070-2096). To
reduce the effect of bias error on climate model, we used the difference in air temperature and the ratio
for precipitation and solar radiation between the current (MIROC5 historical scenario; 1990-2005) andfuture projections (MIROC5 RCP2.6 scenario; 2070-2085), instead of using the actual climate model
outputs.
The simulated results suggested that the large increased GPP and NEP in evergreen coniferous forest
appeared in winter and early spring periods due to early canopy snowmelt and enhanced potential
photosynthesis caused by warm winter and early spring, whereas those in deciduous broad-leaf forest
appeared in late spring and early summer and autumn periods due to early leaf expansion and late leaffall caused by a warm spring and autumn. Consequently, different canopy phenology and canopy surface
physical phenomena between both forest types well characterize the sensitivity of carbon cycle to global
warming.

149

P2-E2
Characteristics and Scenarios Projection of NEE Change on the Tibetan Plateau
Mingyuan Du*1, Yingnian Li2, Fawei Zhang2,3, Liang Zhao2, Hongqin Li2,3, Song Gu4, Seiichiro
Yonemura1, Yanhong Tang5
1 Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Agricultural Research Organisation, Tsukuba,Japan
2 Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
3 College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
4 Nankai University, Tianjin, China
5 Peking University, Beijing, China
14 years of eddy covariance measurements were used to characterize the statistical features of NEE andits relationship with temperature variations during the 14 years. We fitted the Michaelis–Menten
equations of the light–response curve to the alpine meadow ecosystem getting the ecosystem-scale lightresponse curve and then get the relationship between the parameters of the light-response curve and air
or soil temperature. Therefore, a statistical model was obtained and by using the statistical model andthe scenarios projection of climate change on the Tibetan Plateau, the scenarios projection of NEEchanges on the Tibetan Plateau were obtained. The estimate temperature changes with a variation rangeof 2.3∼7.1∘C/100year, the estimate NEE changes firstly increasing of CO2 absorption (from 100.6gC/m2/year to -238gC/m2/year) when the temperature increased below 2°C. However, if thetemperature increased over 3°C, this CO2 absorption will be changed to large amount of releases (from-100.6gC/m2/year sink to 263gC/m2/year source when the temperature increased over 5°C).

150

P2-E3
Quantification of water usages of man-made oasis and natural vegetation in the middle
part of Hexi corridor, northwestern China
Wenzhi Zhao*1,2, XiBin Ji1,2, Hu Liu1,2, Hai Zhou1,2, and Liwen Zhao1,2
1 Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, China.
2 Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment andResources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
Most of the oases in northwestern China’s arid regions are located in the deserts and gobies between the
Helanshan-Wuqiaoling Mountains and China’s western frontier. These oases highly depend on wateroriginating from the mountains of the upper reaches of the inland rivers. Eco-environmental
deterioration of these systems began to appear in the middle to late 20th century, and can be linked
largely to human activities, which have fundamentally altered the water distribution pattern andcirculation processes in arid inland river basins, and became a serious threat to the long-termsustainability of the ecosystems. But few investigations were made to answer even the most basic
questions like, what degree of vegetation recovery would be optimal? The issues of how to balance theneed for water in agriculture and nature, and achieve the twin goals of food and environmental security
are still open and turning out to be a major challenge in the arid inland river basins, e.g. revegetation indegraded alpine ecosystem of the upper river basins may reduce the runoff released to downstream
drainages, and affect water security for food production in oasis agriculture of the middle river basins.
Taking the plain oasis in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, one of the largest inland river
basins in northwest China, as an example, we estimated the water uses of irrigated agriculture and naturalvegetation, and then analyze the water security issues facing the ecosystem and discuss potential
solutions. Our results show that the evapotranspiration of human-planted shelter forest could be as highas 620 mm·yr−1, and the total water consumption keeps around 738 mm·yr−1. The water consumption ofagricultural land in desert oasis varied between 630-675 mm·yr−1at field scale, ~ 960 mm·yr−1 atirrigation-unit scale, and 650 mm·yr−1 at oasis scale. About 9600 m3 of water resources are needed tomaintain one-hectare oases, which takes up about 25% of total water available at irrigation unit scale or
22% at oasis scale in this region. A considerable part of it goes to shelter system, i.e. 12.4% and 18% of
total water available at irrigation unit scale and oasis scale, respectively. Our calculation suggests thatthe oasis in middle HRB at the current water-use patterns is at a quasi-stable state, and almost
approaching the threshold of instable.

151

P2-E4The variation of carbon dioxide flux and response to the water level changes over a large
ephemeral lake
Xiaosong Zhao*1, Yuanbo Liu1, Timothy J. Griffis2, Ke Xiao2
1 Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 21008, China
2 Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul,55108,
Minnesota, USA
Carbon flux has been more intensely studied over land surfaces, while, a large proportion of lakes
have either been neglected or parameterized with simple bulk approaches. Several studies havesuggested that most lakes are net carbon sources to the atmosphere rather than carbon sinks.
Quantifying and understanding the environmental drivers of carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from lakes isimportant in order to have a better understanding of the greenhouse-gas budget of aquatic systems andthe global ecosystem. Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China. It is considered as an
ephemeral lake – experiencing dynamic seasonal transitions ranging from a lake surface to wetland
conditions. In this study, we use the eddy covariance technique to explore the diurnal and seasonalvariation patterns of CO2 flux of Poyang Lake during lake-covered and wetland-covered periods from
August 2013 to July 2016. Footprint analysis was used to separate CO2 flux observations into the lake
surface and wetland surface according to the underlying surface, and two sophisticated surface models
were used to derive gap-free time series. Observations and footprint integrated simulations comparedwell, even for situations with flux contributions including grassland and lake. Poyang Lake plays therole of carbon source during the lake-covered period, while it acts as a clear carbon sink due to thephotosynthesis of vegetation during the wetland-covered period. The annual CO2 flux over PoyangLake, finally, shows a carbon sink, ranging from -31 to -54 gCm-2a-1. The magnitude of carbon sink inannual scale is affected not only by meteorological factors but also by the change of water level.

152

P2-E5
Hydraulic characteristics and water storage of Japanese cypress using sap flow rate andwater potential measurements
Mai Kamakura*1, Kenji Tsuruta1, Wakana Azuma2, Naoki Inoue1 and Yoshiko Kosugi1
1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
2 Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan

Latent heat flux, W m-2

30

25

20

15

10

5

0
R-STB

STB-STU

STU-LB

LB-L

Sap flow rate, cm3 s-1

Hydraulic conductance, mmol m-2 s-1 MPa-1

Hydraulic characteristics and water storage in a 60-yr-old Japanese cypress tree (Chamaecyparis
obtuse Sieb. Et Zucc) were studied in the Kiryu Experimental Watershed (AsiaFlux KEW site), locatedin Shiga Prefecture, central Japan. To investigate daily water use, water potentials of soil (10 cm indepth, ΨS), root (ΨR), basal stem (1 m, ΨSTB), upper stem (20 m, ΨSTU), primary branch (20 m, ΨPB)
lateral branch (20 m, ΨLB), and leaf (20 m, ΨLF) and sap flow rate at the base (1 m, uB) and the upper(20 m, uU) of the stem were measured. Transpiration rate (E) in mature leaves at 20 m and latent heat
flux (LHF) was also measured during the measurement period. According to Ohm’s Law, hydraulicconductance (K) between the organs in a soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) was estimated fromtranspiration rate (E) and the difference in water potential between the adjacent organs (ΔΨ) as: K = E/ ΔΨ.
Hydraulic conductance (K) was the highest between lateral branch and leaf (KLB-L), next-highest
between basal stem and upper stem (KSTB-STU), next-highest between root and basal stem (KR-STB), andthe lowest between upper stem and lateral branch (KSTU-LB, Fig. 1). Latent heat flux (LHF) started toincrease with increasing VPD in the morning and stopped in the evening about 1 h earlier than waterflow in the upper stem (compare Fig. 2A and black line in Fig. 2B or 2C). The clear time lag
between uU and uB (Fig. 2B) and that between ΨSTU and ΨSTB (Fig. 2C) was also observed in themorning and evening, ranging about 1.5-2 h. Although LHF, sap flow rate (uU, uB) and water
potential (ΨSTU, ΨSTB) reached their peak at the same time (around 13:30), time course of eachparameter was different (Fig. 2). Such differences in the morning suggested that water stored inleaves and/or stems was utilized for transpiration in early morning before water uptake from the soil,
and those in the evening suggested that water was recharged to internal storage.
200
13:30

100
50
7:00

18:30

0
0.25

13:30

0.2

0.1

uU
0.05

uB

20:30
8:00

9:00

19:30
20:30 19:30 9:30

0

(C)

-0.2

MPa

Stem water potential,

(B)

13:30

0.15

0

Fig. 1 Hydraulic conductance (K) between theorgans in a SPAC.

(A)

150

-0.4
13:30

-0.6

13:30

ΨSTU
ΨSTB

-0.8
-1
0

5

10

VPD, hPa

15

20

25

Fig. 2 The relation (A) between VPD and LHF, (B) between
VPD and sap flow rate of the upper and basal stem (uU, uB) and(C) water potential of the upper and basal stem (ΨSTU, ΨSTB).

153

P2-E6
Contribution of whole-tree water storage to daily transpiration in conifer trees
Wakana A. Azuma*1, Sawa Himeno2, Koichiro Gyokusen2, Hiroaki Ishii1, Takeshi Nakajima3, Yoshiko
Kosugi3, Kenji Tsuruta3, Mai Kamakura3, Kenichi Yoshimura4, and Makiko Tateishi5
1 Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan.
2 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
3 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
4 Facultyl of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
5 Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
In this study, we quantified daily course in foliage, sapwood, and bark water storage and theircontribution to transpiration in whole-trees of Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa. Threestudy trees were selected in each species (height = 6 – 8 m, DBH = 6 – 9 cm). C. japonica was planted
at the experiment field in Kyusyu University located in Fukuoka Prefecture, southern Japan and C.
obtusa was planted at in the Kiryu Experimental Watershed (AsiaFlux KEW site) located in Shiga
Prefecture, central Japan. First, we measured diurnal changes in transpiration rate, sap-flow velocity andstem radius on a sunny day. On the next sunny day, all study trees were cut while suspended fromscaffolding and the cut base was immediately submerged and recut in a bucket filled with water. To
estimate whole-tree cumulative daily transpiration (ΣTTree, ml day-1), the transpired water was
replenished every 0.5 – 1 hr. Then whole-tree transpiration rate (TTree, ml hr-1) were calculated combined
the diurnal changes in shoot transpiration rate. We also combined these measurements with whole-treepressure–volume (WTPV) analysis to show how water stored in foliage, sapwood, and bark weredepleted and replenished during the course of a sunny day. The hourly rate of change in whole –treewater storage (PTree, ml hr-1) was assumed by calculating the sum of hourly change in water storage ofeach organ. Then we calculated the rate of contribution for whole-tree cumulative daily water storage(ΣPTree, ml day-1) to ΣTTree. These experiments were conducted in August for C. japonica and in October
for C. obtusa.
The rate of contribution forΣPTree to ΣTTree were around 10 %in C. japonica and around 20 % in
C. obtusa. A little different of theseresults between species could be
related by difference of ΣTTree due
to seasonal variation. In both
species, foliage contributed themost (around 65 %) to ΣPTree, andsapwood contributed around 35 %,while contribution of bark wasaround 5 %. During the course of
the day, PTree showed greater
contribution to TTree in the morningwhen transpiration started andincreased, while after transpiration
decreased, PTree increased byrefilling of water during the night(Fig 1). These results suggested theimportance of leaf water storage inmaintaining daily transpiration in Fig 1. Hourly change in whole-tree transpiration (TTree, ml hr
1-1, thick lines) and water storage (PTree, ml hr , narrow lines).
conifer trees.
Increase of TTree represents water loss by transpiration, while
decrease of PTree represents contribution of water storage.

154

P2-E7Long-term soil warming effect on insect-plant interactions at the canopy of tall oak trees
Masahiro Nakamura*1, Tatsuro Nakaji1, Tsutom Hiura1
1 Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University
Short-term experiments cannot detect whether warming effects vary with time. Besides, it is difficult
to extrapolate the results of small-scale experiments to actual global changes owing to “lamp effect”.
To avoid these limitations, long-term warming experiments with large-spatial scale are necessary.
Previous studies have showed plant-mediated effects of global warming on herbivore insects. They
focused on leaf traits (leaf susceptibility) as important determinant of herbivory (leaf damage). In
addition, cumulative effects of warming due to shift in insect community composition may play
another important role to determine herbivory because insect community composition may be related
to herbivore pressure. Combining changes in leaf susceptibility (leaf traits) and herbivore pressure(insect community composition) should be considered for better understanding the mechanism of
temporal variation in the magnitude of warming effect on herbivory. In this study, we report results of
9-year (2007-2015) soil warming experiment of tall oak trees Quercus crispula (18-20 m in height) todetermine how long-term soil warming affect insect-plant interactions at the canopy of tall oak trees.
We have three questions: 1) How do leaf traits and herbivory respond to long-term soil warming? 2)
How does the magnitude of soil warming effect on leaf traits and herbivory vary temporally? 3) Whichleaf traits are responsible for the observed variation in herbivory?

155

P2-R1
The temporal variation of Solar Induced Fluorescence detected by the canopy
spectroscopy in cool-temperate broadleaf deciduous forest in central Japan
Tomoki Morozumi*1, Tomomichi Kato1, Katsuto Tsujimoto2, Kanokrat Buareal3, Yuma Sakai1,4, Hideki
Kobayashi4, Kenlo Nishida Nasahara5, Tomoko Akitsu5, Shohei Murayama6, Hibiki Noda7, Hiroyuki
Muraoka8
1 Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
2 Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
3 Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,
4 Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science andTechnology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan.
5 Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
6 Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
7 Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES),
Tsukuba, Japan.
8 River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
Solar Induced Fluorescence (SIF) is recognized as a new remote sensing index to indicate thephotosynthetic capacity, including gross primary productivity (GPP) of terrestrial ecosystems (Meroni
et al., 2009). The correlation between SIF and GPP has been detected by the satellite-based measurement(e.g. GOSAT; Frankenberg et al., 2011) and by eddy flux tower-based one in recent studies (e.g. Dammet al., 2015). To understand mechanism of its correlation and to validate the satellite SIF measurement,
ground based observation is necessary to cover the long time period and diverse ecosystem types.
Among the multiple eddy flux sites that started monitoring the SIF covering ecosystem types recently
in Japan, Takayama deciduous forest (TKY; 36.146°N, 137.42°E) was one of the oldest CO2 flux (i.e.
GPP) measurement in Japan (Muraoka et al., 2015). Low resolution spectroradiometer MS-700 (EkoInstruments, Tokyo, Japan) with 3.3 nm of the full-width at half maximum (FWHM) and fish-eye timelapse camera has been installed at the top of the tower as a part of Phenological Eyes Network; PEN(Nasahara and Nagai, 2015).
We set high-resolution spectroradiometers (HR4000 and QEpro, Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL,USA) with 0.060-0.17 nm of FWHM to measure radiation values for SIF detection at TKY site on April
21th, 2018 and March 14th, 2019, respectively. Spectrometers were equipped of 7 optical fiber cables
via optical fiber switch and measured the upward and downward spectra at three heights: 8, 14, and 18m(canopy top) with field of view (FOV) of 180°, and downward spectrum in 45° angle with FOV of 25°).
SIF (denoted as F(λ)) was calculated from the incoming solar and reflected spectra in the O2-A
absorption band by spectral fitting method (SFM; Meroni et al., 2009) as below:
𝐿 𝜆 =

+𝐹 𝜆

(1)

where L(λ) is radiance upwelling from vegetation, r(λ) is reflectance, and E(λ) is incident irradiance.
Following the method of Yang et al. (2015), we assumed that both r(λ) and F(λ) are the linear functionsof λ in O2-A absorption band around 760 nm. The relationship of normalized vegetation index (NDVI),
enhanced vegetation index (EVI), photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and photosynthetically active
radiation (PAR) to SIF variability were also discussed among different leaf area, photochemical stateand incident radiation. Hemispherical fisheye camera and irradiance of MS-700 were compared to checkthe effective SIF detection under various sky conditions.
The aim of this research is to develop the stable continuous measurement of ground-based SIF toinvestigate photosynthetic processes and GPP in the forest ecosystem. In the study, we focused on thedetection of temporal SIF variability in O2-A band to examine its’ reliability as a stable indicator of suchas GPP and we introduce the preliminary result of the SIF detection for the growing season in 2018 and2019. We may also discuss the technical issues in observation of SIF emission from multiple canopy
layers.

156

P2-R2High temporal monitoring of terrestrial CO2 fluxes using geostationary satellites
Kazuhito Ichii*1, Kodai Hayashi1, Yuhei Yamamoto1
1. Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Japan
New generation geostationary satellites such as Himawari-8 AHI provide high temporal resolution
observation (e.g., 10 min) with multiple spectral bands and moderate spatial resolution. Therefore, suchgeostationary satellites provide new and novel datasets for terrestrial vegetation monitoring. Landsurface reflectances and land surface temperature are key variables for vegetation monitoring. In thisstudy, we will show our efforts on the application of Himawari-8 AHI data to terrestrial vegetation
monitoring. First, we demonstrate that surface reflectances estimated from original Himawari-8 datasets(i.e., top of atmosphere reflectance) can monitor vegetation with higher temporal resolutions. Comparedwith commonly-used polar-orbiting satellite/sensors (e.g., Terra MODIS), cloud-free observation data
were drastically increased. Combining surface reflectances and land surface temperatures, terrestrial
energy, water, and CO2 fluxes can be also estimated using machine learning techniques by extending
existing studies [e.g., Ichii et al., 2017]. However, one difficulty is to collect recent AsiaFlux observation
datasets. Since Himawari-8 AHI data are available after July 2015, recent AsiaFlux observation datasets
are highly required, and collaboration with AsiaFlux data providers is highly welcome and appreciated.
References
Ichii et al. (2017) New data-driven estimation of terrestrial CO2 fluxes in Asia using a standardized
database of eddy covariance measurements, remote sensing data, and support vector regression. Journalof Geophysical Research Biogeosciences. 122, 767–795, doi:10.1002/2016JG003640.

157

P2-R3
Estimation of carbon dioxide emissions through tropical peatland subsidence
using interferometric synthetic aperture radar analysis
Tomohiro Shiraishi*1, Ryuichi Hirata1, Masato Hayashi2 and Takashi Hirano3
1 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
3 Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Greenhouse gas emissions associated with land use change are attracting more attention in forested
peatlands in Southeast Asia, which had accumulated a huge amount of soil carbon. The tropicalpeatlands have been deforested by the rapid expansion of oil palm plantations in Borneo. As a result ofdrainage, land subsidence occurs through a series of steps of compaction, shrinkage, consolidation, andoxidative peat decomposition. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted through the peat decomposition. The
CO2 emissions have been estimated from manually-measured subsidence using peat properties, such as
bulk density and carbon content, and an empirical factor to separate total subsidence into physical anddecomposition fractions.
We estimated large-scale subsidence of a newly-developed oil palm plantation from a peat swamp
forest in Sarawak, Malaysia, using C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data of Sentinel-1A operated
by ESA. Two time-series data at intervals of 12 days were used to detect the displacement of thescattering objects (ground surface) by interferometric SAR (InSAR) processing with SNAP software.
The analysis of ground displacement (subsidence) was made for approximately nine months from 7
August 2017 to 28 April 2018. CO2 emissions through the subsidence were estimated by multiplying
the subsidence depth by peat bulk density of 0.1 Mg m-3, peat carbon content of 52.8 % (Ishikura et al.,2018), and the contribution rate of oxidative peat decomposition at 50 %.
Figure 1 presents the average ground displacement every 12 days from 7 August 2017.
Precipitation was from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and shown as 12-day-long amountto overlap with the C-band SAR observation timing. Figure 2 provides the distribution map of the final
displacement results for the study area of 2143 ha in the black frame. The ground subsidence was thesubsidence was 3.2 cm for 8.5 months on average, from which annul subsidence was roughly estimatedto be 4.3 cm year-1. In addition, CO2 emissions through the subsidence was calculated to be 31.3 t CO2
ha-1; annual emission was 41.8 t CO2 ha-1 year-1. This result was much less than 145.5 t CO2 ha-1 year-1
of Hayashi et al. (2019), 66 t CO2 ha-1 year-1 of Couwenberg and Hooijer. (2013) and 178 t CO2 ha-1
year-1 of Hooijer et al. (2012). No significant correlation was found between ground displacement andprecipitation (p > 0.05).

Figure 1. Ground displacement by InSAR processing. Redline is displacement every two time-series. Black-line
indicates total displacement, and light blue bars are
precipitation.

158

Figure 2. The distribution of total
ground displacement (cm). Blue
indicates subsidence, red means uplift,
and the target region is in black.

P2-R4
Measuring landscape albedo using unmanned aerial vehicles
Chang Cao*1, Xuhui Lee1,2, Joseph Muhlhausen3, Laurent Bonneau4 and Jiaping Xu5
1 Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agriculture
Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044,
China
2 School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
3 CielMap, Ellicott City, Maryland 21042, USA
4 Center for Earth Observation, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
5 Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing,
Jiangsu 210009, China
Surface albedo is a critical parameter in surface energy balance and albedo change is an important driverof changes in local climate. In this study, we developed a workflow for landscape albedo estimation
using images acquired with a consumer-grade camera on board unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Flight
experiments were conducted at two sites in Connecticut, U. S. A. and the UAV-derived albedo wascompared with the albedo obtained from a Landsat image acquired at about the same time of the UAV
experiments. We find that the UAV estimate of visible-band albedo of an urban playground (0.037 ±0.063, mean ± standard deviation of pixel values) under clear sky conditions agrees reasonably wellwith the estimate based on the Landsat image (0.047 ± 0.012). But because the cameras could only
measure reflectance in three visible bands (blue, green, and red), the agreement is poor for shortwave
albedo. We suggest that deployment of a camera capable of detecting reflectance at a near-infrared
waveband should improve the accuracy of shortwave albedo estimation.

Figure 1. Workflow for estimating landscape visible and shortwave band albedo

159

P2-R5High-Frequency estimation of the land surface temperature using next-generation
geostationary satellite data
Yuhei Yamamoto*1 and Kazuhito Ichii1
1 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
Land surface temperature (LST) is a key parameter of land-atmosphere interaction on various scales.
Therefore, the LST has potential applications in various fields, such as the surface energy balance(sensible/latent heat and evaporation), vegetation monitoring, urban heat island, and environmental
studies, amongst others. Since satellite observations can provide LST data over a wide area withhomogeneous quality, LST retrieval algorithms have been proposed for various sensors.
We present a new LST retrieval algorithm utilizing multi-bands of Himawari-8 sensor (Yamamoto
et al., 2018). Himawari-8 is a new generation of Japanese geostationary meteorological satellite, whichbegan the observations on July 2015. The algorithm requires brightness temperatures and land surface
emissivities of the thermal infrared (TIR) bands (centered at 10.4, 11.2 and 12.4 μm) of Himawari-8.
The brightness temperature data of Himawari-8 were provided by the Center for Environmental Remote
Sensing, Chiba University, whereas the land surface emissivities were estimated by a semi-empiricalmethod based on the land cover classification information and the normalized difference vegetationindex (Yamamoto and Ishikawa, 2018). LST retrieval was limited to a clear-sky condition where theupward thermal infrared radiance from the land surface can be observed by the Himawari-8 sensor. The
spatial and temporal resolutions of the retrieved LST data were 0.02° and 10 min, respectively.
Figure 1 shows an example output of our developed LST retrieval algorithm. This LST producthas been sufficiently verified using simulation data, but further validation using in-situ LST that can be
estimated from longwave radiation flux observations is insufficient, which is a future issue.
Yamamoto, Y., and H. Ishikawa, 2018: Thermal land surface emissivity for retrieving land surface temperaturefrom Himawari-8. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 96B, 43–58.
Yamamoto, Y., H. Ishikawa, Y. Oku, and Z. Hu, 2018: An algorithm for land surface temperature retrieval using
three thermal infrared bands of Himawari-8. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 96B, 59–76.

Figure 1. An example output of LST distribution over East Asia at 03:00UTC, 15 July 2018. Backgroundimage is an infrared image of Himawari-8 sensor.

160

P2-R6
GPP capacity estimation algorithm using light response curve in various vegetation
types for global observing satellite data
Kanako Muramatsu1, Emi Yoneda1, Akari Ozaki1, Noriko Soyama2
1 Nara Women’s Univ., Nara, Japan
2 Tenri Univ., Nara, JapanAn algorithm to estimate gross primary production (GPP) capacity from global satellite data wasdeveloped using flux data. The characteristic of this method corresponds to photosynthesis process. The
photosynthesis velocity depends on photosynthesis capacity and depression because of weather
conditions. It was assumed that the capacity part depends on one of plant physiological parameters ofchlorophyll contents of a leaf. In the previous study (J. Thanyapraneedkul et al., 2013), the frameworkof estimation method using light-response curve was developed. The two parameters of light-response
curve of the maximum of GPP capacity in the light saturation and relating on the initial slope were
determined. The parameter relating on an initial slope was used as fixed values for each vegetation types.
The maximum of GPP capacity at the light saturation was determined from the linear relationshipbetween GPP capacity at 2000 (μmolm-2s-1) and Chlorophyll index (CIgreen) using green band developedby Gitelson et al. (1996). The relationship determined of open shrublands (US-Ses), savanna (US-Wjs),
grass (CA-Let), corps of rice paddy (JP-MSE), deciduous broadleaf forests (JP-TKY), permanent wet(US-Los ( DOI : 10.17190 / AMF / 1246071)) and deciduous needleleaf forests (JP-TMK), evergreen
needleleaf forests (JP-FJY) and evergreen broadleaf forests (TH-SKR) (J. Thanyapraneedkul et al., 2013;
Mineshita et al., 2016; Muramatsu et al., 2017).
The total forest area is 31% of total land area in 2010 (FAO Forest paper), and Europe including
the Russian Federation occupies 25% of the world's total forest area. The kinds of forest are rich as
deciduous forest, evergreen needleleaf and broadleaf forest in Europe. Especially, the forest grows on
permafrost in eastern Siberia, Russia. It is special characteristics in Siberia. For applying the method
worldwide, the parameter estimation method should be studied in another continent for the same
vegetation types.
The method needs the vegetation types for estimating GPP capacity. Detailed vegetation typeclassification is impossible when the spectral reflectance pattern is similar each other. The missclassified results cause errors of GPP capacity estimation.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate applicability of this algorithm to Europe including
Siberia using flux data and MODIS reflectance data of clear pixel, and how vegetation types weredivided into groups from the view point of parameter estimation formula in light-response curve.
The relationships between GPP capacity at 2000 from flux data and CIgreen from MODIS werestudied. Flux data of open shrublands (ES-Agu), deciduous broadleaf forests (FR-Hes), evergreen
needleleaf forests (NL-Loo, IT-Lav, YPF), and evergreen broadleaf forests (FR-Pue), deciduous
needleleaf forests (YLF) were used together with the previous study sites. The relationship of the same
vegetation type had on the same slope line, even if continental were different. And the relationship was
divided into five groups. One was open shrublands, savanna, grasslands, croplands of rice paddy, second
deciduous broadleaf forest, and permanent wetlands, third deciduous needleleaf forests, forth evergreen
needleleaf forest, fifth evergreen broadleaf forests. The slope difference for each vegetation type andlight-response curve initial slope were discussed in the conference.

161

P2-R7
Phenological changes in in-situ and GOSAT-based SIF in evergreen coniferous forest inJapan
Hibiki M. Noda*1, Yoshiko Kosugi2, Kouki Hikosaka3, Yukio Yoshida1, Haruki Oshio1
1 National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
2 Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
3 Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
In temperate region, CO2 flux of terrestrial vegetation shows significant seasonal change because of theseasonal changes in meteorological conditions, e.g., radiation, precipitation and temperature andphenological changes in canopy structure and physiological traits of plant species. To monitor thevegetation phenology, optical remote sensing is a powerful tool. In a temperate deciduous forest,
vegetation indices, such as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and EVI (Enhanced
Vegetation Index) have been utilized to observe the canopy phenology. However, since those indices aremainly determined by LAI (leaf area index), it is difficult to observe phenology of evergreen forest,
which shows very little change in the canopy structure throughout a year. Recently new optical index
SIF (solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence) has been utilized to understand the temporal and spatial
variations in the photosynthetic activity and/or production. Since the chlorophyll fluorescence is aradiation emitted by photosynthetic process itself, SIF is thought to be directly linked to photosynthetic
activity. So, SIF would be available to monitor phenology of evergreen species.
In present study, we have examined seasonal changes in in-situ and satellite-based SIF in
evergreen coniferous forest in Japan. In-situ SIF measurement was conducted at Kiryu Experiment
Watershed (“Kiryu site”), dominated by Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa). Japanese cypress
forest is pne of very common vegetation types in Japan. Kiryu site is one of AsiaFlux site and flux
measurement by eddy covariance methods have been conducted. We started continuous measurementof in-situ SIF measurement at the site from the end of March 2017. In-situ SIF of Kiryu site shows
similar seasonal pattern with GPP; increase from sprig to summer and decrease autumn to winter. In
present study, we will discuss the phenological changes in the relationship between GPP and SIF in
Kiryu site. We also show the seasonality of satellite-based SIF retrieved from by GOSAT data in aroundKiryu site, mainly dominated by evergreen coniferous trees.

162

P2-R8Ground based measurements of aerosol properties for estimating biophysical parameters
by using optical Earth observation data
Hirokazu Yamamoto*1, Satoshi Tsuchida1 , Koki Iwao1 , and Hiroki Mizuochi1
1 Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,
Tsukuba, Japan.
Many satellite-based optical Earth observations have provided higher-level products related with various
biophysical parameters. Most of higher-level products need the land surface reflectance observed bysatellite sensor, which is a key role dataset for higher-level products such as LAI, Land cover, NPP/GPP,
and so on. The land surface reflectance product is derived from TOA radiance/reflectance product byapplying the atmospheric correction algorithm, which removes the atmospheric effects of absorption,
scattering, and transmission. Validation of this product is also very important due to the accuracy ofhigher-level products related with biophysical parameters.
The validation data obtained over the sites called Phenological Eyes Network (PEN) in Japan
would be useful, and we have three validation sites for ground-based measurement of atmosphericparameters in Japan. Skyradiometer POM02 manufactured by PREDE Co., Ltd. to measure theatmospheric parameters over three validation sites, and POM02 can derive various parameters of theaerosol optical properties, which include the aerosol optical thickness (AOT), single scattered albedo(SSA), Angstrom exponent (AE), Refractive indices (RefRe, RefIm), the aerosol volume size
distribution.
In this research, we show the long-term measurement results of the aerosol optical properties overeach validation site, and discuss the effects for the land surface reflectance derived from satellite opticalsensors.

163

P2-M1
Spatio-temporal variability in N2O emissions from a tea-planted soil in subtropical central
China
Xinliang Liu*1, Yong Li1, Xiaoqing Fu1, Jianlin Shen1, Yi Wang1 and Jinshui Wu
1 Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region and Changsha Research Station for
Agricultural & Environmental Monitoring, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Hunan, China
To explore the intrinsic spatial patterns of N2O emissions in agricultural systems, not only should thespatial and temporal variability in N2O emissions be analyzed separately, but the joint spatio-temporalvariability should also be explored by applying state-of-the-art spatio-temporal semivariogram models
and interpolation methods. We evaluate the spatio-temporal variability of N2O emissions from tea-planted
soils in subtropical central China and compare the prediction performances among four spatio-temporalvariogram models, i.e., the separable, product-sum, metric and sum-metric model. Then, we assess theaccuracy of the traditional in situ static chamber observation methods by comparison with spatio-temporal
regression interpolation. We examined the spatio-temporal variability in N2O emissions from a teaplanted soil from 28 April 2014 to 27 May 2014 using 96 static mini chambers in an approximately
regular grid on a 40 m2 tea field (sampling 30 times), and the results were compared with the long-term
observation of N2O emissions using large static chambers (sampling 5 times). The N2O fluxes exhibitedstrong spatial, temporal and joint spatio-temporal autocorrelation on effective ranges of spatial andtemporal dependence, i.e., 0.41 m and 5.4 days, respectively. The predictions of the kriging interpolations
for the total N2O were approximately 25% higher than the measurements of the long-term observation.
Our results indicate that the long-term observation of N2O emissions from tea fields should be carried out
in a higher density sampling experiment, in which the spatial and temporal sampling intervals should be
adjusted to improve the accuracy of the N2O flux estimates.

164

P2-M2
Rubber yield estimation using net ecosystem production (NEP)
Duangrat Satakhun*1, Chompunut Chayawat1, Yann Nouvellon2, and Poonpipope Kasemsap3
1 Center of Thai-French Cooperation on Higher Education and Research, Kasetsart University,
Bangkok, Thailand
2 UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
3 Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Latex yield estimation using Eddy Covariance-based methods are of interest for rubber plantation
monitoring. We use eddy covariance technique to measure the net primary production (NEP) which isthe net ecosystem exchange (NEE, the vertical net ﬂux of CO2 above the rubber plantation). NEP of a19-year old, latex-producing rubber plantation of a monoclonal stand of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis
Müll.Arg.) clone RRIM 600 at Chachoengsao Rubber Research Center, Chachoengsao province,
Thailand was observed for 5 years, starting from 2013. The results showed that NEP from 2013 to 2017
ranged from 7.65 to 18.35 tons C ha-1 year-1 and averaged 10.78 tons C ha-1 year-1. The latex yield ranged
1.44 to 2.36 tons ha-1 year-1 and averaged 2.05 tons ha-1 year-1. In addition, NEP was positively related
to annual latex yield and explained 64.9% of its variation (Figure 1). This refers that we can use
accumulated NEP over the growing season to estimate latex yield.

Figure 1 Relationships between latex yield (ton.ha-1year-1) and Net ecosystem production (NEP, ton
C.ha-1year-1).

165

P2-M3
A global carbon cycle model system for the GOSAT-2 project
Makoto Saito*1, Yosuke Niwa1, Daisuke Goto1, Tazu Saeki1, Kazutaka Murakami1, Richao Cong1,
Tatsuya Miyauchi1, Tomohiro Shiraishi1, Ryuichi Hirata1, Yukio Yoshida1, and Tsuneo Matsunaga1
1 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, JapanThe Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite 2 (GOSAT-2) was launched, as the successor of GOSAT,
on 29th October 2018 into a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 613 km with 6-day revisit cycle.
GOSAT-2 is designed to measure atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and carbon
monoxide (CO) with two instruments: The Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation
Fourier Transform Spectrometer 2 (TANSO-FTS-2) and the Cloud and Aerosol Imager 2 (TANSOCAI-2). The GOSAT-2 mission inherits the main objective of the GOSAT that improves our knowledgeof spatiotemporal variations of CO2 and CH4 in the atmosphere and the process governing their exchange
between the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface and contributes climate change studies and related
environmental policy making. The GOSAT-2 project is planning to provide the data products based on
GOSAT-2 observations, following the GOSAT project, which provides the data products with four
processing levels; Level 1 provides radiance spectral data, Level 2 atmospheric concentration data,
Level 3 atmospheric concentration map data, and Level 4 global surface flux data, respectively. Amongthe data products, Level 2 and Level 4 products using TANSO-FTS-2 observations need model estimatesin their processing. Global distribution estimates of atmospheric CO2, CH4, and aerosol using
atmospheric transport models are used as prior information in Level 2 products, and Level 4 products
are model estimates using an atmospheric transport model and inversion system with prior model
information on terrestrial biosphere and ocean fluxes, anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, andso on. The GOSAT-2 project develops these models and constructs a global carbon cycle model system
for regular operation of the data products. We are showing an overview of the model system in AsiaFlux
Workshop.

166

P2-M4
Effects of mortality in a long-term carbon budget modeling
Katsumi Yamanoi*1 and Yasuko Mizoguchi1
1 Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hokkaido, Japan.
The carbon budget for a decidual broadleaf forest has be observing in the Sapporo forest meteorology
research site (SAP). The forest was damaged by a severe wind-throw disturbance in 2004. More than
40% trees died and supplied to forest floor as coarse wood debris (Fig. 1). The mortality increased after
the disturbance, and then vary over the years (Fig. 2). In a long-term modeling, the mortality was animportant factor for carbon budget along with global warming. We assumed constant and decline
mortality by the end of the century (Fig. 3). As the warming pathways, we set three scenarios (RCP 2.6,
RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). Using the ecological process model, we predicted future carbon budget andregrowth of the forest.
Fig. 4 shows carbon flux and storage for a decline mortality and RCP 4.5 pathway. After the
disturbance, gross primary production was greatly decreased, whereas respiration was maintained. Bothwere increased over the years. As a result, net ecosystem production was negative over 15 years. Under
positive NEP, biomass was clearly increased. Nevertheless, it takes 40 years to return the same biomass
after the disturbance. The mortality will affect carbon budget and regrowth rate. We verify calculations
for several conditions.

Fig. 1 Biomass change from 1977 to 2018. in SAP site.

Fig. 2 Mortality change from 1977 to 2018 in SAP site.

Fig. 3 The assumption of mortality for themodeling.

Fig. 4 Carbon flux and budget under a decline
mortality and RCP 4.5 pathway.

167

P2-M5
Applicability of daily evapotranspiration models of spring maize based on eddy
covariance
Dong Wu1, Qijin He*1, Zhihua Pan1, Guangsheng Zhou2
1. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,
China
2. Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
The evapotranspiration is a basic parameter for the vegetation evapotranspiration calculation, theregional water balance analysis, and the water resources management. The evapotranspiration models
have different adaptability for different regions or crops. In order to accurately estimate theevapotranspiration of spring maize at different growth stages, the applicability of six daily
evapotranspiration models (combined method, FAO 56-Penman-Monteith; temperature-based methods,
Hargreaves-Samani, Blaney-Criddle; radiation-based methods, Makkink, Jensen-Haise and PriestleyTaylor) were evaluated in spring maize farmland ecosystem. This study was conducted based on latent
flux data from eddy covariance during 2007-2008 at Jinzhou Agricultural Ecosystem Research Station
and by using the linear weighted sum method and three statistical indicators: correlation coefficient,mean bias error and root mean square error. The results showed that: 1) The average daily variation of
evapotranspiration at different growth stages was expressed as a single peak curve and the maximum of
daily evapotranspiration appeared at initial stage of flowering; 2) Different canopy density differencesof spring maize at different growth stages displayed effect on evapotranspiration. The general evaluation
results indicated that the radiation-based models performed better than combined and temperature-based
methods excluding Priestley-Taylor model; 3) The calibrated Blaney-Criddle model in seedling stage,
the original Jensen-Haise model in heading stage and the calibrated Makkink model in flowering stage
accurately evaluated the evapotranspiration of spring maize. In conclusion, the results provide references
for estimating daily spring maize evapotranspiration at different growth stages in Northeast, China.

168

Business Advertisement

29

New
Smart Chamber
The Smart Chamber is a portable,
self-powered 20 cm survey chamberfeaturing an embedded microprocessor
and internal storage for real-time flux
calculations when configured with
LI-COR gas analyzers. The Smart
Chamber can also be configured with
non-LI-COR gas analyzers to measure

バッテリーと内部データメモリー搭載の最新⾼精度チャンバー

fluxes of your particular gases of interest
using SoilFluxPro™ software.

Trace Gas Analyzers
High performance in an entirely new, portable design.
フィールドやラボでも⾼精度CH 4/CO 2測定

LI-870 CO2 / H2 O Analyzer
A high-performance, low-cost CO2 flux survey solution.

CO 2 ﬂux 測定が効率的に

東京
大阪

TEL (03) 5379 - 0051 FAX (03) 5379 - 0811
〒160-0022

新宿区新宿1-14-2 KI御苑前ビル

TEL (06) 6674 - 2222 FAX(06) 6674 - 2323
〒558-0047

テクノロジーラボ

大阪市住吉区千躰2-4-25

名古屋
仙台

TEL (052) 686-4794 FAX (052) 686-5114〒464-0075

名古屋市千種区内山3-10-18

PPビル3FTEL (022) 218 - 0560 FAX (022) 218 - 0561
〒981-3133

仙台市泉区泉中央3-4-1

東京都立産業技術研究センター 〒135-0064 東京都江東区青海2-4-10 製品開発支援ラボ318

Eddy Covariance Systems
LI-COR eddy covariance systems can be customized from the most basic
single-analyzer setup to advanced systems that measure methane flux
along with biological and meteorological variables.

CH 4/CO 2/H 2O /熱
空間収⽀の総合解析システム
We Gave You the Gas Analyzers
信頼と安定のガスアナライザー
The standard instruments of flux networks around the world, including
NEON, Ameriflux, ICOS, Asiaflux, and many others. Chosen after rigorous
trials and testing by leading researchers.

We Developed EddyPro ®
to Process Your Raw Data
EC演算ソフトウェア
The industry leader: downloaded over 5000 times in over 175 countries.
Get real-time insights into your data with fully-processed fluxes on demand.

Introducing : Tovi
⽣態系データ分析 ソフトウェア
The powerful new eddy covariance post-processing software from LI-COR.
Get to ecosystem insights faster and more reliably than ever before.

東京
大阪

TEL (03) 5379 - 0051 FAX (03) 5379 - 0811
〒160-0022

新宿区新宿1-14-2 KI御苑前ビル

TEL (06) 6674 - 2222 FAX(06) 6674 - 2323
〒558-0047

テクノロジーラボ

大阪市住吉区千躰2-4-25

名古屋
仙台

TEL (052) 686-4794 FAX (052) 686-5114〒464-0075

名古屋市千種区内山3-10-18

PPビル3FTEL (022) 218 - 0560 FAX (022) 218 - 0561
〒981-3133

仙台市泉区泉中央3-4-1

東京都立産業技術研究センター 〒135-0064 東京都江東区青海2-4-10 製品開発支援ラボ318

SYSTEMSCPEC300, CPEC306, and CPEC310

Closed-Path Eddy-Covariance Flux Systems

State ofthe Art
Systems ideal for
Systemtop-level
top-leve research

CPEC300
CPEC306

CPEC310

Overview
The CPEC300-series systems are turn-key, closed-path eddy-covariance(EC) flux systems for long-term monitoring of atmosphere-biosphereexchanges of carbon dioxide, water vapor, heat, and momentum.
Three models are offered that support different applications:
CPEC300—A basic, entry-level, closed-path eddy-covariance flux
system that is a good solution for sites with fewer sensors and ashort tower
CPEC306—A mid-level, expandable, closed-path eddy-covariancesystem that is a good solution for sites with many sensors andeither a short or tall tower
CPEC310—A high-end, expandable, closed-path eddy-covariancesystem that is a good solution for sites with many sensors and either a short or tall tower, and that will use automatic zero and span

Each system typically includes an EC155 closed-path gas analyzer,
CSAT3A sonic anemometer (ordered as an option), CR6 datalogger(ordered as an option), sample pump, and enclosures that housethe electronics. The CPEC310 also has a valve module that provides
automatic zero and span, and an optional scrub module that provides aconvenient source of zero gas. Often the CDM-A116 16-channel analog
input module is ordered with a CPEC306 or CPEC310 to connect additional energy-balance and meteorological sensors. The CDM-A116 fits
inside the system enclosure.
The EC155 gas analyzer’s intake design and small sample cell volume(5.9 mL) provide excellent frequency response (4.3 Hz cutoff frequency)with low total system power (12 W). Additionally, the now-available
vortex intake greatly reduces maintenance and maintains frequency
response compared to traditional inline filters.

Benefits and Features
Ease of usey Vortex intake greatly reduces maintenance compared to inline filters
y EasyFluxTM datalogger program requires minimal input fromstation operator
y Active system flow control; EC and zero/span flows set by datalogger program variables
y System operates continuously during inclement weather
y Heated sample intake prevents condensationy Installation requires minimal tools
Excellent system frequency response (see graph on next page)Low power
Onboard data storage available using microSD cards; maximum
8 GB or 8 months at 10 Hz measurement frequency
Remote data collection, including direct (Ethernet, RS-232, shorthaul modem, landlinea) and wireless (Wi-Fi, RF, cellulara, satelliteb)aCollecting high frequency time series is possible, but may be costprohibitive.

b8/-PHBO 65

Only online statistics can be collected using satellite.

More info: 435.227.9120
www.campbellsci.com/cpec300

Science Measurements

CPEC300-series Pump Module

CO2 and H2O are measured with an EC155 Closed-Path Gas Analyzer.
Three-dimensional wind speed and sonic air temperature are measured with a CSAT3A sonic anemometer head.

The pump module, a standard component of the CPEC300-seriessystem, consists of a small dual-head diaphragm pump with a brushless dc motor mounted inside a fiberglass enclosure. An integral
cable connects the pump module to the CPEC300 enclosure, which
provides power, temperature measurement and control, pressure
measurement, and pumping speed measurement and control. The
CPEC306 and CPEC310 come with the pump module contained
within the main fiberglass enclosure.

Valve Module
EC155 gas analyzer with
CSAT3A sonic anemometer

The CPEC310 comes with a three-valve module that enables the system
to automatically perform zero, CO2 span, and H2O span measurements.

CPEC300-Series System Frequency Response
H2O

CPEC300-series System Enclosures

1

Frequency Response

The CPEC300 series uses fewer enclosures than the previous system.
The CPEC300 has only two enclosures: the EC100 enclosure of the
CPEC300 that contains the CR6 datalogger, and the pump module
enclosure. Both the CPEC306 and CPEC310 have two enclosures: afiberglass enclosure that houses the CR6 datalogger, pump module,
and optional CDM-A116, and the EC100 enclosure for data processing. The CPEC310 can also be equipped with a scrub module for automatic zeroing of the EC155. The CPEC300-series system enclosures
can be mounted to a tripod mast, CM106B tripod leg base, tower
legs, or a large-diameter pole.

CO2

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

Frequency (Hz)Specificationsc
Operating Temperature: -30° to +50°C
Input Voltage: 10.5 to 16.0 Vdc
Power: 12 W (typical); 35 W (maximum (at cold startup)
View the EU Declaration of Conformity document at:
www.campbellsci.com/cpec300, www.campbellsci.com/cpec306,
or www.campbellsci.com/cpec310

System Enclosure
Dimensions
CPEC300: 34 x 25 x 13 cm (13.4 x 9.8 x 5.1 in)
CPEC306/310: 54 x 44.5 x 29.7 cm (21.3 x 17.5 x 11.7 in)
Weight
CPEC300: 4.02 kg (8.85 lb)
CPEC306: 13.72 kg (30.25 lb)
CPEC310: 15.36 kg (33.85 lb)
CDM-A116 Module: 0.88 kg (1.95 lb)cRefer to the EC155 and CSAT3A product brochures for closed-path gas
analyzer and sonic anemometer specifications.
Japan General Agent

Pump Module
Cable Length for CPEC300: 3.0 m (10 ft)
Inlet Connection for CPEC300: 3/8 inch Swagelok®
Pressure Sensor Range: 15 to 115 kPa
Pumping Speed: 3 to 9 LPM (automatically controlled at the set
point, typically 8 LPM)
Dimensions for CPEC300: 35.6 x 29.2 x 13.5 cm (14.0 x 11.5 x 5.3 in)
Weight for CPEC300 without mounting bracket: 5.4 kg (11.8 lb)

CPEC310 Three-Valve Module
Inlets: Zero, CO2 span, and H2O span
Outlets: Analyzer and H2O bypass
Connections: 1/4 inch Swagelok®
Flow Rate: 0.5 to 5 LPM (automatically controlled at user-entered
set point)
Dimensions: 14.0 x 12.7 x 14.0 cm (5.5 x 5.0 x 5.5 in)
Weight: 1.5 kg (3.3 lb)
3-2-5, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama, 335-0015 JAPAN
Phone: 048-400-5001 E-mail: info̲csi@taiyokeiki.co.jp
www.taiyokeiki.co.jp

Leading provider of stable isotope and gas
concentration measurement systems

Picarro’s ultra-precise and easy-to-use stable
isotope and gas concentration analyzers are
deployed across the globe. They offer unmatchedperformance and enable scientists around theworld to measure greenhouse gases, trace gases
and stable isotopes.
For diverse applications—from ecosystem
respiration, to atmospheric science, to carbon
cycle measurements and micrometeorology­—
Picarro offers a suite of analyzers measuring nitrous
oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2),
ammonia (NH3), oxygen (O2) and water (H2O).

Visit our booth at AsiaFlux
SOME OF OUR CUSTOMERSOUR TECHNOLOGY

Picarro’s products are basedon our patented cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS)
technology, which provides
concentration or isotopic
ratio measurements of gases
at parts-per-billion precision.

PRODUCTS SOLD
GREENHOUSE GAS AND TRACE GAS ANALYZERSGreenhouse Gas Analyzers (concentration only)

Peripherals for GHG Analyzers

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

• A031116-port Manifold, multiple inlet system• A0701/A0702 Recirculation Pump for closed system measurement• A0314
Small Sample Introduction Module (SSIM2) for discrete
samples & dilution

G2301
G4301
G4302
G2311-f
G2401
G2401-m
G2308
G2508
G5310

CO2, CH4, H2O
CO2, CH4, H2O (portable)
CH4, C2H6, H2O (portable)
CO2, CH4, H2O (10Hz)
CO2, CO, CH4, H2O
CO2, CO, CH4, H2O (flight)
N2O, CH4, H2O
N2O, CH4, CO2, NH3, H2O
N2O, CO, H2O

Trace Gas Analyzers (concentration only)

Peripherals for Trace Gas Analyzers

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

• A0311• A0311-s

G2103
G2106
G2108
G2114
G2203
G2204
G2205
G2307

Ammonia (NH3)Ethylene (C2H4)
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
Acetylene (C2H2) and Methane (CH4)
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) and Methane (CH4)
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) and Water (H2O)
Formaldehyde (CH2O), Methane (CH4) and Water (H2O)

16-port Manifold, multiple inlet system
16-port Manifold SilcoNert Version, multiple inlet system

ISOTOPE ANALYZERS
Carbon Isotope Analyzers

Peripherals for Carbon Isotope Analyzers

•
•
•
•
•

• A031116-port Manifold, multiple inlet system• A0701/A0702 Recirculation Pump for closed system measurement• A0314
Small Sample Introduction Module (SSIM2) for discrete
samples & dilution• A0201
Combustion Module (CM) for bulk samples• A0302
Automate-Fx, prep device for DIC/CO2

G2131-i
G2132-i
G2201-i
G2121-i
G2210-i

δ C in CO2
δ13C in CH4
δ13C in CO2 and CH4
δ13C in CO2 -> (high range for CM)
δ13C in CH4, CH4 and C2H6 concentrations
13

Nitrogen Isotope Analyzers

Peripherals for Nitrogen Isotope Analyzers• G5102-i• G5131-i• A0311• A0314Site-specific δ15N in N2O
Site-specific δ15N and δ18O in N2O

16-port Manifold, multiple inlet system
Small Sample Introduction Module (SSIM2) for discrete
samples & dilution

Water Isotope Analyzers

Peripherals for Water Isotope Analyzers• L2130-i• L2140-i

δ O, δD in H2O
δ18O, δ17O, δD and 17O-excess in H2O• A0101• G2207-i

δ18O and concentrations of O2

18

Standard Delivery Module (SDM) for calibration of vapor
measurements• A0211/A0325 High-Precision Vaporizor and Autosampler for highprecision isotope analysis of liquid water samples• A0214
Mirco-Combustion Module (MCM) for removal oforganics from liquids• A0213
Induction Module (IM) for matrix-bound water extraction• A0217
Continuous Water Sampler (CWS) for continuous water
isotope analysis

Note: Contact Picarro for information on other, third-party, front-end compatibility!

© 2019 PICARRO, INC.

3105 Patrick Henry Drive, Santa Clara, CA 95054 | 408-962-3900 | sales@picarro.com | picarro.com

Flux Measurement with High
Precision Sensors

EKO offers instruments which measurevarious micro-meteorologicalparameters and spectra-radiometerswhich is used for remote sensing
research;• New Pyrgeometer• Fast response& High accuracy
pyranometer• New UV radiometer• Handheld Spectroradiometer• Soil heat flux

Spectroradiometer
MS-711/MS-712

Wide band
spectrometer
MS-713

New UV radiometer
MS-10

New Pyrgeometer
MS-20

Heat Flow Sensors
HF-30S/HF-10S/
MF-180/MF-180M

Small Sensor
ML-01/ML-02/ML-020P

EKO INSTRUMENTS CO., LTD. Email: info@eko.co.jp / Web: eko-asia.com኱Ẽ࣭ᆅ⌫ᨺᑕ࡜࣮ࣜࣔࢺࢭࣥࢩࣥࢢᶵჾ
ᘢ♫ࡣᖺ࡟ᅜෆึࡢ᪥ᑕィࢆ㛤Ⓨ͢ͱҐ߳ɼࣙऀ֋൅Ͳ୉‫ـ‬ʀஏ‫؏ࣻ๎ځ‬଎‫حؽ‬ΝଆΕକ͜ͱ͕ΕΉͤɽ࠹ۛͲͺ߶ଐԢ౶ʀ߶੠ౕ͵࣏६‫ح‬ೖࣻ‫ܯ‬06͹֋൅ɼ৿͢͏ௗ‫غ‬ฯৄ ೧ ࡢ㉥እᨺᑕィࠊ㛗ᮇᏳᐃᛶ ᖺ ࡟ඃࢀࡓ⣸እᨺᑕィࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ

સళೖࣻ‫ܯ‬06੼֐๎ࣻ‫ܯ‬06ࢷ֐๎ࣻ‫ܯ‬06ࡲࡓ࣮ࣜࣔࢺࢭࣥࢩࣥࢢࡢࡈ◊✲⪅ᵝ࡟ᮎỌࡃࡈឡዲ㡬ࡁࡲࡋࡓ06ࡢᚋ⥅ᶵ✀࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊࡇࡢᗘ
᪂ࡋࡃ06࡜࠸࠺᪂ᦠᖏᆺศගᨺᑕィࢆ㛤Ⓨࡋࡲࡋࡓࠋ06ࡢ࣮ࣘࢨ࣮ᵝࡢࡈせᮃ࠿ࡽᚑ᮶
ᶵ✀06࡟࡞࠿ࡗࡓ௨ୗࡢᶵ⬟ࢆ┒ࡾ㎸ࡳࡲࡋࡓࠋ
࣭ගࣇ࢓࢖ࣂ࣮࡟ࡼࡿᑠࡉ࠸⟠ᡤࡢ཯ᑕ⋡ ᐃ࣭㐲㝸࡛ࡢᮏయ᧯స
࣭཯ᑕ⋡ࢆ┤᥋₇⟬࣭࣮ࣞࢨ࣮࣏࢖ࣥࢱ࡛ ᐃ⟠ᡤࡢ☜ㄆࡀ࡛ࡁࡿԲ֐༽Ͳͺௗ‫غ‬࿊କ‫ܯ‬଎͗Ն೵͵સళޫ‫ܗ‬෾ޭ๎ࣻ‫ܯ‬εϨʖθͶ৿ͪͶQPΉͲ͹෾ޭ๎ࣻলౕ‫ܯ‬଎͗Ն೵͵06Ν֋൅͢Ήͪ͢ɽॊཔ‫ؽ‬झ͹06ͳૌΊ߻ΚͦΖࣆͲQPQPΉͲ͹྘ҮΝΩώʖͲ͘Ήͤɽ߁ଵҮ෾ޭ๎ࣻ‫ܯ‬06

Նࢻۛ੼֐Ү෾ޭ๎ࣻ‫ܯ‬06ʙ06ࠕ‫ޛ‬΍ɼೖࣻ‫ܯ‬ʀ๎ࣻ‫༹ٮ͕Ͳܯ‬Ͷ߫‫ͪ͢͏ݛ‬Ήͤ‫ؖ‬੤Ө‫ॶۂ‬ຌऀˡ151-0072 ౨‫౐ښ‬ॎ୫ۢാϴ୫1-21-8 ˡ532-0012 ୉ࡗැ୉ࡗࢤཐઔۢ໨ઔ౨3-1-31
TEL 06-6307-3830 FAX 06-6307-3860
TEL 03-3469-6711 (େන)
Eϟʖϩ: info@eko.co.jp

6\VWHP,QWHJUDWRUIRU
)LOHG0HDVXUHPHQWV&OLPDWHF,QF
KWWSZZZZHDWKHUFRMS

NR01

4-component NET - Radiation sensor

Measured downward longwave radiation*
global solar radiation
net radiationreflected solar radiation
upward longwave radiation*
Option albedo or solar reflectancesky temperature*solar duration
surface temperature*

NR01 is a 4-component net-radiation sensor that is used
for scientific-grade energy balance studies. The
instrument has separate measurements of solar (Short
Wave or SW) and Far Infra-Red (Long Wave or LW)
radiation. Major improvements relative to comparable
instruments include weight (reduced), solar offsets in
the LW signal (reduced), ease of leveling (high, because
levelling assembly is included).

SR20

class A (secondary standard)
Pyranometer

Measured hemispherical solar radiation
ISO 9060:2018 classification class A(secondary standard)
IEC 61724-1:2017 compliance

SR20 is a pyranometer of the highest category in the ISO
9060 classification system: secondary standard. This solar
radiation sensor is used where the highest measurement
accuracy is required. It measures the solar radiation
received by a plane surface, in W/m², from a 180 㼻 fieldof view angle. SR20 secondary standard pyranometer
enables you to attain the highest measurement accuracy
and excels in demanding applications. After a thoroughprogramme of acceptance testing, SR20 was released
February 2013. It offers analogue millivolt output.

CT Bldg.6F, 4-2-1, Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 171-0014
Mail: sales2@weather.co.jp
Phone: +81-3-3988-6616
Fax: +81-3-3988-6613

6\VWHP,QWHJUDWRUIRU
)LOHG0HDVXUHPHQWV&OLPDWHF,QF
KWWSZZZZHDWKHUFRMS

MIC-100

High-speed Photosynthesis Rate
Measurement System

Measuring range 0-1500ppm(CO2)
Measurement accuracy 㼼10% S.D.
Chamber flow rate 500-1200ml/min
Weight Console:4.5kg Head:2.2kg
LED 1200μmolm-2s-1
Power Over 3hours with standard lithium ion battery 6.4Ah

MIC-100 is a very unique system tomeasure photosynthesis rates at highspeed by focusing measurement tools on
the photosynthesis ability of plant leaves.
This System is the most suitable forcollecting large quantities of comparative
data od many kinds of samples.

C-M1001

CLI-190R-W

ThermoLeaf

OptLeaf

Handy SWC monitor with true
TDR digital (SDI-12) sensor

Compact waterproof(IP67)
temperature and Humidity logger

To prevent “aging” for LI-190R,
Enclose it in the pyranometer case.

Compact waterproof temperatureand Humidity logger

CT Bldg.6F, 4-2-1, Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 171-0014
Mail: sales2@weather.co.jp
Phone: +81-3-3988-6616
Fax: +81-3-3988-6613

㧗㏿䞉㧗⢭ᗘ 䜺䝇⃰ᗘ䞉ྠ఩యẚᐃ≉ᚩ䜰䝥䝸䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁

䕔ŽĨĨͲĂǆŝƐ/K^ἲ䛾᥇⏝䕔㧗ឤᗘ ᐃ
䕔㧗㏿ ᐃ䛻䜘䜛䝸䜰䝹䝍䜲䝮⾲♧䕔䝣䜱䞊䝹䝗䛷䛾 ᐃ䛻᭱㐺䕔ᚤ⣽≀䛾◪໬⬺❅స⏝䛾ゎ᫂䕔኱Ẽ䛾䝬䝇䝺䝧䝹ᚠ⎔䛾ゎ᫂䕔䝯䝍䞁䝝䜲䝗䝺䞊䝖䛺䛹䛾䜶䝛䝹䜼䞊᥈ᰝ䕔䝯䝍䞁⏕ᡂ⳦䜔⇕ỈᄇฟᏍ䛾ㄪᰝ䕔᳜≀✀䛾ศᕸ䜔Ⅳ⣲ᅛᐃ㔞䛾ホ౯䜺䝇⃰ᗘ䜰䝘䝷䜲䝄䞊ྠ఩యẚ䜰䝘䝷䜲䝄䞊

PREDE

Meteorological sensor
Ultra sonic anemometer
GILL MaxiMet
Mini weather station
GMX seriesWind speed、direction, TenmpRh,
Baro, Rain
Compus、GPS

GILL : Wind sonic
PREDE
Solar power weather station
Data logger
Various sensor

Kipp&Zonen
Pyranometer
Pyranometer（Kipp&Zonen）

IR sensor CGR3 (Kipp&Zonen)

CMP3

Wave length 4.5～ 40μm
sensitivity
5～7 µV/Wm²
field of view：150°
Temp sensor：Pt100Ω

CMP3:second class
Wave length：310～2800nm
CMP3E：second class
Wave length：310～2800nm
Sensitivity：７ｍV／（ｋＷ・ｍ‐２）

SKYE Instruments
SKP-215
SKR-110
SKU-420
SKU-430：Par sensor（400～700nm）：UV２ｃｈSensor（660、730nm HBW50nm）： UVA Sensor（315～380nm)： UVB Sensor（280～315nm)

PREDE
Shadow blade PRB-50

PREDE Mini seriesThis device is an economical sensor.
Suitable for various application control and micro-weather observation.
The calibration is all calibrated with our high-performance sensors.

PREDE Pyranomete rPCM-01N

Wave length
Detector
Sensitivity

UV sensor
ＰＣＵ－０１D
２８０ ～ ４００nm
Si
５mV / kW・m-²

Par sensor
ＰＡＲ－０１D
４００ ～ ７００nm
Si
０～３、０００μＭｏｌ・
ｍ－２/0～10mV

Looks sensor
ＰＣＬ－０１D
４００ ～ ７００nm
Si
０ ～ 150,000Lx/0 ～10mV

Pyranometer
ＰＣＭ－０１N
315 ～ 2800nm
Thermo pile
５mV / kW・m-²

IR sensor
ＰＲＩ－０１６～１４μmThermopile
５ μＶ／Ｗ/ｍ２

Cable length

１０ｍ

１０ｍ

１０ｍ
Visibility correction

１０ｍ

１０ｍ
Pt100Ω

PREDE CO.,LTD.

Original products, and Kipp & Zonen, Gill, Met One etc
Sasamoto bldg 26-8 Kamidaira 1-chome Fussa-shi Tokyo 197-0012 Japan
TEL +81-(0)42-539-3755 FAX +81-(0)42-539-3757
URL : http://www.prede.com/
E-Mail : sales@prede.com

PREDE

Meteorological sensor

Heat Flux Sensor PHF-02, (PREDE)

Ventilated precision thermometerPKFT-100

The PHF-02 is a sensor measuring the heat flux from a
Wall or window.Especially. This is Epoxy resin.
The sensor calibrate it individually and the pass heat capacityof the unit aria output in mV.
Standard calibration: <36W/m2/mV
Standard internal resistance:2Ω
Dimention:40x5mm
Material: Epoxy resin
Cable: 5m

This vertical ventilation thermometer is forced
circulation type ventilation tube.
Motor fan is built in at the top to force air circulation.
The material is aluminum and resin to improve
weatherability, heat insulation, and reduce weight.
Extremely accurate temperature measurement ispossible because of the special structure of theinternal shape.

PREDE Multipurpose spectral radiometer
MSR-7000.

PREDE Portable spectrometer
PSR-1000

This spectroradiometer is a compact spectrometer.
The light is separated by the grating method, and can be measured continuously from ultraviolet to
infrared.
Model:MSR-7000
Method of incident: Optical fiber
opening angle:22°
Optical system:Czerny-Turner type
Wave Length drive: Pules motor and Sign bar
Wave Length feed:1nm/about 0.1sec
Resolution: 5nm
Wave length accuracy:±1nm
Wave length aria: 280nm-2500nm
200nm-2500nm
Ditector: Photopal,Si,Pbs
Inter face:USB
OS:windows
Power:AC100V2A
Dimension:W540mmXD263mmXH272mm
Weight:15kg

PREDE CO.,LTD.

Original products, and Kipp & Zonen, Gill, Met One etc
Sasamoto bldg 26-8 Kamidaira 1-chome Fussa-shi Tokyo 197-0012 Japan
TEL +81-(0)42-539-3755 FAX +81-(0)42-539-3757
URL : http://www.prede.com/
E-Mail : sales@prede.com