RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2020

RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY Supplement No. 35: 129–136

Date of publication: 31 March 2020
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:93C5D8EF-BEA9-4F33-9B42-88AF2E4C3BDB

Potamiscus whitteni, a new freshwater crab from Chin State, Myanmar(Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae)
Peter K. L. Ng1*, Hla Htoo2 & Win Mar3

Abstract. A new species of freshwater crab, Potamiscus whitteni, is described from Chin State in western Myanmar.
It is morphologically most similar to P. rangoonensis (from Yangon, Myanmar) and P. palelensis (from Manipur,
India), but can easily be distinguished by the carapace features and male first gonopod structure.
Key words. Potamiscus, semiterrestrial crab, Potamicinae, Myanmar, Southeast Asia, taxonomy

INTRODUCTIONSYSTEMATICSThe primary freshwater crabs (Potamidae andGecarcinucidae) of Myanmar remain poorly known (Yeo &Ng, 1999). In recent years, increased collections by various
expeditions and Myanmarese biologists have obtainedmaterial from many parts of the country, and a number of
new taxa have been reported (Ng & Whitten, 2017; Ng &Win Mar, 2018; Ng, 2018).

Family Potamidae Ortmann, 1896
sensu Yeo & Ng, 2004
Genus Potamiscus Alcock, 1909
Type species. Potamon (Potamiscus) annandali Alcock,
1909, by original designation.

In this paper, we describe a new species of potamid
freshwater crab, Potamiscus Alcock, 1909, from Chin Statein western Myanmar, only the second species of the genus
known from the country.

Remarks. Alcock (1909) established Potamiscus Alcock,1909 (as a subgenus of Potamon Savigny, 1816) primarily
because its members lacked or only had a vestigial flagellumon the exopod of the third maxilliped. In the decades since,
the value of this character has been questioned and in a
number of major revisions (e.g., Bott, 1966, 1970; Bott &Türkay, 1977; Türkay & Naiyanetr, 1987; Brandis, 2000,
2002), the presence or absence of the third maxilliped
flagellum has been downplayed or even ignored. While theflagellum can certainly be lost through damage and vary tosome degree in a few species, it has proven to be a reliablefeature when used with characters of the carapace, ambulatory legs and G1 (e.g., Ng, 1986, 1988, 1992; Naiyanetr,
1992, 1994; Ng & Naiyanetr, 1993; Dai, 1999). Yeo &Naiyanetr (1999) had noted that Pupamon prabang Yeo &Naiyanetr, 1999, from Thailand has a flagellum that varied
slightly from short to vestigial but it never reached greater
lengths. Yeo & Ng (2007) re-examined many species retained in Potamiscus up to that time and decided that several needed to be moved to other genera. Those with welldeveloped flagella on the exopod of the third maxilliped
were moved to various genera (e.g., Potamiscus cucphuongensis Dang, 1975, was transferred to Kukrimon Yeo & Ng,2007). One group of species which lacked the flagellum weremoved to Quadramon Yeo & Ng, 2007 (type species
Potamon (Potamiscus) aborense Kemp, 1913), with theauthors distinguishing it from Potamiscus sensu stricto by
its members possessing a squarish carapace, gently convex

MATERIAL AND METHODSThe terminology used follows Ng (1988) and Davie et al.
(2015). Measurements provided (in millimetres) are of the
maximum carapace width and length, respectively. The
abbreviations G1 and G2 are used for the male first andsecond gonopods, respectively. The material examined isdeposited in the Zoological Reference Collection (ZRC),
Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National
University of Singapore.

1
Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, 2 Conservatory Drive, National
University of Singapore, Singapore 117377, Republic of Singapore. Email:peterng@nus.edu.sg (*corresponding author)

Department of Zoology, Meiktila University, Mandalay Division, Republic of theUnion of Myanmar

2

Mandalay University of Distance Education, Mandalay Division, Republic of theUnion of Myanmar

3© National University of Singapore
ISSN 2345-7600 (electronic) | ISSN 021-2445 (print)129

Ng et al.: Potamiscus whitteni from Myanmar

anterolateral margins, weakly convergent posterolateral
margins, weakly developed but strongly rugose postorbitalcristae, broad and subtriangular antennular fossae, and relatively longer ambulatory legs lined with short stiff setae.
Another group of species with a short to vestigial flagellum
allied to Dromothelphusa Naiyanetr, 1992, was transferredto Pupamon Yeo & Ng, 2007, distinguished from
Dromothelphusa sensu stricto by its proportionately higher
carapace, epigastric cristae slightly anterior to and not confluent with the postorbital cristae, rugose postorbital cristaethat do not merge with the anterolateral margin, the external
orbital angle acutely triangular, the epibranchial tooth sharp
and distinct, the lateral margins of the posterior margin of
the epistome distinctly concave, and the G1 terminal segment gently or strongly curved outwards with a large rounded
dorsal flap. Another genus associated with Potamiscus is
Ranguna Bott, 1966 (type species Potamon (Potamon) rangoonense Rathbun, 1904). Ranguna has a confused taxonomic history (Bott & Türkay, 1977; Türkay & Naiyanetr,

1987) and is currently recognised as a junior subjective synonym of Potamiscus (see also Ng et al., 2008). The type species of Ranguna only has a vestigial flagellum on the exopodof the third maxilliped but its carapace and G1 features are
distinct and it should be eventually recognised as a distinct
genus (D. C. J. Yeo, personal communication; Turkay &Naiyanetr, 1989; Ng, 1990). For the moment, Potamon(Potamon) rangoonense is retained in Potamiscus.
Seventeen species are now recognised in Potamiscus (Table 1). Of these, P. tumidulus was originally placed in
Potamon (Potamon) by Alcock (1909, 1910) as it has a long
flagellum on the third maxilliped exopod so it has to be removed and must be referred to its own genus (unpublisheddata and D.C.J. Yeo, personal communication). Ng et al.
(2008) listed four Chinese species: P. loshingensis, P. motuoensis, P. yongshengensis and P. yunnanensis as doubtful
members of the genus as they have different carapace andG1 characters (D. C. J. Yeo and P. K. L. Ng, unpublished

Table 1. List of recognised Potamiscus species.

Species

Locality

Potamiscus annandali (Alcock, 1909)

Cachar, Assam, India

Potamiscus cangyuanensis Dai, 1999

Yunnan, China

Potamiscus crassus Naruse, Chia & Zhou, 2018

Yunnan, China

Potamiscus decourcyi (Kemp, 1913)

Renging, Arunachal Pradesh,
India

Potamiscus elaphrius Dai, Chen, Liu, Luo, Yi, Liu, Gu & Liu, 1990

Yunnan, China

Potamiscus fumariatus Naruse, Chia & Zhou, 2018

Yunnan, China

Potamiscus loshingensis (Wu, 1934)

Yunnan, China

Potamiscus montosus Dai, Song, He, Cao, Xu & Zhong, 1975

Yunnan, China

Potamiscus motuoensis Dai, 1990

Yunnan, China

Potamiscus palelensis Mitra & Waikhom, 2019

Manipur, India

Potamiscus pealianus (Wood-Mason, 1871)

Sibsagar, Assam, India= Potamon (Potamon) pealianum var. antennarium Alcock, 1909
Potamiscus rangoonensis (Rathbun, 1904) [Potamon (Potamon)]Sibsagar, Assam, India
Yangon, Myanmar

Potamiscus rongjingensis Dai, Chen, Liu, Luo, Yi, Liu, Gu & Liu, 1990

Yunnan, China

Potamiscus tumidulus (Alcock, 1909)

Pharping, Nepal

Potamiscus whitteni, new species
Potamiscus yiwuensis Dai & Cai, 1998

Yunnan, China

Potamiscus yongshengensis Dai & Chen, 1985

Yunnan, China

Potamiscus yunnanensis (Kemp, 1924)

Yunnan, China

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Fig. 1. Potamiscus whitteni. A, B, D, E, holotype male (31.7 x 25.1 mm) (ZRC 2018.1385); C, paratype male (24.3 x 19.4 mm) (ZRC
2018.1386). A, overall dorsal view; B, C, dorsal view of carapace; D, frontal view of cephalothorax; E, right third maxilliped.

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Fig. 2. Potamiscus whitteni. A, C, D, holotype male (31.7 x 25.1 mm) (ZRC 2018.1385); B, paratype male (24.3 x 19.4 mm) (ZRC
2018.1386). A, B, anterior thoracic sternum and pleon; C, outer view of right chela; outer view of left chela.

data), and the same generic situation is true for the recently
described Chinese P. crassus and P. fumariatus (see Naruse
et al., 2018).

anterolateral margin by V-shaped cleft; epibranchial toothlow (Fig. 1A, B); anterolateral margins distinctly convex,
cristate, lined with sharp granules, appears gently serrated(Fig. 1A, B); posterolateral margin strongly converging
towards almost posterior carapace margin (Fig. 1B); third
maxilliped exopod slender, reaching to about one-quarter
length of merus gently curved, with tiny flap that is vestigial
flagellum (Fig. 3B); ambulatory legs relatively elongate,
dactylus elongate, slender, curved, margins with short, sharp
pectinate spines (Fig. 1A); thoracic sternite 2 separated fromsternite 3 by distinct, gently concave suture (towards buccal
cavity) in adult male (Fig. 2A); pleon triangular; somite 6
trapezoidal, wider than long, lateral margin gently convex
in adult male (Figs. 2A, 3A); G1 relatively slender, straight;
subterminal segment with proximal part gradually tapering
to distal part, outer margin with shallow wide cleft on distal
part; terminal segment subcylindrical, tapering to relatively
sharp tip, dorsal flap low, broad (Fig. 3C–F).

Potamiscus whitteni, new species(Figs. 1–3)
Material examined. Holotype: male (31.7 x 25.1 mm) (ZRC
2018.1385), station 2, Nui Creek, ca. 1900 m above sea level,ca. 6.5 km west of Hakha, 22°38'31.6"N 98°37'08.4"E, Chin
State, Myanmar, coll. Hla Htoo, May 2018. Paratype: male(24.3 x 19.4 mm) (ZRC 2018.1386), same data as holotype.
Diagnosis. Carapace transversely ovate, relatively high infrontal view; dorsal surface gently convex from frontal view,almost glabrous; gastric regions not prominently inflated;branchial regions relatively more raised (Fig. 1A, B, D);lateral parts of anterolateral and branchial regions covered
with strong short striae and large granules; mesogastric,urogastric, cardiac and intestinal regions rugose (Fig. 1A,B); epigastric crista distinct, rugose, not cristate, cristae
separated by deep, median Y-shaped furrow, anterior of
postorbital crista; postorbital crista distinct, outer edge notconfluent with anterolateral margin (Fig. 1A, B); frontal
margin gently sinuous in dorsal frontal view, weakly
separated into 2 very low lobes (Fig. 1A, B, D); external
orbital tooth distinct, sharp, triangular, outer margin subequalin length to inner margin, demarcated from rest of

Description of male holotype. Carapace transversely ovate,
wider than long (width to length ratio 1.26); carapace relatively high in frontal view; dorsal surface gently convex fromfrontal view, almost glabrous; gastric regions not prominently inflated; branchial regions relatively more raised (Fig.
1A, B, D). Frontal and orbital regions rugose; lateral partsof anterolateral and branchial regions covered with strong
short striae and large granules; mesogastric, urogastric, cardiac and intestinal regions rugose; suborbital region with132

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Fig. 3. Potamiscus whitteni. A–G, holotype male (31.7 x 25.1 mm) (ZRC 2018.1385); H, I, paratype male (24.3 x 19.4 mm) (ZRC
2018.1386). A, pleon; B, exopod of right third maxilliped; C, H, left G1 (ventral view) D, I, left G1 (dorsal view); E, distal part of left G1(ventral view); F, distal part of left G1 (dorsal view); G, left G2. Scales: A, 2.0 mm; B–D, G: 1.0 mm; E, F, H, I, 0.5 mm.

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small granules; pterygostomial, subhepatic and sub-branchialregions rugose to granulose (Fig. 1A, B, D). Epigastric crista
distinct, rugose, not cristate, cristae separated by deep, median Y-shaped furrow, anterior of postorbital crista, separated from postorbital crista by short furrow; postorbital crista
distinct, margin sinuous, raised, outer edge breaking up toseries of granules and rugae, not confluent with anterolateral margin (Fig. 1A, B). Cervical groove deep along anteriorpart, shallow posteriorly, not connected to lateral margin,
H-shaped median gastric groove distinct (Fig. 1A, C). Frontal
margin gently sinuous in dorsal frontal view, weakly separated into 2 very low lobes (Fig. 1A, B, D). External orbital
tooth distinct, sharp, triangular, outer margin subequal inlength to inner margin, demarcated from rest of anterolateral margin by V-shaped cleft; epibranchial tooth low (Fig. 1A,
B). Anterolateral margins distinctly convex, cristate, linedwith sharp granules, appears gently serrated (Fig. 1A, B).
Posterolateral margin gently sinuous, strongly converging
towards almost straight posterior carapace margin (Fig. 1B).
Orbits subovate; eye filling orbital space; eye peduncle relatively short, stout; cornea large, round, pigmented (Fig. 1A,
B, D). Supraorbital margin gently sinuous, entire (Fig. 1A,
B, D). Suborbital margin concave, complete, lined with verysmall granules (Fig. 1D). Antennae short, reaching base ofeyes; antennules short, folding transversely in narrow rectangular fossa (Fig. 1D). Posterior margin of epistome with
distinct median triangle, lateral margin gently sinuous(Fig. 1D).

scattered short setae; dactylus elongate, slender, curved,
margins with short, sharp pectinate spines (Fig. 1A).
Thoracic sternum, notably sternites 3 and 4, relatively
narrow, surface with numerous pits and short, stiff setae(Fig. 2A). Sternites 1, 2 completely fused to form broadly
triangular plate with convex lateral margins; separated fromsternite 3 by distinct, gently concave suture (towards buccal
cavity); sternites 3, 4 completely fused, transversely narrow,with only short lateral cleft demarcating suture (Fig. 2A).
Penis coxal, on condyle of coxa of fourth ambulatory leg.
Sternopleonal cavity deep, reaching imaginary line
connecting posterior edges of cheliped coxae (Fig. 2A). Malepleonal locking mechanism with peg-like tubercle on
proximal third of sternite 5.
Pleon triangular, all somites and telson free; telson triangular,
lateral margins slightly sinuous; somite 6 trapezoidal, wider
than long, lateral margin gently convex; somites 3–5
trapezoidal, gradually decreasing in width, increasing inlength; somites 1 and 2 subrectangular, transversely narrower
than somite 3, reaching to bases of coxae of fourth
ambulatory legs, thoracic sternite 8 not visible when pleon
closed (Figs. 2A, 3A).
G1 relatively slender, straight; subterminal segment withproximal part gradually tapering to distal part, outer margin
with shallow wide cleft on distal part; clearly separated fromterminal segment by slight dilation; terminal segment
subcylindrical, tapering to relatively sharp tip, dorsal flap
low, broad (Fig. 3C–F). G2 elongate, longer than G1; basal
segment longer than distal segment (Fig. 3G).

Third maxillipeds covering most of buccal cavity whenclosed; ischium subrectangular, with shallow but distinct
suboblique median groove; merus short, subquadrate, wider
than long, margins cristate, anteroexternal angle angular but
not produced; exopod slender, reaching to about one-quarter
length of merus gently curved, with tiny flap that is vestigial
flagellum (Fig. 3B).

Variation. The dorsal surface of the smaller paratype isrelatively more rugose and the granules and tubercles are
more prominent (Fig. 1C). The epibranchial tooth is also
proportionately lower but still distinct (Fig. 1C). The suture
between male thoracic sternites 2 and 3 in the smaller
paratype is also straight (Fig. 2B) rather than gently concave(Fig. 2A); the male pleon is proportionately less broad withsomites 3–6 more quadrate, and the lateral margins of thetelson are also somewhat more concave (Fig. 2B versus
Fig. 2A). The G1 of the smaller paratype male is developed
but is relatively less chitinised and less setose than that of
the larger holotype male, with the outer subdistal cleft on
the subterminal segment indistinct and the terminal segment
proportionately shorter, less curved with the dorsal flap lessprominent (Fig. 3H, I). The degree of variation in the G1
structure has been observed for the Myanmarese potamid
Indochinamon khinpyae (see Ng & Win Mar, 2018).

Chelipeds asymmetrical, right slightly larger (Figs. 1A, 2C,
D). Anterior margin of basis-ischium with 2 or 3 low, sharp
tubercles, other parts smooth; margins of merus lined with
distinct sharp tubercles, appears serrated. Outer surface of
carpus rugose, inner distal angle with prominent sharp toothand smaller basal tooth (Fig. 1A). Outer surfaces of chelaerugose and pitted, upper part more prominently rugose with
low tubercles; major chela stouter, shorter than minor chela(Fig. 1C, D). Fingers of major chela gently curved, longer
than palm, outer surface with rows of pits; cutting edges ofboth fingers with variously sized small sharp teeth anddenticles; dorsal margin of dactylus with low sharp tubercles
on proximal half (Fig. 2C). Fingers of minor chela similar
to major chela in form but relatively more slender (Fig. 2D).

Colour in life. The dorsal surfaces were all dull red tomaroon, with the ventral surfaces dirty white. The chelae
are red but the tips of the fingers and along the cutting edgesof the fingers are white.

Ambulatory legs relatively elongate, second pair longest,
last pair shortest (Fig. 1A). Merus with outer surface gently
rugose, dorsal margin uneven, subcristate, with angle on
subdistal part but no discernible spine or tooth; carpus almost
smooth, outer surface with longitudinal median crista on
first 3 pairs of legs, smooth in last pair; surface of propodus
smooth; surfaces of merus, carpus and propodus with

Etymology. The species is named after Tony Whitten. The
first author has known Tony for the better part of 30 years
and has partnered him on many interesting ventures as well134

RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2020

as collaborated on numerous crab discoveries. He has been
an excellent colleague, fervent naturalist, passionate
discoverer of new species, ardent conservation biologist andmost importantly, a very good friend. He is sorely missed.

dorsal surface of the paratype male of P. whitteni, however,is still substantially more granulose and rugose (Fig. 1C)than that of P. palelensis (Mitra & Waikhom, 2019: fig. 1A,
B). In any case, the G1 subterminal segment of P. palelensis
is still more sinuous overall and the terminal segment is morecurved (Mitra & Waikhom, 2019: figs. 2B, E, F, 4B, C) thanthat of the smaller P. whitteni (Fig. 3H, I). The type localityof P. whitteni in Myanmar is some 200 km south-southwestof the type locality of P. palelensis (Palel village in Manipur)
and separated by several mountain ranges.

Remarks. Potamiscus whitteni is perhaps most similar to
P. rangoonensis described from near Yangon in southern
Myanmar. The type localities of the two species are very far
from each other, with the type locality of P. whitteni obtained from a high altitude of some 1,900 m. The precise
habitat for P. rangoonensis, known from only one specimen
collected in 1865, however, was not documented (Rathbun,
1904: 281). Potamiscus whitteni, however, has the frontal
and postorbital regions relatively wider (Fig. 1A–C) (versus regions distinctly more compressed in P. rangoonensis;
cf. Türkay & Naiyanetr, 1987: fig. 1; Brandis, 2000: pl. 20a);the epigastric cristae are distinctly anterior of the postorbital cristae (Fig. 1A–C) (versus the epigastric cristae arelevel with the postorbital cristae in P. rangoonensis; cf.
Türkay & Naiyanetr, 1987: fig. 1; Brandis, 2000: pl. 20a);the outer surface of the chelae are less rugose (Fig. 2C, D)(versus surfaces of chelae strongly rugose in P. rangoonensis; cf. Türkay & Naiyanetr, 1987: fig. 1); the lateral margins of the male telson are gently concave to almost straight(Fig. 2A, B) (versus deeply concave in P. rangoonensis; cf.
Brandis, 2000: pl. 20a); and the G1 subterminal segment
has a low cleft on the distal outer margin with the terminal
segment gently curved upwards with a distinct dorsal flap
(Fig. 3C–F) (versus G1 subterminal segment without a discernible cleft on the distal outer margin and the terminal
segment subconical with a very low dorsal flap in adults of
P. rangoonensis; cf. Türkay & Naiyanetr, 1987: fig. 2a, b;
Brandis, 2000: pl. 20b, c). Although the holotype male of P.
rangoonensis is large (65.0 x 49.8 mm) compared to thetype series of P. whitteni, the differences observed, notably
those of the carapace and gonopods, are unlikely to be associated with size.

Ecology. Potamiscus whitteni was collected from a small
shallow creek (Nui), which originates from high in themountains, and flows down to a small stream (Themit) before
entering the Manipura River. The relatively more swollen
carapace and elongate ambulatory dactyli suggest thatP. rangoonensis, P. palelensis and P. whitteni are terrestrial
or semiterrestrial in habits, as has been observed for many
similar genera like Thaipotamon Ng & Naiyanetr, 1993,
Pudaengon Ng & Naiyanetr, 1995, and Dromothelphusa inThailand and Indo-China (Naiyanetr, 1992, 1994; Ng &Naiyanetr, 1993, 1995).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The second author Hla Htoo is most grateful to the students
from Hakha College, Hakha, Chin State, Myanmat, for their
help in collecting the interesting specimens. Thank are also
due to Darren Yeo for sharing his unpublished data on thegenus Potamiscus.
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Potamiscus whitteni is also close to P. palelensis from
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