Flora of China 5: 1-10. 2003.

1. ULMUS Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 225. 1753.
榆属 yu shu
Trees or shrubs, deciduous or evergreen. Branchlets never spinose, sometimes with a thick and irregularly longitudinallyfissured corky layer or with 2 flat opposite corky wings. Bud scales imbricate, glabrous or pubescent. Stipules 2, lanceolate-ovate tolinear, membranous, caducous, leaving a short transverse scar on each side of leaf base. Leaves distichous, blade base ± oblique,margin doubly or simply serrate; venation pinnate; secondary veins extending to margin, each ending in a tooth. Bracteoles at base of
pedicels, membranous. Pedicel shorter than to almost as long as perianth, pubescent or rarely glabrous. Flowers bisexual or
polygamous, appearing in spring before leaves, rarely in autumn or winter. Perianth 4–9-lobed, usually campanulate; tepals
membranous, usually persistent, apex usually lacinulate. Stamens equal in number to tepals; filaments flat; anthers extrorse. Ovary
flat; ovule pendulous, amphitropous. Style very short or rarely slightly elongate and bifid; stigmas 2, linear, pubescent. Samara flat,
orbicular, obovate, oblong, elliptic, or rarely shuttle-shaped, wings membranous, apex with notch and persistent stigmas. Seed at
center or toward apex of samara, compressed or ± convex, without endosperm; embryo erect; cotyledon flat or ± convex.
About 40 species: Asia, Europe, North America; 21 species (14 endemic) in China.
Many species yield fine woods, edible fruit, and medicinal products.
Many Chinese Ulmus species are cultivated in areas beyond their native range. In addition, the non-native species Ulmus americana Linnaeus,
U. densa Litvinov, and U. laevis Pallas are grown as cultivated plants in China.

1a. Evergreen trees; samaras strongly asymmetric, orange-brown ............................................................................... 20. U. lanceifolia
1b. Deciduous trees; samaras symmetric or weakly asymmetric, tan, light brown, pale green, or whitish (rarely
slightly orange- or red-brown in U. macrocarpa and U. parvifolia).
2a. Flowers and fruit appearing late summer to early autumn ................................................................................. 21. U. parvifolia
2b. Flowers and fruit appearing in spring.
3a. Inflorescences racemose cymes or short cymes; peduncle slightly elongated to very noticeably elongated,pendulous; pedicel 2–4 × as long as perianth .................................................................................................. 1. U. elongata
3b. Inflorescences fascicled cymes or fasciculate; peduncle extremely short, not pendulous; pedicel almost as
long as or rarely longer than perianth.
4a. Seed at center or toward apex of samara; seed apex reaching notch (apex sometimes only nearly to notch
in U. glaucescens).
5a. Flowers developed from mixed buds thus samaras usually on short shoots with one or a few
leaves; leaves 1–3 cm wide, both surfaces pubescent or subglabrous, often with tufts of hairs
abaxially in forkings of secondary veins (never in vein axils); samara wings relatively thick;seed broader than wings ............................................................................................................... 12. U. glaucescens
5b. Flowers developed from floral buds thus no leaves attached within each cluster of samaras;
leaves 1.5–10 cm wide, variously pubescent or glabrous but often with tufts of hairs abaxiallyin vein axils (never in forkings of secondary veins); samara wings thin; seed narrower than wings.
6a. Samara ± pubescent ................................................................................................................... 13. U. chenmoui
6b. Samara glabrous except for notch or pubescent only on seed.
7a. Leaf blade abaxially densely pubescent ....................................................................... 19. U. castaneifolia
7b. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
8a. Branchlets densely pubescent .................................................................................. 18. U. androssowii
8b. Branchlets glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
9a. Samara obovate to ± obovate or oblong-elliptic to oblong-obovate.
10a. Samara obovate to ± obovate; branchlets sometimes with a corky
layer ............................................................................................................. 14. U. davidiana
10b. Samara oblong-elliptic to oblong-obovate; branchlets without a corky
layer ............................................................................................................. 15. U. prunifolia
9b. Samara ± orbicular to ovate-orbicular.
11a. Samara 7–8 × 7–8 mm; leaf blade 8.5–17 cm; petiole ca. 5 mm ............ 16. U. microcarpa
11b. Samara 11–16 × 9–13 mm; leaf blade 2–9 cm; petiole 5–12 mm .......... 17. U. szechuanica
4b. Seed at center or slightly toward base of samara; seed apex not reaching notch (apex sometimes
near to notch in U. pumila).
12a. Samara pubescent.
13a. Leaf blade abaxially glabrous and ± scabrous, adaxially sparsely pubescent when young but
glabrescent, margin serrate with acute teeth; bud scales glabrous ........................................... 5. U. changii
13b. Leaf blade abaxially ± pubescent and scabrous or not, adaxially scabrous and densely hirsute,
margin rounded serrate; bud scales ± pubescent.
14a. Flowers developed from mixed buds; bark irregularly exfoliating, gray to grayish

ULMACEAE

white .............................................................................................................................. 4. U. lamellosa
14b. Flowers developed from floral buds or mixed buds; bark longitudinally fissured,gray to blackish gray.
15a. Branchlets pubescent; leaf blade apex obtuse-acuminate to acute; samara
1.8–2.8 × 1.7–2.7 cm ........................................................................................... 2. U. gaussenii
15b. Branchlets glabrous or sparsely pubescent; leaf blade apex acuminate or
shortly caudate; samara 1.5–4.7 × 1–3.9 cm .................................................. 3. U. macrocarpa
12b. Samara glabrous or pubescent only on stigmatic surface.
16a. Leaf blade apically 3–7-lobed; pedicel glabrous .................................................................... 6. U. laciniata
16b. Leaf blade apically not lobed; pedicel pubescent.
17a. Leaf blade 5–18 × 3–8.5 cm, apically narrowly acuminate to caudate; winter buds
glabrous or variously pubescent.
18a. Winter buds ± pubescent, margin of bud scales prominently long ciliate;
twigs sometimes conspicuously winged; samaras 1.5–4.7 × 1–3.9 cm ......... 3. U. macrocarpa
18b. Winter buds finely and inconspicuously puberulent, margin of bud scales
entire or inconspicuously short-ciliate; twigs never winged; samaras
1–1.8 × 0.8–1.6 cm.
19a. Leaf blade 5–11 × 3–4.5 cm, abaxially pubescent, base ± oblique to ±symmetric; secondary veins 11–20 on each side of midvein; samara
8–10 mm wide .......................................................................................... 8. U. uyematsui19b. Leaf blade 6–18 × 3–8.5 cm, abaxially glabrous or pubescent, basedistinctly oblique; secondary veins 17–26 on each side of midvein;samara 10–16 mm wide ..................................................................... 7. U. bergmanniana
17b. Leaf blade 2–8 × 1.2–3.5 cm, apically acuminate to cuspidate; winter bud scale marginusually white-ciliate.
20a. Leaf blade pubescent; petiole pubescent; samara wings relatively
thick ...................................................................................................... 11. U. pseudopropinqua
20b. Leaf blade smooth and glabrous or with tufts of hair in vein axils;
petiole glabrous or pubescent; samara wings relatively thin.
21a. Leaf blade margin simply serrate or sparsely doubly serrate; basesymmetric to ± oblique .................................................................................. 9. U. pumila
21b. Leaf blade margin doubly serrate; base oblique .................................. 10. U. harbinensis
1. Ulmus elongata L. K. Fu & C. S. Ding, Acta Phytotax. Sin.
17(1): 46. 1979.
长序榆 chang xu yu
Trees, to 30 m tall, d.b.h. to 80 cm, deciduous. Bark
brownish gray, exfoliating. Branchlets chestnut brown, sometimes with a corky layer, with scattered lenticels. Winter buds
narrowly ovoid; inner bud scale margin apically pubescent.
Stipules lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, 0.7–1.8 cm. Petiole
3–11 mm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic to lanceolate-elliptic, 7–
19 × 3–8 cm, abaxially densely pubescent, adaxially glabrous or
glabrescent, base cuneate and ± oblique, margin doubly serratewith teeth incurved and cuspidate, apex acuminate; secondaryveins 16–30 on each side of midvein. Inflorescences racemose
cymes; rachis elongated, pendulous, sparsely pubescent. Flowers from floral buds on second year branchlets. Pedicel 2–4 × aslong as perianth. Perianth funnelform; tepals 6. Samaras yellowish green, shuttle-shaped, 2–2.5 cm × ca. 3 mm, basallywith a long gynophore, margin densely white ciliate; stalk slender, unequally long, 0.5–2.2 cm. Seed at center or slightly toward apex of samara. Fl. Feb, fr. Mar.
● Scattered in evergreen broad-leaved forests; 200–900 m. Anhui,
N Fujian, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.

2. Ulmus gaussenii W. C. Cheng, Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse3(3): 110. 1939.

醉翁榆 zui weng yu
Trees, to 25 m tall, d.b.h. to 80 cm, deciduous. Bark darkgray to blackish, longitudinally fissured, scabrous. Branchlets
densely pubescent in first or second year, sometimes with opposite flat corky wings, with scattered yellowish brown lenticels. Winter buds ± globose to ovoid; bud scale margin ciliate.
Petiole 4–8 mm, pubescent; leaf blade oblong-obovate, ellipticobovate, or rhombic-elliptic, 3–11 × 1.8–5.5 cm, abaxially scabridulous and densely pubescent when young but only on veinswith age, adaxially scabrous and densely hirsute, base oblique,margin simply or doubly serrate, apex obtuse-acuminate toacute; secondary veins 8–10 on each side of midvein. Flowers
from floral buds, rarely from mixed buds. Perianth campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed, pubescent, margin ciliate. Samaras orbicular
to obovate-orbicular, 1.8–2.8 × 1.7–2.7 cm, pubescent, basebroadly rounded to rounded; stalk 1–2 mm, densely pubescent;perianth persistent. Seed at center of samara. Fl. and fr. Mar–Apr.
● River banks, limestone mountains. Anhui (Langya Shan).
This species is cultivated in Jiangsu (Nanjing).

3. Ulmus macrocarpa Hance, J. Bot. 6: 332. 1868.
大果榆 da guo yu
Shrubs or trees, to 20 m tall, d.b.h. to 40 cm, deciduous.

ULMACEAE

Bark gray to blackish gray, longitudinally fissured. Branchlets
tan to red-brown, sometimes with corky wings, glabrous orsparsely pubescent when young, with scattered lenticels. Winterbuds dark brown, sometimes hoary from pubescence, ovoidorbicular to ± globose; bud scales ± pubescent, margin prominently long ciliate. Petiole 2–14 mm, pubescent; leaf blade
broadly obovate, obovate-orbicular, obovate-rhombic, or obovate, 4–11 × 3.5–6 cm, leathery, margin obtusely doubly or
simply serrate; secondary veins 6–16 on each side of midvein.
Inflorescences fascicled cymes on second year branchlets or
scattered at base of new branchlets. Flowers from floral buds ormixed buds. Perianth campanulate, 5-lobed, pubescent or not,margin ciliate. Samaras tan to light brown, rarely slightly
orange-brown, broadly obovate-orbicular, ± orbicular, or broadly elliptic, 1.5–4.7 × 1–3.9 cm; perianth persistent. Seed at
center of samara. Fl. Mar–May, fr. Apr–Jun.
Mixed forests, slopes, valleys; 700–1800 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei,
Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, N Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, E
Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far
East, E Siberia)].

1a. Samara pubescent; leaf blade abaxially sparsely
pubescent, adaxially hirsute or with convex
trichome scars, base attenuated to rounded, apex
shortly caudate ................................... 3a. var. macrocarpa
1b. Samara glabrous; leaf blade surfaces smoothand glabrous with tufted hairs on veins, baseoblique, apex acuminate to narrowly
acuminate .................................................... 3b. var. glabra
3a. Ulmus macrocarpa var. macrocarpa
大果榆(原变种) da guo yu (yuan bian zhong)● Mixed forests. Heilongjiang (Harbin).

4. Ulmus lamellosa C. Wang & S. L. Chang, Acta Phytotax.
Sin. 17(1): 47. 1979.
脱皮榆 tuo pi yu
Trees, 8–12 m tall, d.b.h. 15–20 cm, deciduous. Bark grayto grayish white, exfoliating in irregular flakes. Branchlets
brown to grayish brown, glabrous, unwinged, sometimes with acorky layer. Winter buds ovoid-orbicular to ± orbicular; budscales ± pubescent, margin ciliate. Stipules linear to lanceolate,pubescent, caducous. Petiole 3–8 mm; leaf blade obovate, 5–10
× 2.5–5.5 cm, abaxially ± scabrous and densely pubescent when
young, adaxially scabrous and densely hirsute or with trichomescars, base ± oblique, margin simply or doubly serrate withblunt teeth, apex caudate to cuspidate. Flowers from mixedbuds, appearing at same time as leaves. Perianth campanulate,
6-lobed, pubescent. Samara usually scattered near base ofbranchlets, orbicular to ± orbicular, 2.5–3.5 × 2–2.7 cm, densely pubescent, apically concave; stigmas beak-shaped, densely
pubescent; stalk 3–4 mm, densely pubescent or with elongate
glandular hairs; perianth persistent. Seed at center of samara. Fl.
Mar–Apr, fr. Apr–May.
● Mountain ravines; ca. 1200 m. Hebei, Henan, Nei Mongol,
Shanxi.
This species is cultivated in Beijing and Liaoning (Xiongyuecheng).

5. Ulmus changii W. C. Cheng, Contr. Biol. Lab. Chin. Assoc.
Advancem. Sci., Sect. Bot. 10: 94. 1936.
杭州榆 hang zhou yu

Ulmus taihangshanensis, described from Henan, differs in having
more pubescent twigs that never develop corky wings, and thinnerleaves (papery rather than leathery).

Trees, to 20 m tall, d.b.h. to 90 cm, deciduous. Bark darkgray, grayish brown, or grayish black. Branchlets reddish
brown, pubescent when young, unwinged. Winter buds dark
reddish brown, ovoid-orbicular to ± globose, glabrous. Petiole
2–8 mm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to ovate-elliptic, 3–11 ×
1.7–4.5 cm, abaxially often scabrous and with hairs tufted inforks of secondary veins and sometimes also scattered along
major veins, adaxially sparsely appressed villous or scatteredhispidulous when young but glabrescent and smooth or ±scabrous with age, base obliquely rounded to obtuse, margin
sharply simply serrate or rarely doubly serrate, apex slenderly
acuminate to mucronate; secondary veins 9–20(–24) on eachside of midvein. Flowers from floral buds or mixed buds. Perianth campanulate, 4- or 5-lobed, margin ciliate. Samaras tan, ±orbicular to narrowly elliptic-orbicular, 1.5–3.5 × 1.3–2.2 cm,
pubescent; stalk as long as or slightly shorter than perianth,densely pubescent; perianth persistent. Seed at center or slightly
toward base of samara. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr. Mar–Apr.

3b. Ulmus macrocarpa var. glabra S. Q. Nie & K. Q. Huang,
Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 7(1): 153. 1987.

● Montane forests; 200–1800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

Ulmus macrocarpa var. mandshurica Skvortsov; U.
macrocarpa var. mongolica Liou & Li; U. macrocarpa var.
nana Liou & Li; U. macrophylla Nakai; U. taihangshanensis S.
Y. Wang.
Leaf blade abaxially sparsely pubescent with hairs tuftedin axils and forks of secondary veins, adaxially hirsute or withconvex trichome scars, base attenuated to rounded, apex shortly
caudate. Samaras pubescent, apically concave or rounded,wings thick, stigmas pubescent. Fl. Mar, fr. Apr.
Slopes, valleys; 700–1800 m. Anhui, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang,
Henan, Hubei, N Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, E Qinghai,
Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi [Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, E
Siberia)].

光秃大果榆 guang tu da guo yu
Leaf blade ± elliptic, smooth, with tufted hairs in vein
axils, base oblique, apex acuminate to narrowly acuminate.
Samaras smooth, glabrous, wings thin. Fl. Apr–May, fr. May–Jun.

1a. Flowers in fascicled cymes from floral buds;leaf blade abaxially glabrous or pubescenton veins ....................................................... 5a. var. changii
1b. Flowers from mixed buds, scattered in basal
or subbasal bract axil of young branches;leaf blade abaxially with tufted hairs in

ULMACEAE

axils of veins .................................... 5b. var. kunmingensis
5a. Ulmus changii var. changii
杭州榆(原变种) hang zhou yu (yuan bian zhong)Leaf blade abaxially glabrous or pubescent on veins.
Flowers from floral buds, fascicled cymes. Fl. Mar–Apr, fr.
Mar–Apr.
● 200–800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang.

5b. Ulmus changii var. kunmingensis (W. C. Cheng) W. C.
Cheng & L. K. Fu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(1): 49. 1979.
昆明榆 kun ming yu
Ulmus kunmingensis W. C. Cheng, Sci. Silv. Sin. 8(1): 12.
1963; U. kunmingensis var. qingchengshanensis T. P. Yi.
Branches of sprout sometimes with swelling and irregularly longitudinally fissured corky layer. Leaf blade abaxiallywith tufted hairs in axil of veins. Flowers from mixed buds,
scattered in basal or subbasal bract axil of young branches. Fl.
and fr. same as for autonym variety but slightly earlier inseason.
● Montane forests; 600–1800 m. Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan,
Yunnan.

6. Ulmus laciniata (Trautvetter) Mayr, Fremdländ Wald-Parkbäume, 523. 1906.
裂叶榆 lie ye yu
Ulmus montana Withering var. laciniata Trautvetter,
Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 9: 246.
1859; U. major Hohenacker var. heterophylla Maximowicz.

兴山榆 xing shan yu
Trees, to 26 m tall, d.b.h. to 90 cm, deciduous. Bark grayish white, dark gray, or grayish brown, longitudinally fissured.
Branchlets purplish brown to tan, glabrous or pubescent, unwinged. Winter buds brown, ovoid-orbicular to oblong-ovoid;bud scales glabrous or finely and inconspicuously puberulent,margin entire or inconspicuously short-ciliate. Petiole 1–13mm, glabrous or pubescent; leaf blade elliptic, long orbicularelliptic, narrowly elliptic, obovate-oblong, or ovate, 6–18 × 3–
8.5 cm, abaxially pubescent in vein axils or over whole blade,adaxially glabrous and often scabrous, base ± oblique, margin
doubly serrate, apex caudate, acuminate-caudate, or cuspidatecaudate; secondary veins (15–)17–26 on each side of midvein.
Inflorescences fascicled cymes on second year branchlets.
Flowers from floral buds. Perianth campanulate, 4–6-lobed,
margin ciliate. Samaras tan to light brown, broadly obovate,obovate-orbicular, orbicular, or long orbicular, 1.2–1.8 × 1–1.6
cm, glabrous except for pubescence on stigmatic surface innotch; stalk shorter than perianth, ± pubescent; perianth persistent. Seed at center or slightly toward base of samara. Fl. and
fr. Feb–Apr.
● Forests; 1500–2900 m. Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, SE Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

1a. Leaf blade abaxially densely hirsute
when young, glabrescent with tufted
hairs remaining only in axil of veins......................................................... 7a. var. bergmanniana
1b. Leaf blade abaxially with dense
pubescence of curved or crisped
hairs ...................................................... 7b. var. lasiophylla
7a. Ulmus bergmanniana var. bergmanniana

Trees, to 27 m tall, d.b.h. to 50 cm, deciduous. Bark darkgrayish brown to gray, longitudinally fissured, slightly longitudinally exfoliating in flakes. Branchlets pale brownish gray,grayish brown, or reddish brown, pubescent when young,glabrate or glabrescent, unwinged. Winter buds brown, ovoidorbicular to elliptic; inner bud scales pubescent. Petiole 2–5mm, glabrous or pubescent; leaf blade obovate, obtriangularelliptic, or long obovate-orbicular, 7–18 × 4–14 cm, abaxiallypubescent, adaxially hirsute but sparsely so late in season, baseoblique, margin ciliate and deeply doubly serrate, apex ± truncate, abruptly caudate-acuminate, and often with 1–3 caudate
lobes on each side, or sometimes apex rounded; secondaryveins 10–17 on each side of midvein. Inflorescences fascicled
cymes on second year branchlets. Perianth campanulate, 5lobed, glabrous or tips of lobes ciliate. Samaras tan or palegreen, elliptic to orbicular-elliptic, 1.5–2 × 1–1.4 cm, glabrous
except for pubescence on stigmatic surface; stalk shorter thanperianth, glabrous; perianth persistent. Seed at center or slightly
toward base of samara. Fl. and fr. Apr–May. 2n = 28.

兴山榆(原变种) xing shan yu (yuan bian zhong)700–2200 m. Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei
Mongol, Shaanxi, Shandong [Japan, Korea, Russia (Far East, E Siberia)].

阿里山榆 a li shan yu

7. Ulmus bergmanniana C. K. Schneider, Illustr. Handb.
Laubholzk. 2: 902. 1912.

Leaf blade abaxially densely hirsute when young, glabrescent with tufted hairs only remaining in axil of veins. Fl. and fr.
Feb–Apr.
● 1500–2600 m. Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi,
Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

7b. Ulmus bergmanniana var. lasiophylla C. K. Schneider inSargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 241. 1916.
蜀榆 shu yu
Ulmus lasiophylla (C. K. Schneider) W. C. Cheng.
Leaf blade abaxially with dense pubescence of curved or
crisped hairs. Fl. and fr. Feb–Apr.
● Forests; 2100–2900 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, NW Sichuan, SE Xizang, NW Yunnan.

8. Ulmus uyematsui Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3. 174. 1913.

Trees, to 25 m tall, d.b.h. to 80 cm, deciduous. Bark darkgray, longitudinally fissured, scabrous, exfoliating in irregularflakes. Branchlets brown to dark brown, glabrous or pubescent
when young, soon glabrescent, unwinged and without a corky

ULMACEAE

layer, with scattered lenticels. Winter buds dark purplish brown,
ovoid; bud scales finely and inconspicuously puberulent, margin entire or inconspicuously short-ciliate. Petiole 2–6 mm,
pubescent; leaf blade elliptic to oblong-elliptic, 5–11 × 3–4.5
cm, abaxially densely pubescent with conspicuous tufts in vein
axils, adaxially smooth and glabrous or with scattered hairs,base obtuse to obliquely truncate, margin doubly serrate, apex
caudate; secondary veins 11–20 on each side of midvein, tufted
pubescent in axils. Inflorescences fascicled cymes on second
year branchlets. Perianth campanulate, 5- or 6-lobed. Samarastan, obovate to obovate-orbicular, 1–1.5 × 0.8–1 cm, glabrous
except for pubescence on stigmatic surface in notch; stalk
almost as long as or slightly shorter than perianth, pubescent;perianth persistent. Seed at center of samara. Fl. and fr. Feb–Mar.
● Forests in mountains; 800–2500 m. C Taiwan.

9. Ulmus pumila Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 326. 1753.
榆树 yu shuUlmus campestris Linnaeus var. pumila (Linnaeus) Maximowicz; U. pumila var. microphylla Persoon; U. manshurica
Nakai.
Trees, to 25 m tall, d.b.h. to 1 m, deciduous. Bark darkgray, irregularly longitudinally fissured. Branchlets yellowish
gray, glabrous or pubescent, unwinged and without a corky
layer, with scattered lenticels. Winter buds dark brown to redbrown, ± globose to ovoid; inner bud scale margin usuallywhite ciliate. Petiole 4–10 mm, pubescent; leaf blade ellipticovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 2–8 × 1.2–3.5 cm, abaxially pubescent when young but glabrescent or with tufts of hairs in vein
axils or sometimes a few hairs on midvein and in forks ofsecondary veins, adaxially glabrous, base obliquely to symmetrically obtuse to rounded, margin simply or sometimes
doubly serrate, apex acute to acuminate; secondary veins 9–16
on each side of midvein. Inflorescences fascicled cymes on
second year branchlets, appearing before leaves. Perianth 4lobed, margin ciliate. Samaras whitish tan, ± orbicular to rarely
broadly obovate or elliptical, 1–2 × 1–1.5 cm, glabrous except
for pubescence on stigmatic surface; stalk 1–2 mm; perianth
persistent. Seed at center of samara or occasionally slightly
toward apex but not reaching the apical notch. Fl. and fr. Mar–
May. 2n = 28.
Slopes, valleys, plains; 1000–2500 m. Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, E Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang [Korea, Mongolia, E
Russia; C Asia].
This species is cultivated throughout China.

10. Ulmus harbinensis S. Q. Nie & K. Q. Huang, Bull Bot.
Res., Harbin 7(1): 151. 1987.
哈尔滨榆 ha er bin yu
Trees, to 15 m tall, d.b.h. to 32 cm, deciduous. Bark darkgray, irregularly and finely fissured. Branchlets grayish brownin first year, gray and glabrous in second year. Winter floral
buds dark brown, cordate-globose, ca. 5 × 4 mm; bud scales
lustrous. Leaf buds dark brown, conic, 3–4 × ca. 2.3 mm; budscales pilose. Petiole pubescent; leaf blade obovate, 2–5.5 × 2–
3.5 cm, abaxially with white tufted hairs in veins axils, margin
doubly serrate; secondary veins 9–15 on each side of midvein.
Inflorescences fascicled cymes, 20–30-flowered. Perianth tubular, 4–6-lobed, margin ciliate. Stamens 4 or 5. Stigmas 2-parted,
pinnatifid. Samaras orbicular, broadly obovate, or ± orbicular,
narrowly winged, glabrous except for stigmatic surface innotch; stalk ca. 2 mm. Seed at center of samara. Fl. Apr, fr. Jun.
● Mixed woods. Heilongjiang (Harbin).
This poorly understood species should be reinvestigated. It may
be a hybrid between Ulmus pumila and another species.

11. Ulmus pseudopropinqua Wang & Li, Ill. Fl. Lign. Pl. N.E. China 561. 1955.
假春榆 jia chun yu
Trees, to 10 m tall, deciduous. Branchlets yellowish gray,unwinged, without a corky layer when young, densely orsparsely black lenticellate. Winter buds ± obicular to ovoidorbicular; bud scale margin densely white ciliate. Petiole 5–7mm, pubescent; leaf blade ovate to ± obovate, 2–5.5 × 1–2.5
cm, abaxially pubescent, adaxially densely hirsute or with trichome scars, base oblique, margin doubly serrate, apex acuminate; secondary veins 12–17 on each side of midvein. Inflorescences fascicled cymes on second year branchlets. Perianthcampanulate, glabrous, 4-lobed. Samara elliptic-oblong, obovate-oblong, or obovate-orbicular, 2–2.5 × 1.5–2 cm, glabrous
except for pubescence on stigmatic surface in notch; stalk ca. 2
mm, pubescent; wings ± thick; perianth persistent. Seed at
center of samara. Fl. and fr. Apr–Jun.
● Heilongjiang (Harbin).
This poorly understood species should be reinvestigated. It may
be of hybrid origin.

12. Ulmus glaucescens Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.,sér. 2, 7: 77. 1884.
旱榆 han yu
Trees or shrubs, to 18 m, deciduous. Bark ± longitudinallyfissured. Branchlets glabrous or pubescent, unwinged and without a corky layer; second year branchlets grayish yellow, yellowish gray, or yellowish brown. Winter buds brown, ovoidorbicular to ± globose; inner scales pubescent or puberulent.
Petiole 3–8 mm, pubescent; leaf blade elliptic, rhombic-ovate,narrowly ovate, or elliptic-lanceolate, 2.5–5 × 1–3 cm, both
surfaces pubescent or subglabrous and often with tufts of hairs
in forkings of secondary veins but never in vein axils, baseasymmetrically acute to obliquely truncate, margin obtusely
and regularly simply serrate or ± doubly serrate, apex weakly tostrongly acuminate; secondary veins 6–12(–14) on each sideof midvein. Inflorescences fascicled cymes on second year
branchlets, 3–5-flowered. Flowers from mixed buds or floral
buds, scattered at base or near base of branchlets. Perianthcampanulate, ca. 4-lobed, glabrous or lobe margins ciliate.
Samaras tan, elliptic, broadly elliptic, or obovate, 2–2.5 × 1.5–2
cm, glabrous or pubescent; stalk 2–4 mm, pubescent; wings
thick; perianth persistent. Seed at center or toward apex ofsamara. Fl. and fr. Mar–May.

ULMACEAE● Along rivers, mountain slopes; 2000–2600 m. Gansu, Hebei,
Henan, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, E Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong,
Shanxi.

1a. Samara glabrous except stigmatic surface
pubescent in notch ............................ 12a. var. glaucescens
1b. Samara densely pubescent when young,with scattered hairs when mature ....... 12b. var. lasiocarpa
12a. Ulmus glaucescens var. glaucescens旱榆(原变种) han yu (yuan bian zhong)Samaras glabrous except stigmatic surface pubescent innotch. Fl. and fr. Mar–May.
● 2000–2400 m. Gansu, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Nei Mongol,
Ningxia, E Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi.

12b. Ulmus glaucescens var. lasiocarpa Rehder, J. Arnold
Arbor. 11: 157. 1930.
毛果旱榆 mao guo han yu
Samaras densely pubescent when young, with scatteredhairs when mature. Fl. and fr. Mar–May.
● Along rivers, mountain slopes; 2500–2600 m. Hebei, Henan,
Nei Mongol, Ningxia (Helan Shan), E Qinghai, Shanxi.

13. Ulmus chenmoui W. C. Cheng, Nanjing Forest. Inst. 1(1):68. 1958.
琅琊榆 lang ya yu
Trees, to 20 m tall, d.b.h. to 50 cm, deciduous. Barkgrayish brown, exfoliating in irregular oblong flakes. Branchlets densely pubescent when young, glabrescent, unwinged andwithout a corky layer. Winter buds ovoid; bud scales partly
pubescent. Petiole 1–1.5 cm, densely villous; leaf blade broadly
obovate, oblong-obovate, oblong, or oblong-elliptic, 6–18 × 3–
10 cm, scabrous, abaxially densely pubescent, adaxially densely
hirsute and pubescent along midvein, base oblique, margin
doubly serrate, apex shortly caudate to caudate-acuminate;secondary veins 15–21 on each side of midvein. Inflorescencesfascicled cymes on second year branchlets. Perianth glabrous,
apically 4-lobed. Samara narrowly obovate, oblong-obovate, or
broadly obovate, 1.5–2.5 × 1–1.7 cm, pubescent; stalk 1–2 mm;
perianth persistent. Seed at center or toward apex of samara. Fl.
and fr. Mar–Apr.
● 100–200 m. Anhui (Chuxian), Jiangsu (Jurong).
Species 13 through 19 share many characters in common, anddiffer in relatively minor characters. There has been much disagreementin the past about species delimitation in this group.

14. Ulmus davidiana Planchon in Candolle, Prodr. 17: 158.
1873.
黑榆 hei yu
Trees or shrubs, to 15 m tall, d.b.h. to 30 cm, deciduous.
Bark longitudinally fissured. Branchlets pubescent when young,glabrescent or ± pubescent, sometimes with irregularly longitudinally fissured corky layer. Winter buds ovoid; bud scales
partly pubescent. Petiole 5–10(–17) mm, pubescent; leaf blade
obovate to obovate-elliptic, 4–9(–10) × 1.5–4(–5.5) cm, abax-

ially densely pubescent when young but glabrescent with tufted
hairs only in axil of veins, adaxially sparsely hirsute when
young but glabrescent, base oblique, margin doubly serrate,
apex caudate-acuminate to acuminate; secondary veins 12–22
on each side of midvein. Inflorescences fascicled cymes on
second year branchlets. Perianth glabrous, 4-lobed. Samarastan, obovate to ± obovate, 1–1.9 × 0.7–1.4 cm; stalk pubescent,ca. 2 mm; wings usually glabrous. Seed toward apex and incenter of samara.
Slopes, wetlands near streams, valleys; below 2300 m. Anhui,Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei
Mongol, Ningxia, E Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang[Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, E Siberia)].

1a. Bark pale gray to gray; samara densely pubescentover seed .............................................. 14a. var. davidiana
1b. Bark blackish; samara glabrous ............ 14b. var. japonica
14a. Ulmus davidiana var. davidiana
黑榆(原变种) hei yu (yuan bian zhong)Ulmus davidiana var. mandshurica Skvortsov; U. davidiana var. pubescens Skvortsov.
Bark pale gray to gray. Samaras densely pubescent overseed. Fl. and fr. Mar–May.
● Hebei, Henan, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shanxi.

14b. Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (Rehder) Nakai, Fl. Sylv.
Kor. 19: 26. 1932.
春榆 chun yu
Ulmus campestris Linnaeus var. japonica Rehder inBailey, Cycl. Amer. Hort. 4: 1882. 1902; U. davidiana var.
levigata (C. K. Schneider) Nakai; U. japonica (Rehder) Sargent; U. japonica var. levigata C. K. Schneider; U. propinqua
Koidzumi; U. wilsoniana C. K. Schneider.
Bark blackish. Samaras glabrous. Fl. and fr. Feb–May.
Slopes, wetlands near streams, valleys; below 2300 m. Anhui,Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, E Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Zhejiang [Japan,
Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East, E Siberia)].

15. Ulmus prunifolia W. C. Cheng & L. K. Fu, Acta Phytotax.
Sin.17(1): 48. 1979.
李叶榆 li ye yu
Trees, to 30 m tall, d.b.h. to 45 cm, deciduous. Bark darkgray, smooth. Branchlets pilose when young, glabrescent, with
scattered lenticels; second branchlets gray to brownish gray.
Winter buds ovoid, glabrous. Petiole 0.6–1.6 cm, pubescent
when young, glabrescent; leaf blade narrowly elliptic, oblongelliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 5–11(–14) × 2–
4(–5.5) cm, abaxially pilose when young but glabrescent withage or pubescent only in vein axils, adaxially pubescent when
young but glabrescent, base ± oblique, margin doubly serrate,
apex acuminate; secondary veins 12–22 on each side of midvein. Inflorescences fascicled cymes on second year branchlets.
Perianth glabrous, 4-lobed. Samaras oblong-elliptic to oblong-

ULMACEAE

obovate, 1.2–2 × 0.8–1.3 cm, glabrous except for pubescenceon stigmatic surface in notch; stalk 1–2 mm; perianth persistent.
Seed at center or slightly toward apex of samara. Fl. and fr.
Feb–May.
● 1000–1500 m. Chongqing Zhixiashi, W Hubei.

16. Ulmus microcarpa L. K. Fu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 17(1): 48.
1979.
小果榆 xiao guo yu
Trees, to 30 m tall, d.b.h. to 80 cm, deciduous. Branchlets
of first year with very short hairs. Winter buds narrowly ovate;
bud scales glabrous. Petiole ca. 5 mm, pubescent to subglabrous; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, elliptic, or rarely oblongobovate, 8.5–17 × 5–8 cm, abaxially sparsely pubescent andwith tufted hairs in vein axils, adaxially ± scabrous and hirsute
when young but glabrescent with trichome scars, base oblique,margin doubly serrate, apex shortly caudate; secondary veins
18–25 on each side of midvein. Perianth campanulate, 4-lobed,
glabrous except for margin of tepals. Filament nearly twice aslong as perianth. Samara ± orbicular, 7–8 × 7–8 mm, glabrous
except for pubescence on stigmatic surface in notch, tip long
beak-shaped; perianth persistent. Seed near center of samara.
Fl. and fr. Mar–May. 2n = 28*.
● Broad-leaved forests; ca. 2800 m. SE Xizang (Zayü).

17. Ulmus szechuanica W. P. Fang, Commem. Vol. 22. 1947.
红果榆 hong guo yu
Ulmus erythrocarpa W. C. Cheng.
Trees, to 18 m tall, d.b.h. to 80 cm, deciduous. Bark darkgray, grayish black, or brownish gray, irregularly longitudinallyfissured, scabrous. Branchlets pale gray to gray, pubescent
when young, sometimes with an irregularly longitudinally fissured corky layer, with pale yellow lenticels. Winter buds
ovoid; inner bud scale margin long ciliate. Petiole 5–12 mm,
glabrous or pubescent; leaf blade obovate, elliptic-obovate,ovate-oblong, or elliptic-ovate, 2–9 × 1.7–5.5 cm, abaxiallysparsely pubescent and densely hairy along main secondaryveins when young but glabrescent, adaxially pubescent and villous along midvein when young but glabrescent, base oblique,margin doubly serrate, apex acute to acuminate; secondaryveins 9–19 on each side of midvein. Inflorescences fascicled
cymes on second year branchlets. Perianth campanulate, 4lobed, glabrous. Samaras tan, ± orbicular to obovate-orbicular,
1.1–1.6 × 0.9–1.3 cm, glabrous except for pubescence on stigmatic surface in notch; stalk shorter than perianth, 1–2 mm,
pubescent; perianth persistent. Seed at or near center of samara.
Fl. and fr. Feb–Mar.
● Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, C Sichuan, Zhejiang.

18. Ulmus androssowii Litvinov var. subhirsuta (C. K.
Schneider) P. H. Huang et al., Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 11(3): 43.
1991.
毛枝榆 mao zhi yu
Ulmus wilsoniana C. K. Schneider var. subhirsuta C. K.
Schneider in Sargent, Pl. Wilson. 3: 257. 1916; U. androssowii

var. virgata (Wallich ex Planchon) Grudzinskaja; U. chumlia
Melville & Heybroek; U. pumila var. pilosa Rehder; U. virgata
Wallich ex Planchon.
Trees, to 20 m tall, d.b.h. to 50 cm, deciduous. Bark blackish gray, longitudinally fissured. Branchlets densely pubescent
when young but second year ± pubescent, sometimes with anirregularly longitudinally fissured corky layer, with scatteredlenticels. Winter buds ovoid; bud scales pubescent. Petiole 2–
10 mm, pubescent or glabrous; leaf blade ovate to elliptic torarely rhombic or obovate, 3–8 × 2–2.5 cm, abaxially sparsely
pubescent or glabrous and somewhat pubescent or glabrous onveins and with tufted hairs in vein axils, adaxially ± scabrous,
hirsute when young, glabrescent with trichome scars, andpuberulous along veins or glabrous, base slightly oblique, apex
usually acuminate. Inflorescences fascicled cymes on second
year branchlets. Perianth campanulate, 5-lobed, margin ciliate.
Samaras orbicular to ± orbicular, 8–15 × 6–10 mm, glabrous
except for pubescence on stigmatic surface in notch; stalkshorter than perianth, pubescent; perianth persistent. Seed at
center of samara. Fl. and fr. Feb–Apr.
● Broad-leaved forests on mountain slopes and in valleys; 1200–
2800 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.
Ulmus androssowii var. androssowii occurs in C Asia (not China).

19. Ulmus castaneifolia Hemsley, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 26: 466.
1894.
多脉榆 duo mai yu
Ulmus ferruginea W. C. Cheng; U. multinervis W. C.
Cheng.
Trees, to 20 m, d.b.h. to 50 cm, deciduous. Bark pale grayto blackish brown, thick, with a corky layer, longitudinallyfissured. Branchlets thick, unwinged and usually without acorky layer, with yellow to brownish yellow lenticels; first year
branchlets white to reddish brown, densely villous; second year
branchlets grayish brown to dark brownish gray, ± pubescent or
glabrescent. Winter buds ovoid, usually slightly compressed;
bud scales densely pubescent. Petiole 1–12 mm, densely pubescent; leaf blade oblong-elliptic, narrowly elliptic, oblong-ovate,obovate-oblong, or obovate-elliptic, 8–15 × 3.5–6.5 cm, abaxially densely pubescent and with tufted hairs in vein axils,
adaxially smooth or ± scabrous, densely hirsute when young,and glabrescent but ± pubescent on main secondary veins withage, base distinctly oblique, margin doubly serrate, apex longacute to cuspidate; main secondary veins depressed; secondaryveins 16–35 on each side of midvein. Inflorescences fascicled
cymes on second year branchlets. Perianth 4- or 5-lobed, glabrous or margin ciliate. Samaras tan, oblong-obovate, obtriangular-obovate, or obovate, 1.6–3 × 1–1.6 cm, glabrous except
for pubescence on stigmatic surface in notch; stalk shorter thanperianth, densely pubescent; perianth persistent. Seed toward
apex of samara. Fl. and fr. Feb–Apr.
● Broad-leaved forests; 500–1600 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,
Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

20. Ulmus lanceifolia Roxburgh ex Wallich, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2:
86. 1831.

ULMACEAE常绿榆 chang lü yu
Ulmus tonkinensis Gagnepain.
Trees, to 30 m tall, d.b.h. 40–80 cm, evergreen. Bark yellowish gray to chestnut brown, exfoliating in irregular flakes.
Branchlets brown to red-brown, pubescent when young, ±pubescent with age, unwinged and without a corky layer, with
scattered lenticels. Winter buds dark brown to red-brown,
ovoid-orbicular, pubescent or glabrous. Petiole 2–7 mm, pubescent; leaf blade lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or narrowly orbicular-lanceolate, 3–10(–11) × 1.5–3.5 cm, thick, abaxially pea
green and pubescent only near petiole or occasionally with afew hairs on midvein, adaxially lustrous green and pubescent
only on midvein, base rounded or ± oblique and asymmetric,
margin obtusely regularly simply serrate, apex acuminate;
midvein depressed; secondary veins 6–18 on each side of
midvein. Inflorescences fascicled cymes, 3–11-flowered. Flowers from floral buds. Perianth glabrous or margin ciliate. Samaras orange-brown, obovate, orbicular-obovate, or ± orbicular, strongly oblique, 1.2–2.8 × 1.2–2.1 cm, glabrous except forpubescence on stigmatic surface in notch; stalk shorter thanperianth, glabrous or pubescent; perianth persistent. Seed at
center or toward apex of samara. Fl. and fr. winter or early
spring, rarely in autumn. 2n = 28.
300–1500 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Laos,
Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].
Ulmus lanceifolia has been reported from Nepal (Hara et al.,Enum. Fl. Pl. Nepal 3: 205. 1982), but this identity is uncertain.

21. Ulmus parvifolia Jacquin, Pl. Hort. Shoenbr. 3: 262. 1798.
榔榆 lang yu
Microptelea parvifolia (Jacquin) Spach; Planera parvifolia (Jacquin) Sweet; Ulmus campestris Linnaeus var. chinensis Loudon; U. chinensis Persoon; U. coreana Nakai; U. japonica Siebold; U. sieboldii Daveau; Ulmus shirasawana Daveau.

Trees, to 25 m tall, d.b.h. to 100 cm, deciduous. Crown
broadly orbicular. Bark gray to grayish brown, ± smooth,
exfoliating into irregular scale-like flakes. Branchlets darkbrown, densely pubescent when young, never winged. Winterbuds reddish brown, ovoid-orbicular, glabrous. Petiole 2–6 mm,
pubescent; leaf blade lanceolate-ovate to narrowly elliptic,
lamina on two sides of midvein unequal in length and width,
2.5–5 × 1–2 cm, thick, abaxially pea green and pubescent when
young, adaxially dark green, lustrous, and pubescent only on
midvein, base oblique, margin obtusely and irregularly simply
serrate, apex acute to obtuse; midvein depressed; secondaryveins 10–15 on each side of midvein. Inflorescences fascicled
cymes, 3–6-flowered. Pedicel very short, pubescent. Perianth
funnelform; tepals 4. Samaras tan to brown, occasionally dark
red-brown, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, 10–13 × 6–8 mm, glabrous
except for pubescence on stigmatic surface in notch; stalk 1–3
mm, shorter than perianth, sparsely pubescent; perianth
persistent or tardily deciduous. Seed at center or toward apex ofsamara. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 28.
Below 800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,
Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong,
Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Zhejiang [India, Japan, N Korea, Vietnam].

ULMACEAE