Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

RESEARCH REPORT ON
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DISASTER RISKREDUCTION AND POST DISASTER LIVELIHOODRECOVERY PROGRAM IN JAPAN AND
BANGLADESHMD MUNIR CHOWDHURY
CHOWDHURY,VISITINGVISITING RESEARCHER,ADRC
RESEARCHER ADRC
KOBE,JAPAN, MARCH,2012

SEQUENCES OF PRESENTATION
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Introduction
Specific Aims of the Research
BangladeshgNational Disaster context
Disaster Management System in Japan
Main contents of Countermeasures Basic Acts
Concept of recovery process,process Principles and Pre-disasterPre disaster Recovery Planning
Definition of Livelihood
Bangladesh Disaster Recovery Plan and Program
A Case Study of Recovery Program in Bangladesh
Bangladesh Disaster Recovery Act/ Guidelines
Constraints and Challenges
Disaster Victims Livelihood Support System in JapanThe Japanese Disaster Relief Act
Act on Support for livelihood Recovery of Disaster Victims 1998
A Case Study for Recovery From Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake
Comparisonpof Japanp and Bangladeshg
DM Systemyand Livelihood Recoveryy Programgand Recommendations

BACKGROUND
B
Bangladeshl d h iis considered
id d theh most naturall didisaster prone country iin A
Asia
i
Its coastal areas are periodically hit by floods, cyclone, storm surges, tornados, riverb k erosion
banki
Most of the households in that areas faces the hard times after loosing theirlivelihoods.
The livelihoods in the area and even the entire local economy severely affected.
Natural, financial, physical, social and human assets are all eroded, markets are
disrupted and these adverse effects can lead to the virtual collapse of the economic
disrupted,
and social environment
So effective pre-disaster livelihood planning and post-disaster livelihood recovery
So,programs are needed to address such risks
As livelihood security is strongly related to the disaster risk reduction (DRR),(DRR)
Government of Bangladesh needs effective pre-disaster recovery planning, capacity
building and strong institutional support for implementing different short, medium
and long term livelihood programs in post natural disaster recovery andreconstruction.

SPECIFIC AIMS OF THE RESEARCH
To compare the Disaster Management System in Bangladesh and JapanTo gather knowledge & skills from the DM system in Japan especially the techniques
pre-disaster livelihood recoveryy planningpg and ppost-disaster livelihood recoveryyof pprogram
To identify the sustainable recovery plan that leads to promote integrated livelihood
management system of Bangladesh
To identify the main component of the Japanese livelihood recovery and relief act
1998 and replicating important components of Japans disaster victims livelihood
recovery support system in Bangladesh
Replicating Japanese vast experience on DM in Bangladesh
Prepare recommendations for improvement of DRR in Bangladesh

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology of the research activities based on both primaryand secondary data, i.e. identifying and analyzing various
governmental policy, plans, act, documents, guide books, journals,
seminaripaper, web
b materials
t i l etc.
t
The study also enriched by various presentation organized by ADRC/
JICA/IRP, field visits, sharing of experiences with the Central
Government and the Local Government officials.
After the completion of the research work a study report including
the recommendation prepared.
p p

EXPECTED RESULTS
Data
D
t and
d informationi f
ti on prevailing
ili g didisastertmanagement and post disaster livelihood
recovery planl ,policies,li i actt andd practicesti
offBangladesh and Japan collected and compared
between two countries. SomeS
best practices off
Japan which can be applicable for Bangladesh
will be recommended to government of
Bangladesh.

Location of Bangladesh in South Asia

7

DISASTERS AND BANGLADESH
Major Hazards

Major Disasters

 Flood
Fl d

Year
DisasterYDi t

 Tropical Cyclone

1970 Cyclone
300,000
1988 Flood
2,373
1988 Cyclone
5,7041991 Cyclone
138,868
1996 Tornado5451997 Cyclone
C l550
1998 Flood918
2004 Flood
747
2007 Flood
Fl d
1 071
1,071
2007 Cyclone(SIDR) 3,406
2009 Cyclone (‘alia)
190 (as on Storm Surge Tornado
 River Bank Erosion
 Drought
 Earthquake Arsenic
 FireDeath
D th

06/06/2009) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENTCOUNCIL (NDMC)
 INTER MINISTERIAL DISASTER
MANAGEMENT COORDINATIONCOMMITTEE (IMDMCC)

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT COUNCIL(NDMC))(NDMC
Total 34 Members

Chairperson:

Hon’ble Prime Minister

Members:

Key Ministers, Key Secretaries,
Cabinet Secretary, Principal Secretary,
Chiefs of Army, Navy and Air Force,Principal Staff Officer (AFD)

MemberSecretary:

Cabinet Secretary, Cabinet Division

INTER--MINISTERIAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT COORDINATIONINTERCOMMITTEE (IMDMCC)
Total 33 Members

Ch i
Chairman:

Hon’ble Minister, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management

Members:

Cabinet Secretary,
Secretary Principal Secretary
Secretary,
Key Secretaries, Key Director Generals
Principal
p Staff Officer ((AFD))

MemberS
Secretary:t

S
Secretary,tDisaster
Di t ManagementMt & Relief
R li f Division
Di i i

PRINCIPAL COORDINATING MINISTRY/AGENCY

Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM) is thel d Ministrylead
Mini trDisaster Management and Relief Division under MoFDM isfocal pointDirectorate of Relief and Rehabilitation (DRR) and Disaster
Management Bureau (DMB) are two vital organ of MoFDM
for Disaster Management

National Disaster Response Coordination Group (NDRCG)
Minister, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management

ChairmanPrincipal Staff Officer, Armed Forces Division

MemberSecretary, Ministry of Home Affairs

MemberSecretary, Ministry of Information

MemberSecretary, Ministry of Health

MemberSecretary, Ministry of Post and Telecommunications

MemberSecretary Ministry of Water Resources
Secretary,

MemberSecretary, Ministry of Education

MemberSecretary, Ministry of Shipping

MemberSecretary, Disaster Management and Relief Division

MemberSecretaryStDisaster Management Institutions in BangladeshInter-Ministerial Disaster
Management Coordination
Committee (IMDMCC)DM Cell, PMO(Activated during large
scale disaster,
managed by AFD)

National Disaster Management
Advisory Committee (NDMAC)

Disaster Management & Relief Division
Department ofRelief andRehabilitation

Disaster Management Regulative
Framework
DisasterManagement Act)DM Policy

National Plan for DM

Sectoral Policies

Sectoral Plans(DRR Incorporated)(DRR Incorporated)

Local Plans
Hazard Plans

SOD

Guideline
Templates

Programming for Implementation

National Disasters in JapanA Highly Developed country anda Country vulnerable toDisaster16

Natural Disasters in Japan•

Earthquake•

Tsunami•Volcanic Eruption•

Typhoon

•

Flood

•

Landslide•

Snow Fall (Avalanche)

Number of earthquakes with magnitude of 6.0 orlarger (1995-2011)
Japan 210 (22%)

World 945

17

Comparison of Natural Disasters in Japanand Other Parts of the World
Number of earthquakes with magnitude of 6.0 or greater
Japan
212
（20 5%）（20.5%）

World
1 036
1,036

Note：Total for 2000 to 2009.
Source：Prepared by the Cabinet Office based on data from the Japan
Meteorological Agency and world data from USGS.
18

NATURAL DISASTERS
Flood damage ( 1938,1967
1938 1967 )Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake ( Jan 17, 1995 )Hit by many (ten) typhoons ( 2004 )Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake ( Oct 23, 2004 )Niigata Chuetsu
Chuetsu–oki
oki Earthquake ( Jul 16,
16 2007 )Great Sichuan Earthquake ( May, 2008 )y g Inland Earthquakeq( June 14,, 2008 )Iwate –Miyagi
Great East Japan Earthquake ( March 11, 2011 )Nankai Earthquake ( Occurrence probability within 30 Years :60 % )´

NATURAL DISASTER (CONTD.)(CONTD )After theAft
th Hanshin-Awaji
Hhi A ji Earthquake,E thk alongl g with
ith a series
i off reformsf
off thethcentral government system in 2001.
A position entitled "Minister of State for Disaster Management" was newly
established to coordinate comprehensive disaster reduction measuresthroughout the whole government.
government
Furthermore, a Director-General for Disaster Management was placed in the
Cabinet Office, whose role included planning basic disaster management
policies and responding to large-scale disasters, as well as conducting
comprehensivepdisaster-related coordination within the ggovernment.

DM & Organization of the national government of Japan
Disaster Management,
Management
Cabinet Office

Mi i t off St
Minister
State
t for
f
Disaster Management
Ministry of Internal
Affairs andCommunications

CabinetCabinetSecretariat

Fire and Disaster
Management Agency

Ministry ofJustice

Deputy Director-Generalfor Disaster Management

Ministry ofg Affairs
Foreign

Directorfor Disaster Management

Ministry of
Finance
Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

Small and Medium
E t
Enterprisei Agency
Ag

Ministry of Health,Labour and Welfare

Agency for Natural
Resources and Energy

Agriculture
Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries

N clear and Industrial
Ind strial
Nuclear
Safety Agency

Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry
Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, Transport,
and Tourism

Japan Meteorological
Agency (JMA)

Ministry of
the EnvironmentJapan
p CoastGuard

Ministry of
DefenseDirector-Generalfor Disaster Management

Director for
Disaster Prevention
andd PreparednessPdDirector for
Disaster Response
Operations
Director for
Post-Disaster Recovery
and Reconstructions
Director for
Earthquake and Volcanic
Disaster Management

Geographical
Survey Institute21

Disaster Management in 3 Layers

22

23

CENTRAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT COUNCIL ( CONTD.)
CONTD )The Central Disaster Management Council is one of the councils that
deals with crucial policies of the Cabinet, and was established in the
Cabinet Office of Japan.
The Council is chaired by the Prime Minister, and consists of all the
Ministers of State including the Minister of State for Disaster
Management, heads of major public institutions, and leading experts.
The Council promotes comprehensive disaster countermeasures,
including deliberating important issues on disaster reduction
accordingg to requestsqfrom the Prime Minister or Minister of State forDisaster Management.

Disaster Management Related Laws
Basic Act
Disaster Preventionpand Preparedness

Disaster Emergency
Response

Disaster Recovery
and Reconstruction,
and Financial Measures

18 acts

3 Acts23 acts• Earthquake• DisasterDi t R
Reliefli f• Disaster Victims
Livelihood Recovery
Support System• Eruption of
V lVolcanoes• Flood and Storm• Sediment DisasterAct• Fire service Act• Flood Control Act• Recovery andRehabilitation• Insurance
25

MAIN CONTENTS OF THE DISASTER COUNTERMEASURES
BASIC ACT Definition
D fi iti off responsibilities
ibiliti ffor didisastertmanagement
 Disaster management organizations
 Disaster management planning system
 Disaster prevention and preparedness
 Disaster emergency response Disaster recovery and rehabilitation
 Financial
Fi
i l measures State of Disaster Emergency

THE CONCEPT OF RECOVERY PROCESS:Th
Threerequisites
i it forf recovery”” thatth t are as following:f ll i
 Spirit/Hope/Faith
S i i /H
/F i h off recovery
 Skills for recovery
 System for recovery

PRINCIPLES OF RECOVERY To sustain local society or community
 To carry on local culture of the communityTo utilize local resources.

PRE -DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING( PDRP )

Recovery Plan Before A Disaster Happens

At Certain Scale Pre-planning Should Take PlacePDRP Fit Within The Disaster Management Cycle

C ll ti g P
Collecting
Preliminaryli iIInformationfti

Establishing The Post Disaster Recovery Organization



Formulating Recovery Principles And Goals



Defining Strategies And Actions



Assessingg And Maintainingg The Plan

BENEFITS OF PDRP Expedites
E diRecoveryR Reduces Risk of Future Disasters
 Enables demand-driven and inclusive recovery
 Minimizes development deficits
 Reduces Recovery Costs

CONCEPTS OF LIVELIHOOD

The term livelihood comes to light when governments, civil society, and externalorganizations attempt to assist people whose means of making a living isthreatened, damaged, or destroyed.

In order to better understand how people develop and maintain livelihoods,
practitioners and academics, developed the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework(SLF).
(SLF)The SLF views livelihoods as systems and provides a way to understand:1.

the assets people draw upon2.

the strategies
g theyy develop
p to make a livingg

3.

the context within which a livelihood is developed, and4.

those factors that make a livelihood more or less vulnerable to shocks andstresses´

WHY CONSIDER LIVELIHOODS IN RECOVERY PROCESSThe livelihoods of disaster affected populations and, where possible, protecting anddeveloping them, has been increasingly recognized and addressed by all key actors
within disaster recovery processes.

More importantly, disaster affected populations have overwhelmingly identified
livelihoods as their greatest recovery priority.

In order to improve understanding of the impact of disasters on livelihoods, FAO andthe ILO have jointly developed the Livelihood Assessment Tool
Tool-kitkit (LAT). The LAT
consists of three main technical elements:
1 Livelihood Baseline Assessment (which is undertaken pre-disaster);pre disaster);1.
2. Immediate Livelihood Impact Appraisal (undertaken immediately after thedisaster); andp to 90 days
y after the disaster).
)
3. Detailed Livelihood Assessment ((undertaken up

EMPLOYMENT AND LIVELIHOODS
Agriculture and livestock production, through the provision of seeds, tools,
micro- credits, and other means
Small business through the provision of credits or other means
Recovery of and improvement of productive social infrastructure such as
roads, markets, etc. which will support the economic activities
The reconstruction of the housing sector using local technologies,
construction materials, local know-how, to ensure that construction
activities will have a direct positive impact upon the local economy.
Consideration of short-term gender sensitive alternative employment
generation to compensate lost livelihoods in the immediate post-disasterperiodBANGLADESH DISASTER RECOVERY PLAN AND PROGRAM
POVERTY DISASTER INTERFACE
 Adverse long-term impact on economic and social activities
 The poor are more vulnerable to any kind of disaster Depletion of assets
 Income reduction due to loss of employment
 Increase indebtedness
 Increase migration
 Cost to cope with disaster disproportionately higher for the poor
Government’s Vision: To reduce the vulnerability of people, especially the poor,
to the effects of natural,
natural environmental and human induced hazards to a
manageable and acceptable humanitarian level.

IMMEDIATE ASSISTANCE NEEDS Search and rescue operation
 Supply of instant food Medicare
 Water and sanitation
 Temporary shelter for displaced people Restoration of livelihoods

AREAS OF SOCIAL PROTECTION Social Safety Net
 Food Security
 Micro Micro-Credit Rural Employment
 Disaster Management Basic health service
 Access to public schools

MINISTRY OF FOOD & DISASTER MANAGEMENT (DMRD )Social Safety Nets in Bangladesh
Government has allocated 15% of the total national budget against social protection
program of the country which is 2.5%
2 5% of the GDP in 2011-12
2011 12 FY:

Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF)
The program is aimed at extending assistance in the form of food and basic
necessities to selected households in the months following a disaster when
agricultural production has been severely disrupted.
Test Relief
Test Relief (TR), a food transfer program for those of working age to create
construct develop andemployment for the poor in the rainy season to construct,
maintain rural infrastructure
Gratuitous Relief (GR)GR provides emergency food and other necessities to thevictims of natural calamities.

SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ( CONTD )Food For Work (FFW)/Cash for Work (CFW)
These programs have two major objectives,
objectives namely.
namelyi) employment generation for the affected people in the slack season, andii)) developmentpand maintenance of rural infrastructures
Employment Guarantee Programme (formerly 100 Days Programme)
REOPA ( LGRD )Rural Employment Opportunities for Public assets (REOPA) is a EU/UNDP
supported 5 year project (2007-12) aimed at creating self-employment
opportunities of the women, providing
g trainingg coveringg various issues of life
still management, and, creation and maintenance of public assets.
NGO
G
GrameenI
Insurance
P
Programsg

IMPACTS OF SOCIAL SAFETY NET:The majority of the households benefiting from the safety net programs based on
cash transfer have been able to increase household income and recover theirli lih d
livelihood.
Programs targeted at women have (a) increased women's participation in householdd i idecision-making;ki(b) improvedidhhealthlth conditions
diti
off women and
d th
their
i ffamilyilmembers; (c) encouraged small investment for income generation in the future; and(d) revived the traditional system of in-family care.
VGD, TR and EGP also have a development impact.
S f t nett programs
gi Bangladesh
B gl d h havehl becomeb
f l tot a certaint i extent
t t
Safetyinalso
successful
in DRR
EvidenceE
idon theth impactit off conditionalditi
l ttransfer
f programs
giindicatesdi t positive
iti iimpactst
on human capital accumulation.

on 25th May 2010

40

CASE STUDY OF RECOVERY PROGRAM OF CYCLONE AILA
Death Toll
Total Affected Districts
Affected Upazila
Affected UP/Municipality
Affected Family (1m)Affected People (4m)
Injured Persons
Embankment damaged
Crop loss
Educational Institute Damaged
Road Damaged
Bridges 7 culverts

190
11
64
529
948,621
3,928,238
7,103
1 742 Km
1,742
77,486 acre Fully, 245,968 Partly
445 Partly, 4588 Partly
2,233 Km Fully, 6,622 Partly
157

MAJOR EMERGENCY RELIEF BY DMRD

Gratuitous Relief (Rice): US$ 12.15 million, 27951 MT
Gratuitous Relief (Cash): US$ 1
1.9
9 million
House Building : US$ 4.28 million
Total: US$ 18
18.33
33 million Restoration of livelihood
SectorSt (Estimated(E ti t d LossL
/ Rehabilitation
R h bilit ti
Cost)
C t)
Agriculture: US$ 106.44 million / US$ 50 million
Li t k US$ 1
93 million
illi / US$ 1 million
illiLivestock:
1.93
Fisheries: US$ 46.93 million / US$ 5.02million
T l US$ 155.30
Total:
155 30 m / US$ 56
56.02
02 million
illiINTERNATIONAL DONOR ASSISTANCE
ECHO

11.93 mFood Assistance, Health & Wash

EU

6.63 mShelters

DFID

1 58 m
1.58

NFI S
NFIs,
Settlement
ttl
t SupportSt (through(th gh IOM)

SDC

1.31 mLivelihoods & WASH

p
Govt. of Spain

0.66 mFood Assistance ((throughg WFP))

WFP

18.5 mFood Assistance

UNICEF

1.5 m/0.54 m /0.75 m

WASH/Education/Health /Nutrition

FAO

0.5 m

Agriculture

UNDP

0.25 mLivelihoodWHO

0 10 m
0.10

Emergency Medicine & Wash

Total

44.25 mPRESENT SITUATION OF AFFECTED AREAS
Out of 64 affected upazilla 60 upazilla havebeen recovered from devastation.
Remaining 4 upazillas not yet recovered asembankment could not be repaired.
repaired
For this reason 48000 families are homelessand living on the embankments or other places

SUPPORT TO WORST AFFECTED 4 UPAZILLAS FROM DMRD

District

UpazilaKoira

Grant for Housing

Blanket(in million US Dollars)(in thousand units)

US$ 0.36(BDT 2.50 crore)25
2.5

Income generating
activities for ultra poor(in million US Dollars)

US$ 0.21(BDT 14102400)

KhulnaDacopeAshashuni

US$ 0.36(BDT 2.50 crore)

US$ 0.36(BDT 2.50 crore)

2.5

2.5

US$ 0.66(BDT 46417600)

US$ 0.48(BDT 46417600)

SathkhiraShyamnagar
S
ya
aga

US$ 0.47(BDT 3.29 crore)5
2.5

NEEDS AND PRIORITIES (SHORT(SHORT-TERM
TERM )
1. Restoration
1
R t ti off livelihood
li lih d
2. Construction of cluster houses for landless people
3 Reconstruction
3.
R
i off hhouses ffor affectedff
d peoplel
4. Ensure safe drinking watera. Desalination plantb. Re-excavation & digging new ponds
c. Installation of deep tube welld. Rain water harvesting

US$ 1.42(BDT 100454400)

NEEDS AND PRIORITIES (LONG-TERM)(LONG TERM)
1 Construction
1.
Ct ti off cyclonelsheltersh lt
with
ith killas
kill (elevated( l t d landl d forfshelter of livestock)
2 Reconstruction/Construction of embankment with modified
2.
design3 Disaster resistant housing
3.
4. Disaster resilient cluster village
5 Reconstruction of educational institutions
5.
6. Reconstruction/Construction of roads

EMERGENCY LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMS TAKEN BY NGOS

N off NGO
No.
NGOs:

51

Total no of projects: 64
Total Approved Fund: US$ 6.35 million
Total Beneficiaries (Family):374,284

DISASTER RECOVERY ACT / GUIDELINES
Specific Relief Act 1877
Voluntary Social Welfare Agencies Act 1961
The Foreign Donations (Voluntary Activities)
Regulation Ordinance, 1978.
Standing Orders on Disasters 2010
Disaster Management & Relief Act 2011
Guidelines of CFW, FFW. EGPP, REOPA, VGD, VGF etc

CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGESThe Bangladesh government has implemented a range of social protection program
gy ppaper.
p There should be a National Policyy on Social
but there is no national strategy
protection. The Integrated Safety Nets Policy Guidelines are also needed fordevelopment of a multi-year livelihood recovery programme
There is no Social Protection Act/ Law including the livelihood recovery act. Though
the DM act has been approved by the cabinet , but there should be separate Social
Protection Counter measure law
Bangladesh has an elaborate system of social safety nets operated by 13 different
ministries and some NGOs covering various target group . Some of these
based some are cash based,based and some are both food andprogrammes are food based,case based. Consolidate, coordinate and linkage with all safety nets are difficult
task.
Targeting effectiveness needs to be improved to ensure that the benefits of the
programmes reach the real effected people

CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES ( CONT-CONT )The livelihood recovery programme should also include capacity building at various
levels to improve the management of these safety net programmes.
Need to establishing the database for the affected people for victim registration andtracking.
A key challenges for effective livelihood program is design innovations based on
ground realities including the pre-disaster recovery plan
Coverage of all the affected people specially for constructing houses is a greatchallenges.

DISASTER VICTIMS LIVELIHOOD RECOVERYSUPPORT SYSTEM IN JAPANThe Disaster Victims Livelihood Recovery Support System is based on the
Act on Support for Livelihood Recovery of Disaster Victims, which wasenacted in 1998 following the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of 1995.
1995
Under this system, a “livelihood recovery support payment for disastervictims” is disbursed to persons whose livelihoods are severely damaged
by disasters.
The purpose of this system is to support victims in recovering theirnormalo a lives,es, bringb g stability
stab ty to thet e liveses ofo residents,
es de ts, anda d facilitate
ac tate thet equick recovery of disaster-stricken areas.
 Specifically, the livelihood recovery support payment for disaster victims
is disbursed to households whose homes are completely destroyed indisasters of a certain scale or greater, up to a maximum of three million
yen.

CONTENTS OF DISASTER RECOVERY AND REHABILITATION MEASURES

1 Disaster Recovery Project1.
The recovery of damaged public infrastructure facilities, educational
facilities, welfare facilities and agricultural, forestry and fishery facilities iseither conducted directly by the national government or put into practice by
the local government with subsidies from the national government.

2. Disaster Relief Loans
3 Disaster Compensation and Insurance
3.
4. Tax Reduction or Exemption
5 Tax Allocation to Local Governments and Local Bonds
5.
6. Designation of Extremely Severe Disaster7 Assistance for the Rehabilitation Plan
7.
8. Support for the Livelihood Recovery of Disaster Victims

THE JAPANESE DISASTER RELIEF ACT

 Emergency relief
 Emergency or temporary relief following a disaster,
distinct from restoration activities
 Protecting
P t ti g victims
i ti
andd maintainingi t i i g social
i l orderd Measures taken according to the scale of the disaster Central government provides services in cooperation
with local public entities
 Relief personnel and resources provided as necessary
in cooperation with local public entities Places designated as disaster areas by declaration of
the prefectural governor
 Activities administered by municipal governments(some relief work may be entrusted to other agencies) Damage to homes or other essential facilities
 Risk of injury or loss of life

TYPES OF RELIEF ACTIVITIES Provision of accommodation including emergency temporary
housing Distribution of food and drinking water Distribution of clothing
clothing, bedding and other necessities
 Medical and natal care Rescue of disaster victims
 Emergency repairs of housing
 Distribution of school supplies
 Financial support to restoration of livelihood .

COMPENSATION PAYMENTS
Compensation for Deathz Administration: Municipal governmentz Disaster situation: Natural disasterz Destruction of at least five households in a single municipality
gof at least one municipality
p y within the pprefecturez Designation
as a disaster areaz Eligible relatives: Spouse, children, parents, grandchildren,
grandparentsz Amounts:
Death of household provider: 5 million yen / Other death: 2.5
million yen

DISASTER RELIEF LOANS
Loans for Disaster Reliefz Administration: Municipal governmentz Disaster situation: Designation of at least one municipality
within the prefecture as a disaster areaz Eligibility: Persons injured or suffering damage to home orpossessions in the disasterz Maximum loan: 3.5 million yenz Repayment period: 10 years (payments deferred for 3 or 5yyears))ACT ON SUPPORT FOR LIVELIHOOD RECOVERY OF DISASTER VICTIMS 1998

General Provisions:This Act shall be determined measures to grant financial assistance tovictims of life reconstruction fund to take advantage of remarkable person
who has suffered the damage to their livelihood by natural disasters, theprefecture had contributed in terms of mutual aid by,py, to support
pp thereconstruction of their lives, and thereby to contribute to the rapid
reconstruction of the affected areas and the stabilization of life of residents
have
have.
The damage caused natural disasters, storms, heavy rain, heavy snow,
flood, storm surge, earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption by other unusual
natural phenomena, household affected by natural disaster shall bep
byy a Cabinet Order.
specifiedA CASE STUDY- GREAT HANSHIN-AWAJI EARTHQUAKEAt 5: 46 a.m on January 17, 1995 the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake,
which struck right under the city of Kobe in Western Japan,
Japan caused heavy
damage. More than 240,000 buildings were completely or partiallydestroyed, and more than 6,400 people lost their lives.
Over 80% of those who died were crushed or suffocated by damaged
structures.
Most of the damaged buildings had been built before the building code
in 1981.
standards were upgradedpg
Following the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake, the Government of Japandeveloped and strengthened disaster management systems
systems. In 1995,
1995 thegovernment amended the "Disaster Countermeasure Basic Act" andenacted the "Special Measure for Earthquake Disaster Countermeasure
Act "
Act.

Great Hanshin‐Awaji
Earthquake (1995)

60

OVERVIEW OF DAMAGES
Death
D
th andd Missing
Mi i g toll
t ll 6
6,437
437
Death toll 4,571
Damage of building and structure 67,421 fully, 55,145 partly
Gross area of structure totally burnt 819,108 sq.m
Electricity- disconnected city wide
Telephone -25% disconnected
Water -failure almost citywide
Gas about – about 80% disconnected
Small and medium enterprise—50% completely destroyed
Shopping
pp g arcade- 50% severelyy damagedgNumber of fire incidents : 175

RECOVERY PROCESS
O g i ti off search
Organizationh andd rescue tteams
Setup of evacuation shelters
Provision of hot meal
Provision of safe drinking water
Construction temporary housing

FORMULATION OF KOBE CITY RECOVERY PLAN
R
Recover
Citi
Citizens Lif
LifeRRecoverIndustry
I d
Recover Livelihood ( Life Recovery )Strengthen Disaster Response Capacity
Promote Collaborative Community Development

Life Recovery from the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Hanshin Awaji Earthquake
Formulation of Kobe Recovery Plan
Jan. 17, 1995

Earthquake OccurredJan.
Jan 26,26 The Mayor announced the recovery visionFeb. 07,, Committee and sub- committee for recoveryy Planningg
Mar. 27 Kobe city Restoration guidelines published
June. 30 Recovery Plan Formulated ( After 05 months )04 Goals for Livelihood of Kobe City Recovery Plan

Appealpp((Better Livingg Condition))
Working Together (People+Community+Govt.)(People+Community+Govt )Security (Housing+ Environment)
Vitality (Industry + Infrastructure)

THE PDCA CYCLE
Plan (Target Year 2005)
Do (The 5th Year comprehensive Assessment)
Check (5 Year Promotion Program)
Action (Revised Plan for next 05 Year)07 Elements of life recovery ( 5 Yrs after EQ )Workshop on life recovery hold ( Ideas from 1623 victims )•Housing ( No.
No 1 Priority -30.1%
30 1% )
•Social Ties ( Mutual Support and support for Elderly- 25.1% ) )•Community Rebuilding ( Better Living Condition-12.1% )9 5% )•Physical & Mental health ( 9.5%
•Preparedness ( alert for future disaster-9.5% )•Economic and Financial Situation ( Employment- 8.5% )•Relation to Government ( support the Area not the individual-5.2%
individual 5 2% )Basic structure of the recovery projects

Life Recovery

Economic
Vitalization

Measures forsmall andmedium sizedcompanies

Housing
Reconstruction

Infrastructure Reconstruction

Urban
Planning

Disaster
Safe City

Kobe City Recovery Project ( 1000)
Infrastructure Reconstruction
Housing Reconstruction/ Restoration/
City Planning/ Urban Renewal
Economic vitalization
Measures of SMEs
Livelihood recovery ( Life Recovery )Disaster –Safe City

Recovery project ( contd.
contd )
Support for Housing: (1995-2000) (Public, rental, redevelopment, private)
No of units planned 82,000
82 000 (public,(public rental
No.
rental, redevelopment)
Kobe City Special housing loans for recovery from the disaster (Interest rate
2 8%)
2.8%)
Housing Reconstruction loans for Hyogo Prefecture Residents (Interest rate
1.5% )
Financing system for elderly people (16,000)
Support for large scale repair by GOVT.

ECONOMIC VITALIZATIONThe economic blow caused by the earthquake is estimated to be around 2
trillion 540 billion yen and the opportunity loss in economic activities over 5
trillion yen.
yen
Economic vitalization means job securement. This means protect SMEs that
produce local job opportunities
Recovery Industry/Employment
1. Special
Loan without collateral for the SME and farmers/Fishermen.
p/
2. Provide temporary space for factories, retail market, industry
3. Construction of temporary rental factory
4 Joint
4.
J i t ttemporary shoph
5. Development enterprise zone

LIFE RECOVERYS
Supportt ffor volunteers
l t
Support ffor communities
S
ii
Friendly Visit program and life support at temporary housing.
Support after relocating to permanent housing
Act on support for livelihood Recovery of Disaster Victims 1998
needs to be revised for Independent live recovery aid forvictims

RECOVERY OF CIVIC LIFE ASSESSMENT ( 2003 )Reasons

Chart 1

Effect of recession-57.6%
Decline39.20%

48.00%

Don’t know
Improved

6.70%

6.10%

Personal reason such as illness
and retirement- 22.4%
Effect of the earthquake- 15.1%
Other reason- 4.9%

The same

LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGESAs the recovery process varies according to the location and nature ofdisaster -Need
Need to decide what kind of livelihood recovery process should be
carried out ( Need Based )Basic concept of Support System ( Community or Individual )What kind of arrangement are needed to fulfill the individual need ( Can
Can’ttnot support all the individual need of shelter and employment )

Identify the individual’s basic need during normal timeP bli supportt iis nott enough
Publicgh , mutual
t lh
help/aidl / id iis neededd d

Reconstruction of Housing requires huge budget ( donation from theprefectures are not sufficient )LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES (CONTD.)(CONTD )Employment and Job creation for all the victims is a difficult task.
Pre-disaster planning of one experiences may not be applicable for otherupcoming disaster as the nature, magnitude , area/location, social oryare different ( for example
p of ggreat Hanshin-Awajij disaster
economic system
and Tohoku disaster)
Relocation of victims with different community
Municipality or Prefecture needs special fund to address the individualneeds
R i i off Livelihood
Li lih d RecoveryR
A t 1998
Revision
Act
External economic recession
Earthquakeq
Insurance systemy
Difficult to measure risks
Due to the absence of victim registration , data base profile of the victims or
tracking system their previous livelihood status or change of profession
after disaster can not be identified
Livelihood baseline assessment is necessary

LESSONS LEARNED AND CHALLENGES (CONTD.)
Benefits according to the income level is not rational
3 system for providing a Safe City- i) Disaster-preventive management, ii)
Disaster –preventive living zone, and iii) Disaster-preventive city infrastructure
PDCA cycle is a continuous process
Don t have any information how many people became disabled after disaster Don’t
Survey is required
shelter temporary/ permanent housing,housing
Establishment of life recovery HQ ( shelter,
employment, health etc)
MutualMt l help,h l self
lf hhelp
l , neighborhoodi hb h d h
help
l and
d community
it h
help
l is
i necessary ffor
disaster mitigation
DM requires coordinated by individuals, communities and governments
New way of living with community businesses

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DM SYSTEM AND LIVELIHOODRECOVERY PROGRAM IN JAPAN & BANGLADESH

J
Japan

B
Bangladeshl d hDisaster Prone-Earthquake, volcanoes,
TsunamiDisaster Prone-Cyclone, flood, tidal
surge, tornados, river erosion

Pioneer in DM & DRR since 1959

Paradigm shift in 1991 from relief tocomprehensive DM & DRR

Strong DM Basic Countermeasure Act
regularly( formulated in 1961).Updated) pgy

DM Countermeasure Act yet not
crystallized ( DM Act 2011 )Reform in the Central Govt. system inpof Minister of State for
2001,, a position
DM was newly established. Furthermore
a DG for DM was placed in Cabinet Office

A new division established in 2009 to
deal with DM affairs exclusively named“Disaster Management and Relief
division”

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (CONTINUED)
Disaster Management in 03
Layer( National, Prefecture andMunicipal level )Disaster Management in 04 Layer(National, District, Upazila and Unionlevel )

Community mobilization and strong
community to response against any
kind of disaster. Everyy citizen knows theconcept of self help, mutual help/
neighbor help and community help
during disaster

Govt. play major role after disaster.
Community mobilization and communitypg ggradually.
yvolunteers expanding

Specific Act on Support for Livelihood
Recovery of Disaster Victims 1998 andrevised in 2007.

No specific Livelihood Recovery Act/ Law,
present
but gguidelines are p

Formulated Pre-disasterPre disaster and postdisaster recovery plan

National Plan for Disaster Management
present

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (CONTINUED)
Central Govt. plays major role for damage
assessmentt andd technicalt h i l supportt after
ftdisaster
Sufficient Budget for DRR
Efficient DM system for Earthquake andother disaster
More emphasis on Life Line Recovery(Road, gas, electricity, housing ,employment etc)- holistic approach which
has direct link with livelihood recovery

Local Bodies plays major role for damage
assessmenttInsufficient budget allocation of DRR
Efficient DM system for Cyclone , but Urban
DM system ( Earthquake ) yet not
crystallizedSpecific emphasis on livelihood recovery
program, but not an integrated approach

N trackingNoki system ffor theh victims
i i

Short term tracking system for the victim
present

Disaster relief loan, community businessactivities employment
activities,
employment, insurance
insurance, lowinterest housing fund,Different DRR projects including cyclone
resistancei
housinghi ffacilities
ili i present

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS (CONTINUED)
Shelter/housing construction is themain basis for livelihood
Un-employment allowances for 06
monthsWith respect to DRR equal
distribution of p
prefecture’s
contribution money to all prefecture

Food Security, shelter andemployment are the main basis forlivelihood
No provision for Un-employment
allowances
Moneyy are distributed measuringg therisk of the specific region

CONCLUSIONWhen comparing between two region or countries there is no
guarantees that same activities will generate similar results becauseof nature, magnitude, area, social, economic factors are different

But there are some commonalities across the region or nation

A single person or government alone can not carried out whole
recovery process

It is necessary to co-operate each other-citizen, community, local andnational govt.

This kind of co
co-operation
operation framework kind be adopted by the othercountriesIn this regard community empowerment ( socialsocial, political &economical ) is needed

RECOMMENDATIONS









Establishment of Life Recovery Head Quarters for
Shelter, Temporary/ Permanent housing,
employment, health etc. after a big disaster
Besides the government help, mutual help, self
help neighboured help and community help arehelp,
the main components for recovery
New way of living with community businessSpecific Act on Support for livelihood Recovery andDisaster victims need to be formulated
Self sustained recovery required
I
Improvingi theh lilivelihood
lih d promotioniRECOMMENDATIONS CONTD.
CONTD ) Pre-disasterPre disaster recovery plan need to be formulated More emphasis on life line recovery (road and otherinfrastructure, housing,
infrastructure
housing employment,
employment social ties) – a holistic
approach which has direct link with livelihood recovery
 For long term recovery program life assessment is needed after
five years period of time and in this aspect the PDCA cycle canbe followed.
 Workshop in grassroots level assessment is needed to identify
the opinion of the affected citizen as well as their livelihood
options
 Establishment of Museum for the preservation of past
di t history
disasterhi t

ARIGATO GOZAIMASU