Signed at Washington, London, and Moscow July 1, 1968
Ratification advised by U.S. Senate March 13, 1969
Ratified by U.S. President November 24, 1969
U.S. ratification deposited at Washington, London, and Moscow March 5,1970
Proclaimed by U.S. President March 5, 1970
Entered into force March 5, 1970
The States concluding this Treaty, hereinafter referred to as the "Parties
to the Treaty",
Considering the devastation that would be visited upon all mankind by anuclear war and the consequent need to make every effort to avert thedanger of such a war and to take measures to safeguard the security ofpeoples,Believing that the proliferation of nuclear weapons would seriously
enhance the danger of nuclear war,
In conformity with resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly
calling for the conclusion of an agreement on the prevention of wider
dissemination of nuclear weapons,
Undertaking to cooperate in facilitating the application of International
Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on peaceful nuclear activities,
Expressing their support for research, development and other efforts tofurther the application, within the framework of the International
Atomic Energy Agency safeguards system, of the principle ofsafeguarding effectively the flow of source and special fissionable
materials by use of instruments and other techniques at certain strategic
points,Affirming the principle that the benefits of peaceful applications of
nuclear technology, including any technological by-products which may
be derived by nuclear-weapon States from the development of nuclear
explosive devices, should be available for peaceful purposes to all Partiesof the Treaty, whether nuclear-weapon or non-nuclear weapon States,
Convinced that, in furtherance of this principle, all Parties to the Treaty
are entitled to participate in the fullest possible exchange of scientificinformation for, and to contribute alone or in cooperation with otherStates to, the further development of the applications of atomic energy
for peaceful purposes,

Declaring their intention to achieve at the earliest possible date thecessation of the nuclear arms race and to undertake effective measuresin the direction of nuclear disarmament,
Urging the cooperation of all States in the attainment of this objective,
Recalling the determination expressed by the Parties to the 1963 Treaty
banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space andunder water in its Preamble to seek to achieve the discontinuance of all
test explosions of nuclear weapons for all time and to continue
negotiations to this end,
Desiring to further the easing of international tension and thestrengthening of trust between States in order to facilitate the cessationof the manufacture of nuclear weapons, the liquidation of all their
existing stockpiles, and the elimination from national arsenals of nuclear
weapons and the means of their delivery pursuant to a Treaty on generaland complete disarmament under strict and effective internationalcontrol,
Recalling that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,
States must refrain in their international relations from the threat or
use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of
any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of theUnited Nations, and that the establishment and maintenance ofinternational peace and security are to be promoted with the least
diversion for armaments of the worlds human and economic resources,
Have agreed as follows:
Article I
Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not totransfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear
explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices
directly, or indirectly; and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce
any non-nuclear weapon State to manufacture or otherwise acquire
nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, or control over suchweapons or explosive devices.
Article II
Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not toreceive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons
or other nuclear explosive devices or of control over such weapons orexplosive devices directly, or indirectly; not to manufacture or otherwise
acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and not toseek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons orother nuclear explosive devices.
Article III
1. Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes to
accept safeguards, as set forth in an agreement to be negotiated andconcluded with the International Atomic Energy Agency in accordancewith the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency and theAgencys safeguards system, for the exclusive purpose of verification of
the fulfillment of its obligations assumed under this Treaty with a viewto preventing diversion of nuclear energy from peaceful uses to nuclear
weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Procedures for thesafeguards required by this article shall be followed with respect tosource or special fissionable material whether it is being produced,
processed or used in any principal nuclear facility or is outside any such
facility. The safeguards required by this article shall be applied to all
source or special fissionable material in all peaceful nuclear activities
within the territory of such State, under its jurisdiction, or carried out
under its control anywhere.
2. Each State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to provide: (a) source or
special fissionable material, or (b) equipment or material especiallydesigned or prepared for the processing, use or production of special
fissionable material, to any non-nuclear-weapon State for peacefulpurposes, unless the source or special fissionable material shall be
subject to the safeguards required by this article.
3. The safeguards required by this article shall be implemented in amanner designed to comply with article IV of this Treaty, and to avoid
hampering the economic or technological development of the Parties orinternational cooperation in the field of peaceful nuclear activities,
including the international exchange of nuclear material and equipment
for the processing, use or production of nuclear material for peacefulpurposes in accordance with the provisions of this article and theprinciple of safeguarding set forth in the Preamble of the Treaty.
4. Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty shall conclude
agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency to meet therequirements of this article either individually or together with otherStates in accordance with the Statute of the International Atomic
Energy Agency. Negotiation of such agreements shall commence within

180 days from the original entry into force of this Treaty. For States
depositing their instruments of ratification or accession after the180-day period, negotiation of such agreements shall commence not later
than the date of such deposit. Such agreements shall enter into force notlater than eighteen months after the date of initiation of negotiations.
Article IV
1. Nothing in this Treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable
right of all the Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production anduse of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination andin conformity with articles I and II of this Treaty.
2. All the Parties to the Treaty undertake to facilitate, and have the rightto participate in, the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials
and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses ofnuclear energy. Parties to the Treaty in a position to do so shall also
cooperate in contributing alone or together with other States orinternational organizations to the further development of theapplications of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, especially in theterritories of non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty, with due
consideration for the needs of the developing areas of the world.
Article V
Each party to the Treaty undertakes to take appropriate measures toensure that, in accordance with this Treaty, under appropriate
international observation and through appropriate international
procedures, potential benefits from any peaceful applications of nuclear
explosions will be made available to non-nuclear-weapon States Party tothe Treaty on a nondiscriminatory basis and that the charge to such
Parties for the explosive devices used will be as low as possible andexclude any charge for research and development. Non-nuclear-weapon
States Party to the Treaty shall be able to obtain such benefits, pursuant
to a special international agreement or agreements, through anappropriate international body with adequate representation ofnon-nuclear-weapon States. Negotiations on this subject shall commence
as soon as possible after the Treaty enters into force.
Non-nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty so desiring may also
obtain such benefits pursuant to bilateral agreements.
Article VI

Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations ingood faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms
race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a Treaty on
general and complete disarmament under strict and effective
international control.
Article VII
Nothing in this Treaty affects the right of any group of States to conclude
regional treaties in order to assure the total absence of nuclear weapons
in their respective territories.
Article VIII
1. Any Party to the Treaty may propose amendments to this Treaty. The
text of any proposed amendment shall be submitted to the Depositary
Governments which shall circulate it to all Parties to the Treaty.
Thereupon, if requested to do so by one-third or more of the Parties tothe Treaty, the Depositary Governments shall convene a conference, towhich they shall invite all the Parties to the Treaty, to consider such anamendment.
2. Any amendment to this Treaty must be approved by a majority of thevotes of all the Parties to the Treaty, including the votes of all
nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty and all other Parties which,on the date the amendment is circulated, are members of the Board ofGovernors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The amendment
shall enter into force for each Party that deposits its instrument ofratification of the amendment upon the deposit of such instruments ofratification by a majority of all the Parties, including the instruments ofratification of all nuclear-weapon States Party to the Treaty and allother Parties which, on the date the amendment is circulated, aremembers of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy
Agency. Thereafter, it shall enter into force for any other Party upon thedeposit of its instrument of ratification of the amendment.
3. Five years after the entry into force of this Treaty, a conference ofParties to the Treaty shall be held in Geneva, Switzerland, in order toreview the operation of this Treaty with a view to assuring that thepurposes of the Preamble and the provisions of the Treaty are being
realized. At intervals of five years thereafter, a majority of the Parties tothe Treaty may obtain, by submitting a proposal to this effect to theDepositary Governments, the convening of further conferences with thesame objective of reviewing the operation of the Treaty.

Article IX
1. This Treaty shall be open to all States for signature. Any State which
does not sign the Treaty before its entry into force in accordance withparagraph 3 of this article may accede to it at any time.
2. This Treaty shall be subject to ratification by signatory States.
Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall bedeposited with the Governments of the United States of America, theUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics, which are hereby designated the Depositary
Governments.
3. This Treaty shall enter into force after its ratification by the States,
the Governments of which are designated Depositaries of the Treaty,
and forty other States signatory to this Treaty and the deposit of theirinstruments of ratification. For the purposes of this Treaty, a
nuclear-weapon State is one which has manufactured and exploded anuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to January 1,
1967.
4. For States whose instruments of ratification or accession are deposited
subsequent to the entry into force of this Treaty, it shall enter into force
on the date of the deposit of their instruments of ratification oraccession.
5. The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory andacceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each
instrument of ratification or of accession, the date of the entry into forceof this Treaty, and the date of receipt of any requests for convening aconference or other notices.
6. This Treaty shall be registered by the Depositary Governments
pursuant to article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
Article X
1. Each Party shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the rightto withdraw from the Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events,
related to the subject matter of this Treaty, have jeopardized thesupreme interests of its country. It shall give notice of such withdrawal
to all other Parties to the Treaty and to the United Nations Security
Council three months in advance. Such notice shall include a statementof the extraordinary events it regards as having jeopardized its supremeinterests.

2. Twenty-five years after the entry into force of the Treaty, a conference
shall be convened to decide whether the Treaty shall continue in force
indefinitely, or shall be extended for an additional fixed period or periods.
This decision shall be taken by a majority of the Parties to the Treaty.
Article XI
This Treaty, the English, Russian, French, Spanish and Chinese texts ofwhich are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of theDepositary Governments. Duly certified copies of this Treaty shall betransmitted by the Depositary Governments to the Governments of thesignatory and acceding States.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, duly authorized, havesigned this Treaty.
DONE in triplicate, at the cities of Washington, London and Moscow,
this first day of July one thousand nine hundred sixty-eight.