AI White Paper 2024
New Strategies in Stage II

Toward the world's most AI-friendly country

April 11, 2024
LDP Headquarters for the Promotion of Digital Society
Project Team on the Evolution and Implementation of AIs（Ver.1.0）

Table of Contents
Chapter 1:
Japan Facing "Stage II"◯ LDP White Paper (2023)◯ Current view (April 2024)◯ Stage II Strategy: Toward the world's most AI-friendly country○ Strategies for strengthening Japan's competitiveness using AI(Chapter 2)○ Strategies to ensure safety (Chapter 3)
Chapter 2:
Strategies for strengthening Japan's Competitiveness using AI:
Flexibility to take advantage of rapid environmental changes○ Promoting utilization○ Strengthening R&D capabilities○ Enhancing infrastructure
Chapter 3:
Strategies for Ensuring Safety○ Appropriate governance○ Countermeasures against dis/misinformation using generated AI○ Further eﬀorts to ensure the safe use of AI○

Relationship with intellectual property such as copyrightAppendix-1-

Chapter 1: Japan Facing "Stage II"◯ LDP White Paper (2023)
In the late fall of 2022, when ChatGPT ﬁrst began to be widely discussed, the
LDP's Project Team on the Evolution and Implementation of AIs (hereafter referred
to as the LDP AI Project Team) recognized the overwhelming potential impact ofgenerative AI and quickly sent out a white paper in April 2023, both domesticallyand abroad. This was the beginning of it all, the Big Bang of AI in Japan, so to
speak.
This white paper comprehensively recommended bold and visionary policies,
including the need for a new strategy and headquarters, strengthening of the AI
development infrastructure, and legal and regulatory considerations.
One year has passed since the release of the white paper, and to date, we havereceived many inquiries from both domestic and international organizations, andsimilar strategies have been published in other countries. In addition, most of therecommendations in the white paper have been realized. For example, thegovernment immediately started to establish an AI Strategy Council and an AI
Strategy Team, to secure computational resources to strengthen R&D capabilities,
to prepare data for learning, and to enhance model development capabilities. And
Prime Minister Kishida advocated the launch of the Hiroshima AI Process andcompiled international guidelines and an international code of conduct. The
government is also working on the development of guidelines for AI business
operators and how to ensure their implementation.
These developments are both noteworthy, as they demonstrate both theforesight of the white paper and the speed of the government's reaction.
Additionally, last December, the LDP AI Project Team issued an urgent
recommendation. In line with this recommendation, the government
established the AI Safety Institute. This is the third such institute to beestablished in the world, following the U.K. and the U.S., and the ﬁrst in Asia, andis highly commendable.
-2-

◯ Current view (April 2024)
The world and Japan have moved with unparalleled speed over the past year, bothin the public and private sectors. As a result, the landscape today is completely
diﬀerent from that of a year ago—a landscape that no one could have predicted
a year ago.
Meanwhile we are seeing the evolution and social implementation of highperformance, large-scale, and general-purpose infrastructure models by U.S.
Big Tech and other companies are moving ahead, countries including Japan aretrying to ﬁnd a way to compete in a variety of ways, including small-scale, highperformance models and combinations of multiple models. Japan is competingwith the world through the development of new models by startups, etc. andadvanced research at universities and research institutes.
Open-source AI has emerged, and while some have voiced concerns about
security, it is now possible for anyone to develop AI, with advantages such asallowing diverse entities to participate in development.
In addition to text, the variety of data handled by generative AI is becoming
increasingly multimodal, including images, video, audio, music, and program codes.
There are also signs of the spread of "AI for Science," in which AI is used for drug
discovery, materials development, and other research, and "AI for ALL," in which
AI is introduced into various ﬁelds, such as the use of AI in robots.
The use of AI is also advancing in administrative services of central and local
government, customer services in various institutions such as ﬁnancial andeducational areas, and improvement of eﬃciency of oﬃce work. LDP were among
the ﬁrst to develop generative AI on a trial basis themselves and are using it
via an empirical approach.
On the other hand, as the performance of generative AI improves and its use
expands, concerns over a variety of risks are growing, including thesophistication of cyber-attacks and frauds, dissemination of disinformation andmisinformation, AI hallucinations, copyright and intellectual property infringement,
and leakage of personal information. Discussions about security, prejudice,discrimination, and other risks have also become more active. This year is a global"election year," and AI-based election interference is also a global concern.
With regard to responses to risks, various approaches can be seen, including by-3-

the EU, which is moving forward with comprehensive laws and regulations
centered on respect for human rights and elimination of discrimination andprejudice, and the U.S., which is responding with existing laws and regulations,mainly from a security perspective in addition to voluntary commitments bymajor AI developers.

◯ Stage II Strategy: Become the world's most AI-friendly country
Just as the scene today is quite diﬀerent from the scene a year ago, the scene a
year from now will be quite diﬀerent from the scene today. We are now at the
gateway of a "Stage II" that no one can predict: more and more people will be
involved in the development and use of AI, and in Stage II, the world may move
more dynamically than ever before in all aspects of technology, services, utilization,and regulation.
In an environment of rapid change and uncertainty, we must strengthen our
industrial competitiveness while protecting the safety and security of citizens, andcontribute to building a better world at the same time. In order to develop such a
strategy, it is important to engage in dialogue with diverse stakeholders, and wehave had frank discussions with more than 80 experts in various ﬁelds over the past
year, including Sam Altman (OpenAI CEO), Jensen Huang (NVIDIA CEO), and Prof.
Yoshua Bengio (University of Montreal). For more details, please refer to theattached document (See Appendix 1 for details of our meetings).
In Stage II, Japan should aim to become the “world's most AI-friendly country.”
While a lot of movements are observed in various parts of the world regarding AI
development and regulation due to political and economic considerations, Japan
should aim to be the country with the best understanding of AI and the easiest
implementation of AI in the world. And it will maximize proﬁts while
minimizing risks for citizens. In addition, Japan should show even greater
leadership internationally, based on the achievements of the Hiroshima AI
process.
In order to become the world's most AI-friendly country, a new strategy isneeded both in terms of strengthening competitiveness and ensuring safety.
To strengthen competitiveness, it is necessary to simultaneously create
innovations on both sides of AI R&D and utilization. Ensuring safety ismutually complementary to enhancing competitiveness, and it is important toproceed in an integrated manner.
-4-Since AI evolves through training data sets, data strategy is critical. AI willachieve healthy development when beneﬁcial data for business and social issues
solution is coupled with the free global distribution of data while ensuring
trust regarding personal information protection, security, intellectual property rights,
etc.
In addition, since AI is used in various ﬁelds, it is also important to collaborate
with strategies and policies in various ﬁelds and to make eﬀective use ofvarious measures, for example, startups, semiconductors, robotics, etc.
As policy areas related to AI are expected to continue to expand, the headquarter
function of government needs to be strengthened.
Based on the above, we propose the following recommendations.
・ The public and private sectors should work together to create the "world's
most AI-friendly country," i.e., the country with the best understanding ofAI and with the most active R&D and implementation of AI in the world.
・ The public and private sectors should work together to minimize AI risks tocitizens while maximizing beneﬁts.
・ The public and private sectors should work together to promote theenhancement of competitiveness and safety in a mutuallycomplementary relationship.
・ Japan should continue to lead international rulemaking on safe, secure,and reliable AI, based on the achievements of the Hiroshima AI Process.
・ In addition, Japan should strengthen its cooperative relationships with
Asian countries and the Global South, and demonstrate strong
leadership in the world for promoting international joint research andutilization, including Japan-U.S. joint research on AI.
・ The government should enhance the secretariat function to support the"AI Strategy Team" and the "AI International Strategy Promotion Team,"which are the headquarters for AI policy.

○ Strategies for strengthening Japan's competitiveness using AI(Chapter 2)-5-

To enhance Japan's competitiveness, it is important to have an ecosystemthat promotes enhancement of AI R&D capabilities and driving of AI
utilization in an integrated manner from global perspectives, based on
advanced human resources and infrastructure (computational infrastructure,communication infrastructure, etc.). Strategies to build and promote describedabove are explained in Chapter 2.
Players for AI strategies are diverse in the public and private sectors.
The government has the role of promoting environmental arrangement,
development of human resource, and international cooperation so thatdiverse companies can increase their competitiveness and ﬁnd their own
ways to win in AI technology area.
Since AI technologies and surrounding environments continue to change rapidly,
it is necessary for each player to draw up multiple scenarios that allow themto respond immediately to various possibilities. It is important to be ﬂexible
enough to take advantage of environmental changes rather than succumb tothem.

Strategies for Ensuring Safety (Chapter 3)
To mitigate AI risks, we need to appropriately develop, provide, and use AI
technologies. Considering technological change rate, complexity, and diversity, etc.,
ﬁrstly, all people involved in AI need to increase their AI literacy and follow acertain level of discipline (soft law) voluntarily.
In addition, from the perspective of public safety, security, etc., it is necessary toconsider minimum necessary measures through legal regulations (hard law)with regard to AI with extremely high risks. The WG volunteers reported a draftof a legal framework at this PT. In the future, it will be necessary to take measures
based on this draft as well as trends in other countries.

-6-Discipline and regulation are not opposed to innovation, but also promote
AI utilization and R&D by creating a safe and secure environment. Chapter 3
describes such strategies for ensuring safety of AI.

Skeleton of AI White Paper 2024
LDP White Paper (2023): It all started. The Big Bang of AI in Japan.
These recommendations have largely been realized or are being implemented.
The world and Japan have progressed at an unprecedented pace over the past year,
both in the public and private sectors.

“Stage II" No one can predict specifically and accurately for the year ahead.
New Strategies in Stage II - To the most AI-friendly country in the world
Integrated promotion of competitiveness enhancement and safety assurance

Facilitating R&D and utilization

Strengthening competitiveness

New technology
to improve safety

Respond flexibly to take advantage of
rapid changes in the environment.
Strengthening competitivenessthrough integrated R&D and utilization
R&D of new convenience technologies

Strengthening
R&D capabilities

Virtuous
circles

Minimizing Risk
Maximizing Profit

PromotingAI utilization

Increase in data and AI-related investments

Upgrading the infrastructure ofcomputing resources, etc.

Ensuring safety
promotes AI R&D
and utilization

Safety and Security

Ensuring safety
A multi-layered approach (soft law andminimum necessary hard law) based onvoluntary responses to develop theenvironment of safe and secure use andpromote innovation.

Responding to risks
Literacy improvement,
human resource development,
copyright and intellectual property,
handling of personal information, etc.

International collaboration and coordination, international consistency(See Appendix 2 for the framework and main recommendations of this White Paper.)-7-

Chapter 2:
Strategies for strengthening Japan's competitivenessusing AI:
Flexibility to take advantage of rapid environmental
changes

Players in AI strategy are diverse across public and private sectors.
The government will play a role in environmental arrangement, fostering
human resources, and international cooperation so that companies canincrease their competitiveness in AI and ﬁnd their own ways to win.
In order to acquire high-performance AI to strengthen the competitiveness ofboth those who utilize AI and those who develop and provide AI, it isimportant to coordinate
computational infrastructure,
data, and AI models. (SeeStrengthening Competitiveness
Appendix 3 for an overall picture of
Respond flexibly to take advantage ofcomputational resources, data, andrapid changes in the environment.
AI models.) Therefore, it is important
Strengthening competitivenessfor public and private sectors to workthrough integrated R&D and utilization
together and build an ecosystem to
R&D of new convenience technologies
promote the utilization of AI,
PromotingStrengthening
virtuous circles
strengthen AI R&D capabilities,
AI utilization
R&D capabilities
and enhance infrastructure
Increase in data and AI-related investments(computational infrastructure,
Upgrading the infrastructure ofcomputing resources, etc.
communication infrastructure,etc.).
In particular, it is important tofocus on areas where Japan can take advantage of its strengths, such as
automobiles, robotics, and materials development, as well as important areas forsecurity, such as medicine, ﬁnance, and agriculture, and to contribute to solvingsocial issues both domestically and internationally.

-8-

To achieve these targets, it is necessary to observe carefully and ﬁnd
environmental changes, to forecast the future as accurately as possible, and torespond accordingly. Even so, the environment surrounding AI is changing at anincredible pace. Therefore, it is necessary to be ﬂexible enough to drasticallychange strategies occasionally. Rather than succumbing to environmental
changes, we must take advantage of them.
Based on the above view, we propose the following recommendations topromote AI utilization, strengthen AI R&D capabilities, and enhance infrastructure.

○ Promoting utilization
In Japan, utilization of generative AI by organizations and individuals is
expanding, mainly for text summarization and idea generation. However,utilization by organizations faces challenges such as: "We do not know what we
can do with AI"; "We do not have the structure for AI"; "We are concerned aboutrisks and regulatory conﬂicts"; and "AI services are still insuﬃcient.” If thissituation continues, there are concerns that many organizations will be late to
the game, as was the case with DX and cloud utilization.
In order to release AIʼs potential, respond to labor shortages, etc., andstrengthen the competitiveness of a wide range of industries through utilization ofAI, it is necessary to solve the above issues. Active promotion of AI utilization
by government will be eﬀective as one of the leading examples.
Acquiring data and understanding demands for AI through AI utilizationin each ﬁeld is also necessary for strengthening R&D capabilities, which will be
discussed later.
Therefore, we propose the following recommendations.
・ Sharing advanced use-cases of AI and quantitative and qualitative
impacts in public and private sectors.
・In particular, organizations for public administration should take theinitiative in hosting hackathons and ideathons to gather groundbreaking
ideas. In addition, in order to advance further AI utilization in organizations
for public administration, new guidelines for handling conﬁdential-9-

information should be established. Furthermore, a team for accumulatinguse-cases and supporting the spreading of use-cases to governments
including local authorities should be strengthened.
・The establishment of a Chief AI Oﬃcer (CAIO) to lead the introduction ofAI, adjustment of personnel systems, and renewal of legacy systems,
through rating DX issues and trinity labor market reforms, etc.
・To support human resources who are striving to acquire skills for AI utilization,
the following measures should be promoted in various industries:
disseminating and operating guidelines for AI skills, developing andsharing educational contents, and visualization of AI skills.
・The "AI Guidelines for Business" shall be widely disseminated topromote appropriate utilization of AI, so that business operators canpromptly respond to environmental changes on a risk-based basis. In
addition, good practices for mitigating risks should be accumulated andshared.
・ The government should clarify and disseminate the operation of regulations
that require attention in relation to AI, such as the Personal Information
Protection Law, the relationship with the Copyright Act, the Legal, and theareas where operatorʼs service provision is restricted by various industry laws,
including in the medical ﬁeld, so that operators can take on the challenge
without atrophy. In addition, a hearing mechanism should be established to
speedily respond to requests and inquiries from business operators. If
necessary, the government should further clarify regulations by promoting
dialogue among related actors, and encourage innovation without
unnecessary business risks.
・In the act of reviewing analog regulations based on digital principles, public
and private sectors should utilize trial environments such as sandboxes, etc.,
as necessary, in order to build AI compliant regulations.
・In order to promote the development and utilization of new AI
applications, the government should add AI service to the target of "ITintroduction subsidy for small business," provide an "innovation box
taxation system" (tax incentives for providing AI-related software, etc.),
host nationwide hackathons and ideathons, maintain and update sectorspeciﬁc data that is in demand, etc.

- 10 -

○ Strengthening R&D capabilities
AI is still in the early days. Considering its potential and risks, it is important
to develop AI that is suitable for utilization in Japan (Japanese language,
culture, business practices, etc.), develop AI that can be deployed globally inﬁelds that represent Japanʼs strengths, foster human resources with strong
research skills, and manage risks, etc. by strengthening R&D capabilities. In
addition, as a country with AI R&D capabilities, Japan should actively contributeto the construction of a digital infrastructure in Global South, especially in Asia,
where AI will be explosively utilized in the near future.
Conversely, without R&D capabilities, delays in AI utilization could lead to a
decline of competitiveness in a wide range of industries, loss ofcompetitiveness in ﬁelds where Japan has advantages, missed opportunities tolaunch AI-providing business where signiﬁcant growth is expected, decline ofacademic community, and black box risks.
It is a positive sign that over the past year, several large Japanese companies,
start-ups, and research institutes have developed and announced their own LLMs.
In addition to simply increasing the size of model parameters to improve
performance, various directions are being pursued, including the combination ofsmaller models and multimodal models.
It is important to develop various AI models and systems based on theingenuity of the private sector, while trying to catch up with the large-scalefoundation models that the U.S. is ahead of. In addition, government-led
development is also necessary for immature but important and impactfultechnologies. In such cases, it is important to solve institutional bottlenecks toenable stable and predictable R&D as well as ﬂexible R&D in response to rapid
technological trend shifts. Competition in AI is rapidly intensifying and there islittle time left.
With Japan's rapidly declining birthrate and aging population, innovative AI
robots and other technologies are expected to be utilized to address labor
shortages. Various problems need to be overcome for practical applications.
For the development of AI models, a large-scale, high-performancecomputing infrastructure and a large amount of diverse, high-quality data
are important. There are various types of large-scale, high-performance- 11 -

computing platforms, but for AI, it is important to have not only CPUs but also
semiconductors suitable for AI computing, such as GPUs.
In addition, in considering beneﬁts of the development of AI models, it isimportant to promote the utilization of data according to its characteristics, suchas public data in the internet, data in the public sector, and data in the private
sector. As the advent of "data-driven society" has been pointed out, and the recent
impact of generated AI emphasizes the importance of data, we would like toreiterate how important it is for data owners to utilize their data.
Therefore, we propose the following recommendations.
・Public and private sectors should develop and improve computing
infrastructure for AI, which is indispensable for AI development but for
which the global supply-demand balance is tight, so that a wide range ofdevelopers can use it.
・It is important to establish a new plan to provide and manage data inpublic institutions on a sustainable basis, so that data in various public
institutions can be utilized for AI development. In addition, high-quality
Japanese-language data collected from the internet should be developed
and accumulated in order to provide for appropriate developers.
・To develop competitive AI in speciﬁc ﬁelds by utilizing private-sector data,
public and private sectors should work together to share case studies oncompensations and other measures to solve bottlenecks in cooperation
between AI developers and data holders, and to develop new useful andfundamental data for AI development.
・In particular, in ﬁelds where Japan can take advantage of its strengths,
such as automobiles, robotics, and materials development, as well as in ﬁelds
that are also important for security, such as medicine, ﬁnance, andagriculture, a wide range of entities should participate in the development
and utilization of AI in order to ensure the competitiveness and autonomy
of industries. Therefore, synergistic eﬀorts regarding data (collection,
maintenance, and updating) and AI (development and utilization)
should be implemented by public and private sectors.
・ From the perspective of contributing to the Global South, public andprivate sectors in Japan should also consider collecting data on each country's- 12 -

unique language and culture, and giving the trained AI back to the respective
countries as digital infrastructures to support various applications.
・Public and private sectors should promote community activities, such as
sharing know-how among AI developers, interactions with global techcompanies, and matching AI developers with organizations that aspire to
full-scale utilization of AI.
・ With regard to the foundation models, the government should support AI
development based on domestic industry-academia collaboration in order toimprove AI development capability. In addition, the government should
provide focused support for startups that are working to improve theeﬃciency and accuracy of AI models, to make AI models multimodal, and to
mitigate risks. Therefore, based on the startup-related discussions※/suggestions in the LDP, the government should develop a support
program targeting AI startups.

※Support for university-based AI startups, development of human resources withexpertise in both AI and application areas, and expansion of AI research using
hometown tax donation programs.

・In order to solve social issues such as labor shortages, public and private
sectors should aggressively promote R&D of innovative AI robots such as
ﬂexible robot response to changing environments, which cannot be achieved
with current technologies.
・Public and private sectors should accelerate AI for Science by leveraging
Japan's strengths in the ﬁelds of medicine, drug discovery, materials
development, and so on. Itʼs also important to establish industry-academia
collaboration systems that leverage the potential of universities, national
research institutes, etc., as well as R&D frameworks with strong
collaboration among United States and other friendly nations.
・To dramatically enhance the competitiveness of cutting-edge AI, including AI
for Science, the government should establish a data infrastructure atnational research institutes, etc., as well as take measures to allow the useof ﬂexible computing infrastructures in response to technological progress, inorder to enable stable and ﬂexible R&D. Itʼs important to allow research
institutes to pay cloud usage fees over multiple ﬁscal years smoothly.
・The Government of Japan should strengthen the development ofinternationally competitive human resources through supporting young- 13 -

researchers and postdoctoral fellows who conduct research in AI and other
ICT ﬁelds at universities and other research institutions by providing themwith more generous ﬁnancial support so that they can concentrate on
R&D, etc. and by supporting the activities of young people who have originalideas, etc. and are willing to lead businesses and solve social issues. In
addition, the government should strengthen the development and support of
top-level researchers who can attract high-level research talent fromaround the world.

○ Enhancing infrastructure
As to the infrastructure for AI, global demand for servers and storages is
expected to increase at an average annual rate of 12.9% until 2030, while Japan's
demands are expected to increase at an average annual rate of 15.8%, reachingapproximately 1 trillion yen in a single year in 2030. Based on the explosive
increase in data processing, required processing time, and power constraints, thecomputing infrastructure is expected to become larger and more distributed
along with the communication infrastructure, in the form of domestic
central data centers, distributed edge locations, and countless terminals.
In this context, enhanced computing and communication infrastructures are
expected to fulﬁll various characteristics such as described below:
・ More energy-eﬃcient infrastructures to cope with increasing power
consumption
・ Faster information processing
・ Advanced utilization including combination of AI and simulations in scientiﬁc
research ﬁelds
・ Realization of ultra-large-capacity, highly reliable, and low-latency
communication networks that are expected to be foundational to support
distributed infrastructure functions and collaboration among AIs
The development of such infrastructures, and R&D for AI utilization andsophistication, will lead to the construction of a robust digital industrial
foundation in the future, including semiconductors, which have become a
global strategic item.

- 14 -

Computing infrastructure for processing and storing data needs to be
developed domestically due to the need for safe management of important data,
improvement of service quality such as processing time (processing close tousers), and stable supply in case of emergency. In addition, considering that
advanced knowledge and expertise are required to operate computing
infrastructures, and the progress as social infrastructure and future potential are
expected, it is also necessary to secure experts and ensure autonomy without
excessive dependence on foreign countries.
Therefore, we propose following recommendations:・The government should provide ﬁnancial support, etc and encourage
private investment so that the country can secure data centers and otherinfrastructure to become the most AI-friendly country in the world. In thisway, the government should establish the foundation for strengthening thecompetitiveness of AI utilization, AI development, and AI provision.
・In order to build a robust digital industrial foundation, in addition to the above
infrastructure development, the government should establish industryacademia collaboration systems, support R&D, and foster highly trained
human resources, related to the design, development, and operation of
new computer systems, network systems, AI semiconductors, andother key devices that aim to reduce power consumption and improvesophistication.
・ The government should expand and enhance the " AI Bridging Cloud
Infrastructure (ABCI)" and begin to develop the next generation of "Fugaku"
in a form that has AI performance as well as CPU-based simulation
performance, to achieve a world-class AI computing environment thatmeets the demands for computation with a sophisticated combination of AI
and simulation.
・The government should maximize its eﬀort to construct environments
for securing suﬃcient electricity (especially decarbonized electricity)needed for future infrastructure development in a prompt and inexpensive
manner within various constraints of Japan.

- 15 -

Chapter 3: Strategies for Ensuring Safety

With the proliferation of generative AI, risks of inaccuracy of the output ofgenerative AI (bias, hallucination, etc.), risks of inappropriate output being elicited
beyond the developer's settings (prompt injection, jailbreak, etc.), risks ofmalicious attacks (data poisoning, cyber attack, etc.), the risk of fake images, fakevideos, and fake audio being misused for fraud, etc., is also becoming apparent.
In addition, concerns about infringement of copyrights and other intellectual
property, systemic risks in areas where AI malfunctions have critical impacts suchas ﬁnance, medicine, and transport, and concerns about the increase in
unemployment and AI addiction that will accompany the introduction of AI are
becoming more apparent.
The worldʼs experts are already sounding the alarm about the possibility of afuture AGI (Artiﬁcial General Intelligence), wherein humans will no longer be able
to control AI and destructive events will occur.
Under these circumstances, concern about risk should not be a factor that
deters the utilization and development of AI. It is important to minimize risk andmaximize proﬁts by working to create innovation without excessive
delegation in a safe and secure environment.
Risks must be addressed with agility, taking the best possible steps in atimely and thorough manner. This ensures the world's most rational governancewith a balance between AI discipline and innovation creation in Japan.
In response to the rapid changes in and diversity of AI technologies, a rigid
institutional response may fall behind. Therefore, in Japan, the basic approach
is for businesses and others to act voluntarily based on the guidelines (softlaw). On the other hand, it is necessary to develop a safe and secure environment
and encourage innovation through a ﬂexible, multi-layered approach that also
applies minimum legal requirements (hard law) as necessary, taking into
account the magnitude of the risks and trends in other countries.
With regard to countermeasures against disinformation andmisinformation, which has become a growing global concern with the advent of- 16 -

generative AI, countermeasure technologies are expected to become moresophisticated and practical. In addition, it is necessary to promote
countermeasures not only for AI developers, providers, and users, but also for
online platform providers and others.
Regarding the relationship between AI and intellectual property such as
copyright, it is also necessary to organize and disseminate legal concepts,
communicate among related parties, and develop related technologies.
The goal is to make Japan the most AI-friendly country in the world, with thebest balance of rational discipline and innovation promotion, and to attract
the best talent and investment from around the world.

○ Appropriate Governance
AI governance (there are two types of governance: governance to maintain thesafety, reliability, etc. of AI developed by AI developers, and governance to ensurethat AI providers, users, etc. provide and use AI appropriately) is being addressed
rapidly in countries and regions around the world. In the EU, a comprehensive
bill on AI (AI Act) was adopted at the plenary session of the European Parliamentin March this year and is scheduled to be enacted after being approved by the EU
Council. . In the U.S., voluntary commitments were announced by major
developers in July and September last year, a presidential decree was issued in
October, and related ministries and agencies are now taking actions. In China,“the Interim Measures for the Management of Generated AI Services” wasenacted in August last year.
Last November, the "AI Safety Summit" was held in the U.K., and in
conjunction with the summit, the U.S. and the U.K. announced the establishmentof the AI Safety Institute (AISI), giving a glimpse of the competition forleading AI safety.
In this context, Japan took the lead in global rule-making by launching theHiroshima AI Process, and the worldʼs ﬁrst comprehensive policy
framework was agreed in December last year. Such a Japan-led international
initiative is highly commendable.
The choice of system, such as whether to comply with the internationalguidelines and international code of conduct of the Hiroshima AI Process throughlegislation or practice through self-regulation, is left to each country. Japan has
chosen to take action based on the guidelines, which are risk-based and can
respond quickly and ﬂexibly to changes in technology and diversity of risks,- 17 -

etc. Based on the results of public comments, AI Guidelines for Business Ver
1.0 on the development, provision, and use of AI was developed andpublished. It is important that the AI Guidelines for Business are disseminated tovarious sectors, and that each industry take further actions based on them.
The basis of Japan's strategy is for businesses, etc. to voluntarily andcontinuously assess and reduce risks based on the AI Guidelines for
Businesses, etc. The government and businesses, etc. must communicate closely
and work together eﬀectively to promote social implementation of the Guidelines
and other risk reduction measures. As AI is playing an increasingly important rolein society, there are situations where we must avoid AI becoming a black box.
Regarding the development of AI that poses a risk to the safety and securityof the public, minimum legal obligations (hard law) regarding safety andtransparency are also necessary, referring to the legal systems in Europe andthe United States. In February of this year, volunteers of the PTʼs WG proposeda tentative "Basic Law for the Promotion of Responsible AI (tentativename)" (See Attachment 4 for the outline of the "Basic Law for Responsible AI
Promotion (tentative name).
Therefore, we recommend the following

・The basis of AI governance in Japan is that operators and others
voluntarily and continuously assess and reduce risks in accordance with
the AI Guidelines for Business, etc. In a wide range of business sectors,
eﬀorts shall be promoted to disseminate the guidelines, and to
implement and execute speciﬁc measures in accordance with each ﬁeld.
In addition, constant updates should be made in response to changes intechnology and business.
・The government should develop the minimum necessary legal framework
for AI models with extremely high risks, based on the concept of the"Basic Law for Promotion of Responsible AI (tentative name)" by thevolunteers of the PTʼs WG, etc.
・The government should fully consider and verify the subject matter of thelegal framework and the content of legal obligations, taking into accountoverseas trends and discussions in the Hiroshima AI Process, and seek
clariﬁcation.
・With respect to areas such as medical, ﬁnancial, and automated driving,- 18 -

where the impact of AI malfunction or systemic risk is likely to be signiﬁcant,the government should give due consideration to the need to review
existing business laws and regulations.

○ Countermeasures against dis/misinformation using generative
AI
With the increasing performance of generative AI, it has become easy to create
images and videos that closely resemble cityscapes, landscapes, and famous
people as if they were real. Such content, whether intentional or unintentional, isnow being widely disseminated on the Internet.
Although progress has been made on the AI model side, and safeguard
measures have been put in place to prevent illegal output, such as the productionof guns, explosives, and biological and chemical weapons, as well as their use interrorism, the model still struggles with malicious uses such as prompt
injection, etc.
Eﬀorts are also underway to clearly indicate that the content is AIgenerated when generating and distributing images, videos, etc. using generative
AI. Technology to indicate the source and creator of content is also being
developed and demonstrated. Once disinformation is circulated and spreads it isdiﬃcult to recover it, but there are also technologies and mechanisms todetermine the authenticity of information circulating on the Internet.
Disinformation in situations such as disasters and accidents can be lifethreatening. Countermeasures against disinformation are an urgent issue.
In order to address these issues, eﬀorts to improve literacy will become evenmore important, not only for the businesses involved, but also for each and every
user of both receivers and senders of information, of all ages and positions, tohave accurate knowledge of how generated AI works and how to handle
disinformation or misinformation generated by AI, and to act responsibly. It is
becoming more and more important.
Although not limited to AI generated products, the negative impact of false
and misinformation on elections, the foundation of democracy, must also betaken seriously. This year is a global "election year," and AI-based election
interference is also a global concern.
Therefore, we recommend the following:- 19 -

・The government should work on the necessary institutional arrangements tospeed up the deletion of illegal (rights-infringing) information, including
measures to deal with spoofed videos generated using generative AI, and to
make the operational status of platforms transparent.
・With regard to the online distribution of dis/misinformation using generated
AI, the government should examine, consider comprehensive
countermeasures, including institutional measures, and compile them bythis summer, and promote necessary measures.
・From the viewpoint of dealing with technology, the public and private
sectors should actively engage in the development and demonstration oftechnologies to discriminate AI-generated content (images, videos, etc.)
circulating on the Internet.
・Promote literacy and fact-checking among a wide range of people, fromchildren to the elderly, through public-private partnerships.
・In order to appropriately address the negative impact of AI on elections,the concerned parties should implement eﬀorts similar to the "Tech Accord
to Combat Deceptive Use of AI in 2024 Elections" (Munich Accord, February2024) by 20 global companies in Japan.

○ Further eﬀorts to ensure the safety of AI
In order to ensure the safety of AI, it is important to study evaluation methods,
etc. with international consistency, and expectations are high for the AI Safety
Institute (AISI), which was established after the U.K. and the U.S.
While we greatly appreciate the prompt launch of the AISI in Japan, it isnecessary to breathe life into the AISI and accelerate international
collaboration and operations in earnest through the cooperation of relatedorganizations and the development of necessary systems, including thesecuring of expert personnel.
In addition, basic and fundamental R&D to enhance the safety of AI itself isalso important to both ensure safety and promote innovation.
Furthermore, it is also important to nurture the creation of diverse AI- 20 -

services by appropriately promoting the use of data while giving due
consideration to the protection of personal information and privacy. At thesame time, it is important to promote the embodiment of Data Free Flow with
Trust (DFFT) in a form appropriate for "Stage II," in which various AI-related data
can freely come and go internationally, while ﬁrmly ensuring trust in privacy andsecurity for the development and application of AI.
Therefore, we recommend the following:・Establish a high-level network of Japanese AISIs and AISIs with othercountries, etc., for international coordination to ensure the safety of AI.
・AISI shall take the following actions in order to play a role as a nodal point inJapan regarding the safety assessment of AI.
- Investigations, standards, etc. necessary for AI safety assessment,
including checking tools and red teaming test implementation
methods, etc.
- Securing and fostering a wide range of expert human resources insecurity, cyber security, AI technology, etc., in cooperation with relatedorganizations, and consolidating and providing advanced technicalknowledge, including the latest trends in domestic and international
research and international standardization of AI safety, etc.
- Production of documents, teaching materials, etc. to contribute to thedevelopment of human resources (CAIO, etc.) who can appropriately
promote AI utilization by various organizations in the public andprivate sectors.
- Necessary consideration of the nature of audits (third-party
certiﬁcation) should be conducted, with due attention to international
harmonization.
・The government should secure the necessary budget and personnel tosupport the above eﬀorts by AISI.
・The public and private sectors should promote cutting-edge R&D on
exploitation of AI vulnerabilities, research and development against attacks toembed vulnerabilities in AI, and technologies that use external knowledge
such as RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) to prevent hallucination.
・To promote the development of a secure and high-performing AI ﬁeld by the- 21 -

public and private sectors through technologies to develop new AI models
with enhanced privacy protection (e.g., through the use of PETs: Privacy
Enhancing Technologies).
・ In order to create an environment in which all citizens can enjoy diverse andattractive AI services in a safe and secure manner, the government should
continue to clarify the content of regulations, etc., while appropriately
protecting personal information, to avoid excessive delegation.

○ Relationship with intellectual property such as copyright
Regarding the relationship between AI and copyright, the Copyright
subdivision of the Cultural Council compiled the “General Understanding on
AI and Copyright in Japan," which organizes its views on concerns about the AI
development and training stage, generation and utilization stage, and the
copyrightability of AI-generated material.
In addition, the Study Group on Intellectual Proerty Rights in the AI Era haspresented a "Draft Interim Report" on the relationship with intellectual property(designs, trademarks, and unfair competition prevention law), including thoseother than copyright act, how to deal with technology, and how compensation
should be returned through contracts.
It is highly commendable that these discussions were conducted vigorously andopenly in a short period of time, and that the direction was set to organize andclarify interpretations based on laws and regulations, maintain the current
legal system, and continue to exchange opinions, etc. with multistakeholders in the future. It is also highly commendable that the parties
discussed the direction of agile eﬀorts by AI providers and other entities to realize
an ecosystem where the progress of generative AI technologies andappropriate protection of intellectual property rights are compatible, while
combining legal, technological, and contractual means. In the future, it isnecessary to continue to take agile actions to foster an appropriate
environment for the use of AI, taking into account technological progress andother factors.

Therefore, we recommend the following:- 22 -

・The government should respect intellectual property rights such as
copyright, while taking actions in line with the AI era and promoting
appropriate AI utilization.
・ In particular, the government should promote awareness and awarenessraising of the "General Understanding on AI and Copyright in Japan" and the"Interim Summary" of the Study Group on Intellectual Property Rights in the
AI Era, as well as promote mutual understanding through communication
among the parties concerned.

- 23 -

Appendix 1

Project Team on the Evolution and Implementation of AI Held (since April 2023)
No

Date andagendaTime

announcer

Year 2023
1

April 10

AI utilization such as ChatGPT・Sam Altman, CEO, OpenAI, Inc.

2

May 11The Evolution of Language Translation AI

・DeepL GmbH

AI-related

pointsDeclaration

of

the

in

the
G7

Ministerial ・Ministry of Internal Affairs andDigitalandCommunications

Technology Ministerial Meeting3

May 25

About the AI Strategy Council

・Cabinet Office

Regulation in the New Era of AI

・The Software Alliance (BSA)

Report on the G7 Hiroshima Summit (AI-・Ministry of Internal Affairs andrelated)Communications
・Ministry of Foreign Affairs
・Digital Agency
・Ministry of Economy, Trade andIndustry4

June 1AI Applications in the Private Sector

・Panasonic Holdings Co.
・Bain & Company, Inc.

5

June 7

AI Technology and Disinformation
Measures・ Shinichi Yamaguchi, Associate
Professor,

CenterCommunication,for

GlobalInternational

University of Japan・xID Corporation
・Adobe Corporation
6

June 9

Data Use in AI: Privacy and Data Bias

・Personal Information Protection
Committee
・National Diet Library・National Archives of Japan

7
8

June 22.
July 18

Use of Generative AI, etc. in Municipal ・Yokosuka City
Affairs

・THE GUILD Co.

Overview of the Hiroshima AI process and・Ministry of Internal Affairs andthe way forward

Communications

The Latest Trends in AI Risk and ThirdParty Certification- 24 -

・Robust Intelligence, Inc.

9

July 27

Challenges

inSecuring

Computational

Resources to Support the Development of・Ministry of Economy, Trade andIndustry・Amazon Web Services Japan

AI

G.K.
・Microsoft Japan Co.
10

September

LLM Initiatives in the Private Sector

7・Meta Platforms, Inc.
・NEC Corporation
・ABEJA Corporation

11

September

AI Regulations in Each Country

27

・International Institute for Socialand Economic Research, Inc.
・Nomura Research Institute, Ltd.

12

October 10

Google's Responsible AI Initiatives

・Google Japan G.K.

13

November

Hiroshima AI Process and Future Plans

・Ministry of Internal Affairs and8
14

NovemberCommunications
Presidential Decrees in the United States

・Cabinet Office

AI Model Development Support

・Ministry of Economy, Trade and17

Industry
AI Model Development

・Softbank Corporation
・Nippon Telegraph andTelephone Corporation (NTT)15

November
22

AI-related economic measures

・Cabinet Office(supplementary budget) and action plan
to promote the provision of AI learning
data
Examples of Generative AI Applications

・Digital Agency

within AI-Related Agencies

・Ministry of Economy, Trade andIndustry
・Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications
・Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries

16

NovemberJapan's Winning Position in the World

28

・President Joichi Ito, Chiba
Institute of Technology
・Graduate School of Engineering,・The University of Tokyo
Professor Yutaka Matsuo

17

November
29

18

DecemberInitiatives for various AI services for client ・Salesforce, Inc.
companies
UK "Guidelines for the Development of・Cabinet Office

Secure AI Systems

・Cabinet Cyber Security Center

NVIDIA's AI Strategy

・CEO, NVIDIA Corporation

4

Jensen Hwang.

- 25 -

19

December
7

InitiativesofMunicipalities

toUtilize・Osaka City

Generative AI
SocialTransformation

in

the

Age

of

・Grapher Corporation

Generative AI
LDP proposal submission to the Hiroshima
AI Process

・Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications

Summary of Results of the G7 Digital andTechnology Ministerial MeetingYear 2024
20

January 26

AI Guidelines for Business・Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications
・Ministry of Economy, Trade andIndustry

Provision of NICT's linguistic data for AI
learning

・Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications

AI Guidelines

for Business

Safety・Cabinet OfficeInstitute
21

22

January 30

January 31

Overview of the latest products and・Google Cloud Japan, LLC.

services, examples of utilization and future・IBM Japan, Ltd.

directions of development

・Preferred Elements, Inc.

Information Laws in Western Countries on ・Hitotsubashi University
AI

Graduate School of Law
Professor Naoto Ikkai

Trends in AI in Other Countries and・Cabinet Office

Overall Regulations
23

February 8

Overviewofthelatestproducts

andservices, examples of utilization and future
24

February
16

・Amazon Web Services Japan
G.K.

directions of development (2)・OpenAI, Inc.

Draft of the Basic Law for the Promotion of

・AIPT Volunteer WG

Responsible AI (tentative)(Keiji Tonomura, Attorney at
Law,
Jun Okada, Attorney at Law,
Naoto Ikkai is a professor at
Hitotsubashi University,
Dashing

Maruta,Attorney-at-

Law,
Masaharu Koyano, Attorney atLaw)
25

February

AI Governance・AI Governance Association

21(Yukito Oshiba, Hiroki Habuka,
Masashi Ikutame)- 26 -

26

February29

The latest R&D trends in AI and Japan's ・Professor Naokan Okazaki,
strategy in light of future trends in AI

Department of Information

technology, etc.

Engineering, School ofInformation Science andTechnology, Tokyo Institute ofTechnology
・Director, National Institute ofInformatics Yoshio Kurohashi
・RIKEN AIP Center
Masashi Sugiyama, Director of
the Center

27

March 1

Computational

Resources

and

Other

Initiatives Related to AI

・ National Institute of Advanced
Industrial

ScienceandTechnology (AIST)
Junichi Tsujii Fellow
・Sakura Internet, Inc.
・Satoshi Matsuoka, Director,
RIKEN Center for
Computational Science (R-CCS)
28

March 5

Promotion of Private Sector Use of AI in the ・Mizuho Financial Group, Inc.
Finance and Insurance Industries

・The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi
UFJ, Ltd.
・Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance
Company
・Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire
Insurance Co.

29

March 7

Government Policy for Advanced AI
Systems

・Graduate School of Engineering,
The University of Tokyo
Professor Yutaka Matsuo
・University of Montreal
Professor Joshua Bengio

30

March 8Use of AI in the Private Sector

・Benesse Corporation,
Generative AI Japan・Degas Corporation

31

March 13

Countermeasures Against Disinformation

・Fujitsu Ltd. Fujitsu R&D
・Isao Echizen, Research Director
and Professor, National Instituteof Informatics

Personal Information Protection and Rights ・Personal Information Protectionin AI Data

Commission
・Agency for Cultural Affairs

About AI Operator Guidelines

・Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications- 27 -

・Ministry of Economy, Trade andIndustry32

March 14Introduction of AI in Local Governments

・Nishikawa Town
・AI Governance Municipal
Consortium

33

March 21

Status of AI-related studies in Europe

・Cabinet Office(Report)・Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Use of AI in the Private Sector

・Deloitte Tohmatsu Consulting
LLC
・Lawyers.com, Inc.・CoeFont
Inc.

34

April 10

Status report of AI White Paper 2023
Draft of AI White Paper 2024

- 28 -

・Cabinet OfficeSkeleton of AI White Paper 2024
LDP White Paper (2023): It all started. The Big Bang of AI in Japan.
These recommendations have largely been realized or are being implemented.
The world and Japan have progressed at an unprecedented pace over the past year,
both in the public and private sectors.

“Stage II”: No one can predict specifically and accurately for the year ahead.
New Strategies in Stage II - To the most AI-friendly country in the world
Integrated promotion of competitiveness enhancement and safety assurance

Facilitating R&D and utilization- 29 -

Strengthening competitivenessRespond flexibly to take advantage of
rapid changes in the environment.
Strengthening competitivenessthrough integrated R&D and utilization
R&D of new convenience technologies

Strengthening
R&D capabilities

Virtuous
circles

Safety and Security
New technology
to improve safety

Minimizing Risk
Maximizing Profit

PromotingAI utilization

Increase in data and AI-related investments

Ensuring safety
promotes AI R&D
and utilization

A multi-layered approach (soft law andminimum necessary hard law) based onvoluntary responses to develop theenvironment of safe and secure use
and promote innovation.

Responding to risks
Literacy improvement,
human resource development,
copyright and intellectual property,
handling of personal information, etc.

International collaboration and coordination, international consistency

Appendix 2

Upgrading the infrastructure ofcomputing resources, etc.

Ensuring safety

AI White Paper 2024 Key Recommendations
Chapter 1
Japan inStage II

Chapter 2- 30 -

Strategies forstrengthening
Japan'scompetitiveness through theuse of AI:

Flexible
responses thattake advantage
of rapid
environmentchanges

Chapter 3
Strategies toensure safety

 To realize the “world’s most AI-friendly country” with the best understanding of AI and the easiest AI R&D and
implementation.
Stage II Strategies  Maximizing profits while minimizing risks to the public from AI.
- To the most AI-  Promote strengthening competitiveness and safety in an integrated manner.
friendly country in  Japan continues to lead international rulemaking on safe, secure, and reliable AI, based on the achievements of theHiroshima AI Process.
the world  Strengthen cooperative relationships with Asian countries and the Global South, and demonstrate strong leadershipin the world in promoting international joint research and utilization of AI.
Promotion ofutilization

 To promote further utilization in public administration, new guidelines will be established based on the handling ofconfidential information, etc.
 Disseminate "AI Guidelines for Business" widely to promote appropriate use of AI by each organization, so thatbusiness operators can promptly respond to environmental changes on a risk-based basis against AI risks.

 To utilize data for AI development, establish a plan for providing data held by the Government and others, share examplesof the use of private-sector data, and develop new data useful for development.
 Synergistic efforts in the public and private sectors to collect, maintain and update data, and develop and utilize AI,
so that the development and utilization of AI can be firmly promoted in fields where Japan can make use of its strengths,
such as automobiles, robotics and materials development, and in fields that are also important for security, such as
Strengthening R&D
medicine, finance and agriculture.
capabilities Based on the discussions and recommendations of the LDP, the Government will compile a support program for AI startups.
 In order to dramatically strengthen competitiveness in cutting-edge AI technologies, including AI for Science, the Government
will develop a data infrastructure for national research institutes, etc.
Upgradinginfrastructure The Government will provide financial and other policy support to ensure data centers and other infrastructure to become
the world's most AI-friendly country and encourage necessary private investment.
 Expand and upgrade the “AI Bridging Cloud Infrastructure (ABCI)” and begin development of the next generation of“Fugaku” with AI capabilities.

Appropriate
governance The basis of AI governance in Japan is for operator and others to voluntary and continuously assess and reduce risks
based on “AI Guidelines for Business,” etc.
 Based on the concept of the "Basic Law for the Promotion of Responsible AI (tentative name)" by the WG volunteers of this PT,
etc., the Government will develop the minimum necessary legal framework for AI models with extremely high risks.

Countermeasures  Comprehensive measures, including institutional measures, will be compiled by the end of this summer to deal with false
and misleading information by using generative AI.
against false and In order to appropriately respond to negative impacts on elections, relevant operators will implement the same efforts
misinformation
as the Munich Accord in Japan.
using generative AI
Further efforts to  Establish a high-level network of AISIs in Japan and other countries, for international coordination to ensure the safety ofAI.
ensure the safe use
 AISI will serve as Japan's nodal point for AI safety assessment.
of AI
Relationship with
 Regarding intellectual property rights such as copyright, the Government will respect these rights while taking
copyright and othermeasures in line with the AI era and promoting appropriate AI utilization.
intellectual property

Overview of computing resources

Large-scale computing infrastructure
In Japan, there are problems such as an insufficient number ofdata centers, a lack of power grids and high construction costs.

Supercomputer

Cloud server- 31 -

Cloud Service
Data storage, web services, etc.

Computation
Scientific and technicalcalculation, simulation, etc.

Deep learning
Training(AI development)

Inference(AI utilization)

Potential for progressin small-scale decentralization

CPU

CPU

GPU

CPU/GPU

MemoryMemoryMemory (HBM)

MemoryStorage

Storage

Storage

Storage

Appendix ３

An oligopoly by a few companies

Overview of training data
 Data that exists in the world, is publicly available and does not contain personal information is a common
target for AI training [(1)].
 On the other hand, even undisclosed data may be used to train AI for use only within the organization [(2)].
 The boundary between (1) and (2) can change depending on the social consensus.
 There is also a large amount of data that cannot be machine-readable and used for AI training, such as
irregularly shaped paper documents [(3)].
➡ Technologies for converting (3) into an AI-learnable form is also expected.

 Data in Japanese is less available than in data English. Training is more difficult in Japanese.
➡ There are fewer difficulties with images, audio, etc., than with language.
- 32 (2) Data that can be used for domain-specific AI training

AI used within the organization that is not disclosed to the public, e.g.

(1) Non-personal data used for AI training
AI that may be released to the public

Data held by Private
institutions and individuals

important secret, etc.

Data held by national andpublic organizations

Personal data,
Organization data,
Membership Data,etc.
(Example)diagnostic info.
Customer Info.
Research Info.
Product Info.
etc...

Websiteinformation(documents,
images, videos,
etc.)

Open bibliographic
information(documents, images,
videos, books, figures
and tables frompapers, numbers,
biological andmaterial data)

machine-readable data

(3) All data

Digital converted paper media by OCR, etc.

Data that is not suitablefor AI training, such asmachine-unreadable or
not well-formatted(Source: Compiled from materials of National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).

Overview of AI models (March 2024)
Large-scale generic models & additional learning andcombination of multiple models & learning efficiency

Multimodalisation

The method of constructing a large-scale foundation model has not yet
been established and is still in the research phase.

A variety of models are now available, including not
only text, but also images, audio, and program codes.

Trends in the scale of generative AI

Japan has accumulated high-quality data on images,
sound, and acoustics required for manufacturing,
medicine, and other areas where AI technology isapplied, making it easy to find a way to win.

- 33 -

Parameter scale(Billion)

Utilization of external knowledge and training
efficiency

Hyperclova(82B)

We should promote the construction of technologies
that enable the incorporation of new knowledge andinference without re-training (e.g., RAG*1 ), andtechnologies that make training and inference more
efficient by integrating multiple models (e.g., MoE ). *2*1 Retrieval Augmented Generation, *2 Mixture of Experts

Open and Close
Made by Cabinet Office based on public information.

Sector-specific models, personalization, edge AI
Progress in AI implementation on various fields (fields x AI, AI for
specific fields).
Personalization, implementation in each terminal/device will increase.

There is a movement toward open source as opposed
to closed development methodologies that do notdisclose the details of the model.
While open source is said to have advantages such asproviding opportunities for many people, diversity, andtransparency, some say that it can be abuse bymalicious parties, security concerns, and intellectual
property issues.

LDP Project Team on the Evolution and Implementation of AIs
Volunteer WG (February 16, 2024, excerpted document (translated))- 34 -

Appendix 4