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The essential skills to succeed in a GIS career
By Michalis Avraam Education, GIS* Points

I have been lucky enough to organize a GIS Day ‘09
career event at the university of Washington, joined
by Harvey Arnone of city of Seattle, Marty Balikov ofAdd comments

Free Demo | Analyze GIS
Discover why ENVI EX is the premiersolution for GIS professionals.
www.IDL-ENVI.com/ENVIEXESRI Olympia and Dane Springmeyer, freelance
geospatial developer. The discussion was titled “What are the essential skills to succeed asa GIS Analyst”, and I have compiled some notes to help with all aspiring GIS Professionals
out there. Feel free to add more details in the comments section as you see fit.
The discussion ranged from skills to succeed in an organization using GIS to support
business decisions (City of Seattle), ESRI, the leading GIS software producers and freelance
development using GIS technologies. There is significant overlap for the required anddesirable skills, but also some slight differences. I will list the skills in no significant orderand provide a brief explanation. If a skill is something I personally added, it will start withan asterisk.

GIS Skills
Spatial Data and Algorithms understanding: Understand thespecial case of spatial data, how they work and their internals.
Also, be familiar with how certain operations are carried out andwhen they are applicable. Many operations will run in thesoftware, but not necessarily produce valid results. (Contributedby reader Duane Marble)
Data entry: Be able to enter data into a database successfully
with minimal errors. This includes editing said data as needs arise.
Data conversion: The ability to convert data from either older sources (digitization) orfrom multiple sources to either a common format or common schema. It is extremely
useful to be able to work with data coming from GPS and performing data corrections asneeded. (With contribution by Jimmy Xu)
Data maintenance: Be able to maintain data, correctly archive and ensure quality
control.
*Metadata creation and editing: Maintain logs of data processing and relevant
information to include in metadata and ensure accurate creation and maintenance ofsaid metadata.
GIS Analysis: Be able to perform GIS Analysis as it is often used to solve commonproblems. An ability to extend and alter the standard analysis to meet requirements is a

problems. An ability to extend and alter the standard analysis to meet requirements is aplus. Remember, data analysis can be performed on vector or raster data, therefore
some remote sensing skills are required. (With contribution by Jimmy Xu)
GIS Workflow: Understand the workflow to perform some procedure and be able tofollow it and enhance it as needed.
Model Building: Be able to create models of processes to allow for a workflow to bebuilt. Also, model building in the ArcGIS sense is very helpful in this regard.
Cartography and Graphic Design: Familiarize yourself with cartographic principles
and graphic design principles. Maps are used in a variety of ways and presented in a
multitude of media. You need to be able to work with that. Think of color, symbology,fonts, etc. Bad cartographic design will often make your analysis hard to decipher andinterpret. (With contribution by DavidM)

Programming Skills
Basic understanding of programming: Be able to understandwhat programming is and what it can do to solve certain
problems. Know the strengths and limitations of programming
custom solutions to problems, as well as time requirements.
(More about programming)
Programming language: Familiarize yourself with aprogramming or scripting language, as it is often used to build
workflows or custom solutions to problems. For scripting
language, both ESRI and the open source community tend to gravitate toward Python.
For programming languages, C++ will give you an opportunity to work in multiple
environments, while C# and the .Net languages offer you good development tools andinteraction with Windows based software. (More about programming languages)
Object Oriented programming: Learn the concepts of object oriented programmingand be able to apply them in conjunction with your programming language of choice.
Most GIS development is leaning toward this paradigm, and you should too. (Moreabout object oriented programming)
Basic GIS architecture (desktop and web): Understand the architecture of GIS and themethod of communication between the different parts of GIS. Be able to distinguishwhen one can introduce internet-based communication in the mix and how it wouldwork. (More about GIS architecture)
Web Services knowledge and experience: Web services are everywhere these days,and GIS is not escaping. Learn about them, how they work, and try to implement someof your own. HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XML and related AJAX technologies are a valuable
tool. (More about web services) (With contribution by Andy Anderson)

Database Skills
Able to understand data models and structure: When given adatabase, you should be able to explore the data models within it
and understand the structure of the database. Often times,structure will be represented in diagrams (UML), discussed below.
(More about data models and structure)
Ability to design data models: Given specific requirements for
data, you should be able to design data models to fit your data.
Database Design tools knowledge: You should familiarize yourself with database

Database Design tools knowledge: You should familiarize yourself with database
design tools, like Microsoft Visio. Most design work for data models uses it. (Check out
Visio here)
Structured Query Language (SQL) knowledge: Almost all modern Database
Management Systems (DBMS) understand SQL for data queries, inputs, deletions, etc.
One should be familiar with SQL and be able to perform SELECT, INSERT, MODIFY andDELETE statements. JOINS, RELATES and further SQL knowledge is greatly valued anduseful on the field. (Contributed by Andy Anderson )Project Management and Design
Ability to translate user needs to solutions: More often thannot, you will be supporting some client (or boss) that is notfamiliar with the details of GIS. You need to be able to translate
their needs into solutions that can work in your domain. If it isnot possible, you also need to be able to say so and offer
alternatives. This is similar to requirements analysis used insoftware development.
Good communication skills: You need to be able tocommunicate effectively and with confidence with your team and clients. There is no
substitution for this skill.
Good writing skills: Communicating is not restricted to verbal communication. You
need to be able to clearly communicate in writing not only for communicating with yourclients, but also to be able to produce metadata and reports of your work.
Project management skills: Often overlooked in the GIS world, formal data
management training is desired and required to run successful projects on time andwithin budget.

Other Skills
Ability to apply expertise in multiple domains: GIS skills, while important, are notuseful if they can not be applied to different domains. Your knowledge of otherdomains (like biology, forestry, etc) will allow you to think of creative ways to apply yourGIS skills in a multi-disciplinary functions, which is greatly needed. Think outside thebox ( Yawer S. Ansari commented to reiterate this)Portability of skills on multi-platforms and online/offline world: Your skills need
to be applicable to different platforms. Not only should you learn how to do GIS
Analysis, but you should be able with limited help to achieve similar results using otherplatforms (be it moving from an ESRI training to Idrisi, or from a Windows machine to aLinux machine, or a desktop application to a server based one). An ability to traverse
between online and offline worlds is a valuable asset to have.
Detail oriented: This needs no explanation, but in the GIS world, detail oriented can get
you very far. The quality of your work will show (especially when you think of metadataor workflows).
Customer Support skills: In most cases, GIS is used as a support tool within largeorganizations. As such, GIS Analysts oftentimes need to interact with clients, either
internal or external. Having good customer support skills ensures you establish strong
relations and opportunities.
Don’t be afraid to explore
Now that you’ve read all the skills mentioned at the panel discussion, please provide yourown or your feedback below.