Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

Disaster Management : Bangladesh
Perspective
By
Md. Munir Chowdhury
J i S
Joint
Secretary
Disaster Management&
Relief Division
Di ision(ADRC VR FY2011B)

a1

Bangladesh: A south Asian country

Tectonic Location of Bangladesh2スライド 2a1

Bangladesh is in between Bay of Bengal and Himalya and its geographical position not only provides live giving monsoon but also make it hazard prone.
Bangladesh discharges almost entre runoff of western Himalyan catchment. The amount of water Bangladesh discharges in te bay, 92-93% are comingfrom upper catchment. Being the lower riperian country of te mighty rivers, Bangladesh has a graet deal of dependence on the rainfall and runoff , thevariation of what constitutes major hazards for Bang;ladesh. Cyclone land fall and storm surges originating in te Indian ocean and or in to the bay was
always there. One third of te country is under tidal excursiona and there by salinity.
amkamal, 2010/02/03

Country Profile: Bangladesh•Total population : 140 million•Total Geographic Area : 144,000 sqkm
•Population
Population density in coastal areas :1000/sqkm•Floodplains: 80% of total areas•Located at fragile deltaic flood-plain
•More
M
than
th
300 rivers
i(57 TransTboundary rivers)•High-risk country to recurrent natural
disastersA riverine country with
310 rivers

Cherapunji (in INDIA)
Worlds highest rainfall• Total river length : 24,000
24 000km• Annual Ave. Rainfall:
1200mm in NW to 5500mm in NE• Trans-boundary
Trans boundary rivers :57 nos. - 54 from India and- 3 from Myanmar.
MyanmarDisasters and Bangladesh
Major Hazards
FloodTropical Cyclone
Storm Surge
Tornado
River Bank
ErosionDrought
E hEarthquakekArsenic
Fire

Major Disasters
Year Disaster Death
1970 Cyclone
300,000
1988 Flood
2,373
1988 Cyclone
5,7041991 Cyclone
138,868
1996 Tornado5451997 Cyclone
550
1998 Flood918
2004 Flood
747
2007 Flood
1,071
2007 Cyclone(SIDR) 3,406
2009 Cyclone (‘alia) 190 (as on
06/06/2009)5

DISASTERS

6
6

DISASTERS

7

8

DISASTERS9DISASTERS

10DISASTERS

11

Bangladesh DM History
 Soon after 1991 cyclone which caused huge damage and loss, thecountry has realized that the reactive response to disaster is no longer
an option for Bangladesh The country has adopted a paradigm shift from reactive response tocomprehensive DM approach that includes a number of strategies andmechanism/policy decision DMB was created in 1993gevery
y bodies roles and SOD formulated in 1997 – SOD recognizedresponsibilities in DM and those are spelt out in the document. SOD
also created and institutional CDMP was formulated in 2000 and launched in 2004
 MoFDM has been created in 2005
 Government also adopted a new DM vision A Bangladesh DM model has been created/developed and adopted –the model gave main emphasis on disaster risk reduction
12

Key Factors of Vulnerability• Global Warming
g and Climate Changeg• Geographical location• Dominance of floodplains• Low elevation from the sea• High population density• High level of poverty

Affects of Climate Change
Livelihood of thepoor

Agricultural production
and food security

Human health

Water stress and water
security

ClimatechangehEcosystems andbiodiversity

Climate-related
disasters
14

NATIONAL DISASTER CONTEXT• Frequently hit by various natural disasters like Cyclones,
Storm surges
surges, Floods
Floods, Tornadoes
Tornadoes, Droughts and othercalamities.
• Monsoon flooding is an annual occurrence shaping lives andlivelihoods.
• Almost 200 disaster events have occurred causing
g morethan 500,000 deaths and leaving prolonged damage to
livelihoods, infrastructure and the economy.
• Climate
Cli t changehiis lik
likelyl tto cause significant
i ifi
t iimpactt iin ththeform of severe floods, cyclones, droughts, sea level rise andg agriculture,g, livelihoods,, natural orders,, watersalinityy affecting
supply, health etc.
• The disaster vulnerable people demonstrates strong coping
capacity to face the disaster challenges.
15

Flood – River Erosion, Cyclone and Earthquake
Ha ard Maps
HazardDrought

CycloneStorm surge, salinity

Hazards Bangladesh faces

17
Flood

Water logging

Bank erosion

POVERTY DISASTER INTERFACE• Adverse long-term impact on economic and social
activities
ti iti• The poor are more vulnerable to any kind of disaster– Depletion of assets– IncomeI
reductiond ti ddue tto lloss off employmentlt– Increase indebtedness– Increase migration• Cost to cope with disaster disproportionately higher
for the poor
18

Cyclone Sidr, November 15, 2007: Damage and Loss
Ser

Event

No

1.

Death Toll

3,406

2.

Missing

1001

3
3.

Wounded55 28255,282

4.

Crops Damaged
Area

2.4 Million
Acres

5.

Affected People

8.9 Million

6.

Loss of Livestock

1.7 Million

7.

Affected Educational
Institution

16,954

Cyclone Aila, May 25, 2009: Damage and Loss
S
Ser

E
Event
t

N
No

01.

Affected District

11

02
02.

Death Toll

190

03.

Wounded

7,103

04.

Crops Damaged
Area (Fully)

67840
Acres

05.

Affected People

482663007.

Affected Educational
Institution/mosque357 (fully)
2769(partially)08.

Affected Roads

1319 km(fully)Source: MoFDM/MoFL/MoWR

Comparison
Item

Category
g y

1970

4

Populationp
Death>300 000>300,0001991

4>140,000

SIDR 2007

4

3 406
3,406

21

GoB Vision on Disaster
Management
To reduce the vulnerability of people,
people especially thepoor, to the effects of natural, environmental andhuman induced hazards to a manageable andacceptable humanitarian level

Mission of The MoFDM
To b
T
bring
i
a paradigm
dishift
hift ini disasterdit managementtfrom coventional response and relief to a morecomprehensive risk reduction culture and to promote
food security as an important factor in ensuring they to hazards.
resilience of the community
22

What Made the Difference• Improvement of disaster risk reduction
measures including
i l diearly
l warningi
system.
• Active leadership role in the field level
Disaster Management Committees• Coastal afforestation projects• Cyclone and Flood shelters• Embankments
E b k
t in
i CoastalCt l Belts（3433ｋｍ）
B lt （3433ｋ ）• CycloneyPreparednessp
Programme
g
(
(CPP)
)
having 60,000 volunteers.
23• Paradigm
dishift
hif ffrom a relief
li f centriciapproach to a more holistic, multimultidi i li
disciplinary
DRR approach.
h• CommunityC
i basedbd disasterdi
preparednessd• DisasterDitManagement
Mt Committee’sC
itt ’ areplaying active and leadership role in thenational,til district,di t i t upazilla
ill andd unionilevel.
ll• IncreasedId resilienceili
off theth vulnerablelblcommunities.
24

GoB Capacity inDisaster Management• Specialized Ministry for Food and Disaster Management• Creation of Disaster Management Bureau (DMB): shifting focus
from relief to disaster management specially to risk reduction
culture.
• ECNEC Decision as part of Mainstreaming of Disaster Risk
Reduction.
• Issuance of SOD (Standing Order on Disaster): establishingmechanisms and procedures for effective response at all levels
during disaster emergency• Initiate formulation of ‘Comprehensive Disaster Management
Framework’ involving all disaster stakeholders including donor
Frameworkcommunity• From 2000 onwards – introduction and mainstreaming of risk
reduction
25

CDMP
CDMP is a strategic institutional and programming
approach that is designed to optimize the reduction of longterm risk and to strengthen the operational capacities forresponding to emergencies and disaster situations
including actions to improve recovery from these events.
CDMP is now implementing programmes:
 Capacity building Partnership development
 Community empowerment
 Response management ｔhrough its 12 components
26

Disaster Management Institutions
in Bangladesh
National Disaster
Management Council
Inter Ministerial
Disaster Management
Coordination
Committee (IMDMCC)

National Disaster
Management Advisory()
Council (NDMAC)

Ministry of Food and Disaster Management

Directorate of Food

Directorate of Relief
and Rehabilitation

Disaster Management
BureauCyclone Preparedness
Programme
Implementation Board

District Disaster
Management Committee
Municipal Disaster
Management Committee

City Corporation
Disaster ManagementgCommittee

Zone / Upazila
Union

Upazila Disaster Management Committee

Union Disaster Management Committee

Village27

Standing Orders On Disaster• The standing order
creates theopportunityt it tto
establish disastermanagementgcommittee at every
level.
• The standing orders
for disastermanagement provide
ample scope for theGovernment, NGOs
and private
p i ate sectors
secto s tothink locally and planneed based program
involving thecommunity.

28

Committees under SOD•

National Disaster Management Council (NDMC)•Inter-MinisterialInter
Ministerial Disaster Management Co-ordination
Co ordination
Committee (IMDMCC)•

National Disaster Management Advisory Committee(NDMAC)•

Cyclone Preparedness Program Implementation
Board (CPPIB)•

Disaster Management Training and Public Awarenessg Task Force ((DMTATF))
Building•

Focal Point Operation Coordination Group of Disaster
Management (FPOCG)•

NGO Coordination Committee on Disaster
Management (NGOCC)•

Committee for Speedy Dissemination of Disaster
Related Warning/ Signals (CSDDWS)

29

DRR Institutions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

DMRD
DMB
DRR
DOE
BMD
CPP
FFWC
IWM
SPARRSO
SOB
BARC
DAE
CEGIS
AFD
30

31

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR
COORDINATION
Disaster Management Information Centre (DMIC)
has been established to support information
management and coordination.
Objectives:• Enhance disaster management coordination
through improved facilities and information sharing
capacities of DMIC during normal and emergency
periods• Improved capacity of information sharing during
normal (non(non-emergency) periods• EOC more effectively and efficiently coordinated32
during disasters

Mid-term

District
Upazilla

Slide 10 of 17

Information Flow during Emergency Response
Upazila Disaster Management
Committee

Union Disaster
Management Committee

District Disaster
Management Committee

CPP
Volunteers
NDRCC of
MoFDM

CPP H/QBMD/
SPARRSO

PM officemonitoring
cell
34
34

CYCLONE PREPAREDNESS PROGRAMME –CPP
CPP
Covered coastal area of
Bangladesh

District-- 13
District
UpazilaUpazilap- 37
Union-Union

321

Unit-Unit

3281

Volunteer-- 49,215
Volunteer

The Main activities of Cyclone Preparedness
Programme••••

Disseminate cyclone warning signals to local residents;
Assist people in taking shelter.
Rescue victims affected by a cyclone.
Provide first aid to people injured by a cyclone.

CPP is now a worldwide renowned organization for
it ’ dits’
dedicateddi t d volunteers
l t
andd effectiveness
ff ti
in
i
emergency response during disaster especially incyclone.
l36

37

Early Warning Dissemination• BMD and FFWC generates Early warnings• Ensure receipt of warning signals of imminent disasters
by all concerned officials, agencies and masscommunication media• Publish daily bulletins during disaster period for foreignembassies and UN Missions• CPP plays vital roles disseminating EW to communitylevel• Committees under SOD ensure EW dissemination at alllevelLines of Defense• Structural
St t l– Cyclone shelters– Embankments– Polders, evacuation routes, killahs– Houses and building retrofitting (cyclone resilient)• Non structural– Institutional preparedness– Warningg systemy– Response preparedness– Community
y & civil society
y mobilisation
39

Evacuation and Rescue Operation• Instruct local authorities for evacuation and rescue
operations• Undertaking evacuation measures in risk areas by Local
DM Committees• 42000 CPP Volunteers and the Community Leaders in
the risk areas play important roles in evacuation to
shelters• AFD
AFD, CPP and DMC members take part in rescue
operation• Emergency Responses by GO, NGOs and Others

Immediate Assistance Needs• Search and rescue operation• Supply of instant food
• Medicare• Water and sanitation• Temporary shelter for displaced people• Restoration
R tti
off lilivelihoods
lih d

41

Resource Mobilization System
MoFDM

DRR

DC Offices

UNO Offices andUnion Parishad

42

FIELD

•
•
•
•

•

•

Local Level DM Committee
District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC) headedby the Deputy Commissioner (DC) to co-ordinate and review
the disaster management activities at the district level
Upazila Disaster Management Committee (UZDMC) headedby the Upazila Nirbahi Officer (UNO) to co-ordinate and review
th disasterthedit managementt activities
ti iti att th
the U
Upazilail llevell
Union Disaster Management Committee (UDMC) headed by
the Chairman of the Union Parishad to co-ordinate,, review andimplement the disaster management activities of the concerned
union
Pourashava Disaster Management Committee (PDMC)
headed by Chairman of Pourashava (municipality) to coordinate, review and implement the disaster management
activities within its area of jurisdiction
City Corporation Disaster Management Committee(CCDMC) headed by the Mayor of City Corporations to coordinate review and implement the disaster management
ordinate,
activities within its area of jurisdiction.
43

Cyclone Shelter•TotalT t l Number
N b off existingi ti Cyclone
C l
Sh lt
Shelters:2975
2975•Total Number of Existing Killas: 137•Required Cyclone Shelter 25,00 (approximately)

44

PROPOSED DESIGN

45

Disaster Management Regulative
Framework
DisasterManagement Act)

National Plan for DM

DM Policy

Sectoral Policies

Sectoral Plans(DRR Incorporated)(DRR Incorporated)

SOD

Local Plans
Hazard Plans

Guideline
Templates

Programming for Implementation
46

Di
Disastert ManagementMt LegalLl System-Guidelines
S t
G id li
1. Disaster Impact and Risk Assessment Guideline
2 Local Disaster Risk Reduction Fund Management Guidelines2.
3. Emergency Fund Management Guidelines
4. Indigenous Coping Mechanism Guidebook
y Risk Assessment Guidelines
5. Community
6. Damage and Needs Assessment Methodology
7. Hazard Specific Risk Assessment Guidelines
8. Emergency Response and Information Management Guideline
9 Contingency Planning Template9.
10. Sectoral Disaster Risk Reduction Planning Template
11. Local Level Planning Template
12. National Risk Reduction Fund Managementg
Guideline
13. National Disaster Reduction & Emergency Fund Management Guideline
14. Local Disaster Management Fund Guideline
15. Guideline for road and water safety
16 Guideline for industrial safety
16.
17. Guideline for Disaster Shelter Management
18. Monitoring and Evaluation Guideline for the Implementation of the Plangy
19. Guideline for international Assistance in disaster emergency

European
Union
Bangladesh

Mainstreaming Strategies
N ation al
P o licy a nd
P la nn in g R e fo r m s

A dvocacy A w a re n ess R a isin g

D istrict L ev el

U p azila L evel

R isk R ed uc tio n
P la n n in g
P ro cesse s (lin(li kek d tot
C R A o u tco m e s)

C a pa city B u ild in g

U n ion L evelC o lla b o r a tiv e
P a rtn er shh ips
i

U nifo r m C R A
G uid elin e s

C o m m u n ity
L evel48

INTERNATIONAL COPERATION WITH DMB

 Chair,, SDMC (SARRC(
Disaster ManagementgCentre).

Focal Point,
Point HFA Progress Monitoring andReporting.

Development of close collaboration with Asian
Disaster PreparednesspCentre ((ADPC)) of Thailand,,Asian Disaster Reduction Centre (ADRC) of Japan,
Federal Emergencygy Managementg
Agency(FEMA)gy()
of America, Institute of Disaster Risk Management((IDRM)) of Philippines,pp, Emergencygy Management
gofAustralia etc.
49

Bangladesh
National progress report on the implementation of the
Hyogo Framework for Action ( 2009-2011)

Priority for action 1“Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with astrong institutional basis for implementation”
PROGRESS:•

A new division established to deal with disaster management affairs exclusively
named Disaster Management & Relief Division ( DMRD)•

National Disaster Management Plan ( 2010-2015 ) approved in April, 2010 linked
with Vision 2021 and 6th Five Year Plan•

Revised Standing Orders on Disaster ( SOD ) , which explicitly outlined the DRR &CCA business for GO, NGO, public representatives & citizens•g
Act has alreadyy approvedppbyy the cabinet
National Disaster Management

Priority for action 02“Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning”•

Updating of the risk assessment 12 guidelines in revised SOD•

Specific Sectoral Disaster Risk Reduction guidelines develops by CDMP•

Detailed risk assessment mapping for earthquake and tsunami for threecities Dhaka, Chittagong & Sylhet prepared and planned for new eight cities•

DRR budget now 4.5% of national Budget•

Climate Change Fund (CCF ) US $ 100m/Year•g
Climate Change
g Resilience Fund ( BCCRF ) US $ 110m
Bangladesh•

Resource allocation increased to all line ministries towards DRR•

Development Partners support increases towards national DRR initiatives 51

Priority for action 03“Use
Use knowledge
knowledge, innovation and education to built a culture of safety andresilience at all levels”•

Bangladesh DM Education Research and Training ( BDMERT ) established•

Key ministries, research institutions and civil society organization establishedwebsite for sharing of disaster related knowledge•

DMIC established network with 64 Districts HQ and planned to expand to all
483 upazilas by 2012•

BMD. FFWC, CPP, BTV, Radio, mobile phone companies & Other electronic
and print media contributing significantly in dissemination of early warning anddidisastert M
Messages•

Disaster & climate risk information are included in text book from elementary
to higher secondary level•

DRR education & special course in universities, institutions, armed forces div,
civil service college etc
52

Priority 04“ Reduce
R dtheh underlying
d l i riski k ffactors “•

National Adaptation Program of Action ( NAPA) & Bangladesh Climate Change
St tStrategy& Action
A ti Plan
Pl hash alreadyl d preparedd•Bilateral & multilateral donors exploring the possibilities of creating multi-donort t fundtrust
f d tot acceleratel t financing
fi
i for
f researchh andd adaptationd t ti•

Climate change Cell established and focal points identified for each ministries•

DRR & CCA link developed with the introduction of various program launchedby different ministries i.e sustainable land management program, climate
resilience
ilicrop verities,
iti
cyclonelresistancei thhouse etct•

Strong institutional arrangement for implementing social protection program•

National committee for updating national building code, land use plan•

Disaster risk reduction & EIA for all development projects
53

Priority for action 05“ strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels”
levels• National Plan for DM, DM Act, SOD mentioned tasks forall sectoral safety preparedness• For existing structure, retrofitting techniques are being
introduced to combat earthquake• Mock drill guidelines for school and hospitals safety• Earthquake contingency developed for AFD, FSCD,DGHS & DRR• 30,000 members of local DMCs imparted training oncomprehensive DM• DMB established damage, loss and need assessment cell
60 000 volunteer are working 13 cyclone prone district• 60,000• Search and rescue equipmentqreserve of relief materials in each district• Adequate
54

Constraints• Historical centralized planning• Difficult to implement in a holistic way• Need clear executive direction for DRR at thenationalti
l llevell• The capacity of local government elected bodies
is a great challengesp
g local communities• Empowering• Adequate resources• Governance of the implementation of HFA• Setting indicators for better monitoring55

Risk Reduction Challenges• EarlyE l warning
i withith adequatedt lleadd titime iin community
it
language;• Expansion of the operation areas of the Cyclone
Preparedness Programs (CPP). Develop similar program
f floodforfl d prone areas. Develop
D
l U
Urban
b V
Volunteers
l t
ffor postt
Earthquake response.
• Ensure Cyclone/flood shelters for all vulnerable people;• Resilient embankment, green belt along the coast;
Continued ….

5656

Risk Reduction Challenges
Continued ….

• Expansion of disaster management information network• Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction and climate change
adaptation in development process• Poverty reduction, increase resilience, shifting risks (e.g.
insurance)• Strengthening linkage with regional and internationalorganizations involved in DRR in line with Hyogo
Framework for Action.
5757

Community Risk Assessment (CRA)
Process

GIS Application

SocialS
i lM
MapRisk Map

H
HazarddM
Map

CRAs for 612 unions of 16 districts
58

Risk Reduction Interventions
C
Come-outt throughthh CRA

Construction of Community
Shelters

Renovation of existingg
shelter

Construction of road to go to
Shelter

CommunityC
it people
l raisedi d thethground height of the village andprotected the entire village withbamboo and Chaillya

Seed distribution in flood
affected area

Construction of dug- well for
drinking water
59

Vulnerability Mapping for Earthquake

Seismic Zoning Map ofBangladesh

National
Building CodeRegulations endorsedby parliament on Nov.
2006 for implementing
60
building code

SEISMIC MICROZONING MAP OF MAJOR CITIESOF BANGLADESH UNDER CDMP
Major
GeologicalFaultsScenario based seismic microzoning Map

PGA: 300-500

PGA: 700-900

PGA: 300-500

Seismic microzoning,
Dhaka

Seismic microzoning,
Chittagong

Seismic microzoning,61
SylhetSeismic Vulnerability of Buildings: Case Study of
Dhaka Cityy
Infrastructure
mapping
pp g

Seismic
vulnerability ofthe building
based onhazard map

Vulnerability Level

Vulnerability Factor

ScenarioSi
1
Casualties
Number of
Injuries

based
b
d on
building
vulnerability

62

Application of Earthquake Vulnerability Map• Preparation of earthquake contingency plan for
national, city corporation and major agencies
based on vulnerability map• Preparation of spatial plans (maps) for search,searchrescue and evacuation• Capacity building of major respondingorganizations based on risk assessment throughtraining, advocacy and awareness activities

Possible Evacuation Evacuation Space,
Urban Community
Route, Dhaka City
Dhaka City
volunteers training

School Safety
63
training

Bangladesh:g
The Good Practices• Established the DM Regulatory Framework – identified theactors and their roles related to DRR and Emergency
Response• Professionalizing the DM system – inclusion of disaster andclimate risks in education curricula at primaryprimary, secondary andtertiary levels• Introduction of a bottom up approach in development
planning (CRA and RRAP)• Seismic vulnerability mapping and contingency planning(ADPC acted as a technical partner)• Information sharing through DMIC network from central tocommunity level (ADPC acted as a technical partner)• Promoted volunteerism both in urban and rural ((ADPC acted
as a technical partner)

Lessons Learned and the
Ch ll
Challenges• Government ownership is the key to sustain the results• Institutional reform and capacity building is a continuous
process• Partnership frameworks can help to accelerate policy
development with action on the ground• Need to expand the programme across otherp
sectors – coordination is a challengegdevelopment• Investing more in policies & knowledge• Working through & with GoB, DMCs
• ReachingRhi more people
l at-riskt i k• Being more comprehensive- All hazards- All settings (rural, urban)- All sectors & actors- All phases of DM

Strategic Goals of the Disaster
Management Policy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

GOAL-1: PROFESSIONALISING THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
GOAL-2: MAINSTREAMING RISK REDUCTION
GOAL-3: STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS
GOAL-4: EMPOWERING AT RISK COMMUN ITIESGOAL-5: EXPANDING RISK REDUCTION PROGRAMMING
GOAL-6: STRENGTHENING EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEMSGOAL-7: DEVELOPING AND STRENGTHENING NETWORKS

66

National Priorities for 2011-2020••••

Implementation of the National Plan for
Disaster Management (2010-2015)
Strengthen institutional capacity of all
per the revised SOD
actors as p
Coordinated social safety net to reduce
vulnerable population
Strengthen mechanisms for sectoral andlocal level implementation of DRR/CCA
measuresRegionalg
Priorities for 2011-2020• Coordination of regional agendas for global
representation and national level leveraging• Establishing/utilization of common
resources/mechanisms for enhancing
national risk reduction coordination• Establishing a regional response
plan/mechanism for catastrophic disasters

A Comprehensive Approach???
Th
Three
K
Key Elements:Elt
1. Getting the PPRR balance right
2. Mainstreaming risk reduction within whole ofgovernment systems
3. Empowering stakeholders partners andcommunities
69

Achieving the Cultural Shift!!
• Mainstreamimg
M i t
i
Di
Disaster
t Ri
Risk
kR
Reductiond ti• Developing medium to long term milestones• Developing broad and logically sequenced
PPRR strategies that target all levels• Capacity Building• Policy Reform• Legal Framework

70"There may be"Thb timesti
when
h we arepowerless to pp
prevent disaster,
but there must never be a time
when
h we ffailil tto manage itit.""- Elie Wiesel

71

Thank You