Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

Prepared by:Hazar Fadhl Dammag
Ministry of Water & Environment
S
Sana’a
’ – Yemen
Y(ADRC Visiting Researcher Aug. to Nov. 2014 FY2014A

Content:yGeneral Informationy

Overview of water problems in the worldy

Water in Japany

Water storage and Japanese Government OrganizationyWater Resources Management Policies and Actions and River management in JapanyDrought in Japany

Sewerage and Wastewater in JapanyIntroduction about the water situation in YemenyWater Resources in Yemeny

Wastewater treatment in Yemeny

Causes of the Water Crisis in Yemeny

The Institutional Framework of the Water SectoryWater resources strategies & policies and legislationsy

To strengthen technical and institutional capacity water resource management in Yemeny

Awareness public in the field of wateryDifficultiesyChallenges of the water resources in Yemeny

RecommendationsyConclusion

Location:
Yemen is located in thesouthern west of the
Arabian peninsula.
AREA :
528 000 km
528,000
km², 21
Governorate
POPULATION:
24 million.

General Information
Topography
The country’s
topography of rugged
Mountains , volcanic ,Highlands, deserts andcoastal plains

Climate:Temperate in themountainous
regions in thehwestern part of thecountry, extremely
hot with minimal
rainfall in theremainder of thecountry. Humid ontheh coastOverview of water problems in the world:
Water is definitely a security problem in the world.”.The
main reason of the shortage of the waters over the worldis the population growth and lack of justice in the
distribution of water, citizen in North America consumes
about 500 liters of water a day, and European consumes
between 200 and 300 liters,
liters while not available for Africanand Middle east only 10 to 20 liters of water a day. In
addition to widespread poverty, if we didn’t do anything tosolve the shortage of the water so it will lead to thedesertification of many areas & a lot of poor country.
country Also
the climate change to raise temperatures, this one of the
problem that affect shortage of water.

Pressures on water supply:•Climate change•Multinational use of water basins andifaquifers•Water supply infrastructure•Intermittency•Water q
qualityy and environmental assets•Degradation of fossil groundwater supplies

water scarcity in the world

Water in Japan:
Japan is not a water abundant country. It has a narrow surface area, rapid run-off ofprecipitation, and high population density 1.The quantity of annual natural renewable water
resources per capita in Japan (about 3,372 m3 per capita) is only one half of the world
average. In addition, there are great fluctuations in rainfall—both seasonally and between theyears. As a result of both of these factors—an absolute shortage of water and considerable
variability over time — Japan has suffered severe water shortages several times in the recent
past. For example, the Tokyo metropolitan area experienced water scarcity in the early
1960’ss when the city of Tokyo was forced to restrict water supply for 42 months,
1960
months from
October 1961 to March 19652. In order to solve the water scarcity problem, Japan has
aggressively developed its water resources, mainly by constructing new water storage
facilities (largely dams). at present, the amount of “newly developed” water sources accounts
for 16.6 billion m3 of water per year, which amounts to 55% of total water consumption fordomestic and industrial (urban) use3 .

Water resources in Japan:
Japan's water resources are characteristically plentiful mainly during the tsuyu, typhoon, and spring thaw
seasons. Although
Al h h annuall precipitationi i i farf exceedsd theh world
ld average, thishi doesd
not mean abundanceb d
offwater resources. Due to Japan's dense population the per capita precipitation in Japan is only about onesixth of the world average. Furthermore, since the rivers have small basins and steep channels, rivers flow
erratically and relatively little of their water is actually available for use. Compared with cities in othercountries,
i Japan'sJ' majorj citiesi i store surprisingly
i i l little
li l water reserves, andd every year therehare watershortage problems somewhere in the country. The annual volume of water for municipal and agricultural
use taken from rivers is estimate at about 78.21 billion cubic meters, and that from groundwater about
13.15 billion cubic meters. It is apparent from these figures that river water is the important water
resource ini JapanJandd thath its
i efficient
ffi i
use isi essential.
i l ItI isi expectedd thath the
h severity
i off droughtsdh willill
increase because of climate change which will reduce the amount of water stored in the form of snow,
increase evaporation from reservoirs and reduce rainfall. Most of the water for domestic use comes fromsurface water. About 45% of the total comes from reservoirs regulated by dams, while 27% comes directlyffromrivers,i
1% fromfl k andlakes
d 4% fromfriver
ib d totaling
beds,
t t li 77% fromfsurfacefwater.
t 23% off domesticdtiwater supply comes from groundwater, which is over-exploited in parts of the country.

Water storage:
There are more than 2,500 dams in Japan, their total storage is low
because rivers are short and steep. Total active storage of all dams is
only 20 km 3, corresponding to less than the storage capacity of
Hoover dam. In addition, lakes have an important storage function
and their water levels are regulated through weirs. The largest lake is
Lake Biwa that provides drinking water to more than 15 million
people in the keihanshin (Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe) metropolitan region
Japanese Government Organization

The HighestgDam of JJapanp

Yodo River, Osaka

water resources development
facilitates under control of JWA

Water Resources Management Policies and Actions:
In Japan, the national government is responsible for formulating
and implementing water resources policies at the national level.
It formulates an overall plan of water resources development
and environmental conservation. The Comprehensive National
Water Resources Plan is the national basic plan for water
resources development under which dams and water systems
are developed The Basic Environment Plan clarifies long-termand comprehensive environmental policies related to water
quality and quantity.
River management in Japan:
The River Law was enacted in 1896, and the Sabo Law and theForest Law in 1897. These laws were the inception of modern
flood and erosion control in Japan. The original River Law
remained the basis for river administration until it wascompletely Revised in 1964.
Drought in Japan:
In the past Japan face drought because the change
climate all the countries around the world haveproblem with water especially for drought in Japanthey have in 1939 drought on the markets for riceand electricity in Japan. The authorities were illprepared for such a disaster but willing to use it forthe purpose of covering for other problems. climate
fluctuations as crises.
1- Fluctuation of Precipitation in Japan due to
Climate Change:
2-Declines in Water Supply Stability
3- Water resources affected by climate changes
The river systems and rivers affected by droughts

Tone River System and Ara River System

control by Japan water agency (JWA)

Kiso River System and Toyo River System

drought early warning and the number of drought

Revival and Fostering of Water-Related Culture- Water Day and Water Week
- United Nations' World Water Day

Sewerage and Wastewater in Japan:
Sanitation coverage in Japan is over 70%. And there are about 2100 wastewater treatment plants inJapan.
Japan•Most plants adopt aerobic treatment methods such as conventional activated sludge process oroxidation ditch process Most of sewage sludge is used for cement material and so on, but the rate foruse of biogas and sludge fuel is small•ThereThere are digester tanks in about 300 treatment plants.
plants About 70% of the biogas generated bydigestion (218 million m3) is utilized, for example, about 20 % of biogas (66 million m3) is used for the
power generation, but the rest(86 million m3) is incinerated in2010 Accelerate the government-led
development of new technology and its practical application by promoting technical validation throughinstallation of actual size plants and by formulating guidelines.
guidelines Achieving cost reduction in the sewerage
projects and generation of renewable energy

The roles of sewerage system- water quality control of public waters- improvementit off liliving
i environmentit- flood prevention (disaster - resistance)- effective use of resources

Introduction about the water situation in Yemen
Yemen is a water – scarce countryy , situated , in an arid regiongwith no permanentprivers. Historically,y,
the population depended on rainfall, springs. Hand-dug wells and water harvesting in ponds, anddikes and dams of various sizes. Maximum well depth didn't exceed few tens of meters and theirwater was lifted ,in small quantities, by animal or human effort . No mechanical drilling rigs or pumps
were used until 1960s.
Because Yemen is situated in an arid region the annual per capita share of renewable water
resource does not exceed 125m3 (the international figure is 7500m3 ), the yearly amount of rainfall
in Yemen is estimated at 72 billion m3, the other renewable water resources which are available tobe used are estimated at 2,5, billion m3 out of this 1.5 billion m3 comes from flooding
g in the raininggbeds and 1 billion m3 for the recharge of the ground water . Water usage for different needs isestimated at 3.4 billion m3 the deficit is amounted at 900 million m3 and the water availability percapita is estimated at 125m3 per year which is the lowest rate all over the world .
The main p
problem is the bad managementgfor water resources which lead to the followingg-The overuse of groundwater resources for the agricultural sector.
-The expansion of well-drilling and groundwater use in Yemen since the 1970’s demonstrated that inwater abundant conditions, demand management is not seen as a priority, qat, vegetables andfruits,, resulting
g in highg water consumption.
p
It also ggave rise to increase in drinking
g water demands,,
especially in urban areas where population increased faster as result of migration from rural to urban
areas.

Water Resources in Yemen•Rain full•surface water•Springs•Ground water- Harvest rain water
Yemen is a country suffering waterg Therefore rainwater
shortage.
harvesting is a common practice since
the antique. Ruins of dams andreservoirs as well as the unique,spectacular mountain terraces
terraces, cistern(rocky tanks) , water pools, dams

Wastewater treatment in Yemen:

According to a 2002 report by staff from the Yemeni Environment Protection Agency,ththerewere 10 wastewatertt treatmentt tt plants
l t iin YYemen att th
the titime iin SSana’a,’ TTaiz,i Ibb
Ibb,
Hajaa, Aden, Amran, Al Hodaida, Dammar, Yarem, and Radaa. Most of the plants use thestabilization pond technology, a low-cost technology particularly suitable for a hot climate.
Some use imhoff tanks or the activates sludge
g p
procedure commonlyy used in manyy
developed countries. While data on the quality of treated effluent are limited, those datathat are available show that the effluent of at least two plants complies with the relatively
lenient national standard of 150 mg/l of Biological oxygen demand, a measure of organic
pollution.
ll ti
HHowever, none off th
the ffour analyzed
l d plants
l t compliedli d with
ith ththe standard
t d d ffor ffecallcoli form , a measure of biological contamination. Reuse of treated and untreatedwastewater in agriculture is common in Yemen. Wastewater from hospitals and medicallaboratories is discharged
g into the sewer system,y, but cannot be adequatelyqy treated in theexisting municipal wastewater treatment plants. The largest wastewater treatment plantin the country, located in Sana'a, was completed in 2000, but it had to be upgraded
between 2003 and 2005 due to "deficiencies in its operation, unacceptable odor
emissions and inadequate management of the generated sludge
emissions,sludge.
•the treated wastewater from the STPs is around 125,000m3 per day, or around 45.5
Mm3/year•The qqualityy of the outflow is highly
g y variable, while it is veryy goodgqualityqy in Hajah,
j it isvery bad in Taiz, depending on :•The method of treatment
The capacity of the station

Causes of the Water Crisis in Yemen
1-Population Growth
2 Misguided Agricultural Development and Policies
23- Qat and Its Effect on the Crisis
4- Lack of Law Enforcement
5- Climate Vulnerability

Population Density in Yemen
Use of Water for a Period of 30 Years (1990-2010) In Different Water Use Sectors (million
cubic meters per year)

Drought:
Yemen is set to be the first country in the world to run out of water,
providing a taste of the conflict and mass movement of populations that
may spread across the world if population growth outstrips natural
resources Government and experts agree that the capital,
resources.
capital Sana’a
Sana a, has about
ten years at current rates before its wells run dry but the city of two million
continues to grow as people are forced to leave other areas because ofwater shortages Drought has caused the displacement of thousands ofpeople s from mountainous villages in 20092009, the first time in Yemen; theInvestment Authority in Yemen has called on the private sector to compete
for projects to desalinate seawater in order to face the current issue ofwater scarcity in Yemen as well as the future fear of drought
land drought in
Yemen
Qat treeThe Institutional Framework of the Water Sector
The Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) which was established in May 2003 ishighest authority in charge of water affairs in Yemen, the mandate of the ministry to
reorganize the water sector, with the aim of creating an institutional structure for integrated
water management and to prepare the necessary institutional and investment conditions toface the exacerbating water problem in Yemen. The MWE was charged with one of the mostcomplex development problems in Yemen and its most challenging tasks
tasks, namely: the water
scarcity problem and the challenges of providing drinking water to the urban and rural
population, treating wastewater, managing water resources and planning its use in light of
the water law.
The ministry’s mandate includes a number of implementing institutions
the National Water Resources Authority (NWRA) , in charge of water recourses
management and development
The General Environment Protection Authority (EPA) in charge of environment
protection and natural resources conservation.
The General Authority for Rural Water Supply Projects (GARWSP) in charge ofareas
water supply services in rural areas.
The National Water and Sanitation Authority (NWSA) in charge of water andsanitation services in the branches.
The Local Water and Sanitation corporations.
The Technical Secretariat for Water and Sanitation Reform.
The Urban Water and Sanitation Project.
The Rural Water and Sanitation Project
The Development Project of Socotra Archipelago

Organization structureInstitutional background of water resources management
In 1996 a national water resources authority (MWRA) was established.
New Ministry for Water & Environment was established in May 2003
Water Law was ratified and issued in August 2002
Irrigation & Dams department still with Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation and did
not yet merged with the new established ministry

Water resources strategies & policies and legislationsyWater Resources Policy and strategy(99-2000

yIrrigation Water policy, (2001)yWatershed Policy, (2000)y

Agricultural sector reform policy, (2000)yUrban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector reform Policy, (1997)ywastewater reuse strategy, (under developing)

To strengthen technical and institutional capacity water resource
management in Yemen
Strengthening the institutional framework by: institutional strengthening and sector coordination
strengthening community-based organizations; water resources management planning (especially basinplanning); and human resource development including:
1- Managing
1
M
i watert quality
lit
2-Recovering control over groundwater
3-Creating an enabling institutionalframework
4 Information provision,
4-Information
provision awarenessraising and creation of water
management vision5- Protection of water rights,
implementation of the water law,
law andcreation of an enabling environment at
the macro-economic level6- Building capacity and improving
performance
7-Enhancing community participation
8-Desalination formulating a policy forsea water or brackish groundwater
desalination
desalination.

The National Water Sector Strategy and Investment
Programme (NWSSIP)

Strengthen the technical and institutional capabilities :The NWSSIP I action plan provided for thirteen actions grouped under eight strategic- SustainabilityS
i bili throughhh water resources protection
i andd allocationlli through:hh reducing
d i groundwaterdmining,i isecuring farmers’ water rights, and getting incentives right.
- Increasing farmer incomes through increased water use efficiency by: refocusing agricultural research andextension, cost recovery on public irrigation schemes, developing water user associations (WUAs) as principal
partners, andd treating
i qat as a crop.
-Enhancing resource sustainability and quality through watershed management by: reviving watershed/waterbasin management with an integrated approach, and reviewing and revising the dams program.
- Improving targeting and sustainability by: adopting bottom-up approaches throughout and mainstreaming
gender issues; promoting sustainability through broadening the range of partners so as to include, forinstance, more NGOs and community institutions; and directing available finance to the greatest need(targeting).
- improving technology choice by: broadening available technology choices; and integrating sanitation andhygiene in rural water schemes Sourcing the water by: ensuring and protecting water resources and their
qualityregulatory- Continuing the reform process by: evaluating and deepening the reform program; developing regulatory,
monitoring, support and policy functions; working towards financial sustainability of water utilities; andpromoting private investment and public private partnerships- Improving water allocation, while mindful of equity, social norms, meeting the domestic needs andmaximizing
i i i economici bbenefits
fit- Improving sector governance through information and awareness by: strengthening the water
resources information base; strengthening the water resources monitoring system; and national andregional information, education and awareness campaigns.

proposed institutional structure foe implementation of IWRM plans at the national level inth ESCWA countries
thet iThe NWSSIP Update Overall Goal and Key Objectives
Overall goal
To improve the Yemeni
ppopulation’spsustainable andeconomically efficient use of thenation’s scarce water resources

Impacts
Increased access to safe and affordablewater and sanitation
Rural incomes are sustainedRate of groundwater depletion slows in key
basins

Impact indicators
Percentage of MDGs attained
Real rural GDP p
pc maintained
Depletion rates reduced in Sana’a,Upper Wadi Rasyan, and Amran

Key objectives
Key objective 1: Strengthen
institutions for sustainable water
resources management

Key outcomes
NWRA, basin committees, local authorities and other partners have the institutional
capacity to develop and coordinate
integrated water resource management

Key outcome indicators
8 NWRA branches decentralized andfully functioning
8 basin committees and plans
operational and fully financed

Key objective 2: Improve
community-based water resource
management

Communities are empowered and enabled 
to manage their water resources at the locallevel

Number of farmers organized in
WUAs and cooperating in water
resources managementgNumber of agricultural
wells
monitored and controlled by WUAs

Key objective 3: Increase accessto water supply and sanitation
services

The Yemeni people, both urban and rural,
have increased affordable access to safeand regulated water supply and sanitation






65% of urban residents have access tosafe water
50% of urban residents have access tosafe sanitation
62.5% of rural residents have accessto safe water
All water supply projects haveprovision for safe sanitation

Key objective 4: Increase returns
to agricultural water use

Farmers are able to sustain their incomeswhilst using less water

Area using water saving techniquesj
5: Recover control
Keyy objective
over groundwater abstraction in
critical water basins

Groundwater abstractions from criticalbasins have been stabilized or reduced

Abstractions in Sana’a, Upper
pp WadiRasyan, and Amran basins havestabilized or reduced

Example of NWSSIP activities requiring inter-agency approaches
Cross cutting topic

Agencies

Joint actions

Reference

1. IWRM at the NWRA, basin committees, basin level
local authorities, MAI, 
users




studies of priorities at basin level
preparation and implementation of basin plans
support to basin committees
establishment of protection zones
water rights registration and water transfer

2. Developing WUAs NWRA, basin committees, 
as the building block local authorities, MAI,
forwater usersmanagement
RWSS agencies, NWRA, 
MAI, NGOs, WUAs,
NWRA,
basin committees,
local
authorities,
RWSS
agencies, WUAsNational Conference on Community Water Management and Water IWRM 1.1.4
IWRM 1.1.7
Rightsdevelopment of water users associations as the lower level building
bl k off water
blockst resources managementtcapacity building of effective and sustainable user organizations for RWSS 2.3.2
rural water
development of water user organizations for irrigation, including a IRRIG 2.1.1
study and strategy for scaling up

MWE/utilities,
NWRA, committees WUAs,
WUAs 
basin committees,
private sector
RWSS agencies, NWRA, basin committees, local 
authorities, WUAsUWSS 2.2.1
identify resources within basin plansdevelop equitable and sustainable models for resource transfer
transfer, UWSS 2.2.1
recognizing water rights and “no uncompensated harm”
RWSS 2.2.1
map, identify and monitor resources within basin plans
RWSS 2.2.2
sustainable management of RWSS sources

3. Sourcing water

4.
Developing NWRA,
MAI,
urban alternative
water utilities, private sector,
sources
NGOs
MWE/ ili i
MWE/utilities,
NWRA 
NWRA,
private sector, NGOs
RWSS agencies, NWRA, 
SFD, private sector

IWRM 3.2.1
IWRM 1.1.4
114
IWRM 1.1.7
IWRM 1.3.3
IWRM 3.2.2

developing desalination, rainwater harvesting and other options

IWRM 1.2.5

d li i study
desalinationd for
f coastall cities
ii

UWSS 2.2.1
221development and distribution of low cost technologies for drinking RWSS 2.1.1
water supply

Cross cutting
Agencies
topic
5. Improving water NWRA, MAI, rural 
water
ff
y
agencies,g, use efficiency
urban utilities


W /u
es,

MWE/utilities,
NWRA,
private 
sector
MAI, NWRAJoint actions

Referencetechnology and pilot programmes in water use efficiency
irrigationgwater managementg
irrigation technology

IWRM 1.2.2
IWRM 3.1.1
IWRM 3.1.2

implementing
pe eg a loss
oss reduction
educ o p
programmeogeimproving network management and efficiency

UWSS 2.1.1. .
UWSS 2.2.2

Research on water use efficiency, technology and pilot IRRIG 3.1.1
programmes in water use efficiency

6. Water quality

NWRA,
EPA, 
Water
Quality
Committee, urban utilities

updating water quality standards and finalizing water quality IWRM 1.3.1
policyIWRM 1.3.2
water pollution monitoring
IWRM 1.3.3
establishment and enforcement of protection zones

7. Water reuse

NWRA,
MAI, 
urban utilities

cost effective and safe treatment/reuse of irrigation drainage IWRM 2.1.1
water
IWRM 2.1.1
urban wastewater treatment and reuse
UWSS 1.2.3

8.
Policy NWRA
NWRA,
8
MWE,
environment
government
agencies

MAI,
MAI 
other

9. Environmental NWRA, EPA, MAI, Impactall water agencies
Assessment (EIA)

the policy framework for groundwater management

IWRM 1.2.3
123

IWRM 2.1.3
updating and improving the EIA mechanism
ensuring consistent application of EIAs to water programmes, IWRM 2.1.3
including dams

providing safe sustainable and equitable water along with appropriate sanitation

Awareness public in the field of water ::When any talk about tools and strategies for integrated management ofwater resources, clearly referred to awareness as the first step in the
management of water resources and the basic requirement foreffectiveness. Consequently, the communication and awareness ofwater issues is not a goall in itself,
lf butb a means to achievehtheh objectivesbof integrated management of water resources, and therefore they are
an integral part of the overall strategy for the management of water
resources. But the richest on the participation of the local community.
Obviously, to achieve integrated management of water resources
requires the direct participation of the leaders and all water Users alike;hence, raising the level of awareness among all social strata andpoliticalli i l represents basic
b i elementsl
off theh nationalil strategy forf water.
We live in a new era of scientific progress, where the humanitariancommunity is witnessing the amazing developments of the discovery of
the genetic map to the technological revolution of communication andmedia, and the stream of news has become the most prominent
features of the current era control of the means of communication andcommunity by means of mass media. And led the modern means ofcommunicationi i andd transportationi to accelerateltheh disseminationdii i off
information. And, media are many and varied, and each type of media
properties and features unique to the other such as TV Newspapersg, Publications (p(posters,, brochures,, etc ...),), Flashes andand magazines,
documentaries, Mobile phones and Internet

Water in everything

Water is future

Means of raising awareness in local communities in Yemen:•Establish leadership meetings and legal persons in local
councils• Raise awareness of proper irrigation methods and theexchange of opinions through established council’s afternoon.
•During the work on the farm.
•Books used in primary and secondary schools in Yemen,looking for mentions of water resources and advice for properuse of this scarce resource.
•Awareness of the importance of water in mosques in schools•we can raise people’s awareness by Awareness movie - TV andradio spots - Street posters - Water songs - Wheel covers - Et
Th challenge
The
h ll
in
i awareness aboutb t watert issueiin
i Yemen:Y•water is not an issue of public concern also the People don't
trust government•Conventional means of communication have not proved
successful to reach decision - makers and the public.
•as water policies promote expanding use of the scarce
resources there is little interest to communication thecorresponding pressing problem

Raindrop shape used for awareness people about water issues

Difficulties•Continuous uncontrolled groundwater abstractions and drilling.
•Deepenedpand dryy wells in highlandgplains:p
Several new attempts
p to introduce water
resource•Management and control (draft legislation submitted to Parliament)•Low level of extension services: The continued use of traditional agriculture
techniques is blamed on inadequate inputs and support services provided to farmers
farmers.
• Furthermore, there is little public investment in agricultural research and extension
services Water scarcity and inefficient irrigation system: Water use is inefficient due todominance of traditional floodingg and gravitygy irrigation,g
despitep existingg water depletionpin almost all water basins.
•Low productivity: Fragmentation of land holdings, inappropriate inputs, and water
scarcity lead to low productivity, which is reflected in low labor wages. Yields for many
crops are well below technical potential compared to that in other countries
countries. The yield
gap can be as high as 40% for potato and tomato, 60% for banana, and 20% for oranges.
Post harvest losses are high due to harvesting techniques which are seen to reflect
rough handling, poor packaging and weak transport networks. Also, lack of quality
control undermines competitiveness of agriculture exports.
•Growing Qat production: it is inevitable that any interventions or solutions will have totouch upon all various aspects of Qat production and consumption, making use ofadvantages and overcoming negative aspects.
aspects The GoY,
GoY having convened a national
conference in 2003 to address these issues, is drafting a strategy and an action plan
which builds consensus around the various qat issues.
•Water scarcity and inefficient irrigation system: Water use is inefficient due todominance of traditional flooding and gravity irrigation, despite existing water depletionin almost all water basins.

Challenges of the water resources in Yemen :
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y

Scarcity of water resources,
Low water supplies and use efficiencies,
W k
Weakness
enforcementf
off water relatedl d laws/regulations,l /lLack of proper coordination among the water related agencies.
Minor participation of the private sector,
High population growth (3.01%)
Minor public awarenessawareness.
Lack of data/information
Lack of investment of water sector.
Severe water scarcity
Groundwater overexploitation
Water overuse for drug irrigation
Illegal drilling activities
The public is ignoring Yemen’s water
Water mismanagementg

Recommendations:•Support is still needed to steer the attempts of the National Water Resources Authority to havecountry wide organized information system and Activation of the Water law.
•Although the phenomena of climate had been changing are not or only partly understood by
the prediction of data & climate projection for the future, the National Government must draw
up appropriate adaptation measures•Need to develop water resources informationf
guidelines.
•Need to develop guidelines for predictions, estimations and indicators in Yemen water
resources information.
Need to develop and improve data base information system.
•Need•Need to specific and targeted training programs.
•Need for donors coordination to support water resources management programs.
•Need for proper capacity building and establish database to awareness public.

CONCLUSIONSThe ultimate goal is to attain sustainable socio-economic development troughmanagementt andd developmentd lt off theth watert resources off theth country
t in
i an
efficient, equitable and sustainable manner. Specifically, the following immediateobjectives have been identified in the Five Year Development Plan: Protect water
resources from over-exploitation,over exploitation quality degradation and irreversible damage;
Allocate water resources among different users to sustain economic growthwith equitable distribution of benefits and balanced demographic distribution,
and; Satisfy societysociety'ss need for water
water, food and ecological stability by meeting
drinking water requirements, by providing for safe disposal of wastewater andsolid wastes, by increasing productivity per units of land and water, and by
maintaining an ecological balance.