Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

Early Warning System
Research Reportpfor the Visiting Researcher Program (2011 B)
Asian Disaster Reduction Centre
Kobe, Japan

Phatsita RERNGNIRUNSATHIT
D
Departmenttt off Di
Disastert PreventionPti andd Miti
Mitigationti
Ministry of Interior, Thailand
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of InteriorS
Scope
off Presentation
Pt ti

I. General Information¾ Thailand¾ Japan
II. Thailand Disaster Management System
III Japan Disaster Management System
III.
IV. Early warning system in Japan
V Early warning system in Thailand
V.
¾ Conclusion

1

Thailand
General Information

Flag of Thailand
5º and 21º N latitude
97º and 106º E longitude,
Bordered by Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia,
Gulf of Thailand Malaysia,
Malaysia and Andaman
513,115 square kilometres.
Main 4 regions
Average height temperature of 34
34◦cc and thelow of 23 ◦c.

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

3

Geography
FFour regionsiare didistinguished:iih d
North; mountainous ,forested areas.
Central Plain with the Chao Phraya River Basinand some other, smaller rivers basins;
including Eastern ,& Western area
North-East, also known as the Khorat Plateau;South on the northern half of the Malay
Peninsula.

4
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

Climate••

A tropical country, Thailand has three distinct seasons. The firstis a hot and dry season from February to May, with an averagetemperature of 34 °C
C and 75 percent relative humidity.
humidityThis season is followed by a rainy, cooler season brought by thesouthwest monsoon from June to September, with an average
daily temperature of 29 ° C and 87 percent relative humidity
humidity. A
cooler, dry season, caused by the northeast monsoon, lasts from
November to January, with temperatures ranging from 32 ° C
to less than 20 ° C and lower relative humidity
humidity.. The lightest
rainfall is in the northeast. Temperatures in Bangkok range
between 20 ° C and 35 ° C.

5

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

The Level of Disaster Intensity, Vulnerability,
Managing Competency and Risk Level of Thailand
DisasterSeverity

Vulnerability

Management

Tendency

Flood

High

MediumMediumHigh

Landslide /MudflowHigh

MediumPoor

High

Windstorm

MediumMediumMediumMediumDroughtHigh

MediumMediumMediumFire

High

MediumMediumMediumExplosiveHigh

MediumMediumMediumEarthquake

Low

Low

Poor

Medium

AccidentHigh

MediumPoor

High

TsunamiHigh

MediumMediumMedium6
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior Source : DDPM Adjust in 2010

Thailand’s Disaster Situation Summary in 2010
Disaster type

Frequency

PeopleKilledTotal affected
peopleDamaged (USD)

Fl d
Flood

7

266

13 485 963
13,485,963

533 075 769
533,075,769

hailstorm

19n/a

31,935

184,552

Drought

1

n/a

15,740,824

n/aCold Spell1n/a10,609,301

n/a

Fire

1,903

29

8,912

41,885,385

Storm

2,192

30

407,2716,487,612

Thunderboltinduced disaster

230

45

817

90,401

Forest Fire

6,763

n/a

n/a

n/a

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior
Source : DDPM

Recently Major Disasters
Flood 2011

• Fl
Flood
d Eff
Effectst ( JulyJ l 25,2011
25 2011– The arrival of Nock-Ten)• Effected people : 13.6
13 6
million in 4 regions• Loss of Life 813 (as of JAN.
JAN
8 , 2012)• Economic Damage :43,253.60 million USD(source : Thai Chamber ofCommerce)

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

8

•

•

The World Bank has estimated 1,425 billion
baht (US$ 45.7 Bn) in economic damages andlosses due to flooding, as of 1 December
2011. Most of this was to the manufacturinggindustry, as seven major industrial estates
were inundated by as much 3 meters((10 feet)) duringg the floods. Disruptionsptomanufacturing supply chains affected
regional automobile production and caused a
global shortageg
g of hard disk drives, which is
expected to last throughout 2012.

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

Disaster Prevention and Mitigationg
Act 2007
Disaster classified into 3 categoriesg1) Man-made and natural
disasters;2) Disaster resulted fromair raid during wartime;and3) Disaster resulted fromsabotageg or terrorist attack

9Disaster Management System
based
b
d on
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Act 2007
Come into force on 6 November 2007

Institutional arrangementg
1.National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Committee (NDPMC)
2. The Commander in chief.
3. The Secretariat of NDPMC.
4. The Directors in the Incident Commander

11

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

Disaster Management System
The Cabinet
commandreportp

National Councils (NDPMC, NSCT)
commandreportreport

BMA.

Policy Makers

The Secretariat

Command/ Coordinate

reportProvincial Governments (75)
PPatayat
City,
Cit Large
L
Municipalities

Di t i t G
District
Governmentst

A ti
Actions

Local administration, Small
Municipalities
12

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

Structure of Disaster Management System
The structure of disaster prevention and mitigation system inThailand was divided into 3 levels as follows

1.Policy
1
Policy Level:
Level
The National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Committee is the policy
maker body. The national disaster prevention and mitigation plan will be
the tool to drive the disaster management.
2. Command Level:
Minister of Interior as Commander in Chief has authority to control andsupervise the situation throughout the country. However, in thecatastrophe event, Prime Minister or Designate Prime Minister will be
Chief of Commander.
Commander
3. Operation Level:
DDPM Director General as Central Director has the duties to p
prevent andmitigate disaster throughout the country and supervise the Provincial andLocal Director, staffs and civil defence volunteers.
13
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

Structure of Disaster Management System• 3. Operation Level:• Provincial
P i i l Governor
G
as PProvincial
i i l Di
Directort h
has ththe ddutiesti ttocopes with the disaster prevention and mitigation in theprovince.
province• Chief of District as District Director has the duties to carry
prevention and mitigationgin the district.
out the disaster p
Head of Local Administration Agencies as the Local Director
have the duties to carry out the disaster prevention andmitigation in their local areas.
• Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) Governor as
BMA Director
Di t hash theth duties
d ti tot carry outt theth disasterdi t
prevention and mitigation in Bangkok
14
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

National Disaster Prevention and
Mitigation Plan
• devised by National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Committee• the master plan for establishing provincial and
Bangkok Metropolitan plan , and other related
government agencies and local administrations
administrations’operational plan.
• 3 levels
levels- national,
national provincial,provincial and Bangkok provinces• reviewed every 3 years by DDPM

NDPMC

National Disaster Pre
Prevention
ention and Mitigation
Committee• Basedd on theh DPM AAct 2007• NDPMC is a p
policyy maker,, chaired byy
Prime Minister or designated Deputy Prime
Mi i t andMinisterd DG. Of DDPM isi theth SecretarySt
34 members, and various sub-committee• Minister of Interior is the Commander in chef; in large - scale of emergency response
response.
16
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Committee

Members
Chairperson - PM
V Chairperson 1 – Minister of
I t iInterior
V Chairperson 2 – Permanent Sec
of Min. of Interior
Permanent sec. of Min of Defense
Permanent sec. of Min of Social Dev.
Permanent sec
sec. of Min of Agriculture etc
etc.
Experts & Military Commanders

Member&Secretary – DDPM
DDPM’ss DG

Duties•Formulate the National Disaster
Prevention and Mitigationg
Plan•Approve the National Plan before
submitting to the cabinetgthe development
pof•Integrated
Disaster Prevention and
Mitigation System among allconcerned sectors•give recommendations,consultation, and support toconcerned agencies
g•propose regulation on remuneration,
recompense and so on.

To set up SubSub-Committee (s(s))

Provincial Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Committee

Members
Chairpersonp– Governor
Vice Chairperson – Deputy Governor/
Military Commander/
Chairman of Provincial
Administration
Organization-Representatives
Representatives from Provincial
Government Services, Local
Administration Organization,
P i t Sector/NGO’s
PrivateS t /NGO’
Member & Secretary –DDPM’s Provincial Chief

D ti
Duties•Formulate the Provincial
Disaster Prevention and
Mitigation Plan
•Oversee and provide training
for volunteer•Oversee & investigate local
admins. of preparing
equipment•Operate as government
service unit at local admins.
level to assist the disaster
affected and other activities
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

Provincial Disaster Prevention and MitigationgCommittee

Members

D ti
DutiesChairpersonp– Governor
Vice Chairperson – Deputy Governor/
Military Commander/
Chairman of Provincial
Administration
Organization-Representatives
Representatives from Provincial
Government Services, Local
Administration Organization,
P i t Sector/NGO’s
PrivateS t /NGO’
Member & Secretary –DDPM’s Provincial Chief•Formulate the Provincial
Disaster Prevention and
Mitigation Plan
•Oversee and provide training
for volunteer•Oversee & investigate local
admins. of preparing
equipment•Operate as government
service unit at local admins.
level to assist the disaster
affected and other activities
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

BMA’s Disaster Prevention and MitigationC
Committee
ittMembers
Chairpersonp– BMA Governor
Vice Chairperson–BMA Permanent
Secretary
Government Agencies Reps.
DDPM’s Reps. Private sector/
NGO’ss Reps.
NGO
Reps Community Reps.
Reps
Military Reps.
Education Institution
R
Reps.

Duties•Formulate
Formulate the Disaster
Prevention and Mitigation
Plan for Bangkok•OverseeOandd ttraini volunteer
l t
in BK
•Procure
Procure material,
equipment, tools, vehicles
and others•SupportSt andd assist
i t locall ladmins. and the neighboringin disaster prevention

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

Substantial Part of 3-level Plan
N ti
National
l planl

P i i l Plan
Provincial
Pl

B
Bangkokk k PlanPl(1) Guide lines, measuresand budget to support
disaster prevention andmitigation operations(1) The setting up of Special
Command Center whenever disasters strike(1) establish command
center where disasteroccurred( ) Guide lines and methods(2)
for providing aids andmitigate the impacts ofdisasters( ) Plan and procedures for(2)
local administrations for
procuring tools, equipments,
materials, hardware andvehicles in disasterprevention and mitigation
operations( ) plan and process to(2)
procure materials , tools ,equipment, and vehicle fordisaster prevention andmitigation

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

National Disaster Prevention and
Miti ti Plan
Mitigation
Pl ((cont.)t)
National plan

Provincial Plan

Bangkok Plan

(3) Relevant government
agencies and local
administrations shallproceed operations under(1) and (2), and shall seek
for availability andmobility of fund(3) Plan and procedures
for local administrations
for procuring an early
warning system and otherequipments(3) plan and process to
procure signaling devices
for notifying theoccurrence of a disaster(4) Preparedness
perspectives on support
personnel, equipments andother materials(4) Operation plan fordisaster prevention andmitigation at local
administrations(4) Bangkok Disaster
Pevention and Mitigation
Action Operation Plan

(5) Guide line on fixing,(5) Cooperation plan torecovery and restoration to other relevant public
community right after
charities.
disaster(5) Coordination Plan with
Public Charity
Organizations in Bangkok

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan (2010-2014)

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

23

NSCT
National Safety Council of Thailand• NSCT is a policy maker body in technological disastermanagementg• NSCT is chaired byy Prime Minister or designatedDeputy Prime Minister• NSCT comprises 34 members from a wide rangeof sectors

24
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

Master Plan

25

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

Budget Size 2003 -2011
Y
Year
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011

THB
1, 066,412,900
1,312,578,500
1 685 362 700
1,685,362,700
2,437,850,700
1,948,805,800
2,184,972,800
2,315,783,900
2 541 163 000
2,541,163,000
2,541,163,300

USD
34.7
42.8
54 9
54.9
79.5
63.6
71.3
75.5
82 9
82.9
82.9

As of 24 Feb 2012 : 1 USD = 30.65 THB = 76.18 JPN

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

JPN
2775
3416
4386
6345
5072
5687
6027
6614
6614
26

Department of Disaster Prevention and
Mitigation
Miti ti (DDPM)••••

Established in 2002
2002,,
under Ministry ofInterior.
Performs the
Secretariat Tasks for
NDPMC and NSCTHas over 4,000 Staffs,
with 18 branch inregional offices
And having staffs in
75 provinces
throughout thecountry

27
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

DDPM responsibilitiesp:1) formulates the National Disaster Prevention
and Mitigation Plan for the committee
2) Organizes and researches on procedures andmeasures3) Operates, cooperates, supports and assists all
relevant agencies
4) Guides, and provides consultancy, and train
all concerned sectors
5) Follow-up, assesses and evaluates all activities

28

DDPM’s Preparedness

DDPM has supported the provinces to carry out
preparedness related activities as follow;• Formulating disaster prevention plan.
• Training the officials and Civil Defense Volunteer.
• Educating the public.
• Procuring equipments, vehicles and other amenities
for safetyy• Providing temporary shelters.
• Conducting annual eexercise
ercise & drills.
drills29
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

DDPM in Preparedness’ s activity
Equipment practiceCommunity Drill

Official training

Civil Defense Volunteer

Search & Rescue training
Drill in school

DisasterPreparedness

Prevention
Mitigation

Response*
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction

30
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of InteriorProjects on disaster reduction
1. The One Tambon-One-Search and Rescue Team (OTOS)
2. Disaster Management Training for Managers,
Practitioners Local Government Officers and Others .The
Practitioners,
The
Prevention and Mitigation Academy (DPMA) established by
Ministry of Interior, DPMA is now a principle educational
institution in disastermanagement field.
3. Education for Disaster-Preparedness in Primary School
4. Community-Based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM) Program
5. “Mr. Warning” Training Program
6. Emergency Response Team Development project (ERT)31
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

When a disaster strikes……
strikesNational/Provincial/local
Ni
l/P i i l/l l Plans
Pl
shallh ll beb activatedidy Local government shall react firsty Neighboring local governments shall assist
y Provincial government to supporty DDPM shall support and coordinate with othernational agencies

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

JAPANESTIMATED POPULATION : 127.77
MILLION
CAPITAL TOKYOCAPITAL:
CLIMATE: Clear-cut temperature changes
between the four seasons
RELIGIONS: BUDDHISM
SHINTOISMCHRISTIANSLAND AREA: 378,000 sq.kms.
MAJOR ISLANDS: Honshu Shikoku
Hokkaido
KyushuCONSISTING OF:
OF Prefectures:
Prefectures 47 ,Municipalities: 1,800

National Disasters in JapanJJAPANN ISS LOCATEDLOC E WITHINWN THEE BOUNDARIES
OUN
ES OF
O RINGNG
OF FIRE AND AT THE JUNCTION OF 4 TECTONIC PLATES –EURASIAN PLATE, NORTH AMERICAN PLATE, PACIFIC
PLATE AND PHILIPPINES SEA.

A Highly Developed country and aC
Country
vulnerablel
bl to Disasteri

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior34

Natural Disasters in Japan•

Earthquake•

Tsunami•Volcanic Eruption•

Typhoon

•

Fl d
Flood

•

Landslide•

Snow Fall (Avalanche)

JAPAN’S DISASTER
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Disaster Managementg
Related Laws
Basic Act
Disaster Prevention
and Preparedness

Disaster Emergency
Response

Disaster Recovery
and Reconstruction,
and Financial Measures

18 acts

3 Acts23 acts• Earthquake
E thk• Disaster Relief Act• Eruption of Volcanoes• Fire service Act• Flood and Storm• Flood Control Act• Disaster Victims
Livelihood Recovery
Support System• Sediment Disaster• Recovery anddRehabilitation• Insurance

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior

37

OVERVIEW OF THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
According to the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, Disaster management inJapan is implemented at three levels: National, Prefectural , and Municipal ,DISASTER MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONOVERVIEW OF THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMCENTRAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT COUNCIL

C
Centrall DisasteriManagement CouncilC
il consists
i off theh primeiminister,
i i
who
h is
i the
h chairperson,
h iMinister of State for Disaster Management, all ministers, heads of major public institutions andexperts. The council promotes comprehensive disaster countermeasures including deliberating
important issues on disaster reduction according to requests from the Prime Minister or
Minister of State for Disaster Management.

DM & Organization of the national government of Japan
Disaster Management,
Management
Cabinet Office
Ministry of Internal
Affairs andCommunications

CabinetCabinetSecretariat

Minister of State forDisaster Management
Fire and Disaster
Management Agency

Ministry ofJustice

Deputy Director-Generalfor Disaster Management

Ministry ofg Affairs
Foreign

Directorfor Disaster Management

Ministry of
Finance
Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science andd Technology
h lSmall and Medium
Enterprise Agency

Ministry of Health,Labour and Welfare

Agency for Natural
Resources and Energy

Ministry of Agriculture,
Agriculture
Forestry and Fisheries

Nuclear and Industrial
Safety Agency

Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Industry
Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure, Transport,
and Tourism

Japan Meteorological
Agency (JMA)

Ministry oftheh EEnvironmentiJapan Coast
Guard

Ministry of
DefenseDirector-Generalfor Disaster Management

Geographical
Survey Institute

Director for
Disaster Prevention
and Preparedness
Director for
Disaster Response
Operations
Director for
Post-Disaster Recovery
and Reconstructions
Di t for
Directorf
Earthquake and Volcanic
Disaster Management

42Central Disaster Management Council
Chairperson – Prime Minister
MembersMb– 17 Head of all ministers– Head of all Designated Public Corporations– Governor of the Bank of Japan– President of Japanese Red Cross Society– President of Nippin⁷ Hoso Kyokai(Japan Broadcasting Corporation)– NTT– President of Nippon Telegraph andTelephone Corporation– Experts

Duties Formulate and promote implementation of the Basic Disaster Management Plan and Earthquake Countermeasures Plans.
 Formulate and promote implementation of the urgent measures plan for major disasters
 Deliberate important issues on disaster reduction according to request from the Prime Minister or Minister of State for Disaster
Management (basic disaster management policies) Other opinions regarding important issues on disaster reduction to the Minister and Minister of State for Disaster Management

DISASTER RESPONSE MECHANISM

Involvement and Cooperation of All Stakeholders

National Govt.
Mass Media

Local Govt.

Lifeline Companies
Scientific & Engineering Experts

Transportation Companies
NGOs

Construction Companies
Schools(Private Sector)
PeopleInternational AssistanceDisaster Management Budget
The national budget for disaster management is approximately 1.2 trillion yen.
Scientific and Technology Research
Disaster Prevention and Preparedness
National Land Conservation
Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation- 0.6 %
- 17.5%- 62.4%- 19.5%

Disaster Management at Prefecture Level
To carryy out its disaster managementg
responsibilitiesp
relevant departmentspanddivisions is established within each prefecture.

Disaster Management at Prefecture Level
HYOGO PREFEC TURE - Case

Phoenix Disaster Management System –collects disaster information from 334 terminals installed in such disaster management
agenciesg
as p
prefectural ggovernments offices,, district administration offices,, local administrative
organs, municipalities, fire headquarters, police headquarters, police stations, self-defense forces,
national government (Fire and Disaster Management Agency, etc.), lifeline providers,etc.
Main function of the system are: collection of observation data, prediction of earthquake
damage, collection of damage information, geographic information, image information, estimation
off demanddd andd supplyl off people.
lHyogo Satellite Communication Network –166 satellite-based stations across the prefecture has been installed to collect and transmit
emergency contacts, meteorological, disaster and other information (transmission of voice, video,
facsimiles and other data) via disaster administration wireless system that connects the prefectural
office, district administration offices, municipalities, fire headquarters, and other points using
satellite communications and goods, etc.
Video Phone System -has been set up for information exchange between prefectural and municipal
disaster management headquarters during disasters.
disasters
Helicopter Video Transmission system – Besides the prefectural police helicopter system, prefecturalfire and disaster-prevention helicopters are utilized to transmit video images to the Disaster
Management Center..
24-hour monitoring – 24-hour monitoring and quick-response system is maintained in
anticipation of the occurrence of a disaster or other emergency.

Providing Disaster Management Information to Citizens- Case of Hyogo Prefecture Government -Transmitting disaster related information using the Internet● Put Disaster management related information on the website( p(http://web.bosai.pref.hyogo.jp/)py g jp )● Provide meteorological information to cellular phones(http://hyogo.bosai.info/mobile/)Internet

Early warning at National Level
JAPAN METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY

JMA is semi-autonomous agency of the MLIT. Besides, functioning as the central weather service
agencyg y of Japan,
J p , the agency
g y has established comprehensivepsurveillance and awareness providingpgmechanism with regard to earthquake, typhoon and volcano hazards. Regarding flood forecast DirectorGeneral of Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) In the event of the imminence of a flood or storm surge,
the Director-General of JMA informs the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and theprefectural governors concerned of the present state.

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

JAPAN BROADCASTING COMPANY - NHK VAST RESOURCES DEDICATED TO DISASTERRESPONSE 14 HELICOPTERS AT 12 LOCATIONS AND 460

REMOTECONTROLLEDCAMERAS

COUNTRYWIDECOUNTRYWIDE.

COMPREHENSIVE COORDINATION ESTABLISHED WITH JMA

Small quakes detected the JMA before strong earthquake
occurs, automatically redirected to NHK within a few
seconds, (moreover, NHK has installed seismic intensity
meters at 73 locations countrywide)) what enables it to issue
public alert promptly and provide necessary information
regarding the magnitude and precise location of theearthquake as well as tsunami information nationwide.

Emergency Warning System (EWS) utilized incollaboration the JMA is carried out only in special
emergency cases such as large
large-scale
scale tsunami andearthquake warnings or based on the request of
governors and mayors - the system switches on tv
sets and radios – 4 tv channels and 3 radio channels
belong to NHK - automatically.

JAPAN BROADCASTING COMPANY - NHKDisaster Information in the Digital Age- Data Broadcasting- One-segmentgbroadcastingg- Mobile-phone website- Internet 4 Stages of NHK’s disaster reporting
1) Before the disaster = Reduce damages.
* Broadcasting the warning quickly* Calling on the aged or disabled to evacuate2) On the disaster = Support rescue operations* Broadcasting the damage situation without delay
3) After the disaster = Support recovery* Providing information to the victims* Encouraging recovery in the long-term
4) Normal times = Build safe society* Taking up the issue of disaster prevention positively in normal times.

Conclusion- Comprehensive mechanism of emergency broadcasting by national television –Close collaboration with JMA andestablished automated emergency warning, huge facilities and equipments in its disposal NHK plays central role in disasterbroadcasting and emergency warning.
- As one of the public corporations designated for disaster management under the Disaster Countermeasure Basic Act,NHK plays the key role in disaster broadcasting and emergency .JMA is the key body in prediction major natural hazards such as
earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons and volcano eruptions while MLIT is for flood and sediment disasters and cooperation withthem is essential for municipalities and other disaster response organizations. It must be noted that application of latest
technologies for disaster warning and communication by JMA had greatly improved disaster response system in Japan
Japan. In
addition, state lifeline agencies, railway companies, NHK has established quick information sharing with JMA and other relevantbodies as well as response mechanism within respective fields of activity.
- Crucial collaboration with JMA and MLIT – JMA and MLIT are key bodies for disaster prediction and good co-operation
mechanism between them enables responding disaster timely and in coordinated manner.
- Successful
S
f l promotion
ti off voluntaryl temergency response andd disasterdi t awareness among public
bli –BigBi numberb off voluntaryl t
response organizations and people involved in voluntary diareness and social responsibility for disaster reduction in the country.
During disaster times acting in collaboration with the professional responders, voluntary teams demonstrate remarkable effortsin psychological support of the affected people and provided basic utilities.
-Changes and advancements driven by previous large-scale disasters -based on the lessons of previous national disasters
system has undergone both organizational changes and enhancements. Large-scale natural disasters in recent decades, such as,
Isewan Typhoon, Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake have influenced currents disaster response system in Japan. The system has
undergone some organizational changes, new disaster response forces – DMAT, and disaster response mechanisms – ex, Phoenix
System and Emergency Medical Information System in Hyogo Prefecture – has been introduced and integrated.
- Multilevel emergency response – Depending on the scale of disaster emergency response is conducted on local,prefectural and national levels.
- Effective lifeline crisis management system – recent disasters proved high level of emergency response
preparedness and capabilities by lifeline – electricity and gas – providers. integration of advanced technologies for disasterprediction, control and resilience and comprehensive collaboration with other relevant bodies are the key reasons

65

Early Warning System in Thailand

66

National DRR Institutions• The
Th National
N il Di
Disaster W
Warning
i C
Center (NDWC)• The Department of Disaster Prevention and
Mitigation (DDPM)
gy Department
p
(TMD)
(
)
• The Thailand Meteorology• The Department of Mineral Resources (DMR)• The Department of Water Resources (DWR)• The Royal Irrigation Department (RID)• Hydrographic Department of the Royal Thai Navy(HDRTN)
67

68

National Disaster Warning Center (NDWC)

Role and Responsibility
NDWC is responsible for end-to-end multihazards including earthquake and tsunami :-Receiving data
-Analysis-Dissemination of Warning Message-Coordinating and Planning-Supervising the Preparedness and Response,
and the recovery.

69

National Disaster Warning Center
Department of Disaster Prevention
and Mitigation

National Disaster
Warning Center

Pubic
P bi

The Thailand Meteorology
Department

Send-receive Hot line

The Department of Mineral
Resources

TMD, DMR,DNP, DDPM,Suan Sunandha
Rajabhat University,Ministry of Interior , TV 5
D t t off Fi
Department
Fishery,h EGAT
EGAT. , PCD

Hydrographic Department ,Royal
Thai Navy ,Seismological Bureau

The Royal Irrigation
Department

Data from International
AgencyNOAA ,USGS , EMSC ,GEOFON , KJC , GDAC

Water level

National Disaster Warning message/Test
Warning Center Equipment status

Early Warning
Channel 5(TV Pool)
Organizations or individuals
involved.

การส่งสัญญาณเตือนภัย โดยส่งจากสถานีถา่ ยทอดสัญญาณเตือนภัย

National Disaster
Warning Centerเครองรบสญญาณ
เครืองรับสั ญญาณศาลากลางจังหวัด

ระบบควบคุมการเตือนภัย
ศูนย์ เตือนภัยพิบัตแิ ห่ งชาติ
สถานีถ่ายทอดสัญญาณเตือนภัย
(อบต ททาการชุ
(อบต,ทีทําการชมชน)มชน) 140 แหงแห่ งเครืองรับสั ญญาณสถานีวทิ ยุกระจายเสี ยงRadio Frequency

วิทยุสมัครเล่น

หอกระจายข่ าวในชุมชน

เครืองรับสั ญญาณเตือนภัยในท้ องทีหอเตือนภัย

72

Department of Mineral Resources (DMR),
Mi i t off N
Ministry
Naturalt l ResourcesRandd Environment
E itEarthquake risk map of Thailand

DMR A
Activities
ti iti :-Geohazard monitoring and warning in tsunami-affectedareas-Established the SpecialpCenter for monitoringg ofearthquake incident, evaluating of geological impact, issue
public warning and disseminating the fact for the public.
- Analyzed and evaluated causes and the risk ofearthquakethk suchh as cave collapse,lllandslidel d lid andd coastalt lerosion.

Earthquake monitoring networks were set up
along
l
th
the maini activeti faults
f lt ini Thailand
Th il dSeismometers were installed for ground motion monitoring73• Landslide hazard maps
-Geological surveys were conducted inlandslide hazard areas- Establishment of Landslide Early Warning
Networks.

Landslide Early Warning Network

Public Warning Noticeหม่ บ้ านตนนา
หมูานต้ นนํา

หมู่บ้านท้ ายนํา
DMR has established local warning networks or selfself
protection networks in risk areas.
The networks include local people working for theircommunities or villages as volunteers.

Royal Irrigation Department (RID)
Royal Irrigation Department (RID) and Water Resource
Department (DWR) of Thailand are responsible for water management.
DWR’s main functions relates to water policy, planning and strategy. RID is
responsible for water source development,
development water management,
management including
flood and drought relief, especially in floodplains and downstream
watershed, whereas DWR takes care of natural rivers and steep-slope
upstream watershed.
The Water Watch and Monitoring System for Warning Centre(WMSC) was set up to monitor flood situations on a 24 hourly basis.
There is also collaboration with other related organizations to plan
flood prevention
prevention. Local flood protection systems were set up in importanteconomic areas where severe floods may occur.
In addition, early warning systems using various technologies were
established. This includes a telemetry and flood forecasting system forwater management.
management76Department of Water resources

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Early warning System

Automatic remote monitoring system

14 มกราคม 2554

ThailandAreas

National Mechanism/System/ yWeakness

1. Risk
Assessment• National DPM Committee/
National Plan
• Landslide risk assessment by DMR• Earthquake risk assessment by
TMD, DMR• Flood risk assessment by RID,
RID
DDPM
• Drought risk assessment by DDPM
• The Provinces/Local governments• Local Risk Assessment via CBDRM•The assessments are conducted byvarious government departments. For
instance, landslide risk assessment ismainly done by The Department ofMineral Resources. DDPM is also incharge of conducting flood and droughtrisk
i k assessment.t

Thailand
Areas

National
Mechanism/System

2. Warning/
Monitoring• National DPM Committee/
National Plan
• National Disaster Warning Centre(Tropical cyclone, tsunami, earthquake)• TMD (Tropical Cyclone,earthquake)• The Department of Water Resources (DWR)•The Royal Irrigation Department (RID)•Etc.

-The framework for disaster management in Thailand adopts a multistakeholder approach with the involvement of many institutions at thenational, provincial and local levels. However, this is not altogether
complete, with some gaps and some overlaps.
- Management system at national, provincial and local levels is not clear and• DDPM• Mr.Disaster Warning Project• The Provinces/Local governments-The
The new institutions such as DDPM and NDWC have disastermanagement as their role responsibilities, and the various long-standing
departments and technical agencies that have some role in different phasesof the disaster management cycle.
-Having too many laws and regulations confines work management•The National Disaster Warning Centre(NDWC) and The Thai Meteorological
Department (TMD) are the key actors in
Disaster Early Warning and Monitoring .

Weakness

unity. It causes problem on coordination and create inefficient works forgovernment agencies, state enterprises, private agencies and other respectedagencies.

The causes for Early warning problem are1)inadequate political commitment,
2)weak coordination among various actors,3)) lack of public awareness and lack of public participation in thedevelopment and operation of early warning systems.
4) Lack of decision support systems that could help to avoid overcautious
and inefficient cross-checking of data.
5) the need for real time connections rather than reliance on the Internet
6) Insufficient budget allocation of DRR
7) One way communication of Early warning , No feed back evaluationfrom community
8) Warning Message understood and trusted but do not know how to
respond.

Thailand –Challenge and Future Plan
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾

¾
¾

¾
¾
¾
¾
¾

¾

DevelopmentDlt off multi-stakeholder
lti t k h ld partnershipsthi andd citizen
iti
participation
ti i ti
Improvement of information sharing and management
Promotion of education and public awarenessIntegration of disaster reduction concepts into development planning
Promoting continuous efforts among the government and various stakeholders on publicawareness and preparednessgppartnershipp of Government and Private Sector
Strengthen
Develop a comprehensive policy and legal framework to cover EWS in structural andoperational detail, and define roles and responsibilities of governmental andnongovernmental actors.
Develop a mechanism for assigning resources to cover the needed inputs.
Ensure feedback into the EWS development process by sharing results from evaluations of
EWS activities and outputs of workshops.
Enhance the critical role of the media in the dissemination of early warning messages.
Analyze the effectiveness of warning messages by using feedback from the community.
Enhance data reliability and interagency data sharing by assessing and prioritizing needs foreachh organizationi ti participatingti i ti ini theth systemt tot improvei
access tot reall time
ti datad t andd totprovide effective analysis to decision makers.
Develop a Warning alerts and messages that are geographically-specific to ensure warnings
are targeted to those at risk only.
onlyThailand –Challenge and Future Plan

¾ EEnhancehtechnologyt h l
tto supportt iinteragencytdata
d t sharing
h i byb assessingi andd prioritizing
i iti i ththeneeds of each participating organization to improve access to real time data and provide areliable analysis to decision makers.
¾ Prepare early warning guide or handbooks that collect all the currently fragmented pieces of
information in a practical format for use by government staff, communities, NGOs, media
and the private sector.
gcommunication networks, particularlypy to and from and within communities,¾ Strengthen¾ Also strengthen and map feedback communications from relevant agencies andcommunities¾ Support development of media partnerships in EWS, such as with the NDWC and at local
levels.
¾ Set up Mister Warning in communities and Disaster Warning Network¾ Design standard and practical guidebook for community leaders.
¾ Create warning system in communities¾ Strengthen participation skills for disaster management with planning skill, creating
network, giving knowledge and disseminating information.
¾ Provide trainings to situation commanders, operation staff, community leaders, planners,
and general people¾ Improve database system and risk maps for risk areas/communities¾ Enhancinghand improving on llocall wisdom for disaster warning¾ Cooperate warning system from respected agencies

Thailand –Challenge and Future Plan
¾
¾
¾
¾

¾
¾
¾
¾

Connectt earlyCl warningi systemt fromf
respected
t d agenciesi
Improve overall disaster forecast system
Connect disaster information system from respected agencies
Evaluatelandd improveitheh responsibilities
ibili i andd authorities
h i i off government agenciesi
periodically
Add knowledge on disasters into educational curriculum of primary to university levels
including community level and all management levels
Strengthen people’s participation in planning and networking. Encourage them to use
museum for disseminating information on disasters
Build up coopration with mass media such as television,
television newspaper and radio for building
culture on safety and flexible community
Strengthen early warning system - Create standard guidebook, set up method and steps to be
guidelines for community leader used for emergency response after receiving warning
alarm.

ありがとうございます83
Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Ministry of Interior