Proceedings of

UNESCO Chair Programme on

Cultural Heritage and Risk Management

INTERNATIONAL TRAINING
COURSE (ITC) on DISASTER RISKMANAGEMENT of
CULTURAL HERITAGE,
Ritsumeikan University
2018, 13th year

From 29th August to 19th September 2018
At Kyoto, Hirafuku and Kobe, Japan

Organized by Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural
Heritage, Ritsumeikan University (R-DMUCH), Kyoto, JapanIn Cooperation with UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOM, ICOMOS / ICORP

Date of Publication: February 2018
Published by: Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan University
58 Komatsubara Kita-machi, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8341 Japan
In cooperation with: UNESCO
ICCROM
ICOM
ICOMOS / ICORP
Authors: Participants of ITC2018 and Former participant of ITC
Coordinated by: Rohit JIGYASU, UNESCO Chair Holder, Professor
Dowon KIM, Associate Professor
Edited by: Rohit JIGYASU, UNESCO Chair Holder, Professor
Dowon KIM, Associate Professor
An Administrative Office of R-DMUCH
Layout by: Sho YAMAGUCHI, a Graduate of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
1-1-1 Noji Higashi, Kusatsu-shi, Shiga-Pref. 525-8577 Japan
Printed by: HOKUTO Printing Co., Ltd.
38-2 Shimogamo Takagi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto Japan© All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced, restored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form without the written
permission from the Publisher.

Preface
The “Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan University (R-DMUCH)”

was established as a permanent research institution in 2013 and has handed over activities from former

organization as “Research Center for Disaster Mitigation of Urban Cultural Heritage” which was started by
Prof. Kenzo TOKI from 2003.

The “UNESCO Chair International Training Course on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage”
started from 2006 as one of our important educational activities, and fortunately we can continue it up
to this year supported by UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOM, ICOMOS/ICORP, Ritsumeikan University and manynational and international organizations. And we are very much fortunate for that NICH (the Independent
Administrative Institution National Institutes for Cultural Heritage in Japan) has supported to collaborate
us with the part of moveable heritage for integrated protection. I would like to thank these colleagues forsupporting us and participants from all over the world. The purposes of this training course are educationof practical experts in each field of cultural heritage conservation and disaster risk management, anddevelopment of draft plan for disaster risk management to secure the safety of people and cultural value
in each cultural heritage site and historical city. I hope these plans to be actual projects in each country
and contribute to cultural advancement in the world.
Through the ITC in 2018 with theme as “Integrated Protection of Immovable and Movable Cultural
Heritage from Disasters”, most of participants thought about developing their case project toward
multiple and simultaneous disaster risk, and both immovable and movable heritage. The outcomes wereremarkable although the training is short period, and some of participants already began their projectin their site. Moreover, we already have started the discussion with the 2018 participants to develop theinternational projects which are great initiatives by the participants
And International Symposium of the Working Internationally toward the Integrated Protection ofCultural Heritage from Disasters was held in the last day of ITC. Two of ITC 2018 participants made awonderful presentation on this symposium and all the participants positively made poster presentation
to the audiences. Through this symposium, all the speakers, audiences and staffs who are the importantparticipants on this symposium, could share the lessons and experiences of past disasters and we could
constructively discuss about future goals.
Thank you all again for supporting this activity, and please keep in touch with us for inheriting cultural
heritages for next generation.

Takeyuki OKUBO
Director, R-DMUCH
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Ritsumeikan University

Preface
The devastating fire on 3rd September 2018 that destroyed much of the priceless collection of thehistoric national museum of Rio in Brazil has reminded us again about the increasing vulnerability ofcultural heritage to disasters caused by natural and human-caused hazards. Prior to this, there are many

global examples that demonstrate the impact of disasters on cultural heritage properties. In Korea, arson
damaged the Sunraemon Gate in 2008, which is designated as cultural property number one and massive
fires destroyed the famous Glasgow school of art located in historic Mackintosh Building in 2014 and2018. Other damages to heritage worldwide due to disasters include Historic Settlements in Central Italy
and Bagan Archaeological Site in Myanmar due to earthquakes in 2016, World Heritage Monument Zones
of Kathmandu Valley due to 2015 earthquakes in Nepal; Fires in the World Heritage Town of Lijiang in
China in 2013 and 2014; and the Old Town of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom in 2002. Cultural heritage
sites have also suffered enormous damages due to human induced hazards like conflicts and vandalism,
such as in the case of Aleppo and Palmyra in Syria and Timbuktu Shrines in Mali and Bamiyan Buddhas in
Afghanistan.
Climate change is increasing the number of disasters and their devastating impacts. From 1988 to 2007,76 per cent of all disaster events were hydrological, meteorological or climatological in nature. These
hazards are adversely impacting on natural and cultural heritage. Take for example the case of forest fires
in Eastern Europe in 2008, which posed a high risk to the archaeological site of Olympia in Greece. Flashfloods due to unprecedented heavy rains in India’s Uttarakhand State in 2013 destroyed many heritage
structures in the region, while storms in Western Europe in 2010 flooded many historic town centres suchas Rome. Also heavy rains in Thailand caused the World Heritage Site of Ayutthaya to remain submergedin water thereby causing insurmountable loss to the foundations of historic built structures. The likelihoodof increased weather extremes in future therefore gives great concern that the number or scale ofweather-related disasters will also increase thereby dramatically increasing their impact on heritage in not
too distant future.
Each year cultural heritage including historic buildings, urban areas, museums, libraries and archives
depriving communities of their irreplaceable cultural assets. Moreover, damages to cultural landscapesand local flora and fauna in general cause loss of valued ecosystem services thereby putting sustainabilityof local communities at risk. Often disasters also affect the intangible cultural heritage of traditional
knowledge, practices, skills and crafts that ensure cultural continuity, as well as the means for its
protection and maintenance. Needless to say, disasters not only cause material damage but also put the
lives of visitors, staff and local communities in and around Cultural heritage Properties at risk. These also
affect the livelihoods linked to heritage and the revenues generated by the local government and theprivate sector through tourism. Finally, the psychological impact on communities due to loss of heritage
to which they are closely associated cannot be underestimated.
Considering the above mentioned challenges, disaster risk management of cultural heritage is need of
the hour. On one hand, this would necessitate each heritage site and museum to have its own disaster risk
management plan that is tailored to its specific characteristics. On the other hand, cultural heritage needs
to be well integrated into overall disaster risk management policies and plans at national, regional andlocal levels. Moreover heritage sites and museums should undergo integrated risk assessment that takes
into account multiple hazards / threats, multiple physical, social, economic, institutional and attitudinalvulnerabilities and exposure and consequent potential impact on heritage attributes and the associatedvalues, people’s safety, economy and livelihoods and on the social structure. Various components ofdisaster risk management plan of cultural heritage before, during after disaster would include prevention,
mitigation and preparedness measures, emergency response procedures, and recovery and rehabilitation

process. However investing in disaster risk reduction through mitigation and preparedness makes much
more economic sense than investing heavily on response and recovery as previous experience in Nepal,
Myanmar and Italy have aptly demonstrated. Going by the widely accepted principle of ‘Building Back

Better’, recovery and rehabilitation process should incorporate mitigation of risks and better preparedness
for future disasters.

There also needs to be greater cooperation between agencies and professionals from heritage anddisaster management fields. For emergency response, heritage professionals and agencies should
work closely with civic defence organizations. Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction adopted
in 2015 has clearly advocated reducing risks to cultural heritage in the national policies on disaster risk
management. Moreover DRM for cultural heritage should be integrated into various development sectors
such as sanitation, water supply, housing, environment, infrastructure and services. Close engagement oflocal communities is also crucial as they can effectively assist as volunteers during emergency situations.
Moreover, local Nongovernmental Organisations (NGOs) can play very important role in bridging the gap
between government and local communities.
The above mentioned challenges and needs necessitate building the capacity of heritage managers,
civic defense/emergency response agencies as well as decision makers from heritage as well as disastermanagement fields on reducing disaster risks to cultural heritage. In this direction, a pioneering initiative
has been undertaken by the UNESCO Chair established within the Institute of Disaster Mitigation for
Urban Cultural Heritage at Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto (Japan), which in cooperation with ICCROM,
ICOMOS-ICORP and the UNESCO World Heritage Centre has been organizing international training courseon disaster risk management of cultural heritage every year since 2006. The target groups for this course
include government institutions, departments, universities, NGOs and private consultants from cultural
heritage, as well as relevant disaster management fields. The three week course is based on lecturesby eminent experts, field visits, exercises and discussions. Nearly 200 professionals from more than 40
countries have been trained through this annual course that is held in Kyoto and other historic sites inJapan.
The 13th International Training Course (ITC) on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage once
again focused on an integrated disaster risk management of movable and immovable heritage. This isincreasingly being recognized as an important area since during disasters, museum collections, many ofwhich are housed in historic buildings and artefacts of social and religious values located in living heritagebuildings and sites have suffered enormous damages. This requires integrated approaches for risk
assessment and management that consider the values, vulnerability and capacity of both movable andimmovable heritage. Moreover there needs to be greater collaboration between heritage professionals
and organization from the fields of collections and sites management.
The proceedings of the 13th ITC also contains brief reports on disaster risk management plans for casestudy sites from the home countries of the participants based on the outlines prepared by them during
the course. Besides valuable experience of the learnings from 2017 Mexico earthquakes have been sharedby one of our former participants from ITC 2016, who was closely engaged in the response and recoveryof cultural heritage following this disaster.
The importance of this training course has been globally recognized as seen with increasing number ofapplicants from all over the world and our institute hopes to continue this initiative in the future.
Rohit JIGYASUUNESCO Chair Holder, Professor,
Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto

Table of Contents
Preface3

1.

9Introduction

1.1 Background and Objectives of the 13th International Training Course 2018 10
1.2 Timetable of International Trainig Course (ITC) on
Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage 2018, 13th year,
Ritsumeikan University

2.

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects
by ITC2018 Participants

2.1 Formatting a Disaster Risk Management Plan for the House of34

37

Rui Barbosa Foundation – Rio de Janeiro – Brazil,
by Marcia FURRIEL RAMOS GALVEZ, from Brazil

38

2.2 Disaster Risk Management Plan for Nobgang Cultural Site Bhutan,
by Jamyang Singye NAMGYEL, from Bhutan

44

2.3 Disaster Risk Management Plan for Taitu Hotel: Addis Ababa/Ethiopia,
by Abel Assefa GIRMAY, from Ethiopia

49

2.4 The Dominican Convent of Tehuantepec, Mexico. A Disaster Risk
Management draft plan, by David Antonio TORRES CASTRO, from Mexico 54
2.5 Disaster Risk Management Plan of Pashupatinath Temple
Complex in Kathmandu, Nepal, by Sumeru TRIPATHEE, from Nepal

62

2.6 Upper Svaneti Region, Village Chazhashi. Georgia,
by Irakli KOBULIA, from Georgia

68

2.7 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sanghralay (CSMVS), Mumbai, India,
by Vikas Namdeo KURNE, from India

75

2.8 Disaster Risk Management Plan, The Case of Peshawar Museum Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, by Idrees JEHAN, from Pakistan

80

2.9 Disaster Risk Management Strategy for Cultural Heritages of
Iran-Case Study: Qaisarieh Bazar of Lar-Iran,by Farhad BANIZAMANLARI, from Iran86

2.10 Implementation of Disaster Risk Management for the World Heritage
Site of Bruges, Belgium, by Grace DE SMET, from Belgium

93

2.11 Disaster Risk Management Initiative for the Historic Centre ofSighisoara, Romania, by Catalin Andrei NEAGOE, from Romania

98

2.12 Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction. The case ofReggio Calabria City Center, by Rosa Grazia DE PAOLI, from Italy

105

2.13 UNESCO Archaeological Site of Palatine in Rome: Implementation ofDisaster Risk Management Plan, Rome, Italy,
by Enrica DI MICELI, from Italy112

2.14 Disaster risk management for the Historic Centre of San Gimignano, Italy,
by Francesca GIULIANI, from Italy
3.

117

Activities Undertaken after the International Training Course
by Former Participants

125

by Dulce María GRIMALDI, from Mexico, ITC 2016

126

3.1 The Lessons from Response and Recovery Process of Mexico Earthquakes,

Appendix

List of Resource Persons

137
138

List of Participants

141

Photos of ITC 2018143

1 Introduction

1.1 Background and Objectives of
the 13th International Training Course 2018

Disasters and Cultural Heritage
Recent disasters such as earthquakes in Central Mexico in 2017, Myanmar and Italy in 2016, Nepal in April
and May 2015, Haiti and Chile in 2010, earthquake and cyclones in Philippines in 2014, fires in Lijiang,
China in 2013 and 2014, the devastating tsunami in North East of Japan in 2011 have caused enormous
loss of life, property and cultural heritage, both in its tangible and intangible as well as movable andimmovable manifestations. This disaster has once again shown that cultural heritage is highly vulnerable
to disasters caused by natural and human induced hazards such as earthquake, the Tsunami, fire, floods,
cyclones/typhoons, armed conflict and terrorism. Climate Change is further causing increase in thefrequency and intensity of hydro-meteorological hazards such as floods, typhoons, cyclones. These
may also cause secondary hazards such as landslides and thereby exacerbating the damage to cultural
heritage.
Therefore it is important to undertake proactive measures that can reduce risks to cultural heritage fromthese catastrophic events through adequate mitigation and preparedness measures. In the post disaster
phase, the challenge is how to stabilize built heritage properties, which are at risk of demolition as well assalvage movable heritage fragments and to assess their damage. The long term challenge during recovery
phase is how to repair and retrofit them and undertake reconstruction that respects tangible as well as
intangible heritage values while reducing vulnerabilities.
In the light of these challenges, comprehensive disaster risk management is essential for the protection ofcultural heritage from disasters. Therefore Cultural Heritage and Risk Management project of Institute ofDisaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan University (R-DMUCH) aims to organize theInternational Training Programme to build the institutional capacity needed to formulate comprehensive
disaster risk management plans that are based on the characteristics of cultural heritage and nature ofhazards in the regional context.

10Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage,
Ritsumeikan University and Its Training Course

The International Training Course on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage is a follow-up of therecommendations adopted at the Special Thematic Session on Risk Management for Cultural Heritage
held at UN-WCDR (World Conference on Disaster Reduction) in January 2005 in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
One of these recommendations advocated the need for the academic community to develop scientificresearch, education and training programs incorporating cultural heritage in both its tangible andintangible manifestations, into risk management and disaster recovery. The importance of strengthening
knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of disaster prevention at WH properties wasreiterated also by the World Heritage Committee at its 30th session (Vilnius, Lithuania, July 2006).
Furthermore, the “Declaration”, adopted at the International Disaster Reduction Conference (IDRC) of
Davos (August 2006) confirmed that “concern for heritage, both tangible and intangible, should beincorporated into disaster risk reduction strategies and plans, which are strengthened through attention
to cultural attributes and traditional knowledge.” The Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction
recently adopted at the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan has further
highlighted the importance of protecting cultural heritage from disasters. Cultural heritage has also been
included one of the sectors in the new ten essentials that have been adopted by UNISDR’s resilient city
campaign.
In response to these recommendations by the international community, the Institute of Disaster
Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage at Ritsumeikan University (R-DMUCH) has been acting as a focal
point for organizing international research, training and information network in the field of cultural
heritage risk management and disaster mitigation. Besides R-DMUCH also functioned as the internationalsecretariat for ICOMOS-International Scientific Committee on Risk Preparedness (ICORP) from 2011 to2014 and many resource persons of the course are expert members of the Scientific Committee.
The past training courses have been attended by 140 participants in total from 60 countries; East Asia
(China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, South Korea and Thailand), South Asia (Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, Laos, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Vietnam), Oceania (Australia, Fiji, New Zealandand Palau), Central and South America (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico,
Panama and Peru), Europe (Albania, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, France, Georgia, Italy,
Moldova, Netherlands, Romania, Serbia and Spain), Middle East (Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Palestine,
Syria and Turkey), Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania,
Uganda and Zimbabwe).

12

1.1 Background and Objectives of the 13th International Training Course 2018

Objectives and Methodology of the Training Course
The main objective of the course is to provide an overview of the various aspects of disaster risk
management of cultural heritage. In particular, the course provides interdisciplinary training to:✓ Undertake an integrated risk assessment of tangible and intangible, immovable and movablecultural heritage by analyzing their vulnerability to disasters caused by natural and human induced
hazards;✓ Build integrated system for disaster risk management of cultural heritage, incorporating
various measures aimed at reducing risks, responding to disasters and recovering from them.
✓ Formulate disaster risk management plans for cultural heritage that correspond to the local / urban
and regional disaster management and development plans and policies and humanitarian
response and recovery mechanisms;✓ To learn practical tools, methodologies and skills for disaster risk management of cultural heritage
such as cost benefit analysis, value assessment, budgeting and communication methods withdecision makers such as mayors; and✓ Reinforce the international scientific support network in order to build the institutional capacity
needed to formulate comprehensive disaster risk management plans that are based on thecharacteristics of cultural heritage and nature of hazards in the national and regional context.
The course comprises lectures, site visits, workshops, discussions, team projects and individual/group
Introduction

presentations. Participants are expected to actively participate throughout the course. The course aims at
promoting the development of collaborations and network building among scholars and professionals in
cultural heritage protection. This course is provided scientific support by UNESCO and the International
Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM).

Fig.2 13th International Trainig Course on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage 201813

Based on the knowledge obtained from lectures, site visits, and exercises through interactive workshops,
the training course also sets the goal of raising planning skills in disaster risk management of cultural
heritage, by having each participant formulate outline of a DRM plan of a case study site or museum fromthe participant’s home country in line with the country’s respective social and economic situation. In orderto do so, the Institute has asked the participants to collect relevant materials/data/information related tothe cultural heritage and hazards before coming to Japan

Sub Theme of 2018 International Training Programme:

Towards Integrated Protection of Immovable and Movable Cultural Heritage from
Disasters

Disasters not only effect the immovable heritage components such as monuments, archaeological sites
and historic urban areas but also cause damage to the movable components that include museum
collections and heritage objects that are in active use such as religious and other artefacts of significanceto the local community. Both these movable and immovable components are exposed to various hazards
that necessitate appropriate measures to reduce disaster risks. Also in the aftermath of a disaster manyarchitectural fragments of damaged or collapsed buildings need documentation, handling and storage
similar to movable heritage collections. Therefore an integrated approach for movable and immovable
heritage is needed for risk assessment of heritage sites as well as museums and its collections before,
during and after a disaster situation. Limited availability of human and financial resources also calls for
closer coordination between professionals and institutions dealing with heritage sites, museums and theexternal agencies. Moreover integrated disaster risk management involves appropriate mitigation andadaptation strategies to reduce various risks to movable and immovable heritage components by taking
into consideration their heritage values that are often interdependent. It is also important to recognize
many examples of traditional knowledge evolved by communities through series of trials and errorsthat demonstrate that movable and immovable cultural heritage can be an effective source of resilienceagainst disaster risks and integrate these in larger disaster risk management strategies.
Japan is home to a variety of frequently occurring disasters, which can cause wide-ranging damage to its
cultural resources. For this reason, the country has taken specialized measures in establishing a disasterrisk management system and methodology for post-disaster emergency response and recovery.
Together with the conservation of historical townscapes and buildings, we aim to protect the objects andimplements long used in the daily lives of people of the region, as well as objects that serve as clues tounderstanding the lives and achievements of past generations. For this reason, we consider both movableand immovable cultural property to be essential subjects of our disaster risk management efforts.
Seasonal festivals and rituals as well as local celebrations and customs also help to make people's lives
more abundant in the local community. Thus, another significant task is the safeguarding of intangible
cultural heritage from natural hazards. These various cultural heritage disaster mitigation measures, many
developed in response to Japan's special circumstances, will be shared in this training.

141.1 Background and Objectives of the 13th International Training Course 2018

However, until now disaster risk management for movable andimmovable cultural heritage have largely been undertaken
as parallel initiatives without much interaction. However
experience has shown that in reducing disaster risks inheritage sites and museums would entail consideration ofboth the built fabric as well as the collections in a coordinatedmanner. This is important as heritage values and risk pathwaysof both movable and immovable heritage are closely linked.
Considering these issues, the 13th International Training
Course on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage will

specifically focus on “Integrated Protection of Immovable andMovable Cultural Heritage from Disasters”.

Introduction

Fig.4 Earthquake struck Central Italy on 26th August, 2016
causing extensive damage to historic settlements in the region

Fig.3 National Museum in Kathmandu, Nepal was
heavily damaged due to 2015 earthquakes. Salvageof collections from the damaged buildings was
hugely challenging task

Fig.5 Earthquake hit heritage site of Bagan in Myanmar on 26th August,2016 causing damage to many monuments and historic buildings.

Previous International Training Courses (2006-2017)
ITC 2006

In 2006, which was the first year for this course, eight participants from four countries were invited;
namely India and Pakistan, which were struck by a great earthquake in 2005 in Kashmir; Indonesia, whichsuffered the Indian Ocean Tsunami triggered by the Sumatra Earthquake in 2004 and the Earthquake on
the Javanese Island in 2004; and Korea, which had suffered a big forest fire.
ITC 2007

In 2007, R-DMUCH exchanged MOU with ICCROM and established a criterion for choosing participants
with the support of ICCROM. As a result, eight trainees from Bangladesh, China, Peru and Philippines wereinvited for the training course.
Based on the experience of 2006 training course, it was decided to make closer relation between thelectures, site visits and workshops. Therefore in 2007, several related sets of lectures were held in themornings and workshops in the afternoons. Based on these, discussions were facilitated by the instructors
so that the trainees were able to reflect more effectively on the challenges for cultural heritage disastermanagement within their own context.

15

ITC 2008

The 2008 training course actively built upon the rich experience gathered during the courses held in theprevious two years. This year had participants from five countries from Asia and Europe, namely Nepal,
Bhutan, Iran, Serbia and Chinese Taipei. Effort was made to make this year’s course, more field-based bydrawing upon the unique opportunity offered by the location of important World Heritage Sites in Kyoto
such as Kiyomizu-dera and Ninna-ji temples. Most of the workshops were, therefore, based on field work
undertaken by the participants in these sites. This year’s course also put greater emphasis on exposing theparticipants to the methodology for undertaking disaster risk assessment for cultural heritage sites.
ITC 2009

The 2009 training course further evolved on the basis of rich feedback provided by the participants ofthe training courses from previous years. In response to the need for making the course more relevant tospecific requirements and constraints of the developing countries, it was decided to organize the course
partly in Japan and partly in Nepal.
Moreover, for the first time, the training course had a specific theme, namely “Earthquake risk

management of Historic Urban Areas.” For this purpose, Kyoto and Kathmandu; two historic cities withrich cultural heritage but extremely vulnerable to earthquakes, were chosen as the case study sites forundertaking field exercises during the training course.
The first week of the course was organized in Japan and it focused on familiarizing the participants
with the basic methodology for risk assessment and management for cultural heritage properties. The
participants were shown various disaster prevention facilities developed for numerous cultural heritage
sites in Kyoto. Second week in Kathmandu focused on the earthquake vulnerability and capacity of theWorld Heritage Monument Zone of Patan and its surrounding historic urban area, both at building andarea levels.
The UNESCO Chair programme intends to build upon the four years of very rich experience gained
through very active participation of lecturers from Japan and abroad, as well as the international
participants from various countries from Asia, Europe and the Caribbean and further enrich the contentsof the training course in subsequent years.
ITC 2010

Fifth UNESCO Chair International Training Course on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage 2010
was held from 13 to 26 September 2010 in Kyoto, Kobe and Sasayama, Japan. In the light of destructive
Haiti earthquake on January 2010, this fifth International Training Course especially focused on emergency

response and long term recovery of wooden and masonry composite Cultural Heritage from disasters.
It was attended by 11 participants from 5 countries; Bhutan, Palau, Peru, Serbia and Turkey.

On the final day of the course, the international symposium titled “How to protect Cultural Heritage from
Disaster; Risk Preparedness and Post Disaster Recovery” was organized by Ritsumeikan University and theICOMOS International Committee on Risk Preparedness (ICORP). In the symposium, the current challenges
for protection of cultural heritages taking into account the context of post disaster recovery was discussed16

1.1 Background and Objectives of the 13th International Training Course 2018

in great depth with international experts from UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICORP and a representative of Kyo-oGokoku-ji Temple; World Cultural Heritage site in Kyoto.
ITC 2011

Sixth UNESCO Chair International Training Course on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage
was held from 10 to 24 September 2011 in Kyoto, Kobe and Tohoku area of East Japan. In the light ofincreasing vulnerability of rapidly urbanizing settlements, the course focused on “Integrated Approachfor Disaster Risk Mitigation of Historic Cities”. The course was attended by 11 participants from 8
countries; Columbia, Jamaica, Kenya, Uganda, China, Mexico, India and Bangladesh.
ITC 2012

Seventh International Training Course on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage held during
September 2012 in Kyoto, Kobe and Tohoku area of East Japan focused on sustainable recovery of cultural
heritage. Accordingly the theme of the course was “From Recovery to Risk Reduction for Sustainabilityof Historic Areas”.
ITC 2013

The theme of the 8th UNESCO Chair International Training Course on Disaster Risk Management ofCultural Heritage was “Reducing Disaster Risks to Historic Urban Areas and Their Territorial Settings

Introduction

through Mitigation”. The course focused on policies and planning measures for mitigating risks to cultural
heritage from multiple hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides and fires, especially in rapidly
urbanizing context of developing countries. Special techniques for mitigating risks from earthquakes andfires were also highlighted besides policies, planning and design interventions for long term restoration
and rehabilitation of cultural heritage following disaster through a special workshop in the area affectedby the Great East Japan Disaster in 2011.
ITC 2014

One of the main reasons for extensive damage to cultural heritage is due to fires resulting from natural(bush/forest fires) or human induced causes (arson, chemical or bomb explosion, poor electric wiringor during renovation works). Also fires can result from earthquakes as was the case during 1995 Great
Hanshin Awaji earthquake in Japan. Considering these issues, the 9th UNESCO Chair International Training
Course on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage focused on “Protecting living cultural heritage

from disaster risks due to ﬁre”. Policies and planning measures for reducing fire risks to cultural heritage
especially in rapidly urbanizing context of developing countries, special techniques for fire prevention andmitigation, emergency response as well as interventions for long term restoration and rehabilitation ofcultural heritage following disaster were discussed during 2014 course.
ITC 2015

Earthquakes and floods cause immense damage to cultural heritage. Recently devastating earthquakes
in Nepal in 2015, 2013 earthquake in Philippines, North Italy earthquake of 2012 caused vast damage
to cultural heritage. Moreover 2014 floods in Balkan region, 2011 floods in Thailand and 2010 floods
in Pakistan also caused damage to historic towns and archaeological sites such as Ayutthaya. While17

vulnerability of cultural heritage to earthquake and floods is increasing more than ever before, there
are many examples of traditional knowledge systems developed by communities for mitigating against
earthquakes and floods. Considering these issues and challenges the 10th International Training Course
focused on the protection of cultural heritage from earthquakes and floods, and other associatedhazards.

ITC 2016

Climate change is increasing the frequency of disasters caused by hydro-meteorological events such as
heavy rainfall, flash floods, cyclones, typhoons and storm surges. As a result, many heritage sites located in
global hot spots such as coastal areas especially below sea level are exposed to risks of inundation greaterthan ever before. Also, there might be low frequency high intensity incidents of flooding that may trigger
landslides along mountain slopes. Moreover, climate change is resulting in higher temperatures are also
resulting increased incidents of wild fires putting cultural heritage located in forested areas to greaterrisk than ever before. The 11th International Training Course specially focused on the protecting cultural
heritage from risks of natural disasters including those induced by climate change.
ITC 2017

The course focused on the integrated approach for movable and immovable heritage for disasterrisk management of heritage sites as well as museums and its collections before, during and after adisaster situation. Limited availability of human and financial resources during emergency situation calls

for closer coordination between professionals and institutions dealing with heritage sites, museums andthe external agencies.
From this year, Ritsumeikan University also started cooperation with the Japanese National Institutes for
Cultural Heritage (NICH) so that trainees could learn risk management for both immovable and movablecultural heritage. Special lectures and practical exercises related to disaster risk management of movable
heritage were conducted by the renowned museum experts at Kyoto National Museum, ICCROM andthe Smithsonian Institution. International Symposium “Working Internationally toward the Integrated
Protection of Cultural Heritage from Disasters” was held on the final day of the course and it was attended
by approximately 75 Japanese and international experts and public.

Organizers and Participants
The training course is organized from the cooperation with the UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOM, ICOMOS/ ICORP,
and relevant institutions of the government of Japan. In specially, NICH (the Independent Administrative
Institution National Institutes for Cultural Heritage in Japan) has supported us to introduce the many
lecturers who can collaborate the part of moveable heritage protection.

18

1.1 Background and Objectives of the 13th International Training Course 2018

Participants List of the Previous Training Courses
ITC 2006, the 1st year
No

1

2

3

Name
Poonacha
KODIRA

Anup KARANTH

SektiadiCountryWork Position and Affiliation

INDIA

Director (Conservation),
Ministry of Tourism andCulture Archaeological Surveyof India

INDIA

Project Coordinator,
Urban Earthquake Vulnerability
Reduction Project, United
Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) India

INDONSESIA

Lecturer,
Dept. of Archaeology, Facultyof Culture Sciences, Gadjah
Mada University

Manggar AYUATIINDONESIA

5

Fauzia QURESHIPAKISTAN

Head of the Departmentof Architecture,
National College of Arts, Lahore

PAKISTAN

Coordinator,
Disaster Management Desk
RDPI,
Rural Development Policy
Institute

KOREA

Government employeeof Modern Construction Field,
Tangible Cultural Heritage
Bureau,Cultural Heritage
Administration,
Republic of Korea

6

7

8

Hussain KHADIM

Seok JEONG

Woongju SHIN

KOREA

Qutb Minar and its
Monuments, Delhi, WHS

Prambanan Temple
Compounds, WHS and its
Surrounding Environment

Introduction

4

Supervisor of Rescue
on Preservation Division,
Dept. of Cultural and Tourism,
Center for Preservation ofCultural Heritage of Yogyakarta
Province

DRM Plans of Cultural Heritage
Formulated by the Participants

Rohtas Fort, WHS

Historic Villages of Korea:
Hahoe, WHS in Andong City

Concurrent Professor,
Dept. Interior Architecture,
Chosun College of Science andTechnology

19

ITC 2007, the 2nd year
No

Name

CountryWork Position and Affiliation

1

A.K.M. Monowar
Hossain
AKHANDBANGLADESH

Deputy Secretary,
Ministry of Home Affairs, GOVT.
of Bangladesh

2

Md. Rafiqul
ALAM

BANGLADESH

Executive Director,
DWIP UNNAYAN SONGTHA (DUS)

P. R. CHINA

Protection and Management
Bureau of World Cultural
Heritage Site - the Old Town of
Lijiang3

20

Shijun HE

4

Cuiyu HEP. R. CHINA

Protection and Management
Bureau of World Cultural Heritage
Site - the Old Town of Lijiang

5Maria Del
CarmenCORRALES PEREZPERUInstituto Nacional De Cultura
Architect of the conservation
and Restoration Sub Direction

PERU

Chief of Laboratory of Structures,Japan-Peru Center for
Earthquake Engineering
Research and Disaster Mitigation

6

Partricia Isabel
GIBU YAGUE

7

Glen
CONCEPCIONPHILIPPINES

City Disaster Action Officer andCity Environment & Natural
Resources Officer,
City Government of Vigan

8

Eric QUADRA

PHILIPPINES

Architect, LGU-Vigan CityDRM Plans of Cultural Heritage
Formulated by the Participants

Lal Bagh Fort, Dhaka,Bangladesh

Old Town of Lijiang , WHS

Historic Centre of Lima, WHS

Historic Town of Vigan, WHS

1.1 Background and Objectives of the 13th International Training Course 2018

ITC 2008, the 3rd year
Name

No

1

Choening DORJI

2

Karma TENZIN

3

Mahmoud
NEJATICountry

BHUTANWork Position and Affiliation
Architect,
Division for Conservation of
Heritage Sites, Department
of Culture, Ministry of Home
& Cultural Affairs Royal
Government of Bhutan

BHUTAN

Civil Engineer,
Tashichhodzong Maintenance
Division, Dzongkhag
Administration

IRAN

Deputy of Research & TechnicalConsultant,
Recovery Project of Bam’s
Cultural Heritage

Fatemeh
MEHDIZADEHSARADJ

IRAN

5

Kai Ube Prasad
WEISE

NEPAL

Architect,
Planners’ Alliance for the
Himalayan & Allied Regions

6

Suman Narsingh
RAJBHANDARI

NEPALAssistant Professor,
Nepal Engineering College

7

Ivana FILIPOVICSERBIA

Architect Conservationist,
Cultural Heritage Preservation
Institute of Belgrade

Tashichho Dzong

Bam and its CulturalLandscape, WHS

Introduction

4

Assistant Professor,
Department of Conservation,
Iran University of Science andTechnology

DRM Plans of Cultural Heritage
Formulated by the Participants

Patan Durbar Square
Monument Zone in
Kathmandu Valley, WHS

Lower Town in Belgrade
Fortress

ObserversNo

NameCountryWork Position and Affiliation

1

Shang Chia
CHIOU

TAIWAN

Professor,
Department of Architecture and Interior Design,
National Yunlin University of Science & Technology

2

Shen Wen CHIENTAIWAN

Associate Professor,
Department of Fire Science, Central Police University

21

ITC 2009, the 4th year
No

1

2

Name

Country

Rong YU

Yuan DINGDRM Plans of Cultural Heritage
Formulated by the Participants

Work Position and Affiliation

P. R. CHINA

Lecturer, Wenhua College,
Huazhong University of
Science and Technology

P.R.CHINA

Researcher,
Tongji University, National
Historic Cities Research Center

NEPAL

Architect,World Heritage Conservation
Section/Ministry of Culture
and State Restructuring,
Department of Archaeology

3

Ramesh
THAPALIYA

4

Suresh Suras
SHRESTHA

NEPAL

Archaeological Officer,
Ministry of Culture and state
Restructuring, Department ofArchaeology

5Pauline BROWNJAMAICA

Senior Director,
Office of Disaster Preparedness
and Emergency Management

JAMAICA

Senior Archaeologist,
Jamaica National Heritage
Trust

6

Audene BROOKS

7

Sergius
CIOCANU

MOLDOVA

Head Scientific Researcher,
Institute of Cultural Heritageof the Academy of Science ofMoldova

8

Valeria
SURUCEANU

MOLDOVA

Curator,National art Museum ofMoldova

Dujiangyan, WHS

Patan Durbar Square
Monument Zone in Kathmandu
Valley, WHS

Port Royal City

National Museum of Fine Arts
(Buildings and Collection)

Observers in the Kathmandu Part of the ITC 2009
Name

No

22

CountryWork Position and Affiliation1

Keshab P. SHRESTHA

NEPAL

Chief,
National History Museum

2

Punya Sagar MARAHATTA

NEPALLecturer,
IoE, tribhuvan University

3

Ajay LAL CHANDRA

NEPAL

Assistant Professor,
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, IoE

4

Gyanin RAI

NEPAL

Chief (Administration, Information &Public Relation Section),
Lumbini Development Trust1.1 Background and Objectives of the 13th International Training Course 2018

5

Inu PRADHAN SALIKE

NEPAL

Lecturer,
Khwopa Engineering College

6

Saubhagya PRADHNANGANEPALHead of Culture and Archaeology Unit,
Lalitpur Sub Metropolitan City Office7

Chandra Shova SHAKYANEPALHead of Heritage Section,
Lalitpur Sub Metropolitan City Office8

Prabin SHRESTHANEPALHead of Urban Development Division,
Lalitpur Sub Metropolitan City Office

9

Ashok SHRESTHANEPALHead of Administration Division,
Lalitpur Sub Metropolitan City Office10

Sainik Raj SINGHNEPALHead of Earthquake Safety Section,
Lalitpur Sub Metropolitan City Office

ITC 2010, the 5th year
No

1

3

DechenTSHERING

Junko MUKAI

Alexander G
DWIGHT

CountryWork Position and Affiliation

BHUTAN

Structural Engineer,
Division for Conservation of
Heritage Sites, Department ofCulture, Ministry of Home &Cultural Affairs, Royal Governmentof Bhutan

BHUTAN

Deputy Chief Conservation
Architect,
Division for Conservation of
Heritage Sites, Department ofCulture, Ministry of Home andCultural Affairs, Royal Governmentof Bhutan

PALAU

Director, Historical
Preservation Officer,
Bureau of Arts & Culture,
Ministry of Community &Cultural Affairs

4

Sunny
NGIRMANG

PALAU

Palau National Registrar,
Bureau of Arts & Culture,
Palau Historic Preservation
Office5

TeresaVILCAPOMAHUAPAYAPERU

Professor, Sagrado Corazon
University

6

Olga Keiko
MENDOZASHIMADAPERUJSPS Research Fellow,
Graduate School of Science& Engineering, Ritsumeikan
University

7

Marilene
TERRONES DIAZ

PERU

Professor, Sagrado Corazon
University

DRM Plans of Cultural Heritage
Formulated by the Participants

Introduction

2

Name

Wangduephodrang Dzong

Bai: Traditional Meeting House

City of Cuzco, WHS

23

8

MilicaGROZDANIC

9

Svetlana
Dimitrijevic
MARKOVIC

10

Zeynep
GUL UNAL

11

MeltemVATAN KAPTANSERBIA

Director,
Cultural Heritage Preservation
Institute of Belgrade

SERBIA

Architect - Conservator Senior Associate,
Cultural Heritage Preservation
Institute of Belgrade

TURKEY

Assistant Professor, Dr.
Yildiz Technical University,
Faculty of Architecture,
Restoration Department

TURKEY

Research Assistant, PhD
Student,
Yildiz Technical University,
Faculty of Architecture,
Structural Systems Division

Kosancicev Venac, Belgrade

Eskigediz Heritage Site

ITC 2011, the 6th year
Work Position and Affiliation

DRM Plans of Cultural Heritage
Formulated by the Participants

COLOMBIA

Assessor for the Heritage
Director Office,Ministry of Culture

History center of Santa Cruz deMompox, WHS

Cheryl NICHOLSJAMAICA

Training Manager,
Office of Disaster Preparedness
and Emergency Management

The Holy Trinity Cathedral

3

Jose Ramon
PEREZ OCEJOMEXICO

Part-time Teacher,
Universidad de las Américas(Puebla, MEXICO)Colonial City Centre of Puebla,
WHS

4

Julius
MWAHUNGA

KENYA

Senior Cultural Officer,
Ministry of State for National
Heritage and Culture,
Department of Culture

Lamu Old Town, WHS

5

Remigius
KIGONGOUGANDA

Conservator Sites andMonuments/ Site Manager,
Department of Museums andMonuments

Kasubi Tombs, WHS

Taj Mahal, WHS

Historic Mosque City ofBagerhat, WHS

NameCountry

1

Celina RINCON

2

No

24

6

Janhwij SHARMA

INDIA

Director (Conservation andWorld Heritage),
Archaeological Survey of India,
Ministry of Culture

7

Md. Aamir
Hussain SHIKDERBANGLADESH

Urban Local Body Coordinator,
Bangladesh Municipal
Development Fund (BMDF)

1.1 Background and Objectives of the 13th International Training Course 2018

8

9

Qing WEI

Yu WANG

P. R. CHINA

Deputy Director,
Cultural Heritage Conservation
Center, THAD

Kulangsu

P. R. CHINAPhD Candidate,
Urban Design and Planning
Department, Norwegian
University of Science andTechnology (NTNU)

Taoping Qiang Village

Work Position and Affiliation

DRM Plans of Cultural Heritage
Formulated by the Participants

FIJI

Secretary General,
ICOMOS PASIFIKA

Levuka Town, WHS

INDIA

Sector Manager,
Gujarat State Disaster
Management Authority

Champaner - Pavagadh
Archaeological Park,
Panchamahal District, Gujarat,
WHS

Jongmyo Shrine, WHS

ITC 2012, the 7th year
No

Name

1

Suzie YEE SHOW

2

Vikas LAKHANICountry

Sang sun JO

KOREA

4

Rosli
BIN HAJI NOR

MALAYSIA

Head of Melaka World Heritage
Office,Melaka World Heritage Office

Historic City of Melaka, WHS

Bagan located in Manadalay
Division, Myanmar

5

Ni LEI WIN

MYANMAR

Communications Officer at
World Concern Myanmar,
Relief, Recovery andDevelopment Project inMyanma6

Helen
McCRACKENNEWZEALAND

Policy Adviser - Heritage,
Ministry for Culture andHeritage

Cuba Street Historic Area,
Wellington

7

Usman SHAMIMPAKISTAN

Programme Officer,
Kuchlak Welfare Society (KWS)

Mehrgarh, lies on the "Kachi
plain" of now Balochistan,
Pakistan

8

PoornaYAHAMPATHSRI LANKA

Consultant- External Resource Person,
Disaster Risk Management &Climate Change for GIZ

Sacred City of Kandy,
Sri Lanka, WHS

9

Sibel
YILDIRIM ESEN

TURKEYConservation Architect,
Ministry of Culture andTourism

Agora Archeological Sitein the Historic City of Izmir

Introduction

3

Research Associate andCurator,Heritage Repair Division,
Cultural Heritage
Administration of KOREA

25

Observers
No

Name

CountryWork Position and Affiliation

1

Dong Seok KANG

KOREA

A Section Chief of GIS, Cultural Heritage Administration

2

Thi My Thi TONGVIET NAM

PhD Student, International Environmental and Disaster
Management Laboratory, Graduate School of Global
Environmental Studies, Kyoto University

ITC 2013, the 8th year
No

Name

1

Saleh
Mohammad
SAMIT

2

26

Dian LAKSHMIPRATIWIWork Position and Affiliation

DRM Plans of Cultural Heritage
Formulated by the Participants

AFGHANISTANNational Manager,
Community Development
Programme, Aga Khan
Foundation- Afghanistan

Cultural Landscape andArchaeological Remains of the
Bamiyan Valley, WHS

INDONESIAHead of Archaeological
Section,Division of History,
Archaeological and Museum,
Cultural Service Office,
Government of Yogyakarta
Special Territory

Kotagede Heritage Area,
Yogyakarta Historic City

Golestan Palace, Tehran
Bazaar and their surrounding
old urban fabrics, Tehran

Country3

Kambod AMINIHOSSEINI

IRAN

Director,
Risk Management ResearchCenter(Associate Professor)
Risk Management ResearchCenter,International Institute ofEarthquake Engineering andSeismology

4

BarbaraCARANZAITALY

MEC srl
Italian Army “LIGURIA” ARMYMILITARY COMMAND

Monumental Cemetery of
Staglieno, Genoa
Portovenere, Cinque Terre,
and the lslands (Palmaria,Tino
and Tinetto), WHS
Laamu atoll Isdhoo Old Friday
mosque in Maldives

5

Paola MUSSINIITALY

Researcher,
SiTI-Instituto Superioresui Sistemi Territoriali perl’Innovazione

6

Zaha AHMED

MALDIVES

Assistant Architect,
Heritage Department,
Male' Republic of Maldives1.1 Background and Objectives of the 13th International Training Course 20187

Arjun KOIRALA

8

Kenechukwu
Chudi
ONUKWUBE

9

MuhammadJuma
MUHAMMAD

10

Hatthaya

SIRIPHATTHANAKUN

The city core area of Tansen
Municipality

NIGERIA

Director of Programs,
Development Education and
Advocacy
Resources Initiative for Africa(DEAR Africa)

Sukur Cultural Landscape,
WHS

TANZANIA

Director,
Urban and Rural Planning
Department of Urban and
Rural Planning

Stone Town of Zanzibar, WHS

THAILAND

Landscape Architect
Ministry of Culture, Fine Arts
Department,
Office of Architecture

Historic City of Ayutthaya,
WHSCountryWork Position and Affiliation

DRM Plans of Cultural Heritage
Formulated by the Participants

Introduction

NEPAL

Advisor,
Urban Planning andInfrastructure Development,
GFA Consulting Group (Nepal
Office), on behalf of GIZ/Nepal
Municipal Support
Team, Ministry of Urban
Development, Department
of Urban Development andBuilding Construction

ITC 2014, the 9th year
No

Name

1

Elena MAMANIALBANIA

Project Manager, Deputy Headof Office, Cultural Heritage
without Borders (CHwB)

Gjirokastra, WHS

2Catherine
FORBES

AUSTRALIA

Built Heritage Advisor, GML
Heritage; Australia Institute ofArchitects, Australia ICOMOS

The Rocks Historic Urban
Precinct3

Sasa TKALEC

CROATIA

Head of Office of Director,
Croatian Conservation
Institute

Castle Batthany in Ludbreg

4

Juan Diego
BADILLO REYESECUADOR

Architect Conservator
freelance, Volunteer SouthAmerica Coordinator

San Antonio del Cerro Rico deZarumaEGYPT

Chairman, Conservator in
the Ministry of Antiquities,
Egyptian Heritage Rescue
Foundation (EHRF); Training& Capacity Building UnitManager, Egyptian Earth
Construction Association(EECA)Bab El-Wazir, El-Darb Al-Ahmar
District, Historic Cairo, WHS

5Abdelhamid
SAYED

27

THE FIJI
ISLANDS

Senior Project Officer Levuka,
Department of National
Heritage, Culture and Arts

Historical Port Town of Levuka,
WHS

HONDURAS

Urban control and planification
unit, Alcaldia Municipal Del
Distrito Central (Gerencia Del
Centro Historico)Central District Historic Area

8

Jyoti PANDEYSHARMA

INDIA

Professor, Department ofArchitecture, Deenbandhu
Chhotu Ram University of
Science & Technology

Fatehpur Sikri, Agra District,
Uttar Pradesh, WHS

9Saut SAGALAINDONESIA

Senior Fellow, Resilience
Development Initiative

Gedung Sate Building,Governor office of West Java
Province
Al-Hadba Minaret and Nirgal
Gate / Mosul City

6

Anaseini
KALOUGATA

7

Cinthia
CABALLERO

10

Alaa HAMDON

IRAQ

University Lecturer, Researcher
and Earthquake Expert,
Remote Sensing Center, Mosul
University

11

Richard NESTERNEWZEALAND

Technical Advisor – Historic,
Department of Conservation

Government Buildings Historic
Reserve

PAKISTAN

Regional Emergency
Officer (South Punjab),
Punjab Emergency Service(rescue1122), Emergency
Services Academy

Lahore Fort, WHSSYRIAHead of the scientific researchcommissions department,
Higher Commission for
Scientific Research

Crac des Chevaliers(in Arabic: Castle Alhsn), WHS

THAILAND

Captain assistant, Klongtoey
fire station, second operation,
fire department, Bangkok
metropolitan

Vimanmek Palace, WHS

CountryWork Position and Affiliation

DRM Plans of Cultural Heritage
Formulated by the Participants

CHILE

Assistant professor,
Departamento de Arquitectura,
Universidad Técnica Federico
Santa María

Historic Centre of Valparaíso

GHANA

Assistant Conservator ofMonuments,
Ghana Museums andMonuments Board

Asante Traditional Buildings

12

13

14

Zafar SHAH

Hussain SALEH

Kaichard
RUTTANAWONGCHAIITC 2015, the 10th year
No

28

Name

1

Marcela
HURTADOSALDIAS

2

Benjamin Kofi
AFAGBEGEE

1.1 Background and Objectives of the 13th International Training Course 20183

Stephan DONA

HAITI

Disaster Risk Reduction
Advisor,Plan Consult

Citadelle, Sans Souci, Ramiers

4

Mohamad Faruk
MUSTHAFA

INDIA

Chief Executive Officer,
RAPID RESPONSE

Mahabalipuram

IRAN

Teaching/research assistant in
Department of Environmental
Planning,
Ph.D. Candidate inInternational Graduate School:
Heritage Studies,
Brandenburg University ofTechnology Cottbus

Bam and its Cultural landscapeArchaeological Area ofAgrigento

5

Mohammad
RAVANKHAH

Aurelio DUGONI

ITALY

7

HisilaMANANDHAR

NEPAL

Urban planner,
Kathmandu Valley
Development Authority

Patan Durbar Square

8

Sonam LAMA

NEPAL

Assistant professor, Nepal
Enginnering College

Boudhanath Stupa andsurrounding area

9

Ilse Anne
Elisabeth
DE VENTNETHERLANDS

Senior inspector, GeoEngineering,the Dutch State Supervision of
Mines

Hogeland, Groningen,the Netherlands

PALESTINE

Senior Project Architect & Fast
Track Coordinator,
Welfare Association – Old Cityof Jerusalem Revitalization
Program “OCJRP”

Old City of Jerusalem

The Sto. Niño Shrine andHeritage Museum,and the People’s Center andLibrary

10

Bashar Ibrahim
HUSSEINI

11

Gerald Vallo
PARAGAS

PHILIPPINES

Urban and Environmental
Planner (Licensed),
City Government of Tacloban

12

Marko ALEKSIĆSERBIA

Associate,
Central Institute forConservation in Belgrade

Serbian Orthodox Monastery
Žiča

13

Pamela Jane
MAC QUILKAN

SOUTH
AFRICA

Programme Officer,
The African World Heritage
Fund (AWHF)

Robben Island

14

WitiyaPITTUNGNAPOOTHAILAND

Lecturer,
Faculty of Architecture,
Naresuan University

Ban Pak Klong Village,
Bangrakham,
Phitsanulok Province, Thailand

15

Ngoc Phu PHAM

VIETNAM

Vice Director, Hoi An center for
Cultural Heritage Management
and Conservation

Hoi An Ancient Town, Vietnam

Introduction

6

Regional Director of ANPAS
Sicily Committee,
National Association for Public
Assistance (ANPAS)

29

Observers
No

Name

1

Satoko TOYODACountry
JAPANWork Position and Affiliation
Student,
Stuttgart State Academy of Art and Design, Germany

ITC 2016, the 11th year
No

1

2

3

30

Name

Maria Cristina
Vereza LODI

Fatma Saidi
TWAHIR

Muhammad Fathi
Hasan AL-ABSIWork Position and Affiliation

DRM Plans of Cultural Heritage
Formulated by the Participants

BRAZIL

Architect Preservationist,
Rio de Janeiro Municipal
Government / Rio World
Heritage Institute

Carioca Landscapes Between
the Mountain and the Sea

KENYA

Architect,Sites and Monuments;& Mombasa Old Town
Conservation Office,National Museums of Kenya

Mombasa Old Town
Conservation Area

JORDAN

Associate conservator
Architect,Engineering and conservation
department/ Department of
Antiquities (DOA)

Petra or Karak castle

Zona Arqueológica de El Tajín,
Veracruz (Tajín Archaeological
Site)

Country4

Dulce MariaGRIMALDI SIERRAMEXICO

Senior conservator forconservation and researchof decorative elements at
archaeological sites,
Coordinación Nacional deConservación del Patrimonio
Cultural (CNCPC),
Instituto Nacional deAntropología e Historia (INAH)

5

Barbara MINGUEZGARCIASPAIN

Consultant,
The World Bank

Antigua Guatemala

6

Vanessa Anne
TANNERNEWZEALAND

Senior Heritage Advisor,
Wellington City Council,

Newtown Shopping Centre
Heritage Area

Associate for archaeology,
Commission to Preserve
National Monuments of Bosnia
and Herzegovina

Old Bridge Area of the Old Cityof Mostar

Lecturer, PhD Architect,‘Ion Mincu’ University ofArchitecture and Urbanism,
Faculty of Urbanism(Part of ) Delta Dunarii,
Romania – Tulcea city andsurroundings proximity

7

Nermina KATKIĆ

8

MihaelaHĂRMĂNESCUBOSNIA AND
HERZEGOVINAROMANIA1.1 Background and Objectives of the 13th International Training Course 20189

Alberto Enrique
PASCUAL

10

Sherwynne
Bagaoisan AGUB

PANAMA

Director,
Fundation CoMunidad

Fortifications on the Caribbean
Side of Panama: Portobelo –San Lorenzo

PHILIPPINES

Legislative Staff Officer IV,
Senate Economic Planningand Policy Office,Senate of the Philippines

Historic Town of Vigan

Volubilis Archaeological Site
(Morocco)

Mohamed ROUAI

MOROCCO

12

Navneet YADAVINDIAAssociate Director,
Disaster Risk Management

Shimla City, Himachal Pradesh

13

Claudia CeciliaGONZÁLEZMUZZIO

CHILE

Partner at Ambito Consultores,
Ambito Consultores Ltda.

Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road
SystemPAKISTAN

Assistant Director -Recovery &Rehabilitation,
National Disaster Management
Authority,

Mohenjo-Daro archeological
sites

PERU

Senior Auditor – Specialistin Culture Management andCultural Heritage,
Contraloria General de la
Republica

Chan – Chan Archaeological
Zone. (La Libertad, northerncoast of Peru).

14

Amna SHUJA

15Maria ElenaALMESTARURTEAGA

Introduction

11

Professor – researcher,
Earth Sciences Department,
Faculty of Sciences,
University Moulay Ismail,Meknes, Morocco.

Observers
No

1

Name
Sakiko OSHIBACountry
JAPANWork Position and Affiliation
Undergraduate Student,
Toyo Institute of Art and Design

31ITC 2017, the 12th year
No

Work Position and Affiliation

DRM Plans of Cultural Heritage
Formulated by the Participants

BhutanConservator,
National Museum of Bhutan

National Museum of Bhutan(Ta Dzong)

Banaue Rice Terraces

Country

1

Dorji
WANGCHUK

2

Abner Omaging
LAWANGEN

Philippines

Local Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Officer,
Local Government of Tublay,
Benguet, Philippines

3

Hamit BİRTANE

TurkeyTechnical Expert,
Directorate of Gallipoli
Historical Site

Gallipoli Historical Site

4Innocent Hudson
MANKHWALA

Malawi

Archivist (Conservation
Section),
Department of Culture,
National Archives of Malawi

Museum of Malawi

5

Ming Chee ANG

Malaysia

General Manager,
George Town World Heritage
Incorporated

George Town UNESCO World
Heritage Site

6

Victor
MARCHEZINI

BrazilResearcher,
National Centre for Monitoringand Early Warning of Natural
Disasters (CEMADEN)

São Luiz do Paraitinga town,
state of Sao Paulo, Brazil

7

Virasith SithPHOMSOUVANH

Lao PDR

Acting Deputy Director of
Remote Sensing Center,
Ministry of Natural Resourceand Environment (MONRE)

The Town of Luang Pra Bang

8

Saima IQBAL

India

Lead Conservation Consultant,
INTACH, Kashmir Chapter

Shri Pratap Singh Museum

9

Bertrand Pascal
LAVEDRINEFranceDirector of the Centre derecherche sur la Conservation,
National Museum of Natural
History

National Museum of Natural
History

10

Domenico
GRECO

Italy

Civil Engineer - Young
Researcher at University ofSalerno, ICOMOS/ICORP Italy

Cilento National Park andVallo di Diano with The
Archeological Sites of Paestum
and Velia

MyanmarOperation Officer,
Social, Urban, Rural and
Resilience Global Practice,World Bank Group, World
Bank, Myanmar

Yangon or Bagan (tbd)

11

32

Name

Khin Aye YEE

1.1 Background and Objectives of the 13th International Training Course 2018

ObserversNo

NameCountryWork Position and Affiliation

1

Chan Min PARK

KOREA

Curator, National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage

2

Sophie ABRAHAM

Switzerland

Junior Professional Officer, Disaster Risk Reduction,
Emergency Preparedness & Response Unit, Culture
Sector UNESCO

Introduction

33

1.2
1.2Timetable
TimetableofofInternational
InternationalTraining
TrainingCourse
Course(ITC)(ITC)on
onDisaster
DisasterRisk
RiskManagement
Management

Timetable
Timetable
Timetable
TimetableofofofInternationalofInternational
International
International
Training
Training
Training
Training
CourseCourseCourseCourse
(ITC)
(ITC)
(ITC)
(ITC)
on
onon
on
DisasterDisasterDisasterDisaster
Risk
Risk
Risk
Risk
Management
Management
Management
Managementof
ofof
Culturalof
CulturalCulturalCultural
Heritage
Heritage
Heritage
Heritage
2018,
2018,
2018,
2018,
13th
13th
13th
13th
year,
year,
year,
year,
Ritsumeikan
Ritsumeikan
Ritsumeikan
Ritsumeikan
University
University
University
University
8/28
8/28
8/28
8/28
Tue
Tue
Tue
Tue

THEME
THEME
THEME
THEME

8/29
8/29
8/29
8/29
Wed
Wed
Wed
Wed

8/30
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35
35

2 Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans
for Case Study Projects
by ITC 2018 Participants2.1 Formatting a Disaster Risk Management Plan for the House of
Rui Barbosa Foundation – Rio de Janeiro – Brazil
Marcia FURRIEL RAMOS GALVEZ
Architect at the Architectural Preservation Group at the House of Rui Barbosa Foundation– Ministry of Culture

1. Introduction
This article presents Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Plan for the House of Rui Barbosa Foundation(HRBF), Brazilian cultural Institution located at the city of Rio de Janeiro. It was developed during the 13th
ITC course at Ritsumeikan University Currently, the Institution does not have any plan that takes into
consideration the conservation and safeguard of all the collections. Only the historic house Museum holds
a plan for preventive conservation of the historic building and its collections .
The main purpose is to create the basis of a new DRM plan that can involve all the assessed values of
the Institution in order to continue its further development along with various actors and stakeholders.
The final goal is to implement the Institutional plan and share the knowledge acquired with other fellow
partners, disseminating the work to help in understanding and protecting cultural heritage from disasters.

2. Brief History of the Institution
The House of Rui Barbosa Foundation
originated from the Rui Barbosa's HistoricHouse Museum. The government bought
the building in 1924, and, in augustof 1930, it was opened as a MuseumLibrary, devoted to its patron, preserving
his familiar ambience, his books anddocuments, becoming the first housemuseum of Brazil. The museum and itssite are listed as the national heritage
since 1938. Nowadays, it is part of theFig.1 The historic Garden and historic building of the House of Rui Barbosa
Foundation. The Institution is located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil(geo-coordinates: 22o56ʼ56.1”S and 43o11ʼ12.3”W). Photo by Ivo Gonzalez (HRBF)

Brazilian Ministry of Culture, devoted tothe development of Culture, Research,
Teaching, especially related to the Works

and life of Rui Barbosa.
Rui Barbosa (1849-1923) was a Brazilian polymath, diplomat, writer, jurist and politician. He was known by
the nickname “Eagle of the Hague”, because of his participation in the second Conference of the Nations,that took place in Hague, Netherlands. He was also one of the writers of the first Brazilian republican
constitution. His house has many rooms that represents the style of a specific time in Brazilian history, as
well as a historic garden showing features of landscape design of 19th century.

38

2.1 Formatting a Disaster Risk Management Plan for the House of Rui Barbosa Foundation ‒ Rio de Janeiro ‒ Brazil

3. Value Assessment
Cultural Heritage is composed of a group of attributes that contribute towards authenticity, integrity andparticular narratives, within a given context. Only with a complete evaluation of the valuable attributes ofthe HRBF it would be possible to draw a full value assessment, leading to a complete DRM plan. Initially,
seven major attributes were chosen to start the assessment: the historic building, historic rooms, historic
library rooms, the archival collection, the bibliographic collection, the archive of Brazilian literature and thehistoric garden. For each of them, different aspects and values were assigned, such as historical, artistic
or social values and such as form, function, materials as major aspects. Along with those different aspects
and values, each attribute was also evaluated for its inherent vulnerabilities. A description was made foreach of these seven attributes, as represented in Fig. 2:
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC 2018 Participants

Fig.2 Presentation slide of one of the seven attributes assessed to the House of Rui Barbosa Foundation, presenting main aspects andrelated vulnerabilities to Historic Rooms.

4. Risk Assessment – Past Disaster Events
About 85 per cent of disasters in Brazil are caused by flash floods, landslides and prolonged droughts . At
Rio de Janeiro, majority of heavy rains occur during the summer months (December to March), and these
could lead to major risks to HRBFʼs historic house Museum, built with wooden roof and flooring structure.
Fire is also a major hazard that could lead to complete destruction of the Museum and the collections.
The Institution already experienced past disasters related to these risks, such as localized flooding in thehistoric garden (2005), fire at the administration building (2018) and water leakage in the storage rooms ofarchive and bibliographic collections (2017).
All this information helped to build a table where possible hazards (of natural or anthropogenic sources)
relate to the vulnerabilities assessed, in order to estimate possible impacts on the HRBF. Results showedon Fig. 3:

39

Fig.3 Table presenting hazards, vulnerabilities and possible impacts as the combination of these items, in a general view.

5. DRM Plan for Possible Impacts – Drawing Risk Scenarios
After risk assessment, the nest step taken on the developing of the DRM plan to the HRBF was drawing
a risk scenario. With this methodology, it is possible to simulate (hypothetically) a disaster, describing asequence of possible events, triggered by primary hazard resulting in diverse impacts on one of more
attributes.
Although the HRBF relates to different natural hazards in the area, the presented risk scenario started withthe rupture of two water pipes of 500 mm in diameter, built in the 1920´s, crossing the site through thehistoric garden and passing less than 10 meters from the west façade of the Historic building. The Westfaçade is where the main windows of the historic library rooms are located. Old and in an unknown stateof maintenance, a possible rupture of the pipes would affect not only the Museum collection and Historic
Building, but also the visitors, as the garden is much used by the local community, especially by children
and the elderly. In this case, the presence of the buried pipes turned out to be the vulnerability that may
cause the disaster scenario, though not a natural one.
On a Sunday evening, due to the leakage from the rupture, pressurized water hit the west part of thehistoric garden, five historic rooms of the historic building and the basement, causing localized flooding.
No security guard was present in the west wing of the Museum at the time due to lack of security
staff. Water in the basement causes electric short circuit, initiating a fire right next to the wooden floor
structures as secondary hazard.
With this drawn scenario, it is possible to predict the impacts generated and to elaborate measures to
respond to the disaster case before or after it eventually happens. Figure 4 presents part of the impacts
imagined from the scenario, from high to low risk.

40

2.1 Formatting a Disaster Risk Management Plan for the House of Rui Barbosa Foundation ‒ Rio de Janeiro ‒ Brazil

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC 2018 Participants

Fig.4 A slide presenting the areas possibly damaged by the rupture of the water pipes, consequence of a drawn risk scenario, where historicrooms and historic library rooms are affected by localize flooding. The orange and green dots show the location of important objects of themuseum and bibliographic collection.

6. Proposal of Mitigation Measures for PREVENTION, RESPONSE and RECOVERY– Action Plans and Table of Stakeholders

For each drawn scenario, a list of possible impacts is given and associated measures of prevention,
response and recovery were proposed :For PREVENTION (actions to prevent this risk to happen):•Develop plan for the complete renewal of electric system•Update fire protection systems•Increase security staff•Training of Foundation staff/ raise awareness within local community•Produce safety cards for fire department•DIG ‒ Disaster Imagination Game to engage community with Foundation Staff•Develop a visitor management plan and facilitate online access
For RESPONSE (immediate actions at first-aid moment):•Develop plan for the immediate protection of most valuable objects localized in the west wing of theMuseum•Create a direct communication with the water supply company to immediately turn off the water flow incase of rupture.
•Undertake damage assessment to estimate funds•Develop first aid procedures such as salvage and evacuation of most valuable objects•Alternate storage rooms in safe locations

41

For RECOVERY (after the event, actions to bring back or restore attributes possibly lost):•Demand actions from the water supply company to eliminate this stretch of water pipes inside theFoundation site
•Restoration of possible damages objects for fire or localized flooding.
For every measure, there are different stakeholders and actors involved, being responsible for needed
actions of prevention or response and recovery. That means that different stakeholders participate during
different phases of the DRM plan, and it is important to know all of them. In addition, the HRBF staff is partof internal actors and should know their position in this table/scheme, presented on Fig. 5:

42

2.1 Formatting a Disaster Risk Management Plan for the House of Rui Barbosa Foundation ‒ Rio de Janeiro ‒ Brazil

After the simulation of a large number of risk scenarios (involving all possible hazards and attributes), andassociating measures and stakeholders to each one, it is possible to design the final content of the DRM
plan, proposed actions to mitigate and/or eliminate those risks in their totality.
In this first attempt, action plans were created to understand, in a practical way, how measures against riskof disasters could be implemented. This DRM plan started with four action plans, listed below:

7. Conclusion
Formulating a DRM plan is a continuing exercise that requires detailed understanding of Cultural Heritage
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC 2018 Participants

context, values, vulnerabilities and possible affecting hazards. To reach a solid plan for the House of Rui
Barbosa Foundation it is key to complete the value assessment, in order to fulfill possible risk scenarios andpropose various measures. To raise awareness on this work is important now, after the fire that consumed
a great part of the National Museum, the first Brazilian museum in Rio de Janeiro. Implementing actions
against disasters, especially prevention ones, is a major goal to cultural Institutions, and the House of Rui
Barbosa Foundation can develop a DRM plan that works as a model to them. There is a lot of work still todo, related to the assessments and engagement of actors and stakeholders, but the work developed at the13rd ITC course on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage at Ritsumeikan University is certainly agreat starting point.

References
1) In 2012, a Risk Management plan was made for the Foundation. See article “RISK MANAGEMENT FOR
THE HOUSE OF RUI BARBOSA FOUNDATION'S CULTURAL HERITAGE”, CARVALHO, C. R.. Available in: http://
www.casaruibarbosa.gov.br/conservacaopreventiva/arquivos/file/Downloads/Gerenciamento%20de%20
Riscos%20para%20o%20patrimonio%20cultural%20FCRB.pdf . Article in Portuguese.
2) The Mission of the Institution is “to promote the preservation and research of memory and literary andhumanistic production, as well as bring together initiatives for reflection and debate on Brazilian culture”.
3) “In Rio de Janeiro, thousands at risk from disasters”, Andrade, R. ‒ Available in: https://scidev.net/global/
environment/news/in-rio-de-janeiro-thousands-at-risk-from-disasters.html?utm_source=link&utm_
medium=rss&utm_campaign=/global/global_rss.xml&

43

2.2 Disaster Risk Management Plan for Nobgang Cultural Site, Bhutan

Jamyang Singye NAMGYEL
Conservation Architect at the Department of Culture, Ministry of Home and Cultural Aﬀairs.

1. Introduction
Nobgang (the mount of precious jewels) is a historic village located in Talo sub district of Punakha. The
village is situated on a hilltop at an altitude of 2000 mts above sea level. The settlement developed after
the establishment of the Nobgang Tsuglakhang (temple) built by the ninth Je Khenpo (chief abbot)
Gyalwa Shacha Rinchen in 1756. The houses were built as meditation houses by monks who came fromall over the country and later settled in the same area. The village of Nobgang has been identified as animportant cultural site under the framework of the Cultural Heritage Bill (CHB) of the Kingdom of Bhutan,
2016.

2. Sustainability and Existing Values and Attributes
The village fulfills all eight criteria listed under section 51 for “Registration and Designation of Cultural
Heritage” of the Rules and Regulations of the Cultural Heritage Bill of Bhutan. A draft stewardship plan for
Nobgang has been prepared under which:
The five key defining elements of the Nobgang cultural site and its cultural landscape that make the site
geographically, historically and visually unique in Bhutan are:• Its location in Punakha, one of the most naturally spectacular and historically significant valleys in
Bhutan.
• Its sacred natural surroundings and assets. The settlement is also characterized by several naturalfeatures such as rocks and gorges which are believed to be inhabited by spirits. Offerings to the spirit gods
annually is an important intangible culture of Nobgang and its residents.
• Its distinct housing architecture called kabu-dharcham.
• Its linkage with eminent historical figures. In addition to the 9th Je Khenpo of Bhutan (Chief Abbott) Je
Shakya Rinchen, Nobgang village has also a special connection to the historical Royal Family of Bhutan.
•Its traditional agricultural practices.
However, for the purpose of this assignment; the tangible attributes of the site which are of heritage value
and attributes connected with the intangible culture of the community have been focused to develop thedisaster risk management plan.

Fig. 1,2 and 3 Nobgang Temple, Kabu Darcham houses and Stupas442.2 Disaster Risk Management Plan for Nobgang Cultural Site, Bhutan

3. Value Assessment:
The following tables describe in detail the various built and natural attributes of the site, their significanceand their vulnerability to hazards.
Table 1 Built attributes of the site, their significance and vulnerability to hazards.
Attributes
Kabu

ValuesSignificance

AssociatedArchitectural

Intangible values
The typology of houses which are called Kabu None

Level of

Vulnerability to hazards

SignificanceHigh
Highly vulnerable toDarchamDarcham is unique to Nobgang and about 13 houses

Fire, Earthquake andNobgang

Religious

retains the original 18th century design.
Built in the year 1757 by Je Shakcha Rinchen, this Yearly fest ivals and HighWindstorms
Highly vulnerable toTempleCultural

temple was the first permanent structure built in the Daily rituals

Fire, Earthquake andSocialvillage. The temple is highly revered not only by theWindstorms

residents but also by all Bhutanese and is a popularplace of pilgrimage for the Bhutanese.
Built in the 18th century by 10th Je Khenpo Yearly fest ivals and HighHighly vulnerable toGom

CulturalPenchen Tenzin Chogyal, it is another temple which Daily rituals

Fire, Earthquake andSocialholds high spiritual value to the residents and theWindstorms

Religious

Bhutanese
The statue of Lord Buddha in the main Lhakhang Yearly fest ivals and HighHighly vulnerable toCulturalhas a sparkle of light on its forehead which is Daily rituals

Fire, Earthquake andSocialbelieved to be a relic from which the name Nob

vandalism

Religious(Jewel) and Gang (ridge) of the village has derived
The stupa which originally was a water-fed prayer None

Culturalwheel structure back in the olden days also served

vandalism as sacred

Socialas a landmark and nodal point for the originaland valuable objects

settlement

are hidden in the

Relics

StupasMediumVulnerable

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Z i m c h u n g Religious

tostupasTable 2 Natural attributes of the site, their significance and vulnerability to hazards.
Attributes

ValuesSurrounding

Intangible values
SignificanceEnvironmental The community forests and pastures are important Farming, agricultural Medium
Forest fires especiallyforests

Socialassets for the livelihood of the community

Culturalactivities
Agriculture is the basic source of livelihood and the S h a r e d l a b o r w i t h i n Medium

Agricultural

Significance

Associated

Level ofand daily livelihoo dFieldstraditional practices of shared labour keeps good the community and use/practices

community bonds

during the dry winterseasonof traditional farming

Abode ofSocialpractices
An area where the spirit called Peb Dhargay, is Important aspect of the Medium

Bayga Lung

Culturalbelieved to reside. A large old tree is the object of communities beliefs andDueVulnerability to hazards

Forest fire

worship. Residents perform an offering ritual to daily life.
the spirit every year before they begin the major
plantation in their fields around him.

4. Hazards/Threats:
The hazard mapping and other related information regarding hazards are very limited. Except for GLOF,
there are no hazard maps or zones for other hazards such as earthquakes, fire, etc. Therefore, the hazard
and threat to the site have been studied from past history of disasters in and around the Nobgang site.

45

The following are the highly probable threats and the impact it could have on the heritage attributes ofthe site:• Forest fire – The deciduous coniferous forest surrounding the village and the presence of othersettlements around the village makes the likelihood of forest fires very high especially during the dry
winter season.
• Structural fire – The material of the houses and temples being mostly of timber makes it highly
vulnerable to structural fires. The practice of lighting butter lamps inside the altar and the poor conditionof electrical fixtures and installations might lead to structural fires.
• Earthquake – Bhutan is located in a very highly seismic prone zone. Secondary hazards such as fire due toearthquake could cause high damage to the houses and the temples.
• Windstorm – Punakha region is frequented with seasonal windstorms. Severe windstorms could result in
structural fires and physical damage to the structures.
• Vandalism – The temples and stupas house important relics and valuable items. This poses high risk ofvandalism and destruction.

5. Risk Analysis vis-à-vis the Heritage Attributes of the Site
The table below shows the risk analysis of the various attributes and their vulnerability to certain hazards
due to their material characteristics and other factors.
Table 3 Risk Analysis.
***It is found that Fire, earthquake and windstorm which are the most common and impactful hazards would hugely affect the mostsignificant attributes of the site.
Attributes

Level of

Vulnerability factors

Highly Vulnerable to

Kabu

SignificanceHigh

Impact of Hazards1)Poor electrical wiring systems

Fire, Earthquake and Complete or partial destruction by

Darcham2)Timber is used as a major construction material

Windstorm

houses3) Vicinity to exposed electrical lines

NobgangHigh

Temple4) Exposed butter lamps lit daily in the altar1)Poor electrical wiring systems

Fire, Earthquake and Complete or partial destruction by

2)Timber is used as a major construction material

Windstorm

3) Vicinity to exposed electrical lines
Zimchung

High

Gom

High

fire, earthquake and windstorms.
Loss of relics/texts due to vandalism

4) Exposed butter lamps lit daily in the altar1)Poor electrical wiring systems

Fire, Earthquake and Complete or partial destruction by

2)Timber is used as a major construction material

Windstorm

3) Vicinity to exposed electrical lines
Relicsfire, earthquake and windstorms.

4) Exposed butter lamps lit daily in the altar
1) Religious texts (nature of materials)

fire, earthquake and windstorms.
Loss of relics/texts due to vandalism

Fire and Vandalism2) Statues made of mud

Complete or partial destruction by
fire and destruction by vandalism

3) Stored/displayed in the vulnerable areas
StupasMedium4) No security systems
1) Located in open areas

Vandalism

Complete or partial destruction.

2) No security system

6. Plausible Disaster Scenario
Drawing from the risk analysis, fire is the most plausible threat that can have major impact on theimportant attributes of the site. The scenario is set during the dry and windy winter season on an
auspicious day for Buddhists. During the day time, a lot of people from the community and other places
come to pay offerings in the main temple. A lot of butter lamps have been lit and by 4 PM in the evening,
all the people have left and the caretaker of the temple is also quite tired with the hectic day. The butter46

2.2 Disaster Risk Management Plan for Nobgang Cultural Site, Bhutan

lamps which are placed very near to the timber altar causes the fire. Since there is no fire alarm systeminstalled in the temple, the caretaker remains unknown of the fire until it becomes too huge. There arealso no fire-fighting system installed for the temple and by the time people become aware of the fire, thetemple structure with all the movable property inside the temple is destroyed.

7. Disaster Risk Mitigation and Preparedness
The disaster risk mitigation and preparedness for fire have been developed for the site. Relevant
stakeholders for carrying out the activities and the financial resource required for the activities have also
been outlined.
Table 4 Risk Mitigation and preparedness against Fire.
Mitigation

Stakeholders
The Temples

Responsibility
Temple & SC to

ImpactSpreading oftraditional practice whereby the
local community get together toLocal Government

coordinate

forest fire is greatly

Stewardship

Local Government

reduced andclear the bushes and dry vegetation Committee

to financecommunity bond isaround heritage/religious structures The residents

Residents toenhanced

to prevent the spread of forest fires.
Yearly monitoring and maintenance SC

participate
Stewardship

Negates electricalof electrical wiring and fixtures in The Residents

Committee toshort circuiting

the houses and temples

coordinate

The Temples

Cost
Low

Finance
CH FundLow

CH Fund

CH FundUse of Glass enclosed butter lamp SC

Stewardship

Secondary hazard of Low

s t a n d s i n t h e h o u s e s a n d t h e The Residents

Committee tofire after earthquake

temples

provide free glass

is eliminated

The Temples

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Activities
Revive the practice of 'Mero' - A

enclosed butter
Preparedness

Fire hydrants to be supplied to allSClamp stands
Stewardship

Alarm systems

houses and temples. Basic fire-

The Residents

Committee toenhances quick

fighting equipment’s such as

The Temples

finance and provide response and theoxygen mask, water bags helmets

The Royal Bhutan all the equipments

CH FundMediumCH Fund

CCTV reduces thefor each households to be procured Police

risk of vandalism ofand stored near the Nobgang

the temples andTshuglakhang.
Fire alarm system to be installed inSC

SC to coordinate

all Important houses and temples.

The Residents

CCTV to be installed in the two

The Temples

with the RBP for the Better equipments

temples and the areas near the

The Royal Bhutan

stupas.
Emergency Drills focused on

PoliceSCinstallations

Mediumthe stupas

The
Templesenhances efficient
response

SC to coordinate

Improved

resource management, call for help, The Temples

Temples, Local

coordination

man power mobilization during

The residents

Govt, District Govt

and response

response.

Local & Dist Govt

and residents tomechanism during

Fire proof display shelves to be

RBPparticipate
D r a t s h a n g DoC to provide

emergencies
Ensures the safety Medium

installed in the two temples for

Lhentshog

the design andof relics during fire

storage and display of religious

DoC

implement the

texts and important relics

Low

CH Fund

CH Fundinstallations

At the site level, it was also found important to have an established disaster response system for
efficient early response to disasters. The installation of state of the art fire-fighting and alarm systems forthe temples and the important kabu darcham houses would be too expensive. Further, the distance andtime for the fire-fighting trucks to reach the site on time during a disaster is very long. Therefore, a first
responder team comprising of the whole community with an established system of communication andemergency drill would serve more efficiently to respond to a disaster.

47

It is also found sustainable and cheaper to install portable fire-fighting equipment’s especially at criticalplaces in the temples and the Kabu darcham houses. The emergency drills should focus on the use of
these fire hydrants and the system to share these resources whenever a fire occurs. The figure below
shows a basic layout at the site with locations of emergency response area and strategic points for
installation of fire hydrants and CCTV for surveillance.

Fig. 4 and 5 Site plan with location of Emergency response area and diagram showing system of communication for efficient first response
at site.

8. Recovery
For recovery, a series of actions also has to be carried out at the earliest. Documentation of all the Kabu
Darcham houses and the two important temples have to be carried out.
Post disaster, recovery at two stages have been outlined in the table below.

Table 5 Early and long term recovery plan.

References
1) The Cultural Heritage Bill of Bhutan, 2016.
2) Draft Nobgang Cultural Site Stewardship Plan.

48

2.3 Disaster Risk Management Plan for Taitu Hotel: Addis Ababa/Ethiopia

Abel Assefa GIRMAY
Heritage Conservator and Archeologist

1. Background
Addis Ababa is comparatively young city, dating from the end of the 19th century; however it has
undergone several changes. All these developments have left their traces in the city’s fabric. The city
gathers a rich and unique urban heritages dating back to its origin. Early historic buildings of the city inparticular, have a document with a century and quarter of settlement, development and change of thecity.
Among the diverse and unique urban heritages Addis Ababa City possesses, Taitu Hotel is one of theimportant built up heritage which is associated with the city’s early development. The Hotel was thefirst hotel to be opened in the country in 1907. The Hotel and other various public buildings constructedduring the period were associated with the introduction of modern technologies and institutions to thecountry and a witness for transformation in architectural elaboration from tents and huts to complex
buildings. The building present design is still the original and it is characterized by a two-tier roof and byverandas running all around the two floors.
The hotel reflects the traditional Ethiopian tastes, but also represents the hybrid style that developed in
Addis Ababa in the early twentieth century, when European and Indian craftsmen worked on homes,
businesses and places of worship for wealthy Ethiopian and foreign client. In addition to being thefirst building of its type in Ethiopia; e.g., a hotel, the hotel two-story, rectangular design reflects theintroduction of a new design concept in a region of the country, where buildings were traditionally roundor oval, one-story structures. The building, which
continues to operate as a hotel a century after
its founding, anchoring its historic district, is one

ofhistorical landmark in the city’s life and architecture.
Apparently, the hotel has 83 bed rooms and isrenowned for being the destination for foreigners
and backpackers. The hotel is a place where
paintings, photos and art works are portrayed andonce part of the hotel serves as a gallery.

Fig.1 Taitu Hotel Building

2. Location and Context
Taytu Hotel is situated in the southern section of the Piazza district of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Arada/Piazza
was one of the earliest settlements of Addis Ababa established at the turn of the 19th century. The area
had very vital city wide functions serving as a center of business and a place for cultural activities in thefirst few decades of the city. Due to its historical significance as a commercial and cultural center in theearly formation of the city, apparently the area comprises abundant number of built up heritages. Among
150 elements selected and incorporated in the master plan of the city, 27 building structures which
implies 18% of the overall cultural heritages the city are located in Piazza area.

49

This Hotel has been registered as one of a significant built up heritage of the city by the present ARCCH(Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage) the successor of CRCCH (Center for
Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage), in 1990; by the Master Plan of the City in 2001; AACTB(Addis Ababa Culture and Tourism Bureau) in 2010 & 2015; also in 2008 by local NGO Addis Woubet incollaboration with GTZ.

3. Heritage Analysis: Attributes and Values
The hotel has two possible attributes which are directly or indirectly related to the hotel’s development/
passage along its history and structure. The first attribute is in the Hotel structure itself and its use which
has two sub-attributes i.e. the whole structure and decorative architectural elements located in the west
section of the building.
The second attribute is a group of buildings that were constructed during the Italian Occupation. Thosegroups of buildings (eight annexes) are significance property supporting historical values throughtheir direct association with the Fascist regime. But, due to their ordinary design and materials, are notcontributing factors to the architectural significance of the property. Therefore for the purpose of thisstudy only the hotel structure has been selected and studied because of its significance and multidimensional value.
Table 1 The hotel values and level of scale

Dimension of the Heritage (from 1(Low) to 5 (High)
Aspects
Artistic Historic and Political
Form and Design53Materials & Substances
5
1
Use and Function
1
3
Tradition, Technique, & Workmanship
5
Location and Setting
43
Sprit and Feeling22Social2
1
4
2
23

Scientific
4
4
2
3
1
1

4. Disaster Risk Assessment:
4.1 Contextual Background of Human-induced Disaster/January 11/ 2014
The historic structure has undergone on various changes and challenges that has shaped and influenced
to maintain its original semblance and to remain as the city fabric. One of the major challenges the Hotelever encountered was in January 11/ 2014, when a fire accident partially destroyed its structure. The fire
was originated from inside the building and has damaged many of the hotel’s rooms, its historic pieces& artifacts and wooden structures before it was put under control. Many of the hotel’s rooms, its historic
pieces and a bank office were completely burned down before firefighters put out the fire. The City’s
Police Commission disclosed that the cause of the fire accident that devastated the historic Taitu Hotel
was a faulty of electric wiring.

Fig. 2 The Hotel during and after the fire accident in January 11/ 201450

2.3 Disaster Risk Management Plan for Taitu Hotel: Addis Ababa/Ethiopia

4.2 Threats and Hazards /Vulnerability/Impact
Table 2 Potential threats and hazards /vulnerability/impact

Threats

Vulnerability
Impact• The city lactation in the seismic region of the Country. Since L o s s / D a m a g e o n t h e
its founding a century ago, a number of seismic activities have structure

Earth quake/ occurred.
Seismic hazard • Current state of preservation (Lack of regular maintenance)• Construction material/wood• Lack of DRM in case of emergency• The city is rebuilding itself around its urban core. There is major Lose of Visual Integrity
Urbanization

construction going on in near to the hotel area. (Land Value)
Structural instability

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants• Owner interest to expand and to construct new building
L a n d s l i d e s / • Massive undergoing construction in Surrounding the area
landslips (landmovement)

Fire Accident• Poor and old electrical wire installation

Damaged on many of the• Proximity to kitchen

hotel’s rooms, its historic• Poor safety procedures and lack of fire prevention equipment and pieces & artifacts andmeasurewooden structures• Lack of DRM even after the fire accident

4.3. Risk Analysis
The probability of fire accident originated from either inside the building as a result of faulty of wire orfrom the kitchen which is in a few (1-m) distances from the main hotel building could cause a severe
damage. Also hence the urban settlement of the surrounding is congested and the hotel and other nearby
structures were built by timber/wooden material the probability of spreading fire from surrounding
neighborhood is underlying.
Probability of Fire caused due to human errors and subsequently its spread due to strong wind is almost
certain and its consequence will be high. Likewise its degree of impact on heritage values associated withkey attributes will be high. However its degree of impact on safety of visitors and staff is rare.

5. Disaster Risk Management Plan
5.1. Objective
Major objective of the DRM plan is:• To reduce the possibility of risk of fire that could be caused human error and its possible impact on thehistoric asset’s values associated with key attributes visitors• To react to the disaster occurred to a pre-plan and organized action plan by involving different
stakeholders• To have an exemplary DRM plan that could be caused as a good lesson.

515.2. Mitigation and Prevention Measures
Table 3 Action plans for Mitigation and Prevention Measures

Action Plan

Major Activities• Documentation with detail decorative details and materials/ state of conservation(disseminating the inventory document for various stakeholders including museums andlibraries and archive agency

Planning• Stakeholders meeting for the preparation of Management plan for the hotel administrationand management (proposing a 5% annual revenue for the preservation and safety proceduresof the hotel)• Preparation of DRM plan
• Maintenance/restoration of the asset which could increase the capacity of the hotel in caseof a hazard/to facilitate visitor’s service and safety

Structural
measures• Upgrading the electrical installation of the hotel with modern materials and based on the
new EBC• Changing the place of the Hotel’s Kitchen to new area
• Placement of Automatic fire alarm equipment’s and Fire extinguisher and water sprinkler• Lightening conductor devices need to be placed.
• Awareness creation program• Regular training for the Hotel stuff on how to use fire extinguisher• DRM - Set up a system for a regular inspection and replacement of fire extinguisher at leastNon-structural once a year
• Set up emergency response team which includes employees from the hotel andrepresentative/volunteer from communities of the neighborhood and also experts from
responsible government organization

6. Conclusion/ Emergency Response and Recovery
The field of cultural heritage management and in particular DRM needs a collaboration of different
stakeholders at different level; in any event of hazard the need to have a response team which includes
professionals from different filed and sector organization based on their interest and power is vital for
short, medium and long term plans of emergency response and recovery/rehabilitation.
Based on the experience of Kobe/Japan linking the activities of mitigation to recovery is important. For
example; while conducting immediate assessment, documentation and evaluation of the damaged
section of the structure, hand in hand a study for its recovery/rehabilitation or in a case of damage
rebuilding needs to be assessed along its financial coast break down and stakeholder’s role. To conclude
in any case for activities to be implemented for emergency response and especially for its recovery andrehabilitation needs to be balance and harmonize the heritage values associated with key attributes andthe safty of vistors and the struucture.

52

2.3 Disaster Risk Management Plan for Taitu Hotel: Addis Ababa/Ethiopia

References
1) Abel Assefa:. Urban Heritage Management for Addis Ababa: a Revitalization Study on Historic Buildingof Yemetubezina; A Thesis Submitted to Department of Archeology and Heritage Management In partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Art in Archaeology. Addis Ababa University/
Collage of Graduate Studies, 2011 (Unpublished)
2) Addis Ababa Culture and Tourism Bureau.: Lists of Historical Buildings in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa,
2010 (Unpublished)3) Batistoni M.and Paolo C. G.: Old Tracks in the New Flower-A Historical Guide to Addis Abeba. Arada
Books, 2004
4) Fasil Giorgis and Gerard D:. The city and its Architectural Heritage: Addis Abeba 1886-1941. Shama
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

books, 2007
5) Fasil Giorgis: Addis Ababa’s Architectural and Urban Development, In proceedings of Urban Heritage
Agenda for Addis Ababa International Conference, Mater printing press, pp. 6-7, 2009
6) Leslie L. Gottert; National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for the Nomination of the Taytu
Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Submission for the Julia Rogers Research Prize), 2012 (Unpublished)
7) Addis Woubet and GTZ: Addis Ababa Urban Heritage Database, 2008 (Unpublished)
8) Center for Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritages: Hitorical Buildings of Addis Ababa:
Preservation in Town Planning, Addis Ababa, 1990 (Unpublished)9) Mekonnen Worku: Heritage Conservation oriented planning: Heritage Policy in light of Sustainable
Urban Planning The Case of Piazza LDP, Addis Ababa, Thesis submitted to the school of graduate studies
of Addis Ababa University in partial fulfillment of the requirement of masters of Science In Urban Design
and Planning, 2008 (Unpublished)53

2.4 The Dominican Convent of Tehuantepec, Mexico.
A Disaster Risk Management Draft Plan
David Antonio TORRES CASTRO
Coordinación Nacional de Conservación del Patrimonio Cultural, INAH 1, Mexico.

1. Introduction
This document is a product of the work carried out during the 13th UNESCO Chair International Training
This document is a product of the work carried out during the 13th UNESCO Chair International Training
course (ITC) on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage at the Institute of Disaster Mitigation for
Urban Cultural Heritage (D-MUCH), Ritsumeikan University, Kioto, Japan. This brief document is the firstattempt at developing a Disaster Risk Management (DRM) plan of the former Dominican Convent, locatedin the city of Santo Domingo Tehuantapec, in the southeast Mexico. It is the only remaining 16th century
cloister building in the Istmo de Tehuantepec region. It was built on the flat land near Tehuantepec river,and is one of the oldest building in the city from the colonial period.
A general plan for the management and reduction of disaster risks of this specific cultural asset isformulated. The methodology used was the one designed, implemented and taught since 2006 during
the ITC by D-MUCH, which links the Disaster Risk Management approach with conservation of cultural
heritage. It considers the allocation of heritage values, the vulnerability assessment process, identificationof multiple hazards and threats and the analysis of exposure, all from the cultural heritage perspective as
an integral part of a comprehensive risk evaluation process.
The selection of this specific cultural site responds to the adverse circumstances in which it was before
I attended the ITC, particularly due to damages caused by series of earthquakes since 2017. During the
response fase, emergency actions where taken by the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH)
to protect the collections and prevent them from further damage. Emergency measures were taken also
to stabilize the building through shoring. Unfortunately, there was considerable loss of architectural
finishes and decorations, particularly on wall paintings. The building is still closed to the public until thewriting of this paper.

2. The 2017 Earthquakes
On September 2017, two of the most important earthquakes in Mexican recent history occurred.
The first one, on September 7th, with magnitude of 8.2 was one of the biggest events recorded
since seismic instrumentation has being used, severely impacting five states in the country and having
1 Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
2 The region is called Istmo de Tehuantepec, which translates as the isthmus of Tehuantepec. (Authorʼs translation)
3 The National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH for its acronym in Spanish), itʼs the Institution responsible for the protection,conservation, research and promotion of cultural heritage from ancient times to 19th century, at a national level.
4 The earthquake took place at 23:49 hours, 133 km Southwest of Pijijiapan, Chiapas, with geographical references at 14.761º latitude N, and-94.103º longitude W and 45.9 km deep, according to the National Seismological Service (SSN) from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
Mexico (UNAM).

54

2.4 The Dominican Convent of Tehuantepec, Mexico. A Disaster Risk Management Draft Planan unusual number of aftershocks. The second one happened on September 19th of the same year, withmagnitude of 7.1 with its epicenter in central Mexico, which affected another 8 states, including Mexico
City. Together they caused damage to over 2,300 historic buildings from XVI to XIX centuries, 320 of themwith severe damage, within 11 states, representing one third of the national territory. (Pérez-Campos,
Espíndola, 2018: 49, 55; Prieto, 2018: 110)
The first event, having the epicenter around 180
km from Santo Domingo Tehuantepec, the precise
location of the Convent, had an enormous impact
on the building, damaging the historic structure, thearchitectonic finishes and decorations, and somehow
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

affected almost all the cultural objects and collections
kept inside. During the emergency fase, some quick
measures where taken to rescue and stabilize thecultural assets and attributes of the site, and protect
them from further damage. Veils where applied todamaged wall paintings using non-woven materials, all
the collections where stored, evacuated and secured
to the undamaged area of the building with restricted
access. This was the situation for the Dominican Convent
before 2018 ITC and the reason it was selected as casestudy for the course.

Fig.1 The Dominican Convent of Tehuantepec after the
September 7th M8.2 earthquake. Photograph: David Torres

3. Attributes, Vulnerability and Values
To successfully understand the site, attributes and its associated values where initially identified
followed by a vulnerability assessment. This allowed me to evaluate the tangible or intangible

aspects of the site against multiple potential hazards from an integrated perspective, and opened
up the possibility of priorization. The identified
attributes are showed in the following table, where
the associated values for each one of them aredescribed, and a level of significance was assigned
according to the range of values and the numberof stakeholders involved. It is possible to noticethat the historic building itself including the wall

paintings and the architectural decoration, having

identified at least four kind of values associatedwith them, including material, scientific and spacialones, and being the container of all the otherattributes, was stablished as the most important
attribute of the site.

Fig.2 Identified attributed and the associated values

5 There were more than 22, 000 aftershock reported by the National Seismic Service (SSN) until 1st of June.
6 The September 19th earthquake took place at 13:14 hours, 17 km Southeast of Axochiapan, Morelos, 127 km from Mexico City, and 38.5 km
deep, according to the National Seismological Service (SSN) from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM).

55

One relevant aspect was to understand the community value of the building as a social space,since from this point of view, this cultural asset is not only appreciated for it’s historic fabric or it'sarchitectural relevance among the people of Tehuantepec, but mostly because it functioned asa cultural centre where popular cultural activities where taught to children and youngsters, andlocal art exhibitions where held. Even now when it remains closed to the public, it represents
one of the focal points for identity creation, cultural continuity and an essential agent for social
cohesion in the city. This was identified as a root value underlying every other aspect or attributeof the site, and furthermore not included in the attribute list as it related to not only to one ofthem, but as an axis that permeates at all levels instead.

4. Hazards, Risks and potential scenarios
The next step was to identify and understand the hazards that could possibly threaten the cultural asset ina given period of time. This allows the DRM planner to implement structural or non structural methods toreduce the potential risks and so reduce the expected loss of value to the heritage asset.
Regarding the former Dominican Convent of Tehuantepec, understanding of risks in the current state,focusing on the frequency, or chance of occurrence, of potential hazards was paramount, in order to
identify and prioritize immediate interventions and implement them accordingly. It was so that timeparameters were stablished for the immediate and medium term ones. Furthermore, not only potential
long term risks where taken into account but also short term risks due to the current situation of the sitewere studied. In this way, heavy rainfall was found as the most plausible and thus more important ofthem to care of as it is expected to occur soon, and again every year, followed by a slow recovery process
which could not be fast enough to prevent more damage. In this scenario, the plastic used to protect
damaged areas of the building from water filtration has been wearing off due to prolonged sun exposure.
Thus, water could leak inside the building causing damage to temporary storage of collections, flooding
the inner spaces which are not designed to manage water and subsequently damage wall paintings bydripping and draining through the walls. Furthermore, this could affect the wooden shoring causing
differential or irregular movements, putting the whole building at risk of instability, and more structural
damage in case of another seismic event.
In addition man-induced threats were included particularly inadequate practices for the reconstruction of
the damaged structure as a very likely risk in the medium term due to the recovery process in the region.
Poor monitoring and control of the reconstruction techniques from the central government agency, forinstance, could cause not only the loss of authenticity and integrity of the site, but also could create newrisks in further earthquakes, which are very likely to occur . In addition, but also derived from what has
been described up to this point, the collections could be directly affected by the high humidity levels oreven direct contact with water, causing the deterioration of organic materials such as fabric, silk, paper orwood.
7 According to the National Seismic Service, the city of Tehuantepec is located in one of the most seismic regions in the country due to its
closeness to the subduction zone between the Cocos, the North American and the Caribbean tectonic plaques.

56

2.4 The Dominican Convent of Tehuantepec, Mexico. A Disaster Risk Management Draft Plan

From this overall perspective what was identified at highest risk was the social value that works ascohesive agent for all the other attributes of the site. In an obvious way, the lack of access for the local
communities due to security reasons has interrupted the local function of the space, overlooking theimportance of carrying out cultural activities. Nonetheless, keeping the building closed and out of reachfor locals, even when it is being repaired, could actually have a negative impact on the community. But
less evident is the lack of collaboration initiatives by the oﬃcial agencies that could enable the community
to be part of the process, especially during the recovery phase. In the end, risk analysis and scenario
evaluation showed that every potential risk points at the same direction: the loss of social link to the site
and thus, the loss of active values associated with material attributes.

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Fig.3 Risk identification and high estimate scenario

5. Stakeholders for DRM draft planning
The next step was to identify the possible actors or organizations that could be involved or interested
in the conservation of the cultural asset. For this purpose, a stakeholder map was drawn by considering
the people around the Convent of Tehuantepec, in order to understand their relation with the site andamong each other as well. Two different stakeholder maps were drawn for different moments. One for theplanning stage and another one for the implementation of the risk reduction measures. Thus, a first one
was developed as an interpretation of the initial relations between the stakeholders, working as a starting
point from where the DRM draft plan was developed. This was important because it was established fromthe start that a people centered approach would be followed in order to work towards the sustainabilityof the plan.
Among several stakeholders involved, five were recognized as main actors for the planning stage, namely
INAH state oﬃce, the director / manager of the museum, the “Alfredo Harp Helú de Oaxaca” Foundation

57

(FAHHO) as the funding entity , the local community
considering it was approved by different groups,
and especially the local government represented
by the built heritage officer, who was identified
as a key actor. Nonetheless, some issues where
identified among this groups, the most critical one
being very poor communicating channels and trust
between the community and the local government,
particularly due to the lack of reliability on social
support after the earthquakes. As a general matter,the definition and improving of roles and relations
among the key stakeholders and actors was marked
as crucial. The idea was to improve the relationshipbetween stakeholders with a clear and strong senseof co-responsibility within all the parts involved, andtherewith strengthen the resilience of the site.

Fig.4 Stakeholder map for planning stage

6. The DRM draft plan
As mentioned before, the DRM draft plan was based on the frequency of occurrence of the identified

hazards, taking into account the actual condition of the site. It is important to remind that it was

inaccessible to local groups and their cultural activities due to severe damage since the earthquakes.
With this in mind, two key aspects regarding the Tehuantepec Convent were developed: first, tokeep in mind a people-centered approach, where strengthening their capacities, focusing on theirneeds and having a compatible concept of heritage was the central part of the draft plan. And second

one was that the community and INAH were collectively responsable for the rescue and further
conservation of the cultural assets and therefore co-responsibility among all the other stakeholders

needs to be encouraged. From this perspective, ranges of time were proposed regarding the frequencyof the identified risks, and so, as was already explained before, a high estimate scenario was developed.

From there, coping or mitigation measures were established in order to reduce the expected impact of
the risks.

To effectively achieve the reduction of the identified risks, multiple mitigation methods were proposed.

Nonetheless, special attention was given to the protection of social values. Rehabilitation andreopening of some parts of the building with low or no damage at all, and temporarily re-activating

the cultural activities related to them was proposed as an adaptation method. This could help in
the conservation of the site attributes and values but could also make the community involvement

to come alive again through their active participation in the reactivation of the cultural activities,
nourishing the co-responsibility and engagement with the site. In addition, this could in turn reactivate

the site financially, having maybe small but consistent impact on the funding for the reconstruction
process. This proposal would involve setting up temporary evacuation areas, civil protection groups and8 This actor came into play after my attendance to the ITC, so it wasnʼt originally taken into account during the case study work in the course.
Nonetheless it was included here as an active actor due to its high relevance in the decision making process and the implementation of the DRM
pilot plan.

58

2.4 The Dominican Convent of Tehuantepec, Mexico. A Disaster Risk Management Draft Plana team of local volunteers to work with. Even so, the community involvement is essential as it could
mark the creation of a local disaster risk prevention squad, including the museum staff and the director,
to work beyond the current situation and towards a more sustainable vision.
Other measures proposed in the DRM draft plan focused on the timely detection of the slow impact
of deterioration. One of them was to train the museum staff and local volunteers in the monitoringand documentiation of collections while being under storage, taking into account the temporary placein which they are, the materials used in their construction and the environmental condition of thecity. Another measure was to work with local authorities and the community to acquire and lay new
tarpaulins to protect the damage areas of the building to prevent water to infiltrate inside. This is not an
expensive measure but again it could have a strong impact on the community and the preservation of
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

the structure. All together, these actions could considerably reduce the risk of deterioration of organic
materials by fungus growth for instance, and at the same time by building the capacity of the museum
team at a very low cost.
Accordingly, a financial program was drawn in order to implement the DRM draft plan. Understandingthat the national cultural heritage agency is under huge financial pressure due to the recovery process
for more than 2,300 historic buildings and more than 5,000 cultural assets, an alternate funding plan
was considered. The key principle is to keep a tripartite financial scheme for each mitigation measure, inorder to reduce the individual investment and thus to reduce the risk of insuﬃcient funding. This could
also contribute to the co-responsibility concept inception by involving every stakeholder financially,taking into account their economic potential.
Lastly, two main ideas regarding funding are underlined. The implementation of a crowdfunding
scheme, which could allow locals to contribute financially in the reconstruction process of their own
cultural site, according to their own capacity. But also opening the opportunity to national or eveninternational community to be part of the recovery of the cultural heritage of the city of Tehuantepec.
The other idea is to involve the non cultural private sector in this process by partially funding the draft
project, idea that has already been done in other countries with good outputs.

Fig.5 Financial scheme59

7. Pilot project: community capacity building, preparedness and local immediate
response.

a pilot project is proposed to be put into operation during 2019 by the National Agency for Conservationof Cultural Heritage (CNCPC). This first approach will focus on the implementation of capacity building
methods such as the Disaster Imagination Game and emergency drills. The goal is to raise risk awarenessand to improve preparedness against disaster risks within the museum staff, local volunteers and local
authorities, and to promote the creation of a local immediate response team. This will expectedly open
the door to a bigger participation and involvement for the DRM plan and later on, to possibly develop thesame strategy for all the other cultural sites in the city.

8. Challenges
Under the current situation, when so many cultural heritage sites have been damaged by 2017
earthquakes, it is clear that not implementation of the draft plan is not going to be a smooth path.
From this perspective a few challenges were already identified, keeping in mind that adjustments andmodifications should be made on the way.
•Firstly, the willingness of different stakeholders and actors to participate in this project is always achallenge. The development of communication tools and strategies will be primordial for the success ofthe draft plan, taking into account each stakeholder’s background and interests.
•A inter institutional framework needs to be developed or reinforced, in order to collaborate with otheragencies and organizations, both in the planning and implementation stages.
•Immediate actions are needed in order to prevent further physical damage, particularly in the
management of water getting inside the building due to current damage; but also measures tocounteract against the negative impact and loss of the social value. Nonetheless, long term actions
should be carried out, especially regarding the capacity building and people centered actions in order tomake the plan sustainable by involving locals and promoting co-responsibility.
•It is fundamental to work with the community and the local government towards the development ofproper relations that allow us to move together towards disaster risk reduction for the Dominican
Convent of Tehuantepec. It is clear that we will need to renew the communication channels since therelations between the different actors have weakened after the 2017 disaster.

References
1) Cruz Atienza, Victor Manuel (2013). Los sismos, una amenaza cotidiana, Mexico city: La caja de cerillos
Ediciones.
2) ICCROM (2016), A guide to Risk Management of cultural Heritage.
3) Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (2006). Ley orgánica del Instituto Nacional de Antropología
e Historia, Mexico City.

60

2.4 The Dominican Convent of Tehuantepec, Mexico. A Disaster Risk Management Draft Plan

4) Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (2008). Ley federal sobre monumentos y zonas
arqueológicos, artísticos e históricos, Mexico city.
5) Jigyasu, Rohit and Arora, Vanicka (2013). Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage in Urban Areas.
A training guide, Kyoto: Research Center for Disaster Mitigation of Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan
University (RistMUCH).
6) Meli Piralla, Roberto (2018). “ La ingeniería civil ante los efectos de los sismos de 2017 en los edificios
patrimoniales (el equilibrio entre la autenticidad y la seguridad)”, in Secretaría de Cultura (Ed.), in Sismos ypatrimonio cultural. Testimonios, enseñanza y desafíos, 2017 y 2018 (pp. 62-81), Mexico City: Secretaría de
Cultura.
7) Pérez-Campos, Xyoli, and Espíndola Castro, Victor Hugo (2018). “La realidad geológica, una amenaza
al patrimonio cultural de México (los sismos de 2017)”, in Secretaría de Cultura (Ed.), Sismos y patrimonio
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

cultural. Testimonios, enseñanza y desafíos, 2017 y 2018 (pp. 49-61), Mexico City: Secretaría de Cultura.
8) Prieto Hernández, Diego (2018). “Sismos y patrimonio cultural. Destrucción y restauración”, in Secretaríade Cultura (Ed.), Sismos y patrimonio cultural. Testimonios, enseñanza y desafíos, 2017 y 2018 (pp. 109131), Mexico City: Secretaría de Cultura.
9) Zobin, Vyacheslav M. (2004). Los Terremotos y sus peligros: ¿cómo sobrevivir a ellos?, Colima: Universityof Colima.

61

2.5 Disaster Risk Management Plan of Pashupatinath Temple Complex in
Kathmandu, Nepal
Sumeru TRIPATHEE
Oxfam in Nepal (Country Oﬃce, Kathmandu)

1. Introduction

Fig.1 Pashupatihath Temple complex, Gausala Kathmandu

The Pashupati Area is the holiest pilgrimage site for Hindus, a unique heritage site for archaeologists anda charming and lively site for protectors and promoters of religion and culture. It is famous due to theexistence of the temple of Lord Pashupatinath and many other temples, stupas, monasteries etc. Any
tourist visiting Kathmandu should not overlook the opportunity to step into this most fascinating area.
The huge and the gorgeous temple of Lord Pashupatinath is situated on the bank of Bagmati River at
a distance of approximately 5 Kilometers northeast of the heart of the Kathmandu City. World heritage
committee of UNESCO has inscribed it into its world heritage list as a part of Kathmandu Valley World
Heritage Site in the year 1979.
From the recent earthquake, major monuments in Kathmandu’s seven Heritage Monument Zones wereseverely damaged and many collapsed completely. Similarly, more than 20 districts, thousands of private
residents built on traditional lines, historic public buildings, ancient and recently built temples andmonasteries, were affected by the disaster, 25 percent of which were destroyed completely. According
to the report of Post Disaster Need Assessment published in NPC (2015a), the total estimated damage totangible heritage is NPR 16.9 billion (US$169 Million) affecting 2,900 structures with a cultural, historicaland religious heritage value(https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/GAZE/article/viewFile/15120/12246).
The earthquake-vulnerability of each historical site is different, based on its unique location, shape,and construction. But the architecture of the Pashupatinath Temple, at the very least, highlights theimportance of good building material and smart engineering, which Kathmandu hasn't always employedin past reconstruction efforts. After the 1934 earthquake, for example, temple repairs were hastily done,using cheap, ﬂimsy materials (like wood and mortar). An obvious problem when it comes to reinforcing
Nepal's monuments is that the country lacks resources. Once the immediate human suffering and damage
has been contained, Nepal might need the help of international conservation organizations to rebuild its
cultural and historical landmarks—including its temples—which are the heart and soul of the country's
identity. Unlike the Durbar Square or Dharahara Tower of Kathmandu valley the Pashupatinath Temple

62

2.5 Disaster Risk Management Plan of Pashupatinath Temple Complex in Kathmandu, Nepal

isn't very tall. It is also made of solid material; its brick (as opposed to mortar) walls are held together by
the strong metal sheets in its roof. And the temple, looked after by the Pashupati Area Development Trust,has been renovated a couple of times in the recent past "because of its importance, focus, and revenue
generation capacity.

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Fig.2 Pashupati Temple Complex, GAUSALA KATHMANDU

2. Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
Located in the foothills of the Himalayas, the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage property is inscribed asseven Monument Zones. These monument zones are the Durbar squares or urban centres with theirpalaces, temples and public spaces of the three cities of Kathmandu (Hanuman Dhoka), Patan and
Bhaktapur, and the religious ensembles of Swayambhu, Bauddhanath, Pashupati and Changu Narayan.
Pashupati has an extensive Hindu temple precinct
Criterion (iii): The Pshupatinath ensembles represent an exceptional testimony to the traditional
civilization of the Kathmandu Valley.The coexistence and amalgamation of Hinduism and Buddhism withanimist rituals and Tantrism is considered unique.
Criterion (iv): The property is comprised of exceptional architectural typologies, ensembles and urban
fabric illustrating the highly-developed culture of the Valley, which reached an apogee between 1500 and1800 AD.
Criterion (vi): The symbolic and artistic values are manifested in the ornamentation of the buildings,
the urban structure and often the surrounding natural environment, which are closely associated withlegends, rituals and festivals.

63

3. Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability of Pashupatinath Temple Complex
There are various climate types in Nepal. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) describesthat the Kathmandu Valley is in a mild subtropical climate with an average high temperature is around
27C from April to September and the average low temperature is below 5C from December to
February (WMO 2014). There are four seasons in Kathmandu Valley, winter, spring, summer and fall (rainyseason). During the rainy season, the KV experiences an average rainfall of 20cm to 35cm (WMO 2014).
Although spring is mild, summer can be humid and winter can be severe and cold.
Since the 1800s, there were at least 20 large earthquakes occurred in Nepal. The largest earthquake
in the history of Nepal occurred in 1934 with a magnitude of 8.3. Although the epicenter was ineastern Nepal, 4,300 people were killed in the KV (the total death of the earthquake was 8,500). It
also, damaged more than 2 million buildings including temples. Out of which, 81,000 buildings werecompletely destroyed. Even in Kathmandu, a total of 55,000 buildings were affected and 12,500 ofthem were completely destroyed.

Fig.3 Risk assessment through the Pressure and Release model for Pashupatinath Complex (Wisner et al. 2004)

Root causes: easily damaged wooden structures. Unsafe practices of worshipping, poorly constructedsurrounding buildings, high susceptibility to damage. Low awareness on Hazards and their impacts. Mind
concept of “it is because of god so out of everyone’s capacity”. Budget management and transparency forthe maintenance and management of the Temple complex
Dynamic Pressure: faster urbanization, lack of parks and open spaces in the city, government’s different
priorities, Political instability, conflict, moveable business pressure, High number of pilgrimage in thetemple means more exposed to the environment and biological products,
Unsafe conditions: Old buildings, Poor maintenance and facilities, high number of pilgrimage and tourist,
Older and handicapped people.

4. Existing Policies on Disaster Risk Management and Cultural Heritage in Nepal
Considering the Risk & Vulnerability of the Pashupatinath Temple Area we have to work a lot on the
Disaster Preparedness part like preparing Contingency Plan, Simulation Exercise, Identifying Evacuation
Routes, linking this area on the government policies and plans on DRM. Recently Nepal government has
passed the Disaster Management Act based on the Sendai Framework for action and tried to include
the Culture as well. The following figures in red color represent the policies related with Disaster Risk
Management and the green color represent the cultural heritage and monuments of Nepal

64

2.5 Disaster Risk Management Plan of Pashupatinath Temple Complex in Kathmandu, Nepal

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Fig.4 Existing Policies on DRM and Culutural Heritage

5. Disaster Scenario:
Earthquake on27th July of 7.8 Magnitude damaged the adjoining buildings of Pashupatinath temple. Fouradjoining buildings collapsed completely and some visible cracks have been found on the main temple
wall. July which is the time of high ﬂow of pilgrimage, rainfall and precipitation. So, there is the risk of
spreading fire very soon. Older people are trapped inside the sattal, pilgrims wounded, vehicle stranded,
and water supply system blocked.

6. Impact on tangible and intangible heritage attributes:
Pashupati is socially and culturally important
Hindu temple in Nepal. It is highly susceptible
because of different pressure like pilgrimage,
exposer to sun, poor management and low
interest of the high-powered government
ministries. Along with the collasped building
the intangible heritage attributes likecremation practices, worshiping trend andintegration of Hinduism and Buddhism has
been dismantled in this area.
Fig.5 Pilgrimage for worshipping and ritual practices along the bay of
Bagmati River/ Hence the picture shows the impact on different heritage
attributes

65

7. Mitigation Measures (Preparedness):
I. Retrofitting and Renovation of the Temple and surrounding buildings
II. Evacuation Plan and Regular Simulation Exercise for awareness raising
III. DRM plan is incorporated into the Pashupati Area Development Trust’s Master Plan
IV. Capacity Building Training like Masson, Carpentry, SAP regular training, First Aid for Cultural Heritage.
V. Information desk will be established and safety brochure will be distributed to all visitors and pilgrims
VI. Security briefing on the information desk to the tourist after providing the tickets,
VII. Fire Hydrant system will be installed in the four corner of the temple with the capacity of 100,000 lit
tank)
VIII. Medical facilities with one officers and four staff nurses in regular duty.
IX. Medium size warehouse to store firefighting, rescue materials, excavator and first aid volunteers
managedX. Establishment of digital unit/archives within the seismic and fire proof two room building for storing
important data.
For the effective implementation of the Disaster Risk Management Plan along with the different
awareness raising and capacity building activities we have to engage wider stakeholders including private
sector and donor agencies Following communication mechanism might be the model to implement theplan and reduce the risk

Fig.6

Fig.7

8. One year Preparedness ProjectWith support from different actors and stakeholders
involved for their main responsibilities and duties
following output is achieved. A solid cooperation
amongst actors is needed to avoid overlapping
activities and to save money that could beallocated for preparedness and prevention exercise.
One of the main actors for the implementation ofthis disaster risk management plan is the Pashupati
Area Development Trust (PADT).

66

Fig.8 Pashupati Area Evacuation Plan Development Project2.5 Disaster Risk Management Plan of Pashupatinath Temple Complex in Kathmandu, Nepal

Reference
1) Basic Guidelines for the conservation and reconstruction of earthquake damaged heritage 2072 2)
Ancient Monument Preservation Act, 2013 (1956)
3) ICOMOS 2006 WHC Report of Kathmandu Valley
4) Jing, Dr. Feng, Forbes, Mrs Catherine, Zhou, Mr Lyu Report on the joint world heritage center/ICCROM
Reactive monitoring mission to the Kathmandu Valley (NEPAL, C 121BIS) 20‒25 March 20175) Legislation for Protection-Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site, Integrated Management Framework
20076) Vision 2035 and Beyond 20 Years Strategic Development Master Plan (2015 - 2035) for Kathmandu
ValleyOutline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants7) Pashupati Area Development Trust, Gausala, Kathmandu, Nepal
8) Kathmandu Valley Resilient Plan (2017), JICA

67

2.6 Upper Svaneti Region, Village Chazhashi. Georgia

Irakli KOBULIA
Consultant

1. BackgroundGeorgia, (Georgian Sakartvelo), country is located at the eastern end of the Black Sea on the southernflanks of the main crest of the Greater Caucasus Mountains. The country is famous with history andculture, and its cultural heritage is equally ancient and rich. Georgiaʼs cultural heritage includes tangible
and intangible heritage, among others residential, religious and military architectonic structures spreadall over the country. Svaneti is one of the oldest mountainous region of Georgia, which situated at thesouthern slope of the Greater Caucasus Mountain and due to severe climate conditions and rough terrain
are isolated from other parts of the country. Therefore, many important architectural monuments arepreserved in this region, such as prominent churches and residential/defensive architecture, in the form of
towers, and fortified dwellings, many of which also roots to the early middle ages.
Ushguli community is
distinguished within theregion with its precious
and well-preserved
cultural heritage. The
community is locatedat an altitude of about
2,100 m.a.s.l. in the southeastern part of Upper
Svaneti and includes four
settlements: Murkmeli,
Chazhashi, Chvibiani and
Zhibiani (see Fig. 1). The
area is an exceptional
example of mountainscenery with medieval-Fig.1 View of the Luang Prabang World Heritage Site

type villages and tower-houses. The village of Chazhashi still has more than 200 of these very unusual
houses, which were used both as dwellings and as defense posts against the invaders who plagued theregion. To preserve both the cultural and scenic value of cultural heritage objects the village Chazhashi
was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996.

Outstanding Universal Value OUVThe Upper Svaneti site is at World Heritage List of UNESCO as per criterion (iv) and (v). The OUV criteria forUpper Svaneti is as following:682.6 Upper Svaneti Region, Village Chazhashi. Georgia

Criterion (iv): The region of Upper Svaneti is an outstanding example of an exceptional mountainlandscape composed of highly preserved villages with unique defensive tower houses, examples of
ecclesiastical architecture and arts of medieval origin.

Criterion (v): The region of Upper Svaneti is an outstanding landscape that has preserved to a remarkable

degree its original medieval appearance notable for its fragile traditional human settlements and land-use
patterns.

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Fig.2 Village Chazhashi – World Heritage Site. General view.

2. Attributes and Values
The village of Chazhashi in
Ushguli community, situatedat the conﬂuence of two rivers
and has preserved more than
200 medieval tower houses,
churches and castles. The land
use and settlement structure
reveal the continued dwellingand building traditions of local
Svan people living in harmony
with the surrounding naturalenvironment. The structure andsetting of village dwellings goback to prehistory. Its features

Fig.3 Chazhashi World Heritage Site – Physical Attributes

reﬂect the traditional economic mode and social organization of Svan communities. The area also notable

69

for the monumental and minor arts. The mural paintings are outstanding examples of Renaissancepainting in Georgia. The architectural elements of the buildings have maintained the medieval material
and most of them have retained their original use and function as well as the relationship with thesurrounding environment. The geographical location and setting of this exceptional medieval landscapehighly contribute to preservation of the forms of local intangible heritage, such as traditions, customs,
beliefs, rituals of everyday life, language and folklore of the Svan community. Below, the table describes
attributes of the site and corresponding values.
Table 1 Attributes and Values

Attributes

ChurchType of Attribute• Tangible

Values• Aesthetic• Immovable• Historic• Visible• Architectural• Mixed• Cultural• Social

Towers• Tangible• Aesthetic• Immovable• Historic• Visible• Architectural• Technological• Cultural• Social

Fortified dwelling• Tangible• Scientific• Aesthetic• Immovable• Historic• Visible• Architectural• Technological• Cultural• Social

Traditional settlement• Visible• Scientific• Aesthetic– community• Mixed• Historic(Strong social connections)• Architectural• Technological• Cultural• Social• Scientific• Economic• Environmental

702.6 Upper Svaneti Region, Village Chazhashi. Georgia

Home interior• Tangible• Aesthetic- Household appliances• Movable• Historic• Visible• Technological• Decorative elements (reliefs, • Culturalwall painting, wood carvings) • Social• Scientific
Traditions / Festivals / Folklore • Intangible• Movable• Aesthetic• Historic• Technological
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants• Cultural• Social• Scientific• Economic
Landscape• Mixed• Aesthetic– Natural and Cultural• Visible• Historic• Architectural• Technological• Cultural• Social• Scientific• Environmental

3. Risk Assessment
Geomorphologically, area of Ushguli
community is dominated by fluvioglacial landforms where glaciers
have developed U-shaped valleys
with steep slopes. In the higher
parts of these valleys (above 3000
m.a.s.l.) and close to the still glaciatedareas periglacial processes such as
soliﬂuction occur. On the valley slopes
at lower altitude surficial landslides
and debris flows are very common.
On very steep, near to vertical slopesrock fall frequently occurs. The higher

Fig.4 Ushguli Community - Collapsed buildings

71parts of the slopes, above the tree line, are also frequently aﬀected by snow avalanches. The outlets ofsecondary streams in the main valleys are also often characterized by debris cones that are formed byperiodic debris flows, mud flows and snow avalanches (Krol, Westen, & Tarragüel, 2012). Besides, slow
acting hazards are also common within the area. Evidences of diﬀerent levels of humidity and biologicaldegradation are found in all types of physical attributes of the site. Above described hazards withvulnerable factors lead to the destruction of cultural heritage. Besides, the harsh environmental conditions,lack of access during long winter periods, and inappropriate repair techniques applied to maintain the
traditional structures often challenge the authenticity of material and the state of conservation of thecomponents of the property.

Fig.5 Risk Assessment

Based on the hazardʼs probability andthe identified possible impact to the
Ushguli site risk analyses matrix canbe established, which will act as anaction prioritization tool for the risk
reduction planning phase.

4. Risk Management

Fig.6 Risk Analyses

Participatory Disaster Management Planning process should beestablished at the site level. All relevant stakeholders should be
included in the process and local geographical, social-cultural andeconomical characteristics should be considered. At the end of theprocess, Integrated Disaster Management Plan should be developed
which should be part of high level (municipal, regional, national) DRM
plan and should reﬂect responsibilities, financial sources, timeline, andadaptive management approaches of planned activities.

72

Fig.7 Stakeholder Analyses

2.6 Upper Svaneti Region, Village Chazhashi. Georgia

Objectives

ResultLevel of

Involved

Priority

DRM Stages

Develop

Understanding

Site•National

High

Preparedness

complete census ofhazards /Environmental(short term)- Mitigation

natural hazards

exposure.

Agencyinventories

Reducing Hazards•Regional andSlope stabilization

Reducing Hazards

Municipal

Local Authorities•National

High

Preparedness

measures- Landslide.

/ SiteEnvironmental(short term)- Mitigationintervention Stakeholders

Snow Avalanche

AgencyMudﬂow•Regional andReducing

RegionLocal Authorities•Regional andMediumPreparedness

accessibility to

Vulnerability/ Municipality

Local Authorities(medium to/ Response

the site- Limited accesslong term)/ Recovery

Ensuring

to the site
Reducing

Site•Regional andHigh

Preparedness

sustainability

Structural/ Structure

Local Authorities(short term)/ Responseof the buildings

vulnerability

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Improving•Local community(restoration)– establish
monitoring
system
Improve local•Reducing•Local Authorities

High

Preparedness

disaster risk

Vulnerability•Local(short term)/ Response

reduction- Low awarenessCommunity

capacity• Low capacity•Local NGOs

(coping capacity)
Arrange first•Reducing

Site

Donors•Local Authorities

High

response system

Vulnerability/ Municipal•Local Community(short term)

Site/ Recovery

Response

to disaster- Low Capacity.

(evacuation,•Absence of•Local NGOs Donors

sheltering etc.)

response

Establish an Early

infrastructure
Reducing•Local community

High

Preparedness

Warning System

Vulnerability•Local authorities /(short to/ Response- Low capacity•National

medium term)

Site

Environmental
Agency•Donors•Local community

High

Preparedness

Vulnerability• Local NGOs

(short to/ Response(complete census)– absence of•Governmental

medium term) / Recovery

on local tangible anddocumentation on

agencies

intangible heritage

heritage• Donors

Develop detailed

Reducing

documentation

Site

73

Reference
1) Antoni Alcaraz Tarragüel, Bart Krol, Cees van Westen. Analysing the possible impact of landslides andavalanches on cultural heritage in Upper Svaneti, Georgia. Journal of Cultural Heritage, Vol. 13, pp.453461, 2012.
2) ICOMOS Georgian National Committee. Village Chazhashi, Ushguli Community, Upper Svaneti, Georgia.
World Heritage Site. Conservation Plan. Tbilisi 2000 – 2001.
3) National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia. Upper Svaneti. Ushguli Community,
Village Chazhashi. Rehabilitation – Restoration Project of Chazhashi Historic Buildings. ICOMOS Georgia.
Tbilisi 2009.
4) Vincenzo Pavan, “Svaneti Towers, Fortified Stone Villages in the Caucasus”. “Glocal Stone” by“VeronaFiere – 46th Marmomacc Fair”, Verona, Italy, September 20115) https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/709

74

2.7 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sanghralay (CSMVS),
Mumbai, India
Vikas Namdeo KURNE
Disaster Management Coordinator, Indian Red Cross Society

1. Introduction
The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sanghralay (CSMVS) formerly known as the Prince of Wales
Museum showcases Indian Art and Sculpture. The museum was built as tribute to visit of Prince of Wales,
later known as King George V. The building has remained a public landmark located in southern part of
Mumbai city, India. The building contributes to the development of a unique architectural style and useof technology where the contemporary materials were combined with historical forms. The museum
acts a s symbol of shared values, combining eastern and western arts, sculpture, Architectural styles andtechniques and the overall motive of a space that is meant to exhibit cultural assets throughout time. The
structure is Indo ‒ Saracenic style. Architecturally, presents synthesis of indigenous Indian architectural
motifs, features Islamic (Saracenic) patterns, along with classic European planning style. The wooden
flooring and the staircases of the two storey museum building is vulnerable to fire, which in turn can leadto destruction of valuable historical collections / objects which have been preserved for years.

2. Location and Context
The idea of building museum was conceived in year 1905 co-inciding the visit of Prince of Wales to India
during the British Raj. The building was temporarily used as a children welfare centre and military hospitalduring the World War I. The monumental structureʼs versatile space has served a crucial purpose during
the time of need due to its size and location (close to Arabian sea)Fig.1 Museum building

Fig.2 Layout of Museum area

3. Attributes and values / stakeholders / OUVThe CSVMS is Grade I Heritage Building and its cconstruction was completed in 1914. It is '2010 UNESCO
Asia ‒ Pacific Heritage Award' for Cultural Heritage Conservation. CSMVS houses about 50,000 artefacts.
Collection consists of sculptures, terracotta, bronzes, excavated artefacts, miniature paintings, European
paintings, porcelain and ivories from China and Japan, etc. besides Natural history section.

75

Table 1 Attribute values for Museum Garden

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Aspects

Total
Form and Design
Materials and substanceTradition, technique and workmanship
Location and setting
Use and function
Spirit and feeling

Artistic
12
3
1
3
3
1
1

Fig.3 Museum Garden

Historic
16
3
3
3
3
2
2

Scientific
7
1
1
0
3
1
1

Social
10
2
2
1
2
3
0

Total
45
9
7
7
11
7
4

Fig.4 Pie chart for Museum Garden

Table 2 Attribute values for Miniature Paintings

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Fig.5 Miniature Paintings

76

Aspects

Total
Form and Design
Materials and substanceTradition, technique and workmanship
Location and setting
Use and function
Spirit and feeling

Artistic
11
2
2
3
2
1
1

Historic
15
3
3
3
2
2
2

Scientific
1
0
0
0
1
0
0

Social
14
2
2
2
2
3
3

Fig.6 Pie chart for Miniature Paintings

Total
41
7
7
8
7
6
6

2.7 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sanghralay (CSMVS), Mumbai, India

Table 3 Interest of the Stakeholders
High Power ,High Power ,Low Interest

High Interest→ UNESCO office, Delhi→ Ministry of Culture→ Local /State govt.
→ Insurance company

Low Power ,Low Power ,Low Interest

High Interest→ Visitors→ Museum management→ Local NGOs

→ Museum staﬀ

→ Police→ Local Residents→ Fire dept.

→ Cultural Heritage Trust→ Local Guides→ Volunteers→ Tata Trust / donors

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants→ Researchers, Historians

4. Plausible Risk Scenario
Fire detected at 10.30 p.m. 5 security personnel were on duty. Fire was noticed on the first floor in theminiature paintings gallery close to museum office room. Fire brigade called in, response time 6-7
minutes. Fire increases due to chemical stored in gallery. After almost an hour fire doused. The water leadto soaking of partially burned paintings.

5. Mitigation Measures
The mitigation counter measures are in five phases;
Strategic phase which includes meetings with various stakeholders to discuss the policies and guidelinesof disaster (Fire). Structural and fire audit and sharing of floor plan and evacuation plans. Procurement of
No Objection certificate related to fire from the fire department.
Physical phase concerned about the obstacles on way to affected site, like parking of vehicles or any
other objects.
Structural technical phase
Maintenance of the internal fire fighting system, installation of lighting arrestor and man circuit breakers
so as to restrict the spread of electrical fire in case.
Non structural technical phase
Fire resistant doors to be installed, to compartmentalise and isolate the fire to particular area. . Refuge
areas to be identified fro the people to get assemble during emergency. Checking of the fire extinguishers
for the types and expiry date of fire extinguishers. Documentation of the objects / digital photography.
Training and capacity building phase
Regular fire drills to test the fire evacuation plans, training in handling fire extinguishers to staﬀ and the
local community. First aid training and awareness sessions for staﬀ and community on disasters (Fire) tobe conducted.

77

Table 4 Mitigation Measures for Fire hazard at the Museum

Strategic

Physical

Structural

Policies
1. Meetings

Illegal parking

Technical
Technical
Capacity building
Installation of hydrant Fire protective doors. Fire evacuation drill

Municipal

management
Maintenance ofin museum campus
Lightning arrestor on Demarking open

Use of fire

corporationbuilding

dome

spacesextinguisher

Main circuit breaker
CCTVs

Documentation
First aid and AED
Inspection and check Best Practices

DRM Unit andFire officials
2. Fire Safety Audit

Non Structural

Training andof fire extinguisher/
3. No Objection

hydrants
Removing ofAwareness andCertification

Obstacles insensitization

gangway/staircase

workshops
Community

4. Sharing floor planwith fire dept.

participation

6. Institutional Framework
The Director of the Museum will be the nodal person to coordinate with the external agencies during the
emergency and post emergency phases. He will be assisted by assistant director and other designatedmuseum officials along with the security personnel. The given institutional framework shows the linkages
and flow of information related to disaster. The other group which is not linked to the flow of information
are volunteers, community, local NGOs who will be the first responders during emergency phase.
Fig. 5 Institutional framework78

2.7 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sanghralay (CSMVS), Mumbai, India

7. Recovery Planning
Under the Recovery planning process, Rapid damage assessment along with first aid for collections/objects burned partially. Also activation of fund raising activity like crowd funding or corporate grants inthe short term stage. In the mid term stage detailed assessment and stabilisation process /conservation
techniques. Fire safety trainings for staff can be conducted during this period. In the long term stage
structural reconstruction, restoration of aesthetic aspects of the building can be carried out. Different
stakeholders will be involved in each of these stages.
Table 5 Recovery planning process

Short term

Midterm2

3
4(2- 3 years)
Structural renovationassessment
First Aid: Cleaning, drying, Stabilization for badly

Restoration of building andfreezing for less damaged burned paintingsgallery

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 ParticipantsNo.
( 0-3 months)( 4-12 months)
1 Rapid damage assessment Detailed damage

Long term

painting
Conservation
Fund raising activity
Fund raising activity
Fund raising activity
Investigation of cause of Regular fire training and Installing fire hydrants andfiredrillsStakeholders
Engineers & Architects

underground water tank
Stakeholders
Engineers & Architect(Ministry of Culture)

Conservators

Conservators

Local Municipal officeCommunity

Community

Fire officials

Museum officials

Museum officials

PoliceLocal media

International organizations

Stakeholders
State Govt.

Museum officials

Fire safety institutions

Local media

References
1) Dilwari,V, Fabric Status report of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sanghralay, Fort, Mumbia (2017).
2) UNESCO, ICCROM, ICOMOS, IUCN: Managing Disaster Risks for World Heritage. World Heritage Resource
Manual, 2010. http://whc.unesco.org/eg/managing-disaster-risks/
3) Jigyasu,R and Arora, V: Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritage in Urban Areas, A Training Guide,
Kyoto Research Centre for Disaster Mitigation of Urban Cultural Heritage, Ritsumeikan University, 201379

2.8 Disaster Risk Management Plan
The Case of Peshawar Museum Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Idrees JEHANFATA Disaster Management Authority (FDMA)

1. Introduction
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province islocated in the north-western part of Pakistan.
It has a common border with Afghanistan
in the North West, Punjab in the East,
Baluchistan to its South, and Gilgit Baltistan
to the North. The KP is the smallest province
in term of area that covers 74,521 km2 (9.4%)of the total area of Pakistan (Figure; 1 Khan,
2015). Geographically the province of KP
is stretches between 31o 15' to 36o 57' N
latitude and 69o 5' to 74o 7' E longitude(Khan, 2012). According to 2017 census report
the population of the province is 30.52 million(PBS, 2017). On the basis of geomorphology
Fig.1 The study area, Source: Geological Survey of Pakistan.

and hydrology the KP can be divided into
southern and northern zones (Dichter, 1967).

2. The Case Study Project Area.
The Peshawar Museum is located in district Peshawar, the capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province inPakistan. The Peshawar Museum is famous for its unique art pieces of Buddhist creation in stone, stucco,
terracotta and bronze dating from the early Gandhara Empire, the Islamic books, paintings and coins ofmetals, gold and copper see Fig 3. The Peshawar Museum was established in 1907 in memory of Queen
Victoria as "Victoria Hall,”. The two-story building was built in a syncretic architectural style consisting of
Mughal Islamic, Hindu, British and Buddhist styles initially the museum had only one exhibition hall, but
two more were added in 1969‒70. The museum was extended in 2004-05 with the construction of two
galleries, two halls for the collection in the storage, conservation laboratory, new block and cafeteria andoﬃces for the provincial directorate of archaeology Fig 2.

Fig.2 External/internal Views of Peshawar Museum, Khyber80

2.8 Disaster Risk Management Plan The Case of Peshawar Museum Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

3. Attributes and Values

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Fig.3 Attributes and Values of Collection in Peshawar Museum.

4. Risk Assessment Process
Pakistan is a disaster prone country due to its climatic extremes, geographical location and high level ofvulnerability and exposure. The Pakistani society is threated by a series of biological hazards, geo-physicaland hydro-Meteorological hazards including storms, cyclones, avalanches, ﬂoods, droughts, earthquakes,
tsunamis, landslides and glacial lake outburst ﬂoods (GLOF). Besides natural hazards a range of man-madehazards like urban, forest and industrial fire, oil spills and transportation disasters also threaten Pakistanisociety, economy and environment. (NDMA,2013).Pakistan lies in the seismic strap and therefore, occurs
recurrent earthquakes of moderate to high magnitude and causing damages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa(KP), Balochistan, Punjab and Sindh provinces. Earthquakes almost happens in the mountains ranges of
Karakorums, Himalayas, Hindu Kush ranges in the north and Koh-e-Sulaiman range. The earthquake
risks are further intensified in the region due to poor quality of buildings and high exposure of population.
The earthquake 2005 happened in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Kashmir causing gigantic loss of lives (over73,000 persons) mostly in KP and extensive devastation to infrastructure. (NDMA, 2012).
Geographically the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) is mostly mountainous having a rich history ofearthquakes. After conducting the risk assessment process earthquake was identified as a primary hazard
and fire as a secondary hazard see Fig 4.

81

Fig.4 Risk Assessment Process of Peshawar Museum,Fig.5 Risk Scenarios

It was Sunday morning 10 am when an earthquake of 5.6 rector scale happens in Peshawar. Meanwhile
there were some 2000 tourists in the museum. The front side of the museum building collapsed andfire also happened in the storage area. There were debris of building, ashes and smoke. The rescue
1122 arrived after half an hour and some of the tourists were misplaced and some were injured. For few
weeks the business of the museum stopped and the building was partially damaged see fig 5.

82

2.8 Disaster Risk Management Plan The Case of Peshawar Museum Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

5. Prevention and Mitigation
On the basis of risk assessment, variety of structure and non-structure risk reducing actions are listed
to lessen the vulnerabilities and impacts on buildings and collection with the active involvement of
stakeholders and actors. The regular preventive measures include monitoring ad documentation ofbuilding and objects. See Table 1.

a. Structure Mitigation Measures:• The Building of museum is old and need regular maintenance through annual audit.
• No building codes are adopted in the construction and design of building therefore, suggested
retrofitting in close contact of local communities and traditional methods.
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants• Investigation on performance of materials, structure and traditional methods in case of seismic activity.
b. Non-structure Mitigation Measures:• Improved security and properly locked the collections.
• Install fire alarm system• Capacity building of museum staﬀ on fire fighting and first aid.
Table 1 Prevention and Mitigation strategy of Peshawar Museum, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,

Gandahara

Vulnerability
On fault Line

(Sculpture madeof terracotta, schist

Impacts
Partially/

Mitigation
Building

Stakeholder/Actor
secretary, Director

Permanent

Maintenanceof Archaeology &(annual audit)
intervention/

Museum, Curator,

stone, stucco)

damageNo building codes Partially/

Coin

Theft, Burn

Retrofitting

Damageloss of values

improved security, Curator, staﬀ

(Copper, Gold &metal)
Islamic( books,
papers, paintings)

UEP

Permanent

Properly locked
No fire alarm

Paper and textile Install Fire alarm WAPDA

Lack of trained

burn
Poor response &staﬀ
O t h e r s ( t e x t i l e , Weak location

systemCapacity building PRCS, PDMA

preparedness
Loss of originality Glass cases

Curator, staﬀ

dresses)

6. Emergency Response and Evacuation:
There is no emergency response plan of Peshawar museum. It is essential to coordinate with different
stakeholders ad actors and define their specific roles and responsibilities. In case of any catastrophic event
i-e earthquake and fire immediate humanitarian response i-e rapid assessment, documentation of new
situation, stabilizing the parts of museum seriously damaged by earthquake and ensure safety of visitors
are the measure needed on making the site safe and secure. See Fig 6.

83

Fig.6 Emergency Response and Evacuation Plan of Peshawar Museum

Fig.7 Recovery Process842.8 Disaster Risk Management Plan The Case of Peshawar Museum Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

References
1) Khan, K. F. (2015). Pakistan Geography, economy and people. Oxford University Press, Karachi.
2) Khan, M. A. (2012). Agricultural development in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, prospects, challenges and Policy
options. Pakistaniaat: A Journal of Pakistan Studies, 4(1), 49-68.
3) Dichter, D. (1967). The North West frontier of West Pakistan: A study in Regional Geography. Clarendon
Press, Oxford, London.
4) Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS) (2017). www.pbs.gov.pk/.../provisional-summary-results-6thpopulation-and-housing-census5) Disaster Risk Management Needs Reoport-NDMA,2012www.ndma.gov.pk/Publication
6) National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy-NDMA,2013www.ndma.gov.pk/plans/drrpolicy2013.pdf
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants852.9 Disaster Risk Management Strategy for Cultural Heritages of
Iran-Case Study: Qaisarieh Bazar of Lar-Iran
Farhad BANIZAMANLARI
MSc in Disaster Risk Management, Tarh e—No Andishan Consulting Engineers Company, iran

1. Introduction
Heritage buildings like other kind of structures are at risk of natural and man-made hazards. In many
countries, there is not any plan to protect them against high risks of disasters due to negligence,
insufficient budget or lack of technical knowledge. In order to reduce the risks of disasters to cultural
heritage, definite frame work for the planning process needs to be followed. The mentioned plan should
address all aspects of any cultural heritage impacted by disasters. The methodology learnt during ITC is
recommended for this purpose due to following reasons;I. It is technically simple and easy to use;
II. It is comprehensive as it covers all aspects of a cultural heritage including tangible and intangible
attributes;
III. It is universally verified and could be applied to all types of cultural heritages.
In this paper, the methodology would be applied to a case study chosen from Iran.

A brief look to the situation of cultural heritages in relation to Disasters in IranAccording to the report of United Nations Organization, Iran is amongst 10 countries which is most
exposed to natural hazards. Arg-e-Bam, which was a unique cultural heritage; totally collapsed due tothe great Bam Earthquake of 2003 that struck the Kerman province. Arg-e-Bam is famous as the largest
structure in the world made out of masonry and dated back to 5 century B.C.

Fig.1 Arg-e-Bam before earthquake

Fig.2 Arg-e-Bam after happening of earthquake Fig.3 Arg-e-Bam nowadays after reconstruction

Other than Arg-e-Bam, there are numerous archeological sites all over Iran which are exposed to various
hazards and are unprotected against them. The common characteristic of them is that they are all builtof old building technologies using traditional building materials. Beside corrosion, due to exposure
to harsh environmental conditions, increasing frequency and intensity of natural and man-madehazards is considered as a severe threat to cultural heritages. However, policy makers and stakeholder
organizations seldom take into consideration serious actions for the protection of the cultural heritages.
The most prominent reason for this negligence seems to be lack of budget. Hence, the considerationof cultural heritage is placed amongst the lowest priority measures compared to the general welfare ofpeople.

862.9 Disaster Risk Management Strategy for Cultural Heritages of Iran-Case Study: Qaisarieh Bazar of Lar-Iran

2. Objectives and Methodology
The main objective of this article is to introduce an outline for disaster risk reduction of cultural heritage
sites based on the methodology learnt during the ITC. In order to display the applicability of the method,a case study has been chosen. The applied methodology is described below:• The work flow of the study follows the steps which are displayed in Fig. 4;• Cultural heritage and risks are considered at various scales, namely regional level, site level, building level
and attribute level;• The use of pressure matrix would result in contribution of different stakeholders;• The qualitative risk assessment method would be used to prioritize the risks relevant to different
attributes of cultural heritage;
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants• Scenario building describes the way a certain risk influences the specific attributes of the cultural
heritage;• Eventually, structural and non-structural solutions would be designed to reduce risks to certain attributesof the cultural heritage.

Fig.4 Work Flow diagram of the study

3. Case Study project
Qaisary )Caesarea( Bazar (market place) is located in Lar. Lar is the southern most city of the Fars
province of Iran. Lar, the centre of Larestan is located 330 km southeast of Shiraz and 190 km NorthWest of Bandar Abbas and is considered as the largest city in the Fars province. The altitude of Lar is
806 meters above sea level.
Lar is a sample of an urban planning belonging to the pre-Safavid dynasty. Continuity of the Bazaar
of Qaisariye after the historical earthquake and its planning and expansion with the construction ofa Square with polo gate and surrounding porticos show a unique complex of urbanization from thepost-earthquake period. Qaisariye Bazar was built during the reign of Shah Abbas Safavid. From theplanning viewpoint, it can be compared to the Bazaar Vakil market in Shiraz and Bazaar Qaisary market
in Isfahan. This market is a fine collection of diverse ancient architecture and the oldest market in Iran with87

historical architectural styles from the pre- Safavid era to Qaisary periods.
According to Arthur Pope, a recognized Iranologist, Iran is ranked first in building domes made out ofbricks. Iranian talented architects solved the complex and problematic issue of "dome on four walls andfour corners" which Roman engineers and architects were unable to resolve. This engineering resulted
in artistic buildings in the Safavid era. Emergence of this perfection is the result of progressing along
centuries from the time of the Parthian and Sassanian to poetic adorned buildings of the Safavid era.
The internal facing of the main dome is made of rock. Four long corridors "North", "South", "East" and“West", make up the main skeleton of the Bazar. The corridors intersect at a four way junction called "Char
Sough" in Persian. There are 13 pairs of shops located at each side of the southern, eastern and western
corridors, also 14 pairs of shops are based on both sides of the northern corridor. The main building, a very
old market, is around 1300 years old.
According to the seismologic map of Iran, Lar is located in a high seismic zone. Numerous earthquakes
have frequently destroyed Lar since 700 years. Statistics show that almost every 45 to 90 years, Lar has
been shaken greatly and destroyed by earthquakes. The most recent quake struck on the 24th of April
1960 with the magnitude of 6.7 on the Richter scale. 450 people were killed out of the total population of
14000. The Bazar remained intact in that event but historical records show that it has been reconstructed
several times after past earthquakes. The last repair was done in 1892 at the time of Qajarid Dynasty andthe earlier reconstruction work was conducted in 1605 at the time of Safavid Dynasty.
Other than earthquake, Qaisariye Bazar has also faced the risk of flood. City of Lar is located in a region
with arid climatic conditions. It may look like it never floods there. But the facts and figures indicate thatevery few years, a rather severe urban flood inundates Lar due to heavy rains. This flood causes severe
damages to many different parts such as houses located in old parts of the city, streets, nearby agricultural
farms and micro industrial units. The amount of the damage is considerable. The bazar which is locatedin an old place in this city is not protected against such floods and gets partially damaged. So it is very
common that the Cultural Heritage Organization takes action to release water from flooded zones andalso repair the damaged parts. Besides, the two main risks of earthquake and flood, there is lower risk ofdust storm along with the routine risks of damages due to aging, erosion and risks pertaining to humanactivities.
Seismicity of Lar

So far various earthquakes have destroyed Lar. Once in 1871, the other time in 1911 and the lastdevastating earthquake struck 1960. According to the recorded earthquakes, within 1913 and 1970, thefrequency of the earthquakes is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 frequency of happening of earthquakes in Lar

Earthquake intensity in Richter
The number of events

88

4-4.9
20

5-5.9
24

6-6.9
2

2.9 Disaster Risk Management Strategy for Cultural Heritages of Iran-Case Study: Qaisarieh Bazar of Lar-IranHeritage Value assessment for Bazar Qaisarieh

After a very close look at the attributes of the bazar, it is possible to divide them into three different
parts, namely;- Structural elements of the bazar- Non-structural elements of the bazar- Intangible attributes
The reason for classifying the Bazar into different elements is to address different categories of
attributes with different risks. So that it is possible to analyze the impact of any estimated risk on
different attributes. Thus, it would be possible to estimate the risk of any hazard to different attributes.
Consequently, appropriate solutions would be proposed for specific attributes with any specific risk.
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 ParticipantsFig 5 classification of different attributes of Bazar Qaisarieh

4. Risk Analysis of the Cultural Heritage
Risk assessment of the attributes at this stage has been done based on sound experimental judgment
which is arisen from the site visit and study of existing reports, fact and figures relevant to the casestudy. For this qualitative assessment, Analysis of hazards, vulnerability and impact have resulted infour risk levels which ranges from highest degree to the lowest degree. According to Fig. 6, the highest
risk for the Bazar from an earthquake. Risks of fire and urban flooding are placed in the high level. Theftis estimated to be the medium level. Finally low level risks are namely dust storm, typhoon and sinkholes due to subsidence.

89Fig. 6 risk priorities of Bazar Qaisarieh

Creation of Risk Scenarios

Scenario building for identified risks is a very essential way to visualize the risk to respective attributesof the Bazar. In addition, one can imagine the mechanism of how a risk will make an impact on theaffiliated elements. Besides, the information gained from every scenario will help in finding specificsolutions accordingly. It should be mentioned that a series of scenarios could be designed for any
hazard that ranges from low impact to highest impact. The worst case scenario depicts the most tragic
situation that would be imagined as the consequence of an event. A number of scenarios of high risks
are displayed in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7 sample scenarios for higher risks assessed for Bazar Qaysarieh

902.9 Disaster Risk Management Strategy for Cultural Heritages of Iran-Case Study: Qaisarieh Bazar of Lar-Iran

5. Disaster Risk Reduction
In order to manage disaster risks to cultural heritages; it is essential to address any attribute that is at risk
and focus on the nature of damage that would be induced from the specific hazard. As mentioned earlier,damaged attributes are not only structural ones but also spiritual ones. There are many remedies for
reducing the risks and are different in terms of know-how, cost and time. In order to help decision makers
it is necessary to priorities them based on the availability of budget, technical resources, time and man
power.
There are two different classifications of risk reduction solutions including structural and non-structural
ones. Structural measures are of physical nature and while non-structural measures are of managerial
nature. Table 2 displays a number of structural and non-structural measures that could be implemented in
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

order to reduce the estimated risks of hazards on different attributes.
Table 2 Matrix of Risk Reduction Measures

HazardEarthquake

Attribute

Applicable Measure
Strengthening the domes andMonitoring structural

structural✓✓

Bazars structure elements of the building
Earthquake Emergency Action

Non-structural✓

Plan
Installation of fire distinguisher

Fire

Urban
Flooding

Existing materials devices
Rearrangement of existing
and goods andelectricity systemwooden building
Installation of smoke detectors
parts
Training the stuff for fire
emergency situation
Bazars structure Design and installation ofdrainage system in site area,
and goods
Water proofing the roof andin shops andback of the Bazar
storages
Use of temporary flood walls

✓
✓

✓

✓
✓
✓

6. Summery
Disaster risk management of cultural heritages is a complicated for many decision makers in terms oftechnical issues, budget and strategy. In many cases, authorities just can cope with routine defects
like dissociation, decay, aging, and oxidation and so on. But the bigger problem is related to theunexpected risks of disasters with high magnitude and uncertainty that abruptly causes much moredamages to cultural heritages as invaluable assets.
In the current paper, a methodology for disaster risk reduction of cultural heritage sites has been applied.

91

The issue is looked in a very comprehensive way by addressing various elements and aspects of acultural heritage exposed to any kind of risk. In order to implement the mentioned measures for any
cultural heritage site it is necessary to first conduct a study regarding risk assessment and analysis
and then to find effective solutions to mitigate the risks. In real scale, the study should be performedat regional level, site level, cultural level itself and finally for various types of attributes. This way all
possible and probable risks would be addressed.

References
1) Proceedings of UNESCO Chair Program on Cultural Heritage and Risk Management, International
Training Course(ITC) on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritages Ritsumeikan University and 10
Years Anniversity Symposium, 20162) Proceedings of UNESCO Chair Program on Cultural Heritage and Risk Management, International
Training Course(ITC) on Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritages Ritsumeikan University, 20153) Disaster Risk Management of Cultural Heritages in Urban Area, Rohit Jigyasu, UNESCO Chair Professor,
R-DMUCH Vanicka Arora, Conservation Architect922.10 Implementation of Disaster Risk Management for the World
Heritage Site of Bruges, Belgium
Grace DE SMET
Urban Planner and Researcher for Cluster Landscape

1. Introduction of Bruges
Belgium has a rich history of medievalarchitecture showing the vibrance of theWest-European area full of craftmanship,art, trade and proto-industries that haveleaded to the Industrial revolution in the
18th and following centuries. It shaped
the identity of the region of Flanders
significantly and the city of Bruges is thebest preserved example of this medieval
city type in my home country.

Fig.1 Septem Admirationes Civitatis Brugensis (1550-1560) by Pieter Claessens

In 2000 the city center of Bruges was protected as a World Heritage Site (WHS) by United Nations
Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). The protected zone is the situated between
the ringroads, where the former city walls where located, which are marked as the buffer zone. This zone
includes around thousand protected objects, monuments and sites. The city has 22 museums including
important 16th/17th century Flemish Primitives paintings. The Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of
this WHS claims Bruges briefly as followed:

The Historic Centre of Brugge is an outstanding example of an architectural ensemble, illustrating
significant stages in the commercial and cultural fields in medieval Europe.

Brugge in medieval times was known as a commercial metropolis in the heart of Europe.

The city reflects a considerable exchange of influences on the development of art andarchitecture, particularly in brick Gothic, which is characteristic of northern Europe and theBaltic. This architecture strongly determines the character of the historic centre of the city.

One of the most significant protected sites in Bruges is the Béguinage which is also a WHS and situatedin the south area of the the city center. It is one of the 13 Béguinages in Belgium that had been given

the protection of WHS in 1998. In the OUV they are brieﬂy described as followed:

These Beguines were either unmarried or widowed women who entered into a life dedicatedto God, but without retiring from the world. In the 13th century they founded the béguinages,
enclosed communities designed to meet their spiritual and material needs.

93The Flemish béguinages formed architectural ensembles, enclosed by walls or surrounded by ditches,with gates opening to the outside world during the day. Inside, they were composed of houses, churches,

ancillary buildings, and green spaces organized in a spatial conception of urban or rural origin, and built
in styles specific to the Flemish cultural region.

The Holy Blood Procession in Bruges which takes place every year at Ascension Day is inscribed at the
List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. This pageant takes place since the13th century and commemorates the arrival of the Relic of the Holy Blood of Jesus Christ back from theSecond Crusade. At the same time it shows the life of Jesus and the history of Bruges which was a very
wealthy Medieval city and one of the most important for trade, craftmanship and art in West-Europe.

The Procession is a vibrant example of how a collective ceremony can unite a city through ritualenactment of its history and beliefs.

2. Disaster Risk Management Plan
Attributes and Values

The OUV’s tell more on the most important
heritage and monuments of the city. Basedon this, further assessments can be made.
The Béguinage of Bruges was selected as
one of the attributes for this case study.
The values of this Béguinage are in the
typical character of the form and design
which is a huge pull factor for visitors andits users. It creates a center of peace inthe city and is one of the greenest places
near the waterside. The preservation of its
characteristics and lasting inhabitation by
women keeps the tradition and purposes

Fig.2 The Béguinage of Bruges seen from above © Google Mapsof this site in stand.

Threats and vulnerability

Bruges is located near the coast, about 10 – 15 km, and has a port that is connected by a canal with theNorthern Sea. This region has a very low elevation above sea level, for Bruges only 13 meters, which
poses threats by global warming in case of floods and storms. Storms and floods are the biggest risks forthe whole region of Flanders. Heavy rains and storms have doubled in the last 50 years and more heatwaves were measured in the last 10 years. Meteorologists explain these effects due to climate change.
The coastal line of Belgium is still very fragile and not adequately protected against storm tides as
experienced by events in the last two years.

942.10 Implementation of Disaster Risk Management for the World Heritage Site of Bruges, Belgium

Although Bruges has not recently
been threatened by floods, a disasterrisk plan on the Cultural Heritage
against floods and storms in Bruges
has not yet been made. Studies haveshown that a 1,5℉C temperature
increase through global warming
would result in a complete floodingof Bruges. The water level in the city isunder the influence of the tides, whichmakes it vulnerable during storms

Fig.3 Flood risk zone map © waterinfo.be

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participantsin combination with high tide. Flanders has a complete map to show the sites that are under flood risks
but no action plan for protecting cultural heritage against those risks, neither strict regulations against
building in those zones, are provided. The maintenance of the buildings near the waterside are thus an
important factor of damages in times of heavy rains and floods.
As these flooding by heavy rains andstorms can become more and more likely
to happen, it could also bring severe
damages to the heritage located near
the little canals including some of themuseums. This primary hazard can cause
secondary hazards such as blockages orfires. A map of the flood risk zones (Fig.
3) shows the most prominent areas arelocated near the ring road in the south ofthe city and the most important hospitalin the North-West. As an outcome of
Fig.4 View on the canals of Bruges near the Béguinage © Grace DS

this analysis an evacuation plan could
be made in collaboration with thestakeholders. This could lead to a better overview of the who could take the responsibility in the risk
prevention of the heritage.

Stakeholders

In Belgium the governance on culture and risk prevention are not completely organized on thesame governance levels. This friction between the stakeholders on different governance levels anddepartments did not make it easy to collaborate on this topic so far. On a local level, the collaboration
between the different actors would look like presented in Fig.4. Still this would only be a partial share of
all the actors working and developing the DRM plan. The exchange between local, provincial, regionaland federal level would be a necessity for a full operative DRM plan.

95

Fig.5 Scheme of the local stakeholders

Risk prevention and mitigation strategies

As there were not many severe events and damages caused by different hazards in the city of Bruges or
the Béguinage, the focus of this DRM plan lays on the prevention and mitigation of flood risks.
These prevention and mitigation strategies can be made for the different phases of a disaster,
preparedness, response or recovery. The approaches for these different phases are based on six levels:
policy; planning; technical (non-structural and structural); maintenance and monitoring and training
and awareness.
On policy level, the first step is to bring the different stakeholders together and find a group of actors tobuild on a strategy plan of evacuation. These can be the decision makers to introduce it on the different
governance levels or can be the exerting power such as civil servants, firemen, police,… the final
decision needs be carried out by the decision makers.
Together with a team can develop a management plan for the different sites in Bruges specific on theneeds and location of them. Also the creation of evacuation plans per building with specific locations of
the most valuable objects would be a good outcome of this DRM plan for the city.
Technical level both structural and non-structural, maintenance of the heritage is key to prevent itfrom further damages. A limewashing technique can be introduced for the protection of walls against
rainwater and to reduce erosion of the brick stones.
Maintenance and monitoring can be also introduced on the regularly check-ups of trees, publicfurniture, etc. With GIS-maps, the flood zones are already mapped and followed-up. Linking these withthe documentation and digital database of the heritage could be an advantage for the monitoring of
the heritage. A flood risk system linked to an evacuation procedure, would also be an option for thebuildings next to the canals.

962.10 Implementation of Disaster Risk Management for the World Heritage Site of Bruges, Belgium

3. Conclusion
The above presented prevention and mitigation strategies are just one of the more measures that could
be taken. These measures will be proposed in a set up meeting with the prevention advisor of Bruges,
the fire department and the civil servants of monument care and museums. To implementing thesestrategies, it would be an advantage that a general coordinator would be recruited. This coordinatorwould follow-up on the tasks to establish an evacuation plan and team. Good locations needs to be
identified together with a value identification card for all the objects. A priority list of museums andother locations with important objects, needs to be set up as one of the first steps in implementing
these strategies.
Further evacuation drills needs to be coordinated and regularly repeated so the team and the different
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

tasks are correctly divided. Good communication between these different actors are essential to lead tothe success of this strategy.
Specifically for the béguinage it is important to know who is living in which home and what the needs ofthese women are. As the inhabitants of this site are mainly elderly single women, they have not always
the specific support system to rely on. Thus for this situation, it would be good to get an overview of theneeds within this community.
As there is not a single plan for the protection of cultural heritage in case of an event, it would alreadybe an accomplishment if the Disaster Risk Management strategies could be heard by the city council
and implemented in some areas of Bruges.

97

2.11 Disaster Risk Management Initiative for the Historic Centre ofSighisoara, Romania
Catalin Andrei NEAGOENational Institute of Heritage, Romania“Ion Mincu” University of Architecture and Urbanism, Bucharest, Romania

1. Introduction
Established in the 13th century, the city of Sighisoara is located in the historic region of Transylvania, inthe central part of Romania. From a cultural and historical point of view, the center of Sighisoara illustrates
a rare case where a fortified medieval urban site was almost completely preserved and continuously
inhabited. Apart from its important military role, given by its strategic position on top of a hill overlooking
the river valleys, the city had flourished in the Middle Ages as a commercial place on behalf of the German
merchants and craftsmen who settled there.
In 1999, the Historic Center of Sighisoara was designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site 1) basedon criteria (iii) and (v), asserting that “Sighisoara is an outstanding testimony to the culture of theTransylvanian Saxons, a culture that is coming to a close after 850 years and will continue to exist only
through its architectural and urban monuments. It is an outstanding example of a small fortified city in theborder region between the Latin-oriented culture of central Europe and the Byzantine-Orthodox cultureof south-eastern Europe. The apparently unstoppable process of emigration by the Saxons, the social
stratum which had formed and upheld the cultural traditions of the region, threatens the survival of theirarchitectural heritage as well.”
The city has witnessed numerous disasters in the past that have the potential of reoccurring, so it isessential to take action in preserving its cultural legacy for the generations to come. One of the primaryforms through which such measures might be taken is by developing an integrated plan for the disasterrisk management (DRM) of the site, as outlined in the present paper.

2. Site Analysis: Values and Attributes
Most of the medieval urban fabric of the historic center has remained unchanged, preserving the original
network of narrow cobbled streets and stairways, as well as the building plot configuration. Furthermore,
over 90% of the constructions are still in existence 2). The urban structure has evolved mainly during the
14th to 16th centuries inside the hilltop citadel and at the base of the hill in a unitary way, by adapting
its shape to the geomorphology of the site. The compositional and scenic values of the site are sustainedby the old public squares and volumetric accents of the citadel that perfectly blend with the tree-ladenslopes (Fig 1).

Fig.1 The Historic Center of Sighisoara (photo credit: Iosef Kovacs).

982.11 Disaster Risk Management Initiative for the Historic Centre of Sighisoara, Romania

Sighisoara is characterized by a high density of historic monuments, which constitute expressive groupsof varied typology. Henceforth, the city is surrounded by a strong defensive system that was primarily
built, maintained and defended by guilds of craftsmen. Today, the fortifications consist of nine towers,
three bastions and a 930 m perimeter wall that demonstrate how the constructions evolved as a resultof the advancements in military techniques. The defensive arrangements carry with them the marks ofpast bombardments and sieges. Of aesthetic and historic value are equally the churches, public buildings(administrative, educational, cultural) and especially the houses of artisans and patricians, all of whichhave preserved to a great extent the original materials, forms, and construction techniques.
The historic center hosts a vast amount of movable heritage inside its buildings. For instance, the History
Museum of Sighisoara arranged inside the Clock Tower has an impressive assortment of classified objects
including national treasure items, which are organized in various collections referring to ethnography,
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

weaponry, guilds, craftsmanship, medieval furniture, and pottery, among others.
Lastly, the historic center embodies the perfect setting for passing on the local Saxon traditions,knowledge and crafts.

3. Risk Analysis
The city is located in a moderately active seismic region. Its buildings and constructions have been
subjected to important ground movements over the past centuries, the earthquake from 1834 causing
the vault of the Evangelical Church on the Hill to collapse. Another factor, which poses a notable risk forits comprised monuments, is fire. In 1676, almost three quarters of the citadel were burned down leading
the builders to use for the most part stone and brick masonry, and ceramic roof tiles instead of timbermaterials.
River floods and surface floods due to heavy rainfall and rapid snowmelt have historically affectedareas in the Lower Town, however, because of the more recent embankment and drainage works, thephenomenon is less severe. To a smaller extent, localized shallow landslides have damaged parts of thefortified city wall for which conclusive measures have yet to be taken (Fig. 2).

Fig.2 Hazard and risk maps (source: Sighisoara City Hall, Mures County Council, ANAR).

99

Sighisoara’s cultural heritage is also affected by slow hazards such as ground humidity, differential
settlement of foundations, and material degradation from exposure to different environmental or
biological factors.
In order to carry out a risk analysis for the site, it is necessary to take into account, besides the plausible
hazards, the various vulnerabilities of the heritage attributes, their root causes and the dynamic pressure
they are subjected to. Additionally, one must take into account the exposure of the elements and thecapacity of the site. As a final point, given a specific risk scenario, it is possible to anticipate the impacts
of a disastrous situation on the examined cultural heritage property. An envisioned risk analysis for theHistoric Center of Sighisoara is exemplified by key points in Fig. 3.
Recent steps have been made to develop a disaster risk management plan for the discussed site but
only for fire risk prevention and improvement of the fire extinction systems 3). Therefore, a broader viewis needed in formulating an integrated strategy that covers all the relevant sides of the topic.

Fig.3 Risk analysis chart.

4. Disaster risk management plan
The main challenge in developing a comprehensive public policy for risk management of cultural heritage
resides in changing the post-disaster response approach into a culture of preparedness and prevention.
The objectives of the DRM plan for the Historic Center of Sighisoara are to build resilience, enhancedisaster mitigation capabilities and minimize disaster impacts to all forms of cultural heritage. Some ofthese goals require cooperation at local, national and international levels, strengthening of municipal
administration capacities, and engaging the local communities. Ultimately, it is necessary to periodicallyrevise and adapt the DRM system in order for it to function properly.
The following paragraphs go into detail about the possible prevention, response and recovery measuresthat need to be considered for the envisioned risk scenario.
4.1 Mitigation and prevention measures
A. Policy•Provide subsidies for fire and earthquake preparedness measures. Include private properties.
•Simplify and accelerate procedures for restoring public buildings.

100

2.11 Disaster Risk Management Initiative for the Historic Centre of Sighisoara, Romania•Encourage through administrative measures the maintenance of historic buildings, by lowering
taxes for cultural properties.
•Increase funding for restoration programs.
•Improve the national DRR framework in accordance with the Sendai Framework priorities for action.
•Develop a local strategy to discourage the acute migration of workforce.

B. Planning•Create a WHS management plan with DRM components that is linked with the city’s urban plan fordevelopment.
•Include category A monuments on the response priority list of the Fire Department.
•Organize and improve the available documentation on the site.
•Elaborate special guidelines for fire prevention systems in historic buildings.
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

C. Physical•Strengthen and restore vulnerable defensive structures (towers, walls), public buildings and houses.
•Install fire prevention and control systems: automated fire detection, water cannons and hydrants.
•Provide a secondary water reserve and an additional road access.
•Set up anchored steel meshes and drainpipes on dangerous inclines.

D. Maintenance and monitoring•Track building changes and carried works.
•Chart vulnerabilities and exposure of cultural properties to various hazards.
•Create a register of monuments at risk and in danger so as to prioritize funding and projects 4).
•Inspect regularly fire prevention systems and assure periodic treatment of timber roof structures.
•Control the vegetation growth on the hill slopes.
•Investigate the ground stability using advanced space technologies 5).
•Enforce better measures for disobeying regulations.

E. Training and awareness•Carry out earthquake and fire drills with hotel staff, museum custodians, clerics and volunteering
tourists.
•Use the Medieval Festival as a means to draw attention to cultural heritage. Engage the community
and regional artisans and carpenters in practicing and exhibiting traditional skills.
•Build education and public interest in the preservation and capitalization of heritage.
•Involve residents in Disaster Imagination Games.
•Hire more specialists in the field of conservation and restoration of historic monuments to work forthe local administration.

4.2 Emergency preparedness and response
A. Rescue and salvage•Perform rescue efforts and place temporary supports.
•Install an emergency alert system and provide tourist assistance.
•Develop logistics and cooperation plans between local and regional authorities (Fig. 4).

B. First aid for cultural heritage•Create a network of specialists from emergency departments, museums, research institutes anduniversities.

101

Fig.4 Evacuation plan (adapted from the Heritprot project 3).

•Propose an initiative for a young volunteer group called “Guardians of the Citadel” that can help duringsalvaging operations.
•Tap into the expertise and support of NGOs and associations for culture and aid.

C. Immediate assessment and protection•Provide security at site for guarding affected objects.
•Secure perimeter for public safety.
•Rapid evaluation of damaged cultural goods.
•Install shoring for buildings.

4.3 Recovery and rehabilitation
A. Short term (0-6 months)•Site clearance. Engage volunteers and community leaders.
•Restore utilities and infrastructure.
•Catalogue, map and evaluate the state of cultural properties.
•Structurally assess damaged buildings.
•Carry out emergency repair works.
•Apply conservation treatment for movable heritage.
•Assure conditions for displaced residents.
•Deploy emergency equipment and facilities in public spaces.
•Start up a public awareness and fund raising campaign entitled “It’s time to act!”102

2.11 Disaster Risk Management Initiative for the Historic Centre of Sighisoara, Romania

B. Medium term (6-12 months)•Prioritize works and mobilize financial resources.
•Organize specialized courses in managing disaster risks, taking into account the latest tools andtechniques available 6).

•Promote new integrated technologies for prevention, preparedness and response 7).
•Plan academic forums and workshops on restoring historical medieval buildings.
•Elaborate national guidelines for the restoration of timber, stone, masonry structures.

C. Long term (1-5 years)•Offer psychosocial support. Participatory recovery with the support of the local community.
•Adjust the level of involvement that the state can have in cultural heritage recovery to the dynamic
economic context 8).
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants•Improve codes and regulations dealing with cultural heritage.
•Perform emergency drills.
•Repair or rebuild and document restoration works. Consider adaptive reuse.
•Continuous monitoring of cultural heritage and risks.
•Adjust the DRM plan to the new circumstances and data.
•Improve the legal framework.
•Collect data on direct economic loss, damages and costs of reconstruction or rehabilitation 9).

5. Stakeholders and Funding
For the design of the DRM system, it is crucial to include all the actors and stakeholders that are
responsible or affected by the mitigation, response and recovery measures. At a local and regional level,
the following entities should be involved for the discussed case: representatives of local communities
and owners, City Hall – Department for Heritage Administration, County Council – County Directorate
for Culture, Cults and Heritage, UNESCO World Heritage Site manager and committee, Inspectorate for
Emergency Situations, Fire Department, Local Police, Regional Inspectorate of Romanian Police.
At a national level, the subsequent institutions are concerned: the Ministry of Regional Development andPublic Administration, Ministry of Culture and National Identity, National Institute of Heritage, National
Committee for Tourism, Romanian Order of Architects, and the private sector.
Furthermore, because the historic center is listed as a World Heritage Site, the guidance and technicalsupport of the following bodies is advisable: UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICOM, Universities, Research Institutes,
NGOs, foundations and trusts
A complex DRM plan requires substantial funding in order to become viable. Financial resources may beaccessed from ROP and INTERREG Europe 2014-2020 funds, EU URBANACT programme, JICA projects
and initiatives, World Bank assistance, RO-CULTURA 2014-2021 funds from the Ministry of Culture andNational Identity and SEE Grants, and the National Restoration Program. To a smaller degree, funds may
be obtained from the City Hall, County Council, cultural trusts, foundations, associations or insurancecompanies.

1036. Conclusions
The Historic Center of Sighisoara encompasses values, architectural styles and cultural traditions that are
specific to a minority that has unquestionably and decisively influenced the way of life, the culture and,in the end, the history of Transylvania. Its cultural heritage has suffered a lot in the past so it is of great
importance to develop an integrated system for the disaster risk management of the site, which balances
heritage preservation, sustainable economic development and risk reduction strategies. The plan shouldtake advantage of past experiences, knowledge transfer and new technologies in building resilience.

7. Pilot Projects
The National Institute of Heritage from Romania is working on a National building code for the evaluation
and rehabilitation of historic buildings. The proposed document will provide better-suited technicalprinciples and methodologies for interventions on historic monuments, encourage the use of traditional
materials and construction techniques, and promote less aggressive strengthening measures. Similar
codes or guides are in work for other types of risks, for both movable and immovable cultural heritage.

References
1) Historic Center of Sighisoara – UNESCO World Heritage Site, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/902/.
2) Ministry of Culture and Cults - National Institute of Historic Monuments, Romania: Patrimoine Mondial/
World Heritage, Bucharest: Independent Film, 2007.
3) Sighisoara City Hall: Heritprot project. Fire Risk Prevention and Improvement of the Fire Extinction
Systems of the Historic Center of Sighisoara. Local Implementation Plan, 2013-2014.
4) Nistor, S.: Monuments at risk and monuments in danger: the special management of threatenedmonuments (in Romanian), Revista Monumentelor Istorice, Year LXXII, No. 1, pp. 101-108, 2001-2003.
5) Negula, I. D., Poenaru, V.: Differential SAR Interferometry for the Monitoring of the UNESCO World
Heritage Sites, Journal of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre, No. 3, pp. 2-8, 2015.
6) Gavriletea, M. D.: Catastrophe risk management in Romania and Transylvania’ specifics. Issues fornational and local administrations, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 30:1, pp. 761-776, 2017.
7) General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations (IGSU): Country report, 5.1 Conditionality, Romania,
2016.
8) Government Decision no. 905/2016 for the approval of the provisional theses for the project of the
Cultural Heritage Code (in Romanian), http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/185068.
9) Romanian Government: Sendai Framework data readiness review report, 2017, retrieved from https://www.preventionweb.net/files/53201_romaniarou.pdf.

104

2.12 Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction.
The case of Reggio Calabria City Center.
Rosa Grazia DE PAOLI
Regional Council of Calabria Region, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria

1. Introduction
The Calabria region, located in the south of Italy, is the region with the highest seismic hazard. It’s crossed
by a system of faults in full activity, which passes through the Strait of Messina and ends in eastern Sicily.
These faults represent sectors with a high seismic risk and have originated almost all the catastrophic
earthquakes that hit Calabria in historical times.

Fig.1 Seismic activity in Italy and in Calabria region. Seismic and tsunami risk in Reggio Calabria.

Reggio Calabria is the most populated city in the region, becoming a metropolitan city since 2016 withnational law and leading a large area with over 500,000 inhabitants. As regards the province of Reggio
Calabria, it is well known that many hinterland municipalities have demographics under a thousand
inhabitants due to a relentless drive of the population to the main cities and to the Northern Italy, which
offers definitively more. The city, located in a strategic position on the Strait of Messina, has historically
represented the gateway to the south of the European continent. Reggio Calabria is located at 31 mt
above sea level on the extreme slopes of the Aspromonte, on the slope of the eastern shore of the Strait ofMessina. Since the 70s, the city has shown a very intense building growth, to be a true coastal conurbationof more than 20 km.
Reggio is also the oldest city in the Calabria region, dates back to the second millennium BC, while the firsturban settlements date back to the foundation of the Greek colony Rhegion of the VIII century B.C. by the
Calcidesi.
The case study here presented, is on historical centre of Reggio Calabria situated on the extreme south ofCalabria region as the most populated city of the region (180.000 inhabitants) completely destroyed as a105

consequence of the biggest earthquake and tsunami occurred in Italy in 1908 (7.5 of magnitude). This
catastrophe has erased every building testimony of the past causing the death of with 90.000 victims.

2. The City Centre of Reggio Calabria
After the earthquake of 1783, 8.5 degrees of Mercalli scale, the reconstruction took place according to
new criteria and the urban plan became a tool for seismic risk reduction. These new criteria establishedthe first anti-seismic city’s rules: the “chess board” urban plant characterized with wide rectilinear andperpendicular roads, open areas as squares and markets localized along the longitudinal roads, buildings
with a regular and right angle plant. The new urban rules were completed with the following Buildings
codes to rule the reconstruction:- the elevation of the building was setted in relationship with the width of the roads;- the number of the buildings floors were proportioned to the number of citizens;- the regular façades with the prohibition to build large balconies but small and light ones distant fromthe building angles;- to promote the ligneous structure system building;- Outer walls in bricks and mortar for increasing the resistance of the buildings (constructive system
introduced after the earthquake of the year 1755 for the Lisbon’s reconstruction.).
The urban projects realized after the 1783’s earthquake were characterized by both the elegance and themonumentality typical of the urbanism of the XVII century and the new anti-seismic requirements.
After the next earthquake and tsunami of 8 December 1908, the first anti-seismic rules were promulgated(Regio Decreto 18 april 1909) as first example of territorial micro zoning, in which they listed the towns
damaged by the earthquake and they established the technical and sanitary rules for the reconstruction.
These rules controlled the heights of the buildings (maximum 2 floors, allowed height max 10 mt) inrelation to the width of the road (least 10 mt). To defend the cities from the tsunami have been prohibitedbuildings close to the railroad within distance between the 30 meters.
The Seismic National Law emanated after the 1908’s earthquake established that all the destroyed
urban centres had to make a new plan. The Reggio Calabria plan of reconstruction provides for thereconstruction of the city in the previous location today recognized as the historical centre. The historicalcentre of Reggio Calabria has been completely rebuilt after the earthquake and today preserves many
cultural assets from the oldest such as the archaeological sites:- the Aragonese castle, cylindrical towers and the curtain section of the Aragonese period (15th century);- the Art Nouveau buildings, first half of the 20th century, Palazzo della Provincia (G. Spinelli , C. Author,
1920), Palazzo San Giorgio (E. Basile , 1921), Villa Genoese Zerbi (1925);- the church of the Ottimates has remains of the previous Byzantine-Norman construction;- the National Archaeological “Magna Grecia” Museum, one of the most important collections from Magna
Graecia with also the Bronzes of Riace two large, original bronze statues Greek recovered in the stretchof sea in front of the beach of Riace in 1972 probably coming from the cargo of a ship wrecked ship. The
statues are original penthouses of the 5th century BC, of Fidia or his circle.

1062.12 Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction. The case of Reggio Calabria City Center.

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Fig.2 The cultural heritage site

In addition to the tangible attributes of the historical center, intangible attributes are also present. The
local population furthermore, uses the Strait of Messina Landscape, surrounded by Art Nouveau buildings
and by ancient trees as a large social place, for these reason it is defined the most beautiful kilometer of
Italy. The Festival of Madonna della Consolazione as traditional artistic heritage developed and maintained
over generations by individuals reflecting the traditional artistic expression.

3. Risk Scenario
The scenario considers the occurrence of an earthquake of 7.5 of magnitude originated through the fault
in the Ionian see of Strait of Messina, the same of 1908, and a tsunami followed immediately after affecting
the whole coastal area. The earthquake and the tsunami damaged 90% of the buildings. The historic
center is destroyed, all roads are inaccessible. The cultural heritage and the most part of it is destroyed,such as the Magna Grecia museum of Reggio Calabria and the Aragonese castle and almost all of the Art
Nouveau buildings located on the main road.
The tsunami that followed brought waves estimated to be 40 feet (13 meters) high crashing down on
the coasts of northern Sicily and southern Calabria killing almost 2.000 people. The whole coastal area ofReggio Calabria has been completely destroyed and the seaside and the archeological site. Because ofearthquake, the breaking pipeline causes fire in many areas.

107Fig.3 Risk assessment

The risk assessment puts in relation the hazards with the vulnerability and the impacts on the attributes
located in the historic center that is the most vulnerable social, economic and structural urban area.
The impacts of each hazard are highlighted on the attributes present in the historical center with adifferent level of intensity. The main hazards are earthquake and tsunami, so the highest impact is on a
restricted area where there are some cultural heritage. This allows circumscribing and concentrating therisk scenario.
The selected area is the most damaged and where there is agreater exposure of the attributes. Path risk passes throughthe area where buildings are most vulnerable due to theconstruction age, structure and material. Furthermore, this is
an area with many public exposed buildings. The problems
in this area are also related to urban vulnerability due to thecomplete lack of preparedness for risk and to the lack ofawareness of the local government. There are no exercises in
the city.
The emergency plan at the territorial level highlights theaffected area, the security areas, immediately after the event,the alarm system, the security areas, the temporary shelter
areas, and the evacuation route along safe routes.

Fig.4 Risk scenario1082.12 Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction. The case of Reggio Calabria City Center.

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Fig.5 Emergency preparedness at spatial level

At the urban scale, the emergency plan highlights the urban area damaged by the event and the measurestaken immediately after the event, such as the alarm system, the security areas, and the evacuation systemthrough safe routes. The institutional emergency coordination is identified starting from the local one up
to the central government and to the civil protection agencies involved. The National Fire Department,
the Armed Forces, the Police, the National Forestry Corps, the scientific community, the Italian Red Cross,the structures of the National Health Service, voluntary organizations, the National Mountain and Alpine
Rescue Corps form the operating structures.
The National Service operates at central, regional and local level, in compliance with the principle ofsubsidiarity. The local context of our country, subject to a variety of risks, makes necessary a civil protection
system that, in every area, ensures the presence of human resources, facilities and operational capabilities
able to intervene quickly in case of emergency, but also to operate for prevention and, as far as possible,
predict potential disasters.
The first response to the emergency, whatever the nature and extent of the event, needs to be guaranteed
at the local level, from the municipal structure, which is the closest institution to the citizen. The firsthead of civil protection in each municipality is, therefore, the Mayor. But when the event cannot be metby the means available to the municipality, the higher levels are activated through an integrated andcoordinated action: the Province, the Prefecture, the Region, to the involvement of the State in the eventof a national emergency.
The strength of such a complex system of competences is the guidance and coordination entrusted to the
President of the Council of Ministers, which makes use of the Civil Protection Department.

109

Fig.6 Emergency preparedness and first measures

The urban area of Reggio Calabria, despite having suffered many earthquakes and disasters, still presents
a very high and complex vulnerability:- Social. Although the Calabria region has historically been devastated by natural disasters and considered
to be at high risk by national civil protection organizations, it still has high levels of social vulnerability due
mainly to the lack of awareness by local civil protection organizations that citizenship. Civil protection
exercises are rare.
- Physical-structural. The Calabria region and above all the city of Reggio Calabria despite being
completely rebuilt after the earthquake of 1908 with strict earthquake rules, has over the years allowed
continuous interventions on buildings without earthquake-proof rules and respect for the laws. The urban
area of Reggio Calabria developed spontaneously between the '70s and' 90s in the hilly and coastal areas,
without respecting the indications of spatial planning tools. The uncontrolled growth of the urbanizedsurface has not been accompanied by corresponding growth in road and service infrastructures,
determining inefficiency in the waste collection systems, poor and incoherent development of urban
mobility infrastructures, insufficiency of public green areas, and poor quality of the building, bothpublic and private. The levels of urban vulnerability are very high. Entire neighborhoods have been built
exceeding the permitted heights and saturating all the open spaces, and the distances between buildings
and the correct distance from the road have not been respected.
- Economic. The Calabria region is among the last in Italy for per capita income, a low level ofindustrialization and a very high youth unemployment rate. This critical economic situation in Calabria
region is made even more serious by the financial crisis affected the entire country for several years.

1102.12 Cultural Heritage and Disaster Risk Reduction. The case of Reggio Calabria City Center.

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Fig.7 Mitigation measures and costs

Risk mitigation measures to be effective can not only focus on one aspect but also must be
multidisciplinary and integrated between them. Measures to reduce risks are identified in short and longterm and divided according to the type (physical, technical, social, economic), and in building capacity
at different levels as improving the awareness and development process stakeholders participants. The
most expensive measures are referred mainly to the strengthening of buildings. Other measures concern
the improvement of detecting system. At a technical level, some measures are directed towards theconstruction and urban scale. The interventions on the buildings mainly concern the seismic adaptationand the structural reinforcement on the cultural heritage damaged by the event inside the historicalcenter. The goal is to return to the original chessboard plane with wide streets, both straight andperpendicular, empty spaces like squares and buildings with regular layouts all at right angles. These aresimple ignored and distorted rules in a modern contemporary city where we find a complete distortionof the original morphology of buildings with the addition of balconies, new floors even with different
materials and so on that have greatly increased the vulnerability on buildings and urban system.

References
1) De Paoli, R. G. : Urban Spaces and Safety. Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, [S.l.], v.
5, n. 3, p. 119-131, nov. 2012. ISSN 1970-9870. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.6092/1970-9870/775. http://www.
tema.unina.it/index.php/tema/article/view/775.
2) De Paoli, R. G. : Planning Tools For Seismic Risk Mitigation. Rules And Applications, AIP Conf. Proc. 1020,
1926 (2008); doi: 10.1063/1.2963830, http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=1020&Issue=1.
3) FabiettI W. : Vulnerabilità e trasformazione dello spazio urbano, Bologna, Alinea editrice, 1999.
4) Fera, G. : La città antisismica, Gangemi Editore, Roma, 1991.
5) Principe, I. : 1783, Il progetto della forma: la ricostruzione della Calabria negli archivi di Cassa sacra aCatanzaro e Napoli, G. Gangemi, Rome, 1985.
6) Vivenzio, G.: Istoria e teoria dei tremuoti in generale e in particolare di quelli della Calabria e di Messinadel 1783, Stamperia Reale, Napoli, 1783.

111

2.13 UNESCO Archaeological Site of Palatine in Rome:
Implementation of Disaster Risk Management Plan Rome, Italy
Enrica DI MICELI
Sapienza University, Rome

1. Introduction
The “Archeological Park of the Colosseum” in Rome, located south-west of the ideal axis stretchingfrom the Colosseum (Amphitheatre Flavius) to the Victor Emmanuel Monument, is the most importantarchaeological area in the heart of the city, inscribed in UNESCO in 1980 responding to the I, II, III, IV andVI criteria (Fig. 1a). This area is full of both monuments and archeological remains from different ages, allequally representative of the worldwide known and rich Italian Architectural and Historical Heritage andhere is located the Palatine, which is a hill composed of a topsoil lying on a bench of volcanic tuff whose
actual content, in terms of hidden remains, stratified and attributable to different ages, has not been
completely clarified yet, neither excavated.

(b)

(a)

(c)

Fig.1 Boundaries of the Site (a); aerial photo of the Palatine (b); one of the Domus atop the hill (c).

The Palatine Hill is the centermost of the Seven Hills of Rome, it is one of the most ancient parts of thecity and today it is an archaeological site open to the public. It stands 40 meters above the Roman Forum,
looking down upon it on one side, and upon the Circus Maximus on the other (Fig. 1b).
Rome has its origins on the Palatine. Excavations show that people have lived in the area since the 10th
Century BC. Many aﬄuent Romans of the Republican period had their residences there and from the startof the Empire (27 BC) Augustus built his House there and the hill gradually became the exclusive domainof emperors; the ruins of the palaces of at least Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD), Tiberius (14 – 37 AD) andDomitian (81 – 96 AD) can still be seen (Fig. 1c).

112

2.13 UNESCO Archaeological Site of Palatine in Rome: Implementation of Disaster Risk Management Plan Rome, Italy

2. Attribute and ValueIn the definition of values for different aspects and different dimensions, the UNESCO Universal
Outstanding Values have been considered (Fig. 2).
Table 1 “Aspect and Value” referred to 3th Attribute

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Fig. 2 Identification of the Attributes

The three main attributes are: the Palatine in its entirely, as an area of archaeological importance but alsosocial, because the origins of the city of Rome have been traced here (Table 1); the Farnese Gardens, thatare an important green area of Renaissance period both in terms of art and history. For this attribute it wasnecessary to consider the natural dimension as a value in the qualification of this one. Finally, the third
attribute is the group of the monuments and ruins on the hill, for a total of 22 "objects".

3. Risk Assessment and Scenario

(a)

(b)

Fig.3 Diagram of Hazard, Vulnerabilities and Impact (a); Scenario graphical representation (b).

Historical sources on past disasters show that several earthquakes, ﬂoods and landslides have affected thearea close Palatine. As regard to seismic risk, Rome presents a moderate seismicity and a division of themunicipal territory in subzone. The Palatinum is in the highest seismicity zone of Rome and in the mostrecent past two earthquakes occurred with epicenter in Rome, in 1703 (XI-X MCS) and in 1812 (VI-VII MCS).

113

Therefore, the probability of occurrence of a future earthquake is high. The stratification of the Palatine,characterized by different layers, also highlights the instability of the hill slopes and the possibility ofalso occurring landslides. In Fig. 3, the diagram shows the primary hazard (earthquake) connected tosecondary hazard (landslides and fire) and relative vulnerabilities and impacts, listed in ascending order ofseverity.
Table 2 Impact of Scenario on values

ATTRIBUTE
Augustus House and Gallery of Collapsed Vaults
Vulnerability • Exposed excavated structures (deterioration of masonry structures) with frescoes• Past wrong interventions• Lack of Knowledge about structures foundations• Soil composition• Lack of maintenance• Weak masonry structures
Impact values Form andMaterial andTradition,

Location

Use

Spirit andand function

feelingdesignsubstance

tecnique,and setting(art./hist.)(hist./art.)

workmenship(arti.,hist.,soc.) (art., historic)(artistic, social)(scient.)
Low
Medium
High

X

X

X

X

X

X

The scenario considers the occurrence of an earthquake of six point five of magnitude that hits the
Colosseum Park, along the buried fault near the north-eastern slope of the hill (41°53'26.5"N 12°

29'25.4"E) (Fig. 3a). Its power reaches rapidly the Archaeological Site provoking the collapse of some parts
not yet restored of the Augusto’s House (Collapsed Gallery Vaults), during the time of the groups visit, andmany other damages to the other roman ruins along and to the nearby Museum (to the structure and tothe collections). The Site is still opened to visitors (many of them got wounded). As a direct consequenceof the earthquake, many landslides occur along the slopes of the hill causing the blockage of some routes
of connection to the Archaeological Site, for Civil Protection operative teams (for rescue people andsalvage of collections). Moreover, due to presence of old and tall trees in the Farnesian Gardens, the fall ofsome of these causes a short circuit and consequently a fire. The Table 2 shows the impact of the scenario
on heritage values associated with key attributes. In particular, the example refers to the “Augusto’s
House” and to “The Collapsed Vaults”, for which the occurrence of the hypothesised scenario could causesignificant losses in value.

4. Emergency Preparedness and Response

The Disaster Risk Management Plan, developed for the Palatine site, aims to satisfy three main objectives:
1) To MINIMAIZ the impact of disaster to preserve the Word Heritage value for the transmission to future
generations and the safety of visitor, staff, guide, etc.:
2) To PREPER a public - privet partnership task force:3) To PROMOTE a fast Recovery Process in case of disaster:
The proposed mitigation measures to reduction of the disaster risk are divided into three different types:
structural, non-structural and institutional measures (Table 3).
The evacuation plan for visitors, staff and objects considers safe area inside and outside, storage area, and114

2.13 UNESCO Archaeological Site of Palatine in Rome: Implementation of Disaster Risk Management Plan Rome, Italya division of the Hill inthree zone (marked indifferent colours) to whichcorrespond three different
escape routes (Fig. 4).

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Fig. 4 Rescue and first aid

Table 3 Mitigation measures

STRUCTURAL

INTERVENTION PROPOSALS
Consolidation/local

MEASURES

intervention

NON-

LEVEL
HAZARD REDUCED
Structures/Buildings Earthquake: Collaps/Damage

COST
MediumExpertRestoration/Isolation system Structures/Buildings Earthquake

Funders: EC-WMF
uperintendence(reversible): Collaps/Damage

ExpertInstallation of Hydrants and Site

Fire

Funders: EC-WMF
Superintendence

S T R U C T U R A L mechanical hydrant
MEASURESSTAKEHOLDERS
uperintendence

High

High

Fire Department

near the Farnese Garden andin the green areas of the hill
Alarm system in isolated zones Site
Maintenance
Structures/Buildings Earthquake

SuperintendenceSuperintendence

MediumMedium: Collaps/Damage
Landslides

Geological Expert

Medium: Collaps/Damage-

ICRROM

Low-Landslides
Monitoring System of the SiteslopesINSTITUTIONAL Human Resources:
MEASURES

Regional• Roster of Expert (Arch.,

UNIVERSITYEngineer., Archaeol. etc)

MiBACT• Volunteers(Training workshops)• Students(Training workshops)
B u i l d i n g G u i d e l i n e s f o r Regional-

Superintendence

Low

Protection
Hazard map and evacuation Site-

Superintendence

Low

plan

Fire Department

RM Procedures for custodians/
staff/guide
Improve coordination and Sitecommunication system-

MiBACT

Low

Superintendence

beetween Super. and tourists

In the face of recovery, the plan of restoration is articulated in three different times in which measures areplanned at the regional level, at site level and for single monument – elements (Table 4).II MCS).

115

Table 4 Planning of restoration

Short Term

REGIONAL

SITE• Reidentifying loc., nat., and • Post-event damage(0-6 months) internat. stakeholders and their assessment
coordination• Restoring access• Recruitment of new• Remove debris and fragments

volunteers

and take them to storage areas

BUILDINGS/ELEMENTS• Survey of damages• Investigating and assembling
the artefacts• Shoring up structurally
damaged monuments• Restrict access to most
Mid term

relevant or vulnerable areas• Establish a multidisciplinary • Documentation of the new • Consolidation/Local(1-2 years)

restoration/recovery teamsituation and preparing update intervention• Heritage Emergency Funddata-base• Training staff about new • Slope Consolidation
possible disaster - vulnerability • Archaeological excavations
Long Term• Monitoring• Development of Policies and • Monitoring• Regular Maintenance and(5-10 years)

Guidelines Manual for Disaster

Monitoring

Response of the CH building

References
1) ICCROM: “A Guide to Risk Management of Cultural Heritage”, Canada 2016
2) ICCROM: “The ABC method – A risk management approach to the preservation of Cultural Heritage”,
Canada 2016
3) UNESCO Outstanding Universal Value for Rome116

2.14 Disaster risk management for the Historic Centre of
San Gimignano, Italy
Francesca GIULIANI
University of Pisa

1. Introduction
San Gimignano is located in Tuscany, an Italian region known all over the world for its golden grain,vineyards and ancient borgoes. The city sits on a height of land, dominating the surrounding landscapeand clearly visible in the distance with its many stone towers. The historic centre retained the feudal
atmosphere and appearance, for this reason it was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1990.
The historic town is at high risk from the seismic activity and landslides. Besides, it shows signs of
unsustainable congestion due to the increase of touristic flows. The current Municipal Civil Protection Plan
includes the operational procedures for the emergency management and the protection of population.
Nonetheless, the plan doesn’t consider the impact of disasters on the historic centre, with its specificvulnerabilities and exposure.
According to the Italian legal framework for protection, San Gimignano is under a conservation order andinterventions are subject to prior authorisation of the Regional Administration or the Office for Cultural
Heritage (D.lgs. 42/2004, Codice di beni culturali e del paesaggio). The Municipality has added several
rules to regulate and control any transformations in the historical centre, notably concerning tourism,
trade, posting of advertisements, traffic, noise, use of public ground. Nevertheless, recent events highlightthe necessity of further insights on urban resilience and disaster mitigation in order to prevent the loss ofcultural heritage.

2. Site analysis: values and attributes
The Historic Centre of San Gimignano is part of the UNESCO World Heritage List under criteria (ii), (iii) and(iv), as summarized in Fig. 1. The core zone of the site corresponds to the outer ring of historic walls, whileno buffer zone has been defined.

Fig.1 Outstanding Universal Values (OUV)

The foundation of the city dates back to ancient times, while the settlement fully developed until the
13th century. During the Middle Ages it provided an important relay point for pilgrims travelling toor from Rome on the Via Francigena. The town and the urban structure grew with an intricate layout
around two principal squares: the triangular Piazza della Cisterna and the Piazza Duomo, containing the117majority of public and private monuments, as well as the main church. Two architectural constructions
are commonly considered as the symbol of San Gimignano: the towers and the defensive walls, bothproviding authenticity and integrity to the town. In medieval times the tower was the higher symbol ofpower: only the richest families of merchants and moneylenders could afford the works of construction.
From the end of the twelfth century, towers were lowered and sided by other buildings of lower height.
Despite the century-old transformations, the centre has retained its integrity and the remaining 14 towers
still witness a past when families had power over public institutions. The perimeter of the historical town isdefined by two concentric rings of defensive walls. The inner ring was constructed in the late 10th century
and in the 13th century it was reinforced with the construction of the outer walls.
The main attributes of the historic centre are: towers, squares, churches, historical walls and gates, Rocca
di Montestaffoli, via Francigena, monuments and listed buildings (Fig. 2). According to the Nara document
on Authenticity, attributes can be evaluated by scoring the “dimensions” and “aspects” of cultural heritage(Van Balen, 2008), taking into account the intangible assets, such as social practices, rituals or public
festivals. The results are presented in Fig. 3; the evaluation of the attributes of cultural heritage represents
a valid tool to prioritize the objectives of the analysis, addressing the risk assessment and management.
In fact, the scenario area has been selected on the basis of the attributes ranking, by focusing on the areawith the most important church in San Gimignano, the Collegiata or Carhedral, with the nearby squares
and the Rocca di Montestaffoli.

Fig.2 Identification and location of the cultural heritage attributes. On the bottom left, value assessment and ranking of the basis of
the Nara grid118

2.14 Disaster risk management for the Historic Centre of San Gimignano, Italy

3. Disaster Risk assessment
3.1. Hazards and threats
The main objectives of the risk assessment are to:• Preserve cultural heritage for future generations;• Minimize the impact of catastrophic events;• Include cultural heritage into existing DRM plans;• Raise awareness between local groups through campaigns and capacity building initiatives;• Update and implement documentation regarding the historical built environment.
Nowadays, the town is vulnerable to disasters and prone to several hazards. Besides, the effects ofincreasing tourism and the related pressure on modifications to the traditional use of buildings pose
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

relevant conservation and safety issues.
Since the town is built on a limestone rocks and sandy substratum, the main geological problem
concerns landslides. In 2018, a 20-metre section along the Eastern side of the historic walls abruptly
collapsed due to landslides and steady rains, with water undermining the solidity of masonry (Fig. 3,
letter A). The same causes brought to the partial collapse of the terrace under the Rocca (Fig. 3, letter B).
At the moment, after more than 6 months, the temporary stabilisation structures built in April are stillon-site and no intervention has been made to the damaged areas.
San Gimignano is located in a seismic-prone area classified as zone 3, characterized by a maximum PGA
of 0.15g. Between the 1804 and the 1998, 20 earthquakes are registered in the area and a VII-degree
earthquake (MCS scale) VII-degree earthquake occurred on September 1869. The local amplification map(fig. 3) identifies areas that are prone to local seismic amplification and instability. Therefore, landslides
may be triggered by earthquakes, causing a chain of events that can be disastrous for the cultural
heritage and the city. Besides, fire is another hazard that can follow earthquakes and spread becauseof burning candles, ruptured gas lines and arcing electrical wires. Many of the traditional vernacularbuildings in San Gimignano present wooden elements such as roofs, vaults, floors, decorations.

Fig.3 On the left, local site effects of earthquakes: in yellow are the stable areas prone to surface-wave
amplification; in red are the unstable areas liable to landslide and local amplification. On the right,
Geomorphological hazard: green are the low-hazard areas, while red ones present high-hazard.

1193.2. Vulnerabilities and impacts
The vulnerabilities and impacts of the historic centre are summarised in Fig. 4, in which the blue boxes
are directly related to the attributes located into the scenario area.

Fig.4 Vulnerabilities associated to hazards and impacts on the built environment. In blue, the boxes related to the main attribute (churches)
as resulted in section 2.

4. Disaster risk management
4.1. Risk scenario
The disaster scenario assumes earthquake as primary hazard, while secondary hazards are landslideand fire. The scenario area is selected on the basis of the value assessment, as highlighted in section 2.
An earthquake of 6-7 intensity (PGA=0.15g) strikes the historic centre during celebration of the “Ferie
Messium”, a medieval festival organized in June. During the historical parade, the narrow streets are
crowded and host stalls. The main squares, Piazza del Duomo and Piazza delle Erbe, and the Cathedral’swide staircase are occupied by people, looking for a place to sit.
The earthquake activates several landslides on the hill. Due to differences in the local amplification of
the earthquake, the most affected area is the eastern. Nonetheless, landslides occur next to the Roccaof Montestaffoli where the slopes are unstable since April 2018. Here, the situation constitutes a further
vulnerability because some streets are still blocked by the temporary scaffoldings for the cracked walls.
The earthquake affects historical buildings: churches and towers are damaged, and the failure of masonrywalls causes the fall of hazardous brick debris. The frescoes in the Cathedral and the collections are heavily
damaged. People are in panic and have difficulties in evacuation. In the meantime, fires spreads in the
shops located in the first and basement floors of the buildings and in the streets where several electricalgenerators are used for the parade. Even though firefighters are onsite, the staff is not sufficient tomanage the disaster and backup needs 25 minutes to arrive from the nearest Fire Station.

120

2.14 Disaster risk management for the Historic Centre of San Gimignano, Italy

4.2. Emergency preparedness and mitigation measures
The risk mitigation measures are classified in three groups: strategical and institutional, technical,
management and planning. The measures for the preparedness and reduction of risk are listed in table
1, which links each measure with the institutional level, the affected hazard, the main stakeholders, andthe economic cost.

Table 1 Emergency preparedness and mitigation measures
MeasureInclude cultural heritage into the DRM plan

Level
Site/

HazardEarthquake,

Municipality Landslide,
Establish, organize and train rescue committees Site/

Protection, Soprintendenza
Civil Protection, Fire andLow
police department, Local

tourists, children, …)
Building
Public campaigns to raise awareness about cultural Region/

government, Communities
ICCROM, National

Mediumheritage, risks, existing incentives for private Municipality Landslide,

government, Civil

properties
Fire
Capacity building with key stakeholders (parishes, Municipality Earthquake,Protection, Soprintendenza
ICCROM, Civil Protection,
Low

museum staff, tourist guides)

Landslide,

ICOMOS, UNESCO, Interest

Guarantee annual inspections of cultural heritage National/

Fire
Earthquake,groups, Communities
Local government,

properties in order to collect information, Region/

Landslide,communities

documentation, data
Municipality Fire
Private-public partnership and fundraising Region/
Earthquake,

Local and national

campaigns for ordinary and extra-ordinary

government, Civil

Municipality Landslide,

activities

Fire

Engage communities for the drafting and adoption Municipality Earthquake,of special regulations for public celebrations

Fire

Soprintendenza, Interest

Retrofiting and reinforcement of towers, churches Building

Earthquake

groups, Communities
Parishes, Owners, Local

aggregate/

government, Professionals,

Buildings

Museum boards, Research,

Improve the safety of non structural elements Building

Earthquake,

Low

Low

Protection, Interest groups,
ICCROM, UNESCO
Local government,

and palaces

Technical

government, Civil

for cultural heritage and sensitive groups (elders, Municipality/ Landslide,Fire
Earthquake,

Cost
MediumLow

High

Soprintendenza, Insurance
Owners, Local government, Medium(chimneys, decorations, lamps, …)Fire
Improvement of fire protection measures in the Municipality Fire

Soprintendenza, Insurance
Fire department,

historic centre

Local government,

High

Municipality Landslide

Soprintendenza, Research
Professionals, Local

reinforcement of the retaining walls
Regular maintenance of buildings, routes andMunicipality/ Earthquake,government
Local government, Owners, Medium

equipment

Building

Landslide,

Communities, Interest

Fire
Provide emergency kits and identify storage areas Municipality/ Earthquake,groups, Insurance
Local Government, Firefor the equipment

and police departments,

Improvement of the drainage system andMonitoring of buildings and retaining walls

Landslide,Fire
Municipality Earthquake,Landslide

Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

Strategical/ institutional

Fire
Earthquake,

Stakeholder
Local and regional

Communities
Local government,

MediumLow

MediumResearch, Professionals,
Soprintendenza,

Management/planning
Identification of evacuation shelters and storage Municipality Earthquake,areas for CH
Implement the early warning system
Regular inspections to verify the compliance

Professionals
Local government, Civil

Low

Protection, Communities
Municipality Landslide, Fire Local government, Civil

MediumProtection, Communities
Local government, Civil

MediumBuildings

Firewith fire safety standards of commercial activities

Protection, Communities,(smoke detectors, fire extinguisher, evacuation

Interest groups, Insurance

route, materials)

1214.3. Response and evacuation plan
The risk mitigation measures are classified in three groups: strategical and institutional, technical,
management and planning. The measures for the preparedness and reduction of risk are listed in table
1, which links each measure with the institutional level, the affected hazard, the main stakeholders, andthe economic cost.

4.4. Recovery plan
The recovery plan entails four time-related steps as shown in Fig 5. Given the predictable aftershocks
and the difficulties in predicting the occurrence of earthquakes, the first phase considers the immediate
actions to rescue people and salvage cultural heritage. Cultural heritage professionals can reach storage
areas after the intervention of Civil Protection, which is in charge of rescuing people and ensure safetyinside the red zone. In case of minor damages, restoration works can ensure the use of buildings in shortterm, otherwise it is necessary to mobilize greater resources and develop a long-term reconstructionplan.

Fig. 5 On the right, emergency plan of the historic centre; on the left, recovery plan with the identification of the stakeholders involved in eachphase.

122

2.14 Disaster risk management for the Historic Centre of San Gimignano, Italy

5. Conclusion
The Italian Civil Protection system is quite effective in the emergency management, but has major
weaknesses are in prevention and recovery, particularly of cultural heritage. One of the main achievementsof the DRM plan is the engagement of communities in the system, not only educating about risks but
also building on existing capacities, involving actors in the process. The Municipality should foster theparticipation of citizens to create a resilience-oriented workforce able to adapt successfully to ongoingchallenges.

References
1) Decreto Legislativo 22 gennaio 2004, n. 42 in materia di “Codice dei beni culturali e del paesaggio”
2) Van Balen, K., 2008. The Nara grid: an evaluation scheme based on the Nara document on authenticity.
Outline of Disaster Risk Management Plans for Case Study Projects by ITC2018 Participants

The Association for Preservation Technology International (APT), 39(2/3).
3) Bartoli, G., Betti, M., & Vignoli, A. (2016). A numerical study on seismic risk assessment of historic
masonry towers: a case study in San Gimignano. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 14(6), 1475-1518.
4) Peruzzi, G., Lunedei, E., Albarello, D., Pieruccini, P., Firuzabadì, D., Sandrelli, F., ... & Fantozzi, P. L. (2013). La
Microzonazione Sismica di un sito UNESCO: il centro storico di San Gimignano (Siena). Atti del convegno,
32, 299-306.

123

3 Activities Undertaken
after the International Training Course
by Former Participants3.1 The Lessons from Response and Recovery Process of
Mexico Earthquakes
Dulce María GRIMALDI
Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico

1. Introduction
The following document is based on the lessons learnt one year after the 2017 Mexico earthquakes. It is an
opportunity to realize the main issues to address the national risk management plan for cultural heritage.
This revision has been done from the viewpoint of the conservators of decorative finishes that work for
the National Agency for Cultural Heritage in Mexico called Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia(INAH), the national agency main responsible for the cultural heritage safeguarding. The conservatorsof decorative finishes worked along with other personnel from INAH such as architects, archaeologists,
anthropologists, and several others, so this revision only includes the perspective of a group of
professionals.
The ideas gathered in this document come from the interview with several INAH and private conservators
involved in different tasks during the year following the earthquakes. After these interviews weredone, other forums have been organized to talk about the lessons from the earthquakes; however, thisdocument summarizes the main ideas until September 2018.
On September 7th, 2017, an earthquake struck the southern part of Mexico; 12 days later anotherearthquake struck central part of the country. Apart from the important human and infrastructuredamages, the immovable and movable heritage was also damaged. Several historic temples lost domes
and vaults, while its sculptures, bells, altars, among others were badly damaged.

Fig. 1a and 1b Afected area of Mexico earthquakes, 2017. Source: CNCPC-INAH.

Several facts should be taken into consideration when talking about earthquakes and cultural heritage in
Mexico. This country has a big population, around 1 hundred 23 million people that is concentrate in thecentral and southern part of the country. A big percentage of the people are catholic,82.7%, which meansthat there are many religious structures, most of them historic buildings, and quite an enormous amountof immovable and movable heritage contained inside them, as well as local traditional practices linked
to the religion. The current census shows there are more than 110 thousand historic religious structures,
an unknown number of movable heritage like sculptures, paintings, books, and so on, as well as an
uncalculated number of local traditional practices, nine of which are currently on the list of intangible

1263.1 The Lessons from Response and Recovery Process of Mexico Earthquakes

Fig. 2 Temple of Santiago Apostol, Chila de la Sal, Mexico. 2017.

Fig. 3 Inside of Temple of Santiago Tepontla, Cholula, Mexico.

Source: Archive CNCPC-INAH

2017. Source: Archive CNCPC-INAH

Activities Undertaken after the International Training Course by Former ParticipantsWorld Heritage.
No matter how many people are catholic, the traditional practices are more than a religious issue; they
support the social structure, they ensure the moral and social behavior, and they show the economic
status of the people inside and outside each community.

On the other hand, Mexico is also prone to natural disasters, among
which earthquakes is the most significant hazard as the highest seismiczone is located in the central and southern part of the country. The
earthquakes from 2017 took place on this highly populated area of
Mexico, strongly striking the historic religious buildings, the immovableand movable heritage they contain and interrupting the traditional
practices; therefore the earthquakes deeply disrupted the social
structure of the Mexican society.
However, this story goes back many years before, as there have beenquite a number of earthquakes in Mexico. One of the most sadly

Fig. 4 Traditional practice: procession ofHoly Image Virgin Mary at the Sanctuaryof Los Remedios, Cholula, Mexico.
Source: Archive CNCPC-INAH

remembered earthquakes took place 32 years ago in 1985. According
to unofficial records, around 20 thousand people died. During thefollowing two days the affected cities were in chaos. Therefore, thesociety finally organized and carried out emergency actions. As aconsequence, the government designed a risk prevention strategy for the people, a Civil Protection Plan.
This plan has been successful as human safety has improved and become part of our culture. Not thesame has happened with prevention for cultural heritage.
During the earthquake of 1985 several historic buildings and collections were also damaged. The same
happened in other events that took place before and after in 1973 and 1999, when there was a hugedamage to cultural heritage in the same region, where these earthquakes struck in 2017. Those previous
experiences raised a big concern for the protection of the cultural heritage. In 2002 INAH established
an office called PREVINAH, in charge of preventing damage to cultural heritage by natural disasters andfor doing the evaluation of the damage for recovery. This office invited and promoted the creation ofworking teams for sharing experiences and strengthening collaboration between different professionals:
archaeologists, site managers, anthropologists, architects, conservators, etc. Collaboration was also
promoted so that the agencies that elaborate risk maps could share their information with the cultural
heritage sector. A whole set of documents like protocols, manuals, flyers and so on were elaborated.
127

An important experience was gained during those events by a big range of professionals includingarchitects, archaeologists, anthropologists, engineers and conservators. Helping missions to neighborcountries also took place, as happened on 1976 for the response and recovery of the damaged heritage
due to the earthquake at Guatemala. However, that experience was not disseminated among all of thepersonnel of INAH. No matter how many protocols, risk maps, etc. had been elaborated, before theearthquake of 2017, just few sites, projects, and personnel were familiar with these tools and no responsegroups had been created. The efforts for prevention were solely focused on civil protection.

Fig. 5 and 6 Damaged cultural heritage during the Mexico earthquake 1973.

Fig. 7 Mexican helping mission
during Guatemala earthquake
1976. Source: Archive CNCPC-INAH

SSo, 32 years later the two earthquakes that struck the center and the southern part of Mexico damaged
2367 immovable heritage, including 2041 historic buildings, 21 archaeological sites, and 7333 movable
heritage (Foro Anual CNCPC, 2018). This has been the biggest damage to cultural heritage ever recordedin the Mexican history and therefore the response required all possible help.
The national agency for cultural heritage therefore had to organize a strategy; under the general
director´s guidance three new committees were immediately created: the emergency committee thatis in charge of the emergency actions, the earthquakes office which takes care of the whole response andrecovery strategy, and the technical and scientific committee that provides advice over specific treatment
decisions at affected heritage situations. A workflow was designed: Emergency actions, Census, Funding,Communication & Dissemination, and Recovery & Conservation.

2. Emergency Actions
Immediately after the earthquakes, the emergency (first aid) actions started: although the structural
stabilization of the buildings should have been the first task, salvage and evacuation of the movable
heritage was carried out, mainly by the local communities. This heritage has such a high value for thepeople that they did not mind risking their lives in order to save their holy objects.
First, they relocated them just outside the temples and afterwards the objects were transferred forsafeguarding to the community’s honorable people´s houses, after listing and recording. The people thatreceived the objects in their homes (sculptures and so on) felt proud and provided their best, althoughhumble, spaces for their safety. However, regardless of good will, not always the storage areas were thebest ones, and some were even at risk of looting.
Meanwhile the national agency for cultural heritage could not accompany or help the local community128

3.1 The Lessons from Response and Recovery Process of Mexico Earthquakes

during these emergency actions as there were so many places to go and not enough personnel. Many
volunteers, professionals and students offered to help but unfortunately they had to be rejected asthey had no received previous training and the emergency plan was not clear. Therefore, during thefollowing days INAH personnel focused on taking care of the emergency actions for the more recognizedimmovable and movable heritage, or where the damage had been so severe that special attention was
required. Little by little, the national agency started to attend the rest of the damaged heritage andinsisted on one workflow where first structural stabilization was done to the temples and then salvage forthe movable heritage took place, including moving the objects to a safe storage, protecting immovableand movable heritage from rain and weathering, and removing damaged heritage from the debris.
The religious structures were closed waiting for a structural evaluation and therefore preventing
any further collapse that could hurt anybody. Temporary structural supports were installed between
Activities Undertaken after the International Training Course by Former Participantsarchitects, engineers and the local people. Sadly, the closing of religious structures temporarily
interrupted the local traditional practices. Therefore, people became depressed about the situation.
However, this made the communities resilient and many decided to continue with their traditional
practices outside the church, which finally highlighted the importance of the intangible heritage for acommunity.

Fig. 10 Temporary storage at aFig. 8 and 9 First aid carried by local people at the Temple of Totolapan, Morelos.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-OOfhalHd8&app=desktop. September 2017private house of San Pedro Cholula.
September 2017.Source: Archive
CNCPC-INAH

Fig. 11a and 11b At Ocuilan town, during this year festivities more people attended than on previous years,
supporting their damaged community. People said that no matter the disaster, their image of Holy Mary was
happier than ever before. Ocuilan 2018. Source: Cristina Noguera, CNCPC-INAH.

The emergency was also misused or misunderstood for economic and political reasons. Just one day after
the earthquake had taken place, demolishing of traditional buildings with earthen materials got started by
the local governments (obviously without informing INAH). In some cases the demolishing took place in129areas where for long time there has been interest in mining or installing wind energy stations. So it
seemed to be a good chance to relocate the people and use the place, although they were not willingto leave. In other cases the local government tried to improve the quality of the houses with new
construction materials like cement without noticing that the traditional constructions are much better
designed for the sites. Therefore, UNESCO, ICOMOS, and well-known artists from Mexico had to stand up
and recommended those demolitions and reconstructions to stop.

3. Census
The next action undertaken was a census, which was later collated into a database. The concepts taken
into consideration were:• Catalogue, to know which was the exposed heritage,• Mapping, to know where that heritage could be, and• Evaluation, to know to what extent it had been damaged, as well as the cost and time required for its
recovery.
To know what cultural heritage could have been exposed to damage during the earthquakes it wasnecessary to look for the already existing catalogs. Cataloging has been a priority for INAH since
its creation; however, this is not an easy task, no matter the big effort done until now. Catalogs for
immovable heritage contain more than 110,000, one hundred ten thousand, files for historic buildings,
many of them religious temples, while for movable heritage the number is not known, but that can beover one million objects. Meanwhile, the traditional practices linked to the religious temples can also
be estimated over one hundred thousand.
While the catalog for immovable heritage has a medium advance, the one for movable heritage is far
behind due to its complexity and extension. Before the earthquakes, only 40% of the catalogue forbuilt heritage had been included in a digitalized format and open to public consultation, while the restof the information was obsolete and not updated into written charts.
The movable heritage was in a worse situation and the same with the intangible heritage.
The existing catalogs for movable heritage not only are quite few compared to the number of movable
heritage but do not follow the same criteria, do not prioritize according to the significance andrelevance of the objects, and are not updated. Tools for improving the creation of the catalogs havebeen developed, like a thesaurus to organize the terms used for cataloging, but just few people usethem.
The next issue was to know where the heritage could be located and where we could expect to findthe higher number of damaged heritage. During recent years a big effort has taken place to link theinformation about cultural heritage to the national GIS maps, both for location and risks. However,it was obvious that still today the information launched on the maps is scarce and only takes into
consideration the more important cultural heritage sites. Regional risks maps for cultural heritage havenot been done and therefore the location of areas expected to have been severely damaged relied on
INAH´s personnel knowledge and the information provided by the society. The available information
was not only far from complete and detailed but also not accessible as fast as required.
Taking that into consideration, during the census it was difficult to have the specific information
about what immovable and movable heritage we were looking for, and where it was supposed to be.
Therefore, it was quite difficult to know where to start from, where to go first and to optimize human and

130

3.1 The Lessons from Response and Recovery Process of Mexico Earthquakes

material resources accordingly.
The evaluation to know the extent of damaged cultural heritage, conservation and restoration costs
and recovery time was carried out by about 400 professionals, among them architects, archaeologists,
engineers, conservators, and anthropologists without any previous training. The task was not easy:
the lack of training had to be overcome fast. People from the communities were not convinced aboutsharing the information and showing their damaged heritage to INAH´s personnel. A previous link
and communication had not been strongly built, so people felt they had been left alone during the
emergency and first moments after the earthquakes. They feared for any looting and were not willing to
see their damaged religious buildings on the social media as there was no moral code of conduct that
could ensure respect for the somber moment when people were mourning death of their beloved ones.
Moreover, people from the local communities lacked information about why it was necessary to carry out
Activities Undertaken after the International Training Course by Former Participants

several revisions, by different professionals, and therefore could not heed to their request for immediate
recovery. The accurate job done by the professionals of INAH during this emergency stage finally gained
trust from the people who showed the movable heritage they had stored and were willing to follow theconservation recommendations.
The first and fast evaluation was carried out on formats that helped to make sure that standardized
information was collected. It include a visit report (what had been done during the visiting of the religious
building and give a copy to the local community), ID of the movable heritage, condition assessment andrecommended treatment, as well as current storage conditions at private houses. A general classification
for low, medium and severe damage was not enough for later condition assessment and decision making,due to the lack of previous training for filling up the formats in a standardized way.
Collation of the gathered information was done through an excel database meant to function not only forconcentrating the information, but also as a tool for prioritizing and monitoring the status of all damagedbuildings and movable objects. This database has served as a means for bonding between different actors
involved, and has helped to gain a quick assessment to identify the most affected regions, as well as to
identify the immovable and movable heritage which is more prone to damage in a future earthquake.
Therefore this information is an important starting point for future plan mitigation actions. Sculptures andbells have been the more damaged movable heritage.
The database can be improved to serve better. The prioritizing process done through the database
does not take into consideration the value and vulnerability of the object in a systematic way. Therefore
currently the final process for prioritizing is done locally and subjectively, not under a general scope.
It does not provide information about the budget and time required for the recovery of the damaged
heritage as would have been desirable for better planning. Moreover, it does not keep track of the entire
movable heritage taken to the private houses and does not include traditional construction that was
damaged, and intangible heritage as traditional practices were also interrupted or linked natural heritage
suffered damage.
As the database took too long (10 months) to be properly launched, other databases were used locally forcollecting the information. Therefore they don´t necessarily share the same data between them, result inscattered or lost information.
In spite of the difficulties, the census provided essential information that the National Agency had beenwishing to gather for long time, both for immovable and movable heritage.

131

4. Funding
The economic resources for response and recovery are meant to come from a federal government
fund for natural disasters (FONDEN), hired bank insurance, as well as from private donors, bothnational and international. This bank insurance was hired after the big earthquake of 1985 after
noticing that cultural heritage could also be severely damaged by natural disasters. Previous disasters
have been able to fulfill up to recovery with such funding but, for the 2017 earthquakes, every
expected amount of resource will not be enough, due to the magnitude of the damaged heritage.
Recovery and conservation of slight or medium damaged buildings was funded by the national
private donors, and international funding. Some local communities decided to gather together andraise the required funding for the restoration of their religious buildings, which helped in bonding thecommunity members. Nevertheless, the really expensive recovery treatments will have to be fundedby the government´s fund, FONDEN, and the bank insurance.
However insurance requires that that in short time, you have to evaluate the damage, provide awritten conservation proposal, recovery budget, and time required for the recovery treatment.
However, the claim will only be accepted if it is possible to prove that the earthquake caused thedamage. The insurances have a clear and organized procedure aimed to minimize corruption though
it takes a long term process to receive the money for recovery, and one year later we are still waiting
for it. But most of all, it requires the culture heritage personnel to become familiar with how todeal with insurances, how to negotiate, which information must be highlighted and which private
conservation companies need to be considered for reasonable budgets for the future treatments.
Therefore, proper training on the procedure of filling up insurance formats, to calculate costs,
presenting convincing files showing the damage due to the earthquakes (and not due to lack ofmaintenance) was also missing.
Unfortunately, during this process we also noted that sometimes politicians used public money
for supporting the recovery process, made a lot of propaganda and finally promoted themselves
among the community, for their own personal benefit. Unlucky situations also have taken place
where resources have served to exclude the recovery requirements of groups that belong to different
religions than the majority.

5. Communication & Dissemination
Right after the earthquakes took place, it became evident that communication and dissemination were
fundamental activities.
Communication was necessary to link the national agency for cultural heritage with other agencies in
the country concerned with disaster response and recovery, as the information from both would beshared and provide guidance on the national priorities as well as indicate which were the areas of thecountry, where more damaged heritage were expected. That is not to mention that that main issue wasthat previous linking and communication with the national agencies in charge of civil protection underdisasters has been missing.
Communication between the national agency for culture heritage and society was also necessary togather the first information about the damaged heritage. An email account was launched so that people
could send their report. This was an efficient tool for cities and larger towns, however, not for some132

3.1 The Lessons from Response and Recovery Process of Mexico Earthquakes

remote areas of the country, sometimes the most damaged ones, which lack internet connections andeven people that can read, write or use internet.
But inside INAH communication was also missing. As the permanent program for the prevention ofDisasters on Cultural Heritage, PREVINAH, has not been extensively disseminated among its personnel,
professionals did not know what activities they were expected to do during the emergency response.
Therefore, during the emergency actions, communication between different areas of specialization
was missing as every professional group wished to say how things should be done; architects focused
mainly on the buildings, conservators on the objects, anthropologists on the traditional practices, etc.
Consequently, efforts and resources were not optimized and response was not as fast as should havebeen.
For dissemination, diverse materials were prepared: posters, flyers, which included information about who
Activities Undertaken after the International Training Course by Former Participantsis the National Agency for Cultural Heritage, how to contact it, which are the emergency actions, guides
that provided clear and useful information about what to do, how to get the funding, how to propose aconservation project. Unfortunately, this information was not always available to all the people involved,
especially not available for people from far away regions.
Dissemination was done also through texts and images posted on social media that can help to keep
the memory of what was happening for future times; including the people testimony. Unfortunately
this information was mainly followed by the same group of people and not by the whole society.
As well, images and short messages were posted on social media telling what the national agency
was doing about response and recovery. The purpose of this posted information was to back up thecriticism towards INAH for not doing enough and to make clear the work was done by the professionals,
not by the politicians. It was the professionals working at the national agency who tried to tell the society
about the big effort done, though not enough to attend everything.

EL PATRIMONIO CULTURAL
ES DE TODOS
si tu templo omonumento histórico
tiene

DETERIOROS¡JUNTOS PODEMOS PROTEGERLO!

Demoler

NO es la solución
El patrimonio cultural se puede

RESTAURAR
Avisa y solicita nuestra atención:
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ANTROPOLOGÍA E HISTORIA
Coordinación Nacional de Conservación del Patrimonio Cultural(01 55) 5022 3410
Ext. 413253
Coordinación Nacional de Monumentos Históricos(01 55) 4040 5650

reportesismo_190917@inah.gob.mx

Este programa es público, ajeno a cualquier partido político. Queda prohibido el uso para fines distintos a los establecidos en el programa.
www.gob.mx/mexicoescultura
www.gob.mx/cultura/inah

www.gob.mx/cultura

Fig. 12 Poster by INAH encouraging

Fig. 13 Poster by INAH asking the society to help locate the damaged heritage. Source: CNCPC-

people not to demolish the cultural

INAH.

heritage, but instead conserving andrestoring. Source: CNCPC-INAH.

6. Recovery & Conservation
Currently we are in the recovery stage; 293 historic religious buildings have already been restored
while several sculptures, paintings, bells, murals and altar pieces are being treated for its conservation.
However, we have noticed that the budget spent up to now has mainly been designated for the immovable133heritage. This is not only due to the fact that historic buildings need to be structurally stable in order to besafe. It is also because the census for prioritizing was mainly done by the architects, who did not take into
consideration the census of movable heritage. Is it right to set this priority? Some movable heritage, like
sculptures, have played an important role in helping the people from the communities stand up together
as well as carrying out traditional practices to survive through the disaster. Would it not be important toconsider them as priority as well?

Current and potential actors have been invited toparticipate and build links for future collaboration.
Politicians, professionals, and companies haveattended meetings to make agreements that
promote the recovery of the damaged cultural
heritage. Local tourism has also been promoted
by radio and TV spots in order to help the
economic situation of the damaged sites tobecome better.

Fig. 14 Restoration of damaged paintings from the Temple of Ocuilan,
Estado de Mexico. Source: CNCPC-INAH.

Several talks are taking place to explain thelocal communities what is been done, as well as
training workshops for architects and masonry

men to teach them about traditional construction techniques and best practices for conservation.
Academic forums are being organized so that professionals and society can share their experiences
and information. Hopefully the conclusions of these meetings between professionals will be taken into
consideration by the decision makers.
Meanwhile, the national agency for cultural heritage is now much more sensitive to disaster management
planning and several discussion forums have been taking place. Disaster management has become one of
INAH´s priorities.
Nevertheless, there is some concern on how will things work when the money from the insurances getsreleased and conservation treatment starts taking place. Private companies will be asked to carry out thetreatments on both immovable and movable heritage while the national agency for cultural heritage
will be in charge of authorizing the conservation projects and monitoring them in accordance with theinternational criteria. Will there be enough personnel to monitor all of conservation projects undertakenby the private companies? Will the same criteria be used for every treatment? Will the money be
optimized so that it is enough for undertaking all interventions? There is also concern about ensuring that
movable heritage will get back to its place and the traditional practices be preserved as well. The strategy
for this mid and long term recovery needs to be disseminated.

7. Final Considerations
From all this discussion, I can conclude that the lessons from the 2017 earthquakes in Mexico are thefollowing:• The national agency for cultural heritage, INAH, has undertaken enormous efforts for the response andrecovery of the earthquakes which has been supported by the commitment of many professionals thatwork for this institution and lots of local people and professional volunteers that were willing to help.
Thus, the lessons needs to be evaluated along with the rest of the professionals that work for INAH, while1343.1 The Lessons from Response and Recovery Process of Mexico Earthquakes

strong linking and communication between all of the personnel will help for designing good risk
management plans.
• While “Mexican Civil Protection Office” has been successful in implementing strategies for thesafeguarding of the people before, during and after disasters, through a networking process along withseveral other agencies and universities, PREVINAH, the national plan for preventing disasters for cultural
heritage, has not succeeded in the same way. Therefore, it is important that INAH strengthens the bonds
and communication with those national agencies committed to the risk management in order to learn
and collaborate with them.
• We have realized that response and recovery process require additional help, knowledge and good
will, which goes beyond the capacity of the national agencies or professionals. The collaboration ofsociety through the local communities has been absolutely necessary. This communication should not
Activities Undertaken after the International Training Course by Former Participants

be forgotten but maintained and encouraged through time and completed with proper training. Suchtraining has been missing not only for the society but as well for all of the professionals. Therefore,
communication and training have to be integrated into INAH working strategies and towards the society.
• The census has collected and updated an enormous amount of information that provides a better
understanding of our cultural heritage and its current condition. Nonetheless complete catalogs of
movable, immovable and intangible heritage are not yet complete and collated in a systematic way. An
immediate priority should be to complete the cultural heritage catalogs of this country.
• Mapping of the cultural heritage should as well be completed and updated; and there is an importantneed to develop risk maps at regional and local levels. Let us make risk maps a common tool for every
conservation project.
• The database that has collated the evaluation information should undergo a revision for improving its
design according to the current experience, but most of all, it needs to be disseminated among INAH
personnel along with rest of the tools and documents for disaster management.
• This has been a great opportunity to learn the lesson from a recent disaster; nonetheless it is importantto add this experience to the previous ones, so let us make a historic revision of the disasters that havetaken place.
•

We have also learned that no insurance money will be enough for a disaster such as theearthquakes of 2017. Therefore, preventing and reducing the damage through constant maintenanceshould be the priority, while also setting up criteria for prioritizing heritage that should be more or lessextensively treated as this will help in optimizing the available economic resources.
• But most of all, we have learned that taking care of cultural heritage should be a shared responsibility
with all stakeholders, and not only a duty for INAH.
• As everything else, communication and dissemination should be planned and implemented before thedisaster for better results.
• During the ongoing recovery process it is important to prepare and disseminate one single plan, withclear guidelines, known by everyone, so that we can all add our personal effort to this important task.
Finally, I would like to thank all of my colleagues who shared their experience and opinions with me.

REFERENCES
Conservación-INAH Conferencias. 2018. Foro Anual CNCPC (online video) Available at: https://www.
youtube.com/I_XC7fp6B8 (Accessed 01 September, 2018).

135

Appendix

List of Resource Persons(As of 2018 September)
Yoshio NAKATANI

Vice Chancellor,
Ritsumeikan University
Kenzo TOKI
Professor,
Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural
Heritage, Ritsumeikan University (R-DMUCH)
Takeyuki OKUBO
Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
College of Science and Engineering,
Ritsumeikan University
Director,
Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural
Heritage, Ritsumeikan University (R-DMUCH)
Rohit JIGYASUUNESCO Chair Holder,
President of ICOMOS-ICORP,
Professor,
Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural
Heritage, Ritsumeikan University (R-DMUCH)
Dowon KIM
Associate Professor,
Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural
Heritage, Ritsumeikan University (R-DMUCH)
Aparna TANDON
Project Manager,
Collections Unit, ICCROM
Lee BOSHER
Reader,Disaster Risk Management,
The School of Architecture, Building andCivil Engineering,
Loughborough University
Akira KANBE
Vice-President,
Rit-sei area council,
Rit-sei area management committee andPonto-cho town management council
138

Ryoko NISHIMURAManager,
The Nishimura Flower,Kadohka (aflower arrangement artist), Sagagoryu-master,
Representative of Takase-river council and
Town Planning Advisor of Ponto-cho town
management council
Daisuke SATO
Associate Professor,
Preservation of Historical Materials, Human andSocial Response Research Division, International
Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku
University
Keiji YANO
Professor,
Department of Humanities, Geography Major,
College of Letters, Ritsumeikan University
Junko FURIHATA
Chair,
Department of Conservation Science,
Curatorial Division,
Kyoto National Museum
Hikokazu OMORI
Director,
Omori Architectural Office
Kimiko MEKATA
Deputy Manager,

Section Head, Cultural Property,
Fire Prevention Section,
Fire Prevention Division,
Kyoto City Fire Department
Rashmin GUNASEKERA
Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist,
GSURR,
World Bank
Shinta YOSHITOMI
Professor,
Department of Architecture and Urban Design,
College of Science and Engineering,
Ritsumeikan University

Yoshifumi SATOFUKA

Elke SELTER

Department of Civil Engineering,

SOAS, University of London,

Professor,

College of Science and Engineering,
Ritsumeikan University
Kenji SAWAI
Professor Emeritus,
Setsunan University
Masamitsu FUJIMOTO
Associate Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
College of Science and Engineering,
Ritsumeikan University
Atsushi KOMIYAAssistant Manager,
Cultural Asset Division,
Board of Education,
Kyoto Prefecture

Ming Chee ANG
General Manager,
George Town World Heritage Incorporated
Yuko ISHIDA
Senior Researcher,
Research Organization of Science and Technology,
Ritsumeikan University
Toru FUJIKI
Deputy Manager,
Planning Administration Office,Education Division,
Sayo Board of Education,
Yuuki IKENO
Chief,
Board of Education Sectariat,
Asago City Hall

Expert Emergency Response,

Emergency Preparedness and Response Unit, Culture
Sector, UNESCO

Wesley Webb CHEEK
Urban Studies Doctoral Fellow,
City, Culture and Community,
Tulane University
Yoshihiro HIRAOKA
Professor,
School of Project Design,
Miyagi University
Naoko USHITANI ITAYA
Part-time Lecturer,
Nara Womenʼs University
Rohit Kumar RANJITKAR
Nepal Director,
Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust (KVPT)Appendix

Dulce Maria GRIMALDI SIERRA
Senior Conservator,
Conservation and research of
decorative elements at archaeological sites,
Coordinación Nacional de Conservación delPatrimonio Cultural (CNCPC),
Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH)

Researcher (PhD),

Yohsei KOHDZUMA
Director,
Center for Archaeological Operations,
Nara National Research Institute for Cultural
Properties
Giovanni BOCCARDI
Cheif,
Emergency Preparedness and Response Unit,
Culture Sector,
UNESCO
Corine WEGENER
Director,
Smithsonian Cultural Rescue Initiative,
Office of the Provost/Under Secretary for Museums
and Research,
Smithsonian Institution
Hiromichi KUBOTAHead,Intangible Cultural Properties Section,
Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural
Properties
139

Joseph Allan KING

Director of the Sites Unit, ICCROM
Akiko UMEZU

Senior Specialist for Cultural Properties,

Disaster Preparedness and Utilization Unit,
Architecture and Other Structures Division,
Cultural Properties Department,
Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of JapanGo TANIBATA
Senior Researcher,
Kinugasa Research Organization,
Ritsumeikan University
Kohei SAKAI
Senior Researcher,
Research Organization of Open Innovation and
Collaboration,
Ritsumeikan University

140

List of Participants
Marcia Furriel Ramos GALVEZ

Vikas Namdeo KURNE

Architectural preservation group

Indian Red Cross Society

Architect,- associated to the Memory and Information Center,

Disaster Management Coordinator,

FUNDACAO CASA DE RUI BARBOSA - MINISTERIO

Idrees JEHAN- Ministry of Culture)

Tarh e-No Andishan Consulting Engineers Co.

DA CULTURA (House of Rui Barbosa Foundation

Jamyang Singye NAMGYEL
Architect,

Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites,

Department of Culture, Ministry of Home andCultural Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan
Kundishora Tungamirai CHIPUNZA
Chief Curator,

National Musuems and Monuments of Zimbabwe

Heritage Conservator,

Authority for Research and Conservation of Cultural(Thinking New Approach(TNA)),

Lecturer at University of Applied Science andTechnology (Red Crescent Organization/Tehran Disaster Mitigation and Management
Organization(TDMO)
Grace DE SMET

Autonomous Researcher,Endangered Cultural

Heritage; student Master after Master in Urban

Studies at Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Belgium); Internat UNESCO Culture Emergency Preparedness andResponse Unit

Heritage

Catalin Andrei NEAGOEDavid Antonio TORRES CASTRO

National Institute of Heritage,Romania,

Full Time Conservator,

National Bureau for Cultural Heritage Conservation

part of National Institute of Anthropology andArchitect,

Visiting Lecturer at "Ion Mincu" University ofArchitecture and Urbanism, Bucharest, Romania

History (Coordinacion Nacional de Conservacion

Rosa Grazia DE PAOLI

Antropologia r Historia, CNCPC-INAH)

Calabrian regional Councildel Patrimonio Cultural, Instituto Nacional de

OFFICIAL,

Sumeru TRIPATHEE

Enrica DI MICELI

Coordinator,

Sapienza University

Country-Humanitarian Preparedness & Response
Oxfam GB (Oxfam in Nepal)
Irakli KOBULIA

Independent Consultant

AppendixAbel Assefa GIRMAY

Project Manager,

Post-doctoral researcher,Francesca GIULIANI
Ph.D Student,

Civil Engineering at the Department of Engineeringof Energy, Systems, Territory and Construction,
School of Engineering, University of Pisa

(Senior Member of the Italian Youth Association for
UNESCO)141

<Observer>

Kasaqa TORA

Project Manager,

The National Trust of Fiji
<Observer>
Sehyun KIM
Research Associate,
The Korea National Research Institute ofCultural Heritage<Observer>
Aditya Rahma PUTRA
Spatial Analyst,
Spatial Planning Division, Municipal Government of
Semarang, Indonesia

142Photos of ITC 2018

Disaster Imagenation Game for Ponto-cho, Kyoto

A Damage Assessment Exercise in Ponto-cho, Kyoto

A Salvage Exercise

A Lecture by the Cultural Heritage DRM Expert

A Site Visit for learning the Firefighting Facilities at Ninna-ji

High Winds Simulation Room for learning from the Kyoto City DP Center

A Site Visit of Kiyomizu-dera WHS

Appendix

Risk Assessment Exercise in Ponto-cho, Kyoto

143

144

Learning for the Susatiable Conservation System in Kiyomizu-dera WHS

On Site Lecture at Sayo Town Hall

Learning for the Recovery Process from Flood in Hirafuku

A Site Visit of Takeda Catsle Ruins

A Role Playing Workshop for Recovery Process Design

Final Presentation of Case Study Projects and Discussion

A Farewell and the Certificate Ceremony

A Group Photo of International Symposium