第２セッション〈環境〉

中国生态环境问题与対策
刘昌明
（中国科学院陸地水循環及地表過程重点実験室名誉主任）

ਛ࿖⦃Ⴚ⦄⁁ᅤ૗㧫ᅲᣉนᜬ㓁থዷ៬⇛㕙ЈੲМᣂ᜸៬㧫ਛ࿖↢ᗕ⦃Ⴚ䯂乬ਈᇍ╷
Environmental Problems andSolutions of China
߬ᯠᯢ• Current status of environment in China• Challenges for China’s sustainable
development

Changming Liu

Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural
Resources Research, CAS;
Division of Resource & Environment, BNU䌘᭭প㞾ǉЁ೑Ҏ㉏থሩ᡹ਞǊ㓓㡆থሩ ᖙ⬅П䏃㘨ড়೑থሩ㕆˄UNDP) 2002

Ё೑Ҏഛ䌘⑤ᢹ᳝䞣ϢϪ⬠Ҏഛؐⱘ↨䕗
Resources of China

Background:Resources & Environment(per capita, comparing to the world average) ∈䌘⑤ /water resources

25%
7%
8.3%
4.1%
25.5%
9.7%

 㗩ഄ/farmland ⷇⊍/petroleum ໽✊⇨/natural gas 䪰/copper 䪱/aluminum㛑⑤⍜㗫∈ᑇ↨䕗------1㕢‫ܗ‬GDP᠔⍜㗫ⱘ㛑⑤˄Ⳍᇍؐ˅ਛ࿖GDPਈ‛⠻භ਎⇇⊛ઝ乱
Ratio of GDP and Goods Consumed of China
to the World (2003)
Items
GDP⠽㗫/ Goods Consumed ˖䩶䪕/steelॳ✸/coal⇻࣪䪱/alumina∈⊹/concrete⷇⊍/petroleum

Consumption level of energy: energy
consumed per $ one Dollar GDP˖

Ratio
4%

᮹ᴀ ᛣ໻ ⊩೑ ᖋ೑ 㣅೑ 㕢೑ ࡴᣓ Ё೑
߽໻

27%
31%
25%
40%
7.4%

1.00

350

1.33

1.50

1.50

2.17

2.67

3.50

11.50

劉昌明

∈䌘⑤⍜㗫∈ᑇ↨䕗------1ϛ㕢‫ܗ‬GDP᠔⍜㗫ⱘ∈ (ゟᮍ㉇)Development and Utilization of Resources
䌘⑤ⱘᓔথ߽⫼Water use for $10,000 GDP (m3)Countries
᮹ᴀ/Japan㕢೑/U.S.AЁ೑/China¾ Coal✸ⱘ⍜㗫Ϫ⬠㄀ϔ,ऴ130ғৼЁⱘ14.8ғৼ,䍙䖛10%¾ Energy↣߯䗴$1ⱘӋؐ᠔⍜㗫㛑⑤ᰃ㕢೑ⱘ4‫ס‬,᮹ᴀ
ⱘ11‫ס‬¾ Water Resources∈䌘⑤ҎഛЎϪ⬠ⱘ31%,ѽഛ61%ˈ668Ͼජ
Ꮦ2/3᳝ϡৠ⿟ᑺ㔎∈

water used Times
208
1514
2.475045
24.25

Pollution of light industry:
China v.s. U.S.Aਛ࿖ਈ⟤࿖䕏ᎿϮ∵ᨴ‛ឃ᡼᳓ᐔᲧ䕗(1997)
㸠ϮIndustry
䗴㒌乍Ⳃ
Items

BOD5kg/ৼѻકᥦ∈䞣m3/ৼѻક⫰㦰㊪ BOD5kg/ৼѻકЁ೑China㕢೑
U.S.A¾ ೎ԧᑳᓗ⠽Ǆ2002ᑈЁ೑ⱘ⫳⌏ൗഒ1.36

ғৼ, ᎹϮൗഒ9.5ғৼ˗Ꮒ䎱˄‫ס‬᭄˅Times Diff.

60-300 14.1-28.6
400-600
50-200

4-10
3-5

22.5

102.2

࿕૕ᑳᑱ‛ਈ᳆૕ឃ᡼
¾ SO2ᥦᬒ2002ᑈЎ1995ϛৼ,ЎϪ⬠㄀ϔ,䝌䲼䴶⿃ऴܼ೑30%˗

¾ ܼ⧗݅ᥦᬒCO2 Ў231.7ғৼǄЁ೑ᥦᬒ

30.5ғৼ, 㕢೑㄀ϔ,Ё೑ҙ⃵Ѣ㕢೑˗

Environmental pollution —water quality deterioration⦃๗∵ᶧǃ∈䋼ᙊ࣪࿕૕ᑳᑱ‛ਈ᳆૕ឃ᡼
¾᥂ϾජᏖ䇗ᶹˈҙϾ䖒Ѡ㑻ぎ⇨䋼䞣ᷛ‫ޚ‬¾ ܼ೑ϗ໻∳⊇∈㋏ⱘϾⲥ⌟ᮁ䴶Ё˖

¾81'3˖ᑈˈܼ⧗Ͼぎ⇨Ϲ䞡∵ᶧජᏖˈⱘᮁ䴶ヺড়ċ㉏ҹϞ∈䋼 Čǃč㉏∈  ࡷč㉏∈
¾ ජ䬛䖥ϔञҎ佂⫼䍙ᷛ∈ ‫ݰ‬ᴥғҎ ǄЁ೑ऴϾ
¾ᑈ乘⌟˖➗✸ᥦᬒᇐ㟈⮒⮙ᬃҬғ㕢೚ऴ*'3ⱘ˗



351第２セッション〈環境〉

Pollution Control Projects Half Finished䞡⚍∈ඳ⊏∵乍Ⳃϔञ᳾ࡼᎹ೑ᆊ⦃ֱᘏሔ䗮᡹

Ecological Degradation↢ᗕㅌൻ¾ Arid/Semi-arid region ᑆᯅ/ञᑆᯅ䴶⿃ऴ52%¾ 䞡⚍∈ඳ˖ ,PSRUWDQWZDWHUERGLHV¾ Soil erosion region ∈ೳ⌕༅356ϛᑇᮍ݀䞠(37%)•¾ Land desertification ೳഄ≭࣪100ϛᑇᮍ݀䞠,↣ᑈҹ3436••ᑇᮍ݀䞠ᠽᓴ
¾ Forest covering rate Ểᵫ⥛16.55%(Ϫ⬠ᑇഛⱘ30%)¾¾ Deterioration of grassland 㤝എ䗔࣪62%¾ Overtake of groundwater ഄϟ∈䍙䞛,⍋⊇⌕ඳ㌃䅵900ғ

ゟᮍ㉇⏂⊇ǃ⍋⊇ǃ䖑⊇⒛∴ǃᎶ␪ǃ໾␪⏸⍋ǃϝኵ∈ᑧकѨ䅵ߦЁᑨᓎⱘ∵∈໘⧚ॖ݅ ᑻ 㟇ᑈ᳜᮹ :DWHUWUHDWPHQWIDFWRU\•Ꮖᅠ៤˖124ᑻˈ ऴᑨᓎ乍Ⳃ᭄ 18% Finished•೼ᓎ˖ 212ᑻˈ ऴᑨᓎ乍Ⳃ᭄ 31% Under Construction
᳾ࡼᎹ˖351ᑻˈ ऴᑨᓎ乍Ⳃ᭄ 51% Still not begin•

Health impacts of environmentalpollution⦃Ⴚ∵ᨴᇍੱ૕ஜᐽ⊛ᓇຨ
¾↣ᑈぎ⇨∵ᶧᓩ䍋1500ϛ՟ᬃ⇨ㅵ♢ˈ23000Ҏ⅏Ѣᖗ㛣⮙˗
Air pollution: 15 million bronchitis, 2,3000 died for heart disease¾↢ᗕ⦃Ⴚᙊൻᏺ᧪⊛ᓇຨϹ䞡∵ᶧഄऎ⅏Ѣ㚎ⰠҎ᭄↨ぎ⇨䋼䞣㡃དഄऎ4.7-8.8‫˗ס‬
Population died because of lung cancer of serious air pollution region is about
4.7 to 8.8 times of region with good air quality¾∈∵ᶧᇐ㟈⬆㙱ǃ㝍⋏ǃӸᆦǃ㒓㰿ǃ㸔਌㰿ㄝ⮒⮙˗
Water Pollution¾⬅ᖂಞ㯏㋴ᓩথⱘ㙴Ⱐ⅏ѵ⥛ᰃℷᐌ∈ᑇⱘ5-8‫˗ס‬¾㙱Ⱐ੠㚗ⰠᰃЁ೑‫ݰ‬ᴥҎষ⅏ѵⱘЏ㽕ॳ಴ˈЁ೑㙱Ⱐ⅏ѵ⥛Ўܼ⧗П佪˗¾≜䰇ǃᡮ乎ⱘᑳ∈☠⑝ഄऎˈ‫ݙ‬㛣ᛳᶧ੠㙱㚓໻ⱘথ⮙⥛↨݊Ҫഄऎߚ߿催ߎ49%੠36%ˈⰠ⮛থ⮙⥛ᰃℷᐌᚙ‫މ‬ϟⱘ2‫˗ס‬¾

ජᏖ‫ܓ‬ス㸔⎆Ё䪙ⱘ৿䞣䍙䖛Ј⬠∈ᑇⱘ80%Ǆ

Economic impacts ofenvironmental problems⦃Ⴚ䯂乬ᇍ㒣⌢⊛ᓇຨϪ⬠䫊㸠Ԅ䅵,໻⇨∵ᶧ੠∈∵ᶧ䗴៤ⱘᤳ
༅ⳌᔧѢGDPⱘ3.5%-8% (ࣙᣀ‫ع‬ᒋᤳ༅ˈϡࣙᣀᑆᯅǃ⋾⍱੠≭⓴࣪ⱘ㒣⌢ᤳ༅˅

Strategic Concepts
ᇍ╷ℂᔨThe losses caused by air pollution andwater pollution accounts 3.5% to 8% ofGDP.
——according to World Bank352

劉昌明

HARMONY OF P-R-E-DӴ㒳ⱘ㒓ᗻ㒣⌢Traditional linear economyzҎষ/Populationz䌘⑤/ResourcesEnergy㛑䞣z⦃๗/Environment㒣⌢㋏㒳 Economy System‫ޣ‬䞣࣪Reduce

Energy⫳ѻ㋏㒳Production

䌘⑤Resourcesᑳ⠽Productsѻક‫ݡ‬ᕾ⦃ Recycle

Consumption⍜䌍㋏㒳
Productswastesᑳ⠽∵ᶧ 䖤⫼⫳ᗕᄺ㾘ᕟ˖Using ecological

䴲⠽䋼࣪

⍜䌍㋏㒳
Consumptionѻક

Features of Cycling
Economyᓴ⦃㒣⌢⊛․ᕈ

21Ϫ㑾ⱘᕾ⦃㒣⌢㛑䞣ᑳ⠽Production

Resources

Circulation Economy of 21th Century
Reuse ‫ݡ‬Փ⫼㒣⌢㋏㒳⫳ѻ㋏㒳

䌘⑤zথሩ/Development

Economy Systemprinciples˗ 䌘⑤--ѻક--‫⫳ݡ‬䌘⑤ⱘড作ᓣ⌕⿟˖ᑳ⠽

Using feedback sequence˗

wastes

Reuse ‫ݡ‬Փ⫼ Ԣᓔ䞛ǃ催߽⫼ǃԢᥦᬒ˖Reduceˈ

High efficiencyˈLow wasteǄ

Circulation Economy — SocietyComponents

Principles of Circulation Economyᓴ⦃㒣⌢⊛ේ߭3Rsᓴ⦃㒣⌢/␠ળ⊛ሖᰴ㒧᧾
z Company or enterprise: clean production ˗z ‫ޣ‬䞣࣪˄Reduce)˖‫ޣ‬ᇥ䌘⑤⍜㗫䞣˗z Industrial Group of enterprise : ecologicallyz ᕾ⦃‫(⫳ݡ‬Recycle) ˖ᇍ䌘⑤ಲᬊˈ䖯㸠sound industry districts˗
z Production and consumption system˖ cities
or regionsǄz All components employ 3Rsᕾ⦃ǃ‫˗⫼߽ݡ‬z ‫(⫼߽ݡ‬Reuse˅˖ᑳક‫⫼߽⫳ݡ‬੠㓐ড়߽

⫼Ǆ

353

第２セッション〈環境〉

Cycling society and zero water demand growthᑪ┙ᓴ⦃㒣⌢ਈ᳓ᓴ⦃⡅ว݇♽㧘ᅲ⦄㔛᳓㊂⊛㔖჊䭓

Circulation Economy˖ A Case ofWater Sector᳓ᓴ⦃ਈᓴ⦃␠ળ

Clean WaterReturningᓴ⦃㒣⌢㧦᳓ⴕϮ⊛᩺଀㧦
¾ ⫼∈ⱘᕾ⦃/water recycling

Cycling Society
POPULATIONECONOMY P SOCIETY$ RECYCLE SECOSYSTEMSENVIRONMENTEnE¾ 䳔∈䳊๲䭓/zero growth of water

demandClean Water Inflow
Water cycle systems㔛᳓㊂㔖჊䭓ో㕙ᑪ䆒“ዊᐽ”␠ળ⊛⋡ᷛ㧔៰⥄ᳯ⋑᳃࿷ච౐ᄢ਄⊛᡹๔㧕㕢೑ˈ86$Targets for the “Xiaokang” Society೼Ӭ࣪㒧ᵘ੠ᦤ催ᬜⲞⱘ෎⸔Ϟˈ೑‫⫳ݙ‬ѻᘏؐࠄᑈ࡯ѝ↨ᑈ㗏ϸ⬾ˈ㓐ড়೑࡯੠೑䰙ゲѝ࡯ᯢᰒ๲ᔎ˗
 ⼒ӮЏН⇥Џ᳈ࡴᅠ୘ˈ⼒ӮЏН⊩ࠊ᳈ࡴᅠ໛ˈ
෎ሖ⇥Џ᳈ࡴ‫⼒ˈܼع‬Ӯ⾽ᑣ㡃དˈҎ⇥ᅝሙФϮ˗ ܼ⇥ᮣⱘᗱᛇ䘧ᖋ㋴䋼ǃ⾥ᄺ᭛࣪㋴䋼੠‫ع‬ᒋ㋴䋼
ᯢᰒᦤ催˗ ৃᣕ㓁থሩ㛑࡯ϡᮁ๲ᔎˈ⫳ᗕ⦃๗ᕫࠄᬍ୘ˈ䌘⑤߽⫼ᬜ⥛ᰒ㨫ᦤ催ˈ֗䖯ҎϢ㞾✊ⱘ੠䇤ˈ᥼ࡼ⼒Ӯ䍄Ϟ⫳ѻথሩǃ⫳⌏ᆠ㺩ǃ⫳ᗕ㡃དⱘ᭛ᯢথሩ䘧䏃Ǆ
600

80500

704006050300

4030200ಲᬊ⥛/ %

᮹ᴀˈ-DSDQᎹϮ⫼∈䞣/ғm3/ᑈ




Zero Growth ofWater demand䳔∈乘䅵Ё೑䳔∈䞣乘⌟

20
10100
00
1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997ᑈӑ⎵∈㸹㒭䞣ಲᬊ∈䞣ಲᬊ⥛᮹ᴀᎹϮ⫼∈䞣ব࣪䍟࢓䇶䇶㧍ᢘ䇋ᛕ䆘ᜰᱜ

354