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Development of the ﬁrst solid-medium deformation apparatus in Japan : A historical review

*ῌ **Mineo Kumazawa* and Ichiko Shimizu**
Abstract : The ﬁrst solid-medium deformation apparatus (MK0/S) in Japan was developed at the Nagoya University in +30/. The apparatus was designed by one of theauthor (M. Kumazawa) to study the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of
olivine, which was thought to the cause of the seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle.
MK0/S enabled us to deform a large volume cylindrical sample (+* mm in diameter) at
high-temperature (over +***) and high-pressure (up to + GPa in conﬁning pressureand , GPa in axial stress), and very low strain rate (as low as +*1 sec1). This apparatus
has yielded a series of important contributions to the rheology and the CPO’s of olivine
and spinel-type minerals, and deformation and recrystallization microstructures inquartz as early as in +31*’sῌ+32*’s.
Key words : deformation experiments, solid-medium apparatus, crystallographic preferredorientation (CPO), upper mantle, olivine, spinel!"#
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NiFe, O. +LM g N OP Fujimura et al., +313 ; Fujimura, +32., +323 ;  +320 ./! Q   RS
PT X "U#$-VWXYZ[Z\]=$^' _% &8῎('(+ `++*a ))*=$M [Kb ῌ (8 ῎ &'(+`+**a ))3+c [Kb῍ > ,-.$d[Z/%' 0 1 $ [Kbῌ
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;   +320 ; Fujimura, +323 !.)AB
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Green et al., +33* ; Bussod et al., +33- ; v5
+330 ; Karato and Rubie, +331 NmO   %<+L]
PQ6\ -RS1 TUVA W<=$^' Masuda and Fujimura, +32+ ; XYῌ  +32+ ; XY +32- +32.
+320 TU(8+ H, O ZVP [ -\$4 s ]^E'#L dKC"K)FG4 _`a\
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  R S   ,   6  = $ ^ '  Masuda,+32,  -RS1  Hirth andTullis +33, 4@8῎'(d"YZ[P
efl  mn f ef4 Masuda and Fujimura +32+ oRS
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and Masuda, +323 ; Takahashi et al., +332 ­ \M ®+L¯\> >|}?g+=$^'°±²³.#4m"4+LM <N4´E¼ 11 ¼«­¦ῌuv»F     ῌ   Tsukahara and Yamazaki, +310 ;  +320 ;Fujimura, +323  !"#$%&'()*+,-./01 234  5 6
788 9:;<=>?@9
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?@AB O .3 P

CDEF'(GHIJ"KL745"MN

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 ,**0 !/0"123456789":.
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- 13 -

jklLῌWXYZ[

 +32-  
 3, .3/ῌ.33.
 +32.    !"# $%&' .*ῌ00.
 +320 ()*+,-./012
345+ 6738ῌ9:;< =>? @ABCD E:FGHI +3.ῌ,*+.
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WXYZ[ +332
/OPQ\]^_  `a no. /* +ῌ+,.
WXYZ[ῌbcdeῌfghiῌῌjkl
L ,**0 => mn MK0/S op
qr : sNtu vw !"  no. .3 +/ῌ,0.
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xy<z +31.
O{|}~ q  =>  E:FGHI +*3ῌ+--.
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FῌJ ῌF +330  /O
PQ/{QA   .3
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