Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

A Comparative Study Of
On-Scene Disaster Response Of
Philippines And Of Japan
Disaster Response and Preparedness Mechanisms

A PaperPresented to the
Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC)
Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
under the Visiting Researcher Program(Term: FY 2017 A)
by

MR. MARC GIL P. CALANG
Civil Defense Assistant/ Training Officer
Office of Civil Defense-Department of National Defense
Republic of the Philippines

November 21, 2017

11/21/2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would like to acknowledge unequivocally everyone who
contributed to the successful completion of this research paper.
First of all, the I (Researcher) would like to thank the Lord Jesus Christfor His grace, provision, protection, wisdom and life blessing He bestowed onme during the whole length of stay in Japan;
The Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) and the Government ofJapan for the opportunity to learn and experience the best practices andincomparable innovations in the field of DRR in Japan and to personally get a
glimpse of Japan’s incredible resilience and even to immerse into the life of theJapanese;
The Republic of the Philippines thru the Office of Civil DefenseDepartment of National Defense (OCD-DND) who gave me the chance to be aVisiting Researcher in Japan;
The Regional Director of Office of Civil Defense Caraga Director Rosauro
Arnel Q. Gonzales, Jr. who believe in my capacity and gave me a break andmaterialize this study in Japan.
The colleagues in OCD Caraga Regional Office, Incident Management
Teams, DRR Friends, Counterparts in the field of work and ADRC Staff for
their untiring and warm support especially Shiomi-san, Nakamura-san,Junko-san, Kawaguchi-san, Arakida-san, Kodama-san, Ikeda-san, Ueda-san,Kawahara Sensei and the Chairman Hamada-san, the Executive Director
Kondo-san;The DRR experts of various institutions I visited for sharing theirvaluable time, knowledge and expertise;
Co-Visiting Researchers from Armenia Ms. Hasmik Kirakosyan andfrom Bhutan Mr. Tashi Wanchuk, for the camaraderie which made my threemonths life in Japan more enjoyable; andFamily andencouragement;

friends

for

their

prayers,love,inspiration

andTo all of you, words cannot express how THANKFUL I am.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines1

11/21/2017

DEDICATIONThis study is dedicated to:

My dearest wife Karen C. Calang and my daughter Elizah Marian C. Calang
who are the sources of my inspiration, endurance and delights;

My Parents Mama Marianie P. Calang & Papa Gil P. Calang;
Mama Elizabeth T. Cabanilla and Papa Reynaldo T. CabanillaMy sisters, Rhiagil, Rhema, Rhegina and Rhenz Gil; Ivy C. Trazo

My Brothers and Sisters in Christ

andAbove all, to my Lord Jesus Christ.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines2

11/21/2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
TITLE PAGEACKNOWLEDGMENT

1

DEDICATION

2TABLE OF CONTENTS

3

INTRODUCTIONI.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY-

Background of Philippines
Background of Japan

1.1 Statement of the Problem
1.2 Significance of the Study
1.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study
1.4 Expected Results
II.

19
19
20
20

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Republic Act 10121
2.2 Japans Disaster Counter Measure Act

III.

5
16

21
53

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design

145

3.2 Research Locale

145

3.3 Data Gathering Procedure

145

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines3

11/21/2017

IV.

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
-

V.

VI.

Response Algorithm of Philippines
Response Algorithm of Japan
Japan’s Lesson Learned and Innovations
Philippines Response Innovations
Philippines Preparedness Innovations for
Effective Response

149
150
158
186
187

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5. 1 Summary

189

5.2 Findings

190

5.3 Conclusions and Recommendations

198

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

1994

11/21/2017

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Background of the Philippines
The Philippines is a tropical country in Pacific Ocean, blessed withbeautiful natural landscapes - and active volcanoes and extreme weather
patterns.

The Philippines, consisting of some 7,107 islands, is located in thewestern Pacific Ocean. Taiwan lies to its north, and Vietnam to the west. It is
the 73rd-largest country in the world by surface area, but with a population ofsome 98 million people, making it the seventh most populous country in Asia,and the 12th most populous in the world. Its capital, Manila, is the second
largest city in the country after Quezon City (the former capital) - and home tomost of the country's educational and political institutions.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines511/21/2017

The Philippines is made up of thousands of islands. The country, once a
Spanish colony, eventually gained its independence from US occupation in
1946. The Philippines is located close to the equator on the so-called Pacific
Ring of Fire - or typhoon belt - a large Pacific region where many volcanic
eruptions and earthquakes occur. More than 170 different languages are
spoken across the Philippines, the most popular being Tagalog (Filipino),
followed closely by English. More than 90 percent of Filipino people are of theChristian faith, while five percent practice Islam. The remaining five percent
are made up of a mix of minority religions.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

611/21/2017

Philippines: A Country Prone to Natural Disaster
Typhoon Haiyan is one of the deadliest natural disasters ever to hit thePhilippines. But it’s far from the only one - the Southeast Asian country is
located in an area that has been struck by a number of major storms.

The Philippines has suffered from an inexhaustible number of deadly
typhoons, earthquakes, volcano eruptions and other natural disasters. This isdue to its location along the Ring of Fire, or typhoon belt – a large Pacific Ocean
region where many of Earth’s volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur.
Annually, approximately 80 typhoons develop above tropical waters, ofwhich 19 enter the Philippine region and six to nine make landfall, according
to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC).
The Philippines is in fact the country most exposed to tropical storms in
the world. Violent tropical storms, such as the latest Haiyan typhoon, cangenerate 10 times as much energy as the Hiroshima atomic bomb.
Here is a list of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, typhoons, cyclones andother natural disasters the Philippines has had to cope with during the past

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

711/21/2017

decade - leaving thousands of people dead and the country's infrastructure andeconomy in tatters.

Bohol earthquake, October 2013
In the early morning hours of October 15, 2013 the island province of
Bohol, located in Central Visayas in the Philippines, was disrupted by thedeadliest earthquake in the Philippines in 23 years. The earthquake lasted 34
seconds and had a magnitude size of 7.2. The Bohol earthquake had an impact
on the entire Central Visayas region. According to the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) 222 people died, 976 were
injured, and more than 73,000 houses were damaged or destroyed. It has been
estimated that the energy the quake released was equivalent to 32 Hiroshimabombs.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines811/21/2017

Typhoon Bopha, November – December 2012

Super typhoon Bopha made landfall on December 3, 2012, on thePhilippines' southern island of Mindanao, which had been destroyed by the
Washi storm a year before. Bopha caused widespread destruction on the islandwith more than 600 fatalities. The super typhoon reached an unusually
minimal latitude, coming extremely close to the equator and is in fact thesecond-most southerly super typhoon labelled “category 5” – the highest level
when it comes to a typhoon's maximum wind force and the scale of the potential
damage it can inflict. The damage was estimated at more than $1 billion (749
million euros).

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines911/21/2017

Pantukan landslide, January 2012

All the conditions were present in making the mining community ofPantukan town on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao vunerable tolandslides – steep slopes, rugged land and poor vegetation, the director of thePhilippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Renato Solidum, said
following the January 5, 2012 disaster. Twenty-five people were killed when
the landslide struck a gold mine site near the town. Following the landslide, a30-day suspension of all mining operations in the town was ordered.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines1011/21/2017

Tropical Storm Washi, December 2011

One of few storm cells to hit the southern Philippines, tropical storm
Washi triggered flash flooding that surged down mountain sides, uprooting
trees and swelling rivers - all while residents slept. The storm left 1,080 people
dead and destroyed the coastal cities of Cagayande Oro and nearby Iligan,
turning them in rubbish dumps filled with overturned cars, debris and animal
carcasses. Houses with families sleeping inside were swept into the sea in anarea of the Philippines ill-equipped to cope with storms. It took months for
power and clean water to be restored again to the region.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines1111/21/2017

Typhoon Fengshen, June 2008

Typhoon Fengshen, also referred to as typhoon “Frank”, created havoc
in the Philippines from June 20 to June 23, 2008, killing at least 557 people. It
affected more than 99,600 families all over the Philippines, damaging morethan 155,500 houses in 10 regions. More casualties occurred from the sinkingof the “Princess of the Stars” ferry off the Philippine Coast during the storm.
The Philippine's National Disaster Coordination Council (NDCC) placed thedamage to agriculture and fisheries at 3.3 billion pesos (57.2 million euros,$ 76.4 million), infrastructure at 750 million pesos (13 million euros, $17.4
million), schools at 212 million pesos (3.7 million euros, $4.9 million), andfishing boats at 110 million pesos (1.9 million euros, $2.5million).

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines1211/21/2017

Cyclone Durian, November 2006

On November 25, 2006, an intense tropical cyclone called “Durian” hit
the Philippines, blowing away houses, uprooting trees and taking the lives ofat least 720 people. Due to heavy rainfall, Legazpi City had to fightwidespread flooding while mudslides from the Mayon Volcano buried many
villages, causing another 800 to 1,000 casualties. After hitting thePhilippines, Durian exited into the South China Sea and hit Vietnam shortly
afterwards. All in all, Durian caused the death of almost 2,000 people while
hundreds more remained missing. Damages in the Philippines was put at$130 million (97 million euros).

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

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Guinsaugon landslide, February 2006

The village of Guinsaugon, on the southern part of Leyte island, wasburied when an entire mountainside collapsed on 17 February, 2006 – 1,126
people were killed in the disaster. A school, along with 500 homes were wipedout when a rapid flow of mud made its way down the mountain slope. The
disaster occurred after torrential rains of up to 200 centimeters (78 inches)dumped down on the region within 10 days. Locals blame deforestation, caused
by illegal logging, to be a contributing factor in the disaster.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

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Tropical Depression Winnie, November 2004
Although Winnie is only considered a weak tropical cyclone and is rather
referred to as “Tropical Depression,” the storm killed 842 people in thePhilippines, while 751 went missing. The damage caused by the storm, which
hit the Philippines at the end of November, 2004, has been estimated at 679
million Philippine pesos (11.8 million euros, $ 15.8 million). Only shortly after
Winnie devastated the country, the Philippines were struck by an even more
powerful tropical cyclone called “Nanmadol” which killed another 70 people.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

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Background of the Japan

Japan has a total of 6,852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of
East Asia. The country, including all of the islands it controls, lies between
latitudes 24° and 46°N, and longitudes 122° and 146°E. The main islands, from
north to south, are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. The Ryukyu
Islands, which includes Okinawa, are a chain to the south of Kyushu.

Together they are often known as the Japanese Archipelago. About 73
percent of Japan is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural,industrial, or residential use. As a result, the habitable zones, mainly locatedin coastal areas, have extremely high population densities. Japan is one of themost densely populated countries in the world. Following three decades of
unprecedented growth, Japan's economy experienced a major slowdown
starting in the 1990s, but the country remains a major economic power. In
March 2011, Japan's strongest-ever earthquake, and an accompanying
tsunami, devastated the northeast part of Honshu island, killing thousands
and damaging several nuclear power plants. The catastrophe hobbled thecountry's economy and its energy infrastructure, and tested its ability to deal
with humanitarian disasters. Japan is located in eastern Asia, an island chain

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

16

11/21/2017

between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean
Peninsula. In 2003 Japan’s population was 128 million, and the City of Kobe
represents 1.2% of the total. Most of the country’s population is urban,
accounting for the 78.8% of the total, with a density of 341 persons per square
kilometer. Almost 15% of the population is under 15 years old and 23.6% isover 60 years old. In the year 2000 there were 46.78 million households, 58.4%
of which were nuclear family and 27.6% one-person households. In 2002 thecountry GDP was $38,160 per person.
The islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ringof Fire. They are primarily the result of large oceanic movements occurring
over hundreds of millions of years from the mid-Silurian to the Pleistocene asa result of the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the continental
Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate to the south, and subduction of the PacificPlate under the Okhotsk Plate to the north. Japan was originally attached tothe eastern coast of the Eurasian continent. The subducting plates pulled
Japan eastward, opening the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago. Japanhas 108 active volcanoes. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunami,
occur several times each century. The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over
140,000 people. [80] More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin
earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, a 9.0-magnitude quake which
hit Japan on March 11, 2011, and triggered a large tsunami. Due to its locationin the Pacific Ring of Fire, Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes andtsunami, having the highest natural disaster risk in the developed world.
Climate3 The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate, but varies
greatly from north to south. The average winter temperature in Japan is 5.1 °C(41.2 °F) and the average summer temperature is 25.2 °C (77.4 °F). A major
feature of Japan’s climate is the clear-cut temperature changes between thefour seasons. In spite of its rather small area, the climate differs in regions
from a subarctic climate to a subtropical climate. The side of the country whichfaces the Sea of Japan has a climate with much snow in winter by seasonal
winds from the Siberia. Most of the areas have damp rainy season from May
to July by the seasonal winds from the Pacific Ocean. From July to September,
Japan frequently suffers from Typhoon. Japan's geographical features divide
it into six principal climatic zones: Hokkaido, Sea of Japan, Central Highland,
Seto Inland Sea, Pacific Ocean, and Ryūkyū Islands. The northernmost zone,
Hokkaido, has a humid continental climate with long, cold winters and very
warm to cool summers. Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines17

11/21/2017

develop deep snow banks in the winter. In the Sea of Japan zone on Honshu's
west coast, northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall. In the summer, theregion is cooler than the Pacific area, though it sometimes experiences
extremely hot temperatures because of the foehn wind. The Central Highland
has a typical inland humid continental climate, with large temperature
differences between summer and winter, and between day and night;
precipitation is light, though winters are usually snowy. The mountains of the
Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal
winds, bringing mild weather year-round. The Pacific coast features a humid
subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with occasional snowfall
and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. The Ryukyu
Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers.
Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season. The generally
humid, temperate climate exhibits marked seasonal variation such as the
blooming of the spring cherry blossoms, the calls of the summer cicada and fall
foliage colors that are celebrated in art and literature. The average wintertemperature in Japan is 5.1 °C (41.2 °F) and the average summer temperature
is 25.2 °C (77.4 °F). The highest temperature ever measured in Japan—40.9 °C(105.6 °F)—was recorded on August 16, 2007. The main rainy season begins inearly May in Okinawa, and the rain front gradually moves north until reaching
Hokkaido in late July. In most of Honshu, the rainy season begins before themiddle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn,
typhoons often bring heavy rain.
Japan is also located in the Circum-Pacific Mobile Belt where seismic
and volcanic activities occur constantly. Although Japan covers only 0.25% of
the land area of the planet, the number of earthquakes and active volcanoes isquite high. In addition, because of geographical, topographical andmeteorological conditions, the country is subject to frequent natural disasters
such as typhoons, torrential rains and heavy snowfalls as well as earthquakes
and tsunami.
In spite of such efforts, in 1995, more than 6,400 people died of the Great
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. Also, 2011, more than 18,00 people died or went
missing due to GHAE. There is also a high probability of the occurrence oflarge-scale earthquakes in the near future including impending possibilities ofNankai Trough Earthquake and Tokyo Inland Earthquake. As such, natural
disaster s remains a menacing threat to the safety and security of the country

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines18

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1.1

Statement of the Problem
1. What are the Response Mechanisms/Algorithms of Responseof the Philippines Government and Japanese Governmentfrom: National
 Prefectural; and Municipal respond during the onset of disaster?
2. What are the good practices and innovations in disaster risk
reduction and management in the different level ofadministration/organizations in Japan as lessons from thepast disasters? and3. What are the learnings and uphold on the lessons ofPreparing for Better Response, most especially on the lessonsof mega-disasters such as the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake and the Great East Japan Earthquake?

1.2

Significance of the Study
This research study provides a glimpse of information or acomparison of response algorithm of Philippines and of Japan. Though
there are information’s that lean more on preparedness phase on adisaster thematic area yet it is relatively connected in order to promote
effective disaster response. To some extent this research may also help
for future reference and study. This research will also provide list of goodpractices, innovations, lessons learned of Philippines and of Japan.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

1911/21/2017

1.3

Scope and Limitation of the Study
The scope of this research is mainly focused on the response
aspect of disaster management of Philippines and of Japan. This
research is also limited to some Prefectures, City/s, Municipality/s,
Institutions and Non-Government Organization visited by the
Researcher.
The challenges encountered along with completion of this study
includes language barrier, instructions or lectures given were in
Japanese, majority of the literature related to Disaster Risk Reduction
are in Japanese. Finally, time constraint as to interpretation andcomprehensive analytical inputs of the study.

1.4

Expected Results
Upon completion of the Research Paper, I will be able to provide
information’s related to the following:
1. What are the Response Mechanisms/Algorithms of Response of thePhilippines Government and Japanese Government from: National
 Prefectural; and Municipal respond during the onset of disaster?
2. What are the good practices and innovations in disaster risk
reduction and management in the different level ofadministration/organizations in Japan as lessons from the pastdisasters? and3. What are the learnings and uphold on the lessons of Preparing for
Better Response, most especially on the lessons of mega-disasters
such as the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and the Great East
Japan Earthquake?

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines20

11/21/2017

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents a review of the literature related to the study. The
purpose is to give the researcher a good frame of reference in topic area.
Related Literature
2.1

PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC ACT No. 10121

AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISKREDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, PROVIDING FOR THE
NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENTFRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONALIZING THE NATIONALDISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN,
APPROPRIATING FUNDS
THEREFORAND FOROTHERPURPOSES.
it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines inCongress assembled:
Section 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Act of 2010".
Section 2. Declaration of Policy. - It shall be the policy of the State to:(a) Uphold the people's constitutional rights to life and property byaddressing the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, strengthening
the country's institutional capacity for disaster risk reduction andmanagement and building the resilience of local communities todisasters including climate change impacts;(b) Adhere to and adopt the universal norms, principles and standardsof humanitarian assistance and the global effort on risk reduction as
concrete expression of the country's commitment to overcome humansufferings due to recurring disasters;

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines21

11/21/2017(c) Incorporate internationally accepted principles of disaster risk
management in the creation and implementation of national, regional
and local sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies,
policies, plans and budgets;(d) Adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is
holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening thesocioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including climatechange, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors
and all stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local
community;(e) Develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) that aims
to strengthen the capacity of the national government and the local
government units (LGUs), together with partner stakeholders, to build
the disaster resilience of communities, and' to institutionalize
arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including
projected climate risks, and enhancing disaster preparedness andresponse capabilities at all levels;(f) Adopt and implement a coherent, comprehensive, integrated, efficientand responsive disaster risk reduction program incorporated in thedevelopment plan at various levels of government adhering to theprinciples of good governance such as transparency and accountability
within the context of poverty alleviation and environmental protection;(g) Mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change indevelopment processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic
development planning, budgeting, and governance, particularly in theareas of environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education,
poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning, and public
infrastructure and housing, among others;(h) Institutionalize the policies, structures, coordination mechanisms
and programs with continuing budget appropriation on disaster risk
reduction from national down to local levels towards building a disasterresilient nation and communities;(i) Mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process andconflict resolution approaches in order to minimize loss of lives anddamage to property, and ensure that communities in conflict zones can
immediately go back to their normal lives during periods of intermittent
conflicts;

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines2211/21/2017(j) Ensure that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are
gender responsive, sensitive to indigenous know ledge systems, andrespectful of human rights;(k) Recognize the local risk patterns across the country and strengthen
the capacity of LGUs for disaster risk reduction and management
through decentralized powers, responsibilities, and resources at theregional and local levels;(l) Recognize and strengthen the capacities of LGUs and communities in
mitigating and preparing for, responding to, and recovering from theimpact of disasters;(m) Engage the participation of civil society organizations (CSOs), theprivate sector and volunteers in the government's disaster risk
reduction programs towards complementation of resources and effective
delivery of services to the Citizenry;(n) Develop and strengthen the capacities of vulnerable andmarginalized groups to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recoverfrom the effects of disasters;(o) Enhance and implement a program where humanitarian aid
workers, communities, health professionals, government aid agencies,
donors, and the media are educated and trained on how they can actively
support breastfeeding before and during a disaster and/or an
emergency; and(p) Provide maximum care, assistance and services to individuals andfamilies affected by disaster, implement emergency rehabilitation
projects to lessen the impact of disaster, and facilitate resumption of
normal social and economic activities.
Section 3. Definition of Terms. - For purposes of this Act, the following shallrefer to:(a) "Adaptation" - the adjustment in natural or human systems in
response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which
moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.
(b) "Capacity" - a combination of all strengths and resources available
within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level ofrisk, or effects of a disaster. Capacity may include infrastructure andphysical means, institutions, societal coping abilities, as well as humanknowledge, skills and collective attributes such as social relationships,

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines2311/21/2017

leadership and management. Capacity may also be described ascapability.
(c) "Civil Society Organizations" Or "CSOs" - non-state actors whose
aims are neither to generate profits nor to seek governing power. CSOs
unite people to advance shared goals and interests. They have apresence in public life, expressing the interests and values of theirmembers or others, and are based on ethical, cultural, scientific,
religious or philanthropic considerations. CSOs include nongovernmentorganizations (NGOs), professional associations, foundations,
independent research institutes, community-based organizations(CBOs), faith-based organizations, people's organizations, social
movements, and labor unions.
(d) "Climate Change" - a change in climate that can' be identified bychanges in the mean and/or variability of its properties and that persists
for an extended period typically decades or longer, whether due tonatural variability or as a result of human activity.
(e) "Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management" or"CBDRRM" - a process of disaster risk reduction and management inwhich at risk communities are actively engaged in the identification,
analysis, treatment, monitoring and evaluation of disaster risks in orderto reduce their vulnerabilities and enhance their capacities, and where
the people are at the heart of decision-making and implementation ofdisaster risk reduction and management activities.
(f) "Complex Emergency" - a form of human-induced emergency in which
the cause of the emergency as well as the assistance to the afflicted IS
complicated by intense level of political considerations.
(g) "Contingency Planning" - a management process that analyzes
specific potential events or emerging situations that might threatensociety or the environment and establishes arrangements in advance toenable timely, effective and appropriate responses to such events andsituations.
(h) "Disaster" - a serious disruption of the functioning of a community ora society involving widespread human, material, economic or
environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of theaffected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disasters
are often described as a result of the combination of: the exposure to ahazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient
capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative
consequences, Disaster impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines2411/21/2017

and other negative effects on human, physical, mental and social wellbeing, together with damage to property, destruction of assets, loss ofservices, Social and economic disruption and environmental
degradation.1avvphi1(i) "Disaster Mitigation" - the lessening or limitation of the adverse
impacts of hazards and related disasters. Mitigation measuresencompass engineering techniques and hazard-resistant construction as
well as improved environmental policies and public awareness.
(j) "Disaster Preparedness" - the knowledge and capacities developed bygovernments, professional response and recovery organizations,communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, andrecover from, the Impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events
or conditions. Preparedness action is carried out within the context ofdisaster risk reduction and management and aims to build thecapacities needed to efficiently manage all types of emergencies andachieve orderly transitions from response to sustained recovery.
Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of disaster risk and good
linkages with early warning systems, and includes such activities as
contingency planning, stockpiling of equipment and supplies, thedevelopment of arrangements for coordination, evacuation and public
information, and associated training and field exercises. These must be
supported by formal institutional, legal and budgetary capacities.
(k) "Disaster Prevention" - the outright avoidance of adverse impacts ofhazards and related disasters. It expresses the concept and intention tocompletely avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken inadvance such as construction of dams or embankments that eliminate
flood risks, land-use regulations that do not permit any settlement inhigh-risk zones, and seismic engineering designs that ensure thesurvival and function of a critical building in any likely earthquake.
(l) "Disaster Response" - the provision of emergency services and public
assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives,
reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic
subsistence needs of the people affected. Disaster response ispredominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs and issometimes called "disaster relief".
(m) "Disaster Risk" - the potential disaster losses in lives, health status,
livelihood, assets and services, which could occur to a particularcommunity or a Society over some specified future time period.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines25

11/21/2017(n) "Disaster Risk Reduction" - the concept and practice of reducing
disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage thecausal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposures tohazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise
management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness
for adverse events.
(o) "Disaster Risk Reduction and Management" - the systematic processof using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills
and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping
capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and thepossibility of disaster. Prospective disaster risk reduction andmanagement refers to risk reduction and management activities that
address and seek to avoid the development of new or increased disasterrisks, especially if risk reduction policies are not put m place.
(p) "Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Information System" - aspecialized database which contains, among others, information on
disasters and their human material, economic and environmental
impact, risk assessment and mapping and vulnerable groups.
(q) "Early Warning System" - the set of capacities needed to generateand disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable
individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to
prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce thepossibility of harm or loss. A people-centered early warning system
necessarily comprises four (4) key elements: knowledge of the risks;monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the hazards; communication ordissemination of alerts and warnings; and local capabilities to respondto the warnings received. The expression "end-to-end warning system"is also used to emphasize that warning systems need to span all steps
from hazard detection to community response.
(r) "Emergency" - unforeseen or sudden occurrence, especially danger,
demanding immediate action.
(s) "Emergency Management" - the organization and management of
resources and responsibilities for addressing all aspects of emergencies,
in particular preparedness, response and initial recovery steps.
(t) "Exposure" - the degree to which the elements at risk are likely toexperience hazard events of different magnitudes.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines26

11/21/2017(u) "Geographic Information System" - a database which contains,among others, geo-hazard assessments, information on climate change,
and climate risk reduction and management.
(v) "Hazard" - a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or
condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage.
(w) "Land-Use Planning" - the process undertaken by public authorities
to identify, evaluate and decide on different options for the use of land,
including consideration of long-term economic, social and environmental
objectives and the implications for different communities and interest
groups, and the subsequent formulation and promulgation of plans that
describe the permitted or acceptable uses.
(x) "Mitigation" - structural and non-structural measures undertaken to
limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental
degradation, and technological hazards and to ensure the ability of atrisk communities to address vulnerabilities aimed at minimizing theimpact of disasters. Such measures include, but are not limited to,hazard-resistant construction and engineering works, the formulationand implementation of plans, programs, projects and activities,
awareness raising, knowledge management, policies on land-use andresource management, as well as the enforcement of comprehensive
land-use planning, building and safety standards, and legislation.
(y) "National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework" or"NDRRMF" - provides for comprehensive, all hazards, multi-sectoral,inter-agency and community-based approach to disaster risk reduction
and management.
(z) "National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan" or"NDRRMP" - the document to be formulated and implemented by the
Office of Civil Defense (OCD) that sets out goals and specific objectives
for reducing disaster risks together with related actions to accomplishthese objectives.
The NDRRMP shall provide for the identification of hazards,
vulnerabilities and risks to 'be managed at the national level; disasterrisk reduction and management approaches and strategies to be appliedm managing said hazards and risks; agency roles, responsibilities andlines of authority at all government levels; and vertical and horizontal
coordination of disaster risk reduction and management in the pre-Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines27

11/21/2017

disaster and post-disaster phases. It shall be in conformity with the
NDRRMF.
(aa) "Post-Disaster Recovery" - the restoration and improvement whereappropriate, of facilities, livelihood and living conditions. of disasteraffected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors,in accordance with the principles of "build back better".
(bb) "Preparedness" - pre-disaster actions and measures being
undertaken within the context of disaster risk reduction andmanagement and are based on sound risk analysis as well as predisaster activities to avert or minimize loss of life and property such as,
but not limited to, community organizing, training, planning, equipping,stockpiling, hazard mapping, insuring of assets, and public information
andeducation
initiatives.
This
also
includesthedevelopment/enhancement of an overall preparedness strategy, policy,
institutional structure, warning and forecasting capabilities, and plansthat define measures geared to help at-risk communities safeguard theirlives and assets by being alert to hazards and taking appropriate actionin the face of an Imminent threat or an actual disaster.
(cc) "Private Sector" - the key actor in the realm of the economy where
the central social concern and process are the mutually beneficial
production and distribution of goods and services to meet the physicalneeds of human beings. The private sector comprises private
corporations, households and non-profit institutions serving households.
(dd) "Public Sector Employees" - all persons in the civil service.
(ee) "Rehabilitation" - measures that ensure the ability of affected
communities/areas to restore their normal level of functioning by
rebuilding livelihood and damaged infrastructures and increasing thecommunities' organizational capacity.
(ff) "Resilience" - the ability of a system, community or society exposed
to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate and recover from the effects
of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through thepreservation and restoration of its essential basic structures andfunctions.
(gg) "Response" - any concerted effort by two (2) or more agencies, public
or private, to provide assistance or intervention during or immediately
after a disaster to meet the life preservation and basic subsistence needsof those people affected and in the restoration of essential public
activities and facilities.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines28

11/21/2017(hh) "Risk" - the combination of the probability of an event and its
negative consequences.
(ii) "Risk Assessment" - a methodology to determine the nature andextent of risk by analysing potential hazards and evaluating existing
conditions of vulnerability that together could potentially harm exposed
people, property, services, livelihood and the environment on which they
depend. Risk assessments with associated risk mapping include: areview of the technical characteristics of hazards such as their location,
intensity, frequency and probability; the analysis of exposure andvulnerability including the physical, social, health, economic andenvironmental dimensions; and the evaluation of the effectiveness ofprevailing and alternative coping capacities in respect to likely risk
scenarios.
(jj) "Risk Management" - the systematic approach and practice ofmanaging uncertainty to minimize potential harm and loss. It comprises
risk assessment and analysis, and the implementation of strategies andspecific actions to control, reduce and transfer risks. It is widelypracticed by organizations to minimize risk in investment decisions andto address operational risks such as those of business disruption,
production failure, environmental damage, social impacts and damage
from fire and natural hazards.
(kk) "Risk Transfer" - the process of formally or informally shifting thefinancial consequences of particular risks from one party to anotherwhereby a household, community, enterprise or state authority willobtain resources from the other party after a disaster occurs, inexchange for ongoing or compensatory social or financial benefits
provided to that other party.
(ll) "State of Calamity" - a condition involving mass casualty and/or
major damages to property, disruption of means of livelihoods, roads andnormal way of life of people in the affected areas as a result of theoccurrence of natural or human-induced hazard.
(mm) "Sustainable Development" - development that meets the needs ofthe present without compromising the ability of future generations tomeet their own needs. It contains within it two (2) key concepts: (1) theconcept of "needs", in particular, the essential needs of the world's poor,
to which overriding priority should be given; and (2) the idea oflimitations imposed by the state of technology and social organizations
on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs. It is the
harmonious integration of a sound and viable economy, responsible
governance, social cohesion and harmony, and ecological integrity to

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines2911/21/2017

ensure that human development now and through future generations isa life-enhancing process.
(nn) "Vulnerability" - the characteristics and circumstances of acommunity, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging
effects of a hazard. Vulnerability may arise from various physical, social,economic, and environmental factors such as poor design andconstruction of buildings, inadequate protection of assets, lack of public
information and awareness, limited official recognition of risks andpreparedness measures, and disregard for wise environmental
management.
(oo) "Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups" - those that face higher
exposure to disaster risk and poverty including, but not limited to,
women, children, elderly, differently-abled people, and ethnic
minorities.
Section 4. Scope. - This Act provides for the development of policies and plans
and the implementation of actions and measures pertaining to all aspects ofdisaster risk reduction and management, including good governance, risk
assessment and early warning, knowledge building and awareness raising,
reducing underlying risk factors, and preparedness for effective response andearly recovery.

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11/21/2017

Section 5. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council. - The present National Disaster Coordinating Council or NDCC shallhenceforth be known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction andManagement Council, hereinafter referred to as the NDRRMC or the National
Council.

The National Council shall be headed by the Secretary of the Department of
National Defense (DND) as Chairperson with the Secretary of the Departmentof the Interior and Local Government (DILG) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster
Preparedness, the Secretary of the Department of Social
Welfare and Development (DSWD) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Response,
the Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) as Vice
Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, and the Director-Generalof the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) as Vice
Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery.
The National Council's members shall be the following:(a) Secretary of the Department of Health (DOH);(b) Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources(DENR);(c) Secretary of the Department of Agriculture (DA);(d) Secretary of the Department of Education (DepED);

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines31

11/21/2017(e) Secretary of the Department of Energy (DOE);(f) Secretary of the Department of Finance (DOF);(g) Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry (DT!);(h) Secretary of the Department of Transportation and Communications(DOTC);(i) Secretary of the Department of Budget and Management (DBM);(j) Secretary of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH);(k) Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA);(l) Secretary of the Department of Justice (DOJ);(m) Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE);(n) Secretary of the Department of Tourism (DOT);(o) The Executive Secretary;(p)Secretary of the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace
Process (OPAPP);(q) Chairman, Commission on Higher Education (CHED);(r) Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP);(s) Chief, Philippine National Police (PNP);(t) The Press Secretary;(u) Secretary General of the Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC);(v) Commissioner of the National Anti-Poverty Commission-Victims ofDisasters and Calamities Sector (NAPCVDC);(w) Chairperson, National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women;(x) Chairperson, Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council(HUDCC);

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines32

11/21/2017(y) Executive Director of the Climate Change Office of the Climate
Change Commission;(z) President, Government Service Insurance System (GSIS);(aa) President, Social Security System (SSS);(bb) President, Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth);(cc) President of the Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines(ULAP);(dd) President of the League of Provinces of the Philippines (LPP);(ee) President of the League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP);(ff) President of the League of Municipalities of the Philippines (LMP);(gg) President of the Liga ng Mga Barangay (LMB);(hh) Four (4) representatives from the CSOs;(ii) One (1) representative from the private sector; and(jj) Administrator of the OCD.
The representatives from the CSOs and the private sector shall be selectedfrom among their respective ranks based on the criteria and mechanisms to be
set for this purpose by the National Council.
Section 6. Powers and Functions of the NDRRMC. - The National Council,
being empowered with policy-making, coordination, integration, supervision,monitoring and evaluation functions, shall have the following responsibilities:(a) Develop a NDRRMF which shall provide for a comprehensive, allhazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency and community-based
approach to disaster risk reduction and management. The
Framework shall serve as the principal guide to disaster risk
reduction and management efforts in the country and shall be
reviewed on a five (5)-year interval, or as may be deemed necessary,in order to ensure its relevance to the times;

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines33

11/21/2017

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRMF)(b) Ensure that the NDRRMP is consistent with the NDRRMF;(c) Advise the President on the status of disaster preparedness,prevention, mitigation, response and rehabilitation operations being
undertaken by the government, CSOs, private sector, and volunteers;
recommend to the President the declaration of a state of calamity inareas extensively damaged; and submit proposals to restore normalcy inthe affected areas, to include calamity fund allocation;(d) Ensure a multi-stakeholder participation in the development,
updating, and sharing of a Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Information System and Geographic Information System-based
national risk map as policy, planning and decision-making tools;(e) Establish a national early warning and emergency alert system toprovide accurate and timely advice to national or local emergency
response organizations and to the general public through diverse mass
media to include digital and analog broadcast, cable, satellite televisionand radio, wireless communications, and landline communications;(f) Develop appropriate risk transfer mechanisms that shall guaranteesocial and economic protection and increase resiliency in the face ofdisaster;(g) Monitor the development and enforcement by agencies andorganizations of the various laws, guidelines, codes or technicalstandards required by this Act;

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines34

11/21/2017(h) Manage and mobilize resources for disaster risk reduction andmanagement including the National Disaster Risk Reduction andManagement Fund;(i) Monitor and provide the necessary guidelines and procedures. on the
Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF)
releases as well as utilization, accounting and auditing thereof;(j) Develop assessment tools on the existing and potential hazards andrisks brought about by climate change to vulnerable areas andecosystems in coordination with the Climate Change Commission;(k) Develop vertical and horizontal coordination mechanisms for a more
coherent implementation of disaster risk reduction and management
policies and programs by sectoral agencies and LGUs;(l) Formulate a national institutional capability building program fordisaster risk reduction and management to address the specific'
weaknesses of various government agencies and LGUs, based on the
results of a biennial baseline assessment and studies;(m) Formulate, harmonize, and translate into policies a national agenda
for research and technology development on disaster risk reduction andmanagement;(n) In coordination with the Climate Change Commission, formulate andimplement a framework for climate change adaptation and disaster risk
reduction and management from which all policies, programs, andprojects shall be based;(o) Constitute a technical management group composed ofrepresentatives of the abovementioned departments, offices, andorganizations, that shall coordinate and meet as often as necessary toeffectively manage and sustain national efforts on disaster risk
reduction and management;(p) Task the OCD to conduct periodic assessment and performancemonitoring of the member-agencies of the NDRRMC, and the Regional
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (RDRRMCs), as
defined in the NDRRMP; and(q) Coordinate or oversee the Implementation of the country's
obligations with disaster management treaties to which it IS a party andsee to It that the country's disaster management treaty obligations be

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines35

11/21/2017

incorporated in its disaster risk reduction andframeworks, policies, plans, programs and projects.

management

Section 7. Authority of the NDRRMC Chairperson. - The Chairperson of the
NDRRMC may call upon other instrumentalities or entities of the government
and nongovernment and civic organizations for assistance In terms of the useof their facilities and resources for the protection and preservation of life andproperties in the whole range of disaster risk reduction and management. Thisauthority includes the power to call on the reserve force as defined in Republic
Act No. 7077 to assist in relief and rescue during disasters or calamities.
Section 8. The Office of Civil Defense. - The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) shallhave the primary mission of administering a comprehensive national civil
defense and disaster risk reduction and management program by providing
leadership in the continuous development of strategic and systematic
approaches as well as measures to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks tohazards and manage the consequences of disasters.

The Administrator of the OCD shall also serve as Executive Director of the
National Council and, as such, shall have the same duties and privileges of adepartment undersecretary. All appointees shall be universally acknowledged
experts in the field of disaster preparedness and management and of provenhonesty and integrity. The National Council shall utilize the services andfacilities of the OCD as the secretariat of the National Council.
Section 9. Powers and Functions of the OCD. - The OCD shall have thefollowing powers and functions:(a) Advise the National Council on matters relating to disaster risk
reduction and management consistent with the policies and scope as
defined in this Act;

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines3611/21/2017(b) Formulate and implement the NDRRMP and ensure that thephysical framework, social, economic and environmental plans ofcommunities, cities, municipalities and provinces are consistent withsuch plan. The National Council shall approve the NDRRMP;(c) Identify, assess and prioritize hazards and risks in consultation withkey stakeholders;(d) Develop and ensure the implementation of national standards incarrying out disaster risk reduction programs including preparedness,
mitigation, prevention, response and rehabilitation works, from datacollection and analysis, planning, implementation, monitoring andevaluation;(e) Review and evaluate the Local Disaster risk Reduction andManagement Plans (LDRRMPs) to facilitate the integration of disasterrisk reduction measures into the local Comprehensive Development
Plan (CDP) and Comprehensive Land-Use Plan (CL UP);(f) Ensure that the LGUs, through the Local Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Offices (LDRRMOs) are properly informed and adhere
to the national standards and programs;(g) Formulate standard operating procedures for the deployment of
rapid assessment teams, information sharing among different
government agencies, and coordination before and after disasters at alllevels;(h) Establish standard operating procedures on the communication
system among provincial, city, municipal, and barangay disaster risk
reduction and management councils, for purposes of warning andalerting them and for gathering information on disaster areas before,
during and after disasters;(i) Establish Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Training
Institutes in such suitable location as may be deemed appropriate totrain public and private individuals, both local and national, in such
subject as disaster risk reduction and management among others. The
Institute shall consolidate and prepare training materials andpublications of disaster risk reduction and management books andmanuals to assist disaster risk reduction and management workers in
the planning and implementation of this program and projects. The
Institute shall conduct research programs to upgrade know ledge andskills and document best practices on disaster risk reduction andmanagement. The Institute is also mandated to conduct periodic

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines3711/21/2017

awareness and education programs to accommodate new elective
officials and members of the LDRRMCs;(j) Ensure that all disaster risk reduction programs, projects andactivities requiring regional and international support shall be inaccordance with duly established national policies and aligned withinternational agreements;(k) Ensure that government agencies and LGUs give toppriority andtake adequate and appropriate measures in disaster risk reduction andmanagement;(l) Create an enabling environment for substantial and sustainable
participation of CSOs, private groups, volunteers and communities, andrecognize their contributions in the government's disaster risk reduction
efforts;(m) Conduct early recovery and post-disaster needs assessment
institutionalizing gender analysis as part of it;(n) Establish an operating facility to be known as the National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center (NDRRMOC) thatshall be operated and staffed on a twenty-four (24) hour basis;(o) Prepare the criteria and procedure for the enlistment of accredited
community disaster volunteers (ACDVs). It shall include a manual of
operations for the volunteers which shall be developed by the OCD in
consultation with various stakeholders;(p) Provide advice and technical assistance and assist in mobilizing
necessary resources to increase the overall capacity of LGUs, specificallythe low income and in high-risk areas;(q) Create the necessary offices to perform its mandate as provided
under this Act; and(r) Perform such other functions as may be necessary for effective
operations and implementation of this Act.
Section 10. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Organization at theRegional Level. - The current Regional Disaster Coordinating Councils shallhenceforth be known as the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction andManagement Councils (RDRRMCs) which shall coordinate, integrate,
supervise, and evaluate the activities of the LDRRMCs. The RDRRMC shallbe responsible in ensuring disaster sensitive regional development plans, andMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines3811/21/2017

in case of emergencies shall convene the different regional line agencies andconcerned institutions and authorities.
The RDRRMCs shall establish an operating facility to be known as theRegional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center(RDRRMOC) whenever necessary.
The Civil Defense Officers of the OCD who are or may be designated as
Regional Directors of the OCD shall serve as chairpersons of the RDRRMCs.
Its Vice Chairpersons shall be the Regional Directors of the DSWD, the DILG,
the DOST, and the NEDA. In the case of the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM), the Regional Governor shall be the RDRRMC
Chairperson. The existing regional offices of the OCD shall serve as secretariatof the RDRRMCs. The RDRRMCs shall be composed of the executives ofregional offices and field stations at the regional level of the government
agencies.
Section 11. Organization at the Local Government Level. - The existing
Provincial, City, and Municipal Disaster Coordinating Councils shallhenceforth be known as the Provincial, City, and Municipal Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Councils. The Barangay Disaster Coordinating
Councils shall cease to exist and its powers and functions shall henceforth beassumed by the existing Barangay Development Councils (BDCs) which shallserve as the LDRRMCs in every barangay.
(a) Composition: The LDRRMC shall be composed of, but not limited to,the following:(1) The Local Chief Executives, Chairperson;(2) The Local Planning and Development Officer, member;(3) The Head of the LDRRMO, member;(4) The Head of the Local Social Welfare and Development Office,member;(5) The Head of the Local Health Office, member;(6) The Head of the Local Agriculture Office, member;(7) The Head of the Gender and Development Office, member;(8) The Head of the Local Engineering Office, member;Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines3911/21/2017(9) The Head of the Local Veterinary Office, member;(10) The Head of the Local Budget Office, member;(11) The Division Head/Superintendent of Schools of the DepED,
member;(12) The highest-ranking officer of the Armed Forces of thePhilippines (AFP) assigned in the area, member;(13) The Provincial Director/City/Municipal Chief ofPhilippine National Police (PNP), member;the(14) The Provincial Director/City/ Municipal Fire Marshall of the
Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), member;(15) The President of the Association of Barangay Captains(ABC), member;(16) The Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC), member;(17) Four (4) accredited CSOs, members; and(18) One (1) private sector representative, member.
(b) The LDRRMCs shall have the following functions:(1) Approve, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the
LDRRMPs and regularly review and test the plan consistent withother national and local planning programs;(2) Ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction and climatechange adaptation into local development plans, programs andbudgets as a strategy in sustainable development and poverty
reduction;(3) Recommend the implementation of forced or preemptive
evacuation of local residents, if necessary; and(4) Convene the local council once every three (3) months or asnecessary.
Section 12. Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office(LDRRMO). - (a) There shall be established an LDRRMO in every province,
city and municipality, and a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction andMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines40

11/21/2017

Management Committee (BDRRMC) in every · barangay which shall be
responsible for setting the direction, development, implementation andcoordination of disaster risk management programs within their territorial
jurisdiction.
(b) The LDRRMO shall be under the office of the governor, city ormunicipal mayor, and the punong barangay in case of the BDRRMC.
The LDRRMOs shall be initially organized and composed of a DRRMO
to be assisted by three (3) staff responsible for: (1) administration andtraining; (2) research and planning; and (3) operations and warning. The
LDRRMOs and the BDRRMCs shall organize, train and directlysupervise the local emergency response teams and the ACDVs.
(c) The provincial, city and municipal DRRMOs or BDRRMCs shallperform the following functions with impartiality given the emerging
challenges brought by disasters of our times:(1) Design, program, and coordinate disaster risk reduction andmanagement activities consistent with the National Council's
standards and guidelines;(2) Facilitate and support risk assessments and contingency
planning activities at the local level;(3) Consolidate local disaster risk information which includes
natural hazards, vulnerabilities, and climate change risks, andmaintain a local risk map;(4) Organize and conduct training, orientation, and knowledge
management activities on disaster risk reduction andmanagement at the local level;(5) Operate a multi-hazard early warning system, linked todisaster risk reduction to provide accurate and timely advice tonational or local emergency response organizations and to thegeneral public, through diverse mass media, particularly radio,
landline communications, and technologies for communication
within rural communities;(6) Formulate and implement a comprehensive and - integrated
LDRRMP in accordance with the national, regional andprovincial framework, and policies on disaster risk reduction inclose coordination with the local development councils (LDCs);

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines41

11/21/2017(7) Prepare and submit to the local sanggunian through the
LDRRMC and the LDC the annual LDRRMO Plan and budget,the proposed programming of the LDRRMF, other dedicateddisaster risk reduction and management resources, and otherregular funding source/s and budgetary support of the
LDRRMO/BDRRMC;(8) Conduct continuous disaster monitoring and mobilize
instrumentalities and entities of the LGUs, CSOs, private groups
and organized volunteers, to utilize their facilities and resources
for the protection and preservation of life and properties during
emergencies in accordance with existing policies and procedures;(9) Identify, assess and manage the hazards vulnerabilities andrisks that may occur in their locality;(10) Disseminate information and raise public awareness about
those hazards. vulnerabilities and risks, their nature, effects,
early warning signs and counter-measures;(11) Identify and implement cost-effective risk reduction
measures/strategies;(12) Maintain a database of human resource, equipment,
directories, and location of critical infrastructures and theircapacities such as hospitals and evacuation centers;(13) Develop, strengthen and operationalize mechanisms forpartnership or networking with the private sector, CSOs, andvolunteer groups;(14) Take all necessary steps on a continuing basis to maintain,
provide, or arrange the provision of, or to otherwise makeavailable, suitably-trained and competent personnel for effective
civil defense and disaster risk reduction and management in its
area;(15) Organize, train, equip and supervise the local emergency
response teams and the ACDV s, ensuring that humanitarian aid
workers are equipped with basic skills to assist mothers tobreastfeed;(16) Respond to and manage the adverse effects of emergencies
and carry out recovery activities in the affected area, ensuringthat there is an efficient mechanism for immediate delivery ofMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines4211/21/2017

food, shelter and medical supplies for women and children,
endeavor to create a special place where internally-displaced
mothers can find help with breastfeeding, feed and care for theirbabies and give support to each other;(17) Within its area, promote and raise public awareness of andcompliance with this Act and legislative provisions relevant to the
purpose of this Act;
(18) Serve as the secretariat and executive arm of the LDRRMC;(19) Coordinate other disaster risk reduction and management
activities;(20) Establish linkage/network with other LGUs for disaster risk
reduction and emergency response purposes;(21) Recommend through the LDRRMC the enactment of local
ordinances consistent with the requirements of this Act;
(22) Implement policies, approved plans and programs of the
LDRRMC consistent with the policies and guidelines laid down inthis Act;(23) Establish a Provincial/City/Municipal/Barangay Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center;(24) Prepare and submit, through the LDRRMC and the LDC, thereport on the utilization of the LDRRMF and other dedicateddisaster risk reduction and management resources to the local
Commission on Audit (COA), copy furnished the regional directorof the OCD and the Local Government Operations Officer of the
DILG; and(25) Act on other matters that may be authorized by the
LDRRMC.
(d) The BDRRMC shall be a regular committee of the existing BDC andshall be subject thereto. The punong barangay shall facilitate andensure the participation of at least two (2) CSO representatives fromexisting and active community-based people's organizations
representing the most vulnerable and marginalized groups in thebarangay.

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Philippine DRRM Networks
Section
13. Accreditation, Mobilization, and Protection of Disaster Volunteers andNational Service Reserve Corps, CSOs and the Private Sector. - Thegovernment agencies, CSOs, private sector and LGUs may mobilize
individuals or organized volunteers to augment their respective personnel
complement and logistical requirements in the delivery of disaster risk
reduction programs and activities. The agencies, CSOs, private sector, andLGUs concerned shall take full responsibility for the enhancement, welfare
and protection of volunteers, and shall submit the list of volunteers to the OCD,
through the LDRRMOs, for accreditation and inclusion in the database ofcommunity disaster volunteers.
A national roster of ACDVs, National Service Reserve Corps, CSOs and theprivate sector shall be maintained by the OCD through the LDRRMOs.
Accreditation shall be done at the municipal or city level.
Mobilization of volunteers shall be in accordance with the guidelines to be
formulated by the NDRRMC consistent with the provisions of this Act. Any
volunteer who incurs death or injury while engaged in any of the activities
defined under this Act shall be entitled to compensatory benefits andindividual personnel accident insurance as may be defined under theguidelines.
Section 14. Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction Education into the School
Curricula and Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Program and Mandatory Training
for the Public Sector Employees. - The DepED, the CHED, the Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), in coordination with
the OCD, the National Youth Commission (NYC), the DOST, the DENR, the
DILG-BFP, the DOH, the DSWD and other relevant agencies, shall integrate

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4411/21/2017

disaster risk reduction and management education in the school curricula ofsecondary and tertiary level of education, including the National Service
Training Program (NSTP), whether private or public, including formal andnonformal, technical-vocational, indigenous learning, and out-of-school youth
courses and programs.
The NDRRMC, the RDRRMCs, the LDRRMCs, the LDRRMOs, the BDRRMCs
and the SK councils shall encourage community, specifically the youth,
participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such asorganizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone
areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management
programs as part of the SK programs and projects.
The public sector employees shall be trained in emergency response andpreparedness. The training is mandatory for such employees to comply withthe provisions of this Act.
Section 15. Coordination During Emergencies. - The LDRRMCs shall take thelead in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the effects of any
disaster based on the following criteria:(a) The BDC, if a barangay is affected;(b) The city/municipal DRRMCs, If two (2) or more barangays areaffected;(c) The provincial DRRMC, if two (2) or more cities/municipalities areaffected;(d) The regional DRRMC, if two (2) or more provinces are affected; and(e) The NDRRMC, if two (2) or more regions are affected.

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The NDRRMC and intermediary LDRRMCs shall always act as support to
LGUs which have the primary responsibility as first disaster responders.
Private sector and civil society groups shall work in accordance with thecoordination mechanism and policies set by the NDRRMC and concerned
LDRRMCs.
Section 16. Declaration of State of Calamity. - The National Council shallrecommend to the President of the Philippines the declaration of a cluster ofbarangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, and regions under a state ofcalamity, and the lifting thereof, based on the criteria set by the National
Council. The President's declaration may warrant international humanitarianassistance as deemed necessary.
The declaration and lifting of the state of calamity may also be issued by the
local sanggunian, upon the recommendation of the LDRRMC, based on the
results of the damage assessment and needs analysis.
Section 17. Remedial Measures. - The declaration of a state of calamity shallmake mandatory the Immediate undertaking of the following remedial
measures by the member-agencies concerned as defined in this Act:(a) Imposition of price ceiling on basic necessities and primecommodities by the President upon the recommendation of theimplementing agency as provided for under Republic Act No. 7581,
otherwise known as the "Price Act", or the National Price Coordinating
Council;(b) Monitoring, prevention and control by the Local Price Coordination
Council of overpricing/profiteering and hoarding of prime commodities,
medicines and petroleum products;(c) Programming/reprogramming of funds for the repair and safety
upgrading of public infrastructures and facilities; and(d) Granting of no-interest loans by government financing or lending
institutions to the most affected section of the population through theircooperatives or people's organizations.
Section 18. Mechanism for International Humanitarian Assistance. (a) The importation and donation of food, clothing, medicine and equipment for
relief and recovery and other disaster management and recovery-related
supplies is hereby authorized in accordance with Section 105 of the Tariff andCustoms Code of the Philippines, as amended, and the prevailing provisions ofMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines46

11/21/2017

the General Appropriations Act covering national internal revenue taxes andimport duties of national and local government agencies; and(b) Importations and donations under this section shall be considered asimportation by and/or donation to the NDRRMC, subject to the approvalof the Office of the President.
Section 19. Prohibited Acts. - Any person, group or corporation who commits
any of the following prohibited acts shall be held liable and be subjected to thepenalties as prescribed in Section 20 of this Act:(a) Dereliction of duties which leads to destruction, loss of lives, criticaldamage of facilities and misuse of funds;(b) Preventing the entry and distribution of relief goods in disasterstricken areas, including appropriate technology, tools, equipment,
accessories, disaster teams/experts;(c) Buying, for consumption or resale, from disaster relief agencies any
relief goods, equipment or other and commodities which are intended for
distribution to disaster affected communities;(d) Buying, for consumption or resale, from the recipient disaster
affected persons any relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities
received by them;(e) Selling of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities which areintended for distribution to disaster victims;(f) Forcibly seizing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities
intended for or consigned to a specific group of victims or relief agency;(g) Diverting or misdelivery of relief goods, equipment or other aid
commodities to persons other than the rightful recipient or consignee;(h) Accepting, possessing, using or disposing relief goods, equipment orother aid commodities not intended for nor consigned to him/her;(i) Misrepresenting the source of relief goods, equipment or other aid
commodities by:(1) Either covering, replacing or defacing the labels of thecontainers to make it appear that the goods, equipment or otheraid commodities came from another agency or persons;Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines47

11/21/2017(2) Repacking the! goods, equipment or other aid commodities into
containers with different markings to make it appear that the
goods came from another agency or persons or was released upon
the instance of a particular agency or persons;(3) Making false verbal claim that the goods, equipment or otherand commodity m its untampered original containers actuallycame from another agency or persons or was released upon the
instance of a particular agency or persons;(j) Substituting or replacing relief goods, equipment or other aid
commodities with the same items or inferior/cheaper quality;(k) Illegal solicitations by persons or organizations representing others
as defined in the standards and guidelines set by the NDRRMC;(l) Deliberate use of false at inflated data in support of the request for
funding, relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities for emergency
assistance or livelihood projects; and(m) Tampering with or stealing hazard monitoring and disaster
preparedness equipment and paraphernalia.
Section 20. Penal Clause. - Any individual, corporation, partnership,association, or other juridical entity that commits any of the prohibited acts
provided for in Section 19 of this Act shall be prosecuted and upon conviction
shall suffer a fine of not less than Fifty thousand pesos (Php50,000.00) or any
amount not to exceed Five hundred thousand pesos (php500,000.00) or
imprisonment of not less than six (6) years and one (1) day or more than twelve(12) years, or both, at the discretion of the court, including perpetual
disqualification from public office if the offender IS a public officer, andconfiscation or forfeiture in favor of the government of the objects and the
instrumentalities used in committing any of herein prohibited acts.
If the offender is a corporation, partnership or association, or other juridical
entity, the penalty shall be imposed upon the officer or officers of thecorporation, partnership, association or entity responsible for the violation
without prejudice to the cancellation or revocation of these entities license or
accreditation issued to them by any licensing or accredited body of thegovernment. If such offender is an alien, he or she shall, in addition to thepenalties prescribed in this Act, be deported without further proceedings after
service of the sentence.
However, the prosecution for offenses set forth in Section 19 of this Act shallbe without prejudice to any liability for violation of Republic Act No. 3185, asMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines48

11/21/2017

amended, otherwise known as the Revised Penal Code, and other civil
liabilities.
Section 21. Local Disaster Risk" Reduction and Management Fund(LDRRMF). - The present Local Calamity Fund shall henceforth be known as
the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF). Not lessthan five percent (5%) of the estimated revenue from regular sources shall be
set aside as the LDRRMF to support disaster risk management activities suchas, but not limited to, pre-disaster preparedness programs including training,purchasing life-saving rescue equipment, supplies and medicines, for postdisaster activities, and for the payment of premiums on calamity insurance.
The LDRRMC shall monitor and evaluate the use and disbursement of the
LDRRMF based on the. LDRRMP as incorporated in the local development
plans and annual work and financial plan. Upon the recommendation of the
LDRRMO and approval of the sanggunian concerned, the LDRRMC may
transfer the said fund to support disaster risk reduction work of other
LDRRMCs which are declared under state of calamity.
Of the amount appropriated for LDRRMF, thirty percent (30%) shall beallocated as Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief andrecovery programs in order that situation and living conditions of people Incommunities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics, or complex
emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible.
Unexpended LDRRMF shall accrue to a special trust fund solely for the
purpose of supporting disaster risk reduction and management activities of the
LDRRMCs within the next five (5) years. Any such amount still not fully
utilized after five (5) years shall revert back to the general fund and will beavailable for other social services to be identified by the local sanggunian.
Section 22. National Disaster Risk" Reduction and Management
Fund. - (a) The present Calamity Fund appropriated under the annual
General Appropriations Act shall henceforth be known as the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (NDRRM Fund) and it shallbe used for disaster risk reduction or mitigation, prevention and preparedness
activities such as but not limited to training of personnel, procurement ofequipment, and capital expenditures. It can also be utilized for relief, recovery,
reconstruction and other work or services in connection with natural or humaninduced calamities which may occur during the budget year or those that
occurred in the past two (2) years from the budget year.
(b) The specific amount of the NDRRM Fund and the appropriate
recipient agencies and/or LGUs shall be determined upon approval of
the President of the Philippines in accordance with the favorable
recommendation of the NDRRMC.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines49

11/21/2017(c) Of the amount appropriated for the NDRRM Fund, thirty percent(30%) shall be allocated as Quick Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fundfor relief and recovery programs in order that situation and living
conditions of people in communities or areas stricken by disasters,
calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies, may be normalized as
quickly as possible.
(d) All departments/agencies and LGUs that are allocated with DRRM
fund shall submit to the NDRRMC their monthly statements on theutilization of DRRM funds and make an accounting thereof inaccordance with existing accounting and auditing rules.
(e) All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government are
hereby authorized to use a portion of their appropriations to implement
projects designed to address DRRM activities in accordance with theguidelines to be issued by the NDRRMC in coordination with the DBM.
Section 23. Funding of the OCD. - As lead agency to carry out the provisionsof this Act, the OCD shall be allocated a budget of One billion pesos(Php1,000,000,000.00) revolving fund starting from the effectivity of this Act.
Section 24. Annual Report. - The National Council, through the OCD, shallsubmit to the Office of the President, the Senate and the House ofRepresentatives, within the first quarter of the succeeding year, an annual
report relating to the progress of the implementation of the NDRRMP.
Section 25. Implementing Rules and Regulations. - The NDRRMC.
through its Chairperson. shall issue the necessary rules and regulations forthe effective implementation of this Act within ninety (90) days after approvalof this Act. The OCD. in consultation with key stakeholders. shall take the leadin the preparation of the implementing rules and regulations with the active
involvement of the technical management group of the NDRRMC.
Section 26. Congressional Oversight Committee. - There is hereby createda Congressional Oversight Committee to monitor and oversee theimplementation of the provisions of this Act. The Committee shall be composedof six (6) members from the Senate and six (6) members from the House ofRepresentatives with the Chairpersons of the Committees on National Defense
and Security of both the Senate and the House of Representatives as joint
Chairpersons of this Committee. The five (5) other members from each
Chamber are to be designated by the Senate President and the Speaker of theHouse of Representatives. respectively. The minority shall be entitled to pro
rata represent3tion but shall have at least two (2) representatives from each
Chamber.

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Section 27. Sunset Review. - Within five (5) years after the effectivity of thisAct, or as the need arises, the Congressional Oversight Committee shallconduct a sunset review. For purposes of this Act, the term "sunset review"
shall mean a systematic evaluation by the Congressional Oversight Committeeof the accomplishments and impact of this Act, as well as the performance andorganizational structure of its implementing agencies, for purposes ofdetermining remedial legislation.
Section 28. Repealing Clause. - Presidential Decree No. 1566 and all otherlaws, decrees, executive orders, proclamations and other executive issuance's
which are inconsistent with or contrary to the provisions of this Act are hereby
amended or repealed accordingly.
Section 29. Separability Clause. - If any provision of this Act shall be held
unconstitutional or invalid, the other provisions not otherwise affected shallremain m full force and effect.
Section 30. Effectivity Clause. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days
following its complete publication in the Official Gazette or in two (2) national
newspapers of general circulation.
Approved,(Sgd.) PROSPERONOGRALES
Speaker of theRepresentatives

House

C. (Sgd.) JUAN PONCE ENRILE
President of the SenateofThis Act which is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 3086 and House Bill No,
6985 was finally passed by the Senate and the House of Representatives on
February 1, 2010.

(Sgd.) MARILYN B. BARUA- (Sgd.) EMMALIRIO-REYES
YAPSecretary of Senate
Secretary
GeneralHouse of Representatives

Approved: May 27, 2010
(Sgd.) GLORIA
President of the Philippines

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2.2

JAPAN DISASTER COUNTERMEASURES BASIC ACTDISASTER COUNTERMEASURES BASIC ACT June 1997 National Land
Agency, Japan DISASTER COUNTERMEASURES BASIC ACT (Act No. 223,
November 15, 1961)
Table of Contents Chapter
I.

General Rule (art. 1 - art. 10)

II.

Chapter II. Organizations Relating to Disaster Prevention
Section 1. Central Disaster Prevention Council (art. 11 - art. 13)
Section 2. Local Disaster Prevention Councils (art. 14 - art. 23)
Section 3. Headquarters for Major Disaster Control and Emergency
Disaster Control (art. 24 - art. 28-2)
Section 4. Dispatch of Officials in Time of a Disaster (art. 29 - art. 33)

III.

Chapter III. Disaster Prevention Plans (art. 34 - art. 45)

IV.

Chapter IV. Prevention of Disasters (art. 46 - art. 49)

V.

Chapter V. Disaster Emergency Measures
Section 1. General Rules (art. 50 - art. 53)
Section 2. Transmission of Alarms, etc. (art. 54 - art. 57) Section 3.
Precautionary Steps and Evacuation (art. 58 - art. 61) Section 4.
Emergency Measures (art. 62 - art. 86)

VI.

Chapter VI. Rehabilitation (art. 87- art. 90)

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VII.

Chapter VII. Financial Measures (art. 91 - art. 104)

VIII. Chapter VIII. State of Emergency (art. 105 - art. 109-2)
IX.

Chapter IX. Miscellaneous Rules (art. 110 - art. 112)

X.

Chapter X. Penal Provisions (art. 113 - art. 117) Supplementary
Rules 1 Chapter I General Rules (Objectives) Art. 1. For the purposeof protecting the national territory, the life and limb of the citizens
and their property, this Act shall have for its aim the establishmentof a machinery working through the State and local governments andpublic corporations and the clarification of where responsibilities lie,and provide for the formulation of disaster prevention plans andbasic policies relating to preventive and emergency measures andrehabilitation programs to deal with disaster, and other necessary
measures as well as financial action, thus ensuring an effective andorganized administration of comprehensive and systematic disasterprevention with a view toward the preservation of social order andthe security of the public welfare. (Definitions) Art. 2. Terms
employed in this Act shall be as defined below: (1)Disaster means astorm, heavy rain, heavy snow, flood, high tide, earthquake, tsunami,
or other unusual natural event, or a conflagration or explosion, or
any other damage of similar extent from a cause to be prescribed byordinance. (2)Disaster prevention means activities intended toprevent a disaster from occurring, to stop the spread of a disasterMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines53

11/21/2017that has occurred, and to effect rehabilitation after the disaster.
(3)Designated administrative organs means administrative organs of
the State as defined under art. 3 para. 2 of the National Government
Organization Act (Act No. 120, 1948) and organs defined under art.
8 para. 1 of the same Act, to be designated by the Prime Minister.
(4)Designated local administrative organs means branch offices ofdesignated administrative organs in the prefectures (referring tobranch offices provided under art. 9 of the National Government
Organization Act) and other local administrative organs of the State
designated by the Prime Minister. (5)Designated public corporations
means public corporations such as Nippon Telegraph and Telephone(NTT), the Bank of Japan, the Japanese Red Cross Society, Nippon
Hoso Kyokai (NHK) and other corporations engaged in power, gas,transportation, communication and other public utility work, alldesignated by the Prime Minister. (6)Designated local public
corporations means the Harbor Bureau under art. 4 para. 1 of the
Harbor Act (Act No. 218, 1950), Land Improvement Districts underart. 5 para. 1 of the Land Improvement Act 2 (Act No. 195, 1949),
administrators of other public corporations operating in the area ofaprefecture

andengagedinpower,

gas,

transportation,communication and other public utility work, all designated by thegovernor of the prefecture concerned. (7)Disaster prevention plans

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines54

11/21/2017means a basic disaster prevention plan, operational disasterprevention plans, and local disaster prevention plans. (8)Basicdisaster prevention plan means a plan drafted by the Central
Disaster Prevention Council providing guidance for all disasterprevention planning. (9)Operational disaster prevention plans
means plans based on the basic disaster prevention plan andpertaining to business or operations of the drafting authority: thechief officer of a designated administrative organ (where thedesignated administrative organ is the committee under art. 3 para.
2 of the National Government Organization Act, the administrative
organ itself; to be applicable hereunder except under art. 28-3 para.
6 and art. 28-6 para. 2) or a designated public corporation (withrespect to business or operations delegated by the chief officer of adesignated administrative organ or a designated public corporation,
the chief officer of the designated local administrative organ or thedesignated local public corporation to whom or to which saiddelegation has been made). (10)Local disaster prevention plans
means disaster prevention plans relating to particular areas as listed
below: a. prefectural area disaster prevention plan: drafted by theprefectural disaster prevention council concerned and relating to anarea of the prefecture. b. city, town, or village area disasterprevention plan: drafted by the city, town, or village disasterMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines55

11/21/2017

prevention council concerned and relating to an area of the city, town
or village. c. prefectural designated area disaster prevention plan:
drafted by a joint committee of prefectural disaster prevention
councils and relating to an area which covers the area of two or more
prefectures, in whole or in part. d. city, town or village designatedarea disaster prevention plans: drafted by a joint committee of city,
town or village disaster prevention councils and relating to an area
which covers the area of two or more cities, towns or villages.
(Responsibilities of the State) Art. 3. Inasmuch as the State has themission of protecting its land, the life and limb of its citizens and 3
their property from disaster, it is responsible for bringing to bear on
disaster prevention all of its organization and capacities to the fullest
effect. 2. In order to carry out such responsibilities as provided under
the preceding paragraph, the State shall draft a plan which will
provide a basis for disaster prevention, emergency measures to deal
with a disaster and rehabilitation after that disaster, and shall
implement the plan by law. At the same time, the State shall ensure
the performance of business or operations relating to disasterprevention to be undertaken by local governments, designated public
corporations, and designated local public corporations and others,
exercise overall coordination of said business or operations and seek
to distribute fairly, adequately and properly financial burdens

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

56

11/21/2017

consequent upon disaster. 3. Designated national and local
administrative organs shall, in performing their respective business,
act in concert in order that the responsibilities of the State provided
under para. 1 may be fulfilled. 4. The chief officer of either adesignated national or local administrative organ shall, in theinterests of an effective formulation and execution of a prefectural,or a city, town or village disaster prevention plan, provide
recommendations, guidance, advice and other pertinent assistance tothe appropriate prefecture, or city, town or village. (Responsibilitiesof the prefecture) Art. 4. In the interest of protecting the area of aprefecture, the life and limb of its residents and their property fromdisaster, the prefecture shall have the responsibility to formulate
and implement, with the cooperation of agencies concerned and otherlocal governments, a disaster prevention plan relating to its area, asprescribed by law, and at the same time, shall assist in theperformance of business or operations related to disaster preventionof a city, town or village, and designated local administrative organs
within the area, and shall exercise responsibility for overall
coordination of such business or operations. 2. Agencies of aprefecture shall, in performing their business or operations, act inconcert in order that responsibilities of the prefecture as provided
under the preceding paragraph may be fulfilled. (Responsibilities ofMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

57

11/21/2017

a city, town or village) Art. 5. In the interest of protecting the area ofa city, town or village, the life and limb of its residents and theirproperty from disaster, the city, town or village as a local government
at the base shall have the responsibility to formulate, with thecooperation of related agencies and other local governments a
disaster prevention plan pertaining to the area of said city, town orvillage, and to implement said plan as provided by law. 4 2. The
mayor of the city or town or the head of the village shall, in order tofulfill responsibilities under the preceding paragraph, endeavor toemploy to the highest degree all capacities of the city, town or village,
by keeping the organization of fire fighting agencies, flood prevention
units etc. in good condition, and by consolidating organizations
related to disaster prevention of public groups within the area of thecity, town or village and voluntary disaster prevention groups(referred to as "voluntary disaster prevention groups" in art. 8 para.
2) among the residents in a community spirit of mutual help. 3. Firefighting agencies, flood prevention units and other agencies of thecity, town or village shall, in performing their respective business,
act in concert in order that the responsibilities of the city, town orvillage as prescribed under the preceding paragraph may be fulfilled.
(Mutual cooperation among local public corporations) Art. 5-2. The
local government can mutually cooperate when necessary to fully

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines5811/21/2017

discharge their responsibilities as set forth in art. 4 para. 1 and para.
1 of the preceding article. (Responsibilities of designated national
and local public corporations) Art. 6. Designated national and local
public corporations shall have the responsibility to formulate adisaster prevention plan pertaining to their respective business andto implement it as prescribed by law, and at the same time, to rendercooperation in their respective activities to the prefecture, city, town
or village in order that the State, prefecture, city town or village may
effectively formulate and implement their disaster prevention plans
as provided by this Act. 2. Designated national and local public
corporations are obligated to contribute through their respective
businesses toward the cause of disaster prevention, in view of thefact that their business is for the public good. (Responsibilities ofresidents and others) Art. 7. Public organizations, administrators of
establishments important in terms of disaster prevention, and otherparties having responsibility under the Act for disaster prevention,
are obligated, by law or under an appropriate area disasterprevention plan, to fulfill their responsibilities in good faith. 2. In
addition to what is provided for in the preceding paragraph,
residents of the area under local government are obligated tocontribute toward the cause of disaster prevention by taking theirown measures to prepare for disaster and by participating in

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines5911/21/2017

voluntary disaster prevention groups etc. 5 (Exercising of care in theinterest of disaster prevention in enforcing appropriate measures)Art. 8. Both the State and the local government should exercise careso that all measures which they will carry out will contribute topreventing disaster which harms the land, the life and limb of thecitizens and their property, be they specifically addressed to disasteror not. 2. In the interest of preventing a disaster from occurring andof blocking the spread of a disaster that has occurred, the local
government as well as the State shall particularly endeavor to carryout matters listed below: (1)relating to scientific research on disasterand its prevention and putting its findings into practice. (2)relating
to forest conservation, flood prevention and other matters concerning
conservation of the land. (3)relating to fireproofing of buildings andto the improvement of structures for prevention of disaster in thecities. (4)relating to disaster prevention measures for traffic,
information communications, and functions concentrated in urban
areas. (5)relating to efficient operation of establishments andorganizations concerned with activities necessary for disasterprevention such as weather observation and flood and earthquake
prediction, forecasting, information gathering and other activities,
andestablishments

andorganizations

concerned

withcommunication. (6)relating to the improvement of forecasts andMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines60

11/21/2017

alarms. (7)relating to the improvement of methods for publicizing
earthquake

forecasting

information(refers

to"earthquake

forecasting information" as per art. 2 (3) of the Large-scale
Earthquake Countermeasures Act [Act No. 713 of 1978]). (8)relating
to international cooperation with respect to consolidation of a
network of weather observation. (9)relating to international
cooperation with respect to human control of typhoons, and othernecessary research on disaster prevention, observation and exchange
of information. (10)relating to measures for long-term disasters fromvolcanic phenomena etc. 6 (11)relating to maintenance of efficient
operation of establishments and organizations for flood prevention,
fire fighting, rescue and relief, and other disaster emergency
measures. (12)relating to the conclusion of mutual aid agreements
among local governments. (13)relating to the encouragement of thepeople to engage in voluntary disaster prevention activities byfostering voluntary disaster prevention groups and enhancing theenvironment for disaster prevention activities by volunteers.
(14)relating to necessary disaster prevention measures for theelderly, the handicapped, infants and others requiring special care.
(15)relating to the acceptance of disaster prevention assistance fromother countries. (16)relating to the provision of accurate information
to disaster victims. (17)relating to education and drills necessary for

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines6111/21/2017

disaster prevention. (18)relating to the dissemination of ideas about
the importance of disaster prevention. 3. The State and the local
government shall endeavor, in time of a disaster, to effectrehabilitation of establishments, and rescue and relief for victims
toward an early recovery from the disaster. (Government measuresand report to the Diet) Art. 9. The Government shall undertake
necessary measures in terms of legislation and finances in order toachieve the objectives of this Act. 2. The Government shall report
each year to the Diet about its plans for disaster prevention together
with a general account of measures undertaken for disasterprevention, as provided by ordinance. (Relation to other Acts) Art.
10. Masters concerning disaster prevention shall be disposed of by
this Act except where specified by law otherwise. 7 Chapter II
Organization for Disaster Prevention Section I Central Disaster
Prevention Council (The Council and its business) Art. 11. A Central
Disaster Prevention Council Shall be established in the Office of thePrime Minister. 2. The Central Disaster Prevention Council shall becharge with the responsibilities listed below: (1)formulation andimplementation of a basic disaster prevention plan. (2)formulationand implementation of a plan of emergency measures for a majordisaster. (3)in response to inquiry from the Prime Minister,
deliberation of major matters relating to disaster prevention. (4)inMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines6211/21/2017

addition to what is listed above, other business assigned by law to its
authority. 3. The Prime Minister is required to consult the Central
Disaster Prevention Council with respect to the matters listed below:(1)basic policy of disaster prevention. (2)major points in overall
coordination of measures undertaken for disaster prevention.
(3)outline of urgent measures of temporary nature for a majordisaster. (4)declaration of a state of emergency. (5)other major
matters which the Prime Minister may deem necessary for disasterprevention. (Organization of the Central Disaster Prevention
Council) Art. 12. The Central Disaster Prevention Council shall becomposed of a chairman and members. 2.The Prime Minister shallserve as chairman. 3. The chairman shall direct and supervise theaffairs of the Council. 8 4. In case of incapacity on the part of thechairman, a member named by him in advance shall perform his
duties on his behalf. 5. The chairman shall appoint the members
from among ministers of state and persons with pertinent knowledge
and experience. 6. Technical experts may be appointed to the Council
in order to investigate matters requiring expert knowledge. 7. The
Prime Minister shall appoint expert members from among officialsofappropriate

administrative

organsordesignatedpubliccorporations and persons with pertinent knowledge and experience.
8. A secretariat shall be established in the Central DisasterMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines6311/21/2017

Prevention Council to transact the business of the Council. 9. The
secretariat shall have a chief and members under him. 10. The
secretariat shall manage its affairs under the direction of its chief.
11. In addition to what is listed above, necessary matters related tothe organization and operation of the Council shall be decided uponbyordinance.

(Requestforcooperation

fromappropriate

administrative organs, etc. ) Art. 13. The Central Disaster
Prevention Council shall have the right, with respect to its business,to seek data, opinions and views and other necessary cooperationfrom the chief officer of an appropriate national or local
administrative organ, that of a local government, any executive
agency, or designated public corporation or designated local public
corporation, or any other parties concerned. 2. The Central Disaster
Prevention Council shall have the right to make recommendations orprovide instructions in connection with the respective activities tolocal disaster prevention councils (referring to the disasterprevention council of a prefecture, city, town or village; applicablehereunder) or joint committees or local disaster prevention councils(referring to a joint committee of prefectural, city, town or village
disaster prevention councils; applicable hereunder). Section 2 Local
Disaster Prevention Council (Establishment of a prefectural disasterprevention council and its business) 9 Art. 14. A prefectural disasterMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines6411/21/2017

prevention council shall be established in each prefecture. 2. A
prefectural disaster prevention council shall be in charge of businesscovering

thematters

listedbelow:(1)formulation

andimplementation of a prefectural area disaster prevention plan.
(2)collection of information about a disaster that has occurred
involving the area of said prefecture. (3)in time of a disaster involving
the area of the prefecture, liaison and coordination in matters of
emergency measures and rehabilitation programs among said
prefecture and appropriate designated local administrative organs,the city town or village concerned, designated public corporations
and designated local public corporations concerned. (4)formulationand implementation of a plan for emergency measures in time of amajor disaster. (5)in addition to what is listed above, other businessassigned to the council by law or an ordinance based on it.
(Organization of a prefectural disaster prevention council) Art. 15. A
prefectural disaster prevention council shall be composed of achairman and its members. 2. The governor of the prefecture shallserve as chairman. 3. The chairman shall direct and supervise theaffairs of the council. 4. When the chairman is incapacitated amember whom he has named in advance shall perform his duties on
his behalf. 5. Members shall be appointed from among the following
persons: (1)the chief officer of a designated local administrative

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organ having jurisdiction over the area of the prefecture in whole orin part, or officials named by him. (2)the Commanding Generals of
Army Headquarters of the Self-Defense Forces having jurisdiction
over the area of the prefecture, in whole or in part, or chief of a unit
or an agency named by the Commanding Generals. (3)thesuperintendent of a school board of the prefecture. 10 (4)the chief ofthe Metropolitan Police or the chief of the prefectural police
concerned. (5)appointees of the governor of the prefecture fromamong officials of the prefecture. (6)appointees of the governor of theprefecture from among mayors of cities or towns, or heads of villages,
and chiefs of fire fighting units operating within the area of theprefecture. (7)appointees of the governor of the prefecture fromamong officers and members of a designated national or local public
corporation operating within the area of the prefecture. 6. Expert
members may be appointed to the council in order to investigate
matters requiring expert knowledge. 7. Expert members shall be
appointed by the governor of the prefecture from among members of
an appropriate local administrative organ, of the prefecture, of a city,
town or village within the area of the prefecture, of an appropriate
designated national or local public corporation, or persons withpertinent knowledge and experience. 8. In addition to what isprovided above other necessary matters with respect to theMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines6611/21/2017

organization or operation or a prefectural disaster prevention council
shall be decided by a prefectural ordinance based on standards
provided by ordinance. (City, town, or village disaster prevention
council) (A city, town or village disaster prevention council) Art. 16.
A city, town or village disaster prevention council shall beestablished in each city, town or village in order to formulate an area
disaster prevention council involving the area of the city, town orvillage, and to implement it. 2. In addition to what is provided in thepreceding paragraph, cities, towns or villages may by mutual
agreement establish jointly a city, town or village disaster prevention
council. 3. When such a joint city, town, or village disaster prevention
council has been established or when duly approved by the governorof the prefecture, as provided by ordinance, the city, town or village
may dispense with a separate disaster prevention council, theprovisions of paragraph 1 notwithstanding. 4. When the governor of
the prefecture intends to give approval as provided under thepreceding paragraph, he is required to consult the prefectural
disaster prevention council. 11 5. The organization and business of acity, town or village disaster prevention council shall be decided
following the model of the prefectural disaster prevention council byan ordinance of the city, town or village (in the case of a city, town orvillage council established as provided under para. 2, by agreement).

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines6711/21/2017(Joint committee of local disaster prevention councils) Art. 17. When
it is deemed necessary and efficacious among prefectures or among
cities, towns or villages to formulate a disaster prevention plan forthe designated area of the prefecture, city, town or village, in whole
or in part, said prefectures, cities, towns or villages may by mutual
agreement establish a joint committee of prefectural, city, town ofvillage disaster prevention councils. 2. When such a joint committeeof disaster prevention councils is formed, notification shall be
forwarded to the Prime Minister in the case of a prefectural jointcommittee, and to the governor of the prefecture in the case of a city,
town or village joint committee. (Establishing a joint committee ofprefectural disaster prevention councils) Art. 18. When the Prime
minister deems it necessary and efficacious to form a designated area
prefectural disaster prevention plan covering the area of two or more
prefectures, in whole or in part, he may, upon consultation with theCentral Disaster Prevention Council, designate the area to becovered by such a plan, and instruct the appropriate prefectures toestablish a joint committee of prefectural disaster prevention
councils. 2. When the Prime Minister has designated such an area asprovided under the preceding paragraph, he is required to makepublic this action. 3. When instructions have been given underparagraph 1, the prefectures so instructed are required to establish

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines6811/21/2017

a joint committee of prefectural disaster prevention councils.
(Establishing a joint committee of city, town or village disasterprevention councils) Art. 19. When the governor of a prefecture
deems it necessary and efficacious to formulate a designated area
disaster prevention plan covering the area of two or more cities,
towns or villages, in whole or in part, he may, upon consultation withthe prefectural disaster prevention council, designate the area to becovered by such a plan, and instruct the appropriate cities, towns orvillages to establish a joint committee of city, town or village councils.
2. When the governor of a prefecture has designated such an area asprovided under the preceding paragraph, he is required to makepublic this action. 12 3. When instructions have been given underparagraph 1, the cities, towns or villages so instructed are required
to establish a joint committee of city, town or village disasterprevention councils. (Matters for ordinance) Art. 20. In addition towhat is provided under the three preceding articles, necessary
matters with respect to local disaster prevention councils shall bedecided by ordinance. (Request for cooperation from appropriate
administrative organs) Art. 21. The prefectural disaster prevention
council and city, town or village disaster prevention council(including a joint committee of local disaster prevention councils;
hereinafter referred to as "local disaster prevention councils, etc.")

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11/21/2017

shall have the right, when deemed necessary in the performance of
their business, to seek data, opinions and views and other necessary
cooperation from the chief officer of an appropriate national or local
administrative organ, that of a local government and other executive
agency, a designated national or local public corporation, or otherparties concerned. (Relations between local disaster prevention
councils, etc. ) Art. 22. Local disaster prevention councils etc. are
obligated to cooperate in the performance of their respective
business. 2. The prefectural disaster prevention council may provide
the city, town or village disaster prevention councils with necessary
recommendation or instructions with respect to the performance of
their business. (Headquarters for disaster control) Art. 23. When adisaster has occurred or is likely to occur involving the area of aprefecture, city, town or village, the governor of the prefecture, themayor of the city or town, or the head of the village may, if he deems
it necessary, upon consultation with the local disaster prevention
council, establish a headquarters for disaster control as provided
under a prefectural or city, town or village area disaster prevention
plan. 2. The headquarters for disaster control shall be headed by achairman, and the governor of the prefecture, or the mayor of the cityor town, or the head of the village shall serve as chairman at theirrespective levels. 3. The headquarters shall have a vice-chairman,

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11/21/2017

headquarters members and other officials, to be 13 appointed by theprefectural governor or the mayor of the city or town or the head of
the village from among officials of the prefecture, city, town orvillage, as appropriate. 4. The headquarters for disaster control
operating in close coordination with the local disaster prevention
council, shall implement preventive and emergency measuresinvolving the area of the prefecture or the city, town or village, as
appropriately as provided under the prefectural area disasterprevention plan, or the city, town or village area disaster prevention
plan. 5. The governor of the prefecture, the mayor of the city or town,
or the head of the village may, as provided for under a prefectural orcity, town or village area disaster prevention plan establish a local
headquarters for disaster control within the headquarters fordisaster control as an organization to carry out locally within thedisaster area part of the duties of the headquarters for disaster
control. 6. The chairman of the prefectural headquarters for disaster
control shall have the right to give to the prefectural police or the
prefectural board of education necessary instructions in theimplementation of preventive or emergency measures against
disaster involving the area of the prefecture; likewise, the chairmanof the city, town or village headquarters for disaster control shallhave the right to instruct the board of education of that city, town orMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines7111/21/2017

village. 7. In addition to what is provided above, other necessary
matters of the headquarters for disaster control shall be decided bya prefectural, city, town or village ordinance. Section 3 Headquarters
for Major Disaster Control and Emergency Disaster Control(Establishing the headquarters for major disaster control) Art. 24.
When a major disaster has occurred and if deemed necessary becauseof the dimensions of the disaster and other conditions, the Prime
Minister may establish a headquarters for major disaster control ona temporary basis in the Office of the Prime Minister, the provisionsof art. 8-3 of the National Government Organization Act
notwithstanding. 2. When such a headquarters is established, thePrime Minister is required to make public its designation, area ofjurisdiction, location, and term of establishment; when it is abolished
he is required to make this action public. (Organization of theheadquarters) Art. 25. The headquarters for major disaster control
shall be headed by a chairman selected from 14 among the Cabinet
ministers. 2. The chairman of the headquarters for major disaster
control shall direct the affairs of the headquarters and supervise its
staff. 3. A vice-chairman, headquarters members and other officials
shall be installed in the headquarters. 4. The vice-chairman of theheadquarters shall assist the chairman and perform duties on behalfof the chairman when he is incapacitated. 5. The vice-chairman ofMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines72

11/21/2017

the headquarters, headquarters members and other officials shall be
appointed by the Prime Minister from among officials of designatedadministrative organs, of chief officers or members of designatedlocal administrative organs. 6. A local headquarters for majordisaster control may be established within the headquarters for
major disaster control as an organization to carry out locally within
the area of jurisdiction of the headquarters for major disaster control
part of the duties of the headquarters for major disaster control as
designated by the chairman of the headquarters for major disaster
control. In such cases, the provisions of art. 156 para. 6 of the Local
Governments Act (Act No. 67 of 1947) shall not apply. 7. When a local
headquarters for major disaster control is established under theprovisions of the preceding paragraph, the Prime Minister shallinform the Diet thereof immediately. 8. The provisions of para. 2 ofthe preceding article shall apply to local headquarters for majordisaster control. 9. The local headquarters for major disaster control
shall have a headquarters chairman, headquarters officials, andother staff. 10. The chairman of the local headquarters for majordisaster control shall have responsibility for the business of the local
headquarters for major disaster control under the orders of thechairman of the headquarters for major disaster control. 11. The
chairman, officials, and staff of the local headquarters for major

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines7311/21/2017

disaster control shall be appointed by the chairman of theheadquarters for major disaster control from among the vicechairmen, officials, and other staff of the headquarters for majordisaster control. 15 (Business of the headquarters) Art. 26. The
headquarters for major disaster control shall be responsible for thefollowing matters: (1)relating to the overall coordination of
emergency measures being taken under an appropriate disasterprevention plan within the area of its jurisdiction by the chief officer
of a designated national or local administrative organ, the chief
officer of a local government, or other executive agency, or adesignated national or local public corporation. (2)relating to theimplementation of a plan for urgent measures in time of a majordisaster. (3)relating to business which is assigned under art. 28 tothe authority of the chairman of the headquarters. (4)in addition towhat is listed above, any business that may be assigned to his
authority by law. (Delegation of authority of the chief officer of adesignated administrative organ) Art. 27. The chief officer of adesignated administrative organ may, upon establishment of theheadquarters for major disaster control, delegate his authority for
emergency measures, in whole or in part, to members of thedesignated administrative organ, or the chief officer of a designatedlocal administrative organ or its members, all of whom are

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines7411/21/2017

headquarters members. 2. The chairman of the headquarters is
required to make public any such delegation of authority he has
made, as provided under the preceding paragraph. (Authority of thechairman of the headquarters) Art. 28. The chairman of theheadquarters may exercise overall coordination of the exercise of
authority, delegated under the preceding paragraph, by members of
the headquarters within the area of jurisdiction of the headquarters
for major disaster control. 2. When it is deemed particularly
necessary in the interest of accurate and speedy implementation of
emergency measures within the area of jurisdiction of theheadquarters for major disaster control, the chairman of theheadquarters may give necessary instructions to the chief officer ofan appropriate designated local administrative organ, that of a local
government, or any other executive agency, or a designated nationalor local public corporation. 3. When a local headquarters for majordisaster control is established, the chairman of the headquarters 16
for major disaster control may delegate part of the authority vested
in him in para. 2 above to the chairman of the local headquarters for
major disaster control. 4. The chairman of the local headquarters for
major disaster control shall immediately make it public when he has
been delegated authority under the provisions of the preceding
paragraph. (Establishment of headquarters for emergency disasterMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines75

11/21/2017

control) Art. 28-2.Should a special need be recognized when pursuingemergency disaster response measures in the event of an extremely
unusual or devastating disaster , the Prime Minister may,notwithstanding the provisions of art. 8-3 of the National
Government Organizations Act, establish on an ad hoc basis andwith cabinet approval a headquarters for emergency disaster control
within the Prime Minister's Office. 2. The provisions of art. 24 para.
2 shall apply to the headquarters for emergency disaster control. 3.
Should a headquarters for major disaster control already be inexistence at the time a headquarters for emergency disaster control
is establish under the provisions of para. 1 above, said headquarters
for major disaster control shall be abolished and the headquarters
for emergency disaster control shall succeed to the duties andresponsibilities of said headquarters for major disaster control.
(Organization of the headquarters for emergency disaster control)
Art. 28-3.The chief officer of the headquarters for emergency disaster
control shall be the chairman of the headquarters for emergency
disaster control, and this position shall be filled by the Prime
Minister (or by another minister of state to be designated in advancein the event that the Prime Minister is incapacitated). 2. The
chairman of the headquarters for emergency disaster control shalldirect the affairs of the headquarters and supervise its staff. 3. A

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines7611/21/2017

vice-chairman, headquarters members and other officials shall be
installed in the headquarters for emergency disaster control. 4. The
vice-chairman of the headquarters for emergency disaster control
shall be a minister of state. 5. The vice-chairman of the headquarters
for emergency disaster control shall assist the chairman and perform
duties on behalf of the chairman when hi is incapacitated. 6. The
members of the headquarters for emergency disaster control otherthan the chairman and 17 vice-chairman shall all be appointed by
the Prime Minister from among the ministers of state or the chief
officers of other non-ministerial government agencies. 7. The staff ofthe headquarters for emergency disaster control other than thechairman and the headquarters members shall be appointed by thePrime Minister from among the staff of designated government
agencies and/or the chief officers and staff of designated local
government agencies. 8. A local headquarters for emergency disaster
control within the headquarters for emergency disaster control may,with the approval of the cabinet, be established within theheadquarters for emergency disaster control as an organization tocarry out locally within the area of jurisdiction of the headquarters
for emergency disaster control part of the duties of the headquarters
for emergency disaster control as designated by the chairman of theheadquarters for major disaster control. 9. The provisions of art. 26

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines7711/21/2017

para. 6 second sentence, para. 7 and para. 8 shall apply to the local
headquarters for emergency disaster control. 10. A chairman,
headquarters members and other officials shall be installed in thelocal headquarters for emergency disaster control. 11. The chairmanof the local headquarters for emergency disaster control shall have
responsibility for the business of the local headquarters for
emergency disaster control under the orders of the chairman of theheadquarters for emergency disaster control. 12. The chairman,
officials, and staff of the local headquarters for emergency disaster
control shall be appointed by the chairman of the headquarters for
emergency disaster control from among the vice chairmen, officials,
and other staff of the headquarters for emergency disaster control.
(Business of the headquarters for emergency disaster control) Art.
28-4.The headquarters for emergency disaster control shall be
responsible for the following matters: (1)relating to the overall
coordination of emergency measures being taken under anappropriate disaster prevention plan within the area of its
jurisdiction by the chief officer of a designated national or local
administrative organ, the chief officer of a local government, or otherexecutive agency, or a designated national or local public corporation.
(2)relating to the implementation of a plan for urgent measures intime of a major disaster. 18 (3)relating to business which is assigned

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines7811/21/2017

under art. 28-6 to the authority of the chairman of the headquarters.
(4)in addition to what is listed above, any business that may be
assigned to his authority by law. (Delegation of authority of the chief
officer of a designated administrative organ) Art. 28-5.The chief
officerofadesignatedadministrative

organ

may,

upon

establishment of the headquarters for emergency disaster control,delegate his authority for emergency measures, in whole or in part,to the staff of the headquarters for emergency disaster control who
are members of the designated administrative organ, or the chief
officer of a designated local administrative organ or its staff. 2. The
chairman of the headquarters is required to make public any suchdelegation of authority he has made, as provided under the preceding
paragraph. (Authority of the chairman of the headquarters) Art. 286.The chairman of the headquarters for emergency disaster control
may exercise overall coordination of the exercise of authority,
delegated under the preceding article, by members of theheadquarters within the area of its jurisdiction. 2. When it is deemed
particularly necessary in the interest of accurate and speedy
implementation of emergency measures within the area ofjurisdiction, the chairman of the headquarters for emergency
disaster control may give necessary instructions to the chief officerof an appropriate designated administrative organ, the chief officer

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines7911/21/2017

of an appropriate designated local administrative organ, or, whenauthority has been delegated to him under the provisions of thepreceding article, to the staff of a designated administrative organ,
the staff of designated local administrative organ, the chief officer ofa public corporation or to any other executive agency, or a designatednational or local public corporation. 3. The chairman of theheadquarters for emergency disaster control may delegate all or apart of the authority set forth in para. 2 above to the vice-chairmanof the headquarters for emergency disaster control. 4. Should a local
headquarters for emergency disaster control be established, thechairman of the headquarters for emergency disaster control may
delegate part of the authority set forth under para. 1 and para. 2
above (excluding the authority to issue instructions to he chief ofdesignated administrative organs) to the chairman of the local
headquarters for emergency disaster control. 19 5. The chairman of
the headquarters for emergency disaster control is required to makepublic immediately any such delegation of authority he has made, as
provided under the preceding paragraph. Section 4 Dispatch of
Officials in Time of Disaster (Request for dispatch of officials) Art.
29. The governor of a prefecture, the prefectural committee or its
members (hereinafter referred to as "prefectural governor andothers") may, if necessary for emergency measures of rehabilitation

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efforts, request, as provided by ordinance, from the chief officer of adesignated national or local administrative organ the dispatch of
officials of respective organs. 2. The mayor of a city or town or thehead of a village, or its respective committees, or members of such acommittee (hereinafter referred to as "mayor of a city, town or thehead of a village and others") may, if necessary for emergency
measures or rehabilitation efforts, request, as provided by ordinancefrom the chief officer of a designated local administrative organ the
dispatch of its officials. 3. In making such a request, as provided
under the two preceding paragraphs, the prefectural, city, town orvillage committee or its members are required to consult in advancewith the prefectural governor, or the mayor of the city or town, or thehead of the village. (Intercession for dispatch of officials) Art. 30. The
governor of a prefecture and others, or the mayor of a city or town or
the head of a village and others may, if necessary for emergency
measures or rehabilitation efforts, seek the intercession of the Prime
Minister or the governor of another prefecture for the dispatch of
officials by a designated national or local administrative organ, as
provided by ordinance. 2. The governor of a prefecture and others or
the mayor of a city or town or the head of a village may, if necessaryfor emergency measures or rehabilitation efforts, seek theintercession of the Prime Minister or the governor of another

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines8111/21/2017

prefecture, as appropriate, for the dispatch of officials provided underart. 252 (17) of the Local Governments Act, as provided by ordinance.
3. The provisions of art. 29 para. 3 shall, where and as necessary,
apply to a request provided under the two preceding paragraphs.
(Obligation to dispatch officials) Art. 31. When a request for dispatchof officials or a request for intercession has been made under the 20
two preceding articles, the chief officer of a designated national or
local administrative organ, the governor of a prefecture and othersor the mayor of a city or town or the head of a village shall beobligated to dispatch such officials as are deemed qualified to thedegree that so doing will not seriously hinder the performance of
their respective business. (Status and treatment of dispatchedofficials) Art. 32. The prefecture, or the city, town or village may
provide allowances as provided by ordinance to officials dispatchedunder the preceding article or by other Act in the interest of
emergency measures or rehabilitation efforts. 2. In addition to what
is provided under the preceding paragraph, necessary matters withregard to the status and treatment of officials dispatched from adesignated national or local administrative organ shall be decided byordinance. (Presentation of data on the dispatch of officials etc.) Art.
33. In the interest of efficient dispatch of officials as provided underart. 31, the chief officer of a national or local administrative organ orMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines82

11/21/2017

the governor of a prefecture shall forward to the Prime Minister atregular intervals data indicating the number of officials by profession
who have pertinent skills, knowledge or experience for disasteremergency measures or rehabilitation efforts, and describing thedegree of their skills, knowledge or experience, and shall exchangesuch data. Chapter III Disaster prevention Plan (Formulation andrelease of a basic disaster prevention plan) Art. 34. The Central
Disaster Prevention Council shall formulate a basic disasterprevention plan, which shall be reviewed each year in the light ofresearch findings, conditions of disasters that have occurred, and theeffect of emergency measures taken, and revise it if deemednecessary. 2. When the Central Disaster Prevention Council has
formulated or revised a basic disaster prevention plan as provided
under the preceding paragraph, it shall promptly report it to thePrime

Minister,informthechiefofficersofdesignatedadministrative organs, governors of prefectures, and designatedpublic corporations, and release to the public an outline of the planor revision. Art. 35. A basic disaster prevention plan shall provide forthe following matters: 21 (1)a long-term comprehensive plan fordisaster prevention. (2)matters to be stressed in operational disasterprevention plans and local disaster prevention plans. (3)in addition
to what is listed above, other matters which the Central DisasterMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines8311/21/2017

Prevention Council may deem necessary in setting standards in thedrafting of operational or area disaster prevention plans. 2. Datalisted below shall be attached to the basic disaster prevention plan:(1)the conditions of the land together with the weather situation (2)astatus report in outline of establishments and facilities necessary fordisaster prevention (3)information on personnel engaged in disasterprevention activities (4)availability of supplies necessary for disasterprevention (5)transportation and communication necessary fordisaster prevention (6)in addition to what is listed above, othermatters which the Central Disaster Prevention Council may deem
necessary for disaster prevention. (Operational disaster prevention
plan of a designated administrative organ) Art. 36. The chief officer
of a designated administrative organ shall formulate an operational
disaster prevention plan, based on the basic disaster prevention
plan, pertaining to the business under his jurisdiction, shall review
it every year, and shall revise it when deemed necessary. 2. Whenthe chief officer of a designated administrative organ has formulated
or revised an operational disaster prevention plan as provided under
the preceding paragraph, he shall speedily report it to the Prime
Minister, inform the governor of the appropriate prefecture anddesignated public corporation, and release to the public an outline ofthe plan or revision. 3. The provision of art. 21 shall apply, where

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines8411/21/2017

and as necessary, to the formulation or revision of an operational
disaster prevention plan by the chief officer of a designatedadministrative organ as provided under para. 1. Art. 37. An
operational disaster prevention plan shall provide for the following
matters: 22 (1)measures to be undertaken for disaster prevention
pertaining to the business of a designated administrative organ (2)inaddition to what is listed above, matters which will serve as
standards for the formulation of an area disaster prevention planpertaining to the business concerned. 2. In formulating andimplementing an operational disaster prevention plan, the chief
officer of a designated administrative organ shall coordinate it with
operational plans formulated by the chief officers of other designatedadministrative organs so that all operational plans will be
formulated and implemented as an integrated whole. (Relation toplans under other Acts) Art. 38. The portion bearing on disasterprevention in any plan related to disaster prevention, listed below,
which is prepared by the chief officer of a designated administrative
organ as provided under other Acts, may not be inconsistent with orin conflict with the basic disaster plan or any operational disasterprevention plan: (1)any national development plan provided underart 2 para. 3 of the Comprehensive Land Development Act (Act No.
205, 1950) (2)any national forestry plan provided under art. 4 para.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines8511/21/2017

1 of the Forestry Act (Act No. 249, 1951) (3)any operational plan forprevention of disaster provided under art. 3 para. 1 of the Act on the
Extraordinary Measures for Disaster Prevention and Development
in Special Soil Areas (Act No. 96, 1952) (4)any basic power
development plan provided under art. 3 para. 1 of the Power
Development Promotion Act (Act No. 283, 1952) (5)any plan for rearrangement of forest preserves provided under art. 2 para. 1 of the
Act on the Extraordinary Measures for Re-arranging Forest
Preserves (Act No. 84, 1954) (6)any consolidation plan for the capital
city area under art. 2 para. 2 of the capital City Area Consolidation
Act (Act No. 83, 1956) (7)any basic plan for the construction ofmultiple purpose dams provided under art. 4 para. 1 of the Multiple
purpose Dams Act (Act No. 35, 1957) 23 (8)any five-year disasterprevention plan provided under art. 2 para. 2 of the Act Concerning
Special Measures for Disaster Prevention in Areas Vulnerable to
Typhoon (Act No. 72, 1958) (9)any forest conservation plan and any
flood control plan provided under art. 3 para. 1 of the Act Concerning
Urgent Measures for Forest Conservation and Flood Control (Act No.
21, 1960) (10)any basic plan for areas of heavy snow provided underart. 3 para. 1 of the Act Concerning Special Measures for Areas of
Heavy Snow (Act No. 73, 1962) (11)any Kinki region development
plan under art. 2 para. 2 of the Kinki Region Development Act (ActMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines8611/21/2017

No. 129 of 1963) (12)any Chubu region development plan under art.
2 para. 2 of the Chubu Region Development Act (Act No. 102 of 1966)(13)any plan for removing spilled oil under art. 43-2 para. 1 of the
Act Concerning Prevention of Marine Pollution and Maritime
Disasters (Act No. 136 of 1970) (14)in addition to what is listed above,
any other plan provided by ordinance. (Operational disasterprevention plans of designated public corporations) Art. 39. A
designated public corporation shall formulate an operational disasterprevention plan, based on the basic disaster prevention plan, relating
to the corporation's business, review its operational plan every year,
and revise it when deemed necessary. 2. When a designated public
corporation has formulated or revised an operational disasterprevention plan provided under the preceding paragraph, thecorporation shall report it promptly to the Prime Minister throughthe competent Minister, inform the governors of appropriate
prefectures, and release to the public an outline of its plan orrevision. 3. The provisions of art. 21 shall apply, where and asnecessary, to the formulation or revision of an operational disasterprevention plan by a designated public corporation as provided underparagraph 1. (Prefectural area disaster prevention plan) Art. 40. A
prefectural disaster prevention council shall formulate an area
disaster prevention plan involving the area of the prefecture, based

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines8711/21/2017

on the basic disaster prevention plan, and shall review the area plan
every year, and revise it when deemed necessary. In such cases, theprefectural area disaster 24 prevention plan may not be in conflictwith any appropriate operational disaster prevention plan. 2. A
prefectural area disaster prevention plan shall provide for thematters listed below: (1)general outline of business or operations
relating to disaster prevention involving the area of the prefectureand falling under the purview of a designated local administrative
organ having jurisdiction over the area of the prefecture, in whole orin part, the prefecture, and the cities, towns and villages within thearea of the prefecture, a designated national or local public
corporation,andadministratorsofpublicorganizationsorestablishments within the area of the prefecture concerned. (2)plansby category of operations within the area of the prefecture: creation
or improvement of disaster prevention establishments, investigation
and research, education, drills and other preventive measures,
collection

andtransmissionofinformation,issuanceandtransmission of forecasts and alarms evacuation, fire fighting, flood
prevention, rescue, sanitation, other emergency measures andrehabilitation

efforts.

(3)plansforcoordination,

stockpiling,procurement, distribution, shipment, communication with reference
to labor, establishments, equipment, materials, funds etc. required

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines8811/21/2017

for measures relating to disaster prevention involving the area of theprefecture, as provided under the preceding item. (4)in addition towhat is listed in the preceding items, matters which the prefectural
disaster prevention council may deem necessary for disasterprevention involving the prefectural area. 3. When the prefectural
disaster prevention council wishes to formulate a prefectural area
disaster prevention plan or revise it provided under paragraph 1, thecouncil is required to consult in advance with the Prime Minister,
who in turn shall consult the Central Disaster Prevention Council. 4.
When the prefectural disaster prevention council has formulated orrevised its prefectural area disaster prevention plan provided underparagraph 1, the council is required to release a summary of said
plan or revision. Art. 41. The portion bearing on disaster prevention
in any plan for disaster prevention or related to disaster prevention
may not in any way in conflict with the basic disaster prevention
plan, any appropriate operational disaster prevention plan, or any
prefectural area disaster prevention plan: (1)a prefectural flood
prevention plan provided under art. 7 para. 1 and para. 2 of the Flood
Prevention Act (Act No. 193, 1949) and a flood prevention plan of adesignated control agency provided under art. 25 of said Act. 25(2)plans provided under art. 2 of the Multiple purpose Land
Development Act: any prefectural multiple purpose development

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plan under para. 4, any local multiple purpose development planunder para. 5, and a multiple purpose development plan for special
areas under para. 6. (3)any offshore island development plan
provided under art. 3 para. 1 of the offshore Islands Development Act(Act No. 72. 1953). (4)any basic plan for improvement of
establishments to preserve coastal areas provided under art. 23 para.
1 of the Coastal Area Act (Act No. 101, 1956). (5)any basis
construction plan for prevention of landslides provided under art. 9of the Landslide Prevention Act (Act No. 30, 1958). (6)any evacuation
facilities urgent development plan provided under art. 3 para. 1 of
the Act concerning Development of Evacuation Facilities in Environsof Active Volcano (Act No. 61, 1973), any disaster prevention farming
facilities development plan provided under art. 8 para. 1 of the same
Act, any disaster prevention forestry facilities development plan
provided under art. 8 para. 2 of the same Act, and any disasterprevention fishing facilities development plan provided under art. 8
para. 3 of the same Act. (7)any emergency project for urgent
improvement of earthquake countermeasures provided under art. 2
para. 1 of the Act Concerning the Special Fiscal Measures for the
Project for Urgent Improvement of Earthquake Countermeasures inAreas under Intensified Measures Against Earthquake Disaster(Act. No. 63 of 1980). (8)in addition to those listed above, any plan as

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines9011/21/2017

provided by ordinance. (City, town or village area disaster preventionplan) Art. 42. A city, town or village disaster prevention council (fora city, town or village without a disaster prevention council, themayor of the city or town, or the head of the village; applicable herein
under) shall formulate an area disaster prevention plan involving thearea of the city, town or village, based on the basic disasterprevention plan, and shall review the area plan every year, and shallrevise it when deemed necessary. In so doing, the city, town or village
area disaster prevention plan may not conflict with any appropriate
operational disaster prevention plan or any prefectural area disasterprevention plan of the prefecture comprising said city, town orvillage. 2. A city, town or village area disaster prevention plan shallprovide for the matters listed below: 26 (1)general outline of businessor operations relating to disaster prevention involving the area of thecity, town or village and falling under the purview of the city, town
or village concerned and of the administrators of public organizations
or important establishments for disaster prevention within the area.
(2)plans by category of operations within the area of the city, town orvillage:creationor

improvementofdisasterprevention

establishments, investigation and research, education, drills andotherpreventive

measures,collection

andtransmissionofinformation, issuance and transmission of forecasts and alarms,

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines9111/21/2017

evacuation, fire fighting, flood prevention, rescue, sanitation andother emergency measures and rehabilitation efforts. (3)plans for
coordination, stockpiling, procurement, distribution, shipment,
communication with reference to labor, establishments, equipment,materials, funds etc. required for measures relating to disasterprevention involving the area of the city, town or village, as provided
under the preceding item. (4)in addition to what is listed in thepreceding items, matters which the city, town village disasterprevention council may deem necessary for disaster prevention
involving the area of the city, town or village. 3. When the city, town
or village disaster prevention council intends to formulate or revise
its area disaster prevention plan provided under paragraph 1, thecouncil is required to consult in advance with the governor of theprefecture, who shall in turn consult with the prefectural disasterprevention council. 4. When the city, town or village disasterprevention council has formulated or revised its area disasterprevention plan provided under paragraph 1, the council is required
to release a summary of said plan or revision. 5. The provisions ofart. 21 shall apply, where and as necessary, to the formulation orrevision of a city, town or village disaster prevention plan by themayor of the city or town or the head of the village, as provided underparagraph one. (Prefectural disaster prevention plan for a

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines9211/21/2017

designated area) Art. 43. The joint committee of prefectural disasterprevention councils shall formulate a prefectural plan for adesignated area and review the plan annually, and revise it when
deemed necessary. In this case, the prefectural plan for thedesignated area may not conflict with any operational disasterprevention plan. 27 2. Matters to be provided for in the prefecturalplan for a designated area shall be such as the Central Disaster
Prevention Council shall be designated from among the matterslisted in the items under art. 40 para. 2. 3. The provisions of art. 40
para. 3 shall be applied, where and as necessary, to the formulation
and revision of the prefectural disaster prevention plan for adesignated area by a joint committee of prefectural disasterprevention councils. 4. When the joint committee of prefectural
disaster prevention councils has formulated a prefectural disasterprevention plan, the joint committee is required to make public asummary of the plan or revision. (City, town or village disasterprevention plan for a designated area) Art. 44. The joint committeeof city, town or village disaster prevention councils shall formulate acity, town or village disaster prevention plan for a designated area,
review the plan annually, and revise it when deemed necessary. In
this case, the plan may not conflict with any operational disasterprevention plan or any prefectural area disaster prevention plan ofMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines9311/21/2017

the prefecture which comprises said city, town or village. 2. Mattersto be provided for in the city, town or village disaster prevention plan
for a designated area shall be designated by the prefectural disasterprevention council from among the matters listed in the items underart. 42, para. 2. 3. The provisions of art. 42 para. 3 shall be applied,
where and as necessary, to the formulation or revision of a disasterprevention plan for a designated area of a city, town or village by thejoint committee of city, town or village disaster prevention councils.
4. When the joint committee of city, town or village disasterprevention councils has formulated or revised its disaster prevention
plan for the designated area, as provided under the preceding
paragraph, the committee is required to release a summary of said
plan or revision. (Request, etc. in implementing designated area
disaster prevention plans) Art. 45. When deemed necessary in theinterest of accurate and effective implementation of a designatedarea disaster prevention plan, the chairman of a local disasterprevention council or the representative of a joint committee of local
disaster prevention councils may make necessary requests orrecommendations or provide instructions with regard to any
business or operations within the scope 28 of the plan and underpurview of the parties listed below: in the case of the prefectural
disaster prevention council or the joint committee of prefectural

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines9411/21/2017

councils, to the chief officer of a designated local administrative
organ in charge of the area of that prefecture, in whole or in part, theprefecture, the mayor of a city, town, or the head of a village in that
prefecture, any other executive agency, designated local public
corporations,anypublicorganization,

administratorsofestablishments important in disaster prevention, and other parties
concerned within the area; in the case of a city, town or village
disaster prevention council or a joint committee of city, town orvillage disaster prevention councils, to the mayor of a city or town or
the head of a village, any other executive agency, publicorganizations, administrators of establishments important indisaster prevention, or other parties concerned within the area. 2.
The chairman of a local disaster prevention council or the
representative of a joint committee of local disaster prevention
councils may ask for a report or data on the implementation of anarea disaster prevention plan: in the case of the prefectural disasterprevention council or its joint committee, from the chief officer of adesignated local administrative organ in charge of the area of theprefecture, in whole or in part, the mayor of a city or town, or thehead of a village and any other executive agency, designated local
publiccorporations,publicorganizations,administratorsofestablishments important in disaster prevention, or other parties

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines9511/21/2017

concerned within the area; in the case of the city, town or village
disaster prevention council or its joint committee, from the mayor of
the city or town, or the head of the village, any other executive
agency, public organizations, administrators of establishments
important in disaster prevention, or other parties concerned within
the area. Chapter IV Prevention of Disasters (Prevention of disasters
and responsibility for its implementation) Art. 46. Prevention ofdisasters shall be performed for the purpose of preventing any
disaster ahead of time in matters listed below: (1)keeping in goodcondition of organizations concerned with disaster prevention(2)drills for disaster prevention (3)stockpiling, replenishing andinspection of materials and supplies for disaster prevention(4)maintenance and inspection of establishments and equipment fordisaster prevention (5)in addition to the matters listed in thepreceding items, other matters concerning improvement of 29 suchconditions as will hinder the implementation of emergency measuresin time of a disaster. 2. Chief officers of designated national or local
administrative organs, local governments, any other executive
agency, designated national or local public corporations, and anyother parties responsible by law for the implementation of disasterprevention are required, by law or under a disaster prevention plan,
to carry out disaster prevention. (Responsibility for maintaining

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines9611/21/2017

organizations for disaster prevention) Art. 47. The chief officer of adesignated national or local administrative organ, any otherexecutive agency, a designated national or local public corporation,and the administrator of an establishment important for disasterprevention (hereinafter referred to as "Those responsible for disasterprevention"), acting by law or under an appropriate disasterprevention

plan,

withinthepurviewof

theirrespective

responsibilities, shall strive to keep in good condition and improving
organizations necessary for anticipating, forecasting or speedilytransmitting information on disaster. 2. In addition to what isprovided for under the preceding paragraph, those responsible fordisaster prevention, acting by law or under an appropriate disasterprevention plan, in the interest of accurate and effective
implementation of the disaster prevention plan, shall keep in goodcondition and improving organizations related to disaster prevention
and set standards for the assignment of officials and for the
performance of their duties for disaster prevention. (Responsibility
for disaster prevention drills) Art. 48. Those responsible for disasterprevention shall, as prescribed by law or an appropriate disasterprevention plan, perform disaster prevention drills, severally or inconcert with others responsible for disaster prevention. 2. The
prefectural public safety commission shall, when deemed to be

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines9711/21/2017

particularly necessary to effectively implementing the disasterprevention drills set forth in the preceding paragraph, designate
districts or sections of road for which pedestrian and/or vehicularpassage is banned or restricted provided this is done in accordancewith all applicable government ordinances and only to the extent
that is necessary for implementing the disaster prevention drill. 3.
The officials and other personnel of organizations to which those
responsible for disaster prevention belong, and employees of those
responsible for disaster prevention and other personnel are required
to participate in disaster prevention drills set forth in para. 1 asprovided under an appropriate disaster prevention plan and as
determined by those responsible for disaster prevention. 30 4. When
those responsible for disaster prevention wish to carry out disasterprevention drill as set forth in para. 1, they may seek the cooperationof the local residents and other organizations concerned, private or
public. (Responsibility for stockpiling materials and supplies
necessary for disaster prevention) Art. 49. Those responsible fordisaster prevention are required, by law or under an appropriate
disaster prevention plan, to stockpile materials and supplies
necessary for emergency measures or rehabilitation work related todisaster prevention within the scope of their respective business,
replenish such materials and supplies with proper inspection, andMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines9811/21/2017

keep in good order establishments and equipment for disasterprevention under their control. Chapter V Disaster Emergency
Measures Section 1 General Rules (Emergency measures andresponsibility for their implementation) Art. 50. Emergency
measures for disaster shall be taken with respect to the matterslisted below for the purpose of anticipating a disaster when there isdanger of occurrence, or of conducting emergency rescue work whena disaster has occurred so as to prevent the spread of the disaster:(1)matters related to the issuance and transmission of alarm,
recommendations or orders for evacuation. (2)matters related toemergency measures, such as fire fighting, flood prevention.
(3)matters related to rescue, relief and protection of disaster victims.
(4)matters related to emergency instruction of children and school
children affected by disaster. (5)matters related to temporary
restoration of establishments and equipment. (6)matters related tocleanup, epidemic control, public health and sanitation. (7)mattersrelated to crime prevention, traffic control, and the preservation ofsocial order. (8)matters related to emergency transport. 31 (9)any
additional matters related to measures for prevention of disaster orfor the spread of disaster. 2. The chief officer of a designated nationalor local administrative organ, that of a local government, any otherexecutive agency, a designated national or local public corporation,

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines9911/21/2017

or any other parties responsible, by law, for implementing emergency
measures for disaster are required to carry out such measures, asprescribed by law or under an appropriate disaster prevention plan.
(Information gathering and transmission) Art. 51. The chief officer ofa designated national or local administrative organ, that of a local
government, any other executive agency, a designated national or
local public corporation, any public organization, and administratorsof establishments important for disaster prevention (hereinafterreferred to as "those responsible for disaster emergency measures")are required to strive for information gathering and transmission
related to disaster, as prescribed by law or under an appropriate
disaster prevention plan. (Signals) Art. 52. The kind, nature, patternor method of signal employed in the issuance and transmission of analarm, warning, recommendations or orders for evacuation, shall be
determined by the Office of the Prime Minister except where
specified by other Act. 2. No person shall be permitted to employ asignals provided under the preceding paragraph or similar signals
for other than legitimate purposes. (Report on conditions of disaster)Art. 53. When a disaster has occurred in the area of a city, town or avillage, the mayor of the city or town or the head of the village shall,as provided by ordinance, report promptly to the governor of theprefecture (or to the Prime Minister when it is not possible to report

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines100

11/21/2017

to the governor of the prefecture) on conditions of disaster andprovide an outline of the measures taken. 2. When a disaster has
occurred in the area of a prefecture, the governor of the prefecture
shall, as provided by ordinance, report to the Prime Minister on
conditions of disaster and provide an outline of the measures taken.
3. The representative of a designated public corporation shall, whena disaster has occurred pertaining to its business, report, as provided
by ordinance, promptly to the Prime Minister on conditions ofdisaster and provide an outline of the measures taken. 32 4. The chief
officer of a designated administrative organ shall, when a disasterhas occurred pertaining to its business, report, as provided byordinance, promptly to the Prime Minister on conditions of disasterand provide an outline of the measures taken. 5. When the disasterto be reported on under the provisions of paragraphs 1-4 above isdeemed a major disaster, the mayor of the city or town, head of thevillage, representative of the designated public corporation, or chief
officer of the designated administrative organ shall be particularly
vigilant in gathering information needed to gauge the scale of thedisaster. 6. When he has received reports under the provisions ofparagraphs 1-4 above, the Prime Minister shall notify the Central
Disaster Prevention Council of the matters in said report. Section 2
Transmission of Alarms, etc. (Discoverer's responsibility to report)

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Art. 54. Any person having detected an unusual event which maylead to a disaster shall notify without delay the mayor of the city or
town or the head of the village, the police or maritime safety officials.
2. Every person is required to cooperate so that the notification under
the preceding paragraph may reach appropriate authorities as
rapidly as possible. 3. The police or maritime safety officials shall,
upon receipt of the notification under para. 1, promptly forward it to
the mayor of the city or town or the head of the village. 4. The mayorof the city or town or the head of the village shall, upon receipt of thenotification under para. 1 or 3, forward it to the Meteorological
Agency or other appropriate agencies, under an appropriate area
disaster plan. (Prefectural governor's notification, etc. ) Art. 55.
When the governor of a prefecture has received from theMeteorological Agency or any other agency of the State a forecast or
an alarm of a disaster as provided by law, or when he has issued an
alarm pertaining to a disaster, he shall, by law or under anappropriate area disaster prevention plan, make necessarycommunications or requests to the chief officers of designated local
administrative organs, designated local public corporations, themayor of the city or town, or the head of the village concerned, andother parties concerned in regard to the impending disaster andmeasures being considered. 33 (Mayor's transmission of alarm andMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines10211/21/2017

warning, etc. ) Art. 56. When the mayor of a city or town or the headof a village has received a forecast or an alarm of a disaster as
provided by law, or when he has learned of a forecast or an alarm ofdisaster on his own, or when he has by law himself issued an alarmon his own, or when he has received notification under art. 55, he isrequired, under an appropriate area disaster prevention plan, totransmit said forecast, alarm or matters pertaining to thenotification to appropriate agencies, the local residents, and anyother public or private organization concerned. In so doing he may,when deemed necessary, also make pertinent communication or
warning with respect to the impending disaster and the measures
being considered to deal with it. (Priority use of communication
facilities, etc. ) Art. 57. In cases where notification, request,transmission or alarm under the two preceding articles requires
urgency when there is a specific need, the governor of a prefecture,
the mayor of a city or town, or the head of a village may, by ordinanceunless otherwise provided by law, request broadcast thereof on apriority basis from the electrical communications businesses set
forth in art. 2 para. 5 of the Electric Communications Act (Act No. 86
of 1984) over electrical communications facilities used by them forbusiness purposes, and/or may request broadcast thereof using thecable electrical communications facilities or radio facilities installed

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines10311/21/2017

by parties listed in art. 3 para. 4 (3) of the Cable ElectricCommunications Act (Act No. 96 of 1953), or broadcast by thebroadcasters set forth in art. 2 para. 3-2 of the Broadcasting Act (Act.
no. 132 of 1950). In the last case, "broadcasters" excludes "consigned
broadcasters" as defined in art. 3-4 of the Broadcasting Act; should
broadcast be requested of broadcasters, they may also be requested
to cause "consigned broadcasters" as defined in art. 3-5 of the
Broadcasting Act to make said broadcast on consignment. Section 3
Precautionary Steps and Evacuation (Mayor's orders for action, etc. )Art. 58. When a disaster is believed imminent, the mayor of a city or
town, or the head of a village shall, by law or under an appropriate
area disaster prevention plan, order a fire fighting unit or a flood
prevention unit to prepare for action or to act, or ask those
responsibleforemergency

measuresfordisastertomakepreparations for taking such measures as alerting or mobilizing
police or maritime safety officials. (Mayor's precautionary steps, etc. )Art. 59. When a disaster is believed imminent or when a disaster has
occurred, the mayor of a city or 34 town, or the head of a village mayorder the occupant, owner, or administrator of an establishment ormaterials which would be likely to spread the disaster to remove forsafekeeping

or

any

other

necessarydisposition

the

said

establishment or materials to the extent it is necessary to prevent

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines10411/21/2017

the spread of the disaster. 2. The chief of a local police station, or thechief of a maritime safety regional headquarters as provided byordinance (hereinafter to as "chief of a police station and others")
may, at the request of the mayor of the city or town, or the head of
the village, issue orders provided under the preceding paragraph.
When such orders have been issued, the chief of a police station andothers shall immediately notify the mayor of the city or town or thehead of the village. (Mayor's orders for evacuation) Art. 60. In theinterest of protecting life and limb from disaster or of preventing the
spread of a disaster when it has occurred or is believed imminent,
the mayor of the city or town or the head of the village may, when
deemed necessary, make recommendations to the local residents,
temporary residents and others of an area concerned to evacuate, ormay, when deemed urgent, give instructions to these persons toevacuate for safety. 2. When the mayor of a city or town or the headof a village makes recommendations or give instructions forevacuation under the provisions of the preceding paragraph, he may,
if deemed necessary, specify a point to which evacuees will proceed.
3. When the mayor of a city or town, or the head of a village hasrecommended or instructed evacuation for safety under theparagraph 1, or when he has specified the point to which theevacuees will proceed, he shall report promptly to the governor of the

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines10511/21/2017

prefecture. 4. When there is no longer the need for evacuation, themayor of the city or town or the head of the village shall immediately
make public the fact. The provisions of the preceding paragraph shallapply to this case, where and as necessary. 5. When a disaster occurs
in the territory of the prefecture and a city, town, or village is unable
to perform all or the majority of its duties because of the disaster, thegovernor of the prefecture shall implement on behalf of the mayor of
the city or town or head of the village all or a part of the measures tobe implemented by the mayor of the city or town or head of the village
in accordance with the provisions of para. 1, para. 2, and para. 4
above. 6. The governor of the prefecture must make it public when
he begins and ceases to perform the duties of the mayor of the city or
town or head of the village under the provisions of the preceding
paragraph. 35 7. Necessary matters related to the performance by
the governor of the prefecture of duties on behalf of the mayor of thecity or town or head of the village under the provisions of para. 5
above shall be set forth in government ordinance. (Orders forevacuation by police and others) Art. 61. In cases provided for under
the first paragraph of the preceding article, when the mayor of thecity or town or the head of the village is found unable to orderevacuation for safety under said paragraph, or when there has beena request from the mayor or the head, the police or maritime safety

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines10611/21/2017

officials may order the evacuation for the safety of the residents,
temporary residents or other persons in an area for which evacuation
is deemed necessary. The provisions of para. 2 of the preceding article
applies to this case, where and as necessary. 2. When the police ormaritime safety officials have ordered evacuation for safety under
the provisions of the preceding paragraph, they shall report this fact
immediately to the mayor of the city or town or the head of thevillage. 3. The provisions of paras. 3 and 4 of the preceding article
shall apply to the mayor of a city or town or the head of the village
who has received a report under the preceding paragraph, where andas necessary. Section 4 Emergency Measures (Emergency measuresat the city, town or village level) Art. 62. When a disaster has
occurred or is imminent in the area of a city or town or a village, themayor of the city or town or the head of the village shall, by law or
under an appropriate area disaster prevention plan, promptly
implement necessary emergency measures to prevent disaster or the
spread of a disaster (hereinafter referred to as "emergency
measures") such as fire fighting, flood prevention, rescue, etc. 2.
When a disaster has occurred or is imminent in the area of a city or
town or village, the committee of said city, town or village or its
members, any public organization in that area, administrators ofsuch establishments as are important for disaster prevention, andMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines10711/21/2017

other parties responsible for the implementation of emergency
measures shall, under an appropriate area disaster prevention plan,
implement emergency measures as pertains to their respective
business or operations under the direction of the mayor of the city or
town or the head of the village, and also shall cooperate in theimplementation of such emergency measures as the city, town orvillage may undertake. 36 (Right to establish a restricted area in acity, town or village) Art. 63. When a disaster has occurred or isimminent, the mayor of the city or town, or the head of the village
may, when deemed necessary to prevent danger to life or limb,
establish a restricted area to which access shall be restricted or
prohibited to any persons other than those engaged in emergency
measures, or may order any persons other than those so engaged toleave the area. 2. In cases described in the preceding paragraph, if
the mayor of the city or town or the head of the village, or officials
performing duties provided under that paragraph on his behalf are
not on the scene, or if they request, police or maritime safety officials
may perform the duties on their behalf. When such duties have been
performed on behalf of the mayor of the city or town or the head of
the village, the police or maritime safety officials shall immediately
report their action to the mayor or the head of the village. 3. The
provisions of para. 1 above shall apply to the carrying out of the

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines10811/21/2017

duties of self-defense force troops set forth in art. 83 para. 2 of the
Self Defense Force Act (Act No. 165 of 1954) when said troops aredispatched in accordance with art. 8 of said Act provided that neither
the mayor of the city or town or head of the village nor anyone able
to exercise the authority of the mayor of the city or town or head of
the village as set forth in para. 1 above is present. Should self defense
officers take measures under the provisions of para. 1 above, theyshall immediately inform the mayor of the city or town or head of thevillage thereof. (Requisitioning for emergency official use) Art. 64.
When a disaster has occurred involving the area of a city or town orvillage, or is imminent, the mayor of the city or town or the head of
the village may, if deemed urgently necessary in the interest of
implementing emergency measures, employ for temporary use any
plot, building or any other structure belonging to any person within
the area, use or requisition materials such as earth, stone, bamboo,
lumber, etc. as provided by ordinance. 2. When a disaster has
occurred involving the area of a city, town or village, or is imminent,
the mayor of the city or town or the head of the village may, if deemedurgently necessary in the interest of implementing emergency
measures, remove or otherwise dispose of any structure or materials
on the scene affected by the disaster and which may hinder the
execution of emergency measures (hereinafter referred to as

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines10911/21/2017"structures, etc."). In this case, when structures etc. have been
removed, the mayor of the head of the village concerned is required
to keep them under his custody. 3. When the mayor of the city or
town or the head of the village has taken into custody structures etc.
under the preceding paragraph, he shall by ordinance make publicmatters concerning the return of said 37 structures etc. to theoccupant, owner or any persons having title to them (hereinafterreferred to as "occupants and others"). 4. When there is the dangerof structures etc. which have been placed into custody under para. 2
being destroyed, lost or damaged, or when their custody would incur
undue cost or effort, the mayor of the city or town or the head of thevillage may by ordinance sell such structures etc. and hold the sales
proceeds. 5. Costs of custody of structures etc., their sale, making
public notices in connection with them, etc. under para. 3, shall becharged against the occupants and others, and as regards thecollection of such expenses, arts. 5 and 6 of the Act Concerning
Execution by Proxy of Administrative Matters (Act No. 43, 1948)
shall apply, where and as necessary. 6. When the mayor of the cityor town or the head of the village finds that he is unable to return
structures etc. which have been held in custody under para. 2(including sales proceeds under para. 4; to be applicable herein
under) the ownership of said structures etc. shall, at the end of six

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines11011/21/2017

months from the date of public notice provided under para. 3, revert
to the city, town or village concerned. 7. The provisions of art. 63
para. 2 shall, where and as necessary, apply to cases under art. 63
para. 1 and the first half of para. 2. 8. The provisions of para. 1 andthe first part of para. 2 above shall apply to the carrying out of theduties of self-defense force troops dispatched for disaster relief
provided that neither the mayor of the city or town or head of thevillage nor anyone able to exercise the authority of the mayor of thecity or town or head of the village as set forth in para. 1 and the firstpart of para. 2 above is present. Should self defense officers
dispatched for disaster relief take measures under the provisions ofpara. 1 and the first part of para. 2 above, they shall immediately
inform the mayor of the city or town or head of the village thereof. 9.
When structures etc. have been removed under the provisions ofpara. 2 of the preceding article as applied to para. 7 above or thepreceding paragraph, the police or maritime safety officials or theself defense troops dispatched for disaster relief shall present said
structures etc. to the chief of the police station and others having
jurisdiction over the original location of said structures etc. or to thechief officer of the troops as set forth in art. 8 of the Self Defense
Force Act and designated by the Prime Minister ("self defense troop
chief officer" for the remainder of this article) and the chief of police

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11/21/2017

or self defense troop chief officer in turn are required to keep them incustody. 10. As regards the custody of structures etc. by the chief ofpolice or self defense troop chief officer under the preceding
paragraph, the provisions of paras. 3 through 6 shall also apply.
However, if 38 structures etc. cannot be returned at the end of six
months from the date of public notice under para. 3, their ownershipshall revert to the prefecture to which the police station belongs if
said structures etc. are under police custody, and to the national
government if they are under the custody of the maritime safety
regional headquarters or the self defense troop chief officer. Art. 65.
When a disaster involving the area of a city, town or village has
occurred or is imminent, the mayor of the city or town or the head of
the village may, when deemed urgently necessary to carry out
emergency measures, cause any local residents or any persons who
are on the scene to engage in operations under such emergency
measures. 2. The provisions of art. 63 para. 2 shall, where and asnecessary, apply to the preceding paragraph. 3. The provisions ofpara. 1 above shall apply to the carrying out of the duties of selfdefense force troops dispatched for disaster relief provided thatneither the mayor of the city or town or head of the village nor anyone
able to exercise the authority of the mayor of the city or town or headof the village as set forth in para. 1 above is present. Should self

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines11211/21/2017

defense officers dispatched for disaster relief take measures under
the provisions of para. 1, they shall immediately inform the mayor of
the city or town or head of the village thereof. (Special cases ofdisposition for flotsam in time of a disaster) Art. 66. When flotsam orsubmerged goods as provided under art. 29 para. 1 of the Sea
Casualties Rescue Act (Act No. 95, 1899) have been removed, thechief of the police station and others may keep such objects incustody, the provisions of said paragraph notwithstanding. 2. The
provisions of chapter II of the Sea Casualties Rescue Act shall, where
and as necessary, apply to cases in which the chief of the police andothers have taken into custody flotsam or submerged goods under
the preceding paragraph. (Request for support from other cities,
towns or villages) Art. 67. When a disaster has occurred involving
the area of a city, town or village, the mayor of the city or town or thehead of the village may, if deemed necessary in implementing
emergency measures, seek support from the mayors of other cities or
towns of the heads of other villages. In such cases, the mayor of thecity or town or the head of the village so requested may not refuse
support except for legitimate reasons. 2. Those who render suchsupport under the preceding paragraph shall be under the directionof the mayor of the city or town or the head of the village and others
who have requested support so far as the 39 implementation of

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines11311/21/2017

emergency measures is concerned. (Request for support etc. fromprefectural governors and others) Art. 68. When a disaster has
occurred involving the area of a city, town or village, the mayor of thecity or town or the head of the village may, if deemed necessary in
implementing

emergency

measures,requestsupportor

implementation of emergency measures from the governor of theprefecture. 2. The provisions of the latter part of para. 1 of art. 67
shall apply, where and as necessary, in cases under the preceding
paragraph. (Request to call up self defense force troops for disaster
relief) Art. 68-2.The mayor of the city or town or head of the village
may, when a disaster occurs or threatens to occur in the territory of
the city, town, or village and it is deemed necessary to implement
emergency measures, request the governor of the prefecture to issue
a call as set forth in art. 83 para. 1 of the Self Defense Force Act("call" or "call up" in the next paragraph). 2. When unable to issue
the request set forth in the preceding paragraph, the mayor of thecity or town or head of the village may inform the director-general of
the Defense Agency or a person to be designated by him of his
inability to issue the request and the disaster conditions in the
territory of the city, town or village. In such cases, the directorgeneral of the Defense Agency or the person designated by him,
having been informed as described above and in light of the

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11/21/2017

information received, deeming there to be particular urgency and notime to wait for a call-up, may dispatch the troops set forth in art. 8of the Self Defense Force Act for the protection of life and property
without waiting for a call. 3. When he has made the notifications
described in the preceding paragraph, the mayor of the city or townor head of the village shall inform the governor of the prefecture
thereof with all due haste. (Special cases of procedure for delegationof business in time of a disaster) Art. 69. When a disaster has
occurred involving the area of a city, town or village, the mayor of thecity or town or the head of the village may, if deemed necessary in
implementing emergency measures, delegate by ordinance its
business or part of the business under the purview of the mayor of
the city or town or the head of the village to another local governmentand cause the chief officer of said local government or any otherexecutive agency to carry it out, the provisions of art. 252 para. 14
and art. 252 para. 15 of the Local Autonomy Act notwithstanding. 40(Emergency measures at the prefectural level) Art. 70. When adisaster has occurred involving the area of a prefecture or appears
imminent, the governor of the prefecture shall, by law or under anappropriate area disaster prevention plan, implement promptly such
emergency measures as fall under his purview. In such cases, thegovernor of the prefecture is also required to see that emergency

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines11511/21/2017

measures at the level of cities, towns and villages within the area arecarried out correctly and effectively. 2. When a disaster has occurred
involving the area of a prefecture or appears imminent, thecommittee of the prefecture or its members shall, by law or under anappropriate area disaster prevention plan, implement such
emergency measures as pertain to its business under the direction of
the governor. 3. When it is deemed necessary in the interest of
implementing emergency measures under para. 1 or of ensuring acorrect and effective implementation of emergency measures at thecity, town or village level within the area, the governor of theprefecture may request the implementation of emergency measuresby the chief officer of a designated national or local administrative
organ, or by any other executive agency of said prefecture, or by adesignated national or local public corporation. (Governor's orders towork in emergency measures) Art. 71. When a disaster has occurred
involving the area of a prefecture, the governor of the prefecture may,
if deemed necessary in implementing emergency measures underart. 50 para. 1 (4) through (9), invoke the provisions of arts. 24
through 27 of the Disaster Relief Act (Act No. 118, 1947) and issueorders for work, cooperation or custody, so that he may administer,
employ or requisition any establishment, land, house or materials, orcause his officials to enter and inspect any establishment, land,

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines11611/21/2017

house of materials, or any place where such materials are held incustody, or to ask for a report from individuals who have been
assigned the custody of such materials. 2. Part of the authority of thegovernor of a prefecture under the preceding paragraph may byordinance be delegated to the mayor of the city or town or the headof the village concerned. (Governor's orders) Art. 72. When it isdeemed specifically necessary in the interest of implementing
correctly and effectively emergency measures at the city, town orvillage level in a prefecture, the governor of the prefecture may givenecessary orders with respect to the implementation of emergency
measures or with respect to support for mayors of other cities or
towns or heads of other villages. 2. Those who engage in support
under orders from the governor under the preceding paragraph shall
41 act under the direction of the mayor of the city or town or the headof a village receiving support insofar as the implementation of
emergency measures is concerned. (Execution of emergency
measures on behalf of a prefectural governor) Art. 73. In time of adisaster involving the area of a prefecture, when the city or town orvillage finds that it is unable to conduct its business or the bulk of it
as a result of the disaster, the governor of the prefecture shall act on
its behalf to implement, in whole or in part, such emergency
measures as the mayor of the city or town or the head of the village

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines11711/21/2017

shall carry out under art. 63 para. 1, art. 64 paras. 1 and 2, and art.
65 para. 1. 2. When the governor of a prefecture has begun orcompleted the conduct of business on behalf of the mayor of a city, or
town or the head of a village under the provisions of the preceding
paragraph, he shall make public this action. 3. Other necessary
matters for the governor of a prefecture in acting on behalf of themayor of a city or town or the head of a village under para. 1 shall be
provided by ordinance. (Request for support from another prefectural
governor) Art. 74. When the governor of a prefecture deems it
necessary in time of a disaster involving the area of the prefecture,
he may seek support from other prefectural governors, who in turnmay not refuse support except for legitimate reasons. 2. Thoseengaged in support under the preceding paragraph shall act under
the direction of the prefectural governor who has requested support,
insofar as the implementation of emergency measures is concerned.
As regards the police, they shall perform duties of the public safetycommission of said prefecture under that commission's direction.
(Special cases of delegation of business in time of a disaster) Art. 75.
When it is deemed necessary in implementing emergency measuresin time of a disaster involving the area of a prefecture, the governorof said prefecture may by ordinance delegate the business, or part ofthe business, under his purview to another prefectural governor so

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11/21/2017

as to cause the latter to direct and execute said business, theprovisions of art. 252-14 and art. 252-15 of the Local Government
Law notwithstanding. 42 (Traffic restrictions in time of disaster) Art.
76 When deemed urgently necessary by the prefectural public safetycommission for accurate and smooth emergency disaster response
measures because of a disaster that has occurred or is likely to occur
within the prefecture or adjoining or nearby prefectures, the public
safety commission may, by ordinance, designate sections of road
(districts and sections of roads in the locale where the disaster has
occurred or is likely to occur, and in nearby areas) as banned from or
restricted to vehicular traffic other than emergency vehicles("emergency automobiles" as defined in art. 39 para.1 of the Road
Traffic Act [Act No. 105 of 1960] or other vehicles for which there isa particular need to assure passage in order for emergency disaster
response measures to be implemented in an accurate and smoothmanner and which are designated by government ordinance, and soin the next article and art. 76-3 as well). 2. In the event that vehiculartraffic is banned or restricted as set forth in the preceding paragraph("traffic ban(s)" for the remainder of this article, para. 1 and para. 2of the next article, and art. 76-4), the prefectural public safetycommission issuing the traffic ban and prefectural public safetycommissions with jurisdictions adjoining or nearby the prefectural

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines11911/21/2017

public safety commission that issued the traffic ban shallimmediately take measures to inform parties within the territory of
their prefectures of the areas and roadways for which the traffic ban
is in effect ("traffic ban zone(s)" in the next paragraph and in art. 763) and any other necessary information. Art. 76-2.When a traffic ban
is in effect for a section of road, the drivers of vehicles subject to thetraffic ban in that section of road shall quickly move said vehicles toa place outside of said section of road. In such cases, if it is difficult
to quickly move said vehicles to places outside said section of road,drivers shall wherever possible park their vehicles along the lefthand side of the road or in some other such manner so as not to be
an impediment to the passage of emergency vehicles. 2. When atraffic ban is in effect for an area, the drivers of vehicles subject tothe traffic ban in that area shall quickly move said vehicles to a placeoutside of said area. In such cases, if it is difficult to quickly movesaid vehicles to places outside said area, drivers shall wherever
possible park their vehicles along the left-hand side of the road or insome other such manner so as not to be an impediment to the passageof emergency vehicles. 3. The provisions of chap. 3 sec. 9, and art. 75
para. 8 of the Road Traffic Act shall not apply for parking under theprovisions of para. 2 above. 4. Notwithstanding the provisions ofpara. 1 and para. 2 above, should the driver of a vehicle in a traffic

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11/21/2017

ban zone receive instructions from a police officer, the driver shallmove or park his car as instructed. 43 5. The bans and restrictions
on vehicular traffic set forth in para. 1 of the preceding article shallnot apply when moving or parking vehicles in accordance with theprovisions of para. 1, para. 2, or para. 4 above. Art. 76-3.Police
officers may, when they deem it probable that vehicles or otherproperty in traffic ban zones will impede the passage of emergency
vehicles and thereby substantially hinder the implementation of
emergency disaster response measures, order the occupant, owner,
or manager of said vehicle or other property to move said vehicle orother property to a nearby place off of the road or to take othermeasures so as to ensure the smooth passage of emergency vehicles
in the traffic ban zone. 2. In cases such as described in the preceding
paragraph in which the party ordered to take the measures describedin the preceding paragraph does not take said measures or the party
to whom such an order would be issued is not present and cannot beordered to take said measures, the police officer may take saidmeasures himself. In such cases, the police office may, to the extent
that is unavoidable in taking said measures, damage the vehicle orother property for which said measures are taken. 3. The provisionsof para. 2 above shall apply to the execution of civil defense force
duties by troops etc. dispatched for disaster relief provided that there

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines12111/21/2017

is no police officer present. In such cases, the words "passage of selfdefense force emergency vehicles (refers to emergency vehicles usedby the self defense forces and being operated in order to implement
emergency disaster response measures, and so throughout thisparagraph)" shall be substituted for "passage of emergency vehicles,"and the words "smooth passage of self defense force emergency
vehicles" for "smooth passage of emergency vehicles" in para. 1
above. 4. The provisions of para. 1 and para. 2 shall apply to the
execution of the duties of fire department personnel provided that
there is no police office present. In such cases, the words "passage offire department emergency vehicles (refers to emergency vehicles
used by fire-fighting agencies and being operated in order toimplement

emergency

disaster

response

measures,andsothroughout this paragraph)" shall be substituted for "passage of
emergency vehicles," and the words "smooth passage of fire
department emergency vehicles" for "smooth passage of emergency
vehicles" in para. 1 above. 5. The bans and restrictions on vehiculartraffic set forth in art. 76 para. 1 and the provisions of para. 1, para.
2, and para. 4 of the preceding article shall not apply when taking
measures ordered under the provisions of para. 1 above (including
such cases as these provisions are applied in the previous twoparagraphs) or when taking measures under the provisions of para.

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines12211/21/2017

2 above (including such cases as these provisions are applied in theprevious two paragraphs). 6. Should self defense officers dispatchedfor disaster relief or fire department personnel issue orders 44 under
the provisions of para. 3 or para. 4 above or take measures under theprovisions of para. 2 above as applied to the situations set forth inpara. 3 or para. 4 above, they shall immediately inform the chief ofpolice with jurisdiction over the place in which said orders were
issued or said measures taken thereof. Art. 76-4.The national public
safety commission may, when deemed particularly necessary for theaccurate and smooth implementation of emergency disaster response
measures, issue instructions to relevant prefectural public safetycommissions regarding traffic bans as specified in government
ordinances. (Emergency measures by the chief officer of a designatedadministrative organ) Art. 77. When a disaster has occurred orappears imminent, the chief officer of a designated administrative
organ or of a designated local administrative organ is required, by
law or under an appropriate disaster prevention plan, to implement
promptly such emergency measures as pertain to business under his
purview and to take necessary steps in the interest of a correct andeffective implementation of emergency measures at the level of theprefecture, city, town or village. 2. In cases under the preceding
paragraph, the chief officer of a designated national or local

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines12311/21/2017

administrative organ may, if deemed necessary for implementing
emergency measures, request or order the prefectural governor, themayor of the city or town, or the head of the village, a designatednational or local public corporation to implement emergency
measures. (Requisitioning by the chief officer of a designatedadministrative organ and others) Art. 78. When in time of a disaster
it is deemed especially necessary in the interest of implementing
emergency measures pertaining to matters under art. 50 para. 1 (4)through (9), the chief officer of a designated national or local
administrative organ may, under an appropriate operational
disaster prevention plan, order the storage of materials necessary for
emergency measures by individuals whose occupations are theproduction, collection, marking, storage or shipping of suchmaterials; the administrative officers may also requisition suchmaterials as are necessary for emergency measures. 2. When thechief officer of a designated national or local administrative organ
deems it necessary in the course of ordering the storage of materials
or requisitioning materials under the preceding paragraph, he may
cause his officials to enter and inspect the place where said materials
are stored or located. 3. The chief officer of a designated national or
local administrative organ may, when deemed necessary, ask for areport from individuals who have materials in their custody under

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines12411/21/2017

the preceding paragraph, or 45 cause his officials to enter and inspect
the place where such materials are stored. (Priority use ofcommunication facilities) Art. 79. When in time of a disaster it isparticularly

urgenttomakenecessarycommunicationsinimplementing emergency measures, the chief officer of a designatednational or local administrative organ, the prefectural governor, or
the mayor of a city or town or the head of a village may, unlessotherwise provided by law, use on a priority basis public electriccommunication facilities, or use facilities for electric communication
or radio facilities installed by individuals under art. 3 para. 3 (3) oftheElectric

Communication

Act.

(Emergency

measuresbydesignated public corporations and others) Art. 80. When a disasterhas occurred or appears imminent, a designated national or local
public corporation shall by law or under an appropriate disasterprevention

plan

implement

promptly

emergency

measurespertaining to business under its purview and shall take necessary
steps in the interest of a correct and efficient implementation of
emergency measures by the chief officer of a designated local
administrative organ, a prefectural governor and others, or the
mayor of a city or town or the head of a village and others. 2. Whena designated national or local public corporation deems it
particularly necessary in implementing emergency measures

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines12511/21/2017

pertaining to business under its purview, it may by law or under anappropriate disaster prevention plan, ask for support from the officer
of a designated national or local administrative organ, a prefectural
governor, or the mayor of a city or town or the head of a village toensure the availability of labor, establishments, equipment ormaterials. In such cases, the chief officer of the designated nationalor local administrative organ, the prefectural governor, or the mayorof the city or town or the head of the village whose support has beenrequested may not refuse support except for legitimate reasons.
(Serving of requisition orders) Art. 81. When a prefectural governor,
or the mayor of a city or town or the head of a village, or the chief
officer of a designated national or local administrative organ wishes
to take action under the provisions of art. 71 or art. 78 para. 1, heshall serve a requisition order before taking action. 2. The following
matters shall be entered in a requisition order provided under thepreceding paragraph: (1)the name and address of the prospective
recipient (for a corporation, its designation and the address 46 of its
main office). (2)legal provisions justifying such action. (3)As to orders
for work, the kind of activity to be engaged in, its location andduration; for orders of custody, the kind and amount of materials tobe held in custody, the place of custody and duration; foradministration, employment or requisition of establishments, theMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines12611/21/2017

location of the establishment etc. to be administered, employed or
requisitioned, and the duration of such action. 3. In addition to theprovisions of the two preceding paragraphs, the form of requisition
orders and other necessary matters concerning them shall be
provided by ordinance. (Compensation for loss, etc. ) Art. 82. Whenan action provided under art. 64 para. 1 (including such cases asthese provisions apply to art. 64 para. 7) has been taken under theprovision of art. 63 para. 2, art. 71, art. 76 para. 3 item 2 and all
subsequent items (including cases in which these provisions apply topara. 3 and para. 4 of said article), or art. 78 para. 1, the central or
local government concerned shall be responsible for compensation forany normal loss that may result from such action. 2. The governor ofa prefecture is required, by standards to be set by ordinance, tocompensate for actual costs incurred by persons who have engaged
in work under an order for work in emergency measures under art.
71. (Requirements with respect to entry) Art. 83. When an official ofprefecture, or a city or town, or a village makes an entry (into a place)under art. 71, or when a member of a designated national or local
administrative organ makes an entry under art. 78 para. 2 or 3, theperson shall notify the administrator of the place in advance. 2. Insuch case, the person shall bear a proof of identification, and shallpresent it at the request of parties concerned. (Compensation for

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines12711/21/2017

persons engaged in the work of emergency measures) Art. 84. Whenthe mayor or a city or town or the head of a village, or a police official
or a maritime safety official or a self defense force member
dispatched for disaster relief has, under art. 65 para. 1 (including
such cases as these provisions apply to art 65 para. 3) or under art.
63 para. 2 as applied to art. 65 para. 2, caused residents of the areaof the city, town or village concerned or persons on the 47 scene
covered by an emergency measure to work in operations related toemergency measures, and when a person has died, been injured or
become ill, or been crippled as a result of the work, the city, town orvillage shall, by its ordinance and according to standards set by its
ordinance, compensate the person, his surviving family, or his
dependents, for the loss sustained. 2. When a person who has
engaged in the work of emergency measures by order of work underart. 71 has died, been injured, has become sick or disabled as a result,the prefecture shall, by its ordinance and by standards to be set by
its ordinance, compensate the person concerned, his surviving family
or his dependents for the loss sustained. (Reduction and exemptionof public assessments for disaster victims) Art. 85. The State may, byother Act, allow reduction, exemption or deferment of national taxes
and other assessments or take other necessary action for the benefitof disaster victims. 2. A local government may, by other Act or by its

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines12811/21/2017

ordinance, allow disaster victims reduction, exemption or defermentof local taxes or other assessments imposed by local government, or
take other necessary action. (Special cases of loaning government
property, etc. ) Art. 86. When the State, deeming it necessary in
implementing emergency measures in time of a disaster, lends
government property or other articles of government ownership, or
allows them to be used, the consideration for the loan of property or
the use of articles may, as specified by law, be made free of charge orfixed at a rate lower than the current rate. 2. When a local
government, deeming it necessary in implementing emergency
measures in time of a disaster, lends property or articles under its
ownership, the consideration for the loan of property or the use ofarticles may, as specified by law, be gratuitous or fixed at a rate lower
than the current rate. Chapter VI Rehabilitation (Responsibility forrehabilitation after a disaster) Art. 87. The chief officer of adesignated national or local administrative organ, the chief officer ofa local government, any other executive agency, a designatednational or local public corporation, and other parties responsible forthe implementation of rehabilitation shall, by ordinance or under anappropriate disaster prevention plan, implement the work ofrehabilitation after disaster. 48 (Fixing of rehabilitation expenses)
Art. 88. With respect to a rehabilitation program whose expenses are

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines12911/21/2017

met by the Government, in part or in whole, or which is subsidized
by the Government, the fixing of the amount which devolves uponthecompetent

Minister

shall

be

done

appropriately

andexpeditiously on the basis of a report from the governor of theprefecture, data presented by other local governments, and results ofon-site investigations. 2. In fixing the amount of expenses for arehabilitation program under the preceding paragraph, thecompetent Minister shall exercise full care with respect to work
pertaining to the creation or renovation of an establishment to be
pursued concurrently with said rehabilitation program in theinterest of preventing a recurrence of disaster. (Report to the disasterprevention council) Art. 89. When the competent Minister has fixed
the amount of rehabilitation expenses, or when he has establishedstandards for the implementation of a rehabilitation program, heshall by ordinance report a summary of his action to the Central
Disaster Prevention Council. (Early payment of Government's shareof expenses or/and subsidies, etc. ) Art. 90. When the Government
deems it necessary in the interest of an effective implementation ofa rehabilitation program undertaken by a local government or its
agency, the Government shall make an early delivery of tax transfer,and shall, by ordinance, make an early payment of its share of
rehabilitation expenses or its subsidy, or finance required funds orMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines13011/21/2017

intercede for advancing loans. Chapter VII Financial Measures(Financial responsibilities for disaster prevention, etc. ) Art. 91.
Except as otherwise specified by ordinance or when a special actionis undertaken within the limits of the budget, expenses for disasterprevention and emergency measures against disaster, and expenses
for the implementation of this Act shall be borne by parties
responsible for its implementation. (Financial responsibilities for
emergency action when other local governments have cooperated)
Art. 92. Any local government whose chief officer has received
support from the chief officer of 49 another local government or its
committee or any member of the committee under art. 67 para. 1, art.
68 para. 1, or art. 74 para. 1 (hereinafter referred to as "chief officer
of a local government and others") shall be responsible for the
expenses incurred by such support. 2. In case under the preceding
paragraph, when the local government whose chief officer hasreceived support is unable to defray the expenses incurred on time,
it may ask the chief officer and others of the local government which
has rendered support to advance the sum on a reimbursable basis.
(Prefecture assuming expenses for emergency measures taken at thecity, town or village level) Art. 93. Of the expenses, for emergency
measures taken or for support rendered, incurred by the mayor of acity or town or the head of a village on instructions from the governor

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines13111/21/2017of the prefecture as provided by art. 72 para. 1, the portion which isdeemed difficult or inappropriate to assess on the city, town or village
under the chief officer who has received instructions for support andthe city, town or village under the chief officer who has received the
support, shall by ordinance, be borne, in whole or in part, by theprefecture concerned, exclusive of that part of the expenses which are
to be charge against the State. 2. In cases under the preceding
paragraph, the prefecture may ask the city, town or village concernedto advance the sum provided in said paragraph on a reimbursablebasis. (Government's share or subsidy toward expenses for
emergency measures) Art. 94. With respect to expenses for
emergency measures pertaining to disaster prevention, theGovernment may, as specified by law or within the limits of its
budget, bear a portion of said expenses or subsidize it. Art. 95. In
addition to the provisions under the preceding article, of the expenses
incurred by the chief of a local government in implementing
emergency measures on instructions either from the chairman of theheadquarters for major disaster control under art. 28 para. 2 or fromthe chairman of the headquarters for emergency disaster control
under art. 28-6 para. 2, any portion which is difficult or inappropriate
to assess on that local government and which shall be provided byordinance may, by ordinance, be subsidized, in whole or in part, by

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines132

11/21/2017

the Government. (Government's share and subsidy for rehabilitation
expenses) Art. 96. With respect to expenses required forrehabilitation programs and other programs undertaken in relation
to a disaster, the Government may, as specified by ordinance orwithin the limits of its budget, bear them, in whole or in part, or
subsidize them. 50 (Sharing of expenses for emergency measures fora disaster of extreme severity rehabilitation) Art. 97. In time of adisaster of extreme severity, the Government shall, as specified bylaw, take action so that emergency measures and rehabilitation
efforts may proceed expeditiously and appropriately, and at the sametime, shall, as specified by law, enforce policies in the interest of
making equitable the burden of expenses on the local government
etc. whose area has sustained the disaster and of arousing
enthusiasm for rehabilitation. Art. 98. With respect to the Act
described in the preceding article, it should be avoided, insofar aspracticable, to enact such a Act at the time of each disaster of extreme
severity and the Act shall be so designed as to rationalize the system
concerning assumption of the financial burden by the State
consequent upon disaster, and serve efficiently to carry out measuresagainst disasters of extreme severity described in the precedingarticle. Art. 99. The Act provided under article 97 shall specify thematters listed below: (1)standards by which special property

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11/21/2017

assistance and auxiliary assistance against a disaster of extreme
severity will be lent as a matter of policy. (2)special financial support
by the State to local government in the interest of an appropriate
implementation of programs as well as rehabilitation programs as
regards a disaster of extreme severity. (3)special incentives forvictims of a disaster of extreme severity. (Financial measures by theState to deal with disaster damage) Art. 100.In order to be able todeal with disaster damage without adversely affecting an efficientmanagement of national finances, the Government shall strive totake necessary financial measures. 2. In order to achieve theobjectives under the preceding paragraph, the Government shall
exercise full care with respect to the appropriation of reserve funds,
and action for bearing deficits in the Treasury (as the one under art.
15 para. 2 of the National Finances Act (Act No. 34, 1947)) and othermeasures. (Local government disaster funds) Art. 101.The local
government shall, as specified by law, establish a disaster fund tomeet emergency expenses for policy measures against disaster. 51(Special cases of issuing bonds) Art. 102.In the cases listed below, thelocal government may by ordinance issue local bonds as a financial
resource exclusively for the year of the occurrence of a disaster as
specified by ordinance, the provision of art. 5 of the Local Finances
Act (Act No. 109, 1948) notwithstanding: (1)in cases where there

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines13411/21/2017

have been reductions and exemptions by a Ministry of Local
Autonomy ordinance of local taxes, rents, fees and other collections,
to cover a deficit in revenue in the amount considered commensuratewith the degree and extent of damage wrought by said disaster. (2)asa resource to cover that portion falling on the local government in thegeneral account of expenses, as provided by a Ministry of Home
Affairs ordinance, for prevention of disasters, emergency measuresin time of a disaster, or rehabilitation after the disaster. 2. The
Government shall, insofar as its financial situation will allow, accept
local bonds provided in the preceding paragraph by a fund of thetrust fund bureau or by reserves in the special account for postal life
insurance and annuities (hereinafter referred to as "Government
Funds"). 3. When local bonds provided under para. 1 have been
accepted with Government funds, the interest rate, method ofredemption and other necessary matters shall be provided byordinance. (Measures for rehabilitation programs not subsidized by
the State) Art. 103.The State and the local government may, as
specified by law, take special steps to contribute toward resources for
expenses of rehabilitation programs, when the portion of expenses
for rehabilitation involving a disaster of extreme severity is not met
by Government subsidy and the resulting burden on the local
government is deemed excessive. (Loans for disaster) Art. 104.When

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines13511/21/2017

a disaster, as provided by ordinance, has occurred, banking facilities
related to the Government and other banking facilities designated byordinance shall provide special loans in connection with the disaster,and shall endeavor to extend the term of redemption or the period ofdeferment, convert old loans to new ones, and where necessary, lower
interest

rates

and

take

other

measurespertinenttothecircumstances. 52 Chapter VIII State of Emergency (Declaration ofa state of emergency) Art. 105.In time of an extraordinary disaster
whose repercussions on the national economy and public welfare areserious and far-reaching, the Prime Minister may, when he deems it
particularly necessary in the interest of enforcing emergency
measures, declare a state of emergency involving the whole or partof the affected area, upon referring the matter to a Cabinet
Conference. 2. Such a declaration provided under the preceding
paragraph shall specify the area concerned, give a brief account of
the situation warranting such action, and set the date and time when
the declaration takes effect. (Parliamentary concurrence and repealof a declaration of a state of emergency) Art. 106.When a state of
emergency has been declared under the provisions of the precedingarticle, the Prime Minister shall put the matter before the Diet for
its consent not later than twenty days from the date of declaration.
However, when the Diet is in adjournment or the House of

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines13611/21/2017

Representatives has been dissolved, he shall seek parliamentary
consent at the earliest session of the Diet thereafter. 2. When there
has been a resolution to refuse consent as provided under thepreceding paragraph, or when the Diet has voted to repeal thedeclaration of a state of emergency, or when there is no longer thenecessity for the declaration, the Prime Minister shall promptly
revoke said declaration. (Establishment of headquarters for
emergency disaster control under a state of emergency) Art.
107.When there has been declared a state of emergency under art.
105, the Prime Minister shall, if a headquarters for emergency
disaster control has not already been established for said disaster,
establish a headquarters for emergency disaster control withjurisdiction over the area covered by the declaration of a state of
emergency under the provisions of art. 28-2. Art. 108.(Deleted).
(Emergency measures) Art. 109.In case of an urgent need to preserve
the economic order of the nation and to ensure the public welfare
when confronted with a situation of emergency as a result of disasterand when the Diet is in adjournment or the House of Representatives
has been dissolved, and further, when the situation does not allow
time to call the Diet in session or request an emergency session of
the House of Counselors 53 for action, the Cabinet may enact anordinance in order to take necessary steps on the matters listed

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines13711/21/2017

below: (1)rationing of materials of daily necessity in critical shortage;
restriction or ban on their transfer or delivery. (2)fixing a ceiling on
prices of commodities, consideration for labor, fees for services in theinterest of emergency measures, rehabilitation and a stable life forthe citizens. (3)deferment of monetary debts (exclusive of wages,
compensation payments for disaster damage, payment of monetarydebts involving labor relations, withdrawals from accounts in banks
or backing facilities for such payment); extension of the duration of acreditor's rights. 2. An ordinance enacted under the preceding
paragraph may provide that any person in violation of any provisionof said ordinance shall be liable to imprisonment at hard labor for
not more than two years or imprisonment of the same length without
hard labor, or a fine of not more than one hundred thousand yen,detention, a police fine, or confiscation, or a combination of any two
penalties; that when a representative of a corporation or individual,
or any agent or other employee either of the corporation or theindividual has acted in violation of any provision of said ordinancewith respect to the business of the corporation or the individual, therepresentative, agent or other employee shall be punished, and in
addition, a fine, a minor fine, or confiscation prescribed in thisparagraph shall be imposed also on the corporation and theindividual; and that where confiscation of goods cannot be enforced

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines13811/21/2017

either in whole or in part, the monetary value of such items shall be
additionally collected. 3. When an ordinance enacted underparagraph 1 is no longer required, the Cabinet shall immediately
revoke it. 4. The Cabinet shall, upon enactment of an ordinanceunder paragraph 1, decide on the convocation of the Diet in
extraordinary session or to seek an emergency session of the Houseof Counselors; it shall further take steps to enact a Act to replace said
ordinance of such measures as taken under that ordinance are to becontinued, and for other cases, it shall seek consent to the ordinanceenacted. 5. Any ordinance enacted under paragraph 1, unless it has
already been repealed or has expired, shall lapse, either with theimplementation of a Act which may have been enacted at an
extraordinary session of the Diet or at an emergency session of theHouse of Counselors to replace that ordinance, or with a decision
which may have been taken at either session not to enact such a Act
to replace said ordinance. 6. In addition to cases described in thepreceding paragraph, an ordinance enacted under paragraph 1 shall,unless already repealed or unless it has expired, become null andvoid twenty days from the date 54 of opening of an extraordinary
session of the Diet or of the termination of the extraordinary session,
whichever is earlier, or ten days from the date of opening of an
emergency session of the House of Counselors or of the termination

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines13911/21/2017of the emergency session, whichever is earlier. 7. When an ordinancehas become null and void under the two preceding paragraphs, theCabinet is required to make public this fact. 8. If penalties areprovided for in an ordinance enacted under paragraph 1, applicationof penalties to acts committed while the ordinance remained in effectshall continue even after the ordinance has been repealed, or its
effective period has ended or it has lost its effect under either
paragraph 5 or paragraph 6. Art. 109-2.When unable, during timesof disaster, to quickly and smoothly accept assistance from othercountries for the relief of disaster victims according to the Act, andthe Diet is in adjournment or the House of Representatives has been
dissolved, and further, when the situation does not allow time to callthe Diet in session or request an emergency session of the House ofCounselors for action, the Cabinet may enact an ordinance in orderto take necessary steps to accept said assistance. 2. The provisions ofparagraphs 3-7 of the preceding article shall apply to the preceding
paragraph. Chapter IX Miscellaneous (Application of this Act to a
special ward) Art. 110.For purposes of application of this Act, a
special ward shall be considered to be a city. (Distinguished service
awards in disaster prevention) Art. 111.The competent Minister
may, as decided by an ordinance of an appropriate Ministry, award
a person who has been recognized as having distinguished himself

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by his services in the work of disaster prevention. (Matters for an
ordinance) Art. 112.In addition to what is specified in this Act,
procedures for the implementation of this Act or other necessary
matters shall be provided by ordinance. 55 Chapter X Penal
Provisions (Penal provisions) Art. 113.Any person falling undereither one of the items below shall be liable to imprisonment at hardlabor for not more than six months or a fine of not more than threehundred thousand yen: (1)any person who has failed to comply withan order for work, an order of cooperation or of custody issued by thegovernor of a prefecture (including the mayor of a city or town or thehead of a village to whom authority has been delegated under art. 71
para. 2) under the provision of art. 71 para. 1. (2)any person who has
failed to comply with an order of custody issued by the chief officer ofa designated national or local administrative organ (including an
official to whom authority has been delegated under art. 27 para. 1
or art. 28-5 para. 1) under the provision of art. 78 para. 1. Art. 114.A
driver of a vehicle who has failed to comply with a restriction or ban
placed by a prefectural public safety commission under theprovisions of art. 76 shall be liable to imprisonment at hard labor for
not more than three months or a fine of not more than two hundred
thousand yen. Art. 115.Any person falling under either of thefollowing items shall be liable to a fine of not more than two hundred

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thousand yen. (1)any person who has refused, hindered or avoided
an entry and inspection under art. 71 para. 1 (including cases where
there was delegation of authority under para. 2 of said article; to be
applicable hereunder in this article), art. 78 para. 2 (including casesof delegated authority under art. 27 para. 1 - also cases where thesame paragraph is applied, as appropriate, to art. 108 para. 4), or
art. 78 para. 3 (including cases of delegated authority under art. 27
para. 1 or art. 28-5 para. 1, to be applicable hereunder in this article).
(2)any person who has failed to make a report or has made a false
report under the provision of art. 71 para. 1 or art. 78 para. 3. Art.
116.Any person who falls under either of the two items below shallbe liable to a fine of not more than one hundred thousand yen or
detention: (1)any person who has employed signals related todisaster prevention as provided by an ordinance of the Office of thePrime Minister under art. 52 para. 1 for other than legitimate
purposes, or has employed similar signals. 56 (2)any person who has
failed to comply with a ban, restriction or order for departure
enforced by the mayor of a city or town or the head of a village underart. 63 para. 1 (including a prefectural governor acting on behalf ofthe mayor of a city or town or the head of a village under art. 73 para..
1), or by the police maritime safety officials under art. 63 para. 2 orby members of self defense troops dispatched for disaster relief under

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the provisions of art. 63 para. 1 as applied to art. 63 para. 3. Art.
117.When a representative of a corporation or individual, or any
agent or other employee either of the corporation or the individual
has acted in violation of any provision of article 113 or 115 as regards
the business of the corporation or individual, the representative,
agent or other employee shall be punished, and in addition, thecorporation and the individual shall be liable to a fine under thisarticle. Supplementary Rule: This Act shall be implemented on adate to be fixed by ordinance, within a year from the day of its
promulgation. (Implemented on July 10, 1962, by ordinance no. 287,
1962)

Japan’s Basic Act for National Resilience Contributing to Preventing and
Mitigating Disasters for Developing Resilience in the Lives of the Citizenry(abbreviated to the Basic Act for National Resilience) was enacted on December
11, 2013. It aims to build national resilience, which means to build a country
that has the toughness and flexibility to survive large-scale natural disasters
in the future, with four goals: protect human lives; avoid critical damage toimportant functions of the nation and society; minimize damage to the propertyof the citizenry and public facilities; and contribute to swift recovery andreconstruction.
Based on Article 10 of the Basic Act for National Resilience, theFundamental Plan to Promote Measures for National Resilience (abbreviatedto the Fundamental Plan for National Resilience) was adopted by the Cabinet
on June 3, 2014. It provides for policies to promote measures in each of 15
sectors, such as administrative functions/police and fire services, housing andcities, and energy.

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The supplementary provision of the Basic Act for National Resilience
includes the following: "It is indispensable that not only the national and local
governments but also other entities including local residents, business entities,
and relevant parties share information on the status of damage and others,
prepare for large-scale disasters even in ordinary times, and utilize leadingedge technology and devices based on new technology innovation," indicatingthat public and private partnership and companies' cooperation are important.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015-2030
as the successor to the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 was adopted on
March 18, 2015 at the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction(WCDRR) in Sendai, Japan. This framework is a call to action of the next
fifteen years to make the world a safer place and to reduce the risk of humanmade and natural hazards.

It is designed specifically to achieve thesubstantial reduction of disaster risks and losses in lives, livelihoods andhealth. Among the four (4) priorities under the first goal on preventing new
and emerging risk and reducing existing risk include Priority 2: strengthening
disaster risk governance which means having a clear strategy, strong
institutions, laws and budget to ensure the efficient management of disaster
risk; and Priority 3: investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience which
includes public and private investment and measures which would prevent andreduce disaster losses.

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3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter discusses the research design used in this study, theresearch locale and data gathering procedure.
3.1

Research Design:This research used an observational method and survey method on
descriptive research design. In survey method research, clientele answer
questions administered through interviews along with the lecture orquestionnaires given beforehand. After participants answer the questions,researchers describe the responses given. In order for the survey to be bothreliable and valid it is important that the questions are constructed
properly. Most of the questions were written so they are clear and easy tocomprehend. And in observational method (or field research) is a type ofcorrelational (i.e., non-experimental) research in which a researcher observes
ongoing behavior.
3.2

Research Locale:This research was conducted in various areas in Japan such as in
Kansai Region or Kinki Region (Hyogo, Nara, Wakayama, Osaka andKyoto); Hokkaido Region (Sapporo City, Minamifurano Michinoeki andToya); Kanto Region (Tokyo and Kanagawa) and Kouchi Region (Kochi City).
3.3

Data Gathering Procedure:

The Researcher visited various Disaster Risk Reduction andManagement Center, Institution, Offices, Facilities, Communities andUniversities as scheduled by ADRC to attend lectures, orientations, seminarand briefing. The Researcher ask questions to the Resource Speaker, Lecturers
and Facilitators to clarify and define issues which are related to the research
topic.

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4. PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATAThis section of the research paper provides a glimpse of information
based on gathered data by the researcher related to the statement of problem
identified.
A. What are the Response Mechanisms/Algorithms of Response of thePhilippines Government and Japanese Government from: National
 Regional / Prefectural; and City / Municipal respond during the onset of disaster?
Philippine Government Response Mechanism/ Algorithm
DRRM is defined as the systematic process of using administrative
directives,
organizations, andoperational
skillsand capacities toimplement
strategies, policies
and improved coping
capacities in order tolessen the adverse
impacts of hazards
and the possibility ofdisaster.

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Here is a quicksummary of the said
paradigm shift brought
about the law. Before, weused to have a top-down
centralized approach todisastermanagement.
Now, we are taking abottom-up participatory
DRRM approach.
Also, we used to consider disasters as function of physical hazards.
Now, we view disasters as a reflection of people’s vulnerability. Before, weused to focus on disaster response. Now, we just don’t look at response.
Instead, we take an integrated approach by looking at all aspects to reduce
disaster risk.
Overall, from reactive, we have shifted from reactive to theproactive stance in DRRM.

To bring down DRRM
down to the grassroots, RA
10121 further provides forthe establishment of the“DRRM Network”, or the
replication of the NDRRMC
from the national down to
the regional, provincial, city,
municipal and barangay
levels.

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The law also stipulates
the development of the
NDRRM Framework, which
was approved on 16 June
2011. The Framework is ouroverall guide to achieve thevision of safer, adaptive andresilient
Filipino
communities
towardsustainable development.

On March 28, 2012, theNDRRMC
Memorandum
Circular was signed by
NDRRMC Secretary, DND. It
provides the implementing
guidelines on the use of
Incident Command System
under the Philippine Disaster
Risk
Reduction
andmanagement System.
On September 4, 2012
President Aquino signed theMemorandum
No.
82
entitled: Operationalizing thePractical Guide for National
Crisis Manager and the
National Crisis Management
Core Manual; Establishing
National and Local Crisis
Management Organization;
andProviding
Funds
Therefor.
Specifically, under section 4D, it states that “As soon as anincident is declared, as approaching crisis level, the responding Crisis
Manager, activates the Incident Command System
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Philippine Response Algorithm

The dynamics of NDRRMC
Response Cluster, ICS andEOC can be best illustrated by
the following diagram. As
general rule, the Chairpersonof the DRRMC or Crisis
Manager of the CMC issituated at the EOC, together
with cluster/sector leads, tomake strategic decisions.
They will then use the facilities of the EOC to communicate their guidance
to the IMT. The IMT then undertakes tactical operations based on the
directives from the EOC. The IMT also reports back to the EOC aboutsituation updates on the ground. The clusters will then continue tocoordinate with the IMT to provide assistance especially in terms ofresource mobilization. This interoperability framework can also be adopted
by the DRRMCs at the regional and local levels as appropriate.

The ICS organization isbuilt around five major
functions that are applied onany incident whether it islarge or small. A majoradvantage of the ICS
organization is the ability tofill only those parts of theorganizationthatarerequired.
For
someincidents, and in some
applications, only a few of the organization's functional elements may berequired. However, if there is a need to expand the organization, additional
positions exist within the ICS framework to meet virtually any need.

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Japan’s Response Algorithm
Japan and Natural Disaster
By
Central Disaster Management Council

A wide range of natural disaster occurs

It is critical to protect citizens lives, safety and property from natural disasters

By implementing prevention and initial response drills, as well as recovery andreconstruction measures against disasters in close cooperation with related
governmental agencies

Central Disaster Management Council
Roles:
To formulate and promote the implementation of the Basic Disaster
Management Plan and Earthquake Plans
1. To deliberate important issues on disaster management according torequests from the Prime Minister or Minister of State for Disaster
Management (basic disaster management policies, overall coordinationof disaster countermeasures and declaration of state of disasteremergency)
2. To offer opinions regarding disaster management to the Prime Minister
and Minister of State for Disaster Management

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Under the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, the Central
Disaster Management Council was formed, its brief being to ensure thecomprehensiveness of disaster risk management and to discuss matters ofimportance with regard to disaster management. The council consists of
the Prime Minister, who is the chairperson, Minister of State for Disaster
Management, all ministers, heads of major public institutions and experts.
Within the Cabinet Office, which is the secretariat for this Council, theMinister of State for Disaster Management has been assigned as the
Minister State for Special Missions for this issue. This Minister is assistedby the department of the Cabinet Office Director-General for Disaster
Management his mandate being to handle planning and central
coordination with regard to matters relating to basic policy on disaster risk
reduction, and matters concerning disaster countermeasures in the eventof a large-scale disaster.
In prefectures and local municipalities, the prefectural andmunicipal Disaster Management Councils are established with themembers of representatives of local government organizations including
police and fire management department, and designated local public
corporations. Implementation of disaster risk management measures isbased on the Local Disaster Management Plans drafted by the Councils.

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STRUCTURE OF BASIC DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Basic Disaster Management Plan is a comprehensive and long-term
disaster management plan forming a foundation for the Disaster Management
Operations Plan and Local Disaster Management Plan. It stipulates provisions forthe establishment of the disaster management system promotion of disastermanagement measures, acceleration of post disaster recovery and reconstruction
measures, and promotion of scientific and technological research on disastermanagement. The plan was revised entirely in 1995 based on the experiences of
the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. It defines responsibilities of each entity
such as the national and local governments, public corporations and other entities.
It consists of various plans for each type of disaster, where specificcountermeasures to be taken by each entity are described according to the disastermanagement phases of prevention and preparedness, emergency response, as well
as recovery and reconstruction. Further, based on the lessons learned from theGreat East Japan Earthquake, a new chapter was created in December 2011, for
Tsunami Disaster Countermeasures and changes were made in September 2012
and January 2014, reflecting amendment of the Disaster Countermeasures Basic
Act and reflecting the study results by the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA)
respectively. In November 2014, another change was made to reinforce themeasures for removing unattended cars in case of emergency.

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CABINET OFFICE DISASTER RESPONSE MECHANISM

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Outline of Disaster Emergency Response
In the event of a disaster, the national and local governments
quickly collect and share disaster and damage information, and securecommunications to carry out effective emergency activities such as
emergency rescue and medical operations. Based on such information,
local governments set up a disaster management headquarters andrelated organizations establish their own operations mechanism. The
national government collects disaster information at the Cabinet
Information Collection Center 24 hours a day. When a large-scaledisaster strikes, an emergency team composed of the director generalsof the respective ministries and agencies gathers immediately at theCrisis Management Center in the Prime Minister's Official Residence tograsp and analyze the disaster situation, and report the results to thePrime Minister. Disaster Management meetings at the ministerial or
high-ranking senior official level are held, if and as necessary. According
to the level of damage, the government may establish the Headquarters
for Major Disaster Management (headed by the Minister of State forDisaster Management) or the Extreme Disaster Management
Headquarters (headed by the Prime Minister), to establish the policies
for the disaster countermeasures, and to coordinate various emergency
measures to be taken by various organizations.
Further, in order to grasp the situation in the disaster area, agovernment investigation team headed by the Minister of State forDisaster Management may be dispatched, or if quick and swift actions
are needed to be taken with overall coordination of emergency activities
on site, the government may establish the onsite headquarters fordisaster management.

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From the Non-Government Organization of Japan

Japan Platform (JPF) is an international emergency humanitarian
aid organization which offers more effective and prompter emergency aid,
in response to the world situation, focusing the issues of refugees andnatural disaster. JPF conducts such aid with a tripartite cooperation
system where NGOs, business community, and government of Japan workin close cooperation, based on equal partnership, making the most of therespective sectors’ characteristics and resources.

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Taking into account the lessons learned from the Camp Japan
plan, a new framework, a “Japan Platform” conception was formulated.
The objects of the framework is that NGOs, business community, and agovernment agency (Foreign Ministry) work together for the prompter
and more effective implementation of emergency aid with a tripartite
cooperation system, based on equal partnership, making the most of therespective sectors’ peculiarities and resources. In preparation for a floodof refugees or a devastating disaster, Japan Platform has improved
standby functions, such as making emergency aid plans and storing
emergency aid supplies, taking advantages of know-how and resources of
the respective actors.
Also, Japan Platform aims to offer financial support to financiallyfragile Japanese NGOs through establishing a fund utilizing Foreign
Ministry’s ODA funds as well as inviting donations from private sector.
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FROM THE SPECIFIC INSTITUTION OF JAPANHyogo Prefecture, Miki Management and Training Center
Timeline based on Disaster Relief Act (Relief Contents (general standard)
ReliefOccurrence(Day1)

Within
3 daysWithin
7 daysWithin10 daysWithin14 daysWithin15 daysWithin20 daysWithin 1
monthOver 1month

Conduct damage
assessment
Establish a teamfor DRA
Enact DRA
Rescue theaffected
Prepare andprovide foodProvide water
Midwifery:
support delivery
and hygienematerials
Provide or rent
clothes, bedding,other necessities
Search anddispose of deadbodiesBury dead bodies
Remove obstacles
Medicine:diagnosis,
medication,
operation
Provision ofschool items:
stationery, schoolsupplies
Provision ofschool items:
textbooks
Conduct
emergency
restoration ofhousesProvideemergency
temporary houses*Startconstruction
within 20 days

* In case of exceeding the standard mentioned above (called general standard), it is necessary
to set the special standard and consult with Prime Minister from Governor

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Japans Lessons Learned and Innovations(Note: Items enumerated in this section are just few out from the many and does not cover
the entire Lessons Learn and Innovations of Japan)

I.

Japans Lessons Learned out from Earthquake Disaster

The Idea “The concept of reduction should be included in disastermanagement.”
Lessons:
1. Natural disaster will definitely occur in the future.
2. Communities protect the lives of their community members.
3. Actions not usually done in daily lives will surely not be undertaken
in disaster situations.
The Idea “It should be a creation of a civic society where selfgoverning citizens are unified through community solidarity.”
Lessons:
1. The meaning of recovery changes as time goes by.
2. Recovery should be tackled flexibly through an interrelated recovery
field.
3. Community development is accomplished or enhanced by individual
self-governing activities.
4. Community development can be advanced by daily collaboration andindividual participation.
5. Recovery mean the challenge to propose and create new systems.

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II.

Lessons from Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport
and Tourism (MLIT’s) Experience of the Great EasternJapan Earthquake:“We made all possible preparations. What we prepared wasstill not enough. We must first be prepared, then transcend
those preparations.” Mission of the Regional Bureaus Pertaining to Disaster- It is important to remember that delays in the RBs’ initial
response initiatives may also lead to delays in the overall
rescue efforts.
 Missions of Officers in Command at Various Levels- Under normal conditions, government offices usually
make their decisions through consultative process, fromthe bottom up. However, this system must be altered in an
emergency situation, so commanding officers have theauthority to make top-down decisions.
Within One Hour of the Disaster-

Officers in command should therefore realize that the firsthour is the “golden time” when they can form the initial
response framework and issue numerous instructions inquick succession.

Section 1: Actions that should be taken in the First Hour
after the Disaster
Points for Improvement:
1. As noted, the earthquake tremors caused a great deal ofdamage to general personnel offices at the Tohoku
Regional Bureau (TRB). There was, however, minimal
damage to the senior management offices, as these werefewer heavy objects such as filing cabinets and printers.
Also, of the five hundred personnel were able to convenein the Disaster Operations Room within ten minutes ofthe earthquake. The other employees, who’s offices

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sustained more severe damage, temporarily evacuated thebuilding. Senior Officials therefore spent little timeassessing and offering assistance for the staff injuries,
choosing to concentrate on information gathering anddisaster response. This was deemed appropriate to thegiven circumstances. RBs should as in this instance,
prioritize operations or injuries as the situation demands.
2. As noted, the TRB offices were fortunate to avoid any
fatalities or severe injury. However, if there had been aserious injury, the senior officials’ response would havebeen deemed inadequate or too slow. It would therefore be
prudent to make provisions through which to check on
health of personnel in the aftermath of a severe
earthquake.
3. In place senior officials, who cannot leave the Disaster
Operations Room, the RBs should appoint other personnel
to ascertain and report on the condition of the RB
Buildings and on employees’ location and well-being.
Section 2: Setting Up an Initial Response Framework
Item 1: Initial Organization of Available Personnel
Item 2: Recalling Absent Senior Officers
Item 3: Sharing Awareness among All Staff
Item 4: Disaster Response Headquarters
Points for Improvement:
1. The Disaster Prevention Operation (DPO) assigns
department directors to the response headquarters andtheir deputies as the leaders of each subordinate
response group. However, sudden changes in theauthority can negatively impact on departmental
functions. Following the Great Eastern Japan
Earthquake, the TRM altered the framework in the DPO
Plan so that the directors would remain the leaders ofeach group. The content of DPO Plan should be revised
to reflect this practicality.

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2. The current DPO Plan calls for activation of anInternational Support Group to assist with initial
response. However, these support personnel are often
made to assist in reserve. On March 11, the International
Support Group was given (and completed) the mission of
securing food supplies. However, they could also havebeen ordered to assist he recording and documentation
team, or to ascertain injuries or damage in the RB
Buildings.
3. The DPO Plan stipulates, that, if it is difficult for
employees to assemble in their workplace, they should
attend the nearest local branch office or other locations
where communication lines have been secured. However,these employees should report their location to thenearest departmental office and return to their ow
workplace as soon as possible (except those assigned to
special missions).
4. At this initial stage of operations, instructions topersonnel were being issued verbally. Although
execution was consistent, verbal instructions should havebeen followed with written instructions for the purpose ofconfirmation and documentation. Instructions after
23:33 on the day of the disaster were given verbally andwriting, and this helped to improve awareness andcommunication between staff.
5. It is important that RB personnel are assured of theirfamilies ’safety in the large-scale natural disaster. The
DPO should be revised to indicate when and in whatcircumstances there should be automatic checks on
personnel and their relatives (for example, in an
earthquake measuring level four or above on the JMA
Seismic Intensity Scale).
6. If the operation headquarter is damaged by the disasterand must move, the DPO Plan stipulates that it should

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11/21/2017transfer t the Tohoku Engineering Office in Tagajo City.
There, however, limits to the Togajo Office functionality.
6.1 There are questions as to whether the alternative
facility has the emergency stores, communicationlines and other functions sufficient for aheadquarters.
6.2 There is a limit to office supplies and materials that
staff can take on a move.
6.3 The location could be inconvenient for personnel who
have to commute there for extended periods.
6.4 People may assume that the location, address andtelephone number for the headquarters would staythe same throughout a crisis. Sudden changes could
cause confusion.
7. If possible, the headquarters building should be
reinforced and repaired if there is damage. If theheadquarter must be moved, it is most logical to plan atemporary move and return to the original location at theearliest possible date.
Section 3: Initial Instructions:
Item 1: Information Gathering (Framework)
Item 2: Information Gathering (Operation Management
and Facilities)
Item 3: Utilizing Disaster Response Helicopters
Item 4: Preparation of Information for the General
PublicItem 5: Dispatching Liaison to Prefectures and theJapan Self-Defense Forces
Item 6: Recording and Documenting

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Points for Improvement:
1. Information to be collected in a disaster had not been
established in advance of March 11. This madecommunication complicated and troublesome. There wasno standardized method for reporting findings, meaningthat a data table format had to be created ad hoc. The
requisite data and means for recording it should be
decided before a disaster takes place.
2. There were eighteen cameras installed in the damaged
ports (twelve controlled by the TRB and six by port
administrators). However, all cameras became unusable
due to loss of power caused by breaks in the dedicatedcircuits. Power outages at the Kakyoin Building also
rendered its camera monitoring system unusable. To deal
with future emergencies, RBs will install earthquakeresistant cameras, radio communication equipment anduninterrupted power supply system at RB Buildings.
3. For future disaster, establishing heliports on the rooftopsof the regional headquarters would be a considerable
improvement. This means that the helicopter could becalled immediately to the headquarters so that bureau
staff could board, enabling them to conduct damage
survey.
4. For large-scale disaster, it is worth examining scenarios
where helicopters can be allowed to fly without waiting
on instructions from headquarters.
5. If the disaster zone extends over a wide area, the sports
and recreation facilities that would usually be used as
temporary heliports will be designated as primaryevacuation centers. They therefore be unusable asprovisional heliports. It is therefore prudent to prepare
multiple locations in advance for use by the disaster
response helicopters.

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6. The TRB did not initially formulate a basic policy forreleasing information to the public. There is room for
improvement in this area.
7. There were some complaints that contact information forinquiries was not made available. More effective
information transmission would have been possible if theavailability of information on the TRB website had been
publicized before the disaster.
8. The MLIT liaisons stationed at the JSDF headquarters
had to work in a separate room from March 12, because
the JSDF army, naval and air forces combined to form
the Joint Task Force (JTF) and there was no space in theoriginal office for MLIT staff. This caused majordifficulties in operations. Further coordination with the
JSDF regarding work space is therefore necessary.
9. Although the documentation team did capture valuable
photographs, they did not move together withcommanding officers to record their activities. Since
leadership record were left to the commanding officers’
own discretion, documentation of their actions was notinitially sufficient. The documentation team should
endeavor to work in the future at the core of response
activities with their commanding officers.
10. On the other hand, there is a limit to what records anddocumentation team can accomplish. Individual records
are therefore very important. Personnel should be madeaware of this in training seminars and other similar
activities.

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Within the First Day of the Disaster
Section 1: Action should be taken on the Day of the Disaster-“the first twenty-four hours is the time frame in which
response team’s must determine key policies for the initial
response. The basic principle is to be ready for the worstcase scenario. It is crucial that they are prepared inadvance and to the greatest extent as possible”.

Section 2: Preparations for Securing Routes for Relief
Activities-“the team responsible for roads must take the initiative
and act ahead of other relief efforts, to clear roads andopen access routes to the disaster zone’.
Item 1: Preparation to Clear Roads
Item 2: Preparations to Clear Sea Routes
Item 3: Arrangements regarding Construction
Companies and Machinery

Points for Improvement:
1. The roads to be cleared in response to an earthquake off
the Miyagi Coastline had not been decided in advance of
the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake. The routes thatformed ‘teeth of the comb” were only thought of in thedisaster aftermath. With regards to future disaster, RDsshould conduct case studies and construct access plans inadvance and taking into account the location of major
cities.
2. RBs should also consider the types of disaster andconditions that could arise in specific regions and conduct
regular simulation training for each different response.

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This training would give RB personnel the ability torespond to a variety of real-life disaster in an appropriate
and effective manner.
3. As previously noted, earthquake resistant work on
bridges along key access routes is an important part ofdisaster preparations.
4. In the case of a large-scale disaster, it is assumed thatlandlines and cellular phones may be out of service.
Therefore, in order to make emergency contacts with themembers of disaster-response agreements, a meeting
place for members from the Bureau and thoseorganizations should be determined in advance.
Additionally, these organizations with disaster-response
agreements also should prepare a contact network using
satellite phones and priority lines.
5. After a tsunami, we must keep in mind that it may takeseveral days for tsunami advisories to be lifted. During
this period, we cannot go near the water lines, and it isdifficult to obtain about certain local sites. In this case,surveillance cameras should be used. A surveillancecamera system must be built so that it is still functional
after being struck by a tsunami. This system should beearthquake resistant, have upgraded power sources foroutages, and equipped with wireless transmission lines.
6. Case studies should be conducted beforehand envisioning
the work necessary to reopen waterways after large scaledisaster. It is especially important to assume a scenario
for which there is a significant shortage of equipment
such as work vessels. Sharing information y working
with relevant organizations such as the Coast Guard andPort Management agencies is also essential.
7. RBs need to devise new means to issue request andinstructions regarding road operations and cooperation
with external companies. Pre-determining the details of

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operations, depending on the nature, scale, location andother features of the disaster, would allow clearance work
to begin at an earlier stage. Contact points andcommunications mechanisms with these companies
should be revised. Regular simulation-type training
would also help to improve the overall framework forcooperative response.
8. There were some difficulties in obtaining equipment, fueland materials for construction companies, and in finding
a location in which to store cleared rubbles. RDs should
therefore consider making additional agreements withstockyards and other relevant organizations, to ensurethat disaster recovery efforts are prioritized over private
request.
Section 3: Preparation for Regional Assistance- “the RB should dispatch liaison officers as soon as
possible – even if the condition in the region are still
unconfirmed”
Item

1:

Preparation for
Municipalities

Dispatching

Liaisonto

Item 2: Protection of Evacuees
Points for Improvement:
1. The Iwate River and National Highway Office
anticipated that liaisons would be needed to respond to
the disaster. The office therefore prepared a “regionalfamiliarity list”, based on the hometown locations andwork assignments of each staff member in the past tenears. Because of this list, the office was able to selectits liaison soon after the transmission of the actual
liaison request. Preparing such list in advance of adisaster is effective preparations for future response.

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Within One Week of the Disaster (Operations)
Section 1: Operations to be Undertaken within One Week ofDisaster-“the first week after disaster ca, in other words, be thought ofas the ‘emergency phase’ in which RBs are faced with the most
severe decisions about how to put recovery plans into actions,even without pre-existing scenarios to assist them.”

Section 2: Response Framework
Item 1: Establishing Chain of Command- “RBs must ensure that the information needed to makedecisions reaches the people who make them.”
Item 2: Expansion of Response Framework
Item 3: Deploying TEC-FORCE
Points for Improvement:
1. The MLIT issued a directive on May 28, 2012, stating that
TEC-FORCE members dispatched to a disaster zone
entered under the leadership of the director-general at the
local RB. This can be regarded as an outcome activity that
followed March 11.
2. TEC-FORCE team members and liaison are generally
dispatch in response to request from municipal
governments. However, in the initial response to a large
scale disaster, municipal governments are often working in
extreme conditions where communications are paralyzed
and there is no room for any objective other than saving
lives. There were cases where the role and capabilities of the
TEC-FORCE and liaison were not recognized; where thepurpose of their deployment could not be confirmed; where
governments hesitated about the deployment; and also
where the deployment process fell into stagnation. Even in

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these cases, TEC-FORCE units and liaison should be
dispatched at once and without hesitation. In many cases,
the capabilities of these personnel were recognize after theirdeployment. They became valued assets. The instance inwhich the TEC-FORCE was deemed unnecessary isimportant information in itself, and also where thedeployment should not be thought of a waste.
3. For TEC-FORCE units deployed the day after the disaster,
it works well if RBs have plan (including facilities) for how
they should receive them. The plan should also cover survey
content, TEC-FORCE team structure, survey formats,maps, and other materials needed for the TEC-FORCE toinspect the facilities of each RB and their administrative
divisions. It would also be useful for RBs to construct aframework regarding staff who can explain disasterconditions and survey plan to TEC-FORCE members in thedisaster zone, and to ensure that the personnel to performthese duties are designated in the DPO Plan.
Section 3: Securing Routes for Relief Activities
Item 1: Clearing Roads
Item 2: Reopening Waterways
Item 3: Emergency Drainage-

Time is of the essence when it comes to clearing roads. After alarge-scale disaster, Disaster Response Headquarter should bequick to issue the overall operations plan and instructions forroad clearing activities. Personnel in the disaster zone should
begin information gathering and road clearing operations
without waiting for directions. This is especially true for roads
such as national highways that are evidently high priority. It
is important that the personnel undertaking this activity takesufficient care regarding aftershocks and tsunamis, in order toprevent any secondary disasterMarc Gil P. Calang – Philippines16911/21/2017

Points for Improvement:
1. Most of the vehicles remaining on the roads in the aftermathof the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake had been
submerged in seawater and thereby rendered unusable.
Their removal was therefore not a major problem. However,in the case of an earthquake affecting Tokyo or other more
populated areas, there may be issues with removing
abandoned but undamaged cars that are blocking the road.
There is need to research on how to handle this scenario, sothat post-disaster transport routes can be established at an
early stage.
2. On this occasion, the Tohoku Expressways utility as main
access for regional roadways meant that the plan forclearing roadways was constructed in a comb-likeformation. The conditions of each disaster are, however,different and RBs should avoid relying too heavily on thisdesign.
3. The particular characteristics of the March 11 earthquake
and the seismic reinforcement performed after the Great
Hanshin- Awaji Earthquake meant that there wasrelatively little damage to other structures. RBs should not,however, assume that road clearing activities will always
focus on removing rubble. More extensive may require otheractivities.
4. A Business Continuity Plan (BCP) Council should be formed
consisting of Port Administrator, Relevant Shipping/cargohandling companies, and Land Transport Companies innormal times and framework for early-stage action should
be discussed and prepared. This improves the response
speed for unexpected phenomenon that may occur after an
actual disaster.

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5. The TRB responded in the earthquake’s immediate
aftermath with its normal procedures for dispatchingdisaster response vehicles and apparatus. There was no preexisting department to manage the entirety of drainage
operations. This and the difficulties in acquiring accurate
information led the TRB to respond on an ad hoc basis. It
took time to assess the overall picture of the flooding, tochange response system and to achieve integrated
operations. If drainage operations and support (including
fuel supply) in the disaster’s immediate aftermath, theentire operation could have been more efficient andeffective.
6. In ordinary disasters, it is expected that the cost of
deploying drainage vehicles is shouldered by the local
government that requests them. There were, however, noguidelines regarding cost burdens for flooding as extensive
as on March 11. The TRB could not clearly answer questions
about these cost and some local governments hesitated torequest deployment. The national government ultimately
exempted local government from paying for the drainage
vehicles on this occasion. Local government may have beenless concerned if the TRB had been able to make theseassurances at an earlier stage. The New Flood Control Act(revised after disaster) now states that the MLIT can
implement drainage operations for tsunami flooding as a“specified emergency flood control activity”. The MLIT
would also pay for these operations, reinforcing the support
that is given to local government in a disaster-affected area.
7. Government personnel who were sent to disaster zone
frequently received on-site request for drainage vehicles.
They subsequently issued orders for the vehicles
deployment. These orders, however, did not consider theoverall allocation of drainage vehicles, drainage priorities orthe availability of fuel. There was one instance where thelocation to which the drainage vehicle was dispatched could
not physically be rained, because the damage and groundsubsidence from the tsunami had caused the flood water to

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connect with the ocean. Government officials involved withrisk management must be careful with their words andactions, to ensure that they do not break the chain ofcommand. RBs should also improve their means fordisseminating information about drainage ump vehicle
operations at an early stage.
8. In the initial stage of equipment dispatch command,
personnel would respond to request by making successiveorders to assembled operators to deploy equipment. Thismeans that there was no connection between theequipment’s “home” RB and the location to which they weredispatched, which in turn made it difficult to provide
logistical support. When dispatch location was changed, the
TRB aimed to concentrate equipment in accordance with thelocation of its associated RB (i.e making sure that theequipment from one RB was sent to sites in close proximity).
This strategy made easier to carry out logistical assistance.
It is, however something that dispatch command should
consider from the start of operations.
9. The personnel and equipment operators that arrived fromother bureaus came with sufficient readiness for their work.
They were, however, obviously disconnected when they wereput on standby without receiving any information. A certain
amount of waiting time before deployment is unavoidable,
but it is necessary for RBs to supply these personnel with
sufficient information.

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Within One Week of the Disaster (Logistical Support)
Section 1: Logistical Support to be Performed within One Weekof the Disaster-“providing logistical support to personnel working in disasterzones is a crucial part of responding to a large scale disaster.
During the initial period of a disaster response, the officers incharge will often focus on strategic operations at the site of thedisaster. Logistical support is thus in many cases overlooked orregarded as an auxiliary component of response activity.
Logistical support must be regarded as a primaryactivity, of the same importance as strategic operations.
It is especially important that staff at the MLIT more seniorlevels place more weight on logistical activities. This will help
to achieve a smooth disaster response.”

Section 2: Logistics
Item 1: securing Communication
Item 2: Assisting Staff and their Families-

RBs should therefore from the onset offer firm guidance formaintaining the health of their employees. Commanding
Officers should also pay close attention to the condition of eachother’s health.

-

It is for this purpose that the Japanese custom of all personnel
spending the night at work until the job is done should be
actively prevented for the term of disaster response activities.
A staff rotation schedule should be introduced at an earlystage. It is, furthermore, important to communicate
information about food, clothing and accommodation and to try
and shift employees from an erratic crisis-driven lifestyle to asteady and sustainable schedule.

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11/21/2017-

There were also cases in which the family members of TRB
personnel were either missing or living in evacuation facilities.
These cases need to be taken into considerations.

Item 3: Transporting Materials and Personnel
Item 4: Securing Food
- Securing food supplies is the most fundamental aspect of adisaster response. Securing an adequate quantity is theminimum requirement, but if unusual living condition are
expected to continue for a long period, it is necessary toconsider the quality of food as well.
-

RDs must especially give consideration to the following:a. Too much food is better that than a food shortage. RDs
should aim to procure large quantities of swiftly ad by allmeans available.
b. RDs should distribute food to meet the needs of local
agencies, municipalities, evacuation centers and otherorganizations.
c. For staff inside the TRB, emergency food supplies should
be distributed to all members for a set period of time.
d. As time passes, a greater variety of foods should be
prepared.
e. Commanding Officers and Senior Officials should eat thesame food as their employees, at the same place, and only
when everyone else has received their share.
f. RBs should keep a record of the people and organizations
that assisted with food supply, for the purpose of etiquetteand later expressions of thanks.

Item 5: Securing Fuel-

When there is a power failure over a large area, fuel for
emergency generator equipment becomes a lifeline toensure the continuation of response activities, supporting
everything from power in the RB Building to thecontinuation of communication. Bureaus should work to

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11/21/2017

manage their remaining supply of electricity as soon as
possible. In addition, RDs need a large quantity of fuel forroad clearing, emergency restorations and immediate
assistance to the disaster zone. They must, therefore,
procure fuel supplies by all available means. It is especiallydifficult to obtain fuel from private markets in the firstweek after the disaster strikes. Procurement through the
public sector, with help from RBs across Japan is essential.
Points for Improvement:
1. Confirmation regarding staff safety were completed within
three days. However, the number of missing persons as wellas the difficult state of communications in the Pacific coastal
regions meant that it took much longer to confirm the safetyof the families of TRB personnel. The number of families
whose status was not confirmed was reduced to three on
March 29. The TRB had no preparations for determining theevacuation status of families of the damage conditions at theirhomes. The response regarding family safety was thereby
inadequate.
2. Much of the information about employees’ homes and families
only became clear through the process of collecting donations.
This raised a number of issues. RBs need to take decisions inadvance about the scope of private information to be collected
at these times.
3. Number of pre-assembled temporary bridges should be obtainand kept in locations that will not be affected by tsunami
4. Regarding drivers, the youngest driver under RB employment
are in their late forties. Amid the current personnel
reductions, there are no plans for new driver recruitment.
Under these conditions, there will be no drivers at RBs in thenext ten years or so. It is thus important that RBs consider
5. Transporting fuel and using transfer stations required
coordination with private companies. It may also advisable to

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establish agreements for these operations in advance, in caseof another emergency.
Section 3: Information Transmission
Item 1: Arranging Press Releases and Interviews-

Working in collaboration with news and broadcastingorganizations is indispensable for transmitting swift andaccurate information about disaster conditions to the outside
world. If it is difficult for news media agencies to assess thesituation due to harsh reporting condition, MLIT must provide
them with the assistance they require. This includes proactive
cooperation including the provision of video images and othermaterials

Item 2: Accommodating Domestic and Foreign Observation Missions-

Dealing with observation missions is often seen as burden to
the side that has to receive them. There is, however, asubstantial amount of information that can only be conveying
through directly showing people the disaster zone. Having
MLIT offices in the disaster zone handle missions and makevisitors correctly understand the issues facing them has
positive effects on the subsequent recovery activities.
Observation missions should therefore be proactively
welcomed. The process of making and explaining documents
presented to the observation mission should be systemized inorder to increase efficiency.

Points for Improvement:
1. Even in serious disaster like the Great Eastern Japan
Earthquake, the Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF) were able
to prepare public relations plan that aligned their objectives
and methods with the progress of their response activities.
They developed this as strategic public information from theirinitial response to their final withdrawal from operations. The
photographs they used with their releases captured not only
working conditions but also the faces, gratitude and evenhappiness of the JSDF and should use them again in the

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11/21/2017

future. In addition, providing news agencies with information
directly through the media briefings became a good
opportunity for public relations. This is an area that merits
strategic improvement.
2. “Earthquake Disaster Information” was released continuously
to media organizations, but simply numbering releases (forexample, Earthquake Disaster Information No.1) and ending
them out mechanically did not accurately convey the TRB’s
intentions to the public. RBs should make innovations toensure that press releases have visual impact and areunderstood at a glance.
Item 3: Using Internet-

When there is an excess information, RBs should abide by theironclad rule of providing a user-friendly and simple interface.
It is also useful to prepare temporary electronic bulletin boardson the internet for disaster-stricken communities, tocommunicate their needs as well as other information.

Section 4: Working with Related Agencies
Item 1: Working with Japan Self-Defense Forces-

The Japan Self-Defense Forces and Regional Bureaus are twomain organizations capable of conducting swift disaster
response operations to protect the country in time of crisis.
Together they can carry out operations to securecommunications for a large area over multiple prefectures;
they can maintain a chain of command; and thy can deploy
disaster response vehicles and apparatus and personnel on alarge scale. In the initial response period they work together
as one team. It is desirable that the Regional Bureaus andJapan Self-Defense Forces complement and support eachother’s activities and respond in flexible manner. A close
relationship should be built through regular dialogues andjoint training sessions in normal times.

Item 2: Working with Japan Coast Guard

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Item 3: Working with Construction Industry
Points for Improvement:
1. The JSDF and TRB enacted as mutual arrangements todispatch liaisons and exchange information, and the TRB
Liaisons sent to the JSDF were authorized to work in the JSDF
Disaster Response Headquarters on the first day. However, thearrival of personnel from the air, land and maritime JSDF toform the disaster JTF meant that, from the second day, there
was no space for TRB Liaisons. Having to work in separate
rooms caused difficulty in performing operations. RD Liaisonsshould be allowed to work inside the JSDF Disaster Response
Headquarters in the future, in order to enhance cooperation.
2. As a junction between land and sea (Japan Coastguard), roadinformation should be also be examined in advance with roaddepartments and announced in a way that is easy tounderstand.
Section 5: Preparation for a Swift Recovery
Item 1: Temporary Suspension of Normal Construction Work-

Following a large scale disaster, it is necessary toconcentrate the mechanical power and workforce of theconstruction industry on the disaster response. In
addition, given that equipment, fuel and construction
materials will fall into extreme shortage. Regional
Bureaus should temporarily suspend other on-going
public construction work and operations, in accordancewith the scale of damage from the disaster.

Item 2: Emergency No-Bid Contracts-

Initial response activities and emergency restoration are
a race against time for saving lives and supporting the
day-to-day lifestyles of the victims. To pursue these

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actions swiftly and smoothly, RBS should utilize no-bid
contracts based on the Public Accounting Act.

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Innovations from Hyogo Prefectural Government:

The year 2015 marks 20 years since the Great Hanshin-Awaji
Earthquake, as well as the 10th anniversary of the 2nd UN World Conference
on Disaster Reduction. “Hyogo HFA Research Committee’ was established andevaluated efforts in disaster-affected areas. Based on the outcome from thecommittee, Hyogo will share recommendation to promote the Post 2015
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Action which will be discussed
at 3rd UN World Conference on DRR.
Evaluation and Verification of 20 years Efforts- Recommendations
towards the post 2015 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction as follows:
Expected Outcome:Substantial reduction of disaster losses, lives and in the social,economic and environmental assets.
Strategic Goals:
Goal 1: Integration of DRR into sustainable development policies andplanning

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Goal 2: Development and strengthening of institutions, mechanisms andcapabilities
Goal 3: Systematic incorporation of DRR into emergency preparedness
and recovery
Priorities for Action
Action 1: Make DRR a National Priority
1.1 Initiative to pass on memories and lessons of the Great
Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (GHAE)
1.2 Emergency management system enhancement andreinforcement by local government
1.3 Establishment of Hyogo Disaster Management Center
1.4 Development of Voluntary Disaster Response
Organization
Action 2: Know Risk and Take Actions
2.1 Preparation and release of Hazard Maps
2.2 Development of a disaster information delivery system
Action 3: Build Understanding and Awareness3.1 Establishment and operation of the Disaster Reduction and
Human Renovation Institution (DRI)
3.2 International
government

disaster reduction cooperation by local

3.3 Disaster Risk Reduction education in Hyogo
3.4 Promotion on DRR learning at community organization,
NPO and workplace
3.5 The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake verification andrecommendation project

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Action 4: Reduce Risk
4.1 Seismic resistance enhancement programs for buildings
4.2 Enhancement of forest conservation and river management
4.3 Disaster-resistant building programs
4.4 Development of Rokko Mountain Range Green Belt
4.5 Hyogo Mutual Aid System for Housing Reconstruction(Phoenix Mutual Fund)
4.6 Development of Mental health care system for disastervictims
Action 5: Be Prepared and Ready to Act
5.1 Development of Regional Emergency Management Bases
5.2 Support for volunteer activities
5.3 Development of Emergency Medical Service System
5.4 Implement of “Mobile Health Care Room” Program
5.5 Development of disaster victims support system
BUILD BACK BETTER THAN BEFORE
1. Promotion of well-planned reconstruction
2. The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Reconstruction Fund
3. Promotion of Public-private Partnership
4. Rebuilding of Local Community
5. Empowerment of gender perspective in reconstruction
6. Helping disaster victims find something to live for
7. Creating a Disaster-resilient society

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8. Phoenix Plaza
9. Elderly independence Support
10. Industrial recovery by cooperation with government andindustry
RECOMMENDATIONS TOWARDS THE POST 2015 FRAMEWORKFOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
Recommendation for New Priorities of Action:
Developing “Build Back Better than Before
 Establishment of fund to meet disaster victims multifaceted
need flexibly
 Creating a disaster-resilient society Participation of citizens during the recovery process Support disaster victims with various stakeholders
 Rebuilding local community
 Helping disaster victims find something to live for Maintain health condition of psychological and physical fordisaster victims
 Empowerment of gender perspective in reconstruction
 Development of Disaster Management and Disaster Risk
Reduction by role-sharing and coordination of self-help andpublic-help
 Support the development
prevention organizationsofcommunity-based

disaster Introducing housing reconstruction Mutual Aid Fund (forHomeowners)

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Recommendation for New Perspective:
Developing International Disaster Reduction cooperation by Local
Government Sharing the experiences and lessons from disaster Providing physical and personnel support
 Implementing projects supported by donation
Enhancement of the Current Priorities for Actions:
1. Empowerment of DRR Capability of Local Government
Enhancement of Emergency Management SystemImprovement of awareness and capability of the top level ofthe governmentEmpower community and local DRR capability

2. Highlight the importance of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
Education and LearningPromoting DRR education in schoolTraining specialized personnel in universities



Utilizing school as community disaster management baseCreating schemes for School Disaster Management (prior todisasterPromoting active learning of disaster management at
community and household

3. Verification of Disaster, Passing on Lessons Learned
Initiative to pass on memories of disaster

Verification of past disaster and recommendations for futuredisasters

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines18411/21/2017



Sharing the experience and lessons learn to the World

Preservation and Utilization of Disaster remains

Innovations from Kochi Prefecture, Kochi City:
Kochi’s efforts to disaster management as follows: Preparing for Nankai Trough Earthquake Promotion of Disaster Prevention related to Businesses tocombat natural disaster- Support to achieve the local production, local consumption
and external sales of disaster prevention related products
and technologies;- Certification of Disaster related Products
 Promotion of Disaster-related Industry-

Contributing to monitoring torrential rain and flooding-

Plant-based drainage materials to improve soft ground-

Speedily restoring bridges in the event of disaster-

Quick reinforcing levees with file wall backbones-

SONAERU – Readiness Measures-

NIGERU – Evacuation-

IKIRU - Survival Measures of Self Protection- “Against Quake”-

Accelerating Seismic Resistance of House

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 Measures for Tsunami Evacuation-

Development/improvement of evacuation routes and sites.

 3rd Nankai Trough Earthquake Countermeasure Action Plan

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Philippine’s Response Innovation

Philippines is one thecountry who benefited the useof Incident Command System
as an On-Scene Disaster
Management namely during:
Papal Visit 2015 for thevictims of Yolanda (Haiyan in
Tacloban wherein ICS was
being implanted in every
areas of engagement of thePope, Miss Universe 2017,
Marawi Crisis 2017, Surigao
Earthquake 2017, Caraga
Rescue Exercise 2014 and etc.
Since then response
challenges
suchas
coordination, command andcontrol, life prioritization,
who’s in charge, optimizing
the use of resources and its
management,
welfareof
responders deployed wereaddressed and put to aminimum because of the use of
ICS.

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Philippine’s Preparedness Innovation to Ensure
Effective Response

To ensure that everything isin the right place and in the righttrack the Philippine Government
conducted Quarterly Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council
Meeting that is being participated by
all member agencies from thegovernment, private sector, academe,
civil society organizations, accredited
disastervolunteers
and
other
stakeholders.
Response Trainings such
Incident Command System Training,
Rapid Damage Needs Analysis
Training, Medical First Responders
Training, Collapse Structure Searchand Rescue Training, Water Searchand Rescue Training; Earthquake
and Evacuation Drill, Tsunami Drill,
Fire Drill and Simulation Exercises
were also conducted regularly toensure the safety of the country.

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V.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1

SummaryThis study aims to determine and enumerate the on-scene disaster
response mechanism of the Philippines and of Japan.
Based on the gathered data, the Researcher found out that there aresimilarities and peculiarities on the implementation of Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management especially on Response Mechanism such as:
Similarities:
1. Both countries are situated in the Pacific Ring of Fire where active
faults, trenches, volcanic eruption, geohazards and hydrometrological hazards are so prevalent.
2. In times of disaster response, its top most priority is life preservation,
incident stabilization and property conservation.
3. Presence and involvement of Disaster Volunteer in every village or
town.
4. Involvement of Self Defense Force
Peculiarities:
1. Philippines has a greater number of Islands that composes thecountry. This is a challenge in terms of responding to an emergency
as to accessibility and transportation issues.
2. The use of Incident Command System as an On-Scene Disaster
Response Mechanism for the Philippines.
3. Institutional Mechanism and Coordination during emergency
4. Specific Agency, Department and Offices look into specific hazard forJapan

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5.2

Findings –Comparison of Japan and the Philippines Disaster Risk Reduction
Management System (though the study is focuses mainly on the On-Scene
Disaster Response Mechanism yet the Researcher find it also important toinclude other thematic areas of Disaster Management of Philippine andJapan in the table presented below)
Phases in DRRM
Governance
Legal Basis

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

JAPAN Disaster
Countermeasures Basic
Act (1961)
 Act on Prevention ofMarine Pollution andMaritime Disaster(1970)
 Act on Disaster
Prevention in Petroleum
Industrial Complexes
and other Petroleum
Facilities (1975)
 Act on Special Measures
for Large-scale
Earthquakes (1978)
 Act on Special Measuresfor Nuclear Disasters(1999)
 Act on Special Measuresfor Promotion of
Tonankai and Nankai
Earthquake Disaster
Management (2002)
 Act on Special Measuresfor Promotion ofDisaster Management
for Trench-type
Earthquake in theVicinity of Japan andChishima Trenches(2004)PHILIPPINES
 Republic Act
10121 also known
as Philippine
Disaster Risk
Reduction andManagement Act
of 2010.
 PD 1566 (June1978)
 DRM Bill (May 27,2010) Local Code of 1991
 Building Code
 Land Use Zoning Fire Code190

11/21/2017

DisasterPrevention and
Mitigation andPreparedness Erosion Control Act(1897)
 Building Standard Law(1950)
 Forest Act (1951)
 Act on Temporary
Measures for Disaster
Prevention andDevelopment of Special
Land Areas (1952)
 Meteorological Act(1952)
 Seashore Act (1956)
 Landslide Prevention
Act (1958)
 Act on Special Measuresfor Disaster Prevention
in Typhoon-prone Areas(1958)
 Act on Special Measuresfor Heavy Snow Areas(1962)
 River Act (1964)
 Act on Prevention of
Steep Slope Collapse
Disaster (1969)
 Act on Special Measures
for Active Volcanoes(1973)Act on Special Financial
Measures for Urgent
Earthquake

Lead Agency for
Prevention and
Mitigation:
Department of
Science andTechnology (DOST)
Priority Actions:••••

Lead Agency:
Department ofInterior and Local
Government (DILG)
Using thePreparedness Plan
Priority Actions:
•
•
•
•
•

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

Early warning
systems
Flood forecasting
and monitoring
Hazard and risk
mappings
Structural andnon-structuralinterventions

Contingency
planning
Prepositioning
and stock-piling
Capacitating andorganizing
responders
Training, drills
and exercises
Pre-Disaster Risk
Assessment191

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Disaster
Emergency
Response

Lead Agency: Countermeasure
Improvement Projects in
Department of Social
Areas for Intensified
Works andMeasures (1980)
Development
 Act on Special Measures (DSWD)
for Earthquake Disaster
Countermeasures (1995) using the Response Act on Promotion of the Cluster Plan
Earthquake-proof
Priority Actions:
Retrofit of Buildings(1995)• Rapid damage
 Act on Promotion ofassessment andDisaster Resilienceneeds analysis
Improvement in Densely• Issuance of
Inhabited Areas (1997)
advisories and Act on Promotion ofsituation reports
Sediment Disaster•
Activation ofCountermeasures for
Response
Sediment Disaster
Clusters andProne Areas (2000)
Incident Specified Urban River
Command
Inundation
SystemCountermeasures Act• Mobilization of(2003)
responders
 Disaster Relief Act•
Humanitarian(1997)
assistance (eg Fire Services Act (1947)
relief Flood Control Act (1949)
distribution)• Provision offinancialassistance• Management ofevacuation
centers

Disaster
Recovery andReconstruction,
and Financial
Measures Forest National
Insurance Act (1937)
 Agriculture Disaster
Compensation Act(1947)
 Housing Loan
Corporation Act (1950

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

Lead Agency:
National Economic
and Development
Authority (NEDA)192

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 Act on Interim
Measures for
Subsidizing Recovery
Projects for Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries
Facilities Damaged Due
to Disasters (1950)
 Small-Medium Business
Credit Insurance Act(1950)
 Act on National
Treasury Share of
Expenses for Recovery
Projects for Public Civil
Engineering Facilities
Damaged Due toDisasters (1951)
 Public Housing Act(1951)
 Fishing Boat Damage
Compensation Act(1952)
 Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries FinanceCorporation Act (1952)
 Railway Improvement
Act (1953)
 Act on National
Treasury Share of
Expenses for Recoveryof Public School
Facilities Damaged Due
to Disasters (1953)
 Act on Interim
Measures for Financing
Farmers, Woodsmen
and Fishermen
Suffering from Natural
Disasters (1955)
 Airport Improvement
Act (1956)
 Small-scale Business
Equipment Installation

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

Using theRehabilitation andRecovery Plan
Priority Actions:• Post-disasterneeds assessment• Enhancement ofpolicies and plans• Reconstruction
using “build backbetter” approach• Resettlement• Provision of newsources of
livelihood193

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Financial Support Act(1956)
 Act on Special Financial
Support to Deal with
Extremely Severe
Disasters (1962)
 Fisheries Disaster
Compensation Act(1964)
 Act on Earthquake
Insurance (1966)
 Act on Special Financial
Measures for Group
Relocation Promotion
Projects for Disaster
Mitigation (1972)
 Act on Payment of
Solatia for Disasters(1973)
 Act on Special Measuresfor Reconstruction ofDisaster-stricken Urban
Areas (1995)
 Act on Special Measuresfor Reconstruction of
Jointly Owned
Buildings in Disasterstricken Areas (1995)
 Act on Special Measuresfor Preservation of
Rights and Profits of theVictims of Specified
Disaster (1956)
 Act on Support for
Livelihood Recovery ofDisaster Victims (1998)
DRRM Organization
National Level
Central Disaster
Management Council
Secretariat of the Cabinet Secretariat
Council

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

National Disaster
Risk Reduction
Council (NDRRMC)
Office of Civil
Defense (OCD)
Secretarial of
NDRRMC

194

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Regional Level

Provincial Level

Prefectural Disaster
Management Council (47Prefectures) headed by theGovernor

City/Municipal
Level

City/Municipal Disaster
Management Council(1,800 City/Municipality)
headed by Mayors

Villages

Residential Level

Disaster Monitoring
Flood Hazard
Japan Meteorological
Monitoring
AgencyMinistry of Land,
Infrastructure andTransportation andprefectural government,
NHK
Internet and Mobile
Warning Alert System(JMA forecast are precise
and exact location andtrend with rainfall
measurement)
Storm & Flood
JMA
Countermeasures
Rainfall and
Ministry of Land,
Water Level
Infrastructure andTransportation andprefectural government

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

Regional Disaster
Risk Reduction
Council (18 Regions)headed by the OCD
Regional Director
Secretariat of
RDRRMC - OCD
Regional Centers
Provincial Disaster
Risk Reduction
Council (81Provinces) headed by
the Governor
City/Municipal
Disaster Risk
Reduction Council(145 City’s) (1,489)
headed by the
MayorsBarangay Disaster
Risk Reduction
Council - 42,029
headed by the
Captain
PAGASA/MGB
Flood Forecasting &Warning
NDRMMC OpCen
RDRRMC,PDRRMCs,
C/MDRRMCs
BDRRMCsMedia

PAGASAPAGASA
Flood Forecasting &Warning195

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Flood Mitigation  Flood Control Act
and Soil Conservation andCountermeasures
Flood Control Urgent
Measures Disaster
Countermeasures BasicAct
 Act on Special Financial
Support Building Code
 Specified Urban River
Inundation
Countermeasures Act
 Countermeasures for
Sediment Disaster Prone
Areas
River

National for Class A
Management
River Prefectural andMunicipal for Class B
RiversFlood Prevention  River Channel
Structural
Improvement
Measures(embankment, channel
excavation, bank raising& channel expansion) Run-off Control(construction of reservoir
and regulating basins) Damage Mitigation(establishment of
warning and evacuation
system, flood fighting,publication of maps, useof flood proof buildings,
IEC
Flood Prevention  Hazard mapping
Non-structural
 Water level gages
measures Flow meters
 CCTV cameras

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

Local Government
and Community
DPWH/LGUs

DPWH/Local
Government Units

DPWH/ Local
Government Units Hazard mapping
and vulnerability
assess Information,
education
campaign

196

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 Information
dissemination,
evacuation, rescue Drills and exercises
Environmental
 Land Use Plan WasteManagement
 Pollution
 Reforestation

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

 Soil Conservation andFlood Control Urgent
Measures Act
 Act on Promotion of
Sediment Disaster
Countermeasures for
Sediment Disaster
Prone Areas with
amendments
 Flood Control Act with
Amendment
 Specified Urban River
Inundation
Countermeasures Act
 Forest Act
 Erosion Control Act
 Forest Act
 Act on Temporary
Measure for Disaster
Prevention andDevelopment of Special
Land Areas (1952)
 Seashore Act Landslide Prevention
Act (1958)
 Act on Special Measuresfor Disaster Prevention
in Typhoon-prone Areas(1958)
 River Act
 Act on Steep Slope
Collapse Disaster (1969)
 Act on Promotion ofDisaster Resilience
Improvement in Densely
Inhabited Areas Community based
rainfall and waterobservation inprone areas
 Pre-emptive
evacuation
Environmental
Law Land use zoning Waste Segregation
Management
 RA 8749 Clean Air
Act of 1999

197

11/21/2017

Research
institute

5.3

 Scientific andTechnological Research Climate Change Precipitation
 Engineering
 Environmental
 Maritime Disaster
Research

Conclusions and Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions andrecommendation are drawn:
1. It is imperative that the culture of preparedness is being inculcated inevery citizen and in all walks of life. Everyone has its role in making
our environment safe to live.
2. Integration of DRR in school curriculum and make it as major subject
from primary grade to college. This knowledge foundation plays a vitalrole keeping the whole of society safe from disaster.
3. Our nature changes and maybe this change is called “Natural
Disaster” and is at our door waiting to happen. We humans being
cannot say no to it. Therefore, we need to live in harmony with natureby mitigating and make preparations or else suffer its consequences.
4. Conveying the knowledge and experiences from the past generation to
future generation, from indigenous knowledge to the way of science
will play an important part in the integration of measures to increase
the level of disaster awareness to reduce risk and vulnerability.
5. “Natural disaster will always be with us but disaster need not be”- byGen. B. Ramos

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Disaster Management in Japan
Published by DIRECTOR GENRAL FOR DIASTER MANAGEMENTCABINET OFFICE, GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN
1-6-1 NAGATACHO, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN
Tel: +81-3-3501-6983
Leading The First Response To Large Scale Natural Disaster
Issued in October 2014, Issued by: Tohoku Regional Bureau, Ministry ofLand, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism9-15 Futsuka-machi,
Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8602 Tel: 022-225-2171
2014 Global Risk LandscapeA DBJ Survey of Japans Local Communities on Comprehensive
Risk Assessment and Attitudes towards Resilience:
March 2015
Development Bank of Japan Inc.
Otemachi Financal City South Tower, 9-6
Otemachi 1-chrome, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 100-8178, Japan
Tel. +81-3-3270-1100
Manuals, Journals and Brochures
White Paper DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN JAPAN 2016
Japan Cabinet Office
20 Years from Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Recommendation from
Hyogo – Initiative toward the Post 2015 Framework for Disaster Risk
Reduction – Report from Hyogo HFA Research Committee (summary)“Japanese Disaster Management System used by the World:-lessons learned from the Great Hanshin-Awaji EarthquakeJapan Platform Journal
Kanda River/Loop No. 7 Underground Regulating Reservoir

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199

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Learning from Disaster Simulation Drills in Japan
2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/International Development Association or The World Trade
1818 H Street NW
Washington DC 20433“Disaster Management Training” at Hyogo Prefectural Emergency
Management and Training Center by MR. Tanaka
October 7, 2017
Hyogo Prefectural Emergency Management and Training Center; Miki
Emergency Management Base
Misaka 1-19, Shijimi-cho, Miki 673-0516, Japan
Tel; +81 794 87 2920
Kobe City Restoration Plan (Abridged Version)
Published by the Secretariat of the Earthquake
Headquarters
6-5-1, Kano-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe
Tel: 078-331-8181, ext 2363

Restoration

Hyogo Institute for Traumatic Stress Brochure
Tel: (078) 200-3010
Kobe City Fire Bureau Brochure
ALT-FACE
The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Memorial
Disaster Reduction and Human Renovation Institution (DRI)
1-5-2 Wakinohama Kaigan-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe City651-0073
Tel: 078-262-5050
Landslide Museum Brochure
Nigawa-Yurino-cho
10-1 Nigawa-Yurino-cho, Nishinomiya City
Town Watching for Disaster Risk Reduction Guidebook
February 2010
Bosai International
Yujiro OGAWA

Marc Gil P. Calang – Philippines200

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Tsunami/ Storm Disaster Prevention Station Guidebook
2-1-64 Enokojima, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0006
Tel: 06-6541-7799
Measures to Control Tidal Waves in the Western Osaka Region
Osaka Prefectural Government
River Office, Department of Urban and Public Works, Osaka
Prefectural Government
2-1-22 Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540-8570
Tel: 06-6941-0351
Unpublished Materials
Lorene S. Catedral. (2016A). “Factors Contributing to the High
Resiliency and Capacity of Japan to Natural Hazard in thecontext of Social Institutions
Carmelita A. Laverinto (2010). “Final Research Paper”
Global Risks Report 2017 12th Edition
Kobe University Recovery Plan; Outline of Kobe City Disaster
Management Plan
26 September 2017
Yuichi Honjo, Research Professor, university of Hyogo

Presentation Materials
DM Issues by Ms. Shiomi Yumi of Asian Disaster Reduction Center(ADRC)
Disaster Resilient Ability Which People Should be Learned by Yujiro
Ogawa, September 9, 2017
Issues of Disaster Risk Reduction Intensive Course 2017 for Autumn
By - Y. KANEKO: Professor, GSICS & RCUSS, Kobe University- T. TOYODA: Special Appointive Professor GSICS, Kobe
Univesity- Y. SHIOZAKI: Professor, College of Policy Science,
Ritsumeikan University- S. KOSHINO: Visiting Professor, RCRDM, Iwate University

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Discussion over Disaster Education for Residents by Yujiro Ogawa,
September 20, 2017
Disaster Management in Japan
International Cooperation Division
Cabinet Office, Japan
September 22, 2017
Websites
1. http://www.dw.com/en/philippines-a-country-prone-to-naturaldisasters/a-17217404
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pan.pdf
3. http://www.bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/panf/pdf/WPDM2016_Summary.
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4. http://www.bousai.go.jp/en/about/index.html
5. http://www.bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/panf/pdf/WP2017_DM_Full_Vers
ion.pdf
6. http://www.bousai.go.jp/en/documentation/reports/disaster_ma
nagement_plan.html
7. http://www.japanplatform.org/E/about/
8. http://www.adrc.asia/nationinformation.php?NationCode=392
9. http://www.bousai.go.jp/kyoiku/panf/pdf/WP2017_DM_Full_Vers
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10. https://www.facebook.com/civildefensecaragaregion2017/photos?lst=100000442423387%3A100003846170174%3A1510811651&sou
rce_ref=pb_friends_tl

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