Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

DisasterManagement System
in NepalRameshwor Dangal
Section Chiefh fDisaster Management Section
Ministry of Home Affairs, Nepal
2012/2/17

Presentation Outline

1.

General information of Nepal

2. Disaster Profile and scenario of Nepal
33. Disaster Managementg
Systemyof Nepalp4. Progress of the implementation of HFA
5. Recent Major projects on DRR
6. ADRC counterpartp1. General information of Nepal

S
Source:P
Populationl ti C
Census 2011

1.1 Political history of Nepal
Before 1768‐ 50 small feudal States
In 1768 Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered the
feudal state and built greater Nepal andestablished Shah Dynasty (1768‐2008)

Prithvi Narayan Shah 1768‐1990‐ Absolute Monarchy

Last King of Royal Dynasty Gyanendra Shah 1990‐2008
99
Constitutional
multiparty democracy

monarchyy

and2008 May 28‐ End of Shah Dynasty and declarefederal democratic republic state
The Royal palace of Nepal

1.2Present political system of Nepal
Nepal is in her political transition¾ Peace process is underway as per thecomprehensive peace accord between CPN
Maoist and GON on 21 November 2006
¾ Interim Constitution of Nepal was
promulgatedgon 15 January 2007 and has
been amended for 11th times by 24 Nov 2011
¾ Constitutional Assembly was formulated on
2008 for its two year tenure but has been
extended for 4 times up to 2012 May

Central Government Headquarter Singh Durbar¾ On 28 May, 2008 Nepall declaredd l d as aFederal Democratic Republic state
¾ New
N
C
Constitution
tit timakingki
process isi goingion by constitutional Assembly

President Ram Baran Yaday

P M Babu Ram Bhattarai

1.3 Nepal at a Glance
9 Area 147,181 sq Km
9 Elevation 70 m to 8848m high9 Demography‐26.6 Millions
population, 1.4% growth rate, 181 per
sq km
k d
density,102iethenicities,92
h i iilanguages, 6 religions (Population
census 2011)
9 Administrative division‐ 5 Regions,14
Zones, 75 Districts, 3913 VDCs and 58
Municipalities

Arun valley

9 Socio‐economic 64.1 year life
expectancy,86.5 percent literacylrate (15‐24), 25.2 percent poverty,3.3
percent GDP growth, 13 percent
inflation, HDI 0.458, GNI per capita
US$ 472 (Nepal MDG Report,2010)

Lumbini

Mt Everest

Bhaktapur Darbar Area

2.Disaster profile and scenario of Nepal

2.1 Disaster Profile of Nepal
 20th topmost disaster prone country
in the world
 11th rank in earthquake vulnerability
 30th rank in flood vulnerability
 4th rankk in
i climateli t changehvulnerability
 Kathmandu Valley is exposed to thegreatest earthquake risk city among
21 megacities
g iti ini theth world
ld
Source: Ministry of Home Affairs and Nepal Disaster Report 2009

2.2 Major disasters in Nepal Flood

 Avalanches Landslide
L d lid Epidemics
E id i Earthquake  Drought Fire Hailstone Windstorm Thunderbolt
 Cloudburst
 GLOF

2.3 Districts

Hazard profile

According to Nepal Hazard Risk
Assessment Report 2010 which coverearthquake,th
k landslide,l d lid drought,
d ght epidemics
id iand flood hazard in the study:
Out of 75 districts of Nepal
 38 districts are prone to three types ofgeological and hydro‐hydro meteorologicalhazard 13 districts are prone to four types ofgeological and hydro‐ meteorologicalhazard 3 districts ( Sindhuli, salyan and Rolpa) areprone to five types of geological andhydro meteorological hazardhydro‐
Source: Nepal Hazard Risk assessment Report,2011

2.4 An Overview of Natural Disasters
in Nepall ffrom 1980 ‐ 2010
¾ No of events: 78¾ No of people killed: 11,112¾ Average killed per year: 358
peoplep affected: 5,5,165,810
5,¾ No of p¾ Average affected per year: 166,639¾ Ecomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000):
1 000):
1,351,229¾ Ecomomic Damage per year (US$ X
1 000): 43,588
1,000):
43 588( Source‐ Prevention web)Natural Disaster Occurrence Reported

2.5 Top 10 Disasters of Nepal
S.N Disaster
Type

Disaster
Year

Killed people

1

Epidemic

1991

1334

2

Flood

1993

1048

3

Flood

1996

768

4

Earthquake 1988

709

5

Flood

1981

650

6

Epidemic

1992

640

7

Mass
Movement

2002

472

8

Epidemic

2009

314

9

Flood

1998

260

10

Epidemic

2000

250

Percentage of reported people killed by disaster type(1980
type(1980‐2010)
2010)

Percentage of reported people affected by disaster type (1980‐2010)

Source: Prevention Web

2.6 loss of lives from previous disasters
Year

Flood Earthq
uakeandLandsliddeThunderboltFire

Hailsto Windst Epede
ne
rom
mic

Avalan Total
ches

2000

173

O

23

53

1

2

141

0

393

2001

196

1

39

26

1

1

154

0

418

2002

441

0

3

14

0

3

0

0

461

2003

232

0

42

16

0

20

0

0

310

2004

131

0

10

10

0

0

41

0

192

2005

141

0

18

28

0

0

34

21

242

2006

141

0

17

28
8

1

0

34

0

221

2007

216

0

35

34

18

1

9

9

322

2008

134

0

14

11

0

2

10

0

171

2009

135

0

7

35

0

0

462

2

641

2010

201

0

39

42
4

0

2

34

2

3320

2011

269

6

95

46

2

6

9

0

433

(Source‐ Ministry of Home Affairs , NEOC)

2.7 Sikkim Earthquake on 18th September 2011
Epicenter Sikkim, North part of India
Magnitude 6.9
6 9 Mw
Time 6.11 PM
Affected districts‐ 25( Eastern and Hilly
part of Nepal)
Death 6 persons
Injured 27 Persons
Individual houses damaged 2906 fully
and 4043 partly destroyed
Public Houses damaged 144 fully and473 partly
l destroyedddSource: Ministry of Home Affairs, NEOC

2.8 Government Response to the Sikkim
E hEarthquakekz Disaster Response command post was established at National Emergency Operation
Centre ((NEOC)) on the leadershipp of Joint Secretaryy MoHA and coordinate the rescue andrelief operation immediate after earthquakez Immediate rescue operation was done aftermath of the earthquake by mobilizing Nepal
Police, Nepal
p Army,y Armed policepForce and Nepal
p Red cross Volunteer under thecommand of DDRCz Central Natural Disaster Relief Committee (CNDRC) meeting was held on 19th September
at 9.am and made a important decision for disaster responsez Free treatment was provided for injured person
5,
NPR was providedp
for familyy member of the each earthquakeqvictimz 125,000
z 5000‐25000 NPR was provided as a immediate relief for the family whose house weredestroyed by earthquakez Emergency shelter kids and emergency foods were provided for displaced familyz Temporary classes were built to continue the school educationz Reconstruction program is undergone

3. Disaster Management System of Nepal

Ministry of Home Affairs: A Nodal Agency for Disaster Management in Nepal

3.1 legal System and Framework•

Natural Calamity Relief Act,Act 1982 is a major guiding act for Disaster
Management in Nepal•

The aim of the act is to arrange relief operations and protect lives andproperties during the disasters•

The act covers earthquake, Fire outbreak, Storm, Flood, Landslide, Drought,
Famine, Epidemic, Industrial accident and Explosion in the definition ofdisaster•

The actt createe te Central
Ce t l Natural
N t l DisasterDi te Relief Committee
Co
ittee (CNDRC),(CNDRC) Regional
Regio lNatural Disaster Relief Committee(RDRC) and District Disaster Relief
Committee (DDRC) as a responsible body to look after disaster management
function at the central,central regional and district level respectively.
respectively•

The act also made a provision to establish Natural Disaster Relief Fund tocarryout disaster response activities during the emergency•

However, this act is more response centric and does not cover many aspects
of disaster risk reduction and recovery. So, there is urgent need to promulgate
new comprehensive disaster management act. Government of Nepal is now
working on that line.

3.2 Institutional Framework for Disaster
Management
CabinetPrime Minister‐ Chairperson(Policy, Budget, Emergency Declaration)

Central Disaster Relief Committee
Home Minister‐Chairperson(Coordination, Policy Formulation, Direction)

Regional Disaster Relief Committee
Regional Administrator‐ chairperson(Regional Resource Mobilization, Direction)¥

District Disaster Relief Committee
Chief District Officer‐ chairperson(Program Execution, Rescue & Relief, Data collection)

Rescue and Treatment
Sub‐Committee
Chaired by Minister of
Health and Population
Supply, Shelter andRehabilitation Sub‐
Committee
Chaired by Minister of
PP$W

3.3 Administrative Arrangement in Disaster
Management
Ministry of Home Affairs
Minister/ secretary(Inland security, crime control,
Immigration, Disaster Management etc)

Planning and Special Service Division
Joint ‐Secretary(Planning, Drug Administration andDisasterDsaste Management)a age e t)

Disaster Management Section
Under‐ secretary(Policy Formulation,
Coordination, and External
Relation )National Emergency Operation
CentreUnder‐ Secretary
Under(Data Collection, Monitoring and
Coordinate Disaster Response)

3.4 Responsible Organizations for Disaster
Management in Nepal
Ministryy of Home Affairs
Ministry of Physical Planning andWorks
Ministry of Agriculture

Nodal Agency for Disaster Management and Disaster Response
Disaster resilient infrastructure development and Disaster Reconstruction
and Rehabilitation
Drought risk management and response on Agricultural and Livestock
related disasters

Ministry of Local development
Mainstreaming disaster management in Local development process
Ministry of Health andPopulation

Epidemiology and diseases control and emergency medical care

Ministry of Environment and
Department of Hydrology andMeteorology

Climate change adaptation and hydro meteorological service

Ministry of Irrigation and
Department of water Induced
disaster Prevention

Flood Risk Management and Prevention of Water induced disaster

Department of Mines andGeology and National
Seismological Centre

Landslide prevention and Seismological observation

3.5Major policies on Disaster Management
 National strategy on disaster risk management 2009 Periodic Plan 2010‐1012
 Soil and water conversation act, 1982
 Nepal building act,
act 2007 and Building CodeCode, 1994
 Environmental protection act, 1996
 National
N til agriculture
i ltpolicy,li 2004
 National shelter policy, 1996
 National urban policy, 2006
 National water plan, 2005 and Water resource policy, 1993 National water resource strategy, 2002
 Water induced disaster management policy, 2006
 Strategies related to health sector

3.6 National Strategy for DRM 2009
3.6.1 Background ,vision and objective
Background: HFA 2005
Vision Disaster Resilience Nepalp
Objectives• Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into sectoraldevelopment policies and planning• Development and strengthening of institutional mechanism andcapacities to build resilient communities• Systematic incorporation of different approaches into Emergency
Preparedness, Response and Recovery programmes

3.6.2 Directive Principles of DRM Planning• Mainstream DRM into development plans• Ensure life safety and social security• Emphasize gender and social inclusion• Adopt decentralized implementation• Follow a holistic approach•

Prioritize staff safety and security• Follow one‐window policy and cluster approach• Work with participation and coordination

3.6.3 Sectoral Strategies for DRR• Agriculture and Food Security• Health• EducationyPlanningg• Shelter,, Infrastructure,, Physical• Livelihood Protection• Water and Sanitation• Information, Communication, Coordination and Logistics• Search and Rescue, and Damage and Needs Assessment• Forest and Soil Conservation

3.6.4 Proposed Institutional Arrangement
National Disaster Management
Council ‐Chaired by Prime Minister

National Disaster
Management Authority

Technical Committee•Preparedness•Rescue and Relief•Rehabilitation andReconstruction

Regional Disaster
Management Committee

District Disaster
Management Committee

Local Disaster Management
Committee

4.Progress of the implementation of
HFA
Expected Outcome
The substantial reduction of disaster losses ofcommunities and countries
DRR into development
policyl1Makedisasterrisk
reductionpriority

2
Identifyy
the risk
andenhanceearlywarning

Institution and capacity
b ld
building

3
Build
Understandi
ng andAwareness
for Cultureof Safety

4
Reducethe
Underlying RiskEmergency
preparedness andresponse

5
Strengthen
Preparednes
s foreffective
response at
all levels

4 1 Hyogo Framework For Action
4.1
Humanitarian
Development

SocialTechnical
Political

Goal 1: DRR into Development Policy
 The 10th five year plan (2002‐2007) underscored that the main objective of
DRR as to contribute substantially to make the public life secure bymanaging the natural and man‐made disaster systematically and effectively.
 The 3‐year interim plan (2008‐2010) also emphasized that DRR is an integral
component of sustainable development and accorded priority to pre‐disaster
preparedness.
 National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (NSDRM) 2009 has been
adopted Sixty Seven districts have disaster preparedness plans.
yinterim planp (2008‐2010)() has envisaged
g to enhance At local level the 33‐year
the engagements of local bodies and communities in the prevention works.
 3 municipalities have started implementing safe building construction
practices using the seismic code provisions in the local context.
context
 Multi‐Hazard Risk Assessment has been done which covers five major
hazards.

Goal 2:Institution and Capacity Buildingz The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA), is the nodal agency for coordinating
disaster management in Nepal.
z International coordination mechanism with relevant stakeholder’s linkages
has been developed at MoHA and strengthened to enhance the institutional
capacity for implementing DRR activities in the country.
z NSDRM proposes High level council and Disaster Management Authority.
Self‐Governance
Governance Act (1998) which has initiated decentralizationz Local Self
process and local bodies are delegated more authority, responsibility andresources.
z The government has established disaster risk management focal desk andappointed officials in concern ministries, departments.
pp
has been adopted.
pz Cluster Approachz Risk Reduction Consortium comprising of ADB, IFRC, UNDP, UNOCHA,UNISDR and World Bank has formed and identified five flagship areas of
immediate intervention for DRR.
DRR

Goal 3: Emergency Preparedness and Response Pre‐Monsoon planning workshop has been conducted at national, regional and districtlevel with multi‐stakeholders involvement.
 One window policy and cluster approach in emergency response has been successfully
realized in dealing with different disasters in the past.
g and loss estimation,, a standard information collection process
p
using
g
 For initial damage
Multi‐Sectoral Initial Rapid Assessment (MIRA) has been practiced from 2009.
 64 open spaces for evacuation during emergencies have been identified within
Kathmandu valley.
y National Emergency Operation Center ( NEOC) has been established at MOHAp
Preparednesspfor Emergenciesg((HoPE,, Medical First Respondent
p
(MFR)
(
) and
 Hospital
Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue (CSSR) training are being given to Medical
officers and security officers.
 Earthquakeq
Simulation Exercise ((INSARAG)) has been conducted in 2009.
9
 Model agreement between GON and UN to expedite import/export and transit of relief
consignments in the event of disasters and emergencies was signed on 31 May, 2007.
 A comprehensive Logistics Capacity Assessment of Nepal has been done.

Level of Progress

Priorityy Action: 1

Ensure that disasterrisk reduction is anational and local
priority with a strong
institutional basis for
implementationlIndicators
National policy and legal frameworkfor disaster risk reduction exists
with decentralized responsibilities
and capacities at all levels
Dedicated and adequate resources
are available to implement disasterrisk reduction plans and activities at
all administrative levels
C
Communityi
participation
i i i
and
d
decentralizationareensuredthrough the delegation of authority
and resources to local levels
A national multi‐sectoral platform
for disaster risk reduction isfunctioning

Level of
Progress
g

3

2

3

3

Level of Progress
Priority Action :2

Identify, assess andmonitor disasterrisks and enhanceearly warning

Indicators
N ti
National
l andd locall l riski k assessmentstbased on hazard data andvulnerability information areavailable and include risk
assessments for key sectors
Systems are in place to monitor,archive and disseminate data on key
hazards and vulnerabilities
Early warning systems are in place
for all major hazards, with outreachto communities
National and local risk assessments
take account of regional /transboundary risks

Level of
Progress

3

3

3

3

Level of Progress

Priority Action: 3

Use knowledge
knowledge,
innovation andeducationd ti tot buildb ild aculture of safety andresilience at all levels

Indicators
Relevant information on disasters isavailable and accessible at all levels
levels,to all stakeholders
School curricula, education material
and relevant trainings include
disaster risk reduction and recovery
concepts and practices
Research methods and tools for
multi‐risk assessments and costbenefit analysis are developed andstrengthened
Countrywide public awarenessstrategystategy exists
e sts to stimulate
st u ate a culture
cu tu eof disaster resilience, with outreachto urban and rural communities

Level
of
g
Progress

Level of Progress
Priority Action: 4

Reduce the underlying
risk factors

Level of
Indicators
Progress
Disaster risk reduction is an integral
objective of environment related policies
and plans
3
Social development policies and plans areb i implemented
being
i l
d to reducedthehvulnerability of populations most at risk
2
Economic and productive sectorial policies
and plans have been implemented toreduce the vulnerability of economic
activities
2
Planning and management of humansettlements incorporate disaster risk
reduction elements, including
enforcement of building codes2
Disaster risk reduction measures areintegrated into post disaster recovery andrehabilitation processes
3
procedures are in place to assess thedisasterrisk
impactsofmajordevelopment projects
2

2

3

2

3

Level of Progress

Priority Action:5

Strengthen disaster
preparedness for
effective response at alllevelsIndicators
Strong policy, technical and institutional
capacities and mechanisms for disasterrisk management, with a disaster risk
reduction perspective are in place
Disaster preparedness plans andcontingency plans are in place at alladministrativedl llevelsFinancial reserves and contingency
mechanisms are in place to support
effective
ff ti response andd recovery whenhrequired
Procedures are in place to exchange
relevant information during hazard
events and disasters, and to undertake
post‐event reviews

Level of
Progress

Level of Progressg3

There is some commitment and capacities to achieving DRR but
progress is not substantial.

2

Achievements have been made but are relatively small orincomplete, and while improvements are planned, thecommitment and capacities are limited.

3

3

3

3

5.Recent Major projects on DRR

5.1Five Flagship program on disaster Risk
reductiond ti

Flagship 1 – School and Hospital Safety
Financing
Fi
i
Pl
Plan
and
d PlannedPld Activities
A ti iti underd SchoolS h l andd Hospital
H it lComponents to be implemented over next 4 ‐ 5 years
School Component
Structural
andnonstructuralvulnerability Assessment

900 school buildings in KV and
100 school building outside KV$5 2 million$5.2

Physical Retrofitting andseismic strengthening

900 school buildings in KV and
100 school building outside KV$24.6 million

Construction
Supervision, awarenessand training

Mainstreamed in the above
activities

Total$29.8 million

Hospital Component

AmountCommitted

Gap$50.8 million$5.76 million$45.04 million

Structurall
andnonstructuralvulnerability Assessment

Assessment and reassessment off
hospitals in KV (above 50 beds)$$0.085
millionll

Physical Retrofitting andseismic strengthening

Setting up of guidelines, training,prioritization retrofitting of 14prioritization,
hospitals, nonstructural retrofitting
in phase wise approach$20.9 million

Construction
Supervision, awarenessSupervisionand training

Training of hospital administrator
and engineers$0.14 million

Total$21.13 million

Flagship 2: Emergency Preparedness and Response Capacity
1.

Create two national Medium level USAR teams in Nepal for collapsed structure rescue.

2.

Enhanced capacity of Fire and Ambulance Services in 5 major urban areas with integrated
networks for communication systems.

3.

National EOC fully operative, 5 Regional EOCs created, and a network of District EOCs
established.

44.

StandardizedStd di d response planslandd proceduresdatt Regional
R i l andd District
Di t i t levell l ini 65 Districts
Di t i t
and 5 Regions. Contingency planning mainstreamed.

5.

Integration of Nepal Army, Armed Police and Nepal Police in preparedness and response
activities
i i i at allll levels.
l l

6.

Rehabilitation and construction of a country-wide network of warehouses with standardized
procedures for maintenance and management of pre-positioned stocks and NFIs.

7.

Integrated IDP “open sites” developed with cross-cluster support, e.g. WASH, Logistics,
Health, Food Security, Shelter etc

88.

C ti off coordinating
Creationdi ti mechanisms
h iandd structurest t
f receivingfori i andd integratingi t
ti incomingiiinternational humanitarian and military assistance.

Total expected budget : US $28.1 million

Flagship 3: Flood Management in the Koshi RiverBasin
N St t l
Non‐Structural•

Comprehensive Flood Risk & Vulnerability
Assessment•

Enhanced Flood Forecasting and Early Warning
Systems•

St
Strengtheningth i IInstitutional
tit til capacity
it•

Increased community resilience to flooding
disasters

Structural•

Strengthened Flood Management Structural
MeasuresTotal expected budget : US $24.2 million

Flagship 4: Integrated Community Based
Disaster Risk Management•••

Develop disaster resilient
communities in 1,000 VDCs / wards
over a 5‐year period through CBDRR
projects.
projects
Develop a nation‐wide, common
approach to CBDRR projects with anumber of minimum components.
Ongoing monitoring, evaluation andtracking system to show results.
results

Flagship 5: Policy/institutional support forDi
Disaster
Ri
RiskkM
Management
Institutional and policy support for the National DRM strategy•

SupportingSo ti g DRM mainstreaming,i t e i g iimproving
o i g riski k analysis
l i andd ffastt ttracking
ki g implementationi le e t tio of the
National DRM strategy.

Strengthening the application of building codes and risk sensitive land‐use planning•

Supporting effective planning and building code enforcement and fostering public private
partnerships for DRM, especially in the Kathmandu Valley

Strengthening national institutional capacity for DRM•

Work with existing national institutions to include DRM in their mandatory curricula and provide
context specific training for Government and a cadre of national DRM professionals.

Orienting financial mechanisms towards DRM•

Helping the Government to make informed choices on how to facilitate pro‐active risk reduction,pg access to risk‐transfer mechanisms like micro‐insurance,, risk poolingpg or targetedgand expanding
assistance.

Recognizing that managing disaster risk effectively will help Nepal adapt to climate change•

Bringing DRM and CCA stakeholders together, reducing duplication and finding co‐benefits for
effective investment.

6 ADRC Counterpart
6.
Ctt
Ministry of Home Affairs ,Nepal
Nepal
Planning and Special Service Division
Joint Secretary
Mr. Laxmi Prasad Dhakal
Tel: 977‐1‐4211241
lxd321@gmail com
Email: lxd321@gmail.com

ARIGATO GOZAIMASU