Disclaimer
This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC
member countries.
The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of
the ADRC. The boundaries and names shown and the designations usedon the maps in the report also do not imply official endorsement or
acceptance by the ADRC.

ASIAN DISASTER REDUCTION CENTER ( ADRC )Adaptation to Climate Change &Reducing
g Natural Disaster Risk:
A Study on Country Practices and Lesson
between Malaysia and Japan[FINAL RESEARCH REPORT]By :SURINA BINTI OTHMAN
MALAYSIAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT(METMalaysia)
MINISTRY OF SCIENCE,SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY &INNOVATIONCONTENTS Objectives
Obj ti Introduction
 Climate Change
g and Its Impactpin Japanp Climate Change Plan, Practices & Initiative with Comprehensive
Disaster Management Measures in Japan; MOEJ, MLIT, JMA, JICA
& JAMSTECJ Malaysia as Developing Country faced the Climate Change Adaptation Initiative by Government of Malaysia including;h activities
ti iti by
b METMalaysia
METM l i , NAHRIM,
NAHRIM DID andd thresearch
METMalaysia,
the C
Case
Study of Iskandar Malaysia as Sustainable Eco Planning City
 Recommendation and Future Plan
 Conclusions & References Future Comments : ‘ADRC‘ADRC Visiting Researcher Program – FY2011A’

Objectivesj As a preliminary study on Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) related toDisaster Risk Reduction (DRR) & their applications to developed country like
Japan & the developing country such Malaysia.
 To study on Japan’sJapan s approach in term of climate change policies & adaptation
measures as comparison & reference to Malaysia in enhance the measures.
 To
T studyt d recentt researchh project
j t & activities
ti iti are bbeing
i ddone/undertaken/ d t k bby
Japan to support the development of adaptation strategies in regions
 To
T study
d on Legal
L l FFrameworkk & N
Nationall Cl
Climate Ch
Change P
Policyl in JapanJ
ascomparison to Malaysia Policy – ‘National Climate Change Policy of Malaysia’ To look at the roles of Government Organizations & NGOs involvement in
CCA’s planning in Japan & Malaysia.

Introduction
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed by the World MeteorologicalOrganization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1988 - help
people understand how the earth
earth’ss climate system works - share the knowledge about theclimate change.

Source: IPCC 2007 WG1 – AR4“Various regions of the world all show warming trends over the past 100 years. The world’s surface airtemperature increased an average of 0.6 ºC (1.1ºF)” - IPCC

Heavier Rainfall
caused Flooding

Acidic condition in
Seawater

Rising of Sea
Level

HealthH l hH
HazarddEffectof Climate
ChangeMelting of Arctic
Sea Ice

ExtremeDrought

Changing
in Ecosystem

Frequent
Heat Waves

Intensifying
Hurricanes,Typhoons
etc.

Died of Vulnerable
S
Speciesi

Impactp
to Food
Shortage

Warm of Sea Surface
Temperature (SST)

Linkages between Climate Change Adaptation & Disaster Risk Reduction CCA and DRR share another common feature – they are not sectors inthemselves but must be implemented through the policies of other sectors, inparticular, those of agriculture, water resources, health, land use, environment,
finance and planning.
 There are also linkages with other policies, most notably poverty eradicationand planning for sustainable development, and education and science.

C
CA

share losses, modify the threat, change in use/location,
research, information, regulation etc.

systematic development, strategies and practices tominimize vulnerabilities in context of sustainable
development

Source: Adaptation Futures, by John E Hay

Relationship between CCA and DRR

DRRClimate Change and Its Impact in Japan
Japan’s Climate• located on the east side of Eurasia,
Eurasia is a long and thin archipelago stretchingapproximately between latitudes 24º N and 46º N• consists of 4 major islands—(from north to south) Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,
and Kyushu , > 6,800 other islands• with subtropical zones in the S and subarctic zones in N, rich seasonal changes• Two (2) primary factors influence Japan's climate:- location near the Asian continent- existence of major oceanic currents; Kuroshio current (warm) & Oyashio current(cold)• Climate from June to Sept is marked by hot, wet weather brought by tropicalAsia
airflows from the Pacific Ocean and Southeast Asia.
• rainy season, beginning in early June & continuing for about a month. It is followed by hot, sticky weather• 5 or 6 typhoons pass over or near Japan every year from early August to early September• Annual precipitation, which averages between 1,000 & 2,000 mm (39.4 and 78.7 in), is concentrated in
the period between June & Sept
In winter,, a high-pressurearea develops
area developsg p
p over Siberia & a low-pressurepp over the northern
Pacific Ocean. The result is a flow of cold air eastward across Japan that brings freezing temperatures& heavy snowfalls to the central mountain ranges facing the Sea of Japan

Major Climate Components of Japan

Source: JMA – ‘Climate Table of Japan’ (CD Rom – 8th Edition)• Long-term trends in annual & seasonal average surface temperature in Japan(obtained by linear regression analysis)• Statistical period: 1898 to 2008. Regardless of the area and season, all increasing trends are significant
with a 95% confidence level.

Japan’s Situation Impact of Changing Climate
Changing climate in Japan, include; Temperature rises
 Changing in precipitation patterns
 Increasing of Tropical Cyclones
 Changes in sea level Ocean acidification

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), Japan• eastern end of the Monsoon Asia, which ismarked by high precipitation, receive a meanannual precipitation ~1,700 mm, which is twice
as much as the world average• the route of typhoons, large hourly precipitationof almost 200 mm, vulnerable to floods,
sediment-related disasters, storm surges, riskof drought

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT), Japan

Climate Change Plan, Practices & Initiative with
Comprehensive Disaster Management
Measures in Japan The plan was drafted on April 2005, following the establishment of Action Program to Arrest Global Warming (1990),

Basic Policy on Measures to Tackle Global Warming (1999), and the Outline for Promotion of Efforts to Prevent Global
Warming (1998, 2002) as Japan promoted countermeasures against global warming due to climate change impact“Significance of the Revised Kyoto Protocol
Targetg Achievement Plan”
 The plan was completely revised in March 2008 where the Global Warming Prevention Headquarters, which is composedof all Cabinet members, completed a proposal for the plan’s revision and amendments to the Kyoto Protocol Target
Japan
Achievement Plan were adopted by the Cabinet of Japan.
Thus, National Government has the role of comprehensively promoting global warming countermeasures and taking theinitiative in implementing such countermeasures. An achievement of the reduction commitments of developed countries
such Japan , stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol is a significant milestone toward achieving the ultimate objective of the
UNFCCC: Stabilization of Greenhouse Gas Concentrations in the Atmosphere.
 In order to achieve its commitment under the Kyoto Protocol
Protocol, Japan will promote the measures necessary to reduce its

total greenhouse gas emissions by 6% from the base year level in the first commitment period (2008-2012).

Low Carbon Society in Japan Due to CO2 emissions projected - rapidly increase as a result of the future
population growth and economic development on a global scale.
 Government of Japan will reconstruct urban structures into low
low-carbon
carbonsince urban structures can have a big impact on global warming, taking into
account the aims of the Improvement Plan for Cities and Urban Lives.

‘Compact Cities’
CO2 - Saving
Government
Office Area

‘Promotion of 200year Housing’‘Cool Earth Day’EFFORTSOF LCS

Urban Greening areas

Renewal Energy Management(block, district, building, facilities
etc.)

Life Cycle Energy
Management (LCEM)

Low-Carbon
Transport Systems

Low-Carbon
Logistics Systems“Cool
Cool Earth 50
50” Promotion Program in Japan

Source: Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Recent Adaptation Measures :Mi i t off E
Ministry
Environmentit off JJapanp (MOEJ) In 2008, MOEJ released “Wise Adaptation to Climate Change” report

A scientific knowledge available to date on the impacts of, and adaptation to,
climate change in Japan and Asian developing countries, and to present concepts of“wise” (effective and efficient) adaptation

Source: Wise Adaptation to Climate Change (MOEJ, 2008)

Implementation of Adaptation Measures – Performance of Roles and Collaboration
between National Governments, Local Governments, Citizens & Business in Japan

Source: Ministry of Environment of Japan (MOEJ)

Recent Adaptation Measures :Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport andTourism (MLIT)

by River Bureau of the Ministry of Land
Land, Infrastructure
Infrastructure,
Transport and Tourism (MLIT), Japan

implement adaptation measures to climate changepy in the field of water-related disasters,, such
especiallyas floods, sediment-related disasters, storm surges
and droughts.

comprehensive MLIT flood protection measures; improve thewater-retainingwater
retaining & retarding functions of river basinsbasins, construct
river channels, regulating basins, underground rivers & use thedams for flood mitigationtransfer of technology, promotion of international exchanges &dispatching of advisory attaches

MLIT Japan
Adaptation Measures proposed by MLIT,

PDCA Concept oftreatment of uncertainty

understand the latest knowledge on
climate change, social conditions suchas population & changes in land use,development of flood control facilities
facilities, &subsequent investment capability
advance the uncertainties of future projection

Integrated Flood Analysis System (IFAS)
by International Center for Water Hazard & Risk Management (ICHARM) under MLIT

 Flood management is needed to be developed with a long-term perspective in Japan uses satellite based precipitation data to perform integral analyses, including runoff

analysis & calculations of flood propagation in river channels.
channels particularly useful in developing countries that do not have adequate ground-basedhydrologic observation systems.

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan (MLIT)

Meteorological Operation :J
Japan
MeteorologicalM tl i l Department
Dtt (JMA) JMA contributes to the development of mitigation & adaptation measures related

tto climate
li t changehiin variousi
sectorst
ththroughh th
the provisioni i off scientifici tifi iinformationfti &expertise on climate change - preparing assessment reports for IPCC
 JMA monitors, analyzes climatic conditions in Japan & around the world as wellas greenhousehgas (GHG) concentrations
t ti& globall b l average surfaceftemperatures.
tt Global Environment and Marine Department as one of JMA’s departments wasestablished in July 2005 – Climate Information, Marine & Environment Observations

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Prediction of Change in Temperature & Precipitation in Japan
Source: Extreme Weather Report JMA, 2005

Change in Average Temperature

Change of Yearly Precipitation

Change of Numbers of Tropical Day and Extremely Hot Day

Forecast of Tropical Low Pressure in Japan

Change of Number of Formation, Approaching and Landfall of
Typhoon – remarkable change in 20 – 30 year cycle, more
intense, large peak wind speeds, more heavy rainfall

Source: Extreme Weather Report JMA, 2005

Japan’s situation in 100 years
FuturePerspectiveofExtreme
Weather& CC inJJapan Annual Mean Temperature : 2 – 3ºC increase Annual Mean Precipitation : Increase (especially large increase in WestJ p )Japan)
 Annual Snowfall : decrease (especially 50% decrease in Hokuriku

region)Extremely hot days & tropical night : Increase (in Tokyo 10 – 15 daysiincrease)) Number of days with over 100mm rainfall : Increase > 1 day than now(1.5 – 2 times more)Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Capacity Building : Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA)
 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), was established in 1974 is the semi - JapanesegyGovernmental Agency
 provides strategic& effective ODA through integrated & comprehensive implementation ofTechnical Cooperation, Loan Aid and Grant Aid as one of the largest ODA executing agency in theworld

 JICA undertakes many climate change related projects and programs in developing countries

through this (3) schemes

Low Carbon&
ClimateResilient
Development
C
Cooperationti

Source: Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Research Development : Japan Agency for Marine–
Marine–Earth Science
Technologygy (JAMSTEC)(J)
 Japan Agency for Marine
Marine--Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) was inaugurated on April 1,padministrative institutions uponp rere-organizedgfrom its former organization,g,
2004 - independent
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center.
 wide range of research activities & projects at the international levels; one of research institutes –“Research Institute of Global Change (RIGC)” actively participate in IPCC

- important measures to contribute decision
decision--making on climate changesolutions & enhancement of earth’s sustainability

 Focusing in the Global Warming Projection Research Project for Contribution to AR5 of

IPCC the project is to perform a part of below researches:
IPCC,- by MEXT
MEXT:: "Innovative Program of Climate Change Projection for the 21st Century”- by Environment Ministry (MOEJ) : "Policy"Policy-Support to Global Warming and Total
Research which relates to the Climate Change Scenario in order to Prevelance &Enlignment”
 The Earth Simulator, which was developed, as a National Project of Government ofJapan, by three (3) governmental agencies, National Space Development Agency ofJapan (NASDA),(JAERI)() theh Japan Atomici Energy Researchh Institutei() & Japan Marinei
Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC)

Using the super computer "Earth Simulator“, the researches of sophisticated globalidi id l cutting
i
d
di i
i
i
warming
prediction
model,
down
off prediction
uncertainty& impact
assessmentof natural disaster are driven forward & are contributed to the IPCC 5 th Evaluation
ReportJapan-Indonesia Collaboration Project

Maritime Continent Center of Excellence (MCCOE)

National Project of Japan’s Government

Source: Yamanaka et al., 2008

Source: http://www.jamstec.go.jp/kakushin21

Source: Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)

Malaysia as Developing Country facedth Climate
theCli t Ch
ChangeMalaysia’syClimate tropical climate with uniform temperature(maximum = 33C, minimum = 23C) high humidity where situated in equatorial

doldrums
 two (2) seasons; Southwest Monsoon,

NortheastNth t Monsoon
M& ttwo (2) shorterh t periods
i d off
Inter-monsoon seasons
 climate influenced by the mountainous topography and complex land-sea interactions
 Intraseasonal & interdecadal fluctuations such as the ENSO, IOD & MJO are known to significantly

influence the interannual climate variability of Malaysia
 geographically located just outside the “Pacific Rim of Fire” & generally free from severe natural
disasters; earthquake,
earthquake volcanic eruption and typhoon Increase in tropical storms in the South China Sea have contributed to more extreme events of rainfall& gusting in both East & West Malaysia.

Changing Climate of Malaysia and the
Vulnerability
Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department (METMalaysia) most developing countries, there are many challenges facing

th country,thet especially
i ll iin urban
b areas – economici growthth vulnerability occurs specially urban area

in capital city of Kuala Lumpur due to‘urban heat Island’ effect - change theclimate tall buildings (concrete & little vegetation)
 Heat & pollutants create a ‘haze dome’ - prevents warm air fromrising & being cooled at a normal rate, especially in the absenceof strong winds
Future Climate Change Projectionsin Peninsular Malaysia
 study undertaken by National

Hydraulic Research Institute of
Malaysia (NAHRIM) temperature & rainfall : Increase(Northeast region)
 Most Vulnerable States vs. Poverty

Extreme Weather Occurred in
M l i
Malaysia
The climate change is real & the impacts are being felt in Malaysia e.g. floods, drought, haze whichcauses lossesliin revenue & productivityd i i andd hhealthl h riski k to theh people.
l A
As we kknow that,h climatelichangehis due to the increase in GHG emission especially in CO2, CH4, N2O etc which causes changes inambient temperature, extreme weather events, rise in sea water level; rapid long term changes inweather patterns induced by human activities. Thus, such increasing temperatures would also result in
more extreme weather and climate variability.

Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department (METMalaysia)

Adaptation Initiative byGovernment of Malaysia
Regarding to support & strengthen the adaptation initiative by the Government of
Malaysia for long term climate change in Malaysia,
The Government recognizes, the impacts of climate change transcend all levels,
sectors, stakeholders and major groups. Therefore, institutional capacity for
implementation can only be made effective through collaborative participation,
based on indigenous & scientific knowledge.

National Policy
on Climate Change(2010)

Second National
Communication (NC2) tothe UNFCC (2010)

M d li on Climate
Modeling
Cli t
Change Scenarios for
Malaysia(2001 – 2099)

Cli t Change
ClimateChonHydrologic Regime &Water Resource ofPeninsular Malaysia (2006)

Research Activities related to Natural Disaster
Impact:p : MalaysianyMeteorologicalgDepartmentpImpact(METMalaysia)
•

Malaysian Meteorological Department (METMalaysia) under Ministry
Science, Technology & Innovation (MOSTI) is committed to provide
effective meteorological & seismological services to improve protectionof life
METMalaysia hosted several seminars and international conferences;
InterRegional Workshop on Policy Aspects of Climate Change (19 –21 Aprilp 2010).
) Participants
pincluded; Representatives
pof Malaysiany&International Partner Organizations, Permanent Representatives with
WMO, National Meteorological Services (NMSs) & WMO Secretariat.
On October 04, 2011, METMalaysia - National Climate Forum –Winter Monsoon 2011/2012.

• Impact of global warming on monsoons over Malaysian regions,studied by using Twelve Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General
Circulation Models (AOGCMs).

• Regional climate modeling simulations - Providing Regional
Cli t forf ImpactsIt St
di (PRECIS)RCM – climate
li t variability
i bilitClimates
Studies

Annual Mean Temperature & Rainfall Anomaly Relative to 1990 – 1999 (METMalaysia)

Climate projection using HadCM3 AOGCM - research studies by METMalaysia

Research Plan Related to Water
Water--Resource
Impact:p : National HydraulicyResearch InstituteImpactof Malaysia (NAHRIM)National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia or NAHRIM was setup in September, 1995
under Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE)

Source: www.nahrim.gov.my

a team of experienced researchers in coastal and river engineering hydraulics, water resources & water
environment
conducted climate change
for Malaysia
using
Hydro-Climate
g projection
p jyg Regionalgy
had many research paper publications, basically research studied on climate change related to water
resource, such as;> Study of the Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrologic Regime & Water Resources of Peninsular
Malaysia (2006)> Study of the Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrologic Regime & Water Resources of Sabah andSarawak (2007-2010)> Restoration and Enhancement through Mangrove Forest Establishment> Drought in Malaysia: A Look at Its Characteristics, Impacts, Related Policies & Management Strategiesspecialist consultancy services in project planning & impact assessment; hydraulic engineeringencompassing river & coastal engineering, water resources & water environment

Flood Mitigation Projects:
Projects: Department ofI i ti & Drainage
Irrigation
D i
(DID)
 Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) - Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (NRE),

is responsible for the planning, implementing & operation of irrigation, drainage and flood control projects
 expanded task of River Basin Management and Coastal Zone, Water Resources Management &Hydrology, Special Projects, Flood Management and Eco-friendly Drainage
River Basins with Forecasting Models

FLOOD FORECASTING& WARNING SYSTEMPROGRAM

monitoring on water resources
related issues like water quality,
drought & debris flow

Source: Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID), Malaysia

For example, ‘An Integrated Flood Forecasting & Warning System for the
Muda River Basin in Northern Peninsular Malaysia’

Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel Project (SMART)

Control Room of the IFFRM projectCase Study of Iskandar Malaysia as Sustainable Eco Planning City:
City:
University
y Technology
gy of Malaysia,
y , JJohor
Iskandar Malaysia (IM) Project Malaysia will continue to experience a

rapid increase of CO2 emissions
 planning of sustainable regions involves

creation of Low Carbon Society (LCS) bypromoting low carbon emission is needed Case study of transforming the Iskandar

Malaysia (IM) that situated at Johor stateyinto environmentallyy
in Malaysia
sustainable urban region had been studied a prototype of a green and sustainableurban region to achieve carbon reduction

 IM had been chosen - natural& greenenvironment that covers a total of more than
150,000 ha of green spaces including forests,
mangrove areas, parks and open spaces as well
as a agricultural areas

 MasterM t Plan
Pl ffor IM kknown as ComprehensiveChi
Source: TMG (2006)

CO2 emissions from energy use in IM in
comparison with Tokyo and Greater London, 2005

Development Plan for South Johor Economic
Region (2006 – 2025)

Recommendation and Future Plan
 To enhance & strengthen the adaptation, five (5) guiding principles that should beunderstand which consist of :Sustainable Development
ResilienceGovernanceKnowledge & Information sharing
Economics & Financing

 Although the phenomena of climate had been changing are not or only partly
understood by the prediction of data & climate projection for the future, the National
Government must draw up appropriate adaptation measures

 Adaptation measures should be planned using a ‘flexible approach’ by which
adaptation measures will be revised based on future observation data & accumulated
knowledge about impacts of climate change In Malaysia, the integration between disaster risk reduction and climate change
adaptation is making a significant progress In spite
p of the absence of cap
p on emission, MalaysianyGovernment has been
continuously promoting environmental stewardship in all its development plans In future, as in 10th Malaysia Plan (2011- 2015) that had been announced in Malaysia
Budget Plan 2012 on October 07
07, 2011 by the Prime Minister - the Government of
Malaysia will introduced a new tariff called, Feed – in Tariff (FiT) to support renewableenergy efforts, provide fiscal incentives & funding for green technology investments.

Conclusions
In conclusions, adaptation to climate change should be taken into
account in all development plans for both countries; Malaysia as
developing country as well as Japan, the developed country
Better and enhanced understanding of the interlink ages
between environment issues and disaster mitigation at various
levels of action, better and enhanced understanding of theneed for multi-disciplinarily in disaster management as a whole.
Even, disaster risk management (DRM) and climate change
adaptation (CCA) both need to address processes that define
environmental & socioeconomic vulnerabilities in the future.
In addition, numerous tools for assessing climate change
vulnerabilities & adaptation measures exist that can belinked with/complementp
DRM methodologies.
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