Adjectival predicates

Passive forms
to-ru → to-rareru, mi-ru → mi-rareru,
suru → sareru

typical example: “... da(copula)”ii desu ka plays several functional roles:
confirmation: kore (this) de(particle) ii desu ka. (Is this all right?)
asking for permission: tabako (cigarette) o (particle) sutte(smoke)mo (particle) ii desu ka. (May I smoke?)asking a way: donoyouni (how) kake(write) ba(particle) ii desu ka.

(How do I write this?)asking one’s favorite/taste: donna(what) iro (color) ga(particle) ii desuka. (What color do you like?)

mirareru express threee types of meaning:
to express possibility“yama wa mirare masita ka (Could you see themountain?),”to express an honorific“yama o mirareta no desu ka (Did you see themountain?),” andthe passive voice“dareka ni mirare masita (I was seen by someone.).”Applicability Analysis of Corpus-derived Paraphrases toward Example-based Paraphrasing - Appendix – p. 1

How to extract paraphrases?
Bi-lingual parallel corpus
EnglishJapaneseEiJapanese-English parallel corpus
Style: SpokenJapanese paraphrases
Ji1

Ji1.
.
.

.
.
.

Applicability Analysis of Corpus-derived Paraphrases toward Example-based Paraphrasing - Appendix – p. 2

Ji1

Jim

Jij

Ji2.
.
.

Ji3.
.
.

Domain: Travel
Number of sentences: 162,230

English - 98,290
Japanese - 102,664

JikApplicability Analysis of Corpus-derived Paraphrases toward Example-based Paraphrasing - Appendix – p. 4

Applicability Analysis of Corpus-derived Paraphrases toward Example-based Paraphrasing - Appendix – p. 3

Example of corpus
English sentence

Japanese sentences

I’d like a refund.

harai modosi sitai no desuga.

I lost my wallet.

EnglishJapanese paraphrase

class

Are you free tomorrow?

asita wa hima desuka. /asita wa hima.

(A)

(L)

henkin site kudasai.

I’d like a room with a bath.

ofurotuki no heya ga ii no desuga. /(A)(L)(S)

henkin o onegai sitai no desuga.

When was it built?

itu taterareta no desuka. /(A)

(S)

(A)

(E)

(B)

—

(C)

—

saifu o otosite simattan desu.
saifu o nakusite simai masita.

I have a fever.

Example of paraphrasefeaturebasutuki no heya o onegaisimasu.
taterata no wa itu desuka.
I miss you.

anata ni aenakute sabisii. /anata ni aitai.

saifu o funsitu simasita.

How can I get to this address?

netu ga arun desu.

That’s good.

koko e wa dou ittara iinodesyou. /kono jyuusyo ni ikitai no desuga.
kore wa ii. /kasikomari masita.

netu ga takai no desu.
netuppoi desu.
hatunetu desu.
Applicability Analysis of Corpus-derived Paraphrases toward Example-based Paraphrasing - Appendix – p. 5

Paraphrasing features(L)

Lexical paraphrasing;
By using the changed part and its fore-and-after morphemes, the obtained
paraphrases have this feature.
pasupôto o nakusite simai masita. (I have lost my passport.)→ pasupôto o funsitusite simai masita.

(S)

Syntactical paraphrasing;
Changing a word order or its voice and changing a predicate by exchanging particles
obtain this feature.
kôhî ga hosii no desuga. (I’ll have some coffee.)→ kôhî o kudasai. (May I have coffee, please?)(E)

Semantic paraphrasing;
Examples that cannot be obtained by combining feature-(L) and (S) paraphrasing havethis feature.
sore ijyou wa yasuku nari masenka. (Is it able to go down in price more?)→ sore ga saisyuutekina nedan desuka. (Is that your last price?)

Applicability Analysis of Corpus-derived Paraphrases toward Example-based Paraphrasing - Appendix – p. 7

Applicability Analysis of Corpus-derived Paraphrases toward Example-based Paraphrasing - Appendix – p. 6