Metadata-Driven Personal Knowledge
Publishing
Ikki Ohmukai1 , Hideaki Takeda2 , Masahiro Hamasaki1 , Kosuke Numa1 , andShin Adachi3
1

Graduate University for Advanced Studies,
2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan,
i2k@grad.nii.ac.jp,
http://www-kasm.nii.ac.jp/˜i2k/2National Institute of Informatics,
2-1-2 Hitotsubashi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
3
Waseda University,
3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Abstract. We propose a personal knowledge publishing system called
Semblog is realized with integration of Semantic Web techniques and Weblog tools. Semblog suite provides an integrated environment for gathering, authoring, publishing, and making human relationship seamlessly
to enable people to exchange information and knowledge with easy andcasual fashion. We use a lightweight metadata format like RSS to activate the information ﬂow and its activities. We deﬁne three level ofinterest of information gathering and publishing i.e., “check”, “clip” and“post” and provide suitable ways to distribute information dependingon the interest level. Our system called Semblog platform consists of two
types of extended content aggregator and information retrieval / recommendation applications. We also design a new metadata module todeﬁne personal ontology that realizes semantic relations among people
and Weblog sites.

1

Introduction

We propose a personal knowledge publishing system called Semblog is realizedwith integration of Semantic Web techniques and Weblog tools. Semblog suite
provides an integrated environment for gathering, authoring, publishing, andmaking human relationship seamlessly to enable people to exchange informationand knowledge with easy and casual fashion.
We are aiming to build systems that support not only human information
but also human communication activities. We show the scheme of human information and communication activities in Fig.1. It is an extension of ”Activities
and Relationships Table” proposed by Shneiderman[1]. The ﬁrst layer has threeelements that concern information handling, i.e., collect, create and donate information. Three activities form a cycle, i.e., they are invoked repeatedly. The
second layer has also three elements that concerns communication handling, i.e.,
S.A. McIlraith et al. (Eds.): ISWC 2004, LNCS 3298, pp. 591–604, 2004.
c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
592

I. Ohmukai et al.

Fig. 1. Information and Communication Activities

relate, collaborate and present people. They also form a cycle. The two layers
are not isolated rather closely related. Organization of information in the ﬁrst
layer is performed by the communication process of multiple people in the second layer. It implies that support for information activities requires support forcommunication activities, and vice versa.
We set Weblog as a platform for systems to support human information andcommunalization activities, because Weblog supports more these activities thanWeb. Web only supports publishing of information, and other information activities are left to other services like HTML editors and search engines. Weblog
directly supports authoring and publishing in an integrated way, and furthermore it commits communication activities. Weblog users tend to refer to eachother and form so-called ”Weblog communities”, and Weblog tools support such
communication like TrackBack and ping. But the support is partially, indirectly,
and not integrated.
Semblog suites extend Weblogs by adding ﬂexible but uniform operations for
Weblog sites and entries like aggregation and clipping, and facilities for searching
and contacting to other Weblog sites. It means that Semblog suite supports
communication activities as well as information activities.
The organization of the paper is as follows; in the following section, we discuss
relationship between Weblog and Semantic Web. Then we identify architectureof Semblog in Section 4. We describe details of Semblog suites, ﬁrst platformsof Semblog and then applications of Semblog in Section 5 and 6 respectively.
We furthermore introduce ontology in Semblog platform in Section 6. Finally weconclude the paper in Section 7.

2

Semantic Web and Weblog

In this section, we overview the current situation of information distribution
on Web, Semantic Web and Weblog. Web lacks functionality of information
distribution and Semantic Web aims to fulﬁll the functionality by metadata. We
support Semantic Web approach but it has diﬃculty of metadata annotation.
So we focus on Weblog that also use metadata for information distribution.

Metadata-Driven Personal Knowledge Publishing

2.1

593

Information Processing with Semantic Web Techniques

We propose a content distribution support system for individuals with Semantic
Web techniques. Information distribution process does not mean just publishing
but an integrated process containing information gathering and authoring. In
the current web, however, there is no framework to support the whole processof information distribution despite the fact that Berners-Lee speciﬁed the ﬁrst
world wide web to support both authoring and publishing process equally[2].
Protrusion of information publishing just accelerates so-called information overload.
There is a great hope that the Semantic Web technologies will resolve information overload. According to the manifesto[3], Semantic Web is an environment, which consists of the contents with machine-readable (semantic) tags andthe software agents, to realize autonomous information distribution and syndication. Resource Description Framework (RDF)[4] and other ontology deﬁnition
languages[5] are recommended by W3C as elemental technologies of the Semantic
Web and these are now in practical use.
However it is diﬃcult to produce contents with semantic tags because of
their complicated syntax and vocabulary. Ordinary people hardly ﬁnd a merit ofsemantic annotation although it is a time-consuming task. It is also impossible
to annotate the semantic tags to existing enormous information on the Internet.
There are some researches about automatic annotation with AI techniques andnatural language processing[6] however their eﬀects are still unclear.
In our approach, we use lightweight metadata formats, i.e., RSS 1.0 (RDF Site
Summary[7]), to activate the information ﬂow and its activities. RSS is one of themetadata to describe a summary of a web site. It contains general attributes ofthe site i.e. title and publisher’s name of the web site, and excerpt and updated
date of its contents. A number of web sites already publish RSS metadata, andseveral applications and services called RSS aggregator are provided based on
this trend.
An aggregator collects these RSS from various web sites and reform them toorganize this large amount of contents to show at a glance. There are two typesof aggregator; one is a standalone application that is executed on client PCs.
The other is an aggregation service that runs on the internet server and the user
access via her/his web browser. The former applications provide rapid browsingof RSS by their ﬂexible user interface and the latter enables the user to accesstheir information wherever she/he is.
Use of RSS and the aggregator decreases information gathering, but it is justa part of information distribution process as we mentioned. Gathering should
be related to information authoring and publishing otherwise it will be anothersearch engines without any selection or extraction.
2.2

Information Creation with Weblog

Weblog is one of the most advanced systems that use metadata in gathering,creating and publishing.

594

I. Ohmukai et al.

Recently Weblog has come into the spotlight in the Web[8]. There is no strictdeﬁnition about Weblog but it is recognized as a web site that consists of miscellaneous notes updated daily[9]. In such sites the authors do not make eﬀorts toknit up these contents because Weblog tools align them in chronological orderwith a well-designed HTML format. We call these frequently posted contents as
small contents in this paper. Small contents include various subjects including
journal, expertise and critique. One of most popular topics is the introductions
and comments of the web sites ranging from news sites to the other small contents. Some Weblog sites attract the attention with their own editorial policy.
The authors of Weblog sites reedit the existing web contents by quoting them.
Moreover there are new types of Weblogs that criticize the other Weblogs so thatthese Weblogs are regarded to organize the ”Weblog community”. Now there are
millions of weblog sites in the World. It is a surprising number because these people are now active information creators and distributors as well as information
receivers thanks to weblog.
Most of Weblog sites use so-called Weblog tools that are a kind of content
management systems (CMS). Weblog tools enable the author to describe andedit the small contents via a web browser and transform the contents form text
format to HTML ﬁles. These tools are implemented based on MVC (Model /View / Controller) model which is the fundamental concept of web applications.
The author deﬁnes a view template once then do not have to decorate the contents with various HTML tags. This model decreases the cost of publication
remarkably in comparison with traditional style that requires local text editor
and FTP. This feature contributes abundant production of the small contents.
Weblog tools usually generate RSS automatically. General attributes such as
publisher’s name are set as a proﬁle by the user. Excerpt and updated date ofeach content are generated by the tools. Most of distributed RSS are generated
by these Weblog tools. Main purpose of RSS aggregator is also to browse theWeblog site. Currently the number of news site feeding RSS is expanding.

3

Semblog Architecture

We propose a personal publishing system using Semantic Web techniques andWeblog tools. The system supports the whole process of information distribution
which includes gathering, authoring and publishing. Furthermore it connects information distribution process of diﬀerent people seamlessly, i.e., it also supports
ﬁnding collaborating and advertising people for information distribution.
We divide system architecture into the following four levels, i.e., metadata
format, metadata management, metadata aggregator, and metadata application. In Weblog, they correspond to RSS, Weblog tools, RSS aggregator, andvarious applications on Weblog respectively. In Semblog, Metadata on person
and interpersonal relations is added in order to include activities on the communication levels. We adopt FOAF (Friend-Of-A-Friend) as person metadata.
Content (RSS) and person metadata should be processed seamlessly in every
level.

Metadata-Driven Personal Knowledge Publishing

595

Fig. 2. Semblog Architecture

We build our systems by integrating new technologies and existing technologies shown in Fig.2. A box with solid line indicates our proposal and a box withdashed line an existing one.
In the following two sections, we explain platforms and application of Semblog. The former corresponds the ﬁrst three levels and the latter the last level.

4

Semblog Platform

Fig.3 shows the system architecture of Semblog platform. Semblog system consists of the two types of extended RSS aggregator, semblog applications andconventional Weblog tools. Each module exchanges data in RSS format and communicates with XML-RPC protocol[10] for dynamic invocation. We use Movable
Type system as Weblog tool[11], which supports RSS and XML-RPC call. In thissection, we explain extended RSS aggregators that support authoring and publishing with diﬀerent levels of interest.
4.1

Diﬀerent Levels of Interest

We deﬁne the level of interest of information gathering and publishing i.e.,”check”, ”clip” and ”post”. Our system provides diﬀerent ways to distributeinformation depend on the interest level.
”Check” means that the user routinely browses particular web sites and information sources. The user does not know ”what” is described at those sites
exactly but she/he knows ”what kind” of contents are included in these sites.
We assume that these ”what kind” knowledge are important for information
distribution so that our system supports the user to present her/his interest by
publishing the list of URIs she/he always accesses.
”Clip” makes shortcut to a content to which the user has strong interest
among various contents of ”Checked” sites. Our system automatically publishes
the list of ”clipped” contents. We suppose that ”clip” link presents stronger
interest of the user than ”check” link because it points individual content directly.
In addition, contents of ”checked” links are changing momentary but those of”clipped” links are persistent (called ”Permalink”).
Online bookmark systems were developed for the same objective. These systems make a backup of ”bookmark” or ”favorite” of the user’s web browser andshe/he can obtain the list from anywhere. The user can also make the list to be
public or not so the list will be a web content. However that bookmark is only

596

I. Ohmukai et al.

Fig. 3. System Architecture

a static list of URIs and is lacking functions for change in time. Therefore these
online bookmark systems are not useful for everyone except the user.
Conventional bookmark systems do not distinguish the URIs between toa site and content. It is necessary to switch the way to distribute these links
because they have diﬀerent level of interest as described above.
”Post” means that the user quotes content, adds some comment, and publishes it as new information. In that case the user presents not only strong interest but also her/his personal opinion. In our system, ”post” type of information
publication is made by the Weblog tools.
Providing diﬀerent levels for publishing reduces the psychological burden of
publishing. In standard BBSs, it is said that lurkers show feeling of belonging
to communities in sprite of their reluctant behavior[12]. This is important to
involve ordinary people into the cycle of information gathering and publishing.
The all process is realized by metadata handling therefore it is open to othersystems and applications. It enables seamless connection of information distribution of diﬀerent people.
4.2

RNA: RSS Aggregation Service

RNA is an extended RSS aggregator described with Perl CGI. Fig.4(left) showsa snapshot of RNA. The user puts this script to her/his own web server andoperates it. Basic function and interface of RNA are shown below.
– RSS registration and loading
The user should register RSS in a conﬁguration interface. Once she/he enters
the URIs of RSS, RNA obtains these RSS ﬁles via HTTP. The user is able toMetadata-Driven Personal Knowledge Publishing

597

Fig. 4. Snapshot of RNA (left) and Glucose (right)

classify each RSS using categories. The list of registered sites is transformed
into RSS and it can be used by the other applications. RNA can also importor export an OPML ﬁle which is standard format for the bookmarks.
– Building RSS tree
RNA parses multiple RSSs from various sites and builds a ”global” RSS tree
from each RSS tree. The global tree stores all information obtained by RNA.
Next RNA recomposes the global tree into several sub trees according to rule
templates. In default setting, RNA reproduces three types of sub trees i.e.,
list of contents sorted by chronological order and updated contents in eachsite. The user can describe own template script to generate a new sub tree.
– RSS redistribution
Generated sub trees are distributed as new RSS and are visualized by server/ client side XSLT engine using XSL stylesheet. RNA can also transformthese RSS into HTML with its own template system. With these templates,
the user is easily able to customize an output style rather than XSLT since
the syntax of template is similar to HTML.
– Content clipping
The user can register content to a clip list in one click. Clipped contents are
stored in ”clipped” RSS tree and it is published like the other RSS. Eachelement of RSS tree is changing momentary but those of ”clipped” tree are
persistent.
– Updating
It is necessary to get RSS and build trees occasionally since its contents arechangeable with update of its distributor. RNA can update periodically bya Cron interface of the server. Update interface can be called both manuallyand remotely by XML-RPC message the Weblog tools automatically generated. The latter feature enables the author of a Weblog to notify her/his
new content to RNA.
– TrackBack tracing
RNA also queries to registered Weblog tools whether its content has TrackBack links (reverse link provided by Weblog tools) or not. If exist, RNA
extracts these links and adds them to RSS tree.
– Sanitizing and caching RSS
RNA checks syntax of acquired RSS and corrects them if they are not valid.
Currently three versions of RSS are proposed i.e., 0.91, 1.0 and 2.0. RNAconverts all versions into 1.0, which is based on RDF model. Every RSS iscached and decomposed to attach to each content as a ﬁne-grained metadata.

598

I. Ohmukai et al.

”Antenna” services are already provided to check update of registered sites.
Conventional antenna obtains HTTP LastModiﬁed header of each URI and sorts
the site list by chronological order. Using RNA the user can get richer information than the antenna since RSS contains not only updated time but its excerpt
and so on. RNA also enables the user to edit information in the contents levelsuch as clip and TrackBack tracing.
4.3

Glucose: Standalone RSS Aggregator

Glucose is also an extended RSS aggregator but a standalone program for Windows. Fig.4(right) shows a snapshot of Glucose. Unlike orthodox aggregators,
Glucose is developed to support information distribution process by coordination with RNA. Main functions and interfaces of Glucose are shown below.
– RSS registration
Like in RNA, the user registers URIs of RSS or OPML site list. Glucose
can access several news sites without RSS by ”sensor” script which extracts
articles and converts them to RSS.
– Three-pane interface
Glucose has three panes interface. The left pane shows ”RSS Channels”
which is subscribed by the user. The upper right pane indicates the headline
list of contents including title, updated time, source and category. The lower
right pane shows original contents.
– TrackBack tracing
Glucose can extract TrackBack links from each content. Obtained links areshown below the corresponding entry in headline pane with ”Re:” just likea mailer.
– Posting to Weblog
With a Weblog editor interface in Glucose, the user can post an entry to
her/his Weblog if she/he has strong interest for content. This interface uses
XML-RPC protocol.
– RNA clipping
The user can post content to the clip list of own RNA using XML-RPC.
– P2P content recommendation
Glucose runs as a P2P servant and the users automatically construct P2P
network. In this network, several contents read by someone are distributed
randomly and the other user may receive these contents as a recommendation. The user can clip or post it to her/his own system and can also register
URI of its RSS to the site list.
We
distribute
RNA
andGlucose
in
our
web
site
(http://www.semblog.org/wiki/?en). About 2000 users downloaded RNA
and over 20000 users downloaded Glucose from September 2003.

5

Application on Semblog Platform

Using functions on Semblog platform, we develop a new type of recommendation
and retrieval systems.

Metadata-Driven Personal Knowledge Publishing

5.1

599

RNA Alliance

Each RNA has XML-RPC interface that can send and receive its data dynamically. RNA alliance is a content recommendation system based on cooperationof multiple RNA.
We use FOAF metadata to identify each RNA. FOAF is RDF-based metadata format for describing human relationship. Besides the basic elements suchas name, email and URI of the user, FOAF provides a statement that user X
knows user Y.
The current version of RNA can generate FOAF data. RNA also has aninterface for FOAF management to extend social network easily. We call thismethod as ”FOAF TrackBack”.
First the user X enters an RNA URI of the user Y in her/his own FOAF
manager. The manager X asks the manager Y to acquire the FOAF data of Y,
and writes ”X knows Y” link in its FOAF. The manager Y records ”Y isKnownX” link in its FOAF and notiﬁes to the user Y. If the user Y agrees, her/his
manager registers ”Y knows X” link. Repeating this process, a personal networkof the user is constructed. Following recommendation methods are performed in
the network.
Collaborative Recommendation. Collaborative recommendation is based on
diﬀerence of registered sites or clips among multiple RNAs. At ﬁrst it calculates
similarities: Si between the user’s RNA: R0 and a RNA on the personal network:
Ri (1 < i < n). Each RNA has a list of URIs: Ri = {u0 , . . . , uk }.
Si =|R0 ∩ Ri ||R0 | + |Ri |The system gives recommendation score: V (u) to each URI by the following
formula:
Si if u ∈ Ri
Vi (u) =0 if u ∈ Ri (i = 1, . . . , n)V (u) =

ni=i Vi (u)nThis score is used for recommendation to R0 ’s user if URI u is not includedin R0 .
The system shows the list of recommended URIs sorted by the score. The
user can add these URI to her/his own ”check” list.
Categorical Similarity and Recommendation. The user of RNA can categorize the sites and clips she/he registered. Using this category, relationship ofinterest among users can be identiﬁed and recommended. We apply a recommendation method based on a categorical similarity to this objective[13].

600

I. Ohmukai et al.

Fig. 5. Document-based (left) and Person-based (right) Network

Relational Filtering. Relational ﬁltering method realizes access control of
information using the categorized social network. By merging the personal network of every user, a large human network like a small world is constructed. Thismethod extracts multiple communities from this network and enables information sharing in single community[14]. The user can manage her/his contents
which have various level of disclosure through an uniﬁed interface.
5.2

Egocentric Search

Egocentric search provides subjective search which collects and evaluates information for each user[15]. We think that it is suitable for handling of the small
contents like Weblog entries because connection is usually more subjective thanother Web pages.
The users daily write and post contents to their Weblog sites with the editor
interface. Egocentric search interface scans a content that the user is posting.
If this content contains a hyperlink, the editor acquires the whole content and
RSS of the link, and constructs an entry network around the user’s content(Fig.5(left)). This network indicates not only relations of contents but also human relationships because all entries on Weblog are owned by some authors. Our
method organizes a document network into person-based network (Fig.5(right)).
Each path of the personal network is weighted relatively to the frequency of citation. Once the user cites some site as a topic in the new content (entry), theeditor interface performs egocentric search and shows the result.
– Relative Chain Search
Relative chain search returns the contents which is directly linked with theentry cited by the authoring content. This model is based on a simple model
but consequently it seems most trustful. (Fig.6(a))– Co-citation Search
Co-citation search discovers the entries that link the same contents as theauthoring entry links to. Co-citation entries are retrieved from the RSS cacheand the search result contains the weight of authors. (Fig.6(b))– Keyword Search
Keyword search method picks up the entries by keyword matching from the
RSS cache. Unlike the conventional search engines, our method targets only
related sites around the user’s Weblog. (Fig.6(c))

Metadata-Driven Personal Knowledge Publishing

601

Fig. 6. Egocentric Search Methods

The user can read search results by these methods with the right-hand side
window while authoring, and can append the link of some helpful contents to thecurrently authoring content. This process expects to enrich the user’s content
and change the search result of the system in turn.

6

Personal Ontology

We propose a bottom-up personal ontology framework using RSS and FOAF
metadata. To process small contents in various forms, we have to annotate asemantic markup with an ontology language to those contents. It is diﬃcult toorganize practical ontology hierarchy with top-down approach because building
and maintaining such well-organized large ontology takes a lot of eﬀorts. We
aim to develop loose and bottom-up ontology system by combining personalclassiﬁcation, because we consider that personal knowledge will be represented
with a routine work such as categorization and arrangement of information. Fig.9
indicates a conceptual architecture of the personal ontology system.
At ﬁrst we deﬁne a personal ontology as a hierarchical system of categories.
Everyone has those categories, and they routinely classify described and collected
contents to the category. A label of a category can be named arbitrarily by user.
Unlike the conventional ontology, the personal ontology has to be related tothe person who produces it. Therefore we apply FOAF metadata to link between
the ontology and the person.
Personal ontology metadata consists of FOAF, RDFS Ontology and Contents
RSS. The FOAF describes personal information, and the RDFS ontology showsa structure of the categories, and the contents RSS shows written and collected
contents by the user.

602

I. Ohmukai et al.

Fig. 7. Personal Ontology Framework(a) Extended FOAF(b) RDFS Ontology(c) Contents RSS

Fig. 8. Personal Ontology Metadata

We add two elements to basic FOAF model shown in Fig.8 (a). One
is <foaf:interest> which is to point the contents RSS, and the other is<rs:personalontology> that is originally deﬁned by our Rough Semantics
project (http://www.roughsemantics.org/) to indicate the RDFS ontology.
The RDFS ontology is described with the form of Open Directory RDFS
format shown in Fig.8 (b). Each node has a fragment ID.
The contents RSS is similar to a conventional RSS. Our RSS uses
<foaf:topic> to point a category on the RDFS ontology, while the conven-

Metadata-Driven Personal Knowledge Publishing603

Fig. 9. Bottom-up Ontology

tional model applies <dc:subject> to express a thesis of a content. This makes
our RSS to have backward compatibility. Example of this RSS is shown in Fig.8(c). It should be noted that topics pointed by this tag are not restricted to thosein their own ontology, rather any topics in others’ and some global ontology.
Separating ontology and instances enables such ﬂexible management.
FOAF, RDFS ontology, and RSS are described in separate ﬁles so that we
can keep compatibility with existing applications on these formats. This is agreat beneﬁt that our system can cope with such existing applications via theseﬁles.
Our framework enables applications and services to produce new types ofsearch or recommendation. For example, mapping methods between two directories or bookmarks are applicable to the personal ontology. Egocentric searchis also able to realize easily by building a social network with <foaf:knows> inthe users’ FOAF.
Unlike these peer-to-peer model, we can calculate a similarity among a personal ontology and the global ontologies such like WordNet and ODP in advance.
Multiple personal ontology can be matched each other via the global ontology
and this method needs less computation cost as shown in Fig.9. In addition, it is
not necessary to modify that algorithm in P2P model and personal-global model
because both ontology has the same structure.

7

Conclusion

In this paper we propose a personal publishing system with Semantic Web techniques and Weblog tools. We use a lightweight metadata format like RSS toactivate the information ﬂow and its activities. We deﬁne three level of interest of information gathering and publishing i.e., ”check”, ”clip” and ”post” andprovide suitable ways to distribute information depending on the interest level.

604

I. Ohmukai et al.

Our system called Semblog platform consists of two types of extended content
aggregator and information retrieval / recommendation applications.
Through these techniques and systems, we have shown that metadata canbe used to realize more eﬀerent and more personalized information distribution.
Metadata design should be careful because it should be acceptable by many people and systems. Our approach, i.e., extending and integrating RSS and FOAF,
is successful in this aspect since existing tools like Weblog tools are ready to use
them. We hope that our approach will be a bridge between emerging Semantic
Web technologies and other growing technologies on the Internet.

References
1. Shneiderman, B.: Leonardo’s Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing
Technologies. MIT Press (2002)
2. Berners-Lee, T.: Weaving the Web. HarperCollins (1999)
3. Berners-Lee, T.: A roadmap to the Semantic Web.
http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Semantic.html (1998)
4. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): Resource Description Framework (RDF)
Model and Syntax Speciﬁcation. http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax (1999)
5. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): OWL Web Ontology Language Overview.
http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/ (2003)
6. Dill, S., Eiron, N., Gibson, D., et al.: SemTag and Seeker: Bootstrapping the
Semantic Web via Automated Semantic Annotation. Proceedings of the Twelfth
International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2003) (2003)
7. RDF Site Summary 1.0 Speciﬁcation Working Group: RDF Site Summary (RSS)
1.0. http://web.resource.org/rss/1.0/spec (2001)
8. Blood, R.: We’ve Got Blog: How Weblogs are Changing Our Culture. Perseus
Publishing (2002)
9. Aimeur, E., Brassard, G., Paquet, S.: Using Personal Knowledge Publishing to
Facilitate Sharing Across Communities. Workshop on (Virtual) Community Informatics, Held in conjunction with the Twelfth International World Wide Web
Conference (WWW2003) (2003)
10. UserLand Software: XML-RPC Speciﬁcation.
http://www.xmlrpc.com/spec (1999)
11. Six Apart: Movable Type. http://www.movabletype.org/ (2003)
12. B.Nonnecke, J.Preece: Shedding light on Lurkers in Online Communities. Ethnographic Studies in Real and Virtual Environments: Inhabited Information Spaces
and Connected Communities (1999) 123–128
13. M.Hamasaki, H.Takeda: Find better friends? – re-conﬁguration of personal networks by the neighborhood matchmaker method –. In: The International Workshop
on Semantic Web Foundations and Application Technologies (SWFAT). (2003) 73–
76
14. I.Ohmukai, H.Takeda: Social Scheduler: A Proposal of Collaborative Personal Task
Management. Proceedings of Web Intelligence (WI2003) (2003)
15. I.Ohmukai, K.Numa, H.Takeda: Egocentric Search Method for Authoring Support
in Semantic Weblog. Workshop on Knowledge Markup and Semantic Annotation(Semannot2003), the Second International Conference on Knowledge Capture (KCAP2003) (2003)