Case studies of Advanced Construction and Demolition waste(CDW)
Recycling initiatives and technologies In JAPANAffiliation
Location
Position:
Name/Surname
e-mailTitle

Hanshin Expressway Co., Ltd, Japan
Sankyo Sakai East bldg..5F 2-3-20 hanadacho minami-ku, Sakai,
OOSAKA, Japan
Construction Manager , Sakai Construction
Department ,Construction Management Headquarters
Muneyuki Yamana
muneyuki-yamana@hanshin-exp.co.jp"Joint Project for Effective Reuse of the Soils"
Effective utilization of shield tunnel construction sludge using tracing
technology

Prevention
Re-useTheme
classification〇

RecycleReduce Co2
LegacyBusiness to overseas
Etc.

Technology
development stage〇

Practical use
Scheduled to be put into practical use by 2020
Scheduled to be put into practical use after 2020

Specific content-"Joint Project for Effective Reuse of the Soils" implemented in Osaka, inwhich a couple of big construction projects, Hanshin Expressway
Yamatogawa Line construction by shield tunneling and coastal
reclamation, were integrally planned and managed to effectively utilize
0.95 million m3 of excavated soils (construction sludge) from the shieldtunneling as reclamation material.
-"Joint Project for Effective Reuse of the Soils" has been demonstrated tohave many advantages such as effective use of resources, proper disposalof construction sludge, prolongation of life of final disposal site, reductionof CO2, reduction of project cost.

Appeal point-"Joint Project for Effective Reuse of the Soils" is a case example ofadvanced model for effective utilization of construction sludge making
use of ITS, including improvement of traceability of industrial wastetransportation, prevention of environmental pollution by illegal dumping,prolongation of life of public final disposal site, reduction ofenvironmental burden, reduction of business cost, promotion of effective
utilization of construction sludge in the future, leading to theestablishment and sustainment of a recycling-oriented society in the futureis expected.

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Geo-Environmental Engineering 2018
Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan, May 25-26, 2018

Effective utilization of shield tunnel construction sludge using tracing
technology
Muneyuki Yamana1*, Yasuo Tomizawa2, Manabu Inagaki3, Kazuma Mizuta3,
Katsumi Mizuno4, Takeshi Katsumi5, Toru Inui5 and Masashi Kamon61Hanshin Expressway Co., Ltd, Japan
Hanshin Expressway Engineering Co., Ltd, Japan
3
Environmental Management and Technology Center, Japan
4
Osaka Bentonite Business cooperative, Japan
5
Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
6
Research Institute for Environmental Geotechnics, Japan
2

ABSTRACT: This paper addresses "Joint Project for Effective Reuse of the Soils" implemented
in Osaka, in which a couple of big construction projects, Hanshin Expressway Yamatogawa Line
construction by shield tunneling and coastal reclamation, were integrally planned and managed toeffectively utilize 0.95 million m3 of excavated soils (construction sludge) from the shield tunneling as reclamation material. In this joint project, management of such a huge amount of soils
transported between the highway construction site, the soil treatment facility, and the reclamationsite was a key issue. For the transportation of this large quantity of shielded construction soil, we
created a fully electronic manifest system by utilizing the ETC vehicle authentication function
and GPS information. The newly developed ETC manifest system was used in order to issue andstore manifests on the same day that the operation took place. This system has improved thetraceability of transporting a large amount of generated soil, and ensured the transparency of construction sludge recycling, which led to significant savings in the creation of manifests.
Keywords: Excavated soil, Tracing technology, ETC manifest system

1. INTRODUCTION
A “Joint Project for Effective Reuse of the Soils”
was implemented in order to reclaim and utilize the
excavated soils generated through mud-pressureshield tunnel construction at the Hanshin Expressway Yamatogawa Line as reclamation material for
the No. 6 Lumber Yard Development Project,which is managed by the Ports and Harbors Bureau,
Osaka City. The transportation of these excavatedsoils was equivalent to load of 158,000 units ofdump trucks with a capacity of 10 t (approximately
500 units per day). The soils generated through theshield tunnel excavation were required to be managed as “construction sludge,” which is categorized
to "industrial waste" according to the local regulation. In Japan, the delivery of the industrial waste
management slips (manifests) has been mandated,and entails a series of process control procedures,from the generation to the landfill of industrial
waste. However, the management of manifests, atsites where a large amount of industrial waste isdischarged, is burdensome because it entails thedelivery and counting of slips by collection companies, collecting carriers, and processing companies,in addition to the obligation of storing the manifests
for five years. Moreover, with regard to paper slip
management, problems such as the omission of
entries, alteration, spoofing, and loss have occurred.
Therefore, in this project, to improve the traceability of industrial waste movement, and to prevent
environmental contamination by illegal dumping,
the ETC manifest system was introduced in operations such as generation, transportation, acceptance,and reclamation of generated soil, and in manifest
management. Thereby, ensuring the transparencyof the recycling process was attempted.
In this paper, an outline of "Joint Project for Effective Reuse of the Soils" is presented in Section 2.
The ETC manifest system introduced in this projectis outlined in Chapter 3. The operation management procedure wherein this system was used isoutlined in Section 4. Finally, an overall summaryof this study is provided in Section 5.

* Corresponding author
Tel.: +81 72 226 4738; fax: 81 72 233 5730, muneyuki-yamana@hanshin-exp.co.jp-53-

Matsubara City

Figure 1. Project site locations 1)

Figure 2. No.6 Lumber Yard (before the project)

2. JOINT PROJECT FOR EFFECTIVE REUSE
OF THE SOILS
Most of the length of the 9.7 km Hanshin Expressway Yamatogawa Line is an underground structure,
and approximately 40% of it was constructed by
the mud pressure shield tunnel excavation method.
Since the soil produced by this method is typically-54-

regarded as industrial waste (construction sludge)
in Japan, it is commonly carried out to a site where
it is finally disposed. However, this results in excessive disposal cost. In this project, recycling
treatment (reforming treatment by neutral solidification and classification washing treatment) wasapplied to a large amount of construction sludge
amounting to approximately 950,000 m3, which

Figure 3. Scheme of joint project 1)

was discharged from multiple shield tunnel construction sites, and used effectively as sea level
reclamation material in the No. 6 Lumber Yard
Development Project of the Ports and Harbors Bureau, Osaka City. Such joint management of different projects was attempted for the first time in Japan. Coastal reclamation was conducted in order tofill an area of 8.3 ha, which was previously used as
an old lumber yard and is expected to make gooduse of the space. The excavated soils were subjected to soil improvement in order to be used asreclamation material (400 kN/m2 in cone index,
and 6.0 - 9.0 in pH). A gypsum-based stabilizing
agent was applied in order to maintain the pH of
the improved soil lower than 9.0.
As a result, this will not only enable the properand effective utilization of construction sludge at alow recycling rate, which is considered as a geotechnical engineering problem in Japan, but it will
also extend the life of the final disposal site andreduce the emissions of CO2 and cost of disposal.
Additionally, many other advantages have been
demonstrated 2).
3. DEVELOPMENT AND SUPERIORITY OF
ETC ELECTRONIC MANIFEST SYSTEM
As a new manifest registration mechanism to improve the traceability of industrial waste movement
and to prevent environmental contamination byillegal dumping, the radio communication of theelectronic toll collection system (ETC) was used in
the ETC electronic manifest system. This system
has been recently developed in order to generate

Figure 4. ETC (electronic toll collection) manifest system-55-

Figure 5. Operation control chart by ETC manifest system (number of maximum acceptance days)

electronic manifests (Figure 4). These electronic
manifests were generated by the ETC certificationof the transported soils generated through shieldtunnel excavations entrance and exit records ateach site. The system managed the electronic manifest in cooperation with JWNET, which is the abbreviation of Japan Waste Network and the electronic manifest system prescribed by the Japanesewaste disposal legislation. Additionally, with regard to the transportation of the soils discharged
from shield tunnel excavation, the management oftransportation routes is instructed, standing by anddetouring at times of congestion, ensuring thatemergencies are communicated by the onboard
global positioning system (GPS), and generally
aimed for an overall appropriate and smooth work
flow 3). By the introduction of this system, the following advantages were gained:(1) The load measurement (from the truck scaleboarding to the weighing, ETC vehicle certification, etc.) lasted for approximately 10 seconds.
Therefore, it was possible to reduce the vehicle
waiting time in the vicinity of the on-site gate
by 500 transport vehicles per day and a significant shortening was achieved.
(2) With regard to emission projects, education fordrivers requires only simple practical training,
and there is no need to input the operation by apersonal computer or similar means. Therefore,
the efficiency of making electronic manifests
was increased, and very few operation errors byhuman was occurred.
(3) Since only registered vehicles are authenticatedby ETC, it was possible to prevent the intrusion-56-

of unauthorized vehicles and conduct operation
management in real-time. Therefore, it was possible to identify the target vehicles and the locations where a vehicle broke down or a traffic
accident occurred. Additionally, the surrounding
traffic congestion situation was assessed effectively, and also in real-time, which made it possible to respond to emergency situations
promptly and ensure the reliability of operation
control. As a result, delays in the progress of the
project were prevented.
4. OPERATION MANAGEMENT USING ETC
ELECTRONIC MANIFEST SYSTEM
The graphs shown in Figs. 5 to 7 visualize the operation management data collected by the ETC
manifest system during the three days period of
accepting the excavated soils. The amount of soil
received on each day can be seen in the figure
which vertical axis represents cumulative amountof soil received in the recycling treatment facility.
The measurement time is shown on the horizontal
axis. In principle, the facility started accepting thesoil every morning at 8:00. At this site, the soil wastransported by the same transport vehicle over six
to seven round trips from the multiple shield tunnel
construction sites to the recycling treatment facility,
which was approximately 6 to 9 km away. The soil
was sent to the reclamation site by a belt conveyor
or similar, and the construction of the embankment
was carried out.

Figure 6. Operation control chart by ETC manifest system (examples of average acceptance days)

Figure 7. Operation control chart by ETC manifest system (examples of problematic days)

Figure 5 shows the day (June 28, 2016) on which
762 units were accepted. This was the largest
amount of accepted units during this project. Totalof 118 dump trucks prepared at two sites transported the material reciprocally and approximately
6,100 tons of the excavated soils were received.
Transportation and acceptance were carried out
efficiently, with the exception of a small waitingtime for acceptance at approximately 14:10-14:30.
However, it was some delay in process after acceptance of soil (recycling process, to reclamation),-57-

it did not affect the acceptance process and wasable to accept the scheduled quantity of the excavated soils. Since the transportation vehicles gather
early in the morning and afternoon from multiple
sites, by shifting the start time and break time of
one site, the waiting time of the transport vehicles
around the facility was avoided.
Figure 6 shows one of a daily operation control
chart when approximately 500 units as an average
were accepted. A total of 109 units were arranged
at the site and carried out transport back and forth.

Thereby, approximately 4,000 tons were accepted.
Although there was a waiting time for acceptanceat approximately 9:00, 10:15, and 14:00, it isthought that the standard number of receiving units
was able to proceed to the next step of the process
without difficulty.
Moreover, Fig. 7 shows an example of a day
when trouble occurred. On that day, there was apower failure during the round-trip transportation
with 43 vehicles arranged with a small number of
301 received cars, and we were only able to accept
the scheduled amount of approximately 2,400 tons.
The power outage occurred after 15:40, and acceptance was carried out by manual certification/weighing instead of electronic certification.
The system was updated after the power was restored, which demonstrates the flexibly of the system to respond to the occurrence of problems. In
this particular situation, the post-acceptance process was postponed for the next day.
In this way, by visualizing the weight data of the
dump trucks and the time measured by the ETC
electronic manifest system, it was possible toproperly coordinate the transit vehicles and to efficiently manage the daily quantity of soil by accepting it in a reliable manner. The process and progress management of the entire project can also be
useful.
5. SUMMARY
The newly developed ETC manifest system thatwas implemented in "Joint Project for Effective
Reuse of the Soils" is introduced in this paper. Thissystem makes effective use of the soils generated
through shield tunnel excavation generated fromhighway projects and used as a reclamation material by land development businesses.
This system can be used as a technology to support transparency during the proper disposal of
construction waste at mass emission sites. This system has many advantages, such as clarifying the
responsibilities of each business operator, improving the efficiency of transportation management
work, reducing labor, etc. Moreover, this system
was evaluated and adopted in the management ofvehicle operations during the East Japan greatearthquake disaster. The ETC antenna was preliminarily installed in Gareki, which is located in thecity of Kamaishi, in Iwate prefecture. The entrance
and exit of the transport vehicles was recorded andthe weighing control of the loads was carried out.
In this way, the system could be used in thelarge-area shielded tunnel construction of railways
and roads, with a size of several millions of m3, inthe utilization of large-scale disaster waste as recyclable material, and in large-scale construction-58-

work in developing countries, for example. It is
expected that the proper and effective utilization of
construction waste will expand further and lead tothe emergence of a recycling-oriented society in the
future.
6. REFERENCES
1) Yamaguchi, Y., Mizuhara, K., Mizuta, K., Takemika, T., Katsumi, T. and Kamon, M.: “Management of the soils dischargrd from shield tunnel excavation using ETC system,” The International
Workshop on ICT in Geo-Engineering, 2012,
2) Yamana, M., Kawamura, M., Tomizawa, Y.,
Inagaki, M., Mizuta, K., Uehara, K., Mizuno, K.,
Hamano, H., Katsumi, T. and Kamon, M.:“Hanshin Express Yamatogawa Line Development
and operation of an integrated management system
for shielding construction and utilization as landfill
materials,” Proceedings of the 12th JGS Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology, pp. 91-96,
2017,3) Tomizawa, Y., Yamaguchi, Y., Takemika, T., Mizuta, K., Fujiwara, T., Katsumi, T., Kamon, M.:“Application of traceability technology for reuse of
construction waste - Case of the Hanshin Expressway Yamatogawa Line -,” Proceedings of the 10th
JGS Symposium on Environmental Geotechnology,
pp. 177-184, 2013