〔AREIPGR Vol. 36: 173-202, 2020〕
doi:10.24514/00005682
Original Paper

Collaborative Exploration ofLegume Crops and Wild Vigna Genetic Resourcesin Sagaing Region, Myanmar 2019
Norihiko TOMOOKA 1), Ohm Mar Saw 2), Min San Thein 2)
1) Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba,
Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
2) Seed Bank, Biotechnology, Plant Genetic Resources and Plant Protection Division, Department of Agriculture
Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Myanmar
Communicated by Y. YOSHIOKA (Tsukuba University)
Received Aug. 21, 2020, Accepted Sep. 24, 2020
Corresponding author: N. TOMOOKA (e-mail: tomooka@affrc.go.jp)

Summary
To collect legume genetic resources, a field survey was conducted in the Sagaing Region, Myanmar, from
November 1 to 17, 2019. We concentrated on the collection of wild legumes belonging to genus Vigna . As a result, wecollected a total of 43 seed samples from 23 survey sites and recorded three additional survey sites from where no seedsamples could be collected. Collected seed samples consisted of 2 accessions of domesticated Glycine max (soybean),
2 of domesticated Lablab purpureus (hyacinth bean), 1 of domesticated Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (winged bean), 20
of Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (wild azuki bean), 6 of Vigna hirtella complex (wild Vigna ), 6 of Vigna tenuicaulis(wild Vigna ), 3 of domesticated Vigna umbellata (rice bean), and 3 of domesticated Vigna unguiculata (cowpea/yardlongbean). The collected seed samples have been primarily conserved in the seed bank of the Department of Agricultural
Research in Myanmar, and the subset was transferred to the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization(NARO) Genebank in Japan under the Standard Material Transfer Agreement of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture. After the multiplication of seeds in Tsukuba Japan, the NARO Genebank plans toconserve them as distributable genetic resources for research, breeding, and training purposes for food and agriculture.
KEY WORDS: crop wild relatives, genetic resources, legume, Vigna

Introduction
The NARO Genebank has been collecting andevaluating the stress tolerance of crop wild relatives
belonging to the Vigna crops (Tomooka et al. 2010;
Iseki et al . 2016, 2018). The diversity center of the Asian
Vigna (subgenus Ceratotropis ) is South and Southeast
Asia, with more than 10 Ceratotropis species found in
Myanmar (Tomooka et al. 2011). Northern mountainous
areas of Myanmar including Chin State, Sagaing
Region, Kachin State, and Shan State are classified as

temperate dry winter climates (Cw) (http://themimu.info/
node/64591); thus, wild Vigna closely related to azuki
bean (Vigna angularis ) may exist in nature. In 2018,
we conducted a survey in the southern Shan State andcollected 31 seed samples, including a candidate for a
new Vigan taxon (Takahashi et al. 2019). In 2019, we set
the target survey area to the Sagaing Region where no
systematic survey on the wild Vigna has been conductedyet (Domon et al. 2015; Min San Thein et al . 2017; Naitoet al. 2017).

- 173 -

Methods
A collaborative field survey was conducted in the
Lahe area, Lay Shi area, and Somra area of Sagaing
Region from November 1 to 17, 2019 (Table 1, Figs.
1 ̵ 3). The survey is based on the Memorandum ofUnderstanding between the NARO Genebank of Japanand the DAR seed bank of Myanmar. At the collection
site, we interviewed landowners and asked for theirpermission to collect seeds from their stocks and wild
leguminous plants growing on their land. We recorded
passport data, including latitude, longitude, and altitude,using a global navigation satellite system and Google
Earth (Google Inc.). Identification of the wild Vigna
species was based on taxonomic keys (Tomooka et al.
2002; Maxted et al. 2004). There exists an unsolved
taxonomic problem in the treatment of plant samples
conserved as V. hirtella in the NARO Genebank.
These samples comprise more than two taxa based onmolecular phylogenetic studies (Chankaew et al. 2014),
the so-called V. hirtella complex (Takahashi et al. 2019).
Thus, the V. hirtella complex was categorized into twogroups: “V. hirtella (highland type)” and “V. hirtella(lowland type)”
Results and Discussion
We collected a total of 43 seed samples consistingof 2 accessions of domesticated Glycine max (soybean),
2 of domesticated Lablab purpureus (hyacinth bean), 1
of domesticated Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (wingedbean), 20 of Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (wild azukibean), 6 of Vigna hirtella complex (wild Vigna ), 6 of
Vigna tenuicaulis (wild Vigna ), 3 of domesticated Vigna
umbellata (rice bean), and 3 of domesticated Vigna
unguiculata (cowpea/yardlong bean) (Table 2). Collected
seed samples were conserved primarily in the DAR seedbank, Myanmar, and the subset of the collection wastransferred to the NARO Genebank, Japan, under the
SMTA of ITPGRFA. In addition, three survey sites, from
where no mature seeds could be collected, were recorded(Table 2). Seed weight (100 seed weight), pod length,
and number of ovules per pod of collected samples were
measured (Table 3). The passport data of the registeredaccessions to the NARO Genebank are shown in Table
4. The characteristics described are of samples collectedfrom Lahe, Lay Shi, and Somra areas.
Lahe area (altitude of collection sites: 724 – 1,254 m
above sea level)
Wild Vigna
As for the wild Vigna , only wild azuki bean
populations (V. angularis var. nipponensis ) were found in
the Lahe area (Fig. 2, Table 4).

Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (wild azuki bean)
A total of 18 wild azuki bean populations
were found, and 16 seed samples were collected.
Morphological variations were recognized in hairiness,length, and shape of bracteoles and bracts as well as
the shape of leaflets (Photos 1 ̵ 12). All the 10 mountainroadside populations (altitude 724 ̵ 1,257 m, average:

Table 1.
Myanmar
Sagaing
Regionexploration,
November
2019
Table
1. An
Anitineraryitineraryofof
Myanmar
Sagaing
Regionexploration,
November
2019
Date

Days
1

11/1

Fri

Itinerary
Narita Terminal 1S (11:00 NH813) - RGN(16:30) (transportation by airplane)

2

11/2

Sat Yangon (UB103 07:00 - 08:05, 129USD) - Mandalay - (UB587: 12:50 - 14:15, 117USD) Hkamti (transportation by airplane) - survey in Hkamti farmer's fields (by car)3

11/3 Sun survey from Hkamti - Lahe (by car）(collection No. MY1 - MY4)

Lahe (Government Guest House)4

11/4 Mon survey from Lahe - northeastern mountain ridge road - Lahe (by car) (MY5 - MY12-i)

Lahe (Government Guest House)5

11/5 Tue survey from Lahe - Hkamti (by car) (MY13-MY14-i)

Hkamti (Mya Nan Taw Hotel)

6

11/6 Wed transport from Hkamti - (by boat 200,000K) - Hta Man Thi - (survey by car) - Lay Shi (MY15)

Lay Shi (Viewpoint Guest House)7

11/7 Thu survey along northern mountain road and northeastern mountain road of Lay Shi (by car) (MY16 Lay Shi (Viewpoint Guest House)- MY20)

8

11/8

Fri

survey from Lay Shi - Somra - Lay Shi (by car) (MY21-i - MY24)

Lay Shi (Viewpoint Guest House)

9

11/9

Sat survey along eastern mountain road of Lay Shi (by car) (MY25 - MY28)

Lay Shi (Viewpoint Guest House)10

11/10 Sun survey along southwestern mountain road of Lay Shi (by car) (MY29 - MY37-i)

Lay Shi (Viewpoint Guest House)11

11/11 Mon survey from Lay Shi - (by car, MY38 - MY41) - Hta Man Thi - (transport by boat) - Hkamti

Hkamti (Mya Nan Taw Hotel)

12

11/12 Tue Khamti - (by airplane UB588; 14:30 - 15:55, 115USD) - Mandalay - (by car) - Yezin Naypyidaw

Naypyidaw (New Aye Yar Hotel)

13

11/13 Wed report and seed cleaning at Seed Bank, Yezin (by car)

Naypyidaw (New Aye Yar Hotel)

14

11/14 Thu transportation from Yezin - Yangon Plant Quarantine Office - Yangon (by car)

Yangon (Ten Mile Hotel)

15

11/15

Fri

Yangon (Ten Mile Hotel)

16

11/16

Sat get Phytosanitary Certificate, transport to Yangon airport (by airplane NH814; 22:10) - on flight on flight17

11/17 Sun arrive Narita airport (6:45) Terminal 1S (deposit collected seeds for phytosanitary

stay Yangon

procedures in Narita Plant Quarantine Office - return to Tsukuba- 174 -

Stay
Yangon (Ten Mile Hotel)
Hkamti (Mya Nan Taw Hotel)

Japan

JP270643( )JP270636( )JP270637( )JP270625, JP270631
JP270635,JP270644( , , )(A) Lahe area

Bhutan(B) Lay Shi area

India

(C) Somra area

Bangladesh
Sagaing

India

Myanmar
JP270621-270622( , )JP270623-270624 ( )(B)

JP270620( )JP270632-270634 ( , )JP270645( )(C) JP270638( )China

Myanmar

Somra

Laos

Lay Shi
JP270639-270642( , , )JP270629-270630 ( , )JP270626-270628( )Naypyitaw

Hta Man Thi

JP270646-270647( )Chindwin river

13km(C) Somra area(B) Lay Shi area

Glycine max (Soybean)
Lablab purpureus (Hyacinth bean)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (Winged bean)
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (wild azuki bean)
Vigna hirtella (wild Vigna)
Vigna tenuicaulis (wild Vigna)
Vigna umbellata (Rice bean)
Vigna unguiculata (Cowpea or Yardlong bean)

ThailandFig.
routes( ), major
towns ( towns), and collection( )Fig.3.3.Survey
Surveyroutes(-), major(●), and sites
collectionin(B) Lay(C) Lay
SomraShi
areas,area
Sagaing
Region,and(C) Myanmar.
Somra areas,
sites(●)Shiinand(B)Sagaing Region, Myanmar.

of wild azuki bean in the Lahe area reached more than
40-cm long (Photo 15). Various kinds of ants gathered
to extra-floral nectary glands developed at the baseof flower buds (Photos 1, 7, and 8). These extra-floral
nectar glands are observed in over 100 plant families
and secrete extrafloral nectar that attracts ants and otherarthropods, many of which protect the plant in return(Marazzi et al. 2013). The first author, NT, observed antsthat gathered extra-floral nectars of wild Vigna plants in
his previous field surveys in many countries. However,
NT observed that ants constructed nest-like structuresat the basal position of the inflorescence rachis of wild
Vigna plants for the first time in the present survey(Photos 16 and 17 at the collection site of MY08). Wild
azuki bean and ants in this area might have resulted in anadvanced mutualistic mechanism.

Fig.
Locationsof survey
areas
in Region,
Sagaing
Region,Fig.1.
1. Locationsof survey
areas in
Sagaing
Myanmar.
Myanmar.

JP270607( )JP270612-270613 ( )LaheJP270608-270610 ( )JP270611 ( )JP270614-270617 ( )JP270603-270606( )JP270602( )JP270618-270619( )Chindwin river
Hkamti
Hkamti Airport
13km(A) Lahe area
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (wild azuki bean)

Fig.
Surveyroutes
routesmajor(●),
and collection
Fig.2.
2. Survey( ),(-),
major
townstowns( ), andcollection
sites ( )in area,(A) Lahearea,
Sagaing
Region, Myanmar.
sites
(●)
in (A)
Lahe
Sagaing
Region,Myanmar.

889 m) were at the pre-mature stage (e.g., Photo 13),
while 8 populations found in Lahe town area (altitude863 ̵ 1,186 m, average: 979 m) were at the maturity stage(e.g. Photo 14) (Table 4, Remarks).
Wild azuki bean plants in the Lahe area generally
had conspicuously long flower stalks (peduncles)
compared with those growing in Japan (5- to 10-cmlong) (Tomooka et al. 2002, p. 59-65). The flower stalks

Lay Shi area (collection sites: 654 ̵ 1,263 m above sea
level)
Legume crops
Four leguminous crop species were collected.
Two samples of soybean, one of winged bean, threeof rice bean, and three of cowpea and yardlong bean
were collected from the Lay Shi area (Fig. 3, Table 4).
Soybean (MY17) was provided by a village leader fromhis seed stock (Photo 18), and soybean (MY33) wascollected from growing plants on the ridges of terrace
paddy fields (Photos 19 and 20). Cowpea/yardlong bean
(MY34 and 36) and rice bean (MY35) were collected
at the same site where soybean (MY33) was collected.

- 175 -

Table2. 2.
A summaryof recorded
survey sites
and collected
samples. seed samples
Table
A summaryof recorded
surveysites andseedcollected
Scientific nameEnglish name

StatusNumber of survey sites
recordedNumber of seed samples
collected

Glycine max

SoybeanDomesticated22

Lablab purpureus

Hyacinth bean

Domesticated3

2

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus

Wingedbean

Domesticated11

Vigna angularis

Azuki bean

Wild

22

20

Vigna hirtella complex

Wild Vigna

Wild

6

6

Vigna tenuicaulis

Wild Vigna

Wild

6

6

Vigna umbellata

Rice bean

Domesticated33Vigna unguiculata

Yardlong bean or
CowpeaDomesticated

3

3

46

43

Total

MY34 had a black seed coat, whereas MY36 had acream/brown mixed seed coat (Seed Photos 37 and 39).
MY34 and MY35 were cultivated beside a farmer’shut (Photo 21), whereas MY36 was cultivated at theroadside edge of a terrace paddy field (Photo 22). MY35
had a yellow seed coat (Seed Photo 38). We noted thatsurrounding View Point Guest House, where we stayed,
several legume crops were cultivated. From here, wecollected rice beans (MY20 and 25; Photos 23 and 24),
winged bean (MY29), and hyacinth bean (MY38; Photo25). MY20 and MY25 both had black seed coats andsoft green pods. In particular, MY20 had conspicuously
soft pods and showed very low curling ability even after
it matured and dried. Winged bean (MY29) had a brown
seed coat and had long pods (Photo 26).
Wild Vigna
In contrast to the Lahe area, where only wild azuki
bean populations were found, we could not find any
wild azuki bean populations in the Lay Shi area. Instead,
we found 6 populations of V. hirtella complex and 6
populations of V. tenuicaulis (Table 4).

Vigna hirtella complex (wild Vigna )V. hirtella complex populations growing at the wet
mountain roadside were at the pre-maturity stage (MY16,
26, and 37-I; e.g., Photo 27), while those crawling on
an open dry space beside the road (MY18 and 19; e.g.,
Photos 28 and 29) were at the maturity stage (Table4). Morphological characteristics of inflorescence,
stipules, leaflets, pods, and flowers of V. hirtella
complex populations in the Lay Shi area are shown(Photos 30 ̵ 50). All the V. hirtella complex populations
found in the Lay Shi area were considered “highlandtype” (Takahashi et al. 2019). However, MY18 plants
showed morphological characters similar to “V. hirtella(lowland type)” despite their habitat being at a highaltitude (1,096 m above sea level, Table 4). This makes it
necessary to conduct further molecular analyses. At the
MY26 site, ants constructed nest-like structures at thebase of inflorescence rachis (Photos 51 and 52), whichwere similar to those constructed on wild azuki bean
plants of MY08 (Photos 16 and 17). Ants aggressively
attacked investigator’s fingers while obtaining photos
and collecting pods, suggesting that these ants are
considerably effective in protecting flowers and pods ofwild Vigna plants against various kinds of herbivores,
including non-prey species. Breeding crops for increased
extra-floral nectar production could contribute to costeffective and sustainable pest management (Jones et al.
2017).

Vigna tenuicaulis (wild Vigna )All 6 V. tenuicaulis populations were found at wet
open roadsides (Photos 53 ̵ 56), and generally formed
larger populations compared with wild azuki bean andV. hirtella complex. V. tenuicaulis plants were either
pre-mature or at the flowering stage (Photos 57 and 58,
Table 4). Morphological characteristics of inflorescence,
stipules, leaflets, pods, and flowers of V. tenuicaulis
populations in the Lay Shi area are shown (Photos 59 ̵78). At the MY32 site, which was a very wet habitat, weobserved powdery mildew disease symptoms on theirleaves (Photo 72).
Somra area (collection sites: 1,185 ̵ 1,709 m above sea
level)
Wild Vigna
Interestingly, three wild azuki bean (V. angularisvar. nipponensis ) populations that could not be foundin the Lay Shi area were observed (Fig. 3, Table 4). In
addition, a V. hirtella complex population (MY23) was
found sympatrically with wild azuki bean (MY24).

- 176 -

Table 3.3.
Weightof 100pod length(cm),lengthand numberof ovules
per pod of ofcollected
samples
Table
Weightofseeds
100(g),
seeds(g), pod(cm),
and number
ovulesper pod of collected samples
Col. No.

JP No.

Scientific nameArea
G. max Average (range)

Status

100 seed weight (g)Pod length (cm)

No of ovules / pod

1.5 (0.9 - 2.0)
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.7
1.8
1.4
1.8
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.1
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4

7.3 (6.1 - 7.9)
7.2
6.2
7.9
7.5
7.4

14.1 (12 - 17)
13
15
14
17
14

6.9

15

8.7
7.4
7.6
7.1

16
14
15
14

7.3
7.7
6.1
7.9
6.7

13
14
12
14
14
12

MY17
MY33

270622 Glycine max
Lay Shi270639 Glycine max
Lay ShiL. purpureus Average (range)

DomesticatedDomesticated

8.5 (7.0 - 9.9)
9.9
7.0

MY40
MY41

270646 Lablab purpureus
Hta Man Thi
270647 Lablab purpureus
Hta Man Thi
P. tetragonolobus Average (range)

DomesticatedDomesticated38.3 (37.6 - 39.0)
37.6
39.0

MY29

270635 Psophocarpus tetragonolobus
Lay ShiV. angularis Average (range)

Domesticated

56.3
56.3

MY02-eMY02-i
MY03
MY04
MY06
MY07
MY08
MY09
MY10
MY10-i
MY11
MY11-i
MY12
MY12-i
MY13
MY14-i
MY21-i
MY22
MY22-i
MY24

270603270604270605270606270608270609270610270611270612270613270614270615270616270617270618270619270626270627270628270630Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Lahe
Vigna angularis
Somra
Vigna angularis
Somra
Vigna angularis
Somra
Vigna angularisSomra
V. hirtella Average (range)

Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild

MY16
MY18
MY19
MY26
MY37-i
MY23

270621270623270624270632270643270629Vigna hirtella
Lay ShiVigna hirtella
Lay ShiVigna hirtella
Lay ShiVigna hirtella
Lay ShiVigna hirtella
Lay ShiVigna hirtella
Somra
V. tenuicaulis Average (range)

Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild

0.8 (0.5 - 1.1)
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.7
1.1
1.0

7.8 (6.7 - 8.1)
8.0
7.7

16.4 (15 - 17)
15
16

8.1
8.7
6.8

17
17
17

MY15
MY27
MY28
MY30
MY31
MY32

270620270633270634270636270637270638Vigna hirtella
Lay ShiVigna tenuicaulis
Lay ShiVigna tenuicaulis
Lay ShiVigna tenuicaulis
Lay ShiVigna tenuicaulis
Lay ShiVigna tenuicaulis
Lay ShiV. umbellata Average (range)

Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild

0.8 (0.7 - 1.0)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0

6.4 (5.4 - 7.2)
6.7
5.4
6.0
7.2
6.6
6.3

16.2 (15 - 17)
16
15
17
17
17
15

MY20
MY25
MY35

270625 Vigna umbellata
Lay Shi270631 Vigna umbellata
Lay Shi270641 Vigna umbellata
Lay ShiV. unguiculata Average (range)

DomesticatedDomesticatedDomesticated15.2 (12.2 - 21.0)
21.0
12.2
12.4

10.9 (10.1 - 11.4)
10.1
11.2
11.4

7.7 (7 - 9)
7
7
9

MY34
MY36
MY39

270640 Vigna unguiculata
270642 Vigna unguiculata
270645 Vigna unguiculata

DomesticatedDomesticatedDomesticated10.7 (9.7 - 11.8)
11.8
9.7
10.7

Lay Shi
Lay Shi
Lay ShiVigna angularis var. nipponensis (wild azuki bean)
Wild azuki bean populations were found at aroadside grassland (MY21-i; Photo 79), beside a small
stream in a village area (MY22 and MY22-i; Photo 80)
and beside a big river (MY24; Photo 81). Because all ofthese populations were at the post-maturity stage, photosof inflorescence or leaves could not be captured. Somemorphological characters are shown (Photos 82 ̵ 87).

Vigna hirtella complex (wild Vigna )On the same river side where wild azuki bean
(MY24) was found, a few V. hirtella complex plants(MY23) were growing very close to the river on sandy
soil (Photo 88). Flower photos could not be captured
because the plants were in the post-maturity stage. Somemorphological characters are shown (Photos 89 ̵ 91).

- 177 -

Wild Vigna plants as genetic resources
The wild azuki beans, V. hirtella complex and V.
tenuicaulis are cross-compatible with domesticatedazuki bean (Tomooka et al. 2002). These azuki bean
wild relatives are expected to have biotic and abiotic
stress tolerance genes. In the course of identificationof novel resistance sources against serious azuki bean
pests (soybean cyst nematode) and diseases (azuki bean
brown stem rot and azuki bean Fusarium wilt) prevailedin Hokkaido (the commercial azuki bean production
center in Japan), we have learned that the wild Vigna
in Southeast Asian countries showed diverse resistancereactions with promising tolerance sources (Kondo andTomooka 2012; Kushida et al. 2013). Therefore, wild
Vigna samples collected in the present field survey might
add valuable genetic diversity to be explored in futurestudies.
After the multiplication of the seeds in Tsukuba,
Japan, we plan to conserve them in the NARO Genebank
as a distributable germplasm for education, breeding,and research for food and agriculture (https://www.gene.
affrc.go.jp/databases-plant_search_en.php).
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the NARO Genebank
Project, Japan.
References
Chankaew S, Isemura T, Isobe S, Kaga A, Tomooka N,
Somta P, Hirakawa H, Shirasawa K, Vaughan DA
and Srinives P (2014) Detection of genome donor
species of neglected tetraploid crop Vigna reflexopilosa (Creole Bean), and genetic structure of
diploid species based on newly developed EST-SSR
markers from azuki bean (Vigna angularis ). PLOS
ONE 9 (8): e104990.
[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0104990]
Domon E, Min San Thein, Takei E, Osada T and Kawase
M (2015) A field study collecting cultivated crops
and useful plants in Sagaing Region of Myanmar in
2014. AREIPGR 31: 343-365.

Jones IM, Koptur S and von Wettberg EJ (2017) The
use of extrafloral nectar in pest management:
overcoming context dependence. J Appl Ecol 54 (2):489-499.
[https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12778]
Kondo N and Tomooka N (2012) New sources ofresistance to Cadophora gregata f. sp. adzukicola
and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. adzukicola in Vigna
spp. Plant Dis 96 (4): 562-568.
[https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-11-0463]
Kushida A, Tazawa A, Aoyama S and Tomooka N(2013) Novel sources of resistance to the soybean
cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines ) found in wild
relatives of azuki bean (Vigna angularis ) and theircharacteristics of resistance. Genet Resour Crop
Evol 60 (3): 985-994.
[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-012-9895-6]
Marazzi B, Bronstein JL and Koptur S (2013) The
diversity, ecology and evolution of extrafloral
nectaries: current perspectives and future challenges.
Ann Bot 111 (6): 1243-1250.
[https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct109]
Maxted N, Mabuza-Dlamini P, Moss H, Padulosi S,
Jarvis A and Guarino L (2004) African Vigna : anecogeographic study. International Plant Genetic
Resources Institute, Rome, p. 454.
Min San Thein, Kawase M, Domon E and Watanabe
K (2017) A field study to explore plant genetic
resources in the Sagaing Region of Myanmar in
2015. AREIPGR 33: 239-263.

[View this article]
Naito K, San San Aye, Min San Thein Aung Phyoe
Hein, Takei E, Osada T, Domon E, Watanabe K and
Kawase M (2017) A field study to explore plant
genetic resources in the Sagaing Region and Shan
State of Myanmar in 2016. AREIPGR 33: 265-293.

[View this article]
Takahashi Y, Yoshida S, Ohm Mar Saw and Tomooka N(2019) The ex situ conservation of legume genetic
resources in the southern Shan State of Myanmar in
2018. AREIPGR 35: 185-204.

[View this article][View this article]

Iseki K, Takahashi Y, Muto C, Naito K and Tomooka N(2016) Diversity and evolution of salt tolerance inthe genus Vigna . PLOS ONE 11(10): e0164711[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164711]
Iseki K, Takahashi Y, Muto C, Naito K and Tomooka N(2018) Diversity of drought tolerance in the genus
Vigna . Front Plant Sci 9: 729.
[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00729]

Tomooka N, Vaughan DA, Moss H and Maxted N(2002) The Asian Vigna : genus Vigna subgenus
Ceratotropis genetic resources. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, p. 270.

- 178 -

Tomooka N, Kaga A, Isemura T, Vaughan DA, Srinives
P, Somta P, Thadavong S, Bounphanousay C,
Kanyavong K, Inthapanya P, Pandiyan M, Senthil
N, Ramamoorthi N, Jaiwal PK, Jing T, Umezawa K
and Yokoyama T (2010) Vigna genetic resources.
In : Proceedings of the 14th NIAS international
workshop on Genetic Resources “Genetics andComparative Genomics of Legumes (Glycine andVigna )” pp. 11-21.

Tomooka N, Kaga A, Isemura T and Vaughan DA (2011).
Chapter 15, Vigna . In : Wild crop relatives: genomic
and breeding resources legume crops and forages.
Kole C (ed.). Springer, NY, pp. 291-311.
[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14387-8_15][View this article]- 179 -

ミャンマーザガイン地方域におけるマメ科遺伝資源の探索収集，2019 年
友岡 憲彦 ・Ohm Mar Saw ・Min San Thein
1)

2)

2)

1) 国立研究開発法人 農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構（農研機構）遺伝資源センター
2) 農業灌漑省 農業研究局 バイオテクノロジー・植物遺伝資源・植物保護部 シードバンク

和文適用
マメ科作物の遺伝資源を収集するために，2019 年 11 月 1 日から 17 日にかけてミャンマー連邦共和国ザガイン地方域における二国間共同現地調査を実施した．調査は，特にササゲ属野生種遺伝資源を主対象として行われた．その結果，合計 43 サンプルの遺伝資源を収集し，それに加えて 3 地点の遺伝資源生育地情報を記録した．収集品の内訳は，ダイズ（Glycine max ）2 点，フジマメ（Lablab purpureus ）2 点，シカクマメ（Psophocarpus

tetragonolobus ）1 点，ツルアズキ（Vigna umbellata ）3 点，ササゲ / ジュウロクササゲ（Vigna unguiculata ）3 点，
野生アズキ（Vigna angularis var. nipponensis ）20 点 , Vigna 属野生植物（Vigna hirtella complex）6 点，Vigna 属
野生植物（Vigna tenuicaulis ）6 点である．収集した遺伝資源は，原産国ミャンマーのシードバンクに保存し，そのサブセットを ITPGRFA の SMTA を用いて NARO ジーンバンクに移転した．NARO ジーンバンクでは，
本調査で収集した種子を用いて増殖・特性評価を行った後，食糧農業に関する教育・研究・育種利用目的のために配布可能な遺伝資源として公開予定である（https://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/index_en.php）．

- 180 -

Table 4. Passport information
Coll. No. JP No. Coll. Area
Date
MY01 270602 11/3/ Lahe(no seed)2019
MY02- 270603 11/3/ Lahe
early
2019
MY02- 270604 11/3/ Laheearly-i
2019
MY03 270605 11/3/ Lahe2019
MY04 270606 11/3/ Lahe2019
MY05 270607 11/4/ Lahe(no seed)2019- 181 -

MY06 270608 11/4/ Lahe2019
MY07 270609 11/4/ Lahe2019
MY08 270610 11/4/ Lahe2019

MY09 270611 11/4/ Lahe2019
MY10 270612 11/4/ Lahe2019
MY10-i 270613 11/4/ Lahe2019
MY11 270614 11/4/ Lahe2019

Scientific Name English
nameVigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean

StatusVigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
bean

Wild

Wild

Collection Site

Topography Latitude Longitude Altitude Remarks(m)road side under slash and burn field, 8.2 Mountains 26.281753 95.444683 745 pre-mature population, no mature seeds foundkm S of Lahe, Sagaing, Myanmar

Wildslope near a stream, 7.8 km S of Lahe,
Sagaing, Myanmar

Mountains

26.2844 95.446754

770

pre-mature population, seeds collected from earlier
maturity plants compared with surrounding plants

Wildslope near a stream, 7.8 km S of Lahe,
Sagaing, Myanmar

Mountains

26.2844 95.446754

770

Wild

along road side ditch, 7.8 km S of
Lahe, Sagaing, Myanmar

Mountains 26.284537 95.446508

766

pre-mature population, seeds collected from anindividual earlier maturity plant with brighter
yellow flower
pre-mature population

Wild

along road side ditch, 7.8 km S of
Lahe, Sagaing, Myanmar

Mountains 26.284526 95.446295

759

pre-mature populationWild

wet shady slope, Lahe-Nanyon
Mountains 26.431595 95.519391 1,257 pre-mature population, only single plant found nearroad, 19.5 km NE of Lahe, Sagaing,
a washing place, lady farmers washing clothes did
Myanmarnot recognize this plantroad side, 2.5 km NE of Lahe, Sagaing, Mountains 26.33668 95.452479 1,182 pre-mature population
Myanmar

Wild

Wild

road side, 2.5 km NE of Lahe, Sagaing, Mountains 26.336763 95.452291 1,183 pre-mature population, immature yellowish pod
Myanmarcollected

Wild

slope of walk path, 2.5 km NE of Lahe, Mountains 26.336978 95.452257 1,186 maturity stage population, ant nests developed
Sagaing, Myanmar
around flowers, probably ants gather to get
extra-floral nectors, make nests and protect flowers
and young pods
large open grassland, 2.5 km NE of
Mountains 26.336079 95.453562 1,175 large maturity stage population, long flower stalk
Lahe, Sagaing, Myanmar
ca. 40 cm longWild

opposite side of kindergarten, Lahetown, Lahe, Sagaing, Myanmar

Mountains 26.324505 95.437553 1,008 maturity stage populationWild

opposite side of kindergarten, Lahetown, Lahe, Sagaing, Myanmar

Mountains 26.324505 95.437553 1,008 maturity stage population, seeds collected from anindividual plant in MY10 (JP270612) populationWildroad side near the river, 1.8 km SE of
Lahe, Sagaing, Myanmar

Mountains 26.322205 95.450213

864

maturity stage population, many plants climbing on
the road side fenceTable 4. (Continued).
Scientific Name English
Status Collection Site
Topography Latitude Longitude Altitude Remarks
name(m)Vigna angularis Wild
Wild
road side near the river, 1.8 km SE of
Mountains 26.322205 95.450213 864 maturity stage population, seeds collected from anvar. nipponensis azuki
Lahe, Sagaing, Myanmar
individual plant in MY11 (JP270614) population
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
Wild
road side near the river, 1.8 km SE of
Mountains 26.32202 95.450006 863 maturity stage population, many plants climbing on
MY12 270616 11/4/ Lahevar. nipponensis azuki
Lahe, Sagaing, Myanmar
the road side fence
2019
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
Wild
road side near the river, 1.8 km SE of
Mountains 26.32202 95.450006 863 maturity stage population, seeds collected from an
MY12-i 270617 11/4/ Lahevar. nipponensis azuki
Lahe, Sagaing, Myanmar
individual plant in MY12 (JP270616) population
2019
bean
Vigna angularis Wild
Wild
road side, slope above stone wall,
MY13 270618 11/5/ Lahe
Mountains 26.271079 95.445915 730 pre-mature population, driver climbed up andvar. nipponensis azuki
9.9 km S of Lahe, Lahe, Sagaing,
2019
collected a few mature pods
bean
MyanmarVigna angularis Wild
Wild
road side, slope opposite side of stone Mountains 26.270927 95.445676 724 pre-mature population, seeds collected from an
MY14-i 270619 11/5 Lahevar. nipponensis azuki
wall, 9.9 km S of Lahe, Lahe, Sagaing,
individual plant
/2019
bean
Myanmar
Wild
Wild
rod side, ca. 6 km SE of Lay Shi,
Mountains 25.427279 95.014847 801 pre-mature stage, wet road side climbing
MY15 270620 11/6/ Lay Shi Vigna
Vigna
tenuicaulis
Sagaing, Myanmar
population
2019
MY16 270621 11/7/ Lay Shi Vigna hirtella
Wild
Wild
road side, ca. 6 km N of Lay Shi,
Mountains 25.501132 94.943406 1,118 pre-mature stage, wet road side climbing
Vigna
2019
complex
Sagaing, Myanmar
population
MY17 270622 11/7/ Lay Shi Glycine max
Soybean Cultivated farmer's storage, ca. 6 km N of Lay
Mountains 25.50104 94.942545 1,112 soybean seeds presented from a village leader
2019
Shi, Sagaing, Myanmar
MY18 270623 11/7/ Lay Shi Vigna hirtella
Wild
Wild
road side, ca. 2.5 km NNE of Lay Shi, Mountains 25.470571 94.95817 1,096 maturity stage, many plants crawling on a open dry
Vigna
2019
complex
Sagaing, Myanmar
space beside road
MY19 270624 11/7/ Lay Shi Vigna hirtella
Wild
Wild
road side, ca. 3 km NNE of Lay Shi,
Mountains 25.473836 94.961393 1,019 maturity stage, population beside a small bridge
Vigna
2019
complex
Sagaing, Myanmar
crawling on a open dry space
MY20 270625 11/7/ Lay Shi Vigna umbellata Rice
Cultivated grown on the fence of View Point
Mountains 25.441545 94.941942 1,070 black seeded rice bean with very soft pods with
2019
bean
Guest House, ca. 1.5 km W of Lay Shi,
weak curling ability after dry
Sagaing, Myanmar
Wildroad side, ca. 3 km NE of Somra,
MY21-i 270626 11/8/ Somra Vigna angularis Wild
Mountains 25.392852 94.714905 1,709 post-maturity stage, single plant found at road sidevar. nipponensis azuki
village with Layum Baptist Church,
2019bush, a half of a pod seems to be eaten by birdbean
Lay Shi, Sagaing, Myanmar
Wildroad side beside stream near farmer's
Mountains 25.393009 94.716906 1,698 post-maturity stage, a lot of mature pods could be
MY22 270627 11/8/ Somra Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
house, ca. 3 km NE of Somra, village
collected at this place
2019
bean
with Layum Baptist Church, Lay Shi,
Sagaing, Myanmar
Wildroad side beside stream, ca. 3 km NE
Mountains 25.393009 94.716906 1,698 post-maturity stage, seeds collected from an
MY22-i 270628 11/8/ Somra Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azukiof Somra, village with Layum Baptist
individual plant in population MY22
2019
bean
Church, Lay Shi, Sagaing, Myanmar
Wild
Wild
big river side between Layum Baptist Mountains 25.413877 94.727078 1,185 growing very near the river, wet sandy soil,
MY23 270629 11/8/ Somra Vigna hirtella
Vignacomplex
Church and Pansat Baptist Church, ca.
climbing to the tree, a few plants, top half of
2019
6 km NE of Somra, Lay Shi, Sagaing,
mature pods were broken probably eaten by bird
MyanmarColl. No. JP No. Coll. Area
Date
MY11-i 270615 11/4/ Lahe2019

- 182 -

Table 4. (Continued).
Coll. No. JP No. Coll. Area
Scientific Name English
Date
name
MY24 270630 11/8/ Somra Vigna angularis Wild
var. nipponensis azuki
2019
bean
MY25

MY26

MY27

MY28
MY29

- 183 -

MY30

MY31

MY32

MY33

MY34

MY35

MY36

StatusCollection Site

Topography Latitude Longitude Altitude Remarks(m)Wild
big river side between Layum Baptist Mountains 25.413498 94.727002 1,185 post-maturity stage, several plants growing near the
Church and Pansat Baptist Church, ca.
ditch separated from big river, most of pods already
6 km NE of Somra, Lay Shi, Sagaing,
shattered and rotten
MyanmarCultivated grown on the fence of View Point
Mountains 25.441538 94.941928 1,070 yellow seeded rice bean with white pod having soft
270631 11/9/ Lay Shi Vigna umbellata Ricebean
Guest House, ca. 1.5 km W of Lay Shi,
pod with low shattering ability
2019
Sagaing, Myanmar
Wild
Wild
rod side, ca. 6 km SE of Lay Shi,
Mountains 25.430255 95.014255 808 pre-mature stage, wet road side climbing
270632 11/9/ Lay Shi Vigna hirtella
Vignacomplex
Sagaing, Myanmar
population, ants made nests around flowers on the2019
top of flower stalks
Wild
Wild
rod side, ca. 6 km SE of Lay Shi,
Mountains 25.427358 95.014834 803 wet plain habitat between ditch and slope,270633 11/9/ Lay Shi Vigna
Vigna
tenuicaulis
Sagaing, Myanmar
population consist of many plants, flowering stage,
2019
only several pods matured
Wild
Wild
rod side, ca. 6 km SE of Lay Shi,
Mountains 25.427008 95.014888 787 population consist of many plants, pre-mature stage
270634 11/9/ Lay Shi Vigna
Vigna
tenuicaulis
Sagaing, Myanmar
2019270635 11/10/ Lay Shi Psophocarpus
Winged Cultivated grown on the fence of View Point
Mountains 25.441518 94.941889 1,069 winged bean with long pod
2019
tetragonolobus bean
Guest House, Lay Shi, Sagaing,
MyanmarWild
Wildroad side, ca. 100 m N from View
Mountains 25.443062 94.942597 1,064 many plants, flowering stage, only a few pods
270636 11/10/ Lay Shi Vigna
Vigna
tenuicaulis
Point Guest House, Lay Shi, Sagaing,
matured.
2019
MyanmarWild
Wildroad side beside terrace paddy field,
Mountains 25.444021 94.939283 975 a large population at flowering stage, only one
270637 11/10/ Lay Shi Vigna
Vigna
tenuicaulis
ca. 500 m NW from View Point Guest
mature pod found
2019
House, Lay Shi, Sagaing, Myanmar
Wild
Wild
road side beside bridge, ca. 3 km SW
Mountains 25.428857 94.915217 632 many plants growing in wet valley environment
270638 11/10/ Lay Shi Vigna
Vigna
tenuicaulis
from View Point Guest House, Lay Shi,
beside river bridge, flowering stage, many powdery
2019
Sagaing, Myanmar
mildew, few pod set.
Soybean Cultivated grown on ridges of terrace paddy field, Mountains 25.437838 94.929544 894 erect soybean plants with pale yellowish small
270639 11/10/ Lay Shi Glycine max
ca. 1.5 km SW from View Point Guest
seeds, pre-mature stage
2019
House, Lay Shi, Sagaing, Myanmar
Cowpea/ Cultivated grown beside terrace paddy field, ca. 1.5 Mountains 25.437781 94.929765 895 black seeded cowpea/yardlong bean
270640 11/10/ Lay Shi Vigna
unguiculata
Yardlong
km SW from View Point Guest House,
2019
bean
Lay Shi, Sagaing, Myanmar
Cultivated grown beside farmer's hut near terrace Mountains 25.437883 94.93012
899 pale brown seeded rice bean
270641 11/10/ Lay Shi Vigna umbellata Ricebean
paddy field, ca. 1.5 km SW from View
2019
Point Guest House, Lay Shi, Sagaing,
MyanmarCowpea/ Cultivated grown beside terrace paddy field, ca. 1.5 Mountains 25.437781 94.929765 895 cowpea/yardlong bean with half brown half pale270642 11/10/ Lay Shi Vigna
unguiculata
Yardlong
2019
km SW from View Point Guest House,yellow seedbean
Lay Shi, Sagaing, Myanmar

Table 4. (Continued).
Coll. No. JP No. Coll. Area
Scientific Name English
Date
name
MY37-i 270643 11/10/ Lay Shi Vigna hirtella
Wild
Vigna
2019
complexLablab
purpureus

Topography Latitude Longitude Altitude Remarks(m)Wildroad side at the junction between View Mountains 25.44689 94.94911
1,263 pre-mature stage, wet roadside climbing population,
Point Guest House and Lay Shi, ca.
only a few plants growing
600 m W of Lay Shi town, Sagaing,
MyanmarHyacinth Cultivated grown on the fence of View Point
Mountains 25.441558 94.941977 1,071 Hyacinth bean with long tender pod, only immature
bean
Guest House, ca. 1.5 km W of Lay Shi,
pods remaining
Sagaing, Myanmar
Cowpea/ Cultivated farmer's back yard garden, mountain
Mountains 25.44796 95.075349 654 brown seeded yardlong bean presented from a
Yardlong
tea shop between Hta Man Thi and Lay
owner of mountain tea shop
bean
Shi, ca. 10 km E of Lay Shi, Sagaing,
MyanmarHyacinth Cultivated farmer's storage at Hta Man Thi river
Plains25.330633 95.291423 137 brown hyacinth bean seeds presented from a
bean
port, Hta Man Thi, Sagaing, Myanmar
restaurant owner at Hta Man Thi port

Lablab
purpureus

Hyacinth Cultivated farmer's storage at Hta Man Thi riverbeanport, Hta Man Thi, Sagaing, Myanmar

MY38 270644 11/11/ Lay Shi Lablab
purpureus
2019
MY39 270645 11/11/ Lay Shi Vigna
unguiculata
2019

MY40 270646 11/11/ Hta
2019 Man
Thi
MY41 270647 11/11/ Hta
2019 Man
Thi

StatusCollection Site

Plains25.330633 95.291423

137

black hyacinth bean seeds presented from a
restaurant owner at Hta Man Thi port

- 184 -

Photo 1. Inflorescence (1), MY01, JP270602, Vigna angularisvar. nipponensis , LahePhoto 2. Inflorescence (2), MY01, JP270602, Vigna angularisvar. nipponensis , LahePhoto 3. Inflorescence (3), MY01, JP270602, Vigna angularisvar. nipponensis , LahePhoto 4. Inflorescence, MY03, JP270605, Vigna angularisvar. nipponensis , LahePhoto 5. Inflorescence, MY05, JP270607, Vigna angularisvar. nipponensis , LahePhoto 6. Inflorescence, MY06, JP270608, Vigna angularisvar. nipponensis , LahePhoto 7. Inflorescence, MY07, JP270609, Vigna angularisvar. nipponensis , LahePhoto 8. Inflorescence, MY08, JP270610, Vigna angularisvar. nipponensis , Lahe

- 185 -

Photo 9. Inflorescence, MY12, JP270616, Vigna angularisvar. nipponensis , LahePhoto 10. Leaflets, MY01, JP270602, Vigna angularis var.
nipponensis , LahePhoto 11. Leaflets, MY04, JP270606, Vigna angularis var.
nipponensis , LahePhoto 12. Leaflets, MY09, JP270611, Vigna angularis var.
nipponensis , LahePhoto 13. Inflorescence and young pods, MY03, JP270618,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , LahePhoto 14. Habitats, MY10, JP270612, Vigna angularis var.
nipponensis , LahePhoto 15. Long flower stalks, MY09, JP270611, Vigna
angularis var. nipponensis , LahePhoto 16. Nest-like structures constructed by ants at thebase of inflorescence rachis (1), MY08, JP270610, Vigna
angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

- 186 -

Photo 17. Nest-like structures constructed by ants at thebase of inflorescence rachis (2), MY08, JP270610, Vigna
angularis var. nipponensis, LahePhoto 18. A village leader who presented soybean (MY17,
JP270622), Lay Shi

Photo 19. Soybean (MY33, JP270639) grown on ridges ofterrace paddy, Lay Shi

Photo 20. Soybean (MY33, JP270639), Lay Shi

Photo 21. MY34 (JP270640, cowpea, or yardlong bean) andMY35 (JP270641, rice bean) site, Lay Shi

Photo 22. MY36 (JP270642, cowpea, or yardlong bean) site,
Lay ShiPhoto 23. MY20, JP270625 (1), rice bean, Lay Shi

Photo 24. MY20, JP270625 (2), rice bean, Lay Shi- 187 -

Photo 25. MY38, JP270644, hyacinth bean, Lay Shi

Photo 26. MY29, JP270635, winged bean, Lay Shi

Photo 27. MY26, JP270632, Vigna hirtella complex, wetroadside population, Lay Shi

Photo 28. MY18, JP270623, Vigna hirtella complex, open
dry population, Lay Shi

Photo 29. MY19, JP270624, Vigna hirtella complex, open
dry population, Lay Shi

Photo 30. Inflorescence, MY16, JP270621, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 31. Stipule, MY16, JP270621, Vigna hirtella complex,
Lay ShiPhoto 32. Leaflets, MY16, JP270621, Vigna hirtella complex,
Lay Shi- 188 -

Photo 33. Young pods, MY16, JP270621, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 34. Flower, MY16, JP270621, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 35. Flower and bracteole, MY18, JP270623, Vigna
hirtella complex, Lay Shi

Photo 36. Stipile, MY18, JP270623, Vigna hirtella complex,
Lay ShiPhoto 37. Leaflets, MY18, JP270623, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 38. Young pods, MY18, JP270623, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 39. Flower, MY18, JP270623, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 40. Inflorescence, MY19, JP270624, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi- 189 -

Photo 41. Stipule, MY19, JP270624, Vigna hirtella complex,
Lay ShiPhoto 42. Leaflets, MY19, JP270624, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 43. Young pods, MY19, JP270624, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 44. Flower, MY19, JP270624, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 45. Inflorescence, MY26, JP270632, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 46. Stipule, MY26, JP270632, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 47. Leaflets, MY26, JP270632, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 48. Inflorescence, MY37-i, JP270643, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi- 190 -

Photo 49. Leaflets, MY37-i, JP270643, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 50. Young pods, MY37-i, JP270643, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 51. Nest-like structures constructed by ants at the baseof inflorescence rachis (1), MY26, JP270632, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 52. Nest-like structures constructed by ants at the baseof inflorescence rachis (2), MY26, JP270632, Vigna hirtella
complex, Lay Shi

Photo 53. Wet roadside habitat, MY27, JP270633, Vigna
tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Photo 54. Wet roadside habitat, MY28, JP270634, Vigna
tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Photo 55. Roadside habitat beside paddy terraces, MY31,
JP270637, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Photo 56. Wet roadside habitat, MY32, JP270638, Vigna
tenuicaulis , Lay Shi- 191 -

Photo 57. MY28, JP270634, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Photo 58. MY31, JP270637, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Photo 59. Inflorescence, MY27, JP270633, Vigna
tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Photo 60. Inflorescence, MY28, JP270634, Vigna
tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Photo 61. Inflorescence, MY30, JP270636, Vigna
tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Photo 62. Inflorescence, MY31, JP270637, Vigna
tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Photo 63. Inflorescence, MY32, JP270638, Vigna
tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Photo 64. Stipule, MY27, JP270633, Vigna tenuicaulis, Lay
Shi- 192 -

Photo 65. Stipule, MY28, JP270634, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay
Shi

Photo 66. Stipule, MY30, JP270636, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay
Shi

Photo 67. Stipule, MY31, JP270637, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay
Shi

Photo 68. Leaflets, MY27, JP270633, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay
Shi

Photo 69. Leaflets, MY28, JP270634, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay
Shi

Photo 70. Leaflets, MY30, JP270636, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay
Shi

Photo 71. Leaflets, MY31, JP270637, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay
Shi

Photo 72. Leaflets damaged by powdery mildew, MY32,
JP270638, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay Shi- 193 -

Photo 73. Young pods, MY27, JP270633, Vigna tenuicaulis ,Lay ShiPhoto 74. Young pods, MY30, JP270636, Vigna tenuicaulis ,Lay ShiPhoto 75. Young pods, MY31, JP270637, Vigna tenuicaulis ,Lay ShiPhoto 76. Young pods, MY32, JP270638, Vigna tenuicaulis ,Lay ShiPhoto 77. Flower, MY31, JP270637, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay
Shi

Photo 78. Flower, MY32, JP270638, Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay
Shi

Photo 79. The roadside habitat, MY21-i, JP270626, Vigna
angularis var. nipponensis , Somra

Photo 80. The roadside ditch habitat, MY22, JP270627,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Somra- 194 -

Photo 81. The riverside habitat, MY24, JP270630, Vigna
angularis var. nipponensis , Somra

Photo 82. Leaflets, MY21-i, JP270626, Vigna angularis var.
nipponensis , Somra

Photo 83. Young pods, MY21-i, JP270626, Vigna angularisvar. nipponensis , Somra

Photo 84. Mature pods, MY22, JP270627, Vigna angularisvar. nipponensis , Somra

Photo 85. Stipule, MY22-i, JP270626, Vigna angularis var.
nipponensis , Somra

Photo 86. Leaflet and shattered pods, MY24, JP270630,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Somra

Photo 87. Stipule, MY24, JP270630, Vigna angularis var.
nipponensis , Somra

Photo 88. The riverside habitat, MY23, JP270629, Vigna
hirtella complex, Somra- 195 -

Photo 89. Mature pods, MY23, JP270629, Vigna hirtella
complex, Somra

Photo 90. Leaflets, MY23, JP270629, Vigna hirtella
complex, Somra

Photo 91. Stipule, MY23, JP270629, Vigna hirtella
complex, Somra- 196 -

Seed Photo 1.
MY02-early, JP270603,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 2.
MY02-early-i, JP270604,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 3.
MY03, JP270605,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 4.
MY04, JP270606,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 5.
MY06, JP270608,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 6.
MY07, JP270609,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 7.
MY08, JP270610,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 8.
MY09, JP270611,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

- 197 -

Seed Photo 9.
MY10, JP270612,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 10.
MY10-i, JP270613,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 11.
MY11, JP270614,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 12.
MY11-i, JP270615,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 13.
MY12, JP270616,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 14.
MY12-i, JP270617,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 15.
MY13, JP270618,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

Seed Photo 16.
MY14-i, JP270619,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Lahe

- 198 -

Seed Photo 17.
MY15, JP270620,
Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 18.
MY16, JP270621,
Vigna hirtella complex, Lay Shi

Seed Photo 19.
MY17, JP270622,
Glycine max , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 20.
MY18, JP270623,
Vigna hirtella complex, Lay Shi

Seed Photo 21.
MY19, JP270624,
Vigna hirtella complex, Lay Shi

Seed Photo 22.
MY20, JP270625,
Vigna umbellata , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 23.
MY21-i, JP270626,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Somra

Seed Photo 24.
MY22, JP270627,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Somra- 199 -

Seed Photo 25.
MY22-i, JP270628,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Somra

Seed Photo 26.
MY23, JP270629,
Vigna hirtella complex, Somra

Seed Photo 27.
MY24, JP270630,
Vigna angularis var. nipponensis , Somra

Seed Photo 28.
MY25, JP270631,
Vigna umbellata , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 29.
MY26, JP270632,
Vigna hirtella complex, Lay Shi

Seed Photo 30.
MY27, JP270633,
Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 31.
MY28, JP270634,
Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 32.
MY29, JP270635,
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus , Lay Shi- 200 -

Seed Photo 33.
MY30, JP270636,
Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 34.
MY31, JP270637,
Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 35.
MY32, JP270638,
Vigna tenuicaulis , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 36.
MY33, JP270639,
Glycine max, Lay Shi

Seed Photo 37.
MY34, JP270640,
Vigna unguiculata , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 38.
MY35, JP270641,
Vigna umbellata , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 39.
MY36, JP270642,
Vigna unguiculata , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 40.
MY37-i, JP270643,
Vigna hirtella complex, Lay Shi- 201 -

Seed Photo 41.
MY39, JP270645,
Vigna unguiculata , Lay Shi

Seed Photo 42.
MY40, JP270646,
Lablab purpureus , Hta Man Thi

Seed Photo 43.
MY41, JP270647,
Lablab purpureus , Hta Man Thi- 202 -