The 10* NIAS INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON GENETIC RESOURCES

Present Status and Genetic Variability of Animal
Genetic Resources in Asian Region
Independent Administrative
National Institute of Agrobiological

December ll-12,

Sponsored by National InstituteAgencySciences(NIAS)

2002of Agrobiological

Sciences

In corporation with
National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (NILGS)andThe Society for Researches on Native LivestockPresent Status and Genetic Variability
Genetic Resources in Asian Regionof Animal

Proceedings

on Geneticof the 10th NIAS Ineternational

December ll-12,

Workshop

Resources

2002

Tsukuba, Japan

PrintedPubulishedin Japanby Sato Printing

by National

ISBN 4-931511-10-4
March

2004

InstituteCo., Ltd, Tsukuba,of AgrobiologicalJapan
Sciences,

Tsukuba, Japan

Contents
Welcome Address

Page
OBATA, Taro
1

Keynote Address
Present Status of Asian Animal Genetic Resource and the Role of theFirst Report on the State of World's Animal Genetic Resources
WAGNER,Hans-Gerhard
1. Present Situation of Animal Genetic Resources in Each Asian Coun try
Present Situation of Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China
ZHANG, Guixiang, Zhigang WANGand Feizhou SUN
Present Situation of Animal Genetic Resources in India
TANEJA, Vijay Kumar
Present Situation of Animal Genetic Resources in Vietnam
THUY, Le Th1 and Nguyen Dang VHANG
Present Situation of Animal Genetic Resources in JapanMINEZAWA, Mitsuru

2. Status of Genetic Diversity in Each Asian Livestock from Genetic Survey in Asian Countries
Genetic Diversity of Native Cattle in Asia
TANAKA, Kazuaki and Takao NAMIKAWA
Genetic Diversity of Asian Water Buffalo
FARUQUE, Md. Omar, Koh NOMURA, Yukimizu TAKAHASHI and Takashi AMANO
Distribution
and Genetic Diversity of DomesticatedNative Pigs in Asia,
Focusing on the Short-eared Pig
KUROSAWA,Yaetsu and Kazue TANAKA
Mitochondrial
DNA Diversity in Asian Goats
MANNEN, Hideyuki
The Genetic Diversity of Chicken
OKAMOTO, Shin
3. General Discussion
Chinese Animal Resources
Characterization
and AnGR Inventory in Myanmar
Animal Genetic Resources in Korea
Comprehensive Comment on Asian Native Domestic Animals

CHANG, Hong
U Maung Maung Nyunt
CHO, Chang Yeon
NOZAWA,Ken

General Discussion
Closing

Remarks

Participants

3

13
21
33
43

53
61
81
87
93

101
102
105
106
107

KURISAKI, Junichi

110
111

Introduction

Welcome Address
Keynote Address

Chairperson MIYAZAKI, S

WelcomeAddress
OBATA, Taro
Director of Genomeand Biodiversity

Research,

National Institute of Agrobiological

Sciences

Nataional Coordinator of Animal Genetic Resources
Distinguishedguests and participants,
on behalf of the National Instituteof Agrobiological
Sciences, it is a great pleasure for me to welcome you all to the MAFF International
Workshop on
Genetic
this

Resources.

This is just the 10th workshop since the first one was organized by MAFF in 1994. The aims ofworkshop are to invite researchers
from overseas to exchange research information and topromote collaborationconservation

for the developmentof new genetic

resource

technologies

for evaluation,and usage.

During the past nine years, many researchers have attended this workshop to discuss plants,
microbes and animals. As a result, this workshop has created a great variety of networks between
researchersin each of these fields.

Recently, the genetic diversity
environmental changes. Accordingbird

species,

the proportionof animals has been reducing dramaticallyas a result of various
to FAO statistics,of the 5,330 mammalian species and the 1,043

of breeds

that have become extinct

has increased

from 23% to 35% andfrom 51% to 63%, respectively.
This is quite a serious problem.
The situation is particularly
alarming in the Asian and Pacific Rim areas, where modernization
has been rapidly

expandingand more than one-fifth of all the animal genetic

are concentrated.
In order to pass the world's

genetic

importantactivities

to strengthen

research

resourceson to the generations

on animal genetic

resourcesbuild up internationaland regional networks among researchers
responsibility
to do these things for future generations.
Fortunately,

FAO has planned

the publicationof reports

resourcesin the worldthat follow

us, it is very

and it is also necessary

in thisfield.

I think

on the animal genetic

to

it is ourresourcesthatare being conserved throughout
the world. These will be very important materials and should
clarify the current situation. Based on these reports, new strategies regarding the world's animal
genetic

resources

are likely

to be developed.

With this in mind, today's workshop plans to focus on two major points.
situationof animal genetic

resourcesin the Asian region

and the second is the current

activities
on gene analysis of the genetic diversity of Asian livestock.
In order for us to have an informative workshop, we have invited
today.

Dr. Hans Wagner will present

the keynote1

address

The first is the current

regardingspecialresearchguests from overseas

FAO activities

for animal

genetic resources around the world.
Dr. Guixiang Zhang from China, Dr. Kumar Taneja from India,
Dr. Omer Faruque from Bangladesh
invitedsome special

busy schedules.
Furthermore,
vice-president
workshop.
Finally,

will be giving

Dr. Thi Thuy from Vietnam andus presentations.

In addition,commentators. Thank you all very much for joining
I would like to expressof the Society

for Research

our sincere

gratitudeon Native Livestock,

us today in spite

to Professor
for assisting

I would like to extend a warm welcome to all of our participants.

workshop can play a vital role in achieving

new forms of researchresources.
Again, everyone, thank you very much for your kind cooperation.

o

we have alsocollaborationof your

Amano, who is thein the planning
I believeof thisthat today'son animal genetic

Keynote Address
Present Status of Asian Animal Genetic Resources andthe Role of the First Report on the State of World's
Animal Genetic Resources
Dr Hans-Gerhard

WAGNER

Regional Animal Production

Officer

FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
Bangkok, Thailand

Introduction
The Asia Region is characterized

by a large range of agro-ecologicalzones ranging from themountainous areas of the Himalayan Region to the Atolls

and small islands

deserts

in Malaysia

in India,

China and Australia

to tropicalrainforestof the Pacific,

and Indonesia.

and from

Many speciesof animals are now domesticated throughout this vast region. Among the first were goats (Capra
hircus) and sheep (Ovis aries), which were domesticatedabout 10,000 years ago. The domestic
goat'sancestor is the bezoar goat from West-Asia, while sheep are descendent

from the mouflon

sheep which was found in West and Central Asia. The wild ancestor of the domesticated

pig is Sus

scrofa and domestication
has occurred in several regions in the World, including Chinese breeds inEast Asia and a particularity
breed, the Sulawesi Warty Pig (Sus celebis) in Sulawesi and other partsof Indonesia.

Other important

domesticatedanimals come from the bovinae family, broadly

dividedinto the humped cattle (Bos indicus)
domesticatedin the Indus valley region and humpless (Bostaurus), the Yak (Bos grunieinsis),the Mithin or Gaur (Bos frontalis)the Banteng (Bos javanicus)
and the buffalo
jungle(Bubalusbubahs)About 6000 B.C. chickens

were domesticatedfowl and are now by far the most common domestic

animals

in India(estimatedfrom theat 5 billion

worldwide)
Environmental diversity, as well as the effects of variable feed bases, disease stresses,
mutations and selective breeding have resulted in the development of a large number of breeds.
The Asia region contains more than one-fifth of the world's animal genetic resources, withmore than 1,200 domestic animal breeds recorded (the number is based on information provided
by countries

for DAD-IS and considered

an under-estimate)and yaks, almost half of its muscovy ducks, pheasantsand one quarter of its goat breeds

and partridges,

are found in the region.

-3-

The majority(Table1)of the world's
one-third

buffaloesof its pig breeds

Livestock

sector trends and implications

on AnGR

Population growth, urbanizationand increased purchasing power have triggered an increased
demand for livestock goods and products worldwide with Asia accounting for the highest growth
rates.

Livestockproduction

is growing

fasterthan

any other agricultural

sub-sector

and it ispredictedthat by 2020, livestock will produce more than half of the total global agricultural
outputin value terms. This process has been referred to as the livestock revolution'(Delgado et al 1999)
The output from the livestock
1.4 percent

sector in Asia is increasing

per annum for crop production.

by 3.3 percent per annum, compared with

While the growth in Asia as a whole outpaces that ofother regions, the rates differ significantly
among subregions of Asia because of the varying
availabilityof resources, systems of agriculture,
culture and climate among other factors.
Livestockproduction

is changing

from a system that mobilizes

surplusand waste resources(backyard
livestock

scraps, remote pastures, and grasses, all of which are indigestible
sector which actively seeks new feed resources for the production

products(Steinfeld,

for livestock
crop/livestock
addition,de Haan, and Blackburn1997)

As a consequence, most of the future demand

products will have to be met through the intensification
production
environments, by increasing the productivity

peri-urban industrial-type

livestockproduction,

to humans) to aof human foodparticularlyof resource-rich
mixed
of land and livestock. Inof pigs and poultry,

is mushrooming.

In the process of intensification,
the environmental
constraints
to animal productionarealleviatedor removed, as more and better resources, housing and veterinary care are provided.
This process is inevitably

associatedsome species

can make betterand breeds

with marked changes in the genetic
use of thesehighresources required

potentialsince

and much less variable

production environments. As a consequence more and more exotic germ-plasm is been used. The
manywidely differing,
lower input production environments require highly adapted animal genetic
resourcesdeveloped

in each particularsustainablesystem.
While some loss of animal genetic

environment,
resources

to be able to realize

is inevitable,

and should

process of intensification

is not always driven by rational

principles,

appropriate

First,

and almost ubiquitous

technologies.

exotic breeds against indigenous
attempts to compare productivity
a level playing

there is a systematic

breeds and only limitedof exotic and indigenous

good outputs
be plannedin afor, thenor is it always accompanied
policybybias favouring

efforts are made to develop the latter. In
breeds, the breeds are not competing onfield. Governments often favour the introduction

and spread of particular

breeds,farmers may preferentiallyfeed and otherwise more intensively
care for the exotic(sometimes for years before they realize the drawbacks)
Sometimes a serious natural

animals
disastersuch as a drought

must occur to initiate

the first to die under adverse conditions.

awakening to these biases,
In addition,

paid for exotic genetic material
Superior livestockof charge, without progeny testing and disregarding
the semen is to be used.
progress

in developing

Genetic

countries.

material

it is often the case that the full costs

are notsemen is provided to developing countries freethe specific production environment in which

is donatedFurthermore,

for the exotic animals are often

artificial-4-

or given at low cost to speed up genetic
insemination(AI) services

to developingcountries

are often provided

initially

providesaccess to exotic genotypes

free of charge

or real costs are not fully

at a lower cost than would be applied

breeds if the mechanisms were in place.
Producing food and agriculture
from high-input,

short-lifecycle

recovered.

This

for AI of indigenous

exoticbreedsimpliesadifferent
cost structure to those using indigenous breeds. In many countries, there are subsidies
on feed and other inputs which tend to favour exotic breeds as they make more extensive use of it
At a lower level, there may be subsidies

on production

inputs,such as fuel and fertilizer

to produce

concentrate feed. Preferred credit schemes are likely to have a similar effect
Other factors that
may affect breed choice include economy-wide policies and determinants such as exchange rates,
producer

prices,inflationand interest

rates. These trends

favour loss of the indigenous

animalgenetic diversity
beyond the rate that would occur without distorting
the food and agriculture
production intensification
process. The FAO World Watch List for animal diversity indicates(basedon data provided

by countries)

the number of breeds

for mammals (Table 2) which are at risk. The

relatively
high numbers of breeds at risk for the species of commercial importance to foodproduction(pigs, sheep, goats and cattle) are an expression of the changes in the livestock sector
described

above. The decline

in horse breeds

can be attributed

to increased

note, the changes from 1995 to 1999 are not necessary an indication
risk but more the result of more and better information
The re-establishment
repeatedly
demonstrated

of indigenous
to be extremely

requiredproduction

countries,

and if it is found it is generally

breedsdifficultmechanization.

of a true increase

due to improved reporting

Pleasein breeds

atprocedures.

to meet the demand of the people has been
Very often the adapted genetic material for theenvironment has been decimatedand cannot be found in the neighbouring

only in very small numbers.

FAO's Role
Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic ResourcesCountry recognition of the importance of animal genetic resources, of the need to sustainablyuse, develop and conserve these essential
resources, and of the poor state of their current
management, led the governing bodies of FAO to request the development of the Global Strategy
for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources (FAO 1999) (Global
Strategy)The
priority action is aimed at further enhancing awareness of the many roles and values of animal
genetic

resources;use, develop
further

providinga framework for local,

and conserve thesedevelopment

was the development

resources;

national,

and mobilizing

and implement the Strategy

regional

and global

the necessary

One of the activities

financialwithinProject

to address

the issueof genetic

erosionto better
supportthe Globalof a first Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic

Asia 's Pilot Function
The first Regional

effortstoStrategy

Resources.

was fundedby theGovernment of Japan. It started in 1994 covering 12 Asian countries The objective was to evaluatethoroughly
the particularcharacteristicsof the different
breeds and strains; to strengthen,by-5appropriate

breeding

programmes, and by adjustments

to the husbandrysystems to which they

are particularly
adapted, their prospects of survival, and to contributethe farming systems which are the basis of human food production

to the balanced evolution ofin Asia. The Development

Objective

was to identify,

Resources

biologicaldiversity

characterize

for sustainable

and conserve Animal Genetic

agriculture.

The project

was successful

so as to maintainin providing

training

inthe area of animal genetic resources management, in supporting countries' activities
in conserving
breeds which are in danger of extinction and particularly
in raising broad awareness of the role andthe importanceof the value of indigenous

animal genetic

developed comprehensive animal genetic resources
attempts are been made to put them into practice.

resources.

of many production

securityand rural development,

systems,

and are essential

the Commission

countries

have

management plans and in some countries

The First Report on the State of the World's ANGR
Recognizing that animal genetic resources are of crucial
utilization

All of theseimportancefor the sustainable

components for achieving

globalfood

on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculturesuggested that FAO should coordinate the development of a country-driven Report on the State of
the World's Animal Genetic Resources (8th Regular Session 19-23 April 1999) ,The specific outcomes pursued through the preparationof Country
Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources are:
. A detailed

assessment of the state of genetic

utilizationand conservation,

resources

as well as the relatedart), taking into account the production
each country.
. An analysis
implicationsof the changing

Reports

and the firstin the farm animal sector covering
techniques

being used (statesystems and socio-economicof theconditionsofand growing demands on the farm animal sector and thefor future national

policiesand programmes concerning

the sustainableutilizationand conservation of farm animal genetic resources.
. A detailed review of the state of national capacities related to farm animal genetic
and an overall assessmentof capacity-building

resources

requirements.

. Identificationof the priorities
for the development of an enhanced national programme ofsustainableutilizationand conservationof animal genetic resources in the farmanimal sector. National

priorities

may refer to animal species

term and long-term needs for institution
development, policy development, legislation,. Recommendations for international
operation

co-operation,and breeds,

to short-

information

systembuilding,
research,
and regulations.
priority

areas, levels

and modes of co-that the country would wish to pursue, and proposed country contributions

and requirements to ensure sound strategic interventions
use and conservation of animal genetic resources.

-6-

to achieve the sustainable

FAO has committed the Animal Production
Point for Animal Genetic Resources to coordinate

and Health Division (AGA) as the Global Focal
the overall preparation of the first Report on theState of the World's Animal Genetic Resources. The Global

Focal Point(consistingof the Animal

Genetic Resources Group in AGA) has been mandated to facilitate
the preparationof the Country
Reports. All countries were invited by the Director-Generalof FAO in March 2001 to join in thisprocess and to submit to FAO, a government-endorsed

Country Report

As of November 2002, 137

countries have indicatedthat they will prepare such a Report Negative
received from Brunei and DPR Korea. A few countries have not officiallybut have initiatedthe in-country

FAO has developed
Training

training

replies
repliedhave only been
to the invitationa Global

Orientation

anda group of expert facilitators

toprocess.
programmes and materials,

and throughWorkshop held in Rome, in March 2001, has establishedsupport the regional workshops. A set of definitions has been developed and distributed
and achieve universal use of key terms. Between 2001 and 2002 14 regional training
have been held involving

176 countries

and providing

training

for 320 professionals.

to promote
workshops

The trainingof

professionals
and provision of relevant materials to them provided a solid foundation for ensuring
country reporting in all regions. The total cost of the regional training workshops was US $785,000,
with the majority of the extra-budgetaryfunding being provided from the Government of theNetherlands,
with significant contributions
from the Government of Finland and the Nordic Gene Bank.
Significant

efforts

have been undertaken

to keep stakeholders

informedof progressin theprocess for preparation the first Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources. The
Second Ad Hoc Session of International
Stakeholders
in Animal Genetic Resources was convenedin Rome in June 2001
the State
stakeholder

Participants

were informed of the process for developingof the World's Animal
involvement throughout

to keep stakeholders

informed

State of the World process.

the first Report on

Genetic Resources, and were advised of opportunities
forthe process. Additionalsessions will be convened as requiredof progress,

and to encourage their

FAO is also making efforts

continued

to more broadly

participationin theenhance understandingof

the need for, and process for developing, the first Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic
Resources. An FAO publication
called Animal Genetic Resources Information Bulletin(AGRI) is
being used to inform and update a diverse readership
GlobalStrategy,

preparation
Guidelines
assistand now serves as a key instrumentof the first Report on the State
for Country Reports were publishedin gaining

understanding

Resources,in the overall

in informing

readers

developmentof theof progressin theof the World's Animal Genetic Resources. The
in AGRI in all FAO languages (except Chinese) toof the scope of Country Reports,

their development
The Domestic Animal Diversity
convey understandingof the process for developing
Animal Genetic

of progress

as well as communicating

element within the System.

7-

and to encourage participationin- Information System is also being used to
the first Report on the State of the World's
progressthroughdevelopmentof a newGovernment endorsed

final Country Reports(CR) are now expected to be submitted

to FAO

by August 2003. Based on draft CRs (which are submitted already now), it is intended to organize
regional meetings to identify regional needs for animal genetic resources and to reach agreementon priorities
the Strategic

for action at the regional level Identified
Priority Action Report - a preliminary

resources

and the capacity

regional priorities
will enable preparationofglobal report on the state of animal genetic

to management them. Thesefindings

will

be presented

to theCommission at its Tenth Session in 2004. This regional approach will not only make it possible toprovide an advance report on the state of animal genetic resources to the Commission, it will also
be extremely beneficial

in determining

priorities

for countries

and donors for improved sustainable

use and development of these genetic resources in full considerationof all available
production
environments. The regional process will also enable establishmentof conservation priorities
andidentificationof appropriate

measures for conservation

takingintoaccount

local

needs

and

conditions
It is proposed

that

the Intergovernmental

Resources for Food and Agriculture

Technical

Workingmeet in 2003 to review overall

Group on Animal Genetic

progressin the preparationofthe first Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources focusing on the review of theStrategic Priority Actions Report and options for a Follow-Up Mechanism. The Working Group will
also provide

recommendations

to the Tenth Sessionof the Commission

on the content and formatof the first Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources.
The Strategic
requirements,

Priorityand specific

Actions

Reportis intended

to identify

needs for urgent action. The Report will provide

bothcapacitybuildinga basis for the CGRFA

to consider an appropriate implementationor follow-up mechanism to ensure effective and timely
response to the first Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources when it iscompletedin 2006. Perhaps

most importantly,

preparationof the Strategic

Priority

Actions

Reportwill assist governments to further develop and elaborate the first Report on the State of the World's
Animal Genetic Resources, as well as provide a solid foundation for responding to high priority
areas of commoninterest
World's Animal Genetic
Following

and concern before completionof the first Reporton the Stateof theResources.

the review of the Strategic

Priority

Actions

Report by the ITWG and with direction

from the Commission on the content and format on the first Report on the State of the World's
Animal Genetic Resources, preparationof the Report will commence and continue through the
2004-2005

period.

Reports,

and review of reports

to be negotiatedThis

will require

further

synthesis

from organizationsof Country

Reports

and Regional

Priorityand expert groups. The final Report is expected

at the tenth meeting of CGRFA in 2006.

oConclusions
Asia is a vital area for world animal genetic
recorded.

The majorityof thepheasants

and partridges,

one-third

the region.

The current

and predictable

growing

population,

urbanization

sector to intensified
Achieving
The genetic
total

world's

buffaloes

with over 1,200 domestic

and yaks,of its pig breeds

almosthalf

and one quarterdramatic

increaseand purchasing

and industrialized

and maintaining

resources,in demand for livestock

systems with the use of exotic"Food for All" will require

sustainable

environment,

but particularly

to climate,of preparationof the first Reportbuilding

will increase

are found in

products

in a changeof theof the livestock
germ-plasm.

intensification

make-up of an animal is the key to how they will respondproductionof its Muscovy ducks,of its goat breeds

power will result

production

animal breedsof agriculture.

to different

aspectsof thefeed and water, exposure to disease

andtype of husbandry.
The processstrong capacity

values of animal genetic
The Strategic
globalActions

effect,resourceson the State of the World's

national

for food security,and internationaland heighten

Report will be the basis for effective

action

AnGR, in addition

to aawareness of the roles

andthe concern for theirat the local,

national,

rapid

loss.

regional

andlevels.

Table

1 Total Population
Size and Number of Breeds of the Major Livestock
Asia and the Pacific Region and Their Share of the World Total
Population
size('OO0)

Number ofbreedsspecies

Share of World Total
Population (%)
Breeds (%)

Buffalo

125 400

61

93

70

Cattle461 200

236

35

19

Yak

n/a

9

98

69

Goat

390 450

146

55

26

Sheep

408 100

233

39

18

525 600

184

55

37

Ass

14 890

12

34

12

Horse

14 860

83

25

ll

Camel

2 815

14

15

22

Chicken

6 182 000

124

45

18

Duck

717 800

45

92

45

Turkey

2 140

6

1

18

Goose (dom)
189 450
13
Source FAOSTAT(estimates 1999 live animal populations

90) and WWL-DAD

20

Pig

-9-

in theTable2 Riskstatusof Mammalian

Risk status
unknown
1995
1999

breedsfor Asia and the Pacific

Extinct

1995

At Risk1

1995

1999

1995

I

- 1999Not at Risk

1999

1995

1 1999

Ass

8

4

0

0

1

2

8

6

Camel

0

0

0

0

1

1

4

4

Buffalo

15

14

0

0

1

4

41

43

Cattle

72

76

11

19

12

28

106

132

Dromedary

0

0

0

0

0

0

9

Goat

30

29

1

1

6

8

90

109

Horse

29

21

4

2

17

19

26

43

Pig

44

60

12

14

15

16

98

108

Sheep

71

68

6

7

15

21

140

144

Yak

0

1

0

0

0

0

6

Bactrian

1 includes risk categories critical, critical maintained, endangered
Source World Watch List for Animal Diversity 3rd Edition

98and endangered and maintained

Obata: When weconsider the conservation of AnGRs, how is it possible to determine the priorities
for the long term or short term conservation of AnGRs? Would you give us some points to consider
Wagner: One of the top priorities

is to get the SW-AnGRs reports

not mean that we do not look at other activities
activities
that are looking into the sustainable
poultry

completedby 2006. This doesin the area of AnGRs. FAO has quite a number ofdevelopment of local breeds, particularlyin thesector and in the pig sector. The importantpart is, or the important

aspect is to test or todevelop sustainable
breeding programs. Looking over the developing world, which means Asia,
Africa and South America, there are only very few sustainable
breeding programs that have beensustained

over a periodof years and that have shown annual genetic

improve livestock production
individual
animal productivity.
of productivity.

or, at least keeping
increase productivity

in the number of animals, and it is not

So what we have to do in the future

is to look at reducing

number stable, but increasing the productivity
you have two major means, one is breeding

choose the one that we are working on in animal breeding;and development

So if we want toand if we want to improve livestock productivity,
we have to improve
The increase in the cattle sector, in terms of output for example,

here in Asia and also in Africa, is mainly due to the increase
an increaseprogress.

programs within

the livestock

the numberof these animals However, toand one is feeding. So let us

we should look at breeding

programs

sector. Since it is also an issue, a long discussion

issue, you cannot carry out breeding without feeding, and you cannot carry out breeding without
improving management So you have to address the whole complex of aspects of livestock
improvement

The industry

in the livestock

sectorand commercial sector will take off by itself.

There are market forces and there are monetary forces that drive this-10-

sector.

But it has to bementioned that livestock

is a way out of poverty for many poor people,

and these people shouldbeable to keep their indigenous breeds or breeds suited to the local environment However, we also
have to help them to develop these indigenous breeds, and this is one of our priorities
in the near
future.
Taneja:What is the expectedchange, in terms of the contribution

whole, from now to 2020 or in terms of retracingof livestock

to agriculture

as athe last 20 years to look at the changes?

The

second issue is that when we talked about the use of livestock manure, if you translate this in termsof its fertilizer
value - nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium - this comes out to be more than fourtimes the actual values that were estimated.
help in building

up a case for the better

Wagner: The present contribution
varies very widely

If you have some useful information

management of resources.

of livestock

between countries.

it would greatly

to agriculture

In certain

Africanin terms of GDP is about 30-40%. It
countries

it was over 90% and in othercountries down to 10%. The fact is that the livestock sector will increase dramaticallyin the Asian
region and we have examples of this in Thailand, the Philippines,
Indonesia,
Malaysia, and to alesser extent perhaps,

also now in Vietnam. The major industrialized

sectorsof these countries

andtheir major commercial companies are also impacting on other neighboring
countries such Laosand Cambodia and so on, so it is just a question of time before this sector will become established.
Perhapsa small piece of information

intensified
that thisand industrialized
production will be necessary to supply food items. But we also realize
industrialized
production
is completely
detached from the soil and creates dramatic

problems

regardingand nitrogenand a small indication

the environment and pollution.

overloadfor researchhere is that we think that

We have areas in Thailandof 400-500%. The industrializedwith a phosphorous

sector is able to produce at lower prices than

the traditional
sector can. But the industrialized
sector is polluting
and is doing damage to theenvironment for which they are not paying. So we are currently launching a project that is called
area wide integration.
scale

production.

We are looking
If theresultingat the issues of industrialized
policycreates

a level playing

production
fieldcompared to small

betweenthe traditional

producers and the industrialized
producers, then perhaps traditional
producers can compete better
than they can at the moment So this is the issue we are addressing in the Asian region in particular.
Miyazaki: From the point of view of AnGRs, ancestral or wild relatives
very important Do you have any program on these animals?
Wagner: FAO does not have such a specificcountries

of domestic

animals are also

program, but we know that quite

have programs that look at these issues and at the wild ancestors-ll-of domestic

a number of
species.

1. Present situation ofAnimal Genetic
Resources
in Each Asian Country
Chairpersons

SASAKI, YIZAIKE, Y

P.R.China

Present

Situation

Guixiang

ZHANG, Zhigang

Center of Preservationof Domestic Animal Genetic Resources in China
WANG and Feizhou

and Utilization

National

Animal Husbandry

Ministryof Agriculture,SUNof Germplasm Resources of Domestic Animals and Forage,& Veterinary Service,

Beijing

100094,

1 Introduction
China is one of the countries that have the richest animal and poultry breed resources as agene pool in the world. The genetic diversificationof domestic animal species in China, especiallythe excellent
thousandgermplasm characters

years' diversificationof native breeds,

in natural

was left over by our ancestors under several

and ecologicalenvironment

These native breeds

wereplaying an important role in history, for example, Chinese native pig breeds were introduced toRome as early as two thousand years ago, Chinese Langshan Chicken were introduced
to theUnitedKingdom in 1970s.

More than 30 Chinese

superior

domestic

animal and poultry

breedssuch as Beijing Duck, Meishan Pig, Guanzhong Donkey, and Qinchuan Cattle have been exported
to some countries in Asia, Europe, America and Oceania. These native breeds exert a profoundinfluenceon the developmentof the genetic

diversificationof domestic

animal and poultry

breedsand animal husbandry
industrythroughout
the world. They are essential
raw materials
developing new types and new breeds and will be contributing
to the sustainable
development
animal production in the future.
According to "Animal Genetic

Resources

in China

and Asia" by Changxin

inof

Wu in 1996, thelivestockand poultry genetic resources in China mainly include the following
12 species
pig,yellow cattle, yak, water buffalo, sheep, goat, horse, donkey, chicken, duck, goose, special fowl,
totaling

282 breeds

not including(accounting
breeds2.1

1, the figure comes from "Animal and Poultry

Breeds in China" in 1986,

other breeds from provinces of the country ), of which, there are 194 native breeds
for 68.8%), 45 developed
breeds (accountingfor 16.0%) and 43 introduced
exotic(accounting

2 Status(Tablefor 15.2%)of the Diversification

Conservationof Domestic Animals

Status of threat to domestic animal species and breeds
The genetic resources of China's domestic animals have certainchangesin 20 years.

The

populationof 41.9% of native breeds has decreased by different
extent
The extinct animal andpoultry resources are as follows:
In 1993, The Ministry of Agriculture(MOA) had confirmed 10
extinction

breeds.

endangered

breeds.

In 1999,

MOA had confirmed 7 extinction

13-

breeds,ll

criticalbreedsand 40There are many factorsthat are responsible

for the population

declineof domestic

animalgenetic resource. For example, the production performance of some native breeds could not meetthe demand of current market as well as an inadequate recognitionof the special characters ofsome native resources,

therefore,

the people

introduced

foreign

exotic breeds

to simply substituteor blind cross with native breeds for improvement As such, it caused the quantity and homogeneityof the population
decline of some native breeds or even caused crisis in some native breeds. Oncea breeddisappears,

the loss would be invaluable.

conservation

measures for preservationconservationof Chinese

2.2

Concerning

Policies

Therefore,of them, otherwise,

native animal and poultry

a relatively

individuals

plan

to adopt
big risk

powerful

existsin thebreeds.

Domestic Animal Conservation

The genetic resource preservationof domestic animals
social cause. First of all, the Chinese Government has actively
development

it is essentialof national

economy and social

to take part in the conservation

is a long-term, public welfare andgiven support by enlisted it into thedevelopment,

and scientificdevelopmentencourages

enterprisesof animal genetic

andresources.

Secondly, it is overall arranged and is responsible
by governments at different levels. The central
government and local governments should formulate perfect, practical plans for animal and poultry
breed resources

conservationand development

development and utilization,with preservation
with utilizationand promoting conservationmeans with modern biotechnology,

Thirdly,

the conservation

work is combinedas the major objective and combining
by utilization.
Fourthly,combination

it is essentialwithconservationof traditional

to bring into full play the roles of the conservation

farms and conservation areas while unfold conservation work by making use of embryo, sperm,
DNA and other modern conservation technologies
and methods.
At present,conservation

MOA is draftingof animal and poultry

concrete stipulations
on the legal
conservation work to follow legal
Animal and Poultry

Geneticthe"Animalgenetic

Husbandry

resources

responsibility
procedures.

Law", which

as an important

Resource Conservation",conscientiously
work.

2.3

Resources Workof Animal and Poultry

Genetic

The Chinese Government has always attachedpoultry breed resource conservation.
In order to clarify
startedthe animal and poultry

animal and poultry

thecontent in the Law. It hasof conservation
work, and this has made the
Meanwhile, MOA has formulated the "Plan of

the system and science of our breed conservation
Progress

has integrated

implementing

great importanceto the work of animal andgermplasm in China, the Chinese

breed resource survey in the 1950s.

and improving

Through

Government had

9 years of efforts,

China

had clarified the breed resource status in developed areas and published"Pig Breeds in China","Cattle Breeds in China", "Sheep and Goat Breeds in China", "Poultry Breeds in China" and "Horseand Donkey Breeds in China"
germplasm characters

In the past 20 years, China has unfoldedof some animal and poultry-14-

breedsand genetic

systematic
distance

research

estimation,onandachievedcertainconservation

resultsin the theory

methodology

This has provided

work of animal and poultry
In order to strengthen
large quantities

of systematicscientificbreed resources.
the conservationof funds and establishedconservation
supportof native breeds,

a big batch

while

breeding and industrialization
modern breeding techniques
breeds.

of 1996-2001,

new animal and poultry
development and utilization
breedsandGovernment has input

native breed

animal and poultry

conservation

resource farm andbreed

resources

work, we have given focus

intoon thewe have used
lines and new

the State had examined and approved a total number of 17

breeds. Meanwhile, themove to the orientation

Thus this has enabledanimal and poultry

the Chinese

breedsof conservationof animal and poultry breeds.
In recent 20 years,
and means in developing a huge batch of specialized

During the period

processing.

strengthening

for the unfoldingof excellent

bull stations in various parts of the country.
In order to transfer the advantages of rich Chinese
economic advantages,of animal and poultry

methods of animal and poultry recourseof integrationof breeding,
production
andChina to keep the excellent

and improved the production

2.4 Methods of Animal and Poultry

characters

performanceof many local nativeby a big margin.

Genetic Resource Conservation

At present, the conservationof animal and poultry breed resources in China has mainly
adopted three methods, i.e., living body conservation,
cell conservationand gene conservation.
The three methods are complementaryand poultry

genetic

resources

conservation

living body conservation:
The living body conservationand conservation

with each other, and composed of the main body of animal
at present

is undertaken

areas in the originaltime in China.

by the method of constructing

producingplace or other establishedconservation
place

farm

of animal andpoultry genetic
has conserved

resources, for example, the Poultry Conservation Gene Bank in Jiangsu Province
21 chicken breeds, with conservation
scale of 200-300 chickens in each breed.

These placesof genetic

policies,

resources

such as forbidding

is responsible

cross with exotic breeds,

for formulating
formulatingcorresponding
scientificconservationand effective

breeding

programs, avoiding inbreeding
and other technicalmeasures, etc. At present, this method are
fairly popular and play an active role in resource conservation work. In order to further select andpurifythe qualityof native

numerous selection breeding
allocated by the government
areas.

breeds,the producing

areas of various

specieshave establishedfarms for horse, cattle, sheep and poultry throughMeanwhile, China has also divided some corresponding

Through years of breeding

and purification

work, the qualityof native

breedsimproved significantly.
These breeds have not only conserved, but also performance
has enabled China to further understand the characters of these breeds.
Cell conservation:
MOA established
the Centerof Preservation

Domestic Animals and Forage in 1996.

and Utilization

The center develops-15-of Germplasm

conservation

special funds
conservation

technologies

has beentested,which

Resourcesofvery rapidly.

At present,

it has conserved

frozen embryos and frozen semen of 16 breedsof cattle,

sheep andother animals. Each breed has conserved 1500 ampoules of frozen semen and 100 frozen embryos.
There are two yak breeds in conservation,
storing about 1500 ampoules of semen in each breed.
Gene Conservation
In the Center of Preservationand Utilizationof Germplasm Resources of Domestic Animals
and Forage, we have preserved the blood samples of 58 Chinese native pig breeds, corresponding
extracted

DNA samples of nearly 3600 individuals,

some genetic

materialsof ear tissues

and theblood samples of 56 Chinese native cattle breeds including
yellow cattle, yak and water buffalo.
Awareness of the value of genetic resources has stimulated the molecular level study of the genetic
diversityof indigenous

breeds"Measurement of Genetic

in recent years. In June of 2002,

Distancesconfirm the order of conservation
and utilize them, and to estimate
means of twenty-seven
Genetics(ISAG)

distances

between Chinese

2.5

between Chinese

the center finishedIndigenous

Pig Breeds"

the projectIts objectives

are toamong these breeds, to propose effective methods to maintainthe diversity
and genetic relationshipsof local pig breeds by

microsatellite

recommended

and the Food and Agricultureindigenous

cattle breeds

by theInternational

Organization(FAO)

are still going

Societyof Animal

Measurementof geneticon.

Breed Special Character Identification
The domestic animal and poultry breeds of China have varied good performancesuch as meat output, milking,wool and cashmere production,

small body size, medicinal

purpose and ornamental

egg production,

characteristics

draft, high reproduction,

purpose, etc. Many breeds are well known in

the world for producing traditional
style products.
Weshall describe the characters of China's native domestic

animal resources as follows:

Pig: Most of the Chinese pig breeds are dual-purpose pigs. They are classified into large-, mediumand small-types. Jinhua Pig has the characters of thin skin, fine bone and tender pork. It is the raw
material for making Jinhua hams. Gilts can be mated at the age of 3 months (body weight of 20 kg)
with a litter size of 14.25 piglets
for sows. Wuzhishan Pig has small body weight and good
resistance,with a body weight

It can be used as laboratoryof 35 kg for adult pig, lean meat percentage
material

for life science,nutritionscience,of 47.3%, litter

birthcontrolsize of 6-8.

and comparative

medicine.
Tibetan Pig is suitable to be used for all-year-round grazing and has the characters ofsmall in body size, thin skin and high lean meat percentage with an average body weight of 40 kg
for adult

pigs.

Rongchang

bristleswith a lengthof ll-15

Pig has the charactersof good quality

cm and a maximumlengthstrong white coarse and longof 20 cm. The output of bristle

grams per pig. Taihu Pig has the characters of big litter size and quality
14.9 piglets for sows. The pre-slaughter
weight is 61.5 kg with a dressing
meat percentage

of 43.9%. It has good reputations

for its high fecundity

Yellow Cattle:

Famous excellent

includenative breeds-16-

Qinchuanis 250-300

pork, with a litter size ofpercentage of 66.7%, leanin the world.

Cattle,Luxi Cattle,

NanyangCattle, Jinnan Cattle and Yanbian Cattle.
Nanyang Cattle and Yanbian Cattle are located in hilly
regions, and the other three breeds are distributed
in plains. These native cattle breeds are high in
confirmationand very strong with good draft capacity,

for developing

and cultivating

Water Buffalo:

China has a population

China'sfine meat performance.

They are the basis

beef cattle.
of more than 20 million

buffaloes.

All of them belong

to

Swamptype, but they are divided into four categories.
Some of them are produced in Jiangsu,
Zhejiang and coastal regions, and are called Haizi water buffalo.
Some of them are beach-lakebuffaloes

producedin Boyang Lake, Dongting

constitution,

suitable

Lake and Honghu Lake regions,for working in paddy field in South China. Wenzhou Buffalo

performance and high butter

with strong

has good milking

fat percentage.

Yak: Yaks are produced in the high frigid region above the altitude of over 3000 m in the QinghaiTibetan Plateau and has the characters of dual-purpose of milk and meat, pack transportation
andproducinghairs.

It is very essential

animal for herdsmen in Qinghai-Tibetan

Plateaufrigidpastoralregion. It is not only a production means but also living means. The white yak, produced inTianzhu Prefecture, Gansu Province, is a rare yak breed. According to statistics
of 2001, China has
a total population
Sheep:

of more than 14 million

We have sheep breedstail) , fur purpose

yaks, accountingof wool purpose(carpetfor 95% of the world yak population.
wool),

meat purpose(coarsewool and fat

and lamb skin purpose. Of which, the Tibetan

Sheep producedin Qinghai-Tibetan

Plateau and the Hetian Sheep from Xinjiang have the characters of long wool and good elasticity
and belong to sheep breeds of quality carpet wool Aletai Sheep from Xinjiang has well-developed
fat rump and the Tan Sheep from Ningxia produces

white fur coat after first shear, which is famousworldwide. In addition, the Black Fur Sheep from Qinghai and Gansu, Hu Sheep from Jiangsu andZhejiang are famous breeds producing lambskin.
Hu Sheep and Small-Tail Han Sheep have thecharactersof early maturity,

multiple

Goat: The famous goat breeds

includelambs and high fertility.
Zhongwei Goat, Liaoning

Cashmere Goat, Jining

Black

Goat,

Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goat, Chengdu Ma Sheep. Zhongwei Goat produces white fur coat after
first shear with beautiful curl and evenly arranged wool Liaoning Cashmere Goat has the charactersof highcashmere output with long cashmere.

QingshanGoat from Jining

has a hair coat of black

and white mixture with a color of black, pink black or iron black, with quality black fine long wool
and a productivity
rate of 270% per lambing and two lambings per year. Chengdu Ma Goat has amilk productionof more than 150 kg per lactation,

can be divided

in layer for use. The lambing percentage

Horse:

Chineseshort distance.

horsesbelongto dual-purpose

Kazak Horse has good milking

with milk fat of 6.47%, dense wool, durable

type.

is 210% with two lambings

per year.

Mongolianin speed

performance.

-17-

Horse is highandduringWuzhumuqin Horse is a dual purpose

of riding and drafting,
adapted to hard conditions
walking with strong forces and working sustainable.
horse.

Its draught

force is equivalent

adaptedto plateau

climate,among the Mongolian
Hequ Horse is suitable

to 80% of the body weightand can walk freely

Horses. It is good infor working as a shaft

and sustainable.

in swamp, steep slopes,

Yushu Horse isand narrow winding trailIn

Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces as well as Baise Prefecture, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region, most of the adult horses has a height of about 1 meter, and is called short horse. These
horses have been used in developing
Donkey:urban tourism.

The famous donkey breeds

includeGuanzhong Donkey, Dezhou Donkey and Jiami

Donkey. Guanzhong Donkey can be used as draft,ride

and pack purpose.

Male donkey has adraught force of 93.8% of the body weight while female donkey can be used in pack and riding
mountainous road.
Poultry:

Most of the poultry

breedsbelong to dual-purpose

breeds.

Of which, some breeds,

in

such

as Beijing You Chicken and Huiyang Chicken, have the characters of thin skin, fine bones, tendermeat and good flavor, and can be used as broiler breeds. Beijing Duck is a large-size meat purpose
duck famous in the world and can be used as the raw material

for making "Beijing

Roast Duck"

Gaoyou Duck can be used to make pressed salted duck, and is famous for its double yolk egg.
China has many excellent native breeds of egg layers, Xianju Chicken has an annual egg output of
200 with egg weight of 50 grams; Shao Duck has an annual egg output of 280-300

with egg weightof 60-65 grams; and Huo Goose has an annual egg output of 100-120

with an egg weightgrams. In addition, we also have Taihe Silk Fowl, which is a precious
The Chinese Fighting Fowl is used as ornamentals.

breed using as medicine.

In the aspectof animal and poultry

breed character

identification,in addition

to conventional

distribution,
population,
confirmationand production
performance investigations,
unfolded germplasm study of major native poultry breeds. The study has systematicallythe physiologicaland biochemicaltargets:

meat quality,

fat compositionof 128China hasmeasuredand carcass compositionand studies on some other flavor related materials.
In recent 10 years, related research institutions
have conducted molecular level research on major animal and poultry genetic resources in China,
and found some genetic

labeling

includesof Taihu Pig, quality

the high

fertilityof major economic characters.

Small-tailed
Han Sheep and microsatellite
species. This has provided scientificbasis
genetic
3

flavorof native chicken

DNA genetic diversity
for the conservation,

breeds,labeling

and high fertility

on different
developmentof

breed of animal
and utilizationofresources.

Development and Utilization
Domestic animal genetic

Situation

resourcesof Domestic Animal Genetic Resources

are an important

Over a long period of time, China has always followed
utilization

For example, the genetic

with conservationin the aspect of development-18-

basis for livestock
the principle
and utilizationindustryof combiningof domestic

development

development

andanimal genetic

resources.
MOA is responsible
for the administration
poultry,
with corresponding
administrativeof genetic
institutions

resources
establishedof domestic livestockandin different
provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities
establishedin different
prefectures,and with the bureaus and stations of animal husbandry
cities, counties and towns. The National Examining andApprovingand Poultry

Committee

for Livestock

Breeds has been establishedby MOA and thecorresponding
committees have also been establishedin some local areas, which are responsible
for examining and approving new breeds and new lines.
In orderanimals,
breeding

to continuously

developand improve the quality

MOA has establishedassociations,
technical
committee for some breeds. These organizations

have played an importantrole in improving

the quality

and performanceorganizationsof associationof domesticof domestic

and breeding
and breeding

centers ofcommittees

animal breeds in China.

By using the techniquessurvey on animal and poultryof computer and Internet and on the basis of the supplementary
breed resources, we have establishedthe "China Information System

of Domestic

Resources"

Animal Genetic

The Animal and Poultry

Breed

Resource

Dynamic

Monitoring Center" is now under construction.
The software package of the information system
can be applied in the administrationof animal and poultry genetic resources throughout the country.
Here, the Chinese

Government is willingto unfoldcooperative

researchin the domainofdomestic animal genetic resources, and spare commonefforts in the conservation and utilizationofglobal domestic animal genetic resources and for a sustainable
development of livestock industry.
T a b le 1

S t a t u s o f C h in a 's A n im a l a n d P o u ltr y G e n e tic R e s o u r c e s l
O r ig in a l
n a tiv e b r e e d s

D e v e lo p e db re e d s

I n tr o d u c e d e x o ticb re e d s

T o ta l

P ig

48

12

6

66

Y e llo w C a ttle

28

4

7

39

Y ak

5

0

0

5

W a te r B u f fa lo

1

0

0

1

Sh eep

15

7

8

30

G oat

20

2

1

23

H o rs e

15

ll

7

33

D o n k ey

10

0

0

10

C h ic k e n

27

9

ll

47

D u ck

12

0

2

14

G o o se

13

0

0

13

S p e c ia l f o w l

0

0

1

1

T o ta l

1 94

45

43

282

% in th e to ta l

6 8 .8

1 6 .01 5 .2

1 0 0 .0

1 According

to "Animal Genetic Resources in China and Asia" in 1996-19-

Sasaki:In terms of living

Is the conservation

farms supported

being implemented

analysis

breeding

farms?

by the government?

program for pigs from this year. What is the purpose

ear tissue?
For molecular

in selectedby farmer's associations.

You mentioned the gene conservationof collecting
Zhang:

is conservationof cattle on a private basis or is it supported

Zhang: They are private
Izaike:animals,

and cryopreservation.

-20

Present Situationof Animal Genetic

Resources in India 1

V. K. TANEJA

Deputy Director

GeneralIndianof Agricultural

Council(AnimalSciences)

Research

NewDelhi, India

Abstract
An analysis of present and future use of Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) in the changing
production
environment has been made. Issues relating to management of AnGR have been
identified.

Present

statusof livestock

resources

has been discussed.

for optimum management of AnGR has been formulated
stakeholders.

The human resource and capacity

Strategy

and is being

and an action plan

discussed

needs for characterization

with various

and conservation

ofof

AnGR have been identified.
The diverse
cattle,animal genetic

buffaloes,

goats,

resources

sheep, equines,

in India

includea broadspectrum of native breeds

camel and poultry(Table1) Otheranimal speciesviz.,mithun, yak, elephant, ducks, geese and quails are important component of animal wealth. No
specific breeds of pigs are available. A large number of non-recognized strains/breeds
perhapsvariants
cattle,of the recognized
dairy buffaloes,

breedsand production

milk, meat, wool and egg production
capablepoultry,

The country has some of the best breeds

carpet wool sheep and prolific

The animal breedingof some highly

also exist

productive

strategies

of draught

goats.
in recenttimes have been used to increase

to meet the market demands. This has led to the development

breeds/strains

for extensive

use and hence the local

adoptedbreedsof producing under low input are getting replaced with high producing genotypes. In
local breeds have totally been replaced with exotic germplasm. The usefulness of a breed

nowis judged on its present economic viability
and not on its real genetic worth. It is difficult topostulate as to what breed types would be needed in future and hence the need to conserve andmanage all diverse
the present

animal types as a part of genetic

and futureand suggest strategies

use of animal genetic

security.

resources

An attempt has been made to analyze
in the changing

production

and an action plan for optimum management of animal genetic

1 Paper presented at 'The 2002 NAAS International
Workshop on Genetic Resources, Presentof Animal Genetic Resources in Asian Region", ll-12 December, 2002, Tsukuba, Japan.

-21-

Statusenvironment
resources.

and Genetic Variability

Table 1 Biodiversity

in animal genetic

resources:

names of accredited

breeds

G ir * , S a h iw a l * , R e d S in d h i, D e o n i * , N a g o r i * , B a c h a u r * , K e n k a th a , M a lv i, K h e r ig a r h * ,H a llik a r , A m n tm a h a l, K h illa n , B a rg u r , K a n g a y a m , P o n w a r * s ir i* , N im a r i , D a n g i,
H a r ia n a * , M e w a ti (K o s i) , R a th i * , O n g o le * , G a o la o , K r is h n a V a lle y , T h a r p a r k a r * ,C a ttle

K a n k re i
B u ff a lo

M u r r a h , B h a d a w a r i * , J a f fr a b a d i * , S u r t i, M e h s a n a * N a g p u r i o r E llic h p u r i , N ili ‑R a v i*
T od a *Sh eepC h o k la , N a lli, M a r w a n , J a is a lm e n , P u g a l* , M a lp u r a , S o n a d i, P a tta n w a d i, M u z a ff a r b a g a r i,
J a la u n i, H is s a r d a le , D e c c a n i, N e llo r e , B e lla r y , H a s s a n * . M a n d y a * M e c h e r i* K ila r k a r s a l,
V e m b u r , C o im b a t o r e , N ilg i r i, R a m n a d W h ite , M a d r a s R e d , T ir u c h y B la c k , K e n g u r i ,C h h o t a n a g p u r i , S h a h a b a d i, B e la n g ir, G a n j a m , T ib e ta n S h e e p , B o n p a la , G a d d i, R a m p u r
B u s h a ir, B h a k a r w a l , P o o n c h i, K a r n a h , G u r e z , K a s h m ir M e r in o , C h a n g th a n g i
S ir o h i, M a r w a r i , J h a k r a n a , B e e ta l* B a r b a r i* J a m u n a p a r i, M e h s a n a , G o h ilw a d i,
Z a la w a d i, K u t c h , S u r ti, S a n g a m n e r i , O s m a n a b a d i * K a n n a i K a d u , M a la b a r i, G a n ia m ,G o a tsB e n g a l, G a d d i, C h a n g th a n g i, C h e g u
C am e l

B ik a n e n , J a is a lm e r i, M a r w a r i * K u tc h i, S in d h i, S h e k h a w a t i, J a lo r i , M e w a ti

H o rse s

K a th ia w a r i , M a r w a r i, B h u tia , M a n ip u r i , S p iti, Z a n s k a n
A s e e l , A n k a le s h w a r, B u s r a , B r o w n D e s i, C h itta g o n g (M a la y ) , D a o th ig ir, D a n k i, G h a g u s ,H a r r in g h a tta B la c k , K a d a k n a th , K a la s th i, K a s h m ir F a v e r o lla * M ir i * N a k e d N e c k ,P u n ja b B r o w n , T e llic h e r y , T it r i, T a n i, N ic o b a r i *P o u ltr y* Information on management practices,
through surveys and breed descriptors

physical, economic and genetic
developed.

Among non-accredited
breeds, information
Kangayam cattle; Tarai and Swamp buffaloes,

Animal Production
The livestock
agriculture

parameters has been generated

has been generated
on Vechur, Punganur, Umblachery
Garole sheep; Kodi Adu goat

andSystems and Genetic Resources
production

cropping

pattern,systems
climateand management practices

and topography.

The existing

are greatly
animal production

influencedbysystems canbroadly be classified
as (i) small holder production
with little or no land, and (îð) commercial
production
more relevant to poultry and to some extent dairying
with crossbred
cows andbuffaloes

especiallyin peri-urban

areas. Althoughsmall holder

animal production

systemsareecologicallysustainable
and economically viable, these cannot meet the growing food requirementof large human population (Bhat and Taneja, 1998)
Sheep, goat, camel and to some extent cattle are raised on natural range lands, community
grazing lands and crop stubble. This system is coupled with low efficiency
and is mostly
unorganized.

The effects

The underlying

issues responsible

The animal genetic
innovativeof migratory

technologies,

resources

system on sheep, goat and cattle

for poor efficiency(AnGR)

fast changing

need to be studied.

of this system should be addressed.

have also undergone

production

breedschangesdue to introduction

systems and industrialization.

of

The impact ofthese changes on animal genetic resources needs to be studied.
In order to optimally utilize the
AnGR, the SWOT analysis of the resources across productive systems should be made for their-22-present

and future use and strategies

developed

for their optimum management and utilization.

Issues and Concerns
It is true that AnGR are crucial to food needs, employment, have social and religious value andtherefore should be managed. The major question is as to who (farmer vs. Government), how (insitu and ex situ) and how long to conserve AnGR. The issues of conservation also need to bedeliberated
in view of too many low producing populations,shortage of feeds and fodder and highcost of conservationof AnGR.

Informationon performance parameters (growth, production,
reproduction
and survival)ofindigenous
breeds in relation
to their native ecology, feed resources, prevalent management,
processing and marketing systems, economics and improvement programs is not available.
This
needs to be generated through surveys to examine their use in the present and future production
systems. The methodologies

to identify

superior

herds/flocks/individual

the breed improvement programme and conservation
Intermixing
crossbreeding

among thefor quickindigenous

genetic

to be utilized

inof exotic

germplasmforof breeds.

The effectsofneed to be worked out

breedsimprovement

animals

and introduction
has ledto dilution

crossbreeding
program on native breeds have not been meticulously studied, although
held that they are among the casual factors for the degenerationof native germplasm.

it has been

The buffalo and crossbred cattle male calves are generally considered
inferior
animals and willfully neglected to die. The slaughter of milch buffaloes after completionas workingof lactation

in metropolitan

citiesis an endemic problem.

The magnitudeof this problem

and its impact

has

not been assessed.
Statusof Animal Genetic Resources

Information

on management practices,

physical,economic and genetic

parameters

on someimportant breeds generated through surveys involving a number of State Agriculture
Universities
and NGO's has been documented and breed descriptors
developed. Monographs on some of thebreedshave also been published.

The methodologies

for surveys have been standardized

fordifferent
species of livestock
and poultry breeds. The questionnaires
included informationonmorphologicaland performance parameters and genetic profile including
production
system andsocio-economic

status of farmers. The questionnaires

IndianAn information

situation.

information

are as per guidelines

system (AGRI-IS)

on AnGR of the country.

Cytogenetic

has been developed
profilegenetic

characterization

using microsatellite-23-

for storingof various breeds

goats, pigs, poultry, yak and mithun have been established.
Blood
polymorphism studies on proteins and enzymes have been completed
Molecularof FAO and modifiedof cattle,

forand retrieval
buffalo,sheep,

typing and biochemical
for some of the breeds.

markers is in progress.

ofThe status of AnGR has been discussed
Nivsarkar(1998)

Species

wise information

Cattle:

The cattleof Indiansub-continent

in detailby Taneja and Sahai (1995)

in brief has been presented
are characterized

and Taneja andbelow.

by the presenceof prominent

hump,

long face, upright horns, looping ears, dewlap and slender legs. The duly accredited breeds havebeen classified
on functional utility as milch, draught and dual purpose. A number of crossbred
genotypes

viz., Sunandni,

Karan Swiss, Karan Fries and Frieswal

have been evolved and breed

descriptors
developed.
Information
on physical and economic parameters of important
cattlebreeds has been discussed
by Taneja et al (2002)
Selection
program for improving milk yieldthroughprogeny testingin Sahiwal,

Tharparkar,

Gir and milk and draft in Ongole and Hariana arein existence.
Breed improvement programs for Rathi and Red Sindhi are also being initiated.
Around 1000 breedable
females of each of these breeds spread over 3-4 locations are included in
the programme and 10-15 bulls are tested

in each cycle (Taneja,

1999)

A national

programme on

cattle and buffalo improvement with focus on improvement of indigenous
breeds is in existence.
Breeding farms for some of the important cattle and buffalo breeds are being strengthenedtoprovidequalitybulls.

A national

cattleand buffalo

breeding

policyis being

formulated.

A number of new strains viz., Panganur, Red Kandhari, Vechur, Bhagnari, Dhenani, Lohani,
Rojhan, Bengal, Chittagong
Red, Nepalese Hill, Kchaha Siri, Tarai, Lulu and Sinhala have beenreported.

Possibilityof some of these

being

only phenotypicvariants

gettingdifferent

names

cannot be ruled out Most of these breeds have shown decline in numbers. Punganur, Kangayam
and Vechur cattle breeds have special features of small size (Table 2) Long term conservation
programs both in situ and ex- situ for these breeds
Table 2 ImportantParameters

have been initiated.

of Vechur, Kangayam and Punganur cattle
V e ch u r *K an gayam

P u n g a n u r* * *A d u lt b o d y w e ig h t (k g )F em aleM a le12 8 .6
16 6 .5

12 8 .1151 1

1 7 8 .0
2 4 4 .0

A g e a t 1st c a lv in g (d ay s)

1080

1 54 11 1 10M ilk y ie ld (k g )

561

6 78

546

L a cta tio n le n g th (d ay s)

242

28 5

263

F at %

Source:

6 .3

3 .9

5 .0

* Final Report (1993-98)
ICAR adhoc scheme on conservation of germplasm of Vechur cattle of the coastal
area and dwarf cattle of the high range of Kerala CAS, KAU, Mannuthy, Thnssur** Final Report (1993-97)
ICAR adhoc scheme "ASurvey of Kangayam Cattle TNVASU, Namakal*** Final Report (1993-97)
ICAR adhoc scheme on "Preservation and Improvement of Punganur breed of
cattle ANGRAU, Palamner, Andhra Pradesh.

24-Buffalo:
Both river and swampbuffaloes are available.
parts of Assam. The river buffaloes
are distributed
developed

for milk production.

Swamp buffaloes are found principallyinthroughout
the country and have been

Murrah has been used as the major improver breed for grading

non-descript and other low producing buffaloes
throughout
the country. The information on
physical and economic characteristics
of various buffalo breeds have been discussed by Bhat andTaneja (1987)

and issues

relating

to buffalo

breeding

researchby Taneja(1998).

Informationon

population
presented

dynamics, physical and economic parameters of swamp and Toda buffaloes has beenin Table 3. The indiscriminate
crossing of Surti with Murrah is seriously affecting the

populationof Surti in its native tract

Similarly,

Bhadawari

buffaloes

known for high fat content are

being upgraded with Murrah. Toda buffaloes
are also facing extinction
crossing with Murrah. Breeding strategies to conserve the affected breeds
Systematic

progeny testing

programs for Murrah, Jaffrabadi,

through large scale
have been suggested.

Mehsana and Surti are in existence.

In addition,
herd registration
programs for Murrah, Surti and Jaffarabadi
lactation yield of 2000, 1600 and 1600 kg have also been taken-up to support
improvement efforts(Taneja

having minimum
conservation
andet al, 2002)

Table 3 Importantparameter of Toda and Swamp buffalo
T o d a*B irth w eigh t (kg )28.0

S w am p
32.1

A g e at 1st calving (d ays)

1460

1695

M ilk yield (k g)

500

506

L actation length (d ay s)

2 18

283

F at%
C alvin g interval (m o nth s)

Source:

8.2

8.5

14‑18

14‑15

* Final Report (1993-96)
ICAR adhoc scheme on "Evaluation and Conservation of
Toda Buffaloes"
TNVASU, Sandynallah,
Tamil Nadu.
** Final Report (1993-98)
ICAR adhoc scheme on "AField Survey on the Performanceof Swamp Buffaloes of Assam" AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam.

Small Ruminants
Sheep and goat
distribution(Acharya,breeds have been classified
and describedaccordingto geographical
1982; Khan and Taneja, 1996) There is a large inter-mixing
among thebreedsin the region where two or more breeds exist

There are no breed societies

or agencies

registerbreed-wiseor recordsof the breed.

animals,

maintainflock books

and ensure purity

toImprovement programs for some of the indigenous
breeds viz. Marwari, Chokla, Magra,
Changthangi,
Deccani, Malpura, Mecheri, Muzzaffarnagari,Nali, Pattanwadi, Madras Red, Mandya
and Kashmir Merino are in progress.

Open nucleus breeding-25-

system approachis being

used toimprove these breeds

for wool and body weights.

declineare Gurej,

in numbers

Karnah,Kashmir and Nilgiri, Muzaffarnagri,and Mandya. Garole sheep though
believed

Breeds that are getting

Bhakarwal,

Jhakharana,

endangered

Poonchiand showing- all in Jammu andMalpura, Chokla, Jaisalmeri,
Munjal, Chengthangi,
not in breed books has higher litter size (Table

to have famous Borola gene. A project
Table 4 Importanton genetic

parameters

P a ram ete rs

M a leB o d y c h a ra c te ri stic s (a d u lt)
B o d y w eig h t (k g )B o d y le n g th (cm )H e ig h t at w ith e r (c m )C h e st g irth (c m )1 5 .1 i
4 5 .8 i
4 4 .0 i
5 9 .7 ievaluationof this breed

Bonpala4) and isis in progress.

of Garole sheep
F e m a le
1 .4
0 .7
0 .8
1 .5

11

.7 +
4 3 .0 i
4 3 .7 i
5 5 .9 +0 .7 8
0 .6
0 .6
1 .2

R e p ro d u c ti v e p e r fo rm a n c e
A g e a t p u b e rty (d ay s)
A g e o f fi rst c o n c e p tio n (d ay s)
L am b in g in te rv al (d ay s)
L am b in g rate

2 2 6 .7 +7 .9
2 5 2 .7 i 1 0 .4
2 0 5 .5 i
2 .2
1 7 3 .6 p e r 1 0 0 ew e s

T y p e o f b irth
S in g le
T w inT rip le t
Q u a d r u p le t

4 1 .6
4 3 .41 4 .80 .2

W o o l p r o d u c tio n a n d q u a lity
A n n u a l w o o l y ie ld (g )S tap le len g th (c m )F ib re d ia m e te r (μ )M e d u latio n (% )H airySource:Crossbreeding

15 0 .0
5 .1
6 7 .87 5 .25 7 .8Bose, S (1996)
Studies on the productive and reproductive
performance of sheep inthe saline and semi saline belt of West Bengal Ph.D. Thesis, West Bengal Universityof Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata.

of some of the sheep

indigenous

breedswith exotic

viz. Rambouillet

andMerino for improving wool production
and quality and Dorset and Suffolk for improving feed
efficiency
and growth have resulted in productionof new strains viz., Bharat, Merino, Avivastra,
Nilgiri

Synthetic(Sandyno), Patanwadi

Synthetic

and Avikalin

for wool and Avimanns for mutton.

Indian karakul, through crossing of Marwari, Malpura and Sonadi with Karakul, imported fromerstwhile
Soviet Union, was also developed for pelt production.
Most of these strains, however,
have existed

at the research

farms and not done well with the farmers due to lack of input andexpertise available under field conditions.
Goats of temperate Himalayan region
qualityfibre and fine under coat called(Gaddi,Changthangi,

Khasi and Chegu)

Cashmere or Pasimna. All the milch goat breeds-26-

produce good
Qamunapan,

Beetal, Surti and Jharkhana)are found in north-western region in the country. The southern andwestern regions mainly possess dual purpose breeds (milk and meat) The small sized meat breeds
viz., Black Bengal and Assam Hill goats known for their high prolificattributes

need to be further

studied A breeding policy for goats which did not exist for long time is being put in place. Some of
the indigenous breeds viz. Beetal, Surti, Chegu and Jamunapari have shown decline in numbers.
Efforts

are being made to conserve and improve these goat breeds.

Camel: Camel in India

are mostly single

humped camels (Camelus

bactrianus)

humped (Camelus

are also present

dromedaries),

althoughfew doublein Nubra Valley of Jammu and Kashmir.

Population
structure, breed characteristics,
management practices, disease incidence and draught
capacity of double humped camel have been studied. Females attain puberty at 3-4 years and the
reproductive

life may continue unto 16-18 years.

Annual hair productionof adult camel varies from

3-4 kg. Milk production varies from 500-1254 litres in a lactation period 14-18 months The numberof double humped camel has gone up from 76 in the year 1996 to 105 in 2000 (Sahni, 2001)
Information

on economic parameters for important

Table 5 Body weight (kg),camel breeds

reproductive

camel breeds has been given in Table 5.

parameters

B ik an e n
M ale(days)and hair production(g/yr)

J ais alm en

F e m a le

M a leB irth w eig h t

4 2 .1 +0 .8

3 8 .8 +0 .6

W e ig h t a t 1 y e ar

2 29 .2 +4 .0

22 3 .0 +A d u lt w e ig h t

6 1 7 .3 + 17 .0

57 7 .8 +3 6 .9 +K a ch c h h i

F e m ale
1 .2

in someM ale

F e m ale

1 .9

3 3 .9 +1 .0

3 1 .5 +1.9

7 .4 2 2 6 .0 + 2 3 .8

20 1 .2 + 1 3 .5

2 0 2 .0 +4 .7

2 0 1 .8 +7 .2

9 .8 5 7 4 .0 + 12 .7

53 7 .0 + 11 .6

5 7 6 .7 + 4 4 .7

3 4 .7 +5 6 3 .7 + 14 .7

A g e at fi rst s e rv ice

14 2 5 .0 + 4 1.4

14 12 .0 + 1 6 .1

1 0 9 4 .5 +C a lv in g in te rv al

74 1 .9 +67 6 .0 + 1 9 .4

7 3 8 .4 + 10 .7

A n n u al h air p ro d .

Source:

Pig:

9 .8

1 2 2 5 .2 + 0 .2

10 8 9 .1 + 0 .4

Khanna, N.D., Rai, A.K., Tandon, S.N. and Sahni,
Nat Sem. Agr & Cons 1993.

Systematicon geographicalbeen reported
and Poland
exoticefforts
distribution
in literature.

China

inheritancewere introduced

Camel Genetic

Resources

in India.

Proc.

have not been made. Some breeds basedfor crossing

with local

pigs.

Crossbreds

pig

on comparative performance of local, exotic and graded pigs is given in Table

6.

Spiti, Manipuriof donkeysof the new genotypes

and Bhutia horses

suitablewith 50% and 75%
for commercial

The Zhanskar,

breeds

1 1 6 5 .4 + 0 .5

viz. Ankamali, Deshi, Andman & Nicobar and Indian wild boar have
A number of exotic breeds namely Yorkshire, Landrace, Hampshire

Marwari and Kathiawari breeds
due to widespread crossbreeding
Descriptof pig breeds

are being used for synthesis

farming. Information
Equines:for documentation

M.S. (1993)

3 .4

are well adapted

to hilly

terrains.

The

found in Rajasthan and Gujarat are showing decline in numbers
and lack of incentive to breeders for keeping purebred animals.

are not known.

-27

Table 6 Comparative

performance of local, exotic and graded pigs

T r a it s

G e n e tic g r o u p s o f p ig s
L ocalH a m p s h ir e

U p g ra d e d5 .5 + 0 .5

7 .8 +0 .4

1 0 .2 +5 .4 +

0 .3
0 .4

7 .6 + 0 .3
8 .9 0 + 0 .3

L itte r s iz e a t w e a n in g

2 .6 + 0 .5
3 .1 + 0 .5

L itte r w e ig h t a t w e a n in g (k g )1 5 .4 + 0 .5

5 3 .1 +I n d iv id u a l w e ig h t a t w e a n in g (k g )P o s t w e a n in g g r o w th (g / d a y )5 .0 + 0 .2

1 0 .0 +W e ig h t a t 1 2 0 d a y s (k g )4 2 .3 + 0 .2
7 .5 + 0 .4

1 8 0 .0 +2 0 .8 +

0 .3
0 .3

W e ig h t a t 1 8 0 d a y s

l l .4 + 2 .2

3 1 .5 +1 .9

3 6 7 .5 + 8 .3

4 4 1 .3 + l l .3

1 9 4 .5 + 9 .5

2 2 7 .6 + 1 0 .3

3 3 5 .0
1 9 2 .0

+ 9 .2+ 8 .2

L it te r s iz e a t b ir th
L it te r w e ig h t a t b ir th (k g )A g e a t fir s t fa r r o w in g (d a y s )I n t e r ‑f a r r o w in g in te r v a l (d a y s )Yak: The yaks are distributed

mainly in Arunanchal

Pradesh,7 .2+ 0 .30 .4

7 4 .2+ 0 .30 .2

1 0 .31 3 0 .0

+ 0 .2+ 0 .3

1 8 .1+ 0 .33 0 .0+ 1 .7

Sikkim,hilly

areas of Uttar Pradesh,

Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh region of Jammu & Kashmir. These have not been evaluated fromthe standpointof genetic homology, diversity and categorized into breeds. The yaks in Arunanchal
Pradesh,Sikkimand Ladakh

are quite distinct

in theirphenotypiccharacteristics

Nivsarkar

et al(1997)
discussed
the history of domestication,
distribution,husbandry practices, present perspective
and future possibilities
of Yak. Milk production
in Yak varies from 130-150 kg in a lactation periodof 90-170

days. The fat content

altitudes(3000

varies from 5.0 to ll.0%.

m and above), while at lower altitudes

Pure breeding(2000

of yak is practiced

at highand 3000 m) where farming is carriedout, yaks are usually crossed with local cattle.
Among the offspring,
the female crossbreds
arefertilewhereas males are sterile. The crossbred
females are superior to pure yak in milk
production

and fertility.

Mithun:Mithun,theheavy bodied

of Indiausually

below 3000

semi-domesticatedm. Information

animals are found in north-easternon the performanceparametersof four strains

Mithun is given in Table 7. A large variation in body weights was observed; Arunachalee
Nagamese Mithun were heavier than Manipur and Mizoram thus suggesting that Arunachalee
Table 7 Some production

and reproduction

T r a its

A d u lt w e ig h t‑m a le (k g )A d u lt w e ig h t‑fe m a le (k g )A v . p e a k m ilk y ie ld (m l)D r y p e r io d (d a y s)
C a lv in g in te r v a l (d a y s )Annual Reportof Mithun

M ith u n s tr a in s

B ir th w e ig h t‑m a le (k g )B ir th w e ig h t‑f e m a le (k g )Sourceon traits(2000-2001)

A r u n a n c h a le e

N ag a m e se

2 0 .3 3

2 .0 0M a n ip u r

M iz o r a m
1 6 .6 2

1 9 .8 5
5 4 0 .0 0

1 9 .8 5
4 3 3 .0 0

1 8 .0 0
2 3 4 .5

2 6 5 .0 0

3 5 3 .0 0

3 5 3 .3

2 7 8 .0

991

44 1

66 2

2 3 9 .8
1 13 3

131
395

1 18
388

NRC on Mithun,-28-

Jharnapani,

1 4 .2 5349

Nagaland.

statesofandandNagamese strains could be developed for meat production. There has been extensive crossbreedingof Mithun with local cattle. The crossbreds produce more milk than pure Mithun and are docile.
The crossbred

males are named 'atsa' while the females are termed 'jatsamin'of Agricultural

Research has establishedfarm devoted to Mithun productiona National

The Indian Council

Research Centre on Mithun in Nagaland.

A

has also been set up at Kamki in West Siang district.

Poultry: A wide variation among chicken breeds in relation to physical and production parameters
has been reported. Although exact information on the status of most of the chicken breeds is notavailable,various reportssuggestthat indigenous

many of these are facing extinction.

poultry

Late sexual maturity,

breedsare declining

in numbers andpoor egg production,

slow growth andsmall egg size are some of the disadvantagesof native birds. Informationon performanceparameters of Aseel breed under scavenging conditions has been presented in Table 8. Most of theindigenous

poultry

breedsurgent need to properly

are well adapted

and resistantto many diseases.

Hence, there is an

document these breeds.

T ab le 8 Im p o r ta n t p a r a m e te r s in A s e e l b r e e d o f p o u ltry
Age
O day
4 w eeks
8 w eeks
24 w eek s
48 w eek s

B o d y w e ig h t (g )2 9 i 0 .0 5
1 0 7 i 0 .l l
2 3 4 i 0 .1 4
11 3 3 i 1 .5 2
2 5 9 0 i 1 7 .18

E g g w eig h t (g )41

H atc h in g (% )T o tal E g g B a sis
F e rtile E g g B a sis

7 3 .9 7
8 5 .l l

F e rtility (% )8 4 .2 8A g e a t fi rst eg g (w e e k s)

2 8 .9 + 0 .3

Y e arly e g g p ro d u ctio n

3 3 .17F e e d co n v er sio n e ffi c ie n cy

5 .0 i 0 .4 4

M an ag e m e n t

S cav en g in g w ith
su p p le m e n ta l fe e d in g

Source:Strategy

Network Projecton Aseel - Final Report(1999)and Action Plan

In an ultimate analysis all strategies
for conservationof animal genetic resources should belinked to their sustainableutilization.
The livestock development programs should be organized toenhance productivity

while maintaining

genetic

purityof the breeds.

This can be achieved

through(a) evaluation and monitoring of AnGR, developing breed improvement programs, preparing acountry report and a national plan for management of AnGR, (b) training of manpower specificallyfor surveys,

genetic

characterization,

cryogenic-29-

storageand data management, (c) addressingissues

relatedto legal

about relevanceframework, IPR and sharingof benefits

and use of AnGR. In order to addressand (d) creating

the above issues

relating

mass awarenessto AnGR , theNational Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) was establishedin 1984 with mandate of"identification,
evaluation, characterization
and utilizationof livestock and poultry genetic resources"
As breedwise census is not carriedout, the limited

optionavailable

is to generaterequired

information through surveys in the shortest possible time and use the information for developing
an action plan for optimum management of AnGR and to identify breeds that need immediate
conservation.

In a generalhog conservation

situationof constraintsof funds,of every single

breed population

it would be difficultin the country.

The immediate

to suggest

whole

priorityshouldbe to conserve useful genotypes facing extinction.
Conservation per force will have to be done by
the farmers with some scheme of incentives by the Government for economic losses sustained by
the farmers in conserving

uneconomic but usefulbreeds.

India

has agreed to participate

in thefirst report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources, an initiative taken by FAO and acountry report on status of AnGR is being prepared. The country report would clearly bring out
the present

usage of AnGR, theireconomics,

futurepossibleuse, institutional

strengths

andresearch and developmental priorities
relating to management of AnGR including building capacity
and human resource. Some of the issues that merit immediate consideration
are as follows:
Evaluation of AnGR and Preparationof Country Report

Information on some of the breeds has been generated and a database developed including
identifying
factors threatening
their status in the breeding
tract The need is to generate
informationon the remaining

breedson priority

in a given time frame.

in the shortest

possible

A number of variants of a given breed have been reported

time, identify

changingof breeds

production

for differences
if any usingof new breeds is being set

in their native environment is being taken up to assess their strength

environment

The model populationthemover time. These though phenotypicallydifferent
may be geneticallyalike. Such genotypes are being screened
DNA fingerprinting.
A task force to develop parameters for accreditation
up. Valuation

gaps and addressin thesize needed for in situ and ex situ (semen,

embryo) conservationof breeds in Indian context is being worked out National policy for
management of animal genetic resources with clear aims and objectives
based on analysis of
livestock

population

and resources,

breeding

and healthstatus,availabilityof feeds,

production

systems and present and future market demands has been developed and is being discussed withvarious stake holders. It is generally held that warning signals on the loss of bio-diversity
emanatewhen considerable
the patterndamage has alreadyof FAO, based on reports

Many of the native breeds
resistance,

adaptability,

hardinesstaken place.

To avoid this situation,of surveys/studies

is being publishedare said to have advantages
and survival

and updatedof fast growth, high prolificacy,

under low inputs.

-30-

a country watch list on

These qualities

diseasehave not beengeneticallydemonstrated.

The focus of research

adaptability,

diseaseresistancefor higher

livestockproductivity.

and fertility

now is to identify

in indigenous

breedsgenes

population,
regulations
trainedstrengthened.

Training

record the required

parameters

Legal Framework, IPR and Sharing
The legal measures relating
Appropriate
legal instruments
conservation,

trade

restrictive.

breed descriptors.

in agriculturalofand healthadequately
A course on

schools.

of Benefits

to conservation of animal genetic resources are grossly inadequate.
are being worked out to cover all aspects of breed utilization,and marketing.

mandates and operation
the new WTO structurelongcourses on surveys, estimation

for developing

awareness and management of AnGR is being introduced

genetic

characterization,

semen sampling, embryo collection,
establishmentof live gene banks
are being organized.
Scientific and technicalmanpower is also being

to correctly

growth,so that these could be exploited

HumanResource Development and Capacity building
Humanresource to address research priorities
in the area of genetic
term in-vitro storage and revival is being

for fast

It would be necessary

to have a legal frame to regulateof livestock farms and declare some of them as National Gene Banks. In
and IPR regime, access to genetic resources and its transfer is becoming

The ban on export of genetic
resources is not denied.

resources has to be considered

Similarly,

the possible

in a manner that access toaccess to technology

has to be examined sothat access to new technology is not denied. The AnGR are owned by communities and farmers
and hence the issues and mechanisms relating to sharing of benefits from AnGR and traditional
knowledge

also need to be addressed.

Awareness of AnGR
Mass awareness programs about the present

and future use of AnGR for food security

needfull government support

Educational

media

and internet should
animal bio-diversity
shouldand people's

participation.

be the corner stone of this campaign. Farmers who are the real custodian ofmust be involved in the campaign. Breed societies,
trusts and herd books

be supported

technicallyand financially.

Farm womenplay a major role

management and product utilizationof livestock. They can greatly
resources and should, therefore, be involved in decision making.
It is a matterand mass media, electronicof common knowledge that information

help in conservation

on AnGR currently

availablein feeding,of livestock

is scanty,

scattered and needs consolidationand documentation.
In this context, publicationof monographson native breeds assumes considerable
significance.
This activity can also generate global interest
in some unique breeds
resources

and promote theirhas been introduced

market value.

on the pattern

Countryof animal genetic

FAO.

-3

newsletter

resource

on animal genetic

information

bulletinofReferences
Acharya,

R.M. 1982.

Sheep and Goat breeds in India.

and Health Paper No. 30)
Bhat, P.N. and Taneja, V.K. 1987. Genetics
5 (Animal
Bhat,

Genetic

Resource

P.N. and Taneja,
approaches. Indianand Breedingof River Buffalo. IVRI ResearchGroup) , IVRI, Izatnagar,

V.K. 1996. Current

South and South-East

Asia.

development

Sahni,

Krishi

Bhawan, New Delhi

VInternational

V.K. 1998. Buffalo

breeding

Special Issue)
Taneja, V.K. 1999.

713-719.
Cattle Breeding

Breeding

for

Strategies

research

Goat Conference:
Indianin India.

The Indianin India.

AnimalJournalProceedings

Production(Ed.)

Taneja,genetic

Round Table on Small
Council

V.K. IndianCouncilofAnimalof Agriculturalof Agriucltural

Sciencesin
67 (8 -

Workshop on Developing

Environments

September, 1999, pp 445-454. ICAR Technical Series No. 3.
Taneja, V.K., Nagarshankar,
R and Bhat, P.N. 2002. Cattle and Buffalo
Animal Husbandry.

andof double-humped
camel (Camelus bactrianus)
Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner, India.

Programmes

Lower Input

Issuespp.394.

M.S. 2001. Evaluationand conservation
cold desert region. Final Report
National

Taneja,No.

in management of small ruminant

Ruminant Animal Genetic Resources, Beijing.
Nivsarkar, A.E., Gupta, S.C. and Gupta, Neelam. 1997. Yak Production.
Research,

Bulletin

pp.1-62.

V.K. 1998. Sustainable
animal production
systems in India:
Journal of Animal Sciences, 67 (8-Special
Issue)
701-712.

Khan, B.U. and Taneja,
resources;

Rome FAO 1982. 190p (FAO Animal Production

Bella,

Italy.

22-25,

Breeding.

Handbookof

Research,

New Delhi

pp.

1-43.

Taneja, V.K.and Nivsarkar, A.E. 1998. Evaluation and characterizationof Animal Genetic Resourcesin India - A network approach. Proceedings of 3rd Regional Training Workshop on "Conservation ofDomestic Diversity
Taneja, V.K. and Sahai,
Report Proceedings,

and TVNational

Coordinators'

Meeting.

FAO, Bangkok.

R. 1995. Conservationof Animal Genetic Resources in India - A Country
First National Coordinators Meeting. FAO, Bangkok, pp.51-85.

-32-

Present Situationof Animal Genetic Resources in Vietnam

Le Thi THUY and Nguyen Dang VHANG
National Instituteof Animal Husbandry, Vietnam

Key words: Vietnamese

Animal Diversity

and Conservation,

Genetic

Resources,

Sustainable

use

A. Introduction
Vietnam is situatedin the North,in the South-Eastern

Asia Vietnam is in Southeast

Asia, borderwith China

Laos and Cambodia in the West, looks out on the Pacific Ocean. Vietnam is one of

the highest population
density of Agriculturalcountry in the world. The population
millions going at a rate 2.2% per year and has a mean density of 220 people per km2
Being not big in territory,
countries

in the world richestsocio-cultural
Naturalreason.
conditions

having a superficiesof over 330,000

in genetic

This wealth is brought

Vietnam stretches

varies and differs distinctly
zone, but has cold winterabout by the natural

andfrom 8•‹30' to 23•‹30! N, so the climate

areas are of temperateand complex, mountains are of three
the Central

over 15 latitudes,

km2, but Vietnam is one of 15

from the North to the South. North Vietnam is located in the tropicaldue to monsoon influence, the climate, as a result, has sub-tropicalfeature while the high mountainous
the north,resources.

of about 78

Highlandfourths

is pretty

character.

of the territory

flat and the fertile

Vietnam topography

superficies,
plainsis variedwith steep mountains inin the Northand the South. The

variety in climate and geography is the main cause to the variety in agro-forestry
biodiversityinVietnam. Vietnam is situated on the Indochina peninsular, the conjunction of the China and India
continents,

so possesses

a lot of speciesof plant and fauna on these two great continents.

is on the conjunctionof the Pacific and the Indian Oceans, thus in its development history,
deal of plant and fauna species from other continents have immigrated to Vietnam by sea.
Socio-cultural
particulardifferent
remarkableconditions

Vietnam is a multi-ethnic

country,of 54 different

Vietnama greatethnicities.

The

taming process of plants and animals and the habits of farming, utilizing
products
ethnicities
are the important causes to the abundance in agro-forestry
biodiversity,
noticeis the diverse

ethno-botanyknowledge.

Vietnam is acknowledgedofof

as a countryof early developed agricultural
civilization,
which is another cause to the agro-forestry
diversity.
During the past 10 years, owing to government's renovation guideline
started from thechanges of agricultural
been developing

policiesin the early 1980s,

Vietnam's

agriculturalat rapid rate. It has also been the source supplying

and rural economy has

foodstuff

to society,materials

and markets to many industries.
This process has been developing in two directions:either more
prosperous or erosion. Thank to agriculturaldevelopment and cultural exchange, animal genetic-33-

resources have got more diversified.
into Vietnam. Many of the local
performance,

food

conversion

Numerous commercial animal breeds have been introduced
breedsare facing extinction
or endanger because theirefficiency

or lean meat percent

are much lower than thatimported breeds and Vietnamese producers are therefore unwilling
The purpose of this paper is to appreciate the present situation
theirconservation,utilization,

to give remaining

management animal genetic

resources

problems,

to keep them.
of animal genetic

generaldirectionsofresource andand solutions

forin the coming years.

B. Present situationof Animal Genetic Resources

Vietnam fauna is known of 275 species and sub-speciesof birds, 260 species of reptiles, 32 species of amphibious,of animals, 1,026 species and sub-species
500 fresh water fishes, about 2,000 sea

water fishes, and dozens of thousands of non-spine fauna. Endemic Vietnamese fauna are numerous,
includingdozens of mammals, 10 species of birds, 60 fishes, etc. Since 1992, Vietnam has discovered
five more species
vuquangnesis,of mammals unrecorded

Pseudonovilos

spirahs,

before,namely Pseudoryx nghetinhensis,

Canimientiacus

truongsonesis

Meganumtiacus

and Muntiacus piliatensis

Vietnam is considered
as one of the world ancient animal domestication
area. The husbandry
animals here include 12 species, namely Sus scrofa dom, Bos taurus, Carpa hircus, Ovis anes, Cervus
nippon,Cervus unicolor,

Oryctolgus

cuniculus,

Gallus domesticus, Anas platyrhynchos,Anser anser dom and Columba livia dom.
In total, 60 species of local animal speciesof 0.098

spec/km2

of 1.520 spec/km2,

They generally

maintaina highto thecharacteristics
provide usefulto the living environment (harsh and special ecologicalcondition),
which mayor potentially
useful genes or combinations of gene for future needs. For example,

and early maturity,

densitymoschata,

one compared

prolificallyworld

are found with the density

Cairinaheat tolerance,

diseaseresistant,flavor meat

So far more than 100 races of different

breedanimals

have been introduced

adaptable

to the natural

conditions

1. Roles of Animal genetic
At present,

indigenous

and making great contribution

resource in food security

breedsplay an important

1. 1. Poverty Alleviation* Income earning: Sale of animals and products
in ruralto Vietnam's(meat, milk, egg, manure, etc.)

animals for draft power, transport, and manure for maintaining soil fertility.
fighting cock, fighting bull, fancy chickens and birds. Part of agro-tourism
expenses:

Minimum use of chemicalin purchase of tractor and farm implements.
* Socio-economic benefits: Offer productive
poultry

and goat due to it links

fertilizer

animal husbandry.
in Vietnam

socio-economic

areas and from that has come more income for the farmers.

* Reducing

into Vietnam,

and poverty alleviationrole for country's

in crop production.

adapting

development

Create many jobs

Crop productionusing

Prize animals such as
such as elephant, etc.
No large investment

Little use of petroleum for farm production.
role for women, children, and the elderly e.g. in pig,with work in the home. Use of animals in traditional-34-

ceremonies

e.g. use of chickenfighting

for ancestralcock, fighting

worship.

Use of animals

in sports,shows or recreationsuch asbull, Socio-economic

status. Loan collateral

Otheruses such as for dowry or

1.2. Food Sec00urity* Major component in crop production

e.g. rice production

for family consumption:

inheritance.

animals power for land preparationand transportation.
of crop residues to produce more foods from animals.

Animals manure for fertilizer.

Draft

Utilization* Increase steady food supplies on family farm e.g. Backyard chickens provide daily meat andeggs: Duck raising provides eggs and meat Goats and dairy cows provide meat and milk. Preserved
meat and traditionally* Provision

processed

animal products

such as saltedof family food assurance in case of crop failure

flood, drought, crop pests or diseases
Sale of animals to buy rice or other foods.
(paddy,cassava, sweet potato

duck eggs, dry beef, pork rind.
due to natural

Our farmers do not usuallyetc. ) to the market but use the surplus

hazards such as
send crops directly

crops as animal feed to

produce animal product to gain more money. The different expenses of life: food (a part), clothes,educational
fee for children,
medicine, weddings, funerals,
almost all of them come from theincome from animal husbandry.
2. Livestock production
This occupies 20% of agriculturalannual increaseof the populations

output value. The importancecan be seen from following

Table 1 LivestockY e arB u ffa lo

population

production

and thetable

in Vietnam from 1990-2001

C attleT o talof livestock

P ig

C h ic k en

W ate r fow l

G oat(to n )

(1000 h ead s)(10 0 0 h e ads)(100 0 h e ad s)(10 00 h e ad s)

M ilk(10 0 0 h e ad s) (1 0 0 0 h e ad s)
1990

2 ,8 5 4 .1

3 ,11 6 .9

l l,00 0

1 2 ,2 6 0

8 0 ,18 4

2 3 ,6 3 6

3 7 2 .3

1992

2 ,8 8 6 .5

3 ,2 0 1 .8

13 ,0 80

1 3 ,8 9 1

9 9 ,6 2 7

3 2 ,0 4 1

3 1 2 .2

1994

2 ,9 7 7 .3

3 ,4 6 6 .8

16 ,5 0 0

1 5 ,5 8 7

9 9 ,6 2 7

3 2 ,0 4 1

4 2 7 .8

1996

2 ,9 5 3 .9

3 ,8 0 0 .3

2 2 ,5 6 3

1 6 ,9 2 1

1 1 2 ,7 8 8

3 8 ,6 1 7

5 1 2 .8

1998

2 ,9 5 1.4

3 ,9 8 7 .3

2 6 ,6 4 5

1 8 ,13 2

1 2 6 ,3 6 1

4 1,5 2 9

5 14 .3

1999

2 ,9 5 5 .7

4 ,0 6 3 .5

2 9 ,4 0 1

1 8 ,8 8 6

1 3 5 ,7 6 0

4 3 ,56 3

5 1 6 .0

2000

2 ,8 9 7 .2

4 ,12 7 .9

3 4 ,9 8 2

2 0 ,19 4

1 4 7 ,0 5 0

5 0 ,9 9 6

5 4 3 .9

2001

2 ,8 19 .4

3 ,8 9 6 .0

4 1 ,2 4 1

2 1 ,7 4 1

1 5 8 ,0 3 7

5 7 ,9 73

5 6 9 .4

National

Statistical

Sources 2002

With the development of economy, intensification
is increasingly
developed
to meet thedemands of higher living standards of growing population. To do this well, agriculture
and rural
economy has not only to achieve
qualityof products,

efficiency

highgrowth but also to develop

and competitiveness.

-35

sustainably,

to enhance theTable 2. Perspectiveof livestock

B re e dpopulationof periodof 2000-2001-2005

and 2010

U n it

2000

2001

2005

2 0 10

10 0 0 h e ad s

1 9 ,5 0 0

2 0 ,0 0 0

2 4 ,0 0 0

3 0 ,0 0 0

P o u ltr y

10 0 0 h ea d s

1 9 7 ,0 0 0

2 2 0 ,0 0 0

2 9 7 ,0 0 0

3 5 0 ,0 0 0

C a ttle

10 0 0 h ea d s

4 ,1 4 6

4 ,2 2 0

4 ,2 0 0

4 ,6 0 0

I n w h ic h D a ir y

10 0 0 h ea d s

32

33

100

200

B u ffa lo

10 0 0 h e ad s

2 ,9 5 0

2 ,9 6 0

3 ,0 0 0

3 ,0 0 0

G oat

10 0 0 h ea d s

500

530

650

800

B ee

10 0 0 h er d s

300

340

500

800

S ilk w o r m

1 0 0 0 little

420

450

850

1 ,2 0 0

production.

It is estimatedSources

Extension Dept-MARD 2002.

3. Review of animal genetic

resourcesin Vietnam

3. 1. Pig genetic resources.
In Vietnam Pig is the most importantin livestock

74% of total meatproduction.
There are 20 pig breeds currently
exist in Vietnam in which 14 breeds are native
breeds. They are: Black I, Rough I , Mong cai, Ba Xuyen, Thuoc nhieu, Meo, Soc, Muong Khuong,
Mini, SonVi, Ban, Lang hong, Co, H'mong pig breeds.
breeds are: Landrace, Yorkshire,
3.2. Cattle genetic resources:
Yellow Cattle,

Main of native breeds

Duroc, Pietrain,
Hampshire, Berkshire.
5 in 21 breeds are native cattle.

U dau riu, H'mong, Phu Yen, Thanh hoa, Nghe An, Ba Ria, Coc, Laisind

most of them is Yellow cattle.
Sahiwall,Hereford,
Simmental,
Brahma, Brown Swiss, Charolais,
meat, exotic are raised

Exoticcattlebreedsincludes:Limousine, Crimousine,
Drought master, Jersey

breed

Red Shind,

had crossed

genetic

Frisian,Ongole,Santa Gertrudis,
Red Brahman, Grey
cattle. Native breeds are raised for draft,meat
IndianMurrah Buffalo.

The Vietnam

with Murrah for milk.

3.4. Horse genetic resources. They are kept as pack and riding
White, Grey horse and Russian Carbading horse.
3.5. Chicken

Holsteincattle,for milk and meat

3.3. Buffalo genetic resources:
They are kept for draft,
Small Buffalo (Re buffalo),
Big buffalo(Ngo buffalo),buffalois Mong cai Exotic

animalsthat include:

Vietnamresources.

There are 16 native breeds:

They are Ri, Te, Mia, Ho, Dong Tao, Tau Vang, Ac, Oke, H'mong

Brown, H'mong White, H'Mong Black, Van Phu, Tre, Choi, Lun, Rhode Ri. About 85% of nativechicken is Ri chicken All native chickens are reared in scavenging backyard system with housewaste in the rural areas. They are characterized
broiler

breeds.
13 Exotic

breedswere introduced

Jiangcun,

Kabir, Luong Phuong, Egyptian,Goldline,

Sao Chicken.

by broodiness.

to Vietnam

The exotic chickens

Hungariin recentGolden,Their meat is said to be tastieryears:

Leghorn,

are use for improving

-36-

than

Tarn hoang 882, Tarn hoang
Rhode Island,

native chicken

New Hampshire,by crossbreedingschemes.
3.6. Duck genetic resources.
There are 5 native duck breeds

and 3 exotic breeds

in Vietnam but most of them are "Co"duck (it occupies 78-80% of duck breeds)
All of them are raised for egg and meat Bau quy, Bauben, Co, Ki Lau, Hoa ducks. Exotic are: Cherry Valley, Khaki Campbell, Pekin ducks.
3.7. Muscovy duck genetic resources.
There are three native Muscovy duck breeds in
Vietnam. They are called according to their feather color: Namely "Re" (white color) , "Trau" (blackcolor)and "Sen" (mixed

white

and blackcolor)

FrenchMuscovy: R31, R51, R71, and Frenchweighty Muscovy ducks. They are raised for meat
3.8. Goose genetic resources: Two of them are native. De, Co geese and three
exotic:Lion, German Rheinland,of them are

French Landest geese. They are kept for meat, and liver.

3.9. Goat genetic resources. There are "Co" goat (grass goat) with different
color, white, black,gray and mixed black and white, and Bach Thao goat They are raised for meat Three of exotic areused for milking:
3.10.

Barbary,

Rabbitgenetic

Jamnapari,

resources:

Beatle goats.
Vietnam Blackand Grey rabbit

breedsand New Zealand,

California
Rabbit breeds. They are raised for meat
3.11. Sheep genetic resources. The Phan rang sheep breed

is the only sheep that survived

Vietnam. The wool is white. They belong to meat type.
3.12. Sika deer genetic resources. Sika deer is in extinct

in the wild in Vietnam,

10.000described.

heads

are kept in the central

Northpart of Vietnam. The biologicalcharacterinbut about
has been

They are kept for velvet and meat

3. 13. Sambar deer genetic resources. They are kept for meat and velvet
3.14. Pigeon genetic resources. They are kept for meat There is only one native Pigeon breed
and two exotic:

French Titan and French Mimass pigeon.

3. 15. Ostrich

genetic

resources.

are African and Australian ostrich.
3. 16. Turkey genetic resources.
black Turkey.
3.17. Crocodile

genetic

They are were imported

to Vietnam for meat production.

There

They are kept for meat Vietnam Turkey and French white andresources.

They are kept for meat and skin: Vietnam

Crocodileandto the conservationof

Cuba Crocodile.
4. Animal genetic conservation program
The Vietnam Government and scientists
animal genetic
diversity

resources

have appliedmuch effort

since 1989 and the action plan for sustainable

conservationof biologicalof production

sustainability

was also established.

4. 1. Objectives
conservation program
The conservation duty focuses on protection
in animal

raising;and strengthening

and minimizationof risks

maintenanceanimal husbandry;

maintenance of gene pool to meet the demand for breeding-37-

of gene pool to create

new breeds

for

new animal races inthe future.
prevent

The main issues
races extinction;

are rehabilitate

and maintainanimal races that are in extinction

improveconservationin native

in-situareas,

promoterisk,

conservation

through use; maintain in-vitro genetic materials of speciallynecessary races to avoid inbreedingwhen the herd in maintaining
is too small, and to provide genetic materials for direct use breeding
newraces as below:* To survey for collecting
informative
data on physiology,
genetic and economic relatedcharacterizationof native breeds. Developing
alternative
stocks with characteristics
breedsfor meetinga wide variety of market production* To help farmers to in-situ
really endangered.
* To establish
systematicconservation,

establish

ex-situ conservation

traits forof native

condition.

small farms for conservation

for genetic

materials:

the species

thatsemen, embryos, somatic cells

and DNA samples.
* To step by step using bio-techniques
to analysis animal genetic resources for identifying:
The genetic relations within and between breeds for animal classification
Economic important

traitsand unique traits

for today and future use.

* To census, survey existing breeds, exploit unknown breeds* Internal and external information exchange.
4.2. Achievements
4.2.1 Rescued some breeds
livestock

breedswere threatened

are given in protection

4.4.2. Some breeds had been recoveredof extinction

chicken,breedsinformationsuch as: I pig, Ho chicken

systemand 20 othernetwork.
and developed

Mong cai pig, Ac chicken, Bach Thao goat
4.2.3. Creating new products having both highbetween exotic and indigenous

for establishment

to supply

productivity

market demand: Phan rang sheep,and high

qualityby crossbreeding(for example, Dong Tao x Tam Hoang chicken,

Mia x Kabir

Co x Bau duck, Mong cai x Landrace pig. )4.2.4. New genetic resources have been found by surveys:
H'mong chicken, Hoa duck.
4.2.5. A data base for breeds

in Vietnam following

4.2.6. It has been built - Conservation
National conservation policies
Data base for breeds
4.2.7. A conservation

FAO standard

cattle,H'Mong cattle,

Mini pig,

and has been built

network whole country

in Vietnam following

farm at NIAH has built

breeds.
4.2.8. Ex-situ conservation

Udauriu

FAO standard.
for ex-situ live conservation

system has been establishedfor conservation:and keeping

endangered

semen, oocytes, embryos,

somatic cells. The genomic DNA samples and somatic cells of 32 native animal and poultry breeds
were preserved. Animal Molecular Genetic Lab. for genetic study has been establishedand started
studying

on DNA polymorphisms.

4.2.9. Published

WEB site and two books on animal conservation.

-38-

5, About conservationof wildlife

gene sources

Wildlife
has been rapidly draining out, and many species have become extinct due to illegal
hunting and trading. This leads to the mission of wildlife gene sources conservation executed by
the Forest

Control

Department

conserved,

at National

under MARD, starting

Parks,NaturalConservationin 1997. Wildlife

is protected,

Areas, and Specific

Forests.

conservation in combination with scientific research and tourism development
investment in two big zoos in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
At present,

Vietnam has three Programs on Wildlife

maximus, Trachypithecus

sp. and Phanthera

Conservation

is invaluable

Wildlife

ex-situ

has drawn moreof Top Importance:

Elephastigns conservation.

C. Approaches to conservation and exploitation,
sustainable
genetic resources in Vietnam in the period of 2001-2010
Animal diversity

i.e. in-situ

treasure

for agriculturalutilization

developmentof animal

particularly

and socio-

economic development generally. Today, for sustainable
development, among natural resources, itis necessary to highly value animal genetic resources as much as land resources and water resources
Contradicts

often appear between conservationand development

An overlook of diversity

situation

in some developed countries:
unawareness of solution to such contradicts
and abiding marketoriented benefits have resulted in deteriorated
animal biodiversity
to the extent unrecoverable.
Vietnam has taken such lessons

and promoted advanced technologies

revolution to effectively
conserve its own biologicaleconomic goals and share the world benefits.
Genetic resources
if they

are properly

are those of reproduced
exploited.

Therefore,

resourcesof the present

technologicalin order to serve the nationalsocio-

ones, which can be made more diverse and richer
in the long term, to minimize

contradicts

betweenconservation and exploitationof animal diversity, Vietnam highly respects approaches of conservation
through use so as to ensure sustainable
exploitationof his own. For genetic resources, conservation
usuallyincludespreservation

particularapproaches

1. Social

Approaches

or maintenance,are presented

characterization,

evaluation

and utilization.

Some

as follows:

The measures in details are below:* Raising community awareness of position

and importance of animal

biodiversity.

This can be done by means of
Promoting constant propaganda

on mass media,

The conservation
agriculturaldevelopment

should be placed within the framework of a measure towards sustainable
and food security. Conservationof animal diversity
must become acommonissue attracting

relevant

in particularand socio-economic

attention

when working out policies

developmentin general

localities.

-39-

for agriculturalat all levels

developmentfrom the central

to theContents of agro-forestry
programs at different

biodiversity

levels,from generalagriculture
and biology
Linking animal biodiversity

conservationconservation
secondaryshouldeducation

to nationalbe introduced
to university

cultureto educationalin the facilitiesofconservation

National cultural diversity
is a major cause to the animal diversity, which is most obvious inmountainous areas. Therefore, to effectively
conserve biodiversity,
it is necessary to link it to theculturalconservation.

preserving

traditional

This is suitable

to the current

cultures.

contents

Practical

directionof conservation

relevant policies and measures can be worked out
Defining proper economic mechanism and regulationof Vietnam in rehabilitating

andshouldso as

be made in details

for agro- forestry biodiversity

conservation

Market-oriented
economy is the main factor to decrease animal diversity.
It is normallyperceived that diversity
is linked to backward. But it is perceived
by all that this biodiversity
decreasing

and draining

preserve

animal genetic

has caused instability
resourcesin development

and animal husbandry

process and progresssystems, animal products

making. To
must possess

economic significance. In detail, outlets for these products must be found. Variety of foods is the
major factor to reinforce health and alleviate diseases. Cut down on food stuffs means dependence
on actual

conditions

and is human habit

foodstuffs,

food from fauna to create

ratheroutlets

than interests.

for products

Therefore,

is feasible,

economic mechanism for animal biodiversity
conservation.
Developing and perfecting legal documents on agro- forestry

warningwhich

of varied

is to seek relevant

biodiversity

conservation

Presently,
Vietnam Government issued Decree 07-CP and Decree 08-CP in 1996 on
Management of Crop Varieties and Animal Husbandry Races, Decision 845/ TTg in 1995 passed byPrime Ministeragro-forestry

on Actions for Biodiversity.
biodiversity

conservation

These are most importantin generaland animal diversity

documents related
in particular

to thein Vietnam.

However, many detailed regulations
are needed to bring conservation to order. Defining agroforestry biodiversity
conservationis the task controlled
by the Government, requiring relevant
investment

policies.

Vietnam is inclined

overlapping

assignments

to improve management, decrease

to promote investment

efficiency.

2. Technical Approaches* Scientific training program relevant to the sciencevariation between breeds having different
locationstraitsmedium agents, avoid

and technology in identification
as well as economic importantof genetic
and unique

for today and future use.

* Establishment
Developing

and enhancing
the Nationalof facilities

for cryo-preservation

Animal Genebank, special

concentration

for molecular genetic research.
* Enhancing of conservation
network from officials
resources

information

the loss of domestic

diversity.

40

genetic

materials.

to equip the modern laboratory

to grassroots.

system whole the country for surveying

animals as well as reducingof animal

Improvingand monitoringof thegenetic

population

size of* Transforming

market potential

breeding programs. Diversity
realize conservation
through

breedsin to production

by politicalsupports

for long-term

gene pool in animal production is the most important measure touse of genetic resources. This work is to promote sustainabilityofproduction
productionand efficiency in agriculturalneeds to be made throughagriculture

extension* Publishing

Domestic Animal Diversity

environmental
protection.
detailedagro-promotion

Diversifying
gene pool in
missionsin the national

policy.
Information

System (DADIS)

on Internet

standardized

by FAO.

Reference
1.

L.V.Ly (2001)
On the results of livestock
Proceeding of the National and planning

2

L.T.Thuy (1999) Animal genetic resources - conservation and use in Vietnam 1998-1999
Proceeding of the 6th workshop on animal genetic Resources in Asia. FAO, Bangkok, pp 46-49

3.

L.T.Thuy, L.V.Ly, N.D.Vang Animal

genetic

resources

and theirconservation

Proceedingon conservationof domestic

animal genetic

4.

in the 5th Global

Brasilia, Brazil,
L.T.Thuy (2001)

conference

genetic conservationin Vietnam from 1990 to 2001.
workshop on Biodiversity.
Hanoi, Vietnam.

20-24 November, 2000.
Vietnam Animal Genetic Resources conservationand potential
activities
Proceedingof the workshop
genetic resources for improving human liveryhoods
November, 2001
5. Annual report on animal genetic
6.

conservation

Science Technology and Environment
D.T.Liem (2001)
Biodiversity
approachin Vietnam.

and Utilization-futureplanedSustainable
management of animalin Asia, IRRI, The Philippine,
7-9

in Vietnam from 1990 to 2001,

in Poultry

resources,

breeding

in Vietnam Agricultural

Ministryforpublishinghouse. Hanoi Vietnam.
7.

B.B.Bong and L. N.Trinh.

8.

of Agro-forestry biodiversity
in Vietnam.
Conservation
Results of Agrobiological
Rural and Development(2001)

Approaches

Agriculture

on conservation,

National report on biodiversity
resources of Vietnam (2002)
publishinguseconservation,
2001
Ministryof Agricultureof mammal in a mountainous

have any collaboration
with such wildlife
researchers?
minorities.
Do you have programs to support minorities
by such minority

and sustainable

2002

Furukawa: Recently, your country found a new species

husbanded

exploitation

area. Do you

You have some breeds kept solely by
for the in situ conservationof breeds

groups?

Thuy: We have discovered five new species since 1992. At the moment, we only work for thenational purpose, but are promoting a research program from 2003 or 2004. It is just a proposal to
the government

If our research

We have found minority

proposal
breedsis accepted,
in mountain-41-

we will start researchfrom next year.

areas. In situ conservation

in some areas,

including

nativepig breeds,

providedannually for all species.

is supportedby the Vietnamese

government

and US$60,000isPresent Situationof Animal Genetic Resources in JapanMINEZAWA, Mitsuru

Animal Genetic Resources Laboratory
Genebank, National

Instituteof Agrobiological

1-2-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki

Sciences

305-8602,

Japan

Japan is located between longitudes
123•‹ and 149•‹ east and latitudes
Situated in East Asia, the country is made up of a group of islands surrounded24•‹ and 46•‹ north.
by the Pacific Ocean

to the east and the Japan Sea to the west, extending far longer in the south-north direction
the east-west direction.
It has a natural land area of 378,000 km2 The climate differs
between the southernand northern

regions;othersRice croppingis mainstream

are subtropicalsome regions

cultivation
varies from region to region.
Agricultural
production in Japan is valued
by field husbandry.

in Japanese

at 9.12 trillion

That is to say, 26.9% (2.45

trillion

belongyen)

to the subarctic

agriculture

population

totals13.46

involved

in livestock

farming

million

1. The historical
The history
extremely

the form ofyen, 72.3% of which is accounted

forof the value of total

productionis(25.5%)(2000)Of these,thepeoplewith 3.12

millionaccount for 160,000

dwellings.

Agricultural

10.6% of the population
and 6.6% of all dwellings,
account for 5% of these figures, which is equivalentzone while

thoughgenerated by livestock farming, which exceeds the figure for rice production
The populationof Japan is 127 million, with 47.06 million dwellings
farming

than ingreatlydwellings,

whilehouseholds

while households
involved
to 0.7% of the total national

households
account forin livestock
figure.

features influencing animal production in Japanof the raising of domestic animals for practicalfood production

farmingin Japanisshort compared to that of Europe.

Domestic animals, such as pig, cattle

and chicken

had been introducedin late Jomon Era (-BC500) to Yayoi Era (BC500-AD300)
However, government banned slaughteringof animals, such as
cattle, horse and chicken, during the period from 650 to 750, because Buddhism had been
introduced
peopleand prohibitedof the period.

the eating

After the prohibitory

Main purpose of animals breedingas horse and manure production
Meiji

of meats. Those forbiddances
edict,

suggestedmeat were eaten by

the use of meat and milk became less common.

was for transportationof goods, farming, or military power suchand utilizationof animal products had not become popular untilera (1868-1912)

In regions south of Kyushu, however particularly
in Okinawa, pigs and goats have been bred
for food for centuries even before Meiji era. Okinawa, on which Japan's feudal government in Edo
era had little

influence,

has used pigs for rituals

and goats for special-43-

events for food.

A culturepeculiar

to Okinawa has evolved through

Hokkaido,

huntingprovidedthese customs and rituals.

From the Tohoku region tosome animal meat for food.

Though meat has been consumed in central part of Japan only for about 130 years, which was
the beginning of the Meiji era, it has only reached widespread
popularity
in the last 40 years.
Therefore,

Japanese

livestock

breedswere not subject

meat production before the mid 1950's.
While the necessity for draft animalsof smallholder

to improvement techniques

become lower by prevalence

where small numbers of livestock

for milk

of farm machinery,andthe agewere reared for farm work was terminated.

The demand to animal products increased along with a rapid growth of Japanese economy, andlegislation,such as Law for Improvement and Increased Production of Livestock and Agricultural
Basic Law, the measure and the basis of a lending

facility

basedon it, consistently

promotedscale

expansion of farm.
2. Assessing the state of conservation of domestic animal diversity of Japan
Breeds covered in livestock-related
statistics
and other native species and populations include:
9 beef cattle breeds, 7 dairy cow breeds; 12 pig breeds (including
wild boars and counting Kagoshima
Black

Pig

and Berkshire

separately),

2 sheep breeds;

one breed of rabbit,

populations;

12 horse

breedsand populations;

3 goats

breeds(Table1-1)

and 6 other mammal species

and
There

are 38 chicken breeds and 6 other bird species, of which quail is the only animal species that has
been domesticatedin Japan (Table 1-2) Lots of species and breeds of livestock and poultry havebeen introduced

into Japan, but breeds

other than major breedsof cattle,

pigs and chickens

havedecreased in number and have not played an important role in animal production.
There are somebreeds included in the statistics
that cannot be said to have become well establishedin Japan, andtheir introduction
at this point would have to be regarded
2. 1 Present status of Japanese native breeds

as tentative.

Cattle: Since the Meiji era, exotic cattle breeds have been introduced and crossbreeding
betweenJapanese cattle and exotic breeds have been promoted in most regions nationwide.
As a result,
there are only two cattle populations
that escaped hybridization
with exotic breeds, Mishima Cattle,
which have survived in Mishima Island off the coast of Hagi city in Yamaguchi Prefecture andKuchinoshima
CattleCattlelivingon Kuchinoshimaother than the above-mentioned

the types of exotic

cattleintroducedof the Tokara

Islands

populations

were categorized

into the region;

Japanese

in Kagoshima
into 4 breeds

Black, Japanese

Shorthorn,and Japanese Polled were developed through crossbreeding.
Pigs: Before Japanese people began to eat pigs nationwide, a native pig called
existed in Kagoshima
has gained popularity

Prefecture.
dependingon

Brown, Japanese
Shima-buta

or Aguhand Okinawa. At present Black Pig (it is thought to be of Berkshire origin)as a special brand product in Kagoshima Prefecture. In the case of Aguh,almost all of native Aguh disappeared
War II and the donation
Given these circumstances,

due to ground fighting

in Okinawa at the end of the Worldand introductionof exotic breeds

having high productivity

the collection

and conservationof a few barely-44-

survivingafter the war.
individualshaving a shape similar

to the native Aguh was carried

100, and the F1 is now being marketedbusinesses
Chickens:out

As a result, the population

as a brand pig. Ohmini

is being

preserved

toby private

and the F1 of Ohmini is being marketed as a laboratory animal
The cutting off of Japan from outside contact in the Edo era (from 17th to the mid-19th

century) had a significant impact on the establishmentof the Japanesepets or cockfighting.
The Japanese Chicken as a chicken for practicalinfluenceincreasedof exotic

breedsintroducedin the Meiji

period.

Chicken as birds either foruse came about under the

Since the liberalizationof importsforbreeding chickens in 1960, native chickens for practical use have fallen into a disastrous condition.
Some native chickens are now being used to breed brand chickens.
Brand chickens using
native chickens

are referred

to as Jidori

Japaneseold style native),a name that helps

consumers

to differentiate
this chicken from the others on offer. Chickens permitted to use the Jidori label are
limited to chickens containing at least 50% of the blood of 41 native breeds designatedby the Japan
Chicken

Association(38 native

breedsaccording

to JAS)

The major nativechickenbreedsincludingHinaidori,these Japanese old-style natives are Rhode Island Red (44.8%), Nagoya (3.8%), Shamo,
Barred Plymouth Rock, and Satsumadori
These 6 breeds account for 58% of all native

breeds.
Horses: After World War II, farm horses that had been actively

raisedtill then and native horses

used for conveyance lost their roles, resulting in a corresponding
decline in their numbers. In spiteof this, 8 native populations
comprising Hokkaido Horse, Kiso Horse, Noma Horse, Tsushima Horse,
MisakiHorse, Tokara Horse, Miyako Horse, and Yonaguni Horse are left and all are protectedconservation groups.
Goats: As native goats, there

are Tokara Goat and Shiba

been produced

crossbreedinglaboratory

by successive

animalin universities

Goat The Japanesewith a native goatand research

institutes.

Saanen breed has

The Shiba

Its presentbyGoat is bredstatusas ais 'endangered-maintained'
With regard to Tokara Goat, 35 purebred individuals
exist at Kagoshima University
and Hirakawa Zoo. Toshima village, the birthplaceof Tokara Goat, has opened a goat farm.
However, even here, there are only a few purebred

individuals.

is 'critical-maintained'
Quail: Quail are the only indigenousthat have been domesticatedare about 7.71 million

poultry

speciesquail being bred focusing

2.2 The state of conservation

The present

statusof Tokara Goatin Japan.

Thereon the use of eggs (2000)

offarm animal. Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry, and Fisheries Genebank Project
The MAFF genebank project started in 1985 as a nationwide network. From 2001, the National
Instituteof Agrobiologicalgenetic

resources

Sciences

both insideconservation of resources.
The conservation of livestock
Sciences,
Agricultural

has been the main body conducting

and outside

Japan,and poultry

along with implementing

is practiced

the center-bank,and independent
Research Organization,
the National

researchat the Nationaland collection

characterization

Instituteofandof Agrobiologicaladministrative
institutes
such as the National
Instituteof Livestock and Grassland Sciences, the-45-

National Institute of Animal Health, and the National Livestock Breeding Center, as sub-banks. The
center bank is involved with cryo-preservation,
mainly focusing on frozen semen. The sub-banks
are concentrating
Collection
establishedmore on maintaining

live

animals,

in combination

with cryo-preservation.

and conservation are being carried out focusing on breeds and strains
in Japan, and approximately
200 accessions have been conserved.

. Conservation
Nineteenthat have beenof animals
varieties

of livestock

and poultry

native to Japan have been designatedas naturalmonuments. All of these are chickens except for Mishima Cattle and the Misaki Horse. Of these,
only Onagadori in Tosa has been conserved as a special natural monument Moreover, financial
assistanceto support

measures for strain conservationand 14 chickens that are kept for researchconserve 8 native horse groups including

was provided

targetingthe Hokkaido

horsein three universities.
A liaison meeting for the project to
Misaki Horse hosted by the Japan Horse Council has

been held every year since 1977.
2.3 Techniques for reproductionused in domestic animal production
Artificial
insemination(AI): According to 2000 statistics,
the prevalence rate of AI is 99% and thefrozensemen is used in all the case of AI for 2.48millions

cows in total

the rate of artificial

insemination
for dairy cows is 99.4%, with frozen semen being used exclusively. For beef cattle thepercentage for AI is 97.8%, and again only frozen semen is used in this procedure. Contrast thiswith pig and horse, where the corresponding
Embryo transfer
corresponds

(ET):

the

to 2.5% of artificial

figures are less than 10%.

embryo transfer
insemination

was carriedof cattle

out for 62 thousands

includingJapanese

Black in which ET was

conducted the figure corresponding
to 6.3% of 740thouthands
AI.
Clone livestock (May, 2002):
Cattle, fertilized-ovum
clone, in 40 organizations,cell clone, 293 in 38; Pig somatic cell clone, in one organization,
one organization,
two animals are produced.
2.4 Characterizationof basic, economic, quantitative
For livestock

and poultry

production-related
traitspromoting characterization
among domestic

withinJapan,

from all the studiesof animal genetic

animal breeds

and populations

629 animals,

five animals;

and molecular

cows which

somatic

goat, somatic clone, in
genetic

data has been accumulated

traitson fundamental

andever conducted, while NIAS genebank project is also
resources held at the genebank. Genetic relationships
have been studied

by using molecular

information,polymorphism of protein, blood type, mitochondrial
DNA, and genomic DNA markers. Individual
identificationand parentage tests that have conventionallybeen conducted using blood groups andproteinpolymorphisms

polymorphisms.

is shifting

DNA diagnosis

after

a trialperiodto testsof inherited

diseaseis started

on 5 genes of cattle

the pig. Moreover genome research,fowls are also performed.

genetic

map and QTL analysis

3. The state of utilizationof farm animal genetic resources
Beef cattle: In 1999, the population,
excluding cattle for fattening,

-46-

using

microsatelliteDNA

and one gene ofon livestockand domestic-

totaled93% of which

669,000,

are JapaneseBlack.

With

regardto otherbreeds,Japanese

Brown constitutes

Shorthorn
production

1.2%, and other species constituteless than 1% in total
Cattle being
totaled 1.84 million head. Holstein
and its cross are also included

accountingfor 57.7% of the total

Japanese

4.8%, Japanesefattened for beef
in the statistics,

Black accounts for 39.8%.

Dairy cows: In 1999, Holstein totaled 1.73 million head, accounting for almost 100%, while thesecond most commonbreed was Jersey with only 9,202 head, and species other than Holsteintotaled

10,287

head, accounting

for less than 1%

Pigs: Although there is the high popularity
breed, the Kagoshima Kurobuta in Japan. In addition
to this breed, three way cross hybrids among Large White, Landrace, and Duroc, and partiallyamong Large White, Landrace and Berkshire
been produced
companies
Chickens:

utilizing

imported

For chicken

parental

hybridparental

imported

hybrids

stocksor commercial pigs, which havepigs imported

from foreign

meat production

using

producedaccounts for 89.4%.

Addingproduction,

stocks(in place of Duroc),

broilers

waste chickens

pig breedingfrom imported(9.0%)

to this figuretakes the percentage to 98.4%. For eggs, White Leghorn and other laying chicken breeds accountfor 7.21 million fowls, while native chickens and other breeding chickens for meat and eggs accountfor 340,000

fowls in total

4. Recent trends

breeds,of Japanrate of animal products

The percentage
of beef started

whichused mainly for meat)in animal production

4. 1 Self-sufficiency
Beef cattle:
liberalization(probably

accounted

of Japanese Black in beef cattle breeds is increased after the importin 1991 As a result, the proportionof Japanese Black among beef

for approximately

85% from around 1970 to 1991,

rose to 93% in 1999,

resultingin the sharp decrease in other breeds. In 2000, beef production
amounted to 3.64 million
tons and of which derived from breeds reared specificallyfor beef accounted for 1.67 million tons,
with national

self-sufficiency

Dairy cattle

breeds:for beef being 33.5%.

Domestic

milk production

imported volume in the form of dairy products
70% of which is cheese.
Pig:

Consumption

imported
Chicken:ton (67.6%)of pork produced

amounted to 8.41 million
amounting to 4.00 million

in Japan is currently

8.78 million

tons in 2000,

with thetons on a fresh milk basis,
tons and consumptionof thepork amounts to 6.51 million tons, with a 57.4% rate of self-sufficiency.
Domestic production and self-sufficiency
rate of chicken and egg in 2000 were 1,195,000
and 2,540,000

4.2 Analyzington (95.5%),

respectively.

future demands and trends

The consumption of livestockof the EU. However, the Japanese

products in Japan is one-third lower than the USA, and half thatpeople eat a lot of fish and shellfish,
so the intake of animal foodcompares favorably

western countries.

with developed

In terms of the demand for livestockincrease,products,

but fresh milk, meat and eggs are unlikely-47-

dairy products
to increasesuch as cheese are expected
due to a levelingoff or downward

totrend in the population.
However, in terms of quality and in response consumer needs, there are
increasing
efforts to expand production and consumption through product differentiation.
The
trend among consumers is to purchasethan justfocusing

on the price.

fresh,

safe, palpableand healthy

livestock

Accordingly,

livestockproducers

are endeavoring

consumers' needs by developing brand livestock and products.
Brand products are being produced from beef, pork, chicken
brands known respectively.

products

ratherto meetand eggs, with 141, 178, 158, 636

There are a few brands that use native breeds

as a point of difference.

Native breeds such as Mishima Cattle, Kagoshima Berkshire,Aguh, Hinaidori,Tosa Jidori,
Nagoya, Gifu Jidori and Shamo are being utilized to produce brand products, a situation which isgreatly
4.3

contributing

to the conservationof these breeds

at the present

time.

Outline of future national policies on environmental and self-sufficiency
issues
The stock feed self-sufficiency
rate in 1998 was 22% in N terms and 25.1% on a TDN basis. If

limitedto concentrated

feed, feed produced

total

demand of 20 million

tons.

within Japan provides

Approximately

only10% (2.00 million

half of the 33.71(including
human use) is for domestic livestock.
Such imported feed is excreted as feces and urine by livestock,
to farmland.

The quantity

estimated

to be applied

to farmland

millionLaw, the Basic Plan for Food, Agriculture,

Japan's food self-sufficiency(1999)
grains. The Plan sets up production
to increase

self-sufficiency

basic food supply.

of thetons of grain consumed

most of which is then appliedis alreadyexceededcapacity due to decline in areas under cultivation.
The Basic Law on Food, Agriculture,
and Rural Areas was enacted in 1999.
the Basic

tons)

the acceptanceIn accordancewithand Rural Areas in 2000 was established.

has declined to 41% in terms of supplied calories and 28% forgoals that take into consideration
the nutrient balance of foodto more than 50% in terms of supplied

Goals for 2010 are 9.93 million

calories,

tons of raw milk, 630,000

in addition

to ensuringatons of beef, 1.35 million

tons of pork, 1.25 million tons of chicken meat, 2.47 million tons of egg. For the 2010 forage crops,
the Basic Plan set the goal of 5.08 million tons (TDN) (4,461kg/ha
for a single-year harvest),
withcultivatedareas totaling 1 10 million ha.
In 1999, the "Law concerning appropriate
excretion"

was enacted

and the "livestock

management and the promotion
individual

identificationof use of livestock

system" started

full operationfrom FY 2002.
5. National priorities for the conservation of Animal Genetic Resources
Since research into other livestockby veterinarians
and zoologists
is broadly
important

to increase

the number of personnel

that have an interest

based,

it isin these areas and are involvedin genetic resource studies and projects, rather than mere capacity building.
The Ministry of the Environment released the New National Strategy of Japan on Biodiversity
in March 2000. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology released the"National bio-resource projects"
that aims at the improvement of bio-resource systems such as
those for laboratory

animals and plants

These projects-48-

assume the viewpointof the comprehensive

promotionof bio-resources.

The NIAS genebank

measures to conserve genetic
projects

and linking

resources

these

projects

projects

are required

have been, utilizing

and systems

effectively

to review how effective

the characteristics

of individual

to takenationtheentireinto

consideration.
6. Reinforcing conservation efforts
Many of Japanese native livestock are in a critical situation. As an auxiliary means for in situ
preservation
by live animals population,
ex situ preservation
by live animal, frozen embryo andfrozensemen are being

necessarily

satisfactory

freezing technologies
the next generation

conducted.
becauseThe conservationof frozen

embryos

the number of individual

being

able to collectis limited

andhave not been well establishedin some species. The leading technologies
applicable for ex situ and in vitro preservation
should be somatic cell cloning

the mammals and primordial

germ cell (PGC)

for producing

in avian species.
The associationsof native livestockand domestic

need to be prepared

to provide

incentives

In addition,
particularly

and semen is notfurtherchimerasin the reproductive

fowls are playing

to the Conservationofincell line

an importantrole. Policies

Group to continue

its efforts.

it is necessary to provide detailed information on livestock location wherever possible,for chickens, by ongoing research on the locations where these breeds can be foundand their conservation

status.

Kurosawa: The water buffalo

is almostextinct

in Okinawa. However, farmers still use buffaloesforcultivation
and also as a tourist attraction.
In Japan, crossbreeding
between pigs and wild boar has recently been pursued quite actively.
In many cases, farmers have failed to commercialize
them and hybrid individuals
have beenreleased

into mountain areas. Such hybrids

many researchersorganizations

and local people

and researchers

are thought

are worried

to have a genetic impact on wild boars andabout this phenomenon. I hope that government

will work with on this issue.

Minezawa: The problem of hybridization

between local and exotic species

has occurred not only inthe case of the wild boar. Many problematic cases are known among primates, such as between theJapanese monkey and rhesus or Formosan monkeys. However, the issue of hybridizationis still
controversial
problemin the Primate
carefully.

ThanksSociety.

In the case of pig-boar

for your information

hybrids,

on the present

statuswe should

deal with theof the Okinawan water

buffalo.
Wagner: Is it correctthat there were no domestic

that they came from mainland Asia?
As for the issue in developed countries,
shouldwe consider

the priorities

animals in Japan in the years before

what are the priorities

for AnGR conservation?

-49-

Christfor AnGR conservation

andor how

T a b le 1 ‑1 A n im a l G e n e tic R e so u rc e s a n d S p e c ie s a n d B r e e d s F o u n d in J a p a nSpecies
M am m als C attlePig

B reeds
Japan ese B lack
Jap an ese B row n
Jap an ese P oll
Jap an ese Sh orth orn
A berd een‑A ngu s
H ereford
C h arolais
H olstein
B ritish ‑Friesian
JerseyG u errsey
A irsh ire
B row n Sw iss
R ed D anish
M ish im a C attle
K uch inosh im a Feral C attle

Present
M ain U ses
M eat P ro duction
M eat P ro duction
M eat P ro duction
M eat P ro duction
M eat P ro duction
M eat P rod uction
M eat P rod uction
M ilk Production
M ilk Production
M ilk Production
M ilk Production
M ilk Production
M ilk Production
M ilk Production
M eat P rodu ction
M eat P rodu cti on

N ativ e or
Ex otic
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
E xotic
E xotic
E xotic
E xotic
E xotic
E xotic
E xotic
E xotic
E xotic
Ex otic
N ative
N ative
Ex otic
Ex otic
Ex otic
Ex otic
Ex otic
Ex otic
E x otic
E x otic
N ative *N ative
N ative
W ild , H yb rid
E x otic
E x otic
E xo tic
E x otic
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative

M idd le W h ite
M eat P rodu ction
B erksh ire
M eat P rodu ction
Land race
M eat P rodu ction
Large W hite
M eat P rodu ction
H am psh ire
M eat P rodu ction
D u roc
M eat P rodu ction
S potted
M eat P rodu ction
C hester W h ite
M eat P rodu ction
K ag osh im a B erkshire
M eat P rodu ction
A g uh (Sh im abu ta)
M eat P rodu ction
Ohm m i
L ab oratory A n im al
W ild Pig /H y brid
M eat P rodu ction
H orseP ercheron and Its C rossM eat and B anei**B reton an d Its C rossM eat and B anei
T h oroug hbred and Its C ross H orse R ace
A rab an d Its C ross
H orse R ace
D osan ko
H orse R iding
K iso
H orse R iding
N om aH orse R iding
T su sh im a
H orse R iding
M isakiH orse R iding
T okaraH orse R iding
M iy ak o
H orse R iding
Y on ag um
H orse R iding
G oat
Japanese Saan en
M ilk P rodu ction
N ativeC h ubb y
Lab oratory A rim al
N ativeT o kara
M eat Production
N ative
S heepJapanese C orn edale
W ool P rod uction
N ative
Suffolk
M eat Production
E xotic
R abbitJapanese W hite
L ab oratory A nim al
N ative
M ink
H ide Pro duction
E xotic
S hik a D eer
M eat,V elvet an d H orr W ild
R ed D eer
M eat,V elvet and H orr W ild, E x otic
S am ber
M eat,V elvet and H orr W ild, E x otic
F allow D eer
M eat,V elvet and H orr W ild, E x otic
Taiw anese Shika D eer
M eat,V elvet and H orr W ild, E x otic

R isk Status
N ot at Risk
N ot at Risk
C ritical
N ot at Risk

C on servat
or P rog
ionramE ffort
L ive

C onservation
Frozen Semen Frozen Embryo

Y am aeruchi PrefectureooC ritical‑M aintained
C ritical‑M ain tained

N atural m onu m ent
U nive rsityoooN ot at R isk
C ritical‑M aintained
C ritical‑M aintained

O k inaw a (K agoshim a)
Lab oratory A nim al SuppliecoN ot at R isk
E nd ang ered‑M aintained
C ritical‑M aintained
C ritical‑M aintained
E nd ang ered‑M aintam ed
E nd ang ered‑M aintam ed
C ritical‑M aintained
E nd ang ered‑M am tam ed

C onservation A ssociation
C onservation A ssociation
C onservation A ssociation
C onservation A ssociation
C onservation A ssociation
C onservation A ssociation
C onservation A ssociation
C onservation A ssociation

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

N ot at R isk
N LBC
E nd ang ered‑M aintam ed N L B C , N IG L S, O th er
C ritical‑M aintained
U niversity, Zo o
N ot at R isk

o
c
o
o

N ot at R iskooo

N ot at R isk: Kagoshima Berkshire has 70 years history from the first breeding pair has been introduced: Draft Horse Race, limited in Hokkaido Region (http://wwwbanei-keiba orjp/information/banei-race%20English.htm)

o
o
o
o
o
o

o

Frozen Som aic Cello

T a b le 1‑2Species
B ird

C hick en

B reeds
W h ite Legh orn
B arred P lym ou th R ock
R h ode Island R ed
N ew H am psh ire
N agoyaW h ite Plym outh R o ck
W h ite C orn ish
Sh am oO ‑sh am o
K o‑sh am o
Y g idoK inp aH inai‑D on
Satsum a‑D on
Japan ese L ong‑tailed F ow l
T otend oJapan ese R um ples B antam
Japan ese L ong‑S ad dled B antam
K o eyoshi
T om aru
M in oh iki
Jidori or Japanese‑O ld typeG ifu‑jidon
T osa‑iid on
Sh okoku
Jap an ese B antam
K atsu ra‑ch ab oS hojo‑chab o
U k okke i
K aw achiyakk o
Jittok o
K urokash iw a
T o sa C och in
K um am oto
K urek o‑D on
G ank ei
U tai‑C h ahn
O k inaw a H ig e‑Jidon
M iyaii‑ on
Ing iiM ikaw a
Sado H ig e‑Jidon

D uck/H yb rid
O sak a‑D u ck
T u rkey
O uailG ooseG uinea F ow l
P heasantDD: Data Deficient
Note The species and breeds adopted
Which was shown their statistics

A n im al G e n e tic R e s o u r c e s S p e c ie s a n d B re e d s F o u n d in J ap a n
P resen t
M am U se
E g g P rodu ction
H ybrid P rodu ction
H ybrid P rodu ction
H ybrid P rodu ction
M eat E gg . H y brid Production
H ybrid P rodu ction
H ybrid P rodu ction
C ook F igh ti n g. F ancy. H ydn d
C ook F igh tin g. F ancy. H ydn d
F a cyF an cy
F an cy
F an cy, H ybrid
C o ok F igh ting . F ancy. H ydrid
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy. H yb rid
F an cy. H yb rid
F an cy. H ybrid
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F an cy
F ancyF ancyF ancyF ancyF ancyF ancyM eat H ybn d P rod uction
M eat P ro duction
M eat P ro duction
M eat P ro duction
M eat P rodu ction
M eat P rod uction
M eat P rod uctionin this table are Japanese native breeds and the breeds
in the "Annual Animal Breeding Related References"

N ati ve or
Ex otic

Risk Statu s

Ex otic
N ative
N ative
Ex otic
N ative
Ex otic
Ex otic
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ati ve
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ati ve
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative
N ative

N ot at Risk
N ot at Risk
N ot at Risk
N ot at Risk
N ot at Risk
N ot at Risk
N ot at Risk
N ot at Risk
DD
DD
DD
DD
N ot at Risk
N ot at Risk
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
N ot at R isk
N ot at R isk
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
DD
N ot at R isk
DD

N ative
E xotic
N ative
E xotic
E xotic
W ild

DD

C on servat
or ProgionramE ffort

N atural m onum ent
N atural m onum ent
N atural m onum ent
N atural m onum ent
N atural m onum ent A kita Pref
N atural m onum ent A kita Pref
N atural m onum ent
N atural m onum ent K ochi P ref N ankok u‑
N atural m onum ent
N atu ral m onum ent
N atural m onum ent
N atural m onum ent
N atural m onum ent
N atural m onum ent
N atu ral m onum ent
N atural m onu m ent G ifu Pref
N atu ral m onu m en t K och i P ref
N atural m on um ent
N atural m on um ent
N atural m on um ent
N atural m on um ent
N atu ral m on um ent
N atural m on um en t
N atu ral m on um en t
N atu ral m on um en t Y am agu ch i P ref
N LB CN LB CA ich i P ref N LB C

C on sarvation
Live
F rozen Sem en

o

o
o
o

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

o
o
o

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

o
o
c

O saka P refecture

o
o
o
o

o
o

o

o

Minezawa: Wild boar and the mallard

duck inhabitedJapan from ancient

times. However, otherdomestic animals did not exist in Japan in the B.C. period. Improvement in productivity
was themajor priority for Japanese animal production and this contributedin various ways to the lives ofJapanese

people,such increased

life expectancy

contributions
have reached their limit
priorities
in animal production
issues.

in physique.

However, theseand we are now in the stage of managing new JapaneseMany issues have arisen and need to be solved, such asenvironmental problems and niche markets.
However, it is not easy to find the solutions
solved in the future together

and improvementswith all of you.

-52

to thesequestionsand they are problems

to be2. Status of Genetic Diversity
in Each Asian livestock
fromGenetic Survey
in Asian Countries
Chairpersons

NAMIKAWA, T (Cattle)
AMANO, T (Water Buffelo)
MAEDA, Y (Pig)
TSUJI, S (Goat)
YAMAMOTO.Y (Chicken)

Genetic Diversity
Kazuakiof Native Cattle

in Asia

TANAKA1 and Takao NAMIKAWA2

1 School of Veterinary Medicine,

Department

Sagamihara,Japan

2Graduate

Kanagawa 229-8501,

School of Bioagricultural

Sciences,of Animal Science and Biotechnology
Nagoya University,

Azabu University,

Chikusa,

Nagoya 464-8601,

Japanof Bos is a unique characteristicof the genetic

resources of cattle

gaur (B. gaurus),yak (B. mutus),

Abstract
The presence of wild species
in Asia. The wild speciesof Bos consistof banteng(B. banteng),

and kouprey (B. sauveli)
The kouprey is now very rare and little is known of its present status. No
concrete genetic or reproductive
data on the kouprey is available to compare with that of therelated(gayalspecies. There are some domesticatedforms of wild species, for example, domestic gauror mithan) in hills of separate India, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh,domestic yak in

Nepal

to highland

China,,and domestic

banteng(Balicattle)in Indonesia.

It is possible

thatdomestic cattle in tropical and subtropical
Asia have acquired some genes from such wild species,
because they can interbreed with domestic cattle and, though mostly male offspring are sterility,
femalehybriddomestic

offspringare fertile.

However, because

forms of Bos spp., the native cattle

in Southeastof the quite

limitedAsia was generally

distribution
regardedof theas humped

cattle (Zebu, indicus) or crossbred between humpless (taurus) and humped cattle in various rates,and gene flow from the wild species was thought to be not so common.In this paper, we elucidate
phylogenetic
species

relationships

to domestic

cattleof wild Bos spp. and some evidence
in Southeastof inflowof genes from the wild

Asia.

Phylogenetic
relationshipsof wild Bos spp.
The 1140 bp cytochrome b gene was sequenced for banteng, gaur, yak, Bali cattle, mithan, andAmerican bison. And then, phyogenetic
tree of these Bos species was constructedusing theneighbor-joining
caffer)method,in which Asian buffalo(Bubalusbubahs)sequences were placed as outgroup. In the dendrogram,and Africanbuffalo(Synceros(Fig. 1), the genus of Bos (including

the American bison) were divided into three clusters, one is cluster of indicus and taurus cattle,
another is of banteng, gaur, Bali cattle and mithan, and the other is of yak and American bison. This
classification
the fossil

agrees with the comparative
recordthe divergencemorphologicalanalysisby Groves (1981)

time between Bos and Syncerus (or Bubalus)

Accordingtois approximately

10

million years (Savage and Russell, 1983) Using this divergence time, the coalescence time for thepresent Bos species was estimated as approximately
5.5 million years. As the divergence timewithinthe domestic

cattleis less than 1 million-53

years, present

wild Bos species

can be used as

African100

buffalo

6.5 MYR

Asian buffalo
100

million
years
(MYR)

0.8

Domestic

cattle5.5 MYR

MYR
taunusgnetaB

912

BaIi

cattle3.8 MYR

Gaur

100
7

5.4 MYR

25

MithanAmerican bison

964

2.5 MYR

Yak

Figure1 A phylogenetic
tree of cytochrome b gene sequences in the genus Bos by using
the neighbor-joining
method.
Numerals on internalbranches
are thebootstrapprobabilities(%) from 1.000 trails

much diverged
Paternal

genetic

resources

for the cattle.

gene flow between the taurus and indicus

cattle in Southeast

Asia based on variationin SRY gene
Domestic cattle in the world (excluding
Bali cattle
two types, that is, taurus (humpless or European-type),intermediate-type

cattlewere raised1961) A number of studies
zebu cattle. These studies
differentiatedin Southeast

have contributed
have suggested

at the subspecies

level

and mithan) were generally classified into
and indicus (humped or Zebu) thought

Asia and in some Africancountries(Phillips,

to understand phylogenetic
relationshipof taurus andthat the taurus cattle and the indicus cattle were

and the domesticationof the two types of cattle

occurred

independently(Loftus et al , 1994; Kikkawa et al , 1995) The intermediate-type
cattle were considered
to have a hybrid origin between the taurus and the indicus cattle in various ratios. Indochina native
cattlecalledYellow Cattle

can be clearly

dividedwas consideredas this intermediate-type.

The Y chromosome of cattle

into taurus and indicus by its shape because the Y chromosome of the taurus-

type is submetacentric
while it of the indicus-type
is acrocentric(Halanan and Watoson, 1982)
Thus, studies of polymorphismsof Y-linked genetic marker can be used as a powerful tool toinvestigate

the introgression

or gene flow between

thetaurusand theindicuscattlein theintermediate-type
population
through the male. The gene for SRY (sex-determining
region Y) is
one of the well studied genes on the mammalian Y chromosome (Gubbay et al , 1990) A total of
200 bloodor tissue

samples of male cattle

were collected-54-

in Vietnam,

Laos, and Myanmar. The

isIannuzzl

Figure 2. Comparison of restriction
fragment patterns for PCR products for the bovine
SRY gene by MseI Lane 1, a size maker (ƒÓ 174 DNA-HaeIIIdigest), lane 2 to 4,
taurus-type; lane 5 to 8, indicus-type; lane 9 female.
DNA sequence for SRY gene of taurus

has been reported

by Kato et al (1995)

Since

sequenceof

Indicus-type
cattle was not available,
we Isolated and sequenced whole length of protein coding
region of SKY gene (690-bp) from a male cattle which had acrocentrlc Y chromosome by karyotyping(Tanaka et al , 2000)

Comparingthese DNA sequence, one base substitution

was found between thetaurus-type and indicus-type(641st base G•¨T; 214th codon TGT•¨TTT, 214th amino acid Cys•¨Phe)
As the substitution
position
was contained In a cleavage site by Msel, PCR-RFLP method was
carriedout to identify

the taurus-type

and the Indicus-type.

PCR primers

for amplificationof SRY gene

were 5'-TTAGAACGCTTACACCGCATATTACT-3'and 5'-AGTAGTAAAATTGAGATAAAGAGCGCCT-3'
As shown In Fig. 2, electrophoratlon
pattern of Msel digested
PCR products of the SRY gene could
clearly

be distinguishthe two types on the gel SRY gene of the 200 male cattle were examined. Of

all of them, 193 cattle had indicus-type cleavage pattern and the rest 7 cattle had taurus-type. Thus,
most of the paternal backgroundsof these cattle were considered
to be the Indicus cattle. Lan et al,(1995)

reported

that

the

Yunnan native

cattleIn China

had

an acrocentric(indicus-type)Y

chromosome. This report supports our present results of SRY gene analysis, suggestingthat thegene flow from the taurus to Southeast Asian cattle is a small minority composing only a few % of
the whole.
Cytogenetics
analysis of cattle
Robertsoniantranslocatlon,

In Southeast Asia
also called centric fusion,

bovine karyotype. The first detected and most widely reported
described
by Gustavsson and Rockborn (1964)
After thistranslocations(Hanadahave been reported:
et al 1981,

rob(7;21)?

et al 1992;

rob(15;25),
Rubesrob(5;22),et al 1996)-55-

the most common abnormalities

inexample is the 1/29 translocation
report,many other Robertsonianrob(4;10),rob(16;18),

rob (16;20)

However most of the Robertsoniantranslocations were reported in the European breed of cattle while cytogenetic analyses inSoutheast Asian cattle were very limited. However, Fischer (1971) reported a centric fusion
between a large and a small acrocentric in one animal out of four indigenous Thai cattle. In ourstudy of karyotyping of cattle in Southeast Asia, we found an abnormal karyotype of a male calf thatconsists of only 59 chromosomes (57 acrocentric and 2 large submetacentric) (Tanaka et al 2000)
R-banding revealed that the phenotypically normal male calf (2n=59) has an acrocentric Y chromosome
and is a heterozygous carrier of a centric fusion involving chromosomes 2 and 28 (Fig. 3) It isquite interesting that the rob(2;28) chromosome is the same combination of a biarmed autosome
pair in the 2n=58 karyotype of gaur and mithan (Fig. 4) Although, the calf analyzed in this study
was not a direct hybrid between cattle and gaur, the rob(2;28) chromosome may have acquired
from the gaur or its domestic form mithan, because they can interbreed with domestic cattle
producing fertile female offspring, and had a wide distribution in South and Southeast Asia within
historical times.

Figure 3. RBG-banded karyotype of a male calf
earring ic fusion involving chromosomes
Figurebull
Myanmar
4. RBG-bandedkaryotype of a mithan
2inand28.
Distribution of ƒÀ globin alleles in native cattle populations in Southeast Asia.
The hemoglobin-ƒÀ chain (Hbb) polymorphism is one of the most intensively investigatedgenetic characters in cattle. Distribution of the Hbb variants is therefore a powerful too to estimate
genetic relationships among the various cattle populations all over the world (Namikawa, et al, 1984)
In Southeast Asia, most of the cattle populations were polymorphic with three electrophoretic
bands: Hbb-A, -B, and -X with the three alleles, A, B, X at Hbb locus When analyzed by using
isoelelectric focusing (IEF) method, pH range 5-8 with 8 M urea, the Hbb-X band can be divided
into two polymorphic bands, we temporarily call them X1 and X2 from the higher PI (Fig. 5) The
X1 band was confirmed to be identical with the Hbb of mithan, on the other hand, the X2 bandshowed no difference in the pi from the previous X (XBali) band of Bali cattle. Figure 6 shows thegeographical distribution of Hbb alleles in Indochina area. Hbb-X1 appeared at highest frequency-56-

Figure 5. Electrophoretic
polymorphisms
at Hbb locus in Southeast Asian cattle
isoelectric
focusing. The X2X2is the standard from Bali cattle.

Figure6. Geographicaldistribution
cattle in Indochina.
(1) Thailand(northern(4) Vietnam (northernof Hbb alleles
area), (2) Thailandarea) , (5) Vietnam

by isoelectric

focusing(southern(southern(3) Laos,area),
area)byof nativeof 27.8% in the northern area of Vietnam where we can not see any domestic gaur in this district,while Hbb-X2 is a minor allele in Indochina(Okada et al 2000) This result suggests that gaur has
playedan importantrole of gene souse for cattle

in Indochina.

References
Fischer

H (1971)

Beitragzur Kenntnis

Chromosomenanalyse.

Z. Tierziichting

des einheimischen
Ziichtgsbiol

thailandischen

88: 215-221

Rindesmit HilfederGroves CP (1981)
Systematic
Evolut -forsch. 19: 264-278.
Gubbay J, Collignon

relationships

in the bovini(Artiodactyla,

J, Koopman P, Capel B, Economo UA, Munsterberg

Bovidae)Z. zool

Syst

A, Vivian N and Good fellow

PA (1990)
A gene mapping to the sex-determining
region of the mouse Y chromosome is amember of a novel family of embryonically
expressed genes. Nature, 346: 245-250.
Gustavsson

I and Rockborn

in cattle.

G (1964)

Chromosomal

abnormality

in 3 cases of lymphatic

leukemia

Nature 203: 990.

Halnan CRE and Watson JI (1982)
Y chromosome
Ann. Genet Sel Anim. 14: 1-16.
Hanada H, Muramatsu S, Abe T and Fukushima

variants

T (1981)in cattle

RobertsonianBos taurus

and Bos indicus

chromosome polymorphism

found in a local herd of the Japanese Black Cattle. Ann. Genet Sel Anim. 13: 205-211
Iannuzzi L, Rangel-Figeiredo
T, Di Meo GP and Ferrare L (1992) A new Robertsoniantranslocationin cattle,rob(15;25)

Cytogenet

Kato Y, Sato S, Cui X, Itagaki
gene. Anim. sci Technol

Cell Genet

Y and Sutou S (1995)
66: 994-1001

Kikkawa Y, Amano T and Suzuki H (1995)
and southeast

59: 280-283.

Analysis

Asia in terms of variations

Cloningand characterizationof bovineof genetic

diversity

cattlein restriction

sitesof domestic

and sequences

DNA polymorphismof yellow

Rep. Soc. Res. Native Livestock,
15: 63-70.
Loftus TR, Machugh DE, Bradley GD, Sharp
independent

domesticationsof cattle.

, 101(Bos taurus)

MP and Cunningham

Proc. Natul

Namikawa T, Ito S, and Amano T (1984)
Southeast
Asian cattle: genetic
distance
Zuchtgsbiol

cattleand Mithun
P (1994)

in eastof mitochondrialDNA. Biochem. Genet , 33: 51-60.
Lan H, Xiong X, Lin S, Liu A, Shi L, Namikawa T, Amano T, Suzuki H and Hashiguchi
Mitochondrial

Sry

T (1995)(Bos frontahs)
Evidence

for twoAcad. of Sci USA, 93: 2757-2761

Genetic relationships
and phylogeny
and principal
component analyses.

of East andZ. Tierziicht

17-32.

Okada Y, Tanaka K, Yamagata T, Mannen H, Kurosawa Y, Yamamoto Y, Amano T, Namikawa T,
Bouahom B, Dara BS, Keonouchanh S, Phouthavongs
K and Novaha S (2000)
hemoglobin-s
chain polymorphismof the native cattle from Laos, Thailand
Reportof the Society

Phillips
RW (1961)
Rubes J, Musilova
Robertsonian

for Researches

on Native Livestock,Comparison ofand Vietnam.

18: 75-82.

World distributionof the major types of cattle. J. Hered. 52: 207-213
P, Borkovec L, Borkovcova Z, Svecova D and Urbanova J (1996)
translocation

Savage DE, and Russell
Massachusetts.

DE (1983)

in cattle,rob(16;20)

Hereditas

Mammalian Paleofaunas

A new124: 275-279.
of the World. Addison-Wesley,

Reading,

Tanaka K, Okada Y, Kuroiwa A, Yamagata T, Namikawa T, Amano T, Mannen H, Kurosawa Y,
Nozawa K, Nishibori

M, Yamamoto Y, Nguyen HN, Phan XH, Thau TD, Dang VB, Chau BL,

Minh ND, Bouahom B, Vannasouk T, Dara BS, Keonouchanh S, Phouthavongs
and Phannavong B (2000) An assay for paternal gene flow between the taurus-type-58-

K, Novaha S
and indicus-

type cattlein Laos and Vietnam using variationof the Society

forResearches on Native Livestock, 18: 59-64.
Tanaka K, YamamotoY, AmanoT, Yamagata T, Dang VB, Matsuda Y and Namikawa T (2000)

A

Robertsoniantranslocation,rob (2;28)

in SRY Gene. Report, found in Vietnamese

cattle.

Hereditas,

Nozawa: In Bali, Java, and Sulawesi,

there was found to be a high frequency

the hemoglobin-beta-chain.

Is therea possibility

Tanaka: All the Bali cattle

examined had an X2 variant

Nozawa: What is the distribution
Tanaka: I analyzedof the existence

133: 19-23.

of the X Bali variant ofof an X1 variant in these isles?

of X1 in Mithan or GayaP

seven individuals

of Gayal All the individuals

have an XI variant

Wagner: From your study, can you give any advice or deduce
activities,
in a sense, which breed or lines, or what do?
Tanaka: One of the most important

populations

compriseany conclusions

the cattle

in northern

for conservation

Vietnam to Laos,and some states of Myanmar. They are of a smaller size and have a different genetic constitution
toother regions and are thought to have substantial
gene flow from wild gaur. I am not familiar withIndonesian

cattle,however, the Bali cattle

Thuy: As for the locationof the sampling,

From the south or the north?

This

populationof Indonesia

from which parts

is importantis also thoughtof Vietnam did you collectsince many differences

regions in Vietnam.
In the southern provinces, there are Banteng
enclose cattle in this area and arrange mating with Banteng cattle.
Tanaka: I collected

to be importantsamples?

are found between the
cattleand minority

groupssamples at Hamyen City, 200 km north of Hanoi and also around Ho-Chi-Minh

City.

-59-

Genetic Diversity of Asian Water Buffalo
M.O. FARUQUE1,

1 Department

K. NOMURA2, Y.TAKAHASHI2

of Animal Breeding

Mymensingh-2202

and T.AMANO2

and Genetics,

Bangladesh

Faculty

Agricultural

University,, Bangladesh.

2 Laboratoryof Animal Genetics

and Breeding,Atsugi-Shi,

Kanagawa 243-0034,

Japan.

of Agriculture,

Tokyo Universityof Agriculture,

Abstract
Domestic water buffaloes

are valuable

animal genetic

resource of Asia. Asian water buffaloes

can be classified

into two types - swampbuffalo

differs

to coat colour, horn shape and size. There is variationin respect

and river buffalo.

The morphology
in theirutilization

variation
in morphology
and utility
is reflectedin the genotypesof buffaloes.
chromosome polymorphisms, blood protein polymorphisms and DNA polymorphisms
buffalotypes and also withindifferent

geographicalpopulations.

The studiesof two types
too. The
There arebetween two

made so far indicatethat two types of water buffaloes have been domesticatedfrom different
origins and differentiatedat full sub species level The haplotypes of swamp buffaloes and river buffaloes are distributed
east
and west as Bangladesh

forms a geographicalboundary

area between these two types.

Introduction
Buffaloes

belongto family Bovidae

The Asian buffaloes

Bubalus bubahs that are still found in different

originatedparts of India,

from Asian wild buffalo,

Sri Lanka and Bhutan.

Domestic water buffaloes have been classified into two types - swampbuffalo and river buffalo.
This classification
has been made on the basis of their morphological,
behaviour and geographicaldistribution(Macgregor,

1941)

Buffalo

China about 4000 years ago (Zeuner,

was domesticated1963;

Cockrill,in India

1981)

about

5000 years ago and inChen and Li (1989)

however suggest

domesticationof buffalo in China at least 7000 years ago. Two types of buffaloes
spread then indifferent regions of the Asia as well as different continents and have eventually acquired their own
identity.

This paper addresses

about the genetic

diversityof domestic

buffaloof Asia. The genetic

diversity
study is important for conservation program as well as for taking decision
program. The study of genetic diversity of Asian buffaloes will, therefore, help in theirand to take proper buffalo

breedingof breeding
conservation

program in this region.
Distribution

Domestic water buffaloes
millionwater buffaloes

are found in Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin America. There were 162

in the worldin 1999

(FAO,

61

2000)

Of the total

number of buffalo,

approximately
96% are observed in Asia and Pacific region. Over the last decade (1988 - 98), thenumber of water buffalo in the world increased slightly
1.30% per year. In 1998, there were 156.7
millionbuffaloes

buffalonumber is decreasingin countriesof Southeast

and Bangladesh.
Domestic water buffaloes

are valuable

animal genetic

resource of Asia. There is diverseare distributedin Bangladesh,water buffaloes

distributed

in 16 countries

in Asia. River buffaloesof Asia(Table1)

From the table,

Asia but increasing

it appears

thatIndia,

Nepal

in Pakistan,

Nepal,

India,

use of

Sri Lanka,

Pakistan, Arabian Peninsula and Mediterranean
region. Swamp buffaloes are found in Southeast
Asia extends northward as far as Yangtze Valley in China and westward as far as Assam(Macgregor,

1941)

River buffaloes

production.
River buffaloes
swamp buffaloes represent
raising

have a number of recognized

and used mainly for milk

account for more than 70% of the total buffalo in the world whereas
30%. Swamp buffaloes have no breed and used mainly for draught

purpose.

Buffalosubsisting

system in crop and livestock

extensive,semi intensive
T a b le 1

breedsin Asia has been traditional
mixed cultivation

among small farmers and reared
system. The production

systems may beor intensive.

D is tr ib u t io n o f b u ffa lo e s in A s ia n c o u n tr ie s a n d in th e w o r ld in 1 9 8 8 to 1 9 9 8(0 0 0 h e a d s )A v e r a g eR aA tne n 8u8a‑9l 8G r o w th

C o u n tr y

19 8 819 9 51998

1 B a n g la d e s h

698

885

854 F

1 .9 '

2 B h u ta n

4

4F

4 F

‑ 0 .9 <3 C a m b o d ia

709

765

770 F

0 .6 (

4 C h in a

2 0 ,8 5 9

2 2 ,9 2 8

2 0 ,8 1 8

0 .1

5 In d ia

7 7 ,4 7 0

8 8 ,3 7 5

9 1 ,7 8 4 F

1 .8 <

6 In d o n e s ia

3 ,1 9 4

3 ,1 1 2

3 ,1 4 5‑ 0 .5 (7 Ir a n

436

44 7

465 F

0 .7 '

8 L aos

1 ,0 4 1

1 ,1 9 1

1 ,0 9 3

1 .4 <

9 M a la y s ia

213

1 57

150 F

‑ 4 .2 (10 M y an m a r

2 ,2 4 5

2 ,2 0 3

2 ,3 3 7

1 .0 '

11

N e p al

2 ,9 5 2

3 ,2 7 8

3 ,4 0 0 F

1 .5 (

1 2 P a k is t a n

1 6 ,5 1 8

1 9 ,7 1 1

2 1 ,2 1 3

2 .6 '

1 3 P h ilip p in e s

2 ,8 9 0

2 ,7 0 8

3 ,0 0 4

0 .4 %

1 4 S ri L a n k a

963

76 4

721

‑3 2 '

1 5 T h a ila n d

5 ,7 0 8

3 ,7 1 0

1 ,9 5 1

1 6 V ie t N a m

2 ,8 0 7

2 ,9 6 3

2 ,9 5 1

0 .5 (S U B ‑T O T A L

1 ,3 8 ,7 0 6

1 ,5 3 ,2 0 0

1 ,5 6 ,7 0 8

1 .3 (

4 ,8 8 3

5 ,5 3 8

5 ,6 5 5l l '1 ,4 3 ,5 8 9

1 ,5 8 ,7 3 8

1 ,6 2 ,3 6 3

1 .3 (R E S T of T H E W O R L D
W O RLD

Source: FAO, 2000
F: FAO estimate

62-

under

Morphologicalvariation

The Asian buffaloes
have a variety of Morphology There is distinct variation in coat colour,
horn shape, body size and conformation between river buffaloes
and swamp buffaloes. Riverbuffaloes

are usually

black have curled/spiralor sickle

shape horns, medium to large in size andusually dairy type. Swamp buffaloes are dark gray have circular or semicircular
horns, small to
medium in size and have barrel shape body. Some swamp buffaloes
have white coat colour(albinoid)

The frequencyof white buffalo

varies from country to country(Mason, 1974)

and Ratanadilok(1974) mentioned that frequency of white buffalo in Thailand
15%. Amano et al (1983) mentioned that frequency of white gene in Indonesianfrom 19 to 49% (1983)

Piebald(blackand white)buffaloes

Nozawaranged from 0 to
buffaloes ranged

are found in some islandsof Indonesia

but their frequency is less than that of white buffalo (Amano et al 1983) White stocking and one or
two chevron are commonin swamp buffaloes. White stocking and chevron are not found in river
buffaloes

except in 'Surti'

commonin 'Nili

breed. Walleye and white spotting

Ravi' The coat colour,

spotting

pattern

buffaloes depending upon the level of crossing.
The size of different
types of buffaloes varies
represents

the height,

lengthand heart girthin face, forehead,
and whitedependingof swamp buffaloes

leg and tail switch is

marking

upon breedvary in crossbred
and locality.

in Far East

Table

2

Such type of bodymeasurement has been conducted by Society for Researches
on Native Livestock, Japan indifferent
Asian countries (Amano et al 1983, Amano et al 1995a, Namikawa at al 2000) Theirfindings

are more or less similar

the heightto that reportof male and female Murrah buffaloesof Chantalakahana(2001)

Bhat (1992)

mentionedin India as 150 and 140 cm respectively.

Table 2. Mature weight and size of swampbuffaloes
H eigh t (cm )L en gth (cm )H eart g irth (cm )W eigh t
(kg )

M ale

F em ale

M ale

F em ale

M ale

F em ale

C hin a400‑500

129

124

143

132

188

179

In do nesia

450‑500

130

125

M alaysia

364‑54 5

129

121

123

121

183

180

P h ilip pine s

364‑54 5

127

120

196

184

T aiw an

400‑500

129

124

141

135

186

190

T h ailand

404‑600

12 1‑137

12 1‑126

14 1‑148

132‑137

186‑209181‑183

C ou ntries

Source:Chantalakhana,

2001

Genetic variation
The wide variation in the morphology of Asian water buffaloes is also reflected in their genetic
make up both in chromosomal make up and gene constitution.
Extensive works on chromosome
polymorphisms

and blood

proteinpolymorphisms

have been done in Japan,

63

India,

Malaysia

andThailand.

Studies

polymorphisms,

on the buffalo

DNA, especially

are in progresson the mitochondrialin Japan, India, Thailand,

Malaysia

and microsatellite

and China. LittleDNA

work has been

done on the blood group systems of buffaloes.
Chromosome polymorphisms:
Prakandze (1939) was the first to work with buffalo cytogenetics
in Asia giving a brief account on the chromosome number Later Makino (1944) reported correctly
the chromosome number of swamp buffalo

of Taiwan and he mentioned

it as 48. Ulbrich

and

Fischer (1967), and Fischer and Ulbrich (1968) were the first to report about the details of buffalo
karyotypes. Since then many researchers in Japan (Amano and Martojo 1983, Amano et al 1987),
India(Guptaand Ray Chaudhury1982),

Sri Lanka (Scheurmann

1978, Chakrabarti
et al 1974),

and Benjamin

Malaysia(Harisah

1980, Yadav and Balakrishnan

et al1989),

China(Youjunet al2001) and Thailand
From their studies,(Chavananikul,
1989) have conducted work on cytogenetics of Asian buffaloes.
it now clear and well establishedthat river buffaloes and swamp buffaloes differ

in their

The diploidkaryotypes.

chromosome number of river buffaloes

is 50. Their

karyotypes

consist of 5 pairs of submetacentricchromosomes, 19 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes and a pairof acrocentric sex chromosomes. On the other hand, karyotypes of swamp buffaloes consists of asinglepair of large metacentricchromosomes, 4 pairs of submetacentricchromosomes and 18 pairsof acrocentric
fundamental

chromosome and a pair of acrocentric sex chromosome. These two types also differ innumber. The fundamental number of river buffaloes and swamp buffaloes is 60 and 58

respectively.

The cross between two types producesand F2 The details
Blood proteinof chromosome polymorphisms

have been presented

polymorphisms:(1956),

Giri and Pallai

Table 3. Chromosome number of the offspring
between swampand river buffaloes

Type of mating

Vella

produced(1958)and Lyopetjra

from different

1 Purebred cross mating
Swampx River
MeiosisFi crossbred

Parent (2n)48x50
Gamete (n) (24) + (25)
Offspring(2n)49

2. Backcross to swamp
F1 x Swamp
MeiosisBIS

Parent (2n)49x48
Gamete (n) (24), (25) + (24)
Offspring(2n)48 or 49

3. Backcross to riverF1 x river
Meiosis
BIR

Parent (2n)49x48
Gamete (n) (24), (25) + (25)
Offspring(2n)
49 or 50
Parent (2n)49x49Gamete (n) (24), (25) + (24),
Offspring(2n)48, 49 or 50

FixFi

MeiosisF2

Chavananikul,

1989

-64-

in Fi

in Table 3.
(1962)

types of mating

Chromosome number

4. Inter se mating

Sourcea number of chromosome polymorphisms(25)

for thefirst time reported

the hemoglobin

Later Khana and Breandand transferrin(1968)

reportedpolymorphisms

about the albuminin Indianpolymorphisms.

investigators
in different
parts of Asia, especially
the Japanese, Indian
have conducted extensive works on the blood protein polymorphisms
manyprotein loci (Amano 74, 78; Amano et al 1980, 1981,

and Thai Buffalo.

1982,

1983,

Since thenmany

and Malaysian scientists,of Asian buffaloes
using

1984, 1986,

1987,

1995a,

1998;

Sen et al 1966, Khana 1969, Tan et al 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993; Barker et al 1997a; Takahashi et al
2000)
All the investigators
reported about polymorphisms
for a number of blood protein andenzyme loci in buffaloes
methodology
blood protein

for different

populations

and types. There

are, however, variations

inapplied and nomenclature used by them. Amano and his associates
examined 25
and enzyme loci of 40 buffalo populationsof Asia and mentioned about polymorphismsof serum albumin, transferrin,

alkaline

phosphatase,cell hemoglobin,carbonic

anhydrase,

peptidase

B and NADH diaphorase(Tablealbumin, transferrin,
hemoglobin,

4) The Indian scientists
reported about the polymorphismsofamylase, carbonic anhydrase and ceruloplasminin Indian buffalo

population.

however, mentioned

Barkar and associates,

more polymorphic

loci for blood

proteinand enzymes of buffaloes of Asia. Out of 53 blood protein and enzyme examined, they obtained 25
polymorphic
loci for blood protein and enzyme in 17 buffalo populationsof Asia. From theirstudies,

it appears

that river buffaloes

and swamp buffaloes

differgeneticallyexample, AlbX and TfA have been detected only in the swamp buffalo.
TfE have been reported only in the river buffaloes(Amano et al 1987,

for these

loci

For

On the other hand, AlbB and1995a)

T a b le 4 . G e n e f re q u e n c ie s o f b lo o d p r o te in lo c i o f 4 0 b u f fa lo p o p u la tio n s
L o c u s A lle le

V T N

T V C

A lb

B

0 .1 3 2
0 .8 5 50 .0 80 .9 2X

0 .0 1 3

A '
A
D

T f

H b ‑αH b ‑β

A lp
C A

A

P H I

P H 2

P H 3

0 .2 80
1

0 .0 3 7
0 .9 6 30 .0 5 6
0 .9 4 400
0 .7 2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 .2 2 4

0 .1 60 .0 1 90 .0 50 .0 4 7

E

0 .7 7 6
0

0 .8 40

0 .0 7 7
0 .9 0 4

0 .9 500 .9 5 30P H 4

P H C l P H C 2

P H R

W J1

WJ2

WJ3

0

0 .1 3 40 .0 2 8

0 .1 1 9

0 .7 3 9

0 .6 7 9

0 .7 3 3

1
0

0 .3 3 3
0 .5 3 3

0 .5 2 8
0 .4 4 40
0 .8 8 1

0 .2 6 1
0

0 .3 2 1
0

0 .2 6 7
0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 .0 5 60 .0 4 80 .1

0 .0 8 3

0

0 .4 7 8

0 .2 50 .3

0 .9 4 40

0 .9 2 90 .0 2 3

0 .4 6 7
0 .4 3 3

0 .5
0 .4 1 7

0 .2 6 2

0 .5 2 2

0 .7 5

0 .7 3 8

0

0

0 .7
0

1

0 .9 2 1

0 .9 6 0

0 .9 8 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0 .9 6 70

0 .0 7 90 .0 7 70 .0 1 9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 .0 3 3

1

0 .9 6 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0 .9 6 7

11

1

0 .9 2 8

0 .8 3 4

2

0 .0 3 9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 .0 3 300

0

0 .0 3 6

0 .1 3 3

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 .0 3 60 .0 3 3

F
0

0
1

0

0

0
1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0
1

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

F
s

0 .2 8 9
0 .7 1 1

0 .3 4
0 .6 40 .8 6 5
0 .1 3 5

0 .6 1 7
0 .3 8 3

0 .7 4
0 .2 6

0 .6 90 .3 1

0 .6 4 3

0 .9

0 .7 9 4

0 .8 8 1

0 .1 0 9

0 .0 7 1

0 .1 6 7

0 .3 5 7

0 .1

0 .2 0 6

0 .1 1 9

0 .8 9 1

0 .9 2 9

0 .8 3 3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 .7 8 9

0 .9 6

1

0 .9 3 30

0 .1 3 9

0 .7 8 6

00
0 .9 0 5

0
0 .3 1 7

0
0 .7 50

2

0
0 .0 2 93

0 .2 2 1

0 .0 60

0 .0 6 7

1

0 .8 6 1

0 .2 1 4

1

0 .9 7 1

0 .0 9 5

0 .7 8 3

0 .2 5

0 .3

4

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1
2

1
0

1
0

1
0

0 .9 8 30 .0 1 7

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

1

1
0

1
0

1
0

P ep ‑β 1

D ia

V T1

-65-

0

0 .7

L o c u s A lle le

W J4

A lb

N S

w s

S ST

SU l

SU 2

BL l

B L2

IN C

T LD

LAN

M U R

B

0 .7 7 5
0 .2 2 5

0 .8 4 1
0 .2 5 90 .4
0 .0 5

0 .4 12

0 .4 64

0 .5 8 3

0 .5 7 9

0 .8 9 6

0 .9

0 .6 2 5

0 .12 90 .4 5 7

0 .1

0 .1

0

0 .8 4 3

00

0 .5 5

0 .4 1700 .1 0 4

0

0 .5 3 6
0

0 .42 10

0 .5 8 8
0

X

0

0

0

0 .3 7 50 .0 2 8

0 .5 4 3

0 .9

A'

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 .1 5

0 .3 0 5

0
0 .3 1600 .2 7 7

0
0 .2 6 9

0

0 .5 2 5

0
0 .4

0 .1 2 5ADE

0 .4 7 5
0

0 .7 3 3
0

0 .2

0 .6 6 7

0 .6

0 .7 3 1

0 .68 40 .1 6 7
0 .7 0 8

0 .3 5
0 .6 50
0 .4 7 5

0 .2 2 9
0 .7 7 1

0
0 .3 0 9

0
0 .2

0 .6 50 .0 2 8

0

0

0

0

0

0 .62 500 .6 9 1

0 .8

H b ‑α 1
0

1
0

1
0

1
0

0 .8 41

1

1

0 .9 7 9

11

1

0 .9 6 81

0 .1 600

0

0 .0 2 1000

0 .0 3 20

H b ‑β 1
2

1
0

1
0

1
0

1

1

1

0 .9 7 4

1

1

1

1

0 .6 9 1

1

0 .0 2 6
00

0 .2 4 5

0

0

0
0

0

0

0
0

0

0

0
0

0

3

0

0

0

0

0 .0 64

0

F

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

0 .0 2 1
0 .9 7 90

1

0 .0 2 7
0 .9 7 3

0

1

0
1

0

0

0
1

1

1

1

1

1

F

0

0 .3 4 1

0 .8 50 .1 1 8

00

0 .9 04

0 .8 5

0 .6 5 9

0 .15

0 .8 8 2

1

1

0 .3
0 .7

0 .4 2 91

0 .0 8 3
0 .9 1 7

0 .7 5s

01

0 .2 5

0 .5 7 1

0 .0 9 6

0 .1 5

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 .7 2 70

0 .1 18

0 .10 70 .2 5

0 .8 6 8

0
0 .7 500

00 .8 2 90

0 .1 500 .8 120 .0 3 22
3

0 .2 7 301

0 .8 82

0 .8 8 2

0 .7 5

0 .13 2

0 .18 80 .2 51

0 .1 7 1

0 .9
0 .1

4

0 .8 500 .9 0 4
0 .0 6 5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1
0

1
0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

1
0

1

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

L o c u s A llele B D C l B D C 2 B D W

BD E

N PK

N PT

N PP

CH D

CH B

TW N

IT A

OKI

W LD

A lb

0 .3 50 .1 8 7

0 .3 62

0 .3 9 5

0 .14 30 .04 10 .0 5 4

0 .14 30 .0 8 30 .7

0 .0 6 3
0 .7 5 00
0 .6 3 80 .0 2 6

0 .8 5 7

0 .9 59

0 .9 4 6

0

0 .9 1 7

0

0 .5 7 9

00

00 .8 57

0

0 .3

0

0

0

0

0

0 .1 6 1

0

0 .3 3 30

0 .8 3 9
0

0 .7 8 6
0 .2 14

0 .6 6 7
0

0 .1
0 .9

Tf

A lp
CA
P e p ‑B

D ia

A

A
B

0 .4 7 5
0 .10 00 .2 7 50 .0 5

0 .4 1 7
0X

0 .4 2 5

0 .6 7 5

0 .5 8 3

0 .3 5
0 .3 0

A'

0

0

0

0

A

0

0

0

0 .0 5

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0 .4

D
E

0 .15

0 .17 50 .1 6 7

0 .3 50 .0 6 3

0 .2 4 1

0 .1 5 8

0 .5 5 7

0 .2 16
0 .7 8 4

0 .8 5

0 .8 2 5

0 .8 3 3

0 .6 00 .9 3 7

0 .9 5 9

0 .8 420 .0 4 30

H b ‑α 1
0

1

1

1

0 .9 91

1

0 .9 4 7

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0 .0 100

0 .0 53

0

0

0

0

1
0

1
0

H b ‑β 12

0 .9 2 50 .0 7 5

1
0

0 .9 7 1

0 .9 4

1

0 .9 141

0 .9 8 6

0 .8 8 91

0 .8 5 7

1

1

0
0

0 .0 8 6
00
000 .14 300

0

0 .0 50 .0 1

0 .1 1 10

0 .0 2 90

0 .1 4 0

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

F

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0
1

0

1

0
1

0

1

0
1

0

0

0 .0 4 1
0 .9 5 9

1

1

1

1

1

1

F

0 .8 2 5

0 .8 5

0 .62 3

0 .5 60 .5

0 .9

0 .17 7

0 .4 4

0 .6 7 1
0 .32 91

0 .15

0 .7 8 9
0 .2 1 1

0 .5

0 .1 7 5

0 .8 9 7
0 .1 0 3

0 .1 1 1s

0 .75
0 .2 5

0 .8 8 9

0 .5

0

0 .5

0 .1

1

0

0

0

0

0 .0 2

1

1

0 .8 500 .9 74

00 .9

00 .7 14

0 .1

1

0
1

0

1

0
0 .8 7 5

0

2
3
4

0
0

0

0

0

0 .12

0 .1 2 50

0 .0 2 6

0 .1

0 .2 5 0

0 .8 5 7
0 .14 30 .8 3 3
0 .16 7

0 .9
0

0

0

0

0 .0 100

0

0

0 .0 3 6

0

0

0

1
0

1
0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Tf

A lp
CA
P e p ‑B

D iasource:Amano et al 1998

+-

Amano et al (1998)

estimated

the genetic

5. The highest

variability(H)

populationsin Asia. This has

been presented

in Table

Bangladesh-Eastgenetic distance(0.08210.0378) and the lowest value in Philippines-2 (0.0218 i 0.0158)
and principal components analysis done by them have been shown in Figure
Table 5. Genetic variability

heterozygosityof 40 buffalo

value was obtained(P Poiyand H) of 40 water buffaloes

P o p u la t io n

populations

S .E

H

0 .2 4 0 0 i
0 .2 0 0 0 i

0 .0 8 5 4
0 .0 8 0 0

0 .0 6 2 5 +0 .0 4 2 2 +0 .0 2 5 6
0 .0 2 1 2

0 .2 0 0 0 +0 .0 8 0 0

0 .0 5 6 5 +0 .0 2 3 8

0 .2 0 0 0 i

0 .8 0 0

0 .0 3 4 0 i

0 .0 1 9 2

P h ilip p in e s ‑ 1

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 2 9 0 i

0 .0 1 9 5

P h ilip p in e s ‑ 2
P h ilip p in e s ‑ 3

0 .1 2 0 0 i
0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 6 5 0
0 .0 7 3 30 .0 2 1 8 i
0 .0 3 5 1 i

0 .0 1 5 8
0 .0 1 9 7

P h ilip p in e s ‑ 4

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 3 7 2 i

0 .0 2 2 6

P h ilip p in e s ‑ C r o s s b r e d ‑1
P h ilip p in e s ‑ C r o s s b r e d ‑1

0 .1 6 0 0 i
0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 7 3 30 .0 5 6 6 +0 .0 3 2 7

P h ilip p in e s ‑ R iv e r

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 5 9 0 i
0 .0 3 9 1 i

0 .0 3 2 2
0 .0 1 9 5In d o n e s ia ‑ W e s t J a v a ‑ 1

0 1 60 0 i
0 .2 0 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 8 0 0

0 .0 5 6 8 +0 .0 2 8 0

0 .2 4 0 0 i

0 .0 5 8 40 .0 5 8 2 i
0 .0 7 4 4 i

0 .0 2 6 5
0 .0 2 9 7

In d o n e s ia ‑ W e s t J a v a ‑ 4

0 .1 2 0 0 i

0 .0 6 5 0

0 .0 4 4 1 i

0 .0 2 5 4In d o n e s ia ‑ C e n tr a l J a v a0 .1 6 0 0 i
0 .2 0 0 0 +0 .0 7 3 30 .0 8 0 0

0 .0 5 8 6 +0 .0 6 5 2 i

0 .0 2 7 90 .0 2 8 9V ie tn a m‑ N o r th

V ie tn a m
V ie tn a m‑ C e n tr a l‑ S o u th

V ie tn a m‑ R iv e r

In d o n e s ia ‑ W e s t J a v a ‑ 2
In d o n e s ia ‑ W e s t J a v a ‑ 3

W e st S u m atra
N o r th S u m a tr a

P poly iin populationi

S .E .

0 .1 2 0 0 i

0 .0 6 5 0

0 .0 5 2 2 i

0 .0 2 8 9

S o u th S u la w e s i ‑ T o r aj a

0 .1 2 0 0 i

0 .0 6 4 0

0 .0 4 6 7 i

0 .0 2 7 7

S o u th S u la w e s i ‑ U ju n g p a n d a n g ‑ 1

0 .1 2 0 0 i

0 .0 6 5 0

0 .0 5 0 2 i

0 .0 2 8 0

S o u th S u la w e s i ‑ U ju n g p a n d a n g ‑ 2
B a li ‑ 1

0 .1 2 0 0 i
0 .2 4 0 0 i

0 .0 6 5 0
0 .0 8 5 4

0 .0 5 0 1 +0 .0 4 8 8 +0 .0 2 6 4
0 .0 2 2 6

B a li ‑ 2

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 5 7 2 i

0 .0 2 8 1

In d o n e s ia ‑ C r o s s b r e d ‑ 1

01 20 0 i

0 .0 6 5 0

0 .0 4 8 9 i

0 .0 2 7 8

T h a ila n d

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 5 5 9 i

0 .0 2 7 1

S r i L a n k a ‑ N a tiv e
S ri L a n k a ‑ M u rra h

0 .2 4 0 0 i
0 .2 0 0 0 i

0 .0 8 5 4
0 .0 8 0 0

0 .0 7 1 8 i
0 .0 6 0 6 i

0 .0 3 0 8
0 .0 2 8 2

S ri L a n k a ‑ W

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 3 8 4 i

0 .0 1 9 9

B a n g la d e s h ‑ C e n t r a l ‑ 1

ild

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 4 8 6 +0 .0 2 6 7

B a n g la d e s h ‑ C e n t r a l ‑ 2
B a n g la d e s h ‑ W e s t

0 .2 8 0 0 i
0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 8 9 80 .0 6 5 0

0 .0 4 0 4 i
0 .0 4 4 4 +0 .0 2 3 30 .0 2 4 2

B a n g la d e s h ‑ E a s t

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 8 2 1 +0 .0 3 7 8

N e p a l ‑ K a li G a n d a k i

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 4 4 4 +0 .0 2 2 8

N e p a l ‑ T e ra i

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 4 6 8 i

0 .0 2 4 2

N e p a l ‑ P o k h ara

0 .2 0 0 0 i

0 .0 8 0 0

0 .0 5 0 3 i

0 .0 2 5 5

C h in a ‑ D a li

0 .2 0 0 0 i

0 .0 8 0 0

0 .0 5 6 9 +0 .0 2 8 5

C h in a ‑ B a n n a

0 .2 0 0 0 i

0 .0 8 0 0

0 .0 4 1 8 i

0 .0 1 8 7

T a iw a n ‑ K a o s h u n

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 5 1 9 +0 .0 2 7 3

Ita ly ‑ N a p le s

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 4 2 9 i

0 .0 2 7 3

J a p a n ‑ O k in a w a

0 .1 6 0 0 i

0 .0 7 3 30 .0 5 5 0 i

0 .0 2 8 1

Source: Amano et al 1998

-67-

of
Nei's
1 and

VTS

Figure 2. Their study reveals larger genetic
They concluded thatbuffaloes of Indonesia
Vietnam, Thailand,

distance

between river buffaloes

and swamp buffaloes.

swamp buffaloes
could be classified
into two groups - one the swamp
and other the swamp buffalo of main land of Southeast Asia (China, Laos,and The Philippines)

They further

suggestedthat swamp buffaloes

and river

OKI
TLO
TWN
PH4
PH1
CHD
PH2
PH3
Swampbuffalo
WJ4 WJ1
WS
SST
SU1
SU2
WJ2
WJ3
CJ
BL2
BL1
PHC2
Crossbred
NS INC PHC1BDE
BDC1River buffalo
NPK
PHR
LAN
WLO
MUR
ITA
OKI Japan-Okinawa
TLD Thailand
TWN TaiwanKaoshun
PH1 Philippine 1
PH2 Philippine-2
PH3 Philippine s
PH4 Philippine4
CHD ChinaDali

CHB
VTC
VTN
WJ1
WJ2
WJ3
WJ4

China Banna
Vietnam Central
Vietnam South
Vietnam NorthWestJava 1
WestJava 2
WestJava 3
WestJava4

WS
SST
SU1
SU2
CJ
BL1
BL2
NS

WestSumatraSouth Sulawesi Traja
SouthSulawesiUjungpandang
South Sulawesi Ujungpandang
CentralJava
Bali 1
Bali 2
NorthSumatra

1
2

PHC1
PHC2
INC
BOE
BDC1
BDC2
BDW
VTRJ

PhilippineCrossbred
Philippine Crossbred
Indonesia-Crossbred
Bangladesh East
Bangladesh Central
Bangladesh Central
Bangladesh West
Vietnam River

1
2
1
2

NPP
NPT
NPK
PHR
LAN
WLD
MUR
ITA

Nepal Pokhara
Nepal Terai
Nepal KaliGandaki
Philippine River
Sn Lanka-Native
Sn Lanka Wild
SnLankaMurrah
Italy Naples

Fig. 1 Dendrogram drawn from Nei's genetic distance estimated by gene frequency ofblood protein types of 40 water buffalo populations(Amano et al 1998)

lartneC-miV
reviR-mantV
2-emphiP
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
37
4
0

West Sumatra
North Sumatra
Sri Lanka-Native
PhiJippine-1
Philippine-River
Balii
Bangladesh-West
WestJava-4
Tawan-Kaoshun
ThailandBangladesh
Centra!

Fig. 2 Three-dimensional
projection
analysis (Amano et al 1998)

Vietnam South5 Phifippme-4
8 Phiiippme-Crossbred-2
South Sulawesi-Traja
14 Indonesia
Crossbred
17 Sri Lanka-Murrah
20 Nepal-Kaii
Gandaki
23 Philipptne-Crossbred-1
26 WestJava2
29 Nepal Pokhara
32 China Dali
35 Italy-Naples
3
8 Central Java2of 40 buffalo

populations

Vietnam North
3-eniphP
9 WestJava 1
12 South Sulawesi-Ujungpandang
15 Bangladesh-East
18 Sn Lanka-Wild
21 Nepal-Terai
24 South Sulawesi-Ujungpandang-2
27 Bangladesh-Central-1
30 West Java-3
33 China-Banna
36 Japan-Okinawa
39 Bati224

by principal

1

componentsbuffaloes
have domesticatedfrom different
origins.
Barker et al (1997a),
Lau et al (1998) and Takahashi
4 and Figure 5.
DNA polymorphisms:
nucleotide
usefulsequence
information

DNA (mtDNA)

is maternallyof mtDNA occur faster than nuclear
regardingrelationships

betweeninherited.

DNA. So analysis

and within

ChiangChanges in theof mtDNA provides

populations/breeds/species.

Mai

Trengganu
Hat Yai

Bogor
Surin

Philippines

Medan

Sulawesi

KamPaeng Seng
Sabah

SarawakAustralia

Sri

Lanka
Sri

Kandv
Lanka

South

Sri Lanka North
MurrahSri Lanka

MurrahFig. 3 Dendrogramof relationships

among 17 water buffalo

populations(Barker

Malaysia

et al 1997a)

LAO
VTN
VTS
VTC
TLD
CHB
CHD
PHL
PHM
WJ1
WJ4

SU2
BL1
CJ1
BL2
C12
rwN
OKI
Cross-bred NS
INC
VR1
BDC2
BDW
NPP
NPT
BDC1
River
NPK

WLD
BDE
MUR
PHC
ITA
LAO
VTN
VTS

INC

Mitochondrial

Their findings are in agreement to those of
et al (2000) and indicatedin Figure 3, Figure

VIC
TLD
CHB
CHD
PHL
PHM
WJ1

LaosVientiane
Vietnam North
Viemam South
Vietnam Central
Thaland
ChinaBanna
China Dan
Philippines
Luson
Philippines
Midanao
WestJava
1

Fig. 4 Dendropgram
blood proteins

WJ1
WS
SST
SU1
WJ 2
WJ3
SU 2
BL1
CJ 1
BL2

WestJava
4
West SumatraSouth Sulawesi Toraja
SouthSulawesiUjungpandUng
WestJava
2
WestJava3
South Sulawesi Ujungpandang
Bah 1
CentralJava
1
Bah 2

1
2

CJ2
TWN
OK1
VR1
BDC2
BDW
NPP
NPT
BDC1
PHR

drown from the Nei's genetic
of 39 water buffalo populations

CentralJax-a
2
Taiwan Kaoshun
Japan Okinawa
Vietnam River
Bangladesh
Centeral
BangladeshWest
Napal Pokharal
Napal Terai
Bangladesh
CenteralPhilippines
River

2

1

NPK
LAN
WLD
BDis
MUE
PHC
ITA
NS

NapalKaliGandati
Sri Lanka Natne
Sri Lanka Wild
Bangladesh
East
Srt Lanka Murrah
Philippines
Crossbred
Italy Naples
North Sumatra
Indonesia Crossbred

distance estimated by gene frequencies(Takahashi
et al 2000)o:2avJtseW

1 Laos Vientiane
2 Vietnam North
lartneC-miV
4 Vietnam-South
5 Vietnam River
6 PhilippinesLason
7 Philippmes-Midanao
8 Philippines
Crossbred
9 Philippines
Eiver
10 WestJava 1

35
2

Okinawa

12
13
14
15
artmuSseW
17
18
19
20

North SumatraSouth Sulawesi Toraja
Soqtb Sulawesi UjaRgpanttaag
1South Sulawesi U jmigpaadaae-2

Fig. 5 Three dimensional
projection(Takahashi
et al 2000)

Amanoet al (1995b)

reported

the genetic

buffaloes
and swamp buffaloesclassificationof water buffaloes.
commonin all eukaryotic
Weber, 1992)

Since

31
32
33
34

21 Balil
22 Bali2
23 Indonesia Crossbred
24 Thaland
25 SriLanka Native
26 Sn Lanka-Murrah
27 Sri Lanka Wild
28 Bangladesh-Centeral
29 Bangkdesh-CeBterai-2
36 Bangladesh-West

WestJava 3
WestJava 4CentralJava
1
CentralJavaof 39 buffalo

populations

variants

of ribosomal

36
37
38
39

1

by principal

Bangladesh East
Napai Kah Gandato
NapalTerai
Napal Pokhara
China Dan
Chma-Banaa
TaiwajrKaosiwm
italf NapIe
Japan

components

DNA and mtDNA between riverand concluded that only mtDNA provides adequate means for
Simple sequence repeat (microsatellite)
loci have been found to be

genomes with frequencies

microsatellites

are highly

as highpolymorphic,

as one every 6 kb (Beckmannthey are also usefulgenetic

andmarkers

for comparative studies of genetic variation (MacHugh et al 1994) Restriction
endonuclease cleavage
analysis, nucleotide
sequence data of polymorphic
sites of mtDNA, and microsatellite
loci analysis
of DNA are the tools to study such relationships

and genetic

variability

among the organisms. As

compared to cattle, little work has been done on buffalo DNA -for both nuclear DNA and mtDNA.
However DNA polymorphic work on buffaloes are in progress in different institutesof Asia.
Bath et al (1990)
13 restriction

described

endonuclease

the cleavage pattern

enzymes tested,of mtDNA of Indian

Murrah buffaloes.

only one enzyme viz., Bg/I had polymorphic

Out ofsites. Hu

et al (1997) described
the restriction
endonuclease patterns of mtDNA of three local type buffaloesof Yunnan province of China. They tested 18 enzymes and identified
polymorphisms
for BamHI,
EcoRI and Seal sites.

From theirresult,they concluded

that Chinesewater buffaloes

belongtoswamptype with genetic variance among different local buffalo populations.
The findings of Bath et al(1990) and Hu et al (1997) agree to the findings of Pancin and Kamonpatana (1998) and Tanaka et al(1995)

Pancin and Kamonpatana (1998)

used 5 endonuclease

enzymes and found polymorphisms

for only BamHI and EcoRI in Thai swamp buffalo population. Tanaka et al (1995)
for swamp buffaloes and river buffaloes. They identified
5 restriction
cleavageused 15 enzymes
sites - 2 for riverbuffaloes

and 3 for swamp buffaloes(Fig

restriction
different

endonuclease cleavage analysis
buffalo populationsof Asia.

6)

The additionalsite theymentionedof mtDNA makes it clear that genetic

variability

is Pstl. The
existsin

Tanaka et al (1995)
also calculated
the nucleotide
diversities(ND) among those buffalo
populationsof Asia. The ND ranged from 0.2 to 0.6% within swamp and river type, and 1.9 to 2.4%
between swamp and river type (Fig. 7) In anotherstudy on the sequencing

of mtDNA cytochromeb gene (mtcytb),
Tanaka et al (1996) confirmed such genetic diversities
between river buffaloes
and swamp buffaloes suggesting
a divergent time of 1.7 million year between these two types andconcludedthat these

two types

have differentiatedfrom each otherat sub species

finding accords with Kikkawa et al (1997)
Kikkawa et al (1997) observed
sequence divergenceof two types of buffaloes
is to be 2.67% suggesting
approximately

1.0 million

year Kikkawa et al (1997)

buffaloes
of Japan, Thailand,
Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka, Pakistan
were distributed

Indonesia,
Philippines,
and Italy. The haplotypes

east and west as Bangladesh

for swamp buffaloes

15 haplotypes

pair wise nucleotide
a divergent
time ofof mtcytb- 7 for swamp

boundary

area between theseat 5 specific positions(nts 495, 498, 703, 753(nts 9, 66, 213, 354, 358, 492, 736, 807, 954 andin 1140 bp sequence of mtcytb. In anotherstudy conducted

Nucleotide
Fig. 6 Restriction
Diversity
endonuclease site maps of 5 mtDNA of the buffaloes (Tanaka et al 1995)

Fig. 7 Dendrogram

This

Bangladesh,and - 8 for buffaloesofof swamp buffaloes and river buffaloes

forms a geographical

two types. They further observed base substitutions
and 1053) for river buffaloes and 10 specific position1080)

obtainedlevelof mtDNA types of buffaloes(Tanaka et al 1995)

by Lau et alƒÎ(1998)

determined

mtcytb

haplotypes

by sequencing

One forriver buffaloes
and 4 for swamp buffaloes.
One haplotype
buffalo populationof Asia but the rest three were present(swamp 1) was common in all swamp
only in main land swamp buffalo. They

also studied

Haplotypes

the mtDNA D-loop of Asian water buffaloes.

mtDNA D-loop of different

buffalopopulationand nucleotide

of Asia has been presented

in Tablediversitiesof

6 and Figure

8.

Table 6. Haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity ( ) estimated from mtDNA
D-loop sequence for each population of swamp and river buffalo
H a p lo ty p e d iv e r s ity

N u c le o tid e(h + S D )d iv e r s ity

B u f fa lo
ty p e / p o p u la tio n

N u m b er ofh a p lo ty p e s

S w am p
S u r in25

0 .9 1 3 5 i

0 .0 2 2 4
0 .0 7 6 4

0 .0 5 6 1
0 .0 7 4 9T re n g g an u

7
3

1 .0 0 0 0 i
0 .5 2 3 8 i

0 .2 0 8 6

0 .0 4 8 7

S ab a h4
5

0 .1 3 9 1
0 .1 5 0 8

0 .0 3 5 5

S a raw ak
P h ilip p in e s

0 .7 5 0 0 i
0 .7 8 5 7 i
1 .0 0 0 0 i

0 .0 7 6 4

0 .0 5 4 50 .0 3 8 0

0 .5 2 3 8 +0 .2 0 8 6

0 .0 1 6 9

0 .7 2 2 2 +1 .0 0 0 0 i

0 .1 5 9 2
0 .1 7 6 80 .0 5 1 8

0 .7 9 8 4 i
0 .6 4 2 9 i

0 .0 6 6 7
0 .1 8 4 1

0 .0 2 0 3

B ag or7
3

S u ra w e si

5

A u s tr a lia

4

R iv e r

10

S ri L an k a
M u r r a h S r i la n k a

40 .0 7 1 4

0 .0 1 9 5

1 .0 0 0 0 i

0 .1 2 6 5

M u r r r a h M a la y s ia

5
4

0 .5 3 3 3 i

0 .1 8 0 1

0 .0 1 9 2
0 .0 0 7 9

O v e r a ll

33

0 .9 1 7 4 i

0 .0 1 5 7

0 .0 5 2 6

Source:Lau et al 1998
Bocjor
Phil7

Phif

3

303 bp. They found 5 haplotypes-

1

1

Phil

2

Sara 1
Sula

2
Thai

5

Thai

2
Thai

Aust
Sula
Phil

3

3

3

6

Sabah
Phil 5

1

Sara

Sara2
Aust 2**
SriL M2*
Mat M3*Mai M1*
Srii- M3*
SriL

Thai tSrIL M1*
Thai
Thai 6
Phil 3
Aust

1*

4

4

SriL 2*
Aust

1**Phil 4
Sula 1
MaL M2*

BovineFig. 8 Neighbour -joining tree for 33 mtDNA D-loop haplotypes of water buffalo
with the bovine sequence as an outgroup (Lau et al 1998)

Table 7. Number of microsatellite
alleles at each locus in swamp and river buffalo,shared between the two types and average gene diversity within populations

The phylogenetic
buffaloes

relationships

only and remainingof 33 haplotypes
22 that includes

showed 2 major clusters,
haplotypes

numberll foundin swamp

found in swamp only, river only and inboth river and swamp only. Statisticalanalysisand river types, and among populations withinshowed significant
differences
between the swamp
swamp types. The genetic relationships
among thell populations,for the D-loop haplotypes,

relationships
mentioned(1997b)based on nucleotide

do not accord with theirderived from microsatellite(Barker et al. 1977b), but accord with Bath (1992)
no nucleotide variation for microsatellite
in Murrah buffaloes of India. Barker

analyzedriver type).

divergence

21 microsatellite

loci in ll populations

The number of microsatellite

allelesof Asian water buffaloes

who
et al.

(8 swamp and 3

at each locus in swamp and river buffalo,

numbershared between two types and average gene diversity within population
has been presented inTable 7. From their study, they concluded that there was significant differentiation
between swamp
buffaloes

and river buffaloes

and also among populationsof each type. The topology

of swamp

buffalo populations'however estimatedand Ali (1997)
river buffalo(Figuremicrosatellite
tree was in consistent
with their geographicalmuch lower time for divergence for two buffalo types (10,000

used synthetic
of India.

base DNA marker and found variation

The Toda breed belonged

distribution.
They- 15,000 yr). John

among different

breedsofto a group rather than Murrah, Mehsana and Surti

9).

Fig. 9 The phylogenetic
tree using UPGMA average of four different
breeds of buffaloes
based on their DNA profile with 0AT15- Mho probe- enzyme (autoradiograpg
notshown). Sample 1,2,3 Toda breed, Cluster A; Sample 4,5,6, Murrah breed, Cluster
B(bi);
sample 7,8,9 Surti breed and Sample 10,ll,12, Meshana breed, cluster B (b2)(John and Ali, 1997)

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Youjun, H., Xianfang, Z., Jainghua, S., Mengnui, L and Fenxiang. H. 2001. Chromosome polymorphism
and its mechanism of crossbred
progenies between river buffalo and swamp buffalo. Paper
presented

in theInternational

Symposiumon Sustainable

resources for increasing
human livelihood
Philippines.
November 7-9, 2001.

in Asia:managementa planningworkshop.

of animal
IRLI,

Zeuner, EE. 1963. A historyof domestic

animals.

Hutchinson,

Chang: There is a considerable

genetic

distance

between the river and swamp buffalo.

possibilityof differentiation

at the subspecies

level?

genetic

Los Baron,

London.

Whichgroup is the origin

Is thereanyof the domestic

buffalo?
Faruque:

Differentiationwater buffalo

could

occurred
be consideredlong before from the advent of domestication.
to have differentiatedat the subspecies

almost the same genetic distance between two Malaysian water buffalo
it had been 1 million years since the two populations
had separated.
Taneja:Did you come across any fertility

Faruque:

problems

The two types oflevel.

groupsDr. Tan foundand calculated

that

between the two groups?

No.

Amano: The Philippines,
China and Vietnam imported improved
produced Fi hybrids for the development of their dairy production.
and the Fi males were castrated

river buffalo from Pakistan and
They used only the Fi females,at an early age. There was no problem with the reproductivity

the Fi females. However, we cannot yet ascertain

the fertilityof the Fi males and must check.

Faruque:are ongoingin China.

The studies

characteristics,

on Fi male fertility

for example semen, chromosomes, etc., and are preparing

to wait for this reportThey

are checking

a final report.

of

the

We needto come to any conclusions.

Amano: East Bangladesh

is a mixed area where the genes from both types of water buffalo

been found. How is the situationin neighboring

countries?

Nyunt: We used mostly

swamp buffalo

at agricultural

perhapsused for dairy

production

10% of the total,

have

Dr. Nyunt, do you have any information?
sites

in Myanmar.

and there

are very few river buffalo,Taneja:

We use mainly the river buffalo

Swampbuffalo

are mainly used as draft

bred in India,

except in Assam bordering

Animals. In Assam, crossing

Bangladesh.

between river and swamp

buffalo is taking place under a controlled
program. The problem is with the fertility
in thecrossbred male due to the differential
chromosome number. Part of the data, from China andVietnam, indicate that the hybrid classes crossed to the river type are surviving. As for the maleline, they are contributing
to hybrid fertility.
Some populationsin the south resemble more theswamptype. However, their chromosome profile is of the river type.

fDistribution

and Genetic Diversity of DomesticatedFocusing on the Short-eared Pig

Native Pigs in Asia,

Yaetsu KUROSAWA1and Kazue TANAKA2
1 Cattle

Museum, Maesawa-Cho, Iwate 029-4205,

2 Tokyo Universityof Agriculture,

Atsugi-Shi,

Japan
Kanagawa 243-0034,

Japan

Intro du cti on
There are many types of domesticatednative pigs in Asia.

They are descendantsof the local

wild pig species (Sus scrofa L), which was domesticatedindependently
in various parts of Asia.
Many of the resulting
breeds occur in China, where pig breeding has a long history.
In recentyears, due to the shortageof pig breeding

resources,

many countries

pigs on the basis of their high rate of reproduction(Cheng,On the other hand, the realities
of native pig production
Asia are not well known, though

there

are general

have been looking

at Chinese

1985).
in large areas of South and Southeast

introductory

reports

on native pig research(Fischerand Devendra, 1964; Porter, 1993; Tanaka, 1990).
Most of the pigs in these areas arecharacterized
by a straight snout and small ears, and are morphologicallydifferent
from the typical
Chinesepig with a concave face, and large, pendulant"Short-earedpig" or "Small-earedscientificdiversity

data on the Short-eared

as genetic

pig is stillat the present.

In most of the South and Southeast
ethnicThe geographic(Phillipgroups in remote regions,distribution

limited1985).

resources.

, etc. These native

However, the amount ofDistribution

Asian countries,

the Short-earedsuch as in mountainousof this pig extends

and Hsu, 1944; Cheng,

and Sus scrofa cristatus)

and are important

Geographicalminority

pig is kept

areas or island

Moreover, historicalresearchtraditional
methods differ in some regions.
Especiallynomadic, non-Islamic people who live in Muslim countries

Asia, the Chinesebyplateauconfirms that the Short-earedarrangement,

althoughinterestingis the breedingof pigs bysuch as Bangladesh (Kurosawa, 1996).

The number of Short-eared pigs remaining in each country is insignificant.
their number has been declining
due to hybridization
with imported foreign
Southeast

mainlycommunities.

from areas of South China to the Tibetan

pig was kept in Japan by the mid-nineteenth
century (Kurosawa, 1996).
Short-eared pigs in remote regions are usually kept in a loose housing

areas, particularly

to as thethe precise origin of pig domesticationin Asia. It ismainly from several subspecies of wild pig, e.g. theAsian and Indian wild pigs (Sus scrofa vittatus

pigs have broad genetic

This local pig is referredpig" (Fig. 1).

There has been much debate concerning
said that Short-eared pigs were domesticatedSoutheastears.

pig and Short-eared

In recent years,
breeds.
In some

pig are sometimes found in thesame community.

In areas where both

the Chinese

pig and Short-eared

pig are kept many

variations in pig breeds can be observed as a result of interbreeding.
Examples include pigs withvarying sizes of ears and coat coloring, pigs with concave faces, and pigs with sagging backs whose
belliesdrag along the ground during

pregnancy.

Morphological
The morphologicalpointedcharacteristics

characteristicsof the typical

Short-eared

snout, small, erect ears and five pairs of nipples(Fig.

pig are a narrow head and long,
1).

This pig is relatively

small, withsome isolated mountain or island populations
averaging a mere 40 kg. According to field surveys it
is sometimes difficult to distinguishbetween wild and domestic pigs at first glance. This is the casein areas with a limited pig populationsuch as Bangladesh,
Nepal, Malaysia and Indonesia,
etc.
(Kurosawa et al., 1992; Tanaka, 1990; Tanaka et al., 1983).
Pigs with coat coloring that is similar towild pig are frequently
Kurosawa (1983)

found in these, many display

One interestingareas. Like the wild pig reported

five nipple

discovery

by Nachtsheim(1925)

andpairs.

from our survey was the variationin nipple

patterns

among thenative pigs of Asia. The nipple pattern of the typical Short-eared pig ranged from four to six pairs.
Other native pigs like the Chinese type and Western breeds varied from six to eight pairs. Morespecifically,a patternof five pairs was most frequentin the former, while seven or eight pairs werecommonin the latter. The nipples of the Short-eared
pig were attached to the abdominal andinguinal areas, spaced evenly and symmetrically;furthermore,a supernumerary teat is not foundin thispig.

These features

were observed

not only in the populationsof the typical

Short-eared

type, but also in those of the Asian wild pig (Kurosawa et al., 1992).
This suggests that there is a
close morphologicalconnection between the Short-eared pig and the wild pig with regards to thenipplepattern,

and that the degree of pig domestication

is low in comparison

with Chinese

pigs andWestern breeds.
Genetic

continuity

In many areas, wild pigs,

between domesticatedparticularly

feral

pigs,

and wild pigs

interbreed

regularly

withdomestic

Indeed, it is known that there is a case of this in New Guinea (Oliver et al., 1993).
pigs in these areas are the typical Short-eared type, and their external characteristics
thatof the wild pig.

domesticated

It is thus

pig population.

Naturally, theare similar toconceivablethat a gene flow from wild pigs is occurring

In addition,

hybridizationof the domesticatedpigs.

into thepig and wild species

other than the Wild pig (Sus scrofa), such as the Warty pig (Sus verrucosus) or the Bearded pig (Susbarbatus),
occurs in the islands of Southeast Asia (Kurosawa et al.y 1989, Oliver et al., 1998). We
carriedout genetic

research(Sus verrucosus philippensis)

on a pig populationthat had interbred

kept by the Mangyans in the hills

with the Philippineof Mindoro

islandWarty pig

(Fig. 2).

The emergence of the Short-eared pig in Southeast Asia may well be a result
breeding between Sus scrofa and other wild species like those mentioned above.

of such cross1) Nomadic pigs in Bangladesh

2) Nepalesenative pigs

3) Lao native pig4) Small-Thainative pig5) Karo native pig, Sumatra island,7) Ankang pig, China

Indonesia6) Toraja

native pig, Sulawesi

island,Indonesia8) Bamei pig, China

Fig. 1. Photos showing comparison of various types of a female Short-eared
Chinese pig

pig and two types of a female

Fig. 2. A domestic native sow crossed with the Warty boar (Sus verrucosus philippensis)
and their hybrid piglets in Mangyan, Mindoro island, the Philippines.
The sowshows the black coat color, and the piglets
show the dark brown color withlongitudinalyellowish
stripes which is the typical coat color of the young wild
pig (Kurosawa et al.y 1989).

Genetic Diversity
Bloodstudiedtype

genetic

and protein

polymorphism

locibetweendifferedresearch

has shown that the gene frequencies

Asian native pigs

Similar results have been reported
European wild pigs on the Eurasianon several subspecies
continent and adjacentyears,

studiesdetailed

molecular

genetics

geneticallysimilar to the domesticatedEurope are close to the Western breeds
Asian native

pigs

show remarkable

and Western breeds(Tanaka,of Sus scrofa, including
islands (Kurosawa, 1995).

have confirmed that several

wild pigs

1990).

Asian andIn recentfrom Asia are

pigs from that area, whereas the typical wild species(Okumura et al., 2001; Ozawa et al., 2000).
biochemical

polymorphismin comparisonofof

to Western

breeds.
This is evidenced
particularly
by electrophoreticallyanalyzed differencesin genefrequencies
at each locus for serum transferrin(Tf) and amylase (Am-1). There are likewisesignificant

differences

between the populationsof Short-eared

pigs in South and Southeast

Asia inthe gene frequencies of both these loci. For example, comparisons of the gene frequencies of South
Asian and Southeast Asian island pig populations
show that TfB and Am-lc tend to be morecommonin the former, while the genes Tfc and Am-1Ashow greater frequency in the latter.
Furthermore,Southeast

Asian island

Short-eared

pigs differedfrom northernChinesenative pigs.

These results support the hypothesisthat Asian native pigs were independently
domesticatedin various locations, and that they are polyphyleticallyderived from several subspeciesof Wild pig
or other wild species.

In the process of domestication,
Asian native pigs, which have geographicallyand continued genetic connection with several species of wild ancestor, should

diverse origins
be consideredtopossess

pigs traditionallybroad genetic

diversity.

However, the number of purebred

kept mainly by minority ethnic groups in remotedecreasing
as modernization
leads to crossbreeding

mountainous
with Chinese

Short-eared

or insular regions
and Western pigs.

Short-eared

pig preservation

will need to focus not simply on genetic

into accountthese pigs.

the traditional

cultureand social

structures

resources,of the ethnic

is drasticallyIn the future,

but also on taking

groupsthat

are keeping

References
Cheng, P. 1985. China Pig breed.
Fischer,

H. and Devendra,

World animal review, 56: 33-39.

C. 1964. Origin

and performanceof local swine in Malaya. Z. Tierziichtg.

Zuchtgsbiol.,79: 356-370.
Kurosawa, Y. 1983. Wild pigs in Japan.

The nature and animals. 13(1):Kurosawa, Y. 1995. The phylogenetic

relationshipand differentiation(Sus scrofa L.) in Asia. In animal Genetic

Resources:

Efficient18-23 (in Japanese).
of wild and domesticatedpigsconservationuse.

and effective

Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries.
Tsukuba, Japan, pp. 111-120.
Kurosawa, Y. 1996. Short-eared
breed, pigs in the outlying regions in Asia. Hokuton,ll: 42-50(inJapanese).
Kurosawa, Y, Tanaka, K, Tomita, T, Katsumata,
Blood groups and biochemical
polymorphisms
hybridof domesticM., Masangkay, J. S. and Lacuata, A. Q. 1989.
of Warty (or Javan) pigs, Bearded pigs and ax Warty pigs in the Philippines.

Jpn. J. Zootech.

Sci., 60 (1):57-69.

Kurosawa, Y, Tanaka, K, Nishida, T, Doge, K, Hongo, A. and Rajbhandary,
H. B. 1992. External
characters of the domestic native pig and the wild pig (Sus scrofa cristatus)in Nepal. Rep. Soc.
Res. Native Livestock,
Nachtsheim,

14: 127-135

H. 1925. Untersuchungen(in Japanesewith English

uber variation

abstract).

und vererbung

I. Z. Tierzucht. Zuchtgsbiol.,
2: 113-161.
Okumura, N., Kurosawa, Y, Kobayashi, E., Watanobu, T, Ishiguro,
T. 2001.

Genetic

N., Yasue, H. and Mitsuhashi,
DNAs inwild boars and several breeds of domesticatedpigs. Animal Genetics, 32: 139-147.
Oliver, W. L. R. 1993. Status survey and conservation
action plan. Pigs, Peccaries,

and Hippos,

Ozawa, T, Endo,
Phouthavongs,

among the major non-coding

beim schwein.

of mitochondrial

IUCN Publication

relationshipdes gesauges

Unit, World Conservation

Centre,Cambridge.

M., Hayashi, S., Tanaka, K, Kurosawa, Y, Keonouchanh, S., Dara, B. S.,
K, Bouahom, B. and Namikawa, T 2000. Molecular phylogenetic
analysis of

the wild boars and native domestic
Phillips,

Monitoring

regions

pigs in Laos. Rep. Soc. Res. Native Livestock,

R. W. and Hsu, T. Y 1944. Chineseand crosses between Chineseswine and theirand modern breeds.

performance

J. Hered.,

18: 149-158.

compared with modern

35: 365-379.

Porter, V. 1993. Pigs, a handbook to the breeds of the world. Helm, London.
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Tanaka, K, Kurosawa, Y., Tomita, T. and Sihombing,studieson the native pigs in Indonesia.

with English

Rep. Soc. Native Livestock,and genetical

10: 130-139(in Japaneseabstract).

Nozawa: Compared to other livestocka polyphiletic

D. T. H. 1983. Morphologicaldomestic

species,

the pig is a typicalanimal. We need to be cautious,

especially

speciesthat is considered

to bein the case of the pig. The pig ismonophileticat the species level. However, at the breed or subspecies level, the pig is polyphiletic.
How many clusters do you think are polyphyleticthroughout
the world as deduced from yourdendrogram?

We should

assume thata few clusters

or more than hundredsof clustersarepolyphiletic.
Kurosawa: There are two major classes,
have two different

types,

those

the Western type and the Asian type. In Asia, however, wefrom the islandsof South

East Asia and thosefrom mainland

Indochina,
or Chinese pigs. As reported today, Chinese native pigs significantly
influenced
theSouth East Asian coastal and plain region populations.
Pure small-ear type breeds are still being
maintainedin many countries,

it is not therefore
East Asian type.

however, they are localized

possible to separate
It is very important

pure native populations

in small mountainous

areas. These days

the Asian pigs clearly, such as into an island type or a Southto know whether the samples or pigs were collected fromor not. Otherwise,

we cannot come to a precise

conclusion.

Mitochondrial

DNA Diversity

Hideyuki

MANNEN

Laboratoryof Anima Breeding

Faculty of Agriculture,

in Asian Goats

and Genetics,

Kobe University,

Kobe 657-8501, Japan

Introduction
Conservationof animal genetic

is essential

to protect

future. Recently it has been found that almost 600 breedsof domestic

and there is the possibility
The goat is probably
Evidence

diversity

our genetic

resources

animals are at risk of extinctionof further erosion of many traditional
and locally adapted
the earliest ruminant to be domesticated(Zeuner, 1963;shows that the nomadic people of the Middle

East tended

for thebreeds.
Mason, 1984).

goats as early as 10,000

years

B.C. The goat has been very prominent in world agriculture.
Goats are found throughout
allregions of the world except for the arctic regions. In fact, approximately
75% of the world's
populations

drink goafs

milk. The goat is widelyused as a source of meat especiallyin Middle-

Eastern Countries. Goat milk is also made into cheeses, butter and yogurt. Goats can provide manyother products such as Mohair and Cashmere, which is made into cloth and carpet as well as hides
for fine leather.

History

reveals that goats were often carried

early explorers

to the New World, including

Captain

Genetic background
The wild goats of the world are divided
markhor (C. falconeri)and ibex (C. ibex).

on ships as a source of fresh milk by

Cook and Christopherof domestic

into threegoats

major groups:

These are closely

Columbus.

relatedbezoar(Capraaegagrus),

to the modern domesticgoat(C. hircus). Harris (1961) and Zeuner (1963) have proposed that bezoar is the most likely ancestorof domestic goats. In addition,
Harris (1962) has suggested that markhor and ibex might havegeneticallyaffected

the domestic

However, the hypotheses

goats domesticatedin Western and Eastern Asia, respectively.

have not been proven until now.
Analyses of mitochondrial

Characteristics

of mitochondrial

DNA in goats

DNA (mtDNA) studies

in livestock

species

providevaluable

information about genetic diversity, phylogenetic
relationships
and the process of domestication(Loftus et al, 1994; Mannen et al.9 1998). Analyses of mtDNA have the advantages that are theclonaltransmission,

domestication
lineagegeographic

patterns

is the result

temporalinertiafrom the rates of substitutionof physicalof a particular
accumulation,

mt-lineage,

the pre- and post-

concludingthat domestic

capture of a wild female animal (MacHugh & Bradley, 2001).

mt-Recently,

we described

two ancestral

mtDNA haplotypes(mt-lineage

A and B) in Laotiangoat,suggesting
it is unlikelythat single local domestication
could explain (Mannen et al., 2001). In
same year, Luikart et al. (2001)
presented
more comprehensive data set with more than 400
samples throughout
origins

the world by mtDNA analyses.

and weak phylogeographic

structure

This resultin domestic

also reveals

the multiple

maternal

goats. They found three highly

divergent

mtDNA lineages (mt-lineage A - Q in domestic goats. However, most of their
Europe Africa and Middle East, but less from Eastern Asia.
Therefore,

in orderto understandthe genetic

diversityof domestic

samples

were fromgoats in Asia, we haveinvestigated
mtDNA diversity in Asian goats samples. In this workshop, I would like to show our recent
results of mtDNA diversity in Asian domestic goats. Until now, we analyzed goat mtDNA of Southeastern
Asia (Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam) , Eastern Asia (Mongol,

China) , and Southern

Asia (Pakistan)(Sultana

et al., submitted).
We sequenced the hypervariable(D-loop).
The nucleotide
lengthis 579-bp.

I region (HVI) of mitochondrial
displacement
loop
Using the sequence data set, we constructed

phylogenetic

and estimatedtrees, analyzed

sequence diversity,
Mitochondrial

lineages

genetic

in domesticfrequencies

in each country.

goats

Figure 1 shows the mitochondrial
phylogenetic
tree of Asian domestic goats. The mtDNA of Asiandomestic goats were classified into four distinct mt-lineages A, B, C and D. Mt-lineage D has not been
detected

beforeour study. Mt-lineage

C and D and was observed

but in Southeasterncountries. Mt-lineage A is major mitochondrial
This phylogenetic
topology was further supported by analysis

Figure1 A neighbor-joining

tree for D-loop haplotypes

in Pakistan,

Mongol and China,

lineage and next is mt-lineage B.
of cytochrome b gene sequences.

of the Asian domestic

goat breeds.

Divergencetimes of goat mitochondrial

lineages

Subsequently,
Cytochrome b gene sequences of the four domestic goat and wild goat mtlineages were used to estimate the divergence time using divergence time between sheep and goatof about 5 million

years ago from the fossil

time to the most commonrecent ancestor

record(Carroll,

1988).

The estimatedthe approximate

goat lineages

was 427,007(TMCRA) of the domestic

YA.

Calibrated
divergence time between mt-lineages A and D was 265,040 YA (Table 1).
Thus, estimates from the cytochrome b data were significantly
different
from the domestication
time of 10,000
ancestralyears

mitochondrialago. These results

Genetic frequencies(Mongol,maternal

origins

divergence times among mtDNAlineages(years)of mitochondrial

2 shows genetic
China)

pre-domesticof four distinct

lineages.

Table 1 EstimatedFiguresuggestlineagesfrequencies

and Southernin Asia and the domesticationof the four mt-lineages

Asia (Pakistan)in six countries.

, Mt-lineage A is predominantcenter of goat
In EasternAsia

and the other lineages

reveal low frequencies. In contrast, genetic frequencies
of mt-lineage B are quite high in Southeast
Asia (Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam) and mt-lineage C and D are not observed. This result suggests the
hypothesisof multiple

maternal

origins

domestication
center has been described
Zagros, Iran). However, the domestication
the mt-lineage
countries.
further

B was not observed

The domestication

centers.

One plausible

in Middle East (Taurus, Southeastern
Turkey and Westcenter of mt-lineage B is unlikely in these areas becausein Europe, Africa

centerdomesticationof mt-lineage

and Middle

East and was major in Southeast

B might be Balukistan

in Pakistan

or mucheastern area.

Analyses of mitochondrial
domestic
goats.

and multiple

DNA provide understanding

goat. However, additional
Especially,

microsatellite

analysesmarkers)

using

are required

molecular

studiesof the diversity

origin (s) ofwill lead us to know the origin(s)Y chromosome and autosomal
to understandor ancestral

the genetic

diversity

geneticof domestic

markers

in domestic

goats.

(probablyFigure2 Geographic
distributionof the four mtDNA lineages in. The area of the circle is
proportional
to the total number of samples (n) in each country;
Mongol (n=98),
China (n=33), Myanmar (n=180), Laos (n=75), Vietnam (n=60), and Pakistan(n=202).

Acknowledgement
This

experimental

work was done by my students

in Kobe University;and M. Misako. I thankto Dr. S. Tsuji

Dr. K. Nozawa (Kyoto

D.G. BradleyCollege)(Trinity

Maeda (Kagoshima
thankthe Society(Kobe University),

for helpful

University)

suggestions,and many colleagues

for Researches

Y. Nagata,

S. Sultana

University)and Dr.

Dr. T. Namikawa (Nagoya
for sampling

University),Y.

trip in Laos and Myanmar. I also

on Native Livestock.
References

CarrollR. L. (1988)

Vertebrate

Palaeontology

HarrisD.R. (1961)

The distribution

and Evolution

and ancestry(Freeman,of the domestic

New York)

goat. JournalofLinneanSocietyP.M., and Cunningham,

P. (1994).

Evidenceof

London. 173, 79-91.
Loftus,R.T., E. MacHugh, D.E., Bradley,

for two independent
Mason, I. L. (1984).

domestications

Evolution

Mannen, H., Kojima,

D.G., Sharp,of cattle.

of domesticatedAnimalT, Oyama, K, Mukai,

mitochondrial

DNA variation

Mannen, H., Tsuji,

S., Loftus,

Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 91: 2757.
Longman, London.

E, Ishida,T, and Tsuji,

S. (1998a).
/. Anitn.

on carcass traitsof JapaneseBlack cattle.

R. T, and Bradley,

D. G. (1998b).

Mitochondrial

EffectofSci. 76(1): 36.

DNA Variation

andEvolution of Japanese Black Cattle (Bos taurus). Genetics. 150: 1169.
Mannen H., Nagata Y. & Tsuji, S. (2001) Mitochondrial
DNA reveal that domestic
hircus)are geneticallyaffectedby two subspecies

Genetics 39, 145-54.
Sultana, S., H. Mannen and S. Tsuji,
signs of goat herding
Zeuner, E E. (1963).
Sasaki:

Mitochondrial

in Northwest

DNA diversity(Capraaegagurus).

of Pakistanigoats:

Biochemical
the earliest

South Asia (Submitted)

A History of DomesticatedBezoar found in the Middle

of bezoar

goat (Capra

Animals,

Hutchinson,

and Near East are thought

London.
to have been domesticatedthere

first and then to have moved to the west and east. Did Marchor influence the Besoar? In the case of
migration, usually it is the males that migrate to another region. Could you deduce this influence
from the resultsof the mitochondrial

DNA data set.

Mannen: The French group reported

that domesticatedgoats and threewild goat species

hadbeen allocatedgroups.

had influenced

the domesticatedgoat

to completely

different

If Marchor

population,
domesticatedit was likely throughmale wild goats being crossed with a small proportionoffemales. We may have to study the Y-chromosome not the mitochondria.
From thephylogenictree,

mitochondrial

its topology

studies,

indicates

it is difficult

that

Besoaris themainstream.

From the findingsofto trace back any influence from the Marchor or that from Ibex.

The Genetic Diversityof Chicken

Shin OKAMOTO
Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics
Faculty of Agriculture
Kagoshima University
The chicken is an animal with many varieties, next of the dog. About more than 200 varieties
chicken are being raised in the world. We have been interested
in the origin of domestic fowls.
In the genus Gallus,

there

are four species(Gallus gallus) , the Grey jungle fowl (Gallus
and the Green jungle fowl {Gallus varius).
ancestorof themonophyletic

domesticoriginthe polyphyletic
domestic fowl.

of theories

fowl is the sole ancestor

that more than one specieson the relationshipfowls. These

are the Red jungle

fowl

sonneratii), the Ceylon jungle fowl {Gallus lafayettii)
Concerning what species of the jungle fowl is theare two kindsthat the Red jungle

originThe studies

fowl, thereof jungleofof jungle

between the jungle

suggested.

The one is theof domestic

fowl, and the other isfowl contributeto the formationand the domesticoffowl have been done

from ecological,
morphological,
biochemical
and chromosomal viewpoints. Since 1971, a Japanese
research group has been doing research activities
in Southeast Asia with interest in the evolution
and domesticationof jungle

fowls. Two species,

the Red and the Green jungle

fowls, still

inhabitinthe Java and the Bali Islands. From hearing survey, the habitat of the Red jungle fowl was limited tothe deep forest, while the Green jungle fowl lived even in a small bush near the cultivatedfield
besidesin the forest

subspecies(Nishida

et al., 1980).

Nishidaet al. (1992)

of the Red jungle

fowl basedon the results

made a map of distributionof theirfield investigationof 5and on otherpublications.
By examining gene frequencies
at four blood group and seven electrophoreticloci,Okada et al. suggested that the average genetic distances between the domestic fowl and jungle
fowl were small for the Red jungle

fowl, intermediate

for the Grey jungle

fowl, and very large for

the Ceylonese and the Green jungle fowls. Hashiguchi
et al. (1993) suggested that from the resultsof analyzing of blood protein polymorphisms
the Grey jungle fowl was geneticallysimilar to the
Ceylonese

junglefowl, and the Green jungle

fowls and the native fowl. The diploid78, but in theirkaryotypes

fowl was genetically

remote from the other jungle

chromosome number of the jungle

No.3 chromosomes showed a morphologicaland the domestic

fowl isdifference(Okamoto

et al.,

populationof Gallus gallus

1988).

Recently,
gallussufficed

Akishinonomiya

et al. (1996)

as the monophyletic

sequences of the D-loop regions.
Like the above, various informationsuggested

ancestorthat a continentalof all domestic

is being accumulated

breeds,by determining

on the domestication

mtDNAof the chicken

at present.

The ideas of researchers

not always agree, but theirresults

all showed that the Red

jungle fowl has the most geneticallynear relation to the domestic fowl. In addition,
it is consideredthat the Red jungle fowl has the widest habitat in the jungle fowls. From these facts, it is suggested
that

the

formation
theirfowl mightof the chicken.

do the considerable

But, on the relation

contribution

in order to clarify the genetic

relationshipBlood Protein Polymorphisms
Blood samples collectedin Southeast

in the evolutionalwith other 3 kinds

informationis yet insufficient.
This study introducessome works of the genetic

laboratory,
1.

Red jungle

Asia

analysisof jungle

and Japan

fowls, it is supposedin the chicken

between the jungle

processinthatdone mainly in myfowls and domestic

were separated

into

plasmafowl.

anderythrocyte
and stored separately in a freezer (-40°C). Seventeen loci controlling
14 kinds of blood
protein were usually screened for genetic variation by starch gel or agar gel electrophoresis.
The
list

of the genetic

quantifiedloci analyzed

is given in tableby measuring the proportion

genetic distances were calculated
distance values, the dendrograms
numerical

taxonomy (Sokal

1. The genetic

of polymorphic

variability

withinpopulation

wasloci, Ppoiyyand average heterozygosity.

The

by Nei's formula (Nei, 1972). From the matrix of the genetic
was drawn by the unweighted pair-group method of clustering inand Sneath,1963).

Table 2 shows the gene frequenciesof polymorphic
loci of native fowl in Laos. The threesurveyed areas, Viangchan, Louangphrabang and Pakxe, showed almost the same gene frequencies
in all loci.

Of the 17 loci analyzed

by electrophoresis,

polymorphisms

were detected

at 7 loci. The

remaining 10 loci, Amy-3, LDH, PGM, PHI, To, MDH, Es-D, Hb-1 and Hb-2, were monomorphic.
Maeda et al. (1992)
indicatedthat the gene frequency of Amy-IA is gradually
decreasing
from
Table

1. List of blood

proteins

examined.

S y m b o l o f lo c u s

N a m e o f b lo o d p ro tein

C ite d fro m

E s‑1
A m y ‑1
A m y ‑3
A k p ‑a kp
A k p ‑2
A lb
Tf
P as
6L ‑P
D GD

P la sm a e ster as e
P la sm a a m y la se
P la sm a a m y la se
P la sm a a lk alin e p h o sp h ata se
P la sm a a lk alin e p h o sp h ata se
P la sm a a lb u m in
P la sm a tra n s fe rin
P la sm a p o st a lb u m inE ry thth rroo cy te la6‑pctateh o spdh eho gylud croo gn en
atea sed eh y d ro g e n a se

O k a d a e t a l. (1 9 8 0)
H a sh ig u c h i et a l. (19 7 0)
H a sh ig u c h i et a l. (19 7 0)
O k a d a e t a l. (1 9 8 1 0)
O k a d a e t a l. (1 9 8 0)
M cln d o e (19 6 2 )S tratil (1 9 6 8)
K u ry l a n d G a sp arsk a (1 9 7 6)
MB eann gw tse soll an n and Bd akS aenrd b(19e rg69 )(19 7 3 )

PG M
PH I
MT oD HE ry th r o cy te p h o sp h o g lu c o m u tas e
E ry th r o cy te p h o sp h o h e o s e is o m e ra se
E ry th r o cy te tetra
m ala zteo liu
d emh y od xr id
ogaesen as e

B e n g ts so n an d S a n d b e rg (19 7 3 )B e n g ts so n an d S a n d b e rg (19 7 3 )DB aavu id
r as no dn Sanc hd oCrro r(19tn e6r9 )(19 6 7 )

E s‑D
H b‑1
H b‑2

E ry th r o cy te e s te ra se
H e m og lo b in
H e m og lo b inW a tan ab e e t a l. (1 9 7 7)
W a sh b u rn (1 9 6 8)
W a sh b u rn (1 9 6 8)

Table 2. Gene frequenciesof polymorphic

loci of native fowl in Laos.

A re aL ocu sv ia n(5g7c)h a n

L o u a n g(4p 4h )r a b a n g

P (3a k5x)eT( 1o3ta6 )l

E s‑ 1 A
E s‑ 1 B
E s ‑l c
E s ‑1 D

0 .2 5 4
0 .7 4 60 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0

0 .2 0 5
0 .7 9 50 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0

0 .2 5 7
0 .7 4 30 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0

0 .2 3 9
0 .7 6 1
0 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0A m y ‑1 A
A m y ‑1 B
A m y ‑l c
A m y ‑1 D

0 .2 2 8
0 .7 7 20 .0 0 0
o .0 0 0

0 .2 6 1
0 .7 3 90 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0

0 .1 7 1
0 .8 2 90 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0

0 .2 2 4
0 .7 7 60 .0 0 0
0 .0 0 0

M p

0 .0 5 4

0 .1 0 8

0 .0 4 40 .0 6 9

akp

0 .9 4 6

0 .8 9 2

0 .9 5 6

0 .9 3 1

A k p ‑2 "A k p ‑2 ‑0 .5 1 6
0 .4 8 4

0 .5 4 2
0 .4 5 8

0 .4 5 5
0 .5 4 5

0 .5 0 9
0 .4 9 1

A W
A lb 8A lbc
A lb O0 .0 0 0
0 .8 5 1
0 .1 4 90 .0 0 0

0 .0 0 0
0 .8 5 2
0 .1 4 8
0 .0 0 0

0 .0 0 0
0 .9 1 4
0 .0 8 60 .0 0 0

0 .0 0 0
0 .8 6 8
0 .1 3 20 .0 0 0

Tf A
Tf
Tf

0 .0 0 0
0 .9 3 90 .0 6 1

0 .0 0 0
0 .9 7 70 .0 2 30 .0 0 0
0 .9 8 60 .0 1 4

0 .0 0 0
0 .9 6 30 .0 3 7

P as*
P asa

0 .1 2 1
0 .8 7 9

0 .1 2 1
0 .8 7 90 .0 1 4
0 .9 8 60 .0 9 3
0 .9 0 7( ) : N u m b e r o f b ir d .

south to north. In this study,
Indonesia (0.816),
Laos (0.224)
proteinpolymorphisms

Indonesia(Hashiguchi,

it is also recognizedthat Amy-IA gene is decreased in order ofand Nepal (0.184).
By including
this data and the previous data ofin Bangladesh
et al.,

1993),(Okadaet al,

the dendrogram1988),

Nepal(Maedaamong native fowls and jungle

illustrated
in figure 1. Laos native fowl was geneticallyclose to Bangladesh
genetic distance between them was estimated as 0.01. And, these populations
were clustered

1992)

and

fowls wasnative fowl, and theand Nepal native fowl

in one group.

2. Karyotype
Blood was drawn from the cutaneous
centrifuged

et al,

at 400 r.p.m. for 5 minutes.

vein of the elbow with a heparin-wetted

Lymphocyterich supernatant

fluid

syringe,andwas used as a sample.

The culture medium was composed of 4.0 ml of RPMI-1640, 0.1 ml of antibiotic
solution (penicillin& streptomycin),
0.1 ml of phytohemagglutinin(PHA; Wellcome)and 0.2-0.5 ml of sample.
Incubation

was over, the cell was treatedwith hypotonic

solution(0.075

M KC1) for 10 minutes.

As

Genetic
Figurerepeating

1. Dendrogram showing genetic similarities
NF: native fowl, JF: jungle fowl
a: Okada et al. (1988),
b: Maeda et al (1992),

the fixation

center of a slide
then stained

distance

more than threetimes, threeand held momentarily

among native fowls and jungle
c: Hashiguchi

drops

et al. (1993)of cell suspension

over steam. Steam-dried

Fowls.

were placedon thechromosome preparations

werewith 5% Giemsa solution.

It was observed that the metaphase cells of jungle fowls and domestic fowl lymphocytes
consistedof macrochromosomes and microchromosomes. Careful counting on the metaphase
platesfrom each fowl made it clear thatthe diploid

chromosome number of the jungle

and thenative fowls is 78. Their chromosomes were arranged into 39 pairs according to decreasing
and were divided into 10 pairs of macrochromosomes and 29 pairs of microchromosomes.
karyotypesof the four speciesof jungle

fowls lookedalmost the same (tablewere identified

unequivocallyaccordingto the size and position

size,
The

3). Macrochromosomesof the centromere.

Microchromosomes

were too minute to distinguisheach other, but they may be acrocentric. It was observed that there
was no difference in ten pairs of macrochromosomes between the Red jungle fowl, the Grey jungle
fowl, the Ceylonese
the Green jungle
and the domestic

junglefowl and the domestic

fowl showed subtelocentric
fowl.

fowl. On the other hand, No.3 chromosomes ofthat was a different

Table 3. Analysis of the karyotype
C h ro m o s o m e N o .
1,2,

5 ,6,7 ,98, Z ,W
10 3 8type from the other jungleof jungle fowls and Fi.

R ,G , C ,c

Gr

Fi

SSuAubbcmte
roeloctaecce
ne tric
nntrictric

SSuubbmteetac
lo c ene ntric
tric

A c ro c e nStric
Suubbmte
anelodtac
ceS eunnbtric
tric
te lo ce n tricA c ro c e n tric
M e ta c e n tricA c ro c e n tricA c ro c en tric
M e ta ce n tricA c ro c en tricA c ro c en tric
M e ta ce n tricA c ro c en tric

R: Red jungle fowl; G: Grey jungle fowl; C: Ceylonese jungle fowl; c: domestic
Gr: Green jungle fowl; Fi: Green jungle fowl-Gifu native fowl hybrid.

fowl;

fowls

3. Mitochondrial
DNA Polymorphisms
Wesequenced mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA)
cytochrome b sequences

to assay genetic(cyt b) among four Red jungle

variation.

fowl subspecies

Initially

we compareand four Asian native fowl

populations(table 4). DNA from blood was extracted by means of a standard phenol/chloroform
protocol (Sambrook et al. 1989). 1143bp of cyt b region were amplified from whole DNA via thepolymerase

chain reaction(PCR).

We estimatedthe number of haplotypes

and segregatingsites,and the gene diversity from the aligned sequences. Distances were calculated by the Kimura's twoparameter model (Kimura, 1980) and the neighbor-joining
option (Saitou and Nei 1987) in the
PHYLIP 3.5c package (Felsenstein

1993)

was used for distanceanalyses.

Nucleotide

standard error were estimated using the program Arlequin package (Schneider
structure was also analyzed by performing analysis of molecular variance
For the AMOVA,we make assumptions
Table 5 shows a summary of genetic

Table 4. List of samples

Table 5. Genetic

Variability

includingnucleotide

examined in this study.

of the study populations.

and its

et al. 2000). Population(AMOVA) by Arlequin.

that samples from each country represent
structure

diversity

diversities

populations.
( x) and meannumber of nucleotide
differences.
Analysis of sequences showed 107 polymorphic
positions,representing
9% of the total sequence obtained.
75.7% of mutations detected correspondedtotransitions.

In the red jungle

fowl populations,lower than the other two subspecies.
nucleotide
diversity
The haplotypic
be recognized.

diversity

G.g.bankiva

of G.g.gallus

The Vietnam native fowl in the study population

than the other populations.
neighbor-joining
tree is shown in figure 2. Two main clusters

neighbor-joining
analysis{G.g.gallus, G.g.spadiceus

Figurethe average nucleotide

was classified

into

the

cluster

separatedhave also lowof haplotypes

from others.

showed no clear relationshipamong the three red jungle
and G.g.jabouillei)
and the four native fowl populations.

was

can

However,fowl subspecies

2. Haplotypicneighbor-joining
tree of cyt b sequences. Haplotype
names are as follows: G.g.gallus,
GGG01-05;
G.g.spadiceus,
GGS01-03; G.g.jabouillei,
GGJ01-07;
G.g.bankiva,
GGB01-02;
G.varius,
GV01-05; Indonesian
native fowl, 101-06; Sri Lanka native fowl, S01-08; Thailand
native fowl, T0106; Vietnam native fowl, V01-04.

Table6 shows a summary of matrix of Slatkin

differentiation
detected

linearized

FSTs and exact test

based

on haplotype

frequencies.

Some indicationfrom pairwise

FST genetic

distances

between populations.

Table 6. Population

In orderpairwise

to focus on the relationshipFst genetic

distancesamong threeof clusteringof sampleof variation

wasamong populations.

red jungle

fowl subspecies(G.g.gallus,

G.g.spadiceus, and G.g.jabouillei), a minimum spanning tree was constructed from two components(figure 3). The first one includes haplotypes
from G.g.gallus. The second group contains the othertwo subspecies.

Native fowl populations

were included

each.

Figure 3. Minimum spanning tree constructedfrom fowl 1143bp

cyt b sequences.

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E, Miyake, T., Takada, M., Shingu,
Monophyletic

originand unique

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patterns

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fowls. Proc. Natl.

Acad. Sci. USA, 93: 6792-6795.
Felsenstein,

J. (1993)

author. Department

PHYLIP(Phylogenyof Genetics,

University

Inference

Package)versionof Washington,

Seattle.

3.5c. Distributedby theKimura, M. (1980)
comparative

A simplestudiesmethodfor estimatingof nucleotide

sequences.

Kumar, S., Tamura, K., Jakobsen,
Analysis

software,Hashiguchi,

polymorphisms

T., Hayashi,

Proteinpolymorphisms

NativeLivestock,

14: 219-233.

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Nishida,Genetic

T., Hayashi,

jungledistance

fowls in Indonesia.

Molecular

Evolutionary

Genetics

betweenchickenpopulations.

BloodproteinT., Okadaand red jungle

and Rajbhandary,fowl in Nepal.

H. B.
Res. Soc.

Amer. Nat., 106: 283-292.

T. and Mansjoer,

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S. S. (1993)

Asian-Aus. J. Anim. Sci., 6: 27.

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in the native

Y, Hashiguchi,

fowl in Indonesia.

MEGA2:Y., Maeda, Y. and Mansjore,

K., Yamamoto, Y, Nishida,(1992)

through(submitted)

of native and jungle

Maeda, Y, Inafuku,

rates of base substitutions

J. Mol. Evol. 16: 111-120.

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T., Nishida,

evolutionary

S. S. (1982)

and Phylogeny

Distributionof Indonesia

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Part

of
E[ : 85-

95.
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A. (1992)

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Okamoto,
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T, Hasnath,chickens

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Sokal,

Y, Shotake,L. (2000)

and Biometry

P. H. A. (1963)

Principles

Molecular

Cloning:

Harbor,New York.

Arlequin:

A software

A Laboratory

Manual, 2ndfor population

genetics

Lab, Dept. of Anthropology,of numerical

University

dataof Geneva.

taxonomy. Freeman, San Francisco

and London.
Ito:

How about the morphology

such as pheasantsOkamoto:otherspeciesof the third

chromosome

in phasianidaeof the quailis acrocentric.

Unfortunately,

other

than

Gallussp.,

we did not study

theand quails?

The third

chromosomeof the phasianidae

family.

3. General Discussion
Chairpersons

NAMIKAWA,T
AMANO, T

Comments
Chinese Animal Resources
CHANG, Hong
Yangzhou University,

China

Chinese native cattle have differentiatedinto three types: the south yellow cattle in the
Yangtze River valley and to the South of it, the north pasturelandyellow cattle and the central
plains yellow cattle
Chinesecattledistributedin the middle

were regarded

and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

as a mixed blood race between commoncattle and the zebu. In

the 1980s, Namikawa suggested that the Banteng (viz.. Bos sondaicus)
is one of the sources ofdomestic cattle in Southeast Asia. This inference concurs with accounts on wild bovine in Chinese
ancient books.
The Chinese south yellow cattle, especially mini-cattle in the mountain area of Hunan province
and the Guangxi region are thought to be mixed blood descendants
of some extinct land
subspeciesof Banteng. This subspecies

have been widely distributed

From the point of view of use as meat, yellow cattle,
Yellow River, are better than those either in the pastureland
other

hand,

originating

this

breed

is alsothought

in the southernin the middle and lower reaches of theareas or in the southern areas. On theto be more advantageousfrom Western Europe from the following

part of China.

three aspects:

than modern beef breeds

firstly,

the muscle fiber is thin,

the meat tastes good; secondly, it can be digested as a byproduct of commodity production, which
reduces the raising costs; thirdly, it has adapted to tropic climates. The past bad impression as toits meat properties

seems to be the resultof the use of cattle that were too old for meat production.

During the 1980s, the late professor Qiu Huai revealed that the meat qualities
of Qinchuan cattle,
such as the average daily weight increase, dressing percentage, lean meat percentage and rib eye
area during the fatting
breeds.

period,These findings indicate

were not inferior
that middle

to those of the Shorthorn,

land yellow cattle

Charolais

had the potential

properties,
but this conclusion was ignored.
Presently there are seven subspecies of Wild Boar in China. The origin
multiplex

at the subspecies

socioeconomic
local

and culturalswine breeds

level.

China

backgrounds.

have formed.

Chineseis a broad

region with a varied

Over a long period

to show good meatof Chineseswine isrange of ecosystems,of historicalswine has many excellent

or other beef

development,
properties.

various

Besidestheoutstanding
reproductivityof the populationsin the Taihu basin, the other advantages of various
local breeds are becoming increasingly
recognized. North China breeds have better meat qualities,
such as thinmusclefiber, highdensityof muscle-101-

fiber in the muscle

cross section,muchintermuscularpigment,

fat, less connective

tenderness

tissue,more definedand cooked meat proportion,weighttest values for muscle hydroaffinity,

than for European breeds.

total

The nearly 20 yearsof emphasis

on average daily

conservation
better taste.

of local swine breeds. For most people, however, meat from traditional
breeds has a
The price trend among various local breeds has been the main force influencing

farmers to contend with hybridization

gain and lean meat rate has had a great impact

pressure.

Chinese native sheep breeds include thin-tailed,short-fat-tailed,large-fat-tailed
breeds. They have the potential for various uses such as for carpet wool, lambskin,
Recent studies

reveal that they are the paramount genetic

large body size, and adaptability
to high elevations.
According to Nozawa's classification,
ChineseSavanna-type or cross types
uses. It is evidentof these.

that the highon thefor high reproductive

goat populations

They have varied

reproductivity

resources

ecologicaland fat-hippedpelts and meat.

belongto the Bezoar-type,characteristics

and economicof goats from the Huang-Huai river basin

productivityof Cashmere goats from North China and Tibet are valuable genetic
In a word, the native domestic animal breeds should be preserved, because:
1) They containvarious valuablegenetic

resources

breeds;2) Human beings

have varying

needs at different

for the further
times

rates,and theresources.

improvement of the Cashmere

and in different

areas. Breedingpractice

dependingon a poor gene pool will never be able to meet the long-term needs of social development;

3) Genetic

resources

adaptedvaried ecological conditions;4) Some ancient local breeds
Peruvian plateau

to harsh

shouldsuch as the long-tailed

are of vital cultural

Characterization

environments

and scientificchickenbe preserved

to allow adaption

from Japantoand Huacaya fromvalue.

and AnGR Inventory in Myanmar

U Maung MaungNyunt
Livestock

Breeding

and Veterinary

Department,

Myanmar

Myanmar has become one of the twelve participating
entitled"Conservationand Use of Animal Genetic

countries

Resourcesin the Regional

FAO projectin Asia and the Pacific."

With theassistance of this project it has initiatedsome activities
in breeding surveys. The first stage of thesurvey is to identify
breeds and their estimatedpopulation
structure.
Identificationof distinct
livestock

breeds in many cases is a difficult

task. Judgment

may vary depending

prepares the inventory. In poultry, there are so many phenotypic
distinct breeds is a complicated task.

variations

on the person whothat grouping

them into

In Myanmar, there are still no breeding associations
or similar groups dedicatedbreeds in a relatively distinct
form. Factors to be considered are regional isolation,differences

in morphologicaland physiologicalcharacteristics,

breeding

patterns,

to maintaining
use patterns,

historicalbackgroundas to the origin of the breed, and finally, the most important factor is the degree of genetic isolation.
Myanmarhas attempted a listing of livestock breeds during the project period. More thoroughand comprehensive

study and the detailed

characterization

Present level of technology relevant to AnGRIn Myanmar artificial insemination
technology
some extent for pigs. It was also tried on buffalo,of breeds

is yet to be undertaken.

has been establishedmithan and poultry.

for cattle.

On military

It is used tofarms, it is used

to breed mares with donkeys to produce mules. The technique has never been applied to sheep
and goats. AI is extensively used in only one species, cattle AI, which was started in 1967 with fresh
semen and this was replaced
has never been attemptedby frozen semen in the early eighties.

The frozen semen techniquefor pigs.

Research Collaboration
Information on the genetic

resourcesof native livestockand closely

relatedwild animals

Myanmar has been summarized by LBVD. Due to the ongoing crossbreeding
livestock and exotic breeds, the number of pure native livestock has been declining.
studieson the genetic

Research

collaboration

constitutionof native

has been initiatedlivestock

betweengenetic propertiesof the animal resources of native livestock
Under the research collaboration
programFourteen

Professors,

Assistant

Professors

between native
In this context,

in Myanmar is a critical

LBVD and Japaneseinrequirement.

scientists

to study

thein Myanmar.

and PhD students

led by Dr. Y. Maeda visited

Myanmar twice in the year 2000 and 2001. This was to evaluate the genetic propertiesof cattle,
water buffalo, mithan, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens, ducks, jungle fowl and mice by meansof genetic
blood

analysissuch as the study of body size, external

type and DNA polymorphism.

The evaluation

characteristics,

of livestock

genetic

proteinpolymorphism,

resourcesin Myanmar bymeans of biochemical
and molecular techniques,a workshop on electrophoresis
techniques,aseminar on Genetic Studies of Native Livestock in Myanmar and Asia have been conducted. Papers
on the principles
chickensof livestock

breeding

by Dr. Y. Maeda and papers on genetic

studies

on native

in Asia by Dr. Y. Yamamoto in the MVC annual meeting were presented.

Future requirements
At present, there are a few qualified

trainedpersonnel

Most of the graduates are trained in population genetics
the country. For this reason, training in these subjects

in genetic

resources issues in Myanmar.

and molecular genetics is a new subject forshould be given both locally and abroad.

Higher academic courses such as at the M.Sc and Ph.D level are also requiredof competentpersonnel.

In addition,

the disseminationof knowledge

for the development

on genetics

shouldbeconducted at the level of livestock farmers to enable them to participate
actively in the project. Dueto this project, Myanmar has just initiatedgenetics activities
in the country. With the cooperation of
the Japanese

Government, Myanmar will be able to extend its ongoing activities

in the near future.

In d ig en o u s a n im al b re ed s in M ya n m ar
Sr.
NoSpecies

1 C attle

N am e of Species

A nn ex T able (A )B reed available

U sed

A gro‑E co zone

B os taurus indicus

Pya Sein,Shw e N i G yi,
C entral M yanm ar
Shan,Kyauk phu,Yanbye,K adarta

B ibosfrontalis

M ythun (M ithun)

2 B uffalo

B ubalus bubalus

M yanm ar Kyw e (Shuntlu K yw e)

M eat
N orthern and lower M yanm ar D raught & M eat

Shan K yw e

Shan plateau

D raught

3 H orse

E quus caballus

M yanm ar M yin

C entfal M yanm ar

D raught

Shan M yin

Shan Plateau

D raught

4 A ssE quus asinus

M yanm ar M ye

Shan state

D raught

5

Sus dom esticus

Bocake,W et taung

C entral M yanm ar

M eat

B adaung

Srtan plaieau

M eat

A h Kha

N orthern Shan

M eat

Chin w et

C hin H ill

M eat

6 G oatCapra hircus

D raught & m eat

C hin hill

N yaung O o (H tain San,W aithali)

Central M yanm ar

M eat

Jade N i (Seik N i)

Central M yanm ar

M eat

Kw ay Seik

R akh in e
Central M yanm ar

M eat

7

O vis aries

M yanm ar T hoe,K alar Thoe

8 Chicken

G allus gallus

T aik kyet H insar Kyet

W ide spread

M eat & egg

Inbinw a K yet

W ide spread

M eat & egg

T annyin Kyet,K yet Lada

W ide spread

M eat & egg

M eat & carpetw ool

9 T urkey

M eleagris gallopavo

KyetsinCentral M yanm ar

M eat

10 D uck

A nas platyrhynchos

K h ayan

W ide spreadEgg

T aw b e

W ide spread

Egg

M andarllie

W ide spreadEgg

M uskovy Duck Cairina m oschatall G oose

A nser cygnoides

N gan

W ide spread

Egg

12 Q uail

Coturnix spp

N gow nW ide spread

M eat& egg

Survey of 12 Species of domestic animal and there are about 33 breeds of livestock in Myanmar
Population size and date pertaining to these breeds is still yet to be thoroughly surveyed

Exotic livestock,
Sr. N oSp ecies

breedsavailable

in Myanmar

N am e of S pecie sAnnex Tabl (B)B reed av ailable

U se d1

C attleB os tau rus

F riesian , Jersey2

B uffalo

B u balu s bu ba lis

M u r rah3

S h eep

O vis aries

C orrid ale (A u stralia) , A w assi (M idd le E ast)

W o ol & M e at, M e at

Su s d om esticus

L arge W h ite , D u roc , L an drace , B erk sh ire

M eat

4

D airy. P u rp oseI!

5

C h icken

G a llus ga llu s

W h ite C ornish , R o ss, B arre d R ock , R od e Islan d R ed,
M eat, M eat & E g g
H am p sh ire, W h ite L eg h orn

6

D uck

A n as p la tyrhyn ch os

C h erry v ally

M eat & F eathe rK h ak i cam p bell

Egg

Animal Genetic Resources in Korea
CHO, Chang Yeon
National

Livestock

Research Institute,

Korea

Many wall paintings excavated from graves or caves of 1,500 years ago show horses and cattle,
but there are no pictures of goats.
Wehave native cattle,

goats,

horses,pigs and chickens

in Korea. The situationof Koreannative domestic animal breeds is similar
Most of Korean cattle are yellow,

to Japan in that they are at risk of extinction.
and occasionallyother colors, tiger-striped

found. Korean cattle

from around 2,000 years ago in Korean Peninsula

temperate

have been utilized

and were fed on coarse feedstuff.

The meat qualityof the cattleor blackareand areis good. Korean cattle

have been used in agricultural
farming in general, but presently most cattle are being improved formeat production. The number of cattle increased from 400,000 in 1950 to 2.45 million in 1995.
However, due to economic circumstances,

the number decreased

to 1.45 million

by June 2002.

Records related to Korean goats have been found from 600 years ago. Most native Korean
goats are black with horns and some individuals
have a white muzzle. Brown goats are also
occasionallyfound in Korea. The number of native goats in Korea was 440,000

Korean native goats are conserved as AnGR at the National
Korean native pigs are endangered due to their small
disappeared

from Korea by 1970. NLRI introduced

1988. The numbers had recovered

chickenlines characterized

Livestock Research Institute(NLRI).
size and the native pig had practicallynine native pigs, four males and five females, into 10,000 by 1996. Seven national

conserved 533 native pigs in 2002.
Korean native chickens became endangeredin 2002. Four hundred

and local research

institutions

NLRI introduced

five nativein the late 1970s.

by their plumage colors of dark red, black,gray, white, and silky fromthe late 1970s to the early 1980s. The number of native chickens conserved in nine institutionsofthe national and local governments totalled 12,000. Five million native chickens are being reared byordinary

farmers.

In Cheju

Island,the Cheju

horse and other native horses

are beingconserved.

The Cheju

horse was designated a natural treasure. There are 31 males and 93 females being conserved in a
local research institute.
The distributionof 559 horses took place to 63 general farms from 1987 to
2001.

The productivityof Korean native livestockand farmers did not want to keep
legislative
action for their conservation
the conservation
implementing

has been thought

native livestock.
The Korean government
and utilization
this year. These actions include

and management of AnGRs in animal production
organization

throughto be unfavorable

the organizationof the NCC.

for farmers,
implemented
stipulationoflaw and the designationof anComprehensive

Commenton Asian Native Domestic Animals

NOZAWA, Ken
Prof. Emeritus,

Kyoto University,

Japan

The most ancient type of domestic
the individuals

goat was indistinguishable

dug up from archeologicalsites

of the period

from the wild Besoar goat. All
8000 B.C. to 7000 B.C. were of this

type.
After 2000 years of the Besoar, a Savannah type with a screw-shaped
Asia and spread throughout

the world in accordancehorn emerged in Westernwith the distributionof the Besoar.

Then after 2,000 years of Savannah type dispersal,
the Jamnapari type with very long ears
emerged in India and dispersed
from India into South Asia to the South-East Asian islands. The
Jamnaparitype easily

crossedwith other types. The cashmere goat originatedNortheast

Asia, the Besoar and Savanna type became mixed and the extent of hybridization

dependingon the breed.

In the Southernanother genetic factor.
Mannen's report basicallypart of Asia, the Jamnapari

in Savanna type. In
variedtype was mixed further

concurs with these facts, however, some resultsaswere inconsistent

with Mannen's results. The inconsistency
with Mannen's results might be considered to be due tothe fact that his results came from mitochondrial
DNA analysis, which is known to be based onmaternal inheritance.
In case of the Asiannativehorse,

the genetic

factors

from Southeast

Asia are few andMongolian horse factors have an overwhelming genetic influence. The genetic constitutionof theCheju horse is almost the same as that of the Mongolian horse. The Japanese horse has come fromand passed throughKorea to the Hokkaido

in the northand to the Yonaguni and Tokara Isles tothe south of Japan. Mongolia invaded Vietnam and the Vietnamese horse was also affected by the
Mongolian horse. The Bengalese horse was also largely affected by the Mongolian horse and isthought

to be minimallyaffectedby the Occidental

The Asian cat was analysed geneticallygene (O) frequency showed clinal changes,
Abyssinian(Ta) type found frequently

in Europe.

A kinky tail was frequently

horse.

by using morphologicalphenotypes. The orange color
from high Asia to low Europe. In the Tabby locus, thein South Asia and the Blotchedfound in Southeast

tabby(tb) type predominates

Asia and Japan and in coastal

regionsaround the Chinese

trade ports. However, few if any kinky-tailed

cats are found in inland

China andEurope.
As presented

here, the geographicalaccording

It should

be consideredthatSoutheast

native domestic

animals in Asia.

genetic

Asian genetic

trend differedfactors

strongly

affected

to the species.
the present

distributionofGeneral Discussion
Ito: How is the kinky tail of the cat genetically
Nozawa: The genes involved
frequency

are not clear and are considereddata shown was a phenotype

Sasaki:

From the global

speciesor subspecies

controlled?
to be of a polygenic

Theof the tail.

point of view, what is the extent of variationof the wild boar or how manyof wild pig exist in the world?

Kurosawa: In the Eurasian wild boar, Sus scrofa, which is considered
has altogether

character.

30 subspecies.

to be the ancestor

They are found in Europe, China and Southeastof the pig

Asia and we do notknow exactly where the ancestors come from. As I indicatedin the report, the other species, suchas the warty pig and bearded pig can be assumed to be among the origins of the pig gene pool. The
genes found in the domesticatedpig population

the difference

between domesticated

Kobayashi:

I studiedregions;

the genetic

pigs and wild pigs is not so great.
relationship

Gunma, Shimane and Miyazaki

Gunmapossessedcommonalleles

are also found in the wild pig and vice versa. I think

between pigs and the Japaneseusing DNA polymorphism.

wild boar of three

The wild boars of Miyazaki

in one gene locus, 30-40% and less than 10%, respectively,

and
with

the domesticatedpig. However, no commonallele was found in Shimane. It seems the differences
found between the regions comes from the differencein the habit of eating wild boar meat. In
Miyazaki,eatingwild boar meat is popular.

In contrast,

boar meat is not consumed in the otherregions. Wild boar is thought as a pest animal in Shimane but is treated as a marketable productGunma.I presume that this result came from pigs being hybridized
to increase the productivity
wild boar in the regions
Oda:

where wild boar meat is consumed.

When were the various

variation

inof

was acquired

morphologies

of domestic

pigs

acquired?

I think

most of theduring and after domestication.

Kurosawa: I agree with you that the variation in pigs occurred after domestication.
Clay figures oflong-eared pigs of the period before Christ were uncovered in China. So China has a long history of
pig domestication.
Faruque: Three questions to Dr. Taneja; 1. With regard to the cattle breeds
Bangladesh,
I would like to know the distribution
and frequency of Chittagong
easternfrequency

part of India;

2. The white Bengal goat is distributedof occurrence

widelyof the white goat is low. I have an interestof India close to
Red cattle in thein Bangladesh,in getting

however, theinformationon thedistribution
calledand frequencyof the white Bengal goat in the eastern part of India;

gayal in Bangladesh,constitutes

a small population

3. Mithan, which isof gayal and the peripheral

population

migrates between Bangladesh and India. I would like to know whether the data on mithan weretaken from the mithan husbanded by farmers or from governmental institutions.
Taneja: There is a national center for mithan and the focus of the center is basically to look at themithan population in their native environment, to look at their management system and to look attheirutility.

We have another institutelesserknown species,

on the yak. Extensive

are undertaken

where they are basicallyindigenous.

studieson mithan and yak, which arewith the focus on optimizing

theirutilityin the regions

There is great scope for improvement both with regards

toprocessing activity both for meat and milk from the yak and so forth. The intention is to increase
their acceptability
and utility in their production environment. The frequency of the white Bengal
is very low. I would like to indicate that some hill goats are small in size but the quality
the moment, by increasing the size, the quality declines.
The genetic characterization
breedsis very difficult

Regardingis high. Atof thesesince they are in one cluster and there is not a wide variation among them.

the Chittagong

Red cattle,

India

is a large

country

and has a very high degreeofagricultural
diversity. This diversity relates to addressing
the problem of their resources in theirregion. What we do if a project comes up on city cattle or Chittagong cattle is that we try to give thefarmer the money and ask them that as far as they can they should
this. We have already publishedmonographs on Chittagong

cattleproduction

basic informationonand Black Bengal cattle.

Wagner: As a member of FAO, our main worry is hunger throughout
convinced that livestock

gatherthe world. We are stronglyis, for many people in the poor and rural areas, a way out ofpoverty. Now I would like to ask those who did all the research today, whether can we find any
positive linkages of this research to improving livestock productivity
or perhaps to more economic
conservation

efforts?

That is our view; how can we improve productivity

more people in the world. I admit the question is a little bit provocative,
developing countries who want also to engage in this kind of researchmoney in this kind of research.
otherhand for research

And the questionthat will reallyand how can we feed

but my worry is that manyare going to invest a lot ofis, would I devote sufficient

improve productivity

resources

and improve livelihoodson thein theircountries.
Taneja:Research in scienceshould have its ultimate

focus as we said at the beginningfocus on improvement. Ensuring this ultimate

has to be on the sustainableutilizationof AnGRs. Westarted withphysical characterization,
we went on to cytogenetic characterization,
biochemical
polymorphism
and then today we have come to the stage of using molecular markers for characterization.
These
polymorphisms

will

help

us greatlyas parameters

that

could

be economicallylinkedtoimprovements.
total resources

However, a major difficultyarises in terms of the total resource requirement andavailable. The extent of data and the focus of FAO with regard to the matter of thestate of world's animal genetic resources

is to identify

those breeds that are available

for use today

and possibly partly due to either industrialization
or innovative technologies
use on at finding them
to be sustainable.
Should we conserve those populations,or how long should we conserve these
populations

and what is the total cost of all this. And I would like to make a request to all thoseworking together in partnership.
If we look at these parameters it will greatly help us in looking at
the genetic strength of these populations. And after we have looked at the genetic strength in termsof eithergene polymorphismor related

economic parameters, these should

form a significant

partof the determinationof such priorities.
This will greatly help us to identify these populations, which
would have value. Secondly, we will need capacity and capability
to deal with this issue. Many of
these

countries

may not have the capability

or may not have the resources,

background that the linkages between institutions,developed. The last speaker indicated the Mongolianthat the Jamnapari

so it is against

linkages between countries will have to belineage with regards to horses and explained

have moved from India to Asian countries,

which clearly

indicated

the kindschanges that have gone on. History is able to explain exactly how gene flows occurredthat background we should try to physicallylook into populations
and conduct analyses.
Obata: Thank you for indicating

your valuable

this

opinions

and I thinkofand withthe value of having this kind ofworkshop is to get this kind of opinion. As to animal genetic resources, their importance is well
accepted by everyone. As the size of the human population increases, the importance of AnGRs
increases

even further.

I think

this is the common awareness of all the participants.

In Japan, we

have the Society for Research on Native Livestock and we have conducted various basic studies
that have been reported on today. The content of the research starts from proteins to DNA andchromosomes, so it is developing
Through

the accumulationin termsof technologyof data, we can share informationand in terms of areas of research.
with regard

to the AnGRs and byaccumulating the data, it is possible
to have a deeper understandingof the present situation and thechallenges ahead. We have the opportunity
to prepare a country report for FAO and we have had
valuablepresentations

and exchangesof opinion

in the workshop

today and yesterday.

We willsummarize and publish the proceedingsof this workshop as reference material that can be
distributed
to the stakeholders.
It can be utilized in many ways as a data source. I think this is one
way of contributing

to the improvement of the food situation

throughout

the world.

Closing

Remarks

KURISAKI, Junichi

Directorof Genetic Diversity

National

Institute

Department,of Agrobiological

Sciences

It is my great pleasureorganizing

committee.

to make these

remarks at the end of workshop

In the past 5 years,

on behalfof the35% of the mammalian and 63% of avian breeds

havebeen reported to be endangered in terms of agricultural
animal genetic resources. Such a criticalsituation in terms of animal genetic resources is not exceptional
for countries in the Asian region.
Since the Convention

on Biological

Diversity

came into force in 1993,

the importanceof theutilizationand conservation
wide. In 1999, FAO startedof animal genetic resources has been much better recognized world
developinga global strategy for the management of animal genetic

resources.

strategy,

Under this global

the preparationof a reportgenetic resources is now in progress and nearly 140 countries
accordance with such worldwide efforts on animal genetic
international

workshop inviting

Yesterday

after the introduction

on the state of the world's

animalare preparing country reports and inresources, we planned to hold thisguest speakers from the FAO and Asian countries,

includingby Dr. Wagner on the progressof these reports,of the preparation

Japan.

the present situation of animal genetic resources was comprehensively
reported on by the guest
speakers from the China, India, Vietnam and Japan. Today, research reviews on the genetic
diversityof Asian livestock

were presented

by the distinguishedresearchers.

In addition,

valuablecountry reports on domestic animals were presented by the commentators from China, Myanmar
and Korea, and in addition Dr. Nozawa provided additional
information. During this workshop, theimportance
genetic

of international

resources

regional

and also for the achievement

All these efforts made this workshop
and encouraging for the preparation
Resources

cooperation

and also stimulate

was suggested

for survey research

on animalof the sustainable

use and conservationof AnGRs.

fruitful. We sincerely hope that this workshop will be helpfulof the report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic

international

collaborationin the utilization

animal genetic resources as well as in research on the genetic diversity
greatly appreciate
all the honorable guests, chairpersons
and participants
for the valuablemuch.

information,

discussions

and cooperationand conservationofof livestock. Finally, wefrom abroad and Japanthey have contributed.

Thank you very

Participants

AMANO, Kazuhiro
National Instituteof Livestock and Grassland Science, JapanAMANO, Takashi (Chairperson,
Organizing Committee)
Tokyo University of Agriculture,
ANDO, Mikio
National Instituteof Livestock and Grassland Science, JapanCHANG Hong (Commentator)
Yangzhou University, China
CHO Chang Yeon (Commentator)
National Livestock Research Institute,
Korea

Japan

CHOI, You Lim Rural Development Administration,
Korea
EBANA, Kaoru Genebank, NIAS, JapanFARUQUE, Md Omar (Section2)
Bangladesh Agricultural
University, Bangladish
FUKUOKA, Shuichi
Genebank, NIAS, Japan
FRUKAWA,Tsutomu National Instituteof Livestock and Grassland Science, Japan
HA, Jong Kyu Seoul National University, Korea
HAYASHI, Haruo National Instituteof Livestock and Grassland
HORITA, Mitsuo
Genebank, NIAS, JapanIMAIZUMI, Eitaro
Livestock Technology Association,Japan
INOUE, Hajime
Vice President,
NIAS, Japan
IRIE, Kenji
Genebank, NIAS, Japan

Science,Japan

ISHI, Takuro
Genebank, NIAS, Japan
ITO, Masanori
Tokyo University Department of Animal Genetic Resources, Japan
ITO, Isao Chiba University, Japan
ITO, Shinichi
Gifu University, JapanIZAIKE, Yoshiaki (Chairperson,
Organizing Committee)
Director of Developmental Biology,

NIAS, JapanKANEKO, Hiroyuki
Genetic Diversity Department, NIAS, JapanKANNO, Masako Tokyo University of Agriculture,Japan
KAWADA,Masae Genebank, NIAS, Japan
KATOH, Satoshi
Genome Research Department, NIAS, JAPANKIKUCHI, Kazuhiro
Genetic Diversity Department, NIAS, Japan
KIM, Kyung Ran Rural Development Administration,
Korea
KOBAYSHI, Eiji National Livestock Breeding Center, Japan
KOJIMA, Yoichiro
Genebank, NIAS, JapanKURISAKI, Junichi (Closing Remark, Organizing Committee)
Directorof Genetic Diversity

Department,

Maung Maung Nyunt (Commentator)
Myanmar Livistock Breeding and Veterinary
Myanmmar
MINEMATU, Takeo Tsukuba University, JapanMINEZAWA, Mitsuru (Section 1, Secretary Staff)
Genebank, NIAS, Japan

Department,

NIAS, Japan
KUROSAWA,Yaetsu (Section 2) Cattle Museum, Japan
MAEDA, Yoshizane (Chairperson)
Kagoshima University,
MANNEN, Hideyuki (Section 2) Kobe University, JapanMARUYAMA,Kimiaki
Mieji University, JapanMIYAZAKI, Shoji(Chairperson,

Organizing

Committee)

Japan

Directorof Genebank,

NIAS, Japan

MORIWAKI, Kazuo

Riken Biorsource

Center, Japan

MURAMATSU, Susumu Livestock Technology Association,Japan
NAGAMINE, Tsukasa (Secretary
Staff)
Genebank, NIAS, Japan
NAGAMINE, Yoshitaka
National Instituteof Livestock and Grassland
NAMIKAWA,Takao (Chairperson)
Nagoya University, JapanMIKURA, Junko Genebank, MAS, Japan

Science,Japan

NITTA, Miyuki
Genebank, NIAS, JapanNOGUCHI, Junko
Genetic Diversity Department, NIAS, JapanNOMURA, Koh Tokyo University of Agriculture,Japan
NOZAWA,Ken (Commentator)
Prof. Emeritus, Kyoto University, Japan
OBARA, Yusaku Tsukuba University, Japan
OBATA, Taro (Welcome Remarks, Organizing Committee)
Director of Genome and Biodiversity
Research, NIAS, Japan
ODA, Senichi
Nagoya University, JapanOKAMOTO, Shin (Section 2) Kagoshima University, JapanOSHIBE, Akinori
Japan International
Research Center for Agricultural
OZAWA,Manabu Tsukuba University, Japan
SAICHI, Namomi Tokyo University of Agriculture,
SANO, Akiko
Developmental
Biology Department,
SASAKI, Tomoko Tokyo University of Agriculture,

Sciences,

Japn

Japan
NIAS, JapanJapan

SASAKI, Yoshiyuki (Chairperson)
Kyoto University, Japan
SATO, Toyozo (Secretary
Staff)
Genebank, NIAS, JapanSHIBAHARA, Sayaka Tokyo University of Agriculture,Japan
SHIMANUKI, Shinichi
STAFF Institute,Japan
SHIOYA, Yasuo (Organizing
Committee)
National Institute of Livestockand Grassland

Science,

SHIRATA, Kazuto Genebank, NIAS, Japan
TAKAHASHI, Hideaki
Genebank, NIAS, Japan
TAKAHASHI, Yukimizu Tokyo Universityof Agriculture,Japan
TANEJA, Vijay Kumar (Section 1) Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, India
TANAKA, Kazuaki (Section 2) Azabu University, Japan
THUY, Le Thi (Section 1) National Instituteof Animal Husbandry, Vietnam
TOJO, Hideaki
Tokyo University Department of Animal Genetic Resources,
TSUJI, Soichi (Chairperson)
Kobe University, Japan
WAGNER, Hans-Gerhard (Keynote Adress)
FAO-RAPYAMAMOTO,Yoshio (Chairperson)
Hiroshima University, JapanYAMANE, Itsuro
National Instituteof Animal Health, JapanJapan

YANG, Deji Nanjing Aguriculturarl
University
Ye Tint Tun Genebank, NIAS, JapanYUKUHIRO, Kenji Insect Genetics and Evolution Department, NIAS, JapanZHANG, Guixiang (Section 1) National Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Service,

China

Japan

Organizing

Committee
OBATA, Taro (Chairperson)
MIYAZAKI, Shoji
KURISAKI, Jun-ichi
IZAIKE, Yoshiaki
SHIOYA, Yasuo
AMANO,Takashi

S e cretariat
MINEZAWA, Mitsuru(Secretary

General)

NAGAMINE, Tsukasa
SHIRATA, Kazuto
KAWADA,Masae
SATO , Toyozo
YUMURA,Katsutoshi
HISADA, Masahiko
ISHII,

TakuroFUKUOKA, Shu-ichi
EBANA, Kaworu
KOJIMA, Yoichiro
NAGAI, Toshiro
HORITA, Mitsup
TAKEUCHI, Kasumi
NOGUCHI, Junko
SHIINA, Tsugio
CHIBANA, Takashi
NAKAZAWA,Kyoko
MURAOKA, Fumiko
TANIGUCHI, Taniguchi
MIYASHITA, Susumu
Editorial

Board
MINEZAWA, Mitsuru
KAWADA,Masae
TAKAHASHI, Hideaki
SATOH, Masahiro(Chief

Editor)