第 8 章 冠詞(Articles)

不定冠詞：a,定冠詞：the ⇒ 名詞の前に置き，その名詞の概念，適用範囲を明示．
冠詞の選び方（6 種類） (1) 数えられるか否か？
(2) 単数か否か？
(3) 限定できるか否（不特定）か？
Start

[U]

[C]

限定的
不特定

the
無冠詞 (φ )the behavior
behaviors.（単数）

限定的
不特定

thea (an)the electron
an electronpl.（複数）

限定的
不特定

the
無冠詞 (φ )the electronselectrons

不定冠詞 a の基本的用法｢読み手から見て不特定である」と書き手が考えている場合の、可算名詞[C]単数に付ける．
定冠詞 the の基本的用法(1) 最初に「不特定」として導入された名詞に 2 回目以降に言及するとき．
(2) どのひとつについて言及しているのかはっきりしていて，読者・聞き手が間違える可能性のない名詞のとき．
the sun (= the sun of our solar system)(3) the n. of ...：名詞が直後の説明で特定される場合
The area of a circle is equal to π r 2.
(4) 名詞が形容詞の最上級や序数によって限定されている場合．
the most sensitive detector, the third law of thermodynamics(5) the+[C]単数 の形で、種族全体を表す; 「…というものは」The electron has a negative charge. The brain is extremely complicated.

チェック方法(1) [C] (a countable noun) なら必ず a か the か、あるいは複数形が必要。
(2) a と the を取り替えてみてチェックする．
[C] pl. や[U]の場合は the を取ったり付けたりしてみる．
(3) this/these, that/those で置き換えられれば the が適当．
(4) a certain を付けてもおかしくなければ a または φ が適当．
A.J. Leggett:「科学英語論文のすべて」第 2 版（丸善，1999）第 4 章．
“The” はあなたが話をしている対象がただひとつであることをふつう暗示ししている．一方，“a”（あるいは複数の場合に冠詞のないこと）はそれがただ一つでないことを言外に意味している．従って“The solution of (3.9) is given by (3.10).”は，この解がただ一つしかないことを暗に意味しているが，一方“A solution of (3.9) is given by (3.10).”は少なくとも他の解がありうることを意味している．
次の「対になった文」
を比較してみよう．
f(x) is an analytic function of x.
f(x) is the function of x defined by (3.11).
f(x) is a Bessel function. (ベッセル関数は数多くある)
f(x) is the Airy function. (エアリー関数はただ一つしかない)（その系が 3 次元系であると仮定して）Two components of the momentum commute with H.
The three components of the momentum commute with H.
Very small values of t are unphysical.
The very small values of t given by Eq. (6) are unphysical.

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(Exercise 8-1) カッコのなかに適当な冠詞，またはφ（無冠詞）を入れよ．

(Exercise 8-2) Fill in the parentheses with the most appropriate articles (a, an, the,or φ). まずは語感も重視してすばやく解答し，次に上の「選び方」を参考に

1. The weight of (1) molecule is the sum of the weights of all the atoms
that constitute (2) molecule.
2. (3) Internet is (4) phenomenon of the late twentieth century.
3. Pick (5) point on this curve and draw (6) tangent to(7) point.
4. (8) Dirac’s theory lead to (9) equation of motion for anelectron treated as a point particle.

じっくり検討せよ．
(1) (1) probability of (2by (4) event in (3) square of (5ψ which is called (7) ideal experiment is given) absolute value of (6) complex number) probability amplitude.

P = probabilityψ = probability amplitudeHeisenberg’s uncertainty principle;
the uncertainty principle
Maxwell’s equations, Ohm’s law
the Bohr radius,
the Boltzmann constant,
the Planck constant
5. Figure 4 shows (10) X-ray diffraction patterns for (11)films prepared at substrate temperatures of 140°C and 400°C.
6. (12) point at which these convex and concave curves meet is called(13) point of inflection.
the convex and the concave curve も可(the structures and properties of conducting polymers)
7. (14(16) diagonal of (15) parallelogram into (17) parallelogram divides) two congruent triangles.

原田豊太郎：「英語論文執筆ガイド」（講談社, 2002）などより．

P = ⏐ψ⏐2.
(2) When (8) event can occur in (9(10) probability amplitude for (11(13) probability amplitudes for (14There is (15) several alternative ways,) event is (12) sum of) each way considered separately.

) interference.

ψ =ψ 1 + ψ 2
P = ⏐ψ1 + ψ2⏐2.
(3) If (16) experiment is performed which is capable of determining whether(17) one or another alternative is actually taken, (18(19) event is (20alternative. (23) sum of (21) probability of) probabilities for (22) each) interference is lost.

P = P1 + P2.
From R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. L. Sands: The Feynman
Lectures on Physics (Addison-Wesley, 1965) Vol. III, Sec. 1-7.

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(Exercise 8-3) Complete the following passage by filling in the most appropriate(Exercise 8-5) Complete the following passage by filling in the mostarticles (a, an, the, or φ).

appropriate articles (a, an, the, or φ).

At about one-hundredth of(1)time about which we can speak with (3temperature of(5)second,(9)offact, that

(12evencenter of)(14together.

Instead,consisted of(17(19)(21even) superconducting material, (7) finite

none ofhottest star, so hot, in(11)components

molecules, or atoms, or)(15)

atoms could have held))

macroscopic scale. In (6))) superconductivity is (3This is much hotter than in(13(16) phenomenon of (2) truly)

ordinary matter,
nucleus of(1) quantum effects operating on (5(6)))

remarkable example of (4(8(10earliest
hundreduniverse was about

thousand million (10 ) degrees Centigrade.
))) any confidence, (411(7(2matter rushing apart in this explosion

various types of(18elementary particles, which are (20)

fraction of (8(10) electrons are in (9) “macromolecule” (or “superfluid”) which extends over (11entire volume of (12(14) real sense condensed into) system and is capable of (13) whole. At (15) zero temperature (16) so-called

is complete and all (17subject ofalthough only those electrons near (18)

) motion as) condensation) electrons participate in forming this superfluid,) modern high-energy nuclear physics.

appreciably affected by (19From S. Weinberg: The First Three Minutes (Basic Books, 1993).

increased, (21) Fermi surface have their motion) condensation. As (20) temperature is) fraction of (22) electrons evaporate from(23) condensate and form (24) weakly interacting gas of(Exercise 8-4) Complete the following passage by filling in the most appropriate(25) excitations (or “normal fluid”), which also extends throughout

articles (a, an, the, or φ).

(26One of (1(3) most popular beliefs about (2) quantum mechanics has to do with) “strangeness” of(4) Heisenberg

uncertainty principle, which states that it is impossible to know with (5total precision both (6at (8) momentum and the position of (7) same time. In (9actually (13(15superfluid. As (29(31) system, interpenetrating (28) temperature approaches (30) fraction of (32)) critical value Tc,) electrons remaining in (33))

superfluid tends to zero and (34) system undergoes (35) objectorder phase transition from (36) superconducting to the normal state.

) second-) common understanding, the uncertainty

principle is taken for (10unpredictable. Just (12) entire volume of (27) statement that (11) world is) opposite is true: The uncertainty principle is) recipe for making (14From J. R. Schrieffer, Theory of Superconductivity, (Perseus Books, 1964/1999) .

) measurements with) incredible accuracy.
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From §3-7 所有格 ’s か 定冠詞 the かアポストロフィー ’s を伴う場合､それだけで特定する働きがあるので､定冠詞 the はつけない．
Maxwell’s equations （the Maxwell equations） one of Maxwell’s equations
Ohm’s law
the Maxwell distribution
the Pauli exclusion principle (cf. principal axis) 原理（排他律）、主軸
a Feynman diagram(Exercise 8-6) by Glenn Paquette
Complete the following passage by filling in the most appropriate articles (a, an,the, or φ).
1. The quantity ћ has (2. In this case, () interesting physical interpretation.
) operator of this kind does not exist.

3. The above results provide () clear understanding of (resonant behavior.
4. Next, we reduce this set of equations to (Vesilind’s laws of experimentation:
1. If reproducibility may be a problem, conduct the test only once.
2. If a straight line fit is required, obtain only two data points.

) system of (5. We consider () simple equation dτ(x)/dx = f(x), where f(x) is ()second function appearing in (3.4).
6. We plot () coupling strength as (8. This behavior is described by (9. One of (Two rules in choosing proper articles:
1. Countability
A noun is countable if and only if it has a well-defined boundary.
（Countable なら 原型に φ は不可）
2. Specification
A noun is specified if and only if the information available to the READER
singles out a unique thing.
（Specified なら the）

) simplerequations.

) function of y in Fig. 1 (a).

7. However, note here that F(γ; t) is not (From Prof. Glenn Paquette’s lecture (at Kyoto Univ.):)) continuous function of γ.
) following equation: A = B.

) main results is given in the next section.

10. This statement removes most of () ambiguities.

11. This appears to be equivalent to () ordinary second quantization

formalism.
12. This treatment is analogous to () standard algebraic treatment of theharmonic oscillator.
13. In this case it is most convenient to use () cylindrical coordinates.

14. Suzuki et al. applied unitary analysis to () data obtained in such

experiments.
In Fig. 1, we plot f(x) with () open circles.
() open circles in Fig. 1 represent f(x).

15. Synchronous activity in (by () brain seems to be generated and maintained) interactions among neurons.
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