Forest Resource Management & Mathematical ModelingInternational Symposium

FORMATH OKINAWA 2019

Date
March, 7 (Thr) 10:00 – March, 8 (Fri) 17:00
Venue Yashio So
President
Naoto Matsumura, Ph.D. (Mie Univ.)
Committee Members
Atsushi Yoshimoto, Ph.D. (ISM)

Masayoshi Takahashi, Ph.D. (FFPRI)

Joosang Chung, Ph.D. (Seoul National Univ.)

Ken-ichi Kamo, Ph.D. (Sapporo Medical Univ.)

Chao-Huan Wang, Ph.D. (National Ilan Univ.)

Yasushi Mitsuda, Ph.D. (Univ. of Miyazaki)

Chinsu Lin, Ph.D. (National Chiayi Univ.)

Masashi Konoshima, Ph.D. (Univ. of the
Ryukyus)Peter Surovy, Ph.D. (Czech Univ. Life Sci.)
Patrick Asante, Ph.D. (Canada BC Gov.)

Tetsuji Tonda, Ph.D.(Hiroshima Prefectual
Univ.)

Program & Abstract
Main Organizers:
Co-Organizer:

Risk Analysis Research Center (RARC), ISM
Japan Society of Forest Planning
FORMATH Research Group, Japan

FORMATH OKINAWA 2019
Program: March 7 (Thr) - 8 (Fri)Date

March 7, 20199:00 ～ 9:50

Registration

9:50 ～ 10:00

Opening Remarks

1.

Forest Policy Analysis

Naoto Matsumura
Coordinator:
Patrick AsanteImpact of forest plantation
development in Laos: A
Somvang
10:00 ～ 10:40
dynamic general equilibrium
Phimmavong
analysis
Landowners' preferences on
10:40 ～ 11:20 environmentally-friendly forest Katsuya Tanaka
management

Mie Univ. Japan

National University of Laos

Shiga University, Japan

11:20 ～ 12:50

Lunch Break

12:50 ～ 13:50

Poster Session I

Coordinator:
Naoto Matsumura

Country Profile I

Coordinator:
Katsuya Tanaka

13:50 ～ 14:30

Importance of community
forestry funds for ruraldevelopment in Nepal

Bir Bahadur
Khanal Chhetri

Tibhuvan University,
Nepal

14:30 ～ 15:10

BC’s Market Pricing System
for Timber & Challenges

Patrick Asante

Ministry of Forests, Lands andNatural Resources Op. & Rural
Dev. Canada

15:10 ～ 15:30

Coffee Break2.

3.

Image Analysis &Growth Model

Coordinator:
Yasushi Mitsuda

Comparison of Stereoscopic
Imaging to Pinhole Camera
15:30 ～ 16:10
Model with Spherical
Panoramas in Measuring Tree
Distance and Diameter
Appropriate growth function
16:10 ～ 16:50 for tree height model ofJapanese Larch
16:50 ～ 17:10
Coffee Break
17:10 ～ 17:30
About FORMATH Journal
17:30 ～ 17:45

Group Photo

18:00 ～

Reception

1

LAM, Tzeng
Yih

Institution: School of Forestry
and Resource Conservation,
National Taiwan University

Masayoshi
Takahashi

FFPRI

Date

March 8, 20199:30 ～ 10:00

Registration

4.

Agroforestry

Coordinator:
Masayoshi
Takahashi

Institutional Dimensions of
10:00 ～ 10:40 Coffee Agroforestry System in Bustanul Arifin
Sumatra, Indonesia
Role of Agroforestry System for
Reducing Environmental Risks:
10:40 ～ 11:20
A Case Study in Southwest
Ryohei Kada
Sumatra, Indonesia
11: 20 ～ 12:50

Lunch Break

12:50 ～ 13:30

Poster Session II

13:30 ～ 13:50

Coffee Break

University of Lampung(UNILA), Indonesia
Shijonawate-Gakuen
University, Japan

Coordinator:
Masashi
Konoshima
Coordinator:

5.

Country Profile II
Bustanul Arifin

Challenges of Establishing Seed
Orchard for Dipterocarpus
Heng Sokh
13:50 ～ 14:30
intricatus: The Cambodian
Experience
Consistency improvement andaccuracy assessment of activity
Nguyen Dinh
14:30 ～ 15:10
data for forest referenceHungemission level/forest reference
level in Vietnam
15:10 ～ 15:30
Coffee Break
Coordinator:
6.
Harvest Scheduling
Patrick Asante
Teak harvesting schedule to set
the limits on uneven age classes
Rangani
15:30 ～ 16:10-Evaluating plantation grown
Wijenayake,teak of Sri LankaSpatially Constrained Harvest
Scheduling with Dynamic
16:10 ～ 16:50 Harvest Treatments under Area
Ashi Yoshimoto
Restrictions through Maximum
Flow Problems
16:50 ～ 17:00

ClosingAshi Yoshimoto2

Institute of Forest andWildlife Research andDevelopment (IRD)
Forest Inventory andPlanning Institute, Vietnam

The University of Tokyo, Japan

Institute of Statistical
Mathematics, Japan

March 7 (Thr), 201910:00～11:20 Forest Policy Analysis
Impact of forest plantation development in Laos: A dynamic general equilibrium analysis
Somvang Phimmavong (National University of Laos)
This paper examines the economy-wide impact of forest plantation development in Laos using a recursive
dynamic computable general equilibrium model. Analysis focused on the Government of Laos’ forest
policies to promote the development of forest plantation by the year 2020. Simulation results show that
this forestry policy is likely to have a positive impact on the Lao economy by increasing the production offorestry and forestry related industries and by stimulating exports and household income. Impacts are
more significant for the Forestry and Forest-related sectors. Despite some undesirable impacts on sectorsthat do not have strong interactions with the Forestry sector from the short to medium runs, production ofthese sectors is likely to recover in the long run, and enjoy increases in their production in all sectors by
the end of the projection.
Landowners' preferences on environmentally-friendly forest management
Katsuya Tanaka (Institution: Shiga University)
While traditional forest management shows deadlocks, forest management shortages and management
abandonment are becoming serious at the nationwide scale. As a result, multi-functionality (ecosystemservices) of forest has been declining in insufficiently managed forests, and deterioration of biodiversity
conservation function, water source recharge function, sediment disaster prevention function, etc. aremajor problems. In order to maintain the multifunctional function of the forest by appropriate
management, it is necessary to induce policies from traditional forest management to environmentallyfriendly form. This study analyzes landowners' preference on acceptance of environmentally-friendly
forest management using the best-worst scaling. Survey was conducted in 2017 to about 150 forest
owners in Shiga Prefecture. As a result of the mixed logit model analysis, (1) the needle broad mixed
forest tends to be strongly supported by respondents, the long-harvesting operation continues, and theconversion to broadleaf forests is not the most favorable. (2) Receiving annual incentives is more
acceptable than buying by public authorities. (3) maintaining the current situation is not supported morethan any environmentally friendly measures. From these results, it can be thought that a form of paying
annual incentives to shift to needle-wide mixed forests is a desirable policy option, but the level ofpayment to accept this policy is greatly different among respondents, considering heterogeneity. It would
be quite necessary to design related policies with greater caution.

3

March 7 (Thr), 201913:50～15:10 Country Profile I
Importance of community forestry funds for rural development in Nepal
Bir Bahadur Khanal Chhetri (Tibhuvan University, Nepal)
Nepal’s Community Forestry (CF) process has implied the devolution of powers to collect, retain andredistribute forest revenue from products from community forests. This study contributes to ourknowledge about these important aspects of CF by presenting an analysis of the dynamic pattern ofincome and expenditure of 43 randomly selected Community Forestry User Groups (CFUGs) having
annual income more than NRs 10,000 from Kaski District, Nepal. Results show that the CFUG three year
average annual income accounts NRs 216225 and is highly skewed towards a few well off CFUGs; thehigh-and low average annual income of one-third of CFUGs in the sample ranges from NRs. 33116 to
NRs 502363. Timber income and the user’s contribution constitute the most important sources of income
comprising of 40 % and 25 % respectively. The rural development investments of CFUG income is also
highly variable, and is shaped by two major characteristics: one the income size of CF, and the othersocio-political and contextual factors, such as representation of dalit in executive committee, number ofhouseholds in the group, donor support etc. Overall, 44% of the CFUG income is invested in community
development and 37% in forest conservation. Investment in community development increases with risingincome. Accordingly, the results presented here provide insights to promote community forests togenerate more income which, indeed, could be a vehicle for community development as it appears in the
mid-hills of Nepal.
BC’s Market Pricing System for Timber & Challenges
Patrick Asante (Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resources Op. & Rural Dev.)
British Columbia prices public timber on the basis of prices set in open and competitive auctions. A
representative sample of approximately 20% of the public timber supply is sold at auction. The winningbids on those auctions are then used to estimate the market value of the timber harvested by major forest
companies under long term tenure arrangements with the province. This system can be described as a“hybrid” system since it combines features of competitive short term timber sales and long term tenurearrangements. In this presentation I will discuss some of the challenges of the MPS system. I will try toaddress concerns such as : (1) whether the British Columbia Timber Sales (BCTS)/MPS system is asound market-based system for determining market value; (2) whether bids for timber rights sold at
auction by government (through BCTS) are valid market prices; (3) whether these BCTS bids arevulnerable to manipulation by licensees or materially distorted by the predominant supply of timber frommajor Crown licensees whose payments for their timber rights (stumpage) are administratively set using
the MPS timber pricing system; and (4) whether the MPS timber pricing system provides a reliable meansof translating the winning bids on BCTS auctions into accurate estimates of the market value of thetimber harvested by major licensees from their long term tenures.

4March 7 (Thr), 201915:30～16:50 Image Analysis & Growth Model
Comparison of Stereoscopic Imaging to Pinhole Camera Model with Spherical Panoramas in
Measuring Tree Distance and Diameter
LAM, Tzeng Yih (Institution: School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan
University)
This study developed two methods of measuring tree distance, diameter at breast height (dbh), and upper
stem diameter under forest canopies with spherical panoramas. A spherical panorama has 360 degree
horizontal and 180 degree vertical fields of view. The first method is based on the principle ofstereoscopic imaging with two panoramas taken at a known vertical distance. The second method is basedon the pinhole camera model with targets of known size attached to sample trees. Twenty-three plots wererandomly established in Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Sample trees were selected with a small basal
area factor (BAF) for measuring dbh and horizontal distance, and were subsampled with a larger BAF for
upper stem diameter. In general, the stereoscopic imaging method produced better mean accuracy thanthe pinhole camera model in estimating tree distance and diameter. However, both methods produced
comparable precision. Moreover, results indicated that precision of both methods decreased with trees
further away from a plot center, which was likely due to object space resolution of our camera system.
Both methods have the potentials to extract an almost continuous set of upper stem diameters from a tree,
which could improve estimation of tree volume. The stereoscopic imaging requires two panoramas to be
directly on top of each other, which could be difficult to achieve in challenging terrain. The pinhole
camera model requires approaching a tree to attach a target of known size, which could be an extra field
effort.
Appropriate growth function for tree height model of Japanese Larch
Masayoshi TAKAHASHI (FFPRI) Ken-ichi KAMO (Sapporo Medical Univ.)
Tetsuji TONDA (Prefectural Univ. Hiroshima)
Tree height model is important for forecasting individual tree growth, timber production and forest carbon
stock evaluation. It is also used for growth simulation of tree and stands. Applied tree height model basedon growth function has been studied for decades. Due to the limitation of data, limited research anddiscussion was done in which growth function is appropriate for which tree species. In this study, we
select appropriate growth function for Japanese larch by growth function selection using long termmonitoring growth data. Three information criterion, Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC), Correctedversion of Mallow’s Cp (CCp), Approximated Cross-validation criterion (ACV) are used for selectionof growth function among 12 models. As a result, we recommend Yoshida1, Korf, Hossfeld4 as
appropriate functions for tree growth model.

5March 8 (Fri), 201910:00～11:20 Agroforestry
Institutional Dimensions of Coffee Agroforestry System in Sumatra, Indonesia
Bustanul Arifin (University of Lampung (UNILA), Indonesia)
The study analyzes the institutional dimensions of coffee agroforestry system by taking theimplementation case of sustainability certifications schemes in two coffee production centers in theProvince of Lampung, Indonesia. The study specifically examines the performance of partnership
between smallholders and coffee corporations, and analyzes the impact of partnership on the coffee yield,
farm-gate price, and household income of the smallholder farmers. We conducted interviews with 93
samples of farmers’ households in Tanggamus District, consisting of 63 farmers joining the partnershipand 30 not joining, and 78 samples in West Lampung District, consisting of 35 farmers joining thepartnership and 43 not joining. These households were selected using a cluster sampling method, whereNestle implementing 4C certification scheme is dominant in Tanggamus and Indocafco implementing
Rainforest Alliance (RFA) certification is dominant in West Lampung. The partnership between
smallholder farmers and coffee corporations are manifested by the effectiveness of internal control system(ICS) in implementing sustainability certification schemes. The ICS could serve as a bridge between
incentive systems for smallholders to perform well in meeting the standards of good agricultural practices(GAP) and opportunities for large scale corporations to secure the quantity and quality of coffee beans.
Smallholders joining partnership with coffee corporations perform significantly better than those of notjoining, especially in coffee yield and farm-gate price. The difference in farmers' income is also driven bycrop diversification (MPTS), land tenure and the degree of partnership with coffee corporations. The
transaction costs of coffee value chains are significantly lower in smallholder farmers joining thepartnership than those not joining. This concludes that the better the institutional arrangement of coffee
agroforestry system, the more efficient the coffee value chains, hence the farmers’ welfare.
Role of Agroforestry System for Reducing Environmental Risks: A Case Study in Southwest
Sumatra, Indonesia
Ryohei Kada (Shijonawate-Gakuen University)
Increasing ecological risks and greater impacts of climate change are among the most serious threats to
many Asian countries. High economic growth, population increase, industrialization and rapid
urbanization have not only affected the sustainability of natural resources and socioeconomic systems, butalso endangered food and health security of the people. Drastic changes in water system and land use
patterns in many watersheds have caused serious damages and expanded natural disasters such as
flooding and soil erosion. Those damages not only result in huge economic loss but also affect serious
public health issues in the urban areas located downstream, and pose a threat to the food security of thepeople, as typically shown in Sekampung watershed in Sumatra, Indonesia. In examining the significanceof agroforestry, we conducted a thorough household survey by interviewing 408 coffee farmers in two
sub-districts in the upper Sekampung watershed. This watershed not only serves as major food baskets
such as rice, maize, cassava, and fishery products, but also produces major export commodities such as
coffee, cocoa, palm oil, and coconut. Agroforestry system has provided additional income sources, mostly
from tree species, shown by significant higher B/C ratio than the coffee farm only. Supply chain
certification programs have attempted to create price premiums at the farm level, where Rainforest
Alliance and 4C certificates have been around in the study sites for about 5 and 2 years respectively. One
significant observation is that stakeholders' participation is an important factor to achieve sustainableecosystem services in regional communities. Our study has revealed an important role of major
stakeholders and involvement of local authorities.

6March 8 (Fri), 201913:50～15:10 Country Profile II
Consistency improvement and accuracy assessment of activity data for forest reference emission
level/forest reference level in Vietnam
Nguyen Dinh Hung (Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Vietnam)
Vietnam has successfully submitted its initial forest reference emission level/forest reference level(FREL/FRL) in 2016 and the technical assessment report (TAR) for Vietnam’s FREL/FRL has beenreleased in 2017. Vietnam FREL/FRL was established based on four historical forest cover maps (1995,
2000, 2005 and 2010). These forest cover maps were developed by Forest Inventory and Planning
Institute (FIPI) based on different methods and different types of satellite imagery. The TAR
recommended Vietnam to: “use of a consistent approach to geospatial image interpretation across thetime series to ensure coherent interpretation and to enhance accuracy”. In addition, although the current
FREL/FRL submission has already described a method for accuracy assessment of activity data, theprocess has not completed yet. To improve Vietnam FREL/FRL, it is necessary to improve theconsistency of historical forest cover maps and complete the accuracy assessment of activity data. In thiswork, we upgraded the maps using an automated method for forest change detection based on multiple
time-series Landsat data to make them more consistent. We also conducted accuracy assessment for these
upgraded maps, and adjusted activity data based on the results of accuracy assessment. The results showthat the areas of evergreen broadleaf forests and deciduous forest are smaller while the areas of plantation
are larger in the upgraded maps as compared to the previous maps. Although the overall accuracy (~96%)
and producer’s accuracy (90%-97%) of the activity data are quite high, the user’s accuracy of activity
data for forest degradation (29%-50%) and forest restoration (18%-25%) are rather low. This reflects thefact that monitoring forest degradation and restoration using Landsat imagery is quite difficult. Therefore,
data directly extracted from the maps are not reliable enough and should be adjusted based on the resultsof sample-based accuracy assessment.
Challenges of Establishing Seed Orchard for Dipterocarpus intricatus: The Cambodian Experience
Sokh Heng (Institute of Forest and Wildlife Research and Development (IRD))
Seed orchard is viewed as the most important and reliable source of planting materials, especially inforest restoration and commercial timber plantation. Cambodia is in the process to establish her first everseed orchard to support the forest restoration in degraded forest lands. The Forestry Administration of
Cambodia is implementing the project entitled "Establishment of Forest Genetics Research Center for
Restoration of Major Timber Species in Cambodia" funded by ASEAN-ROK Forest Cooperation(AFoCo). The project is part of the initiatives in Cambodia to restore the degraded and denuded areas.
The project seeks to implement the long-term tree breeding plan by conducting a plus tree selection,
establishment of progeny test plantation and establishment of clonal seed orchard. The Seed Orchard is
expected to be the source of planting materials for the three species, Dipterarpus intricatus, Dalbergia
cochinchinenes, and Pterocarpus macrocarpus. Dipterocarpus intricatus, a valuable source of resin tocommunities in Cambodia. Several component studies were conducted by the project: (1) Asexual
propagation trials of the three species (Grafting, Cutting and Tissue Culture); and (2) Progeny Testing.
Scions and seeds were collected from various Plus Trees all over Cambodia.
Data collection are
currently being conducted for statistical analysis and will be used as basis in selecting the superior mothertrees. Rouging will be conducted to the planted seedlings in the seed orchard based on the outcome of theanalysis. Among the challenges encountered by the project is the very short longevity of seeds ofDipterocarpus intricatus. The trials show that Dipterocarpus intricatus will not respond to grafting,cutting and tissue culture. Due to the failure of asexually propagating D. intricatus, the project usedseedlings in establishing the seed orchard. Finding ideal sites (i.e. isolated sites/free from naturally
growing D. intricatus) is very difficult. Thus the risk of pollen contamination is still high due to thepresence of naturally growing D. intricatus.

7March 8 (Fri), 201915:30～16:50 Harvest Scheduling
Teak harvesting schedule to set the limits on uneven age classes -Evaluating plantation grown teakof Sri LankaPavithra Rangani Wijenayake, Takuya Hiroshima, Hirokazu Yamamoto (The University of Tokyo)
A quantitative analysis of managing teak (Tectona grandis) to set the limits on uneven age class structures
was conducted to optimize the sustainable harvesting in government teak plantations of Sri Lanka.
Certain problems combined with the management of these plantations were identified first. Current
management plans for plantations of teak consist of the systematic but somewhat irrational application of
the area control method. So it is difficult to rely on the current harvesting schedule to take decisions undersustainable consideration. This study was therefore aimed to formulate an alternative harvest schedulingmodel that integrates different management practices and site conditions. Even age mature plantations
which are subjected to clear fell were selected randomly. 158 matured teak trees from teak growing
regions were felled to estimate the timber volume per ha. The resulted models are useful in generating
accurate and localized predictions of total timber volume and commercial timber volume which would
eventually lead to better estimations on differently managed teak plantation sites. The assumption of a
40-year rotational period was applied to develop the schedule. The harvesting schedule was prepared byconsidering constant log demand per year (32,000m3/yr). This study confirms that harvestable volume
differs with the site condition, so it is essential to determine the harvesting regions by referring todeveloped harvesting schedule. The proposed harvesting schedule provides a useful planning tool tomanage existing teak plantations.
Spatially Constrained Harvest Scheduling with Dynamic Harvest Treatments under Area
Restrictions through Maximum Flow Problems
Ashi Yoshimoto (Institute of Statistical Mathematics)
Dynamic harvest decisions or treatments in the Model II formulation over space and time, is applied tosolve unit aggregation issues in spatially constrained harvest scheduling with explicit connectivity among
aggregated units in each cluster. Unit aggregation is implemented by the maximum flow constraints andsequential triangle connection in the previously developed MF-Model I formulation. Spatial constraints
for unit aggregation are induced from the maximum flow specification in the spatial forest unit network.
Explicit connectivity of all units in a cluster is identified by sequential triangle connection. Dynamic
harvest treatment used in Model II is interpreted as one-state and one-stage dynamic network and handledwith temporal harvest scheduling specification, so that a decision of harvesting is defined period by
period as opposed to static treatments in Model I with a treatment decision defined over the planning
period.

8

Poster Session I(March 7: 12:50 - 13:50)
Forecasting monthly prices of Japanese cedar sawlogs with lagged sawlog inventory level insawmills in Japan
Tetsuya Michinaka (Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI))
Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) is the largest species among plantation forests in Japan. Mostly
planted in 1950-60s, now Japanese cedar forests are mature for harvest. Understanding the changes in theprice of Japanese cedar sawlogs can be helpful to forest owners and sawmills in their risk and profit
management. Monthly time series price of Japanese cedar sawlogs show obvious seasonal movements, so
do wooden housing start, price of Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtuse), and arrival, inventory, andconsumption of sawlogs in sawmills in Japan. Therefore, this research firstly decomposed the national
average movements of the price of Japanese cedar sawlogs and related time series and analyzed theircorrelations. Different correlations were found for different periods among wooden housing start, prices
of Japanese cedar and Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtuse) within the period from January 1980
through until December 2017. Japanese cedar sawlog price was found to have a strong correlation withwooden housing start, while Hinoki cypress have a less strong correlation or sometimes even very weakcorrelation with wooden housing start. For the period of January 1996 to December 2017, Japanese cedar
sawlog price was found to have a strong correlation with arrivals, inventories, and consumptions ofsawlogs in sawmills; however, its correlations with imported Douglas fir, Hemlock fir and Northern Yezo
spruce (Picea jezoensis) sawlogs were found very weak. Secondly, this research specified regression
models of the price of Japanese cedar sawlogs on wooden housing start and inventory of sawlogs insawmills with ARIMA errors for forecasting. By AIC, the model with one-period-lagged sawlog
inventory in sawmills was chosen as the best model for short term forecasting.
Seasonal changes of hyperspectral signals of Yushania niitakayamensis in Taiwan
Yuan-Yi Chi, Pei-Ting Lin, Chinsu Lin, Yi-Chung Wang (National Chiayi University, Taiwan)
The Yushania bamboo (Yushania niitakayamensis) is a high mountain bamboo in Taiwan. It grows ingroups at an altitude of 1100-3600m or in a sunny place. It often competes with Abies kawakamii for the
space of fertility. In this study, the remote sensing technology was used to investigate hyperspectral
characteristics of the bamboo as well as its seasonal changes, so as to evaluate the long-term developmentof the habitat of the bamboo using satellite remote sensing. The study site located next to the Songxue
Building in Hehuan Mountain Central Taiwan. Three transect lines were deployed over the site and eachof them was divided into eleven sample points. There were a number of thirty-three points collected fordata analysis. The reflectance spectra were measured monthly from May to December 2015 by using the
ASD spectroradiometer instrument. A continuum removal technique was applied to derive the absorption
feature along the spectral regions of the blue (350nm-550nm), red (550nm-750nm), near-infrared(1120nm-1300nm), and mid-infrared (1295nm-1660nm). Results showed that the bamboo has strongest
spectral absorption area in the red among the four regions during the period of July and September. Thisimplied that the bamboo appeared to be most pronounce in physiological activities in the period which
requires more light energy for growth needs. The absorption area is most correlated to the temperature,then the rainfall and humidity, and the correlation coefficient is 0.8, 0.4, and 0.3 correspondingly.

9A Supervised Classification of Forest Species Using Sentinel-2 Images
Pei-Ting Lin, Yuan-Yi Chi, Chinsu Lin (National Chiayi University, Taiwan)
The spatial distribution of trees and the dynamic of forest communities are a result of their interaction
with biological and abiotic factors. Mapping the composition of forest communities over times canprovide critical information for assessing the impact and the history of natural and human disturbances.
Meanwhile, the information can help to investigation the influence of climate change on forest ecosystem.
In order to understand the possibility of satellite imagery and classification techniques for mapping the
spatial distribution of major tree species in forest, a forest site located at the Lishan area in central Taiwan
and a Sentinel-2 multispectral image was used for this study. According to a forest inventory, there were
10 tree species dominated the forest. With additional land uses, there were totally 15 classes used for thesupervised classification using Binary Encoding Classifier, Mahalanobis Distance Classifier, Maximum
Likelihood Classifier (MLC), Minimum Distance Classifier, Neural Net Classifier (NNC), Parallelepiped
Classifier, Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), Spectral Information Divergence (SID) and Support Vector
Machine (SVM). Results showed that the best classification was made by MLC, SVM, and NNC with an
overall accuracy (OA) of 65%, 71%, and 68%, the worst OA was 29% made by the PC method. The
distribution of tree species derived by the classifications provide additional information for examining theperformance of classifiers. In contrast to the distribution pattern of the trees species and land uses of theSVM, NNC, and MLC, the SVM appeared to be more robust and flexible in recognizing signatures of theclasses. This is particularly evident for the trees distributed over slope shadow where most of the pixels
were misclassified as water body. To conclude the experiments, without appropriate species samples fromshadow area for the learning of species signatures, the SVM is more appropriate for deriving species
distribution map using Sentinel-2 multispectral images.
The Effects of Compaction on Operation road construction cost and maintenance cost
Masaru Watanabe (Shinshu University)
Since the construction standard of the forest working road is not clear, the operator is constructing an
operation road while judging the soil volume and soil quality. In order to build a stable road it isnecessary to compact several times. However, in many cases, compaction is not sufficiently done toshorten the construction time. In previous studies it has been reported that the lines that were notcompacted enough will collapse. In addition, it is thought that the maintenance cost will also increase
because the road of construction defects becomes difficult due to deformation of the road surface.
Therefore, in this study, we compiled the compacted section and the section not compacted, andcompared the construction cost and the maintenance cost. Firstly, construction work was observed fortime and construction cost was sought. After that, we investigated the shape change of the road surface
for 2 years and estimated the maintenance cost. As a result, if compaction is not carried out, theconstruction cost will be about 60% of the normal time, but the maintenance cost has increased greatly. It
is suggested that even if initial cost is required for operation roads to be used for a long term, it is moreadvantageous in terms of total cost to perform sufficient compaction.

10

Poster Session II(March 7: 12:50 - 13:30)
Monitoring pollination service by the native honeybee (Apis cerana) to hyuganatsu (Citrus
tamurana) in Aya UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
Yasushi Mitsuda (University of Miyazaki)
We monitored the relationship between pollination of hyuganatsu (Citrus tamurana) by native honeybees(Apis cerana) in Aya UNESCO Biosphere Reserve located in Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. A total of 24
hyuganatsu trees were selected in 16 orchards, and the number of honeybees visiting each tree wascounted in 2016 to 2018. Using monitoring data, we examined the relationship between abundance ofhoney bee as an indicator of pollination service and the landscape structure. A land use map of the study
area was developed by photo interruption on the orthophoto for measuring areas of each land-use typearound target trees as an indicator of landscape structures. A stochastic model for predicting honeybee
visits was developed using the area of natural forest and the total area of agricultural field and grassland
as explanatory variables. The difference in bee-finding ability among observers was also considered as anobservation model. The estimated model parameters suggested that both the area of natural forest andtotal area of agricultural field and grassland positively affected pollination services by native honeybees
and these effects varied with year.
The effect of spatial scale of mountainous hazard risk information on the feasibility of clearcutting
Keisuke Toyama (The University of Tokyo Forests)
Construction of forest roads and logging have possibility of inducing mountainous hazards such as
shallow landslide and mudflow. The possibility is influenced by such as geographical and soil conditions,and the effect of hazards to the human society is largely varied owing to the existence of damages tohuman lives and properties. To find a compromise between forestry demand and risk suppression,
multiple scenarios with different spatial scale of mountainous hazard risk were examined, in which
high-risk woodlands are excluded from clearcutting with the cost of persuading landowners. In theassumption of this research in Kitaaiki Village, Nagano Prefecture, buildings mainly located on flat area
near rivers strongly affect the location of high-risk woodlands, and small woodland subcompartments
such as below 0.5ha with good transportation condition are also mainly located near them. 14.0% of Larix
kaempferi (Karamatsu) plantation in Kitaaiki Village is classified as high-risk area. Excluding high-risk
pixel from clearcutting area reduced 29.8% of profitable and harvestable Larix volume, and excluding
whole subcompartments of which high-risk pixel rate are >=20% reduced 49.9% of profitable andharvestable Larix volume. When the same standard clearcutting volume was assumed, 10.0 to 14.7% of
total profit of woodland owners were decreased by such exclusions and persuading costs in average.
Excluding only high-risk pixel from clearcutting is often technically difficult, and persuading andnegotiation costs can be higher, meaning that risk consideration can induce intensive clearcutting in large
subcompartments with better condition and less risk.

11Evaluation of accuracy and cost of measuring forest resources using aerial photographing by UAV
Yoshii, T. (Mie University), Numamoto, S. (Mie University), Shimada, H. (Mie Prefectural ResearchCenter of Forestry), Ishikawa, T. (Mie Prefectural Research Center of Forestry) and Matsumura, N.
(Mie University)
Japan’s forest information system has a problem in the accuracy of data that serves as a basis. Therefore,
it is a pressing issue to construct a highly accurate forest information database for sustainable forest
management. Here, low-cost forest monitoring tools are needed for achieving adaptive management inlocal regions. In recent years, UAV aerial photograph and 3D modeling (Structure from Motion, SfM) are
increasingly used as low-cost techniques for forest measurement. However, with a few case studies, theirapplicability has not been deeply discussed. In this study, four plots of plantation forest in Mie
Prefecture are surveyed with UAV and SfM techniques for their forest volume estimation, and theaccuracy of the information and the cost of the UAV and SfM measurement are compared. The
measurement results show errors in a range of 1.4 to 7.3 m in estimated RMSE depending on the plot andin the estimated forest stand volume errors of approx. 4 – 30% in each plot. As for the cost, it was clarified that such survey can be carried out with the cost approx. 30% cost of theconventional method usual forest inventory. In conclusion, these techniques can secure enoughaccuracy for forest resource survey, but the locational conditions of a plot
may affect the measurement of a the result. Thus, development of more generalized techniques areneeded within the range of certain accuracy and affordable cost. Meanwhile, these techniques are verified
as one alternative to serve new forest monitoring tools in view of cost effectiveness.
Consideration of forest education within limited time for non-forestry school of economics
Takeshi Ogawa (Institution: School of Economics, Senshu University)
Different to school of forestry, there is limited time to treat forestry in non-forestry school of economics.
There is usually no lecture about forestry economics in school of economics, even if there are agricultural
economics, environmental economics, and public economics. Of course, there are little interests offorestry for students in school of economics. Thus, the author and audiences must consider the way forteaching forestry for non-forestry school of economics within limited time. In the presentation, the author
will consider the way for treating forestry as resource in the lecture of resource and energy forundergraduate students in school of economics.

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