OEWG45 Side Event, 4th July 2023, Bangkok, Thailand

Individual decentralized AC system: essential for CN2050
New refrigerant development

The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industries Association
Masato Yosomiya© 2023 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

CONTENTS

1. Individual decentralized AC system: essential for CN2050
2. New refrigerant development
3. Summary© 2023 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

1. Individual decentralized AC system: essential for CN2050
Heat pump/refrigeration cycle technology used in various fields
HVAC/R industry will contribute to the sustainable improvement of people‘s lives and wellfare throughcooling / heating / freezing / hot water supply using the refrigeration cycle.

Industrial

Supply chain (Cold chain)

Industrial heat pump

MedicalFood Showcase Supply Chain

Process cooling/
Cooling ICT server rooms

Freight (reefer container, etc.)

Human Comfort

Comfort cooling/heating:All images are for illustration purpose only.

・To achieve “carbon neutrality” with sustainability, cooling and heating are essential
・JRAIA will continue to work together with the government and academia toward therealization of a carbon neutral society while considering S+3Es (safety, environmental performance, energy conservation, and economic efficiency).
© 2023 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

1. Individual decentralized AC system: essential for CN2050
Various heat pump products
Residential
Multi

Single split

Residential Refrigerant piping
Outdoor unit
AC Outdoor unit
Indoor unit

split

Commercial

Split type

Indoor unit

Refrigerant piping

Commercial Outdoor unit
ACRefrigerant piping ispulled into the room

Indoor unit

Refrigerant pipingIndoor unit

Residential heatpump heating and Refrigerant piping
hot water supply Outdoor unit
(refrigerant connection)

Hot water supply

Diversioncontroller)

VRF
HeatingHeat Exchanger

Hot water unit/tankResidential

Different kindof refrigerant(Simultaneouscooling and heating)Self-contained typeIndoor unit

Outdoor unit

Heat Exchanger
Outdoor unit

Refrigerant piping

Water Piping

Commercial
Water pipe

Heat source
Heat Exchanger

Residential heatWater Piping
pump heating andhot water supply Outdoor unit
(water connection)

Hot water supply

Heating

Refrigerant is only
enclosed in theoutdoor unitpump
Chiller / boiler

Fan-coilt unit

Air-handling unit

Hot water unit/tankChiller system© 2023 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

1. Individual decentralized AC system: essential for CN2050
Individual decentralized AC system and central AC system
Both Individual decentralized AC systems and central AC systems have their distinct advantages.
However, for small and medium-sized buildings, the individual decentralized air conditioning system issuperior in terms of economy, energy saving,quick response, and is chosen as essential system.
Individual decentralized AC system(direct expansion) Central AC system(Non-direct expansion)
System type

Split air conditioners, VRF, etc.

Water system, Duct system, Combined system

Building Size Suitable for small to medium sized buildings

Suitable for medium to large sized buildings① Centralized controll

Advantages① High Efficiency②Quick response

No need for heatexchange to water

Quick responsiveness due to direct
heat transfer with refrigerant.
Refrigerant

The entire building can becontrolled collectively
・Heat exchange from②Constant temperaturerefrigerant to water(approx. 10% energy loss) Water Control the building at a constanttemperature (heat shockless)Heat source

RefrigerantpumpVRF③ Economic
Lower cost compared to central AC

Fan-coil unit

③Small Installation space
The installation space for the heat source isrelatively small. (suitable for large buildings)

Air-handling unit

© 2023 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

1. Individual decentralized AC system: essential for CN2050
Advantage of direct expansion individual AC system
ZEB(Zero Energy Building)is essential to achieve carbon neutrality.
(1)【Design Stage】 Japanese government has shown the roadmap plan enhance ZEB in the buildings to enhance 4 categories.
①『ZEB』（net-zero）, ②Nearly ZEB(75% or more), ③ZEB Ready(50% or more)), ④ZEB Oriented in large buildings（10,000m2 ormore), Energy saving of 30% or more and unappreciated technology as a technically difficult area(2) 【Operational Stage】 Combining the rapid response and various sensors in direct expansion air conditioning enables detailedenergy-saving control and comfortable control, and further energy-saving can be expected at the operational stage.

【Design Stage】

ZEBLarge building
Taking advantage of the quick thermal response of the refrigerant,
Oriented 30%or more (10,000m2 or more)
Fine-tuned comfort and energy-saving control(10,000m2 +Unrated technology
or more) (hotel,hospital,①Adjust to the load
②Minimum energy control③Comfortable control
50%
restaurant etc.)

Creation of energy

Energy supply『ZEB』
Net ZEB【Operational Stage】

NearlyZEB
25%40%or more+Unrated technology(office school factory)

Energy saving 50% or more
ZEB
Ready25%

50%

70%

Adjustable using
temperature, humidity,
human sensors, etc.

directly into the room

Control with the minimum
amount of energy required byutilizing sensors.

Human/vitalSensors

A comfortable space can berealized by combining humandetection, vital sensors and airflow.

Temperatureand humiditySensors

CO2Sensors

100%(Standard )Primary energy consumption(design stage)

Japan‘s concept of Zero Energy Building【Design Stage】© 2023 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

2．New refrigerant development (for direct expansion ACs)
High-performance/low-GWP refrigerant required for direct expansion ACs
HFO-based low GWP refrigerants are the only candidate for medium- to large split ACs.
HFO refrigerants are subject to the European PFAS proposal, careful consideration is requiredso as not to lose an effective means of CO2 reduction.
R290
Small split AC(6kW≦)

Medium/Large split
AC(<6kW)New HFO

R32, R454B, etc.

Safety△ (A3)△(high pressure)〇(A2L)〇(A2L)

GWP〇 (<10)〇 (<10)△(<750)〇 (1~150)

Performance/Economics〇x (low performance)〇△~〇

challenges

Safety Measure

impracticalMedium GWP

PFAS,Stability,Performance

Safety×(Flammability)△(high pressure)〇〇(A2L)

GWP〇 (<10) No naturalrefrigerant△
candidate〇 (<10)△(<750)〇 (1~150)

x (low performance)〇△~〇

challenges

impracticalimpractical

Medium GWP

PFAS,Stability,Performance

Safety×(Flammability)△(high pressure)〇〇(A2L)

GWP〇 (<10)〇 (<10)△(<750)〇 (1~150)

Performance/Economics

×x (low performance)〇△~〇

challenges

impracticalimpractical

Medium GWP

PFAS,Stability,Performance

Performance/Economics

VRF

CO2

Need New
refrigerants© 2023 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

2．New refrigerant development (for direct expansion ACs)
NEDO project
NEDO Development of next-generation refrigerant refrigeration air conditioning technology andevaluation methods that can achieve energy saving and low temperature effects (2018-2022)
NEDO Project

Development of new
refrigerants throughindustry-governmentacademia collaboration① Basic characteristics(Japanese National Project)

Technical Committee
IndustryAssociations

University(JRAIA, JEMA etc)

(Tokyo,Waseda,Suwa etc)

② Safety/risk assessment

ResearchInstitutes(AIST,JATLetc)③ Refrigerant/Equipment development

Kyusyu University

Tokyo University

DaikinPanasonicAIST

Suwa University ofScience

Toshiba Carrier

Waseda UniversityAIST

Mitsubishi Electric© 2023 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

2．New refrigerant development (for direct expansion ACs)

NEDO Project: Search and Evaluation of Low GWP Refrigerants

Properties and Equation of State ofGreen Refrigerants *NIST REFPROP Worldwide software
JSRAE JARef
 Reference Data TableISO
 Refrigerant standard

Heat transfer Database on Website

36 kinds of refrigerants
20884 points of heat transfer data

Correlations
 Prediction of heat transfer
coefficient
Heat Exchanger Design Comprehensive data ofvarious conditions

 Selection ofrefrigerant Cycle analysis
 Performanceevaluation
 Designequipment
 LCCP
 LCA* Green (ultra-low GWP) Refrigerants : GWP≦10© 2023 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

2．New refrigerant development (for direct expansion ACs)
(Reference) Refrigerants evaluated for thermodynamic properties by NEDO (2018~2022 GWP < 150)
(Reference)

Refrigerants

GWP

HFO1336mzz(E)16

HCFO1224yd(Z)1

HFC32/HFO1123/HFO1234yf(21.2/59.5/19.3%), etc.

HFO1123

150
1

HFO1123/CF3I(50/50%), etc.

2.5~3.5

HHC290/HFO1234yf(50/50%), etc.

1

HFO1123/HC290(80/20%)

1

HFO1123/HC290/HFO1234yf(48/12/40%), etc.

1

HFO1234yf/HFO1336mzz(E)(40/60%)1

From the Final Report of theJapan Society of Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning Engineers

HFO1234ze(E)/HFO1336mzz(E)(40/60%)
1※HFO1132(E) mixed refrigerant will be evaluated after this year.
Technical problems still remain in terms of performance and the stability of the refrigerant.
In order to solve these problems, NEDO will continue to evaluate refrigerants over several years
and consider their practical application.
© 2023 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

3．Summary

11

JRAIA’s Priorities to achieve CN2050
JRAIA considers the following three points are important to realize CN2050.
①BasicConcept of S＋３Es
In order to realize a sustainable carbon-neutral society, a well-balanced approach that considers S+3Es(safety, environmental performance, energy conservation, and economic efficiency) is essential.
②Heat pump technology is indispensable for the realization of carbon neutral 2050.
Heat pump technologies are utilized not only as hot water supply, but also in various fields such as air
conditioning and cold chain with refrigeration equipment.
③ Importance and Issues of Direct expansion ACDirect expansion air conditioning suitable for small and medium-sized buildings is essential for carbon
neutrality. However, there are no low GWP natural refrigerants that can be used, and the development of
new refrigerants is awaited.
④A new low GWP HFO refrigerant is being developed under the framework of NEDO in JAPANNEDO is developing refrigerants centered on HFO refrigerants that can be used for direct expansion ACs.
However, many HFO refrigerants are subject to the proposed European PFAS regulations.
In order to prevent the use of direct expansion air conditioning, which is indispensable for carbon
neutrality, it is necessary to respond carefully and wisely to regulations.
© 2023 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.

Thank you for your attention© 2023 JRAIA The Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.