Collocational Analysis of Life Science English (1)– Lists of common collocates of possibility, probability, implication,
involvement, absence, presence, evidence –Takeshi KAWAMOTO1・Nobuyuki FUJITA2・Shuji KANEKO3・
Brian MORREN4・Hiroshi OHTAKE5Introduction
The aim of this paper is to illustrate how certain English words are typically usedin the life sciences and in so doing to help Japanese researchers, as learners of English,
to gain insight into the common collocates for each word. Traditionally, language
learners have been advised to refer to grammar books and dictionaries in order toimprove their language skills, but this has not always helped to raise their level ofproficiency. The former bias toward grammar has led to the belief that natural sentences
can be created solely on the basis of syntax and arbitrary vocabulary selections. As aresult, learners have tended to focus their attention on acquiring as many independent
words as possible without regard for their particular patterns and collocations. This
traditional perspective, however, has been discredited by more recent research in thefield of second language learning, which has shown, on the basis of empirical evidence,that words do not function in isolation but are co-selected with other words to produce
meaning (Howarth, 1998; Hunston & Francis, 1998; Partington, 1998; Sinclair, 1991;
Stubbs, 2001).
In this respect, native speakers have a far deeper appreciation than second language
learners of the range of meanings a word may have, its typical collocations, and thecontexts in which it may be used. On the other hand, since most Japanese learn English
as a foreign language, they tend to have little chance to use it in their everyday life.
What they singularly lack is sufficient exposure to the target language in natural settings,
and what they plainly need to learn is how each word is actually used in particular1

Department of Dental and Medical Biochemistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation
3
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
4
Center for Languages, Arts, and Sciences, Fukui Prefectural University
5
Department of Foreign Languages, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
21contexts (Kirsner, 1994). Unless learners have been exposed to a significant amount ofauthentic English, they will have considerable difficulty in distinguishing naturalsounding collocations from deviant ones (Pawley & Syder, 1983). This can be ahindrance to clear communication and may cause problems when writing an academic
paper (Lennon, 1998). Given the actual conditions under which Japanese learners are
studying English, with relatively little exposure to natural English, it is unrealistic to
expect them to develop native-like intuition regarding English usage.
In view of this, it is not surprising that Japanese researchers tend to produce
erroneous English expressions in their writing such as high possibility (e.g., there is ahigh possibility that the patient will suffer from severe side-effects) and to study about(e.g., to study about the functions of the kidney). In many cases, these expressions are
not considered problematic by nonnative writers because they are unaware that highdoes not collocate with possibility and that study is generally used as a transitive verb
and should not be followed by a preposition. If they were familiar with common
expressions involving study or possibility, they might refrain from inserting the
preposition about after the verb study or using the adjective high to modify the noun
possibility. The problem is that most Japanese learners of English have insufficient
information concerning which lexico-syntactic patterns and expressions are natural andcommon in particular contexts. There is therefore a need for systematic guidance on
how words interact with other words to form particular meanings. Language learners
should have more opportunities to encounter the typical linguistic forms and structuresof academic discourse and learn to recognize which words frequently co-occur inacademic writing.
Collocations
Words are not purely independent entities in that they derive their meaning inassociation with other words in the co-text (Beheydt, 1987; Leffa, 1998). A soundknowledge of typical lexical patterns and collocations is therefore an essential
component of linguistic proficiency. The study of lexical relations, however, hasreceived relatively little attention in English language teaching in Japan, where thefocus has been on the rote learning of long lists of English vocabulary with little
consideration given to their typical patterns of use. This has had an adverse effect on2

nonnative writers in that they tend to make vocabulary selections that are inappropriate
in particular contexts. The resulting expressions will sound unnatural to native speakers
and may affect intelligibility to a certain extent. Unfortunately, Japanese learners ofEnglish are generally unaware of their tendency to use non-standard expressions in theirwriting. They assume they can produce an English sentence by simply applying thesyntactic rules they have been taught and do not realize how certain words have anaffinity for each other whereby some words may occur together while others may not.
In fact, there are regularities in the way in which words co-occur as a result of certain
constraints or preferences that affect language choice in discourse in a systematic way(Sinclair, 1997; Stubbs, 2001). Accordingly, words are not picked at random but are
selected in accordance with certain co-occurrence restrictions that greatly reduce thepossible lexical choices in any given context. Words therefore depend on their relations
with other words to communicate meaning.
Moreover, rather than individual items acting alone, words may be considered aspart of a lexical phrase in which the various lexical items work together to produce asingle overall meaning. That is to say, words are interdependent and share their
meanings with certain other words in the co-text. This type of co-selection means thatwords are in effect chosen together and, in cases where they are closely dependent, they
form, as it were, a single choice (Sinclair, 1991). A word is therefore not an independent
unit with a fixed meaning but an item that contributes meaning as part of the realizationof the phrase as a whole. In the majority of cases involving restricted collocations,language learners have to know in what contexts and to what extent the individual
constituents of a collocation may co-occur with other lexical elements. They have toknow how the choice of one word conditions the choice of other words. It is therefore
not simply a matter of learning collocations as fixed units, but of knowing how they canrecombine with other lexical items in certain contexts (Sinclair, 2004). It is essential,
therefore, that Japanese researchers have opportunities to enhance their awareness of thecollocational patterns that conventionally appear in academic discourse and to develop
greater accuracy and fluency in using them.

3

Academic Writing
Japanese researchers need to know in what ways certain language patterns andword combinations are actually used by native speakers to realize particular meanings.
Such information about use in an academic context is certainly an important resource
for language learners in mastering the conventions of academic writing. This isespecially true in the case of collocations since research has shown that learners’
knowledge of English collocations does not measure up to their knowledge of general
vocabulary (Bahns & Eldaw, 1993). In observing the stylistic conventions in academic
writing, as well as making appropriate grammatical and lexical choices, language
learners also need to know how to use collocations appropriately if they are tocommunicate in an effective manner. In this regard, the use of non-standard collocations
is considered a serious impediment in that it may distract the reader’s attention awayfrom the quality of the research being reported (Howarth, 1998). It is therefore
necessary to encourage learners to become more sensitive to this crucial aspect ofcommunicative performance.
The selection of appropriate co-occurring items is an essential feature of standard
academic discourse. A broad knowledge of its typical lexical patterns and phraseology isnecessary to ensure clear and concise language use (Hunston & Francis, 1998). It istherefore important for language learners to be able to manipulate the various
collocations that are commonly used in academic writing. They also have to be madeaware of the existence of lexical and/or grammatical restrictions on co-occurring items.
Such information on which words typically co-occur and the contexts in which they
may be used is vitally important if they are to become more proficient writers (Weinert,
1995; Wray & Perkins, 2000). Furthermore, since not all collocational phrases can be
successfully paraphrased, a knowledge of collocations is an essential part of academic
writing. Attempting to paraphrase a more conventional academic expression may simply
produce a labored and awkward version of something that could be expressed much
more succinctly and effectively by using a ready-made lexical phrase that is commonly
accepted in academic discourse. Although such attempts at paraphrasing may begrammatically well-formed, they may diverge from native speaker norms and result in aloss of clarity and communicative effect (Martin, 1984). There is therefore a need toprovide nonnative writers with detailed information on the key lexical items and4common collocational patterns that are typical of their field of research and that theyrequire when writing their academic research papers (Ohtake & Morren, 2001, 2003).
Limitations of Dictionaries
Dictionaries for second language learners have progressed greatly in line with thedevelopment of large-scale corpora of authentic English and the corresponding
advances made in data-processing software. However, they still suffer from a number ofdefects. When a dictionary is used as an aid in writing, the information it contains has tobe reliable and clear. Language learners have to know which words or expression to
select in order to convey a given meaning appropriately and with precision. However,owing to limitations of space, the information contained in a dictionary has to becompressed into a small number of lines that are insufficient to give detailed
illustrations of typical usages in various contexts. It may also be difficult for learners tosift through the various discrete meanings listed for a particular word and decide on theappropriate one without the benefit of various samples of actual use. In this respect, adictionary seldom provides sufficient guidance as to how these meanings may bedifferentiated from each other. Furthermore, information concerning common syntactic
patterns of a word used in a particular sense may be lacking or hard to access (Nesi,
2000; Ohtake & Morren, 2002). Information on the selection restrictions governing aparticular word may not be explicit, thereby leading to the use of inappropriate or
unacceptable collocations in learner writing. In fact, nonnative writers often lackknowledge of a given word’s syntactic patterns or its collocational and stylistic
constraints. In particular, they have little information on how each word is normally andtypically used in different contexts since they rarely pay attention to lexical relations
when learning vocabulary. It is therefore necessary to provide information that will help
learners to formulate more precise expressions in speech or writing that accurately
convey their intended meanings.
While some modern learner dictionaries contain considerable information on
lexical patterns and collocational usage, this is often overlooked by learners who tend to
focus on only a small fragment of the definition (Miller & Gildea, 1987; Nesi & Meara,
1994). The dictionary’s effectiveness is therefore reduced in that learners are content toconsider only the most accessible part of the definition and ignore other potentially5useful information. In particular, learners are inclined to use dictionaries merely as areference for basic information on spelling and meaning rather than for information on
usage and collocation (Harvey & Yuill, 1997). They therefore remain generally unawareof the associative values of words and of how they combine in particular ways to
produce a given meaning. Consequently, it is difficult for them to avoid using
inappropriate collocations in their writing. In this regard, errors are found to occur more
frequently in cases where a particular word has a restricted range of lexical collocations.
This results largely from learners neglecting to apply the relevant grammatical andcollocational information presented in the dictionary entry. In other cases, however, they
are unable to derive the necessary information on collocational patterning when this islacking in the dictionary entry. For the most part, therefore, they still tend to view words
in terms of fixed meanings and continue to study these meanings in isolation. In thisrespect, it is important for nonnative writers to understand the ways in which words
relate to other words in the co-text and how they each work together in particular
combinations to produce meaning.
Corpus Linguistics
Advances in corpus linguistics have led to the collection of vast quantities oflanguage data and provided insights into lexical collocations and recurring patterns ofusage (Sinclair, 1991; Willis, 1990). As a result, it has become possible to moreaccurately identify the linguistic conventions and constraints of language on the basis of
empirical evidence. This has led to a clearer appreciation of how language is actuallyused rather than how language is perceived to be used. As such, there is no longer any
need to rely on intuition and guesswork in formulating linguistic descriptions in that
accounts of language behavior are based on actual samples of language in use.
Extensive information about lexical relations can now be accessed by using various
text-retrieval software. Such a focus on lexical relations has shown that words interact
with each other not in random clusters but in a clearly principled way. Knowledge
relating to the context and frequency of occurrence of lexical items may help increase
the linguistic sensitivity of language learners by providing new insights into language
structure and use. In this way, they may realize the importance of referring to corpus
evidence for guidance and no longer rely simply on dictionaries and reference
6

grammars. They can thereby expand their search for appropriate forms of expression by
examining and interpreting the immense amount of useful data that corpora provide.
Computer Concordances
Concordance software allows for the retrieval and arrangement of a vast amount oflanguage data so that patterns are more easily discerned. As such, it is now possible toderive information on language use in a far more meticulous manner than before. Rather
than viewing individual words and phrases as discrete units of meaning, we can now
examine them in accordance with their various patterns and uses as they appear inconcordance lines of typical language contexts. Focusing on multiple instances of aword’s phraseological patterning is an efficient and cost-effective way for language
learners to find solutions to their linguistic/communicative problems (Cobb, 1997).
Such an objective way of examining language behavior is also likely to lead to greater
precision in their writing. In particular, it is important for language learners to have athorough knowledge of the more common English words since these words (rather thanthe more uncommon ones) often express different senses depending on the particularpattern in which they appear. Moreover, it is these commonly occurring words that often
appear in idiomatic expressions which are difficult to paraphrase successfully. They are
therefore indispensable items that appear again and again in various contexts and carry
the main patterns of the language. If learners are to avoid using stilted and awkward
expressions in their writing, they would do well to focus on the various uses of thesecommon words and the contexts in which they are found.
In this respect, the use of corpora and concordance techniques may provide moreaccessible information on collocations and the selection restrictions that govern them.
Nonnative writers may thereby come to avoid collocational mismatches by examining
multiple examples of words that tend to co-occur. Through exposure to regularly
recurring patterns, they may become more sensitive to the ways in which words
combine with other words to produce particular meanings. Certainly, statistical analyses
showing the frequency and collocational patterns of any given word used in life-sciencepapers would be very useful for Japanese researchers when writing academic papers. In
this way, we may ensure that the language presented to them will closely correspond totheir particular language requirements.
7

Practical Applications
In general, corpora have been used as a source of descriptive insights concerning
the facts of language and have offered more explanatory power than the traditionalreliance on intuition and introspection. Language researchers have discovered linguistic
facts that have never been recorded before and have been able to refine theirunderstanding of language. At the same time, corpora have also been used forpedagogical purposes and are gradually playing a more active role in the language
classroom. Certainly, with access to corpora becoming simpler and the development ofeasy-to-use concordance software, such technology is having more of an impact on
language teaching and learning, as can be seen on our Internet site (http://lsd.pharm.
kyoto-u.ac.jp/ja/service/weblsd/index.html). In this respect, the quality of linguistic
evidence offered by concordances is in some ways superior to that obtained by
dictionary consultation. Language learners may use them in various ways to arrive at abetter understanding of lexical items, their recurrent features, and their patterns of use.
In particular, learners are encouraged to discover for themselves how the language
works, rather than rely solely on teacher explanations or on information extracted fromreference books (Johns, 1991). Through the use of concordances, learners can see how
words interact with other words to create meaning and how meaning changes according
to the phraseological patterns they form. This highlighting of various lexical patterns in
a concordance is a radical departure from the rather dry, abstract explanations given inpedagogic grammars. By examining and interpreting the patterns that appear in theconcordance lines, learners may become more sensitive to how meanings are formed
and be better able to manipulate the particular patterns of language that are of relevanceto them. By studying various samples of use, they may come to notice recurrent patternsof language (Schmidt, 1990) and come to recognize the typical contexts where thesepatterns appear. Furthermore, by discovering patterns of language for themselves, they
may be able to retain the information more effectively as a result of more active
language processing (Altenberg & Granger, 2001).
A major concern is also how such activities may be integrated into regularclassroom routines, and in what ways they may be exploited by teachers and learners
respectively ((Thurston & Candlin, 1998; Tribble & Jones, 1990). Certainly, care should
be taken to focus on the particular collocations that are relevant to learners’ needs and8that may be of some benefit to them. In particular, it is useful to select key words thatthey tend to find problematic. In this regard, information on frequency may help in
determining which particular lexical items should be focused upon in the classroom.
Representative samples of frequently used contexts will provide learners with sufficientcomprehensible input to help them understand the syntactic and collocational properties
of words. In this way, they may be encouraged to self-correct and thereby reduce thenumber of habitual errors appearing in their academic English writing (Makino, 1993;
Todd, 2001). With sufficient attention and subsequent practice, learners may then cometo assimilate common patterns found in written academic discourse and use them whenwriting their own research papers.
Data Collection and Corpus Analysis
In 1993, we embarked on a project – the Life Science Dictionary Project (LSD
Project) – in which English abstracts appearing in international medical research
journals were collected through the publicly available on-line MEDLINE database. The
initial aim of the collection was to compile a genre-specific English corpus (LSD
Corpus) and then to create an electronic bilingual dictionary (English-Japanese andJapanese-English) with a particular emphasis on frequently appearing general andtechnical terms in life-science fields. The LSD Corpus now contains approximately
144,000 abstracts published in distinguished life-science related journals around theworld and consists of over 31 million running words. This corpus can be regarded as avalid source of authentic English materials because the articles and abstracts publishedin such eminent journals as Nature and Science are known to have undergone a rigorous
review prior to publication with regard to both content and language.
The collected data have been recorded in a versatile relational database andsubjected to statistical analysis. This has led to the compilation of an electronic
English-Japanese/Japanese-English dictionary, WebLSD, which is available to the
public on the Internet (http://lsd.pharm.kyoto-u.ac.jp/). The up-dated version of theelectronic dictionary currently contains 39,790 entries of English terms with Japanesetranslations and definitions, 26,000 sample sentences for 5,100 words, and 938,000
records of concordance for 9,500 words.
Some of the most frequently used words in the LSD Corpus have been selected for9inclusion in this paper. The particular words taken up here are possibility, probability,
implication, involvement, absence, presence, and evidence. For each word, we haveprovided a list of common collocations that includes information about the frequency, aJapanese translation, and a sample sentence when it is considered useful and relevant.
The collocational patterns introduced here are noteworthy in that most of them cannot
be classified simply as an idiomatic expression or set phrase, so that they provide
language learners with information not usually found in marketed dictionaries. On thesurface, the list may just look like a miscellaneous assortment of arbitrary word patterns,
but a closer look will reveal that it is a very useful collection of information concerning
the lexical items (verbs, nouns, adjectives, prepositions) with which a given word
commonly collocates and, in the case of a noun, which article is commonly used or
which of the two forms, plural or singular, appears more often. This kind of information
is particularly important for Japanese learners of English because they are often
confused about how to properly use articles, singular/plural forms, or how to findcommon collocates or natural expressions.
Owing to the nature of the computer analysis, related items sharing the same form
are classified as one word, so that no distinction is made between the verb form study
and the noun form study. In addition, homographs are not differentiated and are treatedas one word. However, in some cases, the collocates shown in the tables should provide
some information concerning the part of speech of a given item, which may help in theidentification of any homographs that appear. Furthermore, some of the data shown in
the tables may look redundant, but we believe that such redundancy will not be ahindrance in the exploration of the meaning of a particular lexical item. Instead, it may
help language learners to deepen their understanding. For example, in the case ofarticles and prepositions, which habitually present great problems for nonnative writers
in terms of their interpretation and use, grammatical explanations are often inadequate
in helping them to avoid erroneous decisions in the selection of a correct article orappropriate preposition in their writing. We have therefore intentionally included
instances of articles and prepositions with each entry word. By examining the various
samples of articles and prepositions appearing in the tables, language learners may
come to recognize their proper uses and confirm their understanding.

10How to Read the List
The format is explained by using the following sample list:
Englishimplication*
implication
implications

Japanese
意味
意味
意味

Frq.

PubM̲ID

Sample

2,854
152
2,702

Note 複数形で使われることが圧倒的に多い。訳語は便宜上「意味」を使用…
1 the implications
意味414
2 an implication
意味
8
3 implications for〜のための
1,599 11499504This approach should have significant
意味
future <implications for> dental
research.
59 10725728This neonatal immune bias has
4 implications for the 〜の開発
important <implications for thedevelopment ofのための意
development of> vaccine …
味
：
：
：
：
：
：
17 have @2〜のための
918 10199733The findings <have potential
implications for
意味を持つ
implications for> islet transplantation
as well as …

1st Column: (Note) The information given here is based on the analysis of the
LSD Corpus and collocational patterns of the entry word, and is expected tohelp learners of English to gain insight into a given word. This is meant
primarily for Japanese learners and is therefore written in Japanese in order tomake it more accessible for them.
1st Column: (1, 2, 3 ...) A number is given to each entry in sequence.
2nd Column: (English) In the uppermost line(s) above Note, a head word and its
related form(s) of word(s) are given. The asterisk mark (*) stands for a lemma,
or a head word. The at-mark sign (@) followed by a number stands for the
maximum number of words that can be inserted.
3rd Column: (Japanese) The Japanese equivalent or translation is given.
4th Column: (Frq.) Frq. stands for the frequency of each entry.
5th Column: (PubM_ID) PubM_ID stands for the ID number of theaccompanying sample sentence, by means of which the original abstract can be
identified on the PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed).
6th Column: (Sample) This column shows a sample sentence for the entry
collocation. In some cases, no samples are shown when a similar entry contains
a sample sentence from which readers can easily infer a sentence or expression
containing the entry collocation.

11

It is hoped that the following statistical analysis of the LSD corpus will assist
Japanese researchers in gaining further information concerning common collocations
for frequently used words in the life sciences. Furthermore, crude as the information
listed in the tables may appear at first glance, we trust that this paper will be wellreceived by Japanese researchers because of its special distinction in providing
information on word frequencies relating to words appearing immediately before orafter a given lexical item. In this paper, we present the statistical data as they are, hopingthat such first-hand information will help to facilitate the acquisition of common
expressions relating to each word.
From the initial stages of data collection, we have aimed at making the best use of
corpus analysis to help Japanese researchers in writing academic papers in English. So
far, we have succeeded in producing the previously mentioned electronic dictionary as
well as gathering useful sample sentences and concordances. Because of space
limitations, we are unable to include in this particular paper each and every word wehave analyzed. We are, however, planning to continue to publish further reports in thesame format, making this paper the first report of its kind in this series.
In the meantime, we hope that the lists of collocations introduced here in this paper
will help bring about better technical English writing among Japanese researchers, andultimately pave the way to the publication of an innovative and practical book on
common collocational patterns in English after all the lists have been unified andcompleted. Finally, in providing a Japanese translation for each English word or
expression, we have made every possible effort to ensure accuracy. However, we cannot
be certain that the translations are completely free from error because of the specialized
character and complexity of the various life science disciplines. There may therefore besome minor discrepancies that evaded our scrutiny and in such cases we sincerely ask
for our readers’ indulgence, and would be grateful if they would inform us of any
shortcomings that they may find.

12

1/3
Collocation of possibility
EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Samplepossibility*
可能性
3,154
possibility
可能性
2,928
possibilities
可能性
226
Note raise the possibility (可能性を示唆する）が圧倒的に出現が多い。「可能性を上げる」と誤解している日本人学習者が多いが、要注意である。直前に来る形容詞としては、日本語表現から連想されるhigh, great, strong などは possibility と通常共起しない。同様に日本語表現「可能性を上げる」から連想される increase thepossibility の用例も無い。
1 possibility that〜である可能性
1,747 12189166 The <possibility that> immune responses to autoantigens may contributeto the development of atopic disease has been largely ignored.
2 the possibility that〜である可能性
1,641 12149643 In this study, we have addressed <the possibility that> matrix
metalloproteinases are implicated in ICAM-1 shedding.
3 raise the possibility that〜である可能性を示唆する
316 10559369 These results, and our previous studies, <raise the possibility that> KIF4 may play an important role in retrovirus Gag protein transport.
5 these results raise the possibility that これらの結果は、〜である可能性
51 9539807 <These results raise the possibility that> some forms of synaptic memory
may be stored in a digital manner in the brain.
を示唆する
6 our results raise the possibility that 我々の結果は、〜である可能性
24 11063736 <Our results raise the possibility that> there are X- or Y-encodedfactors that influence repair or replication of DNA in the embryo.
を示唆する
8 these findings raise the possibility
これらの発見は、〜である可能性
35 10899916 <These findings raise the possibility that> Treg cell function contributes
to the immune suppression characteristic of CTLA-4 signaling.
that
を示唆する
9 data raise the possibility that
データは、〜である可能性を示
31 10529423 These <data raise the possibility that> Egr4 may contribute to someforms of human idiopathic male infertility.
唆する
10 raises the possibility that〜である可能性を示唆する
191 10667515 This study <raises the possibility that> APACHE II may be useful for
long-term mortality prediction in other critically ill populations.
11 this raises the possibility that
これは、〜である可能性を示唆す35 11839761 <This raises the possibility that> the monophosphorylated ERK2s may
have distinct biological roles in vivo.
る
12 raising the possibility that〜である可能性を示唆している
190 11606596 The post-translational modification by tTG reduced the RNA binding
activity of the core protein, <raising the possibility that> tTG may
regulate the biological functions of the HCV core protein.
13 raised the possibility that〜である可能性を示唆した
57 10734132 This result <raised the possibility that> sAbetaPP may bind back to
HCSM cell-surface fibrils formed by HCHWA-D Abeta(1-40).
15 we investigated the possibility that
我々は、〜である可能性を調べ
37 9792718 <We investigated the possibility that> vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) treatment could regulate KDR/Flk-1 receptor expression inたendothelial cells.
16 we have investigated the possibility 我々は、〜である可能性を調べ
18 12060230 <We have investigated the possibility that> Golgi secretion might beinvolved in marking the preprophase band site.
thatた
17 to investigate the possibility that〜である可能性を調べるために
24 9769329 <To investigate the possibility that> this cytokine profile results from adifference in the control of IL-6 expression, we examined the 5' flanking
region of the IL-6 gene for polymorphisms.
18 we discuss the possibility that
我々は、〜である可能性を議論
24 9885574 <We discuss the possibility that> PAF400 may play a role in signaling of
DNA damage to p53 by stimulation of p53 acetylation.
する
20 we examined the possibility that
我々は、〜である可能性を調べ
28 9843571 Here <we examined the possibility that> Smads function to regulatetranscription by directly interacting with p300/CREB-binding protein.
たEnglish
21 rule out the possibility that
22 suggest the possibility that
24 we explored the possibility that
26 to explore the possibility that

2/3
Collocation of possibility
Japanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample〜である可能性を除外する
25 10361283 The results show that binding to MecA is critical for ComS function, but
do not <rule out the possibility that> ComS possesses other activities.
〜である可能性を示唆する
35 9823339 Preclinical models <suggest the possibility that> these tumors may beresistant to the cytotoxicity induced by certain chemotherapeutic agents.
我々は、〜である可能性を探索
20 10554018 Using genetically marked prostate cancer cell lines, <we explored thepossibility that> genetic information might be transferred from an
したapoptotic cell to a phagocytic neighbor.
〜である可能性を探索するため
17 11427525 <To explore the possibility that> sex hormones control Kv4.3 expression,
we investigated whether its expression changes in the pregnant uterus.
に27 exclude the possibility that〜である可能性を除外する

28 consistent with the possibility that〜である可能性と一致している

29 the intriguing possibility that

〜である興味深い可能性

30 possibility of〜の可能性

31 the possibility of〜の可能性

32 raises the possibility of〜の可能性を示唆する

33 raise the possibility of〜の可能性を示唆する

34 raising the possibility of〜の可能性を示唆している

35 suggesting the possibility of〜の可能性示唆している

36 suggest the possibility of〜の可能性示唆する

24 11447224 In order to <exclude the possibility that> the antioxidant effects of BH(4)are mediated by dopamine and NO, we used fibroblasts in which neither
catecholamine nor NO production occurs.
48 12193689 These results are <consistent with the possibility that> CD11b(+)
dendritic cells play a central role in the activation of CD4 T cells in
response to s.c. Ag.
32 10758160 The discovery of a large number of divergent EARs suggests <theintriguing possibility that> these proteins have been specifically tailored tofight against distinct rodent pathogens.
694 11283096 The presence of a vancomycin-resistant, gram-positive coccobacilli on a
blood culture should alert clinicians to the <possibility of> bacteremia
caused by W. confusa or other small gram-positive rods.
655 10908368 Some studies raised <the possibility of> artifacts generated during sample
preparation.
32 10444599 This observation <raises the possibility of> redundancy in the phyAsignaling pathway, which could account for the incomplete block of phyA
signaling observed in the far1 mutant.
29 11033093 Differences in the biological activity and binding of human IL-1 in mouseand rat brain <raise the possibility of> species differences in the transportof IL-1 across the BBB and BTB.
26 10925271 Expression of the CD81 molecule on T cells increases following activation,<raising the possibility of> a role for this molecule in progression of theactivation process.
32 9551943 Furthermore, they persist in patients with prolonged antibiotic treatmentresistant Lyme arthritis, <suggesting the possibility of> an autoimmune
process.
29 11099504 Taken together, these results also <suggest the possibility of> distinct
functions for TAP1 and TAP2 NBD during a single translocation cycle.

3/3
Collocation of possibility
EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample38 explore the possibility of〜の可能性を探索する
17 9583711 Future studies should <explore the possibility of> a cancer-promoting
gastrointestinal milieu, including delayed stool transit and elevated fecal
bile acid concentrations, associated with hyperglycemia and diabetic
neuropathy.
39 the possibility for〜の可能性
20 12505991 Telomere shortening with age could also contribute to cardiac failure in
humans, opening <the possibility for> new therapies.
11689658<To test this possibility>, we generated a panel of reassortant viruses that
42 to test this possibility
この可能性をテストするために
43
expressed the NA genes of human H2N2 viruses isolated from 1957 to1968 with all other genes from the avian virus A/duck/Hong Kong/278/78(H9N2).
43 to investigate this possibility
この可能性を調べるために
34 11070020 <To investigate this possibility> , we analyzed mutants in which basic
residues in the M domain were replaced with asparagines or glutamines.
11412031
44 consistent with this possibility
この可能性と一致している
27<Consistent with this possibility>, we show here that overexpression ofTRbeta1 promotes precocious oligodendrocyte differentiation, whereas
expression of two dominant-negative forms of TRbeta1 greatly delays
differentiation.
45 to explore this possibility
この可能性を探索するために
24 11781364 <To explore this possibility>, we investigated whether cross-linking CD81
on NK cells could alter NK cell function.
46 to examine this possibility
この可能性を調べるために
24 11739565 <To examine this possibility>, we developed a culture-based assay system
to study translational regulation in neurons.
47 to address this possibility
この可能性に取り組むために
17 11466357 <To address this possibility>, we performed a comprehensive analysis of
DC differentiative potential among lymphoid and B lymphoid progenitor
populations in adult mouse BM.
48 one possibility is that
ひとつの可能性は、〜である
46 10575050 <One possibility is that> these localized surrounds may provide asubstrate for figure-ground segmentation of visual scenes.
49 possibilities
可能性
226 11756693 This technology opens <possibilities> for simultaneous imaging of multiple
molecules labeled with scFv:MBD at the molecular resolution within thesame sample with electron spectroscopic imaging.
10037810
The ability to create and control non-linear effects raises a host of
50 possibilities
可能性75<possibilities> for applications of oligonucleotide array hybridization.
51 new possibilities for〜の新しい可能性
26 9746538 This discovery opens <new possibilities for> the design of molecules thatcan specifically modify the clot structure by targeting the structural
domains responsible for Cl- binding to fibrin.
52 these possibilities
これらの可能性50 12471107 To distinguish between <these possibilities>, we used a partiallyphosphorylation-deficient mutant of the FPR that can undergointernalization, but not desensitization.
53 distinguish between these possibilities これらの可能性を区別する
20 9671743 To <distinguish between these possibilities>, we have constructed atranscription map composed of at least 23 distinct expressed sequences in
an approximately 5.5-megabase region on the human X chromosome
spanning Xp11.21-p11.22.

Collocation of probability

1/2

EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sampleprobability*
見込み・蓋然性
1,823
probability
見込み・蓋然性
1,563
probabilities
見込み・蓋然性
260
Note 日本語の「可能性」を連想して、possibilityとの混同をしないこと。「高い可能性」は、通常 high probability 「高い蓋然性」として英語では表現される。
1 probability of〜の見込み・蓋然性

2 the probability of
3 in the probability of
4 high probability of〜の見込み・蓋然性〜の見込み・蓋然性における〜〜の高い見込み・蓋然性

5 a high probability of〜の高い見込み・蓋然性

6 higher probability of〜のより高い見込み・蓋然性

7 probability for〜の見込み・蓋然性

8 probability that〜という見込み・蓋然性

9 the probability that〜という見込み・蓋然性

10 open probability

開確率

11 open probability of〜の開確率

12 the open probability

開確率

13 the open probability of 〜の開確率
14 channel open
probability
15 release probability

チャネル開確率
放出確率

16 high probability

高い見込み・蓋然性

764 10666193 The estimated <probability of> disease-free survival (DFS) at 1 year after CR was 65%(95% CI, 50%-79%) for CML, 23% (95% CI, 9%-38%) for AML, and 30% (95% CI, 6%-54%)
for ALL.
403 11015163 <The probability of> death within 100 days was 11% (95% CI, 8% to 14%).
19 11463625 In patch-clamped cardiac myocytes, exposure to caffeine produced only a transient
increase <in the probability of> sparks induced by depolarization.
27 12176879 There is a <high probability of> survival in recipients of UCB grafts that are disparate in
no more than 2 human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) when the grafts contain at least 1.7 x
10(5) CD34(+) cells per kilogram of recipient's body weight.
18 10393858 According to a statistical analysis of shared genetic changes in matched tumor pairs, <ahigh probability of> a common clonal progenitor was found in 11 of 19 patients (58%).
19 9516151 They had higher bone marrow PC labeling indices, higher serum soluble interleukin-6
receptor (sIL-6R) levels, and a <higher probability of> ras mutations.
29 11481161 The <probability for> developing a bipolar spectrum disorder increases in linear fashion
for patients at risk for polarity conversion during the first 10-15 years after an index
depressive episode.
87 12399403 These bottlenecks affect the dynamics of evolution, reducing the <probability that> abeneficial mutation will reach fixation.
67 12446840 Mutation of CIN genes increases <the probability that> whole chromosomes or large
fractions of chromosomes are gained or lost during cell division.
226 10653789 Unliganded openings have been reported for many channel types, but their low <openprobability> can make it difficult to study their kinetics in detail.
53 10766915 KN-93 and W-7, a calmodulin inhibitor, decreased the <open probability of> SK
channels in on-cell patches but not in excised patches.
66 9555038 Application of 10 nM CsA significantly increased <the open probability> of KCachannels by 183+/-9%.
35 11110764 Specifically, modulation of <the open probability of> the ryanodine receptor produces
only transient effects on the Ca(2+) transient as a result of changes of SR content.
48 9668070 We previously showed that sorcin binds to cardiac Ca2+ release channel/ryanodine
receptors and decreases <channel open probability> in planar lipid bilayers.
64 9660900 We propose that presynaptic depression at CF synapses reflects a slow recovery of<release probability> following release of each quantum of transmitter.
52 11526251 Overall costs in patients with <high probability> of injury exceeded those in patientswith low probability of injury by 33%.

Collocation of probability
English17 a high probability

Japanese
高い見込み・蓋然性

18 higher probability

より高い見込み・蓋然性

19 low probability

低い見込み・蓋然性

20 probability distribution 確率分布
21 probability density

確率密度

22 the probability

見込み・蓋然性

23 a probability

見込み・蓋然性

2/2

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample23 11231891 Differences in genome size, gene composition, and gene expression are shown with <ahigh probability> to have changed along the lineage leading to the Allolevivirus throughgene expansion.
23 10220567 In a comparison between cAMP and cGMP, we find that cGMP has clearly higher binding
affinity than cAMP, but only modestly <higher probability> of inducing theconformational transition that opens the channel.
22 9699705 The remainder were designated as having <low probability> because presentations were
not linked to treatment or failed to meet criteria for the syndrome.
37 11964240 Some membrane peptides, such as Alamethicin, form barrel-stave aggregates with abroad <probability distribution> of size (number of peptides in the aggregate).
21 9822560 The explicit expression of a reduced global turning <probability density> function for
motile bacteria was derived and its relevant properties were investigated.
539 9856473 Both <the probability> and amplitude of dendritic spikes depended on the previous
synaptic and firing history of the cell.
42 12581345 This method provides <a probability> of differential expression for each gene based on
experiment-wide false-positive and -negative levels driven by experimental error andbiological variance.

1/2
Collocation of implication
EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sampleimplication*
含意、潜在的重要性、意味合 2,854
い、影響
implication
意味152
implications
意味2,702
Note 複数形で使われることが圧倒的に多い。訳語は便宜上「意味」を使用したが、「含意、（将来の）影響」などの意味合いで理解することが望ましい。
1 the implications
意味414
2 an implication
意味
8
3 implications for〜のための意味
1,599 11499504 This approach should have significant future <implications for> dental
research.
4 implications for the development of〜の開発のための意味
59 10725728 This neonatal immune bias has important <implications for thedevelopment of> vaccine strategies, particularly against viral infections.
5 implications for the design of〜の設計のための意味
29 10646869 The lack of cell surface expression on tumor cell lines has clear<implications for the design of> therapeutic strategies which target thismolecule.
6 implications for the mechanism of〜の機構のための意味
38 9886295 These results provide a basis for the agonistic activity of NK1 and have
<implications for the mechanism of> receptor binding of HGF/SF.
7 implications for the use of〜の使用のための意味
25 9728562 These findings have <implications for the use of> meningococcal
polysaccharide vaccine when the risk of disease is low.
8 implications for the role of〜の役割のための意味
25 9788942 The results also have <implications for the role of> protein interactions inbiological self-organization.
9 implications for the understanding of 〜の理解のための意味
20
10 implications for our understanding of われわれの〜理解のための意
36 10636901 The effects of these inhibitors on secretion have interesting <implications
味for our understanding of> the quality control apparatus of the ER.
11 important implications for our
われわれの〜理解のための重19
understanding of
要な意味
12 implications for understanding〜を理解するための意味
105 12394831 These data have <implications for understanding> the fundamental link
between I/R injury and alloimmunity.
13 important implications for〜のための重要な意味
482 12368211 This observation has <important implications for> therapeutic strategies
designed to attenuate long-term chronic lung disease after oxidant injury.
14 significant implications for〜のための重要な意味
66 12391211 These data have <significant implications for> vaccines designed topromote cellular immunity at mucosal sites such as the lung.
15 broad implications for〜のための広範な意味（影響）26 11491302 These results have <broad implications for> the mechanism by whichmonomeric type II endonucleases achieve high fidelity.
16 potential implications for〜のための可能性のある意味
25 11830498 This information has <potential implications for> manipulation of immune
responses after allogeneic HCT.
17 have @2 implications for〜のための意味を持つ
918 10199733 The findings <have potential implications for> islet transplantation as wellas improved and more cost-effective therapy for IDDM.
18 have implications for〜のための意味を持つ
394
19 have important implications for〜のための重要な意味を持つ
322 9596080 These data <have important implications for> the pathogenesis andtreatment of diabetic glomerulosclerosis.

English
20 have significant implications for
21 these results have implications for
22 these findings have implications for
23 implications of
24 the implications of
25 implications of these findings

2/2
Collocation of implication
Japanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample〜のための重要な意味を持つ
50 11884405 These findings <have significant implications for> understanding GNAT
catalysis and the design of potent and selective inhibitors.
これらの結果は〜のための意味
49を持つ
これらの知見は〜のための意味
48 12540628 <These findings have implications for> how to evaluate the role of theを持つpolyol pathway in diabetic retinopathy.
〜の意味
739 12146959 The <implications of> these results are discussed within the framework ofdeveloping a glycosylated second-generation MUC1 glycopeptide vaccine.
〜の意味
338 9820548 <The implications of> a role for IL-7 in this disease model with respect tohuman inflammatory bowel disease are discussed.
これらの知見の意味
110 11260465 The <implications of these findings> for cell type-specific gene expression
during the early stages of spore formation in B. subtilis are discussed.

26 implications of these results

これらの結果の意味

27 functional implications of
28 possible implications of
29 biological implications of
30 clinical implications of〜の機能的な意味〜の可能な意味〜の生物学的な意味〜の臨床的な意味

31 discuss the implications of〜の意味を議論する

32 implications of @3 are discussed〜意味が議論される

33 implications in〜における意味34 important implications in〜における重要な意味

35 have implications in〜における意味を持つ

36 have important implications in〜における重要な意味を持つ

100 11169472 The <implications of these results> for visual recovery after retinal
reattachment are discussed.
28
25
22
22 9806058 However, the <clinical implications of> these findings need to be further
investigated.
46 10828050 We <discuss the implications of> these findings for current models ofbeta-globin regulation.
94 11320091 The biological <implications of these oxidative processes are discussed>.
149 11714772 The existence of this novel mechanism of B cell activation has important<implications in> innate immunity, B cell-mediated autoimmunity, and B
cell neoplasia.
49 9851965 The effects are independent of aldosterone and blood pressure and have
<important implications in> renin-dependent hypertension and chronic
cardiac failure when circulating Ang II is elevated.
27 10228040 These observations therefore <have implications in> the APC-based tumor
vaccine protocol design.
28 10640769 These findings may <have important implications in> understanding thephysiological function of CRP.

Collocation of involvement

1/2

EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sampleinvolvement*
関与
2,681
involvement
関与
2,674
involvements
関与
7
Not 定冠詞が使われる場合が多い。共起する動詞は、suggest, indicate が多い。
1 the involvement
関与
1,097
2 an involvement
関与66
3 involvement of〜の関与
1,770 11585813 In this paper, the <involvement of> IRF-7 in monocyte differentiation was examined in
U937, HL60, and human primary macrophages.
4 involvement of this
この〜の関与47 12444159 Piceatannol inhibited NF-kappaB in cells with deleted Syk, indicating the lack of<involvement of this> kinase.
5 involvement of these

これらの〜の関与

6 the involvement of〜の関与

7 suggesting the involvement of〜の関与を示唆している

8 suggesting involvement of〜の関与を示唆している

9 indicating the involvement of〜の関与を示している

10 possible involvement of〜の可能な関与

11 the possible involvement of〜の可能な関与

12 potential involvement of〜の潜在的な関与

13 the potential involvement of〜の潜在的な関与

14 direct involvement of〜の直接の関与

15 an involvement of〜の関与

16 evidence for the involvement of〜の関与の証拠41 10557359 Transgenic plants containing aequorin have been used to dissect the <involvement ofthese> three receptors in the regulation of intracellular Ca2+.
1,083 11733572 <The involvement of> several other parasite proteins during invasion have been
proposed, but no direct evidence links them with a specific invasion pathway.
92 10766189 Procaspases-9, -3, and -7 were processed in onconase-treated cells, <suggesting the
involvement of> the mitochondrial apoptotic machinery in onconase-induced
apoptosis.
35 10915808 Combined drug application suppressed the increase in 5-HT-induced IPSC frequency
almost completely, <suggesting involvement of> both 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C)t
47 12646616 Pretreatmentof Jurkat and primary T cells with pertussis toxin (PTX) prevented
CD47-mediated death, <indicating the involvement of> G(ialpha).
96 11481475 Here, we have examined the <possible involvement of> the caffeine-sensitive ATM
and ATR protein kinases in this checkpoint.
64 12153992 However, the efficiency of transposition varies significantly among cell lines, suggesting<the possible involvement of> host factors in SB transposition.
46 11934868 We discuss the <potential involvement of> connexin43 in human cardiovascularanomalies involving the coronary arteries.
37 12235001 To assess <the potential involvement of> the Gli2 repressor domain in skin tumor
development, we overexpressed the Gli2DeltaN2 mutant in transgenic mice by use of
the K5 promoter.
46 11015220 These data provide additional evidence for the <direct involvement of> a metalcoordinated sulfur nucleophile in catalysis.
66 11490019 In this study, we examined <an involvement of> the mitochondria in oligodendrocyte
apoptosis and the role of C5b-9 on this process.
86 12409320 There is growing <evidence for the involvement of> nitric oxide (NO) -mediatednitrosation in cell signaling and pathology.

Collocation of involvement
English17 for involvement

Japanese
関与にとって18 of the involvement of〜の関与の

19 of involvement

関与の〜

20 of involvement of〜の関与の〜

21 involvement of @4 in〜への〜の関与

22 involvement in〜への関与

23 its involvement in〜へのその関与

24 their involvement in〜へのそれらの関与

25 involvement by〜による関与

2/2

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample37 10613861 The results also provide the first biochemical evidence for an enzyme with thepotential <for involvement> in cysteine biosynthesis in the Archaea.
38 9847341 This is the first example <of the involvement of> a member of the STAT family oftranscription factors in the control of tissue-specific expression.
48 11564173 In lymph node specimens, the percentage of cells expressing CD7 and other T cellmarkers did not correlate with histologic evidence <of involvement>.
30 10841890 The data from these studies provide further evidence <of involvement of> NPY inenergy balance, anxiety, and possibly nociception.
933 9525879 The results provide direct evidence for the <involvement of unknown cellular factors
in> the membrane integration process of connexins.
430 11368948 Recent evidence suggests it has a pathological role in cerebral insults, but its<involvement in> intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is unknown.
76 12631327 Expression of AtmBAC1 in seedlings is consistent with <its involvement in> Arg
breakdown in early seedling development, i.e. delivery of Arg to mitochondrial
70 11500381 The biochemical functions of PML bodies are unknown, despite <their involvement in>several human disorders.
29 12035042 Hepatic vein <involvement by> hepatic malignancy does not necessarily preclude
resection.

1/2
Collocation of absence
EnglishJapanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sampleabsence*
存在しないこと
11,130absences
存在しないこと
8
Note 定冠詞が直前に来る場合が圧倒的に多い。in the absence of という表現の出現が極めて多い。また、日本語の「有無」に相当する表現は、presence or/and
absence に相当するが、逆の語順も確認され、語順は必ずしも固定的ではない。
1 the absence
存在しないこと
8,743
2 an absence
存在しないこと
144
3 absence of〜の存在しないこと
10,4274 the absence of〜の存在しないこと
8,360 12574288 No AdV was detected by culture or PCR in throat swabs fromhealthy recruits, suggesting <the absence of> latency orasymptomatic shedding.
5 in the absence of〜が存在しない場合
6,628 11782359 <In the absence of> stromal cells, primary epithelial cells wereunable to proliferate.
6 in absence of〜が存在しない場合
35
7 even in the absence of
たとえ〜の存在がなくても362
9765401 In cells infected with these mutants, protein synthesis continues<even in the absence of> the gamma134.5 gene.
8 that in the absence of〜の存在なしに〜であること
247 11359829 These results suggest <that in the absence of> iNOS activity,
TNF-alpha stimulates macrophages to control the growth of
intracellular BCG.
9 suggest that in the absence of〜の存在なしに〜であることを示唆
32
10 show that in the absence of〜の存在なしに〜であることを示す
31
11 occur in the absence of〜の存在なしに起こる
969686563 Interestingly, in contrast to native STAT6, activation of
STAT6:ER* <occurs in the absence of> detectable tyrosine
phosphorylation of the fusion protein.
12 observed in the absence of〜が存在しない場合に観察された
79 10066792 Different patterns of DNA cleavage were also <observed in theabsence of> drug and in the presence of calcium.
13 activity in the absence of〜なしでの活性75
14 expression in the absence of〜なしでの発現42
15 by the absence of〜が存在しないことによって〜
177
9603883 The expression of dorC::lacZ was strongly induced <by the absenceof> oxygen and presence of DMSO.
16 despite the absence of〜が存在しないにもかかわらず
105 11356027 We find that extensive neural structures with cyclopic eyes andbrain tissue are formed <despite the absence of> mesoderm.
17 to the absence of〜の存在しないことに〜
101 10951589 The greatest enhancement of apoptosis attributable <to theabsence of> bcl-w (up to sixfold) occurred in the small intestine.
18 due to the absence of〜が存在しないゆえに
53 11292288 Without manipulation, these fully mismatched allografts would
survive indefinitely <due to the absence of> mature T and B cells.
19 with the absence of〜の存在しないことと〜
75 10892837 Surprisingly, opsin immunoreactivity extended throughout themargin cell, which is consistent <with the absence of> a discernible
outer segment.
20 for the absence of〜の存在しないことに対して
69 11023861 Furthermore, the presence of the non-mutant ns1 gene outside thenarrow sheath domain cannot compensate <for the absence of> thenon-mutant gene within the narrow sheath domain.

2/2
Collocation of absence
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample52705 12595313 <The presence or absence of> somatic mutations in the expressed
immunoglobulin heavy chain variable regions (IgVH) of chronic
lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells provides prognostic information.

English21 of the absence of
22 the presence or absence ofJapanese〜の存在しないことの〜〜の存在あるいは非存在

23 in the presence or absence of〜の存在あるいは非存在下において〜〜の存在あるいは非存在の〜〜の存在あるいは非存在によって〜

370

26 on the presence or absence of〜の存在あるいは非存在において〜

30

27 the presence and absence of
28 in the presence and absence of〜の存在および非存在〜の存在および非存在下において
〜

374
324

29 in both the presence andabsence of
30 the absence and presence of
31 in the absence and presence of〜の存在下でも非存在下でも〜

36〜の非存在および存在〜の非存在および存在下において〜〜の非存在あるいは存在〜の非存在あるいは存在下におい
て〜

149
126

24 of the presence or absence of
25 by the presence or absence of

32 the absence or presence of
33 in the absence or presence of

46
45

122
111

34 its absence
35 in its absence

それの非存在
それの非存在下において〜

143
79

36 complete absence of
37 the complete absence of
38 in the complete absence of〜の完全な非存在〜の完全な非存在〜の完全な非存在において〜

120
59
38

39 a complete absence of
40 an absence of〜の完全な非存在
〜の非存在

38
140

41 that the absence of〜の非存在が〜であること

121

42 absence in〜における非存在

41

11466623 Tumour development was compared in Lmo2 transgenic mice <inthe presence or absence of> the Rag1 gene.
12072502 In all assays, reporter gene expression was unaffected <by thepresence or absence of> either oriS or oriL.
9712568 PET data were analyzed blindly and graded as positive or negative,
depending <on the presence or absence of> axillary nodal
metastases.
9927753 Cells were treated with specific (psoAG30) or control (psoSCR30)
psoralen-conjugated TFOs <in the presence and absence of> UVA
irradiation.

11380263 Similar anisotropies and positions of the NBD emission maxima werealso found <in the absence and presence of> activators.
10456882 Expression of costimulatory molecules was then studied in mice
immunized with OVA/alum <in the absence or presence of> B.
abortus.
9789002 This myosin is specifically cross-linked at SH1-SH2 by a chemical
cross-linker in the presence of ADP, but not <in its absence>.
11073950 MtsA and cob(I)alamin mediate dimethylsulfide:coenzyme M methyltransfer <in the complete absence of> MtsB.
12506051 PCR of the chimeric EAU retinas showed <an absence of> the Y
chromosome-amplified product on day 10, but the presence of thisproduct was detected on day 12.
11106478 We conclude, therefore, <that the absence of> a negatively
charged aspartate at 177 accounts for the decrease in catalytic
activity at pH 7.8.

1/4
Collocation of presence
EnglishJapanese
Frq. PubM̲ID
Samplepresence
存在
20,160Note 直前には定冠詞が通常来る。in the absence of と対応して、in the presence of の出現が突出して多い。また「有無」について言及する表現 in the presence and/or
absence の出現も多い。
1 the presence
存在
18,7092 presence of〜の存在
18,2213 the presence of〜の存在
17,2224 in the presence of〜の存在下で8,143 12091401 In contrast to lipofuscin, photoexcited melanosomes did not substantially
increase the rate of oxidative reactions <in the presence of> polyunsaturated
lipids or albumin.
5 even in the presence of〜の存在下でさえ
278 12209527 It is suggested that this mechanism might protect cartilage from extensive
degradation <even in the presence of> acute inflammation.
6 only in the presence of〜の存在下においてのみ
205 11272142 As a result, neutral lipid mass was increased upon prolonged incubation withelevated palmitate <only in the presence of> high glucose.
7 observed in the presence of〜の存在下で観察された
124 12650984 An opposite effect was <observed in the presence of> the nACh receptor
antagonist d-tubocurarine.
8 grown in the presence of〜の存在下で成長した
98 9811880 The YGL001c (ERG26) disruption also was viable in a hem 1Delta strain<grown in the presence of> ergosterol.
9 cultured in the presence of〜の存在下で培養された89 12538657 In addition, our studies show that the level of catL activity is significantly
decreased in Mphis <cultured in the presence of> IFN-gamma whereas catS
activity increases.
10 reduced in the presence of〜の存在下で減ぜられる
80 12124880 The intensity of images of affected tissues was greatly <reduced in thepresence of> excess competing folic acid.
11 increased in the presence of〜の存在下で上昇される
71 9990049 Moreover, the level of AtNHX1 mRNA in Arabidopsis is <increased in thepresence of> NaCl.
12 inhibited in the presence of〜の存在下で抑制される
66 10373548 Finally, proliferation induced by both IL-2- and IL-3 was significantly<inhibited in the presence of> SOCS-3.
13 enhanced in the presence of〜の存在下で促進される
59 12517753 Hydroxyapatite binding is <enhanced in the presence of> calcium.
14 activity in the presence of〜の存在下における活性91 9545297 The purified protein exhibits an ATPase <activity in the presence of> singleor double-stranded DNA.
15 by the presence of〜の存在によって
728 12663783 The A436T mutation in the original cDNA is partially compensated <by thepresence of> the T541A variation.
16 characterized by the presence of 〜の存在によって特徴づけら
92 10049578 In the eye, the mutant phenotype is <characterized by the presence of>れる
retinal colobomas, a paucity of retinal ganglion cells, and axon misrouting.
17 affected by the presence of〜の存在によって影響される
34
18 enhanced by the presence of〜の存在によって増強される
32
19 for the presence of〜の存在に対する
477 10438760 Two Pgm-associated phenotypes (Crb(+) and pesticin sensitivity [Pst(s)]) wereused as markers <for the presence of> the pgm locus in the RecA(+) KIM10+
and RecA(-) YPRA strains.
20 evidence for the presence of〜の存在の証拠52 9884279 All allografts also expressed T-cell receptor Cbeta gene, providing <evidence
for the presence of> T-cell infiltrates in the grafts.
21 examined for the presence of〜の存在について調べられる28

English
22 analyzed for the presence of
23 on the presence ofJapanese〜の存在について分析される〜の存在に〜

24 dependent on the presence of〜の存在に依存して

25 dependent upon the presence of
26 depends on the presence of
27 with the presence of
28 consistent with the presence of〜の存在に依存して〜の存在に依存する〜の存在に〜〜の存在に一致している

29 associated with the presence of〜の存在に関係する

30 correlated with the presence of
31 to the presence of〜の存在に相関する〜の存在に〜

32 due to the presence of〜の存在が原因で33 sensitive to the presence of
34 related to the presence of
35 of the presence of〜の存在に感受性のある〜の存在に関連した〜の存在の〜

36 because of the presence of
37 independent of the presence of
38 regardless of the presence of
39 despite the presence of〜の存在ゆえに〜の存在とは無関係に〜の存在に関わらず〜の存在にも関わらず

40 revealed the presence of〜の存在を明らかにした

41 demonstrated the presence of〜の存在を実証した

42 confirmed the presence of〜の存在を確認した

43 requires the presence of〜の存在を必要とする

44 showed the presence of〜の存在を示した

2/4
Collocation of presence
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample27459 11371626 Resistance to maturation depended <on the presence of> the1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) receptor (VDR).
254 10799509 The plasma membrane localization is <dependent on the presence of> anamino-terminal pleckstrin homology domain.
45
65
375
120 10198097 These results are <consistent with the presence of> an active Ca2+/H+
antiport in the thylakoid membrane.
99 10024589 Survival of SA100 after UV irradiation was <associated with the presence of>the 220-kb virulence plasmid, pVP.
47
371 11027325 Most importantly, we show that catalytic release of p-nitrophenol is sensitive<to the presence of> a single base-pair mismatch.
144 12068012 These receptors have a unique structural composition <due to the presenceof> multiple C-type lectin-like domains within a single polypeptide backbone.
28
32
239 10203471 Combinations <of the presence of> any two of the low-molecular-mass bands(19, 25, 30, 32, and 37 kDa) or the high-molecular-mass bands (86 and 94
kDa) were found almost solely in samples from infected dogs (P < 0.0001).
43
33
19
192 11591797 Herein we show that mice with targeted deletion of IL-13 failed to develop
allergen-induced AHR, <despite the presence of> vigorous Th2-biased,eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation.
351 10473624 Western blot analysis <revealed the presence of> C/EBPalpha and
C/EBPbeta in human granulosa-lutein cell nuclear extracts.
156 11230112 We previously <demonstrated the presence of> estrogen receptor (ER) beta
in cells of the megakaryocytic lineage.
155 12663654 Antibody supershift assay <confirmed the presence of> MEF-2A in thisprotein-DNA complex.
150 11689689 Activation of HRI by these stresses is independent of heme and <requires thepresence of> intact cells.
94 10781606 Northern blot analysis of multiple human tissues <showed the presence of> a major

45 indicated the presence of〜の存在を示した

90 10026227 Antibody supershift assays <indicated the presence of> c-Fos and JunB in the AP-1

46 suggests the presence of
47 detect the presence of〜の存在を示唆する〜の存在を検出する

68
52

band corresponding to a size of 3.5 kilobase.
complex formed in response to all three agonists.
11665968 TdT expression <suggests the presence of> immature B cells in RA synovia.
10790112 The FP assay was optimized to <detect the presence of> EIAV-specific antibodies bya change in the FP of a fluorescein-labeled immunoreactive peptide diagnostic antigen.

English48 suggesting the presence ofJapanese〜の存在を示唆している

49 indicating the presence of〜の存在を示している

50 is the presence of
51 that the presence of〜は、〜の存在である〜の存在が〜であること

52 in the presence of ATP
53 the presence of high

ATP存在下で高い〜の存在54 the presence of high levels of

高いレベルの〜の存在

55 in the presence of highconcentrations of

高濃度の〜の存在下で56 the presence of a single

ひとつの〜の存在

57 the presence of a functional

機能的な〜の存在

58 the presence of a large

大きな〜の存在59 the presence of a novel

新奇な〜の存在60 the presence of an additional

さらなる〜の存在

61 the presence of an intact

無傷の〜の存在62 the presence of at least

少なくとも〜の存在

63 the presence of at least two
64 the presence of at least one
65 the presence of exogenous

少なくとも２つの〜の存在
少なくともひとつの〜の存在
内在性の〜の存在

66 the presence of wild type
67 in the presence of wild type

野生型の〜の存在
野生型の〜の存在下で68 the presence of serum

血清の存在

3/4
Collocation of presence
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample133 11118052 Of these, the 11q22-24 region exhibits frequent allelic deletions in a variety ofsolid tumor types, <suggesting the presence of> critical genes for tumor
suppression in this region.
101 9554964 Saturability of influx was suggested by self-inhibition studies for NT3 in vivo,
and for NGF in an in situ brain perfusion system, <indicating the presence of>saturable transport systems.
82
362 10455135 In addition to elucidating a second wortmannin-sensitive pathway in 3T3-L1
adipocytes, these studies suggest <that the presence of> GLUT4 on theplasma membrane is not sufficient for activation of glucose uptake.
167
132 10684655 Similar to mutations in cbb(3) and rdx, suitably constructed prrC deletion
mutations lead to PS gene expression in <the presence of high> oxygen.
23 11004182 Under these conditions, <the presence of high levels of> nitrate suppressed
nrfA gene expression.
21 10338488 We hypothesized that <in the presence of high concentrations of>proinflammatory cytokines, bacteria may adapt and utilize cytokines to their
growth advantage.
47 10639452 The T. pallidum genome sequence reported <the presence of a single> copy of
the tprK gene in the Nichols strain.
43 10194440 In conclusion, our data confirm <the presence of a functional> GPIb complex
expressed on HUVECs in low density.
39 11983713 However, in <the presence of a large> excess of Hsc70, refolding of pmAAT isstill arrested, but the enzyme remains in solution.
36 10673275 In particular, sequence analysis detected <the presence of a novel> gene
(CARKL) residing within the most common cystinosis-causing deletion.
33 11493711 Cells possessing a deletion of the gene encoding Topo I (topA) are only viable
in <the presence of an additional> compensatory mutation.
29 12011061 A number of tumor cells expressing activated Akt were responsive to TGFbeta addition, indicating <the presence of an intact> TGF-beta-signaling
pathway.
64 9692547 Loss-of-heterozygosity studies in melanoma have suggested <the presence ofat least> one chromosome 10q locus lost early in tumor progression.
24
21
47 10551646 The fact that Ca1.41 binding was modified in <the presence of exogenous>
invariant chain-derived peptide suggests that both binding and signaling are
peptide dependent.
47
35 10931842 Results from co-transfection studies indicated superactivation of LTR by Tat
and cyclin T1/CDK9 <in the presence of wild type> Vpr.
46

English
69 in the presence of serum

Japanese
血清の存在下で70 the continued presence of〜の持続的存在

71 the continuous presence of
72 the presence or absence of〜の持続的存在〜の存在あるいは非存在

73 in the presence or absence of

76 on the presence or absence of
77 to the presence or absence of
78 in the presence and absence of〜の存在下あるいは非存在下
で〜の存在あるいは非存在の〜の存在あるいは非存在に
よって〜の存在あるいは非存在に〜〜の存在あるいは非存在に〜〜の存在下でも非存在下でも79 in both the presence andabsence of
80 in the presence but not in theabsence of
81 in the presence but not theabsence of
82 in the absence and presence of〜の存在下および非存在下の両方で〜の存在下では〜であるが、〜の非存在下では、〜でない〜の存在下では〜であるが、〜の非存在下では、〜でない〜の非存在下でも存在下でも83 in both the absence andpresence of
84 in the absence or presence of〜の非存在下および存在下の両方で〜の非存在下あるいは存在下で74 of the presence or absence of
75 by the presence or absence of

4/4
Collocation of presence
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample33 10411946 High levels of phosphorylation and activity of Akt-1 were detected in cerebellar
neurons cultured <in the presence of serum>.
46 10400633 Thrombin activation of cells expressing P/S or Y397Z resulted in persistentsignaling independent of <the continued presence of> thrombin.
26
705 12595313 <The presence or absence of> somatic mutations in the expressed
immunoglobulin heavy chain variable regions (IgVH) of chronic lymphocytic
leukemia (CLL) cells provides prognostic information.
370 9922304 This study examined peptic ulcer development <in the presence or absenceof> gastric neutrophils in patients requiring long-term use of NSAIDs.
46
45

30
27
324 12511490 To identify the AdnA regulon, we used a promoterless Tn5-lacZ element tostudy the phenotypes of insertion mutants <in the presence and absence of>
AdnA.
36
13
10
126 11380263 Similar anisotropies and positions of the NBD emission maxima were also found<in the absence and presence of> activators.
22
111 11245650 Growth-arrested VSMCs were incubated with different concentrations ofmoxLDL, LPC, H(2)O(2), or LPC with H(2)O(2) <in the absence or presenceof> 5HT.

Collocation of evidence
PubM̲ID

1/6

EnglishJapanese
Frq.
Sampleevidence*
証拠16,252
evidences
証拠11
evidenced
立証される
685
evidencing
立証する
5
Note 無冠詞の用例が多い。頻度高く共起する動詞は provide, show である。 動詞としては受動態として使われることが多く、 as evidenced by〜（〜によって立証されたように）、としての出現が多い。［evidence ＋ that 節］の用例が非常に多い。直後に来る前置詞は、for が一番多い。複数の「証拠」は、several lines of evidence のように表現される。
1 evidence that〜であるという証拠
4,962 11390382 Results of these studies provide <evidence that> the inhibitory effect of KLF4 on cellproliferation is mainly exerted at the G(1)/S boundary of the cell cycle.
2 direct evidence that〜であるという直接の証
351 9685331 These data provide <direct evidence that> calcium influx through P2X2 receptors
拠results in the activation of the MAP kinase cascade.
3 no evidence that〜であるという証拠はな
153 10913185 Furthermore, there is <no evidence that> the same cellular enzyme is involved in theいsynthesis of both RNA species.
4 evidence for〜の（を支持する）証拠
3,507
5 evidence for the involvement of 〜の関与の証拠
86 9525879 The results provide direct <evidence for the involvement of> unknown cellular factors
in the membrane integration process of connexins.
6 evidence for the existence of〜の存在の証拠84 9537394 The data presented provide the first direct <evidence for the involvement of> amembrane-bound protein in mRNA decay in E. coli.
7 evidence for the presence of〜の存在の証拠52 10086343 These data provide an <evidence for the involvement of> pRb-E2F/DP machinery in
PDT-mediated cell cycle arrest leading to apoptosis.
8 evidence for the role of〜の役割の証拠47 10891501 Taken together, these results provide in vivo <evidence for the role of> Fli1 in theregulation of hematopoiesis and hemostasis.
9 evidence for a role of〜の役割の証拠40 9614220 These results provide <evidence for a role of> K+ uptake via IIR into astrocytes.
10 evidence for a role for〜の役割の証拠22
11 evidence for a novel
新奇な〜の証拠46 10946304 These data provide the first <evidence for a novel> role for Bcl-xL as an antiinflammatory mediator in macrophages.
12 evidence for linkage
連鎖の証拠
202 11118028 We did not find any <evidence for linkage> between type 2 diabetes and any otherregion on chromosome 20.
13 evidence for linkage toへの連鎖の証拠50 10788333 Parametric analysis of a genomewide screen again failed to identify significant<evidence for linkage to> a single autosomal locus.
14 evidence for linkage of〜の連鎖の証拠20 11872689 We also found strong <evidence for linkage of> factor 3 to a genetic location on
chromosome 7 between markers D7S479 and D7S471 (LOD = 3.2).
15 significant evidence for linkage
連鎖の有意な証拠（形20跡）
16 evidence for an interaction〜の間の相互作用の証
15
between拠
17 no evidence for〜の証拠はない
313 11244060 The studies described here found <no evidence for> extrachromosomal plasmid DNA
in any of the strains examined.
18 direct evidence for〜の直接の証拠231 9525879 The results provide <direct evidence for> the involvement of unknown cellular factors
in the membrane integration process of connexins.

English
19 strong evidence for
20 the evidence forJapanese〜の強力な証拠（形跡）〜の証拠

21 evidence of〜の証拠

22 evidence of a role for
23 evidence of linkage〜の役割の証拠
連鎖の証拠

24 evidence of linkage to
25 no evidence of〜との連鎖の証拠〜の証拠はない

26 direct evidence of〜の直接の証拠27 the first direct evidence of
28 the first evidence of〜の最初の直接の証拠（形跡）〜の最初の証拠

29 further evidence of
30 clinical evidence of〜のさらなる証拠〜の臨床的証拠31 experimental evidence for〜の実験による証拠

32 histologic evidence of〜の組織学的証拠（形跡）

33 little evidence of〜の証拠（形跡）はほと
んどない

34 any evidence of
35 for evidence of
36 without evidence of〜のどんな証拠〜の証拠（形跡）を求めて〜の証拠（形跡）のない

37 with evidence of〜の証拠（形跡）を持つ

2/6
Collocation of evidence
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample113 11544519 The first <strong evidence for> X-ray emission was found only recently.
92 11675602 In this article we review <the evidence for> and against recombination in human
mtDNA.
3,116 10859364 Seven chromosomal regions that showed provisional <evidence of> coinheritance withclinical tuberculosis were identified.
21
99 9973299 Evaluation of markers in the region of the genes for X-linked OA, CSNB, and BCM
revealed no <evidence of linkage>, supporting the hypothesis that CMN represents a
distinct entity.
35
642 9647236 There was <no evidence of> sequence transfer to the hypermutated lambda 1 gene,suggesting that gene conversion is not a major mechanism for somatic hypermutationin mice.
80 12370399 <Direct evidence of> generation of repair markers was obtained by coculture ofeosinophils and fibroblasts.
24

72 10985859 Our results provide <the first evidence of> an actin regulatory protein affecting
mammary ductal growth through stromal-epithelial communication.
54
52 9792869 The family had no <clinical evidence of> connective-tissue abnormalities or glaucoma.
51 10673499 These results also provide the first <experimental evidence for> the hypothesis that
CBP has tumor-suppressing activity.
50 11093733 However, in cases in which the diagnosis was not made and therapy was delayed, aprogressive cholestatic picture emerged with <histologic evidence of> loss of small
bile ducts and portal fibrosis.
41 12558356 Once-in-a-lifetime screening for Barrett esophagus has been proposed for patientswith gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), but there is <little evidence of> its
cost-effectiveness.
31
108 12397357 More generally, the method could be used to scan the entire genome <for evidenceof> recent positive selection.
99 12020525 Adults diagnosed with acute bronchitis, <without evidence of> underlying lungdisease, were randomly assigned azithromycin (n=112) or vitamin C (n=108) for 5 days
(total dose for each 1.5 g).
82 10556116 The asthmatic patients were nonsmokers <with evidence of> airway
hyperresponsiveness or reversible airway obstruction, and free of respiratory tract
infection for at least 6 wk.

English
38 with no evidence ofJapanese〜の証拠（形跡）のない

39 evidence on〜に関する証拠40 evidence from〜からの証拠41 evidence to〜する証拠／〜への証
拠〜を支持する証拠

42 evidence to support
43 evidence to suggest that
44 evidence to date〜であることを示唆する
証拠
現在までの証拠45 evidence in
46 evidence in support of〜における証拠〜を支持する証拠

47 evidence against〜に反する証拠48 provide evidence that

〜である証拠を提供する〜である直接の証拠を提供する〜である最初の証拠を提供する〜である最初の直接の証拠を提供する〜である強力な証拠を提供する〜であるさらなる証拠を提供する
我々は、〜である証拠を提供する
結果は、〜である証拠を提供する
データは、〜である証拠を提供する

49 provide direct evidence that
50 provide the first evidence that
51 provide the first direct evidencethat
52 provide strong evidence that53 provide further evidence that
54 we provide evidence that55 results provide evidence that56 data provide evidence that

3/6
Collocation of evidence
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample84 12189146 The crystal structures of the majority of the mutants have been previously determined
and found to be similar to that of the wild type <with no evidence of> static local
unfolding.
45 10757778 These results are discussed with respect to experimental <evidence on> redundantgenes in organismal development.
288 10767308 Strong <evidence from> twin and family studies indicates the importance of genetic
factors in the development of idiopathic autism, although it is clear that these
influences are complex.
288 10961874 As yet no gene knockout mice have been engineered, and so there is little <evidence
to> show that loss of Mcl-1 expression is sufficient to trigger apoptosis.
97 11687661 Finally, we provide <evidence to support> the idea that other small Rac subfamilysmall GTPases act redundantly and in parallel to RHO-1 in this specific cell migration
event.
59

24 10611351 Our findings provide the most compelling <evidence to date> that prions from cattlewith BSE have infected humans and caused fatal neurodegeneration.
169
50 10850432 Taken together, the present in vitro and in vivo results provide strong <evidence insupport of> our earlier hypothesis that a monomethylated selenium metabolite isimportant for cancer chemoprevention.
37 12096051 The results provide direct <evidence against> physiologically significant transport ofCO2 by AQP1 in mammalian lung and kidney.
1,158 11207320 Finally, we <provide evidence that> Core-ISCOM could serve as an adjuvant for the
HCV envelope protein E1E2.
155 9685331 These data <provide direct evidence that> calcium influx through P2X2 receptors
results in the activation of the MAP kinase cascade.
155 11463820 Our data <provide the first evidence that> the host cell promotes retrotranspositionof monomeric Ty1 elements by repressing cDNA recombination.
52
107 10330413 These results <provide strong evidence that> membrane structure, maintained bycholesterol, plays a critical role in the initiation of FcepsilonRI signaling.
60 10228062 These findings <provide further evidence that> GBS is associated with maternal
intrapartum complications.
489 12598628 Using a Boyden chamber assay, <we provide evidence that> 2-AG triggers microglial
cell migration.
193 9602057 Collectively, these <results provide evidence that> morphine acts primarily throughcentral mu receptors to modulate peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation responses.
134 12595495 Taken together, these <data provide evidence that> CTGF controls alpha5beta1
expression by HMC in vitro.

English
57 findings provide evidence that61 there is no evidence that
62 there is evidence thatJapanese
知見は、〜である証拠を提供する
研究は、〜である証拠を提供する
我々は、〜である証拠を示す
我々は、〜である証拠を見つけなかった〜である証拠はない〜である証拠がある

63 provide evidence for〜の証拠を提供する

64 results provide evidence for

結果は、〜の証拠を提供する
我々は、〜の証拠を提供する
データは、〜の証拠を提供する

58 study provide evidence that
59 we present evidence that
60 we found no evidence that

65 we provide evidence for
66 data provide evidence for
67 findings provide evidence for
68 provide direct evidence for
69 provide the first evidence for
70 provide the first direct evidence
for
71 provide further evidence for
72 , providing evidence for
73 we present evidence for
74 we found no evidence for
75 there was no evidence for

知見は、〜の証拠を提供する〜の直接の証拠を提供する〜の最初の証拠を提供する〜の最初の直接の証拠を提供する〜のさらなる証拠を提供する
そのことは、〜の証拠を提供する
我々は、〜の証拠を提供する
我々は、〜の証拠を見いださなかった〜の証拠はなかった

Frq.
56

Collocation of evidence
PubM̲ID

4/6

Sample51442 11349132 Here, <we present evidence that> P2Y(6) regulates chemokine production and releasein monocytes.
32
37
100 10693874 <There is evidence that> different intervals affect particular aspects of the SLE
phenotype.
470 10037772 These data <provide evidence for> the involvement of Pyk2 in the CD28 signalingcascade and suggest that neither Fak nor paxillin is involved in the signaling pathwaysof CD28.
102 9614220 These <results provide evidence for> a role of K+ uptake via IIR into astrocytes.
88 10611337 Here, <we provide evidence for> an additional antigen-processing pathway inimmature dendritic cells (DC).
70 11313929 These <data provide evidence for> the existence of a novel signalling pathway thatlinks RalA to the activation of uPAR transcription via a c-Src intermediate andactivation of AP1.
40 10206647 Our <findings provide evidence for> the existence of distinct processing sites ormodifications in the extracellular domain of Notch.
64 12040087 These results <provide direct evidence for> CA3 NMDA receptor involvement inassociative memory recall.
55 10564277 We <provide the first evidence for> a functional role of a type 2 PAP, PAP2b, in themetabolism of PLD-generated PA.
25 10412911 The results of the present study <provide the first direct evidence for> EBR-induced
expression of HSPs.
55 11147789 In summary, our data <provide further evidence for> the existence of a type 2
diabetes locus on chromosome 12q15.
72629624158 <We present evidence for> the pharmacological manipulation of PN withdecomposition catalysts capable of converting it to nitrate.
33 11929793 <We found no evidence for> HbF dominant populations or switching during
differentiation in adult cells.
60 10931181 <There was no evidence for> substantial competition for the processing enzymes
when the combined substrates proinsulin and proIAPP were incubated with both PC2
and PC3.

English
76 provide evidence ofJapanese〜の証拠を提供する

77 results provide evidence of

結果は、〜の証拠を提供する〜の最初の証拠を提供する〜のさらなる証拠を提供する〜の証拠を示した

78 provide the first evidence of
79 provide further evidence of
80 showed evidence of
81 showed no evidence of

85 there was evidence of〜の証拠は示さなかった
我々は、〜の証拠を見つけなかった〜の形跡を持っていた患者は、〜の形跡を持っていた〜の証拠があった86 there was no evidence of〜の証拠はなかった

82 we found no evidence of
83 had evidence of
84 patients had evidence of

87 provide evidence to88 evidence suggests that

〜する証拠を提供する
証拠は、〜であることを示唆する
89 the evidence suggests that
証拠は、〜であることを示唆する
90 recent evidence suggests that
最近の証拠は、〜であることを示唆する
91 genetic evidence suggests that
遺伝的証拠は、〜であることを示唆する
92 current evidence suggests that
現在の証拠は、〜であることを示唆する
93 several lines of evidence suggest いくつかの一連の証拠
that
は、〜であることを示唆する
94 growing body of evidence suggests 増加する多数の証拠
that
は、〜であることを示唆
95 accumulating evidence suggests 蓄積する証拠は、〜でthatあることを示唆する
96 increasing evidence suggest that 増加する証拠は、〜であることを示唆する

5/6
Collocation of evidence
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample106 11376266 The study results did not <provide evidence of> a distinctive pattern of resting rCBF
abnormalities associated with CFS.
26

33
18
111 11294813 At 3 and 6 weeks after cell therapy, 92% (13 of 14) of MI+cell hearts <showed
evidence of> myoblast graft survival.
70 11865066 Even the most extensively damaged glomeruli <showed no evidence of> inflammationor necrosis.
30
97
19

9696724 Fifty-seven percent of patients <had evidence of> infection on admission.

49 11803463 <There was no evidence of> mammary dysplasia or neoplasia during the lifespan ofmultiparous transgenic mice.
173 11803463 <There was no evidence of> mammary dysplasia or neoplasia during the lifespan ofmultiparous transgenic mice.
29
867 10653787 New lines of <evidence suggest that> volatile anesthetics interact specifically withproteins.
23 11711534 <The evidence suggests that> Srcasm may help promote Src family kinase signaling incells.
129 11266547 <Recent evidence suggests that> specific short sequences within exons help in
defining these boundaries.
39 11102357 <Genetic evidence suggests that> the xprF and xprG genes are involved in the same
regulatory pathway.
23 10860719 <Current evidence suggests that> IF1 is an RNA-binding protein that sits in the Asite of the decoding region of 16 S rRNA.
69 10866040 <Several lines of evidence suggest that> the insulin-mimetic effects of AICAR are
mediated by activation of AMPK.
17 11023973 A <growing body of evidence suggests that> the cellular response to oxidative andnitrosative stress is primarily regulated at the level of transcription.
31
25

English
97 evidence indicates that
98 recent evidence indicates that99 evidence supports
100 evidence shows that
101 evidence implicates
102 evidence points to
103 evidence exists forJapanese
証拠は、〜であることを示す
最近の証拠は、〜であることを示す証拠は、〜を支持する

105 evidence is presented that

証拠は、〜を示す
証拠は、〜を意味する
証拠は、〜を示す〜を支持する証拠が存在する〜だという証拠が存在する〜である証拠が示される

106 evidence is presented for〜の証拠が示される

107 evidence is provided that

〜である証拠が提供される〜を支持する証拠

104 evidence exists that108 evidence supporting
109 evidence suggesting that110 we present evidence suggestingthat
111 evidence indicating that

〜であることを示唆する
証拠
我々は、〜であることを示唆する証拠を示す〜であることを示す証拠

112 evidence implicating
113 evidence demonstrating
114 evidence showing
115 evidence linking
116 evidence-based〜を意味している証拠〜を実証する証拠〜を示している証拠〜とリンクする証拠
証拠に基づいた

6/6
Collocation of evidence
Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample286 10407038 Mounting <evidence indicates that> extracellular factors exert proliferative effects onneurogenetic precursors in vivo.
52

97 10353889 Accumulating <evidence supports> an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae
infection and atherosclerosis.
35
33
30
19
19
84 11917127 <Evidence is presented that> this inhibitor is derived from chloroplastic fructose 1,6bisphosphate.
24 11587856 <Evidence is presented for> immune protection by recombinant antigens in a mousemodel of C. ruminantium infection.
42 10477763 <Evidence is provided that> actin-myosin assembly and membrane ruffling are
regulated by distinct signaling pathways in the migratory cell.
128 10364348 However, there is no physical <evidence supporting> the association of any of theseproducts with viral RNA synthesis.
95 9575215 We now show <evidence suggesting that> this IRP2 degradation may be mediated byheme.
19
67 10618007 This article reviews <evidence indicating that> acetylcholinesterase inhibitors havepsychotropic properties.
39
36
35
35
88 11397947 <Evidence-based> medicine forms the basis for medical decision-making about
accepting the patient as a transplant candidate.

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