Operation Reportof
Sakhalin Slope Gas Hydrate Project 2011,
R/V Akademik M. A. Lavrentyev Cruise 56

August 8 - 28, 2011
Vladivostok – Korsakov - Sakhalin Slope – Korsakov - Vladivostok

Edited by
H. Shoji, Y. K. Jin, A. Obzhirov and B. Baranov
Published by New Energy Resources Research Center,
Kitami Institute of Technology,
February, 2012

Contact for Information on this Report;
Hitoshi Shoji
New Energy Resources Research Center
Kitami Institute of Technology
165 Koen-cho, Kitami 090-8507, Japan
Tel: +81-157-26-9493
Fax: +81-157-26-9534
Citation:
Operation Report of Sakhalin Slope Gas Hydrate Project 2011, R/V Akademik M. A.
Lavrentyev Cruise 56, New Energy Resources Research Center, Kitami Institute ofTechnology, Kitami, H. Shoji, Y. K. Jin, A. Obzhirov and B. Baranov, 2012, 140 pages.

2

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Tectonic and Geological Setting of Sakhalin Slope ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙

4

B. Baranov, Y.K. Jin, A. Obzhirov, H. Shoji
1.2. SSGH Project ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙

8

H. Shoji, Y. K. Jin, A. Obzhirov, B. Baranov
2. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS
2.1. Bathymetric and Seismic Surveys ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 13
B. Baranov, Y. K. Jin, V. Prokudin, A. Koptev, E. Sukhoveev
2.2. Hydroacoustic Investigation ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 38
A. S. Salomatin, B. Y. Li
3. SAMPLING AND ANALYSES
3.1. CTD Survey and Coring Operation ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 51
N. Nikolaeva, E. Korovitskaya
3.2. Core Lithology ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 56
A. Derkachev, N. Nikolaeva
3.3. Core Analyses
3.3.1. Gas Analysis (POI) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 75
A. Obzhirov, O. Vereshchagina, E. Korovitskaya
3.3.2. Gas Analysis (KIT) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 93
A. Hachikubo, Y. Soramoto
3.3.3. Pore Water Analysis (KIT) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 97
H. Minami, Y. Soramoto
3.3.4. Sediment Analysis (KIT) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 99
S. Yamashita, H. Dewa
3.3.5. Sediment Analysis (POI) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 102
A. Derkachev, N. Nikolaeva
3.3.6. Paleoceanological Analysis (KOPRI) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 109
Y. K. Jin, J. K. Hong3.4. CTD Operation and Analyses
3.4.1. Hydrological Researches ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 111
A. Karnaukhov, V. Bannov
3.4.2. Gas Geochemical Investigation ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 118
A. Obzhirov, O. Vereshchagina, E. Korovitskaya
4. APPENDIX
4.1. Daily Situation Report (H. Shoji) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 130
4.2. List of Participants (N. Nikolaeva) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 139
4.3. Group Photo (N. Nikolaeva) ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙ 140

3

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Tectonic and Geological Setting of the Eastern Sakhalin Slope
B. Baranov, Y.K. Jin, A. Obzhirov, H. Shoji
Eastern Sakhalin slope is a transitional zone between the Okhotsk Sea and continent; it
represents an area of dynamic exchange between land, sea and airspace. The majority of sediments
transported from land mainly by Amur River deposits in this zone. Therefore the slope represents a
reservoir of solid sedimentary matter; along with it the slope serves as a source of fluids and gas,
particularly methane. Continental slope of the Sakhalin Island is located near present-day plateboundary. It gives opportunity to regard it as an active continental margin of shear type. So, Eastern
Sakhalin slope represents a river-dominated margin covering both deep water and shallow water in an
active margin setting.

Slope morphology
Eastern Sakhalin slope deepens towards the central Okhotsk Sea. It bounders with different
structural elements of the Okhotsk Sea bottom; they are (in south-north direction): Kurile back-arc
basin, Academy of Sciences and Institute of Oceanology Rises, Deryugin Basin and Staritsky Trough(Fig. 1.1.1).

Fig. 1.1.1. Bathymetric map of the Eastern Sakhalin slope and location of the study areas (greynumbered rectangular). Arrows indicate the boundaries between slope segments:
K=Kurile, S=Southern, C=Central, N=Northern. Contour interval is 100 m and 500 m forthe areas to the north and south from Terpeniya Ridge, correspondently. Abbreviations:
TR=Terpeniya Ridge; PR=Polevoy Rise; SMT=Shmidt Trough; ASR=Academy of
Sciences.

4Eastern slope relief (excluding its segment adjacent to Kurile Basin) is rather simple andhomogeneous. Nevertheless some regular variations in its morphology are observed in south-northdirection. First of all they are connected with change of slope width, its form and inclination angles;
it is distinctly seen even on small-scale bathymetric maps. These changes occur not gradually but
rather abruptly within two areas (near 51°30' and 54° N), which subdivide the eastern slope into
several segments. The segments include: Kurile part of the slope from Aniva Cape to Polevoy Rise,Southern part of the slope from Polevoy Rise to 51°30', Central part of the slope from 51°30' to 54°
and Northern part of the slope from 54° to Staritskiy Trough (Fig. 1.1.1).
Study area 1 covers Northern segment and northern part of Central segment, area 2 locatesnear by boundary between the Central and Southern segment, and area 3 locates within the Kurile
segment (Fig. 1.1.1).

Basement structure and sediment thickness
Large area of basement subsidence exists to the east from Sakhalin Island. This area
continues along slope on distance of 800 km with width of 200 km and includes four troughs(Kharakhinov, 1996; Sergeev, 2004). The biggest among them corresponds to shelf and slope
adjacent to Derugin Basin in the bottom relief. This through is filled by sediments with thickness
more than 9 km. Other smaller troughs within this subsidence area locate more to the south and areseparated from each other by basement heights. Thickness of sediments in these troughs is from 6 up
to 9 km.
Study area 1 corresponds to the biggest trough; study area 2 locates under one of thebasement heights with sediments thickness of 3-4 km. Study area 3 is in Kurile Basin slope where
the sediments thickness increases up to 5 km toward basin.

Faults system
Obtained data in framework of KOMEX, CHAOS and SSGH projects (Baranov et al., 2008)
revealed a system of conjugate faults, which in some cases come out on the surface. It appears as
several scarps with height 50-100 meters trending in NW-SE and NE-SW directions and may be
traced in depth interval 250-1100 meters. These scarps are undoubtedly a surface manifestation of
the faults, which is distinctly seen on the seismic profiles obtained during KOMEX, CHAOS and
SSGH expeditions. There are several canyons striking in the north-eastern direction; their origin has
fault nature as well. The largest fault called Lavrentiev Fault (Baranov et al., 2005) separates
Northern segment from Southern one.
Second supposed faults system is located on latitude 51°30'N. It was noted in relief
description that there is a N-E- striking depression on small-scale map (see Fig. 1), which may belimited by faults. The character of displacements along the faults cannot be defined due to absence of5detailed bathymetric map of this area and seismic sections across it. Lavrentiev Fault and second
supposed faulting zone represent boundaries between slope segments mentioned above (see Fig. 1).

Gas seepage distribution
Expressions of gas seepage observable within eastern Sakhalin slope in seismo-acoustic data
include hydroacoustic anomalies (gas flares) in the water column, sonar structures, pockmarks andmounds on seabed, and gas chimneys subbottom.
Hydroacoustic anomalies data are used to clarify general pattern of seeps distribution on theeastern Sakhalin slope. These data were obtained in hydroacoustic survey, which have been
conducting during all cruises both on study areas and on the transit from harbor to study areas(Salomatin, 2003; 2005; 2006; Salomatin et al., 2008). Though hydroacoustic survey is performed
along separate tracks and is not an swath mapping, being space enough it gives an idea ofhydroacoustic anomalies distribution. Existence of hydroacoustic anomalies in its turn is the mostconvincing evidence of submarine seepage of gas-containing fluids.
Hydroacoustic anomalies distribution on the eastern slope of Sakhalin Island is irregular(Fig. 2A). From the total number of about 800 gas flares only five ones were registered within its
Kurile segment in depth interval 150-730 meters; there are no flares at all on the southern segment.
The central segment is characterized by irregular HA distribution. There are isolated HA within thesouthern part and they are present only on the shelf there. In the northern part of the segment
beginning from 52º50' N the number of HA dramatically increases and maximum concentration isobserved in the northern segment. Within this part of the slope HA occur at depths from less than
200 up to 1200 meters and deeper.

Fig. 1.1.2. Distribution of the gas flares (A) and sonar structures (B) shown by black dots.
Rectangulars indicate study areas. Arrows mark segment boundaries. Contour interval
is 500 m (GEBCO map).

6

A question arises thereupon: does the observed pattern reflects real HA distribution or it isan artifact connected with hydroacoustic survey density? In fact hydroacoustic survey tracks is
closer spaced in northern segment (the main object of SSGH project) as compared with more
southern segments. From the other hand the differences in the space closeness of ship tracks within
the central and southern segments are insignificant. Nevertheless rather big number of HA wererecorded in the northern part of central segment and they are isolated or absent in its southern part. It
gives opportunity to assume that observed pattern is not an artifact but reflects the real HA
distribution.
From the other hand large distribution of the pockmarks within southern area (Baranov et al.,2008) give us opportunity to suggest expulsion of gas some time ago. Does this process continue or
not is one of the targets of this cruise.
Side-scan sonar investigations were carried on within Northern segment and Central
segments (its northern part) (Reports). These investigations show that northern and southern segments
differ from each other both by density of seepages per square unit and by character of their distribution(Fig. 1.1.2B). Average density of seepages within whole studied area in the northern segment is 1SS
per 10 km2; in the southern segment it is 1SS per 1 km2, i.e by an order more. It is so because on
northern segment seepages are not randomly distributed in this area, but are concentrated in several
more or less isolated fields, separated by areas where seepage structures are absent.
Such pattern is first of all connected with conduits distribution. Tectonic faults having
north-western and north-eastern strikes and most likely represented by strike-slip faults may serve as
conduits. Besides, the seeps are concentrated near fissures of different type, which has appeared in the
body of submarine landslide (central part of the northern segment), and near the erosion channel(northern part of the northern segment).
In the southern segment seepages are located uniformly filling nearly whole square of thestudied area without any essential interspaces. Isolines of their density have tendency to be oriented in
NW and NE directions; i.e. have the same strikes as the faults distinguished within the northern
segment. In the southern segments no faults are distinguished, but we suppose that a system of fissuresexists here. These fissures are indistinguishable on the seismic sections because they are masked bygas chimneys serving as conduits for seepages.
As far as strike of supposed fissures and faults' orientation coincide they apparently originatedin a single stress system. It also may be supposed that slope failure in its northern segment lead todropping of sedimentary cover load and transformation of fissures into faults. At the same time part of
the fissures still exist within the northern segment; evidence of it is existence of linear seepages, which
we call fissure seepages.

71.2. SSGH Project
H. Shoji, Y. K. Jin, A. Obzhirov, B. Baranov

1.2.1. Framework of SSGH Project
The Sakhalin Slope Gas Hydrate Project (SSGH Project) 2007 – 2012 is an international
collaboration effort among scientists from Japan, Korea and Russia to investigate on natural gas
hydrates accumulated on a continental slope offshore Sakhalin Island. Main objectives of this project
include:(1) To characterize gas hydrates and gas hydrate-bearing sediments in Sakhalin Slope,(2) To understand gas migration and gas hydrate formation mechanisms at methane seep areas,(3) To trace methane migration from gas hydrate system to atmosphere through water column and its
impact to global warming(4) To understand process of gas hydrate destabilization and its influence on slope failure as one ofgeological hazards and(5) To establish a monitoring network for a long-term gas hydrate stability variation.
Participating Institutes:
Kitami Institute of Technology (KIT), Japan
Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Korea
V. I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS (POI), Russia
P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Russia
Members of the Steering Committee of the SSGH Project:
Hitoshi Shoji,
New Energy Resources Research Center, Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan
Young Keun Jin,
Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Korea
Anatoly Obzhirov,
Laboratory of Gasgeochemistry,V. I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, FEB RAS, Russia
Boris Baranov
P. P. Shirshov Institite of Oceanology, RAS, Russia
The steering committee members agreed to discuss and determine (1) tasks for participating
institutes on both field and laboratory investigations, (2) field operation plans including details of
survey techniques, study site selections, schedules, participants and cost-shared budgeting, (3)8publication procedures including data sharing, personnel exchanges and co-authorships and (4) new
research plans including new subjects and participants well in advance for the project operation to ourmutual scientific interests and merits.

1.2.2. Goals of SSGH-11 Project
We have obtained a lot of remarkable results in the northern Sakhalin continental slope fromthe CHAOS project (2003, 2005, 2006); lots of gas flares in the water column, many gas fluid seepage
structures on the seafloor, gas hydrate samples including massive gas hydrate chunk (about 35 cm
thick) near the seafloor, and gas hydrate-related structures in gas hydrate-bearing sediments. These
results encourage us to continue and expend our research activity in the Sakhalin continental margin.
As CHAOS project with such fruitful results ended in 2006, SSGH Project 2007-2012 waslaunched as a new project in 2007. First two year cruises in 2007 and 2008 were totally devoted toareal mapping of seafloor and water column structures related to gas/fluid seeping phenomena in thegas hydrate area on the northeastern continental slope off Sakhalin Island, Okhotsk Sea. Further study
is continued by sea sediment coring to understand the formation mechanism of gas hydrate in termsof gas, water and sediment characteristics and biogeochemical processes taking place near sea
bottom environment.
Research goals of the SSGH-11 expedition included:
1.

Core sampling for gas, water and sediment characteristics at gas/fluid seepage.

2.

Detailed bathymetry around gas/fluid seep areas..

3.

Detection of gas chimney above and below BSR

4.

Detection of gas flare in the water column emitted from gas/fluid seepages

5.

CTD water sampling for sea water and bottom conditions

1.2.3. Field Operation of SSGH-11 Project
Field operation of SSGH-11 project was conducted as the 56th cruise of R/V Akademic M.A.
Lavrentyev (Fig. 1.2.1). This cruise was carried out from August 8 to 28, 2011. R/V Lavrentiev sailed
with the following ship route; Vladivostok (August 9)-Korsakov (August 12)-the study area (August
13-24)-Korsakov (August 25)-Vladivostok (August 28) (Fig. 1.2.2).
Twenty-seven scientists took part in cruise including Japanese (Kitami Institute ofTechnology), Korean (Korea Polar Research Institute) and Russian (V. I. Il’ichev Pacific
Oceanological Institute FEB RAS and P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS) participants(Appendix 4.2). SSGH 2011 cruise was organized by POI.
During this expedition, three working areas were separately investigated (Fig. 1.2.3).
Working area 1 is covered by side-scan sonar survey during SSGH-07 and -08 cruises. Working area
2 includes a pockform area. To get information on gas seep and hydrate formation in the South, area

9

3 was targeted at Terpeniya Ridge.
Working area 1 is located to the north and south of the Lavrentyev Fault. Lots of gas flares,
pockmarks and gas chimney structures were found in the previous expeditions (ref. on Reports of
KOMEX, CHAOS and SSGH). However this expedition is specially designed to fill thedata-vacancy.
During the expedition, and 119 gas flare images were obtained, and 18 sediment cores wereretrieved.

Fig. 1.2.1. R/V Akademic M.A. Lavrentyev

Fig. 1.2.2. Cruise route of SSGH-09 expedition

10

No.1

No.2

No.3

Fig. 1.2.3. Study areas of SSGH-11 expedition.

111.2.4. Survey Permissions and Supports
Russian SideR/V Akademik M. A. Lavrentyev Cruise 56 (8 – 28 August, 2011) was organized in accord to thefollowing official documents in Russian side:
1. Permission from Russia Federal Agency for Science and Innovations 29 June, 2011, No 72
to provide expedition in the Sakhalin North-East shelf and slope of the Okhotsk Sea in accord
to expedition Program and Agreement of SSGH Project in 2011 from 8 to 28 August, 2011.
2. Program expedition R/V Akademik M. A. Lavrentyev Cruise 56 (8 – 28 August, 2011) fromPOI FEB RAS is confirmed Presidium of FEB RAS of 18 July, 2011.
3. Orders to provide expedition R/V Akademik M. A. Lavrentyev Cruise 56 (8 – 28 August,2011) from POI (20 July 2011, No.40-e) and from Presidium FEB RAS (22 July 2011,No.16121-52H).
4. Agreement about joint scientific researches and to cover expenditures to carry out expeditionin the Okhotsk Sea (21 days) using R/V ‘Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev’, to study submarine
gas hydrates at the Okhotsk Sea among POI FEB RAS, KOPRI and KIT (Signatures: May 31,2011).
Korean Side
This field investigation is supported by the followings in Korean side:
1. Korea Polar Research Institute grant PE11240
Japanese Side
This field investigation is supported by the followings in Japanese side:
1.

Kitami Institute of Technology

2.

The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI 23254008

3.

The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI 21360219

4.

The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI 22540485

12

2. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS
2.1. Bathymetric and Seismic Surveys
B. Baranov, Y. K. Jin, V. Prokudin, A. Koptev, E. Sukhoveev

Bathymetric investigations conducted during the 56 Lavrentyev cruise (SSGH-11
expedition) were concentrated on two main targets: 1. mapping the sites in the areas 1-3 with aim to
obtain data about specific bottom features connected with the seepage, 2. mapping the major
morphological features of the eastern Sakhalin slope for updating of the existing bathymetric map. In
addition to the bathymetric surveys were necessary to choose the location for sediments sampling onsites (pre-sampling survey). The bathymetric survey carried on along the tracks combining in theorthogonal network for investigations of the seepage site and along the seismic line. Bathymetry
survey was also performed continuously during whole working time on sampling stations and on theapproaches to them. The total length of the bathymetric tracks was equal 2205 km in the areas underinvestigation. The location of the bathymetric profiles and examples of bathymetric map are shown
on Fig. 2.1.1.
Seismic surveys, carried during the cruise, were used for: 1. study the upper part of thesediment section, 2. detection of the gas chimneys, 3. determination of the BSR location and 4.
identification of the tectonic structure. Study areas were located on the three distinct sites: western
slope of Derugin basin and Terpeniya Ridge. The total length of the seismic profiles was equal 887 km.
33 profiles were obtained during the cruise; these profiles were stored as 17 files (041_1-056_1)
with extension SEGY (data format - I2). The location of seismic profiles is shown in Figs 2.1.2 and2.1.3. Table 2.1.1 contains profile coordinates.

2.1.1 Equipment
Bathymetric investigations were conducted using ship-mounted deep-water echosounder
ELAC LAZ-72 E-V. Its technical characteristics are:Operating frequency

12 kHzNominal power in impulse

2 kWt или 200 Wt

Beam polar pattern

10º х 10ºDuration of impulse

0.3, 1 or 3 ms

Range of measurements

0 – 15000 m

Depth of underwater sound projector

4.5 m

13

Standard accuracy± 1%

Reflected echo signal after nomination and filtering is transformed by digitizer ELAC
STG-721 and is passed to the user in accordance with protocol RS232 without time reference.
Navigation reference was fulfilled using 12-channel navigator receiver GARMIN GPSMap 420s withsupport of WAAS technology. Estimated accuracy of positioning (HDOP) did not exceed 2-5 mduring whole cruise. Every second the receiver produces data on coordinates and time on the display
into the outer channel in accordance with protocol RS-232.

Fig. 2.1.1. Bathymetric tracks of the 56-th RV Akademik Lavrentyev cruise and 3D examples of thebathymetric maps.

Data from satellite navigator receiver and echo-sounder are synchronized and registered by
specially designed program, operating on usual personal computer. As a result each measurement of
depth is uniquely tied to time and receives exact geographic coordinates. Re-calculation of coordinates
to the form, convenient for further processing, is performed simultaneously. Complete bathymetric
information is available immediately after each echosounder line. Sound velocity was accepted as1500 m/s during registration. Corrections for salinity and pressure were not applied. Cycling of
measurements was determined by depth range and was from 2 to 6 seconds.

14

Sparker “Sonic 4M” (energy - 4000 J) was used for wave excitation during the seismic
surveys; single-canal seismic streamer (length of active section is 46 m and it contains 160
hydrophones, each sensitivity 160 mcV/Pa) was applied for signal registration. Distance “source –receiver” was equal 75 m, distance “antenna GPS – reception point” - 100 m. The recording system
was interfaced with the PC. Equipment has been used for registration: complex developed bylaboratory seismic research POI FEB RAS (contains analog amplifier signals from seismic stream,
analog bandpass filter and 16 capacity ADC, analog-to-digital converter); registration program works
under DOS system control. The profiles run on speed 5 – 5.5 knots, excitation interval was 8 sec,
thereby shot interval was equal about 22-23 m. Sample rate was 200 mcsec, record length was equal
500 msec. Time of registration interval was chosen in correspondence with the sea depth. 33 profiles
were obtained during the cruise; these profiles were stored as 19 files with extension SEGY (dataformat - I2). Data registration carried out in frequency interval 210 – 1500 Hz.

Fig. 2.1.2. Location of the seismic profiles and their number in study areas 1 (a), area of seepage field
9 (b), and Lavrentyev Fault Zone (c). Inset on Fig.1a shows the bathymetry of the canyon,
which is northern boundary of the Northern segment. Contour interval is 10 m.

15

Fig. 2.1.3. Location of the seismic profiles and their numbers in study area 2 (a) and study area 3 (b).

16

Table 2.1.1. List of files and corresponding seismic profiles
Date:(2011,
August)Profile,

File

№

name

Time (GMT)
Start

End

Start

LengthEnd(km) Latitude, N Longitude, E Latitude, N Longitude, E

13

LV56-S01 041_1 10:36 16:31

59,5

47°23, 996 143°36,726 47°23, 999

144°24,163

14

LV56-S02 042_1 00:19 05:4454,547°50,459 146°08,379 48°19, 910

146°08,392

14

23:15

51°18,445 145°24,674

LV56-S03 043_1

76,6

15

06:48

51°59,815

145°24,662

16

LV56-S04 044_1 15:02 20:46

57,4

54°48,786 143°49,833 54°49,406

144°42,261

16

S04-S05 044_1 20:46 21:00

2,5

54°49,406 144°42,261 54°48,042

144°41,987

045_1 21:10 21:43

5,1

54°47,595 144°41,910 54°44,844

144°41,669

16

LV56-S05 045_1 21:43 23:03

13,8

54°44,844 144°41,669 54°45,011

144°28,755

16

LV56-S05

17(ending)

17

LV56-S06 046_1 10:34 11:29

17
17

16

S04-S05(ending)

045_2

23:12

39,6

54°44,994 144°27,244
54°44,993

143°50,186

9,4

54°12,687 144°21,519 54°07,584

144°21,521

S06-S07 046_1 11:29 11:32

0,4

54°07,584 144°21,521 54°07,610

144°21,174

LV56-S07 046_1 11:32 11:43

1,8

54°07,610 144°21,174 54°08,578

144°21,068046_2 11:53 12:35

6,8

54°09,524 144°21,076 54°13,169

144°20,781

17

S07-S08 046_2 12:35 12:38

0,5

54°13,169 144°20,781 54°12,960

144°20,509

17

LV56-S08 046_2 12:38 13:37

10,2

54°12,960 144°20,509 54°07,432

144°20,490

17

S08-S09 046_2 13:37 13:41

0,5

54°07,432 144°20,490 54°07,460

144°20,065

17

LV56-S09 046_2 13:41 14:44

10,8

54°07,460 144°20,065 54°13,282

144°20,035

17

S09-S10 046_2 14:44 14:50

0,7

54°13,282 144°20,035 54°13,122

144°19,416

17

LV56-S10 046_2 14:50 15:50

10,3

54°13,122 144°19,416 54°07,567

144°19,361

17

S10-S11 046_2 15:50 16:02

1,6

54°07,567 144°19,361 54°08,342

144°18,747

17

LV56-S07(ending)

03:08

17

17

LV56-S11 047_1 16:09 17:01

8,5

54°08,612 144°18,698 54°13,205

144°18,701

17

S11-S12 047_1 17:01 17:07

0,7

54°13,205 144°18,701 54°13,185

144°18,032

17

LV56-S12 047_1 17:07 17:59

8,5

54°13,185 144°18,032 54°08,623

144°17,973

17

S12-S13 047_1 17:59 18:03

0,6

54°08,623 144°17,973 54°08,664

144°17,440

17

LV56-S13 047_1 18:03 18:52

8,3

54°08,664 144°17,440 54°13,173

144°17,383

17

S13-S14 047_1 18:52 18:57

0,6

54°13,173 144°17,383 54°13,140

144°16,837

17

LV56-S14 047_1 18:57 19:46

8,3

54°13,140 144°16,837 54°08,652

144°16,861

17

S14-S15 047_1 19:46 19:54

1,1

54°08,652 144°16,861 54°08,663

144°15,828

17

LV56-S15 047_1 19:54 20:43

8,3

54°08,663 144°15,828 54°13,167

144°15,897

17

S15-S16 048_1 20:48 20:52

0,6

54°13,210 144°15,371 54°12,871

144°15,454

17

LV56-S16 048_1 20:52 21:04

2,0

54°12,871 144°15,454 53°12,901

144°17,318

18

LV56-S17 049_1 10:40 12:33

19,1

53°43,746 144°18,263 53°43,985

144°00,813

18

S17-S18 049_1 12:33 12:46

2,053°43,985 144°00,813 53°45,074

144°00,626

18

LV56-S18 049_1 12:46 14:37

18,6

53°45,074 144°00,626 53°45,077

144°17,585

18

S18-S19 049_1 14:37 15:00

3,7

53°45,077 144°17,585 53°46,958

144°16,398

18

LV56-S19 049_1 15:00 16:36

16,5

53°46,958 144°16,398 53°46,921

144°01,347

18

S19-S20 050_1 16:44 17:26

6,7

53°46,890 144°00,785 53°48,692

144°03,178

18

LV56-S20 050_1 17:26 18:40

12,7

53°48,692 144°03,178 53°42,090

144°06,153

18

S20-S21 050_1 18:40 18:55

2,1

53°42,090 144°06,153 53°42,327

144°08,067

18

LV56-S21 050_1 18:55 20:16

12,5

53°42,327 144°08,067 53°48,744

144°04,547

18

S21-S22 050_1 20:16 20:47

4,953°48,744 144°04,547 53°48,604

144°09,020

18

LV56-S22 050_1 20:47 22:01

12,7

53°48,604 144°09,020 53°42,020

144°12,294

18

S22-S23 050_1 22:01 22:18

2,653°42,020 144°12,294 53°42,201

144°14,702

18

LV56-S23 050_1 22:18 23:34

12,7

53°42,201 144°14,702 53°48,717

144°11,008

18

LV56-S24 050_1 23:34

13,5

53°48,717 144°11,008

18

19

00:54

53°42,068

144°05,865

19

LV56-S25 051_1 11:22 16:53

55,4

53°15,198 144°10,061 53°14,994

145°00,120

20

LV56-S26 052_1 15:06 18:45

36,5

53°47,880 144°14,550 53°28,791

144°22,841

21

LV56-S27 053_1 08:45 14:25

57,8

51°57,098 145°42,360 51°56,988

144°51,713

21

LV56-S28 054_1 14:25 17:49

34,8

51°56,954 144°51,687 51°38,130

144°51,782

22

LV56-S29 055_1 15:02 20::03

50,5

48°10,460 145°32,020 47°43,211

145°32,058

22

S29-S30 056_1 20:08 21:03

9,3

47°43,200 145°32,675 47°43,233

145°40,100

22

LV56-S30 056_1 21:03 23:11

22,047°43,233 145°40,100 47°55,112

145°39,912

22

23:11

47°55,112 145°39,912

LV56-S31 056_1

24,7

23

01:38

23

LV56-S32 057_1 06:05 08:16

23

LV56-S33 057_1 08:16 10:36

47°54,999

145°20,051

21,7

47°38,226 145°14,871 47°30,049

145°02,467

24,2

47°30,049 145°02,467 47°29,996

144°43,119

Remark: LV56-S01 – LV56-S33 mark the profiles; S04-S05 - S29-S30 mark the transition from one
profile to another one.

2.1.3 Results
Six profile sites located within study areas 1-3 were investigated during the LV56 cruise. Foursites in Study area 1 are located to the north from canyon, in seepage field F9, in Lavrentyev Fault
Zone and to south from LFZ (see Fig. 2.1.2). Fifth site locates on boundary between Central andSouthern segments (area 2) and sixth site locates in Kurile segment, area 3 (see Fig. 2.1.3). The dataobtained will be considered for each study area, separately.

2.1.3.1 Study area 1
Morphology and sediment structure of the sites investigated inside of the Study area 1 arestrongly different each. The most northern site locates to the north from the channel crossing the slope(see Fig. 2.1.2a).

19

Fig. 2.1.4. Part of seismic profile LV56-05 showing location of the BSR and gas flare. See Fig. 2.1.2a
for location.

Northern partTwo crossings of the slope in depth interval 200-1300 m were worked out to the north fromthe canyon. Both profiles have similar sections with penetration into sediments down to 200 msec
from the bottom surface. Sedimentary cover is stratified; numerous reflectors are observed in it. BSR
is distinctly seen on the profiles, especially on profile LV56-04; it may be traced down to depth 1100
msec. Starting with depth 600 m the BSR abruptly rises to the bottom surface cutting off sedimentaryreflectors and touches the bottom at depth 300 m. On one of the profiles gas flare was registered which
it is located above wavy reflectors; top of the reflectors is located at depth about 800 msec (Fig. 2.1.4).
Similar reflectors are also observed on profile LV56-04. Such wavy reflectors in the section earlier
were interpreted as buried sedimentary waves (Wong et al., 2003).
Main difference between sedimentary sections of these profiles and seismic profiles obtainedin the area to the south from the canyon is absence of structures like gas chimneys. This fact along withthe fact that only one gas flare was registered here may justify that gas seepage here is less active ascompared with the areas to the south from the canyon.

20Seepage structure field F9, north of Lavrentyev Fault Zone.
To the north of Lavrentyev Fault Zone, as it was shown before (Baranov et al., 2008; Jin et al.,2011), the seepage structures are grouped in more or less isolated fields. Twelve fields (F1-F12)
including 202 seepage structures were distinguished; only several structures are located outside thesefields. The amount of seepage structures in each field varies from 3 up to 39. Their density within thefields changes from one structure per km2 up to three structures per km2; average density of seepage
structures throughout whole sonar mapped area is one structure per 10 km2. Eleven seismic profiles
with length 8.5-10 km and distance between profiles 1 km (see Fig. 2.1.2b) were obtained to study the
structure of upper part of sedimentary cover in the biggest seepage structures field F9.
High-amplitude reflector located at depths over 100 msec from the bottom surface in thenorthern part of the area and up to 50 msec in its southern part may be distinguished on all profiles(Figs. 2.1.5). Below this horizon the reflections are absent or there are short inclined reflectors; the last
may be connected with refraction caused by rough surface of high-amplitude reflector.
Two sedimentary units may be distinguished on seismic profiles above high-amplitudereflector (Fig. 2.1.5). Lower sedimentary unit is characterized by presence of reflecting boundaries
and its thickness gradually decreases from north to south so that in the south its lower reflecting
horizons pinch out on the surface of high-amplitude reflector. Top surface of this sedimentary unit ingeneral is conforming to the high-amplitude reflector’s surface. In the second (upper) sedimentary unit
reflecting boundaries are less distinct; its thickness in direction from north to the south remains
constant.
The seepage structure field F9 is located in the slope area which suffered slope failure
accompanied by landslides origination as it was reported earlier (Wong et al., 2003). So it may berather confidently supposed that top of high-amplitude reflector corresponds to surface of one of theslides.

Fig. 2.1.5. Seismic profile LV56-09 showing structure of the upper sedimentary cover of the seepage
field F9 (a) and its interpretation (b). See location in Figs. 2.1.2b and 2.1.6.

21

Fig. 2.1.6. Side-scan sonar image of the seepage structure field F9, location of the track lines (yellowdots) and gas chimneys. Blue open circles indicate distinct gas chimneys that reach the sea
floor, white open circles mark “blind” or indistinct chimneys.
Several gas chimneys were observed on the profiles. Some of them reach the surface forming
small mounds or depressions (pockmarks?) and the others terminate in sediments (see Figs. 2.1.5 and2.1.6). Gas flares were registered only above one-half of total amount of gas chimneys. There is a goodcorrelation between gas chimneys and seepage structures (Fig. 2.1.6).

Lavrentiev Fault Zone
Lavrentyev Fault Zone (LFZ) is one of the most remarkable features of the eastern Sakhalin
slope. This zone was crossed by three seismic profiles during cruises carried on in frame ofGerman-Russian Project KOMEX, but for the first time it was distinguished in 31 cruise of RV
Lavrentyev, CHAOS Project, 2003 (Matveeva et al., 2005). Later its south-eastern part was mappedby multibeam echosounder during RV Sonne, cruise SO-178 (Dullo et al., 2004) and additional
bathymetric and seismic surveys were carried on there in frame of Project CHAOS 2, 2005, and SSG.
These investigations have shown that Lavrentyev Zone consists of three faults; they are
expressed in relief as scarps with height up to 150 m. First scarp has NE-SW strike and is located in
depth interval 350-1200 m. On 1200 m contour line it conjugates under nearly right angle with second

22scarp; the last strikes in NW-SE direction and is distinguished in relief up to contour line 600 m. Third
scarp is located in upper part of the slope and its NW-SE orientation was supposed. One of the tasks of
56-th Cruise of RV “Akademik Lavrentyev” was to clarify character of its conjugation with the first
scarp.

Fig. 2.1.7. Bathymetric map of the Lavrentyev Fault Zone. Black lines indicate location of bathymetricand seismic profiles of LV56 cruise. Contour line is 25 m. Inset shows suggested
kinematics of the junction between NE and WE-striking faults.
Eight bathymetric and seismic profiles were run across LFZ during this cruise. All of them
have crossed junction between upper scarp and scarp striking in NE-SW direction (Fig. 2.1.7). As aresult of these investigations it was established that upper scarp actually strikes in NW-SE direction
and its base is located at depth 400-500 m and its top lies at depth of 250-350 m. Its conjugation with
NE-SW-striking scarp occurs through a canyon oriented in WE direction. The canyon has form ofgraben; one can see on profile LV56-21 (Fig. 2.1.8) that upper part of seismic section on the bottom ofgraben is identical with sections on its flanks. It is an evidence of young age of this structure.

23

Fig. 2.1.8. Seismic profiles LV56-18 and LV56-21 showing structure of junction area between NW
and NE-striking faults of LFZ. Arrows mark NE-striking fault on profile LV56-18 andWE-striking fault on profile LV56-21. See Fig. 2.1.7 for profiles location and text for
additional explanation.
Southern flank of the graben has WE strike and gradually transforms into NE-striking scarp
as it is seen on bathymetric map (see Fig. 2.1.8). Taking into account that the graben is restricted bynormal faults and geometric relation described above we conclude that the NE-striking fault may be
represented by dextral strike-slip (Fig. 2.1.8, inset). Additionally it is confirmed by difference instructure between wings of the NE-striking fault (Fig.2.1.8a); the last characteristic is typical forshears. The eastern wing is characterized by regular, parallel reflections. In the western part somereflectors occur only in the most upper cross-section; below the sedimentary section is transparent up
to high amplitude reflector. The absence of the reflectors could be explained by two reasons, either
occurrence of the mass wasting deposits or saturation of the sediments by gas.

24

Fig. 2.1.9 Seismic profile LV56-22 showing gas chimney with gas flare marked by blue arrow. See
location in Fig. 2.1.7.
Such indicators of gas hydrate presence as BSR, gas chimneys or gas flares were found on all
profiles crossing Lavrentyev Fault Zone one of them is shown in Fig. 2.1.9 as example. Eight gas
chimneys located in uplifted side of NE-SW-striking fault are distinguished. In some cases gas flares
were registered above gas chimneys.

South of Lavrentyev Fault Zone
Two seismic profiles were worked out southwardly from the Lavrentyev Fault Zone (see Fig.
2.1.2a). Profile LV56-26 runs along depth contours of 620-680 m on the slope from the Laverntyev
Fault Zone (to the north) to the northern part of the SSS-surveyed area II (to the south). Previous
studies show that the most intensive seepage activities occur around this water depth interval in the
SSS-surveyed area 2 (Operation Report of SSGH 2009, 2010). Hydroacoustic (HA) profiles obtained
during transit of SSGH 2006 cruise show an interesting feature that six gas flares (GF) seem to alignwith an interval of roughly 5 km. This profile was designed along the same track of HA profiles. This25

profile was expected to reveal the subbottom structures of the flares, i.e. gas chimneys (GC) and to fill
geological information gap between LFZ and SSS-surveyed area 2.

Fig. 2.1.10. Profile LV56-26 showing well-developed gas chimney structures. Arrow indicates aboundary of two areas showing different gas chimney occurrence pattern and seismic
characteristics. See Fig. 2.1.2 a for location.
Profile LV56-26 shows a boundary at 53° 34.25' N where GC occurrence pattern and seismicreflection characteristics quietly change. To north of the boundary, five GCs occurred. Their sizes are
relatively big up to 400 m in profile width. If one small chimney at 53° 38.1' N is excepted, theirinterval is roughly 5 km. The BSR is not distinct. In the southern area of the boundary, GCs aredensely distributed with an interval of 1 to 2 km. Their diameters decrease up to roughly 100 m.
High-reflective layers are revealed beneath a subbottom depth of about 170-180 m and also about 50
m-thick acoustic blanking zone is developed just above the layers. Top of the high-reflective layers is
likely to correspond to the BSR. All GFs observed in HA profiles of SSGH 2006 show excellent
correlation with GC structures on this profile, especially with mound structures. All GFs observed in
HA profiles of SSGH 2006 show excellent correlation with GC structures on this profile, especiallywith mound structures. It is a surprise that the boundary at 53° 34.25' N completely corresponds tothe northern boundary of SSS-surveyed area II designed with lack of information.

26

The second profile was conducted in the south of the area earlier investigated by side-scansonar. As was shown before, morphology of this slope part is rather simple. Here the slope strikes in
NNW10° with inclination about 1, 5° and has convex profile. Shelfbreak locates on depth 200-210 m,
slope changes over the Deryugin Basin floor deeper 1500 m. According to structure of upper part of
sedimentary cover this profile is similar to profiles obtained in this area in LV47 and LV50 cruises.
Two slope areas are characterized by wavy shape of sea floor and these areas are located on upper
slope between depth of 200-400m and on the Sakhalin continental rise between depth of 1000 and
1400m (Fig. 2.1.11). It is suggested that this relief forms represent by sedimentary waves (Wong et al.,2003).

Fig. 2.1.11 Structure of the upper sedimentary cover in the southern part of study area 2. See Fig.
2.1.2a for profile location.
The high amplitude reflector (enhanced reflector) is the most remarkable feature existing on
this profile. Below this reflector all other reflectors are almost absent. The high amplitude reflector
locates on 200-220 ms below seafloor on eastern part of the profile. Upslope this reflector is parallel tothe seafloor, but from depth of 800 ms below sea surface it is splitting on two reflectors. One of these27reflectors starts to rise and almost touches the seafloor on depth of 400 ms (300 m). Other reflector isgoing parallel to the seafloor upslope.
This high amplitude reflector (enhanced) is disappeared in places where gas chimneys exist.
This reflector is thought to be caused by strong acoustic impedance contrasts due to free gas
accumulation below the BSR (Venneste et al., 2001) which is located above the enhanced reflector.
The BSR touches at the seafloor at 300 m of water depth, indicating the top of GHSZ (gas hydratestability zone) in the area is 300 m (Jin et al., 2011).

2.1.3.2. Study area 2
Study Area 2 locates on boundary between Southern and Central segments ( ~ 51°30'). It
corresponds to trough oriented mainly in north-eastern direction and covered the depth interval of 800- 1500 meters. On the small-scale map this structure looks like symmetric graben with steep
southeastern and northwestern flanks. Bathymetric data, obtained in frame of KOMEX, CHAOS and
SSGH-07 project suggest that relief of this structure is more complicated. Part of southeastern slope of
this structure was mapped during the LV50 cruise and the very peculiar features represented by large
NW-SE elongated depressions were found (Operation Report, 2011).
Early investigations suggest that study area 2 and Southern segment are characterized ofabundance of conical depressions of different sizes. According to their morphology these depression
were interpreted as gas originated features represented by pockmarks, giant pockmarks and gas
calderas (Baranov et al., 2008). Gas flares were not detected in this area during survey and therefore
we suggested that these gas structures are not active at present. Nevertheless existence of numerous
gas structures (pockmarks) and total absence of any signs of their activity seemed to be an amazing
fact.
Along with pockmarks other structures analogous to them by morphology and size but having
different genesis are distinguished on the sea floor; they were called pockforms (Inglesias et al., 2010).
It is supposed that pockforms may have sedimentary or structural nature. In the first case they
originate due to irregular filling of channels and linear depressions by sediments. In the second casethey are formed by post-sedimentation plastic deformations of sedimentary cover. Main difference
between pockforms and pockmarks is the follows: in first case there are no any acoustic sign of gas
occurrence and no cutting-out of sedimentary horizon on flanks of these structures (Judd, Hovland,2007). This aspect was not investigated before due to leak of seismic data; that’s why three seismic
profiles were worked out in this area during the 56-th Cruise (see Fig. 2.1.3a) to study subbottom
structure of these depressions.
Two seismic profiles crossed the trough in NS direction and one – in NE direction. In firstturn existence of numerous disjunctive dislocations attracts one’s attention on these profiles (Fig.
2.1.12). Disjunctive dislocations cross the whole visible part of sedimentary cover represented by28

well-stratified deposits. The faults are manifested in bottom relief in form of depressions and scarps; it
points on their young age. Character of displacement of bottom surface and reflectors on some of thefaults permit to suppose that they are normal faults. In some cases origination of normal faults isaccompanied by forming of such structures as grabens or tension fractures (see Fig. 2.1.12). The faults
manifested on bottom surface by V-like depressions prevail on the profiles; on them vertical
dislocation of reflectors in sedimentary cover is not observed. Absence of vertical dislocations allows
us to interpret such faults as strike-slips.

Fig. 2.1.12 Seismic profile LV56-03 across the boundary between Southern and Central segments.
Numerous disjunctive dislocations have seen on this profile. See location in Fig. 2.1.3a.
Part of this profile cross area, which was mapped by multibeam echosounder in RV “Sonne”
Cruise SO178 (Dullo et al., 2004). This area is located in depth interval 1020-1490 m on thesouth-eastern flank of the trough separating Southern and Central segments. In the western part of thestation several isolated depressions are observed; they form chains oriented from north-west to
south-east and slightly elongated in the same directions (Fig. 2.1.13). The depressions are separated by29

narrow height striking in north-western direction. Dimensions of the depressions reach 1-1.5 km anddepths over see50 m.

Fig. 2.1.13. Multibeam echosounder map of the Station 7 (cruise SO-178). Contour interval is 10 m.
Black lines mark location of seismic profile, red lines indicate faults. Location of seismic
profile crossing this map is shown in Fig.2.1.12.
Comparison of seismic profile LV56-03 (Fig. 2.1.12) and swath bathymetric map (Fig.
2.1.13) leads to conclusion that the depressions are not connected with gas seepage as it was supposed
before (Baranov et al., 2008), but have tectonic nature, i.e. represent pockforms. It was mentioned
above that the pockforms originate due to irregular filling of channels and linear depressions bysediments, due to post-sedimentation plastic deformations of sedimentary layer and due to slope
failure. The depressions located in area 2 are obviously connected with structural dislocations along
underlying fault system.
Along with faults another remarkable structure was found in frames of the investigated area.
In southern part of profile LV56-03 one can see steep scarp with height over 150 m that cuts
well-stratified sedimentary layer (see Fig. 2.1.12). Below the scarp there is a sedimentary body; its
thickness increases downward the slope. Top of this sedimentary body has rough (hummocky) surface,30

reflectors either absent or have complicated structure. All these characteristics permit to conclude that
this sedimentary body is a landslide.
Indicators of gas hydrate presence are absent on profile LV56-03, but they begin to appear inupper part of profile LV56-27 and on profile LV56-28 (Fig. 2.1.14). These indicators include BSR,
enhanced reflector and gas chimneys. Nevertheless, gas flares were not registered in this area.

Fig. 2.1.14. BSR, enhanced reflector and gas chimneys start to appear in upper part of the slope inside
Study area 2.

2.1.3.3. Study area 3
Study Area 3 locates the Sakhalin slope facing to the Kurile Basin. Our previous study has
shown that the slope above depth of 1750 m consists of steep (scarp) and gentle (terrace) parts(Operation Report, 2011). The scarp is located in depth interval 250-1500 m and is cut by a number ofcanyons. Canyons strike in NS direction and have very steep slopes that indicate on their fault origin.
The well-stratified seismofacies locates on the slope and canyon heads and its cross-section is visible
up to 200 msec. In the lower canyons the amount of reflector starts to decrease and andwell-stratified facies transforms to reflector poor facies. Reflector poor facies spreads over the
terrace starting from depth of 1500 m and probably represents the mass wasting material.

31

In 56-th Cruise eastern and western slopes of the Terpeniya Ridge, Kurile Basin slope andcontinental slope adjacent to Aniva Peninsula were studied within study area 3 (see Fig. 2.1.3b).
Terpeniya Ridge is underwater continuation of Terpeniya Peninsula and represents a block with steep
eastern slope and gentler western slope. Reflectors are absent, very weak or presented by very thin
horizon in the upper part of seismic sections on the eastern slope (Fig. 2.1.15a). Absents ofwell-manifested reflecting boundaries is possibly conditioned by active erosion of the eastern slope
accompanied by outcropping of more ancient sedimentary rocks; the last play role of the acoustic
basement for used seismic equipment.

Fig. 2.1.15. Seismic profiles showing upper sediment structure for eastern (a) and western (b) slopesof the Terpeniya Ridge. See Fig. 2.1.3 b for profiles location.
Basing on dredging data (Tsoi, Shastina, 2000; Terekhov et al., 2008) it was established thatthe lower part of the sedimentary section is composed by mudstones containing complexes of
Paleocene - Early Eocene and Early Oligocene radiolarians. Overlying tuff-diatomite layer is32composed by strata of Late Oligocene –Early Miocene, and of Early Miocene - Middle Miocene age.
Cenozoic sediments overlap with unconformity Maastrichtian – Danian volcanic-clastic andvolcanic-sedimentary rocks of the basement (Terekhov et al., 2010).
Western slope of the Terpeniya Ridge is less steep and consists of several steps (Fig.2.1.15b).
Reflectors within this slope are traced down to depth of 240 msec. On the top of the ridge located at
depth 225 m sedimentary horizons are inclined in western direction and are cut by bottom surface inthe east. It may justify that the top of the ridge suffered wave erosion before its subsidence. In theupper part of the slope BSR is distinguished; it approaches bottom surface at depth of about 300 m.
Lens-like sedimentary body most likely formed due to contourite streams is observed on the step in
middle part of the slope. Downward along the slope visible thicknesses of the sedimentary covergradually decrease and sediments totally disappear at depth of 1580 m. In the western part of the
profile the slope flattens out forming a terrace. The terrace is separated from the slope by small rise
and trough with height/depth about 250 m. In the upper part of the section chaotic reflectors areobserved on the rise; the reflectors are absent in the trough. Upper part of the rise with chaotic
reflectors is obviously a landslide and the trough is a fault.

Fig. 2.1.16. Seismic profiles showing upper sediment structure for Kurile slope (a) and Aniva part ofslope (b). See Fig. 2.1.3 b for profiles location.

33

Kurile slope is characterized by fine-stratified sedimentary cover with visible thickness up to
450 m (Fig. 2.1.16a). Two sedimentary units may be distinguished in the cover. The upper one
contains distinct reflectors and has thickness from 400 m in upper part of the slope to 150 m in its
lower part. The lower unit is also characterized by existence of numerous but weaker reflectors. Upper
sedimentary horizons of this unit are cut by bottom surface on the rise in the central part of the slope; it
may be conditioned by erosion or sliding processes. One of the slides (its location was detected onbase of multibeam survey in RV “Sonne” Cruise SO178 (Dullo et al., 2004)) is distinctly seen on the
profile (see Fig.2.1.16a).
BSR was distinguished by investigations in 50-th Cruise of RV “Akademik Lavrentyev” inEW-striking part of the slope within study area 3 (Operation Report, 2011), and during 56-th Cruise
the BSR was found on the western slope of the Terpeniya Ridge; it may point on gas hydrates presence
in sediments. But more reliable indicators of shallow gas hydrates presence (gas flares, gas chimneys
and BSR) were observed along profile crossing the NS-striking part (Aniva) of slope (Fig. 2.1.16b).
One can see on this profile that upper part of the slope is rather steep and after contour line
750 m it begins to flatten out gradually (se Fig.2.1.16a). Strong reflector is detected in the upper part ofthe slope; below it the reflections are absent. Strong reflector touches the bottom at depth 300 m anddips downward the slope reduplicating relief surface; it permits to conclude that it is BSR. Two
sedimentary units are distinguished above BSR. The first of them is well-stratified and has thickness
100 m. The second one appears below relief scarp which obviously is a fault. This unit is separated
from the upper unit also by strong reflector; reflections in it are blanked or there are turbidity
reflectors. Upper unit flattens out downward the slope and below 900 m top of the lower unit comesout on the surface forming hummocky relief which is traced down to contour line 1140 m. Below 1140
m reflecting horizons are rather elongated but few in number; according to Wong et al., 2003 here arereflector poor facies traced up to 170 m below bottom surface. Seismic characteristics and lower
sedimentary unit’s top relief permit to suppose that it is composed by mass wasting material.
Gas chimney with gas flare in water column was found on this profile (Fig. 2.1.17). It is
located above strong reflector separating upper and lower sedimentary units and according to its
seismic characteristics is similar to gas chimneys distinguished in northern segment (Jin et al., 2011);
it is a diffuse, dark-colored (enhanced reflection) chimney (ER). Similar seismic parameters of gas
chimneys are obviously conditioned by analogous conditions of their forming inside landslide bodies.

34

Fig. 2.1.17. Part of profile LV56-01 showing structure of the sedimentary cover across the gas flare
recorded during LV56 cruise.

Conclusions
1. Two seismic profiles obtained in the most northern part of the study area 1 do not show
existence of structures like gas chimneys. This fact along with the fact that only one gas flare wasregistered here may justify that gas seepage here is less active and prospective for gas hydrates ascompared with the areas to the south from the canyon.
2. A number of big gas chimneys were found in area of Lavrentyev Fault Zone. Typical relief
forms represented by mounds correspond to gas chimneys on the sea bottom and gas flares appear onsome of them. Therefore area of Lavrentyev Fault Zone represents first-turn interest for gas hydrates
sampling.
3. Comparison of seismic profiles and swath bathymetric map for study area 2 leads toconclusion that the conical depressions are not connected with gas seepage as it was supposed before(Baranov et al., 2008), but have tectonic nature, i.e. represent pockforms. It was mentioned above thatthe pockforms originate due to irregular filling of channels and linear depressions by sediments, due topost-sedimentation plastic deformations of sedimentary layer and due to slope failure. The depressions
located in area 2 are obviously connected with structural dislocations along underlying fault system.
Anyway evidence of gas hydrates potential start to appear upward slope. This evidence
includes BSR, enhanced reflector and gas chimneys. Nevertheless, gas flares were not registered inthis area. Therefore to clarify this question we need investigate this area in more details.

35

4. Several gas flares were recorded in N-S-striking part of the Kurile segment of the slope at
depths over 300 m. BSR, gas chimneys, topographic features are also observed there. These facts may
give evidence of shallow gas hydrates formation.

References
Baranov B.V., Jin Y.K., Shoji H., et al. (2008) Gas Hydrate System of the Sakhalin Slope:
Geophysical approach // Scientific Report of the Sakhalin Slope Gas Hydrate Project 2007.
KOPRI. 116 P. ISBN 978-89-960160-2-1.
Cruise Report (2006): CHAOS Project. R/V “Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev”, Cruise 36,
Vladivostok−St. Petersburg, ISBN 5-88994-074-0.
Iglesias J., Ercilla G., Garcia-Gil S., Judd A.G. (2010) Pockforms: and evaluation of pockmark-likeseabed features on the Landes Plateau, Bay of Biscay // Geo-Marine Letter. V.30. No.3-4.
P.207-220.
Jin Y.K., Kim Y.G., Baranov B. et al. (2011). Distribution and expression of gas seeps in a gas hydrate
province of the northeastern Sakhalin continental slope, Sea of Okhotsk // Marine andPetroleum Geology. V. 28. P. 1844-1855.
Judd A., Hovland M. (2007) Seabed Fluid Flow. The Impact on Geology, Biology, and the Marine
Environment. Cambridge University Press. 475 p.
Matveeva, T., Soloviev, V., Shoji, H., Obzhirov, A. Hydro-Carbon Hydrate Accumulations in the
Okhotsk Sea (CHAOS Project Leg I and Leg II) // Report of R/V Akademik M.A.Lavrentyev
Cruise 31 and 32. VNIIOkeangeologia. St.Petersburg. 164 p. ISSN: 5-88994-066-X.
Operation Report of Sakhalin Slope Gas Hydrate Project 2008, R/V Akademik M. A. Lavrentyev
Cruise 44 (2008) Y.K.Jin, H.Shoji, A.Obzhirov and B.Baranov, 64 p. ISBN
978-89-960160-3-8, KOPRI Report No.BSPM08030-97-5
Operation Report of Sakhalin Slope Gas Hydrate Project 2009, R/V Akademik M. A. Lavrentyev
Cruise 47 (2010), New Energy Research Center, Kitami Institute of Technology, H.Shoji,
Y.K.Jin, A.Obzhirov and B.Baranov, 136 p.
Operation Report of Sakhalin Slope Gas Hydrate Project 2010, R/V Akademik M. A. Lavrentyev
Cruise 50 (2011), Korea Polar Research Institute, Y.K.Jin, H.Shoji, A.Obzhirov andB.Baranov, 129 p.
Operation Report of Sakhalin Slope Gas Hydrate Project 2011, R/V Akademik M. A. Lavrentyev
Cruise 56 (2012), Kitami University, H.Shoji, Y.K.Jin, A.Obzhirov and B.Baranov, in press.
Terekhov E.P., Tsoi I.B., Vashchenkova N.G., et al., (2008). Sedimentary conditions and development
history of the Kurile Basin // Oceanology. V. 48. No. 4. P. 615-623 (in Russian).

36

Terekhov E.P., Mozherovsky A.V., Gorovaya M.T., (2010). Substantial composition of the
Kotikovsky suite rocks and main episodes of the Terpeniya Ridge development during Late
Cretaceous-Paleocene // Pacific Geology. V.29. No. 3. P.97-110 (in Russian).
Tsoi I.B., Shastina V.V. (2000). Cenozoic complexes of silicious microfossils from deposits of
Terpeniya Ridge (Okhotsk Sea) // Pacific Geology. V. 19. No. 4. P. 105-115 (in Russian).
Vanneste M., De Batist M., Golmstok A., Kremlev A., Versteeg W. (2001) Multi-frequency seismic
study of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in Lake Baikal, Siberia // Marine Geology. V. 172. pp.
1-21.
Wong H.K., Lüdmann T., Baranov B.V., Karp B.Ya., and Konerding P. (2003). Bottom
current-controlled sedimentation and mass wasting in the north-western Sea of Okhotsk //Marine Geology. V. 201, pp. 287-305.

37

2.2. Hydroacoustic Investigation
A. S. Salomatin, B.Y. Li
The main goal of hydroacoustic survey was the search and investigation of underwater gas
seepage acoustic manifestations. For this purpose, collection of information about acoustic backscattering level was carried out simultaneously using frequencies of 12 kHz, 20 kHz and 135 kHz in
the water column and from the seabed.
The data obtained can be used also for:·evaluation of the gas seepages intensity;·

accurate determination of the depth, estimation of the reflection coefficient and other seabedcharacteristics;·

registration of the frontal zones, internal waves and other oceanological processes;·

study of a spatial distribution of fish, zooplankton, and acoustic evaluation of their biomass.

The hydroacoustic observations were carried out using a hydroacoustic complex created on the basisof the upgraded ship’s echo sounders Sargan-EM and ELAC, sonars Sargan-GM (Fig. 2.2.1) andmultichannel digital registration system (Fig. 2.2.2). The hydroacoustic complex provided apossibility of simultaneous registration of sonar echoes on four independent channels withfrequencies of 12 kHz, 20 kHz and 135 kHz. At a time with acoustic measurements, accurate
vessel’s coordinates are estimated with the help of global positioning system (GPS). Block-schemeof the complex is represented on the Fig. 2.2.3, its basic parameters are listed in the Table 2.2.1.

Fig. 2.2.1. Echo sounder Sargan-EM and sonars Sargan-GM38

Fig. 2.2.2. Multichannel digital registration system
Table 2.2.1. Main parameters of acoustic equipment
DeviceELAC

Sargan-EM

Sargan-GM

Operating frequency, kHz

12

19.7

19.7

135

Beamwidth, grad

12

10

14

4

Output power, W

2000

6000

2500

2000

Impulse length, ms

0.8; 3; 10

0.5; 1; 3; 10

1; 3; 10; 30

0.3;1; 3

Fig. 2.2.3. The hydroacoustic complex block-diagram.

39

Record of acoustic back-scattering signals was made in two basic regimes:
1.

The background observations (configuration “full speed”) were conducted

continuously within all studied area on a full speed of a vessel (9-12 knots), thus the echosounders Sargan-EM and ELAC (two channels of frequency - 12 and 20 kHz, sounding executedin a vertical direction) were used.
2.

The acoustic survey (configuration “low speed”) was conducted in given areas

on a mean speed of a vessel (3-6 knots). The echo sounders Sargan-EM and ELAC of frequency
12 and 20 kHz (two rays in a vertical direction) and a sonar Sargan-GM of frequency 20 kHz or
135 kHz (two rays, an angle of 30o from a vertical direction in a side from a vessel movement)
were used. Application of such regime has allowed to increase approximately three times viewed
square during search of submarine gas sources and to estimate the position of these sources
relative to the vessel.
The multichannel digital registration system is designed for the collection, initial handling,accumulation and visualization of the hydroacoustic information from four channels simultaneously
and it includes:· the interface unit;· two sound cards Creative Labs;· personal computer (Pentium-II and higher);· operation system Win32 type;· “Sonic” software for input, handling, storing and visualization of echo-signals.
Echo-signals are converted to digital form with the help of four 16-bit analog-to-digital converters ofsound cards; their synchronous detection and low frequency filtration are carried out further. The
parameters of echo-signal registration (range of registered depths, mean sound speed etc.) are set by
the program (see Fig. 2.2.4) or with the help of initializing file.

Fig. 2.2.4. An example of “Sonic” initial dialog

40

The digitized echo-signals are recorded as data files on a hard disk of the computer. The dynamic
range of a system exceeds 90 dB.
Record format of echo-signals is following: first 8 bytes – date and time of echo sounder ping (typeof variable – date of Visual Basic 6 system programming), further the values of echo-signals of
given ping follow in the order of depth increase, with which they come. Each counting of
echo-signal takes 2 bytes (type of variable - integer). Number of counting (N) is equal to ratio ofregistered depth range to depth resolution, and therefore the record of one ping takes 8+2N bytes.
The name of a data file is determined by both a channel number of a sound card and time of the firstecho-signal in this file (in hours and minutes). For example, if the first echo-signal was sent by June
1, 2010 at 2 hours 25 minutes, the data file is recorded under name 0225.1dt or 0225.2dt, depending
on channel numbers in a folder Data\1Jun10 or Data1\1Jun10 depending on numbers of a soundcard. Additionally, configuration file 0225.1cf or 0225.2cf is recorded in the same folders as
initializing file (INI-file) with the necessary information about parameters of echo-signal registration(see Table 2.2.2).
Table 2.2.2 An example of configuration’s file
[Common]

Freq = 19700

date=6/6/2010

Working frequency

time=2:07:36

hAnnt = 4.3

name Vessel – Academic M.A. Lavrentyev[SoundCard]region = Okhotsk Sea

Device ID = 0

nCh = 1

Freq = 60000

soundSpeed = 1480

uMax = 1

Sound speed in water, m/sec[ParReg]

Period=2000

hBegin = 5

Period of ping, m/c

hEnd = 1500

nF=1200h = 29.6

Number of pings in the fileN = 5051

Dir=e:\Lavr50\20-R[Ver]

dateEnd=2:07:36

Ver = 1.0.0.1[Echosounder]
The visualization of echoes in real time is carried out using two standard colour monitors. Eachchannel is represented on the two multi-coloured echograms with independent range of depths andwith independent colour palette. The software provides synchronous detection, filtration, registrationand visualization of an echo signal in the required range of depths.

41

The digital registration system has two synchronization modes - internal and external. In a mode ofinternal synchronization all acoustic devices are managed by the digital registration system. Thismode is preferential, because it allows vary a frequency of ping. At an external synchronization
mode one of echo sounders is master and it manages other devices and digital registration system.
The external synchronization mode is enforced and it is applied in cases, when one of echo sounders
does not support external trigger. In current cruise the mode of external synchronization was used.

Preliminary results
About 118 crossings of 96 gas flares (GF) were carried out during the vessel movement; about 30 ofthem were found for the first time. Total time of acoustic survey amounted to 290 hours. Total
length of acoustic survey amounted to 2300 miles. GF were registered at different depths of theseabed - from 105 up to 1480 meters, but the largest number of GF was registered in the range of
depths of 600-900 meters.
Figure 5 shows spatial position the registered GF and Table 3 gives the coordinates of GF, courseand speed of the vessel and depth of the seabed.

42

Fig. 2.2.5. The scheme of GF registered in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 years, cruise 44, cruise 47,
cruise 50 - dark blue circles, cruise 56- red circles.

For the first time observation of GF in the new area with coordinates 50° 8,969' N145° 41,959' E
was made into the pockmark. Examples echograms obtained over pockmark are shown in Fig. 2.2.6.

43

Fig. 2.2.6. The echogram GF obtained over two crossings of pockmark.

44

The deepest F61a and the shallowest SF72 GF were registered during the cruise.

Fig. 2.2.7. The echogram of deepest GF

45

Fig. 2.2.8. The echogram of shallowest GF
Frontal zones, internal waves and other oceanological processes registered during the cruise.

46

Table 2.2.3 List of hydroacoustic “flare”-type anomalies
Name

UTC Time

LatitudeSF1

13/08/2011

10:12:22

47°22,740' N 143°36,065' E

10,3 Kts

0,0°

143.0

F2

13/08/2011

11:28:1247°23,992' N 143°43,618' E

05,7 Kts

93,0°

736.1

F3

14/08/2011

16:22:02

50°08,969' N 145°41,959' E

10,4 Kts 350,8°

587.0

F4

15/08/2011

11:03:45

52°39,790' N 144°57,085' E

11,7 Kts 337,9°

923.9

F5

15/08/2011

11:16:20

52°41,930' N 144°55,604' E

11,1 Kts 337,0°

929.5

F6

15/08/2011

11:51:01

52°47,853' N 144°51,465' E

11,1 Kts 338,2°

940.8

F7

15/08/2011

12:48:14

52°57,321' N 144°44,817' E

10,7 Kts 336,1°

925.3

F8

15/08/2011

14:02:02

53°09,371' N 144°36,321' E

10,8 Kts 337,2°

805.7

F9

15/08/2011

14:06:35

53°10,120' N 144°35,786' E

10,9 Kts 335,6°

802.1

f10

15/08/2011

14:09:59

53°10,681' N 144°35,394' E

10,7 Kts 338,6°

797.3

F11

15/08/2011

14:18:40

53°12,096' N 144°34,411' E

10,7 Kts 338,7°

783.0

F12

15/08/2011

14:19:48

53°12,283' N 144°34,280' E

11,3 Kts 336,7°

780.6

f13

15/08/2011

14:24:24

53°13,050' N 144°33,765' E

11,2 Kts 339,4°

773.4

F14a

15/08/2011

15:08:40

53°20,297' N 144°28,774' E

10,7 Kts 340,6°

692.0

F14

15/08/2011

15:09:48

53°20,488' N 144°28,660' E

10,8 Kts 340,6°

687.2

F15

15/08/2011

17:01:44

53°22,681' N 144°25,472' E

05,2 Kts 272,8°

625.2

F16

15/08/2011

20:07:55

53°23,108' N 144°25,556' E

04,7 Kts 177,1°

623.2

F17

15/08/2011

20:13:36

53°22,673' N 144°25,547' E

05,3 Kts 178,5°

628.1

F18

15/08/2011

21:41:54

53°22,857' N 144°25,108' E

01,3 Kts

86,0°

614.4

F18-1

15/08/2011

21:56:21

53°22,859' N 144°25,112' E

00,0 Kts

86,0°

614.4

F19

15/08/2011

22:50:28

53°23,126' N 144°25,600' E

01,0 Kts 110,7°

623.2

f20

16/08/2011

2:18:1453°23,136' N 144°25,706' E

04,8 Kts 196,8°

626.2

F21

16/08/2011

2:23:37

53°22,698' N 144°25,462' E

04,5 Kts 192,5°

626.2

F22R

16/08/2011

2:27:0253°22,417' N 144°25,345' E

05,3 Kts 186,9°

619.9

F18R

16/08/2011

2:39:2153°22,895' N 144°24,929' E

05,0 Kts 331,6°

613.5

f23

16/08/2011

4:24:3853°22,880' N 144°25,053' E

05,0 Kts 151,7°

614.4

f24R

16/08/2011

4:29:3853°22,505' N 144°25,419' E

05,2 Kts 150,3°

624.4

F25R

16/08/2011

4:36:30

53°21,992' N 144°25,939' E

05,0 Kts 152,8°

634.5

F26R

16/08/2011

5:48:30

53°22,165' N 144°25,567' E

01,0 Kts 158,1°

628.1

f27

16/08/2011

6:46:0353°25,382' N 144°23,686' E

11,1 Kts 347,2°

601.8

F28

16/08/2011

8:43:0353°46,837' N 144°15,143' E

11,3 Kts 346,6°

730.2

F29

16/08/2011

10:32:1454°06,298' N 144°07,325' E

10,8 Kts 345,8°

836.5

47

Longitude

Speed

CourseDepth,

Date

m

f30

16/08/2011

10:35:59

54°06,934' N 144°07,083' E

10,2 Kts 347,8°

818.2

F31

16/08/2011

12:00:32

54°21,020' N 144°01,430' E

10,6 Kts 348,5°

480.5

f32

16/08/2011

12:42:21

54°28,285' N 143°58,465' E

10,8 Kts 347,4°

478.2

SF33

17/08/2011

3:20:46

54°45,094' N 143°49,373' E

05,4 Kts

44,8°

151.4

f34

17/08/2011

4:00:58

54°44,985' N 144°01,269' E

10,3 Kts

89,7°

568.0

f35

17/08/2011

12:42:52

54°12,523' N 144°20,510' E

05,5 Kts 178,6° 1014.7

F36

17/08/2011

13:19:24

54°09,141' N 144°20,508' E

05,5 Kts 179,9° 1047.7

F37

17/08/2011

14:22:09

54°11,248' N 144°20,049' E

05,6 Kts

F38

17/08/2011

14:51:28

54°12,964' N 144°19,397' E

05,9 Kts 177,4°

F39

17/08/2011

16:30:00

54°10,413' N 144°18,725' E

05,4 Kts

F40

17/08/2011

16:49:16

54°12,090' N 144°18,747' E

05,3 Kts 359,8°

991.4

F40a

17/08/2011

16:50:00

54°12,153' N 144°18,746' E

05,2 Kts 358,9°

989.9

F38-1

17/08/2011

21:23:49

54°12,917' N 144°19,402' E

05,0 Kts

77,0°

999.2

F38-2

17/08/2011

21:58:01

54°12,922' N 144°19,477' E

05,0 Kts 210,7°

997.6

F35-1

17/08/2011

23:59:41

54°12,546' N 144°20,578' E

06,8 Kts 133,4° 1017.8

F38-3

18/08/2011

0:38:3954°12,879' N 144°19,394' E

09,1 Kts

F41

18/08/2011

2:37:5454°12,979' N 144°21,564' E

06,6 Kts 187,9° 1032.4

F42

18/08/2011

2:40:5254°12,587' N 144°21,420' E

08,5 Kts 191,1° 1033.3

F43

18/08/2011

3:06:08

54°09,147' N 144°20,484' E

06,5 Kts 188,7° 1047.3

F44R

18/08/2011

3:07:5154°08,991' N 144°20,447' E

05,4 Kts 188,0° 1047.3

f45R

18/08/2011

3:17:00

54°08,998' N 144°19,985' E

06,3 Kts

12,0° 1042.6

F46

18/08/2011

3:21:2054°09,211' N 144°20,438' E

05,9 Kts

99,3° 1044.2

F47

18/08/2011

8:15:4154°07,775' N 144°04,851' E

11,0 Kts 161,4°

735.2

F48

18/08/2011

8:19:1554°07,152' N 144°05,228' E

11,0 Kts 160,1°

754.2

F49

18/08/2011

8:27:4254°05,680' N 144°06,152' E

11,2 Kts 159,0°

801.1

f50

18/08/2011

10:07:53

53°47,866' N 144°15,699' E

11,5 Kts 163,7°

766.9

f51

18/08/2011

10:11:45

53°47,166' N 144°16,088' E

11,6 Kts 162,3°

736.5

f52

18/08/2011

11:08:30

53°43,918' N 144°14,094' E

05,5 Kts 269,4°

589.4

F53

18/08/2011

15:04:1253°46,928' N 144°15,681' E

05,7 Kts 268,2°

734.7

F54

18/08/2011

17:13:19

53°48,074' N 144°01,681' E

05,7 Kts

48,0°

351.4

F55

18/08/2011

21:59:00

53°42,178' N 144°12,160' E

05,7 Kts 162,7°

513.0

F56

18/08/2011

23:08:08

53°46,484' N 144°12,252' E

05,5 Kts 342,9°

667.7

F56-1

19/08/2011

3:02:3153°46,453' N 144°12,208' E

08,5 Kts

5,0°

667.7

F56-2

19/08/2011

3:42:46

53°46,439' N 144°12,199' E

00,0 Kts 339,6°

666.6

F57

19/08/2011

5:12:5453°42,251' N 144°12,170' E

06,7 Kts 180,2°

508.3

F58

19/08/2011

5:13:30

53°42,186' N 144°12,172' E

06,6 Kts 179,2°

512.2

48

0,6° 1019.3
997.2

0,4° 1006.9

79,1°

997.6

f59

19/08/2011

7:39:51

53°34,183' N 144°13,005' E

07,1 Kts 164,6°

428.5

F60

19/08/2011

9:34:1553°30,242' N 144°11,796' E

09,8 Kts 185,7°

351.3

F61

19/08/2011

13:10:25

53°14,998' N 144°26,280' E

05,4 Kts

621.0

F61a

19/08/2011

17:28:26

53°16,270' N 144°55,505' E

10,1 Kts 291,4° 1491.1

F63

19/08/2011

19:11:10

53°21,158' N 144°30,222' E

05,5 Kts 272,2°

723.8

f64

19/08/2011

19:15:39

53°21,436' N 144°30,024' E

04,6 Kts

10,5°

718.7

f62-1

19/08/2011

21:24:40

53°21,146' N 144°30,411' E

05,2 Kts 287,9°

732.4

F65

19/08/2011

21:41:00

53°21,419' N 144°30,168' E

04,9 Kts 297,6°

723.4

F65-1

19/08/2011

21:56:37

53°21,410' N 144°30,164' E

06,0 Kts 171,1°

722.3

F65-2

19/08/2011

21:59:23

53°21,183' N 144°30,223' E

04,0 Kts 173,8°

722.3

F65-3

19/08/2011

22:20:53

53°21,392' N 144°30,142' E

01,2 Kts

20,3°

722.3

F66

19/08/2011

23:27:51

53°21,891' N 144°29,663' E

04,8 Kts

50,8°

716.7

Artifact

20/08/2011

0:33:0853°22,007' N 144°31,877' E

00,0 Kts

20,0°

777.5

F67

20/08/2011

4:07:0553°22,695' N 144°25,482' E

05,4 Kts 285.1°

625.5

F67R

20/08/2011

4:15:33

53°22.443' N 144°25.068' E

05,2 Kts

81.5°

626.0

F67-1

20/08/2011

4:19:2053°22.675' N 144°25.434' E

04,8 Kts

38.8°

626.2

F68R

20/08/2011

6:08:1253°23.076' N 144°25.537' E

02,6 Kts 278.6°

622.3

F69

20/08/2011

6:54:0953°22.659' N 144°25.479' E

06,4 Kts 272.2°

625.2

f70

20/08/2011

9:10:2253°23.106' N 144°06.782' E

09,2 Kts 270.6°

222.5

f70a

20/08/2011

9:13:1353°23.104' N 144°06.132' E

06,9 Kts 268.3°

214.3

SF71

20/08/2011

10:50:1253°23.095' N 143°51.703' E

04,2 Kts 261.5°

114.9

SF72

20/08/2011

11:31:47

53°23.105' N 143°45.349' E

09,9 Kts 269.2°

104.6

SF73

20/08/2011

12:09:19

53°24.289' N 143°45.266' E

10,7 Kts

37.4°

106.0

f76

20/08/2011

13:42:49

53°37.216' N 144°01.737' E

10,4 Kts

36.6°

208.7

F77

20/08/2011

15:32:59

53°46.261' N 144°16.073' E

05,5 Kts 166,6°

672.8

F78

20/08/2011

16:39:2153°40,374' N 144°18,366' E

05,3 Kts 166,5°

668.5

F79

20/08/2011

18:33:37

53°29,853' N 144°22,440' E

05,7 Kts 166,8°

614.4

F82

20/08/2011

22:56:14

53°28,141' N 144°24,635' E

11,1 Kts 164,4°

649.8

f80

20/08/2011

22:49:53

53°29,294' N 144°24,092' E

11,6 Kts 164,6°

654.7

f84

20/08/2011

23:41:06

53°20,155' N 144°28,428' E

11,0 Kts 163,9°

681.4

f83

20/08/2011

23:05:05

53°26,555' N 144°25,390' E

11,2 Kts 163,7°

650.8

f85

21/08/2011

1:11:3553°03,965' N 144°36,071' E

11,9 Kts 165,2°

755.0

F86

21/08/2011

1:23:3853°01,793' N 144°37,003' E

10,8 Kts 165,3°

761.7

F87

21/08/2011

2:51:2352°46,721' N 144°45,394' E

10,4 Kts 143,7°

787.6

F88

21/08/2011

3:21:1852°42,526' N 144°50,252' E

10,3 Kts 144,1°

824.9

F3-1

22/08/2011

3:23:05

50°08,998' N 145°41,933' E

05,1 Kts 149,1°

584.8

49

89,8°

SF90

23/08/2011

18:05:19

47°40,437' N 144°18,139' E

01,7 Kts

38,2°

211.8

SF90-1

23/08/2011

18:23:22

47°40,410' N 144°18,109' E

04,2 Kts 281,6°

212.5

SF90-2

23/08/2011

18:51:41

47°40,405' N 144°18,087' E

00,0 Kts

18,3°

212.5

SF90-323/08/2011

19:21:49

47°40,416' N 144°18,082' E

00,0 Kts

18,3°

211.5

SF90-423/08/2011

19:54:04

47°40,410' N 144°18,083' E

01,1 Kts

49,6°

212.9

SF91

23/08/2011

22:48:32

47°41,307' N 144°48,024' E

08,4 Kts 315,7°

157.2

SF91-1

23/08/2011

23:16:51

47°41,267' N 144°47,889' E

01,9 Kts

39,1°

158.6

SF92

24/08/2011

0:06:2447°41,487' N 144°47,649' E

03,7 Kts 274,3°

159.4

F93

24/08/2011

0:16:4247°40,356' N 144°47,062' E

08,5 Kts 194,7°

255.7

f94

24/08/2011

7:05:2447°26,589' N 143°43,788' E

09,3 Kts 257,0°

559.8

F1-1

24/08/2011

7:21:1747°23,987' N 143°43,523' E

10,1 Kts 176,6°

730.2

F95

24/08/2011

9:27:32

47°03,876' N 143°52,954' E

10,1 Kts 140,8° 1063.4

F96

24/08/2011

12:27:32

46°34,789' N 143°48,512' E

10,6 Kts 192,9°

228.5

f97

24/08/2011

13:28:1146°24,564' N 143°45,172' E

10,0 Kts 192,9°

212.7

F – flares distinctly visible, f – flares weakly visible, SF area shallow water flare, R – right channel.

50

3. SAMPLING AND ANALYSES
3.1. CTD Survey and Coring Operation
N. Nikolaeva, E. Korovitskaya

Table 3.1.1 Station list of LV56 (SSGH Project 2011 cruise)

Date
2011

Station№

Time(ship's),start-onbottomfinish

16.08

LV5601HC

09:27
09:44
09:54

16.08

16.08

Durationmin.

Latitude,N

Longitude,
E

Water
Depth,
m27

53º23.106’

144º25.512’

LV5602CTD

10:07
10:21
10:42

35

53º23.146’
53º23.170’
53°23.157’

144°25.763’
144°25.849’
144°25.798’

641

LV5603HC

11:06
11:29
11:38

32

53º23.139’

144º25.576’

623

16.08

LV5604CTD

12:01
12:15
12:35

34

53º23.062’
53º23.178’
53º23.103’

144º25.720’
144°25.738’
144º25.672’

16.08

LV5605HC

14:04
14:15

11

53º22.865’

144º24.957’

624

Core
Lengthcm

Remarks

360

Holocene-L.
Pleistocene
section with traces of gas
outflow,
aggregatesof
glendonite crystals.
Vertical CTD profiling.
1=631 m, 2=610 m, 3=550 m,
4=500 m, 5=400 m, 6=300 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m.

335

L. Pleistocene section, gas
hydrates,carbonateconcretions.

636

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=625 m, 2=610 m, 3=550 m,
4=500 m, 5=400 m, 6=300 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m.

613

Holocene-L.
Pleistocene
section with traces of gas
outflow,carbonateconcretions.

376

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=595 m, 2=595 m, 3=550 m,
4=500 m, 5=400 m, 6=300 m,
7=300 m, 8=200 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m(empty bathometer – it is not
closed).

16.08

LV5606CTD

14:22
14:39
14:58

36

53°22.975’
53º23.101’
53°23.276’

144°24.808’
144°24.692’
144°24.608’

606

16.08

LV5607HC

16:14
16:23

9

53º21.860’

144º26.050’

632

16.08

LV5608CTD

16:41
16:54
17:15

34

53°22.120’
53°22.204’
53°22.333’

144°25.751’
144°25.468’
144°25.043’

620

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=615 m, 2=610 m, 3=550 m,
4=500 m, 5=400 m, 6=300 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m.

17.08

LV5609HC

15:52
16:05
16:25

33

54º44.935’

144º09.698’

740

Only some pebbles, gravel
and coarse sand were found in
the catcher.

51

228

Carbonate concretions.

17.08

LV5610CTD

17:05
17:20
17:38

33

54°43.567’
54°43.411’
54°43.241’

144°09.866’
144°09.970’
144°10.031’

747

18.08

LV5611HC

9:26
9:36
9:50

24

54º12.914’

144º19.456’

1000

18.08

LV5612CTD

09:59
10:18
10:41

42

54º12.962’
54º12.963’
54º12.999’

144º19.504’
144º19.304’
144º19.300’

994

18.08

LV5613HC

11:51
12:18
12:33

42

54º12.517’

144º20.632’

1015

18.08

LV5614CTD

12:45
13:05
13:26

41

54º12.659’
54º13.084’
54º12.937’

144º21.209’
144º21.127’
144º21.197’

1024

18.08

LV5615HC

14:49
15:14
15:26

37

54º09.145’

144º20.468’

1045

18.08

LV5616CTD

15:38
15:59
16:24

46

54º09.282’
54º09.488’
54º09.688’

144º20.692’
144º21.040’
144º21.161’

1042

18.08

LV5617HC

17:49
17:57
18:10

21

54º09.980’

144º02.050’

640

18.08

LV5618CTD

18:16
18:29
18:48

32

54º10.103’
54º10.265’
54º10.504’

144º02.558’
144º02.801’144º03.124’

19.08

LV5619HC

14:25
14:41
14:54

19.08

LV5620CTD

15:11
15:24
15:39

19.08

LV5621HC

16:45
16:55

29

53º46.439’

144º12.211’

28

53º46.459’
53º46.428’
53º46.330’

144º12.257’
144º12.407’
144º12.329’

1053º42.230’

144º12.176’

52

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=736 m, 2=730 m, 3=650 m,
4=550 m, 5=450 m, 6=300 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m(empty bathometer – it is not
closed).
484

Holocene section with tracesof gas outflow.
Vertical CTD profiling.
1=983 m, 2=975 m, 3=900 m,
4=800 m, 5=500 m, 6=300 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m.

379

Holocene
Calyptogena shells.

section,Vertical CTD profiling.
1=1012 m, 2=1000 m, 3=900
m, 4=700 m, 5=500 m, 6=300
m, 7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100m, 10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0m.
368

Holocene
background.

section–Vertical CTD profiling.
1=1032 m, 2=1020 m, 3=900
m, 4=700 m, 5=500 m, 6=300
m, 7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100m, 10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0m.
403

Holocene
background.

section–650

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=640 m, 2=630 m, 3=500 m,
4=400 m, 5=300 m, 6=250 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m.

665

Holocenesection,consolidated
carbonateconcretion in the bottom of
core.

480

661

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=650 m, 2=640 m, 3=500 m,
4=400 m, 5=300 m, 6=250 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m.

506

L. Pleistocene section, a lot ofhydrotroilite in the lower part,alarge
aggregateofglendonite crystals.

436

19.08

LV5622CTD

17:06
17:15
17:31

19.08

LV5623HC

19:20
19:27

19.08

LV5624CTD

19:38
19:46
20:01

20.08

LV5625HC

09:14
09:23
09:35

20.08

20.08

25

53º41.950’
53º41.875’
53º41.774’

144º11.986’
144º11.901’
144º11.777’507

753º34.154’

144º13.018’

430

23

53º34.082’
53º34.150’
53º34.195’

144º12.646’
144º12.628’
144º12.334’

723

Holocene sectionwith tracesof gas outflow, carbonate
concretion in the bottom ofcore..

144º30.167’

LV5626CTD

09:46
10:00
10:16

30

53º21.465’
53º21.614’
53º21.709’

144º29.710’
144º29.534’
144º29.506’

710

LV5627HC

11:15
11:21
11:33

18

53º21.937’

144º31.983’

785

20.08

LV5628CTD

11:36
11:50
12:07

31

53º21.996’
53º22.025’
53º22.121’

144º31.897’
144º31.975’
144º32.108’

775

20.08

LV5629HC

12:40
12:55
13:06

26

53º21.406’

144º30.169’

723

13:16
13:30
13:48

20.08

LV5631HC

15:35
15:46
15:57

20.08

20.08

32

53º21.544’
53º21.591’
53º21.635’

144º30.164’
144º30.257’
144º30.436’

L. Pleistocene section withtraces of gas outflow,
carbonate concretion.

409

53º21.421’

LV5630CTD

284

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=400 m, 2=390 m, 3=370 m,
4=350 m, 5=300 m, 6=250 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m.

21

20.08

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=495 m, 2=485 m, 3=400 m,
4=350 m, 5=300 m, 6=250 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m.

510

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=698 m, 2=685 m, 3=600 m,
4=500 m, 5=400 m, 6=300 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m.
533

Holocene section with tracesof gas outflow.
Vertical CTD profiling.
1=764 m, 2=754 m, 3=500 m,
4=400 m, 5=350 m, 6=300 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10= 50 m (empty bathometer– it is not closed), 11=25 m,
12=0 m (empty bathometer –it is not closed).

573

Holocene section with rare
traces of gas outflow.

722

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=710 m, 2=700 m, 3=600 m,
4=500 m, 5=400 m, 6=300 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m(empty bathometer – it is not
closed).

625

Holocene-L.
Pleistocene
section, cryptocrystalline gas
hydrates?.,carbonateconcretions.

22

53º22.664’

144º25.420’

LV5632CTD

16:14
16:26
16:44

30

53º22.488’
53º22.486’
53º22.475’

144º26.102’
144º26.552’
144º27.131’

640

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=626 m, 2=611 m, 3=500 m,
4=400 m, 5=350 m, 6=300 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m, 12=0 m.

LV5633CTD

17:17
17:29

30

53º23.027’
53º22.885’

144º25.537’
144º25.666’

624

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=614 m, 2=604 m (empty

53

411

17:47

LV5634CTD

18:32
18:41
18:52

20.08

LV5635CTD

19:30
19:35
19:45

20.08

LV5636CTD

20.08

53º22.726’

144º25.723’

456

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=444 m, 2=434 m, 3=400 m,
4=350 m (empty bathometer– it is not closed), 5=300 m,
6=250 m, 7=200 m, 8=150 m,
9=100 m, 10=75 m, 11=25 m,
12=0 m.

303

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=287 m, 2=277 m, 3=250 m,
4=200 m, 5=179 m, 6=150 m,
7=100 m, 8=75 m, 9=50 m,
10=25 m, 11=0 m.

144º05.258’
144º05.251’
144º05.206’

202

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=191 m, 2=181 m, 3=150 m,
4=100 m, 5=56 m, 6=25 m,
7=11 m, 8=0 m.

53º23.095’
53º23.081’
53º23.075’

143º59.184’
143º59.147’
143º59.122’

147

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=136 m, 2=126 m, 3=100 m,
4=50 m, 5=25 m, 6=0 m.

0753º23.060’
53º23.056’
53º23.050’

143º51.467’
143º51.449’
143º51.478’

114

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=103 m, 2=93 m, 3=50 m,
4=20 m, 5=10 m, 6=0 m.

0753º23.111’
53º23.119’
53º23.122’

143º43.784’
143º43.798’
143º43.826’

100

Vertical CTD profiling. 1=89m, 2=79 m, 3=50 m, 4=25 m,
5=10 m, 6=0 m.

653

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=643 m, 2=629 m, 3=600 m,
4=500 m, 5=400 m, 6=300 m,
7=250 m, 8=250 m, 9=150 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m (empty
bathometer – it is not closed),
12=0 (empty bathometer – itis not closed)m.
Holocene-L.
Pleistocene
section with traces of gas
outflow,carbonateconcretions.

20

53º22.997’
53º22.918’
53º22.834’

144º18.637’
144º18.659’
144º18.640’

1553º23.086’
53º23.097’
53º23.152’

144º11.845’
144º11.894’
144º11.812’

20:22
20:26
20:32

10

53º23.112’
53º23.112’
53º23.124’

LV5637CTD

21:08
21:12
21:16

08

20.08

LV5638CTD

21:57
21:59
22:04

20.08

LV5639CTD

22:46
22:49
22:53

20.08

bathometer – it is not closed),
3=500 m, 4=400 m, 5=300 m,
6=224 m, 7=200 m, 8=150 m,
9=100 m, 10=50 m, 11=25 m,
12=0 m.

21.08

LV5640CTD

08:58
09:11
09:28

21.08

LV5641HC

08:35
08:40
08:51

16

53º30.958’

144º23.022’

650

24.08

LV5642GR

05:46
05:55

9

47º40.421’

144º18.093’

211

Grab has brought nothing

24.08

LV5643CTD

05:52
05:58
06:09

17

47º40.398’
47º40.346’
47º40.324’

144º18.095’
144º18.116’
144º18.100’

211

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=201 m, 2=190 m, 3=175 m,
4=150 m, 5=125 m, 6=100 m,
7=75 m, 8=50 m, 9=25 m,
10=10 m, 11=5 m, 12=0 m.

24.08

LV5644GR

06:24
06:31

7

47º40.430’

144º18.089’

211

20

Coarse-grained sediment, flat
crusts.

24.08

LV5645HC

06:54
07:01

7

47º40.405’

144º18.099’

211

173

L. Pleistocene section withlayers of turbidite sands.

30

53º30.989’
53º30.916’
53º30.943’

144º23.197’
144º23.273’
144º23.338’

54

333

LV5646GR

10:37
10:42
10:48

24.08

LV5647CTD

10:50
10:53
11:01

24.08

LV5648HC

12:20
12:33
12:44

24.08

24.08

LV5649CTD

12:47
13:00
13:15

11

47º41.333’

144º47.990’

1147º41.386’
47º41.436’
47º41.476’

144º47.828’
144º47.791’
144º47.768’

24

28

47º37.137’

47º37.230’
47º37.306’
47º37.387’

144º45.650’

144º45.412’
144º45.247’
144º45.080’

55

157

10

Coarse-grained sediment.

161

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=150 m, 2=140 m, 3=125 m,
4=100 m, 5=75 m, 6=50 m,
7=40 m, 8=25 m, 9=10 m,
10=0 m.

622

Mainly L. Pleistocene section
with layers of turbidite sands,
carbonateconcretionatbottom of core.

697

383

Vertical CTD profiling.
1=686 m, 2=674 m, 3=600 m,
4=400 m, 5=300 m, 6=250 m,
7=200 m, 8=150 m, 9=100 m,
10=50 m, 11=25 m (empty
bathometer – it is not closed),
12=0 m.

3.2. Core Lithology
A. Derkachev, N. Nikolaeva

56

57

58

59

LV56-09HC

60

Only some pebbles, gravel and coarse sand were found in the hydrocorer catcher.

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

LV56-42GR
Grab has brought nothing (it is not closed).

72

LV56-44GR
0-7 cm – silty sand with a lot of gravel and pebble, olive-green with grayish hue, a large Calyptogena
shell was found on the surface (very old, brittle), it was covered with different sea organisms; somevery flat dense rough crusts were discovered here, their inner surface is brownish-yellow and they
have Fe-Mn coat from the outside; worm tubes were found here as well;
7-10 cm – silty sand with rare gravel, black (enriched with hydrotroilite), lower boundary is very sharpon colour, density and composition;
10-20 cm – silty clay gray, dense, homogeneous.

LV56-46GR
0-10 cm – silty sand with a lot of gravel and pebble, before 5 cm – grayish-green, below – gray.

73

74

3.3. Core Analyses
3.3.1. Gas Analysis (POI)
A. Obzhirov, O. Vereshchagina, E. Korovitskaya

Explanation for this section is combined with and included in 3.4.2. Gas
Geochemical Investigation.
depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

station5

3 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000

9.10

lv56-01HC

10

1 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000

8.16

20

2 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000

2.79

Latitude38

8 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000

1.93

53º23,10659

27 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000

1.88

80

80 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000

3.03

Longitude100

144 0.00000 0.00017 0.00000 0.00000

2.90

144º25,512

121

202 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000

3.18

140

284 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000

4.03

160

376 0.00000 0.00042 0.00000 0.00000

3.45

178

515 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000

5.17

200

834 0.00000 0.00063 0.00000 0.00000

6.41

220

2511 0.00000 0.00064 0.00000 0.00000

7.04

240

24772 0.00000 0.00089 0.00000 0.00000

7.67

260

52472 0.00000 0.00085 0.00000 0.00022

9.19

280

76372 0.00000 0.00106 0.00000 0.00028 10.22

30081961 0.00000 0.00093 0.00000 0.00032 10.23

32079120 0.00000 0.00085 0.00000 0.00027 11.87

340

70631 0.00000 0.00068 0.00000 0.00029 12.97

75

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

lv56-03HC

10

1850.00000 0.00045 0.00000 0.00000

0.94

GasHydrate

30

109

0.00000 0.00120 0.00000 0.00000

1.48

50

230

0.00000 0.00281 0.00000 0.00000

1.83

70

525

0.00000 0.00645 0.00000 0.00000

2.47

110

85646

0.00000 0.02506 0.00000 0.00225

3.39

130

50849

0.00000 0.01618 0.00000 0.00183

3.00

150

67910

0.00000 0.01889 0.00000 0.00231

4.20

170

60236

0.00000 0.01720 0.00000 0.00225

4.44

190

73420

0.00000 0.01896 0.00000 0.00239

4.04

210

76452

0.00000 0.01980 0.00000 0.00222

4.46

230

74793

0.00000 0.02098 0.00000 0.00221

5.26

250

75171

0.00000 0.04089 0.00000 0.00140

1.72

280

82651

0.00000 0.02912 0.00000 0.00162

4.33

53º23,139

144º25,576

76

lv56-05HC

53º22,865

144º24,957

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

3 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

8.61

30

16 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001

4.86

50

11 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001

4.56

70

96 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002

5.20

90

88 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002

3.45

110

189 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002

4.82

130

290 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001

7.28

150

396 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001

9.37

170

586 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 10.09

190

1251 0.00000 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 13.75

21015350 0.00000 0.00018 0.00000 0.00025 15.71

230

64434 0.00000 0.00021 0.00000 0.00037 18.26

250

96921 0.00000 0.00021 0.00000 0.00049 17.77

270

110270 0.00000 0.00018 0.00000 0.00054 12.53

290

134702 0.00000 0.00016 0.00000 0.00055 18.38

310130801 0.00000 0.00017 0.00000 0.00053 18.97

330124287 0.00000 0.00017 0.00000 0.00059 17.87

350

166198 0.00000 0.00017 0.00000 0.00065 21.2177

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

lv56-07HC

1087

0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000

2.55

227cm

30

63

0.00000 0.00066 0.00000 0.00000

2.42

50

213

0.00000 0.00189 0.00000 0.00000

2.97

70

400

0.00000 0.00340 0.00000 0.00000

3.59

90

767

0.00000 0.00542 0.00000 0.00000

5.14

110

1628

0.00000 0.00747 0.00000 0.00020

5.97

130

52876

0.00000 0.01048 0.00000 0.00061

6.53

150

58234

0.00000 0.01039 0.00000 0.00076

6.10

170

81722

0.00000 0.01147 0.00000 0.00122

5.48

190

94931

0.00000 0.01190 0.00000 0.00123

4.35

210

1126130.00000 0.01246 0.00000 0.00144

5.45

53º21,860

144º26,050

78

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

lv56-11HC

10

9 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003

5.09

484cm

30

89 0.00010 0.00014 0.00000 0.00002

7.09

swimming sed

50

184 0.00001 0.00014 0.00000 0.00001

8.48

70

355 0.00002 0.00025 0.00000 0.00002 10.67

90

530 0.00002 0.00033 0.00000 0.00002 13.08

110

787 0.00002 0.00051 0.00000 0.00002 15.92130993 0.00002 0.00060 0.00000 0.00002 17.39

1501568 0.00002 0.00071 0.00000 0.00002 18.14

1707716 0.00002 0.00085 0.00000 0.00022 17.49

190

39105 0.00000 0.00076 0.00000 0.00033 17.73

21077807 0.00000 0.00090 0.00000 0.00046 19.50

230108904 0.00000 0.00105 0.00000 0.00057 20.68

250128679 0.00000 0.00105 0.00000 0.00061 19.03

270

117784 0.00000 0.00091 0.00000 0.00052 17.48

290120145 0.00000 0.00089 0.00000 0.00058 18.11

310143559 0.00000 0.00096 0.00000 0.00065 18.99

330

147009 0.00000 0.00103 0.00000 0.00070 18.21

350131187 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 17.79

370

140500 0.00000 0.00103 0.00000 0.00067 16.83

393

124697 0.00000 0.00097 0.00000 0.00053 17.02

408

129642 0.00000 0.00087 0.00000 0.00064 20.61

429

158605 0.00000 0.00112 0.00000 0.00066 18.37

450131205 0.00000 0.00097 0.00000 0.00089 17.68

lv56-11HG

470

131329 0.00000 0.00066 0.00000 0.00066 35.33

lv56-11HG

470

172201 0.00000 0.00093 0.00000 0.00131 40.98

54º12,914

144º19,456

79

lv56-13HC

54º12,517

144º20,632

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

3 0.00009 0.00007 0.00000 0.00004

5.35

30

80 0.00005 0.00006 0.00000 0.00006

6.12

50

190 0.00006 0.00016 0.00000 0.00002

6.92

70

286 0.00005 0.00019 0.00000 0.00002

8.13

90

330 0.00006 0.00018 0.00000 0.00002

7.51

110

397 0.00001 0.00021 0.00000 0.00001

7.62

130

437 0.00002 0.00022 0.00000 0.00002

7.76

150

448 0.00001 0.00024 0.00000 0.00001

7.15

170

503 0.00002 0.00027 0.00000 0.00002

7.73

190

644 0.00002 0.00029 0.00000 0.00002

8.20

210

826 0.00002 0.00035 0.00000 0.00002

8.71

230

1132 0.00001 0.00046 0.00000 0.00001 10.49

250

1560 0.00000 0.00060 0.00000 0.00002 11.76

2702157 0.00000 0.00081 0.00000 0.00002 13.42

2902302 0.00000 0.00089 0.00000 0.00019 14.20

3102445 0.00000 0.00089 0.00000 0.00019 15.30

330

2712 0.00000 0.00087 0.00000 0.00020 15.99

350

2988 0.00000 0.00089 0.00000 0.00030 16.60

80

lv56-15HC

54º09,145

144º20,468

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

8 0.00009 0.00006 0.00000 0.00003

5.14

30

24 0.00009 0.00011 0.00000 0.00011

6.52

50

63 0.00010 0.00011 0.00011 0.00010

7.24

70

113 0.00009 0.00013 0.00013 0.00011

7.96

90

177 0.00000 0.00008 0.00000 0.00008

8.91

110

242 0.00000 0.00008 0.00000 0.00000 10.45

133

366 0.00000 0.00018 0.00000 0.00007

150

442 0.00002 0.00017 0.00000 0.00002 10.37

170

572 0.00002 0.00022 0.00000 0.00002 11.71

190

792 0.00002 0.00025 0.00000 0.00002 14.21

2101074 0.00001 0.00032 0.00000 0.00001 16.97

230

1676 0.00002 0.00041 0.00000 0.00002 17.74

250

5843 0.00000 0.00044 0.00000 0.00020 18.50

2708871 0.00000 0.00041 0.00000 0.00018 19.71

290

13394 0.00000 0.00044 0.00000 0.00022 18.96

310

19734 0.00000 0.00044 0.00000 0.00022 20.76

33024889 0.00000 0.00038 0.00000 0.00027 20.14

81

9.99

cm
lv56-17HC

54º09,980

144º02,050

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

97 0.00013 0.00004 0.00000 0.00000

9.81

30

15 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

6.91

50

51 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

6.14

70

110 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

6.79

90

184 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

8.02

110

250 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

9.48

130

328 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 10.22

154

394 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 12.61

174

460 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 11.59

191

562 0.00000 0.00017 0.00000 0.00000 14.03

210

700 0.00000 0.00014 0.00000 0.00000 15.39

230

913 0.00000 0.00013 0.00000 0.00000 16.28

2502328 0.00000 0.00020 0.00000 0.00000 21.67

270

6794 0.00000 0.00020 0.00000 0.00000 17.39

290

38304 0.00000 0.00020 0.00000 0.00013 21.67

31062047 0.00000 0.00016 0.00000 0.00009 15.64

330

74216 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00002 23.97

35075182 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 25.09

378

80077 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 23.91

82

lv56-19HC

53º46,439

144º12,211

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

6 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

8.93

30

5 0.00010 0.00004 0.00000 0.00000

7.54

50

21 0.00009 0.00011 0.00000 0.00000

6.44

70

58 0.00008 0.00006 0.00006 0.00005

6.33

90

116 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

5.97

110

239 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

7.96

130

286 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

9.31

150

364 0.00001 0.00010 0.00000 0.00000 10.79

170

498 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 12.84

190

739 0.00000 0.00017 0.00000 0.00000 16.86

210

821 0.00000 0.00018 0.00000 0.00000 16.13

2301009 0.00000 0.00012 0.00000 0.00000 17.42

250

1569 0.00000 0.00016 0.00000 0.00000 17.73

2703842 0.00000 0.00019 0.00000 0.00000 19.85

29032020 0.00000 0.00022 0.00000 0.00016 21.93

310

60481 0.00000 0.00020 0.00000 0.00022 12.81

330

83787 0.00000 0.00018 0.00000 0.00027 24.72

35090522 0.00000 0.00022 0.00000 0.00020 24.57

370

95751 0.00000 0.00022 0.00000 0.00025 25.28

390106456 0.00000 0.00021 0.00000 0.00026 26.47

410

103351 0.00000 0.00027 0.00000 0.00031 24.69

430

106469 0.00000 0.00028 0.00000 0.00022 24.39

450111516 0.00000 0.00015 0.00000 0.00026 25.05

83lv56-21HC

53º42,230

144º12,176

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

14 0.00004 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

4.79

30

6 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

1.41

50

19 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

1.78

70

62 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

2.10

90

125 0.00000 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003

2.86

110

209 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.45

130

309 0.00000 0.00006 0.00000 0.00025

4.19

150

1183 0.00000 0.00006 0.00000 0.00051

4.87

170

16375 0.00000 0.00012 0.00000 0.00058

6.32

190

38730 0.00000 0.00008 0.00000 0.00052

6.75

210

55721 0.00000 0.00012 0.00000 0.00041

7.72

230

71602 0.00000 0.00014 0.00000 0.00049

7.61

250

73064 0.00000 0.00011 0.00000 0.00043

7.97

270

80709 0.00000 0.00008 0.00000 0.00063

8.27

290

75534 0.00000 0.00006 0.00000 0.00054 10.03

310

81505 0.00000 0.00007 0.00000 0.00061 10.64

33073268 0.00000 0.00005 0.00000 0.00055

350

85320 0.00000 0.00007 0.00000 0.00058 10.52

370

87563 0.00000 0.00004 0.00000 0.00055 11.66

39076457 0.00000 0.00005 0.00000 0.00059 11.83

84

8.99

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

1 0.00010 0.00010 0.00000 0.00000

2.91

30

6 0.00009 0.00009 0.00000 0.00000

1.41

50

74 0.00000 0.00042 0.00000 0.00000

2.31

70

502 0.00000 0.00253 0.00000 0.00048

3.86

90

1961 0.00000 0.00318 0.00000 0.00063

4.23

110

28984 0.00000 0.00406 0.00000 0.00102

4.97

130

63039 0.00000 0.00447 0.00000 0.00172

5.31

150

71277 0.00000 0.00412 0.00000 0.00187

5.25

170

72140 0.00000 0.00361 0.00000 0.00176

5.37

190

59326 0.00000 0.00299 0.00000 0.00174

5.55

210

55259 0.00000 0.00269 0.00000 0.00134

6.01

230

67264 0.00000 0.00314 0.00000 0.00195

7.61

250

52578 0.00000 0.00261 0.00000 0.00201

6.02

268

62948 0.00000 0.00291 0.00000 0.00212

7.38

lv56-23HG

280

63986 0.00000 0.00342 0.00000 0.00266 14.63

lv56-23HG

280

46575 0.00000 0.00267 0.00000 0.00215 12.33

lv56-23HC

53º34,154

144º13,018

85

lv56-25HC

53º21,421

144º30,167

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

21 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

8.15

50

60 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

7.27

90

204 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

8.76

130

340 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 13.71

170

616 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 15.31

2102679 0.00000 0.00016 0.00000 0.00010 17.1725062720 0.00000 0.00016 0.00000 0.00028 15.76

290129459 0.00000 0.00015 0.00000 0.00044 20.02

330

171799 0.00000 0.00018 0.00000 0.00053 19.46

370

155259 0.00000 0.00013 0.00000 0.00064 20.29

410

191903 0.00000 0.00005 0.00000 0.00070 20.15450203431 0.00000 0.00006 0.00000 0.00083 20.70

490

203463 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 14.45

86

lv56-27HC

53º21,937

144º31,983

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

23 0.00016 0.00008 0.00000 0.00000 11.06

50

354 0.00007 0.00027 0.00000 0.00000

5.68

70

364 0.00012 0.00026 0.00000 0.00012

6.33

90

218 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

5.70

110

208 0.00005 0.00014 0.00000 0.00016

5.81

130

308 0.00000 0.00020 0.00000 0.00000

6.28

170

243 0.00009 0.00016 0.00000 0.00000

5.47

210

284 0.00008 0.00014 0.00000 0.00000

6.21

250

411 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

6.12

290

577 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

5.36

310

712 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

5.83

330

682 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

5.49

350

719 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

5.44

370

687 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

5.64

390

717 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

5.73

410

735 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

5.62

430

726 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

5.86

450

736 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

5.93

470

619 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

4.96

490

725 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

6.61

510

723 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

6.20

87

lv56-29HC

53º21,406

144º30,169

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

40

15 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

5.12

60

34 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

6.30

80

62 0.00007 0.00026 0.00000 0.00000

6.12

120

123 0.00004 0.00042 0.00000 0.00000

5.85

160

178 0.00002 0.00063 0.00000 0.00000

7.07

200

201 0.00001 0.00068 0.00000 0.00000

7.54

240

291 0.00002 0.00108 0.00000 0.00000

8.81

280

416 0.00000 0.00158 0.00000 0.00000 10.34

320

604 0.00000 0.00223 0.00000 0.00000 11.43

360

1075 0.00000 0.00327 0.00000 0.00000 13.19

4001224 0.00002 0.00331 0.00000 0.00002 11.81

440

1373 0.00000 0.00332 0.00000 0.00002 11.75

4801830 0.00000 0.00376 0.00000 0.00005 13.40

515

2201 0.00000 0.00391 0.00000 0.00011 13.02

552

1390 0.00000 0.00404 0.00000 0.00010 12.87

88

lv56-31HC

53º22,664

144º25,420

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

3

0.00007 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000

8.67

20

3

0.00011 0.00008 0.00000 0.00001

7.13

40

4

0.00010 0.00015 0.00000 0.00001

4.80

60

16

0.00004 0.00014 0.00000 0.00001

4.39

80

44

0.00002 0.00039 0.00000 0.00000

4.65

100

104

0.00001 0.00109 0.00000 0.00000

3.27

120

165

0.00000 0.00181 0.00000 0.00000

5.48

140

188

0.00000 0.00235 0.00000 0.00000

3.49

160

262

0.00000 0.00383 0.00000 0.00000

5.10

180

341

0.00000 0.00505 0.00000 0.00000

5.14

200

509

0.00000 0.00776 0.00000 0.00000

5.68

220

846

0.00000 0.01103 0.00000 0.00002

6.88

240

1424850.00000 0.01866 0.00000 0.00201

6.12

260

1245230.00000 0.01574 0.00000 0.00151

5.77

280

1253670.00000 0.01588 0.00000 0.00199

5.26

300

79676

0.00000 0.01138 0.00000 0.00127

5.00

320

76438

0.00000 0.01098 0.00000 0.00160

4.85

340

66708

0.00000 0.00983 0.00000 0.00142

4.87

360

73893

0.00000 0.01084 0.00000 0.00151

5.07

380

89830

0.00000 0.01244 0.00000 0.00178

5.75

89

lv56-41HC

53º30,958

144º23,022

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

21

0.00014 0.00025 0.00000 0.00014

3.56

30

24

0.00000 0.00008 0.00000 0.00000

1.72

70

38

0.00000 0.00007 0.00000 0.00000

1.59

92

117

0.00000 0.00152 0.00000 0.00000

2.01

110

236

0.00000 0.00496 0.00000 0.00006

2.42

130

570

0.00000 0.01111 0.00000 0.00022

3.28

150

52282

0.00000 0.02266 0.00000 0.00056

3.70

170

71223

0.00000 0.02033 0.00000 0.00071

3.85

190

63358

0.00000 0.01855 0.00000 0.00074

4.09

211

48267

0.00000 0.01630 0.00000 0.00068

4.15

230

38751

0.00000 0.01394 0.00000 0.00055

3.93

250

32640

0.00000 0.01421 0.00000 0.00072

3.73

270

31568

0.00000 0.01407 0.00000 0.00064

3.88

288

38841

0.00000 0.01521 0.00000 0.00075

3.58

309

22607

0.00000 0.01178 0.00000 0.00051

3.21

90

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

lv56-44grab

151

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

1.81

47°40,430

340

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

1.32

144°18,093

lv56-45HC

47°40,405

144°18,099

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

129

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

0.95

30

750

0.00000 0.00075 0.00000 0.00050

0.97

50

4222

0.00000 0.00083 0.00000 0.00036

1.77

70

23848

0.00000 0.00104 0.00000 0.00046

1.72

90

52023

0.00000 0.00094 0.00000 0.00004

1.51

110

76017

0.00000 0.00086 0.00000 0.00027

2.16

128

67754

0.00000 0.00077 0.00000 0.00034

2.11

149

45055

0.00000 0.00097 0.00000 0.00053

2.06

161

37800

0.00000 0.00065 0.00000 0.00026

2.16

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

lv56-46grab

520.00013 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001

3.78

47°41,3331090.00008 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001

3.70

144°47,990

15

50.00007 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000

3.76

91

lv56-48HC

47°37,137

144°45,650

depth,

CH4,

C2H4,

C2H6,

C3H6,

C3H8,

CO2,

cm

mkl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

nl/l

ml/l

10

4

0.00005 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000

4.26

30

2

0.00005 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000

3.19

50

4

0.00006 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000

3.60

70

6

0.00006 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000

3.43

90

9

0.00005 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000

2.05

110

21

0.00006 0.00009 0.00000 0.00000

2.30

130

39

0.00005 0.00019 0.00000 0.00000

2.86

150

50

0.00003 0.00023 0.00000 0.00000

3.45

170

70

0.00003 0.00037 0.00000 0.00000

4.45

190

93

0.00004 0.00053 0.00000 0.00000

3.78

210

156

0.00000 0.00105 0.00000 0.00000

8.58

230

83

0.00000 0.00078 0.00000 0.00000

3.02

250

103

0.00000 0.00139 0.00000 0.00000

2.77

270

104

0.00000 0.00157 0.00000 0.00000

3.41

290

103

0.00000 0.00176 0.00000 0.00000

2.85

310

115

0.00000 0.00234 0.00000 0.00000

3.48

330

103

0.00000 0.00226 0.00000 0.00000

2.81

350

113

0.00000 0.00292 0.00000 0.00000

2.12

367

131

0.00000 0.00336 0.00000 0.00000

2.64

92

3.3.2. Gas Analysis (KIT)A. Hachikubo, Y. Soramoto
In the LV-56 cruise we got dissolved gas in pore water (about 300 samples), hydrate-boundgas (6 samples), gas hydrate crystals and carbonates as shown in Table 3.3.2.1. The research target ismolecular and isotopic compositions of hydrocarbons (from C1 to C5), CO2 and H2S, to estimate gas
origin and to check isotopic fractionation between hydrate-bound and dissolved gases. Gas hydrate
crystals provide information of cage occupancy and hydration number by a Raman spectroscopic
analysis, and their thermal properties are obtained by a calorimetry. A carbon isotope ratio ofauthigenic carbonates relates with that of methane ascending from the deep layer of sediment.
Hydrate-bound gases were collected using a plastic syringe onboard the ship and stored in
5 mL vials sealed with butyl septum stoppers (Hachikubo et al., 2010a; 2011). We placed eachhydrate sample in a 50 mL plastic syringe, pushed the cylinder to reduce the dead volume, andattached the syringe to a vial using a needle. Another needle was attached to the vial to flush the air
inside. Each vial was then filled with hydrate-bound gas devoid of sediment particles or pore water.
The dissolved gases in the pore water were extracted by a headspace gas method whereby
10 mL of sediment and a 10 mL saturated aqueous solution of NaCl were introduced into a 25 mL
vial to create headspace. A 0.3 mL preservative (benzalkonium chloride (Waseda and Iwano, 2007),
50 wt% aqueous solution) was introduced into the 25 mL vial. The headspace was flushed by helium
and the vials were then thoroughly shaken and stored overturned.
Gas hydrate crystals were stored in a dryshipper at the temperature of liquid nitrogen.
Carbonate nodules were sampled in plastic bags.
Gas composition of hydrocarbons (from C1 to C5), CO2 and H2S will be measured in KIT
using a gas chromatograph (GC-14B, Shimadzu Corp.) equipped with thermal conductivity andflame ionization detectors coupled with a packed column (Sunpak-S, Shimadzu Corp.). The thermal
conductivity detector (TCD) is to measure air components (N2, O2 and Ar: they are not separated),
CO2, H2S and high concentration of C1. The flame ionization detector (FID) is to measure minor(low concentration) hydrocarbons because of its high sensitivity for C2-5.
Carbon and hydrogen isotopes of hydrocarbons will be measured using a CF-IRMS (DELTA plus XP,
Thermo Finnigan) employing a Carboxen-1006 PLOT capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm I.D.,
Supelco). To avoid air contamination in low concentration cases of C1, a Carboxen-1010 PLOT
capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm I.D., Supelco) were also used. The lower limit of determinationin the case of C1 δ13C is 0.02% in the headspace gas. A backflush system of GC coupled with
CF-IRMS enables us to resolve low concentrations of C2 and C3 (less than 0.1%) from C1 andmeasure their isotopic composition.
Figure 3.3.2.1 shows the relation between the isotopic ratios and gas composition of93

hydrate-bound gas. These graphs are the same as the last cruise report of SSGH10 (Jin et al., 2010),
and the new data are plotted in the same field as those of the former cruises. Hydrate samples are
retrieved at the No.5 area in the southern LVZ. The data of gas composition and C1 δ13C offshore
Sakhalin Island showed their microbial gas origin (Bernard et al., 1976) and C1 δ13C are smaller thanthat obtained from the northern LVZ (Hachikubo et al., 2010a). The relationship between δ13C of C1
showed that not only C1 but also C2 is rather microbial. Hydrate-bound microbial C2 was reported by
Sassen and Curiale (2006) and Hachikubo et al. (2010b). Although hydrate-bound C2 may change
the crystallographic structure, C2 composition seems too small (less than 0.1 mol% of the totalhydrocarbon gases) and the hydrate crystal is estimated as the crystallographic structure I.

References
Bernard, B. B., Brooks, J. M., and Sackett, W. M. (1976) Natural gas seepage in the Gulf of Mexico.
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 31, 48–54
Hachikubo, A., Krylov, A., Sakagami, H., Minami, H., Nunokawa, Y., Shoji, H., Matveeva, T., Jin, Y.
K., and Obzhirov, A. (2010a) Isotopic composition of gas hydrates in subsurface sedimentsfrom offshore Sakhalin Island, Sea of Okhotsk. Geo-Mar. Lett., 30, 313–319,
doi:10.1007/s00367-009-0178-yHachikubo, A., Khlystov, O., Krylov, A., Sakagami, H., Minami, H., Nunokawa, Y., Yamashita, S.,
Takahashi, N., Shoji, H., Nishio, S., Kida, M., Ebinuma, T., Kalmychkov, and G., Poort, J.
(2010b) Molecular and isotopic characteristics of gas hydrate-bound hydrocarbons insouthernandcentralLake

Baikal.

Geo-Mar.

Lett.,

30,

321–329.

doi:10.1007/s00367-010-0203-1
Hachikubo, A., Tatsumi, K., Sakagami, H., Minami, H., Yamashita, S., Takahashi, N., Shoji, H., Jin, Y.
K., Vereshchagina, O., and Obzhirov, A. (2011) Molecular and isotopic compositions ofhydrate-bound hydrocarbons in subsurface sediments from offshore Sakhalin Island, Sea
of Okhotsk. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Gas Hydrates, Jul. 17-21,
2011, Edinburgh, UK
Jin, Y. K., Shoji, H., Obzhirov, A., and Baranov, B. (2010) Operation Report of Sakhalin Slope Gas
Hydrate Project 2010, R/V Akademik M. A. Lavrentyev Cruise 50, Korea Polar ResearchInstitute, 129 pages
Milkov, A. V. (2005) Molecular and stable isotope compositions of natural gas hydrates: a revised
global dataset and basic interpretations in the context of geological settings. Org.
Geochem., 36, 681–702
Sassen, R., and Curiale, J. A. (2006) Microbial methane and ethane from gas hydrate nodules of theMakassar Strait, Indonesia. Org. Geochem., 37, 977–980
Taylor, S. W., Sherwood Lollar, B., and Wassenaar, L. I. (2000) Bacteriogenic ethane in near-surface

94aquifers: implications for leaking hydrocarbon well bores. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34,
4727–4732
Waseda, A., and Iwano, H. (2007) Reservoir evaluation using carbon isotope composition of gas (inJapanese with English abstract). J. Japanese Assoc. Petrol. Technol., 72(6), 585–593

Table 3.3.2.1 Sample list for gas analyses.
Hydrate-boundgas

Dissolved gas
in pore water

HydrateCarbonate
for isotope

for check

Date

Core

2011/8/16
2011/8/16
2011/8/16
2011/8/16
2011/8/18
2011/8/18
2011/8/18
2011/8/18
2011/8/19
2011/8/19
2011/8/19
2011/8/20
2011/8/20
2011/8/20
2011/8/20
2011/8/21
2011/8/24
2011/8/24
2011/8/24
2011/8/24
2011/8/24

LV56-01HC
LV56-03HC
LV56-05HC
LV56-07HC
LV56-11HC
LV56-13HC
LV56-15HC
LV56-17HC
LV56-19HC
LV56-21HC
LV56-23HC
LV56-25HC
LV56-27HC
LV56-29HC
LV56-31HC
LV56-41HC
LV56-42GR
LV56-44GR
LV56-45HC
LV56-46GR
LV56-48HC
total

5mL vial

66

δ13C of CO2
20mL
25mL vial 25mL vial
plastic bottle plastic bag
10
16
18
11
24
18
19
11
25
22
15
26
26
14
21
16
1
1
8
1
19

1

3

322

11

3
3
3
1

2
1
1

1
1
1

1
2
1
1
1

95

3

13

Fig. 3.3.2.1. Relation between molecular and isotopic compositions. upper: C1 δ13C and the ratio
C1/(C2+C3). lower: δ13C of C1 and C2. The gas origin fields are in accordance with
Bernard et al. (1976), Taylor et al. (2000), and Milkov (2005). Data of CHAOS project(2003-2006) are shown in Hachikubo et al. (2010a), and those of SSGH10 (LV50
cruise) are shown in Jin et al. (2010). The data of LV56-03HC are the new data of
SSGH11.

96

3.3.3. Pore Water Analysis (KIT)H. Minami, Y. Soramoto

3.3.3.1. Pore water sampling
The pore-water sampling was conducted on board by using squeezers designed andconstructed at Kitami Institute of Technology. A 10 cm portion of the sediment core at every 10
to 40 cm depth interval was taken into a zippered plastic bag and was kept in a refrigerator in the
Research Vessel until squeezing process was started (usually not more than half day). The
sediment sample in the zippered plastic bag was taken into the squeezer, and pore water sample
was directly collected into a plastic syringe equipped with a plastic filter cartridge containing apolytetrafluoroethylene membrane filter (pore size 0.2 µm). The pore water samples were
filtrated by passing through the membrane filter and were collected into a polyethylene bottle.
The pore water samples were kept under chilled temperature (refrigerator in the Research Vessel)
during the cruise.
3.3.3.2. Water samples to be measured
The water samples obtained during in this cruise are 340 samples including (i) pore water
samples, (ii) bottom seawater samples, and (iii) gas hydrate water samples.
The bottom seawater samples were obtained by the CTD Niskin sampler. The bottom
seawater from top of the hydro corer was also sampled. The gas hydrate water samples wereobtained by the dissociation of gas hydrate samples. All water samples were filtrated by the 0.2
μm PTFE membrane filters and were kept under chilled temperature.
The core name and the sampling interval are as follows:
Core name

Sampling interval

Number of samples(incl. seawater from corer)

LV56-01HC

every 40 cm

11

LV56-03HC

every 10 cm

26

LV56-05HC

every 20 cm

19

LV56-07HC

every 20 cm

12

LV56-11HC

every 20 cm

25

LV56-13HC

every 20 cm

18

LV56-15HC

every 20 cm

19

LV56-17HC

every 40 cm

11

LV56-19HC

every 40 cm

13

LV56-21HC

every 20 - 40 cm

1497

LV56-23HC

every 20 cm

14

LV56-25HC

every 20 - 40 cm

22

LV56-27HC

every 20 cm

28

LV56-29HC

every 20 - 40 cm

23

LV56-31HC

every 20 cm

20

LV56-41HC

every 10 - 20 cm

203.3.3.3. Chemical analyses of pore water
The determination of the concentrations of sulfate ion, chloride ion, hydrogen carbonate ion,
calcium, potassium, sodium and magnesium in the pore- and seawater samples will be carried o
ut at Kitami Institute of Technology, Japan. The concentrations of anions will be determined by ion chromatography. The concentrations of sodium and magnesium will be determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The concentrations of potassium andcalcium will be determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
Stable isotope ratios of oxygen and hydrogen of the pore- and seawater samples will be analyzed
by mass spectrometry. The results of the isotopic measurements of the water samples will bepresented in per-mil delta notations (δ18O and δD) relatively to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water(VSMOW) and Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation (SLAP) issued from International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA).
The pH values of the water samples described above were measured on board using a pH meter justafter obtaining the water samples.

983.3.4. Sediment Analysis (KIT)S. Yamashita, H. Dewa

To examine the soil properties of sea-bottom sediments and to evaluate the effect of thevaporization of dissolved gas in the pore water on the strength properties, two kinds of on-board
tests were performed for the samples retrieved by a gravity corer. Additionally, theconcentrations of dissolved gas in the pore water will be measured.
On-board Tests
To measure the strength of sediments immediately after recovery, the following two kinds oftests were performed onboard.
a) Vane shear test
The test was conducted by using shear vanes of 10 mm in diameter, D, and 20 mm in height,
H, attached to a compact torque driver. The vane shear test was conducted at 20 to 40 cm
intervals on the longitudinally cut core surface (see photo 3.3.4.1.). The maximum torque, M, ismeasured by rotating the torque driver while penetrating the vane in the core. The vane shear
strength, τv, is calculated from the following equation.

tv =M
D H D3
+
p(
)
2
6
2

b) Cone penetration test
The device used is a force gage type compact cone penetration meter (see photo 3.3.4.2.). The
diameter, length, and apex angle of the cone are 9mm, 18mm, and 30 degrees. As for the vaneshear test, the cone meter was applied to the longitudinally cut core surface at 20 to 40 cm
intervals to measure the penetration load, p. The cone penetration resistance, qc, is obtainedusing the following equation.

qc =

p
A

(A: the sectional area of the cone)99

Photo 3.3.4.1. Vane shear test

Photo 3.3.4.2. Cone penetration test

Sub-sampling
For measurement of the water content, 20 to 40 cm interval samples (total 239) were taken.
About 10 mL sediment was sampled from the sediment core using a syringe (10mL size) andput into a 20 mL vial bottle.

100

Test results
The following figures show the typical vane and cone penetration test results.
22

qc (kN/m )τv (kN/m )
10

20

0

30

50

50

100

100

150

150

200

200

Depth (cm)Depth (cm)

0

250
300

450
500
550

100

150

200

250
300
350

350
400

50

01HC,05HC,07HC
11HC
13HC,15HC,17HC
19HC,21HC,23HC
25HC,27HC,29HC
31HC
41HC
Gas Hydrate 03HC

(a)

400
450
500
550

01HC,05HC,07HC
11HC
13HC,15HC,17HC
19HC,21HC,23HC
25HC,27HC,29HC
31HC
41HC
Gas Hydrate 03HC(b)

Fig. 3.3.4.1. Typical onboard test results; (a) vane shear test, (b) cone penetration test101

3.3.5. Sediment Analysis (POI)
A. Derkachev, N. Nikolaeva
MethodOne type of corer was prepared for sediment sampling: hydro-corer (HC) by diameter of 138
mm (Fig. 3.3.5.1). Their length was 575 cm. To rapidly extract sediment column from the corer,
special flexible plastic 2-sectional liners were used with diameter of 125 mm.
After rising of a hydrocorer on the deck, liners with sediment were moved in the laboratory,
and sediment was cut up on two parts for subsequent operational processing. Time interval from risecorer on the deck up to cutting of sediment in laboratory amounted 10 minutes. Following
sedimentological study of the sediment cores was realized with the use of standard scheme including
description of structure, texture, color, density, inclusions (concretions, shells, dropstone), as well as
gas-hydrates and character of contacts between layers. Smear slides were made for continued
investigation under microscope with the aim of preliminary determination of sediment components.

Fig.3.3.5.1. Hydrocorer.
Sedimentological features of study areas
During 56-th cruise of R/V “Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev” sediment coring was carried out
within two areas: southern part of area № 1 and western part of area № 3 (Terpeniya Bay). 18 sedimentcores and 3 grabs (one of them has brought nothing) were taken totally (Fig. 3.3.5.2). Two cores haverecovered gas hydrates; 9 cores contained carbonate concretions of different size, shape and density;
two cores have brought specific authigenic mineral called glendonite (“gennoyshi”) and two cores

102

were estimated as background. Recovered sediments have mainly Holocene-Late Pleistocene age.

Fig. 3.3.5.2. The location of sediment sampling stations.
SLF area
9 sediment cores with maximum recovery of 573 cm were raised on the water depth of613-785 m. One core was taken as a background for KOPRI (LV56-41HC). Sometimes under liftingof hydrocorer with gas saturated sediments on the shipboard a lot of gas bubbles were visible in thewater column (Fig.3.3.5.3).

103

Fig. 3.3.5.3. Methane outflow during lifting of hydrocorer with sediments.
Area southwards from canyon
One sediment core was taken in this area on the water depth of 740 m. It was station
LV56-09HC. Only small amount of coarse-grained gravel-pebble deposits with sorted sand were
found in the corer catcher. This testifies that modern sedimentation is absent in this place of slope.
NLF AreaThis area is located on the junction of the Lavrentyev Fault and fault perpendicular to it. Three
sediment cores with the maximum recovery of 480 cm were taken here on the water depth of 430-665
m. Two of them have recovered typical for seepage areas gas saturated section with carbonate
concretions and shell fragments. Another one has brought sediments of almost black colour enrichedwith hydrotroilite.
Terpeniya Bay
This area is located close to Terpeniya Cape. The main aim was to find indicators of gas
hydrate or methane seepage presence.
Two sites located in western and eastern parts near flare areas close to shelf break, were
sampled. Two stations (one core and one grab) were made on western site and two stations (one coreand one grab) – on eastern site.
The length of raised cores averaged 173 and 383 cm. Mainly Late Pleistocene deposits wererecovered. Some horizons of them are enriched with sorted turbidite sands.
Grabs have brought very coarse-grained sediments by the thicknesses of 10 and 20 cm
represented of sands with a lot of gravel and pebble. Some flat rough crusts were found in one of them
(LV56-44GR). These crusts consist of very dense sediment impregnated by iron hydroxides(limonite). Layer of hydrotroilite by thickness of 3 cm is marked at the subbottom depth of about 10
cm; inside of it Calyptogena shell was found.
Both silty sands with a lot of pebble and gravel (LV56-44GR) and clayey silt (silty clay) with104

numerous sandy turbidite interlayers (LV56-45HC) were raised within western site. The slice ofclayey-silty deposits containing a lot of coarse-grained fraction represented of mixture from silt, sand,pebble and gravel (LV56-46GR, LV56-48НС) was recovered to the east.
Carbonate precipitates
Carbonate precipitates of different size, shape and density were discovered in 9 sedimentcores. Upper boundary of their occurence located from near-surface horizon (station LV56-45HC) up
to depth of 480 cm (station LV56-25HC). Two types of them were found: methane-related anddiagenetic. They occur in both Holocene and Late Pleistocene deposits.
Methane-derived carbonate precipitates have different size, shape and density varying fromsmall soft spots and lenses up to large dense concretions and crusts. The few types of them were foundwithin study areas:
1) soft (or crumbly) light green precipitates representing the initial stage of carbonate
formation (Fig. 3.3.5.4 a);2) dense rough concretions with numerous small acute or smoothed cusps, concretions ofirregular or angular shape - all of them have complicated structure: hard nuclear and brittle crumblingouter part of light green colour consisting of sediment pierced by carbonate; some concretions contain
inclusions of small shells and their fragments as well gravel (Fig. 3.3.5.4 b);3) concretions of ideal round shape (like ball) (Fig. 3.3.5.4 c);4) hard carbonate crusts, often they grow on the pebble or mollusk shells (Fig. 3.3.5.4 d).
Unusual diagenetic carbonates were discovered on stations LV56-01HC and LV56-21HC.
Aggregates composed by glendonite crystals (so-called “gennoyshi”) are diagenetic carbonate. They
were discovered in Late Pleistocene deposits. Their colour was reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, andthey were represented of grown together pyramidal calcite crystals which formed bipyramidal androsette-like aggregates (Fig. 3.3.5.4 e). As it is known, glendonite represents pseudomorphs on
metastable ikaite mineral (CaCO3·6 H2O). Ikaite is formed inside sediments enriched by organic
matter and under low temperatures (about 0oC) of near-bottom waters that is a good paleoceanologicalfeature.

105

Fig. 3.3.5.4. Types of carbonate precipitates.
The large thick-walled Calyptogena shell covered powerful very hard carbonate crust ofgray color with internal and from outer side, has been found in Late Pleistocene deposits of station
LV56-31HC. Its size reached 15 cm. Under injection of hydrocorer in deposits shell has been broken
on some large fragments (Fig. 3.3.5.5)

Fig.3.3.5.5. Fragments of Calyptogena shell covered by carbonate crust.
Gas hydrates
Only two sediment cores contained gas hydrates. One of them (LV56-03HC) has brought
their pieces and interlayers on the subbottom depth of 244-335 cm (Fig. 3.3.5.6), and another one(LV56-31HC) contained presumably cryptocrystalline gas hydrates within interval of 220-310 cm.

106

Some indicators testified about it: 1) well visible sinuous boundary between dense homogeneous
clayey silt and very soft water saturated sediment (Fig. 3.3.5.7); 2) within this interval here and there
sediment was heaved probably because of decomposition of gas hydrates microcrystals, and its water
saturation increased before our eyes; 3) under pressing on sediment small bubbles and drops of water
appeared, and slight cracking was heard (Fig. 3.3.5.8).

Fi6. 3.3.5.6. Lenses of gas hydrates in the core LV56-03HC.

Fig. 3.3.5.7. Sinuous boundary between dense and water saturated sediments.

Fig. 3.3.5.8. Sediment cracking under decomposition of gas hydrates microcrystals.

107

Results
Sedimentary section of studied areas has been described in detail in reports of previous
cruises (Derkachev, Nikolaeva, 2010; Nikolaeva et al., 2011). As investigations were carried out on
the same part of the Sakhalin slope, as earlier, any new features of a sedimentary section were notrevealed. This testifies that sediment composition within all NE Sakhalin slope is constant. All
described earlier lithological slices characteristic for this region, were recovered: clay-diatomaceous,clay homogeneous, clay with the traces of sediment heave due to gas expansion and clay gas-saturated
with pseudobrecciated texture.
1. Sedimentary section within area № 1 has all evidences of methane emanations influence on
sediment composition. The presence of methane-derived carbonate concretions, fragments ofchemoautotrophic mollusk fauna (for example, Calyptogena), gas-saturated sediments with specificpseudobrecciated texture, layers and lenses of gas hydrates testify about it.
2. Glendonite crystals discovered at some stations, testify about existence of unusual
conditions during some periods of sediment formation (both sediment enrichment by organic matterand low temperature of near-bottom waters).
3. Seismic profiles carried out in area № 3 (Terpeniya Bay) have showed the absence of gas
hydrates. But the presence of gas flares, carbonate precipitates and specific mollusk fauna testify about
ambiguous situation in this area. On our opinion, it is necessary to expand study area in the western
direction.
Reference
1. Derkachev A.N., Nikolaeva N.A. Sediment analysis // Operation Report of Sakhalin Slope Gas
Hydrate Project 2009, R/V Akademik M. A. Lavrentyev Cruise 47, New Energy Resources
Research Center, Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami. Eds. H. Shoji, Y. K. Jin, A.
Obzhirov and B. Baranov, 2010, p. 79-86.
2. Nikolaeva N., Derkachev A., Jin Y.K., Krylov A., Obzhirov A. and Yamashita S. Sediment lithology.
Sea of Okhotsk // Gas Hydrate Studies in Okhotsk Sea and Lake Baikal. Eds. H. Shoji and Y.K.
Jin. Kitami, Japan, 2011. P. 152-162.

108

3.3.6. Paleoceanological Analysis (KOPRI)
Y. K. Jin、J. K. Hong

It is well known that the sedimentation rates on the Sakhalin slope are remarkably high(Cruise Report, 1999, 2003; Gorbarenko et al., 2002), which allows us to get high resolution recordsof the climate, surface water conditions, sea-ice cover and varying productivity. The goals of thisinvestigation are the influence of Amur River on the paleoceanography and sedimentation in the
Okhotsk Sea during the Late Pleistocene – Holocene.
According to previous studies (Operation Report of SSGH Project, 2010), three lithologicalunits are clear expressed on matter composition: clay-diatomaceous (U1), clay with admixture ofdiatoms (U2) and clay homogeneous (U3). The boundary of t Early Holocene (U2) and Late
Pleistocene (U3) deposits is marked on the subbottom depth from 50 up to 350 cm (stations
LV50-33HC and LV50-01HC accordingly) in the southern area of Lavrentyev Fault.
For paleoceanological study, Core LV56-41HC was taken at the continental slope (53°30.958’N 144°23.022’E) from a depth of 650 m (Fig. 3.3.6.1; Table 3.3.6.1). The recovery length of
sediments is 330 cm. We used hydro-corer (HC) with the diameter of 138 cm and the length 550 cm
for coring.
After two time trials at other sites, we took a good core containing Holocene and Pleistocene
sediments together nearby Station LV 50-33HC. Although changes in color and lithology of thesediments in Core LV56-41HC are apparently not distinct, we expect that the boundary of Holocene(U2) and Pleistocene (U3) occurs at ca. 120-130 cm.
Sampling procedure is as follows :1. Sediment recovery was performed with hydro-corer (HC) : Max. length 550 cm with thediameter of 138 cm.
2. Sediment core was splitted. One half was used for description, geochemical analysis (gasand pore water), the other half was sampled for paleoceanlogical analysis.
3. Sediments in the half core were sliced by 1 cm-interval using spatula.
4. Each 1 cm-thick sediment slice was sampled and stored in a sealable vinyl bag.
5. All vinyl bags were packed in plastic boxes for shipping to KOPRI
Sampling was done by Young Keun Jin and Jong Kuk Hong in the wet lab of R/V Akademik

109

M.A. Lavrentyev. Actual analysis will be conducted at KOPRI after delivery.
Table 3.3.6.1 Information on the core for paleoceanological analysis

Coring No.

LV50-35HC

Location

Water

Date

Recovery

Sampled range(Lat. / Lon.)

Depth (m)(LT)

Length (cm)(cmbsf*)

330

3-330

53° 30.958’N
144°23.022’E

Aug. 21

650

08:40

* cm below the seafloor when assuming that the top of a core is coincident with the seafloor

LV56-41HC

Fig. 3.3.6.1. Location of LV56-41HC (red cross) and LV50-35HC (green cross) that was obtained in
SSGH-11 cruise for paleoceanological analysis.

1103.4. CTD Operation and Analyses
3.4.1. Hydrological Researches
A. Karnaukhov, V. Bannov

Devices and technique of supervision
Oceanological investigations in 56th cruise of R/V "Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev" werecarried out with the use of CTD probe "SBE 9plus" (Fig. 3.4.1.1). Water sampling was spent bymeans of 12-item Rosette plastic bottles «Niskin» by volume of 5 l on 12 set horizons (Fig. 3.4.1.2).
Sampling horizons got out in depend on concrete conditions and depth of a place. All investigations
were carried out from sea surface to the bottom.

Fig. 3.4.1.1. CTD probe "SBE 19plus".

Fig. 3.4.1.2. CTD probe in the complete set with Rosette.

111

The basic difference of the CTD probe of Sea Bird Electronics consists that the main gauges
are in the separate chamber with compulsory prorolling of water with constant speed. In this case,two chambers are established on the device. Such configuration excludes "sticking" of a capillaryfilm; it raises stability of work of sensor control cleaning casual noise. The basic characteristics ofgauges are resulted in the Table 3.4.1.1.
Table 3.4.1.1 Basic characteristics of gauges

There are two ways for the fastening of a probe to both the protection and the block of112management of bathometer closing (Rosette): vertical and horizontal. The horizontal way (Fig.
3.4.1.3) is applied in this case. At such fastening design, height in gathering less and it is moreconvenient to deduce the device out a board through splashboard, not opening "gate". However, thetwisting moment twisting in this case increases.

Fig. 3.4.1.3. Fastening of a probe to the protection.
Besides sounding and sampling, continuous measurements of temperature and salinity forthe subsurface water layer were carried out during cruise by use of thermosolinograf SBE 45. Theirprimary goal was detection of frontal zones and vortical formations. Its technical characteristic islisted in the Table 3.4.1.2.
Table 3.4.1.2 Technical characteristics of thermosolinograf SBE 45

Ambit of measuring

Temperature (°С)

Conductivity (S /m)Salinity (PSU)

-5-35

0-7

0-35

(0-70 mS/cm)
Accuracy

0.002

0.00030.003(0.003 mS/cm)
Resolution

0.00010.00001

0.0002(0.0001 mS/cm)
Stability
For 1 month

0.00020.0003(0.003 mS/cm)

113

0.003

The water sampling was carried out from the valve located in the bottom of a ship on fixed
depth of 4 meters from a waterline. Registration with step-type behaviour of 10 сек was made on thecomputer located in the hydrological laboratory. Position of a ship in sea space was continuously
fixed by means of the GPS-navigator.

Preliminary results of researches
Twenty seven hydrological stations were made during the cruise. Vertical profiles of
distribution for temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and fluorescence of seawater froma surface to the bottom are obtained. The first 24 stations are located on a slope of the western sectorof the Deryugin Basin, last three - on the south of the Terpeniya Bay (Fig. 3.4.1.4). During transit ofship measurements of temperature and salinity were continuously conducted (Fig. 3.4.1.5).

Fig. 3.4.1.4. Scheme of location of CTD stations (red asterisks) and superficial measurements oftemperature and salinity along a ship route (dotted lines).
As it is seen in Fig. 3.4.1.5, surface temperature along the route of the ship has zonal

114

latitudinal character. Its minimum values (9.5°C) are marked in a northwestern part of the Deryugin
Basin, maximum (up to 17°C) ones were measured within the south of the Terpeniya Bay. Salinity
increases in a southern direction; the maximum values (32.3 psu) are positioned to the north from theKuril Basin. These water masses represent typical Okhotsk-sea type, which not affected by East
Sakhalin current. Lower values of salinity (31 psu) are located to the south from the Terpeniya Bay.
Desalination of water in this area can be attributed to the influence of the above mentioned current.
Character of distribution of temperature and salinity has remained and later 10 days, that isregistered on a route back in Korsakov. This fact testifies about low dynamic activity within
investigated areas at the time of work.
It is necessary mark a local minimum of temperature on a traverse of Aniva Cape, which isaccompanied by local increase in salinity (11°C, 31.5 psu). This phenomenon is due to cyclonicvorticity, which is characteristic for the dynamics of water near the capes. It should be added, that in
Aniva Bay, apparently, quasi-stationary cyclonic eddy is located; it was observed in the previous
expeditions of R/V ”Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev”.

Fig. 3.4.1.5. Distribution of superficial temperature (a) and salinity (b) along a ship route.
Analyzing the results of hydrological soundings, it is possible to settle out three types ofvertical profiles for temperature and dissolved oxygen, which are presented in Fig. 3.4.1.6.
Profile of the first type is located in the seaward part of study area, and it is characterized by115

one cold subsurface layer (CSL), whose nuclear (-1.11°C) is on the horizon of 95 m. Profile of thesecond type is on a slope, and it is presented by more powerful cold layer with several extrema. Its
thickness makes 300 m; the upper minimum (-1.32°C) is located on horizon of 162 m, lower one(-1.06°C) - on horizon of 300 m. The third type of a vertical profile is situated on a slope more close
to a shelf, and it is characterized by less developed cold intermediate layer (-0.52°C) on horizon of
220 m.

Fig. 3.4.1.6. Vertical profiles of temperature (red), salinity (dark blue) and dissolved oxygen (green)in the seaward (St. LV56-12CTD), on a slope (St. LV56-18CTD) and close to a shelf(St. LV56-24CTD).
The presence of one CSL is the basic indicator of Subarctic water structure in the northernpart of the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining seas; and only in the Sea of Okhotsk we observe two coldlayers. If the origin of the cold layer, located at depths of 50-100 m, can be attributed to winterconvective mixing on the shelf, having a deep layer at depths of 300-400 m has no well-founded
hypotheses about its origin. There is an assumption, that this layer is a consequence of slope
convection, i.e. there is an immersion of the overcooled shelf waters along a slope to the deeper
horizons. Results of our researches in this case do not confirm this hypothesis. We see that the cold
intermediate layer on a profile located closer to a shelf (St. LV56-24) has temperature higher, thanon St. LV56-18, and it cannot be a source of cold water on a vertical profile of temperature for thisstation. To carefully study the spread of cold water masses, it is necessary carry out detail polygon
investigations on a shelf, and on a seaward part as well.
Possibility to clarify this problem was presented after performance of hydrological section
from seaward area to a shelf (Fig. 3.4.1.7). The constructed section on temperature has found out its

116

very low values on a shelf (-1.645°C). This water mass occupies rather small space (of about 30
miles) directly on a shelf. In process of removal from coast there is an increase of temperature up to-0.669°C on water depth of 268 m (St. LV56-34). At the station LV56-33 located in seaward part ofa slope, this layer is washed out. In this part of a section isohaline 33.5 is distinctly traced. Rising on
the upper horizons, it prevents further advection of cold layers. In Subarctic water structure salinity
causes stability of density stratification. Thus, in this section we also do not see the slope convection.

Fig.3.4.1.7. Distribution of temperature (a), salinity (b), dissolved oxygen (c), turbidity (d),fluorescence (e) and methane (f) on the section of seaward area-shelf.

1173.4.2. Gas Geochemical Investigation
A. Obzhirov, O. Vereshchagina, E. Korovitskaya

Method and devices to measure gas
Gas concentration and volume components of it was measured in column water andsediment. There is analyzing methane, heavy hydrocarbon (C2-C4), O2, N2. Samples of water tomeasure gas was taken Rosette plastic bottles «Niskin» about 12 horizons from bottom to surface
Sea. From Niskin bottle 250 mm water was taken away to measure gas. Samples of sediment collectplastic syringe. Each sample in sediment core picked out every 30-50 cm. To take gas from waterand sediment samples was used method Head Space (Fig. 3.4.2.1).

Fig. 3.4.2.1. Procedure to measure gas is using method Head Space. 1-a – choice sample of sedimentfrom core, 1-b – to put helium in salt water with sample of sediment to analyse gas.
Samples of water and sediment shake about 4 hours and after it using syringe take out
sample gas. Gas from syringe push to gas chromatograph, in which gas separates in gas component.
We use gas chromatograph ‘Kristal-Luks-4000” with flame-ionization detector. Volume of mistakeis not more than 10-15 % .

Result of gas geochemical investigation
Methane and heave hydrocarbon (C2-C4) was measured in 27 CTD stations (Table 3.1.1
and CTD Data from p.121 to p.127) and 21 core stations (Table 3.1.1 and section 3.3.1. Gas
Analysis (POI)). In bottom water in area with methane flax methane anomalies were found about
2000-3000 nl/l that more than back ground 100 time. Concentration of heavy hydrocarbon was not
more than background. In period investigation in station LV56-2, LV56-4, LV56-6 and LV56-8 was
found intermediate layer of water in depth from 50 to 250 m with great anomaly methane (10000nl/l) and low temperature (-0.5 - -1.5). To check and understand this phenomenon was carried out

118latitude profile from slop to shelf on stations LV56-33–LV56-39 (Fig. 3.4.2.1). The first data is
confirmed. In profile intermediate layer water which contact anomaly methane 10000-11000 nl/l was
found. It maybe is going from shelf and intrusion in water mass of slop. Cool water in shelf saturatewith methane that is migrating from sediment in area oil-gas deposit and is going to slop. It is
important regularity that can help to correct use methane like indicator to prognosis oil-gas deposit,
gas hydrate, to examine flux of methane to atmosphere and watch oceanology current.

Fig. 3.4.2.2. Gas geochemical profile station LV56-33 – LV56-39 of expedition LV56, OkhotskSea
that show intermediate water layer 50-250 m with great methane anomaly (10000-11000
nl/l)

In area investigation of Okhotsk Sea sediment content great anomaly methane
concentration. In surface sediment on interval 10 cm methane concentration usually is 1-20 mkM/l.
In station LV56-03 where was found gas hydrate it is highest methane concentration – 185 mkM/l.
In intervals sediment more deeper methane concentration on increase. It increases very sharply frominterval 110 cm. Mostly high methane concentration in this interval is in station LV56-03 (85646
mkM/l) were gas hydrate was found. Other station in this interval change from 100 to 2000 mkM/l).
Deeper methane concentration grows and reach 80000-100000 mkM/l on intervals 200-400 cm (Fig.
3.4.2.3). It is great methane anomaly contain in sediment in this area.

119Fig. 3.4.2.3. Methane contain in sediment on stations of expedition LV56, Okhotsk Sea
So, in expedition LV56 great methane anomalies was found in the bottom water,intermediate layer water and sediment. It connects mostly with flux of methane that is going fromdeeper oil-gas bearing layer to surface sediment via zone fault. One part of this methane microbial
oxidation that participate to form carbonate concretion in sediment. Microbial methane and otherpart of thermogenic methane oil-gas deposit form gas hydrate in near surface layer sediment. Somevolume methane is going to water and atmosphere.

120

CTD Data

438
447
3721
7386
8831
4542
209
109
73

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l
1611
lv-56-04CTD
625
1742
610
Latitude
411
550
599
53°23.178’
500
561
400
Longitude
3834
300
9614
144°25.738’
200
9401
150
4583
100
93
50
221
25
86
0
StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l
1360
lv-56-06CTD
595
504
595
Latitude
561
550
1018
53°23.101’
500
1001
400
Longitude
3222
300
8228
144°24.692’
300
4902
200
468
100
78
50
76
25

depth, mLongitude
144°25.849’

500
400
300
200
150
100
50
25
0

1

CH4, nl/l
10

100

1000

10000

1000

10000

1000

10000

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700

lv-56-04CTD
CH4, nl/l
1

10

100

0
100

depth, m

53°23.170’

lv-56-02CTD

200
300
400
500
600
700

lv-56-06CTD
CH4, nl/l
10100

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l1560
lv-56-02CTD
631
1306
610
Latitude
324
550

200
300
400
500
600
700

121

10

100

Station
Depth, m CH4, nl/l100
lv-56-10CTD
736
147
730
Latitude144
650
49
54°43.411’
550
44
450
Longitude
42300
54
144°09.970’
200
68
150
75
100
81
50
100
25

lv-56-08 CTD
CH4, nl/l
1

10

100

1000

10000

150

200

600

800

0

depth, m

100
200
300
400
500
600
700

lv-56-10 CTD
CH4, nl/l
0

50

100

0
100
200

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l
1161
lv-56-08CTD
615
342
610
Latitude
346
550
755
53°22.204’
500
720
400
Longitude
3973
300
8882
144°25.468’
200
9472
150
4775
100
594
50
112
25
72
0

300
400
500
600
700
800

lv-56-12 CTD00200

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l
667
lv-56-12CTD
983
455
975
Latitude443
900
89
54°13.058’
800
87
500
Longitude
57
300
54
144°19.304’
200
65
150
82
100
82
50
94
25
64
0

400
600
800
1000
1200

122

CH4, nl/l
200

400

Station
Depth, m CH4, nl/l
1571
lv-56-18CTD
640
314
630
Latitude
234
500
370
54°10.265’
400
355
300
Longitude
411
250
254
144°02.801’
200
248
150
79
100
80
50
88
25
90
0

0

CH4, nl/l
200

400

600

800

600

800

1500

2000

0

depth, m

200
400
600
800
1000
1200

lv-56-16 CTD
0

CH4, nl/l
200

400

0
200

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l
178
lv-56-16CTD
1032
644
1020
Latitude
634
900
225
54°09.488’
700
221
500
Longitude
29
300
55
144°21.040’
200
61
150
78
100
80
50
77
20
69
0

lv-56-14 CTD

400
600
800
1000
1200

lv-56-18 CTD00100

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l
707
lv-56-14CTD
1012
410
900
Latitude
298
700
295
54°13.084’
500
65
300
Longitude
35
200
66
144°21.127’
150
77
100
88
50
85
25
66
0

200
300
400
500
600
700

123

CH4, nl/l
500

1000

Station
Depth, m CH4, nl/l449
lv-56-24CTD
400
441
390
Latitude
405
370
465
53°34.150’
350
455
300
Longitude
256
250
297
144°12.628’
200
55
150
57
100
557
50
530
25
224
0

CH4, nl/l
0

500

1000

1500

0

depth, m

100
200
300
400
500
600
700

lv-56-22 CTD
0CH4, nl/l
200

400

600

0
100

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l457
lv-56-22CTD
495
424
485
Latitude
102
400
222
53°41.875’
350
227
300
Longitude
96
250
65
144°11.901’
200
345
150
72
100
88
50
96
25
62
0

lv-56-20 CTD

200
300
400
500
600

lv-56-24 CTD
CH4, nl/l0depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l1225
lv-56-20CTD
650
479
640
Latitude
488
500
186
53°46.428’
400
187
300
Longitude
121
250
149
144°12.407’
200
146
150
88
100
190
50
89
25
64
0

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450

124

200

400

600

800

lv-56-26 CTD
CH4, nl/l
0

500

1000

1500

2000

0
100
200

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l1673
lv-56-26CTD
698
1111
685
Latitude
1113
600
321
53°21.614’
500
313
400
Longitude
93
300
63
144°29.534’
200
523
150
86
100
81
50
82
25
64
0

300
400
500
600
700
800

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l2569
lv-56-32CTD
626
333
611
Latitude
1201
500
271
53°22.486’
400
255
350
Longitude
65
300
51
144°26.552’
200
269
150
110
100
78
50
74
25
62
0

0

CH4, nl/l
500

1000

1500

0

depth, m

200
400
600
800
1000

lv-56-30 CTD
0CH4, nl/l
1000

2000

3000

0
200

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l
1815
lv-56-30CTD
710
1785
700
Latitude
1811
600
225
53°21.591’
500
212
400
Longitude
93
300
65
144°30.257’
200
138
150
78
100
80
50
65
25

lv-56-28 CTD

400
600
800

lv-56-32 CTD
0CH4, nl/l
1000

0
100

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l
977
lv-56-28CTD
764
567
754
Latitude
553
500
135
53°22.025’
400
133
350
Longitude
86300
65
144°31.975’
200
158
150
934
100
91
25

200
300
400
500
600
700

125

2000

3000

Station
Depth, m CH4, nl/l
6257
lv-56-35CTD
287
6265
277
Latitude
4624
250
8119
53°23.097’
200
8476
179
Longitude
10250
150
11623
144°11.894’
100
4511
50
135
25
107
0
StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l
5084
lv-56-36CTD
191
5156
181
Latitude
5470
150
7429
53°23.112’
100
7443
56
Longitude
1410
25
124
144°05.251’
11
94
0

0

CH4, nl/l

1000

2000

3000

0

depth, m

200
400
600
800

lv-56-34 profile CTD

CH4, nl/l

0

4000

2000

6000

0

depth, m

100
200
300
400
500

lv-56-35 profile CTD
0CH4, nl/l

5000

10000

15000

0

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l
635
lv-56-34CTD
444
651
434
Latitude
1261
400
2684
53°22.918’
300
2564
250
Longitude
1097
200
74
144°18.659’
150
441
100
4684
75
150
25
66
0

lv-56-33 profile CTD

100
200
300
400

lv-56-36 profile CTD00depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l2544
lv-56-33CTD
614
1100
500
Latitude
89400
89
53°22.885’
300
557
224
Longitude
74
200
61
144°25.666’
150
116
100
84
50
64
25
70
0

100
200
300

126

5000

CH4, nl/l

10000

Station
Depth, m CH4, nl/l2903
lv-56-38CTD
103
2906
93
Latitude
2384
50
141
53°23.056’
20
139
10
Longitude
75
0
143°51.449’

lv-56-37profile CTD
0CH4, nl/l

1000

2000

3000

depth, m

0
50
100
150

lv-56-38profile CTD
0

1000

2000

CH4, nl/l
3000

4000

0

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l1408
lv-56-37CTD
136
1378
126
Latitude
1452
100
2179
53°23.081’
50
1959
25
Longitude
88
0
143°59.147’

50
100
150

lv-56-39profile CTD
0CH4, nl/l

500

1000

1500

0

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l
1160
lv-56-39CTD
89
1144
79
Latitude1091
50
96
53°23.119’
25
Longitude
90
10
77
143°43.798’
0

20
40
60
80
100

lv-56-40 CTD00100

depth, m

StationDepth, m CH4, nl/l
1714
lv-56-40CTD
643
1700
629
Latitude
1672
600
122
53°30.916’
500
133
400
Longitude
493
300
317
144°23.273’
250
201
250
107
150
85
50

200
300
400
500
600
700

127

CH4, nl/l
500

1000

1500

2000

Underway Data
№ lat

long

CH4

№ lat

long

nl/l

CH4
nl/l

1 45°59,56

143°23,587

261

31 47°52,163

146°8,417

212

2 46°4,073

143°29,488300

32 47°58,698

146°8,408

65

3 46°11,123

143°33,936

350

33 47°58,698

146°8,408

193

4 46°16,015

143°37,042404

34 48°4,686

146°8,396

60

5 46°21,658

143°40,676

419

35 48°4,686

146°8,396

218

6 46°27,53

143°41,088

251

36 48°9,791

146°8,41168

7 46°36,858

143°40,264257

37 48°9,791

146°8,4160

8 46°48,96

143°39,143

232

38 48°15,134

146°8,4175

9 46°59,806

143°38,153

214

39 48°20,134

146°8,412

158

10 47°10,79

143°37,156

191

40 48°20,134

146°8,412

61

11 47°24,06

143°36,272

246

41 48°31,978146°5,521

177

12 47°24,06

143°36,272

128

42 48°42,8146°2,924

167

13 47°24,06

143°36,272

124

43 48°54,078

146°0,217

179

14 47°23,989

143°43,67

119

44 49°1,464

145°58,442

158

15 47°23,989

143°43,67

213

45 49°11,126

145°56,112

166

16 47°23,996

143°51,052

187

46 49°22,067

145°53,455

159

17 47°23,999

143°58,754

86

47 49°31,22

145°51,229

156

18 47°23,999

143°58,754

177

48 49°42,474

145°48,431

170

19 47°24,002

144°7,462

92

49 49°52,95

145°45,874

167

20 47°24,002

144°7,462

173

50 50°6,602

145°42,533

171

21 47°23,995

144°16,456

97

51 50°15,6

145°40,282

173

22 47°23,995

144°16,456

190

52 50°26,749

145°37,499

154

23 47°23,993

144°23,168

179

53 50°38,106

145°34,716

168

24 47°25,542

144°32,816

177

54 50°49,685

145°31,799

188

25 47°28,14

144°47,962

180

55 51°2,31

145°28,576

164

26 47°30,672

145°2,892

210

56 51°11,224

145°26,398

163

27 47°33,166

145°17,375

233

57 51°20,744

145°24,664

173

28 47°35,9145°30,743

281

58 51°20,744

145°24,664

98

29 47°40,98

145°44,665

168

59 51°28,734

145°24,671

146

30 47°47,953

146°3,518

146

60 51°28,734

145°24,671

79

128

№ lat

long

CH4

№

lat

long

nl/l

CH4
nl/l

61 51°33,778

145°24,671

149

91 53°22,2

62 51°33,778

145°24,671

87

92 53°22,704 144°27,6

163

63 51°39,266

145°24,65

155

93 53°22,612 144°26,263

159

64 51°39,266

145°24,65

92

94 53°22,681 144°25,477

148

65 51°44,55

145°24,689

157

95 53°22,675 144°24,746

146

66 51°44,55

145°24,689

91

96 53°22,668 144°24,019

147

67 51°50,376

145°24,67

174

97 53°22,686 144°22,777

144

68 51°50,376

145°24,67

83

98 53°23,134 144°22,872

126

69 51°57,157

145°24,649

147

99 53°23,148 144°24,144

123

70 51°57,157

145°24,649

68

100 53°23,164 144°24,93

131

71 52°2,189

145°23,153

144

101 53°23,159 144°25,614

126

72 52°11,26

145°16,76

167

102 53°23,160 144°26,405

143

73 52°32,22

145°9,201

134

103 53°23,152 144°27,724

134

74 52°34,394

145°0,827

143

104 53°23,632 144°27,628

139

75 52°39,403

144°57,332

147

105 53°23,640 144°26,293

146

76 52°50,681

144°49,453

136

106 53°23,640 144°25,475

136

77 53°0,39

144°42,856

135

107 53°23,646 144°24,731

136

78 53°8,023

144°37,235

132

108 53°23,645 144°24,020

138

79 53°18,574

144°29,85130

109 53°23,640 144°22,717

134

80 53°21,697

144°27,558

136

81 53°21,722

144°26,178

132

82 53°21,727

144°25,145

134

83 53°21,719

144°24,636

128

84 53°21,725

144°24,008

129

85 53°21,714

144°22,67

130

86 53°22,19

144°23,046

122

87 53°22,196

144°24,128

129

88 53°22,188

144°24,907

141

89 53°22,189144°25,699

136

90 53°22,194

144°26,32

139

129

144°27,665

139

4. APPENDIX
4.1. Daily Situation Report
Aug 08 Mon

Laventyev could not leave Port Vladivostok due to Typhoon.

Aug 09 Tue

Lavrentyev left Vladivostok.

Aug 12 Fri

04:00 Lavrentyev arrived at Korsakov.
10:00 KOPRI (Jin, Hong) and KIT (Shoji, Minami, Hachikubo, Soramoto, Dewa)
members got on board. Clear sky but windy. Customs clearance prepared.
18:00 Customs clearance completed, but too windy.
20:00 Weather improved a lot. Operation Meeting (Captain, AO, HS, BB and NN)
on weather. Low pressure system stays at midway between Korsakov andStudy Area No.1, and moves toward north very slowly. Captain wants to stayat Korsakov overnight and leave early morning tomorrow.

Aug 13 Sat

06:00 Cloudy but calm.
08:00 Lavrentyev left Korsakov. Hydro-acoustic survey (using 1470 m/s soundvelocity to calculate water depth) started.
09:00 Operation Meeting (AO, HS, YJ, JH, BB, AK, AS, NN, AD and VP) forschedule of SSGH-11 operations.
12:00 Lavrentyev sails at 46º5.841'N, 143º13.311'E by 10.8 kts.
14:00 Plenary Meeting for introducing members and schedule plan.
21:14 Arrived at Study Area No.3 for Sparker Survey (first WE line with 6 kts).
22:35 Flare No.2 observed with gas chimney at 740 mWD.

Aug 14 Sun

06:30 Cloudy but calm. Slightly Pitching/Rolling.
08:02 Lavrentyev sailed at 47º34.816'N, 145º26.869'E between two Sparker surveylines by 10.7 kts. No flare observed after Flare No.2.
09:00 Operation Meeting (AO, HS, YJ, JH, BB, AD, AS and NN). Weather seems
OK.
11:30 Sparker survey (SN line, second line) started.
16:00 Rain.
17:00 A time-table plan of SSGH-11 operation was distributed. No Rain but Foggy.
17:10 Sparker survey completed in Study Area No.3. Lavrentyev left for Study Area
No.2.
19:52 Lavrentyev sailed at 48º50.320'N, 146º1.083'E by 10.6 kts.

Aug 15 Mon 06:00 Clear and calm. Slightly Pitching/Rolling. Flare No.3 (50º8.969'N,
145º41.959'E) was observed at a bottom of a pockmark (600 m wide and 20 m
deep at 587 mWD) during the transit last night. This might be a southern limit130

of NE Sakhalin seep area.
09:00 Cloudy but calm. Slightly Pitching/Rolling. Operation Meeting (AO, HS, YJ,
JH, BB, AD, AS and NN). Weather seems OK.
10:00 Sparker survey (SN line) started at Study Area No.2.
17:50 Sparker survey completed. No flare observed during the survey. Lavrentyev
left Study Area No.2 for Study Area No.1
Aug 16 Tue

02:19 Lavrentyev arrived at Study Area No.1 (region No.5). Hydro-acoustic survey(nine 3-to-5 nm lines with 6 kts) and BS (Bathymetric Survey using 1500 m/s
sound velocity to calculate water depth) started.
06:00 Cloudy but calm. Two flares were observed during HA survey by this time.
08:20 HA and BS survey completed at Region No.5. Four flares were observed
during the survey.
08:30 Core site candidates were selected by OM (AO, HS, YJ and BB).
A new winch was installed last June (Wire Diameter; 18 mm, Wire Length; 7km). A Hydro-corer was used for coring during this cruising (Length; 6 m,
Inner Diameter; 125 mm, Outer Diameter; 138 mm, Weight; 300 kg).
09:41 The corer was put down to a height of 65 m from sea bottom and released tofree fall.
09:52 LV56-01HC core was retrieved from top of a spur on a crest line of
sedimentary wave feature (53º23.106'N, 144º25.495'E, 624 mWD). The core
length was 360 cm including 12 cm of core catcher part. No GH observed. A
worm at the top. Holocene layer was 15 cm from the top. Glendonite wasobserved at a core depth of 250 cm.
10:05 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-02CTD).
11:40 LV56-03HC core was retrieved from a flare position within 200 m from
LV56-01HC coring site (53º23.127'N, 144º25.593'E, 623 mWD). The core
length was 335 cm including 15 cm of core catcher part. GH layers wereobserved at core depths of 250 and 270 cm, and in the core catcher. Holocene
layer was 1 cm thick at the top.
11:50 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-04CTD).
14:05 LV56-05HC core was retrieved from top of a spur (53º22.865'N, 144º24.957'E,
613 mWD). The core length was 376 cm including 14 cm of core catcher part.
No GH observed. Holocene/Pleistocene boundary was not visible. Carbonate
accretion at core depths of 260 and 270 cm. Cracking nose at the core bottom.
14:15 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-06CTD).
16:23 LV56-07HC core was retrieved from top of a spur (53º21.860'N, 144º26.050'E,

131

632 mWD). The core length was 227 cm including 2 cm of core catcher part.
No GH observed. Holocene layer was 10 cm from the top. Shell fragments atcore depths of 40 and 70 cm. Carbonate accretion at a core depth of 200 cm.
Gas swelling features observed below a core depth of 140 cm.
16:35 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-08CTD).
17:30 Lavrentyev left Region No.5 for northern area of Channel. Cloudy andoccasional sun shine. Sea surface was calm.
Aug 17 Wed 02:00 Lavrentyev arrived at Northwestern edge of Study Area No.1, and Sparker
Survey (WE line) started.
06:00 Cloudy and foggy, but calm.
07:30 Sparker Survey shifted to the second line (EW line with an interval of about 5
nm to the WE line). One gas chimney was observed, but no other features
including flare, packmark and fault were observed during the WE line survey.
09:00 Operation Meeting (AO, HS, YJ, JH, BB, AS, AD and NN). Weather seems
OK. One core should be retrieved at a water depth of 600 m along the EW
line for KOPRI oceanology and KIT reference purposes after Sparker Survey.
11:30 Lavrentyev sailed at 54º45.007'N, 144º15.096'E by 5.2 kts. Estimated time ofcompletion of Sparker EW line survey was 14:00. Cloudy and Foggy. Slightly
pitching and rolling.
14:10 Sparker Survey completed. Lavrentyev returned to a coring site of 600 mWD
along Sparker EW line.
15:00 Coring site was changed to a site of 700 mWD around 54º44.925'N,
144º9.799'E for a softer sea bottom. Hydro-core was extended by connecting
4 m long tube (total length of corer; 10 m).
15:57 Corer was put into water and lowered by a speed of 1.8 m/s.
16:21 LV56-09HC core was retrieved from a site on a Sparker survey line (EW line)
at a water depth of around 700 m (54º44.935'N, 144º09.698'E, 740 mWD).
The core length was 5 cm containing only a stone (3 cm) and several pebbles(5 mm). Oceanographic and Reference core was decided to be taken fromanother place (West of “North of LFZ”).
17:05 CTD survey was conducted after fixing the apparatus (LV56-10-1CTD).
17:48 Lavrentyev left North of Channel area for North of LFZ area.
18:45 Lavrentyev passed Channel (140 m deep). A faint image of flare wasobserved at the Channel, possibly VNIIOkeangeologia Flare.
21:15 Lavrentyev arrived at North of LFZ.
21:35 Sparker, HA and BS surveys were started.

132

Aug 18 Thu

06:00 Clear and calm.
06:42 Lavrentyev sailed at 54º9.002'N, 144º16.864'E by 5.3 kts. Seven new flares
were observed during the survey.
07:16 Lavrentyev passed linear seepage at the second time, but no Gas
Chimney/Flare was observed.
08:15 The survey finished and OM (AO, HS, YJ and BB) selected the first coringsite at the North of LFZ area.
09:54 LV56-11HC core was retrieved from a site of Seepage Structure with Flare(54º12.914'N, 144º19.456'E, 1000 mWD). The core length was 485 cm
including 10 cm of core catcher part. No GH observed. All Holocene layers
from top to the bottom. Cracks due to gas swelling observed below a core
depth of 280 cm.
10:00 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-12CTD).
10:44 CTD survey completed.
12:37 LV56-13HC core was retrieved from a site of Seepage Structure with Flare(54º12.517'N, 144º20.632'E, 1015 mWD). The core length was 379 cm
including 15 cm of core catcher part. No GH observed. All Holocene layers
from top to the bottom. Shell fragments were contained in a core catcher.
12:44 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-14CTD).
13:28 CTD survey completed.
13:37 Lavrentyev moved to a southern site in the North of LFZ area.
15:33 LV56-15HC core was retrieved from a site of Seepage Structure with Flareand Gas Chimney (54º9.145'N, 144º20.468'E, 1045 mWD). The core length
was 363 cm including 10 cm of core catcher part. No GH observed. All
Holocene layers from top to the bottom.
15:37 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-16CTD).
16:24 CTD survey completed.
16:35 Lavrentyev left North of LFZ area to the West for a shallower depth site for
Oceanographic core (KOPRI). Clear and calm.
17:48 Lavrentyev arrived at a coring site.
18:12 LV56-17HC core was retrieved (54º9.80'N, 144º2.050'E, 640 mWD). The
core length was 400 cm including 12 cm of core catcher part. No GH
observed. Almost all Holocene layers from top to the bottom. H2S odor near
the bottom of the core. Disturbances of layers by worms were observed at theupper part of the core. KOPRI decided not to take this core for Oceanologicalanalyses.

133

18:14 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-18CTD).
18:49 CTD survey completed.
19:05 Lavrentyev left the site for Junction of LFZ.
21:30 Lavrentyev arrived at Junction of LFZ, and Sparker, HA and BS surveys
started.
Aug 19 Fri

06:00 Cloudy but calm. Survey continued.
07:50 OM (AO, HS, YJ, JH, BB, AS, AD and NN). Weather seems OK.
Geophysical survey needed three to four hours to be completed. Three flares
were observed during the survey, including one at water depth of 350 m.
Coring time should be postponed accordingly. Oceanological core (KOPRI,
one half core) could be taken when an appropriate core was retrieved.
11:50 Geophysical survey was completed at Junction of LFZ area.
14:55 LV56-19HC core was retrieved at a flare No.56 (53º46.439'N, 144º12.211'E,
665 mWD). The core length was 480 cm including 11 cm of core catcher part.
No GH observed. All Holocene layers from top to the bottom. Disturbances oflayers by worms were observed at the upper part of the core. Carbonate
concretion was observed at a core depth of 310 cm.
15:08 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-20CTD).
15:40 CTD survey completed. Lavrentyev moved to a site of flare No.57.
17:01 LV56-21HC core was retrieved at a flare No.57 (53º42.230'N, 144º12.176'E,
506 mWD). The core length was 436 cm including 16 cm of core catcher part.
No GH observed. Top 15 or 20 cm is Holocene layers and the deeper part is
Pleistocene layers. Glendonite at 140 cm depth. Gas cracks below 300 cm
depth. Hydrotroilite layer below 310 cm depth.
17:05 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-22CTD).
15:31 CTD survey completed.
17:45 Lavrentyev moved to a site of flare No.59.
19:32 LV56-23HC core was retrieved at a flare No.59 (53º34.154'N, 144º13.018'E,
430 mWD). The core length was 284 cm including 10 cm of core catcher part.
No GH observed. Top 15 cm is Holocene layers and the deeper part is
Pleistocene layers. Carbonate accretion at 70 and 110 cm depths. Gas cracks
below 160 cm depth.
19:37 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-23CTD).
20:01 CTD survey completed.
20:10 Lavrentyev left Junction of LFZ area, and sailed for Region No.4.
22:30 Lavrentyev arrived at Region No.4, and Geophysical survey started.

134Aug 20 Sat

06:00 Cloudy but calm.
08:00 OM (AO, HS, YJ, JH, BB, AS, AD and NN). Weather seems OK. Flare
No.65 was selected for coring. Schedule for CTD survey for methane
anormaly, Sparker survey for flare line, Oceanographic coring and additional
Sparker survey at Study Area No.2 were adjusted.
09:39 LV56-25HC core was retrieved at a flare No.65 (53º21.421'N, 144º30.167'E,
723 mWD). The core length was 510 cm including 30 cm of top portion. No
GH observed. A dropstone at a core depth of 235 cm. Top 295 cm is
Holocene layers and the deeper part is Pleistocene layers.
09:43 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-26CTD).
10:25 CTD survey completed.
11:39 LV56-27HC core was retrieved from a center of depression in Region No.4
(53º21.937'N, 144º31.983'E, 785 mWD). The core length was 533 cm
including 8 cm of core catcher portion. No GH observed. Just after the coreextraction from the bottom, several rising bubbles appeared probably from thecored hole. In about 15 minutes after the extraction, a clear image of gas flare
appeared and increased the height with time at the same speed of risingbubbles.
11:35 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-28CTD).
12:07 CTD survey completed.
13:09 LV56-29HC core was retrieved from Flare No.65-1 close to LV56-25 coringsite (53º21.406'N, 144º30.169'E, 723 mWD). The core length was 543 cm
including 47 cm of top portion and 8 cm of core catcher portion. Sea bottom
portion (30 cm long) missed. This core covers submarine depth from 30 cm to573 cm. No GH observed. Gas cracks below a submarine depth of 360 cm.
Water space observed at submarine depths of 520 cm (5 x 10 cm) and 550 cm(2 x 5 cm).
13:14 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-30CTD).
13:45 CTD survey completed. Lavrentyev moved to Flare No.21-1 in Region No.5.
16:00 LV56-31HC core was retrieved from a site close to LV56-05HC core
(53º22.664'N, 144º25.420'E, 625 mWD). The core length was 413 cm
including 10 cm of core catcher portion. No GH observed. For a core depth
interval between 220 and 320 cm, watery surface, cracking noises and shellfragments covered with carbonate were observed possibly caused bydissociation of small GH crystals. Dryer surfaces of the core were observed
outside of the above interval.

135

16:13 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-30CTD).
16:44 CTD survey completed.
16:52 A CTD survey (31CTD to 39 CTD) for Methane Anormaly study (to the Westand Northern East line) started to be followed by Sparker survey along anequally-spaced-flare line from North to South.
22:53 CTD survey completed.
23:00 Lavrentyev moved to Sparker line.
Aug 21 Sun

02:00 Sparker Survey started between a site (53º29.856'N, 144º22.386’E) andanother (53º46.989'N, 144º15.751’E).
06:00 Cloudy but calm. Sparker Survey completed. Lavrentyev moved to Region
No.10.
07:50 OM (AO, HS, YJ, JH, BB, AS, AD and NN). Weather seems OK. Region
No.10 was selected as coring site for Geological Analysis (KOPRI) and
Reference (KIT and POI).
08:00 Preparation of coring operation started for oceanographic core.
08:54 LV56-41HC core was retrieved from a site between Region No.9 and 10(53º30.958'N, 144º23.022'E, 650 mWD). The core length was 333 cm
including 10 cm of core catcher portion. No GH observed. A dropstone at 40
cm depth. Carbonate accretion at 90, 150and 200 cm depth. Gas cracks
observed below 170 cm depth. Holocene/Pleistocene boundary around 120 cm
depth.
08:58 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-40CTD).
09:28 CTD survey completed.
09:36 Lavrentyev left Region No.9/10 for Study Area No.2 (Sparker Survey).
11:52 Lavrentyev sailed toward south at 53º7.407'N, 144º34.426'E by 11.0 kts.
15:47 Lavrentyev sailed toward south at 52º30.294'N, 145º4.330'E by 10.9 kts.
19:45 Sparker survey started from East toward West in Study Area No.2. The survey
direction should be turned to South at the West end. Cloudy but calm.
20:05 Lavrentyev sailed toward West at 51º57.002'N, 145º39.471'E by 5.4 kts.

Aug 22 Mon

05:10 Sparker Survey finished. Lavrentyev left Study Area No.2. for Terpeniya
Ridge. No flare was observed during the survey.
05:35 Lavrentyev sailed toward South at 51º31.771'N, 144º53.130'E by 10.6 kts.
06:30 Partly cloudy but calm.
09:00 OM (AO, HS, YJ, JH, BB, AS, AD and NN). Weather seems OK. Terpeniya
survey plan was discussed. Contents of Cruise Report of SSGH-11 werediscussed.

136

15:24 Lavrentyev sailed toward South at 49º59.290'N, 145º41.295'E by 10.0 kts.
17:39 Lavrentyev sailed toward South at 49º35.914'N, 145º39.471'E by 10.6 kts.
20:05 Lavrentyev sailed toward South at 49º10.266'N, 145º37.192'E by 10.3 kts.
Sunny.
Aug 23 Tue

02:02 Sparker survey started along the east coast of Terpeniya Ridge from north tosouth.
03:51 Lavrentyev sailed toward South at 48º0.594'N, 145º32.000'E by 5.5 kts.
Slightly Pitching/Rolling.
06:48 Lavrentyev sailed toward South at 47º57.061'N, 145º32.012'E by 5.0 kts(1600 mWD).
07:20 Lavrentyev changed sailing direction toward East (2200 mWD).
08:03 Lavrentyev changed sailing direction toward North at 47º43.362'N,
145º40.100'E by 5.6 kts (2608 mWD).
09:00 OM (AO, HS, YJ, JH, BB, AS, AD and NN). Weather seems OK.
10:10 Lavrentyev changed sailing direction toward West.
12:30 Sparker survey completed. Lavrentyev started 700 m survey (HA and BS
along the eastern coast line of Terpeniya Ridge at 700 mWD).
15:58 A flare was observed at continental shelf break (47º42.136'N, 145º21.048'E;
f89; 227 mWD).
17:05 700 m survey completed and Sparker survey started from T108 toward SW(West of Terpeniya Rise).
19:42 Sparker survey changed the direction to West.
22:00 Sparker survey completed, and 700 m survey re-started along the western
coast line of Terpeniya Ridge at 700 mWD.

Aug 24 Wed

04:52 The 700 m survey completed and Lavrentyev sailed to a flare site (f90-1
which is F196 last year) .
05:52 LV56-42GR grab sample was retrieved from seabed at 47º40.421'N,
144º18.093'E, 211 mWD, f90-1 flare site). The grab did not close correctly.
Almost empty (a little amount of sediment taken).
05:52 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-43CTD).
06:10 CTD survey completed.
06:28 LV56-44GR grab sample was retrieved from seabed at 47º40.430'N,
144º18.089'E, 211 mWD, f90-1 flare site. Included are a worm, shellfragments, crusts and dropstones in the sediment.
07:05 LV56-45HC core was retrieved from a flare site (f90-1) at 47º40.405'N,
144º18.099'E, 211 mWD. The core length was 173 cm including 3 cm of core137

catcher portion. No GH observed. The top 5 cm is Holocene layer, andincludes carbonate concretion. Gas cracks below 100 cm depth. Pleistocene
layer below 5 cm depth includes sand/turbidite layers.
07:15 Lavrentyev moved for another flare site (f91 which is close to f213 last year).
09:45 Lavrentyev arrived at the flare site.
10:47 LV56-46GR grab sample was retrieved from seabed at 47º41.333'N,
144º47.990'E, 157 mWD, f91 flare site. Included are shell fragments anddropstones in the sediment.
10:49 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-47CTD).
11:01 CTD survey completed.
11:15 Lavrentyev moved for a coring site (top of elongated mound). On the way,
flare area (fs92; 163 mWD) and a flare (f93; 262 mWD) were observed.
12:46 LV56-48HC core was retrieved from a flare site (f91) at 47º37.137'N,
144º45.650'E, 622 mWD. The core length was 383 cm including 1 cm of corecatcher portion. No GH observed. The Holocene/Pleistocene boundary was
not easy to recognize. A worm was observed at 17 cm depth, and worm holes
were distributed through the entire core. Included are wood/shell fragments,
sand layers and dropstones in the deeper part of the core.
12:47 CTD survey was conducted (LV56-49CTD).
13:15 CTD survey completed.
14:00 Lavrentyev left the coring site and re-started 700 m survey.
17:00 A Group photo was taken.
21:10 A flare (f94, 550 mWD) had been observed about 4 nm North from Flare
No.1. A plenary meeting was held.
22:30 A flare (f95, 1060 mWD) had been observed about 20 nm South from Flare
No.1. 700 m survey completed. Lavrentyev left for Port Korsakov.
Aug 25 Thu

06:30 Cloudy but calm. Warm.
07:50 Lavrentyev sailed for Korsakov at 46º29.717'N, 142º45.976'E by 10.9 kts
08:55 Lavrentyev arrived at Port Korsakov.
12:30 KOPRI (Jin, Hong) members got off.
15:50 Shelf-Flot picked up KIT cargo for Kitami.
16:00 Customs Clearance finished.

Aug 26 Fri

08:15 KIT (Shoji, Minami, Hachikubo, Soramoto, Dewa) members got off.
Lavrentyev left Korsakov for Vladivostok.

Aug 27 Sat

Lavrentyev sailed for Vladivostok.

Aug 28 Sun

Lavrentyev arrived at Port Vladivostok.

138

4.2. List of ParticipantsInstitution
KIT

KOPRI

POI

IO (Moscow)

No.

Participants

Task

1

HITOSHI SHOJI

Co-Chief of Expedition

2

HIROTSUGU MINAMI

Water Chemistry

3

AKIHIRO HACHIKUBO

Gas Analysis

4

HIRONOBU DEWA

Sediment Analysis

5

YUSUKE SORAMOTO

Water Chemistry

1

YOUNG KEUN JIN

Co-Chief of Expedition

2

JONG KUK HONG

Geophysics

1

ANATOLY OBZHIROV

Chief of expedition

2

NATALIYA NIKOLAEVA

Secretary, sedimentology

3

ALEXANDER SALOMATIN

HA operation (head)

4

BORIS LI

HA operation

5

ALEXANDER DERKACHEVCoring (head)

6

GENNADY KRAYNIKOV

Coring

7

ALEXANDER GRESOVCoring8

MIKHAIL SAVENKO

Coring

9

ALEXANDER KARNAUKHOVHydrology (head)

10

VASILY BANNOV

Hydrology

11

OLGA VERESHCHAGINA

Gas geochemistry

12

ELENA KOROVITSKAYA

Gas geochemistry

13

VLADIMIR PROKUDIN

Sparker (head)

14

EVGENY SUKHOVEEV

Sparker

15

ANDREY KOPTEV

Bathymetry

16

OKSANA BELOUS

Helper for KIT

17

ANDREY YATSUKHelper for KIT

18

ANNA MAR’YASH

Helper for KIT

19

IRINA SALIENKO

Helper for KIT

1

BORIS BARANOV

Geophysics

1394.3. Group PhotoAug 24 Wed 17:03 (R/V Lavrentyev)

140