ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄỾỶἛἨἕἁ῍ᒍᛖ༿῍ᴾឡ▱ᩍ⫱኱Ꮫ

ࡣࡌࡵ࡟ᖹᡂ 㻞㻡 ᖺ䛻䚸䛄ᗂ⛶ᅬ䞉ಖ⫱ᅬ䜺䜲䝗䝤䝑䜽䛅䜢Ⓨ⾜䛧䚸኱䛝䛺཯㡪䜢䛔䛯䛰䛝䚸䛭䛾ᚋ䚸ᖹᡂ 㻞㻣 ᖺ䛻䛄ᑠᏛᰯ䜺䜲䝗䝤䝑䜽䛅䜢Ⓨ⾜䛔䛯䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹ಖ⫱ᅬ䞉ᗂ⛶ᅬ䚸ᑠᏛᰯ䛸䛟䜜䜀䚸ᙜ↛୰Ꮫᰯ䜒䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䛷䚸䛄୰Ꮫᰯ䜺䜲䝗䝤䝑䜽䛅䜢᫝㠀䟿䛸䛔䛖ኌ䜢ᮏᙜ䛻ከ䛟䛾᪉䛛䜙䛔䛯䛰䛝䜎䛧䛯䚹䛧䛛䛧䚸⚾䛯䛱䛿䛄୰Ꮫᰯ䜺䜲䝗䝤䝑䜽䛅䛾Ⓨ⾜䜢㋃䜏䛸䛹
䜎䛳䛶䛔䜎䛧䛯䚹䛺䛬䛺䜙䚸୰Ꮫᰯ䛻䛿㐍㊰䛸䛔䛖኱䛝䛺ၥ㢟䛜䛒䜚䚸㧗ᰯධヨ䛿䚸ᆅᇦ䛻䜘䛳䛶㐪䛔䛜䛒䜚䜎䛩䛧䚸㧗ᰯ㐍Ꮫ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚸⚾䛯䛱䛿䛹䛾䜘䛖䛻ᢅ䛳䛶䛔䛔䛛ศ䛛䜙䛺䛛䛳䛯䛛䜙䛷䛩䚹䛭䛾ᚋ䚸⚾䛯䛱䛿䚸䛣䛾䛄䜺䜲䝗䝤䝑䜽䛅䛾┠ᣦ䛩䛸䛣䜝䜢䜒䛖୍ᗘ᣺䜚㏉䛳䛶⪃䛘䛶䜏䜎䛧䛯䚹ඛ⏕᪉䛻ಖㆤ⪅䛜ᚲせ䛸䛧䛶䛔䜛᝟ሗ䛻Ẽ䛵䛔䛶䛔䛯䛰䛝䚸ಖㆤ⪅䛸䛾䝁䝭䝳䝙䜿䞊䝅䝵䞁䛻ᙺ❧䛶䛶䛔䛯䛰䛟䛣䛸䚸䛭䛧䛶䚸ಖㆤ⪅䛻୰Ꮫᰯ䜢⌮ゎ䛧䛶䜒䜙䛔䚸⾜஦䜔άື䛻ཧຍ䛧䛶䜒䜙䛖䛣䛸䛷䚸᪥ᮏ䛷ᡂ㛗䛧䛶䛔䛟Ꮚ䛹䜒㐩䛾ᨭ᥼䛻䛴䛺䛢䜛䛣䛸䛜䚸䛣䛾䛄䜺䜲䝗䝤䝑䜽䛅䛾┠ᣦ䛩䛸䛣䜝䛷䛩䚹⩏ົᩍ⫱䛾᭱ᚋ䛾୰Ꮫᰯ䛿䚸௒ᚋ䛾㐍㊰䜢Ỵ䜑䜛㔜せ䛺᫬ᮇ䛷䛩䚹䛰䛛䜙䛣䛭䚸䛄୰Ꮫᰯ䜺䜲䝗䝤䝑䜽䛅䛿䚸⤯ᑐ䛻ᚲせ䛷䛒䜛䛸⪃䛘䚸௒ᅇసᡂ䛻㋃䜏ษ䜚䜎䛧䛯㻌እᅜ䛻䝹䞊䝒䜢䜒䛴Ꮚ䛹䜒㐩䜔䛭䛾ಖㆤ⪅䜈䛾ᨭ᥼䛿䚸Ỵ䛧䛶ᙼ䜙䛰䛡䛾䛯䜑䛷䛿䛺䛟䚸᪥ᮏே䛾Ꮚ䛹䜒㐩䜔ಖㆤ⪅䜢䛿䛨䜑䛸䛩䜛䛩䜉䛶䛾ே䛾ᖾ䛫䛻⧅䛜䜛䛸䛔䛖䛣䛸䜢䚸⚾䛯䛱䛿䛄ᗂ⛶ᅬ䞉ಖ⫱ᅬ䜺䜲䝗䝤䝑䜽䛅䛾᫬䛛䜙ኚ䜟䜙䛪኱ษ䛻䛧䛶䛔䜎䛩䚹䛣䛾Ẽᣢ䛱䜢኱ษ䛻䛧䛶䚸䛄୰Ꮫᰯ䜺䜲䝗䝤䝑䜽䛅䜢సᡂ䛔䛯䛧䜎䛧䛯䚹㻌㻌ᖹᡂᖺ᭶
ឡ▱ᩍ⫱኱Ꮫእᅜேඣ❺⏕ᚐᨭ᥼ࣜࢯ࣮ࢫ࣮࣒ࣝ
ᕝཱྀ┤ᕭ࣭ࢫࢱࢵࣇ୍ྠ᥎⸀⪅ࡢࡇ࡜ࡤ
⌧ᅾ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡣࠊከᵝ࡞⏕άᵝᘧࡸᩥ໬ࢆࡶࡗࡓከࡃࡢእᅜேࡀᬽࡽࡋ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋᙜ↛ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᏛᰯ࡟ᑐࡍ
ࡿ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡶࠊᏊ࡝ࡶࡢᩍ⫱࡟ᑐࡍࡿᛮ࠸ࡶࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡛ࡍࠋ ⚾ࡣࠊእᅜ࡟࣮ࣝࢶࢆࡶࡘඣ❺ࡀ඲ᰯඣ❺ࡢ⣙㸴๭ࢆ༨ࡵࡿබ❧ᑠᏛᰯࡢᰯ㛗ࢆ⤒㦂ࡋࠊከࡃࡢࡇ࡜ࢆᏛ
ࡧࡲࡋࡓࠋࡓ࡜࠼ࡤ᪥ᮏ࡟ࡸࡗ࡚᮶ࡓࡤ࠿ࡾࡢእᅜேಖㆤ⪅ࡢከࡃࡣࠊࠕ㐲㊊ࠖ࡜࠸࠺Ꮫᰯ⾜஦ࢆ▱ࡾࡲࡏࢇࠋ㐲㊊ࡢᣢࡕ≀࡛ࠕỈ⟄ࠖ࡜ゝ࠼ࡤ᪥ᮏேಖㆤ⪅ࡣࢃ࠿ࡾࡲࡍࡀࠊእᅜேಖㆤ⪅ࡣ୰㌟ࡢධࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸Ỉ⟄ࡔࡅࢆ࢖࣓࣮ࢪࡋࡲࡍࠋࠕỈ࠿࠾ⲔࢆධࢀࡓỈ⟄ࠖ࡜ㄝ᫂ࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡾࡲࡍࠋࡇࢀࡣᑠᏛᰯ࡛ࡢ୍౛࡛
ࡍࡀࠊ௒ᅇࡢࠗ୰Ꮫᰯ࢞࢖ࢻࣈࢵࢡ࠘࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊ୰Ꮫᰯ࡛ࡢ⏕ά㠃࣭Ꮫ⩦㠃࣭㐠ື㠃ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ༞ᴗᚋ
ࡢ㐍㊰㑅ᢥࡢၥ㢟࠿ࡽᛮ᫓ᮇࢆ㏄࠼ࡿᏊ࡝ࡶࡢ೺ᗣࡸ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕㸫ࡢၥ㢟࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛ࠊࡁࡵ⣽࠿࡞ᣦᑟ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄝ᫂ࡀ࡞ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡲࡍࠋ ࡝࠺࠿ඛ⏕᪉࡟࠾࠿ࢀࡲࡋ࡚ࡣࠊᏛᰯ࡟ᅾ⡠ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓእᅜ࡟࣮ࣝࢶࢆࡶࡘ⏕ᚐ࡜ࡑࡢಖㆤ⪅ࡢどⅬ࡟❧ࡗ࡚ᣦᑟࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔࡃࡇ࡜࡜ࠊࡇࡢ࢞࢖ࢻࣈࢵࢡࡢ㊃᪨ࢆά࠿ࡋࡘࡘࠊ࠾໅ࡵࡢᏛᰯ࡟ᛂࡌࡓ࢔ࣞ
ࣥࢪࢆࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡔ࠸࡚ᗈࡃά⏝ࢆ࠾㢪࠸࡛ࡁࡓࡽ࡜ᛮ࠸ࡲࡍࠋ
ᖹᡂᖺ᭶
ឡ▱ᩍ⫱኱Ꮫእᅜேඣ❺⏕ᚐᨭ᥼ࣜࢯ࣮ࢫ࣮࣒ࣝ ࢔ࢻࣂ࢖ࢨ࣮ ᮡᾆ ⱱǬǤȉȖȃǯƷ̅ƍ૾ƴƭƍƯᲢᲫᲣ‫׎ٳ‬ƴȫȸȄǛǋƭ̬ᜱᎍǛŴǑǓྸᚐƠƯǋǒƏƨǊƴ ƜƷǬǤȉȖȃǯǛᛠǉƜƱưŴ̬ᜱᎍƕଐஜƷ‫ܖ‬ఄƴƭƍƯƲǜƳऴ‫إ‬ƕഎƚƯƍƯŴƲƷǑƏƳऴ‫إ‬Ǜ࣏ᙲƱƠƯƍǔƷƔǛŴྸᚐƢǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵ ଐஜʴ̬ᜱᎍƴบƢȗȪȳȈǛƨƩᚪƢƩƚưƸŴ‫׎ٳ‬ƴȫȸȄǛǋƭ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ̬ᜱᎍƴƸྸᚐưƖƳƍƜƱƕƨƘƞǜƋǔƜƱǛჷƬƯƍƨƩƚǔƱ࣬ƍǇƢŵᲢᲬᲣ‫׎ٳ‬ᛖ༿ƕ࣏ᙲƳ̬ᜱᎍƴบƢƱƖ ࣏ᙲƴࣖơƯ࣏ᙲƳȚȸǸǛǳȔȸƠƯ̬ᜱᎍƴบƢǑƏƴƠƯƘƩƞƍŵǇƱǊƯบƠƯǋƳƔƳƔ
ᛠǜưǋǒƑǇƤǜŵǇƨบƢƱƖƴƸưƖǔƩƚǳȟȥȋǱȸǷȧȳǛƱǔǑƏƴƠƯƘƩƞƍŵஜ࢘ƴ୿ƔǕƯƍǔϋܾǛྸᚐƠƯǋǒƑƯƍǔƔƲƏƔǛᄩᛐƢǔƜƱǋ࣏ᙲưƢŵᲢᲭᲣϋܾƴƭƍƯ
ƜƷǬǤȉȖȃǯƸɟᑍႎƳϋܾư୿ƔǕƯƍǇƢŵɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯǬǤȉȖȃǯƴ୿ƔǕƯƍǔϋܾƱီƳǔ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƴบƢЭƴ࣏ƣႸǛᡫƠƯƘƩƞƍŵ࣏ᙲƴࣖơƯዋǍϙჇǛࠀƠஆƑǔŴɧᙲƳᢿЎǛෞƢƳƲƠƯŴƦǕƧǕƷɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƴӳǘƤƨϋܾƴ̲ദƠƯƔǒŴ̬ᜱᎍƴบƢǑƏƴƠƯƘ
Ʃƞƍŵଐஜᛖ༿Ʊ‫׎ٳ‬ᛖ༿ƕᙸ᧏Ɩư‫ࣖݣ‬ƠƯƍǇƢŵˌɦƸ̲ദƷ̊ưƢŵᲢ[ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟ࠰]ƷȚȸǸǑǓᲣƂଐஜᛖ༿ƃƏƪƷɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƸ  ‫ܖ‬஖СưЭ஖ƷኳಅࡸƷଐᲢᲣƴዅ᫢ƕƋǔŵƂᒍᛖ༿ƃ‫ࣖݣ‬Ƣǔᎇᚪ૨ǛෞƠƯŴžዅ᫢ƕƋǔſƱƍƏᘙྵǛ˂ƷȚȸǸƳƲƔǒ੕ƠƯьᇿƢǔŵ

ᲢᲮᲣ‫ݬ‬ᲢƑǜƽƭȞȸǯᲣƴƭƍƯ ǬǤȉȖȃǯƷɶƴ‫ݬ‬ᲢƑǜƽƭȞȸǯᲣƕЈƯƖǇƢŵƦƜƴƸƦǕƧǕƷɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƴӳǘƤƨϋܾǛᚡλƠƯŴ‫঺ܦ‬ƞƤƯƘƩƞƍŵ
ᲢᲯᲣԉƖЈƠƴƭƍƯ ଐஜᛖ༿ƷȚȸǸƷɶƴžḤέဃ૾ồḤſƱƍƏԉƖЈƠƕЈƯƖǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƴᛟଢƢǔƱƖƴέဃ૾ƴჷƬƯƓƍƯǄƠƍƜƱǍƪǐƬƱƠƨǢȉȐǤǹƳƲƕ୿ƔǕƯƍǇƢŵ૨҄ƷᢌƍǛॖᜤƢǔƱŴᛟଢƠƳƚǕƹᡫơƳƍƜƱƕᙸƑƯƘǔƱ࣬ƍǇƢŵԉƖЈƠƷϋܾǛӋᎋƴƠƯǈƯƘƩƞƍŵԉƖЈƠƷϋܾƸŴέဃ૾ƷƨǊƷǋƷƳƷưŴᎇᚪƞǕƯƍǇƤǜŵ
ᲢᲰᲣƦƷ˂ ƜƷǬǤȉȖȃǯƴ୿ƔǕƯƍǔϋܾƸμƯƷɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƴ࢘ƯƸǇǔǘƚưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵƦǕƧǕƷɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƴӳǘƤƨϋܾƴ̲ദƠƳƕǒ̅ဇƠƳƚǕƹŴ̬ᜱᎍƕǬǤȉȖȃǯƴ୿ƔǕƨϋܾǛƦƷǇǇӖƚӕǔŴǋƠƘƸƜƪǒƷॖ‫׋‬ƱƸီƳǔӖƚӕǓ૾ǛƠƯƠǇƍŴஜஹˡƑƨƍϋܾƕˡǘǒƣŴƦƜƔ
ǒȈȩȖȫƕဃơǔӧᏡࣱǋƋǓǇƢŵƜƷǬǤȉȖȃǯǛ̅ဇƢǔƜƱưˡƑǔ৖᧓ŴឋբƢǔ৖᧓ǛႾƘƷưƸƳƘŴǬǤȉȖȃǯǛɟደƴᙸƳƕǒŴǳȟȥȋǱȸǷȧȳǛƱǔೞ˟Ǜ‫ف‬ǍƠƯƘƩƞƍŵ

୰Ꮫᰯ䜺䜲䝗䝤䝑䜽㻌㻌㻌㻶㼡㼚㼕㼛㼞㻌㻴㼕㼓㼔㻌㻿㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘㻌㻿㼡㼜㼜㼛㼞㼠㻌㻳㼡㼕㼐㼑㻌㻮㼛㼛㼗䡚┠ḟ㻌㼀㼍㼎㼘㼑㻌㼛㼒㻌㻯㼛㼚㼠㼑㼚㼠㼟䡚䠍䠊᪥ᮏ䛾୰Ꮫᰯ䛻䛴䛔䛶㻌㻌㻌㻶㼡㼚㼕㼛㼞㻌㻴㼕㼓㼔㻌㻿㼏㼛㼛㼘㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚䠄䠍䠅᪥ᮏ䛾୰Ꮫᰯ䛳䛶䛹䜣䛺䛸䛣䜝䠛䚷㻌㼃㼔㼍㼠㻌㼕㼟㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㼑㼟㼑㻌㼖㼡㼚㼕㼛㼞㻌㼔㼕㼓㼔㻌㼟㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘㼟㻌㼍㼞㼑㻌㼘㼕㼗㼑㻫୰Ꮫᰯ䛾୍᪥䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷 㻭㻌㻰㼍㼥㻌㼕㼚㻌㻶㼡㼚㼕㼛㼞㻌㻴㼕㼓㼔㻌㻿㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘୰Ꮫᰯ䛾୍ᖺ䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷 㻭㻌㼅㼑㼍㼞㻌㼕㼚㻌㻶㼡㼚㼕㼛㼞㻌㻴㼕㼓㼔㻌㻿㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘㛗ᮇఇᬤ䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷 㻸㼛㼚㼓㻌㼂㼍㼏㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㼟Ꮫ⩦䛻䛴䛔䛶㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻭㼎㼛㼡㼠㻌㻿㼠㼡㼐㼥᭹⿦䞉㌟䛰䛧䛺䜏㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻯㼘㼛㼠㼔㼕㼚㼓㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻭㼜㼜㼑㼍㼞㼍㼚㼏㼑୰Ꮫᰯ䛷ᚲせ䛺䜒䛾䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷 㼀㼔㼕㼚㼓㼟㻌㻾㼑㼝㼡㼕㼞㼑㼐㻌㼕㼚㻌㻶㼡㼚㼕㼛㼞㻌㻴㼕㼓㼔㻌㻿㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘Ⓩୗᰯ
㻳㼛㼕㼚㼓㻌㼠㼛㻌㼍㼚㼐䚷㼒㼞㼛㼙䚷㻿㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘୰Ꮫᰯ䜈䛾㐃⤡㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻯㼛㼚㼠㼍㼏㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻶㼡㼚㼕㼛㼞㻌㻴㼕㼓㼔䚷㻿㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘⥭ᛴ㐃⤡㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻱㼙㼑㼞㼓㼑㼚㼏㼥㻌㻯㼛㼚㼠㼍㼏㼠ఇᰯ䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷 㻿㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘㻌㻯㼘㼛㼟㼡㼞㼑ฟᖍ᪥ᩘ䛻䛴䛔䛶䚷䚷㻌䚷䚷䚷䚷䚷㻿㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘㻌㻭㼠㼠㼑㼚㼐㼍㼚㼏㼑㒊άື㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻯㼘㼡㼎㻌㻭㼏㼠㼕㼢㼕㼠㼕㼑䠄䠎㻕᪥ᮏ䛾୰Ꮫᰯ䛾⾜஦㻌㻌㻌㻱㼢㼑㼚㼠㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㻶㼍㼜㼍㼚㼑㼟㼑㻌㻶㼡㼚㼕㼛㼞㻌㻴㼕㼓㼔㻌㻿㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘䚷 ධᏛᘧ㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻱㼚㼠㼞㼍㼚㼏㼑㻌㻯㼑㼞㼑㼙㼛㼚㼥㻌ඛ⏕䛸䛾䛚ヰ㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㼀㼍㼘㼗㼕㼚㼓㻌㼃㼕㼠㼔㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㼀㼑㼍㼏㼔㼑㼞䚷䚷䚷㻨ᐙᗞゼၥ㻌㻴㼛㼙㼑㻌㼢㼕㼟㼕㼠㻌㻘㻌ಶู᠓ㄯ఍㻌㻵㼚㼐㼕㼢㼕㼐㼡㼍㼘㻌㻹㼑㼑㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㻘㻌㻌䚷䚷䚷䜽䝷䝇᠓ㄯ఍㻌㻯㼘㼍㼟㼟㻌㻹㼑㼑㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㻘ཧほ᪥㻌㻯㼘㼍㼟㼟㻌㼛㼎㼟㼑㼞㼢㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼐㼍㼥㻌㻪ᰯእᏛ⩦㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻱㼤㼠㼞㼍㼏㼡㼞㼞㼕㼏㼡㼘㼍㼞㻌㻸㼑㼍㼞㼚㼕㼚㼓⫋ሙయ㦂Ꮫ⩦㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㼃㼛㼞㼗㼜㼘㼍㼏㼑㻌㻱㼤㼜㼑㼞㼕㼑㼚㼏㼑㻌㻸㼑㼍㼞㼚㼕㼚㼓㔝እᏛ⩦㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻲㼕㼑㼘㼐㻌㻸㼑㼍㼞㼚㼕㼚㼓ಟᏛ᪑⾜㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻿㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘㻌㼀㼞㼕㼜㼟㜵⅏カ⦎䞉㑊㞴カ⦎㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻰㼕㼟㼍㼟㼠㼑㼞㻌㼜㼞㼑㼢㼑㼚㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㼑㼢㼍㼏㼡㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㼐㼞㼕㼘㼘㼟య⫱኱఍㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻿㼜㼛㼞㼠㼟㻌㻰㼍㼥ᩥ໬⚍㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻯㼡㼘㼠㼡㼞㼍㼘㻌㻲㼑㼟㼠㼕㼢㼍㼘༞ᴗᘧ㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻳㼞㼍㼐㼡㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌㻯㼑㼞㼑㼙㼛㼚㼥䠄䠏䠅Ꮚ䛹䜒䛾య䜔ᡂ㛗㻌㻌㻌㻯㼔㼕㼘㼐㻌㻌㻼㼔㼥㼟㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㻳㼞㼛㼣㼠㼔⑓Ẽ䜔䛡䛜䛾䛸䛝㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻿㼕㼏㼗㼚㼑㼟㼟㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻵㼚㼖㼡㼞㼥య䛸ᚰ䛾ᡂ㛗㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻼㼔㼥㼟㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㼍㼚㼐㻌㻼㼟㼥㼏㼔㼛㼘㼛㼓㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㻳㼞㼛㼣㼠㼔ண㜵᥋✀㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㼂㼍㼏㼏㼕㼚㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚ឤᰁ⑕㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻵㼚㼒㼑㼏㼠㼕㼛㼡㼟㻌㻰㼕㼟㼑㼍㼟㼑㼟೺ᗣデ᩿㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻹㼑㼐㼕㼏㼍㼘㻌㻯㼔㼑㼏㼗㼡㼜⾨⏕⟶⌮㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻴㼥㼓㼕㼑㼚㼑㻌㻹㼍㼚㼍㼓㼑㼙㼑㼚㼠⏕ά⩦័㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻸㼕㼒㼑㼟㼠㼥㼘㼑㻌㻴㼍㼎㼕㼠㼟䠄䠐䠅㣗஦䛻䛴䛔䛶㻌㻌㻌㻹㼑㼍㼘㼟⤥㣗㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻿㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘㻌㻸㼡㼚㼏㼔䛚ᘚᙜ䞉Ỉ⟄㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻸㼡㼚㼏㼔㼎㼛㼤䞉㼃㼍㼠㼑㼞㻌㻮㼛㼠㼠㼘㼑䠎䠊㐍㊰䛻䛴䛔䛶㻌㻌㻌㻯㼍㼞㼑㼑㼞㻌㻼㼍㼠㼔䠄䠍䠅୰Ꮫᰯ䜢༞ᴗ䛧䛯䜙㻭㼒㼠㼑㼞㻌㻳㼞㼍㼐㼡㼍㼠㼕㼚㼓㻌㼒㼞㼛㼙㻌㻶㼡㼚㼕㼛㼞㻌㻴㼕㼓㼔㻌㻿㼏㼔㼛㼛㼘㻌䠄䠎䠅㐍Ꮫ㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻭㼐㼢㼍㼚㼏㼑㻌㼠㼛㻌㻴㼕㼓㼔㼑㼞㻌㻿㼠㼡㼐㼕㼑㼟䠄䠏䠅ᑵ⫋㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻲㼕㼚㼐㼕㼚㼓㻌㻱㼙㼜㼘㼛㼥㼙㼑㼚㼠䠏䠊䝁䝷䝮㻌㻌㻌㻯㼛㼘㼡㼙㼚䐟䚷䜰䜲䝕䞁䝔䜱䝔䜱䞊䛻ᝎ䜐Ꮚ䛹䜒㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻵㼐㼑㼚㼠㼕㼠㼥㻌㻯㼞㼕㼟㼕㼟㻌㼕㼚㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻯㼔㼕㼘㼐䐠䚷㻼㼀㻭άື㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻼㼀㻭㻌㻭㼏㼠㼕㼢㼕㼠㼕㼑㼟䐡䚷Ꮚ䛹䜒䛾䛯䜑䛻㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻲㼛㼞㻌㼠㼔㼑㻌㻯㼔㼕㼘㼐㼞㼑㼚䠐䠊౽฼ᖒ㻌㻌㻌㻯㼛㼚㼢㼑㼚㼕㼑㼚㼠㻌㼕㼚㼒㼛㼞㼙㼍㼠㼕㼛㼚㻌䐟䚷஦๓☜ㄆ஦㡯㻹㼍㼠㼠㼑㼞㼟㻌㼠㼛㻌㼏㼛㼚㼒㼕㼞㼙㻌㼕㼚㻌㼍㼐㼢㼍㼚㼏㼑䐠䚷⾜஦䛾䛚▱䜙䛫㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻺㼛㼠㼕㼏㼑㼟㻌㼛㼒㻌㻱㼢㼑㼚㼠㼟䐡䚷ཧ⪃㼁㻾㻸㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌㻌 㻾㼑㼒㼑㼞㼑㼚㼏㼑㼟

㻝
㻣
㻝㻡
㻝㻥
㻟㻝
㻟㻥
㻠㻡
㻠㻥
㻡㻡
㻡㻥
㻢㻡
㻢㻣
㻣㻟
㻣㻣

㻤㻝
㻤㻟
㻤㻣
㻥㻝
㻥㻡
㻥㻣
㻝㻜㻟
㻝㻜㻣
㻝㻝㻝
㻝㻝㻣
㻝㻞㻝
㻝㻞㻡
㻝㻞㻥
㻝㻟㻟
㻝㻟㻥
㻝㻠㻥
㻝㻡㻟
㻝㻡㻣
㻝㻢㻝
㻝㻥㻟
㻝㻥㻣
㻞㻜㻝
㻞㻜㻡
㻞㻜㻣
㻞㻜㻤
㻞㻜㻥

ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟଐƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƍƪƴƪɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟଐ
ᴾᴾЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƻƱƕƘƠǎƏ ơ Ɣǜ

ǀǜ

ơ ƿǜ

ƨǜƴǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƖǐƏ

ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟƭƷ‫ ܖ‬፼ ଺᧓Ƹ ЎưƢŵᐯЎƷǯȩǹƷਃ˓ƷέဃƸƍǇƢƕŴѠ ࢍ Ƹ ૙
Ɣ

Ƥǜǋǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƓƠ

ƖǐƏ Ɣ

ƪƕ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƓƠ

ᅹƝƱƴ‫ᧉݦ‬Ʒέဃƕ૙ƑǇƢŵƦƷƨǊ ૙ ᅹƝƱƴᢌƏέဃƴ૙ƑƯǋǒƏƜƱƴƳǓǇƢŵ
ƠǐƏƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕ

ƴǜ ƍ

Ɣ

ǁǜƤƍ

ƜǕƕ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ ƱƷᢌƍưƢŵ ǯȩǹƸ ʴˌɦưዻ঺ƞǕƯƲ Ǒ Ə Ƽ

ƴƪǑƏƼ

ƠǎƘơƭ

ǍƢ

ƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ƍǇƢŵ‫୴ם‬ଐƱଐ୴ଐȷ ᅔ ଐ ƸƓ˞ǈưƢƕŴᢿ෇ѣƕƋǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ

ᴾ
ỈỮẶẟ

ẳẦỮỪụ

ẼỠạ ầ Ế Ắ ạủẟṾᵏ࠰ဃỉ଺᧓лᴾ ίẝỦ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄỉ̊ὸᴾ
ᴾ

ᴾ

ᴾ

ậế

Ầ

Ẵẟ

ờẪ

ẨỮ

உᴾ

້ᴾ

൦ᴾ

ஙᴾ

᣿ᴾ

ố Ầế Ễ ạ

ᴾ

ốẦếỄạ

ợ ạ Ỏ

Ṟ ᢿ෇ѣίᢿ෇ѣầễẟ୴ଐờẝụộẴὸᴾ
ẝẰ

ᴾ

ṟஔỉᴾ

ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᨼ ˟ᴾ

ᵏᴾ

Ṡ‫ ܖ‬ኢ ෇ѣᴾ

෇ѣᴾ

ᴾ
ᾇᾉᾄ὿ᴾ
ᾈᾉᾃ὿ᴾ

ẲỠạ Ầẟ

ẦếỄạỄẪ Ẳ ỢỄẪ Ẳ Ợ

ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᛠ ୿ᴾầ Ế ẨỠạ Ầế Ễ ạ

ụᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᛠ ୿ᴾ

ỄẪ Ẳ ỢỄẪ Ẳ Ợ

ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᛠ ୿ᴾ

ᴾ ᴾ ᛠ ୿ᴾ

Ầ

ẴạầẪ

ẴạầẪ

ụ

ྸᅹᴾ

ૠ‫ܖ‬ᴾ

ૠ‫ܖ‬ᴾ

ྸᅹᴾ

ởẴ

Ầ

ẳ ẦỮ

ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ṡᴾ ˞Ớ଺᧓ᴾ

ᴾ

ᾈᾉᾄ὿ᴾ

ụ

ᵐᴾ

ᾀ὿ᾉᾃ὿ᴾẦẮẪ ắỖ ẬỮ Ẻẟ ẟ Ẫ

ẮẪ ắ

ẮẪ ắ

ྸᅹᴾ

‫׎‬ᛖᴾ

̬ͤ˳Ꮛᴾ

‫׎‬ᛖᴾ

‫׎‬ᛖᴾ

ᴾ

ᴾ
ᾀ὿ᾉᾄ὿ᴾᾀᾀᾉᾃ὿ᴾ
ᴾ

ᵑᴾ

ảẟ ắ

Ỏ ẳỠế

Ẳ Ở ẦẟỖ ẬỮ Ẻẟ ẟ ẪỖ ẬỮ Ẻẟ ẟ Ẫ

ᒍᛖᴾ

፦ᘐᴾ

ᅈ˟ᴾ

̬ͤ˳Ꮛᴾ

̬ͤ˳Ꮛᴾ

ᵒᴾ

Ẳ Ở ẦẟẲ Ở Ầẟ

ảẟ ắ

ảẟ ắ

ẴạầẪ

ᅈ˟ᴾ

ᅈ˟ᴾ

ᒍᛖᴾ

ᒍᛖᴾ

ૠ‫ܖ‬ᴾ

ᴾ

ᾀᾀᾉᾄ὿ᴾᾀᾁᾉᾃ὿ᴾẨỠạẲỢẪ

Ṣᴾ ዅ ᫢ ᴾ

ᴾ

Ẹạ ẳ

ᴾ

ṣᴾ ੈᨊᴾᾀᾂᾉᾄ὿ᴾᵓᴾẴạầẪẩ ẳỠế Ầ ềẟấỮ ầ Ẫ

Ẹạắạ

ẴạầẪ

ૠ‫ܖ‬ᴾ

২ ᘐ ܼࡊᴾ

᪦ಏᴾ

ዮӳᴾ

ૠ‫ܖ‬ᴾ

ẩ ẳỠế Ầ ềẟẮẪ ắỄạ ể Ẫ২ ᘐ ܼࡊᴾ

‫׎‬ᛖᴾ

ᢊࣈᴾ

ዮӳὉ᪦ಏᴾᾀᾄᾉᾃ὿ᴾᾅᴾᴾᾀᾄᾉᾃᾄᴾ࠙ụỉᴾᾀᾄᾉᾄᾄᴾ෇ѣᴾᾀᾃᾉᾃ὿ᴾᴾᾀᾃᾉᾄ὿ᴾ

ᴾ

Ầả

ᴾ

Ẹạắạ

ᴾ

ᴾ

ᴾ

Ỏ ẳỠế

፦ᘐᴾ

ᴾ

ẦếỄạ

ᾀᾅᾉ὿὿ᴾậ Ắạố Ầế Ễ ạ

ốẦếỄạ

ợ ạ Ỏ

ɦఄᴾ Ὁᢿ෇ѣίᢿ෇ѣầễẟ୴ଐờẝụộẴὸᴾᴾ
1

ấỮ ầ Ẫ

ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟଐ#&C[KP,WPKQT*KIJ5EJQQN If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.

'CEJ RGTKQF NCUVU HQT  OKPWVGU KP LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU  9JKNG VJGTG KU C
JQOGTQQO VGCEJGT HQT GCEJ ENCUU GCEJ UWDLGEV KU VCWIJV D[ URGEKHKE UWDLGEVVGCEJGTU#UUWEJFKHHGTGPVVGCEJGTUYKNNVGCEJFKHHGTGPVUWDLGEVU  6JKUKUFKHHGTGPVHTQOGNGOGPVCT[UEJQQNU6JG
GPTQNOGPVHQTGCEJENCUUKUNGUUVJCP9JKNGVJGTGCTG
PQENCUUGUFWTKPIVJGYGGMGPFUCPFQPRWDNKEJQNKFC[UVJG
UVWFGPVUOKIJVPGGFVQCVVGPFENWDCEVKXKVKGUQPVJGUGFC[U Ṿᵲᶇᶋᶃᶒᵿᶀᶊᶃᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᵥᶐᵿᶂᶃᴾᵏίᵣᶖᵿᶋᶎᶊᶃᴾᶄᶐᶍᶋᴾᵿᴾᶎᵿᶐᶒᶇᶁᶓᶊᵿᶐᴾᶈᶓᶌᶇᶍᶐᴾᶆᶇᶅᶆᴾᶁᶊᵿᶑᶑὸᴾ
ᴾ



ᵫᶍᶌᴾ









ᵖᵘᵓᵎᴾ



ᵗᵘᵒᵎ

ᵵᶃᶂᴾ

ᵲᶆᶓᶐᶑᴾᵤᶐᶇᴾ

Ĭ %NWD#EVKXKVKGUᲢ6JGTGCTGFC[UYJGPVJGTGCTGPQENWDCEVKXKVKGUᲣĭ/QTPKPICEVKXKV[



ᵲᶓᶃᶑᴾ

#UUGODN[Į %NCUUCEVKXKVKGU$QQM 

$QQM

$QQM

$QQM

TGCFKPITGCFKPITGCFKPITGCFKPI

5EKGPEG

/CVJ

/CVJ

5EKGPEGį4GEGUU



ᵗᵘᵓᵎᴾ



ᵏᵎᵘᵒᵎ

5EKGPEG,CRCPGUG,CRCPGUG ,CRCPGUGᵏᵎᵘᵓᵎᴾᵏᵏᵘᵒᵎ


2J[UKECN'FWECVKQP'PINKUJ#TV

5QEKCN5VWFKGU5QEKCN5VWFKGU5QEKCN

2J[UKECN

2J[UKECN5VWFKGU'FWECVKQP 'FWECVKQPᵏᵏᵘᵓᵎᴾ
ᵏᵐᵘᵒᵎ'PINKUJ'PINKUJ/CVJ+PVGITCVGF
.GUUQP

/CVJİ 5EJQQN.WPEJı %NGCPKPIᵏᵑᵘᵓᵎᴾᵏᵒᵘᵒᵎ
ᵏᵒᵘᵓᵎᴾᵏᵓᵘᵒᵎᴾᵏᵓᵘᵒᵓᴾᵏᵓᵘᵓᵓᴾ/CVJ

6GEJPQNQI[*QOG
'EQPQOKEU

/WUKEᲰ#EVKXKVKGUDGHQTGIQKPI
JQOG 


6GEJPQNQI[*QOG
,CRCPGUG'EQPQOKEU/QTCN
'FWECVKQP+PVGITCVGF
/WUKE#TVᵏᵔᵘᵎᵎᴾ 'PFQH5EJQQNFC[ȷ%NWD#EVKXKVKGU 6JGTGCTGFC[UYJGPVJGTGCTGPQENWDCEVKXKVKGUᲣ

2ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟଐố ẦếỄạṞ ᢿ෇ѣᴾƴ ǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ƏǜƲƏ ƿ

ƿǜ Ɣ

ƿ

ƞǇƟǇ

ƍƪƴƪ

ơǎ

ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ଐஜƷǄƱǜƲƷ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄưƸᢿ෇ѣƕƋǓǇƢŵᢃѣᢿƔǒ૨҄ᢿǇưಮŷưƢŵɟଐƷ੉
ƗǐƏ

ƋƱ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

ƓƜƳ

Ƌƞ

ƸǍ

ƍ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

ƓƜƳ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƿ ƔƭƲƏಅ Ʒࢸƴጀ ፼ Ǜ ᘍ ƍǇƢŵஔŴଔƘᘍƬƯ ጀ ፼ Ǜ ᘍ Əᢿ෇ѣǋƋǓǇƢŵᢿ෇ѣƴǑƬƯƔƭƲƏ ơ Ɣ ǜ

ƪƕ

Ʋ ƴƪ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

ƹ Ƌƍ

ƴǎƏ ƿ ǇƑ

ƤƭǊƍ

Ɩ

ơƿǜ

෇ѣ଺᧓ƕᢌƍŴ‫ם‬ଐƴጀ ፼ ƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳǋƋǓǇƢŵλ ᢿЭƴƸƠƬƔǓᛟଢǛᎥƖŴᐯЎƴƋƿ ƔƭƲƏƑǒǘƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ƦƏƩǜᲢᳪžᢿ෇ѣſƷȚȸǸǛӳƬƨᢿ෇ѣǛᢠƼǇƠǐƏŵЎƔǒƳƍƱƖƸႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ǈᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣᴾ

ᴾ
ẝẰ

ẦếỄạ

ṟ ஔỉ෇ѣᴾơǎƗǐƏǇƑƠǎƬƚƭƔƘƴǜ

ƨǜƴǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ǕǜǒƘ

Ɲ

ƲƘƠǐ

ᴾ ᴾ  ੉ ಅ ƷЭƴŴ Ј എᄩᛐǍਃ˓ƷέဃƔǒƷᡲዂƕƋǓǇƢŵƦƷࢸŴᛠ୿ȷȉȪȫȷǹȔ
ǈơƔ

ƔƭƲƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƕƬƜƏƠǎƏƔƍƹ ƋƍȸȁƳƲƷ ჺ ƍ෇ѣǛƢǔ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄ ᨼ ˟ ƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳǋƋǓǇƢŵ

ᴾ
ẳỠẩỢạ

Ṡ ੉ಅᴾ
ƖǐƏ Ɣ

Ƥǜǋǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ơǎƗǐƏ

Ə

ƤǜƤƍ

ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ૙ ᅹƝƱƴ‫ᧉݦ‬ƷέဃƷ੉ ಅ ǛӖƚǔƷưŴƍǖƍǖƳέဃƴ
ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƓƠ

Ѡ ࢍ Ǜ૙ƑƯǋǒƏƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵ
ƕƘƠǎƏ

ǈ

Ტᳪž‫ ܖ‬፼ ƴƭƍƯſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣ

ởẴ

ẳ Ầ Ữ

ṡ ˞Ớ଺᧓ᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƋƍƩ

ǀǜƔǜ

ǍƢ

ơ Ɣǜ

ƋƦ

ơ Ɣǜ

ƍ

ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷ ੉ ಅ Ʒ ᧓ ƴƋǔ Ў᧓Ʒ˞ǈ଺᧓ƸŴᢂƿ଺᧓ưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵȈǤȬƴᘍƬ
ơǎƗǐƏ

ơǎǜ Ƽ

ƖǐƏƠƭ ƍ ƲƏ

ơ Ɣǜ

ƭƗ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƤƖ

ƭ

ƨǓŴ੉ ಅ Ʒ แ ͳǍ ૙ ܴ ᆆѣǛƠƨǓƢǔ଺᧓ưƢŵഏƷ੉ ಅ ƷƸơǇǓƴƸŴࠗƴბƍƯƴ ǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍƑ

Ɣƨƪ

ƪƕ

ƹ Ƌƍ

ƭƔ

ƍƳƚǕƹƳǓǇƤǜŵଐஜƷ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷȈǤȬƸŴܼƷȈǤȬƱ ࢟ ƕᢌƏ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵ̅
Ɣƨ

ơ ƥǜ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƋǜƠǜ

ƍ૾ǛʙЭƴᄩᛐƠƯƓƘƱ‫࣎ܤ‬ưƢŵ

ᴾ
ǘƠƖ

ƭƔ

Ɣƨ

ᲶԧࡸȈǤȬƷ̅ƍ૾Ჸ










ƴǄǜ



ƭƔ

Ƴƕ

ơǐƠ

ƜƠƭ

èଐஜƷȈǤȬưƸ̅ƬƨȈǤȬȃȈȚȸȑȸƸȈǤȬƴ්ƠƯƘƩƞƍŵ‫܇ڡ‬ȈǤȬƷܴ̾
ƭƔ



Ɠ

Ƥ ƍ Ǔ ǑƏƻǜƍƹƜƤ ƍ Ǔ ǑƏƻǜƳƕƴƸŴ̅ƍኳǘƬƨဃྸဇԼǛλǕǔǴȟረƕƋǓǇƢŵဃྸဇԼǛȈǤȬƴ්ƠƯƸƍƚ
ǇƤǜŵ


3

ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟଐᴾṞ ᵡᶊᶓᶀᴾᵟᶁᶒᶇᶔᶇᶒᶇᶃᶑίᵠᶓᶉᵿᶒᶑᶓᶂᶍᶓὸᴾ  #NOQUVCNNLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUKP,CRCPJCXGENWDCEVKXKVKGU#EVKXKVKGUXCT[HTQOURQTVUVQEWNVWTCNENWDU#NNCEVKXKVKGUCTGECTTKGFCVVJGGPFQHVJGUEJQQNFC[5QOG
ENWDU CNUQ JCXG RTCEVKEGU GCTN[ KP VJG OQTPKPI  6JG NGPIVJ QH VKOG HQT VJG ENWD
CEVKXKVKGUXCTKGUCEEQTFKPIVQFKHHGTGPVENWDUCPFUQOGJCXGRTCEVKEGUFWTKPIVJG
YGGMGPFU&QHKPFQWVKPFGVCKNUCDQWVVJGENWDCEVKXKVKGUCPFEJQQUGQPGVJCVKUUWKVCDNGHQT[QWTUGNHDGHQTG[QWLQKPCENWD5JQWNF[QWJCXGCP[SWGUVKQPUFQVCNM
VQUQOGQPGVQENCTKH[   Ტ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIG ß%NWD#EVKXKVKGUàᲣṟ ᵫᶍᶐᶌᶇᶌᶅᴾᵟᶁᶒᶇᶔᶇᶒᶇᶃᶑᴾ  $GHQTG VJG EQOOGPEG QH ENCUUGU VJGTG KU C EQPHKTOCVKQP QH CVVGPFCPEG CPFCPPQWPEGOGPVHTQOVJGJQOGTQQOVGCEJGT#HVGTVJCVVJGTGCTGUEJQQNUVJCVFQUJQTVCEVKXKVKGUUWEJCUTGCFKPIFTKNNKPICPFURGGEJ5QOGUEJQQNUCNUQJCXGYJQNG
UEJQQNCUUGODNKGU Ṡ ᵡᶊᵿᶑᶑᶃᶑᴾ  'CEJUWDLGEVKUVCWIJVD[URGEKHKEUWDLGEVVGCEJGTUVJWU IKXKPIVJGUVWFGPVUCEJCPEGVQNGCTPHTQOFKHHGTGPVVGCEJGTU 
Ტ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIG ß#DQWV.GCTPKPIàᲣṡ ᵰᶃᶁᶃᶑᶑᴾ  6JGOKPWVGUDTGCMKPDGVYGGPENCUUGUKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNKUPQVCVKOGHQT
RNC[6JKUKUVJGVKOGHQTUVWFGPVUVQWUGVJGVQKNGVCPFOQXGHTQOENCUUTQQOUVQ
ENCUUTQQOUKPRTGRCTCVKQPHQTVJGPGZVENCUU$GHQTGVJGUVCTVQHVJGPGZVENCUU[QWOWUVDGUGCVGFCV[QWTUGCV5QOGVQKNGVUKP,CRCPGUGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUOKIJVDG
FKHHGTGPVHTQOVJQUGKP[QWTJQOGU&QHKPFQWVJQYVQWUGVJGODGHQTGJCPFVQGPUWTGCEQOHQTVCDNGWUCIG  Ჶ*QYVQWUGC,CRCPGUGUV[NGVQKNGVᲸ











è(NWUJ VJG VQKNGV RCRGT FQYP VJG VQKNGV DQYN KP C ,CRCPGUG VQKNGV 6JGTG KU C DKPURGEKHKECNN[HQTFKURQUKPIHGOCNGUCPKVCT[PCRMKPUKPVJGHGOCNGVQKNGVEWDKENGU&Q
PQVHNWUJVJGUCPKVCT[PCRMKPUFQYPVJGVQKNGV 

4ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟଐẨỠạẲỢẪṢ ዅ ᫢ᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƖǎƏƠǐƘ

Ƥƍ Ʊ

ơƿǜ

ơǎǜƼ

ƋƱƔƨ

ƓƜƳ

ǊǍƢ

ơǎǜƼ

ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷ ዅ ᫢ ƸŴဃࢻƕᐯЎƨƪưแͳǍࢸ༾ƮƚǛ ᘍ ƍǇƢŵƓǑƦƷႸ‫ܤ‬ƸŴžแͳ
ƾǜ

ƠǐƘơ

ǀǜ

Ɣƨ

ǀǜ

ƨƷ

ƑƍǑƏ

ᲫᲯЎſ
ž᫢ʙᲬᲪЎſž༾ƮƚᲫᲪЎſưƢŵǈǜƳưƦǖƬƯಏƠƘŴ௿᫱ȐȩȳǹƷƱǕƨ
ƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƠǐƘơ

ǈ᫢ʙǛƍƨƩƖǇƢŵᲢᳪž ዅ ᫢ ſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣ

Ẹ ạ ẳ

ṣ ੈᨊᴾ
ƴǄǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ơƿǜ

ƭƔ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ƏǜƲƏơǐƏƿǜƨǜ

ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ଐஜƷ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄưƸŴᐯЎƨƪƷ̅Ə ૙ ܴ ǍȈǤȬŴᢃ ѣ ‫ ئ‬ƳƲǛŴǈǜƳưЎਃƠŴƖǕ
ƦƏơ

ƓƳ

ƹƠǐ

ƦƏ ơ

Ƴǜ

Ơǐ

ƜƏƨƍ

ƦƏơ

ƍƴੈᨊƠǇƢŵƍƭǋӷơ‫ئ‬৑ǛੈᨊƢǔƷưƸƳƘŴ˴Ɣ৑ƔǛʩஆƠƯੈᨊƠǇƢŵ

ᴾ
Ầả

ẦếỄạ

Ṥ ࠙ụỉ෇ѣᴾ
ƤǜƤƍ

ǕǜǒƘ

Ɩ

ƭƗ

ƻ

ơ ƔǜǘǓ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƭƗ

ƻ

ơ ƔǜǘǓǋ

ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ έဃƔǒƷᡲዂǛᎥƍƨǓŴഏƷଐƷ଺᧓лƷᄩᛐǛƠƨǓƠǇƢŵഏƷଐƷ଺᧓лǍਤƪ
ǋƷ

ƜƘƹǜ

Ɣ

ơ ƿǜ

Ɣ

Əƭ

ƓƓ

ཋƸŴ᱅ெƴ୿ƍƯƋǔǋƷǛᐯЎưȎȸȈƴ୿ƖϙƢƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ5ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟଐṢ ᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᵪᶓᶌᶁᶆίᵩᶗᶓᶓᶑᶆᶍᶉᶓὸ
  (QT UEJQQN NWPEJGU KP LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN VJG UVWFGPVU RTGRCTG VJG OGCNUVJGOUGNXGU CPF ENGCP WR CHVGT VJGOUGNXGU 6JG CRRTQZKOCVG IWKFGNKPGU CTG ͆OKPWVGURTGRCTCVKQPà ͆OKPWVGUOGCNVKOGà CPF ͆OKPWVGUENGCPKPIWR͇'XGT[QPGGPLQ[UGCVKPICDCNCPEGFOGCNFWTKPIUEJQQNNWPEJ Ტ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJG
RCIG ß5EJQQN.WPEJàᲣṣ ᵡᶊᶃᵿᶌᶇᶌᶅᴾ  +PLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUKP,CRCPGXGT[QPGUJCTGUVJGENGCPKPIQHVJGENCUUTQQOUVQKNGVURNC[ITQWPFUGVEVJCVVJG[WUG5VWFGPVUFQPQVENGCPVJGUCOGCTGCCNNVJG
VKOG4CVJGTVJG[VCMGVWTPENGCPKPIFKHHGTGPVCTGCU Ṥ ᵣᶌᶂᴾᶍᶄᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᵟᶁᶒᶇᶔᶇᶒᶇᶃᶑᴾ   6JKU KU VJG VKOG YJGP VJG VGCEJGTU YKNN EQOOWPKECVG CDQWV VJG PGZV FC[ UVKOGVCDNG 6JG VKOGVCDNG CPF TGOKPFGTU QH VJKPIU VQ DTKPI CNQPI HQT VJG PGZV FC[ENCUUGUCTGQHVGPYTKVVGPQPVJGDNCEMDQCTF5VWFGPVUPQVGVJGOFQYPKPVJGKTQYPPQVGDQQM 6ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟ࠰ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƍƪƶǜɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟ࠰
ᴾᴾЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵẼỠạ ầ Ế Ắ ạẟẼỈỮᾀώ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄỉɟ࠰ᴾ
ƴǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƕƭ

Ƹơ

ƕƭ

Ɠ

 ଐஜƷ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƸŴᲮஉƴ‫ڼ‬ǇƬƯŴᲭஉƴኳǘǓǇƢŵ
↓ⅼ

ⅻ→ⅼ↊ⅳ

ⅻ→ⅼ↊ⅳ

உᴾ

ᵑ‫ܖ‬஖Сᴾᵐ‫ܖ‬஖Сᴾ

ƕƭƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

ƠƗǐƏƠƖ

ƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

λ ‫ࡸ ܖ‬ȷ‫ڼ‬ಅࡸ

ƕƭ

ƪǎƏƔǜ

ɶ ᧓ ȆǹȈ



ƖǇƭ

ƯƍƖ

‫ܭ‬஖ȆǹȈ
ƪǎƏƔǜ


Эƥ
ǜ

ƶǜǇƭ

࠰஛ȆǹȈᲣɶ ᧓ ȆǹȈ஖ƖƔƩƍᛢ᫆ȆǹȈ

ƠǎƏƗǐƏƠƖᲱஉኳ ಅ ࡸܱ щ ȆǹȈ





Ƴƭ

ƕƭ

ǍƢ

ٰ ˞ ǈƕƭƠƗǐƏƠƖ

ƖǇƭ‫ڼ‬ಅࡸ

஖஛ȆǹȈŴ ኳ ಅ ࡸ ᲲஉƠǎƏƗǐƏƠƖ

ƪǎƏƔǜ

ƕƭ

உ Წ‫ܖ‬ƕᵻƕƭஉ ஖ Ɩ


 



ƖǇƭ

஖஛ȆǹȈ ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬‫ڼ‬ಅࡸ

ࢸƜ
Ə

ƪǎƏƔǜ

ɶ ᧓ ȆǹȈ஖ƖƠǎƏƗǐƏƠƖஉኳ ಅ ࡸ



ƕƭ


ƾǏ



ǍƢ

Ϥ ˞ ǈ‫ڼ‬ಅࡸ

Ძஉ஖ƖᲢᲫȷᲬ࠰ဃᲣ

ƶǜƤƍ‫࠰ܖ‬஛ȆǹȈᲢ࠰ဃᲣ

ƶǜƤƍ‫࠰ܖ‬஛ȆǹȈᲢ࠰ဃᲣ
ƕƘƶǜǇƭ

ƕƭƕƘƶǜǇƭ

‫࠰ܖ‬஛ȆǹȈ‫࠰ܖ‬஛ȆǹȈ

ƶǜƤƍ



Წஉ

ƕƘƶǜǇƭ

Ჭ
‫ܖ‬ƕ
ᵻ





ƿ ǜ Ɣ ƞƍƠƗǐƏƠƖ

ƕƘƶǜǇƭ

ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

ƠƗǐƏƠƖɶ ᧓ ȆǹȈƕƭƶǜƤƍᲢᲫȷᲬ࠰ဃᲣƕƬƠǐƏ ૨҄ᅛȷ ӳ ՘ ǳȳ
ǯȸȫ





ƕƭ

ƠǎƏǓǐƏƠƖ

உƦƭƗǐƏƠƖ

ƠǎƏǓǐƏƠƖ̲ ʕ ࡸ ȷҡ ಅ ࡸ ƸǔƦƭƗǐƏƠƖ̲ ʕ ࡸ ȷҡ ಅ ࡸ ǍƢବ ˞ ǈ 



ᴾ
ầẪ ỈỮ

ᾁώ‫࠰ܖ‬ᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƔǜƔǑ

ƶǜǕƍƕƘƶǜƤƍ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƸŴᲭ࠰᧓ᡫƍǇƢŵ࠰ᱫƴǑǔᲭ‫࠰ܖ‬СưƢŵƕƭ ƾ ƭ ƔǑƘƶǜƕƭƭƍƨƪ

ƕƘ

ơƭǓǐƘ

ƕƭ

Ჳஉ

ƖǇƭ

Ტ ɶ ᧓ ȷ஖஛ȷ‫ܖ‬ƪǎƏƔǜ஖஛ȆǹȈ

ⅽ↶ⅵↇ



 



Ჯஉ Ძ
‫ܖ‬ƕ
ᵻ
ƕƭ
Ჰஉ ஖ ƖƠƗǐƏƠƖ

λ ‫ࡸ ܖ‬ȷ‫ڼ‬ಅࡸ

 

Ხஉ

ấờ

ɼễᘍʙᴾ

ƞƍ

Ɯ

Ʃƍ

ƕƘƶǜ

ƶǜƤƍ

ᲮஉᲬଐ᳸፻࠰ᲮஉᲫଐƴ ᲫᲭৗƴƳǔ‫܇‬Ʋǋ  ă ᇹᲫ‫ ࠰ܖ‬ᲢᲫ࠰ဃᲣ
ᲫᲮৗƴƳǔ‫܇‬Ʋǋ  ă ᇹᲬ‫ ࠰ܖ‬ᲢᲬ࠰ဃᲣ
ᲫᲯৗƴƳǔ‫܇‬Ʋǋ  ă ᇹᲭ‫ ࠰ܖ‬ᲢᲭ࠰ဃᲣ

7ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟ࠰#;GCTKP,WPKQT*KIJ5EJQQN

If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.

ᾀώᵟᴾᵲᶗᶎᶇᶁᵿᶊᴾᵷᶃᵿᶐᴾᶇᶌᴾᵨᶓᶌᶇᶍᶐᴾᵦᶇᶅᶆᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ
 6JGCECFGOKE[GCTKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUKP,CRCPDGIKPUKP#RTKNCPFGPFUKP/CTEJᵑᴾᵱᶃᶋᶃᶑᶒᶃᶐᶑᴾᵫᶍᶌᶒᶆᶑᴾ

,WPG
,WN[

/KF6GTO6GUV'PFQH6GTO6GUV%NQUKPI%GTGOQP[#WI/KF6GTO6GUV

/KF6GTO6GUV'PFQH6GTO6GUV%NQUKPI%GTGOQP['PFQHVGTOVGUVCPF
%NQUKPI%GTGOQP[PFJCNH[GCT

5EJQQN%QOOGPEG
%GTGOQP[ 

 

&GE

5GOGUVGT

0QX

'PVTCPEG%GTGOQP[CPF
5EJQQN%QOOGPEG
%GTGOQP[5WOOGT8CECVKQP

5GRV
1EV

UVJCNH[GCT /C[5GOGUVGT#RTKN

'PVTCPEG%GTGOQP[CPF
5EJQQN%QOOGPEG
%GTGOQP[ᵐᴾᵱᶃᶋᶃᶑᶒᶃᶐᶑᴾ

5EJQQN%QOOGPEG
%GTGOQP[/KF6GTO6GUV

9KPVGT8CECVKQP







5EJQQN%QOOGPEG
%GTGOQP[ 

,CP

/CT



5GOGUVGT

(GD'PFQH[GCTVGUV)TCFG 'PFQH[GCTVGUV)TCFG 'PFQH[GCTVGUV'PFQH[GCTVGUV)TCFGU )TCFGU %QORNGVKQP%GTGOQP[)TCFWCVKQP%GTGOQP[%QORNGVKQP%GTGOQP[)TCFWCVKQP%GTGOQP[ᵫᵿᶈᶍᶐᴾᵣᶔᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾ

2GTKQFKE6GUVU
Ტ/KFVGTO'PFQHVGTO'PFQH[GCTVGUVUᲣ#UUKIPOGPV
6GUVU
2TQHKEKGPE[VGUVU





 5RQTVU&C[ %WNVWTCN(GUVKXCN%JQTCN%QORGVKVKQP

5RTKPI8CECVKQPᾁώᵟᶁᵿᶂᶃᶋᶇᶁᴾᵷᶃᵿᶐᴾ
 ,WPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN NCUVU  [GCTU +V KU C [GCT U[UVGO YKVJ TGICTF VQ CIG QH VJGUVWFGPV #RTKNVQ#RTKNVJGHQNNQYKPI[GCT  UVWFGPVUTGCEJKPICIG  ă HKTUV[GCT    Ტ)TCFGᲣ UVWFGPVUTGCEJKPICIG   ă UGEQPF[GCTᲢ)TCFGᲣ UVWFGPVUTGCEJKPICIG   ă VJKTF[GCT   Ტ)TCFGᲣ
8ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟ࠰ầ Ế Ẩᾂώ‫ܖ‬஖ᴾ
ƶǜƔǜ

ƖƔǜ

ǘ

ƕƬƖƤƍ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƕƬƖƤƍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ  Ძ࠰᧓ǛƍƘƭƔƷ஖᧓ƴЎƚƯƍǇƢŵᲭ‫ܖ‬஖СƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƱŴᲬ‫ܖ‬஖СƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƕƋǓǇƜƔǑƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƕƬƖƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

Ƣŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷᡫƬƯƍǔɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƕƲƪǒƷ‫ܖ‬஖СƳƷƔŴǑƘᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ
 ᴾ






Ხஉ

Ჭ
‫ ܖ‬ƕᵻ
஖ ƖƤ
Сƍ

Ჯஉ

ƕƬƖ

Ჰஉ

ƕƭ

Ჱஉ

Ჲஉ

ٰƳ
ƭ
˞ Ǎ
Ƣ
ǈ

ƕƭ



 உ

 உ

ƕƬƖ

ƕƭ

 உ

Ძஉ

ƕƭ

Წஉ

Ჭஉ

ƕƬƖ

Ϥƾ
Ǐ
˞Ǎ
Ƣ
ǈ

Ჭ‫ܖ‬஖
ƕƭ

ƕƭ

ବƸ
ǔ
˞Ǎ
Ƣ
ǈ



ᲢᲫஉ᳸ᲭஉᲣ

Წ‫ܖ‬஖ᲢᲳஉ᳸உᲣ

Ძ‫ܖ‬஖ᲢᲮஉ᳸ᲱஉᲣ



Ჳஉ






ƥǜƖ

ƕƭ

ٰƳ
ƭ
˞Ǎ
Ƣ
ǈ

ƕƭ

Э஖ᲢᲮஉ᳸ᲳஉᲣ

ϤƾǏࢸ஖Ტஉ᳸ᲭஉᲣ˞ ǍƢ
ǈ
ƜƏƖ

ƕƭ

ବƸ
ǔ
˞Ǎ
Ƣ
ǈ

ƕƭ











Წ
‫ ܖ‬ƕᵻ஖ ƖƤСƍẲẩỢạẲẨ

ᾃώ‫ڼ‬ಅࡸᴾ
ƔƘƕƬƖ

Ơǐƴƪ

ƠƗǐƏƠƖ

ƓƜƳƠƗǐƏƠƖ

ƥǜƜƏ Ƥ ƍ ƱƨƍƍƘƔǜ

ƋƭƜƏƪǐƏƤǜƤƍ

Ӳ‫ܖ‬஖ƷИଐƴŴ‫ڼ‬ಅࡸǛ ᘍ ƍǇƢŵ‫ڼ‬ಅࡸưƸŴμఄဃࢻƕ˳Ꮛ᫾ƴᨼǇƬƯŴఄ ᧈ έဃ
ƸƳƠ

Ɩ

ƩƍƻǐƏ

ƤƍƱ

ƍ ƚ ǜ ƸƬƽǐƏ

Ɩ

ƜƏƔ

Əƨ

ƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ

ƾƠ Ǌ

Ʒ ᛅ ǛᎥƍƨǓŴ ˊ ᘙ ƷဃࢻƴǑǔॖᙸ ႆ ᘙ ǛᎥƍƨǓŴఄജǛജƍǇƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄဃ෇ƴራႸƭƓƭƾ ǜ ƍ Ɩ

ƳƔ

Ƌƨǒ

ƕƬƖ

Ɠǋ

ƠƖ

Ǜ˄ƚŴᓳƪბƍƨᩎ‫׊‬ൢƷɶưž ૼ Ơƍ‫ܖ‬஖ǋƕǜƹǖƏſƱ࣬ƏƨǊƷࡸưƢŵƠƗǐƏƠƖ

ƻƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƝƥǜƪǎƏ

ƛƜƏ

ƓƓ

ƕƬƖƤƍ

ƜƏƖ

ƠƗǐƏ

‫ڼ‬ಅࡸƷଐƸ ዅ ᫢ ƕƋǓǇƤǜŵҜЭɶƴɦఄƢǔƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢᲢ‫ܖ‬஖СƷࢸ஖Ʒ‫ڼ‬ಅƠƖƻƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƹƋƍࡸƷଐƴƸ ዅ ᫢ ƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳǋƋǓǇƢᲣŵẲỠạẩỢạẲẨ ẲỠạụỢạẲẨ

ᾄώኳಅࡸ Ὁ̲ʕࡸᴾ
ƕƬƖƤƍ

ƕƬƖ

ƕƬƖ

ƕƬƖƤƍ

ƥǜƖ

ƞƍƠǎƏƼ

ƠǎƏƗǐƏƠƖƓƜƳƶ ǜ Ʋ Ǉƭ  ‫ܖ‬஖СƷ ‫ܖ‬஖ȷ‫ܖ‬஖Ŵ‫ܖ‬஖СƷЭ஖ƷஇኳଐƴŴ ኳ ಅ ࡸ Ǜ ᘍ ƍǇƢŵ࠰ࡇ஛ưƋǔ
ƕƬƖƤƍ

ƕƬƖ

ƕƬƖƤƍ

ƜƏƖ

ƞƍƠǎƏƼ

ƠǎƏǓǐƏƠƖ

ƓƜƳ‫ܖ‬஖СƷ ‫ܖ‬஖Ŵ‫ܖ‬஖СƷࢸ஖ƷஇኳଐƴƸŴ ̲ ʕ ࡸ Ǜ ᘍ ƍǇƢŵƠƗǐƏƠƖ

ƓƳƥǜƜƏ Ƥ ƍ ƱƋƭƜƏƪǐƏƤǜƤƍƸƳƠƍ ƚ ǜ ƸƬƽǐƏƜ Ə Ɣ ƤƍƠǐƏ

‫ڼ‬ಅࡸƱӷơǑƏƴŴμఄဃࢻƕᨼǇǓŴఄ ᧈ έဃƷ ᛅ Ǎॖᙸ ႆ ᘙ Ŵఄജ ૪ ՘ ƳƲǛƠǇ
ƨƍƔƍƴǎƏƠǐƏ

ƤƍƱƻǐƏƠǐƏ

ƢŵǳȳǯȸȫǍǹȝȸȄƷ‫˟ٻ‬ƳƲư λ ច ƠƨဃࢻƷ ᘙ ࢧ ǋƋǓǇƢŵƠǎƏƗǐƏƠƖ

ƠǎƏǓǐƏƠƖ ƝƪǐƏƖƖǎƏƗǐƏ

ƠƖƯǜƝ

ƕƬƖǎƏ

ƨǜƴǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƭƏƪƻǐƏኳ ಅ ࡸ ȷ ̲ ʕ ࡸࢸƸᧈ஖ ˞ ಅ ƴƳǔƷưŴࡸχࢸƴ ‫ ܖ‬ኢ ưਃ˓ƷέဃƔǒᡫჷᘙǍȆƤƍƞƘƞƘƻǜ

ƔƑ

ƕƬƖ

ƕƘƶǜ

ƸǜƤƍ

ƭƗ

ƕƬƖ

ƕƘƶǜ

ǹȈŴᙌ˺˺ԼƳƲƕᡉƞǕǇƢŵƦƷ‫ܖ‬஖Ǎ‫࠰ܖ‬ǛӒႾƠŴžഏƷ‫ܖ‬஖Ǎ‫࠰ܖ‬ǋƕǜƹǖƏſƱ
ƓǋƠƖ࣬ƏƨǊƷࡸưƢŵƠǎƏƗǐƏƠƖ

ƠǎƏǓǐƏƠƖ

ƻƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƝƥǜƪǎƏኳ ಅ ࡸ ȷ ̲ ʕ ࡸ ƷଐƸ ዅ ᫢ ƕƋǓǇƤǜŵҜЭɶƴƛƜƏƓƓɦఄƢǔƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ





9

ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟ࠰ᴾᾂώᵱᶃᶋᶃᶑᶒᶃᶐᴾ  #PCECFGOKE[GCTKUFKXKFGFKPVQUGXGTCNUGOGUVGTU6JGTGCTGUEJQQNUYKVJQTUGOGUVGTU &Q ENCTKH[ YJGVJGT VJG UEJQQN [QWT EJKNF KU IQKPI VQ JCXG C  QT UGOGUVGTUU[UVGO  
5GOGUVGT
Ტ#RTKN᳸,WN[Უ

,WN[

#WI

5GRV

1EV

0QX


5GOGUVGTᲢ5GRV᳸ &GEᲣ

&GE

,CP

(GD

/CT


5GOGUVGTᲢ,CP᳸/CTᲣ

5RTKPIXCECVKQP



,WPG

9KPVGTXCECVKQP/C[5WOOGTXCECVKQP

6JTGGUGOGUVGT
U[UVGO#RTKN



Ტ#RTKN᳸5GRVᲣPFJCNH[GCT
Ტ1EV᳸/CTᲣ

5RTKPIXCECVKQPUVJCNH[GCT

9KPVGTXCECVKQP

5WOOGT XCECVKQPUGOGUVGT
U[UVGOᾃώᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᵡᶍᶋᶋᶃᶌᶁᶃᴾᵡᶃᶐᶃᶋᶍᶌᶗίᵱᶆᶇᶅᶗᶍᶓᶑᶆᶇᶉᶇὸᴾ
6JG 5EJQQN %QOOGPEG %GTGOQP[ KU ECTTKGF QP VJG HKTUV FC[ QH GCEJ UGOGUVGT&WTKPIVJKUEGTGOQP[VJGGPVKTGUEJQQNRQRWNCVKQPYKNNICVJGTKPVJGI[OPCUKWOVQNKUVGPVQVJGRTKPEKRCNÞUURGGEJVJGURGGEJRTGUGPVCVKQPQHVJGUVWFGPVTGRTGUGPVCVKXGCPFVQUKPIVJGUEJQQNUQPI+VKUCEGTGOQP[VQOGFKVCVGQPUEJQQNNKHGCUC͆OKNGUVQPGKPVJGPGYUGOGUVGTàKPCECNOCVOQURJGTG
0QUEJQQNNWPEJYKNNDGRTQXKFGFQPVJGFC[QHVJG5EJQQN%QOOGPEG%GTGOQP[/QUVUEJQQNUYKNNGPFVJGFC[DGHQTGPQQPᲢ5EJQQNUQPVJGUGOGUVGTU[UVGOOKIJVRTQXKFGUEJQQNNWPEJQPVJGFC[QH5EJQQN%QOOGPEG%GTGOQP[KP5GOGUVGTᲣ
ᾄώᵡᶊᶍᶑᶇᶌᶅᴾᵡᶃᶐᶃᶋᶍᶌᶗὉᵡᶍᶋᶎᶊᶃᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾᵡᶃᶐᶃᶋᶍᶌᶗίᵱᶆᶓᶓᶅᶗᶍᶓᶑᶆᶇᶉᶇὉᵱᶗᶓᶓᶐᶗᶍᶓᶑᶆᶇᶉᶇὸᴾ  %NQUKPIEGTGOQPKGUCTGJGNFQPVJGNCUVFC[QHUGOGUVGTUCPFHQTUGOGUVGT
U[UVGOUEJQQNUCPFQPVJGNCUVFC[QHUGOGUVGTHQTUGOGUVGTU[UVGOUEJQQNU6JG
%QORNGVKQP%GTGOQP[KUJGNFQPVJGNCUVFC[QH5GOGUVGTHQTUGOGUVGTU[UVGOUEJQQNUCPFVJGNCUVFC[QHUGOGUVGTHQTUGOGUVGTU[UVGOUEJQQNUCUVJKUFC[OCTMUVJGGPFQHVJGCECFGOKE[GCT 
5KOKNCTVQVJG5EJQQN%QOOGPEG%GTGOQP[VJGGPVKTGUEJQQNRQRWNCVKQPYKNNICVJGTVQNKUVGPVQURGGEJGUIKXGPD[VJGUEJQQNRTKPEKRCNCPFUVWFGPVTGRTGUGPVCVKXGCPFVQ
UKPIVJGUEJQQNUQPIVQIGVJGT5QOGUEJQQNUIKXGQWVCYCTFUVQYKPPGTUKPEJQTCNCPFURQTVUENWDCEVKXKVKGU
#U VJGTG CTG NQPI DTGCMU CHVGT DQVJ %NQUKPI CPF %QORNGVKQP %GTGOQPKGU VJGJQOGTQQOVGCEJGTUYKNNTGVWTPTGRQTVECTFVGUVRCRGTURTQLGEVYQTMUGVE6JKUKUCNUQCVKOGVQTGHNGEVQPVJGUGOGUVGTQTCECFGOKE[GCTVJCVJCULWUVRCUUGFCPFVQßYQTM
JCTFHQTVJGEQOKPIUGOGUVGTCPFCECFGOKE[GCTà
0QUEJQQNNWPEJYKNNDGRTQXKFGFQPVJGFC[QHVJG%NQUKPICPF
%QORNGVKQP%GTGOQP[/QUVUEJQQNUYKNNGPFVJGFC[DGHQTGPQQPᴾᴾ10ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟ࠰
ỈỮẦỮ

ấờ

ẩỢạẳ

ᾅώ࠰᧓ỉɼễᘍʙᴾ
Ɠǋ

ƗǐƏơ

  ɼƳᘍʙƥǜƕƘƶǜ

ƞǜƔ

ƓƓ

ƗǐƏơ

  =μ‫࠰ܖ‬ƕӋьƢǔ‫ٻ‬ƖƳᘍʙ?
ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍƿ ǜ Ɣ ƞƍƖǎƏƗƨƍƔƍ  ȷ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬Ŵ૨҄ᅛŴྶ২‫˟ٻ‬ƔƘƕƘƶǜ

Ɩ

ƓƓ

ƗǐƏơ

=Ӳ‫࠰ܖ‬ưൿǇƬƯƍǔ‫ٻ‬ƖƳᘍʙ?ƶǜƤƍƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

ƴǎƏƕƘ ơ  ȷᲫ࠰ဃȷȷȷ λ ‫ࡸ ܖ‬Ŵ λ ‫଺ ܖ‬ǪȪǨȳȆȸǷȧȳƳƲƶǜƤƍƠǐƘƹƨƍƚǜƕƘƠǎƏ  ȷᲬ࠰ဃȷȷȷᎰ‫˳ئ‬᬴ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ƳƲƶǜƤƍƠǎƏƕƘǓǐƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏƠƖ  ȷᲭ࠰ဃȷȷȷ ̲ ‫ ܖ‬଄ᘍŴ ҡ ಅ ࡸƳƲƜƏƕƍƕƘƠǎƏǍ ƕ ƍ ƕƘƠǎƏ

ƍ

ƕƘƶǜ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕ

  ఄ‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ Ǎ᣼‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ ƴᘍƘ‫࠰ܖ‬ƸŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢŵ ȆǹȈƴƭƍƯƕƬƖƤƍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜ

Ɣƍ

ƕƬƖƤƍ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜ

Ɣƍ

ƯƍƖ

ƪǎƏƔǜ

Ɩ

Წ‫ܖ‬஖СƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸ࠰ƴᲮ‫ׅ‬ŴᲭ‫ܖ‬஖СƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸ࠰ƴᲯ‫ׅ‬Ʒ‫ܭ‬஖ȆǹȈᲢ ɶ ᧓ȷ஖ǇƭƕƘƶǜǇƭ

ƪǐƏƖƖǎƏƔ

ƋƱ

ƔƩƍ

ơƭǓǐƘ

஛ȷ‫࠰ܖ‬஛ȆǹȈᲣƕƋǓǇƢŵᧈ஖˞ୗƷࢸƴᛢ᫆ȆǹȈǍ ܱ щ ȆǹȈƕƋǔƱƜǖǋƋǓ
ƔƘƖǐƏƔ

ƤƍƤƖ

Ɩ

Ʃƍơ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƳƔ

ƔƘƖǐƏƔ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƠǎƭƩƍ

ǇƢŵӲ૙ᅹ Ʒ঺ጚ ǛൿǊǔ‫ٻ‬ʙ ƳȆǹȈưƢŵ ੉ ಅ Ʒɶ ưӲ૙ᅹ ƷέဃƕȆǹȈƷ Ј ᫆
Ƹǜƍ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

Ɩ

ƦƳ

ƕƘƠǎƏƳƍǑƏ

ƾƘƠǎƏር‫׊‬Ǜ ႆ ᘙ ƠǇƢƷưŴǑƘᎥƍƯȆǹȈƴͳƑƯ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ϋܾƷ ࣄ ፼ ǛƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƕƘƠǎƏ

ǈ

Ტᳪž ‫ ܖ‬፼ ƴƭƍƯſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƞǜƔƗǐƏơ ̬ᜱᎍƕӋьƢǔᘍʙ
ƤƍƱ

ƞǜƔ

ƗǐƏơ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƞǜƔ

ǈ

ƍ

ƗǐƏơ

ဃࢻƩƚƕӋьƢǔᘍʙƱŴ̬ᜱᎍǋӋьƠƨǓᙸƴᘍƬƨǓƢǔᘍʙƕƋǓǇƢŵ
ƤƍƱ

ƞǜƔ

ƗǐƏơ

᳕ဃࢻƩƚƕӋьƢǔᘍʙ᳗ƜƏƕƍƕƘƠǎƏǍ ƕ ƍ ƕƘƠǎƏ

ƠǐƘƹƨƍƚǜƕƘƠǎƏ

ƠǎƏƕƘǓǐƜƏఄ‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ Ŵ᣼‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ ŴᎰ‫˳ئ‬᬴ ‫ ܖ‬፼ Ŵ ̲ ‫ ܖ‬଄ᘍƳƲǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƞǜƔƗǐƏơ᳕̬ᜱᎍǋӋьƢǔᘍʙ᳗ƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

ƦƭƗǐƏƠƖƔ Ư ƍ ǄƏǋǜƜǜƩǜƔƍ

ơǎƗǐƏƞǜƔǜƻ Ƴ ǜ ƘǜǕǜ

ƻ

ǘƨ

ƘǜǕǜ

ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍλ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬Ŵҡ ಅ ࡸ ŴܼࡊᚧբŴটᛩ˟Ŵ੉ ಅ ӋᚇŴᢤᩊ᚞ጀᲢࡽƖบƠ᚞ጀᲣŴ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬Ŵƿ ǜ Ɣ ƞƍ૨҄ᅛƳƲẲỠạẨỮᾆώᨼ᣿Ệếẟềᴾ
ƠǎƏƖǜ

Ơǎǔƍ

 ᨼ ᣿ Ʒᆔ᫏ƴƭƍƯƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƞǇƟǇ

Ơǎǔƍ

ƠǎƏƖǜ

ǇƍƭƖ Ɩ

ƖǜƕƘ

ƠǎƏƖǜ

ƳǜƔƍ

ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸಮŷƳᆔ᫏Ʒ ᨼ ᣿ ƕƋǓǇƢŵ൑உൿǇƬƨ᣿᫇Ǜ ᨼ ᣿ ƢǔǋƷǍŴ˴‫ׅ‬Ɣ
ǘ

ƠǎƏƖǜ

ƭ

ƨ

Ɯ

ƔǑ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƻǑƏƴЎƚƯ ᨼ ᣿ ƠŴᆢǈᇌƯǔǋƷƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷᡫƏɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƕƲǜƳᝲဇǛȷƍƭȷƳǜƑǜƸǒ

ơƥǜ

ƔƘƴǜ

Ɣƶ

ơǎǜƼ

˴ό৚ƏƷƔǛʙЭƴǑƘᄩᛐƠŴƓ᣿ǛแͳƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƠǎƏƖǜ

ƻǑƏ

Ǖƍ

᳕ ᨼ ᣿ ƢǔᝲဇƷ᳗̊ǇƍƭƖ Ɩ

ƖǜƕƘ

ƠǎƏƖǜ

ƖǎƏƠǐƘƻ

ƔƍƻƤƍƱƔƍƻ

ȷ൑உൿǇƬƨ᣿᫇Ǜ ᨼ ᣿ ƢǔǋƷȷȷȷ ዅ ᫢ᝲŴ26#˟ᝲŴဃࢻ˟ᝲƳƲ
ƳǜƔƍ

ǘ

ƠǎƏƖǜ

ƭ

ƨ

ƠǎƏƕƘ Ǔ ǐ Ɯ Ə ƻ

ƦƭƗǐƏ

Ʃƍ

ȷ˴‫ׅ‬ƔƴЎƚƯ ᨼ ᣿ ƠᆢǈᇌƯǔǋƷȷȷȷ ̲ ‫ ܖ‬଄ᘍᝲŴ ҡ ಅ ǢȫȐȠˊƳƲ
ƶǜ

ƳǜƔƍ

ƠǎƏƖǜ

ƾƘƖǐƏƟƍƻ

ƖǐƏƔƠǐ ƍ ƕ ƍ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƭƔ

ƖǐƏƟƍƻ

ȷ࠰ƴ˴‫ׅ‬Ɣ ᨼ ᣿ ƢǔǋƷȷȷȷи૙஬ᝲᲢ૙ᅹ୿ˌ‫ٳ‬ƴ ੉ ಅ ư̅Ə૙஬ᝲᲣƳƲƚƍƟƍƯƖ

ǓǏƏ

Ơ Ƹǒ

ǉƣƔ

ƱƖ

ƖǐƏƍƘƻ

ƍƪƿƑǜơǐƠǎƏƕƘƑǜơǐ

èኺฎႎƳྸဌƴǑǓŴƜǕǒƷૅ৚ƍƕ ᩊ Ơƍ଺ƴƸŴ૙ᏋᝲƷɟᢿǛੲяƢǔ ‫ ܖ ݼ‬ੲяƤƍƲƘǘƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƔƘƴǜСࡇƕƋǓǇƢŵᛇƠƘƸɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᄩᛐƠƯƘƩƞƍŵ11ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟ࠰ᾅώᵫᵿᶈᶍᶐᴾᵣᶔᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾᶇᶌᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᵷᶃᵿᶐᴾ /CLQTGXGPVU  =/CKPGXGPVURCTVKEKRCVGFD[CNNITCFGU?  ȷ5RQTVUFC[EWNVWTCNHGUVKXCNDCNNICOGUVQWTPCOGPV=/CKPGXGPVUFGVGTOKPGFD[GCEJITCFG?ȷ)TCFGᲫȷȷ'PVTCPEG%GTGOQP[QTKGPVCVKQPRTQITCOUQPLQKPKPIVJGUEJQQNGVEȷ)TCFGᲬȷȷ9QTMRNCEGGZRGTKGPEGGVEȷ)TCFGᲭȷȷ5EJQQNVTKRUITCFWCVKQPEGTGOQP[GVE  &KHHGTGPV UEJQQNU YKNN CNUQ JCXG FKHHGTGPV QWVUKFG UEJQQN NGCTPKPI CPF QWVFQQT
NGCTPKPIGZEWTUKQPU  6GUVU2GTKQFKECNVGUVU OKFVGTOGPFQHVGTOGPFQH[GCTVGUVU CTGJGNFHQWTVKOGUKP
UEJQQNU QP  UGOGUVGT U[UVGOU CPF HKXG VKOGU KP UEJQQNU QP  UGOGUVGT U[UVGO
5QOGUEJQQNUJCXGCUUKIPOGPVCPFRTQHKEKGPE[VGUVUCHVGTNQPIDTGCMU6JGUGCTG
KORQTVCPVVGUVUVJCVFGVGTOKPGVJGTGUWNVUQHGCEJUWDLGEV6JGVGCEJGTUQHGCEJUWDLGEVOCMGCPPQWPEGOGPVUCDQWVTCPIGQHRQUUKDNGSWGUVKQPUKPENCUUGUUQFQRC[CVVGPVKQPVQVJGCPPQWPEGOGPVUCPFRTGRCTGYGNNHQTVJGUGVGUVU 
Ტ 2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQP ß#DQWV5VWF[àᲣ 'XGPVUVJCVRCTGPVUCPFIWCTFKCPUECPVCMGRCTVKP
9JKNGVJGTGCTGGXGPVURCTVKEKRCVGFQPN[D[UVWFGPVUVJGTGCTGGXGPVUKPYJKEJVJG
RCTGPVUCPFIWCTFKCPUECPVCMGRCTVKPVQQ 
᳕'XGPVURCTVKEKRCVGFQPN[D[UVWFGPVU᳗1WVUKFG5EJQQNNGCTPKPILQWTPG[UQWVFQQTGZEWTUKQPUYQTMRNCEGGZRGTKGPEG
UEJQQNVTKRUGVE
᳕'XGPVURCTGPVUCPFIWCTFKCPUECPVCMGRCTVKP᳗
'PVTCPEG EGTGOQP[ ITCFWCVKQP EGTGOQP[ JQOG XKUKVU VGCEJGTRCTGPVUOGGVKPI ENCUU QDUGTXCVKQP GOGTIGPE[ FTKNNU *CPFQXGT VTCKPKPI  URQTVU FC[EWNVWTCNHGUVKXCNGVEᾆώᵤᶃᶃᴾᶁᶍᶊᶊᶃᶁᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾ
 6[RGUQHHGGU
6JGTG CTG XCTKQWU V[RGU QH HGGU VQ DG EQNNGEVGF KP LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU 6JGUG
KPENWFGOQPVJN[HKZGFHGGHGGUEQNNGEVGFKPKPUVCNOGPVUCPFVJGPCEEWOWNCVGF&Q
RTGRCTG VJG OQPG[ KP CEEQTFCPEG YKVJ VJG LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN VJCV [QWT EJKNF KU
IQKPIVQ(KPFQWVDGHQTGJCPFV[RGQHHGGUYJGPCPFVJGCOQWPVVQRC[  
᳕'ZCORNGQHV[RGUQHHGGUVQDGEQNNGEVGF᳗
ȷ/QPVJN[HGGUVJCVCTGHKZGFȷȷȷUEJQQNNWPEJHGGU26#OGODGTUJKRHGGU5VWFGPV 
ENWDOGODGTUJKRHGGUGVEȷ(GGUEQNNGEVGFKPKPUVCNOGPVUCPFVJGPCEEWOWNCVGFȷȷȷ5EJQQNVTKRHGGUITCFWCVKQP                                                        CNDWOEQUVUGVEȷ(GGUEQNNGEVGFUGXGTCNVKOGUC[GCTȷȷȷUWRRNGOGPVCT[OCVGTKCNHGGUᲢHGGUHQTNGCTPKPI                                      OCVGTKCNUQVJGTVJCPVGZVDQQMUᲣGVE
è5JQWNF[QWJCXGFKHHKEWNV[KPRC[KPIVJGUGHGGUFWGVQHKPCPEKCNTGCUQPUVJGTGKUC
5EJQQN#KF5[UVGO 5[WWICMW'PL[Q5GKFQ VJCVJGNRUYKVJRCTVKCNRC[OGPVQHVJG
GFWECVKQPEQUVU(QTFGVCKNURNGCUGEJGEMYKVJVJGTGURGEVKXGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU  12ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟ࠰

ơƲƏ ƻ

Ɠ

 ᐯѣࡽƖᓳƱƠƴƭƍƯƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ɠƞ

Ɣƶ

ƛǜƖǜ

ƗǜƜƏ

ǏƏƼǜƖǐƘǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌǑƖǜƜƏƟơƲƏƯƖƠƸǒɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴኛǊǔƓ᣿Ǜྵ᣿ưƸƳƘŴ᤼ᘍǍᣁ ̝ ‫ ޅ‬Ʒ̬ᜱᎍƷ᪳᣿ӝࡈƔǒᐯѣႎƴૅ৚
ǄƏǄƏ

Ɯ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƛǜƖǜ

ǋ

ƍ

Ɠ

Ə૾ඥƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ‫ܖ‬ఄƴྵ᣿ǛਤƬƯᘍƔƳƘƯƢǉƷưŴᓳƱƠƨǓŴƳƘƠƨƠǜƺƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƛǜƖǜ

ƯǋƱ

ǑƏƍ

Ư

Ǉ

ƯƭƮ

ǄƏǄƏ

ǓƢǔ࣎ᣐƕƳƘŴ̬ᜱᎍǋྵ᣿Ǜ৖ΨƴဇॖƢǔ৖᧓ƕƍǓǇƤǜŵ৖ዓƖƷ૾ඥƴƭƍƯ
ǘ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

ЎƔǒƳƍƜƱƕƋǕƹŴέဃƴᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ13ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƷɟ࠰

 #WVQOCVKE6TCPUHGTQH/QPG[6JGTGKUCU[UVGOVQRC[VJGHGGUVQVJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUD[CWVQOCVKEVTCPUHGTUHTQO VJG DCPM CPF RQUVCN QHHKEG CEEQWPVU QH VJG RCTGPVU QT IWCTFKCPU 6JKU YKNNRTGXGPVWPFWGYQTTKGUQHNQUUQTVJGHVQHOQPG[VJCVVJGEJKNFTGPDTKPIVQUEJQQN
2CTGPVUCNUQFQPQVPGGFVQRTGRCTGVJGECUJCVJCPF+H[QWJCXGCP[SWGTKGUQPVJGOGVJQFQHRC[OGPVFQENCTKH[YKVJVJGVGCEJGTU 

14ᧈ஖˞ୗ

ƪǐƏƖƖǎƏƔ

ᧈ஖˞ୗ



ЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵẼỢạẨẨỠạẦ

ᾀώᧈ஖˞ୗẾềễỆᾎƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ƴƭ


ƾǏ

Ƹǔ

ƪǐƏƖƖǎƏƔ

ƕƬƖƤƍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƪǐƏƖƖǎƏƔƞƔƍ   ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸŴٰȷϤȷବƴᧈ஖˞ୗƕƋǓǇƢŵᲭ‫ܖ‬஖СƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƸŴᧈ஖˞ୗǛ ‫ ؾ‬ƴ
ƕƬƖ

ƕƬƖ

ƕƬƖ

ǘ

ƕƬƖƤƍ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƕƭ

ƋƖ

ǕǜƖǎƏ

ƞƔƍ

‫ܖ‬஖ȷᲬ‫ܖ‬஖ȷᲭ‫ܖ‬஖ƱЎƔǕƯƍǇƢŵᲬ‫ܖ‬஖СƷ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄưƸŴᲫᲪஉƷᅸƷ ᡲ ˞ Ǜ ‫ؾ‬
ƥǜƖ

ƜƏƖ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǘ

ƍƪƶǜ

ǈ

ƴЭ஖ȷࢸ஖ǛЎƚƯƍǇƢŵᲢRžɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒɟ࠰ſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣƪǐƏƖƖǎƏƔ

ƖƔǜ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƔƘƴǜ   ᧈ஖˞ୗƷ஖᧓Ƹ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƏƷưŴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵẴᾁώỄạᢅắẲẺỤẟẟỉᾎᴾƪǐƏƖƖǎƏƔƪǎƏ

ơǏƏ

ƭƔ

ơƔǜ

ƓƓ

ƿǜ

ƾ

Ɩ ƦƘ

ƤƍƔƭ

ᧈ஖ ˞ ୗ ɶ ƸŴᐯဌƴ̅Ƒǔ଺᧓ƕ‫ٶ‬ƘƳǓǇƢŵƦƷЎŴɧᙹЩƳဃ෇ƴƳǓǍƢƍưƢŵ
ǍƢ

ƤƍƔƭ

ƋƞƶǅƏ

Ǒ

ƾ

ǅƏƍǜǅƏƠǐƘ

˞ǈƩƔǒƱƍƬƯƩǒƠƳƍဃ෇Ტஔ‫שݏ‬Ǎ‫୼ٸ‬ƔƠŴ୧᫩ ୧ ᫢ ŴǲȸȠƷǍǓƢƗᲣƴƳƖ ƦƘƨƩ

ƤƍƔƭ

ƜƜǖ

ƚƍƔƘ

ƨ

ƕƘƠǎƏ

Ʊ

Ƙ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ǒƳƍǑƏŴᙹЩദƠƍဃ෇Ǜ ࣎ ƕƚǇƠǐƏŵᚘဒǛᇌƯƯ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ƴӕǓኵǜƩǓŴᢿ෇ѣ
ƞǜƔ

ƍƑ

ƯƭƩ

ǏƏ ƍ

Ɨ

Ƣ

ƴӋьƠƨǓŴܼƷ৖ˡƍǛƠƨǓƠƯŴஊॖ፯ƴᢅƝƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƑƍƕƔǜ

ƖƬƞ

Ɯ

ପဒ᫾ŴǫȩǪǱŴǲȸȠǻȳǿȸŴȞȳǬտᒧŴǤȳǿȸȍȃȈǫȕǧƳƲƴƸ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƍƔƳǒǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƍƬƠǐƍƪƩƚưᘍƔƣŴ ࣏ ƣ̬ᜱᎍƱɟደƴᘍƖǇƠǐƏŵ
ầẾẮạ

ẟ

ọ

ᾂώ‫ܖ‬ఄỆᘍẪଐỆếẟềᴾƪǐƏƖƖǎƏƔƪǎƏ

Ƴǜƴƪ

ƱƏƜƏ

ƻ

ƼǐƏƖ

ƍƪơƖƜƘ   ᧈ஖˞ୗ ɶ ưǋ˴ଐƔႇఄƢǔଐƕƋǓǇƢŵƚƕǍ၏ൢƴƳƬƨǓŴɟ଺࠙‫׎‬ƠƨǓƢƔƳǒƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǕǜǒƘƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƻ

ǕǜǒƘ

ƚƬƤƖ

ƤǜƤƍ

ǔƱƖƸ ࣏ ƣɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᡲዂƠǇƠǐƏŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᘍƘଐƴᡲዂǛƠƳƍưഎࠗƢǔƱŴέဃ
Ơǜƺƍ

ǍƢ

ƔƳǒ

ǕǜǒƘ

ƕƱƯǋ࣎ᣐƠǇƢŵ˞ǉƱƖƸ ࣏ ƣᡲዂǛƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƱƏƜƏ

ƻ

Ǖƍ

  =ႇఄƢǔଐƷ̊?ƳƭǍƢƱƏƜƏ Ƽ

ƕƘƠǎƏ ƼǄƠǎƏơǎƗǐƏ

ƔƍǄƏƿ ƔƭƲƏ

yٰ˞ǈᲴႇఄଐŴ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ଐŴᙀ፼ ੉ ಅ Ŵȗȸȫ᧏્Ŵᢿ෇ѣƳƲyϤ˞ǈᲴ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ଐŴ᩿ᛩŴᢿ෇ѣƳƲƾǏǍƢƕƘƠǎƏ ƼǊǜƩǜƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ƿƔƭƲƏ=ᢿ෇ѣƴƭƍƯ?
ǕǜƠǎƏ

ƠƋƍ

Ƴƭ

ƾǏ

ƸǔǍƢ

ƪǎƏ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƓƓ

ƚƬƤƖ

ƹƋƍ

ጀ ፼ ǍᚾӳƳƲƷƨǊŴٰŴϤŴବ˞ǈ ɶ ƴǋᢿ෇ѣǛƢǔ‫ܖ‬ఄƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵഎࠗƢǔ‫ئ‬ӳƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ƤǜƤƍǕǜǒƘƴƸᢿ෇ѣƷέဃƴᡲዂƠǇƠǐƏŵ


ẲỠẪẻẟ

Ể

ᾃώܿ᫆ỊЈỦỉᾎᴾƪǐƏƖƖǎƏƔƪǎƏ

ƠǎƘƩƍ

ƠǎƘƩƍ

Ǖƍ

   ᧈ஖ ˞ ୗ ɶ ǋ ܿ ᫆ ƕƋǓǇƢŵ ܿ ᫆ Ʒ̊ưƢŵƳƭǍƢǋǜƩƍƠǎƏơ Ǐ Ə ƚǜƖǎƏ

ƲƘƠǐƔǜƦƏƿǜ

yٰ˞ǈᲴբ ᫆ ᨼ Ŵᐯဌ ᄂ ᆮ Ŵᛠ୿ज़े૨ŴȝǹǿȸƳƲyϤ˞ǈᲴբ ᫆ ᨼ Ŵ୿ƖИǊƳƲyବ˞ǈᲴբ ᫆ ᨼ ƳƲ 


ƾǏǍƢ
ƸǔǍƢ

ǋǜƩƍƠǎƏ

ƔƧǋǜƩƍƠǎƏ

15ᧈ஖˞ୗ

.QPI8CECVKQPU

If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.

ᴾᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶊᶍᶌᶅᴾᶔᵿᶁᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᶑᾎ   +PLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVJGTGCTGNQPIXCECVKQPUHQTUWOOGTYKPVGTCPFURTKPI6JGUG XCECVKQPU UGRCTCVG VJG  UGOGUVGTU KP LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU QP VJG UGOGUVGTU[UVGO(QTUEJQQNUQPVJGUGOGUVGTU[UVGOVJGEQPUGEWVKXGDTGCMUKPCWVWOP1EVQDGTUGRCTCVGUVJGHKTUVCPFUGEQPFUGOGUVGTU 2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJG
RCIGQP ß#;GCTKP,WPKQT*KIJ5EJQQNàᲣ   6JGRGTKQFUQHNQPIXCECVKQPUFKHHGTHTQOUEJQQNVQUEJQQN%QPHKTOYKVJ[QWTEJKNF ULWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN ᾁώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶀᶃᶑᶒᴾᶕᵿᶗᴾᶒᶍᴾᶑᶎᶃᶌᶂᴾᶒᶆᶃᶋᵝᴾ(TGGVKOGKPETGCUGUFWTKPIVJGNQPIXCECVKQPU#UUWEJKVKUGCU[HQT[QWVQJCXG
CPWPFKUEKRNKPGFNKHGUV[NGFWTKPIVJGXCECVKQPU*QNKFC[UUJQWNFPQVOGCPVQNGCFCPWPFKUEKRNKPGFNKHGUV[NG NCVGTKUKPIKPVJGOQTPKPIUCPFNCVGPKIJVUDKPIGGCVKPICPF
FTKPMKPI QXGT KPFWNIGPEG KP RNC[KPI GNGEVTQPKE ICOGU  CPF [QW UJQWNF UVTKXG VQ
JCXGCUOWEJFKUEKRNKPGKPQPG UNKHGCURQUUKDNG5RGPF[QWTVKOGOGCPKPIHWNN[D[RNCPPKPI C UEJGFWNG QP NGCTPKPI VCMKPI RCTV KP ENWD CEVKXKVKGU JGNRKPI QWV CV
JQWUGJQNFEJQTGUCVJQOGCPFUQQP  &QPQVIQVQRNCEGUNKMGEKPGOCUMCTCQMGICOGEGPVGTUOCPICECHGKPVGTPGV
ECHGYKVJQPN[QVJGTEJKNFTGP&QIQYKVJ[QWTRCTGPVUQTIWCTFKCPU ᾂώᵥᶍᶇᶌᶅᴾᶀᵿᶁᶉᴾᶒᶍᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶂᶓᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶔᵿᶁᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᶑᴾ   6JGTG CTG UQOG FC[U YJGP [QW PGGF VQ IQ DCEM VQ UEJQQN FWTKPI VJG NQPIXCECVKQPU +H [QW CTG KPLWTGF UKEM QT JCXG IQPG DCEM VQ [QWT JQOG EQWPVT[VGORQTCTKN[[QWOWUVNGV[QWTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNMPQY+H[QWCTGCDUGPVQPVJG
FC[UYJGP[QWPGGFVQIQDCEMVQUEJQQNCPF[GV[QWCTGWPEQPVCEVCDNG[QWTVGCEJGTU YKNN DG YQTTKGF CDQWV [QW 5Q FQ OCMG UWTG [QW PQVKH[ [QWT VGCEJGTUYJGP[QWCTGPQVCDNGVQIQVQUEJQQNQPVJGUGFC[U     ='ZCORNGUQHFC[UYJGP[QWPGGFVQIQDCEMVQUEJQQN?
y 5WOOGTXCECVKQPᲴUEJQQNIQKPIFC[UNGCTPKPIFC[UUWRRNGOGPVCT[ENCUUGU    
UYKOOKPIRQQNQRGPKPIENWDCEVKXKVKGUGVE
y 9KPVGTXCECVKQPᲴNGCTPKPIFC[UEQPUWNVCVKQPENWDCEVKXKVKGUGVE
=%NWD#EVKXKVKGU?
/CP[ UEJQQNU ECTT[ QWV VJGKT ENWD CEVKXKVKGU FWTKPI VJG UWOOGT YKPVGT CPFURTKPIXCECVKQPUKPQTFGTVQRTCEVKEGCPFVQRTGRCTGHQTVQWTPCOGPVU+H[QWCTG
PQVCDNGVQCVVGPFVJGRTCEVKEGUPQVKH[[QWTENWDVGCEJGTU ᾃώᵢᶍᶇᶌᶅᴾᶆᶍᶋᶃᶕᶍᶐᶉᾎᴾ   *QOGYQTMKUCUUKIPGFGXGPFWTKPIVJGNQPIXCECVKQPU 
5QOGGZCORNGUQHJQOGYQTMKPENWFGy 5WOOGTXCECVKQPᲴSWGUVKQPGZGTEKUGHTGGTGUGCTEJDQQMTGRQTVRQUVGTGVE
y 9KPVGTXCECVKQPᲴSWGUVKQPGZGTEKUGKPVTQFWEVKQPUHQTYTKVKPIGVE
y 5RTKPIXCECVKQPᲴSWGUVKQPGZGTEKUGGVE

16

ᧈ஖˞ୗ   

ƠǎƘƩƍ

ǘ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƯƍƠǎƭ ƼƖܿ ᫆ ƴƭƍƯЎƔǒƳƍƜƱƕƋǕƹŴέဃƴᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ੩ Ј ଐƕൿǇƬƯƍǔƷ
ǍƢ

Ɠ

Ƌǘ

ƚƍƔƘ

ƨ

ƸǍ

ƠǎƘƩƍ

ƱƏƜƏ Ƽ

ƯƍƠǎƭưŴ˞ǈƷኳǘǓƴ८ƯƳƍǑƏƴŴᚘဒǛᇌƯƯଔǊƴ ܿ ᫆ ǛƠǇƠǐƏŵႇఄଐƴ ੩ Ј
ƠǎƘƩƍ

ƠǎƘƩƍ

ƯƍƠǎƭ Ƽ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƠǎƘƩƍ

ǉƣƔ

Ƣǔ ܿ ᫆ ǋƋǔƷưŴƦǕƧǕƷ ܿ ᫆ Ʒ ੩ Ј ଐǛᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵܿ ᫆ ƕ ᩊ ƠƢƗǔƱƖ
ǍƢ

ǇƑ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

Ʃ

ƠǎƘƩƍ

Ʊ

Ƙ



ƸŴ˞ǈƷЭƴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵЈƞǕƨ ܿ ᫆ ƴƕǜƹƬƯӕǓኵǈǇƠǐƏŵ Ḥέဃ૾ồḤᴾ
ᧈ஖˞ୗƸ‫ܖ‬ఄƷ੉ಅƕᡶǇƳƍƨǊŴ‫׎ٳ‬ƴȫȸȄǛǋƭ‫܇‬ƲǋƴƱƬƯƸŴ‫ݲ‬ƠưǋԗǓƴᡙƍƭƘƜƱƷưƖǔᝮ᣻ƳȁȣȳǹưƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷȬșȫƴӳƬƨܿ᫆ǛЈƠƨǓŴᙀ፼‫ܖ‬፼ǛᚘဒƠƨǓŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƱơƬƘǓӼƖƋƏ଺᧓Ǜ˺ƬƨǓƠƯǈƯƸƍƔƕ
ưƠǐƏƔŵ17ᧈ஖˞ୗ   &QENCTKH[YKVJ[QWTVGCEJGTUKH[QWJCXGSWGUVKQPUTGICTFKPI[QWTJQOGYQTM
6JGTG CTG FGCFNKPGU HQT UWDOKUUKQP UQ VQ RTGXGPV RCPKE CV VJG GPF QH VJGXCECVKQPUFQOCMGCRNCPVQEQORNGVGVJGJQOGYQTMCUUQQPCURQUUKDNG5QOGFGCFNKPGUHCNNQPVJGFC[UYJGP[QWIQDCEMVQUEJQQNFWTKPIVJGXCECVKQP&Q
OCMG UWTG [QW MPQY VJG FGCFNKPGU QH UWEJ JQOGYQTM CUUKIPOGPVU 9JGP [QWGPEQWPVGTFKHHKEWNVKGUKPFQKPIVJGJQOGYQTMEQPUWNVVJGVGCEJGTUDGHQTGVJGUVCTVQHVJGXCECVKQPU.GV UYQTMJCTFQPVJGJQOGYQTMCUUKIPGF 18‫ܖ‬፼ƴƭƍƯƕƘƠǎƏ‫ ܖ‬፼ ƴƭƍƯЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵỔỮẨỢạᾀώỄỮễѠࢍ ửẴỦỉᾎƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƖǐƏƔƨǜƴǜƤƍ

ƖǐƏƔ

Ƥǜǋǜ

   ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸƍǖƍǖƳ Ѡ ࢍ ǛƠǇƢŵ ੉ ಅ Ƹ૙ᅹਃ˓СưŴƦǕƧǕƷ૙ᅹƝƱƴ‫ᧉݦ‬
ƤǜƤƍ

ƓƠ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

Ɩ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƖǐƏƔ

ƓǜƕƘƠƭǓ Ɣ Ơ ƭƷέဃƕ૙ƑǇƢŵέဃƕ ૙ ܴ ƴஹƯ ੉ ಅ ǛƠǇƢŵ૙ᅹƴǑƬƯƸ᪦ಏܴǍྸᅹܴƳƲƷ
ǂƭ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

КƷ ૙ ܴ ư Ѡ ࢍ ǛƢǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵƴǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏơǎƗǐƏƴ Ǆ ǜ ƝƓƜƳƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ǘ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ǓƔƍ

ଐஜƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸ ੉ ಅ Ƹଐஜᛖư ᘍ ƍǇƢŵଐஜᛖƕЎƔǒƳƍƱ ੉ ಅ ǛྸᚐƢǔƜƱǉƣƔƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ơǎƏƿǜ

ƭƔ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƕ ᩊ ƠƘƳǓǇƢŵƠƔƠŴଐஜᛖƕ җ Ў ƴ̅ƑǔǑƏƴƳǔǇư ੉ ಅ ǛƏƚƳƍưƍǔ
ƓƘ

ƠǜƕƘ

ǉƣƔ

ƴǄǜ

Ɨ

ǉ ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƱŴƲǜƲǜ᡿ǕƯƠǇƍǇƢŵƦƏƢǔƱŴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƕ ᩊ ƠƘƳǓǇƢŵଐஜưƸ፯Ѧ ૙ Ꮛ ƸƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƠǜƕƘ

Ơƚǜ

Ə

ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲǘɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǇưưƢŵ᭗ఄǁᡶ‫ܖ‬ƢǔƨǊƴƸᚾ᬴ǛӖƚƳƚǕƹƍƚǇƤǜŵଐஜᛖƕЎƔǒƳƜƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƸǍ

ƖǐƏƔ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƢƢ

ƨƍƤƭ

ƍ‫܇‬ƲǋƸŴଐஜᛖǛ Ѡ ࢍ ƠƳƕǒŴưƖǔƩƚଔƘ૙ᅹƷ Ѡ ࢍ ǛᡶǊƯƍƘƜƱƕ‫ٻ‬Џư


Ƣŵ
ǅƜƘ

Ɨ

ǉ ƖǐƏƍƘ

Ə

ǒƍƴƪ

Ɯ

ƞƍƠǐ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ǓƔƍ

   ǇƨŴ൐‫׎‬ư፯Ѧ ૙ Ꮛ ǛӖƚƯஹଐƠƨ‫܇‬ƲǋƸŴஇИƸଐஜᛖưƷ ੉ ಅ ǛྸᚐƢǔƨǊơƠǐǄǜǍƘƖǐƏƟƍ

ƭƔ

ǄƏǄƏ

ƴᠴ୿Ǎᎇᚪ ૙ ஬ Ǜ̅ƏƜƱǋ  ƭƷ૾ඥưƢŵ  ƖǐƏƔƠǐ ǉƠǐƏƋƨǒƖǐƏƔƠǐ
ƶǜƔǜ૙ᅹ୿Ƹ໯ΝưǋǒƑǇƢŵƳƘƠƯƠǇƬƯǋ ૼ Ơƍ૙ᅹ୿ƸǋǒƑǇƤǜŵ࠰᧓ƣƭƔƖǐƏƔƠǐ
ƢƨƍƤƭƭƔƬƱ̅Ə૙ᅹ୿ǋƋǓǇƢŵਾƯƨǓŴƳƘƠƨǓƠƳƍǑƏƴ‫ٻ‬Џƴ̅ƍǇƢŵȎȸȈǍ
ƿǜǅƏƙ
ơƿǜ
Ɣ
ơǎƗǐƏ
ƠǑƏ
ƲƏƙ
ƳƔ
ƠǎƏƖǜ
ƕƬƜƏ

૨৐φƳƲƸᐯЎưᝰƍǇƢŵ੉ ಅ ư̅ဇƢǔᢊφƷɶƴƸŴᨼ ᣿ ǛƠƯ‫ܖ‬ఄưǇƱǊƯ
ƜƏƴǎƏ
ƨƔ
Ɣ
ƹƋƍ
ƦƭƗǐƏƤƍទλƢǔǋƷƕƋǓǇƢŵ
᭗ƘƯƢƙƴƸᝰƑƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳŴҡಅ ဃ ƔǒǏƣƬƯǋǒƑƳƍ

ƤǜƤƍ
ƦƏƩǜ
ƕƘƶǜ
ƱƪǎƏ
ƯǜƴǎƏ
ƭƔ
ƲƏƙ
ƔέဃƴႻᛩƠƯǈǇƠǐƏŵ‫࠰ܖ‬Ʒᡦɶƴ ᠃ λ ƠƯŴǄƱǜƲ̅ƏƜƱƕƳƍᢊφƸŴ

ƕƬƜƏ
Ɣ
ƤǜƤƍ
ƔƘƴǜ
  ‫ܖ‬ఄƷǋƷǛ͈ǓǔƜƱƕưƖƳƍƔέဃƴᄩᛐƠƯǈǇƠǐƏŵ



ƖǐƏƔ



ƕƘƠǎƏ

Ძ ૙ᅹƷ ‫ ܖ‬፼ 
ƜƘƝ

ƢƏƕƘ

ƠǌƔƍ

Ǔ

Ɣ

ƕƍƜƘƝ

ƑƍƝ

ƓǜƕƘ

Ƽơǎƭ

Ǆ ƚ ǜ ƨƍƍƘ

Ɨơǎƭ

ƔƯƍ Ɣ

   ‫׎‬ᛖŴૠ‫ܖ‬Ŵᅈ˟ŴྸᅹŴ‫׎ٳ‬ᛖᲢᒍᛖᲣŴ᪦ಏŴ፦ᘐŴ̬ͤ˳ᏋŴ২ᘐȷܼࡊᅹƜ Ƙ Ɲ  ‫׎‬ᛖƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ƭƔ

Ɩ

ƸƳ

Ǒ

Ɣ

ƔƭƲƏ

ƱƓ

ƻǐƏƛǜ

ƪƔǒ

Ɣǜƕ

ƪƔǒ

ƦƏ

ଐஜᛖǛ̅ƬƯᎥƘŴᛅƢŴᛠǉŴ୿ƘƳƲƷ෇ѣǛᡫƠƯ ᘙ ྵ Ƣǔ щ Ŵ ᎋ Ƒǔ щ ŴेƧƏƪƔǒ΂Ƣǔ щ ǛƭƚǇƢŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ɯƿǜ

Ɣǜƿǜ

ǉƔƠ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

Ɯƿǜ

Ɣǜƿǜ

ǘ

ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸŴӞ૨ȷ๮૨ƱƍƏ ଥ Ʒଐஜᛖǋ Ѡ ࢍ ƠǇƢŵӞ૨Ǎ๮૨ƕЎƔǒƳƍƔǒ
ƴƪơǐƏ

ƤƍƔƭ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ƜǇ

ƠǜƕƘ

Ɣǜƕ

ƱƍƬƯŴଐ ࠝ ưဃ෇ƢǔƷƴ࣏ᙲƳଐஜᛖƴ‫׉‬ǔƜƱƸƋǓǇƤǜƕŴᡶ‫ܖ‬Ǜ ᎋ ƑƯƍǕ
ơǎƚǜ



ƱƖ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƹӖ᬴Ʒ଺ƴ࣏ᙲƴƳǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ19‫ܖ‬፼ƴƭƍƯ

#DQWV5VWF[
If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᴾᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶂᶍᴾᶗᶍᶓᴾᶑᶒᶓᶂᶗᾎᴾᴾ   ;QWIGVVQNGCTPCNQVQHFKHHGTGPVVJKPIUKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN#UVJGENCUUGUCTG
UWDLGEVUDCUGFFKHHGTGPVURGEKCNKUVVGCEJGTUYKNNVGCEJVJGFKHHGTGPVUWDLGEVU6JG
VGCEJGTUYKNNIQVQVJGENCUUTQQOUVQEQPFWEVVJGENCUUGU5WDLGEVUNKMGOWUKECPF
5EKGPEGOKIJVDGEQPFWEVGFKPOWUKETQQOUCPF5EKGPEGTQQOUTGURGEVKXGN[ ,WPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU KP ,CRCP EQPFWEV VJG ENCUUGU KP ,CRCPGUG +H [QW JCXG
RTQDNGOEQORTGJGPFKPI,CRCPGUG[QWOKIJVCNUQJCXGRTQDNGOUWPFGTUVCPFKPIVJGENCUUGU*QYGXGTKH[QWFQPQVVCMGENCUUGUWPVKN[QWCTGRTQHKEKGPVGPQWIJKP
,CRCPGUG[QWYKNNDGDGJKPFQVJGTUKP[QWTNGCTPKPI#UCTGUWNV[QWOKIJVJCXG
RTQDNGOU CFXCPEKPI VQ JKIJGT GFWECVKQP %QORWNUQT[ GFWECVKQP KP ,CRCP GPFUYKVJ LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN 6Q IGV CFOKVVGF KPVQ C JKIJ UEJQQN [QW PGGF VQ RCUUGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPU6JWUKVKUKORQTVCPVHQTEJKNFTGPYJQFQPQVWPFGTUVCPF
,CRCPGUGVQUVWF[VJG,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIGCPFVJGXCTKQWUUWDLGEVUCUUQQPCURQUUKDNG    1PVJGQVJGTJCPFEJKNFTGPYJQCTGWPFGTVJGEQORWNUQT[GFWECVKQPU[UVGOKPVJGKTJQOGEQWPVTKGUECPWVKNK\GFKEVKQPCT[CPFVTCPUNCVGFOCVGTKCNUVQWPFGTUVCPF
ENCUUGUVJCVCTGEQPFWEVGFKP,CRCPGUGYJGPVJG[HKTUVCTTKXGKP,CRCP  ;QWECPIGVVGZVDQQMUHTGGQHEJCTIG+H[QWNQUGVJGDQQMU[QWECPPQVIGV
CPQVJGTUGVQHPGYVGZVDQQMU5QOGVGZVDQQMUCTGVQDGUVWFKGFHQT[GCTU&Q

VCMG IQQF ECTG QH VJGO CPF VT[ PQV VQ VJTQY QT NQUG VJGO ;QW JCXG VQ DW[
PQVGDQQMUCPFUVCVKQPGT[QP[QWTQYP(QTUVCVKQPGT[VJCVKUTGSWKTGFHQTENCUUGU[QW ECP RWTEJCUG VJGO EQNNGEVKXGN[ XKC VJG UEJQQN +H VJG UVCVKQPGT[ KU VQQGZRGPUKXGHQT[QW[QWECPGKVJGTIGVKVHTQOVJGITCFWCVGFUVWFGPVUQTVCNMVQ[QWTVGCEJGTU+H[QWCTGVTCPUHGTTGFKPVQVJGUEJQQNKPVJGOKFFNGQHCPCECFGOKE  [GCT[QWOC[CUM[QWTVGCEJGTUQHRQUUKDKNKV[QHDQTTQYKPICP[UVCVKQPGT[HTQO

VJGUEJQQN Ძ 5WDLGEVUVQUVWF[   ,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIG/CVJ5QEKCN5VWFKGU5EKGPEGHQTGKIPNCPIWCIG 'PINKUJ OWUKECTVJGCNVJCPFRJ[UKECNGFWECVKQPVGEJPKECNUVWFKGUCPFJQOGGEQPQOKEU  ,CRCPGUG -QMWIQ 
6JGCDKNKVKGUVQGZRTGUU[QWTUGNHVJKPMCPFKOCIKPGCTGEWNVKXCVGFVJTQWIJVJG
WUG QH VJG ,CRCPGUG NCPIWCIG XKC CEVKXKVKGU KP NKUVGPKPI URGCMKPI TGCFKPI CPFYTKVKPI
1NF ,CRCPGUG NCPIWCIG KP VJG HQTOU QH QNF VGZVU MQDWP  CPF %JKPGUG VGZVU 
MCPDWP  CTG CNUQ UVWFKGF KP LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU 9JKNG PQV DGKPI CDNG VQ
WPFGTUVCPFMQDWPCPFMCPDWPYKNNPQVJKPFGTVJG,CRCPGUGTGSWKTGFHQTFCKN[NKHG
KVYKNNDGPGEGUUCT[HQTGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPUHQTJKIJGTUVWFKGU 



20

‫ܖ‬፼ƴƭƍƯ

  

ƢƏƕƘ

ૠ‫ܖ‬
Ɣƣ

ƚƍƞǜ

ƣƚƍ

ƔǜƢƏ

ƠǓǐƏ

ƔƭǑƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

Ƙƴ

ƻƬƞǜ

ƿǜƢƏ

ૠŴᚘምŴ‫࢟׋‬Ŵ᧙ૠŴ᝻૰Ʒ෇ဇƳƲƴƭƍƯ Ѡ ࢍ ƠǇƢŵ‫׎‬ƴǑƬƯᇿምǍЎૠƳƲƷ
ƚƍƞǜ

ƠƔƨ

ƪƕ

Ɯƨ

Ƌ

Ǉƪƕ

Ɣǜƪƕ

ᚘምƷˁ૾ƕᢌƏƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵƦƷƨǊŴሉƑƸӳƬƯƍǔƷƴ᧓ᢌƬƯƍǔƱѥᢌƍƠ
ƹƋƍ

ǅƜƘ

Ɣƨ

ƴǄǜ

Ɣƨ

Ơ

ǂǜǓ

ƣ

ƯƠǇƏ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵ൐‫׎‬ƷǍǓ૾ƱଐஜƷǍǓ૾ǛƲƪǒǋჷƬƯƓƘƱ̝МưƢŵ‫׋‬
ƚƍ

ƕƘƠǎƏ

ƿ ǜ Ʋ ƖƞǜƔƘơǐƏƗ

ƭƔƴǄǜƠǐƏƕƬƜƏƭƔ࢟Ʒ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ưƸǳȳȑǹǍЎࡇ֥Ŵɤᚌ‫ᙹܭ‬Ǜ̅ƏƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵଐஜưƸ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ ưǋ̅Ə
Ɯ

ơƿǜ

ǋ

ơǎǜƼ

ƹƋƍ

ƷưŴǄƱǜƲƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƕᐯЎƷǋƷǛਤƬƯƍǇƢŵƢƙƴแͳưƖƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳǍƲǜƳǋƷ
ǘ

ƔƳǒ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƔЎƔǒƳƍƱƖƴƸ ࣏ ƣέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ

ǳȳȑǹ


ƿ ǜ Ʋ ƖƞǜƔƘơǐƏƗ

Ўࡇ֥ɤᚌ‫ᙹܭ‬






ƠǌƔƍ

  ᅈ˟
ǕƖƠ

ƪ

Ǔ

ƜƏǈǜ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƴǄǜ

ƪ

Ǔ

ǕƖƠ

ƤƔƍ

ƪ

Ǔ

ǕƖƠ

   ഭӪŴ‫ྸע‬ŴπൟƴƭƍƯ Ѡ ࢍ ƠǇƢŵଐஜƷ‫ྸע‬ǍഭӪƩƚưƸƳƘɭမƷ‫ྸע‬ǍഭӪ
ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƜƏǈǜ

Ƥƍơ

ƚƍƟƍ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ǋ Ѡ ࢍ ƠǇƢŵπൟưƸ૎඙ǍኺฎƴƭƍƯ Ѡ ࢍ ƠǇƢŵǓƔ  ྸᅹ
ƿƭǓ

ƔƕƘ

Ƥƍƿƭ

ƪƕƘ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƠǐƘƿƭ

ƲƏƿƭ

ƨƍǑƏ

ƭƖ

ǄƠ

Ơƥǜ

Ɣǜƞƭ

   ཋྸŴ҄‫ܖ‬ŴဃཋŴ‫ܖע‬ƴƭƍƯ Ѡ ࢍ ƠǇƢŵౡ ཋ ǍѣཋŴ‫ٽ‬ᨗǍஉǍ଩ƳƲᐯ໱Ǜᚇ‫ݑ‬
ƻƔǓ

ƓƱ

ƋƭǓǐƘ

ưǜǓǎƏ

ƔƕƘƯƖ

ơƬƚǜ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ƠƨǓŴ ή Ǎ᪦Ŵ ‫ ן‬щ Ǎ ᩓ ් ƳƲᅹ‫ܖ‬ႎƳ᬴ܱǛƠƨǓƠƯ Ѡ ࢍ ƠǇƢŵ ૙ ܴ ƩƚưƸǓ Ɣ Ơ ƭ

ƜƏƯƍ

ƜƏƕƍ

ơƬƚǜ

Ɣǜƞƭ





ƳƘŴྸᅹܴǍఄࡊŴఄ‫ٳ‬ư᬴ܱǍᚇ‫ݑ‬ǛƢǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵƕ ƍ Ɯ Ƙ ƝƑ ƍ Ɲ  ‫׎ٳ‬ᛖᲢᒍᛖᲣ
ƑƍƝ

ƭƔ

Ɩ

ƸƳ

Ǒ

Ɣ

ƷƏǓǐƘ

Ɩ

Ʀ

ƭƘ

   ᒍᛖǛ̅ƬƯᎥƘŴᛅƢŴᛠǉŴ୿ƘƳƲǳȟȥȋǱȸǷȧȳ Ꮱ щ ƷؕᄽǛ˺ǓǇƢŵƍ
ƴǄǜơǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƓƠ

ƴǄǜơǜ ƍ ƕ ƍ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƑƍƝ

ƭǋƸଐஜʴƷέဃƕ૙ƑǇƢƕŴƱƖƲƖଐஜʴˌ‫ٳ‬ƷέဃƕƖƯŴᒍᛖưǳȟȥȋǱȸǷơǎƗǐƏȧȳƠƳƕǒ ੉ ಅ ǛƢǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ
ƑƍƝ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƿǜǆƏƯƖƤƭǊƍǋǜƩƍƴ Ǆ ǜ ƝƭƔ   ᒍᛖƷ ੉ ಅ ƱƍƬƯǋŴ૨ඥႎƳᛟଢǍȆǹȈƷբ᫆ƳƲƸǄƱǜƲଐஜᛖǛ̅ƍǇƢŵ
Ƒƍ Ɲ



ǓƔƍ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ǘ

ƯǜƢƏ

ǘǔ

ᒍᛖƕྸᚐưƖƯǋଐஜᛖƕЎƔǒƳƍƱŴȆǹȈƷໜૠƕफƘƳƬƯƠǇƍǇƢŵḤέဃ૾ồḤᴾᒍᛖƷǹȔȸȁǳȳȆǹȈǍ‫׎ٳ‬ʴဃࢻӼƚƷଐஜᛖǹȔȸȁǳȳȆǹȈ
ƳƲƴӋьƞƤƯƋƛǔƷǋᑣƍưƠǐƏŵႸ೅ǛਤƪŴǍǓ᡾ƛǔኺ᬴ǛƢǔƜƱƴǑǓŴଐஜᛖ‫ܖ‬፼ǁƷॖഒǍᐯ̮ƴƭƳƕǓǇƢŵ





21

‫ܖ‬፼ƴƭƍƯ  /CVJ 5WWICMW +P/CVJ[QWIGVVQUVWF[PWODGTUECNEWNCVKQPIGQOGVT[HWPEVKQPUCPFCEVKXG
WUG QH KPHQTOCVKQP  6JGTG OKIJV DG FKHHGTGPEG KP VJG YC[U ECNEWNCVKQPU CPFHTCEVKQPUCTGYTKVVGPKPFKHHGTGPVEQWPVTKGU#UUWEJVJGTGOC[DGVKOGUYJGPVJG
CPUYGTUCTGEQTTGEVDWVVJGYQTMKPIUCTGPQV+VKUVJWUEQPXGPKGPVHQT[QWVQMPQY
DQVJ[QWTJQOGEQWPVT[OGVJQFCPFVJG,CRCPGUGOGVJQF;QWOKIJVIGVVQWUG
EQORCUURTQVTCEVQTCPFVTKCPINGUKPVJGNGCTPKPIQHIGQOGVT[#UVJGUGCTGWUGFKPGNGOGPVCT[UEJQQNUCUYGNNVJG[CTGOQUVN[[QWTQYPOCVJGOCVKECNVQQNU+H[QWCTG
PQVCDNGVQJCXGVJGOTGCF[KPCUJQTVRGTKQFQHVKOGQT[QWFQPQVMPQYYJCVVJG[CTGRNGCUGVCNMVQ[QWTVGCEJGT %QORCUU

2TQVTCEVQT

6TKCPINGU  5QEKCN5VWFKGU 5JCMCK    ;QW IGV VQ UVWF[ JKUVQT[ TGMKUJK  IGQITCRJ[ EJKTK  CPF EKXKEU MQWOKP GFWECVKQP KP VJKU UWDLGEV ;QW FQ PQV LWUV UVWF[ VJG JKUVQT[ CPF IGQITCRJ[ QH
,CRCPDWVCNUQVJQUGQHVJGYQTNF+PEKXKEUGFWECVKQP[QWIGVVQUVWF[RQNKVKEUCPF
GEQPQOKEU   5EKGPEG 4KMC    ;QW IGV VQ UVWF[ RJ[UKEU DWVUWTK  EJGOKUVT[ MCICMW  DKQNQI[ UGKDWVUW  CPFGCTVJ UEKGPEG EJKICMW  KP VJKU UWDLGEV 6QRKEU UVWFKGF KPENWFG QDUGTXCVKQP QH
RNCPVUCPFCPKOCNUCUVTQNQIKECNQDLGEVUUWEJCUVJG5WP/QQPUVCTUCPFPCVWTGUEKGPVKHKEGZRGTKOGPVQHNKIJVUQWPFCKTRTGUUWTGCPFGNGEVTKEKV[  ;QWFQPQVQPN[NGCTP VJKU UWDLGEV KP VJG ENCUUTQQO DWV [QW CNUQ IGV VQ IQ VQ VJG UEKGPEG
NCDQTCVQTKGUUEJQQN[CTFUQWVUKFGUEJQQNHQTGZRGTKOGPVUCPFQDUGTXCVKQP   (QTGKIP.CPIWCIGᲢ'PINKUJᲢ'KIQᲣᲣ   +PVJKUUWDLGEV[QWIGVVQWUG'PINKUJHQTNKUVGPKPIURGCMKPITGCFKPIYTKVKPICPF
DWKNF[QWTHQWPFCVKQPHQTEQOOWPKECVKQP9JKNG[QWYKNNDGVCWIJVD[,CRCPGUG
VGCEJGTU [QW OC[ UQOGVKOGU IGV C HQTGKIP VGCEJGT VQ VGCEJ CPF RTCEVKEG
EQOOWPKECVKQPKP'PINKUJ   #NVJQWIJ VJKU KU 'PINKUJ NGUUQP VJG VGCEJGT YKNN WUG ,CRCPGUG VQ GZRNCKPITCOOCT CPF VGUV SWGUVKQPU YKNN DG UGV KP ,CRCPGUG 6JWU GXGP KH [QW MPQY'PINKUJYGNNDWVPQV,CRCPGUG[QWTVGUVTGUWNVUOC[PQVDGIQQF 












22

‫ܖ‬፼ƴƭƍƯ

ƓǜƕƘ

᪦ಏ
Əƨ

Əƨ

ƕƬƖ

ƑǜƦƏ

ƖǐƘ

ƔǜƠǐƏ

ƓǜƕƘƠƭǂǜƖǐƏ   ജǛജƬƨǓŴಏ֥Ǜ๫‫ڌ‬ƠƨǓŴƍǖƍǖƳ ୺ Ǜ ᦷ ច ƠƨǓƠǇƢŵ᪦ಏܴư Ѡ ࢍ Ƣ
ƓƓ

ǄƔ

ƻƱ

ƭƔ

Ɣ

ǔƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ˂ƷʴƷǋƷǛ̅ƏƜƱƕưƖƳƍǢȫȈȪǳȸȀȸƸᝰǘƳƚǕƹƍƚ
ƠǐƏƕƬƜƏ

ƭƔǇƤǜŵ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ ƷƱƖƴ̅ƏƷƸǽȗȩȎȪǳȸȀȸưƢŵǽȗȩȎȪǳȸȀȸƱǢȫȈȪƪƕƖǳȸȀȸƸᢌƏƷưŴൢǛƭƚǇƠǐƏŵǢȫȈȪǳȸȀȸ



Ƽơǎƭ

 ፦ᘐ
Ƒ

Ɣ

ƞƘƻǜ

ƭƘ

ƼơǎƭƞƘƻǜƨƷƶǜƤƍ   ዋǛ੨ƍƨǓŴ˺ԼǛ˺ƬƨǓŴƍǖƍǖƳ፦ᘐ˺ԼǛǈƯಏƠǜƩǓƠǇƢŵᲫ࠰ဃƷƱ
Ɣ

ơǎǜƼ

ƞƘƻǜ

ƭƘ

ƪǐƏƜƘƱƏ

ƭƔƖƴȝǹǿȸǫȩȸƷǻȃȈǛᝰƬƯแͳƠǇƢŵǇƨŴ˺ԼǛ˺ǔƱƖƴ ࢤ Ц ЋǛ̅ƏƜƴǄǜƠǐƏƕƬƜƏ

ƭƔ

Ɯ

ơƿǜ

ǋ

ƱƕƋǓǇƢŵଐஜưƸ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ ưǋ̅ƏƷưŴǄƱǜƲƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƕᐯЎƷǋƷǛਤƬƯƍǇ
ơǎǜƼ

ƹƋƍ

ǘ

ƔƳǒ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƢŵƢƙƴแͳưƖƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳǍƲǜƳǋƷƔЎƔǒƳƍƱƖƴƸ ࣏ ƣέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵƪǐƏƜƘƱƏ

ȝǹǿȸǫȩȸǻȃȈࢤ Ц ЋǄ ƚ ǜ ƨƍƍƘ  ̬ͤ˳Ꮛ
ƏǜƲƏơǐƏ

ƨƍƍƘƔǜ

ǓƘơǐƏƖǐƏƗƖ Ɣ ƍ ƏǜƲƏ

ƖǎƏƗ

ƿƲƏ

ƏǜƲƏ

   ᢃ ѣ ‫ ئ‬Ǎ˳Ꮛ᫾ư ᨕ ɥ ᇤ২Ŵ֥఺ᢃѣŴྶ২ŴȀȳǹŴനᢊƳƲƍǖƍǖƳᢃѣǛƠǇƢŵ
ƔǒƩ

ƜƜǖ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

Ǆ ƚ ǜ ƨƍƍƘ

ƩǜƠ

ơǐƠ

ǘ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƓƜƳ

ǇƨŴ˳ Ǎ ࣎ Ʒ ঺ ᧈ ƴƭƍƯǋ Ѡ ࢍ ƠǇƢŵ̬ͤ˳ᏋƸဏ‫܇‬Ʊ‫܇ڡ‬ƴЎƔǕƯ ੉ ಅ Ǜ ᘍƍǇƢŵǄ ƚ ǜ ƨƍƍƘơǎƗǐƏƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ǈƣƗƖƕƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ǋ

ƔƑ

ƯƍƖƯƖ

ƤǜƨƘ

̬ͤ˳ᏋƷ ੉ ಅ ưƸ˳દ஌Ǎ൦ბƴბஆƑǇƢŵ˳દ஌Ƹਤƪ࠙ƬƯ‫ܭ‬஖ႎƴඹຩǛƠǇ
Ƴƭ

ƢƍƑƍ

ǈƣƗ

ƢƍƑƍǅƏ

ơǎǜƼǈƣƗƢƍƑƍǅƏ

ƢŵٰƴƸŴȗȸȫư൦පǛƠǇƢŵ൦ბƱ൦පࠞƱǴȸǰȫǛแͳƠǇƢŵ൦ბǍ൦පࠞƸ
ƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ

Ɣƨƪ

ƍǖ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ǈƣƋƦ

ƔǜƤǜ

‫ܖ‬ఄưൿǊǒǕƨ ࢟ ǍᑥƕƋǓǇƢŵǇƨŴȗȸȫƷ ੉ ಅ Ƹ൦ᢂƼưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵज़௨ƷƠǐƏơǐƏ

ƹƋƍ

ơǐƠ

ƤƍǓ

ƹƋƍ

ƷƧ

ƥǜƍǜ

ƞǜƔ

ƓƦǕƷƋǔ ၐ ཞ ƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳǍ‫܇ڡ‬ưဃྸƴƳƬƯƍǔ‫ئ‬ӳƳƲǛᨊƖŴμՃƕӋьƠǇƢŵ
ƱƘ

ơǐƠ

ƔǒƩ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

Ƌ

ƾƩǜ

ƠƨƗ

Ɣ

ǉƶ

ƭƔ

ཎƴ‫܇ڡ‬Ƹ ˳ Ʒ ঺ ᧈ ƴӳǘƤƯ୍െƔǒɦბǛ‫٭‬ƑƨǓŴᏟȑȃȈƳƲǛ̅ƬƨǓƢǔǑ
ƴǄǜ

ƾƘ

ƏƑ

Ǌ

Ʃ

Ɩ

ƭ

ƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵଐஜưƸ஌ƷɥƔǒȐǹȈǍȐǹȈȈȃȗƕႸᇌƨƳƍǑƏƴൢǛ˄ƚǇƢŵ
ƏƑ

Ɩ

Ɯ

ȖȩǸȣȸƷɥƴǭȣȟǽȸȫǍǿȳǯȈȃȗǛბƯƍǔ‫܇‬ƲǋǋƍǇƢŵƠǎƏƖǐƏơǐƏ

ƾƘƦƏ

Ƥƍƛǜ

ƔƳǒ

ơƥǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

‫ ܪ‬૙ ɥ Ŵ஌ᘺƴСᨂƕƋǔƱƖƴƸ ࣏ ƣʙЭƴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ

  
23

‫ܖ‬፼ƴƭƍƯ

/WUKE 1PICMW    +POWUKE[QWIGVVQUKPIRNC[OWUKECNKPUVTWOGPVUCPFCRRTGEKCVGXCTKQWUV[RGU
QH OWUKE CPF UQPIU /QUV OWUKE ENCUUGU CTG EQPFWEVGF KP OWUKE TQQOU +V KU
PGEGUUCT[VQRWTEJCUG[QWTQYPCNVQTGEQTFGTCU[QWECPPQVWUGQVJGTRGQRNG UVJKPIU 5QRTCPQ TGEQTFGTU CTG WUGF KP GNGOGPVCT[ UEJQQNU #U VJG UQRTCPQTGEQTFGTKUFKHHGTGPVHTQOVJGCNVQTGEQTFGTFQVCMGPQVG  #NVQTGEQTFGT #TV $KL[WVUW    ;QWIGVVQFTCYOCMGCTVRTQLGEVUCPFCRRTGEKCVGXCTKQWUV[RGUQHCTVRKGEGU$W[CPFIGVTGCF[CUGVQHRQUVGTEQNQTUHQT)TCFG;QWOC[CNUQIGVVQWUGVQQNUNKMG GPITCXKPI EJKUGNU YJKNG OCMKPI YQQFYQTM #U VJGUG CTG WUGF GXGP KP VJG,CRCPGUGGNGOGPVCT[UEJQQNU[QWJCXGVQJCXG[QWTQYPUGV  +H[QWCTGPQVCDNG
VQJCXGVJGOTGCF[KPCUJQTVRGTKQFQHVKOGQT[QWFQPQVMPQYYJCVVJG[CTGRNGCUGVCNMVQ[QWTVGCEJGT 

2QUVGT%QNQT5GV
'PITCXKPIEJKUGNU  *GCNVJCPF2
2J[UKECN'FWECVKQP *QMGP6CKKMW    ;QW IGV VQ FQ XCTKQWU URQTVU UWEJ CU CVJNGVKEU I[O OCEJKPG GZGTEKUGU DCNNICOGUFCPEGCPFOCTVKCNCTVUKPGKVJGTVJGURQTVUHKGNFQTI[O;QWCNUQIGVVQUVWF[ CDQWV RJ[UKECN CPF RU[EJQNQIKECN ITQYVJ $Q[U CPF IKTNU CTG VCWIJVUGRCTCVGN[KP*GCNVJCPF2J[UKECN'FWECVKQPENCUUGU;QWPGGFVQEJCPIGKPVQGZGTEKUGENQVJKPIQTUYKOYGCTHQT*GCNVJCPF2J[UKECN'FWECVKQP ENCUUGU ;QW PGGF VQ YCUJ VJG GZGTEKUG ENQVJKPI TGIWNCTN[ CV JQOG&WTKPI UWOOGT VJGTG CTG UYKOOKPI ENCUUGU YJKEJ CTG ECTTKGF QWV KP UYKOOKPI
RQQNU;QWPGGFVQRTGRCTGUYKOYGCTUYKOOKPIECRCPFIQIINGU5QOGUEJQQNUJCXGCEGTVCKPEQNQTCPFFGUKIPUHQTUYKOYGCTCPFUYKOOKPIECRU/QTGQXGTVJG
ENCUUGU KP VJG UYKOOKPI RQQN KU PQV C VKOG HQT RNC[ $GUKFGU JCXKPI KPHGEVKQWUUKEMPGUU CPF IKTNU YJQ CTG OGPUVTWCVKPI GXGT[QPG OWUV RCTVKEKRCVG KP CNNUYKOOKPIENCUUGU (QTIKTNUFQEJCPIGWPFGTYGCTCPFWUGDTGCUVRCFUVJCVCTGTGSWKTGFHQTVJG
RJ[UKECN EJCPIGU KP VJGKT DQFKGU 2NGCUG DG ECTGHWN PQV VQ OCMG [QWT DWUVU CPFDWUVVQRUQDXKQWUHTQO[QWTENQVJKPIYJKNGKP,CRCP5QOGEJKNFTGPCTGYGCTKPIECOKUQNGUCPFVCPMVQRUQPVQRQHVJGKTDTCUUKGTGU(QTENQVJKPITGUVTKEVKQPFWGVQTGNKIKQWUTGCUQPU[QWOWUVVCNMVQ[QWTVGCEJGT
DGHQTGJCPF 24‫ܖ‬፼ƴƭƍƯƔ Ư ƍ ƔܼࡊᅹƪǐƏǓơƬƠǎƏ

ƞƍǄƏ Ʋ Ə ƙ

ƭƔ

ƞƘƻǜ

ƭƘ

ƴƪơǐƏ

Ɣ Ư ƍ ƤƍƔƭ   ᛦྸ ܱ ፼ ǛƠƨǓŴᘶጐᢊφǍȟǷȳǛ̅ƬƯ˺ԼǛ˺ƬƨǓƠǇƢŵଐ ࠝ Ʒܼࡊဃ෇ƴ
ƻƭǑƏ

ƪƠƖ

Ɨơǎƭ

ǈ

ƞƍǄƏ

ƞƍǄƏ Ʋ Ə ƙ

ơǎǜƼ

ƴǄǜ

࣏ᙲ Ƴჷᜤ Ʊ২ᘐ Ǜ៲ ƴƭƚǇƢŵᘶጐ ǛƢǔƱƖƴƸᘶጐᢊφ Ǜแͳ ƠǇƢŵଐஜ ưƸƠǐƏƕƬƜƏ

ƭƔ

Ɯ

ơƿǜ

ǋ

ơǎǜƼ

‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ ưǋ̅ƏƷưŴǄƱǜƲƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƕᐯЎƷǋƷǛਤƬƯƍǇƢŵƢƙƴแͳưƖƳƍ
ƹƋƍ

ǘ

ƔƳǒ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƪǐƏǓơƬƠǎƏ

‫ئ‬ӳǍƲǜƳǋƷƔЎƔǒƳƍƱƖƴƸ ࣏ ƣέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵǇƨŴᛦྸ ܱ ፼ ƷƱƖƞǜƔƘƖǜ

ơǎǜƼ

ǓǐƏǓ

ƭƘ

ƟƍǓǐƏ

ƍƑ

Ǎƞƍ

ƴƸǨȗȭȳǍɤᚌࠉŴȞǹǯŴƾƖǜǛแͳƠǇƢŵ૰ྸǛ˺ǔ ஬ ૰ ƱƠƯŴܼƔǒ᣼ᓔ
ƘƩǋƷ

ǋ

ƍ

ƪǐƏǓơƬƠǎƏ

ƹƋƍƭƘǍௐཋƳƲǛਤƬƯᘍƘƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵᛦྸ ܱ ፼ ƸǄƱǜƲƷ‫ئ‬ӳŴǰȫȸȗư˺ǓǇƢŵ
ƟƍǓǐƏ

ǘƢ

ƜǇ

ƍƑ

ǋ

ƍ

஬ ૰ ǛࣔǕǔƱǰȫȸȗƷǈǜƳƕ‫׉‬ǔƜƱƴƳǓǇƢŵܼƴƳƍŴਤƬƯᘍƘǋƷƕǑƘ
ǘ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ЎƔǒƳƍƱƖƴƸέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵƠǎƏƖǐƏơǐƏ

ƟƍǓǐƏƪǐƏǓǄƏǄƏ

Ƥƍƛǜ

ƔƳǒ

ơƥǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

   ‫ ܪ‬૙ ɥ Ŵ ஬ ૰ Ǎᛦྸ૾ඥƴСᨂƕƋǔƱƖƴƸ ࣏ ƣʙЭƴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵƞƍǄƏ Ʋ Ə ƙƞǜƔƘƖǜ

ᘶጐᢊφǨȗȭȳȷɤᚌࠉ






Ɨ ơǎƭ

২ᘐ
ǋƬƜƏ

ưǜƖƔƍǖ

ơƬƤǜƯƖ

ƨƍƚǜƯƖ

ƕƘƠǎƏ

ƶǜƤƍ

ǋƬƜƏƞƗǐƏ   ங߻Ŵᩓൢ‫ׅ‬ែŴȑǽǳȳƳƲƷܱោႎŴ˳᬴ႎƳ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ǛƠǇƢŵᲫ࠰ဃƷƱƖƴங߻˺ಅ
ƻƭǑƏ

ƲƏƙ

Ɣ

ơǎǜƼ

Ɩƚǜ

ƞƗǐƏ

ƓƓ

ƭƔ

Ɣƨ

ƴ࣏ᙲƳᢊφƷǻȃȈǛᝰƬƯแͳƢǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵүᨖƳ˺ಅǋ‫ٶ‬ƍƨǊŴ̅ƍ૾Ǜ
Ǉƪƕ

ƓƓ

ƭƔ

ǇƑ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƭƔ

Ɣƨ

ƪǎƏƍƯǜ

ƤƭǊƍ᧓ᢌƑǔƱ‫ٻ‬ǱǬǛƠƯƠǇƍǇƢŵ̅ƏЭƴέဃƕ̅ƍ૾ǍදॖໜǛᛟଢƠƯƘǕǇƢŵƴ Ǆ ǜ ƝǘƭƔƔƨƪǎƏƍƯǜ

ǓƔƍ

ƭƔ

Ɩƚǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ƒ

ƣ

ƯǄǜ

ଐஜᛖƕЎƔǒƣ̅ƍ૾ǍදॖໜǛྸᚐưƖƳƍǇǇ̅ƏƷƸүᨖưƢŵέဃƴዋǍ‫׋‬ư৖ஜƠǊǛᅆƠƯǋǒƍǇƠǐƏŵǋƬƜƏங߻ǻȃȈ
ƖǐƏƔ ƍ ƕ ƍƕƘƠǎƏ ૙ᅹˌ‫ٳ‬Ʒ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ƦƏƝƏƯƖ

ƕƘƠǎƏ

ơƔǜ

ƲƏƱƘ

ƶǜƲ

ƖǐƏƔ Ɣ

ƱƘǂƭƔƭƲƏ   ዮӳႎƳ ‫ ܖ‬፼ Ʒ଺᧓ȷᢊࣈᲢᲳ࠰ࡇƔǒ૙ᅹ҄ᲣȷཎК෇ѣ25‫ܖ‬፼ƴƭƍƯ  *QOG'EQPQOKEU -CVGKMC    +PVJKUUWDLGEV[QWIGVVQNGCTPEQQMKPICPFUGYKPIWUKPIDQVJUGYKPIVQQNUCPFUGYKPIOCEJKPGU;QWCNUQIGVVQNGCTPPGEGUUCT[MPQYNGFIGCPFUMKNNUHQTFCKN[JQOGNKHG2TGRCTGUGYKPIVQQNUHQTUGYKPIENCUUGU#UVJGUGCTGWUGFGXGPKPVJG
,CRCPGUGGNGOGPVCT[UEJQQNU[QWJCXGVQJCXG[QWTQYPUGV  +H[QWCTGPQVCDNG
VQJCXGVJGOTGCF[KPCUJQTVRGTKQFQHVKOGQT[QWFQPQVMPQYYJCVVJG[CTGRNGCUGVCNMVQ[QWTVGCEJGT/QTGQXGTHQTEQQMKPIENCUUGU[QWJCXGVQRTGRCTG
CRTQPVTKCPIWNCTJCKTUECTHOCUMCPFJCPFVQYGNU;QWOKIJVCNUQPGGFVQDTKPIEQQMKPIKPITGFKGPVUNKMGXGIGVCDNGUCPFHTWKVHTQOJQOG/QUVEQQMKPIENCUUGUCTG
EQPFWEVGFKPITQWRU+H[QWHQTIGVVQDTKPIVJGKPITGFKGPVUVJGGPVKTGITQWRYQWNF
DGKPVTQWDNG+H[QWFQPQVJCXGVJGKPITGFKGPVUCVJQOGQT[QWFQPQVMPQYYJCVVQDTKPIRNGCUGVCNMVQ[QWTVGCEJGT (QTTGUVTKEVKQPUQPKPITGFKGPVUCPFEQQMKPIOGVJQFUFWGVQTGNKIKQWUTGCUQPU[QWOWUVVCNMVQ[QWTVGCEJGTDGHQTGJCPF #RTQP 
VTKCPIWNCTJGCFUECTH5GYKPI6QQNU








6GEJPKECN5VWFKGU )KL[WVUW ;QWIGVVQFQRTCEVKECNCPFGZRGTKGPVKCNNGCTPKPIKPYQQFYQTMGNGEVTKEEKTEWKVUCPF RGTUQPCN EQORWVGTU KP VJKU UWDLGEV ;QW OKIJV JCXG VQ RWTEJCUG TGSWKTGF
YQQFYQTMVQQNUKP)TCFG#UVJGTGCTGOCP[FCPIGTQWUYQTMUKH[QWWUGVJGUG
VQQNUYTQPIN[KVOKIJVTGUWNVKP[QWIGVVKPIUGTKQWUN[KPLWTGF$GHQTG[QWWUGVJGOVJGVGCEJGTYKNNGZRNCKPVJGOGVJQFQHWUGCPFYJCVVQVCMGPQVGQH+VKUFCPIGTQWUYJGP[QWFQPQVWPFGTUVCPFVJGOGVJQFQHWUGCPFYJCVVQVCMGPQVGQHFWGVQ[QWT NCEM QH RTQHKEKGPE[ KP ,CRCPGUG #UM VJG VGCEJGT VQ FGOQPUVTCVG WUKPIRKEVWTGUQTFTCYKPIU
9QQFYQTMUGV .GCTPKPIQWVUKFGUEJQQNUWDLGEVU   +PVGITCVGF.GCTPKPIVKOG/QTCN'FWECVKQP FQWVQMW ᲢVJKUDGECOGCUWDLGEVKP
ᲣURGEKCNCEVKXKVKGU 

26‫ܖ‬፼ƴƭƍƯᾁώἘἋἚỆếẟềᴾ
ƴǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƯƍƖ

ơƭǓǐƘ

ଐஜƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴƸŴ‫ܭ‬஖ȆǹȈƱ ܱ щ ȆǹȈƕƋǓǇƢŵƯƍƖƂ‫ܭ‬஖ȆǹȈƃ
ƔƘƕƬƖ

ƱƪǎƏ

ƪǎƏƔǜ

ƔƘƕƬƖ

Ɠ

ƖǇƭ

ƔƘƕƘƶǜ

ƓŨӲ‫ܖ‬஖ƷᡦɶƴƋǔ ɶ ᧓ ȆǹȈŴӲ‫ܖ‬஖ƷኳǘǓƴƋǔ஖஛ȆǹȈŴӲ‫࠰ܖ‬ƷኳǘǓƴƋǔ
ƕƘƶǜǇƭ

ƕƬƖƤƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƔǜ

ƝƏƚƍ

Ɣƍ

ƕƬƖƤƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƔǜ

‫࠰ܖ‬஛ȆǹȈƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫ܖ‬஖СƷ‫ܖ‬ఄưƸ ࠰᧓ƴӳᚘ‫ׅ‬Ŵ‫ܖ‬஖СƷ‫ܖ‬ఄưƸ ࠰᧓
ƝƏƚƍ

ƔƍƓƜƳ

ƴӳᚘ‫ ׅ‬ᘍ ǘǕǇƢŵ
ƪǎƏƔǜ

ƜƘƝ

ƢƏƕƘ

Ǔ

Ɣ

ƠǌƔƍ

ƑƍƝ

ƖǐƏƔ

ƖǇƭ

ƕƘƶǜǇƭŨ ɶ ᧓ ȆǹȈƸŴ‫׎‬ᛖŴૠ‫ܖ‬ŴྸᅹŴᅈ˟ŴᒍᛖƷ ૙ᅹưƢƕŴ஖஛ȆǹȈƱ‫࠰ܖ‬஛ȆǹȈ
ƖǐƏƔ

Ƙǘ

ƓǜƕƘ

Ƽơǎƭ

Ǆ ƚǜƨƍƍƘ

ƗơǎƭƔ Ưƍ ƔƖǐƏƔƓƜƳưƸ ૙ᅹƴьƑƯ᪦ಏŴ፦ᘐŴ̬ͤ˳ᏋŴ২ᘐȷܼࡊᅹƷƋǘƤƯ ૙ᅹƷȆǹȈǛ ᘍ ƍǇƢŵƠǎƏƔǜǇƑ

Ƹǜƍ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

Ƹǜƍ

ƖǐƏƔƠǐ

ǋǜƩƍƠǎƏ

ŨȆǹȈƷ ᳸Წᡵ ᧓ Э ƴȆǹȈር‫׊‬ƕ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕǇƢŵȆǹȈር‫׊‬Ƹ૙ᅹ୿Ǎբ ᫆ ᨼ ƷȚ
Ƹǜƍ

ƠǊ

Ɲ

Ƹǜƍ

ǋǜƩƍƠǎƏ

ƯƍƠǎƭȸǸƷር‫׊‬ưᅆƞǕǇƢᲢȆǹȈࢸƴȆǹȈር‫׊‬ƷȎȸȈǍբ ᫆ ᨼ Ǜ ੩ Ј ƠƳƚǕƹƳǒ
ƕƬƜƏ

ǇƑ

ƜǜƔƍ

ƋƍƩ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƳƍǑƏ

ƠǎƭƩƍ

Ƴƍ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢᲣŵЭƷȆǹȈƔǒʻ‫ׅ‬ƷȆǹȈƷ ᧓ ƴ ੉ ಅ ư Ѡ ࢍ Ơƨϋܾƕ Ј ᫆
ƓƓ

Ƹǜƍ

Ɩ

ƠǎƏƪǎƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏƞǕǔƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵር‫׊‬ƕൿǇƬƯƍǔƷưŴƦƜǛ ᨼ ɶ ƠƯ Ѡ ࢍ ƠǇƠǐƏŵƠǎƏƔǜǇƑ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ǍƢ

Ɯ

ƸǍ

ŨȆǹȈƷ ᡵ ᧓ Э ƔǒŴȆǹȈ Ѡ ࢍ ǛƢǔƨǊƴᢿ෇ѣƸ˞ǈƴƳǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƸଔƘƍƑƔƑƠǎƏƪǎƏ

ǉ

ƍƑ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƔƧƘ

ǓƔƍ

ܼƴ࠙ƬƯŴ ᨼ ɶ ƠƯȆǹȈƴӼƚƯܼư Ѡ ࢍ ƠǇƢŵѠ ࢍ ƕưƖǔǑƏƴܼଈƷྸᚐƖǐƏǓǐƘƻƭǑƏƱ ң щ ƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵƯǜƢƏƕƘƶǜơǎǜƍ

ƴǄǜ

ơƿǜ

ơǎǜƍ

ƓƠ

ŨȆǹȈƷໜૠǛǋƱƴ‫࠰ܖ‬᪯ˮƕưǇƢŵଐஜưƸᐯЎƷ᪯ˮƠƔ૙ƑƯǋǒƑǇƤǜŵǇ
ƯƍƖ

ƤƍƤƖ

ƓƓ

ƑƍƖǐƏ

ƨ‫ܭ‬஖ȆǹȈƸ঺ጚƴ‫ٻ‬ƖƘ ࢨ ᪪ ƠǇƢŵơƭǓǐƘƂ ܱ щ ȆǹȈƃƶǜƢƏƔƍƓƜƳ

ƱƘƶǜƤƍƜƏƜƏơǎƚǜ

ǉ

ơƭǓǐƘ

ƔƍƢƏ

ƓƓ

Ũ࠰ƴૠ‫ ׅ‬ᘍ ǘǕǇƢŵཎƴ ࠰ဃƴƳǔƱ᭗ఄӖ᬴ƴӼƚƯ ܱ щ ȆǹȈƷ‫ׅ‬ૠƕ‫ٶ‬ƘƳ
ǓǇƢŵ
ơƭǓǐƘ

Ƹǜƍ

ƖǄǜƯƖ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

Ƹ ǜ ƍ ƢǂŨ ܱ щ ǛƸƔǔȆǹȈƳƷưŴȆǹȈር‫ ׊‬Ƹؕஜႎ ƴƜǕǇư Ѡ ࢍ ƠƯƖƨር‫׊‬μ ƯƕƨƍƠǐƏ‫ ݣ‬ᝋ ƱƳǓǇƢŵƯǜƢƏƕƘƶǜơǎǜƍ

ƴǄǜ

ơƿǜ

ơǎǜƍ

ƓƠ

ŨȆǹȈƷໜૠǛǋƱƴ‫࠰ܖ‬᪯ˮƕưǇƢŵଐஜưƸᐯЎƷ᪯ˮƠƔ૙ƑƯǋǒƑǇƤǜŵ
ơƭǓǐƘ

ƚƬƔ

ƠǜƕƘƞƖƖƞǜƜƏŨ ܱ щ ȆǹȈƷኽௐǛᡶ‫ܖ‬έǛൿǊǔƱƖƷӋᎋƴƢǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ

ƯƍƖ

ơƭǓǐƘ

ƻ

ƝƥǜƪǎƏ

ƏƍƑƔƑƪǎƏƠǐƘƍƑƨ ‫ܭ‬஖ȆǹȈǍ ܱ щ ȆǹȈƷଐƸŴҜЭɶƩƚȆǹȈǛӖƚƯܼƴ࠙ǓǇƢŵଷ ᫢ Ƹܼư᫢
ƸǍ

ƔƑ

ƋƦ

ƍ

ƭƗ

ƻ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ǂǇƢŵଔƘ࠙ƬƯƖƨǒᢂƼƴᘍƔƳƍưŴഏƷଐƷȆǹȈƷ Ѡ ࢍ ǛƠǇƠǐƏŵ
  
ǄƔ

ƳƭǍƢ

ƾǏǍƢ

Ɠ

ǍƢ

ƪǎƏ

ƠǎƘƩƍ

Ƹǜƍ

ƔƩƍ

ƓƜƳ

   ƦƷ˂ƴŴٰ˞ǈǍϤ˞ǈƕኳǘƬƨƱƖƴ˞ǈ ɶ Ʒ ܿ ᫆ Ǜር‫׊‬ƱƢǔᛢ᫆ȆǹȈǛ ᘍơǎƗǐƏƪǎƏ

ƨǜƛǜ

ƠǐƏ

ƓƜƳ

ƬƨǓŴ ੉ ಅ ɶ ƴҥΨȆǹȈǍ ‫ ݱ‬ȆǹȈǛ ᘍ ƬƨǓƢǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ơǎƏƿǜ

ǓƔƍ

ǇƬƨ

Ə

ƤƍƤƖ

   ଐஜᛖƕ җ Ў ƴྸᚐưƖƯƍƳƍƔǒƱƍƬƯȆǹȈǛ μ ƘӖƚƳƍưƍǔƱŴ঺ጚǛƭ
ǋǜƩƍ

Ɣǜơ

ƢƜ

ƢƏƕƘ

ƚǔƜƱƕưƖƳƘƳǓǇƢŵȆǹȈբ᫆Ʒ๮‫܌‬ƴǑǈƕƳƕƋǕƹ‫ݲ‬ƠƸưƖǔŴૠ‫ܖ‬ƷƚƍƞǜǋǜƩƍ

ƑƍƝ

ǋǜƩƍ

Ɯ

ƕƘƠǎƏơǐƏƖǐƏ

ᚘምբ᫆ƳǒưƖǔŴᒍᛖƷȆǹȈƳǒưƖǔբ᫆ƕƍƘƭƔƋǔƳƲŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ཞ ඞ
Ƌ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

Ʊ

Ƙ

ƴӳǘƤƯέဃƱႻᛩƠƳƕǒȆǹȈƴӕǓኵǇƤǇƠǐƏŵ
  
27

‫ܖ‬፼ƴƭƍƯᾁώᵲᶃᶑᶒᶑᴾ
6JGTGCTGRGTKQFKECNVGUVU VGKMKVGUWVQ CPFRTQHKEKGPE[VGUVU LKVUWT[QMWVGUVQ KP,CRCPGUGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU 
Ƃ2GTKQFKECNVGUVU VGKMKVGUWVQ ƃŨ 6JGUG VGUVU KPENWFG OKFVGTO VGUVU KP VJG OKFUV QH GCEJ UGOGUVGT GPFQHVGTOVGUVU CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ UGOGUVGT CPF GPFQH[GCT VGUVU CV VJG GPF QH GCEJCECFGOKE[GCT6JGTGCTGVKOGUKPGCEJ[GCTHQTUEJQQNUQPVJGUGOGUVGTU[UVGO
CPFVKOGUHQTUEJQQNUQPVJGUGOGUVGTU[UVGOŨ /KFVGTO VGUVU CTG QP  UWDLGEVU UWEJ CU ,CRCPGUG MQMWIQ  /CVJ UWWICMW 
5EKGPEG TKMC 5QEKCN5VWFKGU UJCMCK CPF'PINKUJ GKIQ YJKNGVJGGPFQHVGTOVGUVUCNUQ VGUVQPOWUKE QPICMW CTV DKL[WVUW *GCNVJ CPF2J[UKECN'FWECVKQP JQMGPVCKKMW  6GEJPKECN 5VWFKGU IKL[WVUW  CPF *QOG 'EQPQOKEU MCVGKMC  C VQVCN QH 
UWDLGEVU  Ũ 6JG UEQRG QH VGUVU YKNN DG CPPQWPEGF  VQ  YGGMU DGHQTG VJG VGUV FCVGU 6JGUEQRG QH VGUVU CTG DCUGF QP VJG EQPVGPVU KP VGZVDQQMU CPF VJG EQNNGEVKQP QH
SWGUVKQPUᲢ5QOG UEJQQNU TGSWKTG VJG UWDOKUUKQP QH VGUV PQVGU CPF EQNNGEVKQP QH
SWGUVKQPUCHVGTVJGVGUVᲣ3WKVGQHVGPVJGEQPVGPVUUVWFKGFDGVYGGPVJGRTGXKQWU
CPFVJGPGZVVGUVCTGVGUVGF#UVJGUEQRGQHVJGVGUVUKUFGVGTOKPGFFQHQEWUQPVJG
UEQRGCPFUVWF[JCTF Ũ %NWDCEVKXKVKGUYKNNEGCUGQPGYGGMDGHQTGVJGVGUVUUQVJGUVWFGPVUECPJCXGVKOG
VQRTGRCTGHQTVJGO6JGEJKNFTGPECPIQJQOGGCTN[CPFEQPEGPVTCVGQPRTGRCTKPIHQTVJGVGUVU+PQTFGTVQDGCDNGVQRTGRCTGYGNNVJG[PGGFVJGWPFGTUVCPFKPICPF
CUUKUVCPEGQHVJGQVJGTHCOKN[OGODGTU Ũ 6JGUVWFGPVUCTGTCPMGFCEEQTFKPIVQVJGUEQTGUKPVJGVGUVU+P,CRCPYGFQPQV
NGVVJGUVWFGPVUMPQYVJGKTTCPMKPI*QYGXGTVJKUCHHGEVUVJGTGUWNVUQHRGTKQFKECNVGUVU 
Ƃ2TQHKEKGPE[VGUVU LKVUWT[QMWVGUWVQ ƃŨ 6JGUGVGUVUCTGECTTKGFQWVUGXGTCNVKOGUC[GCT6JGHTGSWGPE[KPETGCUGUKP)TCFGYJGPVJGUVWFGPVUCTGRTGRCTKPIHQTVJGJKIJUEJQQNGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPU
Ũ 5KPEGVJGUGCTGVGUVUQPVJGNGXGNQHRTQHKEKGPE[VJGUEQRGDCUKECNN[EQXGTUCNNVJG
EQPVGPVUUVWFKGFUQHCT Ũ 6JGUVWFGPVUCTGTCPMGFCEEQTFKPIVQVJGUEQTGUKPVJGVGUVU+P,CRCPUVWFGPVIGV
VQMPQYJKUJGTQYPTCPMKPIQPN[Ũ 6JGTGUWNVUQHVJGRTQHKEKGPE[VGUVU LKVUWT[QMWVGUWVQ OC[DGWUGFCUTGHGTGPEGVQFGVGTOKPGYJGTGVJGUVWFGPVUJQWNFCFXCPEGVQCHVGTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN     $QVJRGTKQFKECNVGUVU VGKMKVGUWVQ CPFRTQHKEKGPE[VGUVU LKVUWT[QMWVGUWVQ CTGVCMGPDGHQTGPQQPCPFVJGUVWFGPVUYKNNDGFKUOKUUGFHQTJQOGCHVGTVJCV.WPEJKUVCMGPCV
JQOG;QWUJQWNFRTGRCTGHQTVJGVGUVQPVJGPGZVFC[KPUVGCFQHURGPFKPIVJGVKOG
RNC[KPI   $GUKFGU VJGUG VGUVU VJGTG CTG CNUQ CUUKIPOGPV VGUVU VJCV VGUV QP VJG UEQRG QH
JQOGYQTMCUUKIPGFFWTKPIVJGNQPIXCECVKQPRGTKQFUCVVJGGPFQHUWOOGTCPFYKPVGTXCECVKQPU5QOGOKPQTEJCRVGTVGUVUCTGCNUQEQPFWEVGFFWTKPIENCUUGU +H[QWFQPQVEQORTGJGPF,CRCPGUGGPQWIJCPFFQPQVVCMGVJGUGVGUVUVJCVCHHGEVU[QWT TGUWNVU .GV U YQTM VQIGVJGT QP VJGUG VGUVU D[ JCXKPI EQPUWNVCVKQPU YKVJ VJGVGCEJGTU DCUGF QP VJG NGCTPKPI UKVWCVKQP QH VJG EJKNF UWEJ CU JG QT UJG ECP TGCFSWGUVKQPUYKVJHWTKICPCCUUKUVCPEGKP-CPLKQPVJGVGUVSWGUVKQPUJGQTUJGECPFQVJG
ECNEWNCVKQPUWOUKP/CVJQTCDNGVQCPUYGTVQVJGSWGUVKQPUKPVJG'PINKUJVGUVUCPFUQ QP28‫ܖ‬፼ƴƭƍƯ  èȆǹȈƷǇǔƭƚƴƭƍƯ
ƴǄǜ

ƨƩ

Ɯƨ

Ǉƪƕ

Ɯƨ

ŨŴ᧓ᢌƬƨሉƑƴggŴ‫ݲ‬ƷƠǔƠǛƭƚǇƢŵ   ଐஜưƸദƠƍሉƑƴŨẶẟẶẨᾂώ঺ጚỆếẟềᴾ
ƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƤƍƤƖ

ƖǐƏƔ

ƕƘƠǎƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ

ƞǇƟǇ

ƔƭƲƏ

ǑƏƢ

‫܇‬ƲǋƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƷ Ѡ ࢍ Ʒ঺ጚᲢ૙ᅹƷ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ᲣǍɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ဃ෇ƷಮŷƳ෇ѣƷಮ‫܇‬ƳƲƸŴ
ƔƘƕƬƖ

Ɠ

ƨǜƴǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƭƏƪƻǐƏ

ƭƨƭƏƪƻǐƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƳǇƑӲ‫ܖ‬஖ƷኳǘǓƴਃ˓ƷέဃƔǒᡫჷᘙưˡƑǒǕǇƢŵᡫჷᘙƸ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯŴƦƷӸЭ
ƚƍƠƖ

ƖƴǎƏ

ƠƔƨ

ƪƕ

ƤƍƤƖ

ƩǜƔƍ

ƍƪƹǜƻǐƏƔƨƔƻǐƏƔǍ࢟ࡸǍᚡλƷˁ૾ƕᢌƍǇƢŵ঺ጚƸžᲫ᳸Ჯſെ᨞ᲢᲯƕɟဪᚸ̖ƕ᭗ƍᲣưᚸ̖ƞǕǇ
ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƤƍƤƖ

ƯǜƢƏ

Ɩ

ơǎƗǐƏƪǎƏƨƍƲƖƢŵѠ ࢍ Ʒ঺ጚƸŴȆǹȈƷໜૠƩƚưൿǇǔǋƷưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ੉ ಅ ɶ Ʒ७ࡇǍൿǊǒƯƍƠǎƭƿƭ

Ʃ

ƤƍƤƖ

Ɣǜƚƍ

ƯǜƢƏ

ƨƍƲ

ƯƍƠǎƭƿƭǕƨ੩ Ј ཋ ǛЈƢƜƱǋ঺ጚƴ᧙̞ƠǇƢŵȆǹȈưໜૠƕƱǕƳƘƯǋŴ७ࡇǍ੩ Ј ཋ Ǜ
ǘǔ

ƤƍƤƖ

ƻǐƏƔ

Ɯ

Ɩ

ƕǜƹǕƹŴƱƯǋफƍ঺ጚƴƸƳǓǇƤǜŵƍƍᚸ̖ƕƭƘƱŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷǍǔൢƕưǇƢŵ
ƔƘƕƬƖ

Ɠ

ƔƳǒ

ƭƏƪƻǐƏ

ǘƨ

Ɯ

ƍƬƠǐ

ǈ

Ӳ‫ܖ‬஖ƷኳǘǓƴ ࣏ ƣᡫჷᘙƕบƞǕǇƢƷưŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƱɟደƴᙸƯŴƕǜƹƬƨƱƜǖǛǄ
ƭƗ

ǋƘƻǐƏ

ƍƬƠǐ

ǊƯƋƛƨǓŴഏƷ Ⴘ ೅ ǛɟደƴƨƯƨǓƠǇƠǐƏŵƭƏƪƻǐƏ

ƶǜƔǜƓƳ

ƠǑƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƓƓ

ǍƢ

ƪǎƏ

ǑƝ

ᡫჷᘙƸᲫ࠰᧓ӷơǋƷǛ̅ဇƢǔ‫ܖ‬ఄƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ˞ǈ ɶ ƴ൲ƠƨǓŴƳƘƠƨǓƠƳƍ
ƨƍƤƭ

ǄƔǜ

ƭƗ

ƕƬƖ

Ƹơ

ƱƖ

ǘƢ

ƔƳǒ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǋǑƏƴ‫ٻ‬Џƴ̬ሥƠŴഏƷ‫ܖ‬஖ƕ‫ڼ‬Ǉǔ଺ƴƸࣔǕƳƍǑƏƴ ࣏ ƣɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴਤƬƯƍƖǇƢŵ
ƭƏƪƻǐƏǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ǈ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƍǜƔǜ

Ɠ

ǒǜ

ǘƢ

ᡫჷᘙƴƸ̬ᜱᎍƕᙸƨƜƱǛέဃƕᄩᛐưƖǔǑƏƴŴҮᦷǛ਀ƢഇƕƋǓǇƢŵࣔǕƳƍƍǜƔǜƓưҮᦷǛ਀ƠǇƠǐƏŵƭƏƪƻǐƏ

ǈ

ƍ

ǈ

ǘ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɩ

ᡫჷᘙƷᙸƔƨǍॖԛƕЎƔǒƳƍƱƖƴƸŴέဃƴᎥƍƯǈǇƠǐƏŵƴǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤƍƤƖ

ǘǔ

ǒƘƩƍ

èଐஜƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸŴ঺ጚƕफƍƔǒƱƍƬƯᓳᇹƢǔƜƱƸǄƱǜƲƋǓǇƤǜŵǇƨŴ
ƤƍƤƖ

Ʊ

ƖǎƏ

ƤƍƲ

ƹƋƍ

ƶǜǕƍ

ƓƏ

ƕƘƶǜ

঺ጚƕƍƍƔǒƱƍƬƯ᫠Ƽ ኢ ưƖǔСࡇƸƋǓǇƤǜŵǄƱǜƲƷ‫ئ‬ӳŴ࠰ᱫƴࣖơƯ‫࠰ܖ‬
Ǌǜ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ǓƔƍ

ƕƘƶǜ

ƕƋƕǓǇƢŵƍƍ᩿ǋƋǓǇƢƕŴ Ѡ ࢍ ƕྸᚐưƖƳƍǇǇ‫࠰ܖ‬ƕƋƕƬƯƠǇƏƜƱƴ
Ɯ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

Ǉƍƴƪ

ƭ

Ɣƞ

ƨƍƤƭ

ƍƪơƖƜƘ

ƳƕƋƍƩƕƬƜƏ

ǍƢƳǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ Ѡ ࢍ Ƹ൑ଐƷᆢǈ᣻ƶƕ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵɟ଺࠙‫׎‬ƳƲưᧈƍ ᧓ ‫ܖ‬ఄǛ˞ǉƜ
Ɯ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƑƍƖǐƏ

Ɯ

ƭƮ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƔǜƖǐƏ

ƱƸ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ Ѡ ࢍ ƴ ࢨ ᪪ ƠǇƢŵưƖǔƩƚ‫܇‬ƲǋƕዓƚƯ Ѡ ࢍ ưƖǔ ࿢ ‫ ؾ‬ƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ

ẲỠẪẻẟ

ẺẟẶế

ᾃώܿ᫆Ịểềờ‫ٻ‬ЏỂẴẇƴǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǇƍƴƪƠǎƘƩƍƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲǘ   ଐஜƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸǄƱǜƲ൑ଐ ܿ ᫆ ƕƋǓǇƢŵଐஜᛖƕЎƔǒƳƘƯưƖƳƍƔǒƱƍ
Ƴƴ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƠǎƘƩƍ

Ɣ

ƬƯ˴ ǋƠƳƍƷƸǑƘƋǓǇƤǜŵέဃ ƴႻᛩ ƠƯŴưƖǔ ܿ ᫆ ƴ‫ ٭‬ƑƯǋǒƏƜƱǋ
ưƖǇƢŵ

Ḥέဃ૾ồḤᴾ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ঺ጚǛ‫ݲ‬ƠưǋƋƛǔƨǊƴŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷȬșȫƴӳǘƤƨŴưƖǔܿ᫆ǛแͳƠƯƋƛǇƠǐƏŵƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ơǎƏƿǜ

ǈ

Ɯ

ƴǄǜơǜ

Ɯ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƳƍǑƏ

   ଐஜᛖ ƕ җ Ў ƴ៲ ƴƭƍƯƍƳƍ‫ ܇‬ƲǋƴƱƬƯŴଐஜʴ Ʒ‫ ܇‬Ʋǋƕ Ѡ ࢍ Ƣǔϋܾ Ʊƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ǓǐƏǄƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƨƍǁǜ

ƴǄǜơǜ

Ɯ

ƍơǐƏ

ƲǓǐƘ

ଐஜᛖƷ Ѡ ࢍ Ʒ ɲ ૾ ƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵƱƯǋ‫٭ٻ‬ƳƜƱưƢƕŴଐஜʴƷ‫܇‬ƲǋˌɥƴѐщƠƳƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ơǎƏƿǜ

ƔƯƍ

ƠǎƘƩƍ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƚǕƹƍƚǇƤǜŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒ ੉ ಅ ƩƚưƸ җ Ў ưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵܼࡊư ܿ ᫆ ƳƲƷ Ѡ ࢍ
ƨƍƤƭ

ƍƑ

ƯƭƩ

ƓƱƏƱ

ƍǋƏƱ

Ƥ

ǘ

ƨƍƤƭ

Ɯ

ǛƢǔƜƱƸƱƯǋ‫ٻ‬ЏƳƜƱưƢŵܼƷ৖ˡƍǍ ࢂ Ǎ ‫ ڶ‬Ʒɭᛅǋ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢƕŴ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ
ƔƯƍ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ơƔǜ

ƹƠǐ

ƭƘ

ܼࡊư Ѡ ࢍ ưƖǔ଺᧓Ǎ‫ئ‬৑Ǜ˺ǓǇƠǐƏŵ29‫ܖ‬፼ƴƭƍƯ  è6JGVGUVUCTGOCTMGFKPVJGHQNNQYKPIYC[U +P ,CRCP EQTTGEV CPUYGTU CTG OCTMGF YKVJ Ũ YJKNG KPEQTTGEV CPUYGTU CTGOCTMGFYKVJGKVJGT g QT 俶 ᾂώᵟᶁᵿᶂᶃᶋᶇᶁᴾᵰᶃᶑᶓᶊᶒᶑᴾ
6JG JQOGTQQO VGCEJGT YKNN KPHQTO [QW QH VJG EJKNF U CECFGOKE TGUWNVU UWDLGEVNGCTPKPI  CPF VJG EJKNF U UEJQQN NKHG CPF CEVKXKVKGU XKC VJG 6UWWEJKJ[Q TGRQTV ECTF IKXGP QWV CV VJG GPF QH GCEJ UGOGUVGT &KHHGTGPV UEJQQNU JCXG FKHHGTGPV YC[U QH
YTKVKPIVJGPCOGUCPFTGEQTFKPIKPUWEJVUWWEJKJ[Q6JGTGUWNVUITCFGUCTGCUUKIPGF
CU ßVQà YKVJDGKPIVJGJKIJGUVITCFG #ECFGOKETGUWNVUCTGFGVGTOKPGFPQV
QPN[ D[ VJG OCTMU QDVCKPGF KP VGUVU 6JG[ CNUQ VCMG KPVQ EQPUKFGTCVKQP VJG CVVKVWFGFWTKPI ENCUUGU CPF UWDOKVVGF CUUKIPOGPVU 6JWU GXGP KH VJG VGUVU TGUWNVU CTG PQVUCVKUHCEVQT[ C UVWFGPV YKNN PQV IGV RQQT TGUWNVU KH JG QT UJG JCU IQQF CVVKVWFG CPFYQTMUJCTFQPCUUKIPOGPVU)QQFEQOOGPVUKPVJGTGRQTVECTFUOQVKXCVGVJGEJKNF
6JGUGVUWWEJKJ[QCTGFGHKPKVGN[IKXGPQWVCVVJGGPFQHGCEJUGOGUVGTUQRGTWUGVJGOVQIGVJGTYKVJVJGEJKNFCPFUVTKXGVQKORTQXGQPCTGCUVJCVPGGFKORTQXGOGPVCPF
YQTMJCTFGTHQTVJGPGZVIQCN /QUVUEJQQNUWUGVJGUCOGVUWWEJKJ[QHQTVJGYJQNGCECFGOKE[GCT&QPQVFKTV[QTNQUGVJGVUWWEJKJ[QFWTKPIVJGXCECVKQPCPF[QWPGGFVQVCMGKVDCEMVQVJGUEJQQNCV
VJGUVCTVQHVJGPGZVUGOGUVGT6QOCMGUWTGVJCV[QWJCXGUJQYP[QWTRCTGPVUQT
IWCTFKCPUVJGVUWWEJKJ[QVJGTGKUCEQNWOPQPYJKEJVJG[JCXGVQRWVVJGUVCORKPIQHVJGKTPCOGUGCN&QPQVHQTIGVVQFQVJKU  +H [QW FQ PQV WPFGTUVCPF YJCV KU YTKVVGP QP VJG VUWWEJKJ[Q RNGCUG EQPUWNV [QWTVGCEJGT è+PVJG,CRCPGUGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNRQQTTGUWNVUFQPQVNGCFVQHCKNKPI1PVJGQVJGT
JCPFGZEGNNGPVTGUWNVUFQPQVNGCFVQITCFGLWORKPI+POQUVECUGUVJGNGXGNOCVEJVJGUVWFGPV UCIG9JKNGVJGTGCTGUQOGIQQFCURGEVUUVWFGPVIGVURTQOQVGFVQCPQVJGT ITCFG GXGP JG QT UJG ECPPQV WPFGTUVCPF VJG UVWF[ EQORNGVGN[ +V KU
KORQTVCPV VQ UVWF[ GXGT[ FC[ $TGCMU VCMGP VQ IQ DCEM VQ [QWT JQOG EQWPVT[VGORQTCTKN[ QT NQPI CDUGPVGGKUO YKNN CHHGEV VJG NGCTPKPI QH VJG EJKNF #U HCT CU
RQUUKDNGRTQXKFGVJGEJKNFYKVJCUWUVCKPCDNGCPFEQPFWEKXGUVWF[GPXKTQPOGPV ᾃώᵦᶍᶋᶃᶕᶍᶐᶉᴾᶇᶑᴾᶇᶋᶎᶍᶐᶒᵿᶌᶒᵌᴾ   6JGTGKUJQOGYQTMCUUKIPGFCNOQUVGXGT[FC[KP,CRCPGUGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU
+V KU PQV IQQF PQV VQ FQ CP[ JQOGYQTM LWUV DGECWUG [QW FQ PQV WPFGTUVCPF
,CRCPGUG 6CNM VQ [QWT VGCEJGT VQ EJGEM KH [QW ECP IGV C FKHHGTGPV UGV QH
JQOGYQTMVJCVKUYKVJKP[QWTCDKNKV[  






+VKUPGEGUUCT[HQTEJKNFTGPYJQCTGPQVRTQHKEKGPVKPVJG,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIGVQ 
UVWF[DQVJVJGNCPIWCIGCPFVJGEQPVGPVUUVWFKGFD[QVJGT,CRCPGUGUVWFGPVU 
CVVJGUCOGVKOG#UVJKUKUPQVCPGCU[VCUMVJGEJKNFOWUVRWVKPOQTGGHHQTVVJCP,CRCPGUGEJKNFTGP+VKUPQVGPQWIJVQYQTMJCTFLWUVHQTVJGENCUUGUKPVJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN+VKUCNUQKORQTVCPVVQYQTMJCTFKPFQKPIJQOGYQTMCUUKIPGF9JKNGKV
KUETWEKCNVQJGNRQWVKPVJGJQWUGQTNQQMCHVGT[QWT[QWPIGTUKDNKPIUDWVFQOCMG
VKOGCPFGPXKTQPOGPVVQUVWF[CVJQOG 
30஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈ

ƾƘƦƏ

ǈ

஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵẼỠạầẾẮạ

ỐẪẸạᾀώɶ‫ܖ‬ఄỂỉ஌ᘺᴾƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƠƾƘ

Ɩ

ƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ

ƤƍƾƘ

  ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƸŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᅶ஌ǛბƯᘍƘƜƱƸƋǓǇƤǜŵƦǕƧǕƷ‫ܖ‬ఄưൿǇƬƯƍǔС஌ŴƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ǈƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ

ƓƘǫȐȳŴ˳દ஌ƕƋǓǇƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƸƦǕǒǛ៲ƴƭƚƯŴ‫ܖ‬ఄဃ෇ǛᡛǓǇƢŵǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƴǎƏƕƘ

ǇƑ

ƤƍƾƘ

ƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ǑƏƍƻƭǑƏ̬ᜱᎍƸ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴ λ ‫ ܖ‬ƢǔЭƴŴС஌ŴǫȐȳŴ˳દ஌ƳƲဇॖƢǔ࣏ᙲƕƋǓǇ
ƕƬƜƏ

ƠƯƍ

ǑƏƍ

ƜƏƴǎƏ

ƴǎƏƕƘǇƑ

Ƣŵ‫ܖ‬ఄ ƕਦ‫ ܭ‬ƢǔǋƷǛဇॖ ƠƳƘƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵƜǕǒƷ ទ λ ƴƭƍƯƸ λ ‫ ܖ‬Э ƴ ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƋǜƳƍ

ǑƏƍ

ƋǜƳƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƔǒకϋƕƋǓǇƢŵƲƜưŴƲƏǍƬƯဇॖƢǔƷƔŴకϋǛǈƯƖƪǜƱᄩᛐƠǇ
ǍƢ

ƻ

ƪǐƖǜ

ƜƜǖ

ƠǐƏŵ‫ܤ‬ƍǋƷưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵଐƝǖƔǒᝪ᣿Ǜ ࣎ ƕƚǇƠǐƏŵƭƔƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ơ

ƖǐƏƩƍƕ̅ƬƯƍƨǋƷǛǋǒƬƯǋƍƍưƢƠŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ǜ ҡ ಅ ƠƯ࣏ᙲƳƘƳƬƨჷ
Ƌ

Ɣƨ

ƪƍƖ

ƕƬƜƏ

 ǓӳƍƕƍƨǒŴƦƷ૾ƴǋǒƬƯǋƍƍưƢƶŵǇƨŴ‫؏ע‬ƴǑƬƯƸ‫ܖ‬ఄưȐǶȸǛƻǒƍ
ǄƔ

ƻƱ

ƭƔ

ƤƍƾƘ

ǍƢ

Ɣ

ƯƍƯŴƦƜư˂Ʒʴƕ̅ǘƳƘƳƬƨС஌Ǜ‫ܤ‬ƘᝰƏƜƱǋưƖǇƢŵỐẪẸạᾁώỄỮễ஌ᘺᾎ
ƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ





ٰ Ƴƭ
஌ ƾƘ

ơƔǜ

ƤƍƾƘ

Ɩ

Ƣ

଺᧓ŴǄǅС஌ǛბƯᢅƝƠǇƢŵ

С஌ƴƸǻȸȩȸ஌Ŵ‫ܖ‬ဃ஌ŴȖȬǶȸƳƲŴƍǖƍǖƳᆔ᫏ƕƋǓǇƢŵǇƨƦǕƧǕƷᆔ᫏Ʒɶưǋ

ƤƍƾƘ

ƾƘ

ƕƘƤƍƾƘ
Ơǎǔƍ

Ơǎǔƍ
ƢƜ

ƪƕ

ƳƔ
Ɯ

‫ݲ‬ƠƣƭȇǶǤȳƕᢌƍǇƢŵ‫܇‬Ʋ



ƔǑ
ƾƘ

ǻȸȩȸ஌ᲠǫȃǿȸǷȣȄ  ȖȬǶȸ






Ϥ ƾǏ
஌ ƾƘ

ơǎƗǐƏƪǎƏ





С Ƥƍ
஌ ƾƘ

ƱƏ ƛ Ɯ Əɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ Ƹႇ ɦఄ ȷ ੉ ಅ ɶ ƳƲƷƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤƍƾƘǋƕᡫƏɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷС஌ƕƲǜƳȇƔƘƴǜǶ Ǥ ȳ Ɣ ᄩᛐ Ǜ Ơ Ǉ Ơ ǐ Ə ŵƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

ơ

Ɩ

ƱƘ



ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ Ƹ ঺ ᧈ Ƣǔ଺஖ưƢŵཎƴဏ‫ ܇‬ƸǈǜƳ‫ ٻ‬ƖǊƷǵǤǺǛᝰƬƯƍǇƢŵǇƨŴС஌ƴƸٰ஌ƱϤ஌ƕƋǓǇƢŵٰ஌Ƹ உƝǖƔǒ உƝǖǇưŴϤ஌Ƹ உƝǖƔǒ உ

ƩǜƠ

ƓƓ

ƤƍƾƘ
ƳƭƾƘ
ƾǏƾƘ

Ɣ

ƳƭƾƘ
ƕƭ

ƕƭ
ƕƭ

ƠǑƏ



ƾǏƾƘ

ƾǏƾƘ

ƕƭ
ƳƭƾƘ

ƝǖǇư̅ဇƠǇƢŵϤ஌Ʊٰ஌Ʒ



Ɣ
ƾƘ

ƕƘƤƍƾƘ

ǻȸȩȸ஌Რ‫ܖ‬ဃ஌    ȖȬǶȸ


31

Ǌ

ƍƬƠǎƏƔǜ

‫٭‬ǘǓႸƴƸɟ ᡵ ᧓ ǄƲƲƪǒƷ
ƾƘ

Ɩ

ƖƔǜ

஌ǛბƯǋƍƍ஖᧓ƕƋǓǇƢŵ஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈ%NQVJKPICPF#RRGCTCPEG
If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᴾᾀώᵡᶊᶍᶒᶆᶇᶌᶅᴾᶇᶌᴾᵨᶓᶌᶇᶍᶐᴾᵦᶇᶅᶆᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ
 ,WPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUCTGPQVCNNQYGFVQYGCTVJGKTQYPEJQKEGQHENQVJKPIVQUEJQQN6JGTGCTG5GKHWMWᲢUEJQQNWPKHQTO UEJQQNDCIUCPFGZGTEKUGENQVJGUVJCVCTG
FGVGTOKPGFD[VJGUEJQQN,WPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUUJQWNFFTGUUKPUWEJRTQRGTCVVKTGKPUEJQQNNKHG ;QW OWUV RTGRCTG VJG UGKHWMW UEJQQN DCI CPF GZGTEKUG ENQVJGU DGHQTG VJG EJKNF
GPVGTUCLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN+VKUPGEGUUCT[VQRTGRCTGVJQUGYJKEJCTGFGVGTOKPGFD[VJG UEJQQN 5EJQQN YKNN RTQXKFG KPHQTOCVKQP CU QH YJCV VJG TGSWKTGF RWTEJCUGU CTG
2NGCUGEJGEMYKVJVJGUEJQQNCPFHKPFQWVYJGTGVQRWTEJCUGCPFJQYVQRTGRCTGVJG
TKIJVKVGOU#UVJGUGCTGPQVEJGCRKVGOUFQUCXGWRDGHQTGJCPF  +HVJGEJKNFECPIGVJCPFOGFQYPKVGOUHTQOQNFGTUKDNKPIUQTHTQOUQOGQPGYJQJCUITCFWCVGFHTQOVJGUCOGUEJQQNKVYKNNDGHKPGCUYGNN/QTGQXGTUQOGCTGCUJCXGDC\CCTUYJGTG[QWECPDW[UGEQPFJCPFUGKHWMWCVCNQYRTKEG ᾁώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶉᶇᶌᶂᴾᶍᶄᴾᶁᶊᶍᶒᶆᶃᶑᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶐᶇᶅᶆᶒᾎᴾ








5CKNQTENQVJGU            $NC\GT &TGUUUJKTV    

9KPVGTWPKHQTO

5GKHWMW 5EJQQN7PKHQTO 

5WOOGTWPKHQTO










5CKNQTENQVJGU            $NC\GT 
5VWFGPVWPKHQTO  




32

#NNLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVU
YGCTUGKHWMWVQCPFHTQOUEJQQN
CPFHQTENCUUGU  
6JG UGKHWMW EQOGU KP OCP[V[RGU UWEJ CU UCKNQT ENQVJGUUVWFGPV ENQVJGU CPF DNC\GT
6JGTGCTG
UQOG
UNKIJV
FKHHGTGPEGU KP VJG FGUKIPU
COQPI VJGUG V[RGU CU YGNN &Q
EJGEM HQT VJG TKIJV V[RG QH
WPKHQTOHQTVJGUEJQQNVJCV[QWTEJKNFKUIQKPIVQ  #ULWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN UVWFGPVU CTG KP VJGITQYKPI UVCIG FQ IGV DKIIGTUK\GUGURGEKCNN[HQTVJGDQ[U/QTGQXGT VJGTG CTG WPKHQTOUHQT UWOOGT CPF YKPVGT 6JGUWOOGT WPKHQTO KU YQTP HTQO/C[VKNN1EVQDGTYJKNGVJGYKPVGTWPKHQTO KU HQT 1EVQDGT VKNN /C[6JG KPVGTEJCPIG RGTKQF HQT VJGWPKHQTOU KU CDQWV C YGGMFWTKPIYJKEJVJGEJKNFECPYGCTGKVJGTV[RGU  ஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈƖǐƏƔƠǐ



ƻƭǑƏ



ƻ

ƍ

ƱƏ ƛ Ɯ Ə࣏ᙲƳǋƷǛλǕƯႇɦఄƠǇƢŵƕƬƜƏ Ơ Ư ƍƭƔƓƓ‫ܖ‬ఄਦ‫ ܭ‬ƷǋƷǛ̅ ƏƜƱƕ‫ ٶ‬ƍ



ƕƬƜƏ

ƠƯƍ

ưƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄ ƴǑƬƯਦ‫ܭ‬ƠƯƍǔǫ







ƪƕ

ƔƘƴǜ



ȐȳƕᢌƍǇƢŵᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵǇƨǫȐȳƴǋƷƕλǓƖǒƳƍ

ƱƖƸŴǵȖȐȃǰǛ̅ဇƢǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵǵȖȐȃǰǋ‫ܖ‬ఄਦ‫ܭ‬

Ƹƍ





ǫ
Ȑ
ȳ

ƻƬƖǑƏƙ ૙ᅹ୿ Ǎᇿᚡဇφ ƳƲŴƦƷଐ ƴƠǑƏƕƬƜƏ Ơ Ư ƍ
ƹƋƍ

ƓƓ

ƔƘƴǜ

Ʒ‫ئ‬ӳ ƕ‫ ٶ‬ƍưƢŵƜƪǒǋᄩᛐ ǛƠǇƠǐƏŵƨƍƍƘƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƩǕ



ƳǇƑ



ƻƭǑƏ





ȃǱȳƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵ Ǉƨ ੉ ಅ ɶ Ǎᢿ෇ѣႇఄ଺ŴǸơǎƗǐƏƪǎƏ

˳દ஌     ǸȣȸǸ

ƪǎƏƕƬ

ƜƏ 

ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵƞǉơƿ Ɣ ƭ ƲƏƖƕƬƜƏ Ơ Ư ƍƠǑƏƸᢿ෇ѣ ư̅ဇ ƢǔǦǣȳȉȖȬȸ



ƪǌƘǑƏ

ƖǐƔ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ ႉ ƍǹȋȸǫȸǛਦ‫ ܭ‬ƞǕǔƜƱǫȸƷ ბ ဇ Ǜᚩӧ ƠƯƍǔ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵ
Ơǖ

ƠƯƍ

ƓƓ



ƱƏ ƛ Ɯ Ə ơ

ƨƍƍƘ

ơƔǜ



ƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵႇɦఄ଺Ŵ˳ᏋƷ଺᧓ƴƸƖǇƢŵ



ǈ

ƳǇƑ

Ɣ

 ᙸƑǔƱƜǖƴӸЭǛ୿ƖǇƠǐƏŵ
ƓƘƳƍǑƏ

ƏǘƹƨƍƍƘƔǜǑƏ

‫ދ‬ϋဇ Ʒ ɥ‫ ޗ‬Ɩ Ŵ ˳Ꮛ᫾ဇ ƷƨƍƍƘƔǜ

ƔƘƕƬƜƏ

ƠƯƍ˳Ꮛ᫾ ǷȥȸǺƳƲӲ‫ܖ‬ఄ ưਦ‫ ܭ‬ƕ





Ɯ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƋǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ‫ܖ‬ఄƕƲƷǑƏ





ƠƯƍ

ƔƘƴǜ





ƳƘƭǛਦ‫ ܭ‬ƠƯƍǔƔᄩᛐƠǇƠ
ǐƏŵ
ǈ

ƳǇƑ

Ɣ



ᙸƑǔƱƜǖƴӸЭǛ୿ƖǇƠǐƏŵ
Ơǖ



ƘƭƠƨ

ƠƯƍ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ ႉ ƍ᪇ɦ Ǜਦ‫ ܭ‬ƠƯƍǔ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ
ƓƓ



ƖǐƔ

ƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵȯȳȝǤȳȈǛᚩӧƠ



ƕƬƜƏ

ƱƏƖ

Ưƍǔ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵǇƨŴϤ‫ܓ‬Ƹ
ơǐƠ



᪇ Ƙƭ
ɦ Ơƨ

ƖǐƔ

 ϤƷ݊ƍ଺஖ƸŴ‫ܖ‬ఄਦ‫ܭ‬ŴǋƠƘ



˳ ƨƍ
Ꮛ ƍƘ
᫾ Ɣǜ

ƿ Ɣ ƭ ƲƏƱƏƜƏ ơȣȸǸƷ ბ ဇ ǛᚩӧƠƯƍǔ ɶ ‫ܖ‬
ƾǏ





‫ ދ‬ƓƘϋ ƳƍƠǘƔǔǑƏƴŴӸЭƷХƠǎƏǍǼƪǌƘǑƏ‫ ދ‬ƓƘ‫ ٳ‬ƕƍƘƭƖƢŵ˳દ஌ŴǸȣȸǸƴƸᛡƷǋƷƔƨƍƦƏƾƘ

Ȗ
ȬǦ
ᶁ
ᶌȳ
ǫ
ᶌȉ

Ɩ

Ϥ‫ܓ‬ƸǸȣȸǸǛბǔƜƱǋưƖǇ



˳ ƨƍ
દ ƦƏ
஌ ƾƘ

ƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƱƏƖ



˳ ƨƍ
દ ƦƏ
஌ ƾƘ

ơƔǜ

 ˳Ꮛ Ʒ଺᧓ ƴƸ˳દ஌ Ǜბ ǇƢŵ

Ƙǖ

ƪǌƘǑƏ

ƖǐƔ

‫ ܇ڡ‬Ʒ᱅ ǿǤȄ ბ ဇ Ǜᚩӧ ƠƯƍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏǔɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǋƋǓǇƢŵ33

஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈ






5EJQQNDCI
9KPFDTGCMGT'ZGTEKUG%NQVJGU'ZGTEKUGENQVJGU










'ZGTEKUG%NQVJGU   ,GTUG[






1WVFQQT+PFQQT



)[OPC
UKWO

5JQGU











 5EJQQN DCIU CTG HQT RWVVKPIVGZVDQQMUUVCVKQPGT[CPFKVGOUTGSWKTGFHQTUEJQQN /QUVUEJQQNUJCXGFGUKIPCVGFEGTVCKP V[RGU QH DCIU #U
FKHHGTGPV UEJQQNU JCXG FKHHGTGPVFGUKIPCVGFV[RGUQHDCIUEJGEMYKVJVJGUEJQQNDGHQTGJCPF
(QTVJKPIUVJCVECPPQVIQKPVQVJGUEJQQNDCI[QWECPWUGCUWDDCI GZVTCDCI   5QOG
UEJQQNUCNUQJCXGFGUKIPCVGF
V[RGUQHUWDDCIUQEJGEMYKVJVJGUEJQQNDGHQTGJCPF  'ZGTEKUGENQVJGUCTGYQTPFWTKPI  RJ[UKECN  GFWECVKQPENCUUGU+PYKPVGTUQOGUEJQQNU
CNNQYLGTUG[+VKUPGEGUUCT[VQ
CVVCEJPCOGCPFPWODGTVCIU
VQKFGPVKH[VJGGZGTEKUGENQVJGUCPFLGTUG[U  5QOGUEJQQNUCNUQCNNQYVJG
YGCTKPIQHLGTUG[UHQTENCUUGUQT
HQTIQKPIVQUEJQQNHQTENWD
CEVKXKVKGU  &WTKPI VJG EQNF RGTKQFU KP
YKPVGT VJG UVWFGPVU ECP YGCTYKPFDTGCMGTU VJCV VJG UEJQQN
FGUKIPCVGF QT VJQUG WUGF HQTENWDCEVKXKVKGUHQTUQOGUEJQQNU/QUV UEJQQNU WUG YJKVGUPGCMGTUYJKEJCTGYQTPFWTKPIUEJQQN EQOOWVG CPF RJ[UKECNGFWECVKQPENCUUGU 
9TKVG [QWT PCOG CV GCUKN[PQVKEGCDNGRCTVUQHVJGUJQGU
5EJQQNU JCXG FGUKIPCVGF
V[RGU QH KPFQQT UJQGU CPF I[OUJQGU %JGEM YKVJ VJG UEJQQN
[QWT EJKNF KU CVVGPFKPI HQT VJGTKIJVV[RGUQHUJQGU  
9TKVG [QWT PCOG CV GCUKN[PQVKEGCDNGRCTVUQHVJGUJQGU /QUVUEJQQNUWUGYJKVGUQEMU
5QOG UEJQQNU CNNQY QPGRQKPVUQEMU +P YKPVGT UQOG UEJQQNU
CNNQY VJG IKTNU VQ YGCT DNCEMVKIJVU

5QEMU

34஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈẦỚẬᾂώ᭟ỉൗᴾƩ ǜ Ơ ơ ǐ Ơ ƖǐƏƭƏဏ‫ ܇ڡ܇‬σ ᡫ 
ƩƬƠǐƘ

Ƥǜƺƭ

Ʀ

ǇƑƕǈ

ǇǏƛ

ȷ Ꮾ ᑥ Ŵ௨᭟ŴЧǓƜǈŴȑȸȞƳƲƸƠƳƍŵ ȷЭ᭟ƕჂൗƴƔƔǒƳƍŵȷȯȃǯǹŴȘǢǹȗȬȸŴȠȸǹƳƲǛƭƚƳƍŵ
ǑƜƕǈ

ƩǜƠ

ơǐƠ

ဏ‫܇‬

‫܇ڡ‬

ǈǈ

Ƴƕ

Ɣǈ

ȷ್᭟Ƹ᎚ƴƔƔǒƳƍᧈƞƴƢǔŵ
ƏƠ

ƕǈ

ƑǓ

Ɣƨ

ǉƢ

ȷ᭟ƕᏅƴƔƔǔƱƖƸȘǢǴȠưኽƿŵƳƕƘǖȷࢸǖ᭟ƸᙦƴƔƔǒƳƍᧈƞƴƢǔŵƜǜƪǌȷȘǢǴȠƱȘǢȔȳƸ᱅Ɣ኱ƔᒧŵƭƔȷǫȩȕȫƳǋƷǍȘǢǢǯǻǵȪȸƸ̅ǘƳƍŵ
 
Ằớ



ᾃώ݊ẟểẨỆỊὉὉὉƾǏƋƍƩƕƬƜƏƳƍ

ƞǉƓƓƔƘƕƬƜƏ

ƖǐƔǅƏƔǜ ƙƪƕ  ϤƷ ᧓ Ŵ‫ܖ‬ఄϋƸ݊ƍƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵӲ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᚩӧƞǕƯƍǔ᧸݊φƸᢌƍǇƢŵƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ƴƴ

ƖǐƔ

Ƴƴ

ƖǜƠ

ƔƘƴǜ

‫܇‬ƲǋƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƕ˴ǛᚩӧƠƯƍƯŴ˴ǛᅠഥƠƯƍǔƷƔᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ‫ݬ‬ȁǧȃǯ 

ȁǧȃǯ



ƤƍƾƘ

Ơƨ

ƪǌƘǑƏ



ǿǤȄᲢ‫܇ڡ‬Უ


ƯƿƘǖ

৖ᘥ



ơǐƠ

ǻȸǿȸᲢС஌Ʒɦƴ ბ ဇ Უȁǧȃǯ ƘǒƍǖǳȸȈᲢଢ଼ǊƷᑥᲣ





Ȟȕȩȸ
ȍȃǯǦǩȸȞȸƭƔƢ̅ƍਾƯǫǤȭẶẟẬếᾄώฌ๹ỆẲợạὲ
ƾǏ

ƤƍƾƘ



Ɣǜƨǜ

Ƌǒ

ƞƍƖǜ

Ƌǒ

Ƥƍƚƭ

  ϤƷС஌ƸቇҥƴඹƑǔǋƷưƸƋǓǇƤǜᲢஇᡈƸඹƑǔǿǤȗƷǋƷǋƋǓǇƢᲣŵฌ๹
ƨǋ

ƤƍƾƘ

Ơƨ

ƠƨƗ

ǈ

ƞǛ̬ƭƨǊŴС஌ƷɦƴƸɦბǛ៲ƴƭƚǇƠǐƏŵ
Ɯ

ǈ

ƠƨƗ

ƘƭƠƨ

ƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƳƭƤƍƾƘǇƍƴƪƋǒ

ƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ǇƨŴ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ៲ƴƭƚƨɦბŴ᪇ɦŴ˳દ஌ŴٰƷС஌ƳƲƸ൑ଐඹƍǇƠǐƏŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƷƔǒƩƤƍƪǐƏƖ

ƓƱƳ

ƪƔ

ƋƤ

˳ Ƹ঺ᧈ஖ƴƋǓŴ‫ٻ‬ʴƴᡈƮƍƯƖƯƍǇƢŵ൱ƔǒƴƓƍƕƠƯƘǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵƴƜƴǜƛǜƔǜƚƍ

ƑƍƖǐƏ

ƓǑ

ƓƍƕƢǔƱŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷʴ᧓᧙̞ƴǇư ࢨ ᪪ ƕӏƿƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵ
Ƥƍƚƭ

ǈ

Ɯ

Ɩ

ǋ

ƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ

ƓƘฌ๹ƳǋƷǛ៲ƴƭƚƯŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƕൢਤƪǑƘ‫ܖ‬ఄဃ෇ǛᡛǕǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵẲ ếờ Ữ

ᾅώợẪẝỦឋբᴾ
ᴾ
ƜƏƢƍ
ƕƬƜƏ
ᴾĬ  ᬐ ൦ Ǜ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴƭƚƯƖƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵƲƏƠƯᲹ
ƴǄǜ
Ɯ
ƜƏƢƍ
ƠǎƏƔǜ
ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ
ƜƏƢƍᴾă ଐஜƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƸᬐ൦Ǜƭƚǔ ፼ ॹ ƕƋǓǇƤǜŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᬐ൦ǛƭƚƯƍƘƱŴƦǕ
ᴾ
ƔƓ
ƍ
ƕƍƍᬐ
ǓưǋžƘƞƍſƱᚕǘǕƯƠǇƏƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵᴾƾ ǖǇƍƴƪƸƍ
ƜƜƏƢƍǇƨƓ᫘ԏƴ൑ଐλǒƳƍƨǊŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƔǒƴƓƍƕƠƯƖƯŴᬐ൦ǛƭƚƞƤǔƜƱ
ᴾ
ƴǄǜ
ƖƜƏ
ƖƓǜ
ƠƭƲ
ƨƔ
ƋƤ
Ǉƍ
ƕƋǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵƠƔƠŴଐஜƷൢͅƸൢภǋ฻ࡇǋ᭗Ƙ൱ǛƔƖǍƢƍưƢŵ൑
ᴾ
ƴƪǑƝ
ƋƤ
Ɠ
ƜƏƢƍ
ƭƔ
ᴾ
ଐ൲ǕǍ൱ǛƖƪǜƱᓳƱƠƯŴᬐ൦Ǜ̅ǘƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ35஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈᾂώᵦᵿᶇᶐᶑᶒᶗᶊᶃᴾ%QOOQPHQTDQVJDQ[UCPFIKTNU
ȷ&QPQVDNGCEJF[GUJCXGQTRGTO[QWTJCKT ȷ &Q PQV NGV VJG HTKPIG EQXGT VJGȷ&QPQVWUGYCZJCKTURTC[QTOQWUUG
G[GDTQYU $Q[U)KTNU
ȷ6JGJCKTCVVJGUKFGUKUPQVCNNQYGF ȷ*CKTNQPIGTVJCPVJGUJQWNFGTUUJQWNFDGVKGF
VQEQXGTVJGGCTUWRYKVJJCKTTWDDGTDCPFUȷ6JGJCKTCVVJGDCEMKUPQVCNNQYGF ȷ6JGEQNQTQHVJGJCKTTWDDGTDCPFUCPFJCKTRKPUUJQWNFDGDNCEMPCX[DNWGQTDTQYPVQDGNQPIGTVJCPVJGEQNNCT
ȷ%QNQTHWN KVGOU QT JCKT CEEGUUQTKGU CTG PQVCNNQYGF  ᾃώᵵᶆᶃᶌᴾᶇᶒᴾᶅᶃᶒᶑᴾᶁᶍᶊᶂḠᴾ

 +VQHVGPIGVUEJKNN[KPUEJQQNKPYKPVGT'CEJUEJQQNJCUFKHHGTGPVFGUKIPCVGFV[RGUQH
EQNFRTQVGEVKQPYGCT%JGEMYKVJVJGUEJQQNVJCV[QWTEJKNFKUCVVGPFKPICDQWVVJG
V[RGUQHEQNFRTQVGEVKQPYGCTVJCVKUCNNQYGFQTRTQJKDKVGF
‫ݬ‬%JGEM 





%JGEM

5YGCVGT VQDGYQTP
WPFGTPGCVJVJG
UGKHWMW )NQXGUᾄώᵪᶃᶒḚᶑᴾᶕᶃᵿᶐᴾᶁᶊᶃᵿᶌᴾᶁᶊᶍᶒᶆᶃᶑὲ

%JGEM 
6KIJVU IKTNUᲣ%QCVᲢFCTMEQNQTUᲣ/WHHNGT
PGEMYCTOGT*GCVRCEMU

ᴾ     6JGYKPVGTUGKHWMWKUPQVGCU[VQYCUJ +PTGEGPV[GCTUVJGTGCTGUQOGVJCVECP
DG YCUJGF GCUKN[  6Q OCKPVCKP ENGCPNKPGUU YGCT WPFGTYGCT WPFGTPGCVJ VJGUGKHWMW 
9CUJWPFGTYGCTUQEMUGZGTEKUGENQVJGUCPFUWOOGTUGKHWMWGXGT[FC[,WPKQTJKIJ UEJQQN UVWFGPVU CTG KP VJG ITQYKPI UVCIG CPF VJGKT DQFKGU CTG IGVVKPI NKMG
VJQUGQHCFWNVU6JG[OC[RGTURKTGRTQHWUGN[CPFFKTV[VJGWPKHQTO+HVJGWPKHQTO
GOKVUCHQWNUOGNNKVOC[CHHGEVVJGKTTGNCVKQPUJKRYKVJQVJGTU 
9GCTKPI ENGCP WPKHQTO YKNN OCMG [QWT EJKNF HGGN IQQF CPF KU CDNG VQ JCXG C
EQOHQTVCDNGUEJQQNNKHG ᾅώᵤᶐᶃᶏᶓᶃᶌᶒᶊᶗᴾᵟᶑᶉᶃᶂᴾᵯᶓᶃᶑᶒᶇᶍᶌᶑᴾ Ṟ ᴾ ᵵᶃᵿᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᶍᶄᴾᶎᶃᶐᶄᶓᶋᶃᴾᶇᶑᴾᶌᶍᶒᴾᵿᶊᶊᶍᶕᶃᶂᴾᶇᶌᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᵌᴾᵵᶆᶗᵝᴾ ă ,CRCPGUG EJKNFTGP FQ PQV JCXG VJG JCDKV QH WUKPI RGTHWOGU +H [QW YGCTRGTHWOGVQUEJQQNKVOKIJVUOGNNPKEGVQ[QWDWVQVJGTUOKIJVUC[VJCVKVKUUOGNN[$GUKFGU KH [QW FQ PQV VCMG DCVJ QT UJQYGT GXGT[ FC[ [QW OKIJV HKPF KV
PGEGUUCT[VQWUGRGTHWOGVQEQXGTHQWNDQF[QFQT*QYGXGTVJGENKOCVGKP,CRCPKUJQVCPFJWOKFKPUWOOGTUQQPGRGTURKTGUGCUKN[5QYCUJ[QWTUGNHENGCPQH
FKTVCPFUYGCVGXGT[FC[CPFFQPQVYGCTRGTHWOG36஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈ

ᴾ



ƍ

ĭ  ȔǢǹǍȍȃǯȬǹƳƲŴǢǯǻǵȪȸǛƭƚƯᘍƖƨƍǜƩƚƲäᲹƴǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƖǄǜƯƖ

Ɣǜƕ

Ɣƨ

ă ଐஜưƸŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴǢǯǻǵȪȸǛƭƚƯƍƖǇƤǜŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷؕஜႎƳ ᎋ Ƒ૾ƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ

ƻƭǑƏ

ǋ

Ɯ

ƱƠƯƸž‫ܖ‬ఄဃ෇ƴ࣏ᙲƷƳƍǋƷǛਤƬƯƜƳƍſưƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƕǢǯǻǵȪȸǛ
ǈ

ƱƏƜƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ǅƬƠǎƏ

ƔƷƏƤƍ

Ɯ

៲ƴƭƚƨǇǇႇఄƢǔƱŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƷέဃƴ ඐ ӓ ƞǕƯƠǇƏӧᏡࣱƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬Ʋ
ƔƳ

Ɠǋ

ǈ

ƱƏƜƏ

ǋƕबƠƍ࣬ƍǛƠƳƍƨǊƴǋ៲ƴƭƚƞƤƣƴႇఄƞƤǇƠǐƏŵ


Ɣǈ

Ʀ

ƚƠǐƏ

Į  ƲƏƠƯ᭟Ǜ௨ǊƨǓŴƓ҄ታǛƠƨǓƠƪǌƍƚƳƍƷᲹǄƔƘƴƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

Ɣǈ

Ʀ

ƚƠǐƏ

ă ˂Ʒ‫׎‬ưƸɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƕ᭟Ǜ௨ǊƨǓŴƓ҄ታǛƠƨǓƠƯŴƓƠǌǕǛƢǔƷƸǑƘ
ƴǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǏǔƔǈƦƋǔƜƱƔǋƠǕǇƤǜƕŴଐஜƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸᚩƞǕƯƍǇƤǜŵ᭟Ǜ௨ǊƨǓŴƓ
ƚƠǐƏ

Ǉǋ

Ɯ

Ɠǋ

ƴǄǜ

҄ታ ǛƠƨǓƠƯƍǔƱŴȫȸȫǛ‫ ܣ‬ǒƳƍ‫ ܇‬ƩƱ࣬ ǘǕƯƠǇƍǇƢŵଐஜ ƷƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ɣǈ

Ʀ

ƚƠǐƏ

Ɯ

ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴǋ᭟Ǜ௨ǊƨǓŴ҄ታǛƠƨǓƠƯƍǔ‫܇‬ƲǋǋǇǕƴƍǇƢƕŴƦǕƸȫ
Ǉǋ

Ɯ

Ǉ

ƶ

Ǉǋ

ȸȫǛ‫ܣ‬ƬƯƍƳƍ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪưƢŵჇ˩ǛƠƳƍưȫȸȫǛ‫ܣ‬ǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƴǄǜơǜ

Ɯ

ƘǖƔǈ

ƪǌƺƭ

Ɩǜƺƭ

Ǌ

Ʃ

ǇƨŴଐஜʴƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƸǄƱǜƲƕ᱅᭟ƳƷưŴᒧ᭟Ǎ᣿᭟ƩƱႸᇌƬƯƠǇƍǇƢŵ
Ə

ƪǌƺƭ

Ɩǜƺƭ

ƹƋƍ

Ƙǖƍǖ

Ʀ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƭƨ

ဃǇǕƭƖᒧ᭟Ǎ᣿᭟Ʒ‫ئ‬ӳƸ᱅ᑥƴ௨Ǌǔ࣏ᙲƸƋǓǇƤǜŵέဃƴˡƑƯƓƘƱƍ
ƍưƠǐƏŵ37஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈṟ  ᵧᴾᶕᶍᶓᶊᶂᴾᶊᶇᶉᶃᴾᶒᶍᴾᶕᶃᵿᶐᴾᵿᶁᶁᶃᶑᶑᶍᶐᶇᶃᶑᴾᶊᶇᶉᶃᴾᶎᶇᶃᶐᶁᶃᴾᶃᵿᶐᶐᶇᶌᶅᶑᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾ ᴾ
ᶌᶃᶁᶉᶊᵿᶁᶃᶑḠᾎᴾă #EEGUUQTKGUCTGPQVCNNQYGFKP,CRCPGUGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU6JKUKUDCUGFQPVJGRTKPEKRNGVJCV ß&QPQVDTKPIKVGOUVJCVCTGPQVPGEGUUCT[KPUEJQQNà+H VJG EJKNF YGCT CEEGUUQTKGU VQ UEJQQN VJG[ OC[ IGV EQPHKUECVGF D[ VJGVGCEJGTU.GVVJGEJKNFCVVGPFUEJQQNYKVJQWVDGKPIFKUEQWTCIGFD[HQNNQYKPIVJGTWNGU Ṡ ᴾ ᵵᶆᶗᴾᶁᵿᶌḚᶒᴾᵧᴾᶂᶗᶃᴾᶋᶗᴾᶆᵿᶇᶐᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶕᶃᵿᶐᴾᶋᵿᶉᶃᵋᶓᶎᾎᴾă 9JKNGUQOGEQWPVTKGUCNNQYVJGKTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUVQF[GVJGKTJCKTCPFYGCTOCMGWRVQUEJQQNVJKUKUPQVCNNQYGFKP,CRCPGUGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU$[F[KPIJCKTCPFYGCTKPIOCMGWRVJGEJKNFOC[DGTGICTFGFCUUQOGQPG YJQ FKUQDG[U UEJQQN TWNGU 9JKNG VJGTG CTG EJKNFTGP YJQ FQ F[GVJGKT JCKT CPF YGCT OCMGWR VQ UEJQQN KP ,CRCP VJGUG CTG TGICTFGF CU
FGHKCPVUVWFGPVU&QPQVHQNNQYVJGOCPFNGVÞUCFJGTGVQVJGUEJQQNTWNGU $GUKFGUVJGJCKTEQNQTQH,CRCPGUGEJKNFTGPKUDNCEMUQJCXKPIDTQYPQTDNQPFGJCKTOCMGU[QWUVCPFQWV+H[QWTPCVWTCNJCKTEQNQTKUDTQYPQTDNQPFG[QWFQPQVPGGFVQF[GKVDNCEM+VKUUWIIGUVGFVQNGVVJGVGCEJGTMPQY[QWT
PCVWTCNJCKTEQNQT 38ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄư࣏ᙲƳǋƷƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƻƭǑƏɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄư࣏ᙲƳǋƷЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƴǎƏƕƘ

ơǎǜ Ƽ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƕƬƜƏƭƔɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴ λ ‫ܖ‬ƢǔƱƖƴƸŴƨƘƞǜƷǋƷǛ แ ͳƠǇƢŵ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯŴ‫ܖ‬ఄư̅Əǋ
ƜǇ

Ƙƭ

ƍǖ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ

ǈƤ

ƜƏƴǎƏ

ƷƴƸƦǕƧǕኬƔƍȫȸȫƕƋƬƨǓᲢ᪇ƷᑥƳƲᲣŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƕൿǊƨƓࡃưƳƚǕƹ ទ λ ưƖƳ
ƔƘƴǜ

ơǎǜƼ

Ǐǔ

ƍǋƷƕƋƬƨǓƢǔƷưŴƠƬƔǓᄩᛐƠƯแͳƢǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵǋƪǖǜȫȸȫưᚩƞƿǜǅƏ ƙ

ƏǜƲƏƙƭ

ƠǐƏƕƬƜƏ

Ơ ǑƏ

ƭƮ

ƭƔ

ǕƯƍǔǋƷưƋǕƹŴ૨৐φǍᢃѣ᪇ƳƲ ‫ܖ ݱ‬ఄƷƱƖƴ̅ဇƠƯƍƨǋƷǛዓƚƯ̅ƏƜƱ


ƤƍƾƘ

Ơ

Ƌ

ƪ ƍƖ

Ɣƨ

ƹƋƍ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƸưƖǇƢŵǇƨŴС஌ǍȐȃǰƳƲƸŴჷǓӳƍǍ‫؏ע‬Ʒ૾ƔǒǋǒƑǔ‫ئ‬ӳǋƋǔƷưŴ࣏ᙲ
ƹ Ƌƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƾƘƦƏ



ǈ

ǈ

Ƴ‫ئ‬ӳƸႻᛩƠƯǈǇƠǐƏŵᲢRž஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣƱƯǋ ƨƍƤƭ



Ắ

ễ ộ ả

Ầ

ẴỔềỉờỉỆẆ‫܇‬ỄờỉӸЭử୿ẨộẲỢạẇᴾƴ ǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤƍƾƘƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƥǜƍǜ

ƓƳ

Ɣƨƪ

Ơ ǑƏ

ƹ Ƌƍ

ƓƓ

Ɩ

ƕ

ଐஜƷ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄưƸŴС஌Ǎ˳દ஌ƳƲŴμՃƕӷơ ࢟ ƷǋƷǛ̅ဇƢǔ‫ئ‬ӳƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵბஆ
ƪǎƏ

ǄƔ

Ƥƍ Ʊ

Ǉ

Ɠ

Ƴ ǇƑ

Ɣ

ơ ƿǜ

Ƒ ɶ ƴ˂ƷဃࢻƷǋƷƱฆƟƬƯƠǇƬƨǓŴᓳƱƠƨǓƠƨƱƖƴŴӸЭƕ୿ƍƯƋǕƹᐯЎ
ǋƲ

Ƴ ǇƑ

Ɣ

ƹ Ƌƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ɣ

ƹƠǐ

ƓƓ

Ɩ

ƷƱƜǖƴ৏ƬƯƖǇƢŵӸЭǛ୿Ƙ‫ئ‬ӳŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯ୿Ƙ‫ئ‬৑Ǎ‫ٻ‬ƖƞƳƲൿǇǓƕƋǔƜƱ
ƔƘƴǜ

Ɣ

ƩǕ

ƭƔ

ƹ

ƕƋǓǇƢŵƠƬƔǓᄩᛐƠƯƔǒ୿ƘǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵǇƨŴᛡƔƔǒǋǒƬƨǋƷǛ̅Ə‫ئ‬
Ƌƍ

ǇƑ

ƻƱ

ƳǇƑ

ƚ

Ɯ

ƳǇƑ

Ɣ

ӳŴЭƷʴƷӸЭǛෞƠƯ‫܇‬ƲǋƷӸЭǛ୿ƖǇƠǐƏŵǋ ਤƬƯƖƯƸƍƚƳƍǋƷ

ƕƍƜƘ

Ǐǔ

ƴǄǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƥƬƨƍ

ǋ

Ɩ

 ‫׎ٳ‬ưƸᚩƞǕƯƍƯǋŴଐஜƷ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄưƸዌ‫ݣ‬ƴਤƬƯƖƯƸƍƚƳƍǋƷƕƋǔƷưŴൢǛƭƚǇƠǐƏŵ
Ǖƍ

Ƃ̊ ƃ
ǔƍ

ǏƼǘ

ȷǢǯǻǵȪȸ᫏ᲢȔǢǹŴਦ᠛ŴȍȃǯȬǹƳƲᲣƔƠ ǔƍȷƓᓑ‫܇‬᫏ᲢǬȠŴȓǹǱȃȈŴǭȣȳȇǣƳƲᲣƴǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǍƢ

ơƔǜ

ƨ

  ଐஜƷ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄưƸ˞ǈ଺᧓ƴƓǍƭǛ᫢ǂǔƜƱƸưƖǇƤǜŵ
Ɣƶ

ȷƓ᣿
ƴǄǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ɣ

Ơ

Ɣ

ƹƍƯǜ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƔƑ

ǈƪ

ଐஜƷ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴƸƓᓑ‫܇‬ǍǸȥȸǹǛᝰƏƜƱƷưƖǔ٥ࡃƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƷ࠙Ǔᢊƴ
ǈƤ

Ǒ

Ɣ

Ơ

Ɣ

Ɠࡃƴ݃ƬƯŴƓᓑ‫܇‬ǍǸȥȸǹǛᝰƏƜƱǋƍƚǇƤǜŵƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘȷઃ࠘ᩓᛅ
ǔƍȷǫȸȉ᫏
ƖȷǲȸȠೞ39ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄư࣏ᙲƳǋƷ

6JKPIU4GSWKTGFKP,WPKQT*KIJ5EJQQN If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.

6JGTGCTGOCP[VJKPIUVQIGVTGCF[YJGP[QWGPVGTCLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN+PLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN[QWJCXGVQWUGVJGVJKPIUVJCVVJGUEJQQNJCUFGEKFGFCPFVJGTWNGUCTG
UVTKEVFQYPVQVJGUOCNNFGVCKNU UWEJCUVJGEQNQTQHUJQGUGVE 5WEJVJKPIUCTGVQDG
RWTEJCUGFCVUEJQQNFGUKIPCVGFUJQRUUQ[QWOWUVOCMGUWTG[QWIGVTGCF[VJGTKIJVMKPFQHVJKPIU  +HVJGTWNGU RGTOKVVJGWUGQH UVCVKQPGT[CPFURQTVUUJQGU VJCV[QW
JCXG DGGP WUKPI KP GNGOGPVCT[ UEJQQN [QW OC[ EQPVKPWG VQ WUG VJGO (QT UGKHWMWᲢUEJQQNWPKHQTOᲣCPFUEJQQNDCI[QWOKIJVDGCDNGVQIGVHTQORGQRNG[QWMPQYKP
VJG CTGC 5Q FQ CUM CTQWPF Ტ 2NGCUG TGHGT VQ VJG RCIG  QP ß %NQVJKPI CPFCRRGCTCPEGàᲣ
8GT[+ORQTVCPVᵵᶐᶇᶒᶃᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶁᶆᶇᶊᶂḚᶑᴾᶌᵿᶋᶃᴾᶍᶌᴾᵿᶊᶊᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶇᶒᶃᶋᶑᵌᴾ ᴾ'XGT[QPG KP VJG UCOG LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN KP ,CRCP YGCT VJG UCOG UGKHWMW CPFGZGTEKUGENQVJGU+HKVGOUCTGOKZGFWRYKVJQVJGT UKPEJCPIKPIVKOGQTNQUGVJGOKH
PCOGKUYTKVVGPKVGOYKNNDGTGVWTPGFVQJKOQTJGT#UVQYJGTG[QWUJQWNFYTKVGVJG
PCOGCPFUK\GKUFGVGTOKPGFD[UQOGUEJQQNU%JGEMYKVJVJGUEJQQNDGHQTG[QWYTKVG
+H [QW CTG IGVVKPI JCPFOGFQYP KVGOU HTQO QVJGT RGQRNG GTCUG VJG PCOG QP VJGKVGOUDGHQTGYTKVKPI[QWTEJKNF UPCOG  6JKPIUPQVVQDGDTQWIJVVQUEJQQN  6JGTGCTGVJKPIUVJCVECPPQVDGDTQWIJVVQUEJQQNGXGPVJQWIJUWEJVJKPIUCTG
CNNQYGFKPUEJQQNUKPQVJGTEQWPVTKGU5QFQVCMGPQVG 
Ƃ'ZCORNGƃȷ#EEGUUQTKGUᲢRKGTEGFGCTTKPIUTKPIUPGEMNCEGGVEᲣ
ȷ5PCEMUᲢEJGYKPIIWODKUEWKVUECPF[GVEᲣ  5VWFGPVUCTGPQVCNNQYGFVQGCVUPCEMUFWTKPIDTGCMVKOGKP,CRCPGUGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU 
ȷ/QPG[6JGTGKUPQUJQRKP,CRCPGUGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVJCVUGNNUUPCEMUQTFTKPMU6JG
UVWFGPVCNUQECPPQVDW[UPCEMUCPFLWKEGHTQOUJQRUQPVJGYC[JQOG 
ȷ/QDKNGRJQPGȷ2NC[ECTFUȷ)COGEQPUQNGU

40ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄư࣏ᙲƳǋƷ
ẮạỆỠạ

ẟẼủẟ

ទλẴỦờỉỉɟ̊ᴾ
ƋƍƬƺǜƯƖ

ǕƍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕ

ƔƳǒ

Ɯ

ƔǑ

ƜƜƴਫƛƯƍǔƷƸŴɟᑍႎƳ̊ưƢŵ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢƷưŴ ࣏ ƣ‫܇‬ƲǋƕᡫƏƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƖǐƏ Ɣ Ơǐ

ǉ ƠǐƏ

Ƹƍ ƾ

ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄư࣏ᙲƳǋƷǛᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵè ૙ ᅹ୿Ƹ໯ Ν ưᣐࠋƞǕǇƢŵ

ƾƘƦƏ

ỐẪẸạ

ǈ

ǈ

ίᾀὸ஌ᘺễỄᲢᳪž஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ

ǈƤ

Ɣ

ᴾ ᴾ  ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯŴൿǊǒǕƨȫȸȫƕƋƬƨǓŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƕൿǊƨƓࡃưƳƚǕƹᝰƑƳƍǋƷ
ƔƘƴǜ

ơǎǜƼ

ƤƍƾƘ

ƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƪǎƏƕƋƬƨǓƢǔƷưŴƠƬƔǓᄩᛐƠƯแͳƢǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵС஌Ǎ˳દ஌ƳƲƸŴ ɶ
ƕƬƜƏ

ǈƤ

Ɩ

ƍƬƤƍƸǜƹƍ Ƽƹ Ƌƍ‫ܖ‬ఄƴƓࡃƕஹƯƘǕǔžɟ૪ᝤ٥ଐſƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳǋƋǓǇƢŵ
  
ẶẟỐẪ

Ʃǜơǐ

С஌ᴾ

ƪƕ

ȷဏ‫ڡ‬ưᢌƍǇƢŵ
ƳƭƾƘ

ƾǏƾƘ

ȷٰ஌ƱϤ஌ƕƋǓǇƢŵẺẟẸạỐẪ

ƳƕƦư

˳દ஌ᴾ

Ƹǜ

ȷᧈᘨŴҞƦưŴǸȣȸǸŴȏȸȕȑȳȄŴǯǪȸǿȸȑȳȄƳƲ
ƤǜƨƘ

Ɣǜƕ

ƪǌƘ ƍ ơǐƏ

ƜƏƴǎƏ

ƓƓ

ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

ȷඹຩƢǔƜƱǛ ᎋ ƑƯŴ ბ ˌ ɥ ƣƭទ λ ƢǔƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢᲢ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ǕǜƠǎƏ ơǇƍƴƪƨƍƦƏƾƘƠ ǑƏƷጀ ፼ ଺ƳƲƸŴ൑ଐ˳દ஌Ǜ̅ဇƢǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢᲣŵ
ẪếẲẺ

᪇ɦᴾ

Ɩ ǄǜƠǖƍǖ

Ơ Ưƍ

ƹ Ƌƍ

ƓƓ

ȷؕஜႉᑥƷǋƷƕਦ‫ܭ‬ƞǕƯƍǔ‫ئ‬ӳƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ
ƘƭƠƨ

Ɩǐ Ɣ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ȷ᪇ɦƷȩǤȳǍȯȳȝǤȳȈƸᚩӧǛƠƯƍǔ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵ
ỊẨờỉ

‫ޗ‬ཋᴾ

ƓƘƳƍǑƏ

ƏǘƹƨƍƍƘƔǜ

ƭƏƕƘǑƏƏǜƲƏƙƭ

ȷ‫ދ‬ϋဇƷɥ‫ޗ‬ƖŴ˳Ꮛ᫾ǷȥȸǺŴᡫ‫ܖ‬ဇᢃѣ᪇ƳƲƨƍƍƘƔǜ

ƍ

ƾƘǖ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƹ Ƌƍ

ȷ˳Ꮛ᫾ǷȥȸǺǛλǕǔ ᘥ ǋ࣏ᙲƳ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵ
ẦịỮᴾỖẦƭƏƕƘǑƏ

ȷᡫ‫ܖ‬ဇƔƹǜŴǵȖȐȃǰᲢȊȃȗǵȃǯƳƲᲣ
ốẦếỄạ

ẮạỆỠạ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ọếợạ

ǈ

ḤẮỉ˂Ẇᢿ෇ѣỂờἸἝἧỻὊἲởἉἷὊἌửទλẴỦ࣏ᙲầẝụộẴẇᲢᳪžᢿ෇ѣſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣᴾᴾᴾᴾọ Ế Ẩ ợạ ẫίᾁὸᇿᚡဇφᴾ
ỐỂịẮ

ᇿረᴾ
Ƒǜƽƭ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƋƔ

ᤲᇿȷហȚȳǷȣȸȗȚȳǷȫ
Ậ

ෞẲἆἲᴾ
ẳỢạẩ

‫ᙹܭ‬ᴾ

ƻƬƖǑƏƙ

ƸƍơǎǜƼȷ࣏ᙲƳᇿᚡဇφƕλǔǵǤǺǛแͳƠǇƠǐƏŵ
Ơǜ

Ɯ

ƭƔ

Ɩǜ Ơ

ȷᑵƷຜƞƸŴ*$ȷ$ ƘǒƍƕǑƘ̅ǘǕǇƢŵǷȣȸȗȚȳǷȫƕᅠഥƞ
ƕƬƜƏ

ƋƔ

ƭƔ

Ǉǔ

ǕƯƍǔ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵហȚȳƸɺƭƚƷƨǊƴ̅ƍǇƢŵᴾƕƘƠǎƏǑƏƖƑǒȷ‫ ܖ‬፼ ဇ ƷǑƘෞƑǔǋƷǛᢠƼǇƠǐƏᴾ
Ǉ

Ƥǜ

ƻ

ƭƔ

ƾưƹƜ

Ƹƍ

ƍƬǆǜ

ȷჇƬƢƙƴዴǛࡽƘƱƖƴ̅ƍǇƢŵᇿረƴλǔǵǤǺƷǋƷƕɟஜƋǔƱǂǜ Ǔ̝МưƢŵ

41ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄư࣏ᙲƳǋƷᵟᶌᴾᶃᶖᵿᶋᶎᶊᶃᴾᶍᶄᴾᶕᶆᵿᶒᴾᶒᶍᴾᶎᶓᶐᶁᶆᵿᶑᶃᴾ
6JKUKULWUVCIGPGTCNGZCORNG%JGEMHQTVJGCEVWCNFGVCKNUHTQO[QWTEJKNF UUEJQQNCUVJGTGCTGFKHHGTGPEGUCOQPIVJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUè6GZVDQQMUCTGFKUVTKDWVGF
HTGGQHEJCTIGίᾀὸᵡᶊᶍᶒᶆᶇᶌᶅᲢ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQP ß%NQVJKPICPFCRRGCTCPEGàᲣ  6JGTGCTGUVTKEVTWNGUKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNYKVJTGICTFVQUEJQQNWPKHQTOUQ[QWOWUVRWTEJCUGHTQOUJQRUFGUKIPCVGFD[VJGUEJQQN&QEJGEMYKVJVJGUEJQQNCPF
IGVTGCF[VJGTKIJVV[RGQHWPKHQTO(QTUGKHWMW CPFGZGTEKUGENQVJGUUQOGUEJQQN
JQNFC ÝOCUURWTEJCUGFC[Þ YJKEJUJQRUEQOGVQUEJQQNVQUCNGVJGO  ᵱᶃᶇᶄᶓᶉᶓᴾ

ȷ6JGDQ[ UWPKHQTOKUFKHHGTGPVHTQOVJGIKTN U ίᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶓᶌᶇᶄᶍᶐᶋὸᴾ ȷ6JGTGCTGUWOOGTCPFYKPVGTWPKHQTOU
ᵣᶖᶃᶐᶁᶇᶑᶃᴾᶁᶊᶍᶒᶆᶇᶌᶅᴾ

ȷ.QPIUNGGXGFUJQTVUNGGXGFLGTUG[OKFNGPIVJRCPVU JCNHRCPVU CPF
SWCTVGTNGPIVJRCPVUGVEȷ/CP[ RWTEJCUG VYQ RKGEGU HQT TQVCVKQP YJGP QPG KU KP VJG YCUJᲢ&WTKPIRTCEVKEGUHQTURQTVUFC[VJGEJKNFOC[PGGFVQYGCTURQTVUCVVKTGGXGT[FC[Უᵱᶍᶁᶉᶑᴾᵤᶍᶍᶒᶕᶃᵿᶐᴾᵠᵿᶅᴾ

ȷ/QUVUEJQQNUFGUKIPCVGVQWUGYJKVGUQEMU
ȷ5QOGUEJQQNUCNNQYVJGWUGQHQPGRQKPVUQEMUQTUQEMUYKVJNKPG 
ȷ+PFQQTUJQGUI[OPCUKWOUJQGUCPFUJQGUHQTEQOOWVKPIVQUEJQQN
ȷ5QOGUEJQQNUTGSWKTGVJGI[OPCUKWOUJQGUVQDGJGNFKPCDCIȷ$CIHQTUEJQQNWUGCPFUWDDCI MPCRUCEMGVE Ḥ ᵲᶆᶃᴾᶁᶆᶇᶊᶂᴾᶋᶇᶅᶆᶒᴾᵿᶊᶑᶍᴾᶌᶃᶃᶂᴾᶒᶍᴾᶎᶓᶐᶁᶆᵿᶑᶃᴾᶓᶌᶇᶄᶍᶐᶋᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶑᶆᶍᶃᶑᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᶁᶊᶓᶀᴾᵿᶁᶒᶇᶔᶇᶒᶇᶃᶑᵌᴾ
Ტ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQP ß%NWD#EVKXKVKGUà
Უ





ίᾁὸᵱᶒᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᶃᶐᶗᴾᵮᶃᶌᶁᶇᶊᴾᶁᵿᶑᶃᴾ

ȷ2TGRCTGCUK\GVJCVECPRWVPGEGUUCT[UVCVKQPGT[ᶎᶃᶌᶁᶇᶊᵊᴾ ᶐᶃᶂᴾ ᶎᶃᶌᴾ ȷ/QUVEQOOQPN[WUGFRGPEKNNGCFKUGVJGT*$QT$5QOGUEJQQNUFQᵿᶌᶂᴾ ᶋᶃᶁᶆᵿᶌᶇᶁᵿᶊᴾᶎᶃᶌᶁᶇᶊᴾ
ᵣᶐᵿᶑᶃᶐᴾᵰᶓᶊᶃᶐᴾPQVCNNQYVJGWUGQHOGEJCPKECNRGPEKNU6JGTGFRGPKUHQTWUGYJGPFQKPIUGNHEJGEMKPI 
ȷ%JQQUGVJGV[RGHQTNGCTPKPIWUGCPFGTCUGUENGCPN[ȷ(QTFTCYKPIUVTCKIJVNKPGU%JQQUGCNGPIVJVJCVECPHKVEQPXGPKGPVN[KPVJGRGPEKNECUG

42ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄư࣏ᙲƳǋƷ
ơ

ẲẺ ẳ

Ɣ

ƭƔ

Ɣǈ

Ơƨ

Ơ

Ɣ

ȷȎȸȈƴ‫܌‬Ǜ୿ƘƱƖƴ̅ƍǇƢŵኡƷɦƴ૤ƘƜƱư୿ƖǍƢƘƳǓŴȎ

ɦ૤Ẩᴾ

ƭƔ

ȸȈǛƖǕƍƴ̅ƑǇƢŵƔƘƖǐƏƔ

ἠὊἚᴾ

ƜƏƴǎƏ

ƕƘƶǜ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƍƬƔƭƪǎƏǋǜƹ ƋƍȷӲ૙ᅹƷȎȸȈǛទ λ ƠǇƢŵ‫࠰ܖ‬ƷƸơǊƩƚ‫ܖ‬ఄưɟਙ ද ૨ Ƣǔ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵ
ᴾ
ᴾᴾẨỠạẲỢẪƪ ƍƖƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƻƭǑƏƪƕίᾂὸዅ ᫢ ᴾ è‫؏ע‬Ǎ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯ࣏ᙲƳǋƷƸᢌƍǇƢŵᴾ
ỊẲᴾƭƑǜƖǜƍƭ

ǈƤƜƏƴǎƏ

ȷǱȸǹ˄ƖƷǋƷǛ ό‫ר‬ɟƷƓࡃưǋទ λ ƢǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵᴾ
ἰἋἁᴾ

ơǎǜƼ

ƭƔ

Ʃ ƑƖ

Ʊ

ƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƸƍƾƤȷแͳǛƢǔƱƖƴ̅ƍǇƢŵ՜෩ƕ᫠ƼŴ ዅ ᫢ ƴλǔƷǛ᧸ƗǇƢŵᴾ
ἜἩỿὅᴾ

ƭƘƑ

ƏƑ

Ơ

ƭƘƑ

ƨ

ǋƷ

ǑƝ

ƾƤ

ȷ த Ʒɥƴ૤ƖŴ த ƕ᫢ǂཋư൲ǕǔƷǛ᧸ƗǇƢŵᴾƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƭƔǇƍƴƪ ǋƔƑƋǒǑƘơƭ ǋŬ ዅ ᫢ ư̅ƏǋƷƸŴ൑ଐਤƪ࠙ǓŴƖǕƍƴඹƬƯ፻ଐਤƬƯƍƖǇƢŵȊȗǭȳŴȞǹǯƸ
ǇƍơǎǜƼ

ᲬŴᲭ௏แͳƠƯƓƘƱƍƍưƢƶŵᴾẺίᾃὸẸỉ˂ᴾẳ ềỮ Ẳ ỞᴾẝộἪἽἳἕἚ

ᐯ᠃៻

ᩋỾἕἣ














ơ ƯǜƠǌơ ƯǜƠǌƭƏƕƘƹ ƋƍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ᐯ᠃៻ᡫ‫ܖ‬Ʒ‫ئ‬ӳŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄơƯǜƠǌƷȫȸȫƴƋƬƨᐯ᠃៻Ʒ
ƜƏƴǎƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ទ λ ƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄ


Ʒ

ƪǌƘǑƏ

ᐯ᠃៻ƴʈǔƱƖƴ ბ ဇ
ǉ ƠǐƏ

Ƹƍ ƾ

ƠǇƢŵ໯ Ν ưᣐࠋƢǔƪǎƏƕƬƜƏɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵƭƏƕƘᐯ᠃៻ ư ᡫ‫ ܖ‬Ƣ ǔ Ʊ Ɩ ƴ
Ƌǜƥǜ

Ɣƞ

ƸŴ‫ܤ‬μƷƨǊŴͲưƸƳƪǌƘǑƏƘǫȃȑǛ ბ ဇƠǇƢŵǻƠ ƯƍȑȬȸȈǿǤȗǛਦ‫ܭ‬ƞǕƖƴǑƬƯൿǊǒǕƨȫȸȫƓƓǔƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵƔƘƴǜƕ Ƌ ǔ Ʒ ư ᄩᛐ Ơ Ǉ Ơ ǐƱƏ ƛ ƜƏ

ƏŵᲢᳪžႇɦఄſƷȚǈơ ƯǜƠǌȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ

43

ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄư࣏ᙲƳǋƷᵱᶆᶇᶒᵿᶈᶇᶉᶇᴾᵆᶎᶊᵿᶑᶒᶇᶁᴾᶑᶆᶃᶃᶒᵇᴾᵬᶍᶒᶃᶀᶍᶍᶉᶑᴾ

ȷ(QTWUGYJGPYTKVKPIPQVGU9TKVKPIQPVJGRCRGTYKVJCUJKVCLKMK DGNQYOCMGUYTKVKPIGCUKGTCPFPGCVGT 
ȷ'CEJUWDLGEVTGSWKTGUPQVGDQQMU5QOGUEJQQNUDW[KPDWNMCVVJGDGIKPPKPIQHVJGCECFGOKE[GCTᴾίᾂὸᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶊᶓᶌᶁᶆᴾ ᴾ è&KHHGTGPVCTGCUCPFUEJQQNUOKIJV 
TGSWKTGFKHHGTGPVKVGOU  ᶁᶆᶍᶎᶑᶒᶇᶁᶉᶑᴾᶄᵿᶁᶇᵿᶊᴾᶋᵿᶑᶉᶑᴾᶌᵿᶎᶉᶇᶌᴾ

ȷ6JG[GPUJQRUUGNNEJQRUVKEMUVJCVEQOGYKVJECUGU 
ȷ(QTWUGYJGPRTGRCTKPIUEJQQNNWPEJVQRTGXGPVUCNKXCHTQOFTQRRKPIKPVQVJGHQQF 
ȷ6QURTGCFQPVJGVCDNGVQRVQRTGXGPVVJGHQQFHTQOFKTV[KPIVJGVCDNGŬ6JKPIUWUGFFWTKPIUEJQQNNWPEJOWUVDGDTQWIJVJQOGCPFYCUJGFENGCPGXGT[FC[CPFVJGPDTQWIJVDCEMVQUEJQQNVJGPGZVFC[2TGRCTGVQRKGEGUQHPCRMKPU
CPFHCEKCNOCUMU ίᾃὸᵭᶒᶆᶃᶐᶑᴾᵠᶇᶁᶗᶁᶊᶃᴾᵦᶃᶊᶋᶃᶒᴾ
ᵰᵿᶇᶌᴾᶁᶍᵿᶒᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶁᶍᶔᶃᶐᴾ












(QTWUGYJGPTCKPKPICUKV
+HVJGEJKNFKUE[ENKPIVQUEJQQN (QTWUGYJGPE[ENKPIVJGTG CTG TWNGU TGICTFKPI VJG 5QOGUEJQQNUIKXGVJGO KU PQV UCHG VQ E[ENG YKVJWODTGNNCU 5EJQQNU WUWCNN[V[RG QH DKE[ENGU VQ DG QWVHTGGQHEJCTIG 
FGUKIPCVG UGRCTCVG RKGEG
RWTEJCUGF %JGEM YKVJ VJGV[RG 
UEJQQN Ტ 2NGCUG TGHGT VQ VJGRCIG  QP ß)QKPI VQ CPFHTQO  UEJQQNᲣ





44

ႇɦఄ

ƱƏ ƛ ƜƏ

ႇɦఄЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵᴾᴾ
ểạ ậ Ắ ạᾀώႇɦఄỆếẟềᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍƑ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƭƏƕƘ

ǈƪ

ƭƏƕƘ ǖƖƭƏƕƘ  ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸŴܼƔǒ‫ܖ‬ఄǇưƷᡫ‫ܖ‬ƢǔᢊᲢᡫ‫ܖ‬ែᲣƕൿǇƬƯƍǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵᡫ‫ܖ‬
ǖ

ƘǔǇ

ƢƘ

ǄƲƏ

Ƌǜƥǜ

ǈƪ

Ƒǒ

ƸǜƔƕƍ

ែƸž ៻ ƕ‫ݲ‬ƳƍſžഩᢊƕƋǔſƳƲŴưƖǔƩƚ‫ܤ‬μƳᢊƕᢠƹǕƯƍǇƢŵǇƨጛᓙᘑƳ
ƞ

ǈƪ

Ƒǒ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ

ƭƏƕƘ ǖ

ƱƓƱƏ ƛ Ɯ ƏƲǛᢤƚƨᢊƕᢠƹǕǇƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƕൿǊƨᡫ‫ܖ‬ែǛᡫƬƯŴႇɦఄƠǇƠǐƏŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƠǐƏƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕƭƏƕƘƸǜ

ƍƑ

ƪƔ

Ʊǋ

ƜƑ

Ƌ

ƍƬ

  ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ƹ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ ƱᢌƬƯᡫ‫ྰܖ‬ƳƲƸƋǓǇƤǜŵܼƕᡈƘƷӐƩƪƱ٣ǛƔƚӳƬƯŴɟ
Ơǐ

ƱƏƜƏ

ደƴႇఄƠǇƠǐƏŵẳ ề Ữ Ẳ Ở ếạầẪᾁώᐯ᠃៻ᡫ‫ܖ‬ᴾ
ƍƑ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƱƓ

ƹƋƍ

ơƯǜƠǌ

ƭƏƕƘ

ƖǐƔ

ơ Ư ǜ Ơ ǌ ƭƏƕƘ  ܼƔǒ‫ܖ‬ఄǇưᢒƍ‫ئ‬ӳŴᐯ᠃៻ưƷᡫ‫ܖ‬ƕᚩӧƞǕǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵᐯ᠃៻ᡫ‫ܖ‬ǛƢǔƨ
ƔƘƴǜ

Ơƨƕ

ơ Ư ǜ Ơ ǌ ƭƏƕƘǇǜƍƪǊƴƸŴƨƘƞǜƋǔȫȸȫǛᄩᛐƠŴƦǕƴ ࢼ ǘƳƘƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵᐯ᠃៻ᡫ‫ܖ‬ưɢƕɟ
ơ

Ɯ

Ɠ

ƴǄǜ

ƠǜƜƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƠǐƏƔƍ

Ǆƚǜ

ʙ૏ƕឪƜƬƨƱƖƷƨǊƴŴଐஜǹȝȸȄਰᐻǻȳǿȸƳƲɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ɣǒ ኰ ʼ ƞǕǔ̬ᨖƴ
ƔƴǎƏ

Ɣƶ

Ƹƍ

ьλƠƯƓƘƱƍƍưƠǐƏŵǍƢƍƓ᣿ưλǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵơ Ư ǜ Ơ ǌ ƭƏƕƘ  Ჶᐯ᠃៻ᡫ‫ܖ‬ƷƨǊƷȫȸȫᲸƕƬƜƏƕǘơ Ư ǜ Ơ ǌ ƭƏƕƘƖǐƔƢŹ‫ܖ‬ఄͨƕᐯ᠃៻ᡫ‫ܖ‬ǛᚩӧƠƯƍǔǨȪǢƴ˰ǜưƍǔŵ
ƖǐƔ

ƍƕƍ

ƠǜƨƍƯƖǓǏƏơ Ư ǜ Ơ ǌ ƭƏƕƘƖǐƔ èᚩӧǨȪǢˌ‫ٳ‬ưǋŴƚƕǍ៲˳ႎƳྸဌưᐯ᠃៻ᡫ‫ܖ‬ƕᚩӧƞǕǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ

ƖǐƔ

ƍƕƍ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ǕǜƠǎƏ ơ Ƌ ƍƜƏƜƏƴǎƏƠơ Ư ǜ Ơ ǌ ƭƏƕƘƖǐƔ èᚩӧǨȪǢˌ‫ٳ‬ưǋŴᢿ෇ѣƷ ጀ ፼ ᚾӳŴ᭗ఄλᚾƳƲưᐯ᠃៻ᡫ‫ܖ‬ƕᚩӧƞǕǔƜ   ƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ
ơƯǜƠǌ

ƤƍƼ

ƯƍƖƯƖ

ƓƜƳ

ƔƗ

ƸǜƠǌƖǐƏ   Źᐯ᠃៻ƷૢͳǛ‫ܭ‬஖ႎƴ ᘍ ƏᲢȖȬȸǭŴᦆŴșȫŴȩǤȈŴӒ ‫ ᦟ ݧ‬ƳƲᲣŵ
ơƯǜƠǌ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ƙƹ

ƜƏƴǎƏ

Ƹ

   Źᐯ᠃៻ƴŴ‫ܖ‬ఄưᣐǒǕǔᲢǋƠƘƸ ទ λ ᲣǹȆȃǫȸǛᝳǔŵơǐƏƠǌ ơƭ   Ź ʈ ៻ ଺ƴƸȘȫȡȃȈǛბƚǔŵ
ƋǊ

ƻ

ƋǇ

Ɩ

Ɣƞ

ƭƔ

   ŹᩋƷଐƸᩋǬȃȑǛბǔᲢͲǛ̅ǘƳƍᲣŵ  ơ Ư ǜ Ơ ǌ ƭƏƕƘơƯǜƠǌᲶᐯ᠃៻ᡫ‫ܖ‬ƷƨǊƷᐯ᠃៻Ჸ
Ƹ

ư

ƍǖ

Ɣ

Ƽ

ǁǜƚƍ

Ź෉৖ƳᑥŴᓙ፦ưƳƍǋƷ      Ź‫࢟٭‬ȏȳȉȫưƳƍǋƷ
ǁǜƦƘ

ǒƘƕ

Ƹ

Ź‫٭‬ᡮǮǢƷƭƍƯƍƳƍǋƷ   Źᓳ୿ƖǛƠƨǓǷȸȫǛᝳƬƨǓƠƯƍƳƍǋƷ
ǓǐƏƋƠ

ǆǜ

ŹǹǿȳȉƸ ɲ ឱ ǹǿȳȉƷǋƷ ᲢஜưƳƍǋƷᲣ
Ɠ

ƨƨ

ơƯǜƠǌ

ƾ

Ɣ

ŹǷȆǣǵǤǯȫǿǤȗƷǋƷᲢȞǦȳȆȳȐǤǯǍŴ৵Ǔုǈᐯ᠃៻ƸɧӧᲣƖǊƍǅƏƸǜƱƏǖƘ

ǇƑŹᚡӸǛƢǔ  Ź᧸ཛႇ᥵ƠƯƋǔǋƷ  ŹЭƔƝƷƋǔǋƷ







45

ႇɦఄ

)QKPIVQCPFHTQO5EJQQN

If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.

ᾀώᵥᶍᶇᶌᶅᴾᶒᶍᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶄᶐᶍᶋᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ  +P LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU VJG TQWVG VQ VTCXGN HTQO JQOG VQ VJG UEJQQN 6UWWICMWTQ
UEJQQN IQKPI TQWVG KU RTGFGVGTOKPGF 5WEJ TQWVGU CTG UGNGEVGF DCUGF QP UCHGV[TGCUQPUUWEJCUNGUUVTCHHKECPFVJGRTGUGPEGQHYCNMRCVJU6JG[CNUQCXQKFWUKPIDWU[UVTGGVU7UGVJGVUWWICMWTQVJCVVJGUEJQQNUJCXGFGEKFGFVQIQVQCPFHTQO
UEJQQN   7PNKMG GNGOGPVCT[ UEJQQNU YJGTG VJGTG CTG 6UWWICMWJCP UEJQQN IQKPI ITQWRU VJGTGKUPQUWEJCTTCPIGOGPVKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU2NGCUGOCMGCTTCPIGOGPVYKVJ[QWTHTKGPFUYJQNKXGPGCTD[CPFIQVQUEJQQNVQIGVJGT ᾁώᵥᶍᶇᶌᶅᴾᶒᶍᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶍᶌᴾᶀᶇᶁᶗᶁᶊᶃᴾ  +H[QWUVC[HCTCYC[HTQOVJGUEJQQNVJGUEJQQNOC[CNNQY[QWVQE[ENGVQUEJQQN+H
[QWCTGE[ENKPIVQUEJQQNVJGTGCTGOCP[TWNGUVQENCTKH[CPFHQNNQY;QWOWUVHQNNQY
VJGUGTWNGU+PECUGCEEKFGPVUQEEWTYJKNGE[ENKPIVQUEJQQNKVKUTGEQOOGPFGFVJCV[QWLQKPKPUWTCPEGRNCPUUWEJCUVJQUGHTQO,CRCP5RQTVU2TQOQVKQP%GPVGTQTCP[KPUWTCPEGRNCPTGEQOOGPFGFD[VJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN;QWECPLQKPUWEJRNCPUYKVJNKVVNGRTGOKWOU   Ჶ4WNGUHQTE[ENKPIVQUEJQQNᲸ
Ź .KXKPIKPCPCTGCPGCTVJGUEJQQNYJGTGE[ENKPIVQUEJQQNKURGTOKVVGF
 è'XGPKH[QWCTGNKXKPIQWVUKFGUWEJCTGCU[QWECPUVKNNCRRN[VQE[ENGVQUEJQQN
FWGVQKPLWTKGUQTRJ[UKECNTGCUQPU  
è'XGPKH[QWCTGNKXKPIQWVUKFGUWEJCTGCU[QWECPUVKNNCRRN[VQE[ENGVQUEJQQN
FWG VQ RTCEVKEGU HQT VQWTPCOGPVU HQT ENWDU GPVTCPEG GZCOKPCVKQPU HQT JKIJUEJQQNUGVE    Ź 4GIWNCTOCKPVGPCPEGQHDKE[ENGU DTCMGMG[DGNNNKIJVTGHNGEVQTGVE    Ź &KURNC[ VJG UVKEMGT HTQO VJG UEJQQN [QW OKIJV PGGF VQ RC[ HQT VJKU  QP VJGDKE[ENG   Ź 9GCTCJGNOGVYJGPE[ENKPI    Ź 9GCTCTCKPEQCVYJGPKVKUTCKPKPI FQPQVWUGCPWODTGNNC   Ჶ$KE[ENGUUWKVCDNGHQTE[ENKPIVQUEJQQNᲸŹ6JQUGYKVJQWVHCPEKHWNEQNQTUCPF
Ź6JQUG YKVJQWV FGHQTOGF JCPFNGFGUKIPU   
DCTU
Ź6JQUGYKVJQWVURGGFIGCT 
Ź6JQUGYKVJQWVITCHHKVKQTQVJGT  
UVKEMGTU
Ź 6JQUGYKVJVYQHQQVUVCPFU PQVYKVJLWUVQPG Ź 6JQUGHQTE[ENKPIKPVJGEKV[ OQWPVCKPDKE[ENGUCPFHQNFKPIDKE[ENGUCTGPQVCNNQYGF 
Ź #DKE[ENGYKVJ[QWTPCOGYTKVVGPQPKV  Ź 6JQUGYJKEJCTGTGIKUVGTGFHQTETKOGRTGXGPVKQP  Ź 6JQUGYKVJDCUMGVUKPHTQPV


46

ႇɦఄ
ểạ ậ Ắ ạ ẳẨᾂώႇɦఄ଺ỆൢửếẬỦẮểᴾ
ƜƏƭƏ

Ǉǋ

ŹʩᡫȫȸȫǛ‫ܣ‬ǔŵƭƏƕƘ ǖ

ƱƓŹᡫ‫ܖ‬ែǛᡫǔŵ
ƪƜƘ

ƱƏƜƏ

Ź᡿ЦǛƠƳƍǑƏƴႇఄƢǔŵƤƍƾƘƱƏ ƛ Ɯ ƏƿƔƭƲƏƞƍƱƏƜƏ

Ʋƴƪ

ƱƏƜƏ

ƹƋƍ

ƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ŹС஌ưႇɦఄƢǔŵᲢᢿ෇ѣƷƨǊƴŴϐႇఄƠƨǓ‫ם‬ଐƴႇఄƠƨǓƢǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴ˳દ஌Ŵ
ƱƏƜƏ

ƖǐƔ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǸȣȸǸႇఄƕᚩӧƞǕǔɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǋƋǔᲣ
Ǒ

ǈƪ

Ɣ

ƙ

Ź݃ǓᢊǍᝰƍ᫢ƍǛƠƳƍŵ
ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƓƦ

Ƌǜƥǜ

ƻƱ Ǔ

ƔƑ

Źᢿ෇ѣư᡿ƘƳǔƱƖƸŴ‫ܤ‬μƷƨǊŴưƖǔƩƚ  ʴư࠙ǒƳƍǑƏƴƢǔŵ

Ệ Ỗ Ữ

Ắạếạ

ᾃώଐஜỉʩᡫἽὊἽᴾ
ƠǜƝƏ

Ǉǋ

Ź̮ӭǛ‫ܣ‬ǔŵ
ƛǜƦƘ

ơƯǜƠǌ

ƻƩǓƕǘƭƏƜƏ

ǕƍƕƍŹҾЩŴᐯ᠃៻Ƹ ߼ ͨ ᡫᘍᲢ̊‫ٳ‬ǋƋǓǇƢᲣŵƱǄ ƭƏƕƘơ Ư ǜ Ơ ǌ ƭƏƕƘƲƏǖơǐƏǑƜƻǖƱƓŹࢻഩᡫ‫ܖ‬ǋᐯ᠃៻ᡫ‫ܖ‬ǋŴᢊែɥǛ್ƴ࠼ƕƬƯᡫǒƳƍŵ
ơƯǜƠǌ

ƾƨǓ Ʒ

Źᐯ᠃៻ƷʚʴʈǓǛƠƳƍŵƜƏƞƯǜƍƪơƯƍƠ

ƞǏƏƋǜƥǜƔƘƴǜ

ŹʩࠀໜưƸɟ଺ͣഥǛƠƯŴ߼ӫƷ‫ܤ‬μᄩᛐǛƢǔŵ
ơƯǜƠǌ

Ʒ

Ɣƞ

ƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘƭƔ   Źᐯ᠃៻ƴʈǔƱƖƸŴͲǛƞƠƨǓŴઃ࠘ᩓᛅǍǹȞȸȈȕǩȳǛ̅ƬƨǓŴǤȤțȳǛƭ
ƚƨǓƠƯƸƍƚƳƍŵ

47

ႇɦఄ


ᾂώᵲᶆᶇᶌᶅᶑᴾᶒᶍᴾᶒᵿᶉᶃᴾᶌᶍᶒᶃᴾᶍᶄᴾᶕᶆᶃᶌᴾᶅᶍᶇᶌᶅᴾᶒᶍᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶄᶐᶍᶋᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾŹ #FJGTGVQVTCHHKETWNGUŹ 7UGVJGVUWWICMWTQŹ &QPQVIQVQUEJQQNNCVG
Ź )Q VQ CPF HTQO UEJQQN KP [QWT UGKHWMWᲢ5QOG LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU CNNQY VJGUVWFGPVUVQDGKPGZGTEKUGENQVJKPICPFLGTUG[VQCVVGPFUEJQQNKPVJGYGGMGPFUHQT
ENWDCEVKXKVKGUᲣ
Ź &QPQVGCVQTDW[VJKPIUQP[QWTYC[ Ź 9JGP[QWCTGNCVGIQKPIJQOGFWGVQENWDCEVKXKVKGUHQTUCHGV[TGCUQPFQPQVIQ
JQOGCNQPG ᾃώᵲᶐᵿᶄᶄᶇᶁᴾᶐᶓᶊᶃᶑᴾᶇᶌᴾᵨᵿᶎᵿᶌᴾ
Ź 7UGVTCHHKENKIJVU
Ź $KE[ENGOWUVVTCXGNQPNGHVUKFGQHTQCFKPRTKPEKRNG 6JGTGCTGUQOGGZEGRVKQPU Ź &QPQVJQIVJGTQCFYJGVJGT[QWCTGYCNMKPIQTE[ENKPIVQUEJQQNŹ &QPQVTKFGFQWDNG VJGUCOGDKE[ENGYKVJCPQVJGTRGTUQP Ź 5VQRCPFNQQMNGHVCPFTKIJVCVLWPEVKQPUVQOCMGUWTGKVKUUCHGDGHQTGRTQEGGFKPI
Ź 9JKNGE[ENKPIFQPQVWUGWODTGNNCUOQDKNGRJQPGUQTUOCTVRJQPGUQTGCTRJQPGU  48ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄǁƷᡲዂƪǎƏƕƬƜƏǕǜǒƘɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǁƷᡲዂư ǜ ǘ ƹǜƝƏ            ‫ݬ‬ᲢᩓᛅဪӭᲣ Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌưǜǘƔƳǒƣŴ̬ᜱᎍƕᩓᛅǛƔƚǇƠǐƏẼỠạ ầ Ế Ắ ạủỮỤẪᾀώɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄồᡲዂẲộẲỢạᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǍƢ 

ƪƜƘ

ƦƏƨƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƭƨ

ƔƳǒ

ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǛ˞ǉȷ᡿ЦȷଔᡚƢǔƱƖŴǇƨ‫ܖ‬ఄƴˡƑƯƓƖƨƍƜƱƕƋǔƱƖƸŴ ࣏ ƣ
Ǆ

Ɲ Ơǌ

ưǜǘ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ơ

̬ᜱᎍƕᩓᛅư‫ܖ‬ఄƴჷǒƤǇƠǐƏŵƠǐƏƕƬƜƏ

ƭƏƕƘƸǜ

ƱǋƭƨƔǕǜǒƘƪǐƏǘƨƱƲ‫ܖ ݱ‬ఄƷƱƖƸŴᡫ‫ྰܖ‬ƷӐƩƪƴˡƑƨƍƜƱǛ୿ƍƨᡲ ዂ ࠚ ǛบƠŴ‫ފ‬ƚƯǋǒƏƜ
Ɯ ơǜ

ƱƏƜƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǉƣƔƱƕưƖǇƠƨƕŴ̾ʴưႇఄƢǔ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄưƸƦǕƸ ᩊ ƠƍưƢŵ
ưǜǘ

ƻ

Ɲ ƥǜ

ơ

ƾǜ

ǏƖ

ƻ

ᩓᛅƸƦƷଐƷҜЭ‫ݬ‬Ტ  ଺   ЎᲣǇưƴƔƚǇƠǐƏŵ

ƪǎƏƍ

ƴǄǜ

ƋǊ

ƻ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ







ƯǜƖ

ǘǔ 

ǓǏƏ

ᲢදॖᲣଐஜưƸŴᩋƕƾǔଐŴᩌƕƾǔଐǋ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǁᘍƖǇƢŵ‫ټ‬ൢƕफƍƱƍƏྸဌưƸǍƢǅƏƾƏƚƍǄƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ǍƢ

˞ǈǇƤǜŵᲢè୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬ƳƲƕ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕǔƱŴƓ˞ǈƴƳǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢᲣ
ƖǎƏƜƏ

ǈ



ᲢRž ˞ ఄſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣẼỠạ ầ Ế Ắ ạ

ủỮỤẪ

ểẨ

ᾁώɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄồᡲዂẴỦ଺ᴾƭƗƔƳǒƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǕǜǒƘഏƷǑƏƳƱƖƴƸŴ ࣏ ƣ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᡲዂƠǇƢŵ

ƚƬƤƖ

Ɯ

ƨƍƪǐƏ

ǘǔ

Ɣ Ưƍ

ǑƏ ơ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǍƢŨഎࠗᲴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ˳ ᛦ ƕफƍƱƖǍŴܼࡊƷဇʙƳƲư ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǛƓ˞ǈƢǔƱƖƴŴƳƥƓ
ǍƢƭƨƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍƲ ǑƏ Ƽ

ƴƪǑƏ Ƽ

ƕƬƜƏƗǐƏ ơƹ Ƌƍ˞ǈƢǔƷƔǛˡƑǇƢŵ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ƷǑƏƴ‫୴ם‬ଐǍଐ୴ଐƴ‫ܖ‬ఄ ᘍ ʙƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓƲ ǑƏ Ƽ

ƴƪǑƏ Ƽ

ƚƬƤƖǕǜǒƘ

ƻƭǑƏǇƢŵ‫୴ם‬ଐŴଐ୴ଐưǋഎࠗᡲዂƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵ

ƪ ƜƘ

Ƴǜ

Ǔ ǏƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƓƘ

ƹ Ƌƍ

ƓƘ

Ǔ ǏƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ơ Ɣǜ

ƭƨ



Ũ᡿ЦᲴ˴ǒƔƷྸဌư‫ܖ‬ఄƴᘍƘƷƕ᡿Ǖǔ‫ئ‬ӳŴ᡿ǕǔྸဌƱŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᘍƘ଺᧓ǛˡƑǇƢŵ

ƦƏƨƍ

Ɯ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƸǍ

ƔƑ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƹ Ƌƍ

Ƴǜ ơ

ƩǕ

ǉƔ

ƍ

ƭƨ

ŨଔᡚᲴ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ‫ܖ‬ఄƔǒଔƘ࠙ǔ࣏ᙲƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳŴ˴଺ƴᛡƕᡇƑƴᘍƘƷƔǛˡƑǇƢŵ
ƭƏơǐƏ

Ɯ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƦƏƨƍ

ᡫ ࠝ Ŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƩƚư‫ܖ‬ఄƔǒଔᡚƢǔƜƱƸưƖǇƤǜŵ      ƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ƚƬƤƖ

ƪ ƜƘ

ƦƏƨƍ

ƯǜƖǐ

ƓƳ

ǕǜǒƘ

 èᢿ෇ѣǛഎࠗŴ᡿ЦŴଔᡚƢǔƱƖǍ᠃‫އ‬ǛƢǔƱƖǋӷơǑƏƴᡲዂǛƠǇƠǐƏŵ

ƨƍƪǐƏ

ǘǔ

ǍƢ

ǘǔ

ƴ Ǆǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƠǎƬ˳ ᛦ ƕफƍƱƖƴƓ˞ǈƢǔƷƸफƍƜƱưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵƠƔƠŴଐஜƷ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄưƸ Ј ƤƖƴƬƢƏ

ƨƍƤƭƜƏƜƏƠǜƕƘ

ƑƍƖǐƏ

ǄǜƱƏ

ǍƢ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƍ ƕƍ

Ƌǜ ƍ

ࠗଐૠƕƱƯǋ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵ᭗ఄᡶ‫ܖ‬ƴǋࢨ ᪪ ƠƯƖǇƢŵஜ࢘ƴ˞ǈƕ࣏ᙲƳƱƖˌ‫ٳ‬ƴ‫ܤ‬ତǍƢƞƴ˞ǉƜƱƸᢤƚǇƠǐƏŵ




49

ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄǁƷᡲዂ%QPVCEVKPIVJG,WPKQT*KIJ5EJQQN Ტ6GNGRJQPGPWODGTUᲣ         ‫ݬ‬

6JGRCTGPVUOWUVDGVJGQPGUYJQECNNᾀώᵡᶍᶌᶒᵿᶁᶒᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶈᶓᶌᶇᶍᶐᴾᶆᶇᶅᶆᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ
6JGRCTGPVUOWUVEQPVCEVVJGUEJQQNXKCRJQPGYJGPVJGEJKNFECPPQVCVVGPF
UEJQQNKUEQOKPINCVGVQUEJQQNJCUVQNGCXGUEJQQNGCTN[QTYJGPVJGTGKUCP[OCVVGTVJCVVJGUEJQQNPGGFUVQMPQY #VGNGOGPVCT[UEJQQNUUWEJOCVVGTUECPDGRCUUGFQPCPQVGHQTVGCEJGTUVQDG
RCUUGFXKCHTKGPFUYJQCTGKPVJGUCOGUEJQQNEQOOWVKPIITQWR*QYGXGTKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVJGUVWFGPVUIQVQUEJQQNKPFKXKFWCNN[CPFUQUWEJEQPVCEVKPIOGVJQFUECPPQVDGWUGF  
6QKPHQTOVJGUEJQQND[RJQPGFQUQDGHQTGPQQP ‫ ݬ‬D[AAAJQWTAAAOKPWVG  

Ტ0QVGᲣ6JGEJKNFJCUVQCVVGPFUEJQQNQPDQVJTCKP[CPFUPQY[FC[UKP,CRCP;QW
ECPPQVUMKRUEJQQNLWUVDGECWUGVJGYGCVJGTKUDCFᲢè 9JGPUVQTOYCTPKPIKUKUUWGFD[VJGCWVJQTKV[VJGUEJQQNUOC[ENQUGᲣ
Ტ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQP ß5EJQQN%NQUWTGàᲣᾁώᵵᶆᶃᶌᴾᶁᶍᶌᶒᵿᶁᶒᶇᶌᶅᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶈᶓᶌᶇᶍᶐᴾᶆᶇᶅᶆᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ;QWOWUVECNNVJGUEJQQNKPVJGHQNNQYKPIEKTEWOUVCPEGUŨ#DUGPVGGKUOᲴ9JGPVJGEJKNFKUWPYGNNQTJCUVQDGCDUGPVHTQOUEJQQNFWGVQHCOKN[OCVVGTUNGVVJGUEJQQNMPQYVJGTGCUQP5QOGUEJQQNUJQNFVJGKTUEJQQN    GXGPVU UWEJ CU URQTVU FC[ QP GKVJGT 5CVWTFC[U QT 5WPFC[U ;QW OWUV UVKNNEQPVCEVVJGUEJQQNKHVJGEJKNFKUIQKPIVQDGCDUGPVGXGPYJGPKVKUC5CVWTFC[QT
C5WPFC[ Ũ.CVGHQTUEJQQNᲴ+PHQTOVJGUEJQQNQHVJGTGCUQPUHQTDGKPINCVGHQTCPFVJGVKOGVJGEJKNFYKNNTGCEJVJGUEJQQN Ũ.GCXKPI UEJQQN GCTN[Ჴ9JGP VJG EJKNF PGGFU VQ NGCXG VJG UEJQQN GCTN[ NGV VJGUEJQQN  MPQYVJGVKOGCPFYJQKUIQKPIVQRKEMWRVJGEJKNF7UWCNN[VJGEJKNF
ECPPQVNGCXGVJGUEJQQNGCTN[QPJKUQTJGTQYP   
è7UGVJGUCOGOGVJQFQHEQPVCEVYJGPCDUGPVNCVGQTNGCXKPIGCTN[HTQOENWD
CEVKXKVKGUCPFYJGPOQXKPIJQWUG +VKUPQVKORTQRGTVQDGCDUGPVHTQOUEJQQNYJGPVJGEJKNFKUWPYGNN1PVJGQVJGT
JCPFVJGPWODGTQHFC[UQHCVVGPFGPEGKUXGT[KORQTVCPVCVLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUCU
KVOC[CHHGEVCFXCPEKPIVQJKIJUEJQQN#UUWEJVT[PQVVQUMKRUEJQQNCPFFQUQQPN[YJGPKVKUTGCNN[PGEGUUCT[ 50ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄǁƷᡲዂỂ Ữ Ừ ủỮỤẪᵑώᩓᛅᡲዂᴾ
ưǜǘƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǕǜǒƘ

ƸƳ

Ɣƨ

ƠǐƏƔƍ

ᩓᛅư ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᡲዂǛƢǔƱƖƷᛅƠ૾Ǜ ኰ ʼƠǇƢŵƚƬƤƖǕǜǒƘ źഎࠗᡲዂŻOQUJK  OQUJK᳨᳨᳟ MWOK
PQ
FGUW
FGUW
     ž ǋ Ơ ǋ Ơ ŵŨƶ ǜ ŨƘǈŴŨŨŨ ŨŨŨƷ ༵ EJKEJK ưƢŵ     ưƢŵƜƜ            Ტ‫܇‬ƲǋƷǯȩǹᲣ Ტ‫܇‬ƲǋƷƳǇƑᲣ ൐ JCJC 

M [ Q W YC [CUWOK OCUWᴾᴾſ     ƖǐƏ Ƹ ŴǍƢǈ ǇƢŵᴾƚƬƤƖ Ǔ Ǐ Əƍᴾ ᴾ è   ƴഎࠗྸဌǛλǕǇƠǐƏŵ
ᴾ

ᴾ

MC\G

ᴾᴾ

PGVUW

MGIC

K G

PQ [ Q W L K

HWMW VUWWȷƔƥ   ȷƶƭ    ȷƚƕ   ȷƍƑ Ʒ ǑƏơ   ȷƾƘƭƏƪ Ɯ Ƙ ǕǜǒƘź᡿ЦᡲዂŻOQUJKOQUJKP G P MWOK
PQ
FGUWᴾ     žǋ Ơ ǋ Ơ ŵŨƶǜŨƘǈŴŨŨŨ ŨŨŨƷ  ༵ EJKEJK  ưƢŵƜƜᴾ           Ტ‫܇‬ƲǋƷǯȩǹᲣᲢ‫܇‬ƲǋƷƳǇƑᲣ  ൐ JCJC ᴾᴾ

M [ Q W YC

Q M W T G OCUWL K

HWP P K K M K  O C U WƖǐƏ Ƹ ŴƓƘǕ ǇƢŵ ŨŨ଺ŨŨ Ў  ƴ ƍƖǇƢŵſ                 ᲢơƔǜᲣ

ᴾ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ơƔǜ

ƭƨ

ᴾ  è‫ܖ‬ఄƴᘍƘ଺᧓ǛˡƑǇƠǐƏŵ  ƦƏƨƍǕǜǒƘ źଔᡚᡲዂŻOQUJKOQUJK᳨᳨᳟ MWOK
PQ
FGUW     žǋ Ơ ǋ Ơ ŵŨƶ ǜ ŨƘǈŴŨŨŨ ŨŨŨƷ  ༵ EJKEJK   ưƢŵƜƜᲢ‫܇‬ƲǋƷǯȩǹᲣᲢ‫܇‬ƲǋƷƳǇƑᲣ    ൐ JCJC 
M [ Q W YC U Q W V C K UJKOCUW
ƖǐƏ Ƹ  ƦƏƨƍ ƠǇƢŵ             
L K
HWP P KICOWMCG P K
KMKOCUW        ŨŨ଺ŨŨ Ў  ƴ ŨŨŨŨƕ        ǉƔƑƴ ƍƖǇƢŵſ         ᲢơƔǜᲣ  ᲢǉƔƑƴ ƍƘƻƱƷ ƳǇƑᲣƍƭƨ
ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ  Ƴ ǜ ơ ƩǕ ǉƔè˴଺ƴᛡƕᡇƑƴᘍƘƔˡƑǇƠǐƏŵ




ƼǐƏƖ

ǕǜǒƘ

ź၏ൢȷƚƕƷᡲዂŻ
Ƌƞ

Ɯ





ƻǐƏơǐƏ

ƨƍƪǐƏ

ǈ



ƪƕ 

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƭƨஔŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ᘙ ऴ Ǎ ˳ ᛦ ǛᙸƯŴƍƭǋƱᢌƏƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴˡƑƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵ
ƛǜ Ɩ

ƛ

Ǔ

ƤƖ

̊ ȷƍƭǋǑǓΨൢƕƳƍ  ȷɦၚ  ȷԶƕǑƘưǔ  ȷƚƕǛƠƯƍǔ          OQUJKOQUJK᳨᳨᳟ MWOKFGUW MQ FQOQPQ IGPMKIC C T K O C U G P      žǋ Ơ ǋ Ơ ŵŨƶ ǜ ŨƘǈŴŨŨŨ ŨŨŨưƢŵ‫܇‬Ʋ ǋƷ  Ψൢƕ ƋǓǇƤǜŵſƜƜ            Ტ‫܇‬ƲǋƷǯȩǹᲣᲢ‫܇‬ƲǋƷƳǇƑᲣ

ᴾ

Ɯ

ǑƏ Ƣ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏǍƢᴾ è‫܇‬ƲǋƷಮ‫܇‬ƴǑƬƯƸŴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǛ˞ǇƤǇƠǐƏŵᴾᴾ
51

ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄǁƷᡲዂᵑώᵡᶍᶌᶒᵿᶁᶒᴾᶔᶇᵿᴾᶎᶆᶍᶌᶃᴾ$GNQYKUJQYVQURGCMYJGPEQPVCEVKPIVJGUEJQQNXKCRJQPG ź6QECNNCDQWVDGKPICDUGPVŻOQUJK  OQUJK᳨᳨᳟ MWOK
PQ
FGUW
FGUW



    ž ǋ Ơ ǋ Ơ ŵŨ ƶ ǜ ŨƘǈŴŨŨŨ ŨŨŨƷ༵ EJKEJK ൐ᲢJCJCᲣưƢŵ     ưƢŵ          *GNNQ6JKUKUVJGHCVJGTOQVJGTQHᲢEJKNF UPCOGᲣQH EJKNF UENCUU *G5JGKU     
M [ Q W YC [CUWOK OCUW      ƖǐƏ Ƹ ŴǍƢǈ Ǉ Ƣ ŵſ      /[EJKNFYKNNDGCDUGPVHTQOUEJQQNVQFC[ è#FFKPVJGTGCUQPHQTDGKPICDUGPVKP    
M C \ G



  


PGVUW

M G I C

ȷ(NW Ɣƥ     ȷHGXGT ƶƭ    ȷKPLWTGF ƚƕ KG

PQ [ Q W L K

H W M W V U W W

ȷHCOKN[WTIGPVOCVVGT ƍƑƷǑƏơ  ȷUVQOCEJCEJG ƾƘƭƏ ź6QECNNCDQWVDGKPINCVGVQUEJQQNŻOQUJK  OQUJK

᳨᳨᳟

MWOK

PQ

FGUW

      ž ǋ Ơ ǋ Ơ ŵŨ ƶ ǜ ŨƘǈŴŨŨŨ ŨŨŨƷ༵ EJKEJK ൐ᲢJCJCᲣưƢŵ    *GNNQ6JKUKUVJGHCVJGTOQVJGTQHᲢEJKNF UPCOGᲣQH EJKNF UENCUU L K
M [ Q W YC Q M W T G OCUW
HWP      ƖǐƏ Ƹ ŴƓƘǕ Ǉ Ƣ ŵŨŨ଺ŨŨЎƴ ƍƖǇƢŵſ *GUJGYKNNDGNCVGVQFC[*GUJGYKNNTGCEJCVAAAJQWTAAAOKPWVG

P K



 



K M K O C U W
è.GVVJGUEJQQNMPQYVJGVKOGQHVJGEJKNF UCTTKXCNCVUEJQQN    ź6QECNNCDQWVNGCXKPIUEJQQNGCTN[ŻOQUJK  OQUJK᳨᳨᳟ MWOK
PQ
FGUW     ž ǋ Ơ ǋ Ơ ŵŨ ƶ ǜ ŨƘǈŴŨŨŨ ŨŨŨƷ༵ EJKEJK ൐ᲢJCJCᲣưƢŵ       *GNNQ6JKUKUVJGHCVJGTOQVJGTQHᲢEJKNF UPCOGᲣQH EJKNF UENCUU 
L K
HWP P KICOWMCGP K K M K O C U W            M [ Q W YC U Q W V C K U J K O C U W      ƖǐƏƸŴƦƏƨƍƠǇƢŵŨŨ଺ŨŨЎƴŴŨŨŨŨƕŴǉƔƑƴ ƍƖǇƢŵſ        /[EJKNFKUNGCXKPIUEJQQNGCTN[VQFC[ ŨŨŨŨ YKNN RKEMJKOJGTWRCVAAAJQWTAAAOKPWVG             è .GVVJGUEJQQNMPQYYJQKURKEMKPIVJGEJKNFWRCVYJCVVKOG   

ź6QECNNVJGUEJQQNCDQWVUKEMPGUUCPFKPLWT[Ż%JGEMVJGEJKNF UHCEKCNGZRTGUUKQPCPFDQF[EQPFKVKQPVQUGGKHVJGTGKUCP[FKHHGTGPEGHTQOWUWCN+HUQPQVKH[VJGUEJQQN
'ZCORNG ȷ.QQMUOQTGWPYGNNVJCPWUWCN  ȷFKCTTJGC  ȷ UGXGTGEQWIJKPI          ȷKPLWTGF
          
OQUJK  OQUJK᳨᳨᳟ MWOK
PQ
FGUW     ž ǋ Ơ ǋ Ơ ŵŨ ƶ ǜ ŨƘǈŴŨŨŨ ŨŨŨƷ༵ EJKEJK ൐ᲢJCJCᲣưƢŵ      *GNNQ6JKUKUVJGHCVJGTOQVJGTQHᲢEJKNF UPCOGᲣQH EJKNF UENCUU  MQFQOQPQ IGPMKI C C T K O C U G P          ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ Ψൢƕ ƋǓǇƤǜŵ /[EJKNFKUPQVHGGNKPIYGNN   è
 .GVVJGEJKNFTGUVCVJQOGKHJGUJGKUWPYGNN

52

ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄǁƷᡲዂ

ᴾẲếờỮᾠὶᾐᴾ ợẪẝỦឋբᴾ
ǍƢ

ƻ

ƪ ƜƘ

ƻ

ǕǜǒƘ

ŨƳƥŴ˞ǉଐȷ᡿ЦƢǔଐƴᡲዂƢǔƷᲹ
Ɯ





Ɩ







ơƔǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ɯ





ƍƑ

ƼǐƏƖ

‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƕŴൿǇƬƨ଺᧓Ǉưƴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴஹƳƍƱŴžܼư၏ൢǍǱǬǛƠƨƷ
Ƙ



ƱƪǎƏ

ơ

Ɯ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ơǜƺƍ

ƔƳᲹſžஹǔᡦɶưʙ૏ƴƋƬƨƷƔƳᲹſƱέဃƨƪƸ࣎ᣐƴƳǓǇƢŵǍƢ    

ƓƘ

ǕǜǒƘ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƋǜƠǜ

ž˞ǈǇƢſž᡿ǕǇƢſƱᡲዂƠƯǋǒƑǔƱŴέဃƨƪƸ‫࣎ܤ‬ưƢŵƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲƭƨ        ƔƳǒ   ǕǜǒƘƔǜƨǜƳଐஜᛖưˡƑǒǕǇƢŵ ࣏ ƣ ᡲዂƠƯƘƩƞƍƶŵ
ƦƏƨƍ

ƻ

ǕǜǒƘ

ƻƭǑƏ

ŨƳƥŴଔᡚƢǔଐƴᡲዂƕ࣏ᙲƳƷᲹƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ơǎƗǐƏƜƟƍƤƖƕƬƖǎƏ ƍ ƕ ƍ

ƹƠǐ

ƓƜƳ

ƖǎƏ

ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷ ੉ ಅ Ƹ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ‫נ‬ቔ ‫ ܖ‬ኢ ˌ‫ٳ‬Ʒ‫ئ‬৑ư ᘍ ǘǕǔƜƱǋƋǔƷưŴ࣯ ƴ
ǉƔ

ƍ

ƔƑ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ ƍƕƍ

ƻƱ

Ɯ

ǉƔ

ᡇƑƴᘍƬƯǋŴƢƙƴ࠙ǔƜƱƕưƖǇƤǜŵǇƨ̬ᜱᎍˌ‫ٳ‬Ʒʴƕ‫܇‬ƲǋǛᡇƑ
Ɩ

Ɯ

ƔƑ

Ƴǜơ

ƩǕ

ǉƔ

ƍ

ơƥǜ

ƭƨ

ƴஹƯǋŴ‫܇‬ƲǋǛ࠙ƢƜƱƸưƖǇƤǜŵ˴଺ƴᛡƕᡇƑƴᘍƘƷƔǛʙЭƴˡƑƜƭƨǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƭƨǇƢŵǇƨ‫܇‬ƲǋƴˡƑƞƤǔƷưƸƳƘŴ̬ᜱᎍƔǒˡƑǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƨƍƪǐƏ

ǘǔ

ƻ

ǕǜǒƘ

ƻƭǑƏ

ŨƳƥŴ˳ ᛦ ƕफƍଐƴᡲዂƕ࣏ᙲƳƷᲹƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƱƏƜƏ

Ɯ





ơƠǜ

Ɠǋ 

ƼǐƏ

ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴႇఄƞƤƯƠǇƏƱ‫܇‬Ʋǋᐯ៲ƕƭǒƍ࣬ƍǛƠƯƠǇƍǇƢŵǇƨ ၏ƖƋƬƔൢǍƚƕƕफ҄ƢǔƜƱƕƋǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵ
ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƭ





ƍ



ƻƭǑƏ

ƦƏƩǜ

ưǜǘ

၏ ᨈ ƴᡲǕƯᘍƘ࣏ᙲƕƋǔƔƲƏƔǛႻᛩƢǔƨǊƴǋŴᩓᛅǛƔƚƯƘƩƞƍ
ƔǜƤǜ

ƾƤ

ǍƢ

ƶŵज़௨Ǜ᧸ƙƨǊƴŴ˞ǇƳƚǕƹƳǒƳƍƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵƔǜƤǜƠǐƏ

ǈ

ᲢRžज़ ௨ ၐ ſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣƲ ǑƏ Ƽ

ƴƪǑƏ ƼƗǐƏ ơŨƳƥŴ‫୴ם‬ଐȷଐ୴ଐƴ ᘍ ʙƕƋǔƷᲹ
ǁƍơƭ

ƛƭǑƏƼ

ƖǜǑƏƼ

ƠƝƱ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƗǐƏơ

ǈ࠯ଐᲢஉ୴ଐƔǒ᣿୴ଐᲣƸˁʙƕƋǔ̬ᜱᎍƴŴᘍʙǛᙸƴƖƯǋǒƏƨǊưƲ Ǒ Ə Ƽ

ƴƪǑƏƼ

ƗǐƏơ

ǍƢ

ƻ

ƔƳǒ  ǕǜǒƘƢŵ‫୴ם‬ଐȷଐ୴ଐưǋŴᘍʙǛ˞ǉଐƴƸŴ ࣏ ƣ ᡲዂǛƠƯƘƩƞƍƶŵ

53ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄǁƷᡲዂ

ᾠὶᾐᴾ ᵤᶐᶃᶏᶓᶃᶌᶒᶊᶗᴾᵟᶑᶉᶃᶂᴾᵯᶓᶃᶑᶒᶇᶍᶌᶑᴾᴾ

Ũ9J[OWUV+EQPVCEVVJGUEJQQNYJGPVJGEJKNFKUCDUGPVQTNCVG! 
9JGPVJGEJKNFHCKNUVQVWTPWRCVUEJQQNYJGPJGQTUJGUJQWNFVJG
 
VGCEJGTYKNNYQTT[KHVJGEJKNFKUUKEMQTOGVYKVJCPCEEKFGPVQPVJG
YC[VQUEJQQN
 .GVVJGUEJQQNMPQYKH[QWTEJKNFKUVCMKPIVJGFC[QHHQTIQKPIVQDG
NCVGUQVJGVGCEJGTYKNNPQVYQTT[ ;QW ECP WUG UKORNG ,CRCPGUG VQ RCUU VJG OGUUCIG ;QW OWUVEQPVCEVVJGUEJQQN Ũ9J[OWUV+EQPVCEVVJGUEJQQNYJGPVJGEJKNFPGGFUVQNGCXGUEJQQN
GCTN[!
5QOGENCUUGUCTGJGNFQVJGTVJCPVJGEJKNF UWUWCNENCUUTQQOUQKH
VJGRCTGPVRKEMUWRVJGEJKNFYKVJQWVRTKQTEQPVCEVVJGEJKNFOC[PQV
DGCDNGVQNGCXGKOOGFKCVGN[/QTGQXGTKHCPQVJGTRGTUQPQVJGTVJCP
VJGRCTGPVUQTIWCTFKCPKURKEMKPIVJGEJKNFWRUEJQQNECPPQVNGVVJG
EJKNF IQ JQOG 6JG UEJQQN PGGF VQ DG PQVKHKGF DGHQTGJCPF YJQ KU
EQOKPIVKOG  6JGEJKNFUJQWNFPQVDGVJGQPGVQKPHQTOVJGUEJQQN
6JGRCTGPVUQTIWCTFKCPOWUVDGVJGQPGVQFQUQ Ũ 9J[OWUV+EQPVCEVVJGUEJQQNYJGPVJGEJKNFKUHGGNKPIWPYGNN!
+H[QWNGVVJGEJKNFCVVGPFUEJQQNYJGPJGQTUJGKUWPYGNNKVOC[DG
VQQJCTFQPVJGEJKNF$GUKFGUVJGKNNPGUUQTKPLWT[OC[IGVYQTUGPFWTKPIVJGENCUU 
2NGCUGKPHQTOVJGUEJQQNUQ[QWECPIGVCPCFXKEGQPPGEGUUKV[QH
IQKPIVQVCMGVJGEJKNFVQVJGJQURKVCN6QRTGXGPVRCUUKPIVJGKNNPGUUVQQVJGTU[QWTEJKNFOC[PGGFVQVCMGVJGFC[QHHᲢ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJG
RCIGQP ß+PHGEVKQWU&KUGCUGUàᲣŨ 9J[CTGVJGTGGXGPVUJGNFQP5CVWTFC[UCPF5WPFC[U!
6JKUKUVQCNNQYRCTGPVUYJQJCXGVQYQTMQPYGGMFC[U /QPFC[UVQ(TKFC[U VQDGCDNGVQXKUKVVJGGXGPVU+H[QWTEJKNFKUPQVCDNGVQ
CVVGPFVJGGXGPVUQP5CVWTFC[UCPF5WPFC[U[QWOWUVKPHQTOVJG
UEJQQN

54

ዬ࣯ᡲዂ
ƖǜƖǎƏ Ǖ ǜ ǒ Ƙዬ࣯ᡲዂЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ



Ɯ

ƼǐƏƖ

ơƠǜ

ƞƍƕƍ

ƸƬƤƍ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌǕǜǒƘ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ၏ൢǍƚƕǛƠƨƱƖŴ‫ע‬ᩗǍ໎ܹƕႆဃƠƨƱƖŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ƹ̬ᜱᎍƴᡲዂǛƠǇƢŵǄ Ɲ ƠǌƻǔǇƸǍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƜǉƔƍ̬ᜱᎍƸଷ᧓ưǋŴưƖǔƩƚଔƘɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁ‫܇‬ƲǋǛᡇƑƴᘍƔƳƚǕƹƳǓǇƤǜŵ
ơƠǜ

ƸƬƤƍ

ǅƏƾƏƚƍǄƏ

ǅƏƾƏƤƭƚƍǄƏ

ƱƘǂƭƚƍǄƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ ǇƨŴ‫ע‬ᩗƕႆဃƠƨƱƖǍ୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬ȷ୧᫘ᩌᜩ‫إ‬ȷཎКᜩ‫إ‬ƕ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕƨƱƖƴƸŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ
ǕǜǒƘ

Ƌǜƥǜ

ƸǍ

Ɯ

ǉƔ

ƍ

ƔǒƷᡲዂƕƳƘƯǋŴưƖǔƩƚଔƘ‫ܤ‬μƴ‫܇‬ƲǋǛᡇƑƴᘍƬƯƘƩƞƍŵǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ǉƔ

ƹƋƍ

ƍ

ơƿǜ

ƔƑ

Ɯ

ơƿǜ

ƔƑ

 ̬ᜱᎍƕᡇƑƴᘍƚƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴᐯЎư࠙ǕƦƏƳƱƖƸ‫܇‬ƲǋƸᐯЎư࠙ǓǇƢŵƨƩƠŴƲ
ǉƔ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƹƋƍ

Ɣ

ƻƱ

ƨƷ

ƹƋƍ

ƩǕ

Ɣ

ǉƔ

ƏƠƯǋᡇƑƕ࣏ᙲƳ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴˊǘǓƷʴƴ᫂ǉƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵƦƷ‫ئ‬ӳƸᛡƕˊǘǓƴᡇƑƴƍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ưǜǘǕǜǒƘᘍƘƷƔɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᩓᛅưᡲዂƠǇƠǐƏŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƍƦ

Ɯ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƭ

ƍ

ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷέဃƕŴ࣯ƍư‫܇‬ƲǋǛ ၏ ᨈ ǁᡲǕƯᘍƖǇ
ƻƭǑƏ

ơǎƏƩƍ

᣻ ‫ ٻ‬ƳƚƕƓƏƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍƖǎƏƖǎƏƠǌ

ǑƢŵǇƨ࣏ᙲƴࣖơƯŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒέဃƕ ૔ ࣯ ៻ ǛԠƼǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ơ

ơ

ǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƸɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷέဃƷਦᅆƴƠƨƕƬƯƘƩƞ
ƍŵ

Ĭƚƕ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ɣǜƨǜ

Ư

Ƌ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƓƏ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưቇҥƳ৖࢘ƯǛƠǇƢŵ࣏ᙲƴࣖơƯ̬ᜱᎍƴ
Ɣǔ

ǕǜǒƘ

᠉ƍƚƕ

ᡲዂ ƠƯŴಮ‫ ܇‬Ǜˡ ƑǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍ ƷЙૺ ư‫ ܇‬ƲǋǛ

ǑƏƢ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƭ

ƭƨ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƸǜƩǜ

Ɯ

ƍ

၏ ᨈ ǁᡲǕƯᘍƬƯƘƩƞƍŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƍƦ

Ɯ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƭ

ƍ

ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷέဃƕŴ࣯ƍư‫܇‬ƲǋǛ ၏ ᨈ ǁᡲǕƯᘍƖǇ
ƻƭǑƏ
ơǎƏƩƍ

ƼǐƏƖ

᣻ ‫ ٻ‬Ƴ၏ൢƔǜƤǜƠǐƏƸƭƶƭ˳ ᛦ ɧᑣᲢႆ༏Ŵ
ƛ

Ǔ

ƓƏƱ

ɦၚŴ֓ӻƳƲᲣǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƔǜƤǜƠǐƏ

ƖǎƏƖǎƏƠǌ

Ǒ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ơ

ơ

Ɯ

ǉƔ

ƍ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƜிෙ‫ע‬ᩗදॖ‫إ‬ƖǐƔƠǐƏƪ ơǐƏǄƏ

ƠǜƲơǌƘƍơǐƏᩗࡇᲯ ࢊ ˌɥƷ
ơƠǜ

‫ע‬ᩗ
ǅƏƾƏƚƍǄƏ

୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬

ƻƭǑƏ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƶƕ

Ʃ

ƍ



ǇƑ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƸƬƤƍ

ĬᘍƘЭƴ ႆ ᘙ ᲩႆဃƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ᜩ়ܳᚕǑƱƏƜƏ Ɩ ǐ Ɣ ƠǐƏƍƠƯᚩӧᚰǛЈƠƯǋǒƍǇƢŵƚƍƔƍƤǜƛǜʖჷ ऴ ‫ إ‬ƳƓज़ ௨ ၐ ƕ඙Ƭƨǒႇఄᚩӧ ᚰ ƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵ၏ ᨈ ƴƓᫍƱƏƔƍ ơ Ơ ǜ ƪǎƏƍǄƏ

ơƠǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ज़ ௨ ၐ
̬ᜱᎍƕɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴ‫܇‬ƲǋǛᡇƑƴᘍƖǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƕ‫܇‬
ƼǐƏƍǜ
ƭ
ƍ
ᲢǤȳȕȫǨȳǶƳƲᲣƲǋǛ ၏ ᨈ ǁᡲǕƯᘍƬƯƘƩƞƍŵƨƍƪǐƏƾǓǐƏ

Į‫ע‬ᩗ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƸɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷέဃƷਦᅆƴƠƨƕƬƯƘƩƞ
ƍŵ

ƼǐƏƖ

ĭ၏ ൢ 

ƓƏƢŵǇƨ࣏ᙲƴࣖơƯŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒέဃƕ ૔ ࣯ ៻ ǛԠƼƍäɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᘍƔƳƍưƘƩƞƍŵƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƸƬƤƍ

ĭ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᘍƬƯƔǒ ႆ ᘙ ᲩႆဃƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƜǉƔƍ äɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴ‫܇‬ƲǋǛᡇƑƴᘍƬƯƘƩƞƍŵ
ƍ



ǇƑ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ĬᘍƘЭƴ ႆ ᘙ ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƍäɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᘍƔƳƍưƘƩƞƍŵƚƍǄƏǅƏƾƏƤƭƚƍǄƏįᜩ ‫ إ‬୧᫘ᩌᜩ‫إ‬ƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ
ƜƱƘǂƭƚƍǄƏ

ཎКᜩ‫إ‬ƍƸƬƽǐƏĭ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᘍƬƯƔǒ ႆ ᘙ 
ƍƬƤƍ

ƛƜƏ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌǉƔƻƭǑƏ ä‫܇‬ƲǋƸɟ૪ƴɦఄƠǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƷƓᡇƑƕ࣏ᙲƹƋƍƳ‫ئ‬ӳǋƋǓǇƢŵ55

ዬ࣯ᡲዂ

'OGTIGPE[%QPVCEV
If you have anything you do not understand or 
have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.


9JGPVJGEJKNFHCNNUUKEMQTKUKPLWTGFQTYJGPCPGCTVJSWCMGQTCFKUCUVGTQEEWTUVJG
UEJQQN YKNN EQPVCEV VJG RCTGPVU 6JG RCTGPVU OWUV VCMG VJG EJKNF JQOG CU UQQP CU
RQUUKDNGGXGPFWTKPIVJGFC[ 1P VJG QVJGT JCPF YJGP CP GCTVJSWCMG QEEWTU QT YJGP YCTPKPIU UWEJ CU
$QWHWWMGKJQW UVQTO YCTPKPI  $QWHWWUGVUWMGKJQW UPQY UVQTO YCTPKPI 
6QMWDGVUWMGKJQW URGEKCNYCTPKPI CTGRWDNKEN[KUUWGFIQRKEMWR[QWTEJKNFHQTJKUQTJGTUCHGV[GXGPYJGPVJGUEJQQNJCUPQVEQPVCEVGF[QW[GV
9JGPVJGRCTGPVUCTGPQVCDNGVQEQOGVQRKEMVJGOWRVJQUGEJKNFTGPYJQCTGCDNG
VQIQJQOGQPVJGKTQYPECPFQUQ  *QYGXGTKHVJGEJKNFPGGFUVQDGRKEMGFWRWPFGTUWEJ EKTEWOUVCPEGU CPQVJGT RGTUQP ECP DG CWVJQTK\GF VQ RKEM WR VJG EJKNF 2NGCUG
KPHQTOVJGUEJQQNVJCVVJGCWVJQTK\GFRGTUQPKUEQOKPIVQUEJQQNVQRKEMWRVJGEJKNF
Ṟᵧᶌᶈᶓᶐᶗᴾ

ṟᵱᶇᶁᶉᶌᶃᶑᶑᴾ

6JG VGCEJGT CV VJG LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN YKNN VCMG VJGEJKNFVQVJGJQURKVCNKOOGFKCVGN[9JGPPGEGUUCT[VJG
UGTKQWUKPLWT[UEJQQNYKNN UWOOQPCP CODWNCPEG9KNNVJGRCTGPVU
RNGCUGHQNNQYVJGKPUVTWEVKQPUHTQOVJGUEJQQN 
6JG UEJQQN YKNN IKXG VJG CRRTQRTKCVG OGFKECNVTGCVOGPVVQVJGEJKNFCPFKPHQTOVJGRCTGPVUCDQWV
VJGEJKNF UEQPFKVKQPYJGPPGEGUUCT[2CTGPVUUJQWNF
OKPQTKPLWT[WUGVJGKTQYPLWFIOGPVQPYJGVJGTVQVCMGVJGEJKNF
VQCJQURKVCN 
6JG VGCEJGT CV VJG LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN YKNN VCMG VJGEJKNFVQVJGJQURKVCNKOOGFKCVGN[9JGPPGEGUUCT[VJG
UGTKQWUUKEMPGUUUEJQQNYKNN UWOOQPCP CODWNCPEG9KNNVJGRCTGPVU
RNGCUGHQNNQYVJGKPUVTWEVKQPUHTQOVJGUEJQQN
2CTGPVU JCXG VQ RKEM WR VJG EJKNF HTQO VJG UEJQQN
KPHGEVKQWUFKUGCUG
CPFVJGPVCMGVJGEJKNFVQCJQURKVCN  
ᲢKPHNWGP\CGVEᲣ
6JGEJKNFYKNNPGGFCRGTOKVVJCVEGTVKHKGUVJCVJGQTUJGKUHKVHQTUEJQQNCHVGTTGEQXGT[HTQOVJGKPHGEVKQWU(GGNKPIWPYGNNᲢHGXGTFKUGCUG 2NGCUG TGSWGUV HQT VJKU RGTOKV HTQO VJGFKCTTJGCXQOKVKPIGVEᲣJQURKVCN 
6QMCK'CTVJSWCMG9CTPKPIṠᵣᵿᶐᶒᶆᶏᶓᵿᶉᶃ#NGTVFGENCTCVKQP
2TGFKEVKQPKPHQTOCVKQP'CTVJSWCMGUYKVJUGKUOKE KPVGPUKV[QHQTOQTG

Ĭ 9JGPUWEJYCTPKPIUCTGKUUWGFDGHQTGUGVVKPIQHH
HQTUEJQQNäFQPQVIQVQUEJQQN
ĭ 9JGP UWEJ YCTPKPIU CTG KUUWGF CHVGT VJG EJKNF
JCUIQPGVQUEJQQNäRNGCUGRKEMWR[QWTEJKNFHTQOVJGUEJQQN Ĭ9JGPUWEJYCTPKPIUCTGKUUWGFDGHQTGUGVVKPIQHH
HQTUEJQQNäFQPQVIQVQUEJQQN$QWHWWUGVUWMGKJQW ĭ9JGP UWEJ YCTPKPIU CTG KUUWGF CHVGT VJG EJKNF
JCUIQPGVQUEJQQNä 5VWFGPVUNGCXGVJGUEJQQNṡᵵᵿᶐᶌᶇᶌᶅᶑ Ტ5PQYUVQTOYCTPKPIᲣ
CPF IQ JQOG VQIGVJGT YKVJ QVJGT UVWFGPVU
6QMWDGVUWMGKJQW
2CTGPVU OKIJV PGGF VQ RKEM WR VJG EJKNF HTQOᲢ5RGEKCNYCTPKPIᲣUEJQQN $QWHWWMGKJQW

Ტ5VQTOYCTPKPIᲣ

56

ዬ࣯ᡲዂ



 





ƨ

İƦƷ˂







ƓƓƋǊƜƏƣƍƚƍǄƏƸ ǖ Ə ƚƍǄƏƨƔƠƓƚƍǄƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ‫ٻ‬ᩋව൦ᜩ‫إ‬Ŵඬුᜩ‫إ‬Ŵ᭗ກᜩ‫إ‬ƳƲƕ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕƯƍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ
ǄƔǍƢǔƱƖŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ƹ˞ǈƴƳǓǇƤǜŵƚƍǄƏƦƷ˂Ʒᜩ‫إ‬ƪǎƏƍơǐƏƖǐƏ

ǈ

Ɩƚǜ

ƸǜƩǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

᳕දॖ᳗ ཞ ඞ ǛᙸƯүᨖƩƱЙૺƠƨƱƖƸŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄƍǁᘍƔƳƍưƘƩƞƍŵƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǋǜƩƍƜƏƲƏ

Ɠ

ǕǜǒƘ

Ƙ

‫ ܇‬Ʋǋƕ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưբ᫆ᘍѣ Ǜឪ ƜƠƨƱƖƴᡲዂ ƕஹ
ƤǜƤƍ

ǕƍƤƍ

ƱƖ

Ǆǜƴǜ

ƸƳƠ

Ɩ

ǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵέဃǋϬ᩺Ƴ଺ƴஜʴƔǒ ᛅ ǛᎥƖƍ ƪ Ʋ ǕƍƤƍ

ƍƑ

ƔƑ



ƨƍƷưŴɟࡇϬ᩺ƴƳƬƯǋǒƏƨǊƴŴܼƴ࠙ƢƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵủỮỤẪẋᡲዂ἖ὊἽᴾ
ƞƍƖǜƕƬƜƏƭƏơǐƏǕǜǒƘ

ƓƓƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƸƍஇᡈƸ‫ܖ‬ఄƔǒƷ ᡫ ࠝ ᡲዂƸȡȸȫưƘǔƜƱǋ‫ٶ‬ƘƳƬƯƖǇƠƨŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ɣǒȡȸȫᣐ
Ơǜ

ƋǜƳƍ

ƋǜƳƍ

ơƿǜ

ƱƏǖƘ

̮ǵȸȓǹƴƭƍƯƷకϋƕƋǓǇƢŵకϋƴƠƨƕƬƯᐯЎưȡȸȫǢȉȬǹǛႇ᥵ƠǇƢŵƱƏǖƘǄƏǄƏ

ǘƤǜƤƍႇ᥵૾ඥƕǑƘЎƔǒƳƍƱƖƴƸέဃƴƖƍƯǈǇƠǐƏŵǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ưǜǘ

ư

ƪƔ

Ʀ

ƾ

ǅ

Ơǜ

ǕǜǒƘƞƖ

Ǉƨ̬ᜱᎍƕɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƔǒƷᩓᛅƴЈǒǕƳƍƱƖƷƨǊƴŴᡈƘƷᅑ༵൐ǍᚃƤƖƷᡲዂέƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƭƨǋɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴˡƑƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵǅƏƞƍ ƘǜǕǜƻ Ƴ ǜ ƘǜǕǜ
ǈ
ƔǜǕǜ
ơƠ ǜ
 ᳕᧙ᡲȚȸǸ᳗ Į‫ע‬ᩗäᲢᳪž᧸໎᚞ጀȷᢤᩊ᚞ጀſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣƚƍǄƏ ȷȷȷƖǎƏƜƏǈįᜩ‫ إ‬ä Ტᳪž˞ ఄ ſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣ57

ዬ࣯ᡲዂ









 Ṣᵭᶒᶆᶃᶐᶑᴾ

1VJGTYCTPKPIU



9JGP YCTPKPIU UWEJ CU1QCOGMQW\WKMGKJQW JGCX[TCKP HNQQF YCTPKPI  *CTQWMGKJQW UVTQPI YCXGUYCTPKPI 6CMCUJKQMGKJQW UVQTOUWTIGYCTPKPI CTG
KUUWGFENCUUGUIQQPCURGTPQTOCNCVVJGUEJQQN 
᳕0QVG᳗2NGCUGLWFIGVJGUKVWCVKQPCPFKHKVKUFGGOGF
FCPIGTQWUFQPQVIQVQUEJQQN 
6JGUEJQQNYKNNEQPVCEVVJGRCTGPVUYJGPVJGEJKNFJCU
UQOG DGJCXKQT RTQDNGOU 5EJQQN YKNN UGPF VJG EJKNF
JQOGVQECNOJKOQTJGTFQYP6GCEJGTYKNNVCNMVQVJG
EJKNFYJGPJGQTUJGKUECNOẋᵰᶓᶊᶃᶑᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᶁᶍᶌᶒᵿᶁᶒᶇᶌᶅᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶎᵿᶐᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾ
6JGTGJCUDGGPCPKPETGCUGQHPQTOCNKPHQTOCVKQPGOCKNUHTQOVJGUEJQQNU5EJQQNYKNN RTQXKFG IWKFGNKPGU QP TGEGKXKPI GOCKNU HTQO UEJQQNU 2NGCUG TGIKUVGT [QWT GOCKNCFFTGUU YKVJ VJG UEJQQN QP [QWT QYP +H [QW FQ PQV MPQY JQY VQ FQ UQ CUM VJGVGCEJGT  +PECUGVJGRCTGPVUECPPQVDGEQPVCEVGFXKCRJQPGUQOGVKOGURNGCUGKPHQTOVJG
UEJQQNCDQWVVJGRJQPGPWODGTUQHVJGITCPFRCTGPVUQTTGNCVKXGU   ᳕4GNGXCPV2CIGU᳗ Į 'CTVJSWCMGäᲢ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQP ß&KUCUVGTRTGXGPVKQPCPF GXCEWCVKQPFTKNNUàᲣį 9CTPKPIäᲢ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQP ß5EJQQN%NQUWTGàᲣ

58

˞ఄ

ƖǎƏƜƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏǍƢ˞ ఄ Ტɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƕ˞ǈƴƳǔƱƖᲣ
ᴾ
ᴾЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵƚƍǄƏƪǎƏƍǄƏ

ᜩ‫إ‬Ʊදॖ‫ إ‬ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏǍƢ ǅƏƾƏƚƍǄƏ

ǅƏƾƏƤƭƚƍǄƏ

ƱƘǂƭƚƍǄƏ

ƓƓƋǊƚƍǄƏƸƬƽǐƏ  ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƕ˞ǈƴƳǔƷƸŴ୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬Ɣ୧᫘ᩌᜩ‫إ‬ƔཎКᜩ‫إ‬ƕႆᘙƞǕǔƱƖưƢŵ‫ٻ‬ᩋᜩ‫إ‬ƓƓƋǊƜƏƣƍƚƍǄƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍƓƓƋǊƪǎƏƍǄƏ

ƨƔƠƓǍ‫ٻ‬ᩋව൦ᜩ‫إ‬ƕ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕƯƍǔƱƖƸŴƍƭǋƲƓǓɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƖǇƢŵ‫ٻ‬ᩋදॖ‫إ‬Ǎ᭗ກƪǎƏƍǄƏ

ƪǎƏƍǄƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƍ

ƦƱ

දॖ‫إ‬ƳƲƷදॖ‫إ‬ƕႆᘙƞǕƯƍǔƱƖǋŴƍƭǋƲƓǓɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƖǇƢŵƨƩƠŴ‫ٳ‬ƴ
ư



ƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ ƚ ǜ

ǕǜǒƘ

ƍƑ

Ƣ



ЈǔƷƕүᨖƳƱƖƸŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᡲዂƠƯŴܼưᢅƝƠǇƠǐƏŵᴾǅƏƾƏƚƍǄƏ

ᲢᲫᲣ୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬ỗạỐạ ẬẟỖạ

ᾀώ୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬ẾềễỆᾎᴾǅƏƾƏƚƍǄƏƭǑ  Ɣƥ

ƾ







ƞƍƕƍ

Ɠ





ƪǎƏƍ

ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬ƸžƱƯǋࢍƍ᫘ƕԉƖǇƢŵƻƲƍ໎ܹƕឪƜǔƔǋƠǕƳƍƷưƠƬƔǓදॖ
ƍ

 

ǈ

ǅƏƾƏƚƍǄƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƋƍƩ

ƨƯǋƷ

ƳƔ

ƠƯƘƩƞƍſƱƍƏॖԛưƢŵ୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬ƕႆᘙƞǕƯƍǔ ᧓ ƸŴ࡫ཋƷɶƴƍǔǄƏƕƍƍ
ưƢŵ
ỊẾỏỢạ

ᾁώỄỮễểẨỆႆᘙẰủỦỉᾎᴾ
ƨƍƾƏ

ƴǄǜ

ƪƔ    

ƨƍƾƏ

ƴǄǜ

ơǐƏǓƘ

ȷӨ᫘ƕଐஜƴᡈƮƍƯƍǔƱƖŵᴾȷӨ᫘ƕଐஜƴ ɥ ᨕ ƠƯƍǔƱƖŵ
Ɣƥ

ƭǑ 

ȷƱƯǋ᫘ƕࢍƍƱƖŵẲᾂώỄạởẾềჷỦỉᾎᴾǅƏƾƏƚƍǄƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƔƘƴǜ

ǄƏǄƏ

୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬ƕ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕƯƍǔƔƲƏƔǛᄩᛐƢǔ૾ඥƸƍǖƍǖƋǓǇƢŵ
ǈ



Ɩ



Ơǒ  Ĭ ȆȬȓǛᙸǔ  ĭȩǸǪǛᎮƘ  ĮǤȳǿȸȍȃȈưᛦǂǔ 
ƴ Ǆ ǜ

ƨƍƾƏ

ƸƬƤƍ

ƭƶ  ǅƏƾƏƚƍǄƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏƱƘƴŴଐஜƷǇǘǓưӨ᫘ƕႆဃƠƯƍǔƱƖƸŴࠝƴ୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬ƕႆᘙƞǕƯƍǔƔƲƏƔƘƴǜƔᄩᛐƠƯƘƩƞƍŵᾃώẮỮễểẨẆỄạẴỦỉᾎᴾ
ƋƞƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ



ơƔ ǜ

ஔŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƘ଺᧓ƴǅƏƾƏ ƚƍǄƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬ƕႆ ᘙ ƞǕƯƍƨǒäƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ



ƸƬƽǐƏ

୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬ƕႆ ᘙ ƞǕƨǒä

ƦƱ

ư

ḵᴾ

Ɩƚ ǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƪǎƏƠ

ƦƷଐƷ੉ ಅ ƸɶഥưƢŵ
ƍƬƤƍ

ƛƜ Ə

ɟ૪ƴɦఄƠǇƢŵ






ƍ





‫ٳ‬ƴЈǔƷƸүᨖưƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƬƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵƻ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƬƯƔǒŴǅƏƾƏ ƚƍǄƏ

ḵᴾ



59

˞ఄ

5EJQQN%NQUWTG

If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᴾᵟᶊᶃᶐᶒᶑᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᵿᶂᶔᶇᶑᶍᶐᶇᶃᶑᴾ  9JGPUVQTOCNGTVU DQWHWWMGKJQW UPQYUVQTOCNGTVU DQWHWWUGVUWMGKJQW CPF

URGEKCN CNGTVU VQMWDGVUWMGKJQW  CTG KUUWGF VJG LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN YKNN ENQUG
VGORQTCTKN[ 9JGP JGCX[ TCKP CNGTVU QQCOGMGKJQW  JGCX[ TCKP CPF HNQQF CNGTVUQQCOGMQW\WKMGKJQW  CPF HNQQF CFXKUQTKGU VCMCUJKQEJWWKJQW  CTG KUUWGF RNGCUG
IQ VQ UEJQQN CU RGT PQTOCN 9JGP CNGTVU UWEJ CU JGCX[ TCKP CFXKUQTKGUQQCOGEJWWKJQW CPFJKIJYCXGUCFXKUQTKGU VCMCUJKQEJWWKJQW CTGKUUWGFRNGCUG
IQVQUEJQQNCURGTPQTOCN*QYGXGTYJGPVJGUKVWCVKQPDGEQOGUFCPIGTQWUCU[QWNGCXGVJGJQWUGKPHQTOVJGUEJQQNCPFUVC[JQOG ᲢᲫᲣ5VQTOCNGTVU $QWHWWMGKJQW ᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶑᶒᶍᶐᶋᴾᵿᶊᶃᶐᶒᶑᴾᵆᵠᶍᶓᶄᶓᶓᵋᶉᶃᶇᶆᶍᶓᵇᾎᴾ   5VQTOCNGTVU DQWHWWMGKJQW OGCPU ßKVKUCPCNGTVVJCVXGT[UVTQPIYKPFUQEEWTYJKEJOC[NGCFECWUGQHFKUCUVGTà9JGPUVQTOCNGTVU DQWHWWMGKJQW CTGKUUWGFKVYQWNFDGDGUVVQTGOCKPKPCDWKNFKPI  ᾁώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶉᶇᶌᶂᴾᶍᶄᴾᶇᶌᶄᶍᶐᶋᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾᶇᶑᴾᶅᶇᶔᶃᶌᴾᶇᶌᴾᶑᶓᶁᶆᴾᶕᵿᶐᶌᶇᶌᶅᶑᾎᴾ
ȷ9JGPCV[RJQQPKUCRRTQCEJKPI,CRCPȷ9JGPCV[RJQQPJCUTGCEJGF,CRCPȷ9JGPXGT[UVTQPIYKPFUCTGDNQYKPIᾂώᵦᶍᶕᴾᶂᶍᴾᶕᶃᴾᶅᶃᶒᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶇᶌᶄᶍᶐᶋᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᾎᴾ
6JGTGCTGOCP[YC[UVQIGVKPHQTOCVKQPQPVJGUVQTOYCTPKPIU  Ĭ HTQOVGNGXKUKQP  ĭ HTQOTCFKQ Į HTQOVJGKPVGTPGV
6CMGURGEKCNPQVGYJGPVJGTGCTGV[RJQQPPGCT,CRCP2NGCUGEJGEMHQTUVQTO
CNGTVU DQWHWWMGKJQW  ᾃώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶂᶍᴾᶕᶃᴾᶂᶍᴾᵿᶒᴾᶑᶓᶁᶆᴾᶒᶇᶋᶃᶑᾎᴾᴾ+PVJGOQTPKPIYJGPIGVVKPITGCF[VQ IQ VQ UEJQQN VJG UVQTO CNGTVUDQWHWWMGKJQW KUKUUWGFäă#UKVKUFCPIGTQWUVQIQQWVFQPQVIQVQUEJQQN

6JG 5VQTO CNGTVU DQWHWWMGKJQW 
KUKUUWGFYJGPVJGEJKNFKUCVUEJQQNäă

6JGENCUUGUHQTVJCVFC[YKNNEGCUG 
5EJQQNYKNNDGFKUOKUUGFVQIGVJGT 



60

˞ఄ
ǅƏƾƏƤƭƚƍǄƏ

ᲢᲬᲣ୧᫘ᩌᜩ‫إ‬ỗạỐạ Ặế ẬẟỖạᾀώ୧᫘ᩌᜩ‫إ‬ẾềễỆᾎᴾǅƏƾƏƤƭƚƍǄƏ

ǏƖ

ƾ



ƭǑ  Ɣƥ

ƾ







ƞƍƕƍ

Ɠ



   ୧᫘ᩌᜩ‫إ‬ƸžᩌƕᨀǓƱƯǋࢍƍ᫘ƕԉƖǇƢŵƻƲƍ໎ܹƕឪƜǔƔǋƠǕƳƍƷưƠ
ƪǎƏƍ

ƍ

ǈ

ǅƏƾƏƤƭƚƍǄƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƋƍƩ

ƨƯǋƷ

ƳƔ

ƬƔǓදॖƠƯƘƩƞƍſƱƍƏॖԛưƢŵ୧᫘ᩌᜩ‫إ‬ƕ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕƯƍǔ ᧓ ƸŴ࡫ཋƷɶƴƍǔǄƏƕƍƍưƢŵ

ểẨ

ỊẾỏỢạ

ᾁώỄỮễ଺ỆႆᘙẰủỦỉᾎᴾ
ǏƖ

ƾ



ơ

Ɩ

Ɣƥ

ƭǑ

ƻ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

   ᩌƕᨀǔ଺஖ƷŴ᫘ƕƱƯǋࢍƍଐƴ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕǇƢŵẲᴾ

ᾂώỄạởẾềჷỦỉᾎᴾǅƏƾƏƤƭƚƍǄƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƔƘƴǜ

ǄƏǄƏ

   ୧᫘ᩌᜩ‫إ‬ƕႆᘙƞǕƯƍǔƔƲƏƔᄩᛐƠƯƘƩƞƍŵᄩᛐƢǔ૾ඥƸƍǖƍǖƋǓǇƢŵ

ǈ



Ɩ



Ơǒ

ĬȆȬȓǛᙸǔ  ĭȩǸǪǛᎮƘ  ĮǤȳǿȸȍȃȈưᛦǂǔᾃώẮỮễểẨẆỄạẴỦỉᾎᴾ
ƋƞƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ



ơƔ ǜ

ஔŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƘ଺᧓ƴǅƏƾƏ Ƥƭ ƚƍǄƏƸƬƽǐƏ୧᫘ᩌᜩ‫إ‬ƕႆ ᘙ ƞǕƯƍƨǒäƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ



ƸƬƽǐƏ

୧᫘ᩌᜩ‫إ‬ƕႆ ᘙ ƞǕƨǒä

ƦƱ

ư

ḵᴾ



Ɩƚ ǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƍ‫ٳ‬ƴЈǔƷƸүᨖưƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƬƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵƻ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƬƯƔǒŴǅƏƾƏ Ƥƭ ƚƍǄƏ

ḵᴾ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƪǎƏƠ

ƦƷଐƷ੉ ಅ ƸɶഥưƢŵ
ƍƬƤƍ

ƛƜ Ə

ɟ૪ƴɦఄƠǇƢŵƱƘǂƭƚƍǄƏ

ᲢᲭᲣཎКᜩ‫إ‬ể Ẫ Ổ ế ẬẟỖạᾀώཎКᜩ‫إ‬ẾềễỆᾎᴾƱƘǂƭƚƍǄƏ

ƢƏơǎƏƶǜ

ƍƪƲ

ƞƍƕƍ

ƍƷƪ

Ǉǋ

ƜƏƲƏ

   ཎКᜩ‫إ‬ƸŴžૠ җ ࠰ ƴɟࡇƷ໎ܹƕƖƯƍǇƢŵԡ Ǜ‫ܣ‬ǔƨǊƷᘍѣǛƠƯƘƩƞƍſƱ
ƍǅƏƾƏƚƍǄƏ

ǈǅƏƾƏƤƭƚƍǄƏ

ƞƍƕƍ

Ɠ

ƍƏॖԛưƢŵ୧᫘ᜩ‫إ‬Ǎ୧᫘ᩌᜩ‫إ‬ƷƱƖǑǓǋƻƲƍ໎ܹƕឪƜǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵƠƬ
ƪǎƏƍƔǓදॖƠǇƠǐƏŵ

ểẨ

ỊẾỏỢạ

ᾁώỄỮễ଺ỆႆᘙẰủỦỉᾎᴾ
ƞƍƕƍ

Ɠ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

   ƱƯǋƻƲƍ໎ܹƕឪƖƦƏƳƱƖƴ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕǇƢŵẲᾂώỄạởẾềჷỦỉᾎᴾƱƘǂƭƚƍǄƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƔƘƴǜ

ǄƏǄƏ

   ཎКᜩ‫إ‬ƕႆᘙ ƞǕƯƍǔƔƲƏƔᄩᛐƠƯƘƩƞƍŵᄩᛐƢǔ૾ඥƸƍǖƍǖƋǓǇƢŵ

ǈ



Ɩ



Ơǒ

ĬȆȬȓǛᙸǔ  ĭȩǸǪǛᎮƘ  ĮǤȳǿȸȍȃȈưᛦǂǔ
61

˞ఄ


ᲢᲬᲣ5PQYUVQTOCNGTVU $QWHWWUGVUWMGKJQW ᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶑᶌᶍᶕᴾᶑᶒᶍᶐᶋᴾᵿᶊᶃᶐᶒᶑᴾᵆᶀᶍᶓᶄᶓᶓᶑᶃᶒᶑᶓᵋᶉᶃᶇᶆᶍᶓᵇᾎᴾ   5PQYUVQTOCNGTVUOGCPU ßKVKUCPCNGTVVJCVXGT[UVTQPIYKPFUCTGDNQYKPIYJKNGKVKUUPQYKPIYJKEJOC[NGCFECWUGQHFKUCUVGT2NGCUGDGECTGHWNà9JGPVJGUPQYUVQTOCNGTVUCTGKUUWGFKVYQWNFDGDGUVVQTGOCKPKPCDWKNFKPI ᾁώᵵᶆᶃᶌᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶑᶓᶁᶆᴾᶕᵿᶐᶌᶇᶌᶅᶑᴾᶇᶑᶑᶓᶃᶂᵝᴾ    6JG[CTGKUUWGFYJGPXGT[UVTQPIYKPFUCTGDNQYKPI 

FWTKPIQPUPQYUGCUQP ᾂώᵦᶍᶕᴾᶂᶍᴾᶕᶃᴾᶅᶃᶒᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶇᶌᶄᶍᶐᶋᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᾎᴾ
6JGTGCTGOCP[YC[UVQIGVKPHQTOCVKQPQPUPQYUVQTO 
CNGTVU DQWHWWUGVUWMGKJQW   Ĭ HTQOVGNGXKUKQP  ĭ HTQOTCFKQ  Į HTQOVJGKPVGTPGVᾃώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶂᶍᴾᶕᶃᴾᶂᶍᴾᵿᶒᴾᶑᶓᶁᶆᴾᶒᶇᶋᶃᶑᾎᴾ
+P VJG OQTPKPI YJGP IGVVKPITGCF[ VQ IQ VQ UEJQQN UPQYUVQTOCNGTVKUKUUWGFä
5PQY UVQTO CNGTV KU KUUWGFYJGPVJGEJKNFKUCVUEJQQNäă#UKVKUFCPIGTQWUVQIQQWVFQPQVIQVQUEJQQNă

6JGENCUUGUHQTVJCVFC[YKNNEGCUG5EJQQNYKNNDGFKUOKUUGFVQIGVJGT ᲢᲭᲣ5RGEKCNCNGTVU VQMWDGVUWMGKJQW ᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶑᶎᶃᶁᶇᵿᶊᴾᵿᶊᶃᶐᶒᶑᴾᵆῃᶍᶉᶓᶀᶃᶒᶑᶓᵋᶉᶃᶇᶆᶍᶓᵇᾎᴾ   5RGEKCNCNGTVUOGCPßCFKUCUVGTVJCVQEEWTQPEGKPOCP[[GCTUJCUVCMGPRNCEG

2NGCUGVCMGKOOGFKCVGCEVKQPHQT[QWTQYPUCHGV[à 6JKUKUOQTGUGTKQWUVJCPUVQTO
CNGTVUCPFUPQYUVQTOCNGTVU;QWOWUVVCMGURGEKCNECTG ᾁώᵵᶆᶃᶌᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶑᶓᶁᶆᴾᶕᵿᶐᶌᶇᶌᶅᶑᴾᶇᶑᶑᶓᶃᶂᵝᴾ   6JG[CTGKUUWGFYJGPCXGT[UGTKQWUFKUCUVGTJCUVCMGPRNCEG ᾂώᵦᶍᶕᴾᶂᶍᴾᶕᶃᴾᶅᶃᶒᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶇᶌᶄᶍᶐᶋᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᾎᴾ
6JGTGCTGOCP[YC[UVQIGVKPHQTOCVKQPQPURGEKCNCNGTVU  Ĭ HTQOVGNGXKUKQP     ĭ HTQOTCFKQ   Į HTQOVJGKPVGTPGV

62

˞ఄ

ᾃώẮỮễểẨẆỄạẴỦỉᾎᴾ
ƋƞƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ



ơƔ ǜ

ஔŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƘ଺᧓ƴƱƘǂƭ ƚƍǄƏ

ƦƱ

ḵᴾ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ཎКᜩ‫إ‬ƕႆ ᘙ ƞǕƯƍƨǒä

ư

ƻ

Ɯ





ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ



Ɩƚ ǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƍơǎƗǐƏǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌḵᴾƸƬƽǐƏཎКᜩ‫إ‬ƕႆ ᘙ ƞǕƨǒäƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ɯ





ƍŵ

ƞǜƜƏ
Ƒ ƍ Ɲ

Ơ







ᜩ‫إ‬ȷදॖ‫إ‬ǛᒍᛖưჷǒƤƯƍǇƢŵ
ƪǎƏƍ

ǄƔ

ƛ ǜ Ɲ

ᲢදॖᲣ˂ƷᚕᛖƸƋǓǇƤǜŵƖƠǐƏƪǐƏǉƔ ƍ̬ᜱᎍƸŴƢƙƴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁ‫܇‬ƲǋǛᡇƑƴᘍƬƯƘƩƞ=Ӌᎋ?ƪǎƏƍǄƏ



ƪǎƏƠ



ƚƍǄƏ



ƦƷଐƷ੉ ಅ ƸɶഥưƢŵ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƬƯƔǒŴƱƘǂƭ ƚƍǄƏ

‫ٳ‬ƴЈǔƷƸүᨖưƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƬƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵƑƍƝƹǜൢ ᝋ ࠻HPᒍᛖ༿Ტhttp://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.htmlᲣ
ă Weather/Earthquake ă Weather Warnings/Advisories

63

˞ఄ

ᾃώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶂᶍᴾᶕᶃᴾᶂᶍᴾᵿᶒᴾᶑᶓᶁᶆᴾᶒᶇᶋᶃᶑᾎᴾᴾ+P VJG OQTPKPI YJGP IGVVKPITGCF[ VQ IQ VQ UEJQQN VJGURGEKCNCNGTVUKUKUUWGFä

6JG URGEKCN CNGTVU KU KUUWGFYJGPVJGEJKNFKUCVUEJQQNäă#UKVKUFCPIGTQWUVQIQQWVFQPQVIQVQUEJQQNă

6JGNGUUQPUHQTVJCVFC[YKNNEGCUG 
2CTGPVURNGCUGRKEMWR[QWTEJKNFHTQOVJGUEJQQN
KOOGFKCVGN[ =4GHGTGPEG?
#NGTVUCPFYCTPKPIUCTGCNUQKUUWGFKP'PINKUJᲢ0QVGᲣ6JG[CTGPQVKUUWGFKPCP[QVJGTNCPIWCIGU
Weather Bureau English versionᲢhttp://www.jma.go.jp/jma/indexe.htmlᲣ
ă Weather/Earthquake ă Weather Warnings/Advisories

64ЈࠗଐૠƴƭƍƯƠǎƬƤƖƴƬƢƏЈ ࠗ ଐૠƴƭƍƯ
ᴾ
ᴾЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ

ᴾ
ᴾẲỠẾẶẨ Ệ Ế Ẵ ạᾀώЈࠗଐૠᴾ
ƴǄǜƠǐƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƔǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƶǜƔǜƗǉ ƖǐƏƍƘ

Ɨǉ ƖǐƏƍƘƖƔǜƜ  ଐஜưƸŴ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ Ʒ ࠰᧓Ʊɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒ ࠰᧓Ƹ፯Ѧ ૙ Ꮛ ưƢŵ፯Ѧ ૙ Ꮛ Ʒ஖᧓Ƹ‫܇‬ƲǋƴƕƬƜƏƍƞƍǏƏƤǜƨƍƪǐƏǘǔƱƖ ƍ ƕ ƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǍƢ

ƱƘƯƍ

ƔǜƤǜ

ƱƬƯ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᘍƘƜƱƕஇΟέƞǕǇƢŵ ˳ ᛦ ƕफƍ଺ˌ‫ٳ‬Ƹ‫ܖ‬ఄǛ˞ǈǇƤǜᲢཎ‫ܭ‬Ʒज़௨
ƠǐƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ

ƠǜƧƘ

ƦƏƠƖ

ƹƋƍ

ǍƢ

ƚƬƤƖ

ၐ ư‫ܖ‬ఄƴஹƯƸƍƚƳƍƱƖǍᚃଈƷƓᔀࡸƷ‫ئ‬ӳŴ˞ǜưǋഎࠗƴƳǒƳƍƜƱƕƋǓǇ
ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

Ɣ

ơ ƯƭƩ

ƔǜƤǜ

ƯǜƖ

ƚƍǄƏƸƭǕƍƪǎƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǍƢ

ƢŵέဃƴᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏᲣŵܼʙ৖ˡƍǍȯȸȫȉǫȃȗᚇ৆Ǎ‫ټ‬ൢᲢᜩ‫ إ‬ႆ ˋ ɶ Ƹ‫ܖ‬ఄƕ˞
ƖǎƏƜƏ

ǓǏƏ

ǈ

ǍƢ

ǈƴƳǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢᲢᳪž ˞ ఄ ſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣᲣǛྸဌƴ˞ǉƜƱƸƋǓǇƤ
ƶǜƔǜƠǎƬƤƖƴƬƢƏ

ƚƬƤƖƴƬƢƏ

ǍƢ

ǓǏƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƖǖƘ

ƜƏƜƏơǎƚǜ

ǜŵ࠰᧓Ʒ Ј ࠗ ଐૠŴഎࠗଐૠŴ˞ǜƩྸဌƕ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᚡ᥵ƞǕǇƢŵƦƠƯ᭗ఄӖ᬴ƷƱƖƠǎƬƤƖƴƬƢƏ

ơǎƏƿǜ

ơǎƏǑƏ

ƠǎƬƤƖƴƬƢƏƨƜƏƜƏƴƸ Ј ࠗ ଐૠƕ җ Ў ưƋǔƔƲƏƔǋ ᣻ ᙲ ƴƳƬƯƖǇƢŵЈ ࠗ ଐૠƕឱǓƳƍƜƱư᭗ఄ
ƠǜƕƘ

ǉƣƔ

ǇƍƴƪƕƬƜƏƔǑƨƍƤƭᡶ‫ܖ‬ƕ ᩊ ƠƘƳǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ൑ଐ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᡫƏƜƱƸŴƱƯǋ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵỆ Ỗ Ữ ắ ẨỢạẲế

Ầợᾁώଐஜᛖ૙ܴỆᡫạểẨᴾ
ƴǄǜ

ƪƍƖ

ƨ ǜ Ɩ Ɣ ǜ ƠǎƏƪǎƏƯƖƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƠǐƖ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ  ଐஜƴƖƯƢƙŴ‫؏ע‬ƴǑƬƯƸჺ஖᧓ ᨼ ɶ ႎ ƴଐஜᛖƷ Ѡ ࢍ ǛƢǔƨǊƴИ஖ƷଐஜᛖƯƖƓƏƖǐƏƠƭ

ƔǑ

ƟƍƤƖ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƍƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ ƯƖƓƏƖǐƏƠƭᢘࣖ ૙ ܴ ƴᡫƏƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵƦƷƱƖŴ‫נ‬ቔƢǔɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᘍƔƳƍưŴଐஜᛖᢘࣖ ૙ ܴ ƕ
ǂƭ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƔǑ

ƖǐƏƍƘ ƍ ƍ ǜ Ɣ ƍ

ƏǜƑƍ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ƠǎƬƤƖƴƬƢƏ

ƋǔКƷ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᡫƏƜƱƕƋǓǇƢƕŴ૙ Ꮛ ‫ۀ‬Ճ˟ƕᢃփƠƯƍǔ ૙ ܴ ưƋǕƹŴЈ ࠗ ଐૠƱ
ǈƱ

ƋǜƠǜ

ƔǑ

ƠƯᛐǊǒǕǇƢŵ‫࣎ܤ‬ƠƯᡫƍǇƠǐƏŵ
ƜơǜƯƖ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǍƢ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ ƖǐƏƠƭ

ƔǑ

ƹƋƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƠǎƬƤƖƴƬƢƏ

ƨƩƠŴ̾ʴႎƴ‫ܖ‬ఄǛ˞ǜưȗȩǤșȸȈƷଐஜᛖ ૙ ܴ ƴᡫƏ‫ئ‬ӳƴƸ‫ܖ‬ఄƷ Ј ࠗ ଐૠƱ
ǈƱ

ƓƓ

ƪǎƏƍ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƖǐƏƍƘ ƍ ƍ ǜ Ɣ ƍƜƔǑƠƯᛐ ǊǒǕƳƍƜƱƕ‫ ٶ‬ƍƷưŴදॖ Ƣǔ࣏ᙲ ƕƋǓǇƢŵ ૙ Ꮛ ‫ۀ‬Ճ˟ ƴŴ‫ ܇‬Ʋǋƕᡫ Əƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ ƖǐƏƠƭ

ƠǎƬƤƖƴƬƢƏ

ǈƱ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ƔƘƴǜ

ଐஜᛖ ૙ ܴ ƕ Ј ࠗ ଐૠƱƠƯᛐǊǒǕǔ ૙ ܴ ƔƲƏƔᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ


ầẾẮạ

ẟ

ᾂώ‫ܖ‬ఄỆᘍẪỉầếỤẟểẨᴾ
Ƴ

ƴǄǜ

ƤƍƔƭ

ƜƱƹ

ƿǜƔ

ƪƕ

ƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ

ƭƔ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

  ॹǕƳƍଐஜưƷဃ෇Ŵᚕᓶǋ૨҄ǋᢌƏ‫ܖ‬ఄဃ෇ƴ၅ǕƯŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᘍƘƷƕƭǒƘƳƬƯƠ
ǇƏƜƱƕƋǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵƭƏơǐƏƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ

ƓƘƤƍƠǜƯƖ

ǉƣƔƹƋƍǂƬƠƭƱƏƜƏǄƏǄƏǈƱᡫ ࠝ Ʒ‫ܖ‬ఄဃ෇ǛᡛǔƜƱƕችᅕႎƴ ᩊ ƠƘƳƬƯƠǇƬƨ‫ئ‬ӳŴКܴႇఄƱƍƏ૾ඥƕᛐ
ƹƋƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

Ɯ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ǂƭ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ƜơǜƯƖ

ǊǒǕǔ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƴƸᘍƖǇƢƕŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ૙ ܴ ưƸƳƍКƷ ૙ ܴ ư̾ʴႎƴ
ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƠǎƬƤƖ

ǈƱ

ǂƬƠƭƱƏƜƏ

ƔƷƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƨƍƓƏ

ƜƱ

Ѡ ࢍ ǛƢǔƜƱư Ј ࠗ ƱᛐǊǒǕǇƢŵКܴႇఄƕӧᏡƔƲƏƔƸ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯ‫ࣖݣ‬ƕီƳǓ
ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

ǇƢŵέဃƴᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ
  


65

ЈࠗଐૠƴƭƍƯ

5EJQQN#VVGPFCPEG If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᾀώᵢᵿᶗᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᵿᶒᶒᶃᶌᶂᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾ  +P,CRCPVJG[GCTUKPGNGOGPVCT[UEJQQNUCPF[GCTUKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUCTG
WPFGT VJG EQORWNUQT[ GFWECVKQP U[UVGO  &WTKPI VJKU RGTKQF KP YJKEJ VJG EJKNF KU
WPFGT EQORWNUQT[ GFWECVKQP CVVGPFKPI UEJQQN KU VJG VQR RTKQTKV[ ;QW ECPPQV UMKR
UEJQQNGZEGRVYJGP[QWCTGHGGNKPIWPYGNNᲢ6JGTGCTGVKOGUYJGP[QWECPPQVCVVGPF
UEJQQNCU[QWCTGFQYPYKVJCURGEKHKEKPHGEVKQWUFKUGCUGQTYJGP[QWPGGFVQCVVGPF
VJGHWPGTCNQHCTGNCVKXGKVKUPQVEQWPVGFCUCDUGPEG2NGCUGENCTKH[YKVJ[QWTVGCEJGTᲣ*QYGXGT TGCUQPU NKMG JGNRKPI QWV YKVJ JQWUGJQNF EJQTGU YCVEJKPI 9QTNF %WROCVEJGUCPFYGCVJGT UEJQQNUOC[DGENQUGFFWGVQUGXGTGYGCVJGTYCTPKPIU CTG
PQVCEEGRVCDNGHQTCDUGPVGGKUO 2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQP ßUEJQQNENQUWTGà  6JGUEJQQNUYKNNTGEQTFFQYPVJGPWODGTUQHFC[URTGUGPVCDUGPVYKVJQWVXCNKFTGCUQPCPFCDUGPVYKVJXCNKFTGCUQP6JKUKPVWTPYKNNCHHGEVVJGQWVEQOGYJGP[QWCRRN[HQT
JKIJUEJQQN+HPWODGTQHFC[UQHUEJQQNCVVGPFCPEGKUPQVGPQWIJKVOC[DGFKHHKEWNV
HQT[QWVQCFXCPEGVQJKIJUEJQQN6JWUKVKUXGT[ETWEKCNVQCVVGPFUEJQQNGXGT[FC[  ᾁώᵟᶒᶒᶃᶌᶂᶇᶌᶅᴾᵨᵿᶎᵿᶌᶃᶑᶃᴾᶊᵿᶌᶅᶓᵿᶅᶃᴾᶁᶊᵿᶑᶑᶃᶑᴾ  5QOGTGIKQPUQHHGTUJQTVVGTOKPVGPUKXG,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIGENCUUGUHQTVJQUGYJQ
LWUVCTTKXGKP,CRCP6JGUGENCUUGUCKOVQJGNRVJGPGYCTTKXCNUVQCFCRVOQTGGCUKN[VQ
VJG ,CRCPGUG NCPIWCIG 5QOG UEJQQNU FQ PQV QHHGT VJGUG ENCUUGU CPF VJG PGYN[CTTKXGF UVWFGPV YKNN JCXG VQ VTCXGN VQ CPQVJGT UEJQQN YJKEJ QHHGTU VJGUG ENCUUGU6JGUGUEJQQNUCTGTWPD[VJG'FWECVKQP%QOOKVVGGVJGTGHQTG[QWTCVVGPFCPEGYKNNDG
TGEQIPK\GF5QFQCVVGPFVJGUGENCUUGUYKVJRGCEGQHOKPF *QYGXGT [QW PGGF VQ VCMG PQVG VJCV KH [QW CTG CDUGPV HTQO UEJQQN VQ CVVGPFRTKXCVGN[ TWP ,CRCPGUG NCPIWCIG ENCUUGU [QWT CVVGPFCPEG OQUV NKMGN[ YKNN PQV DG
TGEQIPK\GF%JGEMYKVJVJG'FWECVKQP%QOOKVVGGQPYJGVJGTVJG,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIGENCUUGU[QWTEJKNFKUCVVGPFKPICTGTGEQIPK\GFHKTUV ᾂώᵵᶆᶃᶌᴾᶗᶍᶓᴾᶁᵿᶌᶌᶍᶒᴾᵿᶒᶒᶃᶌᶂᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ  ;QWOC[GZRGTKGPEGDQTGFQOQTFTGCFCVVGPFKPIUEJQQNFWGVQCPKPCDKNKV[VQCFCRVVQ NKHG KP ,CRCP QT [QW CTG VKTGF QH UEJQQN NKHG FWG VQ FKHHGTGPEGU KP NCPIWCIG CPFEWNVWTG  
9JGP KV DGEQOGU XGT[ FKHHKEWNV RU[EJQNQIKECNN[ HQT C EJKNF VQ CVVGPF UEJQQN CP
CNVGTPCVKXGKUHQTVJGEJKNFVQCVVGPFUEJQQNKPCUGRCTCVGTQQO6JGCVVGPFCPEGQHDGKPIKPUEJQQNDWV[GVPQVJCXKPIENCUUGUKPCTGIWNCTENCUUTQQODWVKPCUGRCTCVG
TQQOD[JKOUGNHQTJGTUGNHKUUVKNNTGEQIPK\GFCUDGKPIRTGUGPV*QYGXGTYJGVJGTVJKUECPDGFQPGXCTKGUYKVJUEJQQNU2NGCUGEJGEMYKVJ[QWTVGCEJGT 
  


66

ᢿ෇ѣ

ƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ᢿ෇ѣ
ᴾ
ᴾᴾЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵố ẦếỄạ

ᾀώᢿ෇ѣẾềễỆᾎᴾ
ƴǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ǇƑ

ƋƱ

ǍƢ

ƻ

ƏǜƲƏ

ƓǜƕƘ

ƑǜƦƏ

Ƒ

Ɣ

ଐஜƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸŴ੉ ಅ ƷЭǍࢸŴ˞ǈƷଐƴŴᢃѣǛƠƨǓŴ᪦ಏǛ๫‫ڌ‬ƠƨǓŴዋǛ੨
ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƿƔƭ

Ǒ

ƓƓ

ƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ƍƨǓƠǇƢŵƦǕǛᢿ෇ѣƱƍƍǇƢᲢᢿ෇ƱԠƿƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢᲣŵǄƱǜƲƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƕ
ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƞǜƔ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

Ʊǋ

ƭƘ

ơǐƏƿ

ƔǒƩ

ƭƘ

ᢿ෇ѣƴӋьƠǇƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸ Ѡ ࢍ ƩƚưƳƘŴᢿ෇ѣưӐƩƪǛ˺ƬƨǓŴɣ‫پ‬Ƴ ˳ Ǜ˺
ǇƳ

ƶǜƤƍ

ƶǜƤƍ

Ƴƭ

ƋƖ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƪƕ

ƓƳ

ƬƨǓŴȫȸȫǛ‫ܖ‬ǜƩǓƠǇƢŵ࠰ဃƔǒ࠰ဃƷٰǍᅸǇưᲢᢿ෇ѣƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢᲣӷ
ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƭƮ

ơᢿ෇ѣǛዓƚǇƢŵố ẦếỄạ

ẲỠỦẟᾁώᢿ෇ѣỉᆔ᫏ƿ ƔƭƲƏƏǜƲƏƿƿ ǜ Ɣ ƿƏǜƲƏƿ ƍ ƕ ƍᢿ෇ѣƴƸᢃѣᢿᲢǹȝȸȄᲣƱ૨҄ᢿᲢᢃѣᢿˌ‫ٳ‬ᲣƕƋǓǇƢŵƿ ƔƭƲƏ

Ơǎǔƍ

Ǖƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕ

Ƃᢿ෇ѣƷᆔ᫏Ʒ̊ƃᲢ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢᲣƏǜƲƏƿŨ ᢃѣᢿᲢǹȝȸȄᲣ
ǍƖǎƏ

ǓƘơǐƏ

᣼ྶŴǵȃǫȸŴȐȬȸȜȸȫŴȐǹǱȃȈȜȸȫŴǽȕȈȆȋǹŴǽȕȈȜȸȫŴ ᨕ ɥ Ŵ
ƢƍƑƍ

ƨƬƖǎƏ

ƖǎƏƲƏ

ơǎƏƲƏ

ƚǜƲƏ

൦පŴ Ң ྶ Ŵ ࡻ ᢊ Ŵ ௩ ᢊ ŴгᢊƳƲƿ ǜ Ɣ ƿƏǜƲƏƿ ƍ ƕ ƍŨ ૨҄ᢿᲢᢃѣᢿˌ‫ٳ‬ᲣƢƍƦƏƕƘ

ƕƬƠǐƏ

ƔƕƘ

Ƽơǎƭ

Ɣ Ư ƍ ƔƞƲƏԉ‫ڌ‬ಏŴ ӳ ՘ Ŵᅹ‫ܖ‬Ŵ፦ᘐŴܼࡊᅹŴᒧᢊƳƲố ẦếỄạẦễỤỊẟᾂώᢿ෇ѣỆỊ ࣏ ẵλỦỉᾎƓƓƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƔƭƲƏƍƬƠǐƏƚǜǊƍ

ƥǜƍǜ

Ƴƴ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

Ƹƍ

ƜƏƜƏơǎƚǜ

ƿ‫ٶ‬ƘƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸŴμՃƕ˴ƔƷᢿ෇ѣƴλǒƳƚǕƹƍƚǇƤǜŵ᭗ఄӖ᬴ƷƱƖƴŴᢿƻƱǏƏǓ෇ѣǛɟ ဃ ভ ԡ ƠƨʴƸŴஊМƴƳǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ
ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƳƔ

Ʊǋ

Ʊǋ

ǇƨŴǯȩǹƩƚưƳƘŴᢿ෇ѣƷɶưǋӐƩƪƕưƖǇƢŵƨƘƞǜƷӐƩƪƕưƖǕƹŴ
ƦƏƩǜ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

Ƴƴ

ƴǜƛǜƔǜƚƍ

ǇƳƍǖƍǖƳƜƱǛႻᛩƴƷƬƯƘǕǇƢŵᢿ෇ѣưƸ˴ƔǛƕǜƹǔƜƱǍŴʴ᧓᧙̞Ǜ‫ܖ‬ǂǇ
Ƣŵ
ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏǑƓǋưᢿ෇ѣƸɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷƱƯǋᑣƍ࣬ƍЈƴƳǓǇƢŵố ẦếỄạ

ᾃώẟếᢿ෇ѣửẴỦỉᾎƿ ƔƭƲƏ

Ƌƞ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ǇƑ

ǏƏƕƨ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƋƱ

ƖǎƏơƭ

ƓƜƳ

ƓƓ

ƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ᢿ෇ѣƸŴஔᲢ ੉ ಅ ƷЭᲣŴ‫૾ٲ‬Ტ ੉ ಅ ƷࢸᲣŴ˞ ଐ ƳƲƴ ᘍ ƏƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵᢿ෇ѣƔƭƲƏƴƬƢƏ

ƔƭƲƏ ơ Ɣ ǜ

ƪƕ

ǇƑ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƖƤƭ

ƴǑƬƯ෇ѣଐૠ Ǎ෇ѣ଺᧓ ƕᢌ ƍǇƢŵȆǹȈƷЭ Ƹᢿ෇ѣ ƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ‫ܓ‬ራ ƴǑƬƯ
ƿƔƭƲƏ

ơƔǜ

Ɣ

ᢿ෇ѣƷ଺᧓ƕ‫٭‬ǘǓǇƢŵ67ᢿ෇ѣ %NWD#EVKXKVKGU $WMCVUWFQW  If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶁᶊᶓᶀᴾᵿᶁᶒᶇᶔᶇᶒᶇᶃᶑᴾᵝᴾ+P ,CRCPGUG LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU DGHQTG CPF CHVGT ENCUUGU CPF QP FC[U YKVJ PQ
UEJQQN UVWFGPVU FQ URQTVU RNC[ OWUKECN KPUVTWOGPVU FTCY CPF FQ QVJGT CEVKXKVKGU6JGUGCTGVJGUQECNNGF%NWD#EVKXKVKGU DWMCVUWFQW  OQUVRGQRNGECNNGFKVÝDWMCVUWÞ #NOQUVCNNLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUVCMGRCTVKPENWDCEVKXKVKGU+PLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNPQV QPN[ CECFGOKE ENCUUGU DWV CNUQ UVWFGPVU OCMG HTKGPFU VTCKP HQT UVTQPIGTRJ[UKSWGUCPFNGCTPCDQWVTWNGU5VWFGPVULQKPVJGUCOGENWDCEVKXKVKGUHTQO)TCFGUVQUWOOGTQTCWVWOPQH)TCFGU XCTKGUHTQOENWDVQENWD     ᾁώᵲᶗᶎᶃᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᵡᶊᶓᶀᴾᵟᶁᶒᶇᶔᶇᶒᶇᶃᶑᴾ%NWD#EVKXKVKGUKPENWFGURQTVUCPFEWNVWTCN QVJGTVJCPURQTVU CEVKXKVKGU 
Ƃ'ZCORNGUQHENWDCEVKXKVKGUƃᲢXCTKGUCOQPIUEJQQNUᲣ
Ũ 5RQTVU$CUGDCNN5QEEGT8QNNG[DCNN$CUMGVDCNN5QHVVGPPKU5QHVDCNN#VJNGVKEU5YKOOKPI
6CDNGVGPPKU#TEJGT[,WFQ-GPFQGVEŨ %WNVWTCNᲢQVJGTVJCPURQTVUᲣ$TCUUDCPF%JQKT5EKGPEG#TV*QOG'EQPQOKEU 
6GCEGTGOQP[GVEᾂώᵫᶓᶑᶒᴾᵧᴾᶈᶍᶇᶌᴾᵿᴾᶁᶁᶊᶓᶀᴾᵿᶁᶒᶇᶔᶇᶒᶗᾎᴾ+POCP[UEJQQNUKVKUEQORWNUQT[VQLQKPCENWDCEVKXKV[6JQUGYJQRWVKPGHHQTVKP
ENWDCEVKXKVKGUYKNNJCXGCPCFXCPVCIGKPVJGKTJKIJUEJQQNCRRNKECVKQP/QTGQXGT[QWIGVVQOCMGHTKGPFUPQVQPN[KPENCUUDWVCNUQFWTKPIVJGENWDCEVKXKVKGU
9JGP[QWTUQEKCNEKTENGKUDKIIGT[QWIGVVQVCNMVQOCP[RGQRNG6JWUD[RCTVKEKRCVKPIKPENWDCEVKXKVKGU[QWIGVVQNGCTPKORQTVCPEGQHJCTFYQTMKPICPFUQEKCNUMKNNU %NWDCEVKXKVKGUEQPVTKDWVGVQIQQFOGOQTKGUHQTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNNKHG ᾃώᵵᶆᶃᶌᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶁᶊᶓᶀᴾᵿᶁᶒᶇᶔᶇᶒᶇᶃᶑᴾᶁᵿᶐᶐᶇᶃᶂᴾᶍᶓᶒᾎᴾ%NWDCEVKXKVKGU CTGECTTKGFQWVKPVJGOQTPKPIU DGHQTGENCUU GXGPKPI CHVGTENCUU CPFFWTKPIPQPUEJQQNFC[U6JGPWODGTQHFC[UCPFNGPIVJQHVKOGHQTCEVKXKVKGUXCT[COQPIENWDU6JGTGCTGPQCEVKXKVKGUDGHQTGVGUVU6KOKPIUHQTVJGCEVKXKVKGUEJCPIGYKVJFKHHGTGPVUGCUQPU 

68

ᢿ෇ѣ
ẦỈ

ᾄώấ᣿ỊẦẦỦỉᾎ
ƔƭƲƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

ơƿǜ

Ɣ

ƿƔƭƲƏǑƏ

ȩǱȃȈȷǰȭȸȖȷǷȥȸǺƳƲ෇ѣƴ࣏ᙲƳǋƷƸŴᐯЎưᝰƍǇƢŵᢿ෇ѣဇƷƓƦǖ
Ɣ

ƲƏƙ

Ɣ

Ɣƶ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƍƷǦǧǢǛᝰƬƨǓŴᢊφǛᝰƬƨǓƢǔƱŴƨƘƞǜƷƓ᣿ƕ࣏ᙲƴƳǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵƨƍƔƍǕǜƠǎƏ ơ Ƌ ƍ

ưǜƠǌ

ƍ

ƹƋƍ

ƜƏƭƏƻ

ơƯǜƠǌ

ƍ

‫˟ٻ‬Ǎ ጀ ፼ ᚾӳƴᩓ៻ưᘍƘ‫ئ‬ӳŴʩᡫᝲƕƔƔǓǇƢŵǇƨᐯ᠃៻ưᘍƘƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵ
ơƯǜƠǌ

ƨƍƔƍ

ǕǜƠǎƏ ơ Ƌ ƍ

ƍ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

Ƹƍ

ƭƏƕƘ

ơƯǜƠǌ

ƭƔ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ᐯ᠃៻ư‫˟ٻ‬Ǎ ጀ ፼ ᚾӳƴᘍƘᢿ෇ѣƴλƬƨǒŴᡫ‫ܖ‬ƴᐯ᠃៻Ǜ̅ƬƯƍƳƘƯǋŴᢿ෇ѣ
ơƯǜƠǌ

ơǎǜƼ

ơƯǜƠǌ

Ʒ

ƷƨǊƴᐯ᠃៻ƱȘȫȡȃȈǛแͳƠƳƚǕƹƍƚǇƤǜŵᐯ᠃៻ƴƸʈǕǔǑƏƴƠƯƓƖǇ
Ǉǜ



ƍƪ

ơ

Ɯ

Ǆƚǜ

Ƹƍ

ƠǐƏŵɢƕɟŴʙ૏ƴƋƬƯƠǇƬƨƱƖƷƨǊƴ̬ᨖƴǋλƬƯƓƘƱƍƍưƠǐƏŵḤέဃ૾ồḤᴾ‫׎‬ƴǑƬƯƸŴᐯ᠃៻Ǜ̅Ə፼ॹƕƳƍƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢŵဃࢻƕᐯ᠃៻ƴʈǕǔƔƲƏƔʙЭƴᄩᛐƢǔƱƍƍưƠǐƏŵ





ấẲ

ᾅώẻủầ૙ảềẪủỦỉᾎᴾ
ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɯǋǜ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƦǕƧǕƷᢿ෇ѣƴƸŴƦǕƧǕƷέဃƕƍǇƢŵƦƷέဃǛž᫑բſƱƍƍǇƢŵǇƨŴᢿ෇ѣ
Ƥǜǋǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƱƘǂƭ

Ɩ

ƓƠ

ơǐƏƖǎƏƤƍ

ƔƖǎƏƤƍ

ƓƠƴǑƬƯƸŴ‫ᧉݦ‬ƷέဃƕཎКƴஹƯ૙ƑƯƘǕǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵɥ ኢ ဃ ƕɦኢဃƴ૙ƑƯơǐƏƖǎƏƤƍ

ƔƖǎƏƤƍ

ƤǜƺƍǑƘǕǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵ ɥ ኢ ဃ ƷƜƱǛŴɦኢဃƸžέ᠚ſƱԠƼǇƢŵƿ Ɣ ƭ ƲƏǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƞǜƔƨƍƔƍǕǜƠǎƏ ơ Ƌ ƍƱƓƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ  ᢿ෇ѣƴ̬ᜱᎍƕӋьƢǔƜƱƸƋǓǇƤǜƕŴ‫˟ٻ‬Ǎ ጀ ፼ ᚾӳưᢒƘƴᘍƘƱƖƴ̬ᜱᎍ
ƘǔǇ

Ɯ

Ʒ

ƍ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƘǔǇ

ƻƭǑƏ

ơƥǜ

ǕǜǒƘ

Ʒ ៻ ƴ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪǛʈƤƯᘍƘƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƷ ៻ ƕ࣏ᙲƳƱƖƴƸʙЭƴᡲዂƕƋ
ƘǔǇ

ƓƘ

ǉƔ

ƹƋƍ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ǓǇƢŵ ៻ ưᡛǓᡇƑƕưƖƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳƴƸŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ


ốẦếỄạ

Ẩ

ᾆώỄạởẾềᢿ෇ѣửൿỜỦỉᾎᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƴǎƏƕƘ

Ƹƍ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

Ɣǜƕ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

Ƹƍ

Ɩ

ǇƑ

ƨƍƚǜƴǎƏƿ  ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴ λ ‫ ܖ‬ƢǔƱŴλǔᢿ෇ѣǛ ᎋ ƑǇƢŵƲƷᢿ෇ѣƴλǔƔൿǊǔЭƴŴ˳᬴λᢿ
ƖƔǜ

ƓƳ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƭƮ

Ƹƍ

ǇƑ

Ɣǜƕ

Ɩ

Ʒ஖᧓ƕƋǓǇƢŵӷơᢿ෇ѣǛዓƚǒǕǔǑƏƴŴλǔЭƴƸǑƘ ᎋ ƑƯൿǊǇƠǐƏŵ
Ɯ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

Ɩ

ǇƑ

ǄƝƠǌƔƍƻǒƾƋǜ  ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕᢿ෇ѣǛൿǊǔЭƴŴ̬ᜱᎍ˟ƕ᧏ƔǕǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵǘƔǒƳƍƜƱǍɧ‫ܤ‬ƴƓǋǄƝƠǌƔƍ

ƤǜƤƍƖ࣬ƏƜƱƕƋǕƹŴ̬ᜱᎍ˟ƷƱƖƴέဃƴᎥƍƯǈǇƠǐƏŵ

ƴǎƏ ƿ

Ươǎǜ

Ǖƍ

Ƃ λ ᢿƷ৖᪯Ʒ̊ƃƿ Ɣ ƭ Ʋ Ə ƤƭǊƍƔƍƿ Ɣ ƭ Ʋ Ə ƚǜƕƘƨƍƚǜƴǎƏƿƴǎƏƿ žᢿ෇ѣᛟଢ˟ſăžᢿ෇ѣᙸ‫ܖ‬ſăž˳᬴λᢿſăžλᢿſ
ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƨƍƚǜ

Ɩ

 ƍƘƭƔƷᢿ෇ѣǛ˳᬴ƠƯƔǒൿǊǇƠǐƏŵ


ốẦếỄạ

ởẴ

ᾇώᢿ෇ѣử˞ớểẨỊẆỄạẴỦỉᾎᴾ
ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƪƕ

ƓƠ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƪƕ

ƚƬƤƖ

Ɯǋǜ

ᢿ෇ѣƸŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƷ ੉ ಅ ƱƸᢌƍǇƢŵ૙ƑƯƘǕǔέဃǋᢌƍǇƢŵഎࠗƢǔƱƖƸŴ᫑բƷ
ƤǜƤƍ

ǘƢ

ǕǜǒƘ

έဃƴࣔǕƣƴᡲዂǛƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƨƍƪǐƏ

ǘǔ

ǉ

Ǔ

ƞǜƔ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ǍƢ

   ˳ ᛦ ƕफƍƱƖƸ໯ྸƠƯӋьƠƳƘƯǋƍƍưƢƕŴưƖǔƩƚᢿ෇ѣƸ˞ǇƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ
69ᢿ෇ѣ ᾄώᵢᶍᴾᵧᴾᶆᵿᶔᶃᴾᶒᶍᴾᶎᵿᶗᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᵿᶁᶒᶇᶔᶇᶒᶇᶃᶑᾎᴾ;QWPGGFVQDW[KVGOUUWEJCUTCEMGVUINQXGUCPFUJQGUTGSWKTGFD[UQOGENWD
CEVKXKVKGU6JWUKVOC[DGEQUVN[VQRWTEJCUGCRRTQRTKCVGENQVJKPICPFGSWKROGPVHQT
UQOGENWDCEVKXKVKGU  +PVKOGUQHVQWTPCOGPVCPFRTCEVKEGUHQTVQWTPCOGPVYJGP[QWOC[PGGFVQVTCXGNQPVTCKPVQVJGXGPWGU[QWYKNNKPEWTVTCPURQTVEQUVU;QWECPCNUQE[ENGVQVJGXGPWGU 
9JGPE[ENKPIVQVQWTPCOGPVCPFRTCEVKEGUHQTVQWTPCOGPVGXGPKH[QWCTGPQVWUKPIVJGDKE[ENGVQEQOOWVGVQUEJQQN[QWOWUVUVKNNJCXGCDKE[ENGCPFCJGNOGV%[ENKPIKU
GPEQWTCIGF0GXGTVJGNGUU KPECUGQH CEEKFGPVUKVKUCFXKUCDNGVQ DW[CPKPUWTCPEGRNCP 












ᾅώᵵᶆᶍᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶍᶌᶃᶑᴾᶁᶍᶌᶂᶓᶁᶒᶇᶌᶅᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶁᶊᶓᶀᴾᵿᶁᶒᶇᶔᶇᶒᶇᶃᶑᾎᴾ'CEJENWDCEVKXKV[JCUKVUQYPVGCEJGT5WEJVGCEJGTUCTGECNNGF-QOQP CFXKUGT 
5QOGENWDUGPICIGURGEKCNKUVVGCEJGTUVQEQPFWEVVJGCEVKXKVKGU  (QTUQOGENWDUVJGUGPKQTOGODGTUKPUVTWEVVJGLWPKQTOGODGTU,WPKQTOGODGTUJCXGVQCFFTGUUVJGKTUGPKQTUCUUGPRCK UGPKQT  
  9JKNGRCTGPVUCPFIWCTFKCPUFQPQVLQKPKPVJGENWDCEVKXKVKGUVJG[UQOGVKOGUPGGF
VQUGPFEJKNFTGPD[ECTVQVQWTPCOGPVUQTRTCEVKEGXGPWGUVJCVCTGHCTCYC[+HVJG
CEVKXKVKGU TGSWKTG VJG RCTGPVU VQ UGPF VJG EJKNF D[ ECT VJG[ YKNN DG KPHQTOGFDGHQTGJCPF+H[QWECPPQVEQOGVQIGV[QWTEJKNFD[ECTRNGCUGNGVVJGVGCEJGTMPQYᾆώᵦᶍᶕᴾᶂᶍᴾᵧᴾᶂᶃᶁᶇᶂᶃᴾᶕᶆᶇᶁᶆᴾᶁᶊᶓᶀᴾᶒᶍᴾᶈᶍᶇᶌᾎᴾ  9JGP[QWGPVGTCLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN[QWJCXGVQFGEKFGYJKEJENWDVQLQKP$GHQTG
[QWFQUQVJGTGKUCRGTKQFQHQTKGPVCVKQPYJGP[QWIGVVQGZRGTKGPEGFKHHGTGPVENWDU
#U[QWJCXGVQUVC[KPVJGUCOGENWDOCMG[QWTEJQKEGECTGHWNN[     $GHQTG[QWTEJKNFFGEKFGUYJKEJENWDVQLQKPRCTGPVUOGGVKPIOC[DGJGNF+H[QW
JCXGCP[SWGUVKQPUQTYQTTKGUNGVVJGVGCEJGTMPQYCVVJGRCTGPVUOGGVKPI Ƃ'ZCORNGQHVJGRTQEGFWTGQHLQKPKPICENWDƃ ž%NWDCEVKXKVKGUDTKGHKPIUGUUKQPſăž%NWDCEVKXKVKGUVQWTſăž6T[KPIQWVRGTKQFHQTENWDſ
ăž,QKPKPICENWDſ
  &QVT[QWVCHGYENWDUDGHQTGOCMKPICFGEKUKQPᾇώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶑᶆᶍᶓᶊᶂᴾᵧᴾᶂᶍᴾᶕᶆᶃᶌᴾᵧᴾᶁᵿᶌᶌᶍᶒᴾᵿᶒᶒᶃᶌᶂᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶁᶊᶓᶀᴾᵿᶁᶒᶇᶔᶇᶒᶇᶃᶑᾎᴾ%NWD CEVKXKVKGU CTG FKHHGTGPV HTQO ENCUUGU KP UEJQQN &KHHGTGPV VGCEJGTU CTGEQPFWEVKPI VJG CEVKXKVKGU +H [QW ECPPQV CVVGPF VJG CEVKXKVKGU PQVKH[ VJG CFXKUQT[VGCEJGTU    9JKNG[QWUJQWNFPQVVCMGRCTVKPVJGCEVKXKVKGUKH[QWCTGPQVHGGNKPIYGNNCUHCTCURQUUKDNGFQPQVOKUUVJGCEVKXKVKGU 



70

ᢿ෇ѣ
ẼỠạẟ

ễỆ

ᾈώදॖẴỦẮểỊ˴ᾎᴾ
ƿƔƭƲƏơǐƏƖǎƏƤƍ

ƤǜƺƍƔƖǎƏƤƍƓƠ  ᢿ෇ѣƝƱƴƞǇƟǇƳȫȸȫƕƋǓǇƢŵ ɥ ኢ ဃ Ტέ᠚ᲣƕɦኢဃǛ૙ƑƯƘǕǔƜƱǋ
ƓƓơǐƏƖǎƏƤƍ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƍƕƍ

ƱǋƩƪ

ƔƔ

ƴǜƛǜƔǜƚƍ

ǇƳ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵᢿ෇ѣưƸ ɥ ኢ ဃ Ǎǯȩǹˌ‫ٳ‬ƷӐᢋƱ᧙ǘƬƯŴʴ᧓᧙̞Ǜ‫ܖ‬ƿƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵ
ƱƘ

ƏǜƲƏƿ

ơǐƏƖǎƏƤƍ

ơǐƏƛƔǜƚƍ

ƴǄǜཎƴᢃѣᢿưƸ ɥ ኢ ဃ ƱƷɥɦ᧙̞ƕƋǓŴƱǇƲƏƜƱƕƋǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵƠƔƠŴଐஜ
ƚƍƚǜ

ƠǌƔƍ

ư

Ƴƴ

ƍ

ƜǇ

ưƸƦƷኺ᬴ƕᅈ˟ƴЈƯƔǒဃƔƞǕǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵ˴Ɣ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴƲǜƳ
ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƜƱưǋέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵḤέဃ૾ồḤᴾȖȩǸȫƳƲŴ‫׎‬ƴǑƬƯƸᢿ෇ѣƕƳƍƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢŵ‫׎ٳ‬ƴȫȸȄǛǋƭ‫܇‬Ʒ‫ئ‬ӳŴᢿ෇ѣƷˁኵǈŴέ᠚ȷࢸ᠚ƷƠƖƨǓŴᢿ෇ѣƷᝲဇƕǘƔǒƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳǋ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵཎƴ̬ᜱᎍƴƸŴଐஜƷᢿ෇ѣƷˁኵǈƴƭƍƯŴǏƬƘǓƯƍƶƍƴᛟଢƢǔƜƱƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵ71ᢿ෇ѣ ᾈώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶑᶆᶍᶓᶊᶂᴾᵧᴾᶒᵿᶉᶃᴾᶌᶍᶒᶃᴾᶍᶄᾎᴾ  6JGTGCTGOCP[TWNGUKPVJGENWDCEVKXKVKGU6JGTGCTGOCP[VJKPIUVJGUGPRCKYKNNVGCEJVJGLWPKQTU%NWDCEVKXKVKGUCNNQY[QWVQNGCTPCDQWVJWOCPTGNCVKQPUYKVJ[QWTUGPKQTU CU YGNN CU HTKGPFU PQV HTQO [QWT QYP ENCUU 6JGTG OC[ DG EQPHWUKQP YKVJTGICTF VQ VJG UGPKQTKV[ TGNCVKQPU KP ENWD CEVKXKVKGU 5WEJ GZRGTKGPEGU OC[ EQOG KP
JCPF[KPVJGYQTMKPIYQTNFKP,CRCP+H[QWJCXGCP[YQTTKGUVCNMVQVJGVGCEJGTU 




72

λ‫ࡸܖ‬ƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

λ ‫ࡸ ܖ‬ЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ

ᴾ
ᴾỆỠạầẪẲẨ

ᾀώλ‫ࡸܖ‬ẾềễỆᾎᴾƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƸƍƜǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

Ƌƭ

ƓƜƳ

ƠƖ

Ɯ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

   λ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬ƱƸŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴλǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƱƦƷ̬ᜱᎍƕᨼǇƬƯ ᘍ ƏࡸưƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ঺ ᧈ ǛǑǖƜƠƖƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ

Ƌƨǒ

ƠǎƬƺƭ

ǈǇǋ

ƠƖ

ǈǜƳư շ ƿࡸưƢŵǇƨŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ဃ෇ƴǉƚƯ ૼ Ơƍ Ј ႆ Ǜᙸ‫ܣ‬ǔࡸưƢŵȑȸȆǣȸƠƖ   ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ

ƞƍƠǐ

ƻ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍƟƍƜƏƤƍ

ƷǑƏƴŴƴƗǍƔƳࡸưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ဃ෇ƷஇИƷଐưƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷέဃƱ‫נ‬ఄဃƠǜƴǎƏƤƍǉƔƕૼ λ ဃ ǛᡇƑƯƘǕǇƢŵẰ Ữ ẦᾁώẻủầӋьẴỦỉᾎᴾ
ƜƠǜƴǎƏƤƍ

ƟƍƜƏƤƍ   ‫܇‬ƲǋᲴૼ λ ဃ Ტ‫נ‬ఄဃᲣǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƴǄǜ

ƔƋ

ƱƏ

Ɯ

ƍƬƠǐ

   ̬ᜱᎍᲴଐஜưƸŴƓ൐ƞǜǇƨƸƓ༵ƞǜƕ‫܇‬ƲǋƱɟደƴƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

ƞǜƔ

ǓǐƏƠǜ

ƞǜƔ

ƔƧƘ

ƞƍƖǜ

ƓƓ

λ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬ƴӋьƠǇƢŵ ɲ ᚃ ưӋьƢǔܼଈǋஇᡈƸ‫ٶ‬ƘƳƬƯƖǇƠƨŵᾂώỄẮỂẴỦỉᾎᴾƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƨƍƍƘƔǜ

ƓƜƳ

ƠƖ

ƋƍƩ

Ɯ

ǇƑ

ǄƏ

Ƴǒ

   λ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬Ƹɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒ˳Ꮛ᫾ư ᘍ ƍǇƢŵࡸƷ ᧓ ƸŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƸЭƷ૾ƴǯȩǹƝƱƴɳƢǘǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

Ɯ

ƏƠ

Ƣǘ

ƹƋƍ

ƓƓ

ǜưࡈǓŴ̬ᜱᎍƸ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƷࢸǖƴǇƱǇƬƯࡈǔ‫ئ‬ӳƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵᾃώễỆửẴỦỉᾎᴾƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

ƔƍơǐƏ

Ƹƍ

ǇƑ

Əƚƭƚ

Ƣ

Ɯ

ƔƘƴǜ

  Ძ λ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬Ʒ ˟ ‫ ئ‬ƴλǔЭƴӖ˄ǛฎǇƤŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷǯȩǹǛᄩᛐƠǇƢŵ
Ɯ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

Ƹƍ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

ƔƍơǐƏƨƍƍƘƔǜ

Ǉ

ƔƍơǐƏ

ƤƖ

  Წ ‫܇‬ƲǋƸ ૙ ܴ ƴλǓǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƸλ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬Ʒ ˟ ‫ئ‬Ტ˳Ꮛ᫾ᲣưࢳƪǇƢŵ˟ ‫ ئ‬ưƸࠗƕƖǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƹƠǐ

ƔƍơǐƏ

ƏƠ

Ƹǜƿǜ

ൿǊǒǕƯƍǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƷ‫ئ‬৑ƸŴ ˟ ‫ ئ‬ƷࢸǖҞЎưƢŵƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

Ƹơ

Ɯ

ƨǜƴǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƤǜƱƏ

ƴǎƏơǐƏƜƏƪǐƏᲭ λ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬ƕ‫ڼ‬ǇǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬Ʋǋƨƪƕਃ˓ƷέဃǛέ᪽ƴǯȩǹƝƱƴ λ ‫ ئ‬ƠǇƢŵఄ ᧈ
ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƍƪǐƏ

ƸƳƠ

ƸƳƠ

Ơƣ

Ɩ

ƏƝ

έဃŴ᳊᳎᲻ ˟ ᧈ ƔǒƷƓ ᛅ ƕƋǓǇƢŵƓ ᛅ Ƹ᩺ƔƴᎥƖǇƠǐƏŵѣƍƨǓŴƓƠǌ
ƍǜƠǐƘǂǓƠƨǓŴ ᫩ ᫢ ƠƨǓƠƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ



Ɠ

Ɯ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ƍ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

Ɯ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ƍ

Ხ λ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬ƕኳǘƬƨǒŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƸ ૙ ܴ ƴᘍƖǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍǋƋƱƔǒ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ૙ ܴ ƴᘍƖ
ƨǜƴǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɯ

ƤƍƔƭ

ƓƘ

ƴƪ

ƤƭǊƍ

ǋ

ǋƷ

ƗǐƏơ

ǇƢŵਃ˓ƷέဃƔǒŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƕƲƷǑƏƳဃ෇ǛᡛǔƔᲢଐƷᛟଢᲣŴਤƪཋŴᘍʙŴ
ƶƕ

ƸƳƠ

ƨƍƤƭ

ƸƳƠ

Ɩ

ȫȸȫŴƓᫍƍƳƲƷƓ ᛅ ƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫ٻ‬ЏƳƓ ᛅ ƹƔǓƳƷưŴƖƪǜƱᎥƖǇƠǐƏŵ
ǘ

ƸƳƠ

ƋƱ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɩ

ЎƔǒƳƍƜƱƳƲƸŴƓ ᛅ ƷࢸưέဃƴᎥƖǇƠǐƏŵ
ƖǐƏƠƭ



Ɯ

ƖǐƏƔƠǐ

Ƙƹ

Ƙƹ

ǓǐƏ

ƓƓ

ƥǜƿ

Ჯ ૙ ܴ ư‫܇‬ƲǋƴŴ૙ᅹ୿ƳƲƕᣐǒǕǇƢŵᣐǒǕǔǋƷƷ ᣽ ƕ‫ٶ‬ƍƷưŴμᢿƦǖƬƯ
ƔƘƴǜ

ƨ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƍ

ƍƑ

Ƣǂ

ƍǔƔᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵឱǓƳƍǋƷƕƋƬƨǒŴƢƙƴέဃƴᚕƍǇƠǐƏŵܼưμƯƷƖǐƏƔƠǐ

ƳǇƑƔ૙ᅹ୿ƴӸЭǛ୿ƖǇƠǐƏŵ

73

λ‫ࡸܖ‬'PVTCPEG%GTGOQP[ 0[WWICMWUJKMK If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.

ᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᵿᶌᴾᶃᶌᶒᶐᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾᶁᶃᶐᶃᶋᶍᶌᶗᴾᵆᵬᶗᶓᶓᶅᵿᶉᶓᶑᶆᶇᶉᶇᵇᵝᴾ   6JGGPVTCPEGEGTGOQP[KUCHQTOCNGXGPVKPYJKEJEJKNFTGPYJQCTGLQKPKPIVJG
UEJQQNCPFVJGKTRCTGPVUQTIWCTFKCPUICVJGTVQIGVJGT'XGT[QPGKURNGCUGFYKVJVJG ITQYVJ QH VJGKT EJKNFTGP  $GUKFGU VJKU KU CNUQ C EGTGOQP[ VQ OCTM C PGYRJCUGKPNKHGQHUVCTVLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN+VKUPQVCEGTGOQP[DWUVNKPIYKVJLQ[QWU
EGNGDTCVKQPNKMGCRCTV[4CVJGTKVKUCFC[YJGPVJGVGCEJGTUCPFGZKUVKPIUVWFGPVU
YGNEQOGVJGPGYEQOGTUQPVJGHKTUVFC[QHLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN ᾁώᵵᶆᶍᴾᵿᶒᶒᶃᶌᶂᴾᶒᶆᶇᶑᴾᶁᶃᶐᶃᶋᶍᶌᶗᾎᴾ   %JKNFTGPᲴPGYEQOGTUᲢUEJQQNUVWFGPVUᲣ 2CTGPVUIWCTFKCPU Ჴ +P ,CRCP GKVJGT VJG HCVJGT QT VJGOQVJGT CVVGPFU VJG GPVTCPEGEGTGOQP[ YKVJ VJGKT EJKNF +P TGEGPV[GCTUVJGTGJCUDGGPCPKPETGCUGKPHCOKNKGUYKVJDQVJRCTGPVUCVVGPFKPI ᾂώᵵᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶇᶑᴾᶇᶒᴾᶆᶃᶊᶂᾎᴾ   6JGGPVTCPEGEGTGOQP[KUJGNFCVVJGUEJQQNI[OPCUKWO&WTKPIVJGEGTGOQP[VJGEJKNFTGPYKNNDGUGCVGFCVVJGHTQPVYKVJVJGKTENCUUGUYJKNGVJGRCTGPVUCTG
UGCVGFDGJKPF6JKUKUVJGOQUVEQOOQPCTTCPIGOGPV ᾃώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᶀᶃᶇᶌᶅᴾᶂᶍᶌᶃᴾᶂᶓᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶁᶃᶐᶃᶋᶍᶌᶗᾎᴾᲫ   $GHQTGVJG[GPVGTVJGEGTGOQP[XGPWGVJGEJKNFTGPYKNNEQPHKTOVJGKTENCUUGUCV
VJGTGIKUVTCVKQPEQWPVGT  Წ   6JGEJKNFTGPYKNNVJGPRTQEGGFVQVJGKTENCUUTQQOUYJKNGVJGRCTGPVUYKNNYCKVCV
VJG EGTGOQP[ XGPWG I[OPCUKWO 5GCVKPI KP VJG GPVTCPEG EGTGOQP[ KU
FGUKIPCVGF6JGUGCVKPIHQTVJGRCTGPVUKUCVVJGTGCTQHVJGXGPWG Ჭ   6JGEGTGOQP[YKNNVJGPEQOOGPEG6JGEJKNFTGPYKNNGPVGTCUCENCUUYKVJVJGKTJQOGTQQOVGCEJGTUCVVJGNGCF6JGUEJQQNRTKPEKRCNCPF26#EJCKTRGTUQPYKNNVJGPIKXGCURGGEJGCEJ&WTKPIVJGURGGEJRNGCUGDGSWKGV&QPQVHKFIGVVCNM
QTGCVCPFFTKPM  Ხ   #HVGT VJG GPVTCPEG EGTGOQP[ VJG EJKNFTGP YKNN IQ VQ VJGKT ENCUUTQQOU 6JGRCTGPVUYKNNHQNNQYDGJKPF6JGJQOGTQQOVGCEJGTYKNNVJGPDTKGHVJGEJKNFTGPCDQWVVJGKTPGYNKHGKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN DTKGHKPIQPCFC[KPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN 
YJCV VQ DTKPI VQ UEJQQN TWNGU CPF YJCV VJG UEJQQN YKUJGU VJGO VQ DG 6JKUDTKGHKPI KU KORQTVCPV UQ FQ RC[ CVVGPVKQP #UM VJG VGCEJGT KH [QW FQ PQVWPFGTUVCPFCP[RCTV  Ჯ  6JG EJKNFTGP CTG CNUQ IKXGP VJGKT VGZVDQQMU CV VJG ENCUUTQQO #U VJG[ CTGTGEGKXKPIOCP[VGZVDQQMUFQEJGEMCPFEQPHKTOCNNVJGEQRKGU+HVJGTGKUCP[
EQR[ NCEMKPI KPHQTO VJG VGCEJGT KOOGFKCVGN[ 9TKVG [QWT PCOG QP CNN VJGVGZVDQQMUCVJQOG 74λ‫ࡸܖ‬
ỐẪẸạ

ễỆ

ờ

ᾄώ஌ᘺὉ˴ửਤẾềẟẪỉᾎᴾƜƾƘƦƏ ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ஌ᘺƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ

ƤƍƾƘ

Ɩ

  ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưൿǊǒǕƨС஌ǛბǇƢŵȑȸȆǣȸưƸƳƍƷưŴ
ƚƠǐƏ

Ɣǈƕƨ

ǢǯǻǵȪȸǛƭƚƨǓŴ҄ታǛƠƨǓƠƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵ᭟‫׹‬
Ƹ

ư

ƘƭƠƨ

ƤƍƾƘ

Ơƨ

Ɩ

ǋ෉৖ƳǢȬȳǸƸƠǇƤǜŵ᪇ɦƷȇǶǤȳŴС஌Ʒɦƴბǔ
ƾƘ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ

Ǉǋ

஌ǋ‫ܖ‬ఄưൿǊǒǕƨȫȸȫƕƋǓǇƢŵƦǕǛ‫ܣ‬ǓǇƢŵ
Ǖƍ

ƘƭƠƨ

Ơǖƍǖ

Ტ̊Ჴ᪇ɦƸႉᑥŴǇƨƸȯȳȝǤȳȈƷǋƷƳƲᲣ
Ǆ

Ɲ Ơǌ

ƾƘƦƏ

 ̬ᜱᎍƷ஌ᘺƠǜƴǎƏƤƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

Ɩ

ƍ

ƹƋƍ

ƓƓ

ƔƳǒ

  ૼ λ ဃƷ̬ᜱᎍƸŴǹȸȄǍȯȳȔȸǹǛბƯᘍƘ‫ئ‬ӳƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ ࣏ ƣƠǋƦƷǑƏ
ƾƘƦƏ

ƍ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƾƘƦƏ

ƍ

Ƴ஌ᘺưᘍƘ࣏ᙲƸƋǓǇƤǜƕŴǸȸȳǺǍ 6 ǷȣȄƳƲƷǫǸȥǢȫƳ஌ᘺưƸᘍƖǇ
Ƥǜŵ
Ɯ

ǋ

ǋƷ

Ჭ ‫܇‬ƲǋƷਤƪཋƏǘƙƭ  Ĭɥ᪇ƕƘƤƍ  ĭ‫ܖ‬ဃǫȐȳƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

Ơ

Ɣ

ǋ

ǋƷ

Įλ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬ƷƓჷǒƤƴ୿ƍƯƋǔਤƪཋ
Ǆ

Ɲ Ơǌ

ǋ

ǋƷ

Ხ ̬ᜱᎍƷਤƪཋƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

Ơ

Ɣ

ǋ

ǋƷ

ƴǎƏƕƘƖǐƔƠǐƏ

Ƙƭ

ƍ

ƿƘǖ

λ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬ƷƓჷǒƤƴ୿ƍƯƋǔਤƪཋᲢ λ ‫ ܖ‬ᚩӧᚰŴǹȪȃȑŴ᪇ǛλǕǔȓȋȸȫ ᘥ ŴƻƬ Ɩ Ǒ Ə ƙᇿᚡဇφƳƲᲣŵ
Ɯ

Ƣƕƨ

Əƭ

ƹƋƍ

ǋ

ƍ

‫ ܇‬ƲǋƷ ‫ ۋ‬Ǜϙ Ơƨƍ‫ئ‬ӳ ƸǫȡȩǍȓȇǪǛਤ ƬƯᘍ ƖǇƢŵǫȡȩǍȓȇǪưƷ
ƞƭƑƍ

ǄƔ

Ɣƨ

ǊƍǘƘ

ƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘજࢨƸ˂Ʒ૾ƷᡕषƴƳǒƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵǇƨŴઃ࠘ᩓᛅƸȞȊȸȢȸȉƴƢǔƔŴưǜƛǜƖᩓเǛЏƬƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵƴǎƏƕƘƤƭǊƍƔƍǘƨơ Ʋ Ə Ƥ ƍ Ʊ ƪǐƏƞƻǐƏ

ƚǜƜƏ

Ơǐǔƍ

ƨƍƤƭ

  è λ ‫ ܖ‬ᛟଢ˟ƳƲưบƞǕƨδᇜဃࢻ ᛦ ௹ ᅚȷͤࡍǫȸȉƳƲƷ୿᫏ƸƱƯǋ‫ٻ‬ЏƳǋƷưƖƴǎƏƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

ǘƢǋƍƢŵƋǒƔơǊᚡλǛƠƯŴλ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬ƷƱƖƴࣔǕƣƴਤƬƯᘍƖǇƠǐƏŵỊởẟᾅώଔỜỆᘍẮạὲᴾƴǎƏƕƘƠƖ

Ɩ

ơƔǜ

Ƹơ

ƠǎƏƝƏ ơ Ɣ ǜƾǜǇƑƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƍλ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬ƸൿǇƬƨ଺᧓ƴ‫ڼ‬ǇǓǇƢŵ ᨼ ӳ ଺᧓Ʒ ЎЭƴƸŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƖǇƠǐƏŵỆỠạầẪẲẨ

ᾆώλ‫ࡸܖ‬ỊἓἵὅἋỂẴὲᴾƴǎƏƕƘƠƖƜǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍƕƨƞǜƔƜ   λ ‫ ࡸ ܖ‬ƴƸǄƱǜƲƷ‫܇‬ƲǋǍ̬ᜱᎍŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒέဃ૾ƕӋьƠǇƢŵƜǕƔǒ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ
ƤǜƤƍ

Ɯ

Ƣ

ǈ

ƲƷǑƏƳǯȩǹưŴƲƷǑƏƳέဃǍ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƱᢅƝƢƷƔᙸǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵǇƨŴƜƓƳǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƨǜƴǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƪǐƘƤƭƸƳƠ

ƴǎƏƕƘǇƑ

‫܇‬ƲǋƱӷơǯȩǹƷ̬ᜱᎍǍਃ˓ƷέဃƱ Ⴚ ੗ ᛅ ƕưƖǔȁȣȳǹưƢŵλ ‫ ܖ‬Э ƴƍǖ
ƾƋǜ

Ɠǋ

ƻ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɩ

ƍǖɧ‫ܤ‬ƴ࣬ƬƯƍǔƜƱǋŴƥƻƜƷଐƴέဃƴᎥƍƯǈǇƠǐƏŵ75

λ‫ࡸܖ‬ᴾ

ᾄώᵡᶊᶍᶒᶆᶇᶌᶅᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶕᶆᵿᶒᴾᶒᶍᴾᶀᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᵿᶊᶍᶌᶅᴾᶒᶍᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ
 6JGEJKNF UENQVJKPI   6JGTGKUCFGUKIPCVGFUEJQQNWPKHQTOKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN   &QPQVYGCTCEEGUUQTKGUQTOCMGWRUKPEGVJKUKUPQVRCTV[   VKOG &Q PQV JCXG HCUJKQPCDNG JCKTUV[NG 6JGTG CTG TWNGUDKPFKPIGXGPVJGENQVJGUDGPGCVJVJGWPKHQTOQTVJGUQEMU   FGUKIP&QCDKFGD[VJGUGTWNGU 
Ტ'ZCORNG VJG UQEMU OWUV DG YJKVG KP EQNQT  QPGRQKPVUQEMUGVEᲣ 2CTGPVU ENQVJKPI   /QUV RCTGPVU QH VJG PGYEQOGTU YKNN YGCT UWKVU QT QPGRKGEG UWKV +V KU PQVTGSWKTGFQTPGEGUUCT[VQYGCTUWEJV[RGQHENQVJKPIDWVFQPQVYGCTECUWCNENQVJKPINKMGLGCPUCPF6UJKTVU Ჭ 9JCVVJGEJKNFJCUVQDTKPICNQPI  Ĭ +PFQQTUJQGU  ĭ 5VWFGPVDCIĮ +VGOUVQDTKPICNQPINKUVGFKPVJGPQVKEG 
HQTP[WWICMWUJKMKᲮ 9JCVVJGRCTGPVUJCXGVQDTKPICNQPI+VGOU VQ DTKPI CNQPI NKUVGF KP VJG PQVKEG HQT GPVTCPEG EGTGOQP[ UEJQQN
GPVTCPEGRGTOKVUNKRRGTURNCUVKEDCIUHQTRWVVKPI[QWTUJQGUPQVGVCMKPIVQQNUGVE 
  2CTGPVU QT IWCTFKCPU OC[ DTKPI CNQPI C ECOGTC VQ ECRVWTG VJG KOCIGU QH
[QWTEJKNF*QYGXGTFQPQVQDUVTWEVQVJGTUYKVJ[QWTECOGTCQTXKFGQTGEQTFGT
2WV[QWTOQDKNGRJQPGQPUKNGPVOQFGQTVWTPKVQHH è&QEWOGPVUNKMGVJG%JKNFTGPUWTXG[HQTOCPF*GCNVJ%CTFFKUVTKDWVGFFWTKPIVJGUEJQQNGPVTCPEGDTKGHKPICTGKORQTVCPV/CMGUWTG[QWHKNNWRVJGHQTOUCPF
DTKPIVJGOCNQPIHQTGPVTCPEGEGTGOQP[ ᴾᴾᾅώᵠᶃᴾᶒᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶃᵿᶐᶊᶗὲᴾ
6JG GPVTCPEG EGTGOQP[ JCU C FGHKPKVG EQOOGPEG VKOG $G CV VJG UEJQQN 
OKPWVGUDGHQTGVJGEQOOGPEGVKOG ᾆώᵲᶆᶃᴾᶃᶃᶌᶒᶐᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾᶁᶃᶐᶃᶋᶍᶌᶗᴾᶇᶑᴾᵿᴾᶅᶍᶍᶂᴾᶍᶎᶎᶍᶐᶒᶓᶌᶇᶒᶗὲᴾ   #NNEJKNFTGPRCTGPVUCPFVGCEJGTUCVVJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNCVVGPFVJGGPVTCPEGEGTGOQP[6JKUKUCIQQFQRRQTVWPKV[HQTRCTGPVUVQJCXGCNQQMCVVJGMKPFQH
ENCUUVGCEJGTUCPFENCUUOCVGUVJCVVJGEJKNFYKNNDGYKVJ6JKUKUCNUQCEJCPEGHQT
VJGRCTGPVUVQVCNMFKTGEVN[VQVJGEJKNF UJQOGTQQOVGCEJGT#UMVJGVGCEJGTCP[SWGUVKQPUVQENGCT[QWTYQTTKGUDGHQTGUEJQQNDGIKPU

76

έဃƱƷƓᛅ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƸƳƠ

έဃƱƷƓ ᛅ ᴾᴾᴾЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƤǜƤƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƪǐƘƤƭ ƋƜƔƯƍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸŴέဃƱ̬ᜱᎍƕ Ⴚ ੗ ˟ƬƯŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷƜƱŴܼࡊƷƜƱŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƷဃ෇ƷƦƏƩǜƦƭƗǐƏƝ

ƠǜǖƸƳƋơǐƏǄƏƜƏƔǜ

ƻƜƱƳƲǛႻᛩƠƨǓŴҡಅࢸƷᡶែƴƭƍƯᛅƠӳƬƨǓŴ ऴ ‫ إ‬ʩ੭ƠƨǓƢǔଐƕƋǓǇƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ǘƢ

ǋ

ƍ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƸƳ

Ƣŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᘍƘƱƖƴƸǹȪȃȑǛࣔǕƣƴਤƬƯᘍƖǇƢŵǋƪǖǜŴέဃƱᛅƠƨƍƱƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǕǜǒƘ





ƖƴƸŴƍƭưǋɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᡲዂƠƯƘƩƞƍŵẦ ề ẟ ỖạờỮᾀώܼࡊᚧբᴾ
ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƔƯƍ

ƍ

ƍƑ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƸƳƠ

ƤǜƤƍ

ơƥǜ

ƭƝƏ

ơƔǜ

Ɩ

 έဃƕŴӲܼࡊƴᘍƬƯܼư̬ᜱᎍƱ ᛅ ǛƠǇƢŵέဃƕʙЭƴᣃӳƷǑƍ଺᧓ǛᎥƍƯŴ
ơƔǜ

ƪǐƏƤƍ

ơƔǜ

Ɩ

ơƔǜ

ƔƳǒ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƍƑ଺᧓Ǜ ᛦ ૢ ƠǇƢŵ଺᧓ƕൿǇƬƨǒŴƦƷ଺᧓Ƹ ࣏ ƣ̬ᜱᎍƸܼƴƍƯƘƩƞƍŵ 
ƤǜƤƍ

ƚƍƔƘ

ƨ

ƴƪ

Ƴǜƚǜ

ƔƯƍ

ƸƳƠ

ơƔǜ

   έဃƸᚘဒǛᇌƯƯŴᲫଐƴ˴᠀ƔǇǘǓǇƢŵƦƷƨǊŴᲫƭƷܼࡊư ᛅ ǛƢǔ଺᧓Ƹ
Ɩ

ơƔǜ

Ʒ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƹƋƍ

ƳƍǑƏ

ൿǇƬƯƍǇƢŵ଺᧓ǛࡨƹƢƜƱƸưƖǇƤǜŵέဃƴႻᛩƠƨƍƜƱƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸϋܾǛȡȢƠƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵƤǜƤƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƸƳƠ

Ɯ

ƔƯƍ

ƤƍƔƭ

ǑƏƢ

ǈ

ƍƑ

   έဃƸŴ̬ᜱᎍƱ ᛅ ǛƢǔƩƚưƸƳƘŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷܼࡊưƷဃ෇Ʒಮ‫܇‬ǛᙸƨǓŴܼƕ
ƹƠǐ

ƨƠ

ƍƑ

ƳƔ

Ƹƍ

ƸƳƠ

ƹƋƍ

ƛǜƔǜ

ƸƳƠ

ƹƋƍ

Ƌǔ‫ئ‬৑ǛᄩƔǊƨǓƠǇƢŵܼƷɶƴλ ƬƯ ᛅ ǛƢǔ‫ئ‬ӳǍŴ྘᧙ư ᛅ ǛƢǔ‫ئ‬ӳ ƕ








ƤǜƤƍ

ƾƠǜƠǌ

Ǉƪƕ

ƔƧƘ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ƙ

ƴƪơ

ƭƨ

ƋǓǇƢŵέဃǛɧ‫ݙ‬ᎍƱ᧓ᢌƑƳƍǑƏƴŴܼଈǈǜƳƴǋέဃƕஹǔଐ଺ǛˡƑƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵ
ƪǌ

ƠǐƘơ

Ʃ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ơƔǜ

ƔƗ

   ƓǈǍƛǍƓᒧŴƓƔƠŴ᫢ʙƳƲǛЈƢ࣏ᙲƸƋǓǇƤǜŵέဃƸ଺᧓ƕᨂǒǕƯƍǔ
ƩƨƷưŴЈƞǕƯǋ᫢ǂƳƍƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵƪǐƏƖƚƬƤƖǉ Ʃ ǜ ƚƬƤƖǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌǕǜǒƘƹƋƍƔ Ư ƍ ǄƏǋǜᧈ஖എࠗǍ໯ૺഎࠗư̬ᜱᎍƱᡲዂƕƱǕƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳƴǋܼࡊᚧբǛƢǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ
Ǆ

Ɲ Ơǌ

ƸƳƠ

ƍƑ

ƹƠǐ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƕƬƜƏ

̬ᜱᎍƱ ᛅ ǛƤƣŴܼƷ‫ئ‬৑ǛᄩᛐƢǔƩƚƷ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵẮ Ổ ế ẮỮẻỮẦẟ

ẮỮẻỮẦẟ

ᾁώ̾Кটᛩ˟὾ἁἻἋটᛩ˟ᴾǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƸƳƠ

Ɯ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ ̬ᜱᎍƕŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưέဃƱ ᛅ ǛƠǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷƜƱƴƭƍƯႻᛩƠƨƍƜƱǍ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ
ƤƍƔƭ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɩ

Ơ

Ơǜǖ

ƪǐƘƤƭƸƳƠ

Ʒဃ෇ưέဃƴᎥƖƨƍƜƱǍჷǓƨƍƜƱŴᡶែƴƭƍƯƳƲŴ Ⴚ ੗ ᛅ ǛƢǔƜƱƕư
ƖƪǐƏ

ơƔǜ

Ɩǔᝮ᣻Ƴ଺᧓ưƢŵƜ ǂ ƭ ƜǜƩǜƔƍƤǜƤƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƨƍƸƳƠ ƠǌǊǜƩǜƤǜƤƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƜƸƳƠ   ̾Кটᛩ˟ƸŴέဃƱ̬ᜱᎍƕᲫ‫ݣ‬Ძư ᛅ ǛƢǔ  ᎍ ᩿ᛩƱέဃƱ̬ᜱᎍƱ‫܇‬Ʋǋư ᛅƠǌǊǜƩǜ

ƔƳǒ

ƞǜƔ

ƱƘ

ƦƭƗǐƏƝ

ƠǜǖƸƳƠǛƢǔᲭᎍ᩿ᛩƕƋǓǇƢŵƲƪǒǋ ࣏ ƣӋьƠǇƢŵཎƴҡಅࢸƷᡶែƴƭƍƯ ᛅ ǛƢ
Ɯ

ƔƳǒ

ƞǜƔ

ƸƳƠ

ơƔǜ

Ɩ

ǔƱƖƴƸŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷƨǊƴǋ ࣏ ƣӋьƠƯƘƩƞƍŵ ᛅ ǛƢǔ଺᧓ƸൿǇƬƯƍǇƢŵ
ƤǜƤƍ

ơƥǜ

ƭƝƏ

ơƔǜ

Ɩ

ơƔǜ

ƪǐƏƤƍ

ơƔǜ

ƓƘ

ƢƜ

ƸǍ

έဃƕʙЭƴᣃӳƷǑƍ଺᧓ǛᎥƍƯ଺᧓Ǜ ᛦ ૢ ƠǇƢŵ଺᧓ƴ᡿ǕƳƍǑƏƴ‫ݲ‬ƠଔǊƴ
ƍ

ơƔǜ

Ƣ

ƭƗ

ƻƱ

ơǎǜƹǜ

Ɩ

ơƔǜ

ƍ

ᘍƖǇƠǐƏŵ଺᧓ƕᢅƗƯƠǇƏƱഏƷʴƷ ᪯ ဪ ƴƳǓǇƢŵൿǊǒǕƨ଺᧓ƴᘍƚƳƘ
ƹƋƍ

Ɩ

ơƔǜ

ǇƑ

ƔƳǒ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ưǜǘƳƬƯƠǇƬƨ‫ئ‬ӳƴƸŴൿǊǒǕƨ଺᧓ƷЭƴ ࣏ ƣɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᩓᛅǛƔƚǇƠǐƏŵ
77έဃƱƷƓᛅ

6CNMKPI9KVJVJG6GCEJGTᴾᴾ If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᴾ
ᴾ+P LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN VJGTG KU C FC[ YJGP VJG VGCEJGTU OGGV VJG RCTGPVU
HCEGVQHCEGVQFKUEWUUCDQWVVJGEJKNFTGPHCOKN[OCVVGTUNKHGKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNQTGXGPYJCVEQWTUGVQRWTUWGCHVGTITCFWCVKQP$TKPICNQPI[QWTKPFQQTUNKRRGTUYJGP [QW IQ VQ UEJQQN HQT UWEJ C FC[ 1H EQWTUG YJGP [QW PGGF VQ VCNM VQ VJGVGCEJGTUCVVKOGUQVJGTVJCPVJKUFC[EQPVCEVVJGUEJQQNFKTGEVN[CVCP[VKOGᵏᵌ ᵦᶍᶋᶃᴾᶔᶇᶑᶇᶒᴾᵆᵩᵿᶒᶃᶇᶆᶍᶓᶋᶍᶌᵇᴾ
 6JG VGCEJGTU IQ VQ VJG JQOGU QH VJG UVWFGPVU VQ VCNM VQ VJG RCTGPVU 6JGVGCEJGTU YKNN HKTUV CUM HQT C UWKVCDNG VKOKPI HQT DQVJ RCTVKGU VQ OGGV 1PEG VJGOGGVKPIVKOGKUFGEKFGFVJGRCTGPVUOWUVDGCVJQOG    6JGVGCEJGTUYKNNFTCYWRCRNCPCPFWUWCNN[IQVQOCP[JQWUGUYKVJKPCFC[#U
UWEJVJGNGPIVJQHVKOGURGPVKPQPGJQWUGJQNFKUHKZGF6JGNGPIVJQHVKOGECPPQVDGGZVGPFGF&QOCMGCOGOQQHVJKPIU[QWYCPVVQVCNMVQVJGVGCEJGTCDQWVKH
[QWJCXGCP[   6JGVGCEJGTUCTGPQVQPN[KPVGTGUVGFKPVCNMKPIVQVJGRCTGPVUDWVCTGCNUQMGGPVQQDUGTXGVJGEJKNFYJKNGJGQTUJGKUCVJQOGCPFVQMPQYYJGTGVJGJQWUGKUNQECVGF 5QOG YKNN GPVGT VJG JQWUG CPF UQOG JCXG VJG EQPXGTUCVKQP CV VJGFQQTYC[CPFPQVGPVGTVJGJQWUG.GVCNNVJGOGODGTUKPVJGHCOKN[MPQYCDQWVVJGFCVGCPFVKOGQHVJGJQOGXKUKVUQCUPQVVQOKUVCMGVJGVGCEJGTCUCPKPVTWFGT   ;QWFQPQVPGGFVQUGTXGVGCUPCEMUHQQFQTIKXGRTGUGPVU#UVJGVGCEJGTJCU
CNKOKVGFCOQWPVQHVKOGJGQTUJGOKIJVPQVVCMGHQQFYJGPJGQTUJGKUQWVQPJQOGXKUKVU 
5QOGJQOGXKUKVUCTGEQPFWEVGFHQTVJQUGYJQCTGQPNQPICDUGPVGGKUOQTYJQ
CTGEQPUVCPVN[CDUGPVHTQOUEJQQN5QOGUEJQQNULWUVYCPVVQMPQYVJGNQECVKQPQHVJGJQWUGYKVJQWVURGCMKPIVQVJGRCTGPVU  ᾁώᵧᶌᶂᶇᶔᶇᶂᶓᵿᶊᴾᵫᶃᶃᶒᶇᶌᶅᴾᵆᵩᶍᶀᶃᶒᶑᶓᴾᶉᶍᶌᶂᵿᶌᶉᵿᶇᵇᵍᴾᵡᶊᵿᶑᶑᴾᵫᶃᶃᶒᶇᶌᶅᴾᵆᵩᶓᶐᵿᶑᶓᴾᶉᶍᶌᶂᵿᶌᶉᵿᶇᵇᴾ
6JGUGCTGVKOGUYJGPVJGRCTGPVUIGVVQVCNMVQVJGVGCEJGTU6JG[CTGRTGEKQWUOGGVKPIVKOGUYJGPVJGRCTGPVUIGVVQFKUEWUUCDQWVVJGEJKNFHKPFQWVCDQWVVJGKTNKHGKPUEJQQNCPFYJCVEQWTUGVQVCMGCHVGTITCFWCVKQP  +PFKXKFWCNOGGVKPIUECPDGEQPFWEVGFVQYKVJQPGVGCEJGTQTQPGRCTGPVQT  VQ  YKVJ RCTGPVU EJKNF CPF VJG VGCEJGT  ;QW OWUV CVVGPF UWEJ OGGVKPIUTGICTFNGUU6JKUKUGURGEKCNN[YJGPVJGOGGVKPIKUCDQWVVJGEQWTUGVQVCMGCHVGTITCFWCVKQPQHVJGEJKNFRCTGPVOWUVCVVGPF6JGNGPIVJQHVKOGHQTVJGOGGVKPIKUHKZGF6GCEJGTYKNNHKZCVKOGVJCVUWKVUDQVJRCTVKGUDGHQTGJCPF$GUNKIJVN[GCTN[UQ
CUPQVVQFGNC[VJGOGGVKPI  +H[QWOKUU[QWTHKZGFVKOKPIVJGPGZVRGTUQPKPNKPGYKNN RTQEGGF +H [QW ECPPQV OCMG KV VQ VJG VKOG VJCV KU FGEKFGF [QW OWUV NGV VJGUEJQQNMPQYD[RJQPGDGHQTGJCPF 78έဃƱƷƓᛅƜǜƩǜƔƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

Ƌƭ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƸƳƠ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ ǯȩǹটᛩ˟ưƸŴǯȩǹƷ̬ᜱᎍƕᨼǇƬƯŴέဃƱ ᛅ ǛƠǇƢŵǯȩǹƷ̬ᜱᎍƱǋ
ƸƳƠ

ƖƔƍ

ƤƬƖǐƘƯƖ

ƞǜƔᛅ ƕưƖǔƍƍೞ˟ưƢŵᆢ ಊ ႎ ƴӋьƠǇƠǐƏŵẰỮẦỮ Ỏ

ᾂώӋᚇଐᴾƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭǑƏƢǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ǈƞǜƔǜ ƼǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ   ‫܇‬ƲǋƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƷဃ෇Ʒಮ‫܇‬Ǜ̬ᜱᎍƴᙸƯǋǒƏƨǊƴŴӋᚇଐƕƋǓǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍ
Ɯ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ǑƏƢ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ƏƠ

ǈ

Ɯ

ơǎƗǐƏƪǎƏǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƜƸ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ੉ ಅ Ʒಮ‫܇‬Ǜ ૙ ܴ ƷࢸǖưᙸǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƸ ੉ ಅ ɶ ƳƷưŴ̬ᜱᎍƸ‫܇‬Ʋǋ
ƸƳ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ƏƠ

ǖƏƔ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ ƲƏƠƜƴᛅƠƔƚƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵǇƨŴ૙ ܴ ƷࢸǖǍࡔɦư̬ᜱᎍӷٟưƓƠǌǂǓǛƢǔƱ‫܇‬ơǎƗǐƏƠǎƏƪǎƏ

Ơƣ

ǈƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘƲǋƕ ੉ ಅ ƴ ᨼ ɶ ưƖƳƘƳǓǇƢŵ᩺ƔƴᙸǔǑƏƴƠǇƢŵઃ࠘ᩓᛅƸȞȊȸȢȸȉưǜƛǜƖƴƢǔƔŴᩓเǛЏǓǇƠǐƏŵ
ƔƳǒ

ơƥǜ

Ơ

ƴƪơ

ƳƍǑƏ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƍ ࣏ ƣŴʙЭƴƓჷǒƤƕƋǓǇƢŵଐ଺ƱϋܾǛᄩᛐƠƯŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƖǇƠǐƏŵ

Ắ ể ị

ếạ

ᾃώᚕᓶầᡫẳễẟểẨỊὉὉὉƔ Ư ƍ ǄƏǋǜƜ ǂ ƭ ƜǜƩǜƔƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ǘ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƸƳƠ

ǓƔƍ

   ܼࡊᚧբǍ̾Кটᛩ˟ƷƱƖŴ̬ᜱᎍƕଐஜᛖǛЎƔǒƳƍƱέဃƷ ᛅ ǛྸᚐƢǔƜƱ
ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

Ɩ

ơƔǜ

ƳƔ

ƭƨ

ƕưƖǇƤǜŵǇƨŴέဃƴႻᛩƠƨƍƜƱǋൿǊǒǕƨ଺᧓ƷɶưˡƑǔƜƱƕưƖǇƤ
ƕƬƜƏ

ƭƏǍƘ

Ɣƨ

ƲƏƤƖ

ƭƏǍƘ

Ɣƨ

ǜŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯƸᡫᚪƷ૾ƴӷࠗƠƯǋǒƏƜƱǋưƖǇƢŵᡫᚪƷ૾ƕƍǔƔƲƏƔŴ
ƲƏƤƖ

ƶƕ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƔƘƴǜӷࠗǛƓᫍƍưƖǔƔƲƏƔǛɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᄩᛐƠƯǈǇƠǐƏŵ
ơƿǜ

Ơ

Ƌ

ƭƏǍƘ

ƻƱ

ƹƋƍ

ƶƕ

   ᐯЎƷჷǓӳƍƴᡫᚪưƖǔʴƕƍǔ‫ئ‬ӳƴƸƓᫍƍƠƯǋƍƍƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵƨƩƠŴƜǄƏƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ǓƔƍ

Ɯ

ƭƏǍƘ

‫܇‬ƲǋƷ૾ƕଐஜᛖǛྸᚐưƖǔƔǒƱƍƬƯŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƴᡫᚪǛƞƤǔƷƸưƖǔƩƚǍǊ
Ɯ

ơƿǜ

ƭƝƏ

ǘǔ

ƭƏǍƘ

Ɯ

ǇƠǐƏŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƕᐯЎƴƱƬƯᣃӳƷफƍƜƱǛᡫᚪƠƳƔƬƨǓŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƴƸƋǇǓ
ǓƔƍ

ƜƱƹ

ư

ƤǜƤƍ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƨƕ

ƨƩ

ƭƏǍƘ

ྸᚐưƖƳƍᚕᓶƕЈƯƖƨǓƢǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵέဃƱ̬ᜱᎍƸƓʝƍƴദƠƘᡫᚪƞ
ƔƘƴǜ

ƭƏǍƘ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƜƱƹǍƘǕƯƍǔƔƲƏƔǛᄩᛐưƖƳƍƨǊŴᡫᚪƸέဃƱ̬ᜱᎍƷᚕᓶǛƦƷǇǇᚪƢƜƱƷư
Ơǜǒƍ

ƻƱ

ƶƕ

ƖǔŴ̮᫂ưƖǔʴƴƓᫍƍƠǇƠǐƏŵ

79έဃƱƷƓᛅ%NCUUOGGVKPIUCTGYJGPVJGRCTGPVUQHVJGUVWFGPVUKPVJGUCOGENCUUICVJGTVQIGVJGTVQVCNMVQVJGVGCEJGTU6JGTGYKNNDGQRRQTVWPKVKGUHQTVJGRCTGPVUVQVCNMVQ
GCEJQVJGTCUYGNNUQFQLQKPKPYKVJGPVJWUKCUO ᾂώᵡᶊᵿᶑᶑᴾᶍᶀᶑᶃᶐᶔᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾᶂᵿᶗᴾᵆᵱᵿᶌᶉᵿᶌᶀᶇᵇᴾ
6JGTGCTGENCUUQDUGTXCVKQPFC[UYJGPVJGRCTGPVUECPXKGYVJGEJKNFTGPKPVJGKTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN6JGRCTGPVUYKNNQDUGTXGVJGENCUUCVVJGDCEMQHVJGENCUUTQQO#UVJGENCUUKUIQKPIQPFQPQVVCNMVQ[QWTEJKNFFWTKPIVJGENCUU+H[QWEJCVYKVJQVJGTRCTGPVUCVVJGDCEMQHVJGENCUUTQQOQTCNQPIVJGEQTTKFQT[QWYKNNCHHGEVVJG
EJKNFTGP UEQPEGPVTCVKQPFWTKPIVJGENCUU1DUGTXGVJGENCUUSWKGVN[CPFRWV[QWTOQDKNGRJQPGQPUKNGPVOQFGQTVWTPKVQHHVQVCNN[   6JGUEJQQNYKNNKPHQTO[QWQHUWEJFC[U%JGEMVJGFCVGUCPFVKOGUDGHQTG[QWUGV
QHHVQUEJQQNᾃώᵵᶆᶃᶌᴾᶗᶍᶓᴾᶁᵿᶌᶌᶍᶒᴾᶁᶍᶋᶋᶓᶌᶇᶁᵿᶒᶃᴾᶂᶓᶃᴾᶒᶍᴾᶊᵿᶌᶅᶓᵿᶅᶃᴾᶎᶐᶍᶀᶊᶃᶋä
2CTGPVUYJQFQPQVWPFGTUVCPF,CRCPGUGYKNNJCXGRTQDNGOUEQORTGJGPFKPIVJG
JQOGXKUKVUCPFKPFKXKFWCNOGGVKPIU/QTGQXGT[QWECPPQVEQOOWPKECVGYKVJVJG
VGCEJGT YJCV [QW YCPV VQ VGNN VJG VGCEJGT +P UQOG UEJQQNU [QW OC[ TGSWGUVKPVGTRTGVGT+HKPVGTRTGVGTUCTGCXCKNCDNGRNGCUGOCMGUWEJTGSWGUVVQVJGUEJQQN  
6JGTGOC[DGUQOGQPG[QWMPQYCVUWEJOGGVKPIUCPFYJQECPVTCPUNCVGHQT[QW *QYGXGTKHVJGEJKNFWPFGTUVCPFU,CRCPGUGRNGCUGCXQKFVQCUMVJGEJKNFVQFQVJG
KPVGTRTGVCVKQP%JKNFOC[PQVVTCPUNCVGVJGKUUWGKUPQVEQPXGPKGPVHQTJKOQTJGTQT
VJGEJKNFOC[PQVWPFGTUVCPFYQTFUCTGWUGFKPVJGOGGVKPIU6QGPUWTGVJCVVJG
EQPVGPVQHVJGVCNMDGVYGGPVJGVGCEJGTCPFRCTGPVUCTGCEEWTCVGCUMUQOGQPGYJQO[QWECPVTWUVCPFJCUCDKNKV[VQFQVJGKPVGTRTGVCVKQP  80ఄ‫ܖٳ‬፼ƜƏƕƍƕƘƠǎƏఄ‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ ᴾᴾЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵẮạầẟ ầẪẲỠạ

ᾀώఄ‫ܖٳ‬፼ẾềễỆᾎᴾƕƬƜƏ ƍ ƕ ƍ

ƹ Ơǐ



ƪƠƖ

ƚƍƚǜ

ƻǖ

ƖƔƍ

ƜƏơǐƏ

ƸƘƿƭƔǜ

ƍ

ƠƤƭ

ƚǜƕƘ

‫ܖ‬ఄˌ‫ٳ‬Ʒ‫ئ‬৑ưჷᜤǍኺ᬴Ǜ࠼ƛǔೞ˟ưƢŵ ߻ ‫ ئ‬ǍҦཋ᫾ƳƲƴᘍƖŴ଀ᚨǛᙸ‫ܖ‬Ơ
Ƹǜ

ǂƭǂƭ

ƠƤƭ

ƍ

Ơǒ

ƨƍƚǜ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǇƢŵྰƝƱƴКŷƷ଀ᚨƴᘍƖŴƍǖƍǖƳƜƱǛᛦǂƨǓŴ˳᬴ƠƨǓƢǔ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƶǜƤƍƍƠǎƏƕƘǓǐƜƏ

ƠǎƏƕƘǓǐƜƏ

ǈ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

ơǎǜƼ

ƢŵᲭ࠰ဃưᘍƘ ̲ ‫ ܖ‬଄ᘍᲢRž ̲ ‫ ܖ‬଄ᘍſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣƷ ጀ ፼ ŴแͳƴƜƏƕƍƕƘƠǎƏ

ƋƦ

ƕƘƠǎƏ

ǂǜƱƏ

ǋ

ƍ

ǋƳǓǇƢŵఄ‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ ƸᢂƼưƸƳƘŴ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ưƢŵƓࡰ࢘ǛਤƬƯᘍƘƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵẟᾁώỄẮỆᘍẪỉᾎᴾ
ƍ

ƞƖ

Ǖƍ

᳕ᘍƖέƷ᳗̊
ƜƏƖǐƏ Ơ Ƥ ƭƼơǎƭƔǜ

ƸƘƿƭƔǜ

ƔƕƘƔǜ

ƜƏơǐƏ

ƍ

 π σ ଀ᚨŴ፦ᘐ᫾ŴҦཋ᫾Ŵᅹ‫ܖ‬᫾Ŵ ߻ ‫ ئ‬ƳƲƴᘍƖǇƢŵ

Ẩ

ẟ

ờ

ẟ

ᾂώễỆửბềᘍẪỉᾎᴾ ễỆửਤẾềᘍẪỉᾎᴾ
ƾƘƦƏ

 ஌ᘺ
ƤƍƾƘ

ĬС஌
ƏǜƲƏƙƭ

ƋƨǒƏǜƲƏƙƭƘƭ ĭᢃѣ᪇Ტ ૼ Ơƍᢃѣ᪇ưƸƳƘŴƍƭǋƸƍƯƍǔ᪇ᲣǋǋƷ ਤƪཋ
ǂǜƱƏ

ǂǜƱƏ

ƢƍƱƏ

ǈ

ĬƓࡰ࢘ᲢᳪžƓࡰ࢘ȷ൦ለſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣ
ǂǜƱƏ

ƢƍƱƏ

ƢƍƱƏ

ǈ

ĭ൦ለ ᲢᳪžƓࡰ࢘ȷ൦ለſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣ ƾưƹƜƚ  ĮᇿረᲢƑǜƽƭȷෞƠǴȠᲣƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƘƹ  įɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưᣐǒǕƨƠƓǓƜƏƕƍƕƘƠǎƏ

ǑƯƍ

ǋ

ǋƷ

Ɣ

Ტఄ‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ Ʒʖ‫ܭ‬ǍਤƪཋƳƲƕ୿ƔǕƨǋƷǛžƠƓǓſƱƍƍǇƢᲣ
ǋ

ǋƷ

Ɣ

ƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘ

Ɩ

ǋ

ƍ

 èਤƪཋƴ୿ƔǕƯƍƳƍǋƷᲢઃ࠘ᩓᛅŴǲȸȠೞƳƲᲣƸŴਤƬƯᘍƬƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵᴾ
ƜƜƏƕƍƕƘƠǎƏ

ƨƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƸǈǜƳఄ‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ ǛƱƯǋಏƠǈƴƠƯƍǇƢŵ
ƱƏơƭ

ƼǐƏ Ɩ

ǍƢ

ƨƍƪǐƏ

ƱƱƷ

ǍƢ

࢘ଐŴ ၏ ൢư˞ǉƜƱƕƳƍǑƏƴ˳ ᛦ Ǜ ૢ ƑǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ˞ǉƱƖƴƸ
ƔƳǒƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǕǜǒƘƪǎƏƕƬƜƏǕǜǒƘǈ࣏ ƣɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᡲዂƠǇƢŵᲢRžɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁƷᡲዂſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣ81ఄ‫ܖٳ‬፼'ZVTCEWTTKEWNCT.GCTPKPI -QWICKICMWUJWW 
ᴾ If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᴾᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᶃᶖᶒᶐᵿᶁᶓᶐᶐᶇᶁᶓᶊᵿᶐᴾᶊᶃᵿᶐᶌᶇᶌᶅᴾᵆᵩᶍᶓᶅᵿᶇᵋᶅᵿᶉᶓᶑᶆᶓᶓᵇᾎᴾ
6JKU KU C EJCPEG VQ DTQCFGP [QWT MPQYNGFIG CPF GZRGTKGPEG QWVUKFG UEJQQN
5VWFGPVU IGV VQ XKUKV RNCEGU NKMG HCEVQTKGU CPF OWUGWOU 5QOG UEJQQNU RWV VJGUVWFGPVU KP VGCOU CPF GCEJ VGCO IQGU VQ FKHHGTGPV HCEKNKVKGU VQ TGUGCTEJ CPFGZRGTKGPEGFKHHGTGPVVJKPIU  5QOGCTGVQRTGRCTGVJGUVWFGPVUHQTVJGKT5EJQQN6TKR  
ᲢUJWWICMWT[QMQWᲣYJKEJ KU ECTTKGF KP ITCFG Ტ2NGCUG TGHGT VQ VJG RCIG  QP
ß5EJQQN6TKRàᲣ5WEJNGCTPKPIVTKRUCTGPQVHQTHWPCPFRNC[DWVTCVJGTHQTNGCTPKPI   
5QOGVTKRUTGSWKTGVJGUVWFGPVUVQDTKPICNQPIVJGKTQYPNWPEJDQZGU ᾁώᵵᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶂᶍᴾᶕᶃᴾᶅᶍᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᶑᶓᶁᶆᴾᶒᶐᶇᶎᶑᾎᴾ
᳕'ZCORNGUQHRNCEGUXKUKVGF᳗   2WDNKEHCEKNKVKGUCTVOWUGWOUOWUGWOUUEKGPEGOWUGWOUHCEVQTKGUGVECTGUQOGRNCEGUXKUKVGFXKCVJGGZVTCEWTTKEWNCTNGCTPKPIVTKRU ᾂώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶂᶍᴾᶕᶃᴾᶕᶃᵿᶐᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶀᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᶑᶓᶁᶆᴾᶒᶐᶇᶎᶑᾎᴾ
 %NQVJKPIĬ 5EJQQNWPKHQTO 5GKHWMW  ĭ 5RQTVUUJQGU 0QVPGYURQTVUUJQGUDWVYJCV[QWJCXGCNYC[UDGGPYGCTKPI  6JKPIUVQDTKPICNQPIĬ .WPEJDQZᲢ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQPß.WPEJDQZ
CPFYCVGTDQVVNGUàᲣĭ 9CVGT DQVVNG Ტ 2NGCUG TGHGT VQ VJG RCIG  QP
ß.WPEJDQZCPFYCVGTDQVVNGUàᲣ 
Į 2GPEKNECUGᲢRGPEKNUCPFGTCUGTᲣį 5JKQTKFKUVTKDWVGFD[VJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNᲢ9QTMUJGGVUQPYJKEJ[QWCTGVQYTKVGQPCPFVJKPIU[QWCTGVQDTKPICNQPIHQTGZVTCEWTTKEWNCTVTKRUCTGCNNECNNGFUJKQTKᲣè&QPQVDTKPICNQPIKVGOUPQVQPVJGNKUV OQDKNGRJQPGUICOGEQPUQNGUGVE  ᴾ'XGT[EJKNFYKNNGPLQ[UWEJGZVTCEWTTKEWNCTNGCTPKPI 
2NGCUGVT[VQMGGRIQQFRJ[UKECNEQPFKVKQPUVQCXQKFDGKPIUKEMCPFOKUUVJG
VTKR+H[QWECPPQVCVVGPF[QWOWUVKPHQTOVJGUEJQQNᲢ 2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJG
RCIGQPß%QPVCEVKPIVJGUEJQQNàᲣ

82Ꮀ‫˳ئ‬᬴‫ܖ‬፼ƠǐƘƹƨƍƚǜƕƘƠǎƏ

Ꮀ‫˳ئ‬᬴ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ᴾᴾЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵᴾẲ Ợ Ẫ ị ẺẟẬỮ ầẪẲỠạᵏώᎰ‫˳ئ‬᬴‫ܖ‬፼ẾềễỆᵝᴾ
Ƣ

ƪƍƖ

ǈƤ

ƠƤƭ

ƍ

ƠƝƱ

ǈ

ƨƍƚǜ

˰ǜưƍǔ‫؏ע‬ƷƓࡃǍ଀ᚨƴᘍƬƯŴƦƜưƷˁʙǛᙸƯŴ˳᬴ƢǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵ
ƠǌƔƍ

ƠƝƱ

Ƹƨǒ

ƻƱ

ƠƝƱ

Ơ

ᅈ˟ƴƲǜƳˁʙƕƋƬƯŴ ΁ ƍƯƍǔʴƕƲǜƳˁʙǛƠƯƍǔƔჷǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵ
Ɯ

ƠǐƏǒƍ

ơƿǜ

ƠƝƱ

Ɣǜƕ

Ǒ

ƖƔƍ

‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ ‫ ݩ‬ஹ ƷᐯЎƷˁʙǛ ᎋ Ƒǔᑣƍೞ˟ưƢŵᾁώẟếẴỦỉᾎᴾ
ƪǎƏƕƘ

ƶǜƤƍ

ƠǐƘƹƨƍƚǜƕƘƠǎƏ

ƍƾƭ Ɣ Ɣ ǜǈƬ Ɣ Ɣ ǜ

ƓƜƳ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƓƓ

ɶ ‫࠰ ܖ‬ဃƕᎰ‫˳ئ‬᬴ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ƴᘍƖǇƢŵᲬଐ᧓ƔǒᲭଐ᧓Ŵ ᘍ Ə‫ܖ‬ఄƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵẟᾂώỄẮồᘍẪỉᾎᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ᴾ

ƪƔ

Ƹƨǒ

ƹƠǐ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƨƍƚǜƕƘƠǎƏ

Ə

ƍ

ƠǐƘƹ

ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷᡈƘƴƸŴ΁ Ƙ‫ئ‬৑ƕƍǖƍǖƋǓǇƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƕ˳᬴ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ǛӖƚλǕƯƘǕǔᎰ‫ئ‬
ǑƏƍ

ƳƔ

ơƿǜ

ƨƍƚǜ

ƠǐƘƹ

Ɩ

Ʊǋ

ƓƳ

ǛဇॖƠƯƘǕǇƢŵƦƷɶƔǒŴᐯЎƕ˳᬴ƠƨƍᎰ‫ئ‬ǛൿǊǇƢŵžӐƩƪƱӷơƱƜǖſ
ǓǏƏ

ơƿǜ

ƖǐƏǈ

ƠǐƘƹ

Ƒǒ

ƱƍƏྸဌưƸƳƘŴᐯЎƷᐻԛƷƋǔᎰ‫ئ‬ǛᢠƼǇƠǐƏŵƨƍƚǜƕƘƠǎƏ

ƹƠǐ

Ǖƍ

Ƃ˳
˳᬴ ‫ ܖ‬፼ Ʒ‫ئ‬৑Ʒ̊ƃƨǋƷƔǜƚƍ

Ǎ

ƖƬƞƯǜ

Ưǜ

Ტ᫢ǂཋ᧙̞Უȑȳ‫ދ‬ŴտᒧࡃŴȬǹȈȩȳŴȕǡǹȈȕȸȉࡃŴǹȸȑȸŴǳȳȓȋƨǋƷ ƍ ƕ ƍ

ǓǑƏƍǜ

ƼǑƏƍǜ

ǏƏƼǜƖǐƘ

ƠǐƯǜ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

Ტ᫢ǂཋˌ‫ٳ‬ᲣྸܾᨈŴ፦ܾᨈŴǬǽȪȳǹǿȳȉŴᣁ ̝ ‫ ޅ‬Ŵ୿ࡃŴ ၏ ᨈ ŴțȆȫƠƪǐƏƦǜ

ƠƤƭƱƠǐƔǜƜƏǈǜƔǜ

ƸƘƿƭƔǜǄ ƍ Ƙ ƑǜᲢࠊထ஭Ʒ଀ᚨᲣ‫୿׋‬᫾Ŵπൟ᫾ŴҦཋ᫾Ŵ̬Ꮛ‫ט‬ŴȇǤǵȸȓǹǻȳǿȸ
 
ẳ Ầ Ữ

ᾃώ଺᧓Ịᾎ
ƨƍƚǜƞƖ

ƠƝƱơƔǜƪƕƓ˳᬴έƷˁʙ଺᧓ƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢƕŴ ƝǖƴƸኳǘǓǇƢŵẺẟẬỮ ị Ẳ ỢẟᾄώỄạởẾề˳᬴‫ئ‬৑ỆᘍẪỉᾎƠǐƘƹƨƍƚǜ

ƻƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍơƿǜƨƍƚǜ ƹ Ơ ǐᎰ‫˳ئ‬᬴ƷଐƸɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴƸᘍƔƳƍưŴᐯЎư˳᬴‫ئ‬৑ƴ
ƍ

ơƯǜƠǌ

Ʒ

ưǜƠǌ

ƭƔ

ƨƍƚǜ

ᘍƖǇƢŵᐯ᠃៻ƴʈƬƨǓŴᩓ៻ǍȐǹǛ̅ƬƨǓƠƯ˳᬴ƹ Ơǐƍ‫ئ‬৑ƴᘍƘƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵẲ Ợ Ẫ ị ẺẟẬỮ ầẪẲỠạ

ẦẺᾅώᎰ‫˳ئ‬᬴‫ܖ‬፼ỉẴẴỜ૾ᴾ
ơƥǜƨƍƚǜǇƑ

ƠǐƘƹ

ƍ

ƨƍƚǜ

ƻƭǑƏ

ơǎǜƼ

ƪǎƏƍ ơ Ɯ ƏƖᲫᲢʙЭƷƋƍƞƭᲣ˳᬴ЭƴᎰ‫ئ‬ǁᘍƖŴ˳᬴ƴ࣏ᙲƳแͳǍදॖʙ᪮ƳƲǛᎥƖǇƢŵƠǐƘƹƨƍƚǜƪǎƏ

ƠǐƘƹ

ǘ

ƠǐƘƹƨƍƚǜ

ᲬᲢᎰ‫˳ئ‬᬴ ɶ ᲣƦǕƧǕƷᎰ‫ئ‬ƴЎƔǕƯᎰ‫˳ئ‬᬴ǛƠǇƢŵƠǐƘƹƨƍƚǜ Ɲ

ƨƍƚǜ

ǇƳ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǄƏƜƘƔƍ

ƻǒᲭᲢᎰ‫˳ئ‬᬴ࢸᲣ˳᬴ƠƨƜƱŴ‫ܖ‬ǜƩƜƱǛǇƱǊƯŴ‫ܖ‬ఄư‫إ‬ԓ˟Ǜ᧏ƖǇƢŵ83Ꮀ‫˳ئ‬᬴‫ܖ‬፼

9QTMRNCEG'ZRGTKGPEG.GCTPKPI 
5JQMWDCVCKMGPICMWUJWW  If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᵏώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᵵᶍᶐᶉᶎᶊᵿᶁᶃᴾᵣᶖᶎᶃᶐᶇᶃᶌᶁᶃᴾᵪᶃᵿᶐᶌᶇᶌᶅᴾᵆᵱᶆᶍᶉᶓᶀᵿᵋᶒᵿᶇᶉᶃᶌᵋᶅᵿᶉᶓᶑᶆᶓᶓᵇᵝᴾ+VKUVQNGCTPHTQOQDUGTXKPICPFGZRGTKGPEKPIVJGYQTMCVUJQRUCPFHCEKNKVKGUKPVJG
CTGCVJCVVJGUVWFGPVUNKXGKP 
5WEJNGCTPKPIGZRGTKGPEGUCNNQYVJGUVWFGPVUVQMPQYCDQWVVJGV[RGUQHYQTMVJCVGZKUVKPUQEKGV[CPFYJCVYQTMKPIRGQRNGFQCVYQTMVJGTGD[KVKUCPQRRQTVWPKV[CNNQYKPIVJGOVQEQPUKFGTVJGV[RGQHYQTMVJG[YQWNFNKMGVQFQKPHWVWTG ᾁώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᶒᶆᶇᶑᴾᶁᵿᶐᶐᶇᶃᶂᴾᶍᶓᶒᾎᴾ
6JGUGEQPFITCFGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUYKNNIQHQTᴾ 9QTMRNCEG'ZRGTKGPEG
.GCTPKPI/QUVUEJQQNUYKNNFQVJKUHQTGKVJGTQTFC[U ᾂώᵵᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶂᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᶗᴾᶅᶍᴾᶒᶍᵝᴾ
6JGTGCTGOCP[YQTMRNCEGUPGCTVJGUEJQQN6JGTGCTGYQTMRNCEGUVJCVCITGGVQCEEGRVITQWRUQHUVWFGPVUHTQOVJGUEJQQNHQTUWEJYQTMRNCEGGZRGTKGPEGNGCTPKPI
5GNGEV CPF FGEKFG YJCV [QW YQWNF NKMG VQ NGCTP CPF FQ PQV OCMG [QWT EJQKEGDGECWUGßO[HTKGPFUCTGIQKPIVQVJGUCOGRNCEGà/CMGVJGFGEKUKQPDCUGFQP[QWTQYPKPVGTGUV 'ZCORNGUQHYQTMRNCEGUVJCVRCTVKEKRCVGKPVJG9QTMRNCEG'ZRGTKGPEG.GCTPKPIƃƂ'Ტ(QQFKPFWUVT[ᲣDCMGT[ECHGTGUVCWTCPVHCUVHQQFUJQRUWRGTOCTMGVEQPXGPKGPEG                  UVQTG
Ტ0QPHQQFKPFWUVTKGUᲣDCTDGTUJQRJCKTFTGUUKPIUCNQPICUQNKPGUVCPFRQUVQHHKEG                         DQQMUJQRJQURKVCNJQVGNᲢ/WPKEKRCNHCEKNKVKGUᲣNKDTCT[EQOOWPKV[EGPVGTOWUGWOEJKNFECTGEGPVGT JQKMWGP                            FC[UGTXKEGEGPVGTᾃώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶒᶇᶋᶇᶌᶅᾎᴾ
9JKNGFKHHGTGPVYQTMRNCEGUJCXGFKHHGTGPVVKOGUEJGFWNGOQUVYKNNGPFVJGFC[D[

ᾄώᵦᶍᶕᴾᶂᶍᴾᶕᶃᴾᶅᶃᶒᴾᶒᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶕᶍᶐᶉᶎᶊᵿᶁᶃᾎᴾ
1P VJG FC[U QH YQTMRNCEG GZRGTKGPEG NGCTPKPI FQ PQV
EQOGVQUEJQQN4CVJGTIQFKTGEVN[VQVJGYQTMRNCEGVJCV[QWCTG CUUKIPGF VQ ;QW ECP IQ VJGTG D[ DKE[ENG QT WUG RWDNKEDWUQTVTCKP ᾅώᵰᶃᶁᶍᶋᶋᶃᶌᶂᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᵵᶍᶐᶉᶎᶊᵿᶁᶃᴾᶃᶖᶎᶃᶐᶇᶃᶌᶁᶃᴾᶊᶃᵿᶐᶌᶇᶌᶅᴾᲫᲢ)TGGVKPICFXCPEGᲣ )QVQVJGYQTMRNCEGDGHQTGVJGCEVWCNFC[UCPFCUMCDQWV
YJCV[QWPGGFVQRTGRCTGCPFYJCVVQNQQMQWVHQT
ᲬᲢ&WTKPIVJGNGCTPKPIGZRGTKGPEGᲣ'ZRGTKGPEGFKHHGTGPVRCTVUQHVJGYQTMRNCEG 
ᲭᲢ#HVGT VJG NGCTPKPI GZRGTKGPEGᲣ6JGTG YKNN DG C DTKGHKPI UGUUKQP CV UEJQQN D[UWOOCTK\KPI YJCV YG JCXG GZRGTKGPEGF CPFNGCTPGFᴾ84Ꮀ‫˳ئ‬᬴‫ܖ‬፼ẼỠạẟᾆώදॖẴỦẮểᴾ
ƥƬƨƍ

ơƔǜ

ƓƘ

Ɩ

ơƔǜ

ǀǜǇƑ

ƠǐƘƹ

ƱƏƪǌƘ

 ዌ‫ݣ‬ƴ଺᧓ƴ᡿ǕƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵൿǊǒǕƨ଺᧓Ʒ ЎЭƴƸŴᎰ‫ئ‬ƴП ბ ƠǇ
ƠǐƏŵ
ǁǜơ

ƨƍƲ

ǘǔ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤƍƱ

ǒƍƶǜ

Ə

ƍ

 ƋƍƞƭŴᡉʙǛƠƬƔǓƠǇƠǐƏŵ७ࡇƕफƍƱŴƦƷ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷဃࢻƸஹ࠰ƔǒӖƚλǕƯǋǒƑƳƘƳǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ



ƤǜƤƍ

Ɯ

ƔƭƲƏ

ǑƏƢ

ǈ

Ƙ

ƜǇ

ƦƏ

ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷέဃƕŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ෇ѣƷಮ‫܇‬ǛᙸƴஹǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋǕƹŴႻƩǜᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵƨƍƚǜ ƹ Ơ ǐ

ơƿǜ

ƍ

ƹƋƍ

ƓƓ

ƜƏƭƏƋǜƥǜ

ơǎƏƿǜ

ƪǎƏƍ

 ˳᬴‫ئ‬৑ƴƸŴᐯЎƨƪƩƚưᘍƘ‫ئ‬ӳƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵʩᡫ‫ܤ‬μƴ җ Ў ŴදॖƠǇƠǐƏŵƠǐƘƹƍǜƠǐƘƯǜ

ƹƋƍ

ƻǔ

Ʃ

ƠǎƏƖǐƏ Ꮀ‫ئ‬ƕ᫩ ᫢ ࡃ Ʒ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴଷƝƸǜǛЈƠƯǋǒƑǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵǢȬȫǮȸǍ ‫ ܪ‬૙
ơǐƏ

ǓǏƏ

ƨ

ƠǐƘƹ

ƻƱ

ƍ

ɥ ƷྸဌưŴ᫢ǂǒǕƳƍǋƷƕƋǔƱƖƸŴᎰ‫ئ‬ƷʴƴᚕƍǇƠǐƏŵ





85

Ꮀ‫˳ئ‬᬴‫ܖ‬፼ᾆώᵲᶆᶇᶌᶅᶑᴾᶒᶍᴾᶒᵿᶉᶃᴾᶌᶍᶒᶃᴾᶍᶄᴾ
 ;QW OWUV PQV DG NCVG $G CV VJG YQTMRNCEG CUUKIPGF  OKPWVGU DGHQTG VJGFGEKFGFVKOG  )TGGVCPFTGRN[QVJGTUENGCTN[5VWFGPVUYKVJDCFYQTMCVVKVWFGOC[TGUWNVKPVJG
HQNNQYKPI[GCT’UUVWFGPVUPQVDGKPICEEGRVGF  
 6GCEJGTUHTQOVJGUEJQQNOC[XKUKVVJGYQTMRNCEGVQQDUGTXGJQYVJGEJKNFTGPHCTG6CNMVQVJGVGCEJGTUKH[QWJCXGCP[RTQDNGOU  /QUVNKMGN[[QWYKNNIQVQVJGYQTMRNCEGQP[QWTQYP6CMGURGEKCNECTGQPTQCF
UCHGV[  +H[QWTYQTMRNCEGKUCTGUVCWTCPVQTKVUGSWKXCNGPV[QWOC[IGVNWPEJRTQXKFGF+H
[QWJCXGCP[HQQFVJCV[QWECPPQVGCVFWGVQCNNGTI[QTTGNKIKQWUTGCUQPUNGVVJG
RGQRNGCVVJGYQTMRNCEGMPQY   86᣼‫ܖٳ‬፼Ǎ ƕ ƍ ƕƘƠǎƏ᣼‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ ЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵở ầ ẟ ầẪẲỠạ

ờẪềẨᾀώ᣼‫ܖٳ‬፼ỉႸႎᴾ
ƍƑƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƸƳ

Ơƥǜ

ƳƔ

ƺƘ ƾ ƭ ƔƸƘ ǈ Ƭ Ɣ   ܼǍɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǛᩉǕƯŴᐯ໱ƷɶưᲫජᲬଐǇƨƸᲬජᲭଐƷƠǎƏƩǜƤƍƔƭ

ƨƍƚǜ

ƶǜƤƍ

ƴǎƏƕƘ ơᨼ ‫ ׇ‬ဃ෇Ǜ˳᬴ƠǇƢŵ࠰ဃƸ λ ‫଺ ܖ‬ǪȪǨȳȆȸǷȧȳƱƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ơƔƘƨƔƩǜƚƭǓǐƘ

ǋƘƯƖƠƯŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƱƠƯƷᐯᙾǛ᭗ǊŴ‫ ׇ‬ኽ щ ǛƭƚǔႸႎưŴᲮ
ƕƭ

ƕƭ

ƍ

ƶǜƤƍ

Ơ ƥǜ

Ơƨ

உǍᲯஉƴᘍƘƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵᲬ࠰ဃƸᐯ໱ƴᚃƠǈŴǈǜƳƖǐƏǓǐƘ

ƨƍƤƭ

Ơ

Ʊǋ

ǓƔƍ

ǋƘƯƖ

ư ң щ ƢǔƜƱƷ‫ٻ‬ЏƞǛჷǓŴӐƩƪǛྸᚐƢǔƜƱƕႸႎ
Ƹǔ

ƋƖ

ƍ

ƓƓ

ưŴବƔǒᅸƴƔƚƯᘍƘƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ
ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƕƘƶǜ

ƪƕ

   ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯŴᘍƘ‫࠰ܖ‬ƕᢌƏƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵểᾁώỄẮỆජộỦỉᾎᴾ
ƛǜƟƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƠǐƏƶǜ Ơ ƥ ǜ

ƍƑ

ƜƏƯƖ

ƠǎƘƸƘ Ơ Ƥ ƭ

ǓǑƏ

ƠƤƭ

   ྵ‫נ‬ưƸŴǄƱǜƲƷ‫ܖ‬ఄƕž ‫ ࠰ ݲ‬ᐯ໱ƷܼſƷǑƏƳπႎƳ ܿ ජ ଀ᚨǛМဇƠǇƢŵ଀ᚨ
Ƴƍ

ƠƖƪ

ƺƘ

ƠǎƘƸƘ

ƨƍƚǜ

ƠǎƏƩǜ

ƠǐƘơ

ƴǎƏǑƘ

ϋƷ૤‫ע‬ưŴජƸȆȳȈ ܿ ජ Ǜ˳᬴ƢǔƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢŵᨼ ‫ ׇ‬ư᫢ʙǍ λ ෘ ǛƠǇƢƷ
ƠǎƏƖǐƏƯƖ

ǓǏƏ

ƨ

ƹƋƍ

ƴǎƏǑƘ

ƍƷ

ưŴ ‫ ܪ‬૙ ႎ Ƴྸဌ ǍǢȬȫǮȸưŴ᫢ ǂǒǕƳƍǋƷƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳ ǍŴ λ ෘ ǍƓᅌ ǓƳƲƠǎƏƖǐƏƯƖ

ƸƍǓǐ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƹƋƍ

Ơǜƺƍ

ƍ

ǇƑ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

‫ ܪ‬૙ ႎ Ƴᣐॾƕ࣏ᙲƳ‫ئ‬ӳƳƲŴ࣎ᣐƳƜƱƕƋǔƱƖƸŴᘍƘЭƴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵᾂώễỆửẴỦỉᾎᴾǍ ƕ ƍ ƕƘƠǎƏ

ƭƗ

ƔƭƲƏ

ƓƜƳ

   ᣼‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ ưƸŴഏƷǑƏƳ෇ѣǛ ᘍ ƍǇƢŵ
ƔƭƲƏ

Ǖƍ

  ᳕෇ѣƷ᳗̊
ƱƟǜ

ǍǇ

Ʒǅ

Ტႇ‫ޛ‬Უ     ‫ޛ‬ƴႇǓǇƢŵ


ǊơǔƠ

ǈ

Ƥƍƛǜ ơ ƔǜƳƍǊƟᲢǪȪǨȳȆȸȪȳǰᲣ ǰȫȸȗƝƱƴŴႸҮǛᙸƭƚƳƕǒСᨂ଺᧓ϋƴǴȸȫǛႸਦƠǇƢŵƸǜƝƏƢƍ

ơƿǜ

Ƹǜ

ƨ

ƠǐƘ ơ

ƭƘ

ƨ

Ტ᫨Ⴋ໑ƞǜᲣ  ᐯЎƨƪưƝ᫨Ǜ໑ƍƨǓŴ ᫢ ʙǛ˺ƬƯ᫢ǂǇƢŵ
ƨ

Ƽ

ƔƜ

Əƨ

Əƨ

ᲢǭȣȳȗȕǡǤȤȸᲣ ໭Ɩ້Ǜ‫׊‬ǜưŴǲȸȠǛƠƨǓജǛജƬƨǓƠǇƢŵ
Ẩ

ẟ

ờ

ẟ

ᾃώễỆửბềᘍẪỉᾎਤẾềᘍẪỉᾎᴾ
ƾƘƦƏ

 ஌ᘺ
ƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƕƬƜƏƖƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƾƘƦƏ

Ɩ

ǈ

ǈ

Ტᳪž஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯĬ˳દ஌Ტ‫ܖ‬ఄưൿǊǒǕƨ˳દ஌ǛბǇƢᲣƘƩƞƍᲣ
ƏǜƲƏƙƭ

ƋƨǒƏǜƲƏƙƭƸƘƭ ĭᢃѣ᪇Ტ ૼ Ơƍᢃѣ᪇ưƸƳƘŴ‫ޗ‬ƖƳǕƨƍƭǋƷ᪇ǛƸƖǇƠǐƏᲣǋǋƷ ਤƪཋ
ƕƬƜƏ

ơ ƥǜ

ǋ

ǋƷ

Ƹƍ ƾ

ƔƘƴǜ

ǘƢ

ǋƷ

ƸǍ

    ‫ܖ‬ఄƔǒʙЭƴžਤƪཋȪǹȈſƕᣐࠋƞǕǇƢŵǑƘᄩᛐƠƯŴࣔǕཋƷƳƍǑƏƴଔ
ơǎǜ Ƽ

ƠǎƘƸƘ

ƓƓ

ƻƭǑƏ



Ǌƴ แ ͳǛƠǇƠǐƏŵ ܿ ජƢǔƷưŴ‫ٻ‬ƖƍȐȃǰƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵǭȣǹǿȸƕƭƍƨƔ
ƱƘ

ǋ

ǋƷ

Ɣ

ƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘƖǋƹǜƸƍƚǇƤǜŵཎƴਤƪཋƴ୿ƔǕƯƍƳƍǋƷᲢઃ࠘ᩓᛅŴǲȸȠೞƳƲᲣƸŴਤƬƍƯᘍƬƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵ87᣼‫ܖٳ‬፼(KGNF.GCTPKPI

If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.

ᾀώᵭᶀᶈᶃᶁᶒᶇᶔᶃᴾᶍᶄᴾᵤᶇᶃᶊᶂᴾᵪᶃᵿᶐᶌᶇᶌᶅᴾᴾ    6JKUKUVQCNNQYVJGUVWFGPVUVQGZRGTKGPEGITQWRNKXKPIKPPCVWTGCPFCYC[HTQOJQOGCPFUEJQQNHQTPKIJVFC[U
QTPKIJVUFC[U6JG)TCFGUVWFGPVUIGVVQFQVJKUKP
GKVJGT #RTKN QT /C[ CU RCTV QH QTKGPVCVKQP YJGTG VJGQDLGEVKXG KU VQ TCKUG UGNHCYCTGPGUU QH DGEQOKPI C LWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVCPFVQGPHQTEGWPKV[QHUVWFGPVU6JG
)TCFG  UVWFGPVU OQUVN[ YKNN IQ HTQO URTKPI VQ CWVWOPYKVJVJGQDLGEVKXGUQHMPQYKPIPCVWTGVJGKORQTVCPEGQH
EQQRGTCVKQPCPFIGVVKPIVQMPQYVJGKTHTKGPFUDGVVGT 'CEJUEJQQNOC[FKHHGTKPVJGITCFGUHQTUWEJNGCTPKPI ᾁώᵵᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶂᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶑᶒᶓᶂᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾᶑᶒᵿᶗᾎᴾ   %WTTGPVN[CNOQUVCNNUEJQQNUWVKNK\GVJGRWDNKECEEQOOQFCVKQPHCEKNKVKGUUWEJCU
5JQWPGPUJK\GP PQ KG ;QWVJ 0CVWTG *QWUG  6JGTG CTG UQOG RNCEGU VQGZRGTKGPEGECORKPIKPVGPVUQXGTPKIJVQPVJGRTGOKUGUKPVJGHCEKNKV[6JGUVWFGPVUYKNN GCV CPF VCMG DCVJ KP ITQWRU +H [QW JCXG CP[ EQPEGTPU QP HQQF VJCV [QWECPPQVEQPUWOGDCUGFQPGKVJGTTGNKIKQPUQTCNNGTIKGUQTTGNKIKQWUEQPEGTPUCDQWVRWDNKEDCVJKPIQTRTC[KPIVCNMVQVJGVGCEJGTUDGHQTGUGVVKPIQHHHQTUWEJVTKRU  ᾂώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶂᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶑᶒᶓᶂᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾᶂᶍᴾᶍᶌᴾᶑᶓᶁᶆᴾᶒᶐᶇᶎᶑᾎᴾ   6JGHQNNQYKPICEVKXKVKGUCTGECTTKGFQWVFWTKPIHKGNFNGCTPKPIVTKRU  ᳕'ZCORNGQHCEVKXKVKGU᳗Ტ/QWPVCKPENKODKPIᲣ6JGUVWFGPVUIGVVQENKODCOQWPVCKPᲢ1TKGPVGGTKPIᲣ        5VWFGPVUCTGVQHKPFEGTVCKPIQCNUWUKPINCPFOCTMUKP 
ITQWRUYKVJKPCVKOGNKOKVᲢ*CPIQ5WKUCPᲢ%QQMKPITKEGKPCECORKPIRQVQXGTVJGHKTGᲣᲣ%QQMKPITKEGD[VJGOUGNXGU YKVJECORKPIRQV EQQMCPF
GCVVQIGVJGT 
Ტ%CORHKTGᲣ         2NC[ICOGUCPFUKPICTQWPFCECORHKTGᾃώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶂᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶑᶒᶓᶂᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾᶕᶃᵿᶐᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶀᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᵿᶊᶍᶌᶅᾎᴾ
 %NQVJKPIĬ'ZGTEKUG ENQVJGU YGCT VJG GZGTEKUG ENQVJGU VJCV VJG UEJQQN JCU FGEKFGFᲣ
Ტ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQP ß%NQVJKPICPFCRRGCTCPEGàᲣĭ5RQTVUUJQGUᲢ&QPQVYGCTDTCPFPGYURQTVUUJQGUDWVTCVJGTVJGRCKTVJCV 
JCUDGGPYQTPTGIWNCTN[Უ 9JCVVQDTKPICNQPI    6JG UEJQQN YKNN FKUVTKDWVG C NKUV QH ß6JKPIU VQ DTKPI CNQPIà DGHQTGJCPF
2TGRCTG VJG KVGOU QP VJG NKUV GCTN[ VQ CXQKF HQTIGVVKPI CP[ QH VJGO #U VJGUVWFGPVUCTGUVC[KPIQXGTPKIJVVJG[YKNNPGGFCDKIIGTDCI&QPQVDTKPIDCIUYKVJECUVGTU+VKUPQVCNNQYGFVQDTKPIKVGOUPQVNKUVGFQPVJGNKUV OQDKNGRJQPGICOGEQPUQNGGVE 
88᣼‫ܖٳ‬፼ẨᾄώൢửếẬỦẮểᴾơƥǜǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ ǉƤƭǊƍƔƍ

ƔƳǒ

ƠǎƬƤƖ

ƴǎƏǑƘ

ƠƔƨ

ǘ

ƤǜƤƍ

ȷ ʙЭƴ̬ᜱᎍӼƚƷᛟଢ˟ƕƋǔƷưŴ࣏ ƣ Ј ࠗ ƠƯŴЎƔǒƳƍƜƱƕƋǕƹέဃƴƔƘƴǜᄩᛐƠƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵƠǎƘƸƘ Ơ Ƥ ƭ

y

ƠǎƏƩǜ

ƴǎƏǑƘ

ǘ

ƹƋƍ

ƠǎƏƖǐƏƯƖǓ ǏƏܿ ජ ଀ᚨưƸ ᨼ ‫ ׇ‬ư λ ෘ ǛƠǇƢŵλ ෘ Ʒˁ૾ƕЎƔǒƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳǍŴ‫ ܪ‬૙ ႎ Ƴྸဌ
ƴǎƏǑƘ

ǂƭ

ơƔǜ

ƹƋƍ

ƍ

ǇƑ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ư λ ෘ ǛǈǜƳƱКƷ଺᧓ƴƠƯǄƠƍ‫ئ‬ӳƳƲƸŴᘍƘЭƴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ
Ʊ ƪǎƏ

y

ƨƍƪǐƏ

ǘǔ

ƹ Ƌƍ

Ǆ

Ɲ Ơǌ

ǉƔ

ƔƳǒ

ᡦ ɶ ư ˳ ᛦ ƕफƘƳƬƨ‫ئ‬ӳƴƸŴ̬ᜱᎍƴᡇƑƴƖƯǋǒƏƜƱƴƳǓǇƢŵ ࣏ ƣǕǜǒƘᡲዂƕƱǕǔǑƏƴƠƯƓƍƯƘƩƞƍŵ
ƘƢǓ

y

ǋ

ƹƋƍ

ơƥǜ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƱƲ

ư

ƻƭǑƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǕǜǒƘ

ǋ

ᕤ ǛਤƨƤǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸʙЭƴ‫ܖ‬ఄƴ‫ފ‬ƚЈƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᡲዂƤƣƴਤƨƤƯƸƍƚ


ǇƤǜŵ


Ɯ

Ǎ ƕ ƍ ƕƘƠǎƏ

ƨƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƸǈǜƳ᣼‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ ǛƱƯǋಏƠǈƴƠƯƍǇƢŵ
ƱƏơƭ

ƼǐƏ Ɩ

ǍƢ

ƨƍƪǐƏ

ƱƱƷ

ǍƢ

࢘ଐŴ ၏ ൢư˞ǉƜƱƕƳƍǑƏƴ˳ ᛦ Ǜ ૢ ƑǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ˞ǉƱƖƴƸ
ƔƳǒƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǕǜǒƘƪǎƏƕƬƜƏǕǜǒƘǈ࣏ ƣɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᡲዂƠǇƢŵᲢRžɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁƷᡲዂſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣ89᣼‫ܖٳ‬፼ᾄώᵲᶆᶇᶌᶅᶑᴾᶒᶍᴾᶀᶃᴾᶁᵿᶐᶃᶄᶓᶊᴾᶍᶄᴾ
ȷ #DTKGHKPIUGUUKQPHQTVJGRCTGPVUYKNNDGJGNFRTKQTVQVJGVTKR 2CTGPVU OWUVCVVGPFVJKUDTKGHKPICPFKHVJGTGKUCP[VJKPIVJCVVJG[FQPQVWPFGTUVCPFEJGEMYKVJVJGVGCEJGTU 
ȷ$CVJKPIKUFQPGKPCITQWRCVVJGCEEQOOQFCVKQPHCEKNKV[+HVJGUVWFGPVUFQPQV
MPQYJQYVQFQVJG,CRCPGUGDCVJQTRTGHGTCFKHHGTGPVVKOKPIHTQOQVJGTUFWGVQTGNKIKQWUTGCUQPVCNMVQVJGVGCEJGTDGHQTGUGVVKPIQHH 
ȷ9JGPVJGUVWFGPVHCNNUKNNJCNHYC[VJTQWIJVJGVTKRVJGRCTGPVUPGGFVQEQOGIGVVJGEJKNF2NGCUGOCMGUWTGVJCVVJGRCTGPVUTGOCKPEQPVCEVCDNG   
ȷ+V KU PGEGUUCT[ VQ PQVKH[ VJG UEJQQN KP CFXCPEG KH VJG EJKNF PGGFU VQ DTKPIOGFKECVKQPCNQPI+H[QWHCKNVQKPHQTOVJGUEJQQNJGQTUJGECPPQVDTKPIVJG
OGFKECVKQP 'XGT[EJKNFYKNNGPLQ[UWEJHKGNFNGCTPKPIVTKRU 
6CMGIQQFECTGQH[QWTUGNHUQ[QWYKNNPQVHCNNUKEMQPVJCVFC[+H[QWECPPQVIQHQTVJGVTKR[QWOWUVKPHQTOVJGUEJQQNᲢ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQP
ß%QPVCEVKPIVJGUEJQQNàᲣ90̲‫ܖ‬଄ᘍ

ƠǎƏƕƘǓǐƜƏ̲ ‫ ܖ‬଄ᘍЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵẲỠạầẪ ụ Ợ Ắ ạờẪềẨᾀώ̲‫ܖ‬଄ᘍỉႸႎƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ



ƶǜƤƍ

ƸƘ

Ɣ

ƠǎƏƕƘǓǐƜƏ

ƍƠǎƏƕƘǓǐƜƏƋƦƍ   ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷᲭ࠰ဃƸŴᲬජଐƷ ̲ ‫ ܖ‬଄ᘍƴᘍƖǇƢŵ̲ ‫ ܖ‬଄ᘍƸᢂƼƴᘍƘƷưƸƋǓǇ
ƠƤƭ

ƚǜƕƘ

ƴǄǜ

ǕƖƠ

ƿǜƔ

ƨƍ

ƔǜƠǜ

ƾƔ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ǇƳ

Ƥǜŵ଀ᚨǛᙸ‫ܖ‬ƠƨǓŴଐஜƷഭӪǍ૨҄ƴ‫ݣ‬Ƣǔ᧙࣎ǛขǊƨǓŴ ૙ ܴ ưƸ‫ܖ‬ǂƳƍƜƕƘƠǎƏƠǎƏƩǜƜƏƲƏ

ƱƓ

Ǉǋ

ƨƍƤƭ

ǇƳ

ƱǛ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ƠǇƢŵǇƨ ᨼ ‫ ׇ‬ᘍѣǛᡫƠƯŴȞȊȸǍƖǇǓǛ‫ܣ‬ǔƜƱƷ‫ٻ‬ЏƞǛ‫ܖ‬ǜƩǓŴ
ƱǋƩƪ

ƖƣƳ

ƾƔ

ǋƘƯƖ

ӐᢋƱƷ ኷ ǛขǊƨǓƢǔƜƱǋႸႎưƢŵểᾁώỄẮỆජộỦỉᾎᴾ
ǓǐƔǜ

ǈǜƠǎƘ

ƠǎƘƸƘ Ơ Ƥ ƭƱƠǎƘƸƘ Ơ Ƥ ƭ

ƠǎƏƩǜ

Ƌƞ

ƹǜ

ƠǐƘơ

   țȆȫǍ଄᫾Ŵൟ ܿ ƳƲƷ ܿ ජ ଀ᚨƴජǇǓǇƢŵܿ ජ ଀ᚨưƸ ᨼ ‫ ׇ‬ưஔȷୌƷ᫢ʙǍƴǎƏǑƘƠǎƏƖǐƏƯƖ

ǓǏƏ

ƨ

ƹƋƍ

ƴǎƏǑƘ

λ ෘ ǛƠǇƢŵ‫ ܪ‬૙ ႎ ƳྸဌǍǢȬȫǮȸưŴ᫢ǂǒǕƳƍǋƷƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳǍŴλ ෘ ǍƓƍƷƠǎƏƖǐƏƯƖ

ƸƍǓǐ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƹƋƍ

Ơǜƺƍ

ƍ

ǇƑ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ᅌǓƳƲ ‫ ܪ‬૙ ႎ Ƴᣐॾƕ࣏ᙲƳ‫ئ‬ӳƳƲŴ࣎ᣐƳƜƱƕƋǔƱƖƸᘍƘЭƴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇ
ƠǐƏŵ

ẟ

ᾂώỄẮỆᘍẪỉᾎᴾ
ƋƍƪƚǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƍƞƖǕƍ ᳕ग़ჷჄƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷᘍƖέƷ᳗̊
ƱƏƖǐƏ

ƪ

ƹ

Ɣ Ƴ ƕ ǘ

ƓƓƞƔ

ƍ

ƓƓ

ி ʮ ŴҘᓶŴᅕ‫߷ډ‬Ŵ‫᧵ٻ‬ƳƲƴᘍƘƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵƱƏƖǐƏȷ ி ʮ ȇǣǺȋȸȩȳȉŴȦȋȐȸǵȫǹǿǸǪǸȣȑȳ
ƗǐƦǜ

ƷƏƦǜ

ǈǜƠǎƘ

ƠǎƘƸƘ

ơƼƖƋǈ

ƷƏƗǐƏ

ƨƍƚǜƔƭƲƏ

ȷ๤஭ȷᠾ஭Ʒ ൟ ܿ ƴ ܿ ජ ƠŴ‫ࡽע‬ዡǍ ᠾ ಅ ƳƲƷ˳᬴෇ѣƸǜƜƏƲƏ

ƜƬƔƍ Ɨ ơ Ʋ Ə

ƱƏƖǐƏ

ƱƏƖǐƏ

ƍ

ƞƖ

Ɩ

ȷྰᘍѣưƸ‫˟׎‬ᜭʙ‫ؘ‬Ŵ ி ʮ ǿȯȸŴ ி ʮ ǹǫǤȄȪȸƳƲŴǰȫȸȗưᘍƖέǛൿǊ  
ƚƍƔƘ

ƨ

ƜƏƲƏ

ƯŴᚘဒǛᇌƯƯᘍѣƠǇƢŵ

Ẩ

ẟ

ờ

ẟ

ᾃώễỆửბềᘍẪỉᾎᴾ ਤẾềᘍẪỉᾎᴾ
ƾƘƦƏ

 ஌ᘺ
ƾƘƦƏ

ƤƍƾƘ

ǈ

ǈ

ĬС஌ᲢRž஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣƏǜƲƏƙƭ

ƋƨǒƏǜƲƏƙƭƘƭ ĭᢃѣ᪇Ტ ૼ Ơƍᢃѣ᪇ưƸƳƘŴƍƭǋƸƍƯƍǔ᪇ᲣǋǋƷ ਤƪཋ
ơƥǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ƹƍ ƾ

ǋ

ǋƷ

ƸǍ

ǋ

ǋƷ

ơǎǜƼ

ʙЭƴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưᣐࠋƞǕǔਤƪཋȪǹȈǛȁǧȃǯƠŴଔǊƴਤƪཋƷแͳǛƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƠǎƘƸƘ

ƓƓ

ƻƭǑƏ

ǋ

ǋƷ

Ɣ

ƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘܿ ජ ƢǔƷưŴ‫ٻ‬ƖƍȐȃǰƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵਤƪཋƴ୿ƔǕƯƍƳƍǋƷᲢઃ࠘ᩓᛅŴǲȸȠ
Ɩ



ǋ

ƍ

ೞƳƲᲣƸŴਤƬƯᘍƬƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵ

91̲‫ܖ‬଄ᘍ

5EJQQN6TKRU 5JWWICMWT[QMQW 

If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.







ᾀώᵭᶀᶈᶃᶁᶒᶇᶔᶃᴾᶍᶄᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᵲᶐᶇᶎᶑᴾᵆᵱᶆᶓᶓᶅᵿᶉᶓᶐᶗᶍᶉᶍᶓᵇ)TCFGUVWFGPVUKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUIQHQTCPKIJVUFC[UUEJQQNVTKR5WEJVTKRUCTGPQVHQTHWPCPFNGKUWTG6JG[IGVVQXKUKVHCEKNKVKGUIGVVQNGCTPKPFGRVJQHVJG
JKUVQT[CPFEWNVWTGQH,CRCPCPFNGCTPQVJGTMPQYNGFIGVJCVKUPQVVCWIJVKPVJG
ENCUUTQQO#UUWEJVTKRUCTGFQPGKPCITQWRVJG[CNUQIGVVQNGCTPCDQWVUQEKCNOCPPGTUCPFUVTGPIVJGPVJGKTHTKGPFUJKRYKVJVJGKTHTKGPFUᾁώᵵᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶂᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶑᶒᶓᶂᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾᶑᶒᵿᶗᾎᴾ
6JG CEEQOOQFCVKQP KPENWFGU JQVGNU T[QMCP KPP GVE #V VJG CEEQOOQFCVKQPUVWFGPVUJCXGVJGKTDTGCMHCUVFKPPGTCPFDCVJCUCITQWR+HVJGTGKUCP[HQQFVJCV[QWECPPQVEQPUWOGFWGVQTGNKIKQWUTGCUQPUQTCNNGTIKGUQTCP[TGUGTXCVKQPUYKVJTGICTFVQEQOOWPCNDCVJKPICPFRTC[GTRNGCUGVCNMVQVJGVGCEJGTUDGHQTGUGVVKPIQHHHQTVJGVTKR ᾂώᵵᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶂᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶑᶒᶓᶂᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾᶅᶍᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶒᶐᶇᶎᶑᾎᴾ
᳕'ZCORNGQHFGUVKPCVKQPUHQTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUKP#KEJK2TGHGEVWTG᳗/QUVUEJQQNUIQVQ6QM[Q%JKDC-CPCICYC1UCMCGVE
ȷ6QM[Q&KUPG[NCPF7PKXGTUCN5VWFKQU,CRCPȷ5VC[KPICV/KPUJWMW KPP KPHKUJKPIXKNNCIGCPFTWTCNCTGCUVQGZRGTKGPEGECUVKPIUGKPGPGVCPFCITKEWNVWTCNCEVKXKVKGU ȷ )TQWRCEVKXKVKGUKPENWFGVTKRUVQ2CTNKCOGPV$WKNFKPIᲢMQMMCKIKLKFQWᲣ6QM[Q6QYGT6QM[Q5M[6TGGCPFUQQP5VWFGPVUCUCITQWROCMGVJGKTQYPRNCPUQPUWEJCEVKXKVKGUᾃώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶂᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶑᶒᶓᶂᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾᶕᶃᵿᶐᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶀᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᵿᶊᶍᶌᶅᾎᴾ
 %NQVJKPIĬ5EJQQNWPKHQTOᲢ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQPß%NQVJKPICPFCRRGCTCPEGàᲣĭ5RQTVUUJQGUᲢ&QPQVYGCTDTCPFPGYURQTVUUJQGUDWVTCVJGTVJGRCKTVJCVJCU 
DGGPYQTPTGIWNCTN[Უ 9JCVVQDTKPICNQPI 
6JG UEJQQN YKNN FKUVTKDWVG C NKUV QH ß6JKPIU VQ DTKPI CNQPIà DGHQTGJCPF
2TGRCTGVJGKVGOUQPVJGNKUVGCTN[#UVJGUVWFGPVUCTGUVC[KPIQXGTPKIJVVJG[YKNNPGGFCDKIIGTDCI&QPQVDTKPIKVGOUPQVNKUVGFQPVJGNKUV OQDKNGRJQPGICOG
EQPUQNGGVE 92̲‫ܖ‬଄ᘍ
ẨᾄώൢửếẬỦẮểᴾơƥǜǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ ǉƤƭǊƍƔƍ

ƔƳǒ

ƠǎƬƤƖ

ǘ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

ǘ

ƖǎƏ

ᴾ ᴾ ȷʙЭƴ̬ᜱᎍӼƚƷᛟଢ˟ƕƋǔƷưŴ࣏ ƣ Ј ࠗ ƠƯŴЎƔǒƳƍƜƱƕƋǕƹέဃƴᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƻǑƏ

ǇǜƑǜ

ƍƪƲ

ƥǜƿ

Ɣƶ

Ƌƭ

ƳǜƔƍ

ȷᝲဇƕᲯɢόƘǒƍƔƔǓǇƢŵɟࡇƴμᢿƷƓ᣿ǛᨼǊǔƷưƸƳƘŴ˴‫ׅ‬ƔƴЎƚƯ ዅ 
ƠǐƘƻ

ƍƬƠǐ

ƻ

Ɠ

ƻ

Ɠ

ǇƍƭƖ

ƻ

Ɠ

Ơ

᫢ᝲƳƲƱɟደƴࡽƖᓳƱƞǕǇƢŵƍƘǒࡽƖᓳƱƞǕǔƔƸŴ൑உƷࡽƖᓳƱƠƷƓჷǒƔƤƴ୿ƍƯƋǓǇƢŵ
ơǜơǌ

Ưǒ

ƚǜƕƘ

ƠǎƏƖǐƏƯƖ

Ǔ ǏƏ

ƚǜƕƘ

ƹƋƍ

ƍ

ǇƑ

ȷᅕᅈ ǍƓ‫ ݢ‬Ǜᙸ‫ ܖ‬ƢǔƜƱƕƋǔƷưŴ ‫ ܪ‬૙ ႎ Ƴྸဌ ưᙸ‫ ܖ‬ưƖƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳ ƴƸᘍ ƘЭ ƴ
ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

έဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵƠǎƘƸƘ Ơ Ƥ ƭ

ƠǎƏƩǜ

ƴǎƏǑƘ

ƴǎƏǑƘ

ƠƔƨ

ǘ

ƹƋƍ

ȷ ܿ ජ ଀ᚨ ưƸ ᨼ ‫ ׇ‬ư λ ෘ ǛƢǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ λ ෘ Ʒˁ૾ ƕЎ ƔǒƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳ ǍŴƠǎƏƖǐƏƯƖ

Ǔ ǏƏ

ƴǎƏǑƘ

ǂƭ

ơƔǜ

ƹƋƍ

ƍ

ǇƑ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

‫ ܪ‬૙ ႎ Ƴྸဌư λ ෘ ǛǈǜƳƱКƷ଺᧓ƴƠƯǄƠƍ‫ئ‬ӳƳƲƸŴᘍƘЭƴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƱƪǎƏ

ƨƍƪǐƏ

ǘǔ

ƖǜƖǎƏ ơǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ǕǜǒƘ

Ǆ

Ɲ Ơǌ

ǕǜǒƘ

Ʊ

ȷᡦɶư ˳ ᛦ ƕफƘƳƬƨƱƖǍ ዬ ࣯ ଺ƴƸ̬ᜱᎍƴᡲዂƕƋǓǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƸᡲዂƕӕǕǔǑƏƴƠƯƓƍƯƘƩƞƍŵ
ƘƢǓ

ǋ

ƹƋƍ

ơƥǜ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƱƲ

ư

ƻƭǑƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǕǜǒƘ

ǋ

ȷ ᕤ Ǜਤ ƨƤǔ‫ئ‬ӳ ƸʙЭ ƴ‫ܖ‬ఄ ƴ‫ ފ‬ƚЈ ƕ࣏ᙲ ưƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄ ƴᡲዂ Ƥƣƴਤ ƨƤƯƸƍƚ


ǇƤǜŵ
ǋ

ƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƓƓ

ƖǜƕƘ

Ɩ

Ɩ

ȷƓǍƭǍƓƜƮƔƍǛਤƬƯᘍƘƜƱƕưƖǔ‫ܖ‬ఄƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ᣿᫇ƕൿǇƬƯƍǔƷưŴൿ  ƕƘƍơǐƏ

ǋǊǒǕƨ᫇ˌɥƸਤƨƤƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵƜƠǎƏƕƘǓǐƜƏ
ƨƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƸǈǜƳ ̲ ‫ ܖ‬଄ᘍǛƱƯǋಏƠǈƴƠƯƍǇƢŵ
ƱƏơƭ

ƼǐƏ Ɩ

ǍƢ

ƨƍƪǐƏ

ƱƱƷ

ǍƢ

࢘ଐŴ ၏ ൢư˞ǉƜƱƕƳƍǑƏƴ˳ ᛦ Ǜ ૢ ƑǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ˞ǉƱƖƴƸ
ƔƳǒƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǕǜǒƘƪǎƏƕƬƜƏǕǜǒƘǈ࣏ ƣɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᡲዂƠǇƢŵᲢRžɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁƷᡲዂſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣ93̲‫ܖ‬଄ᘍ
ᴾ

ᾄώᵲᶆᶇᶌᶅᶑᴾᶒᶍᴾᶀᶃᴾᶁᵿᶐᶃᶄᶓᶊᴾᶍᶄᴾ
ȷ#DTKGHKPIUGUUKQPHQTVJGRCTGPVUYKNNDGJGNFRTKQTVQVJGVTKR2CTGPVUOWUVCVVGPFVJKUDTKGHKPICPFKHVJGTGKUCP[VJKPIVJCVVJG[FQPQVWPFGTUVCPFEJGEMYKVJVJG
VGCEJGTUȷ6JGEQUVQHVTKRKUCDQWV[GP6JGCOQWPVKUPQVEQNNGEVGFKPHWNNCVQPGIQ
DWV TCVJGT KP KPUVCNOGPVU CNQPIUKFG VJG UEJQQN NWPEJ HGG 6JG COQWPV VQ DG
YKVJFTCYPCPFVTCPUHGTTGFVQVJGUEJQQNYKNNDGOCFGMPQYPKPVJGPQVKEGUIKXGPD[VJGUEJQQN 
ȷ5VWFGPVUYKNNDGXKUKVKPIUJTKPGUCPFVGORNGU+HVJGTGKUCP[EQPEGTPCDQWVXKUKVKPIVJGUGRNCEGUFWGVQTGNKIKQWUTGCUQPUNGVVJGVGCEJGTUMPQYDGHQTGUGVVKPIQHH 
ȷ$CVJKPIKUFQPGKPCITQWRCVVJGCEEQOOQFCVKQPHCEKNKV[+HVJGUVWFGPVUFQPQV
MPQYJQYVCMGVJG,CRCPGUGDCVJQTRTGHGTCFKHHGTGPVVKOKPIHTQOQVJGTUFWGVQTGNKIKQWUTGCUQPVCNMVQVJGVGCEJGTDGHQTGUGVVKPIQHH 
ȷ9JGPVJGUVWFGPVHCNNUKNNJCNHYC[VJTQWIJVJGVTKRQTQPQEECUKQPUQHGOGTIGPE[UEJQQN YKNN EQPVCEV VJG RCTGPVU 2NGCUG OCMG UWTG VJCV VJG RCTGPVU TGOCKPEQPVCEVCDNG   
ȷ+VKUPGEGUUCT[VQPQVKH[VJGUEJQQNKPCFXCPEGKHVJGUVWFGPVPGGFUVQDTKPICNQPIOGFKECVKQP +H [QW HCKN VQ KPHQTO VJG UEJQQN VJG UVWFGPV ECPPQV DTKPI VJGOGFKECVKQPYKVJ[QW 
ȷ/CP[UEJQQNUCNNQYUPCEMUCPFRQEMGVOQPG[VQDGDTQWIJVCNQPIHQTVJGVTKR#U
VJG COQWPV QH RQEMGV OQPG[ CNNQYGF VQ DTKPI CNQPI KU HKZGF FQ PQV DTKPI CP
COQWPVOQTGVJCPVJGHKZGFCOQWPVCNNQYGF'XGT[EJKNFYKNNGPLQ[UWEJUEJQQNVTKRU 
6CMGIQQFECTGQH[QWTUGNHUQ[QWYKNNPQVHCNNUKEMQPVJCVFC[+H[QWECPPQVIQHQTVJGVTKR[QWOWUVKPHQTOVJGUEJQQNᲢ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQPß%QPVCEVKPIVJGUEJQQNàᲣ

94᧸໎᚞ጀȷᢤᩊ᚞ጀ

ǅƏƞƍƘǜǕǜƻ Ƴ ǜ ƘǜǕǜ᧸໎᚞ጀȷᢤᩊ᚞ጀ
ᴾ

ЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵᴾỗạẰẟ Ẫ Ữ ủ Ữọ ễ Ữ ẪỮủỮᾀώ᧸໎᚞ጀὉᢤᩊ᚞ጀᴾ
ƴǄǜ

ơƠǜ

ƓƓ

Ƙƴ

ƞƍƕƍ

Ɠ

ǘ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƾƩǜǅƏƞƍ  ଐஜƸ‫ע‬ᩗƕ‫ٶ‬ƍ‫׎‬ưƢŵ໎ܹƕƍƭឪƖǔƔЎƔǒƳƍƷưŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸ୍െƔǒ᧸໎
ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƓƜƳ

ƪƔ

Ɠ

ƍ

ƓƓ

ơƠǜ

ƱƏƔƍ ơ Ơ ǜ

ƨƍ

ƘǜǕǜ

૙ Ꮛ Ǜ ᘍ ƬƯƍǇƢŵᡈƍƏƪƴឪƖǔƱᚕǘǕƯƍǔ‫ٻ‬ƖƳ‫ע‬ᩗᲢிෙ‫ע‬ᩗᲣƴ‫ݣ‬Ƣǔ᚞ጀ
Ɣƞƍ

ƭƳǈ

ƾƠǜƠǌ

ƨƍ

ƘǜǕǜ

ƞƍƕƍ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƩƚưƸƳƘŴ້໎Ǎ඾ඬŴɧ‫ݙ‬ᎍƴ‫ݣ‬Ƣǔ᚞ጀǋƋǓǇƢŵƠƔƠŴ໎ܹƸɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴƍǔƱ
Ɠ

ƔƗ

ƔƯƍ

ƞƍƕƍ ơ

ƜƏƲƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƠǐƘƹ

ƍƑ

ƖƴឪƖǔƱƸᨂǓǇƤǜŵܼࡊưǋ໎ܹ଺ƴƲƷǑƏƴᘍѣƢǔƷƔŴ‫ܖ‬ఄǍᎰ‫ئ‬ǍܼŴƦƪƔƻƳǜƹƠǐ

ƔƧƘ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƞƍƕƍ

Ɠ

ǕƧǕƴᡈƍᢤᩊ‫ئ‬৑ƳƲǛܼଈǈǜƳưᄩᛐƠƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵǇƨŴ໎ܹƕឪƖƨƱƖƷ
ƠǐƘǓǐƏ

ƤƍƔƭǑƏƻǜ

ƦƳƨǊƴ ᫢ ኋ Ǎဃ෇ဇԼǛͳƑƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵẰẟầẟ ẳ Ẻẟấạẳ Ẳ Ữᾁώ໎ܹ଺‫ࣖݣ‬Ệếẟềᴾ ᴾ ‫ע‬ᩗᴾƱƏƔƍ ơ Ơ ǜ

 

ƔǜǕǜ

ơǐƏǄƏ

Ơǎǔƍ

 ிෙ‫ע‬ᩗƴ᧙ᡲƢǔ ऴ ‫ إ‬Ʒᆔ᫏ƱƏƔƍ ơ Ơ ǜ

ƔǜǕǜ

ơǐƏǄƏ

ƖƠǐƏƪǐƏ

ƜƏƻǐƏ

Ǒ

ƪ

  žிෙ‫ע‬ᩗƴ᧙ᡲƢǔ ऴ ‫ إ‬ſƴƭƍƯƸŴൢ ᝋ ࠻ ƷțȸȠȚȸǸư π ᘙ ƞǕƯƍǇƢŵʖჷơǐƏǄƏƪǎƏƍơǐƏǄƏƩơ ƪ ƨ ƍǅƏƞƍ ǉ Ƥ ǜƱƓऴ ‫ إ‬Ǎදॖ ऴ ‫ إ‬ƕЈƞǕƨƱƖƸŴȆȬȓǍȩǸǪŴƋǔƍƸŴᐯ඙˳Ʒ᧸໎໯ዴƳƲǛᡫ
ơǎƏǈǜ

Ơ

ơƠǜ

Ǒ

ƪ

ǉƣƔ

Ǒ

ƪ ơǐƏǄƏ

ƪǎƏƍơǐƏǄƏ

ƠƯŴ˰ ൟ ƴჷǒƞǕǇƢŵ‫ע‬ᩗƷʖჷƸƱƯǋ ᩊ ƠƍưƢŵʖჷ ऴ ‫ إ‬Ǎදॖ ऴ ‫ إ‬ƕƳƘƱƭƥǜ ơ Ơ ǜ

Ɠ

ƔƷƏƤƍ

Ưǋᆳ໱‫ע‬ᩗƕឪƖǔӧᏡࣱǋƋǓǇƢŵƱƏƔƍ ơ Ơ ǜ Ǒƪ ơǐƏǄƏ

Ĭிෙ‫ע‬ᩗʖჷ ऴ ‫ إ‬ƱƏƔƍ ơ Ơ ǜ

ƸƬƤƍ

Ʃ

    ிෙ‫ע‬ᩗƕႆဃƢǔƓƦǕƕƋǔƱƖƴЈƞǕǇƢŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƱƏƔƍ ơ Ơ ǜ Ǒƪ ơǐƏǄƏƸƬƽǐƏǍƢ    ƢǂƯƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸŴிෙ‫ע‬ᩗʖჷ ऴ ‫ إ‬ƕ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕƨƱƖƸŴ˞ǈƱƳǓǇƢŵƢƙ
ƓƓ

ơƠǜ

Ƙ

ơƿǜ

ƔǒƩ

Ǉǋ

Ɯ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƴ‫ٻ‬ƖƳ‫ע‬ᩗƕஹǔƔǋƠǕƳƍƷưŴᐯЎƷ ˳ Ǜ‫ܣ‬ƬƯƘƩƞƍŵ‫܇‬Ʋǋƨƪƕɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄƋƍƩƱƏƔƍ ơ Ơ ǜ Ǒƪ ơǐƏǄƏ

ƩƹƋƍƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƻƳǜƴƍǔ ᧓ ƴிෙ‫ע‬ᩗʖჷ ऴ ‫ إ‬ƕЈƞǕƨ‫ئ‬ӳƴƸŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƸɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưᢤᩊƠǇƢŵ
ǄƔ

Ƌǜƥǜ

ƹƠǐ

ƻƳǜ

ƜƏƭƏ Ɩ Ƥ ƍ

ƓƜƳ

ǈƤ

ƑƍƗǐƏƪǎƏƠ    ƦƷ˂Ŵ‫ܤ‬μƳ‫ئ‬৑ǁƷᢤᩊǍʩᡫᙹСƕ ᘍ ǘǕƨǓŴࡃƕ փ ಅ ɶഥƴƳƬƨǓƠǇƢŵƱƏƔƍ ơ Ơ ǜ ƪǎƏƍơǐƏǄƏ

ĭிෙ‫ע‬ᩗදॖ ऴ ‫ إ‬ƱƏƔƍ ơ Ơ ǜ

ƸƬƤƍ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

    ிෙ‫ע‬ᩗƕႆဃƢǔƔǋƠǕƳƍƱƖƴ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕǇƢŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƱƏƔƍ ơ Ơ ǜ ƪǎƏƍơǐƏǄƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ǍƢ

Ɯ

    ƢǂƯƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸŴிෙ‫ע‬ᩗදॖ ऴ ‫ إ‬ƕ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕƨƱƖƸŴ˞ǈƱƳǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƹƋƍ

ƍƬƤƍ ƛ Ɯ ƏǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƕƬƜƏǉƔǋƕ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄƴƍǔƱƖƴ ႆ ᘙ ƞǕƨ‫ئ‬ӳƴŴɟ૪ɦఄƴƳǔƷƔŴ̬ᜱᎍƕ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᡇƑƴ
ƍ


ƔƘƴǜ

ᘍƘƷƔǛᄩᛐƠƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵƻǘƨ ࡽƖบƠ
ơƠǜ

ƸƬƤƍ

ƔƳǒ

ƩǕ

Ɯ

ǉƔ

ƍ

  ȷ‫ע‬ᩗƕႆဃƠƨƱƖŴ࣏ƣᛡƔƕ‫܇‬ƲǋǛᡇƑƴᘍƘƜƱƕưƖǔǑƏƴƠƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵ
ơƬƞƍ

Ɯ

ǉƔ

ƍ

ƔƬƯ

ƭ

ƔƑ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƭ

ƔƑ

 ȷܱᨥƴŴ‫܇‬ƲǋǛᡇƑƴᘍƬƨǒѨ৖ƴᡲǕƯ࠙ƬƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵέဃƴᡲǕƯ࠙ǔƜƱƭƨƔƑǛˡƑƯƔǒ࠙ǓǇƠǐƏŵ
ƻ

ǘƨ

ƘǜǕǜ

ƓƜƳ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌǅƏƞƍ ƍ Ơ Ɩ

ƨƔ

ǋƘƯƖ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ  ȷࡽƖบƠƷ᚞ጀǋ ᘍ ǘǕǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍǁƷ᧸໎ॖᜤǛ᭗ǊƯǋǒƏႸႎǋƋǓǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍ
ƞǜƔ

Ƴƕ

ǉƔ

ƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƘǜǕǜ

ƞǜƔ

ǋӋьƠƯŴƲƷǑƏƳ්ǕưᡇƑƴᘍƘƷƔǛᄩᛐƠƯƓƖǇƢŵƥƻ᚞ጀƴӋьƠǇƠǐƏŵ
95᧸໎᚞ጀȷᢤᩊ᚞ጀ

&KUCUVGTRTGXGPVKQPCPFGXCEWCVKQPFTKNNU $QWUCKMWPTGPȷ*KPCPMWPTGP  If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᾀώᵢᶇᶑᵿᶑᶒᶃᶐᴾᶎᶐᶃᶔᶃᶌᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾᶂᶐᶇᶊᶊᶑᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᵣᶔᵿᶁᶓᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾᵢᶐᶇᶊᶊᶑᴾ  ,CRCPKUCNCPFYKVJOCP[GCTVJSWCMGU#UYGFQPQVMPQYYJGPCFKUCUVGTYKNNUVTKMGFKUCUVGTRTGXGPVKQPGFWECVKQPKUECTTKGFKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU5VWFGPVUFQPQVNGCTPQPN[JQYVQFGCNYKVJVJGRQUUKDNGQEEWTTGPEGQHDKIGCTVJSWCMGUß6QMCK'CTVJSWCMGU 6QWMCK,KUJKP à VJG[CNUQNGCTPJQYVQJCPFNGHKTGUVUWPCOKUCPF
KPVTWFGTU &KUCUVGTU ECP UVTKMG CP[YJGTG PQV QPN[ KP UEJQQNU 9JGP C FKUCUVGT
UVTKMGUCNNOGODGTUQHVJGHCOKN[UJQWNFMPQYJQYVQTGCEVCPFCNUQUJQWNFMPQYVJGPGCTGUVGXCEWCVKQPEGPVGTPGCTVJGUEJQQNYQTMRNCEGQTJQOG1PVQRQHVJCVGXGT[JQWUGJQNFUJQWNFCNUQRTGRCTGGOGTIGPE[HQQFCPFFCKN[NKHGPGEGUUKVKGUKP
ECUGQHGOGTIGPE[ ᾁώᵭᶌᴾᶂᶇᶑᵿᶑᶒᶃᶐᴾᶐᶃᶑᶎᶍᶌᶑᶃᴾ ᴾ ᵣᵿᶐᶒᶆᶏᶓᵿᶉᶃᴾ   6[RGUQHKPHQTOCVKQPTGNCVGFVQ6QMCKGCTVJSWCMGU   ß+PHQTOCVKQPTGNCVGFVQ6QMCK'CTVJSWCMGUà YKNNDGRWDNKUJGFQPVJGJQOGRCIGQH VJG YGCVJGT DWTGCW 9JGP C HQTGECUV QT YCTPKPI KU KUUWGF TGUKFGPVU YKNN DG
KPHQTOGFXKCVGNGXKUKQPDTQCFECUVTCFKQCPF/WPKEKRCNFKUCUVGTRTGXGPVKQPTCFKQDTQCFECUV +V KU FKHHKEWNV VQ RTGFKEV CP GCTVJSWCMG 'CTVJSWCMGU ECP QEEWT GXGPYJGPVJGTGKUPQRTGFKEVKQPCPFYCTPKPI 
Ĭ6QMCK'CTVJSWCMG2TGFKEVKQP+PHQTOCVKQP 6QMCKLKUJKP[QEJKL[QWJQW 
6JKUKUKUUWGFYJGPC6QMCKGCTVJSWCMGRQUUKDN[YKNNQEEWT      #NNUEJQQNUEGCUGENCUUGUYJGPVJG6QMCK'CTVJSWCMG2TGFKEVKQP+PHQTOCVKQPKUKUUWGF#UCDKIGCTVJSWCMGOC[QEEWTUQQPVCMGUVGRUVQRTQVGEV[QWTUGNH
9JGP VJG EJKNFTGP CTG CV UEJQQN YJGP VJG 6QMCK 'CTVJSWCMG 2TGFKEVKQP+PHQTOCVKQPKUKUUWGFVJGEJKNFTGPYKNNVCMGUJGNVGTYKVJKPVJGUEJQQN     1PVQRQHVJCVGXCEWCVKQPVQCUCHGRNCEGURGEKHKEVTCHHKETWNGUYKNNDGKPRNCEG
5JQRUYKNNCNUQDGENQUGF 
ĭ6QMCK'CTVJSWCMG%CWVKQP+PHQTOCVKQP 6QMCKLKUJKPEJWWKL[QWJQW 
6JKUKUKUUWGFYJGPC6QMCKGCTVJSWCMGOC[QEEWT     #NNUEJQQNUEGCUGENCUUGUYJGPVJG6QMCK'CTVJSWCMG%CWVKQP+PHQTOCVKQPKU
KUUWGF9JGPVJGEJKNFTGPCTGCVUEJQQNYJGPVJG6QMCK'CTVJSWCMG%CWVKQP+PHQTOCVKQP KU KUUWGF CNN EJKNFTGP YKNN DG FKUOKUUGF HTQO ENCUUGU CPF RCTGPVU
JCXGVQEQPHKTOYJGVJGTVJG[CTGEQOKPIVQRKEMWRVJGKTEJKNF
 *CPFQXGT  ȷ &GEKFGDGHQTGJCPFYJQYKNNDGVJGQPGVQRKEMWRVJGEJKNFHTQOUEJQQNYJGPCPGCTVJSWCMGQEEWTU 
ȷ+PCEVWCNHCEVFQPQVVCMGVJGEJKNFJQOGYKVJQWVRGTOKUUKQPQTKPHQTOKPI.GV
VJGVGCEJGTMPQYDGHQTGVCMKPIVJGEJKNFJQOG   ȷ6JGTGCTGFTKNNUQPJCPFQXGT2WTRQUGQHVJKUKPENWFGUVQKPETGCUGVJGFKUCUVGTRTGXGPVKQPCYCTGPGUUQHRCTGPVU2CTGPVUUJQWNFVCMGRCTVVQGPUWTGCUOQQVJ
JCPFQXGTYJGPRKEMKPIVJGEJKNFWRKPECUGQHGOGTIGPEKGU5QFQVCMGRCTVKP
UWEJFTKNNU
96˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵẺ ẟ ẟ Ẫ ẺẟẦẟᾀώ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ẾềễỆᾎƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

ƏǜƲƏƖǐƏƗ

ƓƜƳƩǜƨƍƖǐƏƗƜ ơ ǜ ƖǐƏƗƏǜƲƏ   ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ưƸŴƍǖƍǖƳᢃѣᇤ২Ǜ ᘍ ƍǇƢŵ‫˳ׇ‬ᇤ২Ǎ̾ʴᇤ২ƕƋǓǇƢƕŴᢃѣ
ƷƏǓǐƘ

ƖƦ

Ƌ

ƖǐƏǓǐƘ

ǋƘƯƖ

ƖǐƏƗ

ƨƍƍƘ

Ꮱ щ ǛᇤƍӳƏƩƚưƸƳƘŴǈǜƳư ң щ ƢǔƜƱǛႸႎƱƠƨᇤ২ǋƋǓǇƢŵ˳Ꮛ
ƨƍƔƍ

ƻ

ƪƔ

Ɯ

ƖǐƏƗ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

‫˟ٻ‬ƷଐƕᡈƮƘƱŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƸᇤ২Ʒ ጀ ፼ ǛƠǇƢŵƕƬƜƏƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

ƓƜƳ

ơ

Ɩ

ƪƕ

Ƹǔ

ƋƖ

ƓƜƳ

   ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬Ǜ ᘍ Ə଺஖ƕᢌƍǇƢŵବƔᅸƴ ᘍ ƍǇƢŵƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍƲ Ǒ Ə Ƽ

ƓƜƳ

ǍƢ

ƍ

Ʋ Ǒ Ə ƼƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍƓƜƳ   ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬Ƹ‫୴ם‬ଐƴ ᘍ ƏƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ˞ǇƣƴᘍƖǇƠǐƏŵ‫୴ם‬ଐƴ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬Ǜ ᘍ
ƛƭǑƏƼ

ǁƍơƭ

Ɣ

ǍƢ

ƬƨƱƖƸŴஉ୴ଐƳƲ࠯ଐƕˊǘǓƴƓ˞ǈƴƳǓǇƢŵẰ Ữ ẦᾁώẻủầӋьẴỦỉᾎᴾ
ƤƍƱ

 

 ဃࢻ
ƤƍƱ

ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

ƞǜƔဃࢻƸŴǈǜƳ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ƴӋьƠǇƢŵ
ƔƧƘ

 

 ܼଈ
ƔƧƘ

ǈ

ƍ

ơƔǜ

ǈ

ƍ

    ܼଈǋᙸƴᘍƘƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵ଺᧓ƷƋǔƱƖƸŴƥƻᙸƴᘍƖǇƠǐƏŵᾂώỄẮỂẴỦỉᾎᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƏǜƲƏơǐƏ

ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒᢃ ѣ ‫ ئ‬ư˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ǛƠǇƢŵᴾᾃώễỆửẴỦỉᾎᴾƔƍƔƍƠƖ  ᧏˟ࡸ
ƔƍƔƍƠƖ

ƔƍƔƍƠƖ

ƜƏƪǐƏƤǜƤƍ

ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

ƸơǊƴࠊ᧏˟ࡸǛƠǇƢŵ᧏˟ࡸưƸŴఄ ᧈ έဃƕƋƍƞƭǛƠǇƢŵǇƨŴ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ƪǎƏƍƴƭƍƯƷදॖǋƋǓǇƢŵ
ƖǐƏƗ

 

 ᇤ২
ƭƗ

ƖǐƏƗ

Ɯ

Ɩ

ƖǐƏƗ

ƞǜƔ

ƨƍƜƏƤǜ

ഏƴŴᇤ২ǛƠǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƸŴൿǊǒǕƨᇤ২ƴӋьƠǇƢŵǯȩǹ‫ݣ‬৴৆ƳƲư
ƖǐƏƗ

ƓƜƳ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƓƓ

ᇤ২Ǜ ᘍ Ə‫ܖ‬ఄǋ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵǁƍƔƍƠƖ  ᧍˟ࡸ
ƞƍƝǁƍƔƍƠƖ

ǁƍƔƍƠƖ

ƜƏƪǐƏƤǜƤƍ

ƨƍƜƏƤǜ

இࢸƴŴ᧍˟ࡸǛƠǇƢŵ᧍˟ࡸưƸŴఄ ᧈ έဃƕƋƍƞƭǛƠǇƢŵǯȩǹ‫ݣ‬৴৆Ǜ
ƓƜƳ



ƹƋƍ

ƤƍƤƖƸƬƽǐƏ

ǏƏƠǐƏƠǐƏơǐƏᘍ ƬƯƍǔ‫ئ‬ӳƴƸŴ঺ጚ ႆ ᘙ ǋƋǓǇƢŵ Ο Ѩ ȁȸȠƸ ច ཞ ƕǋǒƑǇƢŵ

97˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬5RQTVU&C[ 6CKKMWVCKMCK  If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᵱᶎᶍᶐᶒᶑᴾᵢᵿᶗᾎ   8CTKQWUCVJNGVKEEQORGVKVKQPUCTGJGNFQP5RQTVU&C[6JGTGCTGDQVJKPFKXKFWCNCPFITQWREQORGVKVKQPUYJKEJCKOPQVQPN[VJGCVJNGVKECDKNKVKGUQHVJGEJKNFTGPDWV
CNUQVJGKTVGCOYQTMVQYCTFUCEQOOQPIQCN#UVJG5RQTVU&C[FTCYUPGCTGTVJG
EJKNFTGPYKNNRTCEVKEGHQTVJGKTURQTVUKVGOU   9JKNGUEJQQNUFKHHGTQPYJGPVQJQNFVJGURQTVUFC[OQUVYKNNJCXGKVDGVYGGPURTKPICPFCWVWOP    5QOGUEJQQNUJCXGVJGKTURQTVUFC[QPC5CVWTFC[  2NGCUGFQPQVVCMGCFC[QHHQPVJCVFC[DWVVQLQKPKP9JGPVJGURQTVUFC[KUJGNFQPC5CVWTFC[VJGTGYKNNDGQPGFC[QHHKPNKGWQPCYGGMFC[ ᾁώᵵᶆᶍᴾᶒᵿᶉᶃᴾᶎᵿᶐᶒᴾᶇᶌᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶑ
ᶑᶎᶍᶐᶒᶑᴾᶂᵿᶗᾎᴾ 

 5VWFGPVU
#NNUVWFGPVUVCMGRCTVKPVJGURQTVUFC[   (COKN[    (COKN[ OGODGTU ECP YCVEJ VJG URQTVU FC[ +H [QW JCXG VKOG FQ YCVEJ VJGGXGPVCV[QWTEJKNF UUEJQQNᾂώᵵᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶇᶑᴾᶇᶒᴾᶆᶃᶊᶂᵝᴾ+VKUJGNFKPVJGURQTVUHKGNFKPUEJQQNᴾ

ᾃώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᶂᶍᶌᶃᴾᶇᶌᴾᵿᴾᶑ
ᶑᶎᶍᶐᶒᶑᴾᶂᵿᶗᾎᴾ 

 1RGPKPI%GTGOQP[ -CKMCKUJKMK (KTUV VJGTG YKNN DG CP QRGPKPI EGTGOQP[ 6JG RTKPEKRCN YKNN IKXG C YGNEQOG
URGGEJCPFIKXGUQOGRTGECWVKQPPQVGU   %QORGVKVKQPU
0GZVYKNNDGVJGEQORGVKVKQPU6JGEJKNFTGPVCMGRCTVKPEQORGVKVKQPUVJCVCTG
FGEKFGFKPVJGRTQITCO/CP[UEJQQNUJCXGKPVGTENCUUEQORGVKVKQPU   %NQUKPI%GTGOQP[ *GKMCKUJKMK 
6JGNCUVRCTVYKNNDGVJGENQUKPIEGTGOQP[6JGRTKPEKRCNYKNNIKXGCENQUKPIURGGEJCPFUQOGUEJQQNUYKNNCPPQWPEGVJGTGUWNVUQHKPVGTENCUUEQORGVKVKQPU
6JGYKPPKPIVGCOUYKNNTGEGKXGEGTVKHKECVGU 

98˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬




Ɯ 

ƖǐƏƗ
Ǖƍ

‫܇‬Ʋǋ
ƨƪƸƜǜƳᇤ২ǛƠǇƢᲢ̊Უƨ ǜ Ɩǐ Ǔ Ʀ Ə
ƦƏ
ƦƏ
ƸǍ
ƖƦ
ჺុᩉឥ
ȷȷȷOឥŴOឥ
ƳƲƕƋǓǇƢŵǴȸȫǇưƷᡮ
ƞǛᇤ
ƍǇƢŵ

Ƴǜƴǜ
ǘƨ
ƸƠ
ƸǍ
ƖƦ
Ȫ Ȭ ȸȷȷȷ˴ʴƔƷȁȸȠưȐȈȳǛบƠƳƕǒឥǓŴᡮƞǛᇤƍǇƢŵ
ǆǜ
ƭƳ
ǓǐƏƕǘ
ƻ
Ƌ
ƪƔǒ
Ƌ

ƭƳƻƖȷȷȷᲬƭƷȁȸȠƕᲫஜƷዠǛ ɲ ͨ ƔǒࡽƖӳƍǇƢŵȁȸȠư щ ǛӳǘƓƜƳƩǜƨƍƖǐƏƗ
ƤƯ ᘍ Ə‫˳ׇ‬ᇤ২ưƢŵ
Ɩ

ᴾ

ƹ

Ƥ

ǜ

ƨƍƜƏ

ƩǜƨƍƖǐƏƗ

ƴǜ

Ƙǈ

Ɩ

ƹ

ƭƘ

ƴǜ

Ư

ᬱ ᬔ ৆ȷȷȷȁȸȠ‫ݣ‬৴Ʒ‫˳ׇ‬ᇤ২ưƢŵʴᲫኵưᲫƭƷᬱᬔǛ˺ǓǇƢŵʴƕ৖
Ƙ

ƲƩƍ

ƭƘ

ƻ ƱǓ

ƏƑ

Ʒ

ƋƍƯ

Ɩ

ƹ

ƏƑ

Ǜኵǜư‫ם‬ӨǛ˺ǓŴʴƕƦƷɥƴʈǓǇƢŵႻ৖ȁȸȠƷᬱᬔƷɥƴ
Ʒ

Ɯ

ǅƏƠ

Ʊ

Ƌ

ƏƝ

Ƹƛ

ƸƩƠ

ƓƜƳ

ᴾ

ʈƬƯƍǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƷࠞ‫܇‬ǛӕǓӳƍǇƢŵѣƖƕນƠƍƨǊᙉឱư ᘍ ƍǇƢŵᴾࣖੲӳ৆ȷȷȷȁȸȠǛࣖੲƢǔƨǊƴŴ‫࠰ܖ‬Ǎǯȩǹҥˮư ᘍ ƏǋƷưŴജǍȀȳǹŴ

ƓƏƑǜƕƬƤǜ

ƓƏƑǜ

ƕƘƶǜ

ƘǈƨƍƦƏ

ƨǜƍ

ƓƜƳ

Əƨ

ƓƜƳ

ኵ˳દƳƲǛ ᘍ ƍǇƢŵ

ᴾ
ᴾ





ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
Ẩ

ẟ

ờ

ẟ

ᾄώễỆửბềᘍẪỉᾎਤẾềᘍẪỉᾎᴾƜƾƘƦƏ ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ஌ᘺƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƕƬƜƏƖƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƖĬ˳દ஌Ტ‫ܖ‬ఄưൿǊǒǕƨ˳દ஌ǛბǇƢᲣ
ƾƘƦƏ

ǈ

ǈ

Ტᳪž஌ᘺȷ៲ƩƠƳǈſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣƏǜƲƏƙƭ ĭᢃѣ᪇
ƋƨǒƏǜƲƏƙƭƸƘƭᲢ ૼ Ơƍᢃѣ᪇ưƸƳƘŴ‫ޗ‬ƖƳǕƨƍƭǋƷ᪇ǛƸƖǇƠǐƏᲣ
Ɯ

ǋ

ǋƷ

 ‫܇‬ƲǋƷਤƪཋ
ĬǿǪȫ
ǂǜƱƏ

ƢƍƱƏ

ƢƍƱƏ

ǈ

 ĭ൦ለ   ᲢᳪžƓࡰ࢘ȷ൦ለſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣ
ƪǎƏƍ

ƢƍƱƏ

ƪǌ

ǈƣ

ƍ

         ᳕දॖ᳗൦ለƴƸƓᒧƔƓ൦ǛλǕǇƠǐƏŵ
ǂǜƱƏ

ǂǜƱƏ

ƢƍƱƏ

ǈ

ĮƓࡰ࢘ ᲢᳪžƓࡰ࢘ȷ൦ለſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣƪǎƏƍƪǎƏƠǐƘ

ơƔǜ

Ɯ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ǋƲ

ǂǜƱƏ

ƨ

᳕දॖ᳗ ଷ ᫢ Ʒ଺᧓ƴƸŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƸᲢ ૙ ܴ ƴ৏ƬƯᲣƓࡰ࢘Ǜ᫢ǂǇƢŵƖǎƏƠǐƘ



ư

ƕƬƜƏ

ơƥǜ

ƔƘƴǜ

    ዅ ᫢ ƕЈǔ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵʙЭƴᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ

99˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬










ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ

 %QORGVKVKQPUVJCVVJGEJKNFTGPRCTVKEKRCVGKPᲢGZCORNGᲣ

5JQTVFKUVCPEGTWP 6CPM[QTKUQW 
ȷȷȷ+VECPDGOQTOTWP+VKUVQEQORGVGURGGFVQYCTFVQIQCN
4GNC[
4KTGK 
ȷȷȷ#HGYOGODGTUKPCVGCOTWPYJKNGRCUUKPIVJGDCVQP+VKUCEQORGVKVKQPQHTWPPKPIURGGF 
6WIQHYCT 6UWPCJKMK  ȷȷȷ6YQVGCOURWNNCVGCEJGPFQHCVJKEMTQRG6JKUKUCVGUVQHVGCOYQTMCPF
UVTGPIVJ %CXCNT[DCVVNG -KDCUGP 
ȷȷȷ6JKUKUCITQWREQORGVKVKQPDGVYGGPVYQVGCOU#VGCOQHHQWTOGODGTU
HQTOCJQTUGTKFKPIHQTOCVKQP6JTGGOGODGTUYKNNHQTOVJGDCUGYKVJVJGKTCTOUYJKNGQPGOGODGTYKNNDGQPVQRCUVJGTKFGT  6JGCKOKUVQ
ITCD VJG ECR QH VJG TKFGT HTQO VJG QRRQUKVG VGCO 6JKU KU FQPGDCTGHQQVGFDGECWUGVJGEQORGVKVKQPTGSWKTGUHWTKQWUOQXGOGPV%JGGTKPIDCVVNG 1WGPICUUGP 
ȷȷȷ6QEJGGTVJGTGURGEVKXGVGCOUVJGUVWFGPVUEJGGTYKVJGKVJGTUKPIKPIFCPEGQTITQWRHQTOCVKQPCUVJGYJQNGNGXGNQTENCUU 




ᴾ
ᴾ
ᾄώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶂᶍᶃᶑᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶁᶆᶇᶊᶂᴾᶕᶃᵿᶐᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶀᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᵿᶊᶍᶌᶅᵝᴾ
 6JGEJKNF UENQVJGUĬ'ZGTEKUGENQVJGUᲢGZGTEKUGENQVJGUHKZGFD[VJGUEJQQNᲣ
Ტ2NGCUG TGHGT VQ VJG RCIG  QP ß%NQVJKPI CPFCRRGCTCPEGàᲣ ĭ5RQTVUUJQGUᲢ0QVPGYURQTVUUJQGUDWVYJCV[QWJCXGCNYC[UDGGPYGCTKPIᲣ
 9JCVVJGEJKNFDTKPIUCNQPIĬ6QYGN ĭ9CVGTDQVVNG Ტ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQPß.WPEJDQZCPFYCVGTDQVVNGàᲣ            ᳕0QVG᳗2WVQPN[VGCQTYCVGTKPVJGYCVGTDQVVNG
Į.WPEJDQZ Ტ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQPß.WPEJDQZCPFYCVGTDQVVNGàᲣ
᳕0QVG᳗&WTKPINWPEJVKOG VJGEJKNFTGPYKNNGCVHTQOVJGKTQYPNWPEJDQZ TGVWTPVQVJGENCUUTQQO      5QOG UEJQQNU RTQXKFG UEJQQN NWPEJ 2NGCUG EJGEM
DGHQTGJCPF 100˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ẺᾅώẸỉ˂
ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

ƋƍƩ

Ɯ

ƍƬƠǐ

ƔƭƲƏ

ƪǎƏƠǐƘƖǐƏƠƭǋƲ  Ĭ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬Ʒ ᧓ Ŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƸǯȩǹƷǈǜƳƱɟደƴ෇ѣƠǇƢŵ ଷ ᫢ ƸŴ૙ ܴ ǁ৏ƬǂǜƱƏƖǎƏƠǐƘƨƹƋƍǄƝ ƠǌƤƖǄ Ɲ Ơǌ

ƍƬƠǐ

ƨ

ƹƋƍ

Ɯ

ƯƓࡰ࢘Ǎ ዅ ᫢ Ǜ᫢ǂǔ‫ئ‬ӳƱŴ̬ᜱᎍࠗư̬ᜱᎍƱɟደƴ᫢ǂǔ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬Ʋ
ƖǐƏƗ

Ɠ

ƍƑ

ƭ

ƔƑ

ǋƷᇤ২ƕኳǘƬƨƔǒƱƍƬƯŴܼǁᡲǕƯ࠙ƬƨǓƠƳƍưƘƩƞƍŵ
ƋǊ

ƾ

ƹƋƍ

ƨƍƓƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍƑǜƖ  ĭᩋƕᨀƬƨ‫ئ‬ӳƷ‫ࣖݣ‬ǛŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷέဃƴᄩᛐƠƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬Ƹࡨ஖ŴǇƨ
ƪǎƏƠ

ǂǜƱƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƹƋƍ

ƸɶഥƴƳǓǇƢƕŴƓࡰ࢘Ƹ࣏ᙲƳ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵƱƏơƭƓƏƑǜƤƖƹƠǐ ƱƪǎƏƠǌơǐƏ

ƠǑƏ

Ƥƍƛǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏǕǜǒƘ  Į࢘ଐƷࣖੲࠗƷ‫ئ‬৑ӕǓǍ ᬟ ៻ ‫ ئ‬Ʒ̅ဇƴƸСᨂƕƋǓǇƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƔǒᡲዂƕƋǓǇ
ƔƳǒ

ƳƍǑƏ

ƔƘƴǜ

Ǉǋ

ƢƷưŴ ࣏ ƣϋܾǛᄩᛐƠƯȫȸȫǛ‫ܣ‬ǓǇƠǐƏŵƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

ƻ

ƾƩǜ

Ƙǒ

ƢƍƱƏ

ǓǐƏ

ƾƩǜ

ƓƓ

ǋ

  į˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ƷଐƸ୍െƴൔǂŴƷƲƕƔǘƖǇƢŵ൦ለƷ ᣽ Ǜ୍െǑǓǋ‫ٶ‬ǊƴਤƨƤƯƘƩƞƍŵ ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

Ǉƭ

Ɯ

ƨƷ

ǑƏƢ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

Ɣǜ

  İ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ƸƓᅛǓǍȑȸȆǣȸưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷಏƠǜưƍǔಮ‫܇‬Ǎ ঺ ᧈ Ǜज़ơ
ƹƠǐ

ƓǜƕƘ

Ƴƕ

ƞƚ

ǋ

Ɯ

ƖǜƠ

ǔ‫ئ‬৑ưƢŵ᪦ಏǛ්ƠƨǓŴȐȸșǭȥȸǻȃȈǍƓᣒǛਤƪᡂǜƩǓƢǔƷƸᅠഥƞǕƏǜƲƏơǐƏ

ƖǐƏƗ

ǈ

ƹƠǐ

ǋ

Ɯ

ƖǜƠ

ƯƍǇƢŵᢃ ѣ ‫ ئ‬ƳƲƷᇤ২Ǜᙸǔ‫ئ‬৑ǁƷȓȸȁȑȩǽȫǍȆȳȈƷਤƪᡂǈƸᅠഥƞǕƯƍǇƢŵ101˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ᾅώᵭᶒᶆᶃᶐᶑ  Ĭ &WTKPIVJGURQTVUFC[VJGEJKNFTGPYKNNLQKPKPVJGCEVKXKVKGUCUCENCUU#UHQT
NWPEJVJG[ECPGKVJGTTGVWTPVQVJGENCUUTQQOVQJCXGVJGKTQYPNWPEJDQZQTVJG
UEJQQNNWPEJQTVCMGVJGKTNWPEJVQIGVJGTYKVJVJGKTRCTGPVUCVVJGRCTGPVUÞUGCVKPICTGC&QPQVDTKPI[QWTEJKNFJQOGQPEGVJGKVGO[QWTEJKNFRCTVKEKRCVGU
KPKUQXGT   ĭ 9KVJTGICTFVQEQPVKPIGPE[RNCPUJQWNFKVTCKPEJGEMYKVJVJGVGCEJGTU6JG
URQTVUFC[OKIJVGKVJGTDGFGNC[GFVQCPQVJGTFC[QTEGCUGEQORNGVGN[6JGTGOC[CNUQDGCECUGYJGPVJGNWPEJDQZKUPGGFGF   Į 6JGTGCTGTGUVTKEVKQPU TGICTFKPIVJGWUG QHVJGEJGGTKPICTGCUQHVJGFC[QTWUKPIRCTMKPINQVU6JGUEJQQNYKNNIKXGQWVPQVKEGUTGICTFKPIVJGUGOCVVGTUUQ[QWOWUVEJGEMVJGEQPVGPVCPFCDKFGD[VJGTWNGUUVCVGF  į ;QWYKNNIGVVJKTUVKGTQPURQTVUFC[VJCPWUWCN&QDTKPICNQPIOQTGYCVGTQTVGC
VJCPWUWCN   İ 6JGURQTVUFC[KUPQVCHGUVKXCNQTCRCTV[4CVJGTKVKUCRNCEGYJGTG[QWECPHGGNVJCV[QWTEJKNFKUJCXKPIHWPCPFITQYKPIWR#UUWEJKVKURTQJKDKVGFVQRNC[[QWTQYPOWUKEUGVWR$$3UGVQTRQUUGUUCPFEQPUWOGCNEQJQNFTKPM$GCEJWODTGNNCUCPFVGPVUCTGCNUQRTQJKDKVGFQPVJGITQWPFQHVJGURQTVUHKGNFCPF
VJGXKGYKPICTGCQHVJGEQORGVKVKQPU  

102

૨҄ᅛ

ƿǜ Ɣ ƞƍ૨҄ᅛЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵố Ữ Ầ Ằẟᾀώ૨҄ᅛẾềễỆᾎƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƿ ǜ Ɣ ƞƍ

ƾ Ʃǜ

ƕƘƠǎƏ

Ƥƍ Ɣ

Ǆ

Ɲ Ơǌ

ǄƔ

ƕƘƶǜ

Ƥƍ Ʊ

ƻǖ

ǈ

   ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷ૨҄ᅛƸŴ୍െƷ‫ ܖ‬፼ Ʒ঺ௐƳƲǛ̬ᜱᎍǍ˂ƷǯȩǹŴ‫࠰ܖ‬Ʒဃࢻƴ࠼ƘᙸƯ
Ɩ Ɣƍ

ƓƜƳ

Ǉƭ

ƕƬƜƏ

 

ƿǜ Ɣ ƸƬƽǐƏƔƍ

ǋǒƏೞ˟ƱƠƯ ᘍ ƏǋƷưŴƓᅛǓưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯƸ૨҄ႆ ᘙ ˟ƳƲƱ
ƳǇƑ

Ɣ

Ɯơǜ

ƨǜ ƍ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƿǜ Ɣ

ƿ

ƸƬ

ӸЭƕ‫٭‬ǘǔƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢŵ̾ʴưƸƳƘŴǯȩǹҥˮưƷǹȆȸǸႆ ᘙ Ŵ૨҄ᢿƷႆ
ƽǐƏ

ƞƘƻǜ

Ưǜ ơ

ƕƬƠǐƏ

ƓƜƳ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƓƓ

Ɯ

ᘙ Ǎ˺ԼƷ‫ޒ‬ᅆƳƲƕƋǓǇƢŵǇƨŴӳ ՘ ǳȳǯȸȫǛ ᘍ Ə‫ܖ‬ఄǋ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ‫܇‬Ʋǋƨƪƿǜ Ɣ ƞƍ

ơ Ɣǜ

ƭƔ

ơǎǜ Ƽ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

ǈ

ƍ

Ƹ૨҄ᅛƷƨǊƴŴƨƘƞǜƷ଺᧓Ǜ̅ƬƯ แ ͳǍጀ ፼ ǛƠǇƢŵƥƻᙸƴᘍƖǇƠǐƏŵ

ᴾᾁώẟếẴỦỉᾎᴾ
ƕƬƜƏ

ơ

Ɩ

ƪƕ

ƕƭ

ƕƭ

ƓƜƳ

ƓƓ

‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯ଺஖ƸᢌƍǇƢƕŴஉ᳸ᲫᲫஉƝǖƴ ᘍ ƏƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ

ᴾ
Ằ Ữ Ầ

ᾂώẻủầӋьẴỦỉᾎ
Ƥƍ Ʊ

 

 ဃࢻ Ƥƍ Ʊƿǜ Ɣ ƞƍ

ƞǜƔဃࢻƸǈǜƳŴ૨҄ᅛƴӋьƠǇƢŵ
ƔƧƘ

 

 ܼଈ
ƔƧƘ

ǈ

ƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ

ǄƝƠǌƤƖƸƬƽǐƏǈƯǜ ơ ƔƍơǐƏƯǜ    ܼଈǋᙸƴᘍƘƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƕൿǊƨ̬ᜱᎍࠗư ႆ ᘙ ǛᙸƨǓŴ‫ޒ‬ᅆ˟ ‫ ئ‬ư‫ޒ‬
ơ

ǈ

ơƔǜ

ǈ

ƍ

ơƿǜ

Ɯ

ᅆǛᙸƨǓƢǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵ଺᧓ƕƋǔƱƖƸŴƥƻᙸƴᘍƖǇƠǐƏŵᐯЎƷ‫܇‬Ʋǋ  
ƸƬƽǐƏ

ǈ

ƍ

Ǆ ƝƠǌ

ƓƓ

ơƥǜ

Ƙƹ

ǈ

Ɯ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

Ʒ ႆ ᘙ ƩƚᙸƴᘍƘ̬ᜱᎍƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵʙЭƴᣐǒǕǔȗȭǰȩȠǛᙸƯŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ႆ ᘙ  
Ƹơ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƕƍƭ‫ڼ‬ǇǔƷƔᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵᴾ
ᾃώỄẮỂẴỦỉᾎᴾ
ƕƬƜƏ

ᴾƨƍƍƘƔǜ

ƖǐƏƠƭ

ǖƏ Ɣ

ƭƔ

ƓƜƳ

ƓƓ

   ‫ܖ‬ఄƷ˳Ꮛ᫾ǍŴ ૙ ܴǍࡔɦƳƲǛ̅ƬƯ ᘍ ƏƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ
ƕƬƠǐƏ



ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƪƔ

ƜƏǈǜƔǜ

Ơ ǈ ǜ ƔƍƔǜƓƜƳӳ ՘ ǳȳǯȸȫǍǹȆȸǸႆ ᘙ ƸᡈƘƷπൟ᫾ȷࠊൟ˟᫾ư ᘍ ƏƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵ

ᴾᴾᾄώễỆửẴỦỉᾎᴾ
ƨǜ ƍ

 

ƸƬƽǐƏ

 ǯȩǹҥˮưƷႆ ᘙ  
ƛƖ

Ɣǜƕ

ƳǜƔƍ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ȀȳǹŴтƳƲǛŴǯȩǹƷǈǜƳư ᎋ ƑƯŴ˴‫ׅ‬ǋ ጀ ፼ ƠƯ ႆ ᘙ ƠǇƢŵ
ƿǜ Ɣ

 

ƿ

Ưǜ ơ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

 ૨҄ᢿƷ‫ޒ‬ᅆǍႆ ᘙ  
Ơǎƛƍ

Ƽ ơǎƭ

ƧƏƚƍ

ƞƘƻǜ

Ưǜ ơ

Ɣ ƕƘ

ơƬƚǜ

ƢƍƦƏƕƘ

ƑǜƦƏ৖ᑸŴ፦ ᘐ Ŵᡯ࢟ŴȞȳǬƳƲƷ˺ԼǛ‫ޒ‬ᅆƠǇƢŵᅹ‫ܖ‬Ʒ᬴ܱǍŴԉ‫ڌ‬ಏƷ๫‫ڌ‬ƳƲƓƜƳǛ ᘍ ƏƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵ
ƕƬƠǐƏ

 

 ӳ ՘ ǳȳǯȸȫ
ƨǜ ƍ





ƕƬƠǐƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

Ɯ

ƻ

ǯȩǹҥˮưƷӳ ՘ ǛǹȆȸǸư ႆ ᘙ ƠǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƸƜƷଐƷƨǊƴŴǯȩǹư
ƕƬƠǐƏ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

ǏƏƠǎƏ

ƠǐƏ

ƕƬƠǐƏ

ƿǜ

ƨƘƞǜӳ ՘ Ʒጀ ፼ ǛƠǇƢŵΟ ᅵ ƳǯȩǹƸ ច ƕǋǒƑǇƢŵӳ ՘ ǳȳǯȸȫƸ૨
Ɣ ƞƍ

ǂƭ

ơ

Ɩ

ƓƜƳ

ƕƬƜƏ

҄ᅛƱƸКƷ଺஖ƴ ᘍ Ə‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵ
103

૨҄ᅛ

%WNVWTCN(GUVKXCN $WPMCUCK 

If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.

ᵏώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᵿᴾᵡᶓᶊᶒᶓᶐᵿᶊᴾᵤᶃᶑᶒᶇᶔᵿᶊᾎ

ᴾ  6JG %WNVWTCN (GUVKXCN KP LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU KU CP QRRQTVWPKV[ HQT RCTGPVU CPFUVWFGPVUHTQOQVJGTENCUUGUCPFITCFGUVQYKVPGUUDTQCFN[VJGTGUWNVUQHNGCTPKPICV
FKHHGTGPVUVCIGU+VKUPQVCEGNGDTCVKXGHGUVKXCN5QOGUEJQQNUECNNVJKUGXGPVEWNVWTCNRTGUGPVCVKQPKPUVGCF+VKUPQVJGNFCUKPFKXKFWCNRTGUGPVCVKQP6JGYJQNGENCUUIQGUWRVQVJGUVCIGVQRTGUGPVCPKVGOYJKNGVJGEWNVWTCNENWDGKVJGTRTGUGPVUQTRWVVJGKTRTQLGEVUQPGZJKDKV/CP[UEJQQNUCNUQJQNFEJQKTEQORGVKVKQPU6JGEJKNFTGPURGPF
NQVUQHVKOGRTGRCTKPICPFTGJGCTUKPIHQTVJG%WNVWTCN(GUVKXCN&QOCMGUWTG[QW
CVVGPFVJKUGXGPV  ᾁώᵵᶆᶃᶌᴾᶇᶑᴾᶒᶆᶇᶑᴾᶆᶃᶊᶂᵝᴾ9JKNGUEJQQNUFKHHGTKPYJGPVJG[JQNFVJKUGXGPVOQUVYKNNJCXGKVHTQO5GRVGODGTVQ0QXGODGT ᾂώᵵᶆᶍᴾᶒᵿᶉᶃᴾᶎᵿᶐᶒᴾᶇᶌᴾᶒᶆᶇᶑᴾᶃᶔᶃᶌᶒᾎᴾ  5VWFGPVU
#NNUVWFGPVUVCMGRCTVKPVJG%WNVWTCN(GUVKXCN   (COKN[    (COKN[OGODGTUECPCVVGPFVJGHGUVKXCNCUYGNN6JG[       ECP DG UGCVGF CV VJG 2CTGPVU 5GCVKPI *QIQUJCUGMK  CTGC VQ YCVEJ VJGRTGUGPVCVKQPUQTXKGYVJGGZJKDKVUCVVJGGZJKDKVKQPCTGCU+H[QWJCXGVKOGFQCVVGPF VJKU GXGPV /CP[ RCTGPVU EQOG VQ YCVEJ VJGKT EJKNFTGP U RTGUGPVCVKQPQPN[  .QQMCVVJGRTQITCOUFKUVTKDWVGFDGHQTGJCPFVQEJGEMVJGVKOGQH[QWT       EJKNF URTGUGPVCVKQPKVGO   ᾃώᵵᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶇᶑᴾᶒᶆᶇᶑᴾᶆᶃᶊᶂᵝᴾᴾ   /QUVUEJQQNUJQNFVJGGXGPVKPVJGKTI[OPCUKWOUENCUUTQQOUQTGXGPCNQPIVJG
EQTTKFQTU (QT EJQKT EQORGVKVKQPU UQOG YKNN JQNF KV CV VJG EQOOWPKV[ EGPVGTU QT
OWPKEKRCNJCNNUKPVJGXKEKPKV[  







ᾄώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶂᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᶗᴾᶂᶍᴾᵿᶒᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶄᶃᶑᶒᶇᶔᵿᶊᵝᴾ
 

 

 

 2TGUGPVCVKQPQHVJGENCUUCUCWPKV5VWFGPVU RGTHQTO FCPEGU QT UMKVU CPF VJGUG QHVGP KPXQNXG GXGT[QPG CPFPWOGTQWUTGJGCTUCNU   'ZJKDKVKQPCPFRTGUGPVCVKQPQHEWNVWTCNRKGEGU *CPFKETCHVU CTV UEWNRVWTG CPF OCPIC ECTVQQP  RKGEGU CTG GZJKDKVGF 5QOG
5EKGPEGGZRGTKOGPVUCPFOWUKECNKPUVTWOGPVRGTHQTOCPEGUCTGCNUQJGNF  %JQKTUKPIKPIEQORGVKVKQP 
6JGENCUURTGUGPVUVJGEJQKTUKPIKPICUCWPKVQPUVCIG6JGEJKNFTGPTGJGCTUGCNQVCUCENCUUHQTVJKUFC[6JGDGUVENCUURGTHQTOCPEGYKNNTGEGKXGCRTK\G+P
UQOGUEJQQNUEJQKTUKPIKPIEQORGVKVKQPECPDGJGNFQPUGRCTCVGFC[QVJGTVJCPFWTKPIVJG%WNVWTCN(GUVKXCN 
104

૨҄ᅛ


ốỮ Ầ Ằẟ

ẳỠỮ Ỏ

ủỮẲỠạ

ớẵẦ

Ịở

ẶỮẶẟ

ẸạẻỮ

ᾅώ૨҄ᅛộỂỆ แ ͳὉጀ፼ẲềấẪẮểᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ Ḥ ᩊ ẲẟểẨỊଔỜỆέဃỆႻᛩẲộẲỢạẇᴾ
Əƨ

ƤǓƾ

ƾ

ƭ

 ജǍӨᚺŴȀȳǹƷਰǓ˄ƚƳƲƿǜ Ɣ ƞƍ

Ɯ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

Əƨ

ƛƖ

ƤǓƾ

ƾ

ƭ

ƍƑ

Ɠǅ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

 ૨҄ᅛư‫܇‬Ʋǋƕႆ ᘙ ƢǔജǍтƷӨᚺŴȀȳǹƷਰǓ˄ƚƳƲǛܼưᙾƑƨǓŴጀ ፼ƠƨǓƢǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ
ƍ ƠǐƏ

ƲƏ ƙ

 ᘘ ᘺ ȷᢊφ
ƻƭǑƏ

ƍ ƠǐƏ

ƲƏ ƙ

Ɣ Ưƍ

ơǎǜ Ƽ

࣏ᙲƳᘘ ᘺ ǍᢊφǛܼࡊư แ ͳƢǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ

ᴾ
Ẩ

ẟ

ờ

ẟ

ᾆώễỆửბềᘍẪỉᾎਤẾềᘍẪỉᾎᴾƜƾƘƦƏ ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ஌ᘺ
ƾ Ʃǜ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƾƘƦƏ

ƓƳ

ƤƍƾƘ

ƍ

ƍ ƠǐƏ

ƹƋƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ

ƕ

୍െŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᘍƘ஌ᘺƱӷơưŴС஌ưᘍƖǇƢŵᘘ ᘺ ƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸ‫ܖ‬ఄưბஆƑǇƢŵ
Ǆ

Ɲ Ơǌ

ƾƘƦƏ

 ̬ᜱᎍƷ஌ᘺƿǜ Ɣ ƞƍ

ƠƖƯǜ

ƾƘƦƏ

ƾƘƦƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

   ૨҄ᅛƸࡸχưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ஌ᘺǋǫǸȥǢȫƳ஌ᘺưƔǇƍǇƤǜŵƠƔƠŴ‫ܖ‬ఄ
ǇƳ

ƹ Ơǐ

ǑƝ

ƾƘ

ƸƩ

ǖ Ơǎƭ

ƓƓ

ƾƘ

Ƹž‫ܖ‬ƿ‫ئ‬৑ſưƢŵƨƘƞǜƷ൲ǕƕƭƍƯƍǔ஌ŴǸȣȸǸŴᎻƷᩧ Ј ƕ‫ٶ‬ƍ஌ŴȉȬǹƳƲƸǍǊǇƠǐƏŵ
Ǆ

Ɲ Ơǌ

ǋ

ǋƷ

 ̬ᜱᎍƷਤƪཋƿǜ Ɣ ƞƍ

Ĭ૨҄ᅛƷȗȭǰȩȠĭǹȪȃȑ
ǋ

ƍ

ƞƭƑƍ

ǄƔ

Ɣƨ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ĮǫȡȩǍȓȇǪǛਤƬƯᘍƘƜƱǋưƖǇƢŵǫȡȩǍȓȇǪưƷજࢨƸ˂Ʒ૾Ǎ ႆ ᘙ   ơǌǇƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘƞƭƑƍƷᢲᮂƴƳǒƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵઃ࠘ᩓᛅǍǹȞȸȈȕǩȳưજࢨƠƨǋƷǛŴȍȃ
ơǐƏ

ƖǐƔ

ƜƏƔƍ

Ȉ ɥ ƴᚩӧƳƘπ᧏ƢǔƷƸǍǊǇƠǐƏŵẺᾇώẸỉ˂ᴾƿǜ Ɣ ƞƍ

ƋƍƩ

Ɯ

ƤǜƤƍ

ǄƔ

ƤƍƱ

ƍƬƠǐ

ƔƭƲƏ

Ɯ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

Ɠ

  Ĭ૨҄ᅛƷ ᧓ Ŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƸέဃǍ˂ƷဃࢻƨƪƱɟደƴ෇ѣƠǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ႆ ᘙ ƕኳǘƬƨƜǄƝ ƠǌƤƖ

ƭ

ƍƑ

ƭ

ƔƑ



ƔǒƱƍƬƯŴ‫܇‬ƲǋǛ̬ᜱᎍࠗǁᡲǕƩƠƨǓŴܼǁᡲǕƯ࠙ƬƨǓƠƳƍưƘƩƞƍŵ
ƍƲƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ơƔǜ

ƍ

  ĭᆆѣǍȈǤȬƸ ႆ ᘙ Ʊ ႆ ᘙ ƷƋƍƩƷ଺᧓ưᘍƖǇƠǐƏŵ
ƞƭƑƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

  ĮǫȡȩǍȓȇǪưજࢨǛƠƯǋƍƍ‫ܖ‬ఄƱŴƠƯƸƍƚƳƍ‫ܖ‬ఄƕƋǓǇƢŵέဃƴᄩᛐǛƠǇƠǐƏŵ
Ɯ

Ǉƪƕ

ƸƬƽǐƏ

ƠƬƺƍ

ƱƖ

Ƥ

ƳǜƲ

į‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ᧓ᢌƑƯ ႆ ᘙ ƠƨǓŴ‫ڂ‬૗ƠƨǓƢǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵƦƷ଺ƸᝧǊƣƴŴ˴ࡇ
ǕǜƠǎƏ

ǈƱ

Ƹƛ

ǋ ጀ ፼ ƠƨƜƱǍƕǜƹƬƨƜƱǛᛐǊŴǄǊƨǓŴѕǇƠƨǓƠǇƠǐƏŵ

105

૨҄ᅛ


ᾅώᵮᶐᶃᶎᵿᶐᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶐᶃᶆᶃᵿᶐᶑᵿᶊᶑᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᵡᶓᶊᶒᶓᶐᵿᶊᴾᵤᶃᶑᶒᶇᶔᵿᶊᴾ
Ḥᴾ ᵲᵿᶊᶉᴾᶒᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶒᶃᵿᶁᶆᶃᶐᴾᶃᵿᶐᶊᶗᴾᶇᶄᴾᶗᶍᶓᴾᶆᵿᶔᶃᴾᵿᶌᶗᴾᶂᶇᶄᶄᶇᶁᶓᶊᶒᶇᶃᶑᵌᴾ %JQTGQITCRJKPIFCPEGUVGRUYKVJVJGUQPIUCPFUETKRVU #V JQOG VJG EJKNF OKIJV PGGF VQ OGOQTK\G CPF RTCEVKEG VJG UETKRVU CPFFCPEGUVGRUQHVJGUQPIUQTUMKVUVJCVVJGENCUUKURGTHQTOKPIHQTVJG%WNVWTCN(GUVKXCN %QUVWOGUCPFRTQRU
6JGEJKNFOKIJVPGGFVQRTGRCTGVJGTGSWKTGFEQUVWOGUCPFRTQRUCVJQOG ᾆώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶂᶍᶃᶑᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶁᶆᶇᶊᶂᴾᶕᶃᵿᶐᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶀᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᵿᶊᶍᶌᶅᵝᴾ 6JGEJKNF UENQVJGU
9JGP IQKPI VQ UEJQQN YGCT VJG UCOG WPKHQTO CU YJGP VJG EJKNF IQGU VQ
UEJQQNKPQPPQTOCNFC[U+HVJGTGKUCPGGFVQEJCPIGKPVQEQUVWOGFQUQCV
UEJQQN  6JGRCTGPVU ENQVJGU   #U VJG %WNVWTCN (GUVKXCN KU PQV C HQTOCN EGTGOQP[ VJG RCTGPVU ECP YGCTECUWCN ENQVJKPI *QYGXGT CU VJG UEJQQN KU C RNCEG QH NGCTPKPI FQ PQV YGCTHKNVJ[ENQVJGULGTUG[QTUMKOR[ENQVJGU   9JCVVJGRCTGPVUJCXGVQDTKPICNQPIĬ 2TQITCOQHVJG%WNVWTCN(GUVKXCNĭ 5NKRRGTUĮ 2CTGPVU ECP DTKPI CNQPI ECOGTCU CPF XKFGQ ECOGTCU  *QYGXGT FQ PQVQDUVTWEV QVJGTU CPF UVWFGPV U RGTHQTOCPEG YKVJ [QWT ECOGTC QT XKFGQ
TGEQTFGT2WV[QWTOQDKNGRJQPGQPUKNGPVOQFGQTUYKVEJKVQHH2KEVWTGUVCMGPWUKPIOQDKNGRJQPGUQTUOCTVRJQPGUUJQWNFPQVDGRQUVGFQPVJGKPVGTPGVYKVJQWVRGTOKUUKQP ᾇώᵭᶒᶆᶃᶐᶑᴾĬ &WTKPIVJG%WNVWTCN(GUVKXCN[QWTEJKNFYKNNVCMGRCTVKPVJGCEVKXKVKGUYKVJVJG
VGCEJGTUCPFQVJGTUVWFGPVU1PEG[QWTEJKNF URTGUGPVCVKQPKUQXGTFQPQVCUM
VJGEJKNFVQUKVYKVJ[QWCVVJG2CTGPVU UGCVKPICTGCQTIQJQOGYKVJRCTGPVUĭ /QXGCTQWPFQTIQVQVJGYCUJTQQOUQPN[FWTKPIVJGKPVGTXCNUKPDGVYGGPVJG        RTGUGPVCVKQPU Į 5QOGUEJQQNUCNNQYVJGWUGQHECOGTCUCPFXKFGQECOGTCUYJKNGQVJGTFQPQV%JGEMYKVJVJGVGCEJGT į 5QOGEJKNFTGPOCMGOKUVCMGUFWTKPIVJGRTGUGPVCVKQPU&QPQVTGRTKOCPFVJG
EJKNFKHJGQTUJGOCMGUOKUVCMGU4CVJGTTGEQIPK\GJKUQTJGTGHHQTVURWVKPVQVJGRTCEVKEGUCPFGPEQWTCIGJKOQTJGT 







106

ҡಅࡸ

ƦƭƗǐƏƠƖҡ ಅ ࡸ
ЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵẸếẩỢạẲẨ

ᾀώҡಅࡸẾềễỆᾎᴾƦƭƗǐƏƠƖ

ƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƖǐƏƍƘ Ɣ Ư ƍ

Ɠ

ƍǘ

ƠƖ

   ҡ ಅ ࡸ ƸŴ‫܇‬Ʋǋƨƪƕɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƷ ૙ Ꮛ ᛢᆉǛኳƑƨƜƱǛƓᅔƍƢǔࡸưƢŵǇƨŴ
ƤǘƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ǘƔ

ƠƖ

ƓɭᛅƴƳƬƨɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷέဃƨƪƱƓКǕǛƢǔࡸưƢŵƦƭƗǐƏƠƖ

ƠǎƏƖǐƏƯƖƗǐƏơҡ ಅ ࡸ ƸŴ ‫ ܪ‬૙ ႎ ƳᘍʙưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ  ᾁώẟếẴỦỉᾎᴾƦƭƗǐƏƠƖƕƭƓƜƳ   ҡ ಅ ࡸ ƸŴᲭஉƴ ᘍ ǘǕǇƢŵƴǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜ

ƕƭ

Ƹơ

ƕƭ

Ɠ

ᲢଐஜƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷᲫ࠰ƸŴᲮஉƴ‫ڼ‬ǇƬƯᲭஉƴኳǘǓǇƢᲣẰ Ữ ẦᾂώẻủầӋьẴỦỉᾎᴾƤƍƱ  Ĭဃࢻ
ƤƍƱƦƭƗǐƏƠƖ

ƞǜƔဃࢻƸǈǜƳŴҡ ಅ ࡸ ƴӋьƠǇƢŵǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ  ĭ̬ᜱᎍƴǄǜǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƦƭƗǐƏƠƖ

ƠǎƬƤƖଐஜưƸŴǄƱǜƲƷ̬ᜱᎍƕҡ ಅ ࡸ ƴ Ј ࠗ ƠǇƢŵƪǎƏƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ ƍƕƍƻƱƦƭƗǐƏƠƖƞǜƔǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ ƍƕƍƠǜƤƖ  ᳕දॖ ᳗̬ᜱᎍ ˌ‫ ٳ‬Ʒʴ Ƹ ҡ ಅ ࡸ ƴӋь ưƖƳƍƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍ ˌ‫ ٳ‬Ʒᚃী ƕǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƍƬƠǐ

ƞǜƔ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƍ

ƔƍơǐƏ

Ƹƍ

̬ᜱᎍƱɟደƴӋьƠƯǋǑƍƔᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵƨƘƞǜᘍƘƱŴ ˟ ‫ ئ‬ƴλǓƔƣƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƖǒƳƔƬƨǓŴǤǹƷૠƕƨǓƳƔƬƨǓƢǔƔǒưƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷέဃƴᄩᛐƠƯƘƩƞƍŵᾃώễỆửẴỦỉᾎᴾƜƏƪǐƏƤǜƤƍ  Ĭ ఄ ᧈ έဃƷƋƍƞƭƜƏƪǐƏƤǜƤƍ

ƦƭƗǐƏ

Ɯ

ƍǘ

ƍ

   ఄ ᧈ έဃƕŴ ҡ ಅ Ƣǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƴǉƚƯŴƓᅔƍƷȡȃǻȸǸǛᚕƍǇƢŵƦƭƗǐƏƠǐƏƠǐ ơ ǎ Ǒ ĭ ҡ ಅ ᚰ ୿ ੉ɨƜƏƪǐƏƤǜƤƍ

ƦƭƗǐƏ

Ɯ

ƦƭƗǐƏƠǐƏƠǐǘƨ   ఄ ᧈ έဃƔǒŴ ҡ ಅ Ƣǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƴŴ ҡ ಅ ᚰ ୿ ƕบƞǕǇƢŵƖǐƏƍƘ ƍ ƍ ǜ Ɣ ƍ

ǒƍƻǜ

ƍǘ

  Į ૙ Ꮛ ‫ۀ‬Ճ˟ŴஹខƷƓᅔƍƷƜƱƹƖǐƏƍƘ ƍ ƍ ǜ Ɣ ƍ

ǒƍƻǜ

Ɣƨ

ƦƭƗǐƏ

Ɯ

ƍǘ

ƍ

   ૙ Ꮛ ‫ۀ‬Ճ˟ǍஹខƷ૾ƕŴҡ ಅ Ƣǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƴǉƚƯŴƓᅔƍƷȡȃǻȸǸǛᚕƍǇƢŵƦƭƗǐƏƤƍ

ƟƍƜƏƤƍǘƔƜƱƹįҡ ಅ ဃ ȷ‫נ‬ఄဃƓКǕƷᚕᓶƦƭƗǐƏƤƍ

ƟƍƜƏƤƍƨƕǘƔƍ ҡ ಅ ဃ ȷ‫נ‬ఄဃƕƓʝƍƴƓКǕƷȡȃǻȸǸǛᚕƍǇƢŵƦƭƗǐƏƤƍƕƬƠǐƏİҡ ಅ ဃ ӳ ՘ 
ƦƭƗǐƏ

Ɯ

Əƨ

ƻ

Əƨ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

   ҡ ಅ Ƣǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƕŴജǛƏƨƍǇƢŵƜƷଐƷƨǊƴജƷ ጀ ፼ ǛƠƯƍǇƢŵ

107

ҡಅࡸ

)TCFWCVKQP%GTGOQP[ 5QVUWI[QWUJKMK 

If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᴾᴾᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᵿᴾᵥᶐᵿᶂᶓᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾ ᵡᶃᶐᶃᶋᶍᶌᶗᴾᵆᵱᶍᶒᶑᶓᶅᶗᶍᶓᶑᶆᶇᶉᶇᵇᾎᴾ   6JG)TCFWCVKQP%GTGOQP[KUCEGNGDTCVKQPQHVJGEQORNGVKQPQHVJGEJKNFTGP UGFWECVKQPKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN+VKUCNUQCVKOGVQDKFHCTGYGNNVQVJGVGCEJGTUYJQ
JCXGNQQMGFCHVGTVJGEJKNFTGPFWTKPIVJGKTUEJQQNKPI[GCTU
6JG)TCFWCVKQP%GTGOQP[KUPQVTGNKIKQWUDCUGF  ᾁώᵵᶆᶃᶌᴾᶇᶑᴾᶇᶒᴾᶆᶃᶊᶂᾎᴾ    6JG)TCFWCVKQP%GTGOQP[KUJGNFKP/CTEJᲢ#P CECFGOKE [GCT KP ,CRCPGUG LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNUUVCTVUKP#RTKNCPFGPFUKP/CTEJᲣᾂώᵵᶆᶍᴾᶒᵿᶉᶃᴾᶎᵿᶐᶒᴾᶇᶌᴾᶒᶆᶇᶑᴾᶃᶔᶃᶌᶒᾎ
 Ĭ5VWFGPVU
#NNVJGUVWFGPVUVCMGRCTVKPVJG)TCFWCVKQP%GTGOQP[  ĭ2CTGPVU#NOQUVCNNRCTGPVUCVVGPFVJG)TCFWCVKQP%GTGOQP[KP,CRCP  ᳕0QVG᳗/GODGTU QH VJG RWDNKE QVJGT VJCP VJG RCTGPVU OC[ PQV DG CNNQYGF VQ
CVVGPF %JGEM YKVJ VJG UEJQQN KH TGNCVKXGU QVJGT VJCP VJG RCTGPVU ECPCVVGPFVQIGVJGTYKVJVJGRCTGPVU+HVJGTGCTGVQQOCP[CVVGPFGGUVJG
XGPWGOC[PQVDGCDNGVQCEEQOOQFCVGCNNCPFVJGTGOC[PQVDGGPQWIJUGCVU2NGCUGEJGEMYKVJVJGUEJQQNVGCEJGTU ᾃώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶂᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᶗᴾᶂᶍᴾᵿᶒᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶁᶃᶐᶃᶋᶍᶌᶗᵝᴾ Ĭ 6JGUEJQQNRTKPEKRCN UURGGEJ   6JGRTKPEKRCNFGNKXGTUCEQPITCVWNCVKQPOGUUCIGVQVJGITCFWCVKPIUVWFGPVU   ĭ 2TGUGPVCVKQPQHVJG)TCFWCVKQP%GTVKHKECVG   6JGITCFWCVKPIUVWFGPVUTGEGKXGVJGITCFWCVKQPEGTVKHKECVGHTQOVJGRTKPEKRCN  Į %QPITCVWNCVKQPYQTFUHTQOVJGGFWECVKQPEQOOKVVGGOGODGTUCPFIWGUVU      6JGGFWECVKQPEQOOKVVGGOGODGTUCPFIWGUVUFGNKXGTEQPITCVWNCVKQPOGUUCIGUVQVJGITCFWCVKPIUVWFGPVU  į (CTGYGNNURGGEJHTQOVJGITCFWCVKPIUVWFGPVUVQVJGEWTTGPVUVWFGPVU   4GRTGUGPVCVKXGUHTQOVJGITCFWCVKPIDCVEJQHUVWFGPVUCPFEWTTGPVUVWFGPVUFGNKXGTHCTGYGNNURGGEJGUVQGCEJQVJGTİ 5QPID[VJGITCFWCVKPIUVWFGPVU  6JGITCFWCVKPIUVWFGPVUYKNNUKPICUQPIYJKEJVJG[JCXGRTCEVKEGFHQTVJKUFC[

108

ҡಅࡸ
Ẩ

ờ

ẟ

ᾄώễỆửბợạᾎễỆửਤẾềᘍẮạᾎᴾ ᴾ
ƾƘƦƏ

Ძ ஌ᘺ
Ɯ

Ĭ‫܇‬ƲǋƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤƍƾƘ

Ɩ

ƚƠǐƏ

  ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷС஌ǛბǇƢŵȑȸȆǣȸưƸƳƍƷưŴǢǯǻǵȪȸǛƭƚƨǓŴ҄ታǛƠ
Ɣǈƕƨ

Ƹ

ư

ƘƭƠƨ

ƤƍƾƘ

Ơƨ

Ɩ

ƨǓƠƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵ᭟‫׹‬ǋ෉৖ƳǢȬȳǸƸƠǇƤǜŵ᪇ɦƷȇǶǤȳŴС஌Ʒɦƴბ
ƾƘ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ɩ

Ǉǋ

ǔ஌ǋ‫ܖ‬ఄưൿǊǒǕƨȫȸȫǛ‫ܣ‬ǓǇƠǐƏŵǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ĭ̬ᜱᎍ
Ƹ

ư

ƍǖ

ƾƘ

Ɩ

ƋǇǓ෉৖ưƸƳƍᑥȷȇǶǤȳƷ஌ǛბǇƠǐƏŵƨƱƑƹŴ
ƓǜƳ

ƻƱ

ƍǖ

Ƙǖ

Ɯǜƍǖ

‫ ڡ‬ƷʴƳǒŴᑥƸŴ᱅Ǎ኱ᑥŴǰȬȸŴșȸǸȥƳƲƕƓƢƢǊưƢŵȇǶǤȳƸŴǸȣǱȃȈƱǹǫȸȈŴȯȳȔȸǹƳƲƕƓƢƢǊưƢŵ
ƓƱƜ

ƻƱ

Ƙǖ

ဏ ƷʴƸŴ᱅ƍǹȸȄƕƍƍưƢŵ
ƓǜƳ

ƻƱ

ƓƱƜ

ƻƱ

‫ ڡ‬ƷʴǋŴ ဏ ƷʴǋŴǸȸȑȳǍ᳎ǷȣȄŴǹǦǧȃȈƳƲƖ   ƸბǇƤǜŵǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌǋǋƷᲬ ̬ᜱᎍƷਤƪཋĬǹȪȃȑ
ǋ

ƍ

ƞƭƑƍ

ǄƔ

Ɣƨ

ơǌǇ

ĭǫȡȩǍȓȇǪǛਤƬƯᘍƘƜƱǋưƖǇƢŵǫȡȩǍȓȇǪưƷજࢨƸ˂Ʒ૾Ʒᢲᮂƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘ

ƞƭƑƍ

ơǐƏ

ƴƳǒƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵઃ࠘ᩓᛅǍǹȞȸȈȕǩȳưજࢨƠƨǋƷǛŴȍȃȈ ɥ
ƖǐƔ

ƜƏƔƍ

ƴᚩӧƳƘπ᧏ƢǔƷƸǍǊǇƠǐƏŵẺᾅώẸỉ˂ᴾƸǍƍ ଔǊƴᘍƜƏᲛƦƭƗǐƏƠƖ

Ƹơ

ơƔǜ

Ɩ

ƦƭƗǐƏƠƖƸơƾǜҡ ಅ ࡸ ưƸŴ‫ڼ‬Ǉǔ଺᧓ǍŴȗȭǰȩȠƕൿǇƬƯƍǇƢŵҡ ಅ ࡸ ƕ‫ڼ‬Ǉǔ ЎǄǇƑƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƭƲЭƴŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴბƘǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵƦƭƗǐƏƠƖƾ ǜ ƍ Ɩ ҡ ಅ ࡸ Ʒᩎ‫׊‬ൢƦƭƗǐƏƠƖƠƖ   Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƤƍƪǐƏƜҡ ಅ ࡸ ƸȑȸȆǣȸƷǑƏƴŴƴƗǍƔƳࡸưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ̬ᜱᎍƸ ঺ ᧈ Ơƨ‫܇‬Ʋ
Ƣƕƨ

Ơƣ

ǈǇǋ

ǋƨƪƷ ‫ ۋ‬Ǜ᩺Ɣƴᙸ‫ܣ‬ǓǇƢŵƦƭƗǐƏƠǐƏƠǐ ҡ ಅ ᚰ ୿ƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƖǐƏƍƘ Ɣ Ư ƍ

Ɠ

ƠǐƏǊƍ

ƨƍƤƭ

ƍƑ

ǋ

‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƕŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƷ ૙ Ꮛ ᛢᆉǛኳƑƨƜƱǛ ᚰ ଢ ƢǔǋƷưƢŵ‫ٻ‬ЏƴܼƴਤƔƑƬƯ࠙ǓŴƳƘƞƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ

109

ҡಅࡸ


ᾄώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶒᶍᴾᶕᶃᵿᶐᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶀᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᵿᶊᶍᶌᶅᵝᴾ
 Ძ %NQVJKPIĬ 6JGEJKNFTGP   9GCTVJGUEJQQNWPKHQTO#UVJKUKUPQVCRCTV[FQPQVYGCTCEEGUUQTKGUQT
OCMGWR(QTJCKTFQFQPQVYGCTHCUJKQPCDNGUV[NG#DKFGD[VJGTWNGUHQTVJG
FGUKIPUQHUQEMUCPFENQVJGUDGPGCVJVJGWPKHQTOĭ 2CTGPVU
9GCTENQVJKPIKPUQNGOPEQNQTUCPFFGUKIPU(QTGZCORNG 
KVKUTGEQOOGPFGFHQTNCFKGUVQYGCTDNCEMPCX[DNWGITC[QT
DGKIG 4GEQOOGPFGF UV[NGU KPENWFG LCEMGVU UMKTV CPFQPGRKGEGUWKVG (QTIGPVNGOGPKVKUTGEQOOGPFGFVQYGCTDNCEMUWKVU$QVJIGPVNGOGPCPFNCFKGUUJQWNFPQVYGCTLGCPU6UJKTVU
QTUYGCVUJQTVU Წ 9JCVVJGRCTGPVUJCXGVQDTKPICNQPI Ĭ5NKRRGTUĭ  2CTGPVU ECP DTKPI CNQPI ECOGTCU CPF XKFGQ ECOGTCU *QYGXGT FQ PQVQDUVTWEVQVJGTUYKVJ[QWTECOGTCQTXKFGQTGEQTFGT2WV[QWTOQDKNGRJQPGQPUKNGPVOQFGQTVWTPKVQHH2KEVWTGUVCMGPWUKPIOQDKNGRJQPGUQTUOCTVRJQPGUUJQWNFPQVDGRQUVGFQPVJGKPVGTPGVYKVJQWVRGTOKUUKQPᾅώᵭᶒᶆᶃᶐᶑᴾ $GVJGTGGCTN[Მ6JGTGKU CHKZGFVKOGCPFRTQITCOHQTVJG)TCFWCVKQP%GTGOQP[$GCV VJGXGPWGOKPWVGUDGHQTGVJGEQOOGPEGVKOG  #VOQURJGTGQHVJG)TCFWCVKQP%GTGOQP[6JG )TCFWCVKQP %GTGOQP[ KU PQV C NKXGN[ EGTGOQP[ DWUVNKPI YKVJ CEVKXKVKGU 
2CTGPVUQDUGTXGVJGKTITQYPWREJKNFTGPKPTGURGEVHWNUKNGPEG  )TCFWCVKQP%GTVKHKECVG
6JKU KU C RTQQH HTQO VJG UEJQQN VJCV VJG EJKNFTGP JCXG EQORNGVGF VJGKTGFWECVKQP EQWTUG +V KU CP KORQTVCPV FQEWOGPV VQ DG DTQWIJV JQOG HQT UCHGMGGRKPICPFFQPQVNQUGKV

110၏ൢǍƚƕƷƱƖƼǐƏ Ɩ၏ ൢǍƚƕƷƱƖ
Ɯ

ƼǐƏ Ɩ

ᲫᲨ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ ၏ ൢǍƚƕǛƠƨǒ
ƍƑ

ƦƱ

Ɯ

ƼǐƏƖ

Ɠ

ƭ

ƨƍƓƏ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ǍƢ

ƖǎƏ ơƭ

ܼǍ‫ٳ‬ư‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ၏ൢǍƚƕǛƠƨǒŴᓳƪბƍƯ‫ࣖݣ‬ƠǇƠǐƏŵ ၏ ᨈ ƕ˞ǈƷ ˞ ଐǍ
ǍƔǜ

ƼǐƏƖ

ƹƋƍ

ƍǓǐƏ Ɩ Ɣ ǜ ƋǜƳƍǓǑƏ‫᧓ٸ‬ƴ၏ൢǍƚƕǛƠƨ‫ئ‬ӳŴҔၲೞ᧙కϋǵȸȓǹǛМဇƠǇƠǐƏŵ


ầẟẮẪắ
ẝỮễẟ

‫׎ٳ‬ᛖỂỉకϋἇὊἥἋᴾ
ƋƍƪƚǜƖǎƏƖǎƏƍǓǐƏơǐƏǄƏ
Ũग़ჷჄ ૔ ࣯ Ҕၲ ऴ ‫ إ‬ǷǹȆȠƑƖǊƍƠ Ƙ ƪǐƏƦǜǊƍ
ƸƭƓǜƍƪƹǜ ƪƔ
ƍǓǐƏ Ɩ Ɣ ǜƓǜƤƍᤧᢊƷᬜӸǇƨƸࠊғ ထ ஭ Ӹ Ǜႆ᪦ƢǔƱŴɟဪᡈƍҔၲೞ᧙ǛŴ᪦٣ǇƨƸ᳀᲻᳒ư
ơƲƏƯƖ
ƋǜƳƍ
ƜƘƝ
ƪǎƏƝƘƝ
ƑƍƝ
Ɲ
Ɲ
ƔǜƜƘƝ

ᐯѣႎƴకϋƠǇƢŵᲯȶ‫׎‬ᛖᲢɶ‫׎‬ᛖŴᒍᛖŴȝȫȈǬȫᛖŴǹȚǤȳᛖŴ᪡‫׎‬ᛖᲣƴ ƨƍƓƏ
  
ưǜǘ
‫ࣖݣ‬
ƠƯƍǇƢŵᩓᛅȷ᳀᲻᳒ᲴᲢᲪᲯᲪᲣᲯᲲᲫᲪᲧᲯᲲᲲᲮƋ ƍ ƪ ƍǓǐƏƭƏǍƘ Ũग़ჷҔၲᡫᚪǷǹȆȠᲢ᲻᳣᳇᳃᳍Უ
Ɲ
Ɲ
Ɲ
ǓǑƏ
ƼǐƏƍǜ ƭƏǍƘ ƪǎƏƝƘƝ Ƒ ƍ Ɲ၏ ᨈ ưᡫᚪᲢɶ‫׎‬ᛖŴᒍᛖŴȝȫȈǬȫᛖŴǹȚǤȳᛖŴȕǣȪȔȳᛖᲣǛМဇưƖǇƢŵơ Ɣ ǜ ƨƍƤƍƜƘƝƪǎƏƝƘƝƑƍƝƝƝǇƨŴᲬᲮ଺᧓˳СưᲰƔ‫׎‬ᛖᲢɶ‫׎‬ᛖŴᒍᛖŴȝȫȈǬȫᛖŴǹȚǤȳᛖŴȕǣȪȔȳ
ƝƔǜƜƘƪǐƏƤǜƝư ǜ ǘ ƭƏǍƘƨƍƓƏᛖŴ᪡‫׎‬ȷஔᮗᛖᲣưᩓᛅᡫᚪƴ‫ࣖݣ‬ƠƯƍǇƢŵ
ƯƭƲƏ



ưǜǘ

ᩓᛅȷ᳀᲻᳒ᲴᲢᲪᲯᲪᲣᲯᲲᲫᲮᲧᲱᲬᲰᲭ





ƖǜƖǎƏ

ƹƋƍ

ƖǎƏƖǎƏƠǌ

ǑưǜǘƹǜƝƏưǜǘዬ ࣯ Ʒ‫ئ‬ӳƸ ૔ ࣯ ៻ ǛԠƼǇƠǐƏŵᩓᛅဪӭƸžᲫᲫᲳſưƢŵᩓᛅǛƢǔƱƖƴƸŴƴ Ǆ ǜ ƝƸƳƴ Ǆ ǜ ƝƤƭǊƍƪƔƴ Ǆǜ Ɲ

ƸƳଐஜᛖưᛅƞƳƚǕƹƍƚǇƤǜŵଐஜᛖưƏǇƘᛟଢưƖƳƍƱƖƸŴᡈƘƷଐஜᛖǛᛅƤǔ
ƻƱ

ƨƢ

ǋƱ

ƪƔ

ƨƢ

ǋƱ

ƻƱ

ƹƋƍ

Ɣǜƨǜ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ ƝƭƨʴƴяƚǛ൭ǊǇƠǐƏŵᡈƘƴяƚǛ൭ǊǒǕǔʴƕƍƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴቇҥƳଐஜᛖưˡƑǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ


Ɩ
ƳƍǑƏ
Ɣƞƍ
ƖǎƏƖǎƏ
ᎥƔǕǔϋܾ ž້໎Ɣ ૔ ࣯ ƔſƖǎƏƖǎƏă ૔ ࣯ ưƢŵ

ơǎƏƠǐ







ž
˰ ৑ ſ
ƖǎƏƖǎƏƠǌƖƹƠǐƭƨă ૔ ࣯ ៻ ƴஹƯǄƠƍ‫ئ‬৑ǛˡƑǇƢŵƳǇƑǕǜǒƘƞƖ       žӸЭŴᡲዂέſ
ưǜǘ
ƻƱ
ƳǇƑ
ưǜǘƹǜƝƏ

ăᩓᛅ
ǛƔƚƨʴ
ƷӸЭ
Ʊᩓᛅဪӭ


ƩǕ
       žƍƭŴᛡƕŴƲƜưŴƲƏƠƯƚƕǛƠƨƷƔſƜƍ        ă‫܇‬ƲǋƕƍƭŴƲƜưŴƲƏƠƯƚƕǛƠƨƷƔᚕƍǇƢŵ
ƍǇ

ơǐƏƨƍ

       žʻƲǜƳ ཞ ७ Ɣſ
ǈ

Ɯ

ơǐƏƨƍ

Ɣǜƨǜ

ƍ

        ăᙸƨǇǇƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ཞ ७ ǛቇҥƴᚕƍǇƢŵ111

၏ൢǍƚƕƷƱƖ

5KEMPGUUCPF+PLWT[ᵏᵌᴾᵵᶆᶃᶌᴾᶗᶍᶓᶐᴾᶁᶆᶇᶊᶂᴾᶇᶑᴾᶑᶇᶁᶉᴾᶍᶐᴾᶇᶌᶈᶓᶐᶃᶂᴾ
9JGP[QWTEJKNFJCUHCNNGPKNNQTKPLWTGFGKVJGTCVJQOGQTQWVUKFGUVC[ECNO;QWECPWUGVJG/GFKECN+PUVKVWVKQP+PHQTOCVKQP5GTXKEGGXGPYJGPVJGJQURKVCNUCTGENQUGFQT
CVPKIJVYJGP[QWTEJKNFHCNNUUKEMQTKPLWTGFᵤᶍᶐᶃᶇᶅᶌᴾᵪᵿᶌᶅᶓᵿᶅᶃᴾᵧᶌᶄᶍᶐᶋᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾᵱᶃᶐᶔᶇᶁᶃᴾŨ$LFKL3UHIHFWXUH(PHUJHQF\0HGLFDO,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHP+PHQTOCVKQP KPENWFKPI VJG RTQPWPEKCVKQP QH VTCKP UVCVKQP PCOGU QT PCOG QH
EKV[VQYPVJGPGCTGUVOGFKECNKPUVKVWVKQPUKUCWVQOCVKECNN[RTQXKFGFXKCXQKEGQT(#:   6JKU UGTXKEG KU CXCKNCDNG KP  HQTGKIP NCPIWCIGU Ტ %JKPGUG 'PINKUJ2QTVWIWGUG5RCPKUJCPF-QTGCPᲣ
Phoneȷ᳀᲻᳒ᲴᲢᲪᲯᲪᲣᲯᲲᲫᲪᲧᲯᲲᲲᲮ

Ũ$LFKL0HGLFDO,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ6\VWHPᲢ᲻᳣᳇᳃᳍Უ6JKU
UGTXKEG ECP DG WUGF HQT KPVGTRTGVCVKQP CV JQURKVCNU Ტ %JKPGUG 'PINKUJ
2QTVWIWGUG 5RCPKUJ CPF 6CICNQI Უ  /QTGQXGT KPVGTRTGVCVKQP KP  HQTGKIPNCPIWCIGUᲢ%JKPGUG'PINKUJ 2QTVWIWGUG 5RCPKUJ 6CICNQI -QTGCPᲣ ECP DG

 FQPGQXGTVJGRJQPGJQWTU


Phoneȷ᳀᲻᳒ᲴᲢᲪᲯᲪᲣᲯᲲᲫᲮᲧᲱᲬᲰᲭ
+PECUGQHGOGTIGPE[ECNNCPCODWNCPEG6JGRJQPGPWODGTKU ßà;QWPGGF
VQURGCMKP,CRCPGUGYJGP[QWECNN+H[QWCTGPQVCDNGVQGZRNCKPENGCTN[KP,CRCPGUGCUMHQTJGNRHTQORGQRNGPGCT[QW+HVJGTGKUPQQPGPGCTD[YJQO[QWECPCUMURGCM
KPUKORNG,CRCPGUG %QPVGPVJGCTFQXGTVJGRJQPG ž+UKVHKTGQTGOGTIGPE[! MCUCKMCM[WWM[WWMC! ſă +VKUCPGOGTIGPE[ -[WWM[WWFGUW   ž#FFTGUU L[WWUJQ ſă +PHQTOVJGXGPWGHQTVJGCODWNCPEGVQIQVQ       ž0COG%QPVCEVPWODGT PCOCGTGPTCMWUCMK ſă 6JGPCOGCPFVGNGRJQPGPWODGTQHVJGECNNGT   ž9JGP 9JQ 9JGTG JQY CPF YJ[ KPLWTGF KVUW FCTGIC FQMQFGFQWUJKVGMGICYQUJKVCPQMC ſ        ă 4GNCVGYJGPYJGTGCPFJQYVJGEJKNFIGVUKPLWTGF  ž9JCVKURTGUGPVEQPFKVKQPQHVJGRGTUQP KOCFQPPCL[QWVCKMC ſ        ă 5C[KPUKORNGNCPIWCIGCDQWVVJGEJKNF URTGUGPVEQPFKVKQP

112၏ൢǍƚƕƷƱƖ
ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƍ

ᲬᲨ ၏ ᨈ ǁᘍƬƨƋƱ
ƼǐƏƍǜ

Ơǜƞƭ

Ə

ƍ

Ơ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƍƔƘƴǜ၏ ᨈ ưᚮ‫ݑ‬ǛӖƚƨǒŴҔࠖƴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᘍƬƯǋƍƍƔᄩᛐǛƠǇƢŵƍᲢᲫᲣᘍƚƳƍƱƖ
ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǍƢ

ƍƑ

ƔǜƼǐƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɯ

Ơǜƺƍ

     ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ǜ˞ǇƤƯŴܼư Ⴣ ၏ ƠǇƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷέဃƸŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷƜƱǛ࣎ᣐƠƯƍ
ǍƢ

ƼǐƏǊƍ

ƠǐƏơǐƏ

ƙƨƍƯƖƭƨǇƢŵ˞ǉƜƱƱ ၏ Ӹ Ǎ ၐ ཞ Ǜφ˳ႎƴˡƑƯƘƩƞƍŵƍᲢᲬᲣᘍƚǔƱƖ
ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɯ

ƼǐƏǊƍ

ƠǐƏơǐƏ

ƙƨƍƯƖ

ƭƨ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǁᘍƚǔƱƖǋŴέဃƴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ၏ Ӹ Ǎ ၐ ཞ Ǜφ˳ႎƴˡƑǇƠǐƏŵ၏ ᨈ
ƍ

Ơ

Ɣǈ

Ɣ

ưŴҔࠖƴኡƴ୿ƍƯƓƍƯǋǒƏƜƱǛƓƢƢǊƠǇƢŵ

ƘƢǓ

Ʊ

ƋƭƔ

  ᕤ Ʒӕ  Ǔ ৢ ƍƴƭƍƯ
ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƘƢǓƋƣƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ǇƑ

ƋƱ

ƘƢǓ

Ʒ

ƻƭǑƏ

ȷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ƹ ᕤ Ǜ᪳ƔƬƯƘǕǇƤǜŵǋƠ ዅ ᫢ ƷЭǍࢸƴ ᕤ Ǜ᫩ǉ࣏ᙲƕƋǕƹŴ
Ɯ
ơƿǜ
Ʒ
ǋ
   ‫܇‬ ƲǋƴᐯЎ     ư᫩
  ǉǑƏਤƨƤǇƠǐƏŵ
ƴƪ

Ɣƍ

ƘƢǓ

ƔƳǒ

ƪǎƏƠǐƘ

ƋƱƷȷžᲫଐᲭ‫ׅ‬ſƷ ᕤ ƸŴ ࣏ ƣ ଷ ᫢ Ʒࢸƴ᫩ǇƳƚǕƹƍƚƳƍƱƍƏǘƚưƸƋǓƖ ƨ Ƙ ƝƷƖ ƨ Ƙ Ɲ

Ʒ

Ǒǔ

ƘƢǓ

ǇƤǜŵ࠙‫ࢸܡ‬ƴ᫩ǇƤǔƜƱǋưƖǇƢŵƦƷƱƖƸŴ࠙‫ࢸܡ‬ƴ᫩ǜưƔǒ‫ٸ‬Ʒ ᕤ
Ʒ

ƳǜơƔǜ

ƍ

Ơ

ƦƏƩǜ

Ǜ᫩ǉǇư˴଺᧓ƋƚƳƘƯƸƍƚƳƍƔҔࠖƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƍ

Ơ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƴƪ

Ɣƍ

ƘƢǓ

ƴƪ

Ɣƍ

ƜƱ

ȷ ၏ ᨈ ưҔࠖƴႻᛩƢǔƱžᲫଐᲭ‫ׅ‬ſƷ ᕤ ǛžᲫଐᲬ‫ׅ‬ſƴƠƯƘǕǔʙƕƋǓǇƦƏƩǜƢŵႻᛩƠƯǈǇƠǐƏŵ

ᲭᲨǋƠǋƷƱƖƷƨǊƴ
ƼǐƏƖ

Ơǜƺƍ

၏ൢǍƚƕư࣎ᣐƴƳƬƨƱƖƸŴƜǜƳǵǤȈǋƋǓǇƢŵ ƖǎƏƖǎƏƍǓǐƏ
Ĭ Ƌƍƪ ૔ ࣯ ҔၲǬǤȉ KWWSZZZTTSUHIDLFKLMS
ƋƍƪƚǜƖǎƏƖǎƏƍǓǐƏơǐƏǄƏ
ƖǎƏƖǎƏƍǓǐƏ
žग़ჷჄ ૔ ࣯ Ҕၲ ऴ ‫ إ‬ǷǹȆȠſƷțȸȠȚȸǸžƋƍƪ ૔ ࣯ ҔၲǬǤȉſưƸŴ ƕ ƍ Ɯ Ƙ Ɲ ƨƍƓƏƖǎƏơƭƠǜǓǐƏơǐ
ƚǜƞƘ
‫׎ٳ‬ᛖ
ư‫ࣖݣ‬
ưƖǔ
˞
ଐ
ᚮ
ၲ
৑
Ǜ౨ኧ
ƢǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵƍǓǐƏƭƏǍƘĭ ƋƍƪҔၲᡫᚪǷǹȆȠ
KWWSZZZDLFKLLU\RXWVX\DNXV\VWHPFRP
Ƌƍƪƚǜ

ƍƪƿ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

Ə

ƭƏǍƘ

ǄǜǍƘ

ƕƍƜƘƝ

ग़ჷჄƷɟᢿƷ ၏ ᨈ ƳƲưӖƚǒǕǔᡫᚪǍᎇᚪƷǵȸȓǹưƢŵ‫׎ٳ‬ᛖưțȸȠȚȸǈǸǛᙸǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵưǜǘᩓᛅȷ᳀᲻᳒ᲴᲢᲪᲯᲪᲣᲯᲲᲫᲮᲧᲱᲬᲰᲭ

113၏ൢǍƚƕƷƱƖᾁώᵟᶄᶒᶃᶐᴾᶗᶍᶓᴾᶆᵿᶔᶃᴾᶀᶃᶃᶌᴾᶒᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶆᶍᶑᶎᶇᶒᵿᶊᴾ#HVGTEQPUWNVCVKQPCPFVTGCVOGPVCVVJGJQURKVCNEJGEMYKVJVJGFQEVQTYJGVJGTKV
KUHKPGHQTVJGEJKNFVQCVVGPFUEJQQN
ᲢᲫᲣ9JGPKVKUPQVHKPGVQCVVGPFUEJQQN     6CMGVKOGQHHHTQOUEJQQNCPFTGEWRGTCVGCVJQOG#UVJGVGCEJGTUYKNNDG
YQTTKGFCDQWVVJGEJKNF UEQPFKVKQPRNGCUGKPHQTOVJGOKPFGVCKNUQHVJGEJKNF’UUKEMPGUUCPFU[ORVQOU 
ᲢᲬᲣ9JGPKVKUHKPGVQCVVGPFUEJQQN
'XGPYJGPVJGEJKNFKUHKPGGPQWIJVQCVVGPFRNGCUGKPHQTOVJGVGCEJGTUKPFGVCKNUQHVJGEJKNF’UUKEMPGUUCPFU[ORVQOU+VKUTGEQOOGPFGFVQQDVCKPCPQVG
HTQOVJGFQEVQTQPVJGEJKNF’UEQPFKVKQP   6CMKPIOGFKECVKQP     
ȷ6JGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNFQGUPQVJCXGOGFKECVKQPKPUVQTG+HVJGEJKNFPGGFUVQVCMGOGFKECVKQPDGHQTGQTCHVGTOGCNRNGCUGNGVVJGEJKNFDTKPIJKUQTJGT    QYPOGFKECVKQP        ȷ(QTOGFKEKPGVJCVUVCVGU ßVKOGUCFC[àKVKUPQVPGEGUUCT[VJCVVJGEJKNF
OWUVVCMGKVCHVGTNWPEJ+VKUUVKNNHKPGVQVCMGVJGOGFKEKPGYJGPVJGEJKNFTGCEJGUJQOG+PUWEJECUGRNGCUGEQPUWNVVJGFQEVQTQPJQYOWEJVKOG[QWOWUVJCXGKPDGVYGGPHQTVQVCMGVJGOGFKECVKQPVJCVKUVQDGVCMGPCVPKIJVCHVGT[QWJCXGVCMGPVJGOGFKECVKQPYJGP[QWTGCEJJQOG  
ȷ+H[QWVCNMVQVJGFQEVQTUCVVJGJQURKVCNVJGOGFKEKPGQHßVKOGUCFC[à OC[DGCDNGVQEJCPIGVQ ßVKOGUCFC[à&QVCNMVQVJGFQEVQTᾂώᵧᶌᴾᶁᵿᶑᶃᴾᶍᶄᴾᶃᶋᶃᶐᶅᶃᶌᶁᶗᴾ+H[QWCTGCPZKQWUQXGTVJGKNNPGUUQTKPLWT[[QWECPIQVQVJGHQNNQYKPIYGDUKVGU 
 Ĭ #KEJK'OGTIGPE[/GFKECN)WKFG JVVRYYYSSRTGHCKEJKLR
6JG#KEJK'OGTIGPE[/GFKECN)WKFGHQWPFQPVJGJQOGRCIGQH ß#KEJK
2TGHGEVWTGGOGTIGPE[OGFKECNKPHQTOCVKQPU[UVGO͇RTQXKFGUKPHQTOCVKQPKPHQTGKIPNCPIWCIGUQPENKPKEUVJCVQRGTCVGQPYGGMGPFUCPFFWTKPIJQNKFC[Uĭ #KEJK/GFKECN+PVGTRTGVCVKQP5[UVGOJVVRYYYCKEJKKT[QWVUW[CMWU[UVGOEQO+VKUCPKPVGTRTGVCVKQPCPFVTCPUNCVKQPUGTXKEGCXCKNCDNGCVUQOGJQURKVCNUKP#KEJK2TGHGEVWTG;QWECPXKGYVJGJQOGRCIGKPOWNVKRNGNCPIWCIGU
2JQPGȷ᳀᲻᳒ᲴᲢᲪᲯᲪᲣᲯᲲᲫᲮᲧᲱᲬᲰᲭ





114

၏ൢǍƚƕƷƱƖǄƚǜƠƭᲮᲨ̬ܴͤưưƖǔƜƱ
ǄƚǜƠƭᲢᲫᲣ̬ܴͤƬƯƳƴᲹƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǄƚǜƠƭ

ǄƚǜƠƭ

ǑƏ Ɲ ƖǐƏǏǑƤǜƤƍǑ Ə Ɲ ƖǐƏǏɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴƸ̬ܴͤƕƋǓǇƢŵ̬ܴͤƴƸ᫱ᜱ૙᛼ƱԠƹǕǔέဃƕƍǇƢŵ᫱ᜱ૙᛼
Ɯ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƼǐƏƖ

ƓƏƖǎƏ Ơ ǐ ƪ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƍ

Ƹ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ‫ܖ‬ఄư၏ൢǍƚƕǛƠƨƱƖŴ ࣖ ࣯ ϼፗǛƠƯƘǕǇƢŵƦƠƯ ၏ ᨈ ƴᘍƬ
ǄƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ơǎƗǐƏ

Ə

ƸǜƩǜ

ƨ૾ƕƍƍƔŴ‫ܖ‬ఄư ੉ ಅ ƕӖƚǒǕǔƔǛЙૺƠǇƢŵǑ Ə Ɲ ƖǐƏǏ

ƍ

Ơ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƔƳǒ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

Ơǜƞƭ

Ə

᫱ᜱ૙᛼ƸҔࠖưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ࣏ᙲƳƱƖƸ ࣏ ƣ ၏ ᨈ ưᚮ‫ݑ‬ǛӖƚǇƠǐƏŵ
ǉƔ

ƻƭǑƏ

ᲢᲬᲣᡇƑƕ࣏ᙲƳƱƖǑ Ə Ɲ ƖǐƏǏ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƍ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ơǎƗǐƏ

Ə

ƸǜƩǜ

᫱ᜱ૙᛼ƕž ၏ ᨈ ƴᘍƘ࣏ᙲƕƋǔſǍž‫ܖ‬ఄư ੉ ಅ ǛӖƚǔƜƱƕưƖƳƍſƱЙૺǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ưǜǘ

ƸǍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǉƔ

ƍ

Ɯ

ƠƨǒŴ̬ᜱᎍƴᩓᛅǛƠǇƢŵưƖǔƩƚଔƘ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᡇƑƴᘍƬƯƘƩƞƍŵǇƨ‫܇‬Ʋ
ƼǐƏƖ

ǕǜǒƘ

Ʊ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǕǜǒƘƞƖƓƠǋ ƕ ၏ൢ Ǎ ƚ ƕ Ǜ Ơ ƨ Ʊ Ɩ ƴ ŴƖƪǜƱᡲዂ ƕӕ ǕǔǑƏŴ‫ܖ‬ఄ ƴᡲዂέ Ǜ૙ Ƒ ƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵ115

၏ൢǍƚƕƷƱƖᾃώᴾ ᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶗᶍᶓᴾᶁᵿᶌᴾᶂᶍᴾᵿᶒᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᵱᶇᶁᶉᴾᵠᵿᶗᴾᵆᵦᶍᶉᶃᶌᶑᶆᶇᶒᶑᶓᵇᴾ
ᲢᲫᲣ9JCVKUCUKEMDC[Ჹ6JGTG KU C UKEM DC[ KP VJG LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN 6JGTG KU C UEJQQN PWTUG;QWIQM[QW[W CVVJGUKEMDC[6JGUEJQQNPWTUGYKNNCRRN[HKTUVCKFVQVJGEJKNF
YJGPJGQTUJGKUUKEMQTKPLWTGF6JGUEJQQNPWTUGYKNNCNUQLWFIGYJGVJGTVJGTGKUCPGGFVQIQVQVJGJQURKVCNQTKHVJGEJKNFKUCDNGVQTGUWOGENCUUGU 
6JGUEJQQNPWTUGKUPQVCFQEVQT9JGPPGEGUUCT[RNGCUGUGGMVTGCVOGPVCVVJGJQURKVCN  ᲢᲬᲣ9JGPKVKUPGEGUUCT[HQTVJGEJKNFVQDGHGVEJGFJQOG
9JGPVJGUEJQQNPWTUGJCUFGEKFGFVJCVVJGEJKNF ßPGGFUVQIQVQCJQURKVCNà
QT ßKUWPHKVVQCVVGPFENCUUGUàUJGYKNNECNNVJGRCTGPVU  +HRQUUKDNGIQCUUQQP
CU[QWECPVQVCMG[QWTEJKNF6QGPCDNGVJGUEJQQNVQDGCDNGVQEQPVCEV[QW
YJGP VJG EJKNF KU UKEM QT KPLWTGF RNGCUG KPHQTO [QWT EQPVCEV FGVCKNU YKVJ VJGUEJQQN 116˳Ʊ࣎Ʒ঺ᧈ

ƔǒƩ

ƜƜǖ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

˳ Ʊ ࣎ Ʒ঺ ᧈᴾᴾЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ

ᴾ
Ắ

ẦỤẻ

ẮẮỨ

ẶẟẼỢạ

ᾀώ‫܇‬Ễờỉ ˳ ể ࣎ ỉ঺ᧈ ỆếẟềᴾƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ơ

Ɩ

Ɯ

ƔǒƩ

ƜƜǖ

ǁǜƔ

Ɠ

ƓƱƜ

Ɯ

ƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ   ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ Ʒ଺஖Ŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ˳ Ǎ ࣎ ƴƸƍǖƍǖƳ‫҄٭‬ƕឪƖǇƢŵ ဏ Ʒ‫܇‬Ƹɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƔǒƩƍƜƏƸǜ

ƔǒƩ

ƓƓ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

ƓǜƳ

Ɯ

ƠǐƏƕƬƜƏƯ ƍ Ʋ ƔǒƩƓƓˊࢸҞƴƔƚƯ ˳ ƕ‫ٻ‬ƖƘ ঺ ᧈ ƠǇƢŵ‫ ڡ‬Ʒ‫܇‬Ƹ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ ƷƋƍƩƴŴƋǔᆉࡇ ˳ Ƹ‫ٻ‬
ƓƓ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

ƖƘƳƬƯƍǔƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢƕŴǇƩǇƩ ঺ ᧈ ƠǇƢŵ
ƜƜǖ

ǁǜƔ

Ɠ

ƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ƠƠǎǜƖ

Ƹƍ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

Ơǜǖ

ǏƏơǜƔǜƚƍ   Ǉƨ ࣎ ƴǋ‫҄٭‬ƕឪƖƯƖǇƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƴƳǔƱ࣬ବ஖ƴλǓŴѠ ࢍ ŴᡶែŴӐʴ᧙̞Ŵ
ƿƔƭƲƏ

ǕǜƋƍ

Ɯ

ƳǍ

ƓƱƳ

ǈ

ƪƍ

ƳǍ

ǈ

ᢿ෇ѣŴࣾग़ƳƲŴƍǖƍǖƳƜƱư‫܇‬ƲǋƸपǈǇƢŵ‫ٻ‬ʴƔǒᙸǔƱŴ‫ݱ‬ƞƍपǈƴᙸƑǇƍƴƪƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƔǑ

ƤƍƔƭ

Ɯ

ǔƜƱǋƋǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵƠƔƠ൑ଐ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᡫƍŴƦƜưဃ෇ƠƯƍǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƴƱƬƓƓƳǍƯƸ‫ٻ‬ƖƳपǈưƢŵ
Ɯ

ơƿǜ

ƔǒƩ

ƜƜǖ

Ɠ

ǁǜƔ

ƱǇƲ

ƳǍ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƜ   ‫܇‬ƲǋƸᐯЎƷ ˳ Ǎ ࣎ ƴឪƜǔ‫҄٭‬ƴŴৎषƍŴपǉƜƱǋƋǔưƠǐƏŵ̬ᜱᎍǋ‫܇‬Ʋ
ǁǜƔ

ƱǇƲ

Ɠǋ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ɯ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

ǈǇǋ

ǋƷ‫҄٭‬ƴৎषƏƜƱǋƋǔƱ࣬ƍǇƢŵ࣏ᙲƳƱƖƴƸǵȝȸȈƠŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ঺ ᧈ Ǜᙸ‫ܣ‬ǓǇƠǐƏŵ


ẦỤẻ

ẝ

Ớ

ᾁώ ˳ ỆӳẾẺờỉử៲ỆếẬợạᴾƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ƔǒƩ

ǁǜƔ

Ɠ

ơ

Ɩ

ƓƱƜ

Ɯ

ƠǜƪǐƏ

Ʒ

ƴǎƏ

   ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ Ƹ ˳ Ʒ‫҄٭‬ƕឪƜǔ଺஖ưƢŵဏ Ʒ‫܇‬Ƹ ៲ ᧈ ƕƔƳǓ˦ƼǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵλ
ƕƘ

ƢƜ

ƓƓ

ƤƍƾƘ

Ɣ

ƓǜƳ

Ɯ

ƠǜƪǐƏ

ǁǜƔ

‫ܖ‬ƢǔƱƖƴƸ‫ݲ‬Ơ‫ٻ‬ƖǊƷС஌ǛᝰƏƱƍƍưƠǐƏŵ‫ ڡ‬Ʒ‫܇‬Ƹ ៲ ᧈ Ʒ‫҄٭‬ƸƋǇǓƳƍ
ƠǅƏ

ơǐƤƍ

ƔǒƩ

ƓƱƜ

Ɯ

ƓǜƳ

Ɯ

ƍǇ Ɩ

ƔǋƠǕǇƤǜƕŴᏢᏆƕƭƖ‫ࣱڡ‬ǒƠƍ ˳ ƴƳƬƯƖǇƢŵ ဏ Ʒ‫܇‬ǋ ‫ ڡ‬Ʒ‫܇‬ǋŴʻბƯƤƍƾƘƨƍƦƏƾƘ

Ƌ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

Ƌ

ơǎǜƼ

ƾƘ

ƍǔС஌Ǎ˳દ஌ƕӳǘƳƘƳƬƯƖƨǒŴ঺ ᧈ ƴӳǘƤƯแͳƠǇƠǐƏŵƖǐƏƩƍƷ஌
ƭƔ

Ɩǜơǐ

Ƥǜƺƍ

ǄƏǄƏ

Ǜ̅ƬƨǓŴᡈ৑Ʒέ᠚ƴǋǒƬƨǓƢǔ૾ඥǋƋǓǇƢŵẻ ẟ Ệ ẳ ẶẟẼỢạ

ᾂώᇹʚഏ ࣱࣉ ẾềễỆᾎᴾƩ ƍ ƴ ơ ƤƍƪǐƏ

Ɯ

ƔǒƩ

ƓƱƳ

ƔǒƩ

ơǎǜƼ

Ƹơ

Ʃ ƍ ƴ ơ   ᇹʚഏ ࣱ ࣉ ƱƸŴ‫ ܇‬ƲǋƷ ˳ ƕ‫ٻ‬ʴ Ʒ ˳ ƴƳǔƨǊƷแͳ Ǜ‫ ڼ‬ǊǔƜƱưƢŵᇹʚഏ
ƤƍƪǐƏ

Ƹơ

Ɯ

ƔǒƩ

ǁǜƔ

Ɠ

Ɯ ơ ǜ ƞƪǎƏƕƘƤƍࣱ ࣉ ƕ‫ڼ‬ǇǔƱ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ˳ ƴƸƍǖƍǖƳ‫҄٭‬ƕឪƜǓǇƢŵ̾ʴࠀƸƋǓǇƢƕŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃƶǜǕƍƩƍ ƴ ơ ƤƍƪǐƏ

ơ

Ɩ

Ʃƍ ƴ

ơ ƤƍƪǐƏ

Ɠ

ơ

Ɩ

ƠƠǎǜƖ

Ʒ࠰ᱫƸŴᇹʚഏ ࣱ ࣉ Ʒ଺஖ƴƋƨǓǇƢŵᇹʚഏ ࣱ ࣉ ƕឪƖƯƍǔ଺஖Ǜ࣬ବ஖ƱƍƍǇƢŵƩ ƍ ƴ ơ ƤƍƪǐƏ

Ƹơ

Ɯ

ơƿǜ

ƔǒƩ

ǁǜƔ

ƱǇƲ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƻƭǑƏ   ᇹʚഏ ࣱ ࣉ ƕ‫ڼ‬ǇǔƱŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƸᐯЎƷ ˳ Ʒ‫҄٭‬ƴৎषƍǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƷǵȝȸȈǛ࣏ᙲ
Ƹ

ơƿǜ

ƍ

Ʃ

ƱƠƯƍǔƱƖǋŴऋƣƔƠƘƯᐯЎƔǒᚕƍЈƢƜƱƕưƖǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƜƑЈஹƳƍƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵƦǜƳƱƖƸ̬ᜱᎍƔǒ٣ǛƔ
ƾƩǜ

Ɯ

ǑƏƢ

ǈ

ƚƯƋƛƯƘƩƞƍŵ୍െƔǒ‫܇‬ƲǋƷಮ‫܇‬ǛǑƘᙸƯƨƍƤƭƋƛǔƜƱƕ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵ117

˳Ʊ࣎Ʒ঺ᧈ

2J[UKECNCPF2U[EJQNQIKECN)TQYVJ 
If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᾀώᵡᶆᶇᶊᶂᶐᶃᶌᵅᶑᴾᶅᶐᶍᶕᶒᶆᴾᶇᶌᴾᶀᶍᶒᶆᴾᶀᶍᶂᶗᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶋᶇᶌᶂᴾ   %JKNFTGPDGIKPVQJCXGEJCPIGUDQVJRJ[UKECNN[CPFRU[EJQNQIKECNN[FWTKPIVJGKTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN[GCTU$Q[UJCXGGUECNCVKPIITQYVJHTQOVJGKTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN
[GCTUVKNNKPVJGKTNCVGVGGPU#NVJQWIJIKTNUUVCTVVJGKTRWDGTV[ITQYVJOWEJGCTNKGTFWTKPIGNGOGPVCT[UEJQQN[GCTUVJG[UVKNNITQYFWTKPIVJGKTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN[GCTU    6JGTG CTG CNUQ RU[EJQNQIKECN EJCPIGU CV VJKU UVCIG &WTKPI LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNEJKNFTGPGPVGTVJGRWDGTV[UVCIGCPFOKIJVGZRGTKGPEGRTQDNGOUKPUVWFKGUECTGGTEJQKEGU HTKGPFUJKRU ENWD CEVKXKVKGU CPF NQXG TGNCVKQPUJKRU  (TQO VJG CFWNVU XKGYRQKPVVJGUGOKIJVUGGOVTKXKCN*QYGXGTVQVJGEJKNFYJQIQGUCPFURGPFVKOGGXGT[FC[KPUEJQQNVJGUGCTGUGTKQWUKUUWGU   6JG EJKNF OKIJV HGGN EQPHWUGF CPF CPZKQWU QXGT JKU QT JGT QYP RJ[UKECN CPFRU[EJQNQIKECNEJCPIGU2CTGPVUOKIJVHGGNEQPHWUGFQXGTVJGEJKNFTGP UEJCPIGCUYGNN6JWURCTGPVUOWUVTGPFGTUWRRQTVVQVJGEJKNFKPQTFGTVQYCVEJQXGTJKOQTJGT  ᾁώᵪᶃᵿᶐᶌᴾᶋᶍᶐᶃᴾᵿᶀᶍᶓᶒᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶀᶍᶂᶗᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶇᶒᶑᴾᶂᶃᶔᶃᶊᶍᶎᶋᶃᶌᶒᴾ   6JGDQF[JCUUQOGUKIPKHKECPVFGXGNQROGPVFWTKPIVJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNRGTKQF
$Q[UECPITQYVCNNGTEQPUKFGTCDN[$GHQTG[QWUVCTVUEJQQN[QWUJQWNFDW[CUNKIJVN[NCTIGTWPKHQTO)KTNUOC[PQVJCXGOWEJEJCPIGKPJGKIJVDWVVJGKTDQFKGUDGEQOG
OQTGHGOKPKPGCUVJG[JCXGOQTGHCV(QTDQVJDQ[UCPFIKTNURTGRCTGVJGTKIJVUK\G
QHENQVJKPICUVJG[ITQYCUVJGWPKHQTOUCPFGZGTEKUGENQVJGUVJCVVJG[CTGYGCTKPIPQYOC[UQQPDGVQQUOCNN6JG[ECPJCXGJCPFOGFQYPENQVJGUHTQOVJGKTQNFGTUKDNKPIUQTIGVUGEQPFJCPFENQVJGUHTQOVJGKTUGPKQTUKPVJGXKEKPKV[ ᾂώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶑᶃᶁᶍᶌᶂᵿᶐᶗᴾᶑᶃᶖᶓᵿᶊᴾᶁᶆᵿᶐᵿᶁᶒᶃᶐᶇᶑᶒᶇᶁᶑᾎᴾ   5GEQPFCT[ UGZWCN EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU UKIPKH[ VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG RTGRCTCVKQP KP C
EJKNFÞ
U DQF[ KPVQ CFWNVJQQF 6JGTG CTG XCTKQWU EJCPIGU KP C EJKNFÞU DQF[ YJGPUGEQPFCT[ UGZWCN EJCTCEVGTKUVKEU DGIKP 9JKNG VJGTG CTG FKHHGTGPEGU KP KPFKXKFWCNUOQUVRGQRNGDGIKPVQJCXGUGEQPFCT[UGZWCNEJCTCEVGTKUVKEUFWTKPIVJGKTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN[GCTU6JKURGTKQFKUECNNGFRWDGTV[      6JGEJKNFKUQHVGPEQPHWUGFCDQWVVJGEJCPIGUKP JKU QT JGT DQF[ YJGP UGEQPFCT[ UGZWCNEJCTCEVGTKUVKEU DGIKP 9JGP VJG[ PGGF UWRRQTVHTQOVJGKTRCTGPVUVJG[OC[DGVQQGODCTTCUUGF
VQURGCMQWV9JGPVJKUJCRRGPURCTGPVUUJQWNF
XQKEG QWV CPF CUM VJGO +V KU KORQTVCPV VQ DG
QDUGTXCPVGXGT[FC[ 118˳Ʊ࣎Ʒ঺ᧈƩ ƍ ƴ ơ ƤƍƪǐƏ

ƔǒƩ

ǁǜƔ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ŭᇹʚഏ ࣱ ࣉ Ʒ ˳ Ʒ‫҄٭‬Ʊ࣏ᙲƳǵȝȸȈŬ
ƩǜƠ

ơǐƠ

ဏ‫܇‬

 ‫܇ڡ‬

ƜƑƕ

ƴǎƏǅƏ

٣‫٭‬ǘǓʐ ৐ ƷႆᢋäȖȩǸȣȸǛ៲ƴƭƚƞƤǔ

ƸƬƤƍ

ƭƔ

Ɣƨ

ƓƠ

ƠǐƪǐƏ

ƻƛƷႆဃäǷǧȸȐȸƷ̅ƍ૾Ǜ૙Ƒǔ
ƨƍǋƏ

ƸƬƤƍ

ƴǄǜ

Ɩ

ƓǜƳ

ƸƬƨƭ

Ɯ

è

Ƥ ƍ Ǔ ǑƏƻǜ

ǈ

ƭƔ

Ɣƨ

ƓƠ

И ກ äဃྸဇԼƷ̅ƍ૾Ǜ૙Ƒǔ

ƓƓ

ƓǜƳ

Ɯ

ƛ

ƠǐǓ

ƠƔƨ

˳ൗƷႆဃäଐஜưƸൢƴƢǔ ‫ ڡ‬Ʒ‫܇‬ƕ‫ٶ‬ƍƨǊŴ ‫ ڡ‬Ʒ‫܇‬ƴƸǘƖൗƳƲƷϼྸƷˁ૾Ǜ
ƓƠ

૙Ƒǔ
ƨƍƠǎƏ

ƸƬƤƍ

ƤƍƔǜ

ƤƍƔǜ

ǑƏƍ

˳ ᐰ ƷႆဃäС൱ǹȗȬȸǍС൱ǷȸȈǛဇॖƢǔ
ƾƘ

ƏƑ

ǉƶ

ǈ

ᴾ

è஌ƷɥƔǒưǋᏟƷƾƘǒǈƕǘƔǔǑƏƴƳƬƨǒŴȖȩǸȣȸǛ៲ƴƭƚƞᴾƤǇƠǐƏŵଐஜưƸʴЭƴЈǔ‫ئ‬ӳŴȖȩǸȣȸǛ៲ƴƭƚǇƢŵС஌Ǎ˳દ

ƴǄ ǜ

ᴾ

ƾƘ

ẲẲỠỮẨ

ƏƑ

Ǌ

ƻƱ ǇƑ

ư

ƹ Ƌƍ

Ʃ

ǈ

ƍǖ

ƤƍƾƘ

ƨƍƦƏ

Ƒǒ

஌ƷɥƔǒŴႸᇌƪƴƘƍȇǶǤȳǍᑥƷǋƷǛᢠƼǇƠǐƏŵẮᾃώ࣬ବ஖ỉ‫܇‬ỄờẺẼᴾ
ƠƠǎǜƖ

Ɯ

ƨƍǁǜ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƨƍƸǜƜƏƯƖƨƍƲ   ࣬ବ஖Ʒ‫܇‬ƲǋƸ‫٭ٻ‬ȇȪǱȸȈưƢŵǤȩǤȩƠƯŴ̬ᜱᎍƴ‫ݣ‬ƠƯӒ৴ႎƳ७ࡇǛƱƬ 
ơ

Ɩ

ƸǜƜƏƖ

ƢƜ

ƋƜƕ

  ƯƠǇƏ଺஖ǋƋǓǇƢᲢӒ৴஖ƱƍƍǇƢᲣŵ‫ݲ‬ƠǘǔƍƜƱƴ ঔ ǕǔƜƱǋƋǔƔǋƠǕ
ƍƤƍ

ƖǐƏǈ

ǋ

ƩǕ

ƭ

Ƌ

ǇƤǜŵီࣱƴᐻԛǛਤƪŴᛡƔƱƓ˄ƖӳƍǛƢǔƜƱǋƋǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵ
Ɯ

Ƹǜ

ƻƱ

ǊƍǘƘ

ǄƏ

ƓƔ

 ‫܇‬ƲǋƕȢȩȫƴӒƢǔƜƱǛƠƯʴƴᡕषǛƔƚƨǓŴඥǛཛƠƦƏƴƳƬƨǓƠƨǒǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƥǜǓǐƘ

Ʊ

ƪǎƏ ƍ

ƯƍƲ

ƸǜƜƏƯƖ

ƨƍƲ̬ᜱᎍƸ μ щ ưഥǊŴƖƪǜƱ ද ॖƠƳƚǕƹƍƚǇƤǜŵƠƔƠŴƋǔᆉࡇƷӒ৴ႎƳ७ࡇƜƤƍƪǐƏ Ɣ Ư ƍ

Ɠǋ

Ƌƨƨ

ǈǇǋ

Ƹ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ঺ ᧈ ᢅᆉƱ࣬ƬƯŴ ภ ƔƘᙸ‫ܣ‬ǓǇƠǐƏŵ

ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ

ᴾ

Ɯ

ǈƷƕ

‫܇‬ƲǋƷ 515 ǵǤȳǛᙸᡜƞƳƍưᲛƞƍƖǜƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ơƞƭ

ƧƏƔ

ơƞƭ

ƛǜƍǜ

இᡈŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ Ʒᐯൈƕ‫ف‬ьƠƯƍǇƢŵƦƷᐯൈƷҾ‫׆‬ƷᲫƭƸžƍơǊſưƢŵƍ
ơƬƞƍ

ƔƘƪ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƦǜƟƍơǊƸƋƬƯƸƍƚƳƍƜƱưƢƕŴܱᨥǇƩǇƩӲ‫ע‬Ʒɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴ‫נ܍‬ƠǇƢŵ
ơƿǜ

Ɯ

ƨƢ

Ɯ

ơƿǜ

ǋƠᐯЎƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƕƍơǊƴƋƬƯƍƨǒяƚƯƋƛƯƘƩƞƍŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƸᐯЎƕƍơ
ƓǍ

ƍ

Ʃ

ƾƩǜ

Ɯ

ǑƏƢ

ǈ

ǊƴƋƬƯƍǔƜƱǛŴƳƔƳƔᚃƴᚕƍЈƤǇƤǜŵ୍െƔǒ‫܇‬ƲǋƷಮ‫܇‬ǛǑƘᙸǔ
ƨƍƤƭ

Ɯ

ƭƗ

ǁǜƔ

ƜƑ

ƸƳƠ

Ɩ



ƜƱƕ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƴഏƷ‫҄٭‬ƕƋƬƨǒŴ٣ǛƔƚ ᛅ ǛᎥƍƯƋƛǇƠǐƏŵ
ƕƬƜƏ

ƱǋƩƪ

ƸƳ

ǘƢ

ǋƷ

ƾ

ƤƍƤƖ

ƞ

ȷ‫ܖ‬ఄǍӐᢋƷƜƱǛᛅƞƳƘƳƬƨ  ȷࣔǕཋƕ‫ف‬Ƒǔ    ȷ঺ጚƕɦƕǔ
ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƔǒƩ

ƾƪǐƏ

ƾ

ƾ

ȷ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᘍƖƨƕǒƳƍ        ȷ ˳ Ʒɧᛦƕ‫ف‬Ƒǔ   ȷƚƕƕ‫ف‬Ƒǔ
ǋƷ

ǑƝ

ƔƑ

ȷཋǛƳƘƠƨǓ൲ƠƨǓƠƯ࠙ƬƯƘǔƜǇƂ‫׉‬ƬƨƱƖƸäƃƱƏƥǜƜƘ ƍƪǓƭ ƦƏƩǜƳƍƔƘƾèƍơǊሁƷμ‫׎‬ɟࢷႻᛩȀǤȤȫ ǵǤȈᲢϋ᧚ࡅᲣᲴJVVRYYYECQIQLR[QWVJUQWFCPᴾẼỠạầẾẮạ

ᾄώɶ‫ܖ‬ఄỉἇἯὊἚᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏǄ ƚ ǜ ƨƍƍƘơƔǜƩ ƍ ƴ ơ ƤƍƪǐƏ

Ƥƍ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ơƿǜ

   ǄƱǜƲƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưŴ̬ͤ˳ᏋƷ଺᧓ƴᇹʚഏ ࣱ ࣉ ǍࣱƴƭƍƯƷ ੉ ಅ ƕƋǓŴᐯЎƷ
ƔǒƩ

ǁǜƔ

ǇƳ

ư

Ɩ

ƍƑ

ƸƳ

ƖƔƍ

ƭƘ



ƓǜƳ

˳ Ʒ‫҄٭‬ƴƭƍƯ‫ܖ‬ƿƜƱƕЈஹǇƢŵƥƻܼưǋᛅƢೞ˟Ǜ˺ƬƯƋƛƯƘƩƞƍŵ‫ ڡ‬Ʒ
Ɯ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƠǐƪǐƏ

ƹƋƍ

ǄƚǜƠƭ

Ə

ư

Ɩ

ǄƚǜƠƭ

‫܇‬ƸŴǋƠ‫ܖ‬ఄư И ກ ƕƖƨ‫ئ‬ӳŴ̬ܴͤưǵȝȸȈǛӖƚǔƜƱƕЈஹǇƢŵ̬ܴͤƴƸƤ ƍ Ǔ ǑƏƻǜ

ƠƨƗ

ơǎǜƼ

ဃྸဇԼǍɦბƕแͳƠƯƋǓǇƢŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƯƍƖƯƖ

Ɩ

Ƴƴ

ƳǍ

Ɯ

   Ǉƨɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴƸ‫ܭ‬஖ႎƴǹǯȸȫǫǦȳǻȩȸƕஹǇƢŵ˴ƔपǈƕƋƬƨǒŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƴƦƏƩǜƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƸƳƸƳႻᛩƠƴᘍƔƤǇƠǐƏŵ̬ᜱᎍƴᛅƤƳƍƜƱưǋǫǦȳǻȩȸƴƸᛅƤǔƱƍƏƜƱǋƋ
ǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵ119˳Ʊ࣎Ʒ঺ᧈ

Ŭ2J[UKECNEJCPIGUKPUGEQPFCT[UGZWCNEJCTCEVGTKUVKEUCPFPGEGUUCT[UWRRQTV Ŭ$Q[U)KTNU
8QKEGEJCPIG

&GXGNQROGPVQHDTGCUVU
äYGCTKPICDTCUUKGTGè)TQYVJQHHCEKCNJCKTUVCTVQHOGPUVTWCVKQPä VGCEJVJGOJQYVQWUGCUJCXGTä VGCEJVJGOJQYVQWUGUCPKVCT[RTQFWEVU&GXGNQROGPVQHDQF[JCKTä #UOCP[IKTNUCTGEQPUEKQWUQHVJKUKP,CRCPVGCEJVJGOJQY
VQFGCNYKVJVJGUJCXKPIQHJCKTUWEJCUWPFGTCTO
1EEWTTGPEGQHDQF[QFQTä2TGRCTGCPVKRGTURKTCPVURTC[QTCPVKRGTURKTCPVUJGGVè+H[QWPQVKEGEJKNFDTGCUVUJQYKPIYJGPYGCTKPIPQTOCNENQVJGUFQRWVQPCDTCUUGTKG+P,CRCPIKTNUWUWCNN[YGCTDTCUUGTKGUKPRWDNKE%JQQUGDTCUUGTKGVJCV
JCXGKPEQPURKEWQWUFGUKIPUCPFEQNQTU  ᾃώᵡᶆᶇᶊᶂᶐᶃᶌᴾᶂᶓᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᶎᶓᶀᶃᶐᶒᶗᴾ%JKNFTGP FWTKPI RWDGTV[ CTG XGT[ FGNKECVG 5QOG OKIJV IGV KTTKVCVGF GCUKN[ CPFFGXGNQRCTGDGNNKQWUCVVKVWFGVQYCTFUVJGRCTGPVUᲢVJKUKUCNUQECNNGFVJGTGDGNNKQWU
RGTKQF *CPMQWMK Უ6JGTGOC[DGVKOGUYJGPVJG[CTGNQPIKPIHQTUQOGVJKPIDCF
6JG[ UVCTV JCXKPI KPVGTGUV KP VJG QRRQUKVG UGZ CPF OC[ GXGP GPVGT C DQ[IKTNTGNCVKQPUJKR  
 +HCEJKNFFQGUUQOGVJKPIEQPVTCT[VQOQTCNUVCPFCTFUECWUKPIKPEQPXGPKGPEGVQCPQVJGT RGTUQP QT EQOOKVU CP KNNGICN CEV VJG RCTGPVU UJQWNF UVQR VJGO YKVJ CNNGHHQTVUCPFVCMGRTQRGTRTGECWVKQPU*QYGXGTNGV UMGGRCEQPEGTPGFG[GQXGTVJG
TGDGNNKQWUCVVKVWFGCPFVTGCVKVCURCTVQHVJGEJKNF UITQYKPIRTQEGUU 


















 ᵢᶍᴾᶌᶍᶒᴾᶋᶇᶑᶑᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶁᶆᶇᶊᶂᵅᶑᴾᵱᵭᵱᴾᶑᶇᶅᶌᴿᴾ
6JGTGJCUDGGPCPKPETGCUGKPVJGUWKEKFGTCVGCOQPILWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVU
1PGQHVJGTGCUQPUKUßDWNN[KPIà6JGRTQDNGOQHDWNN[KPIKURTGXCNGPVCPFKPHCEVKVGZKUVUKPUEJQQNUKPCNNCTGCU 
2NGCUGJGNR[QWTQYPEJKNFKHJGQTUJGKUDWNNKGF6JGEJKNFTGPFQPQVNGVVJGKTRCTGPVU
MPQY YJGP VJG[ CTG DGKPI DWNNKGF +V KU KORQTVCPV VQ DG QDUGTXCPV GXGT[ FC[ +H [QWQDUGTXGCP[HQNNQYKPIEJCPIGUKPVJGEJKNFURGCMVQVJGOCPFCUMYJCVKUYTQPIȷ6JGEJKNFUVQRUVCNMKPICDQWVUEJQQNCPFHTKGPFU 
ȷ6JGEJKNFHQTIGVUOQTGKVGOUVQDTKPIVQUEJQQN  
ȷ6JGEJKNF UITCFGUCPFTGUWNVUFTQRȷ6JGEJKNFTGHWUGUVQIQVQUEJQQN 
ȷ6JGEJKNF UJGCNVJYQTUGPU 
ȷ6JGEJKNFIGVUKPLWTGFOQTGQHVGPȷ6JGEJKNFTGVWTPUJQOGYKVJVJKPIUNQUVQTFKTVKGF
Ƃ9JGP[QWJCXGCRTQDNGOäƃè0CVKQPYKFG%QPUWNVCVKQP&KCNQPDWNN[KPIGVE 
9GDUKVGᲢ%CDKPGV1HHKEGᲣᲴJVVRYYYECQIQLR[QWVJUQWFCPᾄώᵱᶓᶎᶎᶍᶐᶒᴾᶄᶐᶍᶋᴾᶈᶓᶌᶇᶍᶐᴾᶆᶇᶅᶆᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ   #NOQUVCNNLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUJCXGENCUUGUQPUGEQPFCT[UGZWCNEJCTCEVGTKUVKEUFWTKPI *GCNVJ CPF 2J[UKECN 'FWECVKQP RGTKQFU KP YJKEJ VJG EJKNFTGP NGCTP CDQWV
EJCPIGU KP VJGKT QYP DQFKGU 2NGCUG CNUQ ETGCVG QRRQTVWPKVKGU VQ VCNM CDQWV VJKUVQRKECVJQOG9JGPIKTNUJCXGVJGKTHKTUVOGPUVTWCVKQPRGTKQFVJG[ECPIGVUWRRQTV
CV VJG 0WTUG 4QQO *QMGPUJKVUW  YJGTG VJGTG CTG UCPKVCT[ RTQFWEVU CPF ENGCPWPFGTYGCTKPUVQEM      #UEJQQNEQWPUGNQTYKNNCNUQIQVQVJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNTGIWNCTN[6JGEJKNFTGPECPVCNMVQVJGEQWPUGNQTQPCP[KUUWGUVJCVCTGYQTT[KPIVJGO6JG[OC[VCNMVQVJG
UEJQQNEQWPUGNQTCDQWVVJKPIUVJCVVJG[YQWNFPQVVCNMVQVJGKTRCTGPVUCDQWV  
120

ʖ᧸੗ᆔ

Ǒ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎʖ᧸੗ᆔǑ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎƏᲫᲨƳƥʖ᧸੗ᆔǛӖƚǔƷᲹƜǊǜƑƖǓǐƘǑǘƼǐƏƖǑ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎƏơǎƏƠǐƏƔ

ǑǅƏ‫܇‬ƲǋƸŴβ ၃ щ ƕࢊƘŴ၏ൢƴƔƔǓǍƢƍưƢŵʖ᧸੗ᆔǛӖƚǔƜƱưŴ᣻ ၐ ҄ Ǜʖ᧸
ƼǐƏƖ

ƨƍƤƭ

Ɯ

ƍƷƪ

Ǉǋ

Ǒ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎ

Ə

ƜƘƤƖ

ƟƍǓǎƏ

ưƖǔ၏ൢƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫ٻ‬ЏƳ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ԡ Ǜ‫ܣ‬ǔƨǊƴŴʖ᧸੗ᆔǛӖƚǇƠǐƏŵ‫׎‬ቔǍ ‫ נ‬သ
ƠƔƘ

Ɣǜƚƍ

Ə



᝻఍ƴ᧙̞ƳƘӖƚǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵ

ᲬᲨȯǯȁȳƷƠƘǈǑ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎ

ƭƔ

ǍƘƑƖ

ƔǒƩ

ơǜƜƏƯƖ

ǊǜƑƖʖ᧸੗ᆔƴ̅Əᕤ෩ƷƜƱǛžȯǯȁȳſƱƍƍǇƢŵȯǯȁȳƸŴ˳ ƷƳƔƴʴ߻ႎƴβ၃
ƭƘ

ƼǐƏƖ

Ɠǋ

Ɩƚǜ

ƻƘ

Ǜ˺ǓƩƠǇƢŵȯǯȁȳƴǑƬƯŴ၏ൢƕ᣻ƘƳǔүᨖǛ˯ƘƢǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵƨƩŴƦ
ǊǜƑƖ

ƢƜ

Ǒǘ

ƳǜƔƍ

ƤƬƠǎ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƹƋƍ

Ʒβ၃Ƹ‫ݲ‬ƠࢊƘŴ˴‫ׅ‬ƔƷ੗ᆔƕ࣏ᙲƳ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵǑ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎƠǎǔƍᲭᲨʖ᧸੗ᆔƷᆔ᫏Ǒ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎƯ ƍ Ɩ ƤƬƠǎƴ ǜ ƍ ƤƬƠǎƠǎǔƍʖ᧸੗ᆔƴƸŴ‫ܭ‬஖੗ᆔƱ˓ॖ੗ᆔƷᲬᆔ᫏ƕƋǓǇƢŵƯ ƍ Ɩ ƤƬƠǎ

Ƙƴ

Ɩ

Ə

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƢƢǑ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎĬ ‫ܭ‬஖੗ᆔȷȷȷ‫׎‬ƕൿǊƯŴӖƚǔǑƏ̬ᜱᎍƴѰǊƯƍǔʖ᧸੗ᆔưƢŵ
ǑǅƏ

ƼǐƏƖ

ƻǌƘƴƪ

Ǉ

ƾƏ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ ƷƏƑǜƸƠǐƏƾƏ

ƚƬƔƘʖ᧸ưƖǔ၏ൢᲴǸȕȆȪǢŴႊ ଐ ƤƖŴȝȪǪŴ᰺Ơǜȷ᫘ƠǜŴଐஜᏯ໒Ŵᄊͻ᫘ŴኽఋŴƕƨƔǜƑǜ  Ơ ƖǎƏƚƍ     ᲼‫׹‬Ꮑ໒Ŵ‫ ܷ ܇‬ᫀƕǜƳƲƴ ǜ ƍ ƤƬƠǎ

ǓǎƏƜƏ

ơ

Ɩ

Ə

ƍ

Ơ

ƦƏƩǜ

Ɩ

ĭ ˓ॖ੗ᆔȷȷȷ ් ᘍ Ʒ଺஖ƴƋǘƤƯŴӖƚǔƔƲƏƔҔࠖƱႻᛩƠƯൿǊǇƢŵ
ǑǅƏ

ƼǐƏƖ

ǈƣ

ƣƍǇƘƑǜ

ʖ᧸ưƖǔ၏ൢᲴǤȳȕȫǨȳǶŴƓƨƾƘƔƥŴ൦ǅƏƦƏŴȭǿǦǤȫǹŴ᭒ᐏ໒ƳƲƾƘƞǑƏèи˺ဇƴƭƍƯ
ƤƬƠǎ

ƾƘƞǑƏ

ư

ƤƬƠǎ

ǇƑ

ƜƏƔ

ƾƘƞǑƏ

ȯǯȁȳǛ੗ᆔƠƨƋƱŴи˺ဇƕЈǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ੗ᆔƢǔЭƴŴјௐƱи˺ဇƷȪ
ƔƘƴǜ

Ơǜƺƍ

ƍ

Ơ

ƦƏƩǜ

ǹǯǛᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ࣎ᣐƳƱƖƸŴҔࠖƴǑƘႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵƻǑƏᲮᲨᝲဇƸᲹƯ ƍ Ɩ ƤƬƠǎƖƖ ƔǜƳƍ

ǉǓǐƏĬƷ‫ܭ‬஖੗ᆔƸŴൿǊǒǕƨ஖᧓ϋưƋǕƹŴƓƓǑƦ໯૰ưƢŵƴ ǜ ƍ ƤƬƠǎƹƋƍƥǜƕƘ ơ

Ɯ ƾƨǜ

ƻǑƏ

ǍƢ

ĭƷ˓ॖ੗ᆔƸŴǄƱǜƲƷ‫ئ‬ӳŴμ᫇ᐯࠁ᝟ਃưƢŵᝲဇƸ‫ܤ‬ƍǋƷưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵƠƔǑ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎ

Ə

Ɠǋ

ƼǐƏƖ

ơǎƏƠǐƏƔ

ƜƏƍƠǐƏ

ƷƜƱƖƠŴʖ᧸੗ᆔǛӖƚƳƔƬƨƨǊƴŴ᣻ƍ၏ൢƴƔƔǓŴ᣻ ၐ ҄ ƠƯࢸᢡၐƕസƬƨǓŴ଺ƴƸ
ƍƷƪ

ƓƱ

Ɣǜƕ

Ǒ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎơǎƏǑƏԡ ǛᓳƠƨǓƢǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵƦƷƜƱǛ ᎋ ƑǕƹŴʖ᧸੗ᆔƸƱƯǋ ᣻ ᙲ ưƢŵ

121

ʖ᧸੗ᆔ

8CEEKPCVKQPᴾᴾᾀώᵵᶆᶗᴾᶂᶍᴾᶕᶃᴾᶌᶃᶃᶂᴾᶔᵿᶁᶁᶇᶌᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᾎᴾ%JKNFTGPJCXGYGCMGTKOOWPGU[UVGOCPFCTGUWUEGRVKDNGVQKNNPGUUGU8CEEKPCVKQPJGNRUVQRTGXGPVOCP[KNNPGUUGU6QRTQVGEVVJGEJKNFNGVJKOQTJGTIGVXCEEKPCVGF
8CEEKPCVKQPECPDGFQPGTGICTFNGUUQHPCVKQPCNKV[CPFTGUKFGPE[UVCVWU  ᾁώᵦᶍᶕᴾᶒᶍᴾᶅᶃᶒᴾᶔᵿᶁᶁᶇᶌᵿᶒᶃᶂᴾ
6JGOGFKEKPGWUGFKPXCEEKPCVKQPKUECNNGF ͉XCEEKPG͇8CEEKPGUCTVKHKEKCNN[ETGCVG
KOOWPKV[KPVJGDQF[#RGTUQPECPNQYGTVJGTKUMQHIGVVKPIUKEMFGRGPFKPIQPVJG
V[RGUQHXCEEKPGTGEGKXGF*QYGXGTKOOWPKV[KUPQVUVTQPIGPQWIJVQDGGHHGEVKXGKP
UQOGXCEEKPGEJKNFOC[PGGFVQTGEGKXGUGXGTCNFQUGUQHVJGXCEEKPG ᾂώᵲᶗᶎᶃᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᵴᵿᶁᶁᶇᶌᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾ
6JGTGCTGV[RGUQHXCEEKPCVKQPRGTKQFKECPFQRVKQPCNĬ 2GTKQFKEXCEEKPCVKQPȷȷȷ&GUKIPCVGFD[VJGPCVKQPCNIQXGTPOGPVVJGUGCTG 
TGEQOOGPFGFVQVJGRCTGPVUHQTVJGEJKNFVQTGEGKXG 
2TGXGPVCDNG FKUGCUGUᲴ&KRJVJGTKC  FC[U EQWIJ RGTVWUUKU  RQNKQ OGCUNGU 
TWDGNNC ,CRCPGUG GPEGRJCNKVKU VGVCPWU VWDGTEWNQUKUJGRCVKVKU$EGTXKECNECPEGTGVE
ĭ 1RVKQPCNXCEEKPCVKQPȷȷȷ&WTKPIVJGGRKFGOKERGTKQFEQPUWNV[QWTFQEVQTVQUGGKH
KVKUPGEGUUCT[HQTXCEEKPCVKQP 
2TGXGPVCDNGFKUGCUGUᲴ+PHNWGP\COWORUEJKEMGPRQZTQVCXKTWUOGPKPIKVKUGVE Ḥᵱᶇᶂᶃᴾᶃᶄᶄᶃᶁᶒᶑᴾ
6JGTGOC[DGUKFGGHHGEVUCHVGTXCEEKPCVKQP%QPHKTOVJGNKUVQHGHHGEVUCPFUKFG
GHHGEVUDGHQTGTGEGKXKPIXCEEKPCVKQP+H[QWJCXGCP[EQPEGTPUEQPUWNV[QWTFQEVQTᾃώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶁᶍᶑᶒᴾᶍᶄᴾᶔᵿᶁᶁᶇᶌᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᾎᴾ
2GTKQFKECN XCEEKPCVKQPU OGPVKQPGF KP Ĭ CTG HTGGQHEJCTIG KH VCMGP YKVJKP VJGRGTKQFUFGEKFGFDGHQTGJCPF 
6JGEQUVUQHQRVKQPCNXCEEKPCVKQPUOGPVKQPGFKP ĭ CTGCNNDQTPGD[VJGKPFKXKFWCN
6JGEQUVUCTGPQVEJGCR0GXGTVJGNGUUVJGEQPUGSWGPEGUQHPQVIGVVKPIXCEEKPCVGF
OC[DGOQTGEQUVN[CU[QWOC[DGUWDLGEVGFVQUGTKQWUKNNPGUUGUQTVJGCHVGTGHHGEVUQHUWEJKNNPGUUGU;QWOC[GXGPNQUG[QWTNKHG+PXKGYQHVJKUKVKUXGT[KORQTVCPVVQIGVXCEEKPCVGF 

122

  

ʖ᧸੗ᆔ
Ə

ᲯᲨƍƭӖƚǔƷᲹ
Ɯ

ƛƭǕƍ

ƶǜǕƍ

ƤƬƠǎ

ƖƔǜ

Ɩ

ƤƬƠǎ Ɩ Ɣ ǜȯǯȁȳƸŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷஉᱫǍ࠰ᱫƴǑƬƯ੗ᆔưƖǔ஖᧓ƕൿǇƬƯƍǇƢŵ੗ᆔ஖᧓ƴƭƍƠơ ƪ ƨ ƍ

Ɩ

ƖƔǜƳƍ

Ə

ƯƷƓჷǒƤƕŴᐯ඙˳ƔǒஹǇƢŵƦƷ஖᧓ϋƴӖƚǔǑƏǹǱǸȥȸȫǛƨƯǇƠǐƏŵ
ƖƔǜƕƍ

Ə

ƹƋƍ

ƻǑƏ

ƨƔ

஖᧓‫ٳ‬ƴӖƚǔ‫ئ‬ӳŴᝲဇƕ᭗ƘƳǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ
ƏᲰᲨƲƜưӖƚǔƷᲹ
Ơ

ƠƯƍ

Ǆƚǜơǐ

Ǆƚǜ

ƠǐƏƴƔ

Ə

ࠊƕਦ‫ܭ‬Ơƨ̬ͤ৑Ǎ̬ͤǻȳǿȸŴƔƔǓƭƚƷ‫ݱ‬δᅹƳƲưӖƚǇƢŵ
Ơ

ƠƯƍ

ƹƋƍ

ơǎƏǈǜƱƏǖƘƔƨƏࠊƕਦ‫ܭ‬ƠƨƱƜǖƷ‫ئ‬ӳŴ ˰ ൟ ႇ᥵ƞǕƨ૾ƷǈӖƚǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵ
ƏǇƑᲱᲨӖƚǔЭƴǑ ƠǜƻǐƏ

ƖƴǎƏ

ƖƴǎƏ

ǘ

Ǆƚǜơǐ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƦƏƩǜ

ʖ ᚮ ᅚ ǛᚡλƠǇƢŵᚡλƷƠƔƨƕЎƔǒƳƍƱƖƸŴ̬ͤ৑Ǎ ၏ ᨈ ƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ

ᲲᲨǋƪǋƷ
ǅƠ ƚǜƜƏƯƪǐƏǑ ƠǜƻǐƏƖƴǎƏǑ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎƯƪǐƏ

൐‫ࡍͤ܇‬৖ࠚŴʖ ᚮ ᅚ ᲢᚡλƠƨǋƷᲣŴʖ᧸੗ᆔ৖ࠚƳƲŵǅ ƜƘǑ ǅƏƤƬƠǎ Ɩ ǖ Ƙơ ƞǜ൐‫׎‬ưƷʖ᧸੗ᆔᚡ᥵ƕƋǕƹŴਤӋƠǇƠǐƏŵ


Ɯ

ƚǜƜƏ

‫܇‬ƲǋƷͤࡍƷƨǊƴƠǐƏƴƔᲳᲨƔƔǓƭƚƷ‫ݱ‬δᅹǛǈƭƚǑƏᲛ
Ɨǋǜ

ƾƋǜ

Ɩƕǔ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƠǐƏƴƔ

Ǒ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎွբǍɧ‫ܤ‬Ǜൢ᠉ƴႻᛩưƖǔŴƔƔǓƭƚƷ‫ݱ‬δᅹǛǈƭƚǇƠǐƏŵǇƨŴʖ᧸੗ᆔƩ
Ɯ

Ơǜƺƍ

ƍ

Ơ

Ƴǜ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƚưƳƘŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷǑƏƢƴƭƍƯ࣎ᣐƳƜƱƕƋǕƹŴҔࠖƴ˴ưǋႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƨƩ

ơǐƏǄƏ

Ƒ

ᲫᲪᲨദƠƍ ऴ ‫ إ‬ǛࢽǑƏᲛǑ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎ

ƋǜƠǜ

Ə

ƨƩ

ơǐƏǄƏ

Ƒ

  ʖ᧸੗ᆔǛ‫࣎ܤ‬ƠƯӖƚǔƨǊƴŴദƠƍ ऴ ‫ إ‬ǛࢽǇƠǐƏŵǑ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎ

Ɯ

ƚǜƜƏ

Ɵƍ

Ǒ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎžʖ᧸ ੗ ᆔ Ʊ‫܇‬ƲǋƷͤ ࡍ ſ ᲢᝠᲣʖ᧸੗ᆔȪǵȸȁǻȳǿȸ
http://www.yoboseshu-rc.com/index.php?id=8
Ǒ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎ

Ɯ

ƚǜƜƏ

Ǆǜƿǜ

ƕƍƜƘƝ

ƑƍƝ

ƔǜƜƘƝ

ƪǎƏƝƘƝ

Ɲžʖ᧸੗ᆔƱ‫܇‬ƲǋƷͤࡍſƷஜ૨ǛŴ‫׎ٳ‬ᛖᲢᒍᛖŴ᪡‫׎‬ᛖŴɶ‫׎‬ᛖŴȝȫȈǬȫᛖŴǿǬȭ
Ɲ

Ǒ

ƕƍƜƘƝ

Ǒ ƠǜƻǐƏ

ƭƔǰᛖᲣưᛠǉƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵǇƨŴ‫׎ٳ‬ᛖƷʖ ᚮ ᅚ ǋŴȀǦȳȭȸȉƠƯ̅ƑǇƢŵƶƕǓǑƏƖǍƘ

Ǒ

Ǉǋ

ᲢƓᫍƍᲣȀǦȳȭȸȉƢǔƱƖƸŴМဇᙹኖǛƠƬƔǓᛠǜư‫ܣ‬ǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ
Ḥέဃ૾ồḤᴾ
ଐஜဃǇǕưƸƳƍဃࢻƸŴ൐‫׎‬ưӖƚƨʖ᧸੗ᆔƷᚡ᥵ǛਤƬƯƍǔ‫ئ‬ӳƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ‫׎‬ƴǑƬƯӖƚǔʖ᧸੗ᆔƷᆔ᫏ƸᢌƍǇƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄư࣏ᙲưƋǕƹŴ̬ᜱᎍƴᎥƍƯǈǇƠǐƏŵ
123

ʖ᧸੗ᆔ


ᾄώᵵᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶁᵿᶌᴾᶕᶃᴾᶅᶃᶒᴾᶔᵿᶁᶁᶇᶌᵿᶒᶃᶂᾎᴾ
8CEEKPCVGFKUECTTKGFQWVCVURGEKHKEVKOKPIUCEEQTFKPIVQVJGCIGQHVJGEJKNF6JG
NQECN IQXGTPOGPV YKNN UGPF QWV PQVKEGU QH VJG RGTKQF HQT XCEEKPCVKQP &Q IGV VJGXCEEKPCVKQPFQPGYKVJKPVJGRGTKQFIKXGPVQ[QWCVNQECNOWPKEKRCNKVKGU+H[QWIGVVJG
XCEEKPCVKQPFQPGQWVUKFGVJGFGUKIPCVGFRGTKQFKVOC[DGEQUVN[ᾅώᵵᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶇᶑᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶔᵿᶁᶁᶇᶌᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾᶁᵿᶐᶐᶇᶃᶂᴾᶍᶓᶒᾎᴾ
+VKUECTTKGFQWVCVVJGRWDNKEJGCNVJECTGEGPVGTU *QMGPL[Q CPFJGCNVJ 
EGPVGTU *QMGP5GPVC FGUKIPCVGFD[VJGEKV[CPFCV[QWTQYPHCOKN[RGFKCVTKEENKPKE +H KV YCU FGUKIPCVGF D[ VJG EKV[ [QW ECP TGEGKXG XCEEKPCVKQP QPN[ KH [QW CTGTGIKUVGTGFCUCNQECNTGUKFGPV ᾆώᵠᶃᶄᶍᶐᶃᴾᶔᵿᶁᶁᶇᶌᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾ(KNNKPVJGRTGNKOKPCT[GZCOKPCVKQPHQTO ;QUJKPJ[QW +H[QWFQPQVMPQYJQYVQ 
HKNNKPVJKUHQTOEQPUWNVVJGRWDNKEJGCNVJECTGEGPVGTQTJQURKVCN ᾇώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶒᶍᴾᶀᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᵿᶊᶍᶌᶅᴾ/CVGTPCNCPFEJKNFJGCNVJDQQMNGVU $QUJKVGEJQW RTGNKOKPCT[GZCOKPCVKQPHQTOᲢHKNNGFWRQPGᲣXCEEKPCVKQPTGEQTFUGVE
+H[QWJCXGCP[XCEEKPCVKQPTGEQTFUHTQO[QWTJQOGEQWPVT[DTKPIVJGOCNQPICUYGNN  (QTVJGUCMGQHVJGEJKNF’UJGCNVJᾈώᵤᶇᶌᶂᴾᶗᶍᶓᶐᴾᶍᶕᶌᴾᶄᵿᶋᶇᶊᶗᴾᶎᶃᶂᶇᵿᶒᶐᶇᶁᶑᴾᶁᶊᶇᶌᶇᶁὲᴾ
9JGP[QWJCXGSWGUVKQPUQTEQPEGTPU[QWECPEQPUWNV[QWTQYPRGFKCVTKEFQEVQTNKIJVJGCTVGFN[;QWECPCNUQCUMPQVQPN[CDQWVXCEEKPCVKQPDWVCNUQCUMCDQWVCP[EQPEGTPUQH[QWTEJKNF ᾀ὿ώᵥᶃᶒᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶐᶇᶅᶆᶒᴾᶒᶗᶎᶃᴾᶍᶄᴾᶇᶌᶄᶍᶐᶋᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌὲᴾ  6QIGVRGCEGQHOKPFTGICTFKPIXCEEKPCVKQPIGVVJGTKIJVV[RGQHXCEEKPCVKQP
ž8CEEKPCVKQPCPFVJGEJKNF’UJGCNVJſ8CEEKPCVKQP4GUGCTEJ%GPVGTKWWSZZZ\RERVHVKXUFFRPLQGH[SKS"LG   6JGQTKIKPCNUETKRVQH ß8CEEKPCVKQPCPFVJGEJKNF’UJGCNVJà KUCXCKNCDNGKPHQTGKIPNCPIWCIGU 'PINKUJ -QTGCP %JKPGUG 2QTVWIWGUG CPF 6CICNQI  ;QW ECP CNUQFQYPNQCFVJGRTGNKOKPCT[GZCOKPCVKQPHQTOKPHQTGKIPNCPIWCIGU 
Ტ4GSWGUVᲣ9JGPFQYPNQCFKPIRNGCUGTGCFVJGVGTOUCPFEQPFKVKQPUQHWUCIGCPF
MGGRVQVJGO 



124

ज़௨ၐ

ƔǜƤǜƠǐƏज़௨ ၐЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵƔǜƤǜƠǐƏ

ᲫᲨज़௨ ၐ ƬƯƳƴᲹƔǜƤǜƠǐƏ

ƞƍƖǜ

ƔǒƩ

ƳƔ

Ƹƍ

Ɠ

ƼǐƏ Ɩ

Ɯ

ǊǜƑƖǓǐƘơǎƏƿǜज़ ௨ ၐ ƱƸŴǦǤȫǹǍኬᓏƕ ˳ ƷɶƴλƬƯឪƜǔ ၏ ൢưƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƸβ၃ щ ƕ җ Ў
ƖǎƏ

ƼǐƏƖ

ƠǐƏơǐƏ

ư

ƼǐƏƖ

ƠǜƜƏ

ƸǍ

ơǎƏƿǜƪǎƏ ƍưƳƘŴ࣯ ƴ၏ൢƷ ၐ ཞ ƕЈǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵǇƨŴ၏ൢƷᡶᘍǋଔƍƷưŴҗ Ў ද ॖƕ
ƻƭǑƏ

ƔǜƤǜ

ƻǖ

Ư

ƨ

࣏ᙲưƢŵǇƨŴज़௨ƷȫȸȈƸƞǇƟǇưƢŵƤƖȷƘƠǌǈƴǑƬƯ࠼ƕƬƨǓŴ৖Ǎ᫢ǂ
ǋƷ

ƱƓ

ƔǜƤǜ

ƨƍƤƭ

ཋǛᡫƠƯज़௨ƠƨǓǇƢŵƜǕǒƷȫȸȈǛƞƑƗǔƜƱƕ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵƔǜƤǜƠǐƏᲬᲨज़ ௨ ၐ ƴƔƔƬƨǒƔǜƤǜƠǐƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƹƋƍ

ƍ

Ơ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏज़ ௨ ၐ ƴƔƔƬƨǒŴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǁᘍƘƜƱƕưƖƳƘƳǔ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵҔࠖƴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴƍƔƘƴǜᘍƚǔƔƲƏƔᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƹƋƍ

ǄƔ

Ɯ

ƔǜƤǜ

ƸǜƩǜ

ƖƔǜ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌŨ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǁᘍƚƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳ ă ˂Ʒ‫܇‬Ʋǋǁज़௨ƠƳƍƱЙૺƞǕǔǇưƷ஖᧓Ŵ̬ᜱᎍƕ
ƍƑ

ƔǜƼǐƏ

ܼƳƲư Ⴣ ၏ ƠǇƢŵƔǜƤǜƠǐƏ




ƳƓ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƍ

ƠǎƬƤƖ Ư ƍ Ơ ƠǐƏǊƍƠǐ

ƠƱƏƜƏ Ɩ ǐ Ɣ ƠǐƏज़ ௨ ၐ ƕ඙ƬƨǒŴ၏ ᨈ ưҔࠖƴž Ј ࠗ ͣഥ ᚰ ଢ ୿ ſǇƨƸžႇႇఄᚩӧ ᚰ ſƠǐƏǊƍƠǐ

Ɣ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƯƍƠǎƭ

ƠǐƏǊƍƠǐ

ƳƲƷᚰ ଢ ୿ Ǜ୿ƍƯǋǒƬƯŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƴ ੩ Ј ƠǇƠǐƏŵᚰ ଢ ୿ ƕƳƚǕ



ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƠǐƏǊƍƠǐ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƹ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᘍƘƜƱƕưƖǇƤǜŵƲƷᚰ ଢ ୿ ƕ࣏ᙲƔ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ

ƠǐƏǊƍƠǐ

ǑƏƠ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƍǜƞƭ

ᚰ ଢ ୿ ƷဇኡƸŴ၏ ᨈ ƴƓƍƯƋƬƨǓŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƷțȸȠȚȸǸƔǒҮТưƖ





ǑƏƠ

ơǎǜƼ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ǋ

ƍ

ƨǓƠǇƢŵဇኡǛแͳƠƯŴ ၏ ᨈ ƴਤƬƯᘍƖǇƠǐƏŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƹƋƍ

ƍ

ǏƩǜ

Ɩǜǋƭ

ƔǜƤǜƠǐƏƻƱƼǐƏŨ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǁᘍƚǔ‫ئ‬ӳ ă ᘍƚǔƔǒƱƍƬƯ඗ૺƸᅠཋưƢŵज़ ௨ ၐ ƸʴƴƏƭǔ ၏ 
Ɩ

Ɯ

ǑƏƢ

ơǎƏƿǜ

Ɣǜƞƭ

Ƴƴ

Ɩ

ൢưƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷಮ‫܇‬Ǜ җ Ў ƴᚇ‫ݑ‬ƠƯŴ˴ƔൢƴƳǔƜƱ
ƍƠƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍƭƨƕƋǕƹŴҔࠖǍɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷέဃƴˡƑǇƠǐƏŵƔǜƤǜƠǐƏ

ǑǅƏᲭᲨज़ ௨ ၐ Ǜʖ᧸ƠǑƏᲛƯ ƋǒᲢᲫᲣƜǇǊƴ৖ඹƍǛƠǑƏ
ƤƬ

ƋǘƩ

Ư

Ƌǒ

ǈƣ

Ƌǒ

Ƴƕ

   ჽƚǜǛණᇌƯƯŴ৖ƷƢǈƣǈǇưඹƍǇƢŵƦƷƋƱŴ൦ưඹƍ්ƠǇƢŵᲢᲬᲣȞǹǯǛƭƚǑƏ
ƼǐƏƖ

Ɯ

ƻƱ

ƔǜƤǜƠǐƏơƖ     ၏ൢƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƸŴʴƴƏƭƞƳƍǑƏƴȞǹǯǛƭƚǇƢŵज़ ௨ ၐ ƕƸǍƬƯƍǔ଺஖
ƼǐƏƖ

ǑǅƏ

ƸŴ၏ൢƴƔƔƬƯƳƘƯǋŴʖ᧸ƷƨǊƴȞǹǯǛƭƚǇƠǐƏŵ


125

ज़௨ၐ

+PHGEVKQWU&KUGCUGU If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶇᶌᶄᶃᶁᶒᶇᶍᶓᶑᴾᶂᶇᶑᶃᵿᶑᶃᶑᵝᴾ+PHGEVKQWU FKUGCUGU CTG ECWUGF D[ XKTWUGU CPF DCEVGTKC GPVGTKPI VJG DQF[ 6JGEJKNFYKVJYGCMKOOWPGU[UVGOOC[UWFFGPN[FKURNC[U[ORVQOUQHKNNPGUU#UUQOGFKUGCUGUURTGCFCPFRTQITGUUXGT[SWKEMN[[QWPGGFVQDGXKIKNCPV6JGTGCTGOCP[YC[U VQ URTGCF FKUGCUGU )GTOU CTG URTGCF XKC EQWIJKPI CPF UPGG\KPI QT XKCEQPVCEV D[ JCPF QT VJTQWIJ HQQF +V KU KORQTVCPV VQ GNKOKPCVG VJGUG TQWVGU QH
URTGCFKPI ᾁώᵧᶄᴾᶗᶍᶓᴾᶅᶃᶒᴾᵿᶌᴾᶇᶌᶄᶃᶁᶒᶇᶍᶓᶑᴾᶂᶇᶑᶃᵿᶑᶃᴾ+H[QWIGVKPHGEVKQWUFKUGCUGU[QWOC[PQVDGCDNGVQCVVGPFUEJQQN%JGEMYKVJ[QWTFQEVQTYJGVJGT[QWCTGCNNQYGFVQCVVGPFUEJQQNQTPQV Ũ+PVJGECUGYJGPVJGEJKNFKUWPHKVHQTUEJQQN ă 9JGPVJGLWFIOGPVOCFGKUVJCVVJGEJKNFOC[KPHGEVQVJGTEJKNFTGPVJG
EJKNFUJQWNFUVC[CVJQOGVQTGEWRGTCVGYKVJECTGHTQOVJGRCTGPVU










9JGP VJG EJKNF JCU TGEQXGTGF HTQO VJG KPHGEVKQWU FKUGCUG IGV CP
#VVGPFCPEG UWURGPUKQP EGTVKHKECVG 5JWUUGMKVGKUJKUJQWOGKUJQ QT
5EJQQNCVVGPFCPEGRGTOKV 6QWMQWM[QMCUJQW HTQOVJGFQEVQTQTJQURKVCNCPFUWDOKVKVVQVJGUEJQQN9KVJQWVUWEJRCRGTUVJGEJKNF
ECPPQVCVVGPFUEJQQN%JGEMYKVJVJGUEJQQNYJCVMKPFQHRTQQHUKUTGSWKTGF6JGHQTOUHQTUWEJRGTOKVUCTGGKVJGTQDVCKPCDNGHTQOVJGJQURKVCNQT[QWECPRTKPVQWVHTQOVJGUEJQQNYGDUKVG)GVTGCF[VJG
HQTOCPFDTKPIKVVQVJGJQURKVCNŨ+PVJGECUGYJGPVJGEJKNFKUHKVHQTUEJQQN  ă +VKUXGT[KORQTVCPVPQVVQDGPGINKIGPVYJGPFGEKFKPIYJGVJGTVJGEJKNFKU
HKVHQTUEJQQNCUKPHGEVKQWUFKUGCUGUECPCHHGEVQVJGTU1DUGTXGECTGHWNN[VJGEJKNF UEQPFKVKQPCPFPQVKH[VJGFQEVQTCPFVGCEJGTUKH[QWJCXGCP[EQPEGTPU ᲭᲨᵪᶃᶒᵅᶑᴾᶎᶐᶃᶔᶃᶌᶒᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶑᶎᶐᶃᵿᶂᴾᶍᶄᴾᶇᶌᶄᶃᶁᶒᶇᶍᶓᶑᴾᶂᶇᶑᶃᵿᶑᶃᶑὲᴾ
ᲢᲫᲣ9CUJJCPFUVJQTQWIJN[   #RRN[UQCRCPFNCVJGTYGNN4WDVJGUQCRKPVQCNNRCTVUQH[QWTJCPFU4KPUGYKVJYCVGTCHVGTVJCV ᲢᲬᲣ9GCTCOCUM     #UKEMEJKNFUJQWNFYGCTCOCUMVQRTGXGPVURTGCFKPIVJGIGTOUVQQVJGTU&WTKPICPGRKFGOKEYGCTCOCUMVQRTGXGPVIGVVKPIKPHGEVGFGXGPKHVJGEJKNF
KUPQVUKEM  

126

ज़௨ၐ
Ʊƿƭ

Ʃƍǂǜ

Ɩ

ᲢᲭᲣƓƏӻཋǍ‫̝ٻ‬ƴൢǛƭƚǑƏ
Ʊƿƭ

Ʃƍǂǜ

ƾƘ

ƭƔ

Ƣ

     ƓƏӻཋǍ‫̝ٻ‬ƴƸŴǦǤȫǹƕԃǇǕƯƍǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ̅ƍਾƯƷȞǹǯ
ƯƿƘǖ

ƸǍ

Ʊ

ƷƧ

Ǎȓȋȸȫ৖ᘥǛƭƚƯŴưƖǔƩƚଔƘӕǓᨊƖǇƢŵƤƍƚƭ  ᲢᲮᲣฌ๹ƴƠǑƏ
ǏƔ

Ɣǂ

ǈƣƿ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƓƏ

ƠǐƏƲƘƑƖƭƔƦƏ ơ     ࠿ǍُǍȉǢƳƲŴƜǇǊƴ൦ਚƖƠǇƢŵ࣏ᙲƴࣖơƯ ෞ ൒෩Ǜ̅ƬƯੈᨊƠǇƢŵ
ǇƲ

Ƌ

ǁ

Ǎ

ƘƏƖ

ƍ

ƜǇǊƴᆸǛ᧏ƚƯᢿ‫ދ‬ƷᆰൢǛλǕƔƑǇƠǐƏŵǑ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎǑ ǅ Ə ƤƬƠǎƏ

ǈᲢᲯᲣʖ᧸੗ᆔǛӖƚǑƏăᲢᳪžʖ᧸੗ᆔſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣ ƤƍƔƭᲢᲰᲣဃ෇ȪǺȠǛƱƱƷƑǑƏ
ƠǐƘơ

Ƣƍǈǜ

ơǎƏƿǜ

Ɩ ƦƘƨƩ

ƤƍƔƭƨƍƤƭƾƩǜƔǒ᫢ʙŴზ჈ƳƲǛ Ϊ Ў ƴƱǓŴᙹЩദƠƍဃ෇ǛƢǔƜƱǋ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵƤƍƔƭƠǎƏƔǜ

ǈăᲢᳪžဃ෇ ፼ ॹ ſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣƓǋƕƬƜƏƔǜƤǜƠǐƏ

ᲮᲨɼƳ‫ܖ‬ఄ ज़ ௨ ၐ ƍƠƕƬƜƏƔǜƤǜƠǐƏ

ƠǜƩǜ

ƹ Ƌƍ

ƠǎƬƤƖ Ư ƍ Ơ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ơ Ưƍ

Ơǐǔƍ

ƍ

Ҕࠖƴ‫ܖ‬ఄ ज़ ௨ ၐ ƱᚮૺƞǕƨ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴЈ ࠗ ͣഥƱƳǓǇƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄưਦ‫ܭ‬ƞǕƨ୿᫏ǛŴҔ
Ơ

Ɩ ƴǎƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

ࠖƴᚡ λ ƠƯǋǒƏ࣏ᙲƕƋǓǇƢŵ


Ʃƍ

Ơǎ

ƱƘƠǎ

ƂᇹᆔƃཎഷƳǋƷƠǎƬƚƭƶƭ

ƠǎƬƚƭƶƭƱǓ  ǨȜȩ Ј ᘉ༏ŴǯȪȟǢȷǳȳǴ Ј ᘉ༏ŴᯓǤȳȕȫǨȳǶ ƳƲ
 
Ʃƍ

Ơǎ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƓƓ

ǈ

ƔǜƤǜƠǐƏƻ ǇƭƔǜƤǜ

Ʃ ƑƖ

Ɣƍ

ƔǜƤǜ

Ƃᇹᆔƃ‫ܖ‬ఄư‫ٶ‬ƘᙸƔƚǔज़௨ ၐ ư᫠ඒज़௨Ტ՜෩ǛʼƠƯƷज़௨ᲣƢǔǋƷƻǌƘƴƪƥƖ

Ǉ

ǓǎƏƜƏƤƍ ơƔ ƤǜƑǜ  ǤȳȕȫǨȳǶŴ ႊ ଐԶŴ᰺ƠǜᲢƸƠƔᲣŴ ් ᘍࣱ᎚ɦᐄ໒ᲢƓƨƾƘƔƥᲣŴ
ƾƏƠǜ

ǈ ƬƔ

ƢƍƱƏ

ǈƣ

ƚƬƔƘ

  ᫘၉ᲢɤଐƹƠƔᲣŴ൦ၖᲢ൦ǅƏƦƏᲣŴኽఋƳƲ

Ʃƍ

Ơǎ

ƍ ƕƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǓǎƏƜƏ

ƂᇹᆔƃƦǕˌ‫ٳ‬ƷǋƷưŴ‫ܖ‬ఄư ් ᘍƠǍƢƍǋƷƪǐƏƔǜƠǎƬƚƭƤƍƩƍƪǐƏƖǜƔǜƤǜƠǐƏ

ǓǎƏƜƏƤƍƔƘƚƭǇƘƑǜƯ ƋƠƘƪƼǐƏ  ᐂ ሥ Ј ᘉࣱ‫ ٻ‬ᐂ ᓏज़௨ ၐ Ტ1 ᲣŴ ් ᘍࣱᚌኽᐏ໒Ŵ৖ឱӝ ၏ ưǜƤǜƤƍƜƏƸǜ

ƼǐƏưǜƤǜƤƍƷƏ Ɣ Ơǜˡ௨ࣱኗ૮ᲢǓǜƝ ၏ ᲣŴˡ௨ࣱᐝ၍၉ᲢƱƼƻᲣƳƲ









127

 

ज़௨ၐ


ᲢᲭᲣ$GYCT[QHXQOKVCPFGZETGOGPV     6JGTGCTGXKTWUGUKPXQOKVCPFGZETGOGPV*CPFNGWUKPIFKURQUCDNGOCUM
CPFXKP[NINQXGUCPFFKURQUGCUUQQPCURQUUKDNG   ᲢᲮᲣ$GENGCP     9KRG HNQQT YCNNU CPF FQQTU HTGSWGPVN[ YKVJ YCVGT 7UG FKUKPHGEVCPV HQTENGCPKPIYJGPPGEGUUCT[1RGPVJGYKPFQYUQHVGPVQCNNQYXGPVKNCVKQP 
ᲢᲯᲣ4GEGKXGXCEEKPCVKQPăᲢ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQPß8CEEKPCVKQPàᲣᲢᲰᲣ*CXGCRTQRGTTQWVKPGKPFCKN[NKHG
+VKUKORQTVCPVVQJCXGCIQQFTQWVKPGKPOGCNUCPFUNGGR ăᲢ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQPß.KHGUV[NGJCDKVUàᲣᲮᲨᵫᵿᶇᶌᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶂᶃᶑᶇᶅᶌᵿᶒᶃᶂᴾᵧᶌᶄᶃᶁᶒᶇᶍᶓᶑᴾᵢᶇᶑᶃᵿᶑᶃᶑᴾᵆᵥᵿᶉᶉᶍᶓᵋᶉᵿᶌᶑᶃᶌᶑᶆᶍᶓᵇᴾ
9JGPVJGFQEVQTFKCIPQUGUVJCVVJGEJKNFKUKPHGEVGFUEJQQNFGUKIPCVGF+PHGEVKQWUFKUGCUGUVJGEJKNFKUPQVCNNQYGFVQCVVGPFUEJQQN+VKUPGEGUUCT[VQJCXGVJGFQEVQTHKNNQWVVJGFQEWOGPVUURGEKHKGFD[VJGUEJQQN 
Ƃ6[RGƃ5RGEKCN&KUGCUGU'DQNCJGOQTTJCIKEHGXGT%TKOGCP%QPIQJGOQTTJCIKEHGXGTDKTFHNWGVE 
Ƃ6[RGƃ&KUGCUGUURTGCFD[FTQRNGVKPHGEVKQP KPHGEVKQPVJTQWIJUCNKXC EQOOQPN[ 
UGGPKPUEJQQN  +PHNWGP\C RGTVWUUKU YJQQRKPI EQWIJ  OGCUNGU GRKFGOKE RCTQVKFKVKU OWORU 
4WDGNNC )GTOCPOGCUNGU XCTKEGNNC EJKEMGPRQZ VWDGTEWNQUKUGVEƂ6[RGƃ6JQUGQVJGTVJCPKPV[RGUCPFDWVGCUKN[URTGCFKPUEJQQN
 'PVGTQJGOQTTJCIKE ' EQNK KPHGEVKQP Ტ 1 Უ  'RKFGOKE MGTCVQEQPLWPEVKXKVKUJCPFHQQVOQWVJ FKUGCUG EQZUCEMKG XKTCN KPHGEVKQP  +PHGEVKQWU GT[VJGOCᲢ5NCR
EJGGMU[PFTQOGᲣ+PHGEVKQWUKORGVKIQᲢ(N[KPIURCTMUFKUGCUGᲣGVE









128

ͤࡍᚮૺ

ƚǜƜƏƠǜƩǜ

ͤࡍᚮૺЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ




‫ݬ‬

ƕƭ

ƴƪ

 உ

ƚǜƜƏƠǜƩǜଐᲢ  Უƴ ͤࡍᚮૺǛƠǇƢŵẬỮẮạ ẲỮẻ ỮᾀώͤࡍᚮૺẾềễỆᾎᴾƚǜƜƏƠǜƩǜ

Ɯ

ƔǒƩ

ƸƭƍƘ

ƑƍǑƏơǐƏƨƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

Ƥǜǋǜ

ƍ

Ơ

ͤࡍᚮૺưƸŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƷ ˳ ƷႆᏋƷǑƏƢǍŴ௿᫱ ཞ ७ ǛᄩᛐƠǇƢŵ‫ᧉݦ‬ƷҔࠖƕƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƖƚǜƜƏƠǜƩǜɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴஹƯŴͤࡍᚮૺǛƠǇƢŵᴾ

ᾁώễỆửẴỦỉᾎᴾ

‫ݬ‬



ƚǜƞ



ƲǜƳ౨௹ƳƷᲹƨƍơǎƏƦƘƯƍ

౨௹Ƹɥɦ˳દ஌ȷᙉឱưᘍ Ə‫ܖ‬ఄƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ˳ ᣻ȷ៲ ᧈ ǛĬ ˳ ᣻ ย‫ܭ‬ƠǜƪǐƏƦƘƯƍĭ ៲ ᧈ ย‫ܭ‬ơǐƏƛ ƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƤƍƔƘ

ƦƘƯƍ

ƸƩ Ơ

ƠǐƘƠǜ

ĮϋᚮŴᚑ ᚮƕƬƜƏƠǎƏƖǐƏơǐƏ

ƓƓ

Ɯ

ƨƍơǎƏ

ǓǏƏ

ƍƤƍ

ƨƍƦƏƾƘ

Ɩ

ǇƑ

ƠǜƪǐƏ

Ɩ ƕ

ƸǜƦư

Ƹǜ

ƹƋƍ

ƕưƖƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳǍŴҞ ᘨȷҞ ǺȜȳƷ˳ દ ஌ ǛბǔƜƱƕưƖƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳ
ơƥǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƸŴʙЭƴέ ဃ ƴႻ ᛩ ƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƍ

ƳƍƠǜ

ƓƜƳ

ദᄩƴย‫ܭ‬ƢǔƨǊưƢŵ‫ ܪ‬૙ ɥ ƷྸဌưŴီࣱƷЭ ưბஆƑǔƜƱ
ƹƋ ƍ





ƚǜ ƞ

Ơ

Ɯ

ǉƶ

ƤƳ Ɣ

ƪǐƏ Ơ ǜ Ɩ

Ƌ

ƠǜƧƏ

ƓƱ

Ɩ

ҔࠖƕŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷᏟǍᏑɶƴ Ꭾ ᚮ֥Ǜ࢘ƯƯŴ࣎ᐥƷ᪦ǛᎥƖǇƢŵƜ
ƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƓƜƳ

ƓƓ

Ǌ

ƸƳ

ƳƔ

ǈ

ƪǒǋ˳દ஌ư ᘍ ƏƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵǇƨŴႸǍƷƲŴᱠƷɶǛᙸǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵƠǓǐƘ ƚ ǜ ƞįᙻщ౨௹

ƲƏ ƙ

Ɣƨ Ǌ

ƖƝ Ə

Ƒ

ƔƘ

ƍƬǆƏ

Ǌ

ƚǜƞǑƏ

ƖƝ Ə

Ƒ

ǹȗȸȳƷǑƏƳᢊφư༾ႸǛᨨƠŴǋƏɟ૾ƷႸư౨௹ဇƷᚡӭǍዋǛ
ǈ

ƚǜƞǑƏ

ƓƓ  

Ɣƨƪ

Ɯ





ᙸǇƢŵ౨௹ဇƷᚡӭǍዋƸƍǖƍǖƳ‫ٻ‬Ɩƞȷ ࢟ ƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬Ʋǋ
ơƿ ǜ

ǈ

ƓƱ

Ɩ





Ƴƴ

Ɯƨ     ƨƪƸŴᐯЎƕᙸƑƨǋƷƕ˴ƔǛሉƑǇƢŵƪǐƏǓǐƘ ƚ ǜ ƞİ Ꭾ щ ౨௹ƠƔ ƚǜƠǜ

ıഫᅹͤᚮ





ƸǜƷƏ

Ɩ







ƸǜƩǜ

ƲƏƔǛЙૺƠǇƢŵƸ ƍƠ ǌƜƍǖƍǖƳ᪦ǛᎥƍƯŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷӒࣖƕƋǔƔƳƍƔưŴᎥƜƑƯƍǔƔ

Ɯ

Ƙƪ

ƳƔ

ǈ

Ƹ

Ƹ

ơǐƏƨƍ

Ƹ

ഫҔᎍƕŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷӝƷɶǛᙸǇƢŵƓǋƴŴഫǍഫƙƖƷཞ ७ᲢഫǛƠ
Ƹ Ƴǒ

Ƌ

ǈ

ƬƔǓǈƕƍƯƍǔƔŴഫɳƼƸƲƏƔŴƔǈӳǘƤƸƲƏƔƳƲᲣǛᙸǇƢŵơǐƏƸǜƠǜ

Ʊ

ƠǜƧƏ

Ƹƍ

ƓƏƔƘǇƘ

ƍơǐƏ

ǈ

Ɩ

ƞƭƑƍ

ɥ Ҟ ៲ ƷȬȳȈǲȳǛજƬƯŴ࣎ᐥǍᏍŴ್ᨠᐏƳƲƴီࠝƕƳƍƔᙸ

ƖǐƏƿ

Ƥǜ

ĲᏟᢿ:ዴƚǜƞ ౨௹ȬȳȈǲȳ ƜƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƸ˳દ஌ǍǭȣȟǽȸȫŴǿȳǯȈȃȗƳƲǛბǇƢŵજࢨƱƖơǐƏƸǜƠǜ

ǔƍƖǜƧƘ ǔƍ

ǈƭƷ଺Ŵɥ Ҟ ៲ ƴȜǿȳǍțȃǯƳƲƷȗȩǹȁȃǯ᫏Ŵ᣿‫ޓ‬᫏Ǜ៲ƴბ
ƞƭƑƍ

ơǐ Ơ

Ƹƣ

ƞƭƑƍ

ƚƯƍǔƱજࢨƕưƖǇƤǜŵ‫܇ڡ‬ƸȖȩǸȣȸǛ‫ٳ‬ƠƯજࢨƠǇƢŵǄƏƠǌ Ƥǜ

ƠǑ Ə

ƱƘ

ƔǒƩ

ƑƍƖǐƏ

ư

ǓǐƏ

èȬȳȈǲȳưƸ્‫ݧ‬ዴǛ̅ဇƠǇƢƕŴཎƴ ˳ ƴ ࢨ ᪪ ƕЈǔ ᣽ ưƸ
Ơǜƺƍ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƋǓǇƤǜŵƦǕưǋ࣎ᣐƳƱƖƸέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ

129

ͤࡍᚮૺ

/GFKECN%JGEMWR

If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.

‫ ݬ‬6JGOGFKECNEJGEMWRKUQP    OQPVJ       FC[        Უᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᵿᴾᶋᶃᶂᶇᶁᵿᶊᴾᶁᶆᶃᶁᶉᶓᶎᵝᴾ/GFKECN EJGEMWRU JGNR VQ EJGEM QP VJG EJKNF U RJ[UKECN FGXGNQROGPV CPFPWVTKVKQPUVCVWU5RGEKCNKUVFQEVQTUIQVQVJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNVQEQPFWEVUWEJOGFKECNEJGEMWRU ᾁώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶀᶃᶇᶌᶅᴾᶂᶍᶌᶃᵝᴾ

‫ݬ‬



9JCVMKPFUQHEJGEMWRCTGEQPFWEVGF!

Ĭ/CP[ UEJQQNU EQPFWEV VJKU YKVJ VJG UVWFGPVU YGCTKPI GZGTEKUG
$QF[ ᳱGKIJV UJQTVUCPFDCTGHQQVGF6JKUKUVQIGVCPCEEWTCVGOGCUWTGOGPVOGCUWTGOGPV QHVJGEJKNFÞUYGKIJVCPFJGKIJV+H[QWECPPQVEJCPIGKPVQVJG

ĭ *GKIJVUJQTVUNGGXGFCPFUJQTVUHQTTGNKIKQWUTGCUQPUVCNMVQVJGVGCEJGT
OGCUWTGOGPV DGHQTGJCPF  






TGSWKTGF CVVKTG DGHQTG VJG QRRQUKVG UGZ QT [QW ECPPQV YGCTĮ +PVGTPCNGZCOKPCVKQP
2CNRCVKQP

6JG FQEVQT NKUVGPU VQ VJG JGCTVDGCV XKC C UVGVJQUEQRG QP VJGEJKNFÞUEJGUVCPFDCEM6JKUKUOQUVN[ECTTKGFQWVYKVJVJGEJKNFYGCTKPIGZGTEKUGENQVJGU6JGFQEVQTCNUQEJGEMUVJGG[GUVJTQCVCPFVJGKPVGTKQTQHVJGPQUG į '[GUKIJVEJGEM

9KVJ QPG G[G EQXGTGF YKVJ C URQQPNKMG VQQN VJG EJKNF NQQMU CV
U[ODQNU CPF FTCYKPIU WUGF HQT EJGEMKPI VJG G[GUKIJV YKVJ VJGQVJGT G[G 5WEJ U[ODQNU CPF FTCYKPIU EQOG KP FKHHGTGPV UK\GU
CPFUJCRGU6JGEJKNFTGPYKNNCPUYGTYJCVVJG[JCXGUGGP İ *GCTKPIVGUV,WFIOGPVQHEJKNFJGCTKPICDKNKV[KUOCFGQPJKUQTJGTTGURQPUGUVQXCTKQWUUQWPFUVJG[JGCT 

ı &GPVCNEJGEM

6JGFGPVKUVYKNNEJGEMVJGKPUKFGQHVJGEJKNFÞUOQWVJVQEJGEMVJG
EQPFKVKQPQHDQVJVGGVJCPFIWOᲢYJGVJGTVJGVGGVJCTGRTQRGTN[DTWUJGFYJGVJGTVJGVGGVJCTGCNKIPGFCPFQEENWUKQPᲣ









Ĳ %JGUVZTC[

:TC[QPVJGWRRGTDQF[KUVCMGPVQEJGEMHQTCP[CDPQTOCNKV[KP
VJG JGCTV NWPIU CPF FKCRJTCIO 6JG EJKNF ECP YGCT GZGTEKUG
ENQVJGUECOKUQNGQTVCPMVQR9JGPVCMKPIVJGZTC[CP[JQQMUQTDWVVQPUOCFGQHRNCUVKEQTOGVCNOWUVDGTGOQXGF)KTNUVCMG
VJGZTC[YKVJVJGKTDTCUUKGTGUTGOQXGF
è:TC[WUGUTCFKQCEVKXGTC[UDWVVJGCOQWPVKUUQPGINKIKDNGVJCVKVYKNNPQVCHHGEVVJGDQF[+H[QWCTGUVKNNEQPEGTPGFVCNMVQ[QWTVGCEJGT 130ͤࡍᚮૺ
ᴾẬỮẮạ ẲỮẻ ỮạᾂώͤࡍᚮૺỊӖẬễẟểẟẬễẟỉᾎᴾ
ƔƳǒƏƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƔǑ

Ɯ

ƢƘ

ƶǜƔǜ

Ɣƍ

ƚǜƜƏƠǜƩǜ࣏ ƣӖƚƞƤƯƘƩƞƍŵɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᡫƏ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƸŴ‫ݲ‬ƳƘƱǋᲫ࠰᧓ƴᲫ‫ׅ‬ŴͤࡍᚮૺƏƚǜƜƏƠǜƩǜ

ƳƍǑƏ

ǄƏǄƏ

Ɩ



ǛӖƚǔƜƱƴƳƬƯƍǇƢŵǇƨŴͤࡍᚮૺƷϋܾǍ૾ඥƸൿǊǒǕƯƍǇƢŵᴾ
ƔǒƩ

Ƙƪ

ƳƔ

ƻƱ

ǈ

ƯƍƜƏ

Ɣǜ

Ɯ

ƋǜƠǜ

˳ ǍӝƷɶǛʴƴᙸƤǔƜƱƴ৽৴Ǜज़ơǔ‫܇‬ƲǋǋƍǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵưǋŴ‫࣎ܤ‬Ơ
Ƥǜǋǜ

ƍ

Ơ

ƨ Ʃ    ǄƏǄƏ

ƚǜƞ

Ɯ





ƚǜƜƏ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

ƚǜƜƏ

ƯƘƩƞƍŵ‫ᧉݦ‬ƷҔࠖƕŴദƠƍ૾ඥư౨௹ƠǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷͤࡍƱ ঺ ᧈ ƷƨǊƴŴͤࡍƠǜƩǜƏᚮૺǛӖƚƞƤƯƋƛƯƘƩƞƍƶŵẬỮẮạ ẲỮẻ Ữ

ẴẪ

ẟỉẼ

ᾃώͤࡍᚮૺỂ૔ảỦ ԡ ᴾƕƬƜƏƚǜƜƏƠǜƩǜ

ƠǜƧƏ

ƋƳ

Ƌ

ơǜƧƏ

ƼǐƏ Ɩ

ƸƬƚǜ

‫ܖ‬ఄưƷͤࡍᚮૺǛƖƬƔƚƴŴ࣎ᐥƴᆭƕ᧏ƍƯƍǔƜƱǍᏴᐥƷ ၏ ൢƕႆᙸƞǕƨǓŴ
ƤƖƭƍ

ƍơǐƏ

ƳǜƪǐƏ

ƠǜƩǜ

Ǖƍ

ƠǜƨƍƦƘƯƍƖ ǖƘƯƍƠǜƪǐƏ

ᏨౢƷီࠝǍᩊ Ꭾ ƕᚮૺƞǕƨǓƠƨ̊ƕƋǓǇƢŵǇƨŴ៲˳ย‫ܭ‬Ʒᚡ᥵ƔǒŴ˯៲ ᧈ ưǘƋǔƜƱƕЎƔƬƨƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵ
Ɯ

ƓƓ

ƼǐƏ Ɩ

Ƴ

ƹ Ƌƍ

ƚǜƜƏƠǜƩǜ

ƼǐƏ Ɩ

ƥǜƪǐƏ

ǈ

‫܇‬ƲǋưǋŴ‫ٻ‬ƖƳ ၏ ൢưʧƘƳǔ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵͤࡍᚮૺư ၏ ൢƷЭ Ϋ ƕᙸƭƔǔƜƕƬƜƏƚǜƜƏƠǜƩǜ

ǉ ǓǐƏ

Ə

Ə

ƱǋƋǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƷͤࡍᚮૺƸ໯ ૰ ưӖƚǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵƖƪǜƱӖƚƞƤǇƠǐƏŵ
ᴾẬỮẮạ ẲỮẻ ỮấᾄώͤࡍᚮૺầኳỪẾẺỤὉὉὉᴾƚǜƜƏƠǜƩǜ

ƚƬƔ

Ɩ

Ɯ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƍ

ͤࡍᚮૺƷኽௐƕൢƴƳǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƴƸŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƔǒ ၏ ᨈ ƴᘍƘ
ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƍ

ƚƬƔ

ƍ ƪ Ʋ ƕƬƜƏƜƱǛƢƢǊǒǕǇƢŵ ၏ ᨈ ƴᘍƬƨኽௐǛŴǋƏɟࡇ‫ܖ‬ఄƴ
ǄƏƜƘ

ƼǐƏƖ

ƤƍƔƭ

‫إ‬ԓƠǇƢŵ၏ൢưƸƳƍƚǕƲŴȀǤǨȃȈƷƠƢƗǍဃ෇
ƠǎƏƔǜ

ǈƩ

ƻǐƏơǎǜƨƍơǎƏ

Ƹƣ

ƹƋƍ

፼ ॹ ƷʏǕƳƲƴǑǓŴ ೅ แ ˳ ᣻ Ɣǒ‫ٳ‬ǕƯƍǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴƤƍƔƭƠǎƏƔǜ

ǈƳƓ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

Ɯ





ƤƍƪǐƏ

ဃ෇ ፼ ॹǛᙸႺƢ࣏ᙲƕƋǓǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƸ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ঺ ᧈ ǛǵȝȸȈƠǇƠǐƏŵ













Ḥέဃ૾ồḤᴾෙ‫ٳ‬ưƸŴ‫ܖ‬ఄưͤࡍᚮૺǛᘍǘƳƍƱƜǖǋ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵƦƷ‫ئ‬ӳŴࠎஓƢǔ̬ᜱᎍƕ̾ʴႎƴ၏ᨈưӖƚǇƢŵƦƷƨǊଐஜƷͤࡍᚮૺƴƓƍƯŴॖԛǋЎƔǒƣƴ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕƍǖƍǖ˳ǛᚑǒǕƨǓŴᛦǂǒǕƨǓƢǔƜƱǛɧ‫ܤ‬ƴ࣬Ə̬ᜱᎍǋƍǇƢŵǇƨŴᏟᢿ : ዴ౨௹ǛžᘮƹƘſƱƍƏᚐ᣷Ɣǒ਎ԁƢǔ̬ᜱᎍǋƍǇƢŵʙЭƴႸႎǍ౨௹ϋܾƳƲᛇኬǛᛟଢƢǔƱ‫࣎ܤ‬ƢǔưƠǐƏŵ

131

ͤࡍᚮૺ


ᾂώᵢᶍᴾᵧᴾᶆᵿᶔᶃᴾᶒᶍᴾᶒᵿᶉᶃᴾᵿᴾᶋᶃᶂᶇᶁᵿᶊᴾᶁᶆᶃᶁᶉᶓᶎᾎᴾ
2NGCUGVCMGCOGFKECNEJGEMWR#NNEJKNFTGPKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVCMGCOGFKECNEJGEMWRCVNGCUVQPEGC[GCT/QTGQXGTVJGV[RGUCPFEQPVGPVUQHVJGEJGEMWRCTG
CNUQHKZGF 
6JGTGOC[DGUQOGEJKNFTGPYJQFKUNKMGJCXKPIUQOGQPGNQQMCVVJGKTDQFKGUQTKPVQVJGKTOQWVJU*QYGXGTTGUVCUUWTG5RGEKCNKUVFQEVQTUCTGFQKPIKVEQTTGEVN[(QTVJGUCMGQHVJGEJKNFTGPITQYKPIJGCNVJKN[FQVCMGVJGUGOGFKECNEJGEMWRU ᾃώᵪᶇᶔᶃᶑᴾᶁᵿᶌᴾᶀᶃᴾᶑᵿᶔᶃᶂᴾᶄᶐᶍᶋᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶋᶃᶂᶇᶁᵿᶊᴾᶁᶆᶃᶁᶉᶓᶎᶑᴾ
5QOG GZCORNGU QH JGCNVJ CDPQTOCNKVKGU FKUEQXGTGF FWTKPI UEJQQN OGFKECNEJGEMWRU KPENWFG JQNGU KP VJG JGCTVU MKFPG[ FKUGCUGU URKPG CDPQTOCNKVKGU CPFJGCTKPINQUU  ;QWOC[HKPFQWVKHVJGEJKNFJCUUOCNNUVCVWTGQTFYCTHKUOHTQOVJG
JGKIJVTGEQTFU
6JGTGCTGEJKNFTGPF[KPIHTQOUGTKQWUKNNPGUUGU/GFKECNEJGEMWRUOC[RKEMWR
UQOGRTGKNNPGUUU[ORVQOU6JGEJKNFECPIGVVJGUGOGFKECNEJGEMWRUKPUEJQQN
HTGGQHEJCTIG6JWUFQPQVUMKRVJGUGEJGEMWRUᾄώᵵᶆᶃᶌᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶋᶃᶂᶇᶁᵿᶊᴾᶁᶆᶃᶁᶉᶓᶎᴾᶇᶑᴾᶍᶔᶃᶐḠᴾ(QTVJQUGYJQCTGEQPEGTPGFQXGTVJGTGUWNVUQHVJGOGFKECNEJGEMWRU KV KU TGEQOOGPFGF VJCV VJG[ FQ HQNNQYWR CV VJGJQURKVCNU2NGCUGWRFCVGVJGUEJQQNQPVJGTGUWNVUQHVJGHQNNQYWR 
EJGEMWRUCVVJGJQURKVCN+HKVKUPQVCPKNNPGUUDWVTCVJGTVJGEJKNFKU
PQVQHUVCPFCTFYGKIJVFWGVQVQQOWEJFKGVQTDCFNKHGUV[NGJCDKVU
KVKUTGEQOOGPFGFVJCVVJGEJKNFRKEMUWRUQOGIQQFNKHGUV[NGJCDKVU
2CTGPVUUJQWNFUWRRQTVVJGEJKNF UJGCNVJITQYVJ 

















132

ᘓဃሥྸ

ƑƍƤƍ Ɣ ǜ Ǔ

ᘓဃሥྸ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾ

ЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵảẟẶẟ Ầ Ữ ụᾀώᘓဃሥྸẾềễỆᾎᴾƑƍƤƍ Ɣ ǜ Ǔ

Ɯ

ƭƶ

ƚǜƜƏ

Ƥƍƚƭ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƖ   ᘓဃሥྸƱƸž‫܇‬ƲǋƕࠝƴͤࡍŴฌ๹ưƍǒǕǔǑƏƴŴ̬ᜱᎍƕൢǛƭƚƯƓƖǇƠǐ
Ɯ

Ƥƍƚƭ

Ɯ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

ƨƍƤƭ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƏſƱƍƏƜƱưƢŵ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕฌ๹ưƍǔƜƱƸ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ঺ ᧈ ƴ‫ٻ‬ЏƳƩƚưƳƘŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƠǎƏƩǜƤƍƔƭ

ƓƘƜƴǜƛǜƔǜƚƍƨƍƤƭư ᨼ ‫ ׇ‬ဃ෇Ǜᡛǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƷʴ᧓᧙̞ƴǋŴƱƯǋ‫ٻ‬ЏƳƜƱưƢŵẶẟẬếᾁώฌ๹ỆẲợạὲᴾƖƻƭǑƏ  ŬƳƴƴൢǛƭƚƨǒƍƍƷᲹŬƳƥ࣏ᙲƳƷᲹ
ǋ

Ư

Ƌǒ

ƋƱ

ȏȳǫȁŴȆǣȃǷȥǛਤƬƯƍƳƍƱŴ৖ǛඹƬƨࢸᲫȏȳǫȁŴȆǣȃǷȥǛ
ǋ

ਤƱƏᲛ

ƾƘ

Ư

ƾ

Ư

ƾƘ

ƸƳ

ƾ

ƴ஌ư৖ǛਚƍƨǓŴ৖Ǎ஌ưᱠǛਚƍƨǓƠǇƢŵ
Ɩǜ

ƾ

ƼǐƏƖ

ƹƍᓏƕ‫ف‬ƑŴ၏ൢƴƳǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵǋƋǔǇƍƴƪƋǒ

ǇƨŴਤƪഩƘȏȳǫȁƸ൑ଐඹƍǇƠǐƏŵ
Ư

ƋƠ

ƭǊ

ƯƍƖƯƖ

Ɩ

ƭǊ

Ƴƕ

৖ƱឱƷ༯Ǜ‫ܭ‬஖ႎƴЏǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ༯ƕᧈ
ǑƝ

Წ

ƭǊ

ƯƍƖƯƖ

Ɩ

༯Ǜ‫ܭ‬஖ႎƴЏǖƏᲛƖǜƍƱŴ൲ǕǍƹƍᓏƕƨǇƬƯƠǇƍǇƢŵ
Ư

ǈ

ƭǊ

ƞƖ

ǈ

Ƴƕ

৖ƷƻǒƔǒᙸƯŴ༯ƷέƕᙸƑƳƍᧈƞƕƍƍưƠ
ƖƖǐƏŵƨƩƠŴЏǓƢƗƳƍǑƏƴൢǛƭƚǇƠǐƏŵ
ƠǐƘơ

Ƹ

ǉƠƹ

᫢ʙƷƋƱƸഫǛǈƕƖǇƠǐƏŵǈƕƔƳƍƱᖓഫ
Ჭ

Ƹ



ഫǛǈƕƜƏᲛƴƳƬƯƠǇƍǇƢŵӝƔǒƴƓƍƕƠƯƘǔƜƱǋ

ƘƪƋǓǇƢŵ
Ɯ

ƋƤ

Ǉƍƴƪ

ƾ

ǖ

Ƹƍ

‫܇‬ƲǋƸƨƘƞǜ൱ǛƔƖǇƢŵ൑ଐƓ᫘ԏƴλƬƯŴ
ƔǒƩ

ǑƝ

Ƴƕ

ƋƨǇ

Ƌǒ

Ǉƍƴƪ

ƾ

ǖ

Ƹƍ

˳ Ʒ൲ǕǛ්ƠŴ᪽ ǛඹƍǇƠǐƏŵ൑ଐƓ᫘ԏƴλ
Ხ

Ǉƍƴƪ

ƾ

ǖ

Ƹƍ

൑ଐƓ᫘ԏƴλǖƏᲛǒƳƍƱŴƴƓƍƕƠƯƘǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ
ƱƘ

ƏǜƲƏƿ

ƠǐƧƘ

ƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ƿƔƭƲƏƪǎƏ

ƋƤཎƴᢃѣᢿƴ৑‫ޓ‬ƠƯƍǔɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƸŴᢿ෇ѣɶƴ൱ǛƖƍƬƺƍƔƍƯƍǇƢŵൢǛƭƚǇƠǐƏŵ
ƤƬ

Ჯ

ƯƋǒ

৖ඹƍȷƏƕƍǛƠǑƏᲛ

ƭƔ

Ư

Ƌǒ

ƦƱ

ƠƭƳƍ

Ƹƍ

ჽƚǜǛ̅ƬƯ৖ǛඹƍǇƠǐƏŵ‫ٳ‬ƔǒܴϋƴλƬ
Ɩǜ

Ɠ

Ɣ

ƥ

ǑǅƏ

ƨǒƏƕƍǛƠǇƠǐƏŵƹƍᓏǛᓳƱƠŴ᫘ᢲǛʖ᧸ƠǇƠǐƏŵƤƖưԶǍƘƠǌǈƕЈǔƱƖƸȞǹǯǛƭƚǇƠǐƏŵȞ
ƤƖǹǯǛƭƚƯƍƳƍƱŴԶǍƘƠǌǈǛƠƨƱƖƴŴ
ᲰȞǹǯǛƭƚǑƏᲛǄƔƻƱǦǤȫǹƕ˂ƷʴƴƭƍƯƠǇƏƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵǋǇƨȞǹǯǛਤƬƯƍƳƍƱƖƸȏȳǫȁǍȆǣȃǷ
Ƙƪ

ƓƓ



ȥưӝǛᙴƍǇƠǐƏŵ133

ᘓဃሥྸ*[IKGPG/CPCIGOGPVᴾ
ᴾ If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᴾᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᶆᶗᶅᶇᶃᶌᶃᴾᶋᵿᶌᵿᶅᶃᶋᶃᶌᶒᵝᴾ   *[IKGPG OCPCIGOGPV OGCPU ͆)WCTFKCPU UJQWNF DG ECTGHWN CPF CNGTV UQ VJCVEJKNFTGPCTGCNYC[UJGCNVJ[CPFENGCPà%NGCPNKPGUUQHEJKNFTGPKUKORQTVCPVPQVQPN[HQTVJGITQYVJQHEJKNFTGPDWVCNUQHQTVJGTGNCVKQPUJKRUQHEJKNFTGPNKXKPIKPITQWR
NKHGKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNᾁώᵪᶃᶒᵅᶑᴾᶀᶃᴾᶁᶊᶃᵿᶌᴿᴾ 

Ŭ9JCVOWUVYGDG
ECTGHWNQHᲹ

Ŭ9J[KUKVPGEGUUCT[!

+H[QWFQPQVJCXGCJCPFMGTEJKGHQTVKUUWGRCRGTYKVJ [QW [QW VGPF VQ YKRG [QWT YGV JCPFU CHVGTYCUJKPI QT [QWT FTKRRKPI PQUG QP [QWT ENQVJGU
6CMGJCPFMGTEJKGHCPFᲫ
6JKUKPETGCUGUVJGEJCPEGQHDCEVGTKCITQYKPICPF
VKUUWGRCRGTYKVJ[QW[QWOC[IGVUKEM ;QW OWUV CNUQ YCUJ VJG JCPFMGTEJKGH [QW WUGGXGT[FC[ 
6TKO [QWT HKPIGTPCKNU CPF VQGPCKNU TGIWNCTN[ .QPIHKPIGTPCKNUCPFVQGPCKNUVGPFVQJCTDQTIGTOUCPF
FKTV Წ 6TKO[QWTPCKNUTGIWNCTN[Მ 5VTGVEJQWV[QWTJCPFUCPFNQQMCV[QWTRCNOU6TKO
VJGNGPIVJQHVJGHKPIGTPCKNUUWEJVJCV[QWECPPQVUGG VJG NQPIHKPIGTPCKNU*QYGXGTOCMGUWTG [QWFQPQVQXGTVTKOVJGO $TWUJ[QWTVGGVJᲛ$TWUJ[QWTVGGVJCHVGTJCXKPIHQQF+H[QWFQPQV
DTWUJ TGIWNCTN[ [QW OC[ IGV VQQVJ FGEC[5QOGVKOGU[QWOC[GXGPJCXGDCFDTGCVJ 

Ხ

6CMGCDCVJGXGT[FC[Მ%JKNFTGPRGTURKTGGCUKN[*CXGCDCVJGXGT[FC[VQ
ENGCPQHHVJGFKTVHTQOVJGDQF[CPFJCKT+H[QWFQ
PQVFQUQ[QWOC[IGVDQF[QFQT 
6JKUKUGURGEKCNN[UQHQTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVU
KPXQNXGFKPURQTVUENWDCEVKXKVKGUCUVJG[RGTURKTGCNQV2NGCUGVCMGPQVGQHVJKU Ჯ

9CUJ[QWTJCPFUCPF
ICTINGᲛ

9CUJ [QWT JCPFU YKVJ UQCR )CTING [QWT OQWVJCHVGTTGVWTPKPIHTQOQWVUKFGVQIGVTKFQHIGTOUCPF
VJWURTGXGPVECVEJKPICEQNF 

9GCTCOCUMᲛ.GV U YGCT C OCUM YJGP [QW CTG EQWIJKPI QTUPGG\KPI+H[QWFQPQVFQUQ[QWOC[URTGCF[QWTXKTWUGUVQVJQUGCTQWPF[QW +H[QWFQPQVJCXGCOCUMEQXGT[QWTOQWVJYKVJ[QWTJCPFMGTEJKGHQTVKUUWGRCRGT 

Ჭ

Ჰ

134

ᘓဃሥྸ
Ƌƞ Ɠ
ƔƓ

Ჱ

ƔƓ

Ƌǒ

ǑƝ

Ǌ

Ɠ

ஔឪƖƨǒ᫊ǛඹƬƯŴ൲ǕǍႸǍƴǛᓳƱƠǇƠǐ

Ƌǒ᫊ǛඹƓƏᲛ

Ƌƞ

ƔƓ

Ƌǒ

Ǌ

ƞ

ƏŵஔŴ᫊ǛඹƏƱႸƕᙾǊǇƢŵ
ƤƍƾƘ

Ơƨ

ƠƨƗ

Ɩ

С஌ƷɦƴǷȣȄǍǿȳǯȈȃȗƳƲƷɦბǛბǇƠ
ƠƨƗ
Ơƨ Ɨ

Ჲ

ƋƤ

ƖǎƏƠǎƏ

ǐƏŵɦბƕ൱Ǜ Ԉ ӓ ƠƯƘǕǇƢŵƖɦბǛბǑƏᲛ

ƘƭƠƨ

ƸƩƠ

Ƙƭ

ƋƠ

Ǉƨ᪇ɦǋƸƖǇƠǐƏŵᙉឱư᪇ǛƸƘƱŴឱƕƴƓƬƯƘǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ


ểạỊế

ỐẪẸạ Ậ Ữ Ằᾂώ᪽᭟Ὁ஌ᘺ౨௹ẾềễỆᾎᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƯƍƖƯƖ

ƱƏƸƭ

ƾƘƦƏ ƚ ǜ ƞ

Ɯ

ƤƍƾƘ

ƨƩ

Ɩ

Ƥƍƚƭ

   ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴƸ‫ܭ‬஖ႎƴ᪽᭟ȷ஌ᘺ౨௹ƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƕС஌ǛദƠƘბƯƍǔƔŴฌ๹Ƴ
Ɣǈƕƨ

ƜƏƦƘ

Ʒ

ƖƔƨ

Ɣǈƕƨ

ƍƸǜ

᭟࢟ǛƠƯƍǔƔǛȁǧȃǯƞǕǇƢŵఄЩƴ᠍ƬƯƍǔბ૾Ǎ᭟‫׹‬ǛƠƯƍƳƍƱŴᢌӒƱ
Ɣǜƕ

ƪǎƏƍ

ᎋ ƑǒǕƯදॖƞǕǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵƱƏƸƭƾƘƦƏ ƚ ǜ ƞŹ᪽᭟ȷ஌ᘺ౨௹ưȁǧȃǯƞǕǔƜƱŹ
ǇƑƕǈ

ǇǏƛ

Ƴƕ

ȷЭ᭟ƸჂൗƴƔƔǒƳƍᧈƞƔŵ
ƩƬƠǐƘ

Ƥǜƺƭ

Ʀ

ȷ Ꮾ ᑥ Ŵ௨᭟ŴЧǓƜǈŴȑȸȞƳƲǛƠƯƍƳƍƔŵƩǜơǐƖǐƏƭƏဏ‫ ڡ‬σ ᡫ 

Ɯ

Ɣǈ

ƍǖ

Ə

ƪǌƍǖ

Ɩǜƍǖ

ƹƋƍ

ƴǎƏƕƘ

ƤǜƤƍ

è‫܇‬ƲǋƷ᭟ƷᑥƕŴဃǇǕƭƖᒧᑥǍ᣿ᑥƷ‫ئ‬ӳŴλ ‫ ܖ‬ƷƱƖƴέဃƴƭƨˡƑƯƓƘƱƍƍưƠǐƏŵƭƔȷȯȃǯǹŴȘǢǹȗȬȸŴȠȸǹƳƲǛ̅ƬƯƍƳƍƔŵ

ƱƏƸƭ

᪽᭟

ǑƜƕǈ
ƩǜƠ

ဏ‫܇‬

ǈǈ

Ƴƕ

ȷ್᭟Ƹ᎚ƴƔƔǒƳƍᧈƞƔŵ
ƏƠ

Ɣǈ

ƑǓ

Ƴƕ

ȷࢸǖ᭟ƸᙦƴƔƔǒƳƍᧈƞƔŵ
Ɣǈ

Ɣƨ

ǉƢ

ȷ᭟ƕᏅƴƔƔǔƱƖƸȘǢǴȠưኽǜưƍǔƔŵ
ơǐƠ

‫܇ڡ‬

ƍǖ

Ƙǖ

Ɯǜ

ƪǌ

ƭƔ

ȷȘǢǴȠƷᑥƸ᱅Ɣ኱ƔᒧŵǫȩȕȫƳǋƷǛ̅ƬƯƍƳƍƔŵƻƭǑƏȷ࣏ᙲƷƳƍȘǢǢǯǻǵȪȸǛƭƚƯƍƳƍƔŵƩǜơǐƖǐƏƭƏဏ‫ ڡ‬σ ᡫ ƳƾƩȷӸ஝ǛƖƪǜƱƭƚƯƍǔƔŵ

ƩǜƠ

ƾƘƦƏ

஌ᘺ

ƤƍƾƘ

ƹƋƍ

ဏ‫܇‬

ȷȍǯǿǤᲢȖȬǶȸƷС஌Ʒ‫ئ‬ӳᲣŴȜǿȳǛƖƪǜƱƭƚƯƍǔƔŵ

ơǐƠȷС஌ƷȪȜȳǛƖƪǜƱƭƚƯƍǔƔŵ

ƤƍƾƘ

‫܇ڡ‬

ǈơƔ

ȷǹǫȸȈƕ ჺ ƘƳƍƔŵƭǊƖȷ༯ǛƖƪǜƱЏƬƯƍǔƔŵƩǜơǐƖǐƏƭƏƨƦƷ˂ဏ‫ ڡ‬σ ᡫ ǈƭȷȔǢǹǍǢǯǻǵȪȸǛ៲ƴბƚƯƍƳƍƔŵ
ǇǏƛ

ƱƱƷ

ȷჂൗǛ ૢ ƑƯƍƳƍƔŵ
ơǐƠ

‫܇ڡ‬



ȷȞȋǭȥǢǛƠƯƍƳƍƔŵ

 

135

ᘓဃሥྸᲱᲲ

9CUJ[QWTHCEGᲛ

9CUJ[QWTHCEGYJGP[QWYCMGWRKPVJGOQTPKPIVQYCUJQHHVJGFKTVCPFG[GOWEWU9CUJKPI[QWTHCEGCNUQOCMGU[QWOQTGCYCMG  

2WVQPWPFGTYGCTᲛ

9GCT WPFGTYGCT UWEJ CU UJKTVU CPF VCPM VQRUWPFGT VJG UEJQQN WPKHQTOU 6JKU JGNRU VQ CDUQTD
RGTURKTCVKQP 
9GCTCNUQUQEMUVQRTGXGPV[QWTHGGVHTQOUOGNNKPIᾂώᴾ ᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶆᵿᶇᶐὉᵿᶒᶒᶇᶐᶃᴾᶁᶆᶃᶁᶉᶑᴾᵆᶒᶍᶓᶆᵿᶒᶑᶓὉᶄᶓᶉᶓᶑᶍᶓᵋᶉᶃᶌᶑᵿᵇᴾᵝᴾ
   6JGTGCTGTGIWNCTJCKTCPFCVVKTGEJGEMUKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU6JKUKUVQEJGEMKH
VJGEJKNFTGPJCXGYQTPVJGUEJQQNWPKHQTORTQRGTN[CPFJCXGVKF[JCKTEWV+HVJG
EJKNFFQGUPQVYGCTVJGWPKHQTOTKIJVYC[QHYGCTKPIUEJQQNWPKHQTOQTJCKTEWVKVOC[DGTGICTFGFCUXKQNCVKPIUEJQQNTWNGU Ź )WKFGNKPGUQPJCKTCPFCVVKTGEJGEMU Źȷ(TKPIGUJQWNFPQVEQXGTVJGG[GDTQYU
ȷ$NGCEJKPI JCKT F[KPI UJCXKPI CPF RGTOKPI QH JCKT CTG PQV
5COGHQTRGTOKVVGF 
DQVJDQ[Uè +HVJGPCVWTCNJCKTEQNQTQHVJGEJKNFKUDTQYPQTDNQPFGNGVCPFIKTNUVJGVGCEJGTMPQYCVVJGVKOGQHUEJQQNGPVTCPEG
ȷ&QPQVWUGJCKTYCZJCKTURTC[QTOQWUUG
ȷ5KFGJCKTUJQWNFPQVEQXGTVJGGCTU
*CKT
$Q[U
ȷ6JGJCKTNGPIVJCVVJGDCEMUJQWNFPQVEQXGTVJGUJKTVEQNNCTȷ9JGPVJGNGPIVJQHJCKTTGCEJGUVJGUJQWNFGTUVKGKVWRYKVJCJCKTTWDDGTDCPF )KTNU
ȷ6JGEQNQTQHVJGJCKTTWDDGTDCPFUUJQWNFDGDNCEMPCX[DNWG
QTDTQYP&QPQVWUGEQNQTHWNKVGOU
ȷ&QPQVWUGWPPGEGUUCT[JCKTCEEGUUQTKGU 
5COGHQT
DQVJDQ[U ȷ9GCT[QWTPCOGVCIURTQRGTN[CPFIKTNU
ȷ9GCTPGEMVKGUᲢYJGPYGCTKPICDNC\GTCURCTVQHVJGWPKHQTOᲣ#VVKTG
$Q[UCPFDWVVQPWRRTQRGTN[ȷ9GCTTKDDQPUYJKEJHQTORCTVQHVJGWPKHQTORTQRGTN[)KTNU
ȷ&QPQVYGCTUMKTVUVJCVCTGVQQUJQTV 
5COGHQT ȷ6TKOHKPIGTPCKNURTQRGTN[DQVJDQ[U ȷ&QPQVYGCTRKGTEGFCEEGUUQTKGU1VJGTU CPFIKTNU ȷ&QPQVVTKOG[GDTQYU )KTNU
ȷ&QPQVRCKPV[QWTHKPIGTPCKNU 
 

136

ᘓဃሥྸẦ ề ẟẨᾃώܼࡊỂൢửếẬỦẮểᴾǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƖǐƏǓǐƘ

Ɯ

Ƥƍƚƭ

ƨǋ

ƔƯƍ

ƱƘ

ƍ

Ɣ

   ̬ᜱᎍƕ ң щ ƠƳƍƱ‫܇‬ƲǋƷฌ๹Ǜ̬ƭƜƱƸưƖǇƤǜŵܼࡊưǋཎƴˌɦƷƜƱƴƖൢǛƭƚǇƠǐƏŵ
ƤǜƨƘ

Ĭ ඹຩ
Ɯ

ƋƤ

Ƴƭ

ƤƍƾƘ

ƠƨƗ

ƨƍƦƏƾƘƤǜƨƘ    ‫܇‬ƲǋƸƨƘƞǜ൱ǛƔƖǇƢŵٰƷС஌ŴɦბŴ˳દ஌ŴǸȣȸǸƸƖƪǜƱඹຩƠǇƖǎƏƠǐƘƱƏƹǜ

ƠǎƏ

ƖǜǑƏƼ

ƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ǋ

ƔƑ

ƤǜƨƘ

ƠǐƏŵǇƨ ዅ ᫢ ࢘ဪƷ ᡵ Ƹ᣿୴ଐƴ ዅ ᫢ ǨȗȭȳǛਤƬƯ࠙ƬƯƖǇƢŵඹຩǛƠƛƭǑƏƼƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǋ

ǘƢ

ƤǜƨƘ

ƯǢǤȭȳǛƔƚƯƔǒŴஉ୴ଐƴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴਤƬƯƍƚǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵࣔǕƨǓඹຩ
ƭƗ

ƱƏƹǜ

Ɯ

ǊƍǘƘ

ǛƠƯƍƳƔƬƨǓƢǔƱŴഏƷ࢘ဪƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƴᡕषƕƔƔƬƯƠǇƍǇƢŵƋǒǋƷĭ ඹƍཋ
ƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƭƔ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǋ

ƢƍƱƏ

Ǉƍƴƪ

Ƌǒ

Ƌǒ

    ዅ ᫢ ư̅ƬƨƸƠǍ‫ܖ‬ఄƴਤƬƯƍƬƨ൦ለƸ൑ଐƠƬƔǓඹƍǇƠǐƏŵඹǘƳƍƱŴ
Ɩǜ

ƾ

Ƙƪ

Ƹƣ

ƹƍᓏƕ‫ف‬ƑƨǋƷƴӝǛƭƚǔƜƱƴƳƬƯƠǇƍǇƢᲢ‫ٳ‬ƢƜƱƕưƖǔȑȸȄƸŴƹ
Ɩǜ

ƸǜƠǐƘ

Ƹƣ

Ƌǒ

ƍᓏƕጛ ഻ ƠǍƢƍƷưŴ‫ٳ‬ƠƯඹƍǇƠǐƏᲣŵƾǖĮ Ɠ᫘ԏ
Ǉƍƴƪ

ƾ

ǖ

Ƹƍ

Ɯ

ƋƤ

ƔǒƩ

ǑƝ

Ƴƕ

    ൑ଐƓ᫘ԏƴλǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƸ൱ǛƨƘƞǜƔƖǇƢŵ˳ Ʒ൲ǕǛ්ƠŴ
ƋƨǇ

Ƌǒ

Ǐƿƶ

Ƌ

Ƶ

ƔǒƩ

ƾ

᪽ ǛඹƍǇƠǐƏŵืᑔƴƭƔǒƳƘƯǋŴǷȣȯȸǛෘƼƨǓŴ຤ǕǿǪȫư ˳ ǛਚƍƩƍơǐƏƿ

ƨǓƢǔƩƚưǋ‫ٻ‬ɣ‫پ‬ưƢŵ
ƾ

ǖ

Ƹƍ

Ɯ

Ɯ

    Ɠ᫘ԏƴλǒƳƍƱŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƔǒƴƓƍƕƠƯƘǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵƩƔǒƱƍƬƯ‫܇‬Ʋ
ƜƏƢƍ

ƔƓ

ƴǄǜ

Ɯ

ƜƏƢƍ

ǋƴᬐ൦ƳƲᬐǓƷƋǔǋƷǛƭƚǔƜƱƸǍǊǇƠǐƏŵଐஜƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƸᬐ൦ǛƭƚǔƠǎƏƔǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƜƏƢƍ

ƔƓ

ƍ

፼ ॹ ƕƋǓǇƤǜŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᬐ൦ǛƭƚƯƍƘƱŴƦǕƕƍƍᬐǓưǋžƘƞƍſƱᚕǘƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƜƏƢƍƖǜƠǕƯƠǇƏƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵǇƨɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸᬐ൦ǛᅠഥƠƯƍǇƢŵ
Ƙƴ

Ǉƍƴƪ

ƾ

ǖ

Ƹƍ

ƠǎƏƔǜ

Ƙƴ

ƴǄǜ

ƖƜƏ

‫׎‬ƴǑƬƯŴ൑ଐƓ᫘ԏƴλǔ ፼ ॹ ƷƳƍ‫׎‬ǋƋǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵƠƔƠଐஜƷൢͅƸŴ
ƖƓǜ

ƠƭƲ

ƨƔ

ƋƤ

ǇƍƴƪǑƝ

ƋƤƓൢภǋ฻ࡇǋ᭗ƘŴ൱ǛƔƖǍƢƍưƢŵ൑ଐ൲ǕǍ൱ǛƖƪǜƱᓳƱƠǇƠǐƏŵ









137

ᘓဃሥྸ
ᾃώᵲᶆᶇᶌᶅᶑᴾᶒᶍᴾᶒᵿᶉᶃᴾᶌᶍᶒᶃᴾᶍᶄᴾᵿᶒᴾᶆᶍᶋᶃᴾ   6JGEJKNFECPPQVMGGRWRJKUQTJGTJ[IKGPGYKVJQWVVJGUWRRQTVQHIWCTFKCPU#U
UWEJVCMGPQVGQHVJGHQNNQYKPICVJQOGĬ .CWPFT[%JKNFTGPRGTURKTGCNQV9CUJUWOOGTUEJQQNWPKHQTOUWPFGTYGCTGZGTEKUG
ENQVJGUCPFLGTUG[RTQRGTN[#NUQYCUJVJGUEJQQNNWPEJCRTQPQP(TKFC[UQHVJG
YGGMUYJGPVJGEJKNFKUQPUEJQQNNWPEJFWV[#HVGTYCUJKPIKTQPVJGCRTQPCPF
DTKPIKVDCEMVQUEJQQNQPVJGHQNNQYKPI/QPFC[U+H[QWHQTIGVVQFQUQKVOC[DGKPEQPXGPKGPVVQVJGEJKNFYJQKUQPVJGPGZVFWV[TQUVGT  ĭ +VGOUVJCVUJQWNFDGYCUJGF
9CUJVJGEJQRUVKEMUWUGFHQTUEJQQNNWPEJGUCPFYCVGTDQVVNGUGXGT[FC[+H
[QWFQPQVYCUJVJGODCEVGTKCOC[ITQYCPFVJGPGPVGTEJKNFÞUOQWVJYJGPJGUJG WUGU VJGOᲢ4GOQXG VJG TGOQXCDNG RCTVU CPF YCUJ VJGO RTQRGTN[ VQ
RTGXGPVDCEVGTKCITQYVJᲣĮ 6CMKPICDCVJ
6CMGCDCVJGXGT[FC[%JKNFTGPRGTURKTGCNQV9CUJVJGDQF[CPFJCKTENGCPQH
FKTV+HVJGTGKUPQDCVJVWDCVJQOG[QWECPGKVJGTJCXGUJQYGTQTYKRGVJGDQF[YKVJCYGVVQYGN      +HVJGEJKNFFQGUPQVYCUJVJGOUGNXGUGXGT[FC[JGQTUJGOC[IGVDQF[QFQT&QPQVYGCTRGTHWOGQTHTCITCPEGKVGOUCUEJKNFTGPKP,CRCPFQPQVJCXGVJG
JCDKV QH YGCTKPI RGTHWOGU +H VJG EJKNF YGCTU RGTHWOG VQ LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNUVJQUGCTQWPFJKOQTJGTOC[EQOOGPVVJCVKVKUßUOGNN[à2GTHWOGUCTGCNUQDCPPGFKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU 
5QOG EQWPVTKGU OC[ PQV JCXG VJG EWUVQO QH VCMKPI C DCVJ GXGT[ FC[*QYGXGTVJGENKOCVGKP,CRCPKUJQVCPFJWOKFCPFVJWUKVKUGCU[VQRGTURKTG5Q
YCUJ[QWTUGNXGUVQIGVTKFQHFKTVCPFRGTURKTCVKQPGXGT[FC[ 









138

ဃ෇፼ॹ

ƤƍƔƭƠǎƏƔǜဃ෇ ፼ ॹ ЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ



Ɯ

Ǉƍƴƪ

ƛǜƖ

Ƣ

ƤƍƔƭ

Ɯ

ƋƔ

ƛǜƖ

Ƣ

‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ൑ଐǛΨൢƴᢅƝƢƨǊƴŴဃ෇ȪǺȠǛƱƱƷƑǇƠǐƏŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƕଢǔƘΨൢƴᢅ
ƏǜƲƏ

Ǒ

ƠǐƘơ

ơǎƏƿǜ

Ƣƍǈǜ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƱƘ

ƸǍƶ

ƸǍ Ɠ

Ƌƞ

ƝƢƴƸŴᢃѣŴȐȩȳǹƷᑣƍ᫢ʙŴҗ Ў Ƴზ჈ƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵཎƴଔଔ‫ݏ‬ȷଔឪƖȷஔƝƸǜƸŴ
Ɯ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

ƨƍƤƭ

‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ঺ ᧈ ƴƱƯǋ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ǏƏơǜƔǜƚƍ

ƻǖƜƏƲƏ Ƹ ǜ ƍ

ƻǖ

ƠƠǎǜƖ

Ƹƍ

ƋƜƕ

ǇƨŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƸӐʴ᧙̞ǋ࠼ƕǓŴᘍѣር‫׊‬ǋ࠼ƕǓǇƢŵ࣬ବ஖ƴλǓŴǘǔƍƜƱƴ ঔ Ǖ
ƓƱƳ

Ɯ

ƓƱƳ

ƜƑ

ƨǓŴ‫ٻ‬ʴƬǆƍƜƱǛƠƯǈƨƘƳƬƨǓƢǔ‫܇‬ƲǋǋƍǔưƠǐƏŵǘǔƍ‫ٻ‬ʴƴ٣ǛƔƚǒƔƷƏƤƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

Ɯ

Ƌƿ

Ǉ

Ɯ

ǕǔӧᏡࣱǋƋǓǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƸŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƕǘǔƍƜƱǍүƳƍƜƱƴࠇƖᡂǇǕƦƏƳƱƖƸŴ
ƥǜǓǐƘ

Ǉǋ

Ɯ

Ƌƿ

Ǉ

Ɯ

ǑǅƏ

μ щ ư‫ܣ‬ǓǇƠǐƏŵƦƠƯưƖǔƩƚ‫܇‬ƲǋƕүƳƍƜƱƴࠇƖᡂǇǕƳƍǑƏƴŴʖ᧸ƠǇƠǐƏŵƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ƔǒƩ

ƓƓ

ƜƜǖ

Ɯ

ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƸŴ ˳ Ƹ‫ٻ‬ƖƘƳƬƯƖƯƍǇƢƕŴ ࣎ ƸǇƩǇƩ‫܇‬ƲǋưƢŵƾƩǜƔǒƨƘƞǜ
ǳȟȥȋǱȸǷȧȳǛƱǓǇƠǐƏŵẼỠạầẪẶẟ

ẬỮẮạềẨ

ỆẼᾀώɶ‫ܖ‬ဃỉͤࡍႎễᾀଐᴾ
ƸǍ Ɠ

ơƔǜ

ǑǏƏ

Ɠ

ăႇఄƢǔǮȪǮȪƷ଺᧓ưƸƳƘ˷ᘽǛǋƬƯឪƖǇƠǐƏŵஔଐǛෘƼǔƱŴ˳ϋ଺ᚘ ƕȪǻȃȈ

ƞǕǇƢǑŵ

Ƌƞ

ஔ

ƱƏƜƏ

ȷଔឪƖǛƠǇƠǐƏŵƋƞƻƋƨƍƳƍ Ʋ ƚ ƍ



Ƌƞ

Ƹǜ

ƨ

ȷஔƝ᫨Ǜ᫢ǂǇƠǐƏŵ


Ƌƞ

Ƹǜ

ƝƥǜƪǎƏ

ƔƭƲƏăஔƝ᫨ƸҜЭɶƴ෇ѣ ƢǔƨǊƷǨȍȫǮȸƱƳ
Ƌƞ

Ƹǜ

ƨ

ƝƥǜƪǎƏ

ǓǇƢŵஔƝ᫨Ǜ᫢ǂƳƍƱŴҜЭɶǅǜǍǓƠƨ
ƶǉ

ƠǐƘơ

Ƙƣ

ǓŴ჈ƘƳƬƨǓƠǇƢŵǇƨ᫢ʙƷȐȩȳǹƕߐƻǇǜǕŴᏄ฼ƴƭƳƕǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵơǎƗǐƏƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏƠǐƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜǋǜƯƖă ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒ Ѡ ࢍ Ƹ ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ ǑǓ‫ᧉݦ‬ႎ ƴƳƬƯƍ

ǇƢŵǅǜǍǓƠƯƍǔƱŴƢƙƴǘƔǒƳƘƳƬ

ƯƠǇƍǇƢŵǘƔǒƳƍƜƱƕƋƬƨǒᆢ ಊ ႎ ƴ

ƻǔ

ଷ

Ə

ȷƠƬƔǓ੉ ಅ ǛӖƚǇƠǐƏŵ

ƤƬƖǐƘƯƖƤǜƤƍƠƭǋǜέဃƴឋբƠǇƠǐƏŵƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƨƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƑƍǑƏ

Ɣǜƕ

ƭƘ

ȷ ዅ ᫢ ǛƠƬƔǓ᫢ǂǇƠǐƏŵ ă ዅ ᫢ Ƹ௿᫱ȐȩȳǹǛ ᎋ ƑƯ˺ǒǕƯƍǇƢŵ
ƠǎƏƖǐƏƯƖ

Ƥƍƛǜ

ƔƗ



ǢȬȫǮȸǍ ‫ ܪ‬૙ ႎ ƳСᨂƕƳƍᨂǓŴưƖǔƩ

ƚ‫ڤ‬Ɩ‫ۯ‬ƍƤƣ᫢ǂǇƠǐƏŵ

Ƣ

ƔǒƩ

ƏƝ

ȷ ˳ ǛѣƔƠǇƠǐƏŵ

Ɯ

Ɩǒ

ƨ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

ƯƖƲ

ƏǜƲƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƨƍƍƘ

ă‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ঺ ᧈ ƴƸᢘࡇƳᢃѣƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵ˳ᏋǍ
ƿƔƭƲƏ

ơƔǜ

ƔǒƩ

ƏƝ

ᢿ෇ѣƷ଺᧓ƴƠƬƔǓ ˳ ǛѣƔƠǇƠǐƏŵ
Ǒǔ

Ǒǔ

‫ٸ‬

Ƹǜ

ƨ

ƨ

ƨ

Ƣ

ƪǎƏƍ

ȷ‫ٸ‬Ɲ᫨Ǜ᫢ǂǇƠǐƏŵăȐȩȳǹǑƘ᫢ǂǇƠǐƏŵ᫢ǂᢅƗƴǋදॖưƢŵƋǇǓ଺᧓ƕ᡿ƘƳǒƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ


ơƔǜ

139

ƓƦ

ဃ෇፼ॹ

.KHGUV[NG*CDKVU

If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
.GV VJG EJKNF JCXG C IQQF TJ[VJO KP FCKN[ NKHG KP QTFGT VQ JCXG C JGCNVJ[ NKHGUV[NG'ZGTEKUGDCNCPEGFOGCNUCPFUWHHKEKGPVTGUVCTGCNNPGEGUUCT[HQTCDTKIJVCNGTVOKPF
5NGGRCPFYCMGWRGCTN[CPFDTGCMHCUVCTGGURGEKCNN[KORQTVCPVHQTVJGEJKNF UITQYVJ  +PCFFKVKQPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUGZRCPFVJGKTEKTENGQHHTKGPFUCPFYKFGPVJGKTUEQRGUQHCEVKXKVKGU#UVJG[GPVGTRWDGTV[UQOGOC[[GCTPHQTDCFVJKPIUQTVQDGNKMGCFWNVU2CTGPVUUJQWNFDGOQUVXKIKNCPVKPRTQVGEVKPIVJGKTEJKNFTGPVQRTGXGPVVJGOHTQOIGVVKPIKPVQVTQWDNG.GV UFQQWTDGUVVQRTGXGPVVJGEJKNFTGPHTQODCFCUUQEKCVKQPCUOWEJCURQUUKDNG  ,WPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUOC[JCXGITQYPRJ[UKECNN[DWVVJGKTJGCTVUCTGUVKNNVJCVQHEJKNFTGP2CTGPVUUJQWNFEQOOWPKECVGYKVJVJGOCUOWEJCURQUUKDNG ᾀώᵟᴾᶆᶃᵿᶊᶒᶆᶗᴾᶍᶌᶃᴾᶂᵿᶗᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᶈᶓᶌᶇᶍᶐᴾᶆᶇᶅᶆᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶑᶒᶓᶂᶃᶌᶒᴾ
ȷ9CMGWRGCTN[/QTPKPI ȷ'CVDTGCMHCUVȷ2C[CVVGPVKQPFWTKPIENCUUGU






&C[

0KIJVă )GVWRYKVJUWHHKEKGPVVKOGVQIGVTGCF[VQ
IQVQUEJQQNUQVJCVVJGTGKUPQTWUJ*CXGCOQTPKPIUJQYGTVQTGUGVVJGDQF[ENQEM ă $TGCMHCUV RTQXKFGU GPGTI[ HQT CEVKXKVKGU QH
VJGFC[VKNNPQQP9KVJQWVDTGCMHCUVVJGEJKNF
VGPFU VQ DG TGUVNGUU QT GXGP HCNN CUNGGR/QTGQXGT UMKRRKPI DTGCMHCUV YKNN CNUQ TWKPJCXKPI C DCNCPEGF FKGV YJKEJ OC[ NGCF VQQDGUKV[ă  .GCTPKPI KP LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN KU OQTGURGEKCNK\GFEQORCTGFVQGNGOGPVCT[UEJQQN+H
VJG EJKNF FQGU PQV RC[ IQQF CVVGPVKQP JG QT
UJG OC[ PQV HQNNQY VJG RCEG QH VJG ENCUU +H
VJGTG KU CP[ RCTV VJCV KU PQV ENGCT CUM VJGVGCEJGTYKVJGPVJWUKCUO 

ȷ'CVVJGUEJQQNNWPEJGU ă 5EJQQN NWPEJGU CTG OCFG YKVJ VJGEQPUKFGTCVKQPQHPWVTKVKQPDCNCPEG'CVCNNVJG
HQQF RTQXKFGF TGICTFNGUU QH QPG U NKMKPIU QT
FKUNKMGUQVJGTVJCPTGUVTKEVKQPUFWGVQCNNGTIKGUQTTGNKIKQWUTGCUQPU  ȷ/QXGCPFGZGTEKUG[QWT ă 6JG EJKNF PGGFU C EGTVCKP COQWPV QH
GZGTEKUG VQ ITQY /CMG IQQF WUG QH RJ[UKECN
DQF[GFWECVKQP ENCUUGU CPF ENWD CEVKXKVKGU VQ IGVUWEJGZGTEKUGU 
ȷ'CVFKPPGTă *CXG C DCNCPEGF OGCN $G ECTGHWN PQV VQ
QXGTGCVCPFFQPQVGCVVQQNCVGCVPKIJV 
140ဃ෇፼ॹ
ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƠǎƘƩƍƠǐƏƕƬƜƏƠǎƘƩƍưȷ ܿ ᫆ ǛƠǇƠǐƏŵă ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ƹ ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ ǑǓ ܿ ᫆ ƕƨƘƞǜЈ ǇƢŵ



ƠǎƘƩƍ

ƠǎƏƔǜ

Ɯ

ǈ

ܿ ᫆ ǛƢǔ ፼ ॹ Ǜ‫ ܇‬Ʋǋƴ៲ ƴƭƚƞƤǇƠǐ
Əŵ



ƾ

ǖ

Ƹƍ

ƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

Ɯ

ƨƍƍƘ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƋƤ

ȷƓ᫘ԏƴλǓǇƠǐƏŵă ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ Ʒ‫ ܇‬ƲǋƸ˳Ꮛ Ǎᢿ෇ѣ ư൱ ǛƔƍƯƍ

ǇƢŵ൲ǕǛᓳƱƠ ᪽ ǛඹƍǇƠǐƏŵ

ǑƝ

ƸǍ

ƶ

ƔǒƩ

ȷଔƘ‫ݏ‬ǇƠǐƏŵ


Ɠ

ƷƏ

ƋƨǇ

ƶ

ƋƍƩ

Ƌǒ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

ƶ

ƓƦ

ă ˳ ǋᏯǋ‫ݏ‬Ưƍǔ ᧓ ƴ ঺ ᧈ ƠǇƢŵ‫ݏ‬ǔƷƕ᡿Ƣƍǈǜ ơ Ɣ ǜ

ǈơƔ

Ɯ

ƕƘǓǐƘ

ƘƳǓზ჈ ଺᧓ ƕ ჺ ƘƳǔƱŴ‫ ܇‬ƲǋƷ ‫ ܖ‬щ ƴ
ƑƍƖǐƏ

Ɯ

Ǒ

ƾ

ࢨ ᪪ ƠƨǓŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƕǤȩǤȩƠƨǓƠǇƢŵ‫୼ٸ‬
ƸǍ

ƶ

Ǒǔ ƓƦ

ƔƠƤƣଔ Ƙ‫ ݏ‬ǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ‫ ٸ‬᡿ ƘǇư
ƚƍƨƍ

ƭƔ

Ɯ

ƾ

ઃ࠘ǍǹȞȸȈȕǩȳǛ̅ƬƯƍǔ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ‫ف‬ƑƯ
ƓǍƜ

ƭƔ

Ɣƨ

Ɩ

ǑǔƓƦ

ơƔǜ

ƍǇƢŵᚃ‫܇‬ư̅ƍ૾ƷȫȸȫǛൿǊƯŴ‫ٸ‬᡿ƍ଺᧓ƭƔƪǎƏƕƘƤƍǓƦƏƯƖƴ̅ ǘƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ Ʒྸेႎ ƳƢƍǈǜ ơ Ɣ ǜ

ơƔǜ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ზ჈ ଺᧓ ƸᲱ᳸଺᧓ ưƢŵȆǹȈ Ѡ ࢍ ƷƱƖǍơǎƚǜǇƑ

ơƔǜƶǉӖ᬴Эǋ ଺᧓Ƹ჈ǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ            ẼỠạầẪẶẟẬẟ Ẻ ẟ Ể Ữ Ừᾁώɶ‫ܖ‬ဃỉઃ࠘ᩓᛅὉἋἰὊἚἧỻὅᴾ
ƞƍƖǜƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘǋƪǎƏƕƘƤƍƾƍƦƕǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ  இᡈƸઃ࠘ᩓᛅǍǹȞȸȈȕǩȳǛਤƭɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ǋ‫ف‬ƑƯƖǇƠƨŵ ࣕ Ơƍ̬ᜱᎍƴƱƬƯŴ
ƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘ

Ɯ

ǋ

Ɯ

ǕǜǒƘ

Ʊ

ઃ࠘ᩓᛅǍǹȞȸȈȕǩȳǛ‫܇‬ƲǋƴਤƨƤǔƜƱƸŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƱƷᡲዂǛӕǔƨǊƴƸƱƯǋ
ǂǜǓ

ƠǎƩǜ

ǂǜǓ

ƍƬǆƏ

ƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘƜǋ̝МƳ৖െưƢŵƠƔƠ̝МưƋǔɟ૾Ŵઃ࠘ᩓᛅȷǹȞȸȈȕǩȳǛ‫܇‬ƲǋƴਤƨƤǔƜƱƸŴƖƚǜǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

Ɯ

ƭƔ

Ɩ

ǍƘƦƘ

ƱƯǋүᨖƳƜƱưǋƋǓǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƱ‫܇‬ƲǋưŴƲƷǑƏƴ̅ƏƷƔŴȫȸȫǛൿǊƯኖள
ƨƍƤƭ

ƭƔ

ƢǔƜƱƕŴƱƯǋ‫ٻ‬ЏƳƜƱưƢŵȕǣȫǿȪȳǰǵȸȓǹǛ̅ƏƷǋƍƍưƢƶŵ

Ǖƍ

Ɯ

ƶǜǕƍ

ƾ

ǁ

ŹȫȸȫƷ̊Źè‫܇‬ƲǋƷ࠰ᱫƴǑƬƯ‫ف‬ǍƠƨǓŴถǒƠƨǓƠƯǋƍƍưƢƶŵơ ƿ ǜưǜǘƹǜƝƏ

ƩǕưǜǘƹǜƝƏ

ƓƠ  ȷᐯЎ  Ʒᩓᛅဪӭ    ǍȡȸȫǢȉȬǹǛǉǍǈƴ૙ƑƳƍŵ
ƓƠ

ƩǕ

ƓƠ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƭƨ ȷᛡƔƴᩓᛅဪӭǍȡȸȫǢȉȬǹǛ૙ƑƨǒŴᛡƴ૙ƑƨƔ̬ᜱᎍƴˡƑǔŵǑǔơ ƍ Ɯ Əƚƍ ƨƍ ư ǜ ǘ ȷ‫ˌ଺ٸ‬ᨀƸઃ࠘ᩓᛅǍǹȞȸȈȕǩȳǛƞǘǒƳƍŵ       ƠǐƘơƪǎƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏƪǎƏƚƍ ƨƍ ư ǜ ǘ ȷ᫢ʙɶ ȷ Ѡ ࢍ ɶ Ƹઃ࠘ᩓᛅǍǹȞȸȈȕǩȳǛƞǘǒƳƍŵƚƍ ƨƍ ư ǜ ǘ

ơ ƿ ǜ

ǁ

Ǎ

ǋ

Ɯ

ƍ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ǈ

Ǉ

ƭƔ

ǄƔǜ

  ȷઃ࠘  ᩓᛅ ǍǹȞȸȈȕǩȳƸᐯЎƷᢿ‫ދ‬ƴਤƪᡂǇƣŴ‫᧓އ‬ư̅ƍŴ̬ሥƢǔŵƻƭ ǑƏ ȷ࣏ᙲƷƳƍǵǤȈƴǢǯǻǹƠƳƍŵ
Ơ

Ƌ ƍ Ư

 ȷƓƔƠƳȡȸȫŴჷǒƳƍႻ৖ƔǒƷȡȸȫƸ̬ᜱᎍƴᙸƤǔŵ
ǏƏǓǐƏ

Ǔ Ǒ Ə

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƦƏ Ʃǜ

Ɩ ǐ Ɣ

Ʊ

 ȷஊ ૰ ǵǤȈƷМဇƸ̬ᜱᎍƴႻᛩƠƯŴᚩӧǛӕǔŵ
ƻƱ

ǘǔ Ƙƪ

ƥƬ ƨƍ

Ɣ

Ɯ

 ȷʴƷफӝƸዌ‫ݣ‬ƴ୿ƖᡂǇƳƍŵ141ဃ෇፼ॹ


ȷ&Q[QWTJQOGYQTMă /QTGJQOGYQTMYKNNDGIKXGPKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN VJCP GNGOGPVCT[ UEJQQN .GV VJG EJKNF
FGXGNQRCJCDKVVQEQORNGVGJQOGYQTMKPVKOGȷ *CXG C DCVJ KP VJG ă %JKNFTGPKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNRGTURKTGCNQV
FWTKPI RJ[UKECN GFWECVKQP ENCUUGU CPF ENWD
DCVJVWDCEVKXKVKGU9CUJVJGFKTVQHHVJGDQF[CPFJCKTȷ)QVQDGFGCTN[ă $QVJ DQF[ CPF DTCKP UVKNN ITQY YJKNG VJGEJKNFKUUNGGRKPI9JGPVJGEJKNFUNGGRUNCVGVJG
UNGGRKPI VKOG YKNN DG UJQTVGPGF VJGTGD[CHHGEVKPI VJG NGCTPKPI CDKNKV[ CPF GXGP OC[OCMGVJGEJKNFGCUKN[KTTKVCDNG&QPQVUVC[WR
NCVG )Q VQ DGF GCTN[  6JGTG JCU DGGP CP
KPETGCUG KP VJG PWODGT QH EJKNFTGP WUKPIOQDKNGRJQPGUQTUOCTVRJQPGUVKNNNCVGCVPKIJV2CTGPVUUJQWNFUGVTWNGUVQTGUVTKEVVJGWUGQH
UWEJ FGXKEGU NCVG CV PKIJV +FGCN PWODGT QH
UNGGRJQWTUHQTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNEJKNFTGPKU
VQ'XGPDGHQTGVGUVUQTGZCOKPCVKQPYJGPVKOG KU VCMGP WR HQT TGXKUKQP JCXG CV NGCUV 
JQWTUQHUNGGR            ᾁώᵫᶍᶀᶇᶊᶃᴾᶎᶆᶍᶌᶃᶑᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶑᶋᵿᶐᶒᶎᶆᶍᶌᶃᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᶈᶓᶌᶇᶍᶐᴾᶆᶇᶅᶆᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶑᶒᶓᶂᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾ  4GEGPVN[VJGTGJCUDGGPCPKPETGCUGKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUYKVJVJGKTQYPOQDKNGRJQPGUQTUOCTVRJQPGU6JKUKUCEQPXGPKGPVYC[HQTDWU[RCTGPVUVQDGCDNG
VQEQPVCEVVJGKTEJKNFTGPGCUKN[*QYGXGTQVJGTVJCPEQPXGPKGPEGVJGTGKUCNUQFCPIGTNWTMKPIKPVJGWUGQHOQDKNGRJQPGUQTUOCTVRJQPGU+VKUXGT[KORQTVCPVVJCVRCTGPVU
UGVTWNGUYKVJVJGKTEJKNFTGPQPVJGWUGQHUWEJRJQPGU+VKUCNUQIQQFVQWUGCHKNVGTKPIUGTXKEG Ź'ZCORNGUQHTWNGUŹ è +PETGCUGQTFGETGCUGCEEQTFKPIVQVJGEJKNF UCIGCUCRRTQRTKCVG  ȷ&QPQVTGXGCNYKVJQWVECTG[QWTQYPVGNGRJQPGPWODGTCPFGOCKNCFFTGUUVQQVJGTU      
ȷ.GV VJG RCTGPVU MPQY VJQUG YJQO [QW JCXG TGXGCN [QWT VGNGRJQPG PWODGTU CPFGOCKNCFFTGUUVQ   ȷ&QPQVWUGVJGOQDKNGRJQPGQTUOCTVRJQPGCHVGTQ     
ENQEMCVPKIJV
ȷ&QPQVWUGVJGOQDKNGRJQPGQTUOCTVRJQPGFWTKPIOGCNUQTUVWF[   ȷ&QPQVVCMGVJGOQDKNGRJQPGQTUOCTVRJQPGKPVQ[QWTQYPTQQO7UGQTMGGRKVKPVJG     
NKXKPITQQO  
ȷ&QPQVCEEGUUWPPGEGUUCT[YGDUKVGUȷ5JQYRCTGPVUSWGGTGOCKNUQTGOCKNUHTQOUVTCPIGTU
ȷ&KUEWUUYKVJRCTGPVUCDQWVCEEGUUKPIRC[YGDUKVGUCPFIGVVJGKTRGTOKUUKQP
ȷ&QPQVYTKVGDCFEQOOGPVUCDQWVQVJGTU



ᴾ

142

ဃ෇፼ॹ
ẨẬỮẶẟ ᾋᵱᵬᵱ ỉүᨖࣱᾍᴾƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ
ƋƍƩƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘƭƔ  ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ Ʒ ᧓ ưઃ࠘ᩓᛅȷǹȞȸȈȕǩȳǛ̅Ƭƨ 505Ტ5QEKCN 0GVYQTM 5GTXKEG  GZ
ǓǑƏ

ƾ

ƓǍƜ

Ʊǋ

ƲƏƠ

.+0'Ŵ(CEGDQQM ƳƲᲣƷМဇƕ‫ف‬ƑƯƍǇƢŵᚃ‫܇‬ǍӐƩƪӷٟƷǳȟȥȋǱȸǷȧȳƷ
ƭƔ

ǋǜƩƍ

ƞƍƖǜ

ƭƔ

Ơ

ƨǊƴ̅ƏƩƚƳǒբ᫆ƋǓǇƤǜƕŴஇᡈưƸ 505 Ǜ̅ƬƨƍơǊŴƍƭƷǇƴƔჷǒƳ
ƓƱƳ

ǕǜǒƘ

Ʊ

Ƌ

Ǉ

Ɯ

ơƚǜ

ƖǐƔ

ƻƱ

ƠǌƠǜ

Ưǜƞƍ

ƍ‫ٻ‬ʴƱᡲዂǛӕǓӳƬƯƍǔƏƪƴࠇƖᡂǇǕǔʙˑŴᚩӧƷƳƍʴƷϙჇƷ᠃᠍ǍǢȃȗǋǜƩƍƓƳƲŴƞǇƟǇƳբ᫆ƕឪƖƯƍǇƢŵǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

Ɯ

ƚƍƨƍ

ƭƔ

Ɩ

ơƚǜ

Ǉ

 ̬ᜱᎍƱ‫܇‬Ʋǋưઃ࠘ȷǹȞȸȈȕǩȳǛ̅ƏȫȸȫǛƖƪǜƱൿǊƯŴƍơǊǍʙˑƴࠇ
Ɯ

ƨƍƤƭ

ƾƩǜ

ƚƍƨƍ

ƤƬƖǐƘƯƖ

ƖᡂǇǕƳƍǑƏƴƢǔƜƱƕ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵ୍െƔǒŴઃ࠘ǍǹȞȸȈȕǩȳƴƭƍƯ ᆢ ಊ ႎƴƸƳƋᛅƠӳƍǇƠǐƏŵẦếợạᾋἧỵἽἑἼὅἂἇὊἥἋỉ෇ဇᾍᴾƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘƠ  ઃ࠘ᩓᛅȷǹȞȸȈȕǩȳƴƭƍƯƍǔžȕǣȫǿȪȳǰſǛჷƬƯƍǇƢƔᲹȕǣȫǿȪ
ƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘƭƔƻƱƞƍ ǈ Ǉ ǜ

ƭƔ

Ƥƍƛǜ

ǏƏƕƍ

ȳǰƱƸžઃ࠘ᩓᛅǛ̅Əʴƕ ബச฼ƷƱƖŴ̅ƑǔǵǤȈǍǢȗȪǛСᨂƠƯŴஊܹƳ
ơǐƏǄƏ

ƾ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

Ɯ

Ƥƍƛǜ

ƭ

ऴ ‫ إ‬ƴᚑǕƳƍǑƏƴƢǔſƨǊƷǵȸȓǹưƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƱ‫܇‬ƲǋưžƲƷǑƏƳСᨂǛ˄ƚƸƳƋǔƔſƴƭƍƯᛅƠӳƍǇƠǐƏŵǓ Ǒ Ə ǄƏǄƏƠǒƚƍƨƍ ư ǜ ǘƍ  ǵȸȓǹƷМဇ૾ඥƕǘƔǒƳƍƱƖƸŴǤȳǿȸȍȃȈưᛦǂƨǓŴઃ࠘ᩓᛅǷȧȃȗƴᘍƖƬƯᎥƍƯǈƨǓƠǇƠǐƏŵẼỠạầẪẶẟ

Ể

ẝ

Ẩ Ậ Ữ

ᾂώɶ‫ܖ‬ဃầЈ˟ạẦờẲủễẟүᨖƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ƜƏƲƏ Ƹ ǜ ƍƻǖƴǜƛǜƔǜƚƍ

ƻǖ

ƦƜƏ

ƻƱ

Ơ

Ƌ

ƔƷƏƤƍ

  ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ Ƹᘍѣር‫׊‬ǋ࠼ƕǓŴʴ᧓᧙̞ǋ࠼ƕǓǇƢŵእᘍƷǑƘƳƍʴƱჷǓӳƏӧᏡࣱǋ
ƍ

Ɣ

ƜƏƦƘ

ǄƏǓƭ

ƖǜƠ

Ơ

Ƌ

ƢƢ

ƥƬƨƍ

 ƋǓǇƢŵˌɦƷǋƷƸఄЩǍඥࢷưᅠഥƞǕƯƍǇƢŵƨƱƑჷǓӳƍƔǒѰǊǒǕƯǋዌ‫ݣ‬
ƜƱǘ

ƾƩǜ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

Ɯ

ƖƚǜƤƍ

ƸƳ

Ƌ

ƴ ૺ ǒƳƘƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵ୍െƔǒ̬ᜱᎍƱ‫܇‬ƲǋưƜǕǒƷүᨖࣱƴƭƍƯᛅƠӳƍǇƠ


ǐƏŵ


ǄƏǓƭ

ƖǜƠ

ǄƏǓƭ

ƹƬ

 ᲶඥࢷưᅠഥƞǕƯƍǔƜƱᲸèඥ ࢷ ưፘ ƤǒǕǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ


ƖƭƑǜ

տ໺

ƴǄǜ

ƖƭƑǜ

ǈƱ

ƞƍ

ƞƍ ǈ Ǉ ǜ

ƖƭƑǜ

ƍǄƏ

ଐஜưƸŴտ໺ƕᛐǊǒǕǔƷƸ ৗƔǒưƢŵৗச฼Ʒտ໺ƸᢌඥưƢŵ
ƖƭƑǜ

ƠǎƏƔǜ

ƸƬƤƍ

ƨƔ

ƔǒƩ

ƸƬƨƭ

տ໺Ʒ ፼ ॹ ƸŴƕǜƕႆဃƢǔȪǹǯǛ᭗ǊǇƢŵǇƩ ˳ ƕႆᢋƠƖƬƯƍ
ƖƭƑǜ

ƔǒƩ

Ƹƭ

ƤƍƿƬƠƭ

ƤƬƖǐƘƯƖ

ƨƍƳƍ

Ʊ

Ɯ

ƳƍƱƖƴտ໺ƢǔƱŴ ˳ ƸႆƕǜࣱཋឋǛᆢ ಊ ႎ ƴ˳ϋƴӕǓᡂǋƏƱƠ
ǘƔ

ƖƭƑǜ

ƔǒƩ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

Ʊ

ǊǜƑƖǓǐƘ

ƯƍƔǇƢŵǇƨŴᒉƍƱƖƔǒƷտ໺Ƹ ˳ Ʒ ঺ ᧈ ǛഥǊŴβ ၃ щ Ǜ˯ɦƞƤǇƢŵƍ Ƨ ǜ Ƥ ƍ ƿƬƠƭƾƘƍ ƪ Ʋ ƖƭƑǜƠǎƏƔǜƞǒƴŴǿȐǳƴƸ̔‫ࣱ܍‬ཋឋƕԃǇǕƯƍǔƨǊŴɟࡇտ໺Ʒ ፼ ॹ ƕƭƍƯƠǇƏƱƳƔƳƔǍǊǔƜƱƕưƖǇƤǜŵ


ƍǜƠǎ

᫩ᣒ

ƴǄǜ

ƍǜƠǎ

ǈƱ

ƞƍ

ƞƍ ǈ Ǉ ǜ

ƍǜƠǎ

ƍǄƏ

ଐஜưƸŴ᫩ᣒƕᛐǊǒǕǔƷƸ ৗƔǒưƢŵৗச฼Ʒ᫩ᣒƸᢌඥưƢŵ
ƔǒƩ

ƸƬƨƭ

ƍǜƠǎ

ƸǍ

ƷƏ

ƍƠǎƘ

Ƹơ

ǇƩ ˳ ƕႆᢋƠƖƬƯƍƳƍƱƖƴ᫩ᣒƢǔƱŴଔƍƏƪƴᏯƷᓨ጑ƕ‫ڼ‬ǇǔƔƷƏƤƍƧƏƖƾƥǜ

ƍƧǜƠǐƏ

ƨƔӧᏡࣱƕƋǓǇƢŵǇƨᐥ֥ɧμǍǢȫǳȸȫ̔‫܍‬ၐƴƳǔȪǹǯƕ᭗ƘƳǓ
ǈƤƍƶǜ

ǇǜƼ

ɢࡽƖ

ƖǎƏ

ƍǜƠǎ

ƖǎƏƤƍ

ƪǎƏƲƘ

ƔƷƏƤƍ

ǇƢŵச঺࠰ƕ ࣯ ƴ᫩ᣒǛƢǔƱŴ࣯ ࣱ Ǣȫǳȸȫ ɶ ൒ ƴƳǔӧᏡࣱƕƋǓ
ǇƢŵ

ǇǜƼ

ƸǜƟƍ

ƚƍƞƭ

ƭƔ

ɢࡽƖƸཛፕưƢŵᜩ‫ݑ‬ƴ਺ǇǓǇƢŵ
143ဃ෇፼ॹ

ᾋᵲᶆᶃᴾᵢᵿᶌᶅᶃᶐᴾᶍᶄᴾᵱᵬᵱᾍᴾ  6JGTGJCUDGGPCPKPETGCUGCOQPILWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUWUKPI505Ტ5QEKCN0GVYQTM5GTXKEGGI.+0'(CEGDQQMGVEᲣQPVJGKTOQDKNGRJQPGUCPFUOCTVRJQPGU9JKNG VJGTG KU PQ KUUWG QP WUKPI UWEJ FGXKEGU VQ EQOOWPKECVG YKVJ RCTGPVU CPFHTKGPFU DWV VJGTG JCXG DGGP RTQDNGOU UWEJ CU DGKPI EQPVCEVGF D[ UVTCPIGTUGURGEKCNN[ CFWNVU VJCV VJG EJKNF FQGU PQV MPQY CPF TGUGPFKPI CPF WRNQCFKPI QH
RJQVQITCRJUYKVJQWVRGTOKUUKQP   +V KU KORQTVCPV VJCV IWCTFKCPU UGV TWNGU QP WUKPI VJG OQDKNG RJQPGU CPFUOCTVRJQPGU YKVJ VJG EJKNF VQ RTGXGPV DWNN[KPI QT QVJGT KUUWGU 6CNM VQ VJG EJKNFCEVKXGN[QPCTGIWNCTDCUKUCDQWVWUKPIOQDKNGRJQPGUCPFUOCTVRJQPGU ᾋᴾ ᵳᶑᶇᶌᶅᴾᵤᶇᶊᶒᶃᶐᴾᵱᶃᶐᶔᶇᶁᶃᶑᾍᴾ  &Q[QWMPQYCDQWVßHKNVGTKPIàKPOQDKNGRJQPGUCPFUOCTVRJQPGU!ß(KNVGTKPIàTGUVTKEVUVJGWUGQHEGTVCKPUKVGUHQTVJQUGNGUUVJCP[GCTUQNFUQCUVQRTQVGEVVJGOHTQOJCTOHWNKPHQTOCVKQP)WCTFKCPUUJQWNFVCNMYKVJVJGEJKNFQPßYJCVCTGVJG
TGUVTKEVKQPUHQTVJGEJKNF!à   +H[QWFQPQVMPQYJQYVQWUGUWEJUGTXKEGUUGCTEJVJGKPVGTPGVQTCUMVJGUVCHHCVOQDKNGUJQRU ᾂώᵮᶃᶍᶎᶊᶃᴾᶈᶓᶌᶇᶍᶐᴾᶆᶇᶅᶆᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶑᶒᶓᶂᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾᶋᶃᶃᶒᴾᶋᵿᶗᴾᶀᶃᴾᶂᵿᶌᶅᶃᶐᶍᶓᶑ
  #UVJGTCPIGQHCEVKXKVKGUQHLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUDTQCFGPUVJG[CNUQOGGVOQTG RGQRNG 6JG[ OC[ OGGV RGQRNG YJQ JCXG DCF DGJCXKQTU 6JG HQNNQYKPIDGJCXKQTUCTGRTQJKDKVGFDQVJD[UEJQQNTWNGUCUYGNNCUVJGNCYU+HCP[QPG[QWMPQYVT[VQEQCZ[QWKPVQEQOOKVVKPICP[QHVJGUGGXGPKHVJG[CTGUQOGQPG[QWMPQY[QWOWUVTGLGEVVJGO+VKUGPEQWTCIGFHQTIWCTFKCPUCPFEJKNFTGPVQFKUEWUUUWEJTKUMUCV
CP[VKOGUWKVCDNG  Ჶ#EVKQPURTQJKDKVGFD[NCYᲸè ;QWIGVRWPKUJGFD[NCYKH[QWFQVJGO6JGNGICNCIGHQTUOQMKPIKP,CRCPKU[GCTUQNF6JQUGWPFGTCIGYKNNDGXKQNCVKPIVJGNCYKHVJG[UOQMG5OQMKPIKPETGCUGUVJGTKUMQHECPEGT(QT VJQUG YJQ CTG UVKNN ITQYKPI RJ[UKECNN[ UOQMKPI YKNN CEEWOWNCVG
OWEJ OQTG ECPEGTECWUKPI UWDUVCPEGU %CTEKPQIGPKE UWDUVCPEGU /QTGQXGTYJGPCRGTUQPUVCTVUUOQMKPIHTQOC[QWPICIGKVYKNNPQV
QPN[ RTQJKDKV ITQYVJ DWV YKNN CNUQ NQYGT VJG KOOWPKV[ KP VJG DQF[$GUKFGU VQDCEEQ KU CFFKEVKXG CPF QPEG C RGTUQP UVCTVU UOQMKPI KV KU
JCTFVQSWKV  
6JG NGICN CIG HQT FTKPMKPI CNEQJQN KP ,CRCP KU  [GCTU QNF 6JQUG&TKPMKPI WPFGTCIGYKNNDGXKQNCVKPIVJGNCYKHVJG[FTKPMCNEQJQN(QTVJQUGYJQCTGUVKNNITQYKPIRJ[UKECNN[KVOC[ECWUGDTCKPCVTQRJ[ UJTKPMKPIQHDTCKPEGNNU 6JGTKUMUQHQTICPUHCKNWTGCPFCNEQJQNKUOCTGCNUQJKIJGT6JQUGWPFGTCIGCPFYJQGPICIGKPDKPIGFTKPMKPIOC[IGVCNEQJQNRQKUQPKPI
5JQRNKHVKPI 
5JQRNKHVKPIKUCETKOG;QWECPIGVCTTGUVGFD[VJGRQNKEG 
5OQMKPI

144

ဃ෇፼ॹ
ƴǄǜ




ǍƘƿƭ

ƠǑƏ

Ơǐơ

ƹƍƹƍ

ƖǜƠ

ǍƘƿƭ

ƠǑƏ

Ơǐơ

ƹƍƹƍ

ଐஜưƸŴᕤཋƷ̅ဇȷ৑ਤȷ٥ᝰƕᅠഥƞǕƯƍǇƢŵᕤཋǛ̅ဇȷ৑ਤȷ٥ᝰ
ƚƍƞƭ

ƭƔ

ǍƘƿƭ

ƔƘ

Ɵƍ

ƨƍǇ

Ɩƚǜ

ƢǔƱᜩ‫ݑ‬ƴ਺ǇƬƯƠǇƍǇƢŵᕤཋƱƸᙾƤƍдȷ‫ٻ‬᰺ȷǳǫǤȳȷүᨖȉ

ǍƘƿƭ

è

ᕤཋ

ǍƘƿƭ

ƠǑƏ

ƔǒƩ

ơǎƏƩƍ

Ɠ

ȩȃǰȷǷȳȊȸƳƲƷƜƱưƢŵᕤཋǛ̅ဇƢǔƱ ˳ ƴ ᣻ ‫ ٻ‬ƳȀȡȸǸǛ᝟
ƷƏ

ƍƠǎƘ

ƛǜƔƘ

ǋƏƦƏ

ƞƘǒǜ

Ɠ

ƸǜƟƍ

Ɠ

ƍǇƢŵᏯƕ‫ۀ‬጑ƠŴ࠶ᙾŴ‫ेڨ‬ŴᥴʏƳƲǛឪƜƠŴཛፕǛឪƜƠƯƠǇƏ
ƔƷƏƤƍ

ƧƏƖ

Ǌ

ƑƍƖǐƏ

ƧƏƖƾƥǜ

ƠƭǊƍƓӧᏡࣱƕƋǓǇƢŵᐥ֥Ǎაƴǋ ࢨ ᪪ ƕƋǓŴᐥ֥ɧμǍ‫ڂ‬ଢǛឪƜƢƜƱǋ
ƭǑ

ƍƧǜƤƍ

ƭƔ

ƔǒƩ

ƳƔ

ƨƍƤƍ

ƋǓǇƢŵǇƨŴࢍƍ̔‫ࣱ܍‬ƕƋǓŴ̅ƏƨƼƴ ˳ Ʒɶƴ᎑ࣱƕưƖǔƨǊŴƠ ǑƏǓǐƏ

ƾƲǜƲǜ̅ ဇ ᣽ Ǜ‫ف‬ǍƢƜƱƴƳǓǇƢŵǍƘƿƭƸǜƟƍ Ʀ Ơ Ɩ

ƚƬ

Ɣǔ

Ɩ

ǋ

ƔƔ

ᕤཋƸཛፕኵጢƱƭƳƕƬƯƍǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵൿƠƯ᠉ƍൢਤƪư᧙ǘƬƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵ
ǍƘƿƭ

ƠǑƏ

ƍǄƏ

èǷȳȊȸƸᕤཋƱƠƯ̅ဇƢǔƱᢌඥƴƳǓǇƢŵ
ƜƏƦƘ

ƖǜƠ

ᲶఄЩưᅠഥƞǕƯƍǔƜƱᲸ
Ɣƍƕƍ

ƿǜƔ

ǈƱ

ƓƓ

ƴǄǜ

ෙ‫ٳ‬ưƸŴǪǷȣȬǍ૨҄ƱƠƯᛐǊǒǕƯƍǔƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢƕŴଐஜưƸ
Ə

ǿȈǥȸ

ƍ

ƿǜƔ

ƜƏƖǐƏ

ǇƩӖƚλǕǒǕƯƍƳƍ૨҄ưƢŵǿȈǥȸǛƠƯƍǔƱŴ π σ ƷȗȸȫƓǜƤǜ Ơ Ƥ ƭƸƍǍภඡ଀ᚨƳƲƴλǕǇƤǜŵƑƍƕƔǜǇǜƕƖƬƞ

ପဒ᫾

ƻƱ

Ɩ

Ǒ

ǫȩǪǱǍǲȸȠǻȳǿȸŴ๰ဒտᒧƳƲƸŴƍǖƍǖƳʴƕஹƯƍǇƢŵᣓ



ƓƱƳ

ǫȩǪǱ

ƦƜƏ

ƻƱ

ưƸƍ

ƔƷƏƤƍ

ƬƺǒƬƨ‫ٻ‬ʴǍŴእᘍƷǘǔƍʴƨƪƕЈλǓƠƯƍǔӧᏡࣱǋƋǓǇƢŵ



ƹƠǐ

Ɯ

ƍ

ǈ

Ơ

ƓƱƳ

ƦƜƏ

ƻƱ

Ơ

ǲȸȠǻȳǿȸ ƦƏƍƏ‫ئ‬৑ƴ‫܇‬ƲǋƩƚưᘍƘƱŴᙸჷǒƵ‫ٻ‬ʴǍእᘍƷǘǔƍʴƨƪƱჷǇǜƕƖƬƞ

Ƌ

Ɣǒ

ƔƷƏƤƍ

ƍ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƍƬƠǐƍ๰ဒտᒧƳƲ ǓӳƬƨǓŴዂǇǕƨǓƢǔӧᏡࣱƕƋǓǇƢŵᘍƘƱƖƸ̬ᜱᎍƱɟደƴᘍưƍƝǁƷЈλǓƝơ ƍƜƏǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ ƲƏƸǜƍƖǇƠǐƏŵǇƨҜࢸ଺ˌᨀƸŴ̬ᜱᎍӷˤưǋᘍƘƜƱƸưƖǇƤǜŵ
ƠǎƘƸƘ

ƱƖ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƍƬƠǐ

Ʊ

Ɯ

Ʊǋ

ƍƑ

Ʊ

ܿ ජ ǛƢǔ଺Ƹ̬ᜱᎍƱɟደƴජǇǓǇƠǐƏŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƩƚưӐƩƪƷܼǁජƜƱǋ‫܇‬ƲǋƩƚ

Ʊ

ƍ

Ɩ

Ǒǔ

Ɯ

ǇǔƜƱƸǍǊǇƠǐƏŵӐƩƪƕජǇǓƴᘍƬƨǓஹƨǓƢǔƱŴ‫ٸ‬ƴ‫܇‬Ʋ

ƠǎƘƸƘ

ƋƦ

ƍ

Ƌƿ

ƋƦ

ƔƷƏƤƍ

ǋƩƚưƲƜƔǁᢂƼƴᘍƬƨǓŴүƳƍᢂƼǛƠƨǓƠƯƠǇƏӧᏡࣱƕƋưƷ ܿ ජ 



ǓǇƢŵ



ẝ ẟ Ẽ Ậ Ữ ẶẟẲỢạỈỮ Ỗắ ẟ Ẫ Ặ ẟ ẳỢạủẟ

ẲỢạẦẟẐग़ჷჄ᩷‫̬࠰ݲ‬ᜱᏋ঺வ̊ẑỉኰʼᴾƋƍƪƚǜƞƍ ǈ Ǉ ǜ

Ɯ

Ǉǋ

ơǐƏǕƍ

ƞƩ

Ǉǋ

ƚƍƞƭ

ƭƔ

ग़ჷჄưƸᲫᲲৗச฼Ʒ‫܇‬ƲǋǛ‫ܣ‬ǔƨǊ வ ̊ Ǜ‫ܭ‬ǊƯƍǇƢŵ‫ܣ‬ǒƳƍƱᜩ‫ݑ‬ƴ਺ǇǔƜ
ƳƍǑƏ

ƍƪƿ

Ɣǜƨǜ

ƠǐƏƔƍ

ƱƕƋǓǇƢŵϋܾƷɟᢿǛቇҥƴ ኰ ʼ ƠǇƢŵ


Ɯ

ƤƍƯƖ

ǅƏǓǐƘƯƖ

ƸǜƟƍ

ǏƏƸƭ

ƓƦ

ǈ

Ɩ

ᲫᲨ‫܇‬Ʋǋƴžࣱႎſž ୧ щ ႎ ſƳǋƷŴ
žཛፕǛᛔႆƢǔऀǕƕƋǔſǋƷǛᙸƤƨǓᎥƔǘƨ  ƤƨǓบƠƨǓƠƯƸƳǒƳƍŵ
Ɯ

ƤƍƯƖ

ƜƏƍ

ᲬᲨ‫܇‬ƲǋƴࣱႎƳᘍໝǛƠƯƸƳǒƳƍŵ
Ɯ

ƍ

ƣǈ

ᲭᲨ‫܇‬ƲǋƴλǕ‫م‬ǛƠƨǓŴƞƤƨǓƠƯƸƍƚƳƍŵ
Ɯ

ǘǔ

ƹƠǐ

ƯƍƖǐƏ

ᲮᲨ‫܇‬ƲǋƕफƍƜƱǛƢǔƨǊƷ‫ئ‬৑ǛŴ ੩ ̓ ƠƯƸƍƚƳƍŵ
Ɯ

ƸǋƷ

ƻƱ

Ɩƕƍ

Ƌƨ

ƔƷƏƤƍ

ǋ

ᲯᲨ‫܇‬ƲǋƴŴЌཋƳƲʴƴүܹǛɨƑǔӧᏡࣱƕƋǔǋƷǛਤƨƤƯƸƳǒƳƍŵ
Ɯ

ƠǜǍ

Ɲ Ɲ

ơ

ǑƘơƭ ƻ

ư

ƋƍƩ

ƕƍƠǎƭ

ᲰᲨ‫܇‬ƲǋǛข‫ٸ‬ᲢҜࢸ଺᳸፻ଐଐƷЈᲣƷ ᧓ Ŵ ‫ ٳ‬Ј ƞƤƯƸƳǒƳƍŵƜƤƍƯƖƤƬƖǌƘƗǐƏ

ƠƝƱ

ƔǜǏƏ

ᲱᲨ‫܇‬ƲǋǛࣱႎƳ ੗ ܲ ಅ ǍˁʙƴѰᛔƠƯƸƍƚƳƍŵǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƖǐƔ

Ɯ

ƿƬƽǜ

Ɣ

Ʊ

ᲲᲨȪǵǤǯȫǷȧȃȗƸŴ̬ᜱᎍƷᚩӧƳƠƴ‫܇‬ƲǋƔǒཋԼǛᝰƍӕƬƯƸƳǒƳƍŵ145

ဃ෇፼ॹ&TWIU

7UGRQUUGUUKQPCPFUCNGQHRTQJKDKVGFFTWIUKP,CRCPCTGKNNGICN#P[QPGGPICIGFKPUWEJCEVKXKVKGUYKNNDGCTTGUVGFD[VJGRQNKEG2TQJKDKVGFFTWIUKPENWFG5VKOWNCPVUOCTKLWCPCEQECKPGFCPIGTQWUFTWIUVJKPPGTèGVE
7UKPIFTWIUYKNNECWUGUGTKQWUFCOCIGUVQ[QWTDQF[+VYKNNCNUQECWUGUJTKPMKPI QH VJG DTCKP NGCFKPI VQ JCNNWEKPCVKQPU FGNWUKQPU EQPHWUKQP
CPF GXGP NGCFKPI VQ VJQWIJVU QH EQOOKVVKPI ETKOGU &TWIU YKNN CNUQ
CHHGEV VJG QTICPU CPF G[GU NGCFKPI VQ QTICPU HCKNWTG CPF DNKPFPGUU&TWIUCTGCNUQXGT[CFFKEVKXGCPFYKNNOCMGCRGTUQPVCMKPIKPOQTGCPF
OQTGFTWIUCUVJGDQF[FGOCPFUOQTGQHKV &TWIUCTGUQOGVKOGUEQPVTQNNGFD[ETKOKPCNQTICPK\CVKQPU+VKUFGHKPKVGN[PQVUQOGVJKPIVJCVUJQWNFDGVCMGPNKIJVN[  
è6JKPPGTYJGPWUGFCUCFTWIKUKNNGICNᲶ6JKPIUVJCVCTGRTQJKDKVGFWPFGTUEJQQNTWNGUᲸ
5QOGQVJGTEQWPVTKGUOC[TGICTFVCVVQQUCUHCUJKQPCDNGCPFCURCTV
QH VJG EWNVWTGU *QYGXGT UWEJ RTCEVKEGU CTG UVKNN WPCEEGRVCDNG KP
6CVVQQU,CRCP6JQUGYKVJVCVVQQUCTGPQVCNNQYGFVQWUGRWDNKEUYKOOKPI
RQQNUCPFJQVURTKPIHCEKNKVKGU /CP[V[RGUQHRGQRNGRCVTQPK\GMCTCQMGNQWPIGUICOGEGPVGTUCPF
)QKPIVQ%KPGOC OCPIC ECHGU &TWPMCTFU QT RGQRNG YKVJ KNN KPVGPVKQPU CTG UQOG QH
-CTCQMG
VJGO+HVJGEJKNFHTGSWGPVUUWEJRNCEGUJGQTUJGOC[IGVVQMPQY
)COG%GPVGT UVTCPIGTUYKVJKNNKPVGPVKQPUCPFVJGPIGVKPXQNXGF+HVJGEJKNFYCPVU
/CPIC%CHGGVE VQXKUKVUWEJRNCEGUIQYKVJVJGIWCTFKCPU/QTGQXGTCHVGTQ ENQEM

KP VJG GXGPKPI VJG EJKNF ECPPQV XKUKV UWEJ RNCEGU GXGP KP VJGEQORCP[QHVJGIWCTFKCPU 
9JGPUVC[KPICVUWEJCEEQOOQFCVKQPVJGEJKNFJCUVQDGYKVJJKUQT#EEQOOQFCVKQP JGT IWCTFKCPU &Q PQV UVC[ QXGT CV HTKGPF U RNCEG YKVJQWV VJGHQTEJKNFTGPQPN[ IWCTFKCPU+HUVC[KPIQXGTYKVJQWVIWCTFKCPUVJG[OC[IQQWVNCVGCVPKIJVQTRNC[FCPIGTQWUVJKPIU  ᵢᶃᶒᵿᶇᶊᶑᴾᶍᶌᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᵟᶇᶁᶆᶇᴾᵮᶐᶃᶄᶃᶁᶒᶓᶐᶃᴾᵨᶓᶔᶃᶌᶇᶊᶃᴾᵮᶐᶍᶒᶃᶁᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾᵢᶃᶔᶃᶊᶍᶎᶋᶃᶌᶒᴾᵭᶐᶂᶇᶌᵿᶌᶁᶃ
6JGTG CTG QTFKPCPEGU VJCV RTQVGEV VJQUG WPFGT  KP #KEJK 2TGHGEVWTG +H VJGUGQTFKPCPEGUCTGPQVCFJGTGFVQKVOC[KPEWTRQNKEGCTTGUV$GNQYKUCDTKGHGZRNCPCVKQPQHUQOGQHVJGEQPVGPVU ᲫᲨ&QPQVGZRQUGCEJKNFVQOCVVGTUTGNCVGFVQßUGZWCNEQPVGPVàßXKQNGPVàQTßETKOKPCNRQVGPVKCNà 
ᲬᲨ&QPQVJCXGUGZWCNCEVKXKVKGUYKVJCEJKNF
ᲭᲨ&QPQVVCVVQQCEJKNFQTNGVVJGOJCXGCVCVVQQ 
ᲮᲨ&QPQVQHHGTCRNCEGHQTEJKNFTGPVQFQDCFVJKPIU
ᲯᲨ&QPQVNGVEJKNFTGPJCXGVJKPIUUWEJCUMPKXGUVJCVOC[JCTOQVJGTU
ᲰᲨ&QPQVNGV[QWTEJKNFIQQWVNCVGCVPKIJV HTQOROVKNNFCYPVJGPGZVFC[ ᲱᲨ&QPQVTGETWKVEJKNFTGPHQTUGZWCNJQURKVCNKV[TGNCVGFYQTM
ᲲᲨ4GE[ENG UJQRU UJQWNF PQV RWTEJCUG IQQFU HTQO EJKNFTGP YKVJQWV VJGKT IWCTFKCPUÞRGTOKUUKQP

146ဃ෇፼ॹ
ẮẋỪỦẟẮểửẴỦỉỊ‫܇‬ỄờỉᾢᾞᾢỂẴẋ
Ɯ

ƛǜƍǜ

Ʊǋ

ƞƦ

  ‫܇‬ƲǋƕžƠƯƸƍƚƳƍƜƱſǛƢǔƱƖŴƦǕƴƸƳƴƔҾ‫׆‬ƕƋǓǇƢŵžӐƩƪƴᛔ
ƜƱǘ

ƓƲ

ǓǏƏ

žƍơǊǒǕƯŴᏣƞǕƯƠƯƠǇƬƨſƦǜƳྸဌǋƋǔƔǋƠǕǇƤ ǘǕƯ ૺ ǕƳƔƬƨſ
ƳƔƔƧƘƱǋƩƪƔǜƚƍ

ƜƲƘ

Ɣǜ

Ɯ

ƜƱƹ

ƭƏ

Ɯ

ǜŵɶƴƸŴܼଈǍӐᢋ᧙̞ƕƏǇƘƍƔƣ‫཯ܔ‬Ǜज़ơƯƍǔ‫܇‬ƲǋǍŴᚕᓶƕᡫơƳƍ‫܇‬Ʋǋ
ƶǒ

ƜƑ

ǘǔ

Ǉ

Ɯ

ƻƱ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƨƢƻƭǑƏǛཀྵƬƯŴ٣ǛƔƚŴफƍƜƱƴࠇƖᡂǋƏƢǔʴǋƍǇƢŵƦǜƳƱƖƸ̬ᜱᎍƷяƚƕ࣏ᙲ
ƓƜ

ƠƔ

Ɯ

ƸƳƠ

ưƢŵƨƩࣦƬƨǓөƬƨǓƢǔƷưƸƳƘŴǇƣƸƠƬƔǓ‫܇‬ƲǋƱ ᛅ ǛƠǇƠǐƏŵ
Ɯ

ơƿǜ

ƛǜƍǜ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ  ǇƨŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƕᐯЎƔǒǘǔƍƜƱǛƠƯƠǇƬƨƱƖŴƦƷҾ‫׆‬Ƹ̬ᜱᎍƱƷǳȟȥȋǱȸƿƦƘƋƍơǐƏ ƿ Ʀ Ƙ

ƔƷƏƤƍ

ƞƞ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ƾƩǜ ǷȧȳɧឱŴग़ ऴ ɧឱưƋǔӧᏡࣱƕƋǓǇƢŵǇƩǇƩૅƑƕ࣏ᙲƳɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ Ŵ୍െƔǒƠƬ ƔǓǳȟȥȋǱȸǷȧȳǛƱǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ

Ệ Ỗ Ữ

ẝỮặỮ

ḤଐஜỊ‫ܤ‬μᾎḤ
ƴǄǜ

Ƌǜƥǜ

Ƙƴ

Ɣǜƕ

ƞƍƖǜ

ƴǄǜ

Ɯ

Ǉ

Ɯ

ơƚǜ

ƾ

 ଐஜƸ‫ܤ‬μƳ‫׎‬ƩƱ ᎋ ƑǒǕƯƍǇƢƕŴஇᡈƸଐஜưǋ‫܇‬ƲǋƕࠇƖᡂǇǕǔʙˑƕ‫ف‬ƑƯ
ǑǅƏ

ǑǅƏ

ǑǔƓƦ

Ɯ

ưƋǔ

ƻƱƲƓ

ƢƘ

ƹƠǐ

ƻƱǓ

ƍ

ƍǇƢŵʖ᧸ưƖǔǋƷƸʖ᧸ƠŴ‫ٸ‬᡿Ƙ‫܇‬ƲǋǛЈഩƔƤƨǓŴʴᡫǓƷ‫ݲ‬Ƴƍ‫ئ‬৑ƴɟʴưᘍ
ƻƔ

Ɯ

ǅƏƸǜ

ǋ

ƠǎƩǜ

ƔƤƨǓƢǔƜƱƸ੘ƑǇƠǐƏŵ‫܇‬Ʋǋƴ᧸ཛșȫǛਤƨƤǔƱƍƏ৖െǋƋǓǇƢŵ
ƞƍƖǜ

ƴǄǜ

ƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

Ǉ

Ɯ

ơƚǜ

ƠǐƏƔƍ

 இᡈŴଐஜưɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƕࠇƖᡂǇǕƨʙˑǛƍƘƭƔ ኰ ʼ ƠǇƢŵ

ƶǜ
ƪǎƏƕƘ
ƶǜƤƍ
ƠǐƏơǐ
ƠǐƏƶǜ
ƞƭƕƍ
ơƚǜ ƾƨǓ
ǑǔƕƍƠǎƭƪǎƏ ᵡᵿᶑᶃᵏᵍ࠰ƴ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬Ძ࠰ဃƷ ‫ ڡ ݲ‬# Ʊ ‫ ࠰ ݲ‬$ ƕൈܹƞǕƨʙˑŵᲬʴƸ‫ٸ‬Ʒ‫ ٳ‬Ј ɶ ƴ
ƻƕƍ
Ƌ
ƾƨǓ
ƳƭǍƢ
ƪǎƏ
Ɲƥǜ
ơ
ƑƖǇƑ
Ƌǔ
Ƣƕƨ
ǅƏƸǜ
Əƭ

ᘮܹƴᢙƬƨŵᲬʴƸٰ˞ǈ ɶ ƷҜЭᲯ଺ƢƗŴᬜЭǛഩƘ ‫ ۋ‬ƕ᧸ཛǫȡȩƴପƬ

ƞƍƝ
ǏƘƑ

ƨƷǛஇࢸ
ƴᘍ૾
ƕǘƔǒ
ƳƘƳƬƨŵᴾ

Ɲ ƾƨǓ
ƍƨƍ
ƸƬƚǜ
Ƹǜƴǜ
ƭƔ

ăƦƷࢸᲬʴƷᢡ˳ƕႆᙸƞǕŴཛʴƸ਺ǇƬƨŵơǐƠƤƍƱ
ƪǎƏƕƘ
ƶǜƤƍ
ƶǜ
Ɲ Ɲ
ơ Ƣ
ƕƬƜƏ
ư
ƋƱ
ơƨƘǇƑ
ǘƔ

ᵡᵿᶑᶃᾁᵍ‫܇ڡ‬ဃࢻƸ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬Ძ࠰ဃƩƬƨ ࠰ŴҜࢸᲭ଺ᢅƗƴ‫ܖ‬ఄǛЈƨࢸŴᐯ‫ܡ‬Эưᒉ

ƓƱƜ
ƸƳ
Ƣƕƨ
ǋƘƛƖ
ƞƍƝ
ǏƘƑ
ƻ
ƍ
ဏ
Ʊᛅ
ƠƯƍǔ
‫ۋ‬
ƕႸએ
ƞǕƨƷǛஇࢸ
ƴᘍ૾ƕǘƔǒƳƘƳƬƨŵƦƷଐ
Ʒ

ǏƏƕƨ
ƖƨƘ
ƸƸƓǍ
ơƨƘ
ƍƑ
ƕƬƜƏ
ǍƢ
Ʊǋ

‫૾ٲ‬Ŵ࠙‫ܡ‬Ơƨ൐ᚃƕᐯ‫ܡ‬ȝǹȈƴžܼǋ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƪǐƬƱ˞ǈƨƍưƢŵƠƹǒƘӐƍƑƔơǐƠƤƍƱ
ơƻƭƩƪƷܼưƢŵƞƕƞƳƍưƘƩƞƍſƱ୿ƔǕƨŴ‫܇ڡ‬ဃࢻƷᐯᇿƱǈǒǕǔȡȢ

Ƹƍ
ƸƬƚǜ
ƚǜƚƍ
Ǐ Ƙ Ƒ ƾǊƍƠǌƱƲƚ
ƩƕλƬƯƍǔƷǛႆᙸŵჄᜩƴᘍ૾ɧଢᎍ‫ފ‬
ǛЈ
ƠƨŵᴾơǐƠƤƍƱ
ƶǜƔǜƔǜƖǜƶ ǜ Ɲ Ƹǜƴǜ
ơǓƖ
ƴ
Ʃ
Ƹǜƴǜ

ă‫܇ڡ‬ဃࢻƸ ࠰᧓ႳᅠƞǕƯƍƨŵ࠰ࢸŴཛʴƷǹǭǛƭƍƯᐯщưᡜƛЈƠŴཛʴƭƔƸ਺ǇƬƨŵƶǜ ƪǎƏƕƘ ƶǜƤƍ
ƠǐƏƶǜ
Ʊǋ
ƭƏ
ƱƠƏƑ
ƠǐƏƶǜ
Ơ
Ƌ

ᵡᵿᶑᶃᾂᵍ࠰Ŵɶ ‫࠰ ܖ‬ဃƩƬƨ ‫ ࠰ ݲ‬# ƸӐƩƪǛᡫơƯ࠰ɥƷ ‫ ࠰ ݲ‬ƨƪƱჷǓӳƍŴ

ƍƬƠǐ
ƋƦ
ƠǐƏƶǜ
ơƚǜǇƑ
ƞƍƠǐƏƶǜƔƓƋƓƴᢂƿǑƏƴƳƬƨŵ
‫ݲ‬
࠰
#
ƸʙˑЭ
ƴ
ബ
‫ݲ‬
࠰
Ɣǒ᫊
ƴ᩷
ƋƟƕưƖǔǄ
ɟደ

ǅƏǓǐƘ
ƾ
ǑƘơƭ
Ƶ
ƍ
Ʃ

ƲƷ ୧ щ ǛਰǔǘǕŴ፻ଐƔǒžǰȫȸȗǛ৷ƚƨƍſƱᚕƍЈƢǑƏƴƳƬƯƍƨŵ
ƠǐƏƶǜ
ƤƍƟ
ǀǜƪƔ
ǘƨ
Ƴƙ
ƚ
ǅƏƜƏ
Ə

‫ ࠰ ݲ‬# ƸദࡈǛƞƤǒǕŴЎᡈƘƴบƬƯ൅ǔ២ǔƳƲƷ୧ᘍǛӖƚƨŵᴾ

ƶǜ
ƾǏ
ƔƤǜƠƖ
ƠǐƏƶǜ
ƞƭƕƍ
ƏƑ
ƍƨƍ
ƍ Ɩ
ơƚǜ
ă࠰ƷϤƴŴඕ߷૤ư ‫ ࠰ ݲ‬# ƸൈܹƞǕƨɥƴᢡ˳ǛᢡూƞǕƨŵʙˑƔǒƠǎƏƔǜƝ
ƠǐƏƶǜ ƴǜ
ƞƭơǜ
Əƨƕ
ƨƍǄ

ᡵ᧓ࢸƴ ‫ ࠰ ݲ‬ʴƕൈʴƷ ွ ƍưᡴ਺ƞǕƨŵ

147ဃ෇፼ॹ


ẋᵱᵭᵱᴾᶄᶐᶍᶋᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶁᶆᶇᶊᶂᴾᶕᶆᶍᴾᶆᵿᶑᴾᶂᶍᶌᶃᴾᶑᶍᶋᶃᶒᶆᶇᶌᶅᴾᶀᵿᶂẋ
9JGPCEJKNFFQGUUQOGVJKPIVJCVKUPQVCNNQYGFJGQTUJGWUWCNN[JCUTGCUQPU
5QOG QH VJG TGCUQPU KPENWFG ß+ EQWNF PQV TGHWUG O[ HTKGPFÞU TGSWGUVà QT ß+ YCUDWNNKGFCPFVJTGCVGPGFKPVQKVà5QOGRGQRNGYKVJKNNKPVGPVKQPUVCTIGVEJKNFTGPYJQ
HGGNNQPGN[CUVJG[CTGPQVENQUGVQHCOKN[QTHTKGPFUCPFVJQUGYJQCTGPQVIQQFCV
EQOOWPKECVKQP+PUWEJCECUGRCTGPVCNIWKFCPEGKUPGEGUUCT[&QPQVLWUVIGVCPIT[QTTGRTKOCPFVJGEJKNF+PUVGCFVCNMVQVJGEJKNFHKTUV 
9JGP C EJKNF FQGU DCF VJKPIU KV OC[ DG FWG VQ NCEM QH EQOOWPKECVKQP YKVJIWCTFKCPUQTNCEMQHCHHGEVKQPCPFNQXGHTQORCTGPVU.GV UEQOOWPKECVGOQTGYKVJLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUYJQPGGFQWTUWRRQTV ḤᵧᶑᴾᶇᶒᴾᶑᵿᶄᶃᴾᶇᶌᴾᵨᵿᶎᵿᶌᵝḤᴾ
 9JKNG ,CRCP KU EQPUKFGTGF C UCHG EQWPVT[ IGPGTCNN[ VJGTG JCU DGGP CP KPETGCUG KP
ETKOGUVJCVKPXQNXGEJKNFTGP+HRQUUKDNGFQRTGXGPVETKOGUHTQOVCMKPIRNCEG&QPQVNGVVJGEJKNFIQQWVNCVGCVPKIJVQTYCNMVJTQWIJUGENWFGFNCPGUD[JKOUGNHQTJGTUGNH6JGTG
CTGRGTUQPCNCNCTODGNNUHQTEJKNFTGPWUGCUYGNN *GTGCTGCHGYQHETKOGUVJCVKPXQNXGFLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUKP,CRCPTGEGPVN[  ᵡᵿᶑᶃᵏ+PᴾC)TCFG)KTN#CPFC)TCFG$Q[$YGTGOWTFGTGF6JKUVQQMRNCEG
YJGPDQVJQHVJGOYGPVQWVFWTKPIVJGPKIJV6JG[YGTGNCUVUGGPKPUGEWTKV[ECOGTCYCNMKPIKPHTQPVQHVJGVTCKPUVCVKQPCVCTQWPFQ ENQEMKPVJGOQTPKPIFWTKPIVJGUWOOGTXCECVKQP   ᴾă 6JGKTDQFKGUYGTGFKUEQXGTGFCHVGTVJKUCPFVJGUWURGEVYCUCTTGUVGF ᵡᵿᶑᶃᾁ+P#)TCFGIKTNNGHVJGTUEJQQNCHVGTQ ENQEMKPVJGCHVGTPQQPCPFYCU NCUV UGGP VCNMKPI VQ C [QWPI OCP KP HTQPV QH JGT JQWUG DGHQTG UJGFKUCRRGCTGF 6JCV GXGPKPI YJGP JGT OQVJGT TGVWTPGF JQOG UJG HQWPF COGOQPQVGKPJGTFCWIJVGT UJCPFYTKVKPIVJCVUCKFß+YCPVVQVCMGCDTGCM
HTQOJQOGCPFUEJQQNCPFUVC[YKVJCHTKGPFHQTCYJKNG2NGCUGFQPQVNQQMHQTOGà5JGTGRQTVGFVQVJGRQNKEGCUOKUUKPIECUG ă 6JG IKTN YCU JGNF ECRVKXG HQT  [GCTU 6YQ [GCTU NCVGT UJG OCPCIGF VQGUECRGD[CVVCEMKPIVJGUWURGEVYJQYCUNCVGTCTTGUVGFᵡᵿᶑᶃᾂ+PᴾC)TCFG$Q[#IQVVQMPQYQNFGTDQ[UVJTQWIJHTKGPFUCPFVJG[
YGPVQWVVQRNC[VQIGVJGT$GHQTGVJGKPEKFGPV$Q[#YCUDGCVGPWRD[VJKU[GCTUQNFDQ[CPFYCUDTWKUGF*GOGPVKQPGFVJCVJGYQWNFNKMGVQNGCXGVJG ͉
ITQWRàVJGPGZVFC[*GYCUOCFGVQUKVFQYPCPFDGCVGPCPFMKEMGFXKQNGPVN[
HQTOKPWVGU  ă +PVJGYKPVGTQHVJGDQF[QH$Q[#YCUHQWPFFWORGFKPCTKXGT1PG
YGGMNCVGT[QWVJUYGTGCTTGUVGFCPFEJCTIGFYKVJOWTFGT 


148

ዅ᫢

ƖǎƏƠǐƘዅ ᫢ᴾᴾЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵẨỠạẲỢẪ

ᾀώዅ ᫢ ẾềễỆᾎᴾƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƨ

ƻǔ

Ƹǜ

ƑƍǑƏ

Ɣǜƕ

ƭƘ

ዅ ᫢ ƸŴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄư᫢ǂǔƓଷƝ᫨ƷƜƱưƢŵ௿᫱ƷȐȩȳǹǛ ᎋ ƑƯ˺ǒǕƯƍǇƢŵ
ƨ

ƨƷ

ƨ

ƨƍƤƭ

ƨ

ƍƬƠǐ

ǇƳ

᫢ǂǔಏƠƞŴ᫢ǂǔƜƱƷ‫ٻ‬ЏƞŴ᫢ǂǔƱƖƷȞȊȸǋɟደƴ‫ܖ‬ƼǇƢŵᴾƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ơƔǜ

Ɩ

ƍƬƠǐ

ƨ

ƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ơƔǜ

ƍƑ

ƔƑ

ƨ

ዅ ᫢ Ʒ଺᧓ƸൿǇƬƯƍǇƢŵǈǜƳưɟደƴ᫢ǂǇƢŵ ዅ ᫢ Ʒ଺᧓Ʃƚܼƴ࠙ƬƯ᫢ǂǔƜƱƸưƖǇƤǜŵẨỠạẲỢẪẦỈᾁώዅ ᫢ ỆẦẦỦấ᣿ᴾƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ǉǓǐƏǇƍƭƖƖǎƏƠǐƘ ƻƸǒƖǎƏƠǐƘƻ  ዅ ᫢ Ƹ໯૰ưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ൑உ ዅ ᫢ ᝲǛ৚ƍǇƢŵ ዅ ᫢ᝲƷ
ƠƸǒ

ƜǜƳǜ

ƹƋƍ

ƠǎƏƕƘƑǜơǐ Ƥ ƍ Ʋ

Ƙǘ

ƤǜƤƍ

ૅ৚ƍƕ‫׉‬ᩊƳ‫ئ‬ӳƴƸŴ ‫ ܖ ݼ‬ੲяСࡇƕƋǓǇƢŵᛇƠƘƸέဃƴƔƘƴǜᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵẨỠạẲỢẪẝ ẳ ếᾂώዅ ᫢ ỉԛ˄ẬỆếẟềᴾ
ƖǄǜƯƖƴǄǜơǜ ǉ

Ƌơƭ

Ƹơ

ƨ

Ƴ

   ؕஜႎƴƸŴଐஜʴӼƚƷԛ˄ƚƴƳƬƯƍǇƢŵИǊƷƏƪƸ᫢ǂॹǕƳƍƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵǇƍƴƪƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƨ

ƢƜ

ƨ

Ƴ

ƜǕƔǒ൑ଐ ዅ ᫢ Ǜ᫢ǂǇƢŵ‫ݲ‬Ơƣƭưǋ᫢ǂƯॹǕƯƍƖǇƠǐƏŵẲỢẪẳᾃώ᫢ʙỉἰἜὊỆếẟềᴾ
ƸƠ

ƭƔ

Ɣƨ

ƨ

ƠƤƍ

ǘǜ

Ư

ǋ

ƨ

ƴǄǜ

ሪƷ̅ƍ૾Ŵ᫢ǂǔƱƖƷ‫ۋ‬ѬŴƓౚǛ৖ƴਤƬƯ᫢ǂǔƳƲŴଐஜƷȞȊȸƕƋǓǇƢŵǈ
ƨƷ

ƨ

Ǉǋ

ƻƭǑƏ

ǘ

ƾ

Ơ

Ɨ

Ɠǋ

ǜƳưಏƠƘ᫢ǂǔƨǊƴƸȞȊȸǛ‫ܣ‬ǔƜƱǋ࣏ᙲưƢŵЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍɧ࣬ᜭƴ࣬ƏƜƱƤǜƤƍƖƕƋǕƹŴέဃƴᎥƍƯǈǇƠǐƏŵẲỠạẨỢạẳỢạ Ẻị ẝ ẟᾄώ‫ ܪ‬૙ ɥ ᫢ỔỤủễẟờỉầẝỦ‫ئ‬ӳᴾƠǎƏƖǐƏơǐƏ

ƨ

ƠǐƘƟƍ

ƹƋƍ

ƔƳǒ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƤǜƤƍƭƨ‫ ܪ‬૙ ɥ Ŵ᫢ǂǒǕƳƍ ᫢ ஬ ƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳƴƸŴ ࣏ ƣ̬ᜱᎍƔǒ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷέဃƴˡƑǇƠǐ Ʊ   ƷƧƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƨƍƓƏ

ƹƋƍ

ƍƑ

ǂǜƱƏ

ƏŵӕǓᨊ ƍƯǋǒƑǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢƕŴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄư‫ࣖݣ‬ƠƖǕƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴܼƔǒƓࡰ࢘ǛǋƍਤƬƯᘍƖǇƢŵ

Ẻ

ị ẝ ẟ

ᾅώỴἾἽἀὊễỄỂ᫢ỔỤủễẟờỉầẝỦ‫ئ‬ӳᴾ
ƨ

ƠǐƘƟƍ

ƹƋƍ

ƔƳǒ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍƭƨǢȬȫǮȸƳƲư᫢ǂǒǕƳƍ ᫢ ஬ ƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳƴƸŴ ࣏ ƣ̬ᜱᎍƔǒ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷέဃƴˡƑƴǄǜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƗǎƏƴǎƏ

Ǉƍƴƪ ư

ƗǎƏƴǎƏ

ƹǇƠǐƏŵǇƨଐஜƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒ ዅ ᫢ ƴƸ ཅ ʐ ƕ൑ଐЈǇƢŵ ཅ ʐ ƷǢȬȫǮȸƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ƋƍƗǎƏƴǎƏ

ƜƱǘ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ӳƴƸŴ ཅ ʐ Ǜ ૺ ǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢƷưŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ
149

ዅ᫢

5EJQQN.WPEJ -[WWUJQMW  If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᵿᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶊᶓᶌᶁᶆᾎᴾ
5EJQQN NWPEJGU -[WWUJQMW  CTG NWPEJGU VCMGP KP VJG LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN 5WEJ
NWPEJGUCTGOCFGYKVJECTGHWNEQPUKFGTCVKQPQPPWVTKVKQWUDCNCPEG%JKNFTGPPQVQPN[GPLQ[VJGHQQFDWVCNUQNGCTPKORQTVCPEGQHGCVKPI+VKUCNUQCIQQFQRRQTVWPKV[HQT
EJKNFTGPVQNGCTPVJGOCPPGTKUOCVVJGOGCNVKOG 
5EJQQNNWPEJGUCTGCVCHKZGFVKOKPI'XGT[QPGGCVUVQIGVJGT+VKUPQVCNNQYGFVQIQ
JQOGHQTOGCNUFWTKPIVJGUEJQQNNWPEJVKOKPI ᾁώᵡᶍᶑᶒᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶊᶓᶌᶁᶆᶃᶑᴾ
5EJQQN NWPEJGU CTG PQV HTGG QH EJCTIG 6JG EJKNF PGGFU VQ
RC[HQTVJGOGCNUOQPVJN[+H[QWJCXGFKHHKEWNVKGUKPRC[KPIHQT
VJG UEJQQN NWPEJGU VJGTG KU C 5EJQQN 'ZRGPUG 5WDUKFKGU5JWWICMWGPL[QUGKFQ 6CNMVQ[QWTVGCEJGTHQTOQTGFGVCKNU ᾂώᵲᵿᶑᶒᶃᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶊᶓᶌᶁᶆᶃᶑᴾ$CUKECNN[VJGVCUVGUQHUEJQQNNWPEJGUCTGDCUGFQPVJG,CRCPGUGVCUVG6JGEJKNF
OC[PQVIGVWUGFVQVJGVCUVGKPKVKCNN[*QYGXGTHTQOVJGPQPVJGEJKNFYKNNDGGCVKPIVJGUEJQQNNWPEJGUUQGPEQWTCIGJGQTUJGUNQYN[VQIGVWUGFVQVJGVCUVG ᾃώᵮᶐᶍᶎᶃᶐᴾᶋᵿᶌᶌᶃᶐᶑᴾᶂᶓᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᶋᶃᵿᶊᶑᴾ
6JGTG CTG UQOG RCTVKEWNCT ,CRCPGUG VCDNG OCPPGTU UWEJ CU VJG YC[ VQ JQNF
EJQRUVKEMUVJGYC[QPGUKVUYJKNGGCVKPICPFVJGYC[VQJQNFVJGTKEGDQYNKPQPGÞU
JCPFU+VKUPGEGUUCT[VQHQNNQYVJGUGOCPPGTUKPQTFGTVQJCXGCPGPLQ[CDNGOGCNVKOG
+H [QW JCXG CP[VJKPI VJCV [QW FQ PQV WPFGTUVCPF QT [QW CTG YQPFGTKPI CUM VJGVGCEJGT ᾄώᵵᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶒᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶇᶌᶅᶐᶃᶂᶇᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾᶒᶆᵿᶒᴾᶗᶍᶓᴾᶁᵿᶌᶌᶍᶒᴾᶃᵿᶒᴾᶂᶓᶃᴾᶒᶍᴾᶐᶃᶊᶇᶅᶇᶍᶓᶑᴾᶐᶃᵿᶑᶍᶌᶑᴾ
6JGRCTGPVUOWUVKPHQTOVJGUEJQQNVGCEJGTCDQWVCP[KPITGFKGPVUVJCVVJGEJKNF
ECPPQVGCVFWGVQTGNKIKQWUTGCUQPU6JGTGOC[DGUQOGKPITGFKGPVUVJCVECPPQVDGGZENWFGFCPFKHVJGUEJQQNFQGUPQVJCXGCP[QVJGTYC[VQFGCNYKVJVJKUVJGEJKNF
ECPDTKPIJKUQTJGTQYPNWPEJDQZVQUEJQQN ᾅώᵵᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᶒᶆᶃᶐᶃᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶇᶌᶅᶐᶃᶂᶇᶃᶌᶒᶑᴾᶒᶆᵿᶒᴾᶗᶍᶓᴾᶁᵿᶌᶌᶍᶒᴾᶃᵿᶒᴾᶂᶓᶃᴾᶒᶍᴾᵿᶊᶊᶃᶐᶅᶇᶃᶑᴾ
6JGRCTGPVUOWUVKPHQTOVJGUEJQQNVGCEJGTCDQWVCP[KPITGFKGPVUVJCVVJGEJKNF
ECPPQVGCVFWGVQCNNGTIKGU,WPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUKP,CRCPRTQXKFGOKNMGXGT[FC[CU
RCTVQHVJGUEJQQNNWPEJ+HVJGEJKNFKUCNNGTIKEVQOKNMKVKURQUUKDNGVQPQVVCMGVJGOKNM
2NGCUGVCNMVQVJGVGCEJGTCDQWVVJKU


150

ዅ᫢


ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ
ƭƏơǐƏ
ƨ
ƠǐƘƟƍ
Ɠǋ
ƨǇƝ
ƴǎƏƤƍƻǜƱƷƧɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄưƸ ᡫ ࠝ ŴǢȬȫǮȸƳƲư᫢ǂǒǕƳƍ ᫢ ஬ Ტɼƴ ҳ ȷʐ ᙌ Լ ᲣǛӕǓᨊƍƨƖǎƏƠǐƘ ơǐƖǐƠǐƘ
ƠǜƤƍ
ƞƍ
ƨ
ƠǐƘƟƍ
ƍ Ơ
Ơ ơ Ơ ǐዅ  ᫢Ტᨊ ӊ ᫢ ᲣǛဎᛪƢǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵƦƷᨥŴ᫢ǂǒǕƳƍ ᫢ ஬ ƴƭƍƯҔࠖƷਦᅆ୿
ƻƭǑƏ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƍ

Ơ

ơ Ơǐ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƭƏơǐƏ

 ƳƲƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵ ၏ ᨈ ƴᘍƬƯਦᅆ୿ǛǋǒƬƯƔǒŴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ ᡫ ࠝ ƷƜǜƩƯƻǐƏ
ƘǘƠ ǑƏƠǐƘƟƍ
ƔƜǜƩƯƻǐƏ
ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ
ơǐƖǐƠǐƘ ྂ ᇌ ᘙ ǑǓᛇƠƘ̅ဇ ᫢ ஬ƕ୿ƔǕƨ ྂ ᇌ ᘙ ƕǋǒƑǇƢŵ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯƸ ᨊ ӊ ᫢ ƕơǎǜƼơǐƖǐƠǐƘ
ơǎǜƼ 
ƹƋƍơǐƖǐƠǐƘ
ƨƍƓƏแͳưƖƳƍƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵᨊ ӊ ᫢ ƕแͳưƖƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳǍŴᨊ ӊ ᫢ ưǋ‫ࣖݣ‬ƢǔƜƱƕư

ƹƋƍ
ǂǜƱƏ
ǋ
ƖƳƍǢȬȫǮȸƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴƓࡰ࢘ǛਤƬƯƍƖǇƠǐƏŵ


ƪǎƏƍ

ơǐƖǐƠǐƘ

Ɯ

Ɩǒ

ǋƷ

Ʊ

ƷƧ

ᲢදॖᲣȷᨊ ӊ ᫢ ƸŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ‫ۯ‬ƍƳཋǛӕǓᨊƘƱƍƏƜƱưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ
ƍ

Ơ

ƠǐƘǋƭ

ƖǜƖǎƏƨƍƓƏ

ȷҔࠖǑǓŴ᫢ ཋ ǢȬȫǮȸƴǑǔǢȊȕǣȩǭǷȸƴ ዬ ࣯ ‫ࣖݣ‬ƢǔƨǊƷžǨȔȚ
ƠǐǄƏ

ƹƋƍ

ƔƳǒ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǘƨȳſǛϼ૾ƞǕƯƍǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴ࣏ƣ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǋ  ǻȃȈบƢǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ       
Ẻ

ầẾẮạ

Ẽầ

ᾆώẸỉ˂ί‫ܖ‬ఄỆợẾềᢌẟầẝụộẴὸᴾƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ƔƘƔƯƍ

ơǎǜƼ

ơǎǜƼ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕᲢᲫᲣ ዅ ᫢ ƷƨǊƴӲܼࡊưแͳƢǔǋƷƕƋǓǇƢŵแͳƢǔǋƷƸ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƔƘƴǜƢŵᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ
Ǖƍ

Ư

ǑƏ

ƖǎƏƠǐƘ  Ტ̊Უ৖ƾƖဇȏȳǫȁŴƓƸƠŴ ዅ ᫢ ȊȗǭȳŴȞǹǯǇƍƴƪƍƑ

Ƌǒ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƔƘƴǜ

    è൑ଐܼưඹƏǋƷǛ‫ܖ‬ఄưᄩᛐƠǇƠǑƏŵƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ơǎǜƼ

Ƙƹ

Ɯ

ƓƜƳ

ᲢᲬᲣዅ ᫢ ƷแͳᲢǈǜƳƴᣐǔƳƲᲣƸ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ ᘍ ƍǇƢŵᲱ᳸
ƴǜ

Ƹǜ

ƱƏƹǜ

ʴƘǒƍƷྰưŴȭȸȆȸǷȧȳǛƠƯƍƖǇƢŵ࢘ဪƴƳƬƨ
ƻƱ

ƸƘƍ

ǅƏƠ

ƞǜƔƘƖǜ

ƭƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ʴƸŴႉᘘȷࠞ‫܇‬ǇƨƸɤᚌࠉȷȞǹǯǛბƚƯ ዅ ᫢ ǛǑƦƬƘƹƖǎƏƠǐƘƱƏƹǜ

ƻƱƍƬƠǎƏƔǜ

ƱƏƹǜƓƨǓŴᣐƬƨǓƠǇƢŵዅ ᫢ ࢘ဪƷʴƸŴɟ ᡵ ᧓ Ʒ࢘ဪƕኳǘ
ƸƘƍ

ǅƏƠ

ƍƑ

ǋ

ƔƑ

ƤǜƨƘ

ƬƨǒŴႉᘘƱࠞ‫܇‬Ǜܼƴਤƪ࠙ǓŴඹຩǛƠŴǢǤȭȳǛƔƚ
ƛƭǑƏƼƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǋ

ǘƢ

ƭƗ

ƱƏƹǜ

ƻƱ

Ưஉ୴ଐƴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǁਤƬƯƍƖǇƢŵࣔǕǔƱഏƷ࢘ဪƷʴƴ
ǊƍǘƘ








ǘƢ

ᡕषǛƔƚǔƷưࣔǕƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵḤέဃ૾ồḤᴾ
ஹଐǇǋƳƍဃࢻƸŴଐஜƷ᫢ʙƕӳǘƣŴ᫢ǂǒǕƳƍƜƱǋƋǓǇ
ƢŵࢹŷƴॹǕƞƤƯƍƘƜƱƴƳǔưƠǐƏŵƦƷɟ૾ưŴ૙ࠖͨǋဃࢻƷ൐‫׎‬Ʒ૰ྸǛ᫢ǂƯǈǔƳƲŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷൢਤƪǛྸᚐƢǔ‫ۋ‬Ѭǋ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵǤǹȩȠ૙ࢻƷ‫ئ‬ӳŴžȩȞȀȳſƱƍƏૺ᫢உƕƋǓǇƢŵ࠷ƍ‫܇‬ƲǋƸŴ‫ܦ‬μƳૺ᫢ǛࢍСƞǕǔƜƱƸƋǓǇƤǜƕŴെ᨞ႎƴॹǕƞƤƯƍƘͼӼƴƋǔǑƏưƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƴǑƬƯƸ‫ࣖݣ‬ǛࠎஓƢǔƜƱƕƋǔƔ
ǋƠǕƳƍƷưᄩᛐƠƯƘƩƞƍŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯƸŴКܴưᛠ୿ƷǑƏƳ‫ࣖݣ‬ǛƱƬƯƍǔƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢŵ

151

ዅ᫢


7UWCNN[KPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVJGEJKNFECPCRRN[VQVCMGCYC[KPITGFKGPVUVJCVJGQTUJG KU CNNGTIKE VQ OCKPN[ GIIU CPF FCKT[ RTQFWEVU  CPF DG RTQXKFGF YKVJ UEJQQNNWPEJGU YKVJQWV UWEJ KPITGFKGPV GNKOKPCVKQP FKGV ,[QM[QUJQMW  6Q FQ VJKU VJG EJKNFPGGFUVQRTQXKFGKPUVTWEVKQPUHTQOVJGFQEVQTTGICTFKPIVJGKPITGFKGPVUCNNGTIKE VQ ;QW ECP QDVCKP UWEJ KPUVTWEVKQPU HTQO JQURKVCNU CPF VJGP FKUEWUU KV YKVJ VJG YKVJ KPITGFKGPV CTG WUGF HQT VJG OGCN
UEJQQN 5EJQQN YKNN RTQXKFG FGVCKNGF OGPW
5QOGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNOC[PQVDGCDNGVQGZENWFGVJGCNNGTIKEKPITGFKGPVU +PUWEJECUGUCUUEJQQNECPPQVRTGRCTGGNKOKPCVKQPFKGVQTEJKNFYKVJCNNGTI[YJKEJECPPQVDGVCMGPECTGQHYKVJGNKOKPCVKQPFKGVKVKUUWIIGUVGFVQDTKPIJKUQTJGTNWPEJDQZHTQOJQOG

Ტ0QVGᲣ
ȷ'NKOKPCVKQPFKGV ,[QM[QUJQMW FQGUPQVOGCPVJCVVJGKPITGFKGPVUVJGEJKNF
FQGUPQVNKMGVQDGGZENWFGF 
ȷ+HVJGFQEVQTJCURTGUETKDGFVJG ß'RK2GP 'RKPGRJTKPGCWVQKPLGEVQT àYJKEJKUVJGCWVQKPLGEVQTVJCVFGCNUYKVJ#PCRJ[NCZKUHTQOHQQFCNNGTIKGUFQJCPFQXGTQPGUGVVQVJGUEJQQN         ᾆώᵭᶒᶆᶃᶐᶑίᶒᶆᶇᶑᴾᶋᵿᶗᴾᶂᶇᶄᶄᶃᶐᴾᵿᶋᶍᶌᶅᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᶑὸᴾ
ᲢᲫᲣ6JGTGCTGUQOGKVGOUVJCVVJGJQWUGJQNFOWUVRTGRCTGHQTUEJQQNNWPEJGU6JG
KVGOUOC[FKHHGTCOQPIUEJQQNU%JGEMYKVJVJGUEJQQNCDQWVVJGKVGOU   Ტ'ZCORNGᲣJCPFMGTEJKGHEJQRUVKEMUUEJQQNNWPEJPCRMKPOCUMUè%JGEMYKVJVJGUEJQQNKHVJGKVGOUPGGFVQDG 
YCUJGFFCKN[ᲢᲬᲣ6JG EJKNFTGP YKNN RTGRCTG VJG FKUVTKDWVKQP QH VJG UEJQQN NWPEJUWEJCUFKUVTKDWVGFVQGXGT[QPG 6JGTGKUTQVCVKQPHQTITQWRUK\G
QH Ჱ VQRGQRNG6JQUGQPFKUVTKDWVKQPFWV[YGCTYJKVGEQCVU 
JCVUVTKCPIWNCTUECTXGUCPFOCUMU6JGFWV[TQCUVGTYKNNNCUVCYGGMCVVJGGPF
QHVJGYGGMVJGEJKNFYKNNVCMGJQOGVJGCVVKTGHQTYCUJKPICPFKTQPKPI6JGEJKNF
YKNNVJGPTGVWTPVJGENGCPN[YCUJGFCVVKTGQPVJGHQNNQYKPI/QPFC[&QPQVHQTIGVVQFQVJKUCUKVYKNNCHHGEVVJQUGQPVJGPGZVTQWVKPG 152Ɠࡰ࢘ȷ൦ለ

ǂǜƱƏ

ƢƍƱƏ

Ɠࡰ࢘ȷ൦ለ
ᴾ
ᴾ
ᴾЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵỔỮểạọᾀώấࡰ࢘ầẟỦଐᴾƜƏƕƍƕƘƠǎƏ

ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

ƻƯǜƜƏƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƖǎƏƠǐƘ

ơǎǜƼƻǋఄ‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ Ǎ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ƷଐŴǇƨ‫ͅټ‬ƴǑƬƯ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄư ዅ ᫢ ƕแͳưƖƳƍଐƳƲƴਤƬƯƍᘍƖǇƢŵ
 
ỔỮểạ

ẳỠỮỎ

Ẩ

ᾁώấࡰ࢘ửแͳẴỦểẨỆൢửếẬỦẮểᴾ
ǂǜƱƏ

ơǎǜƼ

ƭƗ

Ɩ

 Ɠࡰ࢘ǛแͳƢǔƱƖƴƸഏƷƜƱƴൢǛƭƚƯƘƩƞƍŵ
ǂǜƱƏ

ơƿǜ

ǂǜƱƏƹƜ

ǈƤƔǂǜƱƏƹƜƍǋ ĬƓࡰ࢘ƸᐯЎƷƓࡰ࢘ረƴƍǕǇƢŵࡃưᝰƬƨǋƷưǋŴƓࡰ࢘ረƴλǕƳƓƠƯਤƨƤƯƋƛǔƱƍƍưƠǐƏŵ
Ɯ

ƨ

ǓǐƏ

ơǎǜƼ

ƓƓ

ƢƘ

 ĭ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ᫢ǂǒǕǔ ᣽ ǛแͳƠǇƢŵ‫ٶ‬ƢƗƨǓŴ‫ݲ‬ƳƢƗƨǓƠƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ǋ

ƸƜ

Ơǔ

Ơǔƚ

ƍ

 ĮਤƪᢃƿƱƖƴ൬ƕƜǅǕƯƠǇƏƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ൬ൢƷƳƍǋƷǛλǕǇƠǐƏŵ
Ƙƞ

ƳǇ

ƍ

ƱƘ

Ƴƭ

Ƙƞ

ǄǕƍƟƍ

 įᏵǓǍƢƍǋƷŴဃǋƷƸλǕƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵཎƴٰƸᏵǓǍƢƍƷưŴ̬ϬдƳƲǓǑƏ ǛМဇƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƦƱ

ƨ

Ư

ƨ

ƍ

 İ‫ٳ‬ư᫢ǂǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵƜǅƠƨǓŴ৖ƕǑƝǕƨǓƠƳƍ᫢ǂǍƢƍǋƷǛλǕǇƠǐ


Əŵ
ǂǜƱƏ

ƍ

ƍ

 ıƓࡰ࢘ƴƸƓƔƠƳƲƷƓǍƭƸλǕǇƤǜŵƘƩǋƷƳƲƸλǕƯǋƍƍưƢŵ
 


Ệ Ỗ Ữ

ỔỮểạ

ᾂώଐஜỉấࡰ࢘ᴾ
ƴǄǜ

ǂǜƱƏ

ƿǜƔ

ƑƍǑƏ

ƍǖ

ǈ

Ǌ

Ɣǜƕ

ƭƘ

  ଐஜƴƸƓࡰ࢘Ʒ૨҄ƕƋǓǇƢŵ௿᫱ƷȐȩȳǹƩƚưƳƘŴᑥƲǓƳƲᙸƨႸǋ ᎋ ƑƯ˺
Ɯ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǋ

ƍ

ǂǜƱƏ

ƯƮƘ

 ǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ‫ܖ‬ఄƴਤƬƯᘍƘƓࡰ࢘ƸŴǄƱǜƲ৖˺ǓưƢŵ

ƴǄǜ

ǂǜƱƏ

ƂଐஜƷƓࡰ࢘ƃ




153

Ɠࡰ࢘ȷ൦ለ

.WPEJDQZ 1DGPVQW ȷ9CVGT$QVVNG 5WKVQW ᴾᴾ If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᴾᴾᾀώᵢᵿᶗᶑᴾᶕᶆᶃᶌᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶊᶓᶌᶁᶆᶀᶍᶖᴾᵆᵭᶀᶃᶌᶒᶍᶓᵇᴾᶇᶑᴾᶐᶃᶏᶓᶇᶐᶃᶂᴾ
6JGEJKNFTGPPGGFVQDTKPIVJGKTQYPNWPEJDQZGUVQUEJQQNFWTKPIGZVTCEWTTKEWNCTNGCTPKPIFC[UCPFURQTVUFC[6JG[CNUQFQUQQPFC[UYJGPUEJQQNNWPEJGUCTGPQV
RTGRCTGFFWGVQVJGYGCVJGT ᾁώᵲᶆᶇᶌᶅᶑᴾᶒᶍᴾᶒᵿᶉᶃᴾᶌᶍᶒᶃᴾᶍᶄᴾᶕᶆᶃᶌᴾᶎᶐᶃᶎᵿᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶊᶓᶌᶁᶆᶀᶍᶖᶃᶑᴾ    2NGCUGVCMGPQVGQHVJGHQNNQYKPIYJGPRTGRCTKPINWPEJDQZGU Ĭ 2CEMVJGNWPEJKPVQ[QWTQYPNWPEJDQZ;QWECPCNUQRCEMHQQFVJCVKUDQWIJVHTQOVJGUJQRKPVQVJGNWPEJDQZ  ĭ 2TGRCTGVJGGZCEVCOQWPVVJCVVJGEJKNFECPGCV&QPQVRCEMVQQOWEJQTVQQNKVVNG
HQQF Į +H[QWRCEMHQQFVJCVEQOGUYKVJUCWEGQTUQWRVJGHNWKFOC[QXGTHNQYYJKNGDGKPI   VTCPURQTVGF&QPQVRCEMHQQFYKVJHNWKF  į &QPQVRCEMHQQFVJCVURQKNUGCUKN[QTTCYHQQF&WTKPIUWOOGTHQQFIGVUURQKNGF
GCUKN[UQWUGKEGRCEMUVQMGGRKVEQQN İ 6JGEJKNFOC[GCVVJGNWPEJQWVUKFG2CEMHQQFVJCVKUGCU[VQGCVCPFYKNNPQVFKTV[VJGJCPFU ı &QPQVRCEMUPCEMUQTECPFKGUKPVJGNWPEJDQZ+VKUHKPGVQRCEMHTWKV ᾂώᵨᵿᶎᵿᶌᶃᶑᶃᴾᶊᶓᶌᶁᶆᶀᶍᶖᶃᶑᴾ
6JG,CRCPGUGNWPEJDQZKURCTVQHVJG,CRCPGUGEWNVWTG+VKUPQVQPN[DCNCPEGFKPPWVTKVKQPDWVCNUQEQNQTHWNCPFRNGCUKPIVQVJGG[G/QUVNWPEJDQZGUVCMGPVQUEJQQND[VJGEJKNFTGPCTGJCPFOCFGCVJQOGƂ,CRCPGUG.WPEJDQZGUƃ




154

Ɠࡰ࢘ȷ൦ለẴẟểạọᾃώ൦ለầẟỦଐᴾƜƏƕƍƕƘƠǎƏ

ƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

ǂǜƱƏ

ǋ

ƍ

ƻ

ǋ

ƍ

ƿƔƭƲƏ ơƢƍƿǜǄƖǎƏఄ‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼ Ǎ˳Ꮛ‫˟ٻ‬ƳƲƓࡰ࢘ǛਤƬƯᘍƘଐƴਤƬƯᘍƬƨǓŴᢿ෇ѣ଺Ʒ൦ЎᙀዅƷƨǇƍƴƪ ǋƍƗǐƏ ơƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ƔǜƚƍƍƪƶǜơǎƏ ǋƍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ǌƴ൑ଐਤƬƯᘍƬƨǓƠǇƢŵᘍ ʙǍᢿ෇ѣƴ᧙̞ƳƘŴɟ ࠰ ɶ ਤƬƯᘍƬƯǋƍƍ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄ
ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ



ǋƋǓǇƢŵέဃƴᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ







Ẵẟểạ

ẳỠỮỎ

Ẩ

ᾄώ൦ለửแͳẴỦểẨỆൢửếẬỦẮểᴾ
ƢƍƱƏ

ơǎǜƼ

ƭƗ

Ɩ

൦ለǛแͳƢǔƱƖƴƸഏƷƜƱƴൢǛƭƚƯƘƩƞƍŵ
ƢƍƱƏ

ǄǕƍ

ǄƓǜƜƏƔ

ƤƍĬ൦ለƸ̬Ϭȷ̬ภјௐƷƋǔǹȆȳȬǹᙌƷǋƷƕƓƢƢǊưƢŵ
ƪǌ

ǈƣ

ƔƳǒ

ƢƍƱƏ

ƍ

ǋ

ƍ

 ĭƓᒧǍ൦Ƹ ࣏ ƣ൦ለƴλǕǇƢŵȚȃȈȜȈȫƷǇǇਤƬƯᘍƖǇƤǜŵ
ƢƍƱƏ

Ɯ

Ʒ

ǓǐƏ

Ƌ

ƓƓ

ơǎǜƼ

 Į൦ለƸ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ᫩ǉ ᣽ ƴӳƬƨ‫ٻ‬ƖƞƷǋƷǛแͳƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƢƍƱƏ

ƳƔǈ

ƪǌ

ǈƣ

ƍ

ƪǌ

ǉƗƪǌ

ƛǜǇƍƪǌ į൦ለƷɶ៲ƸƓᒧƔ൦ưƢŵǸȥȸǹƸλǕƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵƓᒧƸŴᰳᒧȷ྘቟ᒧȷǦȸȭƪǌȳᒧƳƲưƢŵ
ƢƍƱƏ

ơǎǜƼ

ƑƍƤƍơǐƏ İǳȃȗƭƖƷ൦ለǛแͳƠǇƠǐƏŵǹȈȭȸƷƭƍƨǋƷƸŴᘓ ဃ ɥ ǑƘƋǓǇƤǜŵ
ƏǜƲƏƿ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

Ɯ

ƶƬƪǎƏƠǐƏ

ƾƤ

ƍǜǓǐƏ

ǋ

ƍ

 ıᢃѣᢿưᢿ෇ѣǛƠƯƍǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƸŴ ༏ ɶ ၐ Ǜ᧸ƙƨǊǹȝȸȄ ᫩ ૰ ǛਤƬƯᘍƬƯǋƍƹƋƍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƍ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯȫȸȫƕᢌƏƷưŴέဃƴᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ

ᴾ
Ệ Ỗ Ữ

Ẵẟểạ

ễ ẦỚ

ẼỞ

Ớẵ

ụ ỡ ạ

ᾅώଐஜỂ൦ለỉɶ៲ầấᒧẦ൦ỂẝỦྸဌᴾ
Ƙƴ

ƠǐƘơ

Ʒ

ƋǇ

ƪǌ

Ʒ

ƠǐƘơ

Ƌơƭ

  ‫׎‬ƴǑƬƯƸ᫢ʙƷƱƖƴǸȥȸǹǛ᫩ǜƩǓŴ࿿ƍƓᒧǛ᫩ǜƩǓƠǇƢŵ᫢ʙƷԛ˄ƚƱƴǄǜƠǐƘ

ƞƱƏ

ƭƔ

ƋǇ

Ƌơƭ

ƱƏƿǜ

ƷȐȩȳǹƴǑǓǇƢŵଐஜ᫢ƴƸჿኄǛ̅Ƭƨ࿿ƍԛ˄ƚƷǋƷǋƋǓǇƢŵኄЎƷȐȩȳǹ
Ɣǜƕ

ƠǐƘơ

Ʒ

ƱƏƿǜ

Ʊ

ǋ ᎋ Ƒƨ᫢ʙƴƳƬƯƍǇƢŵǸȥȸǹƳƲǛ᫩ǈƢƗǔƱኄЎƷӕǓƢƗƴƳƬƯƠǇƍǇ
ƠǐƘơƢƍƿǜǄƖǎƏ

ƱƏƿǜ

ƪǌ

ǈƣ

Ʒ

ƢŵƦƷƨǊŴ᫢ʙƷƱƖǍ൦ЎᙀዅƴƸኄЎƷƳƍƓᒧǍ൦Ǜ᫩ǈǇƢŵ



155

Ɠࡰ࢘ȷ൦ለ
ᾃώᵢᵿᶗᶑᴾᶕᶆᶃᶌᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶕᵿᶒᶃᶐᴾᶀᶍᶒᶒᶊᶃᴾᵆᵱᶓᶇᶒᶍᶓᵇᴾᶇᶑᴾᶐᶃᶏᶓᶇᶐᶃᶂᴾ
6JGEJKNFPGGFUVQDTKPIJKUQTJGTYCVGTDQVVNGCNQPIFWTKPIGZVTCEWTTKEWNCTNGCTPKPIFC[UCPFURQTVUFC[VJGUCOGFC[UYJGPJGQTUJGDTKPIUCNQPIVJGNWPEJDQZ+VKU
CNUQCFXKUCDNGVQDTKPIVJGYCVGTDQVVNGCNQPIHQTENWDCEVKXKVKGUVQJ[FTCVGVJGDQF[5QOGUEJQQNUCNNQYYCVGTDQVVNGUVQDGDTQWIJVVQUEJQQNVJTQWIJQWVVJG[GCT%JGEMYKVJVJGVGCEJGT 









ᾄώᵲᶆᶇᶌᶅᶑᴾᶒᶍᴾᶒᵿᶉᶃᴾᶌᶍᶒᶃᴾᶍᶄᴾᶕᶆᶃᶌᴾᶎᶐᶃᶎᵿᶐᶇᶌᶅᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶕᵿᶒᶃᶐᴾᶀᶍᶒᶒᶊᶃᵌᴾ
2NGCUGVCMGPQVGQHVJGHQNNQYKPIYJGPRTGRCTKPIVJGYCVGTDQVVNGU Ĭ +VKUTGEQOOGPFGFVQIGVYCVGTDQVVNGUOCFGQHUVCKPNGUUUVGGNCPFYJKEJMGGRVJG
EQPVGPVEQNFQTYCTO  ĭ ;QWOWUVRWVGKVJGTVGCQTYCVGTKPVQVJGYCVGTDQVVNG;QWCTGPQVCNNQYGF VQ
DTKPICNQPIVGCQTYCVGTKP2'6DQVVNGU Į 2TGRCTGVJGCOQWPVQHNKSWKFVJCVVJGEJKNFKUECRCDNGQHFTKPMKPI į 2WVQPN[VGCQTYCVGTKPVJGYCVGTDQVVNGU&QPQVRWVLWKEG6JGV[RGUQHVGCKPENWFG
DCTNG[VGCDTQYPTKEGVGCCPFQQNQPIVGC İ )GVCYCVGTDQVVNGVJCVEQOGUYKVJCEWR6JQUGVJCVEQOGYKVJUVTCYUCTGPQVJ[IKGPKE  ı %JKNFTGPKPXQNXGFKPURQTVUENWDCEVKXKVKGUOC[DGCDNGVQDTKPICNQPIKUQVQPKEFTKPMUVJCVRTGXGPVJGCVUVTQMG6JKUFKHHGTUCOQPIUEJQQNU%JGEMYKVJVJGVGCEJGTU  ᴾᴾᾅώᵰᶃᵿᶑᶍᶌᶑᴾᶕᶆᶗᴾᶍᶌᶊᶗᴾᶒᶃᵿᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶕᵿᶒᶃᶐᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶎᶓᶒᴾᶇᶌᶒᶍᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶕᵿᶒᶃᶐᴾᶀᶍᶒᶒᶊᶃᶑᴾᶇᶌᴾᵨᵿᶎᵿᶌᴾ
5QOGEQWPVTKGUJCXGVJGEWUVQOUQHFTKPMKPILWKEGQTUYGGVGPGFVGCYJKNGJCXKPIOGCNU6JKUKUVQDCNCPEGQWVVJGVCUVGQHVJGHQQF5QOG,CRCPGUGHQQFWUGUUWICTCUUGCUQPKPI 6Q DCNCPEG QWV VJG UWICT KPVCMG YJKNG JCXKPI OGCNU VJG EJKNF OC[ DG
VCMKPI KP VQQ OWEJ UWICT KH VJG OGCN EQOGU YKVJ LWKEG #U UWEJ FTKPM QPN[WPUYGGVGPGFVGCQTYCVGTFWTKPIOGCNVKOGU 156ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄǛҡಅƠƨǒƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƦƭƗǐƏɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ǜ ҡ ಅ ƠƨǒẸếẩỢạắẲ Ữ Ứҡಅࢸỉᡶែᴾ
ƦƭƗǐƏ

ơƿǜ

ƍ

ƠǐƏǒƍƢƢơǜƤƍƠǜǖҡ ಅ ƠƨƋƱŴᐯЎƕƲƜưŴƲƏဃƖƯƍƘƷƔŴ ‫ ݩ‬ஹ ᡶǉʴဃƷƜƱǛᡶែƱƍƍǇƢŵƴǄǜƗǉ ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƞƖ

Ơǜǖ

Ƒǒ

ơǏƏ

ƠǜƪǐƏ

Ƒǒ

ଐஜưƷ፯Ѧ ૙ Ꮛ Ƹ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǇưưƢŵƦƷέƷᡶែƸᢠǂǔᐯဌƕƋǓǇƢƕŴ ॰ ᣻ ƴᢠƹƳƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƳǜƲ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɯ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƠ ǜ ǖ ƦƏƩǜƚǕƹƍƚǇƤǜŵƦƷƨǊɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸŴ˴ࡇǋέဃƱ‫܇‬ƲǋƱ̬ᜱᎍưᡶែႻᛩǛƠƯƍƖǇ
Ɯ

ƖǅƏ

ƔƯƍ

ơơǐƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤƍƤƖ

Ɣǜƕ

Ơǜǖ

Ɩ

Ƣŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷࠎஓŴܼࡊƷʙऴŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒ঺ጚƳƲŴƍǖƍǖƳƜƱǛ ᎋ ƑƯŴᡶែǛൿǊƯƍ
ƜƏƔƍ

Ɣǜƕ

Ɩ

ƖǇƢŵࢸठƠƳƍǑƏƴƠƬƔǓƱ ᎋ ƑƯൿǊǇƠǐƏŵƦƭƗǐƏƝ

Ơǜǖ

ƓƓ

ǘ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƢƢ

ƠǜƕƘ

ƠǜƕƘ

ǈ

ҡಅࢸƷᡶែƸŴ‫ٻ‬ƖƘЎƚƯŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᡶǉžᡶ‫ܖ‬ſᲢᳪžᡶ‫ܖ‬ſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣƠƝƱƸơƠǎƏƠǐƘ

ƠǎƏƠǐƘ

ǈƦƭƗǐƏƱŴˁʙǛ‫ڼ‬Ǌǔž ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ ſᲢRž ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ ſƷȚȸǸǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣƕƋǓǇƢŵҡ ಅ ǇưǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

Ơǜǖ

Ɩ

ƴ̬ᜱᎍǍέဃƱႻᛩƠƯᡶែǛൿǊǇƢŵ
ƴǄǜơǜ

ƓƓ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƦƭƗǐƏƝ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƠǜƕƘ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏƠǎƏƠǐƘ

ଐஜʴƷ‫ٶ‬ƘƸɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ҡಅࢸŴƢƙƴ᭗ఄƴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƠǇƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ǜ ҡ ಅ ƠƨƋƱƢƙƴ ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ
Ɯ

ƢƘ

ƴǄǜ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏƝ

ƍƬƨǜƠǎƏƠǐƘ

ƢƏƶǜƝ

ƠǜƕƘ

Ƣǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƸ‫ݲ‬ƳƍưƢŵǇƨଐஜưƸŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǛҡಅࢸŴɟ଑ ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ ƠƯƔǒૠ࠰ࢸƴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƢƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƤƍ

ƠǜƕƘ

ǔǱȸǹƸǄƱǜƲƋǓǇƤǜŵǄƱǜƲƷ‫܇‬ƲǋƕŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ჭ࠰ဃƷƱƖƴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƢǔƔƲƏƔ
Ɩ

ƴǄǜ

ƛǜơǐƏ

Ơ

Ơǜǖ

Ɩ

ƨƍƤƭ

ǛൿǊǇƢŵଐஜưƷ ྵ ཞ ǛǑƘჷƬƯᡶែǛൿǊǔƜƱƸŴƱƯǋ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵ

ᴾ


























ƥǜƴƪƤƍμଐСƾ ƭ Ə ƔƤǜǋǜ ƕ Ƭ ƔƦƏƝƏ ƕ Ƭ Ɣ୍ᡫᅹ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹዮӳ‫ܖ‬ᅹƜƏƱƏƕƬƜƏ

ƜƏƜƏ᭗ሁ‫ܖ‬ఄᲢ᭗ఄᲣ

ƯƍơƤƍ‫଺ܭ‬СƶǜƔǜᲭ࠰᧓ƾ ƭ Ə ƔƤǜǋǜ ƕ Ƭ Ɣ୍ᡫᅹ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏ ƜƘǓƭƜƏƜƏπᇌ᭗ఄ‫׎‬ᇌ᭗ఄƠ Ǔ ƭ ƜƏƜƏᅶᇌ᭗ఄƭƏƠǜƤƍƗ ǉ ƖǐƏƍƘᡫ̮С፯Ѧ ૙ Ꮛ ୍ᡫᅹƠǐƏƕƬƜƏƾ ƭ Ə ƔƶǜƔǜ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ ࠰᧓ ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƔǜƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏƜƏƱƏ Ɣ Ư ƍɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ࠰᧓ ƜƏƱƏƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƔǜ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄ᭗ሁᛢᆉᲢ᭗ሁ ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄᲣ࠰᧓
ƿǜǍ

ƕƬƔ

ƍǖƍǖƳЎ᣼Ʒ‫ܖ‬ᅹȷǳȸǹƕƋǔƜƘǓƭƜƏƱƏƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƔǜ‫׎‬ᇌ᭗ሁ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄ ࠰᧓ǕƍƜƏƗǐƏƜƏƱƏƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ

ƠǐƏƤǜƜƏƱƏƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ̊Ჴ ߻ ಅ ᭗ሁ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄ ՠ ᑔ᭗ሁ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄ ƳƲƖƗǐƏƳƍƕƘƑǜ

ƶǜƔǜ˖ಅϋ‫᧓࠰ טܖ‬ǕƍƜƏƗǐƏƕƘƑǜ

ƜƏƗǐƏƕƘƑǜ

̊ᲴȈȨǿ ߻ ಅ ‫טܖ‬Ŵȇȳǽȸ ߻ ಅ ‫טܖ‬ƳƲƠǎƏƠǐƘ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ
157ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄǛҡಅƠƨǒ

#HVGT)TCFWCVKPIHTQO,WPKQT*KIJ5EJQQN ᵡᶍᶓᶐᶑᶃᴾᶒᶍᴾᶒᵿᶉᶃᴾᵿᶄᶒᶃᶐᴾᶅᶐᵿᶂᶓᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌ
6JGEQWTUGCHVGTITCFWCVKQPTGHGTUVQJQYCPFYJCVVQFQYKVJQPG UNKHGKPHWVWTG
CHVGTITCFWCVKQP%QORWNUQT[GFWECVKQPKP,CRCPUVQRUCHVGTLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN#HVGT
VJCV VJG UVWFGPV KU HTGG VQ EJQQUG YJCV EQWTUG VQ VCMG QP JKU QT JGT QYP 6JKU KU CUGTKQWUFGEKUKQPCPFOWUVDGVTGCVGFYKVJFWGECTGCPFEQPUKFGTCVKQP#UUWEJVJG
UVWFGPVUJQWNFJCXGOCP[FKUEWUUKQPUQPYJCVEQWTUGVQVCMGYKVJDQVJVGCEJGTUCPF
RCTGPVU5QOGHCEVQTUKPENWFGVJGEJKNF UCURKTCVKQPUKVWCVKQPUCVJQOGCPFCECFGOKETGUWNVU KP LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN 6JG EJKNF UJQWNF OCMG VJG FGEKUKQP CHVGT ECTGHWNEQPUKFGTCVKQPVQCXQKFTGITGVU     
6JG EQWTUGU VQ VCMG CHVGT ITCFWCVKQP ECP DG URNKV KPVQ VYQ OCKP EQWTUGU PCOGN[CFOKUUKQPVQJKIJGTGFWECVKQP 5JKPICMWᲢRNGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQPß#FOKUUKQPVQJKIJGTGFWECVKQPàᲣCPFUVCTVKPIYQTMQT(KPFKPI'ORNQ[OGPV 5JWWUJQMW Ტ2NGCUG
TGHGTVQVJGRCIGQP ß(KPFKPI'ORNQ[OGPVà
Უ &KUEWUUYKVJRCTGPVUCPFVGCEJGTUCDQWVVJGUGEQWTUGUDGHQTGITCFWCVKQP /CP[,CRCPGUGUVWFGPVUIQFKTGEVN[VQJKIJUEJQQNUCHVGTITCFWCVKPIHTQOLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU8GT[HGYUVCTVYQTMKOOGFKCVGN[CHVGTITCFWCVKQP/QTGQXGTVJGTGKUPGXGTCECUGKPYJKEJVJGUVWFGPVUVCTVUYQTMTKIJVCHVGTITCFWCVKQPCPFVJGPEQOGDCEMVQ
JKIJGTGFWECVKQPCHVGTCHGY[GCTUQHYQTM#NOQUVCNNEJKNFTGPFGEKFGVQCFXCPEGVQ
JKIJUEJQQNFWTKPIVJGKT[GCTUKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN+VKUXGT[KORQTVCPVVQMPQYJQYKVKUNKMGKP,CRCPEWTTGPVN[CPFVJGPOCMGCFGEKUKQP
(WNNFC[U[UVGO)GPGTCNEQWTUGU5RGEKCNK\GFUWDLGEVU+PVGITCVGFUWDLGEVU*KIJUEJQQN
2CTVVKOGU[UVGOᲢMQWMQWᲣ)GPGTCNEQWTUGU5RGEKCNK\GF

[GCTU[UVGOUWDLGEVU2WDNKE*KIJ5EJQQN
0CVKQPCN*KIJ5EJQQN&KUVCPEGNGCTPKPI2TKXCVG*KIJ5EJQQN%QORWNUQT[)GPGTCNEQWTUGUGFWECVKQP[GCTUKP
8QECVKQPCNUEJQQN*KIJGTEQWTUGUᲢ8QECVKQPCN*KIJGNGOGPVCT[
5EJQQN MQWVQWUGPUJWWICMMQW Უ[GCTU[UVGOUEJQQN
6JGTGCTGEQWTUGUKPXCTKQWUHKGNFU[GCTUKPLWPKQTJKIJ0CVKQPCN%QNNGIGQH6GEJPQNQI[ [GCTU[UVGO
UEJQQNGIᲴ+PFWUVTKCNVGEJPKECNEQNNGIG/GTEJCPVUJKRVGEJPKECNEQNNGIG

GVE


5EJQQNYKVJKPVJGEQORCP[ [GCTU[UVGOGIᲴ6Q[QVC+PFWUVTKCN+PUVKVWVG&'051+PFWUVTKCN%QNNGIGGVE
(KPFKPI '᳧RNQ[OGPV



158


ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄǛҡಅƠƨǒƗǉ ƖǐƏƍƘ Ɩ Ɣ ǜ

Ƙƴ

ƪƕ

ƴǄǜ

Ɨ

ǉ ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƠǐƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƔǜ

ƞƍ

ƞƍ

፯Ѧ ૙ Ꮛ ஖᧓Ƹ‫׎‬ƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢŵଐஜưƸŴ፯Ѧ ૙ ᏋƸ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ ࠰᧓ᲢബƔǒᲫᲬബᲣƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƔǜ

ƞƍ

ƞƍ

Ƌ

ƶǜƔǜ

ƋƱ

ƜƏƱƏƕƬƜƏƜƏƜƏƍƱɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ࠰᧓ᲢᲫᲬബƔǒᲫᲯബᲣŴӳǘƤƯ ࠰᧓ưƢŵƦƷࢸŴ᭗ሁ‫ܖ‬ఄᲢ᭗ఄƱᚕƏƜƱ
ƓƓ

ƠǜƕƘ

ơƿǜ

Ɩ

Ƙƴ

ƠǜƕƘ

Ƌ

ǇƑ

ƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢᲣƴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƢǔƔƲƏƔƸᐯЎưൿǊǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵ‫׎‬ƴǑƬƯƸŴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƕ࢘ƨǓЭƦƭƗǐƏƝ

ƍƪƲƠǎƏƠǐƘ

ƋƱ

ƠǜƕƘ

ƹƋƍ

ƴǄǜ

ưƸƳƔƬƨǓŴҡಅࢸŴɟ ࡇ ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ Ơƨࢸưᡶ‫ܖ‬ƠƨǓƢǔ‫ئ‬ӳǋƋǓǇƢŵƠƔƠଐஜưƸŴƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏƝ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƠǜƕƘ

ƴǄǜ

ƜƏƜƏƠǜƕƘǓƭ

ǍƘǄƱǜƲƷ‫ ܇‬Ʋǋƕ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ǜҡಅࢸ ŴƢƙƴ᭗ఄ ƴᡶ‫ ܖ‬ƠǇƢŵଐஜ Ʒ᭗ఄᡶ‫ ྙܖ‬Ƹኖ ᲳᲲᲟƥǜƴƪƤƍ

ƯƍơƤƍƭƏƠǜƤƍ

ƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏƜƏƱƏ Ɣ Ư ƍƾƘǋ ǜ ƿ ƔƕƘƠǐƏ

ǁƍƤƍƶǜ Ʋ ƕƬƜƏ Ɩ Ǆ ǜ ƪǐƏƞᲢμଐСȷ‫଺ܭ‬Сȷᡫ̮Сȷ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄ᭗ሁᛢᆉǛԃǉŵ૨ᢿᅹ‫ܖ‬Ⴞž࠯঺࠰ࡇ‫ܖ‬ఄؕஜᛦ௹ſᲣ
ưƢŵ



Ḥέဃ૾ồḤᴾ‫׎‬ƴǑƬƯƸŴ
žƍƭƔ᭗ఄƴᘍƖƨƍƕŴʻƸ‫ݼ‬ᎰƢǔſƱƍƏ̖͌ᚇƕɟᑍႎƳƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢŵƠƔƠଐஜưƸŴǄƱǜƲƷ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕɶ‫ܖ‬ఄҡಅࢸƢƙƴ᭗ఄƴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƢǔƜƱŴଐஜư᭗ఄƴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƠƳƔƬƨ‫ئ‬ӳŴ‫ݩ‬ஹƲƷǑƏƳࢨ᪪ƕƋǔƷƔᲢዅ૰ǍᎰᆔƳƲᲣǛ̬ᜱᎍƴɠ‫ݗ‬ƴᛟଢƢǔ࣏ᙲƕƋǓǇƢŵ













159


ɶ‫ܖ‬ఄǛҡಅƠƨǒ


&KHHGTGPV EQWPVTKGU JCXG FKHHGTGPV U[UVGOU QH EQORWNUQT[ GFWECVKQP  +P ,CRCPEQORWNUQT[GFWECVKQPEQPUKUVUQH[GCTUKPGNGOGPVCT[UEJQQNU VQ[GCTUQNF CPF
[GCTUKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU VQ[GCTUQNF VQVCNQH[GCTU#HVGTVJKUVJGEJKNF
ECPFGEKFGKHJGQTUJGYCPVUVQCFXCPEGVQJKIJUEJQQN -QWVQWICMMQW  7UWCNN[KVKUECNNGF-QWMQW #UKPUQOGEQWPVTKGUVJGUVWFGPVUFQPQVCFXCPEGVQJKIJGTGFWECVKQP
DWV KPUVGCF LQKP VJG YQTMKPI YQTNF QPEG VJG[ ITCFWCVG *QYGXGT KP ,CRCP OQUVUVWFGPVUIQUVTCKIJVVQJKIJUEJQQNQPEGVJG[ITCFWCVGHTQOLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN6JG
RGTEGPVCIGHQTUWEJTQWVGKUCDQWV KPENWFKPIHWNNFC[U[UVGORCTVVKOGU[UVGOCPF
FKUVCPEGNGCTPKPIXQECVKQPCNEQNNGIG/KPKUVT[QH'FWECVKQP%WNVWTG5RQTVU5EKGPEGCPF
6GEJPQNQI[ ß5EJQQN(WPFCOGPVCN5WTXG[à 















160

ᡶ‫ܖ‬

ƠǜƕƘ

ᡶ‫ܖ‬


ЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ



ẲỮầẪ

ẺẟẶế

ᾀώᡶ‫ܖ‬ẴỦẮểỉ‫ٻ‬ЏẰᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏƋƱƔƘƕƬƜƏƠǜƕƘƗǉ ƖǐƏƍƘƠǜƕƘơƿǜɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ǜ ҡ ಅ ƠƨࢸƷӲ‫ܖ‬ఄǁƷᡶ‫ܖ‬Ƹ፯Ѧ ૙ Ꮛ ưƸƳƍƷưŴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƢǔƔƲƏƔƸᐯЎư
Ɩ

ƴǄǜ

ƠǜƕƘ

ƴǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƚ ǜƝƏƔƘൿǊǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢᲢଐஜưᡶ‫ܖ‬ƢǔƨǊƴƸŴ λ ‫ ܖ‬ᚾ᬴ƴӳ఍ƠƳƚǕƹƳǓǇƤǜᲣŵ
ƠǐƏǒƍ

Ɣǜƕ

ƜƏƜƏƦƭƗǐƏ

ƜƏƦƭƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƦƭƗǐƏ

ƪǎƏƦƭ

Ƒǒ

Ơ ƝƱ

Ơǎ

‫ ݩ‬ஹ ƷƜƱǛ ᎋ ƑƨƱƖŴ᭗ఄҡ ಅ Ტ᭗ҡᲣƱ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄҡ ಅ Ტ ɶ ҡᲣưƸŴᢠǂǔˁʙƷᆔǔƍƖǎƏǓǐƏ

ƪƕƠǎƏƠǐƘ

ǈ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏ

᫏ǍŴǋǒƑǔƓ ዅ ૰ ƕᢌƍǇƢᲢRž ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ ſǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣŵ᭗ఄǛҡ ಅ ƠƯƍƳƍ
ƞƍǑƏ Ơ ƚǜ

ǊǜƤƭ

Ə

ƔƍƠǌ

ƓƓ

ƓƱƳ

ƠǌƔƍ

ư

Ʊ੔ဇᚾ᬴Ǎ᩿੗ǛӖƚǔƜƱƕưƖƳƍ˟ᅈǋ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵƦǕƸŴƻƱǓƷ‫ٻ‬ʴƱƠƯᅈ˟ƴЈƠ ƝƱƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƪ ƠƖ

ƨ

ƓƓ

ƯˁʙǛƢǔƨǊƴƸŴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǇưưѠ ࢍ ƠƨƩƚƷჷᜤưƸឱǓƳƍƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƍƔǒưƢŵƸ ƚ ǜ ƠǌƍǜƠ ƝƱƤƍƠǌƍǜ

ƘǒƖǎƏǓǐƏƢƘƼǐƏ Ɩ෉ᢔᅈՃǍǢȫȐǤȈƷˁʙǋƋǓǇƢƕŴദᅈՃƱൔǂǔƱƓ ዅ ૰ ƕ‫ݲ‬ƳƘŴ ၏ ൢƴƳƬƨƢƘǓǱǬǛƠƨǓƠƨƱƖƷǵȝȸȈƕ‫ݲ‬ƳƔƬƨǓŴƳƍƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƓƳ

ƪƍƖ

Ɯ

Ƌƭ

ǇƨŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸӷơ‫؏ע‬Ʒ‫܇‬ƲǋƕᨼǇƬƯƍǇƠƨ
ƜƏƜƏ

ƪƍƖ

ƭƏƕƘ

ƳƔ Ǉ

ư

ƕŴ᭗ఄưƸŴƍǖƍǖƳ‫؏ע‬Ɣǒᡫ‫ܖ‬ƠƯƘǔː᧓ƴЈƋƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕƨƷ˟ƏƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƱƸǇƨᢌƬƨಏƠƍƜƱƕ
ƨƍƚǜ

ơ ƿǜ

ƠǐƏǒƍƳƴ

ƜƏƜƏƨƘƞǜ˳᬴ưƖǇƢŵᐯЎƕ ‫ ݩ‬ஹ ˴ǛƠƨƍƷƔŴ᭗ఄ
ƶǜƔǜ

ƋƍƩ

Ɣǜƕ

ƚƍƚǜ

࠰᧓Ʒ ᧓ ƴ ᎋ ƑǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵǇƨƍǖƍǖƳኺ᬴
ƔƷƏƤƍ

ƻǖ

ǛƠŴӧᏡࣱǛ࠼ƛǔƜƱǋưƖǇƢŵƜƏƜƏƗǉ ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƚƬƤƖ

ƓƓ

ƜƏƦƘ

Ǉǋ

ƠǜƖǎƏ

ƨƩƠŴ᭗ఄƸ፯Ѧ ૙ Ꮛ ưƸƳƍƷưŴഎࠗƕ‫ٶ‬ƔƬƨǓఄЩǛ‫ܣ‬ǕƳƔƬƨǓƢǔƱŴᡶ ኢ
ƦƭƗǐƏ





Ǎ ҡ ಅ ƕưƖƳƍƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵẲ Ữ ầ Ẫ ẰẨᾁώᡶ‫ܖ‬έᴾƠǜƕƘƞƖƍǖƍǖƠǎǔƍᡶ‫ܖ‬έƴƸᑥŷƳᆔ᫏ƕƋǓǇƢŵ












ƜƏƱƏƕƬƜƏ

ƜƏƜƏ᭗ሁ‫ܖ‬ఄᲢ᭗ఄᲣ
ẮạẮạèᾁὼᾀώ᭗ఄǁƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄẶỮẲỠạ ầ Ế Ắ ạ

ƜƏǓƭ

πᇌ
ƠǓƭ

ƾ ƭ Ə ƔƤǜǋǜ ƕ Ƭ ƔƦƏƝƏ ƕ Ƭ Ɣ୍ᡫᅹŴ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹŴዮӳ‫ܖ‬ᅹ

ᅶᇌ
ƜƏǓƭ

ơǎǜ Ɣ ǜ Ɲ Ơ ƕƬƜƏπᇌ

ϱ Ⴣᜱࠖ‫ܖ‬ఄƳƲŴ‫ܖ‬ᅹƕᨂǒǕƯƍǇƢŵ
ƼǑƏ

ƔƗ

ƠǓƭ

ƜƏƗǐƏ

ᅶᇌ

߻ ಅ Ŵ ᠾ ಅ Ŵ፦ܾŴᅦᅍƳƲƍǖƍǖƳ‫ܖ‬ᅹƕƋǓǇƢŵƜƏƱƏƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ

ƜƘǓƭƜƏƗǐƏƜƏƱƏƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ

᭗ሁ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄ‫׎‬ᇌ߻ ಅ ᭗ሁ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄŴ ՠ ᑔ᭗ሁ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄèᾁὼᾁώ‫ܖ̲ݦ‬ఄǁ

ƷƏƗǐƏ

ƕƬƔ



161

ƾƘƠ

ƠǐƏƤǜƜƏƱƏƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ

ƕƬƔᡶ‫ܖ‬#FXCPEGVQ*KIJGT5VWFKGU
If youhave anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
ᾀώᵲᶆᶃᴾᵧᶋᶎᶍᶐᶒᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾᶍᶄᴾᵟᶂᶔᵿᶌᶁᶇᶌᶅᴾᶒᶍᴾᵦᶇᶅᶆᶃᶐᴾᵱᶒᶓᶂᶇᶃᶑᴾ#U EQORWNUQT[ GFWECVKQP GPFU YKVJ ITCFWCVKQP HTQO LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN CP[CFXCPEGOGPVVQJKIJGTUVWFKGUKUVJWUCFGEKUKQPQHVJGKPFKXKFWCN +P,CRCPKPQTFGTVQ CFXCPEG VQ JKIJGT KPUVKVWVKQPU VJG UVWFGPVU OWUV RCUU VJG UEJQQN U GPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPU  
9JGP[QWCTGEQPUKFGTKPICDQWV[QWTHWVWTGDGCTKPOKPFVJCVVJGV[RGUQHECTGGTCPFUCNCT[[QWECPIGVFKHHGTUYJGP[QWCTGCITCFWCVGHTQOCJKIJUEJQQNᲢMQWUQVUWᲣCPFYJGP[QWCTGCITCFWCVGHTQOCLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNᲢEJWWUQVUWᲣᲢ2NGCUGTGHGTVQ
VJGRCIGQPß(KPFKPI'ORNQ[OGPVàᲣ/CP[EQORCPKGUFQPQVITCPVTGETWKVOGPVGZCOKPCVKQP QT KPVGTXKGYU VQ VJQUG YJQ CTG PQV ITCFWCVGU HTQO JKIJ UEJQQNU 6JGTGCUQPHQTVJKUKUVJCVKPQTFGTVQYQTMKPUQEKGV[CUCUKPINGCFWNVMPQYNGFIGNGCTPVKP
LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN QHVGP KU PQV GPQWIJ 9JKNG LQDU UWEJ CU VGORQTCT[ UVCHH CPFRCTVVKOGUVCHHCTGCXCKNCDNGVJG[CTGQHVGPRCKFOWEJNGUUVJCPHWNNVKOGYQTMCPF
YJGP VJG YQTMGT HCNNU UKEM QT KU KPLWTGF VJG[ QHVGP JCXG NGUU QT FQ PQV JCXG CP[YGNHCTG 
9JKNGEJKNFTGPHTQOVJGUCOGCTGCUIQVQVJGUCOGLWPKQT*KIJ UEJQQN UVWFGPVU KP VJG JKIJ UEJQQN CTG QHVGP HTQO
FKHHGTGPV TGIKQPU 6JWU [QW IGV FKHHGTGPV GZRGTKGPEGU KP CJKIJ UEJQQN CU EQORCTGF VQ C LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN 6JG [GCTU KP JKIJ UEJQQN CNNQYU [QW CODNG VKOG VQ ECTGHWNN[EQPUKFGTCDQWVYJCV[QWYCPVVQFQKPVJGHWVWTG#U[QWTUEQRGQHGZRGTKGPEGUYKFGPVJGRQUUKDKNKVKGUHQT[QWTHWVWTG
CNUQGZRCPFU *QYGXGT CU JKIJ UEJQQN GFWECVKQP KU PQV EQORWNUQT[ HTGSWGPV CDUGPVGGKUO QTXKQNCVKQPQHUEJQQNTWNGUECPTGUWNVKPVJGUVWFGPVPQVDGKPICDNGVQOQXGWRVQPGZVITCFGQTVQITCFWCVG ᾁώᵧᶌᶑᶒᶇᶒᶓᶒᶇᶍᶌᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᵿᶂᶔᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾᶊᶃᵿᶐᶌᶇᶌᶅᴾ
6JGTGCTGOCP[V[RGUQHCFXCPEGNGCTPKPIKPUVKVWVKQPU











*KIJ5EJQQNḤŕŰᴾ ᾁὼᾀώᴾ
ᵦᶇᶅᶆᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ

2WDNKE)GPGTCNEQWTUGU5RGEKCNK\GFUWDLGEVU)GPGTCNUWDLGEVU
2TKXCVG8QECVKQPCNUEJQQN 2WDNKE
ḤŕŰ!ᾁὼᾁώᴾ
ᵱᶎᶃᶁᶇᵿᶊᶇᶘᶃᶂᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᶑᴾ 2TKXCVG

6[RGU QH FGRCTVOGPVU CTG NKOKVGF QPG QH YJKEJ KU
#UUQEKCVGPWTUGUEJQQN
6JGTG CTG XCTKQWU FGRCTVOGPVU UWEJ CU KPFWUVT[CITKEWNVWTGDGCWVKEKCPYGNHCTG

0CVKQPCN %QNNGIG QH 0CVKQPCN +PFWUVTKCNVGEJPKECNEQNNGIG/GTEJCPVUJKRVGEJPKECN
6GEJPQNQI[EQNNGIGGVE162

ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ẮạẮạᾁὼᾀώ᭗ఄ
ƴǄǜ

Ơǎǔƍ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƩƍƕƘƠǜƕƘ

Ǌ

Ɵ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƠǐƏǒƍ

ƠƝƱ

ଐஜƴƸŴƨƘƞǜƷᆔ᫏Ʒ᭗ఄƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫ܖٻ‬ᡶ‫ܖ‬ǛႸਦƢ᭗ఄǍŴ ‫ ݩ‬ஹ ƷˁʙƴƭƳƤǜǋǜƯƖ

ǇƳ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏ

ƋƱ

ơƿǜ

ƠǐƏǒƍ

Ɣǜƕ

ƍ

ƕǔ‫ᧉݦ‬ႎƳƜƱƕ‫ܖ‬ǂǔ᭗ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵ᭗ఄǛ ҡ ಅ ƠƨࢸƷᐯЎƷ ‫ ݩ‬ஹ Ǜ ᎋ ƑƯŴᘍƖƜƏƜƏƍƍƪƹǜ Ǔ Ʀ Ə

ƜƏƜƏ

Ƹƍ

ƴǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƚ ǜƏƨƍ᭗ఄƴᘍƚǔƷƕɟဪྸेưƢƕŴ᭗ఄƴλǔƨǊƴƸ λ ‫ܖ‬ᚾ᬴ƴӖƔǒƳƚǕƹƍƚǇ
ơǎƚǜ Ƽ ƱƏơƭƯǜƢƏƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤƍƤƖ

ƝƏƔƘ

ƾƝƏƔƘ

Ɩ

ƤǜŵӖ᬴ଐ࢘ଐƷȆǹȈƷໜૠƩƚưƸƳƘŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƷ঺ጚǋƋǘƤƯӳ఍ȷɧӳ఍ƕൿǇǓǇƢŵ
ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƴǎƏƕƘƜǖƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ƶƬƪǎƏƜƏƜƏƠǜƕƘƠǐƏǒƍɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴ λ ‫ܖ‬ƠƨƹƔǓƷ᪭ǍŴᢿ෇ѣƴ ༏ ɶ ƠƯƍǔƱƖƸŴ᭗ఄᡶ‫ܖ‬Ǎ ‫ ݩ‬ஹƴƭƍƯ
Ɣǜƕ

ƶǜƤƍ

ƖǎƏ

ƤƍƤƖ

 

Ƌ

ƋǇǓ ᎋ ƑǔƜƱƸƳƍƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵƠƔƠ ࠰ဃƴƳƬƯƔǒưƸ ࣯ ƴƸ঺ጚƸɥƕǓ 
ƍ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƍ

ƶǜƤƍ

Ɯǖ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƨƍƤƭ

ǇƤǜŵᘍƖƨƍ᭗ఄƴᘍƚǔǑƏƴŴᲫ࠰ဃƷ᪭Ɣǒ Ѡ ࢍ ǛƕǜƹǔƜƱƸƱƯǋ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵ

ẸạẻỮ

ẺẟẶế

ḤႻᛩẴỦẮểầ‫ٻ‬ЏḤᴾƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƤƍ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ǒ

ƠǜƕƘƤƭǊƍƔƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƠǐƏƔƍ

ƨǜ

ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸ ࠰ဃƴƳǔƱ᭗ఄƷέဃǛԠǜưᡶ‫ܖ‬ᛟଢ˟Ტ‫ܖ‬ఄƷ ኰ ʼƳƲᲣǛƠƨǓŴਃ
ƴǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ƥƍ Ʊ

Ǆ

Ɲ Ơǌ

ƴǜ

Ơǜ ǖ

ƜǜƩǜƔƍƓƜƳ ˓ƷέဃƱဃࢻƱ̬ᜱᎍƷ ʴưƷŴᡶែƴƭƍƯƷটᛩ˟Ǜ ᘍ ƬƨǓƠǇƢŵ
ƜƏƜƏƦƭƗǐƏƝ

ƩƍƕƘ

ƠǜƕƘ

ƠǎƏƠǐƘ

Ɯ

ƍ

Ơ

Ƥǜ

᭗ఄҡಅࢸŴ‫ܖٻ‬ƴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƠƨƍŴ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ ƠƨƍƳƲŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷॖ࣬Ǜέ
Ƥƍ

Ɣ ƧƘ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƠǐƏǒƍ

ƳǍ

ǇǑ

ဃǍܼଈưƖƪǜƱᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ‫ ݩ‬ஹ ƴƭƍƯपǜưƍƨǓᡕƬƯ
ƤǜƤƍ

Ƴǜ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƍƨǓƢǔƜƱƕƋǕƹŴέဃƴ˴ưǋႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƜƏƜƏ

Ƒǒ

Ɯ

ƤƍƤƖ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƍƑ

ǇƨŴ᭗ఄǛᢠƿƱƖƸ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ঺ጚǍ᭗ఄƷȬșȫƩƚưƳƘŴܼƖǐǓơǎƗǐƏǓǐƏ

ƠǒƖƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƍƑ ƔǒƷុᩉǍ ੉ ಅ ૰ ƳƲǋᛦǂƯൿǊǇƠǐƏŵπᇌ᭗ఄưƸŴܼƔǒ
ƱƓ

ơǎƚǜ

Ơ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƔƶƻƭǑƏᢒƍƱƜǖƸӖ౨ưƖƳƔƬƨǓŴᅶᇌ᭗ఄưƸŴπᇌ᭗ఄǑǓƨƘƞǜƷƓ᣿ƕ࣏ᙲƩ
ƔƯƍ

ơơǐƏ

Ɯ

ƖǅƏ

Ʀ

ƹƋƍ

ƔƧƘ

ƸƳ

Ƌ

Ɯ

ƬƨǓƠǇƢŵܼࡊƷʙऴưŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷࠎஓƴชƑƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳǋŴƖƪǜƱܼଈưᛅƠӳƍŴ‫܇‬Ʋ
ƳƬƱƘ

ƤƭǊƍ

ƨƍƤƭ

ǋƕኛࢽưƖǔǑƏƴᛟଢƢǔƜƱƕ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵ








Ḥέဃ૾ồḤᴾ
̬ᜱᎍƕଐஜưƷᡶ‫ܖ‬ƴƭƍƯǑƘჷǒƳƔƬƨǓŴ൐‫׎‬ưƷ̖͌ᚇưᡶែǛᎋƑƯƍƨǓŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷࠎஓƢǔᡶែƴྸᚐǛᅆƠƯƍƳƔƬƨ
ǓƢǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵᡶែǍᡶ‫ܖ‬ƴƭƍƯŴ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ̬ᜱᎍƴႻᛩƢǔƜƱƕᩊƠƍ‫ئ‬ӳǋ‫ٶ‬ƍŴƱƍƏƜƱǛŴέဃƕྸᚐƠƯƋƛǔƜƱ
ƕ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵ





ẮạẮạ

ẲỠỦẟ

ᾁὼᾀὼᾀώ᭗ఄỉᆔ᫏ƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏƠ Ǔ ƭ ƜƏƜƏĬ πᇌ᭗ఄƱᅶᇌ᭗ఄ
ƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏƱ ƲƏ ƾ ƚǜ

Ơ

ƤƬ ƪ

ƏǜƑƍ

   ȷπᇌ᭗ఄƸᣃᢊࡅჄǍࠊƕᚨፗŴᢃփŵ
Ƙƴ

ƤƬƪ

ƏǜƑƍ

ƜƘǓƭƜƏƜƏƔƣƢƘƋ ƍ ƪ ƚǜƳƍƜƏȷ‫׎‬ƕᚨፗŴᢃփƢǔ‫׎‬ᇌ᭗ఄǋƋǓǇƢƕŴૠƸ‫ݲ‬ƳƍưƢᲢग़ჷჄϋưƸ ఄƷǈᲣŵƠ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ǈǜƔǜƕƬƜƏǄƏơǜ

ƤƬ ƪ

ƏǜƑƍ

   ȷᅶᇌ᭗ఄƸŴൟ᧓Ʒ‫ܖ‬ఄඥʴƕᚨፗŴᢃփŵƜƏƱƏƕƬƜƏƱƏƠǎƏƕƘ Ơ Ƒ ǜ Ɩǜ Ƥ ƍ ƲƠ Ǔ ƭ ƜƏƜƏƜƏǓƭƜƘǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ơǎƗǐƏǓǐƏƔƘƞƢƘè᭗ሁ‫ܖ‬ఄሁ ‫ૅ ܖ ݼ‬ੲ᣿СࡇƴǑǓŴᅶᇌ᭗ఄƱπᇌȷ‫׎‬ᇌ᭗ఄƷ ੉ ಅ ૰ Ʒ఍ࠀƸ‫ݲ‬ƳƘƳǓǇƴǎƏƕƘƖǜ

ƴǎƏƕƘ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ɣƶ

Ơ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƜƏǓƭƜƘǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ǍƢƠƨƕŴ λ ‫ ܖ‬᣿Ǎ λ ‫ ܖ‬ƠƯƔǒ࣏ᙲƳƓ᣿ƸŴᅶᇌ᭗ఄǑǓπᇌȷ‫׎‬ᇌ᭗ఄƷǄƏƕ‫ܤ‬ƍưƢŵƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƥǜƴƪƤƍ ƾ ƭ Ə Ɣ

Ƣ

ƪƍƖ

ơǎƚǜ

ƜƏƜƏ

Ɩ

Ƥǜǋǜ ƕ Ƭ Ɣèπᇌ᭗ఄᲢμଐС୍ᡫᅹᲣƸŴ˰ǜưƍǔ‫؏ע‬ưӖ౨ưƖǔ᭗ఄƕൿǇǓǇƢᲢ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹƴǑƬ
ƪƍƖƕƍ

ơǎƚǜ

ŵ
ƯƸ‫ٳ؏ע‬ưǋӖ౨ưƖǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢᲣ163

ᡶ‫ܖ‬

ᾁὼᾀώᵦᶇᶅᶆᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ ᴾ

6JGTG CTG OCP[ V[RGU QH JKIJ UEJQQNU KP ,CRCP 5QOG JKIJ UEJQQNU RTGRCTGUVWFGPVU HQT EQNNGIG YJKNG QVJGTU URGEKCNK\G KP HKGNFU YJKEJ ECVGT VQ HWVWTG LQDU +V
YQWNFDGKFGCNVQDGCDNGVQIQVQJKIJUEJQQNYKVJEQPUKFGTCVKQPQHYJCV[QWYCPVVQFQKPHWVWTGCPFUGNGEVVJGJKIJUEJQQNVJCV[QWYKUJVQIQVQ*QYGXGT[QWJCXG
VQVCMGVJGJKIJUEJQQNGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPUDGHQTG[QWECPGPVGTCJKIJUEJQQN
6JGTGUWNVUQHVJGGZCOKPCVKQPUEQODKPGFYKVJVJGCECFGOKETGUWNVUQHLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNCPFVJGGZCOKPCVKQPQPVJGFC[CTGDQVJHCEVQTUVJCVFGEKFGYJGVJGT[QW
RCUUQTHCKNVJGGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPU 
9JGP[QWLWUVGPVGTCLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNQTYJGP[QWCTGMGGPQPENWDCEVKXKVKGU[QWOC[PQVVJKPMOWEJCDQWVJKIJUEJQQNGPVT[CPFHWVWTG*QYGXGT[QWTTGUWNVU 
YKNNPQVKORTQXGUWFFGPN[CHVGTDGEQOKPICTFITCFGUVWFGPV6QDGCDNGVQIQVQ
VJGJKIJUEJQQNYJKEJ[QWYCPVVQIQVQKVKUXGT[KORQTVCPVVQYQTMJCTFHTQOVJG
HKTUVITCFGḤᵧᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᶔᶃᶐᶗᴾᶇᶋᶎᶍᶐᶒᵿᶌᶒᴾᶒᶍᴾᶒᵿᶊᶉᴾᶒᶍᴾᶑᶍᶋᶃᶍᶌᶃḤᴾ
6JGTGYKNNDGC&KUEWUUKQP5GUUKQP -QPFCPMCK YJGPVJGEJKNF
KUKPTFITCFGKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNHQTDQVJRCTGPVUCPFUVWFGPVYKVJ VJG JQOGTQQO VGCEJGT QP VJG UWDLGEV QH CFXCPEKPI VQ
JKIJGTUVWFKGU KPVTQFWEKPIVJGUEJQQNUGVE  
6JKUUGUUKQPKUVQENGCTN[KFGPVKH[YJGVJGTVJGUVWFGPVYKUJGUVQ 
IQCEQNNGIGCHVGTJKIJUEJQQNITCFWCVKQPQTRTQEGGFVQYQTMYKVJDQVJVGCEJGTCPF
RCTGPVU+HVJGUVWFGPVKUWPUWTGCPFYQTTKGUCDQWVJKUQTJGTHWVWTGFQVCNMVQVJG
VGCEJGT  &QPQVLWUVOCMGVJGEJQKEGDCUGFQPVJGEJKNFÞ
UCECFGOKETGUWNVUDWVCNUQVJG
FKUVCPEGQHVJGUEJQQNHTQOJQOGCPFVJGVWKVKQPHGGU(QTRWDNKEJKIJUEJQQNUVJG
UVWFGPVU ECPPQV VCMG VJG GPVTCPEG GZCOKPCVKQPU KH VJGKT JQOGU CTG VQQ HCT CYC[HTQOVJGUEJQQN1PVJGQVJGTJCPFVJGHGGUCVRTKXCVGJKIJUEJQQNUCTGOWEJJKIJGT+HVJGEJKNF UYKUJGUECPPQVDGHWNHKNNGFFWGVQVJGJQWUGJQNF UEKTEWOUVCPEGUKVKU
KORQTVCPVVQVCNMVQVJGEJKNFCUCHCOKN[UQVJCVJGQTUJGECPWPFGTUVCPF  







ᾁὼᾀὼᾀώᵲᶗᶎᶃᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᵦᶇᶅᶆᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᶑᴾ
Ĭ 2WDNKE*KIJ5EJQQN -QWTKVUWMQWMQW CPF2TKXCVG*KIJ5EJQQN 5JKTKVUWMQWMQW 
ȷ2WDNKEJKIJUEJQQNUCTGUGVWRCPFTWPD[VJGRTGHGEVWTGUCPFEKVKGUȷ6JGTGCTGCNUQPCVKQPCNJKIJUEJQQNUUGVWRCPFTWPD[VJGEQWPVT[DWVVJGTG
CTGVJGOKPQTKVKGU VJGTGCTGQPN[KP#KEJK2TGHGEVWTG ȷ 2TKXCVGUEJQQNUCTGUGVWRCPFTWPD[RTKXCVGUEJQQNEQTRQTCVKQPU 
è#NVJQWIJVJGFKHHGTGPEGKPVWKVKQPHGGUDGVYGGPRTKXCVGJKIJUEJQQNUCPFRWDNKEJKIJUEJQQNUJCUDGGPTGFWEGFFWGVQVJG*KIJ5EJQQN6WKVKQP5WRRQTV(WPF5[UVGOVJGTG
CTGUVKNNQVJGTHGGUUWEJCUGPVTCPEGHGGCPFEQUVUKPEWTTGFCHVGTGPVGTKPIVJGUEJQQN
5WEJEQUVUCTGNQYGTKPCRWDNKEJKIJUEJQQNVJCPCRTKXCVGJKIJUEJQQN 
è6JGXGPWGHQTGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPUHQTRWDNKEJKIJUEJQQNU HWNNVKOGIGPGTCNEQWTUG 
KUFGVGTOKPGFD[VJGCTGCQHTGUKFGPE[ JQYGXGTVJGUVWFGPVUOKIJVJCXGVQDGCDNGVQ
VCMGVJGGZCOKPCVKQPUQWVUKFGVJGCTGCQHTGUKFGPE[HQTURGEKCNK\GFEQWTUGU 

164ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ƾ ƭƏ Ɣ

Ƥǜǋǜ ƕ Ƭ ƔƦƏƝƏƕƬ Ɣĭ ୍ᡫᅹȷ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹȷዮӳ‫ܖ‬ᅹƾ ƭ Ə Ɣ   Ƃ୍ᡫᅹƃƦƭƗǐƏƝ

ƠǜƕƘ

Ǌ

Ɵ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏƝ

ƠǎƏƠǐƘ

ǊƟƜƏƜƏ   ȷҡಅࢸƴᡶ‫ܖ‬ǛႸਦƢ᭗ఄƱҡಅࢸƴ ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ ǛႸਦƢ᭗ఄƕƋǓǇƢŵ
ƜƘƞƍ

ơǐƏǄƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ȷ‫׎‬ᨥǳȸǹǍ ऴ ‫إ‬ǳȸǹƕƋǔ᭗ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵƤǜǋǜ ƕ Ƭ ƔƦƏƝƏ ƕ Ƭ Ɣ   Ƃ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹƃƂዮӳ‫ܖ‬ᅹƃƤǜǋǜ ƕ Ƭ ƔƜƏƜƏ   ȷ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹƩƚƷ᭗ఄƜƏƗǐƏƜƏƜƏ

ƠǐƏƗǐƏƜƏƜƏ

ƤǜǋǜƯƖ

ǇƳƟƍƕƘƪǎƏƠƔƘƱ߻ ಅ ᭗ఄŴ ՠ ಅ ᭗ఄƳƲŴ‫ᧉݦ‬ႎƳƜƱǛ‫ܖ‬ƼǇƢŵ‫ ܖ נ‬ɶ ƴƍǖƍǖƳ᝻఍ǛӕǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵƾ ƭ Ə ƔƤǜǋǜ ƕ Ƭ ƔƦƏƝƏ ƕ Ƭ ƔƜƏƜƏȷ୍ᡫᅹƱ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹŴዮӳ‫ܖ‬ᅹƕƋǔ᭗ఄ
ƓƳ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƳƔ

ƾ ƭ Ə ƔƤǜǋǜ ƕ Ƭ ƔƔ Ưƍ Ɣ

ƓǜƕƘ Ɣ

ƦƏƝƏƕƬ Ɣӷơ᭗ఄƷɶƴ୍ᡫᅹǍ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹᲢܼࡊᅹŴ᪦ಏᅹƳƲᲣŴዮӳ‫ܖ‬ᅹƕƋǓǇƢŵ



















ẶỮờỮ ầ Ế ẦẸạắạ ầ Ế Ầ

ể

Ẳ Ầ Ẫ

‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹởዮӳ‫ܖ‬ᅹỂӕủỦ᝻఍ᴾƤǜǋǜ ƕ Ƭ ƔƦƏƝƏƕƬ ƔƜƏƜƏƟƍƕƘƪǎƏ

ƠƔƘ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹǍዮӳ‫ܖ‬ᅹưƸŴ᭗ఄ‫ ܖנ‬ɶ ƴƍǖƍǖƳ᝻఍ƕƱǕǇƢŵǅƖơǐƏǄƏƠǐ Ǔưǜ Ɩ ƜƏ ơƠƚǜƪƘ ƠƠ ƔƘቐᚡǍ ऴ ‫إ‬ϼྸŴᩓൢ߻ʙٟǍ࡫ሰٟƳƲƷ᝻఍ƕƋǓǇƢŵƍǖƍƠ ƔƘ Ơ ƚǜ

ơ ƿǜ

ƖǐƏ ǈ

ƠǐƘƗǐƏƠ ƔƘǖƳ᝻఍ᚾ᬴ƕƋǔƷưŴᐯЎƕ ᐻ ԛƷƋǔ Ꮀ ಅ ƴƸŴƲǜƳ᝻఍
ƻƭǑƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

Ƒǒ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƯƭƩ

ƕ࣏ᙲƳƷƔŴƦƷƨǊƴƸŴƲƷ᭗ఄǛᢠǜƩǒƍƍƔŴέဃƴ৖ˡ
Ơǒ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƬƯǋǒƬƯᛦǂƨǓŴႻᛩƠƨǓƠǇƠǐƏŵƕƬƜƏƤƭǊƍƔƍ

ƍƪǐƘƤƭƤƭǊƍ

Ɩ

ƚǜƕƘ

Ɯ

‫ܖ‬ఄᛟଢ˟ǍǪȸȗȳǭȣȳȑǹƴᘍƬƯŴႺ ੗ ᛟଢǛᎥƍƨǓŴᙸ‫ܖ‬ƠƨǓƠƯŴ‫܇‬
Ƌ

ƜƏƜƏ

Ƒǒ

ƲǋƴӳƬƨ᭗ఄǛᢠƼǇƠǐƏŵ

Ḥέဃ૾ồḤᴾ
̬ᜱᎍƴƸଐஜƷ᭗ఄǍᎰಅƴƭƍƯ‫ᧉݦ‬ႎƳჷᜤƕƳƔƬƨ
ǓŴ̖͌ᚇƳƲƕᐯЎƷ‫׎‬ƱƸᢌƬƨǓƢǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵᎰಅƴ࣏ᙲƳ᝻఍ƷॖԛǍϋܾƕྸᚐưƖƳƍƜƱƕƋǔƷưŴɠ‫ݗ‬ƴᛟଢƢǔ࣏ᙲƕƋǓǇƢŵ






ƥǜƴƪƤƍƯƍ ơ Ƥƍ

ƭƏƠǜƤƍĮ μଐСȷ‫଺ܭ‬Сȷᡫ̮С
ƴǄǜơǜ

ƓƓ

ƥǜƴƪƤƍ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƠǜƕƘ

Ƌƞ

ǏƏƕƨ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƤƍƔƭ

ƤƍƔƭ

ଐஜʴƷ‫ٶ‬ƘƸμଐСƷ᭗ఄƴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƠǇƢŵஔƔǒ‫૾ٲ‬Ǉư᭗ఄưဃ෇ǛƠǇƢŵဃ෇ƷƪǎƏƠǜƜƏƜƏƤƍƔƭɶ ࣎ Ƹ᭗ఄဃ෇ưƢŵ
ƯƍơƤƍ

ƻǔǇ

ǍƔǜ

ǈơƔ

ơƔǜ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƔǑ

ƕƘƻ

ǍƢ

Ơ

‫଺ܭ‬СƸଷ᧓ƩƚŴǇƨƸ‫᧓ٸ‬ƩƚƷ ჺ ƍ଺᧓Ʃƚ᭗ఄƴᡫƍǇƢŵ‫ᝲܖ‬ǋ‫ܤ‬ƍưƢŵˁƝƱƔǑʙǛƠƳƕǒᡫƏƜƱǋưƖǇƢŵƭƏƠǜƤƍ

ƠƝƱ

ƔƯƍ

ơơǐƏ

ƚǜƜƏơǐƏ

ǓǏƏǇƍƴƪƭƏƕƘƜƏƜƏᡫ̮С ƸŴˁʙ Ǎܼࡊ Ʒʙऴ Ǎ ͤ ࡍ ɥ Ʒྸဌ ƳƲư൑ଐᡫ‫ ܖ‬ưƖƳƍƚǕƲǋŴ᭗ఄ
ƦƭƗǐƏ



ƠƔƘ

Ʊ

ƻƱ

ƍ

ҡ ಅ Ʒ᝻఍ǛӕǓƨƍʴƕᘍƖǇƢŵ

165

ᡶ‫ܖ‬ĭ )GPGTCN %QWTUG (WVUWWMC  5RGEKCNK\GF %QWTUG 5GPOQPICMMC  +PVGITCVGF%QWTUG 5QWIQWICMMC    Ƃ)GPGTCN%QWTUGƃ   ȷ6JGTGCTGJKIJUEJQQNUYJQUGQDLGEVKXGKUHQTVJGUVWFGPVU
VQ CFXCPEG VQ JKIJGT KPUVKVWVKQPU CPF QVJGTU YJQUGQDLGEVKXGKUIGVGORNQ[OGPVCHVGTITCFWCVKQP 
ȷ6JGTGCTGJKIJUEJQQNUYJKEJQHHGTKPVGTPCVKQPCNEQWTUGU 
CPFKPHQTOCVKQPEQWTUGUƂ+PVGITCVGF%QWTUGƃ   Ƃ5RGEKCNK\GF%QWTUGƃ
ȷ*KIJUEJQQNUYKVJQPN[URGEKCNK\GFEQWTUGU
5RGEKCNK\GF UWDLGEVU UWEJ CU VJQUG VCWIJV KP KPFWUVTKCN JKIJ UEJQQNU CPFEQOOGTEKCNJKIJUEJQQNUCTGQHHGTGF;QWECPVCMGCXCTKGV[QHSWCNKHKECVKQPUYJKNGCVVGPFKPIVJKUUEJQQN       ȷ*KIJUEJQQNUYKVJIGPGTCNEQWTUGUURGEKCNK\GFEQWTUGUCPFKPVGITCVGFEQWTUGU
9KVJKP VJG UCOG JKIJ UEJQQN IGPGTCN EQWTUGU URGEKCNK\GF EQWTUGU CPFURGEKCNK\GFEQWTUGU JQOGGEQPQOKEUCPFOWUKEGVE CTGQHHGTGF  ᵲᶗᶎᶃᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᶏᶓᵿᶊᶇᶄᶇᶁᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᶑᴾᶒᶍᴾᶍᶀᶒᵿᶇᶌᴾᶄᶐᶍᶋᴾᶑᶎᶃᶁᶇᵿᶊᶇᶘᶃᶂᴾᵿᶌᶂᴾᶇᶌᶒᶃᶅᶐᵿᶒᶃᶂᴾᶁᶍᶓᶐᶑᶃᶑᴾ
6JGTG CTG XCTKQWU V[RGU QH SWCNKHKECVKQPU VJCV ECP DG QDVCKPGF

HTQOURGEKCNK\GFCPFKPVGITCVGFEQWTUGUKPJKIJUEJQQNUUWEJCU DQQMMGGRKPI KPHQTOCVKQP RTQEGUUKPI GNGEVTKEKCPU CPF CTEJKVGEVU (TQOVJGUGFKHHGTGPVSWCNKHKECVKQPUUGNGEVQPGVJCVUWKVU[QWTQYP 
KPVGTGUVUCPFHWVWTGECTGGTCURKTCVKQPUCPFHTQOVJGTGEJQQUGVJGJKIJUEJQQN[QWYCPVVQIQVQ&QTGUGCTEJCPFVCNMVQ[QWTVGCEJGTUDGHQTGOCMKPIVJGEJQKEG #VVGPFUEJQQNDTKGHKPIUCPFQRGPJQWUGUVQIGVHKTUVJCPFKPHQTOCVKQPYJKNGXKGYKPIVJG
 UEJQQNQPECORWU6JGPOCMGVJGFGEKUKQPCPFEJQUGVJGQPGKUUWKVCDNGHQTVJGEJKNF 











Į (WNNVKOGU[UVGO <GPPKEJKUGK ȷ2CTVVKOGU[UVGO 6GKLKUGK ȷ&KUVCPEGNGCTPKPI6UWWUJKPUGK /QUV,CRCPGUGVCMGVJGKTNGCTPKPICVJKIJUEJQQNUQPVJGHWNNVKOGU[UVGO*KIJUEJQQNNKHGQEEWRKGUOQUVQHVJGFC[HTQOOQTPKPIVKNNGXGPKPICPFVJWUDGEQOG
VJGEGPVGTQHNKHGHQTVJGUVWFGPVU
6JGRCTVVKOGU[UVGOTGSWKTGUVJGUVWFGPVUVQIQVQUEJQQNHQTCUJQTVVKOKPIKP
VJG FC[ QT GXGPKPI 6JG VWKVKQP HGGU CTG NQYGT CPF [QW ECP CVVGPF UWEJ JKIJUEJQQNUYJKNGYQTMKPI &KUVCPEGNGCTPKPIKUHQTVJQUGYJQCTGPQVCDNGVQCVVGPFUEJQQNGXGT[FC[FWG
VQ GKVJGT YQTM HCOKN[ QT JGCNVJ TGCUQPU CPF [GV YJQ YQWNF NKMG VQ IGVEGTVKHKECVKQPUQHJKIJUEJQQNITCFWCVKQP

166

ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ƴƪ



ᲫଐƷ

ơ Ɣǜ

଺᧓

ƕƘƠǎƏ ơ Ɣǜ‫ ܖ‬፼ ଺᧓ƶǜƢƏƴǎƏƕƘ ơ࠰ૠλ ‫଺ ܖ‬ƴ࣏ᙲƳƓ᣿

ƻƭǑƏ

Ɣƶ

ƥǜƴƪƤƍƜƏƜƏ

μଐС᭗ఄ

᳸

ƜƏǓƭ

ᲢπᇌᲣ

ơ Ɣǜ

ƶǜ

଺᧓

࠰

ơ Ɣǜ

ƶǜ

଺᧓

࠰

ǇǜƑǜƯƍ Ʋɢόᆉࡇ èᲫƥǜƴƪƤƍƜƏƜƏ

ǇǜƑǜ ƕƬƜƏ

μଐС᭗ఄ

᳸

Ơ Ǔƭ

ᲢᅶᇌᲣ
Ưƍ ơ ƤƍƜƏƜƏ

᳸ɢό ‫ܖ‬ఄ ƴǑƪƕƬƯᢌƍǇƢ ƶǜ‫଺ܭ‬С᭗ఄ


᳸

ƜƏǓƭ Ǎ ƔǜᲢπᇌ‫᧓ٸ‬ᲣƯƍ ơ ƤƍƜƏƜƏ

଺᧓

ƥǜ Ɲ

ЭࢸƜƏǓƭƪǎƏƔǜ

ǏƏƕƨƦƭǇǜƑǜƯƍ Ʋɢόᆉࡇ èᲫƔಅ ǋӧ  èᲬ
ƶǜ

଺᧓

ƶǜ

Ʀƭ

࠰ ࠰ ưƷҡơ Ɣǜ᳸‫ ૾ٲ‬èᲭᲢπᇌ ଷ ᧓Უ

ƗǐƏ

ơ Ɣǜ

‫଺ܭ‬С᭗ఄ

ƶǜᲮ࠰ ࠰ưƷҡ

ơ Ɣǜ

ƗǐƏ

᳸଺᧓

ǇǜƑǜƯƍ Ʋɢόᆉࡇ èᲫƔಅ ǋӧ  èᲬƜƏǓƭƭƏƠǜƤƍ
ƯƍƠǎƭ

ƕƬƜƏ

πᇌᡫ̮СƠ ƯƍȬȝȸȈ੩ Ј Ʊ‫ܖ‬ఄƕਦ‫ܭ‬ƠƭƏƠǜƤƍƜƏƜƏ

ƻƓǋƴƪǑƏ Ƽ

ƶǜƔǜƱƏƜƏƨଐᲢɼƴଐ୴ଐᲣƴႇఄƠƯ ࠰ˌ ɥ ᡫ̮С᭗ఄ

ǊǜƤƭ Ơ ƲƏǇǜƑǜ࠰᧓Წ᳸Ჯɢό èᲮƶǜ ƍ ơǐƏƠ ǓƭƭƏƠǜƤƍ

ᅶᇌᡫ̮С

Ə᩿੗ਦ‫ݰ‬ǛӖƚǔ

ƶǜƔǜ

ǇǜƑǜ

࠰᧓᳸ɢό èᲮ


Ƥƍ ƾƘ

ƹ Ƌƍ

Ǉǜ Ƒǜ

Ǉǜ Ƒǜ

ƻƭǑƏ

èᲫ С஌ƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴɢό᳸ɢόŴ࣏ᙲưƢŵƨǜ ƍ Ƥƍ Ƥǜ ƨƘƶǜƦƭ ƗǐƏèᲬ ҥˮСᢠ৸ư ࠰ưҡ ಅ ƢǔƜƱǋưƖǇƢŵ
ƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕ

ƴ ƿ Ƥ ƍ

Ƹơ

ơ ƜƘ

Ƒǒ

ƕƬ ƜƏ

èᲭ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢŵʚᢿСƴƳƬƯƍƯ‫ڼ‬Ǉǔ଺ЦǛᢠǂǔ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢŵ
ƴ

ƿ Ƥƍ

Ǖƍ

ʚᢿСƷ̊ᲴĬ᳸ ĭ᳸
ƭƏƠǜƤƍ ƜƏƜƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ɣƶ

ƶǜƔǜ

ƻǐƏơ

ƓƓ

èᲮ ᡫ̮С᭗ఄưƸŴ࣏ᙲƳƓ᣿Ǜ࠰᧓ưᘙᅆƠƯƋǔƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ


ƍ

ƜƏƜƏ

Ɩ

ᾁὼᾀὼᾁώᘍƖƨƍ᭗ఄƕൿǇƬƨǒƴǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƚ ǜ

ǉ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƴǄǜơǜ

ƓƓ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

λ ‫ ܖ‬ᚾ᬴ƴӼƚƯŴƻƨƢǒ Ѡ ࢍ ǛƕǜƹǓǇƢŵଐஜʴƷ‫ٶ‬ƘƸ‫ܖ‬ఄƷ Ѡ ࢍ ƩƚưƸ
ơǎƘ

ƔǑ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ǘ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ƴǜ

Ơƭǋǜ

ƳƘ ‫ ؽ‬ƴᡫƬƯƍǇƢŵѠ ࢍ ưЎƔǒƳƍƱƜǖƕƋǕƹŴέဃƴ˴ưǋឋբƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ơǎƚǜ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƕǜƠǐ

Ɣ

Ɣƨ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƓƠ

Ɣ

ƤƍƔƘ

Ɣ

Ӗ᬴ ƢǔƨǊƴ࣏ᙲ Ƴᫍ୿ Ʒ୿ Ɩ૾ Ƹ‫ܖ‬ఄ ư૙ ƑƯǋǒƍƳƕǒ୿ ƖǇƢŵദᄩ ƴ୿ ƘƻƭǑƏ࣏ᙲƕƋǓǇƢŵ







Ḥέဃ૾ồḤᴾ‫ؽ‬ƴᡫƑƳƍ‫׎ٳ‬ƴȫȸȄǛǋƭ‫܇‬ƲǋƷƨǊƴŴ‫؏ע‬Ʒ
021 ǍȜȩȳȆǣǢ‫˳ׇ‬ƳƲƕ໯૰Ʒ‫ܖ‬፼૙ܴƳƲᘍƬƯƍǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵᑥŷƳऴ‫إ‬ǛᆢಊႎƴӕǓλǕŴ࣏ᙲƴࣖơƯऴ‫إ‬Ǜႆ̮ƠƯƋƛƯƘƩƞƍŵƴǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƚ ǜᾁὼᾀὼᾂώ λ ‫ ܖ‬ᚾ᬴ƥǜƴƪƤƍ Ɣ ƯƍƴǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƚǜĬμଐСᛢᆉƷ λ ‫ܖ‬ᚾ᬴ƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏƠ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƥǜƴƪƤƍ Ɣ ƯƍƜƏƜƏƴǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƚǜƢƍƤǜƤǜƹƭ

ƍƬƺǜƤǜƹƭ

πᇌ᭗ఄǋᅶᇌ᭗ఄǋŴμଐСᛢᆉƷ᭗ఄƷ λ ‫ܖ‬ᚾ᬴ƴƸŴਖ਼ᕟᢠ৷Ʊɟᑍᢠ৷ƕƋǓǇ
ƕƘǓǐƘ

Ɩ ơǎǜ

ơǎƚǜ

ƜƏƜƏ

Ɩ

ƝƏƔƘ

ơǎƚǜƱƏơƭ

ƕƘƢŵƲƪǒǋ‫ ܖ‬щ Ǜؕ แ ƴӖ᬴Ƣǔ᭗ఄǛൿǊǇƢƕŴӳ఍ƢǔƨǊƴƸŴӖ᬴࢘ଐƷ‫ܖ‬
ǓǐƘ

ƤƍƤƖ

ǊǜƤƭ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƞƘƤƍ

ƪǐƏ ƞ ƠǐơǎƏǑƏщ ȆǹȈƷ঺ጚǍ᩿੗ƩƚưƳƘŴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷέဃƕ˺঺Ƣǔ ᛦ ௹୿ƕƱƯǋ ᣻ ᙲưƢŵ167

ᡶ‫ܖ‬


6KOKPI(WNNVKOGU[UVGOJKIJUEJQQNU
᳸
Ტ2WDNKEᲣ
(WNNVKOGU[UVGOJKIJUEJQQNU
᳸
Ტ2TKXCVGᲣ

0WODGTQH
NGCTPKPIJQWTU
KPCFC[0WODGTQH
[GCTU%QUVUQPGPVTCPEGJQWTU

[GCTU

#TQWPF[GP èᲫJQWTU

[GCTU

᳸[GP
FKHHGTGPVCOQPIUEJQQNU [GCTU ECPDGEQORNGVGF
JQWTUYKVJKPᲭ  [GCTU  èᲬ
2CTVVKOGU[UVGO $GHQTGCPF
[GCTU ECPJKIJUEJQQNU CHVGT
VQJQWTU DGEQORNGVGF
Ტ2WDNKEFC[YKVJKP[GCTU᳸ GXGPKPIUEJQQNᲣèᲭèᲬ
2CTVVKOGU[UVGOJKIJUEJQQNU 
Ტ2WDNKEPKIJV᳸
UEJQQNᲣ#TQWPF[GP èᲫ

#TQWPF[GP èᲫ
2WDNKEJKIJUEJQQNFKUVCPEGNGCTPKPIU[UVGO

5WDOKVCTGRQTVCPF
᳸[GPRGT[GCT
CVVGPFUEJQQNQPQPGFC[&KUVCPEG/QTG VJCP  èᲮ
NGCTPKPIJKIJ OCKPN[5WPFC[U CPF
[GCTU
2TKXCVGJKIJUEJQQNTGEGKXGKPVGTXKGYUEJQQNUFKUVCPEGNGCTPKPIU[UVGOKPUVTWEVKQP᳸[GPRGT
[GCT èᲮèᲫ +HUEJQQNWPKHQTOUCTGTGSWKTGFKVYKNNEQUVCTQWPFVQ[GP 
èᲬ #UVWFGPVECPCNUQITCFWCVGXKCVJGOQFWNCTU[UVGOYKVJKP[GCTUèᲭ +VXCTKGUCOQPIUEJQQNU5QOGUEJQQNUJCXGCVYQRCTVU[UVGOYJKEJJCUVYQ
FKHHGTGPVUEJQQNVKOGHQTVJGUVWFGPVUVQEJQQUG 'ZCORNGQHCVYQRCTVU[UVGOᲴĬ᳸ ĭ᳸
èᲮ (QTFKUVCPEGNGCTPKPIJKIJUEJQQNUOCP[UEJQQNUYKNNUJQYVJGHGGUTGSWKTGFHQTVJG
GPVKTG[GCT ᾁὼᾀὼᾁώᵭᶌᶁᶃᴾᶗᶍᶓᴾᶂᶃᶁᶇᶂᶃᴾᶕᶆᶇᶁᶆᴾᶆᶇᶅᶆᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶗᶍᶓᴾᶕᶍᶓᶊᶂᴾᶊᶇᶉᶃᴾᶒᶍᴾᶅᶍᴾᶒᶍᴾ
9QTMJCTFHQTVJGUEJQQNGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPU/CP[,CRCPGUGFQPQVLWUV
UVWF[CVVJGUEJQQNDWVVJG[CNUQIQVQUWRRNGOGPVCT[UEJQQNU LWMW 9JGP[QWFQ PQV WPFGTUVCPF YJCV [QW CTG UVWF[KPI RNGCUG CUM VJG VGCEJGTU HQT CP[SWGUVKQPU
5EJQQNUYKNNVGCEJJQYVQYTKVGCPFHKNNQWVVJGCRRNKECVKQPHQTOU ICPUJQ HQT
VJGGZCOKPCVKQPU+VKUPGEGUUCT[VQYTKVGCPFHKNNQWVVJGHQTOUCEEWTCVGN[ ᾁὼᾀὼᾂώᵣᶌᶒᶐᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾᵣᶖᵿᶋᶇᶌᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᶑᴾĬ  'PVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPUHQTHWNNVKOGEQWTUGU6JGGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPUHQTDQVJRWDNKECPFRTKXCVGJKIJUEJQQNUKPENWFG
4GEQOOGPFCVKQP  5GNGEVKQPU 5WKUGPUGPDCVUW  CPF )GPGTCN 5GNGEVKQPU
+RRCPUGPDCVUW 'KVJGTQPGUVKNNFGVGTOKPGUVJGGNKIKDKNKV[QHVJGUVWFGPVUDCUGFQPVJGKTCECFGOKECDKNKVKGUCPFVJWUKPQTFGTVQRCUUKVKUPQVGPQWIJVQTGN[QP
VJGVGUVTGUWNVUQHVJGGZCOKPCVKQPUCPFKPVGTXKGYUDWVCNUQVJGUWTXG[HQTOUEQORKNGFD[VJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNVGCEJGTU  6JGUGUWTXG[HQTOU EJQWUCUJQ 

168ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ƪǐƏ ƞ ƠǐƕƘǓǐƘƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ưƍ Ɩ

ƠǐƏ

ƯǜƢƏ

ƕƘƠǎƏƨƍ Ʋơǎᛦ ௹୿ưƸ‫ ܖ‬щᲢ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄưƷ‫ܭ‬஖ȆǹȈǍ ‫ ݱ‬ȆǹȈƷໜૠᲣƩƚưƸƳƘŴ‫ ܖ‬፼ ७ࡇᲢ੉ƗǐƏƪǎƏ

ǑƏƢ

ƠǎƘƩƍ

ƯƍƠǎƭ

ƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ

ǑƏ Ƣ

ƻǐƏ Ɣ

ƨƍƠǐƏ

ƢƍƤǜ

ಅ ɶ Ʒಮ‫܇‬Ǎ ܿ ᫆Ʒ੩ Ј ƳƲᲣǍ‫ܖ‬ఄဃ෇Ʒಮ‫܇‬ƳƲǋ ᚸ ̖Ʒ‫ ݣ‬ᝋ ƴƳǓǇƢŵਖ਼ᕟ
Ƥǜƹƭ

ƹ Ƌƍ

ƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ƤƍƤƖ

ƻǐƏ Ɣ

ƨƍƠǐƏ

ƕƘƠǎƏ

ǈ

ᢠ৷Ʒ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴᢿ෇ѣƷ঺ጚƳƲǋ ᚸ ̖Ʒ‫ ݣ‬ᝋ ƴƳǓǇƢᲢRž ‫ ܖ‬፼ ƴƭƍƯſǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍᲣŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ǂƭ

Ƒƍƚǜ

ơƭǑƏ Ƒ ƍ Ɲ ƚǜƯƍƔƘƠǎ Ơ Ɣ Ƙ

ǋ

ƹƋƍ

ƤǜƤƍ

ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒ Ѡ ࢍ ƱƸКưŴᒍ౨Ტܱဇᒍᛖ౨‫ܭ‬ᲣƳƲӲᆔ᝻఍ǛਤƬƯƍǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸέဃƴƍƪǐƏƞƠǐ

Ɣ

ƠƔƘ

ƥǜƿ

ƠƔƘ

Ɣ

ᚕƍǇƠǐƏŵᛦ௹୿ƴ୿ƍƯǋǒƑǔ᝻఍ǋƋǓǇƢᲢμᢿƷ᝻఍ƕ୿ƍƯǋǒƑǔǘƚ
ưƸƋǓǇƤǜᲣŵ   ƢƍƤǜƤǜƹƭĬᲧ  ਖ਼ ᕟ ᢠ ৷ ƕƘǓǐƘƤƍƔƭ ƨ ƍ Ʋ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

Ɣǜƕ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƜƏƪǐƏƤǜƤƍ

ƢƍƤǜ

Ɣǜƕ

ȷ ‫ ܖ‬щ Ǎဃ෇७ࡇŴᢿ෇ѣƳƲƔǒ ᎋ ƑƯŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒ ఄ ᧈ έဃƕਖ਼ᕟưƖǔƱ ᎋ ƑƨƱ
ơǎƚǜ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƝƏƔƘ

ƥƬƨƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƖƸӖ᬴ưƖǇƢŵƲƏƠƯǋƦƷ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᘍƖƨƍŴӳ఍Ơƨǒዌ‫ݣ‬ƴƦƷ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᘍƘƱƍ
ƻƱ

ơǎƚǜ

ƏʴƠƔӖ᬴ưƖǇƤǜŵƳƍƠǜƯǜ

ƨƍƤƭƳƍƠǜƯǜƭƏ ƪ ƻǐƏ

ƖǐƏ Ɣ

ƻǐƏƯƍ

ƝƏƚƍƯǜ

ƱȷϋဎໜǋƱƯǋ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵϋဎໜƱƸᡫჷ ᘙ Ʒ  ૙ ᅹƷ ᚸ ‫ܭ‬ᲢᲯ᳸ᲫᲣƷӳᚘໜưƢᲢᣃƲƏ ƾ ƚǜ

ƞǜƠǎƭǄƏǄƏ

ƪƕƭƏƪƻǐƏ

ƻǐƏƯƍ

ƍƠƖ

ƾƩǜ

ᢊࡅჄ ƴǑƬƯ ም Ј ૾ඥ ƕᢌ ƏƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢᲣŵᡫჷᘙ Ʒ ᚸ ‫ ܭ‬Ǜॖᜤ ƠƯŴ୍െ ƷơǎƗǐƏ੉ ಅ ǛƕǜƹǒƳƘƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ƥǜƜƘƨƍƔƍ

ƠǎƭơǐƏ

ƻƱ

ǏƏƠǎƏ

ƤƍƤƖ

ƻǐƏƠǐƏ

ƻƱƤƍ Ʊ Ɣƍ

ƔƭƲƏȷᢿ෇ѣưμ‫˟ٻ׎‬ƴ Ј ‫ ئ‬ƠƨʴŴΟ ᅵ Ƴ঺ጚư ᘙ ࢧ ƞǕƨʴŴဃࢻ˟ƳƲƷ෇ѣǛƠƻƱƪǐƏ Ɩ ƯƖƜƏƳƍƕƍ

ƔƭƲƏ

ƻƱ

ơǎƚǜ

ƨʴŴ ᧈ ஖ႎƴఄϋ‫ٳ‬ưȜȩȳȆǣǢ෇ѣǛƠƨʴƸӖ᬴ưƖǇƢŵƠ Ǔ ƭ ƜƏƜƏ

ƜƘƝ

ƢƏƕƘ

ƑƍƝ

ƕƘǓǐƘ

ǊǜƤƭ

ƓƜƳ

ƓƓ

ƖǐƏƔ Ƌ

ȷᅶᇌ᭗ఄƸŴ‫׎‬ᛖŴૠ‫ܖ‬ŴᒍᛖƷ ‫ ܖ‬щ ȆǹȈƱ᩿੗Ǜ ᘍ ƏƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ૙ᅹӳǘǀǜƖƦ ƕƘǓǐƘ Ơ ƚ ǜ

ƞƘƿǜ

ǊǜƤƭ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕ

ƤƯ ЎƘǒƍƷؕᄽ ‫ ܖ‬щ ᚾ᬴Ʊ˺૨Ŵ᩿੗ƷƱƜǖƳƲŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢŵƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƕƬƔƠƚǜ

ƓƜƳƓƓƤǜƹƭǄƏǄƏ

ƪǐƏƞƠǐǊǜƤƭƞƘƿǜȷπᇌ᭗ఄƸŴ‫ܖ‬ᅹᚾ᬴Ƹ ᘍ ǘƳƍƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵᢠ৷૾ඥƸᛦ௹୿Ŵ᩿੗Ŵ˺૨ƳƲ
ƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕ

‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢŵƍƬƺǜƤǜƹƭĬᲧ  ɟᑍᢠ৷
ƍ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƍ ơǐƏ

ƤƍƤƖ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƨƍƤƭ

ƳƍƠǜƯǜ

ȷᘍƖƨƍ᭗ఄƷȬșȫˌ ɥ Ʒ঺ጚǛƱǕǔǑƏƴѠ ࢍ ƢǔƜƱƕ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵϋဎໜǋƱƯƨƍƤƭƳƍƠǜƯǜƭƏ ƪ ƻǐƏ

ƖǐƏ Ɣ

ƻǐƏƯƍ

ƝƏƚƍƯǜƱ ƲƏ ƾ ƚǜǋ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵϋဎໜƱƸᡫჷ ᘙ Ʒ  ૙ ᅹƷ ᚸ ‫ܭ‬ᲢᲯ᳸ᲫᲣƷӳᚘໜưƢᲢᣃᢊࡅჄƴǑ ƞǜƠǎƭǄƏǄƏ

ƪƕƭƏƪƻǐƏ

ƻǐƏƯƍ

ƍƠƖ

ƾƩǜ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƬƯ ም Ј ૾ඥƕᢌƏƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢᲣŵᡫჷᘙƷ ᚸ ‫ ܭ‬ǛॖᜤƠƯŴ୍െƷ ੉ ಅ ǛƕǜƹǒƳƘƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵƪǐƏƞƠǐƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ

ǑƏƢ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɣ

ƱƘ

ƤƍƤƖ

Ǒ

ƚƬƤƖ

ƢƘ

ȷᛦ௹୿ƸŴᢿ෇ѣǍ‫ܖ‬ఄဃ෇Ʒಮ‫܇‬Ǜέဃƕ୿ƖǇƢŵཎƴ঺ጚƕᑣƘƳƘƯǋŴഎࠗƕ‫ݲ‬
ƤǜƤƍ

Ɩ

Ɣ

ƳƍƜƱŴǇơǊƴƕǜƹƬƯƍǔƜƱƳƲŴέဃƕൢƮƍƨƜƱǛ୿ƖǇƢŵƕƘǓǐƘƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƜƘ Ɲ

ƢƏƕƘ

Ƒƍ Ɲ

Ǔ

Ɣ

ƠǌƔƍ

ƖǐƏ Ɣ

Ơ ǓƭƜƏȷ‫ ܖ‬щ ȆǹȈƕƋǓǇƢŵπᇌ᭗ఄưƸŴ‫׎‬ᛖȷૠ‫ܖ‬ȷᒍᛖȷྸᅹȷᅈ˟Ʒ  ૙ ᅹŴᅶᇌ᭗ 
ƜƏ

ƜƘ Ɲ

ƢƏƕƘ

Ƒƍ Ɲ

ƖǐƏ Ɣ

ƓƓ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƖǐƏƔ

ఄưƸŴ‫׎‬ᛖȷૠ‫ܖ‬ȷᒍᛖƷ  ૙ ᅹƷƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢᲢ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯƸŴ૙ᅹƷƱƜǖ ǋƋǓǇƢᲣŵƢƍƤǜƤǜƹƭ

ƍƬƺǜƤǜƹƭ

ƪǐƏƞƠǐ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƤƍ

ƶǜƤƍ

ƠǎƬƤƖƴƬƢƏ

ƔƚƬƤƖèਖ਼ᕟᢠ৷Ŵɟᑍᢠ৷ƲƪǒǋŴᛦ௹୿ƴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄ࠰ဃƱ ࠰ဃƷ Ј ࠗଐૠǛ୿ƖǇƢŵഎࠗȷ 
ƦƏƨƍ

ƪ ƜƘ

ƢƘ

ǄƏ

ƔǒƩ

ƜƜǖ

ƼǐƏ Ɩ

Ǔ ǏƏ

ƹ Ƌƍ

Ɩ

ଔᡚȷ᡿ЦƸ‫ݲ‬Ƴƍ૾ƕƍƍưƢƕŴᲢ ˳ Ǎ ࣎ ƷᲣ ၏ ൢƳƲŴྸဌƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴൿǊǒǕ 
Ơǐǔƍ

Ɩ ƴǎƏ

ƯƍƠǎƭ

ƨ୿᫏ƴᚡ λ ƠƯ੩ Ј ƠǇƢŵ169

ᡶ‫ܖ‬KPENWFG PQV LWUV VJG CECFGOKE CDKNKV[ᲢITCFGU HTQO VJG TGIWNCT VGUVU CPF UOCNNVGUVU KP LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNUᲣDWV VJG[ CNUQ KPENWFG VJG NGCTPKPI CVVKVWFGUᲢVJG
UVWFGPVU CVVKVWFGFWTKPIENCUUGUCPFVJGKTJQOGYQTMUWDOKVVGFGVEᲣCPFJQY
VJG[ CFCRV VQ UEJQQN NKHG KP IGPGTCN 4GEQOOGPFCVKQP 5GNGEVKQPU KPENWFG VJGTGUWNVUHTQOENWDCEVKXKVKGUᲢ2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQP ß#DQWV5VWF[àᲣ#RCTVHTQOVJGUWDLGEVUKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNKH[QWJCXGQVJGTSWCNKHKECVKQPUUWEJCU'PINKUJ2TQHKEKGPE[6GUV 'KMGP NGVVJGVGCEJGTUMPQYCUVJGUGECPDG
KPENWFGFKPVJGUWTXG[ *QYGXGTVJGUWTXG[HQTOUOC[PQVDGCDNGVQKPENWFGCNN
VJGSWCNKHKECVKQPU     Ĭ Ყ  4GEQOOGPFCVKQP5GNGEVKQPUȷ4GEQOOGPFCVKQP UGNGEVKQP GZCOKPCVKQP ECP DG VCMGP QPN[ HQT VJQUG YJQ JCUTGEQOOGPFCVKQP HTQO VJG UEJQQN RTKPEKRCN DCUGF QP VJG CECFGOKE CDKNKVKGU NKHGCVVKVWFGENWDCEVKXKVKGUGVE+VKUQPN[HQTUVWFGPVUYJQCTGUWTGVQIQVQCEGTVCKPJKIJUEJQQNKHJGUJGRCUUGUVJGTGEQOOGPFCVKQPGZCOKPCVKQPU 
ȷ5EJQQNRQKPVUCTGCNUQKORQTVCPV5EJQQNRQKPVUCTGVJGVQVCNPWODGTQHRQKPVQH
CUUGUUOGPV ᲢᲯ᳸ᲫᲣ QHUWDLGEVUKPVJGTGRQTVECTFU VJGOGVJQFHQTEQORKNKPIVJGUG RQKPVU OC[ FKHHGT COQPI RTGHGEVWTGU  9KVJ VJG CYCTGPGUU QH VJG TGIWNCTCUUGUUOGPVU TGUWNVU KPENWFGF KP VJG TGRQTV ECTFU VJG UVWFGPV PGGFU VQ RWV KP
GHHQTVUGXGPHQTFCKN[ENCUUGU ȷ 4GEQOOGPFCVKQP UGNGEVKQPU CTG HQT VJQUG YJQ JCXG RCTVKEKRCVGF KP PCVKQPCNEQORGVKVKQPUKPVJGENWDCEVKXKVKGUVJQUGYJQCTGCYCTFGFYKVJGZEGNNGPVTGUWNVUVJQUG YJQ JCXG FQPG CEVKXKVKGU UWEJ CU UVWFGPV EQWPEKNU CPF VJQUG YJQ JCXGXQNWPVGGTGFKPCPFQWVQHVJGUEJQQNHQTVJGNQPIVGTO
ȷ/CP[RTKXCVGJKIJUEJQQNUECTT[QWVVGUVUHQT,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIG/CVJCPF'PINKUJCU
YGNNCUKPVGTXKGYU9JKNGKVXCTKGUCOQPIUEJQQNUVJGUWDLGEVUOCMGWRCDQWVOKPWVGUQHDCUKECECFGOKECDKNKVKGUCPFQPVQR QHVJKUYKNNDGGUUC[YTKVKPICPF
KPVGTXKGYU 
ȷ/QUVRWDNKEJKIJUEJQQNUFQPQVECTT[QWVUWDLGEVDCUGFVGUVU6JGKTOGVJQFUQH
UGNGEVKQPKPENWFGUWTXG[HQTOUKPVGTXKGYUCPFGUUC[YTKVKPICPFVJKUXCTKGUCOQPIUEJQQNU Ĭ Ყ  )GPGTCN5GNGEVKQPU
ȷ+VKUKORQTVCPVVQYQTMJCTFVQIGVTGUWNVUJKIJGTVJCPVJGNGXGNUGVD[VJGJKIJUEJQQNVJGUVWFGPVUYCPVVQIQVQ5EJQQNRQKPVUCTGCNUQXGT[KORQTVCPV5EJQQNRQKPVUCTGVJGVQVCNPWODGTQHRQKPVQHCUUGUUOGPV ᲢᲯ᳸ᲫᲣ QHUWDLGEVUKPVJG
TGRQTV ECTFU  VJG OGVJQF HQT EQORKNKPI VJGUG RQKPVU OC[ FKHHGT COQPIRTGHGEVWTGU 9KVJVJGCYCTGPGUUQHVJGTGIWNCTCUUGUUOGPVUTGUWNVUKPENWFGFKP
VJGTGRQTVECTFUVJGUVWFGPVPGGFUVQRWVKPGHHQTVUGXGPHQTFCKN[ENCUUGUȷ6JGVGCEJGTUTGEQTFVJGUVWFGPVU CVVKVWFGCPFIGPGTCNUVCVGFWTKPIENWDCEVKXKVKGUCPF UEJQQN NKHG 6JG VGCEJGTU YKNN PQVG YKVJ ECTG CDQWV YJGVJGT VJG UVWFGPV KU
TCTGN[CDUGPVHTQOUEJQQNCPFJCUCUGTKQWUCVVKVWFGVQYCTFUYQTMGXGPYJGPVJGVGUVTGUWNVUCTGPQVUCVKUHCEVQT[     
ȷ6JGTGCTGCEJKGXGOGPVVGUVU6JGTGCTGUWDLGEVUKPRWDNKEJKIJUEJQQNUCPFVJG[CTG ,CRCPGUG /CVJ 'PINKUJ 5EKGPEG CPF 5QEKCN 5VWFKGU /QUV RTKXCVG JKIJUEJQQNU JCXG VGUVU KP  UWDLGEVU PCOGN[ ,CRCPGUG /CVJ CPF 'PINKUJ UQOG
UEJQQNUJCXGVGUVUKPUWDLGEVU è 4GICTFNGUUQHYJGVJGTVJGUVWFGPVKUIQKPIHQTVJG4GEQOOGPFCVKQPQT)GPGTCNUGNGEVKQPUVJGUWTXG[HQTOKPENWFGUVJGFC[URTGUGPVKPUEJQQNHQTDQVJPFITCFG
CPFTFITCFG+VKUDGUVVQJCXGCUNGUUFC[UQHCDUGPVGGKUOCPFIQKPIVQUEJQQN
NCVGNGCXKPI UEJQQN GCTN[ CU RQUUKDNG +H VJG CDUGPVGGKUO KU FWG VQ KNNPGUU DQVJ
RJ[UKECNCPFRU[EJQNQIKECN UWDOKVURGEKHKGFTGNGXCPVFQEWOGPVU
170

ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ǊǜƤƭ Ơ ƚ ǜƜ ơ ǜ ǊǜƤƭƠǎƏƩǜǊǜƤƭ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƪƕ

ƔƳǒ

ơǎƚǜƋǜƳƍ

è᩿੗ᚾ᬴ƴƸŴ̾ʴ᩿੗Ʊ ᨼ ‫ ׇ‬᩿੗ƕƋǓǇƢŵ᭗ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƏƷưŴ ࣏ ƣӖ᬴కϋƳƲƔƘƴǜƠǎƏƩǜǊǜƤƭƜ ơǜǊǜƤƭ

Ǖƍ Ɨ

Ơ Ƥƍ

ƸƳ

Ɣƨ

Ɩ ǄǜƯƖ

ưᄩᛐƠǇƠǐƏŵ ᨼ ‫ׇ‬᩿੗ưǋ̾ʴ᩿੗ưǋŴᅇΒȷ‫ۋ‬ѬȷᛅƠ૾ƳƲŴؕஜႎƳƜƱƸ 
ƶǜƤƍ

ǈ

ƳƍǑƏ

Ơ ǅƏƲƏ Ɩ

ơ ƿǜ

ƜƱ ƹ

ƸƳ

࠰ဃƔǒ៲ƴƭƚǔǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵϋܾƴƭƍƯǋŴ࣓ஓѣೞƳƲǛᐯЎƷᚕᓶưᛅƤǔ
ǊǜƤƭ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ɣ ƧƘ

ƖǐƏǓǐƘƳǜ ƲǕǜǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ᩿੗Ʒ ጀ ፼ ƸŴέဃƕ‫ܖ‬ఄưǍƬƯƘǕǇƢŵܼଈǋ ң щ ƠƯ˴ࡇǋጀƠǎƏ፼ ƠǇƠǐƏŵ
ƨƍƍƘ

ƓǜƕƘ

Ƽ ơǎƭƱƏƕƬ ƔƢƍƤǜƤǜƹƭ

ƍƬƺǜƤǜƹƭ

ơƭ Ɨ

Ơ ƚǜ

è˳Ꮛȷ᪦ಏȷ፦ ᘐ ሁƷ‫ܖ‬ᅹƸŴਖ਼ᕟᢠ৷Ŵɟᑍᢠ৷Ʊǋƴܱ২ᚾ᬴ǋƋǓǇƢŵƯƍ ơ Ƥƍ Ɣ ƯƍƭƏƠǜƤƍ Ɣ ƯƍƴǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƚǜĭ‫଺ܭ‬Сᛢᆉȷᡫ̮СᛢᆉƷ λ ‫ܖ‬ᚾ᬴Ưƍ ơ Ƥƍ Ɣ ƯƍƪǎƏƔǜƴǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƚǜƜƘ Ɲȷ‫଺ܭ‬СᛢᆉᲢ ଷ ᧓Უ
ƢƏƕƘ

Ƒƍ Ɲ

ƖǐƏ Ɣ

ƓƓ

  λ ‫ܖ‬ᚾ᬴ƸŴ‫׎‬ᛖȷૠ‫ܖ‬ȷᒍᛖƷᲭ ૙ ᅹƷƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ
ƕƘǓǐƘ

ƞƘƿǜ

ǊǜƤƭ

ƓƜƳ

‫ ܖ‬щ ȆǹȈƷǄƔƴŴ˺૨Ŵ᩿੗ǋ ᘍ ǘǕǇƢŵƯƍ ơ Ƥƍ Ɣ ƯƍǍ Ɣǜ  ȷ‫଺ܭ‬СᛢᆉᲢ‫᧓ٸ‬ᲣƴǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƚǜ

ƜƘ Ɲ

ƢƏƕƘ

Ƒƍ Ɲ

ƖǐƏ Ɣ

ƓƓ

  λ ‫ܖ‬ᚾ᬴ƸŴ‫׎‬ᛖȷૠ‫ܖ‬ȷᒍᛖƷᲭ ૙ ᅹƷƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ
Ɣǜƨǜ

ƻƬ Ɩ

Ơ ƚǜ

ƓƜƳ

   ቇҥƳᇿᚡᚾ᬴Ǜ ᘍ ƏƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢŵ
ƕƘǓǐƘ

Ɣǜƨǜ

ƻƬ Ɩ

Ơ ƚǜ

ƞƘƿǜ

ǊǜƤƭ

‫ ܖ‬щ ȆǹȈǍቇҥƳᇿᚡᚾ᬴ƷǄƔƴŴ˺૨Ŵ᩿੗ǋᘍǘǕǇƢŵƭƏƠǜƤƍ Ɣ Ư ƍ  ȷᡫ̮Сᛢᆉ
ƕƘǓǐƘ

ƓƜƳ

ƓƓ

    ‫ ܖ‬щ ȆǹȈǛ ᘍ ǘƳƍƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ
ƞƘƿǜ

ǊǜƤƭ

ƓƜƳ

    ˺૨Ŵ᩿੗Ƹ ᘍ ǘǕǇƢŵầ ẟ Ắ Ẫ ẳ Ữ Ặ ẟ ể ể ạ ẶỮịế‫׎ٳ‬ʴဃࢻሁᢠ৷Ệếẟềᴾ ᴾ
ƕƍƜƘơǜ Ƥ ƍ Ʊ ƱƏƤǜƹƭ

Ƃ‫׎ٳ‬ʴဃࢻሁᢠ৷ƱƸƃ
ƴǄǜ

Ɩ

ƶǜƢƏ

ƨ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ƖǐƏƔ

ơǎƚǜ

ƴǄǜơǜ

ƓƳ

ଐஜƴஹƯƔǒŴƋǇǓ࠰ૠƕኺƬƯƍƳƍƨǊŴଐஜᛖưƷ૙ᅹƷӖ౨ƕŴଐஜʴƱӷơǑƏ
Ɯ

ƨƍƠǐƏ

Ƌƍƪƚǜ

Ơǎƭƕǜ Ơ Ɣ ƘƍƔƴƸưƖƳƍ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ ‫ ݣ‬ᝋ ưƢŵग़ჷჄƷ Ј ᫍ ᝻఍ƸˌɦƷǑƏƴƳƬƯƍǇƢŵ

Ǆ

Ɲ Ơǌ

ƚǜƳƍƟƍơǎƏƢǑ ƯƍƠǐƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƤƍ ƍ ơǐƏƕƘƶǜǁǜƴǎƏƕƘ

̬ᜱᎍƱƱǋƴჄϋ‫ ˰ נ‬ᲢǇƨƸ˰ǉʖ‫ܭ‬ᲣưŴ ‫ܖ ݱ‬ఄ࠰ဃˌ ɥ Ʒ‫࠰ܖ‬ƴዻ λ ‫ܖ‬ŴǇƶǜƤƍ ƍ

ƔƕƘƶǜǁǜƴǎƏƕƘ

ƱƘǂƭ

ơ ơǐƏ

ƠǎƭƴǎƏƜƘ

Ƙ

ƔƑ

ǈƱ

ƨƸ ࠰ဃˌɦƷ‫࠰ܖ‬ƴዻ λ ‫ܖ‬ƠཎКƳʙ ऴ Ტ Ј λ ‫׎‬ǛጮǓᡉƢƳƲᲣƕƋǔƱᛐǊǒƕƍƜƘƤƖ

ƻƱǕǔ‫׎ٳ‬ቔƷʴŵƴǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƚ ǜ

ǋǜƩƍ

Ɣǜơ

ƭƔ

ƕƍƜƘơǜ Ƥ ƍ Ʊ ƱƏƤǜƹƭƔǜ ơ

λ ‫ ܖ‬ᚾ᬴Ʒբ᫆ƴƸŴƨƘƞǜƷ๮‫܌‬ƕ̅ǘǕƯƍǇƢŵ‫׎ٳ‬ʴဃࢻሁᢠ৷ưƸŴ๮‫܌‬ƴƸŴƻǒƕƳưȫȓƕƾƬƯƋǓǇƢŵƴ Ǆ ǜ ƝơǐƏƣƜƏƜƏơǎƚǜ

ƕƍƜƘơǜƤƍ Ʊƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ ƷƏǓǐƘ

ƴǄǜơǜ

ƲƏ

ଐஜᛖƕǇƩɥ৖ưƸƳƘƯǋᲢ᭗ఄӖ᬴Ǉưƴ‫׎ٳ‬ʴဃࢻƷଐஜᛖᏡ щ ƕଐஜʴƱӷȬșȫ
ƜƏƜƏ

ƝƏƔƘ

ƴǎƏ Ơ

ƱƘǂƭǘƘ

ƕƍƜƘơǜƤƍ Ʊ ƱƏƤǜƹƭ

ƴƳǒƳƘƯǋᲣŴƕǜƹǕƹ᭗ఄƴӳ఍ưƖǔǑƏƴŴ λ ᚾƷཎК௒ƱƠƯ‫׎ٳ‬ʴဃࢻሁᢠ৷
ƤƍƲƭƘƕƍƜƘơǜ Ƥ ƍ ƱƜƏƜƏƠǜƕƘ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ǂƭ

Ƒƍƚǜ

ơƭǑƏ Ƒ ƍ ƝСࡇǛ˺ƬƯŴ‫׎ٳ‬ʴဃࢻƷ᭗ఄᡶ‫ܖ‬ǛƢƢǊƯƍǇƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒ Ѡ ࢍ ƱƸКưŴᒍ౨Ტܱဇᒍᛖ
ƚǜƯƍƔƘƠǎ Ơ Ɣ Ƙ

ǋ

ƹƋƍ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƍ

ƪǐƏƞƠǐƔƠƔƘ౨‫ܭ‬ᲣƳƲӲᆔ᝻఍ǛਤƬƯƍǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸέဃƴᚕƍǇƠǐƏŵᛦ௹୿ƴ୿ƍƯǋǒƑǔ᝻఍ǋƋǓ
ƥǜƿ

ƠƔƘ

Ɣ

ǇƢᲢμᢿƷ᝻఍ƕ୿ƍƯǋǒƑǔǘƚưƸƋǓǇƤǜᲣŵ



171

ᡶ‫ܖ‬è  +PVGTXKGYU CTG EQPFWEVGF GKVJGT KPFKXKFWCNN[ QT KP ITQWRU 6JKU XCTKGU COQPIFKHHGTGPVJKIJUEJQQNUUQFQOCMGUWTGVQEJGEMVJGGZCOKPCVKQPIWKFCPEGQHVJG
TGURGEVKXGUEJQQN4GICTFNGUUQHYJGVJGTKVKUITQWRQTKPFKXKFWCNKPVGTXKGYUVJGTG
CTGUVKNNUQOGDCUKEOCPPGTKUORQUVWTGCPFYC[QHURGCMKPIVJCVVJGUVWFGPVPGGFUVQCESWKTGHTQOCUGCTN[CUKPUVITCFG  #UHQTVJGEQPVGPVQHVJGKPVGTXKGYUKVKUDGUV VJCV VJG UVWFGPV KU CDNG VQ VCNM QP JKU QT JGT QYP CDQWV VJG OQVKXG HQTCURKTCVKQP UJKDQWFQWMK  2TCEVKEGU HQT UWEJ KPVGTXKGYU ECP DG QDVCKPGF HTQOVGCEJGTUCPFVJGUEJQQN+VKUIQQFKHVJGHCOKN[ECPUWRRQTVYKVJRTCEVKEGUCUYGNN
è 6JGTGCTGRTCEVKECNVGUVUHQTUWDLGEVUUWEJCURJ[UKECNGFWECVKQPOWUKECPFCTVKP
DQVJ4GEQOOGPFCVKQPCPF)GPGTCN5GNGEVKQPU ĭ 'PVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPUHQTRCTVVKOGEQWTUGUCPFFKUVCPEGNGCTPKPIEQWTUGUȷ2CTVVKOGEQWTUGU FC[VKOGᲣ  /QUVJKIJUEJQQNUJCXGVGUVUKPUWDLGEVUPCOGN[,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIG/CVJ
CPF'PINKUJ 
5QOGCNUQJCXGGUUC[YTKVKPICPFKPVGTXKGYU  
2CTVVKOGEQWTUGU PKIJVVKOGᲣ
ȷ2   /QUVJKIJUEJQQNUJCXGVGUVUKPUWDLGEVUPCOGN[,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIG/CVJ
CPF'PINKUJ 
5QOGCNUQEQPFWEVUKORNGYTKVKPIVGUVU $GUKFGU VJG CECFGOKE VGUVU CPF UKORNG YTKVKPI VGUVU UQOG CNUQ JCXG GUUC[YTKVKPICPFKPVGTXKGYU  ȷ&KUVCPEGNGCTPKPIEQWTUGU   /QUVUEJQQNUFQPQVJCXGCECFGOKEGZCOKPCVKQP 
4CVJGTVJG[JCXGGUUC[YTKVKPICPFKPVGTXKGYU ᵰᶃᶅᵿᶐᶂᶇᶌᶅḛᵱᶃᶊᶃᶁᶒᶇᶍᶌᶑᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᶄᶍᶐᶃᶇᶅᶌᴾᶑᶒᶓᶂᶃᶌᶒᶑḜίᵥᵿᶇᶉᶍᶉᶓᶈᶇᶌᴾᶑᶃᶇᶒᶍᶒᶍᶓᴾᶑᶃᶌᶀᵿᶒᶑᶓὸᴾ ᴾ
Ƃ9JCVCTG ß5GNGEVKQPUHQTHQTGKIPUVWFGPVUà!ƃ
6JGUG CTG GURGEKCNN[ HQT VJQUG YJQ JCXG PQV DGGP NQPI NKXKPI KP ,CRCP CPF VJWUECPPQVVCMGVJGUCOGNGXGN QHGZCOKPCVKQPUHQTUWDLGEVU KP,CRCPGUGCU,CRCPGUG
UVWFGPVU$GNQYKUVJGGNKIKDKNKV[ETKVGTKCHQTUWEJUGNGEVKQPUKP#KEJK2TGHGEVWTG 
VJG RTGHGEVWTG YKVJ VJGKT IWCTFKCPU QT
 (QTGKIP PCVKQPCNU YJQ CTG GPTQNNGF KP VJ
KPVGPVKQPVQTGUKFGKPVJGRTGHGEVWTG
CPF ITCFGCPFCDQXGVTCPUHGTUVWFGPVUKP
GNGOGPVCT[UEJQQNUQTVJQUGYKVJGPVTCPEGKPVQITCFGYKVJURGEKCNEKTEWOUVCPEGU
4GRGCVGPVT[CPFFGRCTVWTGGVE/CP[ -CPLK EJCTCEVGTU CTG WUGF KP VJG SWGUVKQPU HQT GPVTCPEG GZCOKPCVKQPU (QTHQTGKIPUVWFGPVUUGNGEVKQPVGUVU ßTWD[àKPJKTCICPCYKNNDGYTKVVGPQPVQRQHVJGMCPLKEJCTCEVGTU  
6JKUß(QTGKIP5VWFGPVU5GNGEVKQP5[UVGOà KUHQTOGFGURGEKCNN[HQTHQTGKIPUVWFGPVUYJQCTGUVKNNPQVHNWGPVKP,CRCPGUG HQTGKIPUVWFGPVUYJQJCXGUVKNNPQVCEJKGXGFVJG
UCOGNGXGNQHVJG,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIGCU,CRCPGUGUVWFGPVUYJGPVJG[UKVHQTVJGJKIJUEJQQN GPVTCPEG GZCOKPCVKQPU  DWV KH VJG[ YQTM JCTF JG QT UJG ECP RCUU VJG JKIJUEJQQNGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPUUQCUVQGPEQWTCIGVJGOVQCFXCPEGVQJKIJUEJQQNU#RCTVHTQOVJGUWDLGEVUKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNKH[QWJCXGQVJGTSWCNKHKECVKQPUUWEJCU'PINKUJ2TQHKEKGPE[6GUV 'KMGP NGVVJGVGCEJGTUMPQYCUVJGUGECPDGKPENWFGFKPVJG
UWTXG[ *QYGXGTVJGUWTXG[HQTOUOC[PQVDGCDNGVQKPENWFGCNNVJGSWCNKHKECVKQPU 172ᡶ‫ܖ‬Ơ ƚ ǜ ƳƍǑƏ

Ƌƍƪƚǜ

Ǖƍ

Ƃᚾ᬴ϋܾᲢग़ჷჄƷ̊Უƃ
ƜƘ Ɲ

ƢƏƕƘ

ƕƍƜƘ Ɲ

Ƒƍ Ɲ

ƖǐƏ Ɣ

ƻƱ

Ɩ

Ʀ ƯƖ

ƳƍǑƏ

ȷ‫׎‬ᛖŴૠ‫ܖ‬Ŵ‫׎ٳ‬ᛖᲢᒍᛖᲣƷ  ૙ ᅹǛɟƭƴǇƱǊƨؕᄽႎƳϋܾƔǜ ơ ȷ๮‫܌‬ƴƸŴƻǒƕƳưȫȓƕƾƬƯƋǓǇƢŵ
ǊǜƤƭ

ƓƜƳ

ƓƓ

ǊǜƤƭ

Ɯ ơǜǊǜƤƭƴ Ǆ ǜ ƝƓƜƳ ȷ᩿੗Ǜ ᘍ ƬƯƍǔƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ᩿੗Ƹ̾ʴ᩿੗Ŵଐஜᛖư ᘍ ƍǇƢŵ

ơƬƠƜƏ

Ƌƍƪƚǜ

Ǖƍ

Ƃܱ଀ఄᲢग़ჷჄƷ̊Უƃƾ ƭƏ ƔƳƝǍ ǈƳǈƜƏƜƏƜ ǇƖƜƏƜƏ

ƻƕƠƏǒƜƏƜƏ

ƜǖǋƩƍƜƏƜƏ

ƋǜơǐƏǈƳǈƜƏƜƏ

ƱǑƸƠƴƠƜƏƜƏ

ȷ୍ᡫᅹᲴӸӞ‫ ދ‬Ҥ ᭗ఄŴ‫ݱ‬ཊ᭗ఄŴ ி ි᭗ఄŴ ᘘ Ө᭗ఄŴ‫ ܤ‬؉ Ҥ ᭗ఄŴᝅ೛ᙱ᭗ఄ
ƠǐƘƗǐƏƕƬ ƔƱǑ ƨ ƜƏƗǐƏƜƏƜƏƜƏƗǐƏ ƔƱǑƔǘƜƏƗǐƏƜƏƜƏƜƏƗǐƏ ƔƳƔƕǘƠǐƏƗǐƏƜƏƜƏƠǐƏƗǐƏ Ɣȷ Ꮀ ಅ ‫ܖ‬ᅹᲴᝅဋ߻ ಅ ᭗ఄ߻ ಅ ᅹŴᝅ߷߻ ಅ ᭗ఄ߻ ಅ ᅹŴɶ߷ ՠ ಅ ᭗ఄ ՠ ಅ ᅹ

Ƙǘ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƞǜƠǐƏ

Ƌƍ ƪ ƚǜơƬ Ơ ƜƏ

ᛇƠƍƜƱƸŴƦǕƧǕƷ᭗ఄƷ *2 ǛӋ ༀ ƠƯƘƩƞƍŵग़ჷჄưƷܱ଀ఄƸƢǂƯƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏƥǜƴƪƤƍπᇌ᭗ఄμଐСưƢŵƯƍ ơ Ƥƍ Ɣ Ưƍƥǜ Ɩ Ƥǜƹƭ

ƕƘǓǐƘƚǜ ƞ

ƓƜƳ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƕƘǓǐƘƚǜ ƞ ǋǜƩƍƔǜ ơ è‫଺ܭ‬СᛢᆉƷЭ஖ᢠ৷ƴƓƍƯŴ‫ ܖ‬щ ౨௹Ǜ ᘍ Ə‫ܖ‬ఄưƸŴ‫ ܖ‬щ ౨௹բ᫆Ʒ๮‫܌‬ƴƻǒƕƳưȫȓǛƾƬƯƋǓǇƢŵƕƍƜƘơǜƤƍ Ʊ ƱƏƤǜƹƭ

ƝƏƔƘ

ƹƋƍ

ƍƬƺǜƤǜƹƭ

ƍƬƺǜƴǎƏ ƠƕƍƜƘơǜ è‫׎ٳ‬ʴဃࢻሁᢠ৷ưӳ఍ƱƳǒƳƔƬƨ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴɟᑍᢠ৷Ტɟᑍ λ ᚾᲣƴƳǔƷưŴ‫׎ٳ‬ʴƤƍ Ʊ ƱƏƤǜƹƭ

ƕƘǓǐƘ ƚ ǜ ƞǂƭƍƬƺǜƤǜƹƭ

ƍƬƺǜƴǎƏ ƠƕƘǓǐƘƚǜ ƞ

ƜƘ Ɲ

ƢƏƕƘ

ƠǌƔƍ

Ǔ

ဃࢻሁᢠ৷Ʒ ‫ ܖ‬щ ౨௹ƱƸКƴŴɟᑍᢠ৷Ტɟᑍ λ ᚾᲣƷ‫ ܖ‬щ ౨௹Ტ‫׎‬ᛖŴૠ‫ܖ‬Ŵᅈ˟ŴྸƔƕƍƜƘ Ɲ

Ƒƍ Ɲ

ƖǐƏ Ɣ

ơǎƚǜ

ᅹŴ‫׎ٳ‬ᛖᲢᒍᛖᲣƷ  ૙ ᅹᲣǛӖ౨ƢǔƜƱƴƳǓǇƢŵƘǘƋƍ ƪ ƚǜ

ᛇƠƍƜƱƸग़ჷჄƷ *2 㻌 JVVRYYYRTGHCKEJKLRJVONƑƍ ƝƪǎƏƝƘ Ɲ

Ɲ

Ɲ

Ɲ ǍƘ

ᲢᒍᛖŴ ɶ ‫׎‬ᛖŴȏȳǰȫᛖŴȝȫȈǬȫᛖŴǹȚǤȳᛖᚪƋǓᲣƳƝǍ ƜƘƞƍ

ӸӞ‫׎ދ‬ᨥǻȳǿȸƷ *2 www.nic-nagoya.or.jp/japanese/nicnews/archives/5328
ǈǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍŵ













Ḥέဃ૾ồḤᴾ‫׎ٳ‬ʴဃࢻሁᢠ৷λᚾǛԃǊŴ᭗ఄλᚾƷСࡇƸᐯ඙˳ƴǑǓီƳǓǇƢŵஜʴǍ̬ᜱᎍƔǒŴஹଐƴƭƍƯƷᛅƳƲǛǑƘᎥƍƯŴЈᫍ᝻఍ƕƋǔƔƲƏƔǛଔǊƴᄩᛐƠƯƘƩƞƍŵǇƨŴӲᐯ඙˳ưСࡇƷᙸႺƠǛƢǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢƷưŴƦǕƧǕƷᐯ඙˳Ʒ *2 ƳƲǛᄩᛐƠƯŴဃࢻƴˡƑƯƘƩƞƍŵ



173ᡶ‫ܖ‬

Ƃ%QPVGPVUQH'ZCOKPCVKQPUᲢ'ZCORNGKP#KEJK2TGHGEVWTGᲣ
ƃȷ $CUKE EQPVGPVU VJCV UWOOCTK\G VJG VJTGG UWDLGEVU ,CRCPGUG NCPIWCIG /CVJHQTGKIPNCPIWCIG 'PINKUJ ȷß4WD[àKPJKTCICPCYKNNDGYTKVVGPQPVQRQHVJGMCPLKEJCTCEVGTU  ȷ/CP[UEJQQNUEQPFWEVKPVGTXKGYUKPVJGHQTOCVQHKPFKXKFWCNKPVGTXKGYUKP,CRCPGUGƂ+ORNGOGPVCVKQPUEJQQNᲢ'ZCORNGKP#KEJK2TGHGEVWTGᲣƃȷ)GPGTCN %QWTUGUᲴ0CIQ[C /KPCOK*KIJ5EJQQN-QOCMK*KIJ5EJQQN*KICUJKWTC*KIJ
5EJQQN -QTQOQFCK *KIJ 5EJQQN #PL[Q /KPCOK *KIJ 5EJQQN
6Q[QJCUJK0KUJK*KIJ5EJQQN
ȷ8QECVKQPCN%QWTUGUᲴ6Q[QVC+PFWUVTKCN*KIJ5EJQQN+PFWUVT[EQWTUG6Q[QMCYC                           +PFWUVTKCN *KIJ 5EJQQN +PFWUVT[ EQWTUG 0CMCICYC %QOOGTEKCN*KIJ5EJQQN%QOOGTEGEQWTUG(QT FGVCKNU RNGCUG TGHGT VQ VJG YGDUKVG QH VJG TGURGEVKXG JKIJ UEJQQNU #NN VJGKORNGOGPVCVKQPUEJQQNUKP#KEJK2TGHGEVWTGCTGRWDNKEHWNNVKOGUEJQQNU è (QTVJGRTGNKOKPCT[UGNGEVKQPUHQTRCTVVKOGEQWTUGUVJGMCPLKEJCTCEVGTUKPVJGCDKNKV[ VGUV SWGUVKQPU HQT VJG #ECFGOKE #DKNKV[ 6GUVU JCXG ßTWD[à KP JKTCICPCYTKVVGPQPVQRQHVJGO  è +HVJGHQTGKIPUVWFGPVUHCKNVJG ß(QTGKIP5VWFGPVU5GNGEVKQPUàVJG[YKNNJCXGVQ
UKVHQTVJG)GPGTCN5GNGEVKQPU IGPGTCNGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPU YJKEJJCXGCDKNKV[VGUVU UWDLGEVUVJCVKPENWFG,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIG/CVJ5QEKCN5VWFKGU5EKGPEG
CPFHQTGKIPNCPIWCIG 'PINKUJ (QTFGVCKNUEJGEMVJGYGDUKVGQH#KEJK2TGHGEVWTG 
JVVRYYYRTGHCKEJKLRJVONᲢ#XCKNCDNGKP'PINKUJ%JKPGUG-QTGCP2QTVWIWGUGCPF5RCPKUJᲣ
2NGCUGEJGEMVJG*2QH0CIQ[C+PVGTPCVKQPCN%GPVGTYYYPKEPCIQ[CQTLRLCRCPGUGPKEPGYUCTEJKXGU











174

ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ẦỈᾁὼᾀὼᾃώấ᣿Ệếẟề
ƜƏƜƏ

ƴǎƏƕƘ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ ƍ ơǐƏ

Ɣƶ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ɩ

ơǐƏƚǜ

᭗ఄƴ λ ‫ܖ‬ƢǔƱŴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄˌ ɥ ƴƨƘƞǜƷƓ᣿ƕ࣏ᙲƱƳǓǇƢŵൿǊǒǕƨ வ ˑƋƠǐƏƕƘƖǜ

Ɣ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƴǎƏƕƘ

ǋƏ

Ɯ

ƓƓ

ƴ࢘ƯƸǇǕƹ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬᣿Ǜ͈ǓǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢƕŴ᭗ఄƴ λ ‫ ܖ‬ƠƯƔǒဎƠᡂǉƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƠǐƏƕƘƖǜ

ƔƶƔƑƠǐƏƕƘƖǜ

ƔƑƍưƢŵ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬᣿ƴƸŴƓ᣿ǛᡉƞƳƘƯǋƍƍ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬᣿ǋƋǓǇƢƕŴǄƱǜƲƕᡉƞƳƚ
ƜƏƜƏ

ơǎƚǜ

ƷƏƴǎƏ

ơǎƚǜǓǐƏ

ƴǎƏƕƘ Ư ƭƮƷƏƴǎƏǕƹƳǓǇƤǜŵ᭗ఄǛӖ᬴ƢǔƱƖƴ ኛ λ ƢǔӖ᬴ ૰ Ǎ λ ‫ܖ‬৖ዓƖǛƢǔƱƖƴ ኛ λƴǎƏƕƘƖǜ

ơǎǜƼ

ơǎƏǑƏ

Ƣǔ λ ‫ܖ‬᣿ǛแͳƢǔƜƱƸƱƯǋ ᣻ ᙲ ưƢŵơǎƚǜǓǐƏĬӖ ᬴ ૰ ƴǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƚ ǜ

Ʃƍ

ƠǅƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƍƪƹǜ ƍ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƜƏ

ơǎƚǜ

ƔǇ

λ ‫ ܖ‬ᚾ᬴ƸŴᇹᲫ࣓ஓƷ᭗ఄᲢɟဪᘍƖƨƍ᭗ఄᲣǛᲫఄƩƚӖ᬴ƠƯǋನƍǇƤǜƕŴ
ƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

Ʃƍ

ƠǅƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƝƏƔƘ

ƜƏ

ơǎƚǜ

ǄƱǜƲƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƸŴᇹᲫ࣓ஓƷ᭗ఄƴӳ఍ưƖƳƔƬƨƱƖƷƨǊƴŴ᳸ఄǛӖ᬴ƠơǎƚǜǓǐƏ

ƜƏƻƭǑƏǇƢŵӖ ᬴ ૰ ƸᲫఄƝƱƴ࣏ᙲưƢŵƴǎƏƕƘ Ư ƭ ƮƻǑƏƴǎƏƕƘƖǜ

ĭ λ ‫ ܖ‬৖ዓƖƷᝲဇᲢ λ ‫ ܖ‬᣿Უ
ƜƏƜƏ

ƝƏƔƘ

Ɩ

ƻ

ƴǎƏƕƘƖǜƠƸǒ  ᭗ఄƴӳ఍ƠƨǒŴൿǊǒǕƨଐǇưƴ λ ‫ ܖ‬᣿Ǜૅ৚ǘƳƚǕƹƳǓǇƤǜŵ
Ʃƍ

ƠǅƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƞƖ

Ʃƍ

ƠǅƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƝƏƔƘ

ƹƋƍ

Ʃƍ

ƠǅƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƝƏƔƘ

  ᇹᲫ࣓ஓƷ᭗ఄǑǓέƴᇹᲬ࣓ஓƷ᭗ఄƴӳ఍Ơƨ‫ئ‬ӳŴᇹᲫ࣓ஓƷ᭗ఄƴӳ఍ƠƳƔƬ 
Ʃƍ

ƠǅƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƴǎƏƕƘƖǜ

Ƹǒ

Ʃƍ

ƠǅƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƍ

ƨƱƖƷƨǊƴŴǇƣƸᇹᲬ࣓ஓƷ᭗ఄƴ λ ‫ ܖ‬᣿Ǜ৚ƍǇƢŵᇹᲬ࣓ஓƷ᭗ఄƴƸᘍƔƳƍƴǎƏƕƘƖǜ

ƠƸǒ

Ɠǋ

Ʃƍ

ƠǅƏ

ƔǋƠǕƳƍƷƴŴλ ‫ ܖ‬᣿Ǜૅ৚ƏƷƸǋƬƨƍƳƍƱ࣬ƏƔǋƠǕǇƤǜƕŴᇹᲫ࣓ஓƷƜƏƜƏƥƬƨƍƝƏƔƘ

ǘ᭗ఄƴዌ‫ݣ‬ӳ఍ưƖǔƔƲƏƔƸЎƔǓǇƤǜŵỆ Ế ề ẟ ủẟ ỆỠạầẪẨỮ Ẳ Ị Ụλ‫ܖ‬᣿ỉૅ৚ẟỉଐᆉᵆ̊ᵇᴾ ƜƏ Ʃƍ Ơ ǅ Ə Ɯ Ə
ƜƏ
Ʃƍ
ƠǅƏƜƏ
 ᲴᇹᲫ࣓ஓఄ  $ఄᲴᇹᲬ࣓ஓఄ
#ఄᾁᵍᾇᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᾁᵍᾀᾀᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᾁᵍᾁᾇᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᾂᵍᾇᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᾂᵍᾀᾈᴾ



ƜƏ
ƜƏ
ƜƏ
ƜƏ
ƜƏ

#ఄ

$ఄ
#ఄ
$ఄ
$ఄ

ƝƏƔƘƸƬƽǐƏ
ơǎƚǜ Ƽ
ƝƏƔƘƸƬƽǐƏ
ơǎƚǜ Ƽ
ƴǎƏƕƘƖǜ Ơ ƸǒƖƔǜӳ఍ ႆ ᘙ Ӗ᬴ଐ ӳ఍ ႆ ᘙ  λ ‫ ܖ‬᣿ૅ৚ƍ஖᧓Ӗ᬴ଐƴǎƏƕƘ Ư ƭ ƮƔƍƠλ ‫ ܖ‬৖ዓƖ᧏‫ڼ‬

Ắạ
ắạẦẪ
Ắạ
ắạẦẪ
Ắạ
ỆỠạầẪ ẨỮ
ỊỤ
ỆỠạầẪ

ộẻẆᾐఄỆӳ఍ỂẨỦẦỪẦỤễẟᾐఄỆӳ఍ᴾᴾ ḵᾐఄỆλ‫ܖ‬᣿ử৚Ếềλ‫ܖ‬ᴾẮạỆỠạầẪ ẨỮỊỤề ế Ề ỉỂẆᾑఄỆλ‫ܖ‬᣿ử৚ẟộẴèᲫᴾᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ৖ዓẨửẲộẴèᲬᴾ
Ắạ
ỐắạẦẪ
Ắạ
ỆỠạầẪ ề ế ỀᾐఄỆɧӳ఍ ḵᾑఄỉλ‫ܖ‬৖ዓẨửẲộẴèᲭ  ƴǎƏƕƘ Ư ƭ Ʈ
ƖƔǜ
ƜƏƜƏ
ƪƕ
èᲫ
λ ‫ ܖ‬৖ዓƖƷ஖᧓ƸŴƦǕƧǕƷ᭗ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢŵ

ᴾ

Ʃƍ

ƠǅƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƳƔ

ƴǎƏƕƘƖǜ

ƠƸǒ

Ʃƍ

ƠǅƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƝƏƔƘ

Ʃƍ

ƠǅƏ

 èᲬ ᇹᲬ࣓ஓƷ᭗ఄƷɶƴƸ λ ‫ ܖ‬᣿Ǜૅ৚ƬƯƍƯǋŴᇹᲫ࣓ஓƷ᭗ఄƴӳ఍ƠƨƷưᇹᲬ࣓ஓ
ƜƏƜƏ
ƍ
ƠǜƤƍ
ƍƪƿ
ƥǜƕƘ
Ɣƶ
ƔƑ
ƹƋƍ

Ʒ᭗ఄƴƸᘍƔƳƍƱƍƏƜƱǛဎᛪƢǕƹɟᢿǇƨƸμ᫇Ɠ᣿ƕᡉƬƯƘǔ‫ئ‬ӳǋƋǓǇƢŵƝƏƔƘƸƬƽǐƏƪǐƘƝ
ƴǎƏƕƘ Ư ƭ ƮƖƔǜƴǎƏƕƘƖǜƍƪƿƠƸǒƷƜ Ʃƍ Ơ ǅ Ə ƜƏƜƏèᲭ ᇹᲬ࣓ஓƷ᭗ఄưƸŴӳ఍ ႆ ᘙ ႺࢸƷ λ ‫ ܖ‬৖ዓƖ஖᧓ưƸ λ ‫ ܖ‬᣿ƷɟᢿǛૅ৚ƍŴസǓƷ

Ɣƶ
Ʃƍ
ƠǅƏ
ƜƏƜƏ
ƝƏƔƘƸƬƽǐƏ
ǈ
ƾƝƏƔƘ
ƹƋƍ
ƠƸǒ
Ɠ᣿ƸŴᇹᲫ࣓ஓƷ᭗ఄƷӳ఍ ႆ ᘙ ǛᙸƯɧӳ఍ƩƬƨ‫ئ‬ӳƴૅ৚ƏƱƍƏƱƜǖǋƋǓǇ

ƷƜ
Ɣƶ
ƹƋƍ
ƠƸǒ
ǘƢ
ƢŵസǓƷƓ᣿ƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸૅ৚ƏƜƱǛࣔǕƳƍǑƏƴƠǇƠǐƏŵ



175

ᡶ‫ܖ‬ᴾᾁὼᾀὼᾃώᵟᶀᶍᶓᶒᴾᶋᶍᶌᶃᶒᵿᶐᶗᴾᶁᶍᶑᶒᶑᴾᴾ
6QGPVGTCJKIJUEJQQNOWEJOQTGOQPG[KUTGSWKTGFVJCPKPCLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN+HVJGUVWFGPVOGGVUVJGEQPFKVKQPUURGEKHKGFJGQTUJGECPIGVC ͆UEJQNCTUJKRàDWVVJKUKUQHVGPCRRNKGFQPN[CHVGTDGKPIGPTQNNGFKPJKIJUEJQQN9JKNGVJGTGCTG
UQOGUEJQNCTUJKRU VJCVFQPQVTGSWKTGFVJGTGEKRKGPVUVQ TGVWTPVJGUEJQNCTUJKROQPG[DWVOQUVTGSWKTGVJGOVQRC[DCEMVJGOQPG[TGEGKXGF+VKUXGT[KORQTVCPVVQRTGRCTGVJGGZCOKPCVKQPHGGYJGPVJGUVWFGPVUKVUHQTVJGJKIJUEJQQNGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPUCPFVJGUEJQQNGPVTCPEGHGGVJGOQOGPVJGQTUJGKUGPTQNNGFKPC
JKIJUEJQQN Ĭ  'ZCOKPCVKQP(GGU
9JKNGKVKUHKPGVQVCMGVJGGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPHQTVJGHKTUVEJQKEGJKIJUEJQQNVJGJKIJUEJQQNVJCV[QWTGCNN[YCPVVQIQVQ OQUVLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVU
CNUQVCMGVJGGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPUHQTUEJQQNUQHVJGKTUGEQPFVJKTFCPFHQWTVJEJQKEGUUJQWNFVJG[PQVDGCDNGVQIGVKPVQVJGKTHKTUVEJQKEGUEJQQN;QWPGGFVQ
RC[VJGGZCOKPCVKQPHGGUHQTGCEJUEJQQNGZCOKPCVKQP[QWCTGVCMKPIĭ  (GGHQTUEJQQNGPVTCPEGCFOKPKUVTCVKQP UEJQQNGPVTCPEGHGGᲣ
9JGP[QWRCUUVJGGZCOKPCVKQPU[QWJCXGVQRC[VJGUEJQQNGPVTCPEGHGGD[VJGFC[[QWJCXGFGEKFGFKH[QWYCPVVQLQKPVJCVUEJQQN 
 +H [QW RCUU VJG GZCOKPCVKQP HQT [QWT UGEQPF EJQKEG UEJQQN DGHQTG VJGCPPQWPEGOGPVQHTGUWNVUHTQO[QWTHKTUVEJQKEGUEJQQNRC[VJGUEJQQNGPVTCPEGHGG HQT [QWT UGEQPF EJQKEG UEJQQN HKTUV 9JKNG [QW OC[ VJKPM VJKU KU C YCUVG QH
OQPG[DWV[QWOC[PQVMPQYKH[QWECPRCUUVJGGZCOKPCVKQPQH[QWTHKTUVEJQKEG
UEJQQN ᵱᶁᶆᶃᶂᶓᶊᶃᴾᶍᶄᴾᶎᵿᶗᶇᶌᶅᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶃᶌᶒᶐᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾᶄᶃᶃᴾᵆᶃᶖᵿᶋᶎᶊᶃ

5EJQQN#Ჴ(KTUVEJQKEG
 5EJQQN$Ჴ5GEQPFEJQKEGᾁᵍᾇᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᾁᵍᾀᾀᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᾁᵍᾁᾇᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᾂᵍᾇᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᴾ ᾂᵍᾀᾈᴾ





5EJQQN$
5EJQQN#
5EJQQN$
5EJQQN$
5EJQQN#
4GUWNV
4GUWNVCPPQWPEGOGPVFC['ZCOFC[2C[OGPVQHUEJQQN
'ZCOFC[CPPQWPEGO GPVTCPEGHGGFGCFNKPG
5VCTVQHGPVTCPEG
GPVFC[CFOKPKUVTCVKQPᵵᶆᶇᶊᶃᴾ ᶗᶍᶓᴾ ᶑᶒᶇᶊᶊᴾ ᶂᶍᴾ ᶌᶍᶒᴾ ᶉᶌᶍᶕᴾ ᶕᶆᶃᶒᶆᶃᶐᴾ
ᵮᵿᶑᶑᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶃᶖᵿᶋᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᵟᴾḵ ᴾ ᶎᵿᶗᴾ ᶒᶆᶃᴾ ᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ ᶃᶌᶒᶐᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾ ᶄᶃᶃᶑᴾ ᵿᶌᶂᴾ ᶑᶒᵿᶐᶒᴾ ᶒᶆᶃᴾ
ᶗᶍᶓᴾ ᶁᵿᶌᴾ ᶅᶃᶒᴾ ᶇᶌᶒᶍᴾ ᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ ᵟᵊᴾ ᶎᵿᶗᴾ ᶒᶆᶃᴾᶃᶌᶒᶐᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾᵿᶂᶋᶇᶌᶇᶑᶒᶐᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᾐḤᾁᴾ
ᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶃᶌᶒᶐᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾᶄᶃᶃᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᵠᵌᴾ Ḥᾀᵤᵿᶇᶊᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶃᶖᵿᶋᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᵟᴾ ḵᴾ ᵡᶍᶋᶎᶊᶃᶒᶃᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶃᶌᶒᶐᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾ ᵿᶂᶋᶇᶌᶇᶑᶒᶐᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾᶄᶍᶐᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᵠḤᾂᴾèᲫ
2GTKQFUHQTVJGUEJQQNGPVTCPEGCFOKPKUVTCVKQPUXCT[COQPIUEJQQNU èᲬ+HUVWFGPVCRRN[UQOGUEJQQNUTGHWPFGKVJGTRCTVKCNN[QTHWNN[VJGUEJQQNGPVTCPEGHGGU
RCKFVQVJGUGEQPFEJQKEGUEJQQNYJGPVJGUVWFGPVKUCDNGVQIGVKPVQJKUQTJGTHKTUV
EJQKEGUEJQQNCPFVJWUKUPQVIQKPIVQVJGUGEQPFEJQKEGUEJQQN èᲭ ;QWOC[OCMGRCTVKCNRC[OGPVQHVJGUEJQQNGPVTCPEGHGGHQT[QWTUGEQPFEJQKEG
UEJQQNFWTKPIVJGUEJQQNGPVTCPEGCFOKPKUVTCVKQPRGTKQFCPFVJGPRC[VJGTGUVCHVGTYCKVKPIVKNNVJGTGUWNVCPPQWPEGOGPVQHVJGHKTUVEJQKEGUEJQQNCPFYJGP[QWJCXGHCKNGFVQRCUUVJGGZCOKPCVKQP*QYGXGTFQPQVHQTIGVVQRC[VJGTGOCKPKPICOQWPV

176

ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ƴǎƏƕƘƝƻƭǑƏƔƶĮλ‫ࢸܖ‬Ŵ࣏ᙲƳƓ᣿ơǎƗǐƏǓǐƏ

ƔǜƜƏƱƏƕƬƜƏƱƏƠǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƑǜƖǜƤƍ Ʋ

Ɩ

ơǐƏƚǜ

Ƌ

੉ ಅ ૰ ƴ᧙ƠƯƸŴ᭗ሁ‫ܖ‬ఄሁ ‫ૅܖ ݼ‬ੲ᣿СࡇƴǑǓŴൿǊǒǕƨ வ ˑƴ࢘ƯƸǇǕ
ǉǓǐƏ

ǁ

ƴǎƏƕƘ

Ɩ

ƤƍƾƘ

ƹŴ໯૰ƴƳƬƨǓถǒƠƯǋǒƑƨǓƢǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵƠƔƠŴλ ‫ܖ‬ƕൿǇǔƱС஌ƖǐƏ Ɣ ƠǐƩƍƶǜƔǜƠǐƚƍ ƻ

ƠǎƏƕƘǓǐƜƏ

ƭǈƨƯƖǜ

ƻƭǑƏƠǐƘƗǐƏƕƬ ƔǍ ૙ ᅹ୿ˊŴ࠰᧓ƷᜂኺᝲǍ ̲ ‫ܖ‬଄ᘍƷƨǊƷᆢᇌ᣿ƳƲƕ࣏ᙲƴƳǓǇƢŵ Ꮀ ಅ ‫ܖ‬ᅹ
ơƬƠǎƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƖǐƏƟƍ

ƲƏ ƙ

Ɣ

ƿ ƔƭƲƏ

ƪƔǒ

ƍ

ƜƏƜƏ

ưƸܱ ፼ ƴ࣏ᙲƳ ૙ ஬ǍᢊφǛᝰƬƨǓŴᢿ෇ѣƴ щ ǛλǕƯƍǔ᭗ఄưƸŴȦȋȕǩȸǑƏ ƙƔƕƬƜƏ ƍ ƕ ƍ

Ơ Ƥƭ

ƔƭƲƏ

ƻ ǑƏ

ƜƏƭƏ ƻ

ƠǎƘƸƘ ƻȠǍဇφǛᝰƬƨǓƢǔƳƲŴ‫ܖ‬ఄˌ‫ٳ‬Ʒ଀ᚨư෇ѣƢǔƨǊƷᝲဇᲢʩᡫᝲǍ ܿ ජᝲᲣǋ
ƻƭǑƏ

ƤƍƾƘ

ƖǐƏ Ɣ ƠǐƩƍƨƍƦƏƾƘƔƔƶƸǒ࣏ᙲƴƳǓǇƢŵС஌Ǎ ૙ ᅹ୿ˊŴ˳દ஌ƳƲŴᝰƏƱƖƴƓ᣿Ǜ৚ƏǋƷǋƋǓǇƢƕŴ
Ơǐƚƍ ƻ

ƭǈƨƯƖǜ

ƗǜƜƏ

ƻ

Ɠ

ƯƭƮ

ƓƓ

ᜂኺᝲǍᆢᇌ᣿ƳƲƸŴ᤼ᘍƳƲƔǒࡽƖᓳƱƠƢǔǑƏƴ৖ዓƖǛƢǔƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ
ǇƍƭƖ

ƴ

ƛƭ

Ɣƍ

ƕƬƖ

ƯƍƖƯƖ

ƠƸǒ

ƻ

Ɠ

ǂǜǓ

Ტ൑உŴǇƨƸʚƔஉƴ ‫ׅ‬Ŵ‫ܖ‬஖ƝƱƳƲŴ‫ܭ‬஖ႎƴૅ৚ƏǋƷƸࡽƖᓳƱƠƕ̝МưƢᲣ

ƪǐƖǜ

ƨƍƤƭ

įᝪ᣿ƠƯƓƘƜƱƕ‫ٻ‬ЏƜƏƜƏƴǎƏƕƘƖǜ

ơǎƗǐƏǓǐƏ

ǂƭ

ǇƍƭƖ

ƠǎƏƖǜ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƭƏƕƘ

ơƯǜƠǌ

᭗ఄưƸŴ λ ‫ ܖ‬᣿Ǎ ੉ ಅ ૰ ƱƸКƴŴ൑உƷ ᨼ ᣿ Ǎᢿ෇ѣǍᡫ‫ܖ‬ƷƨǊƷᲢᐯ᠃៻Ǎ
ƯƍƖƚǜ

ƜƏƴǎƏ

Ɣƶ

ƪǎƏƠǐƘƩƍ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƠǐƏǒƍ

ƩƍƕƘ

ƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ

‫ܭ‬஖УƷ ទ λ ᲣƓ᣿Ŵଷ ᫢ ˊ ƳƲƍǖƍǖ࣏ᙲƴƳǓǇƢŵǇƨŴ‫ ݩ‬ஹ Ŵ‫ܖٻ‬Ǎ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄ
ƠǜƕƘ

ƹƋƍ

Ɣƶ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƠǜƕƘ

ƦƳ

ƢƜ

ƪǐƖǜ

ƴᡶ‫ܖ‬Ƣǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴƨƘƞǜƷƓ᣿ƕ࣏ᙲƴƳǓǇƢŵᡶ‫ܖ‬ƴͳƑƯ‫ݲ‬Ơƣƭᝪ᣿ƢǔƜƱƨƍƤƭƸƱƯǋ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵƱƘƠ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƠǜƕƘ

Ɩ ǅƏ

ƹ Ƌƍ

ƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƔƶƻƭǑƏཎƴŴᅶᇌ᭗ఄǁƷᡶ‫ܖ‬ǛࠎஓƢǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴπᇌ᭗ఄǑǓƨƘƞǜƷƓ᣿ƕ࣏ᙲƴƳǓǇƻ Ɣ Ƙ Ư Ɩ ơǎƚǜƜƏƱƏƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƴǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƚ ǜ

ƞƘƿǜ

ǊǜƤƭ

ƖǐƏƔ

ƢŵǇƨŴൔ᠋ႎӖ᬴ƠǍƢƍ᭗ሁ ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄᲢ λ ‫ ܖ‬ᚾ᬴ƕ˺૨Ǎ᩿੗ƩƚŴǇƨƸŴ૙ᅹ
ƖǐƏƔ

ƠǓƭ

ƓƓ

Ɣ ƧƘ

ƦƏƩǜ

ơǎƏǑƏ

ƕᲬ᳸Ჭ૙ᅹƩƚᲣǋᅶᇌƷƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍƷưŴܼଈưႻᛩƢǔƜƱƕ ᣻ ᙲưƢŵ
ƜƏƜƏ

ƶǜƔǜ

ƻ ǑƏ

ƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏƑǜƠ Ǔ ƭ ƜƏƜƏƑǜ᭗ఄ࠰᧓ƴƔƔǔᝲဇƸŴπᇌ᭗ఄόŴᅶᇌ᭗ఄόƱƳƬƯƍǇƢŵ
ƥǜƴƪƤƍ Ɣ Ư ƍǁƍƤƍƶǜ Ʋ ǋǜ ƿƔ ƕƘƠǐƏƜ ƲǋƕƘƠǎƏ ƻ ƪǐƏ ƞƚƬ ƔᲢƍƣǕǋμଐСᛢᆉŴ࠯঺࠰ࡇ૨ᢿᅹ‫ ܖ‬Ⴞ Ʒ *2ž‫̓܇‬Ʒ‫ ܖ‬፼ ᝲ ᛦ ௹ƷኽௐƴƭƍƯſǑǓᲣ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ɣƶ

Ǖƍ

Ƌƍ ƪ ƚǜ

ƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏƠ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƶǜƲİ࣏ᙲƳƓ᣿Ʒ̊Ტग़ჷჄƷπᇌ᭗ఄƱᅶᇌ᭗ఄŴ࠰ࡇᲣᴾ
ƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏƠ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

πᇌ᭗ఄ

ᅶᇌ᭗ఄ

ƾ ƭƏ Ɣ

ƤǜǋǜƕƬ Ɣ୍ᡫᅹȷ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹơǎƚǜǓǐƏƾ ƭƏ Ɣ

Ƥǜǋǜ ƕ Ƭ ƔƑǜόπᇌ‫଺ܭ‬С᭗ఄ  è୍ᡫᅹȷ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹƑǜӖ᬴ ૰ 

ƜƏǓƭƯƍ ơ ƤƍƜƏƜƏ

ƪǎƏƔǜ

Ǎ Ɣǜ

ƭƏƠǜƤƍ Ɣ Ưƍ

ଷ ᧓

‫᧓ٸ‬

ᡫ̮Сᛢᆉ

Ƒǜ

Ƒǜ

ǉǓǐƏ

ό᳸ό

ό

໯૰

Ƒǜ

ƴǎƏƕƘƖǜ

όƑǜλ ‫ܖ‬᣿

όƑǜ᳸ό

Ƒǜ

Ƒǜ

Ƒǜ

όόό

Ყ

Ყ

Ყ

Ơ ƤƭƤƍ

଀ᚨૢ
Ƽ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ყ

ƻ ƱƏ

ͳᝲሁ
ƤƍƾƘ

ƤƍƾƘ

С஌ȷ
ƨƍƦƏƾƘ

˳દ஌
ƕƬ

ƳƲ‫ܖ‬
ƜƏ Ơ Ưƍ

ఄਦ‫ܭ‬
ƿƬƽǜ

ƪƕ

‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢ

ƳƭǑƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƋƍƾƘ

ƻƭǑƏ

С஌ƸٰဇƷǋƷŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯƸӳ஌ǋ࣏ᙲƴƳǓǇƨƍƦƏƾƘƔǜƚƍ

ƳƭǑƏƪǎƏƔǜ Ư ƍ ơ Ƥ ƍƤƍƾƘƨƍƦƏƾƘଷ ᧓ ‫଺ܭ‬С ƸС஌ ȷ˳દ஌ ƳƲƕƋ
ƕƬƜƏ

ƓƓ

Ǎ Ɣ ǜ ƯƍơƤƍ

Ƣŵ˳દ஌᧙̞ưƸٰဇƸǋƪǖǜǸȣȸǸǍȗȸȫƷ ǔ ‫ܖ‬ఄ ƕ ‫ ٶ‬ƍ ư Ƣ ŵ ‫଺ܭ᧓ٸ‬С Ǎ
ơǎƗǐƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƭƏƕƘƙƭ

ƭƏƕƘƭƏƠǜƤƍ Ɣ Ư ƍƍƪƿƠƯƍ੉ ಅ ư࣏ᙲƳǋƷǋƋǓǇƢŵᡫ‫ܖ‬᪇Ŵᡫ‫ܖ‬ǫȐȳŴǵ ᡫ̮СᛢᆉưǋŴɟᢿਦ‫ܭ‬ƷǋƷƕƋ
ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƜǇ

ƠƯƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

Əǘƙƭ

ƨƍƍƘƔǜ

ȖȐȃǰƳƲƸ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ǄƲኬ Ɣƍਦ‫ ܭ‬ƸƋǓǇƤǜ ǔ‫ܖ‬ఄ ǋƋǓǇƢŵᲢɥ᪇ Ǎ˳Ꮛ᫾ ǷƏǘƙƭƨƍƍƘƔǜ
ƠƯƍƓƓƕŴɥ᪇Ŵ˳Ꮛ᫾ǷȥȸǺƸਦ‫ܭ‬ƞǕƯƍǔƱƜǖƕ‫ ٶ‬ȥȸǺƳƲᲣƻǐƏƷཋԼ ƍưƢŵèè ᘙ Ძ

177ᡶ‫ܖ‬Į  /QPG[PGGFGFCHVGTGPVGTKPIVJGUEJQQN
6WKVKQPHGGOC[DGTGFWEGFQTEQORNGVGN[UWDUKFK\GFKHVJGUVWFGPVOGGVUVJG
GNKIKDKNKV[ETKVGTKCHQT*KIJ5EJQQN6WKVKQP5WRRQTV(WPF5[UVGO*QYGXGTEQUVUUWEJ CU UEJQQN WPKHQTOU VGZV DQQMU GZRGPUGU HQT CPPWCN OKUEGNNCPGQWU HGGU 
CPFTGUGTXGHWPFHQTUEJQQNVTKRCTGUVKNNTGSWKTGF/QTGEQUVUCTGCNUQKPEWTTGFHQTXQECVKQPCNEQWTUGU HQTRWTEJCUKPIQH OCVGTKCNU CPFVQQNUHQTRTCEVKECNENCUUGU
CPFHQTRWTEJCUKPIQHENWDCEVKXKVKGUWPKHQTOUCPFGSWKROGPVHQTUEJQQNUYJKEJ
HQEWUQPENWDCEVKXKVKGU#FFKVKQPCNEQUVUCTGCNUQKPEWTTGFHQTCEVKXKVKGUQWVUKFGVJGUEJQQNÞ
UHCEKNKVKGU VTCPURQTVCPFCEEQOOQFCVKQPEQUVU ;QWYKNNRC[KPECUJYJGP RWTEJCUKPI UEJQQN WPKHQTOU VGZVDQQMU GZGTEKUG ENQVJGU CPF UQ QP*QYGXGTOCP[UEJQQNUTGSWKTGTGIWNCTHGGUUWEJCUUEJQQNOKUEGNNCPGQWUHGGUCPFTGUGTXGHWPFUVQDGRCKFXKCTGIWNCTDCPMVTCPUHGTᲢ+VKUOQTGEQPXGPKGPVVQRC[OQPVJN[DKOQPVJN[QTVGTOXKCDCPMVTCPUHGTᲣį  +VKUKORQTVCPVVQUCXGWROQPG[+PJKIJUEJQQNUXCTKQWUEQUVUQVJGTVJCPUEJQQNGPVTCPEGHGGUCPFVWKVKQPHGGUCTG PGGFGF 6JGUG EQUVU KPENWFG OQPVJN[ TGUGTXG HWPFU ENWD CEVKXKVKGUVTCPURQTVCVKQP EQUVU RWTEJCUG QH DKE[ENG CPF OQPVJN[ VTCPURQTV RCUU  CPFOGCNU/QTGQXGTKHVJGEJKNFHWTVJGTCFXCPEGUVQEQNNGIGQTURGEKCNK\GFUEJQQN
OQTGOQPG[KUPGGFGF+VKUKORQTVCPVVQUCXGWRTGICTFNGUUQHVJGCOQWPVHQT
UWEJGZRGPFKVWTG 
6JKUKUGURGEKCNN[UQKHVJGEJKNFCURKTGUVQIQVQCRTKXCVGJKIJUEJQQNKVEQUVOQTG VJCP C RWDNKE QPG $GUKFGU UEJQQNU YKVJ GCUKGT GPVTCPEG GZCOKPCVKQPUGZCOKPCDNGCTGCUKPENWFGQPN[GUUC[YTKVKPIKPVGTXKGYUQTQPN[VQUWDLGEVU UWEJCUURGEKCNK\GFJKIJUEJQQNUCTGOQUVN[RTKXCVGN[TWP#UUWEJKVKUKORQTVCPVVQFKUEWUUCOQPIVJGHCOKN[OGODGTU  %QUVUHQT[GCTUKPJKIJUEJQQNUEQOGWRVQDG[GPHQTRWDNKEJKIJUEJQQNUCPF[GPHQTRTKXCVGJKIJUEJQQNUᲢ6CMGPHTQO/':6ÞUYGDUKVGQPUWTXG[ ß5WTXG[QP'FWECVKQPEQUVUHQTCEJKNFà QP(WNNVKOGU[UVGOJKIJUEJQQNUᲣ
İ 'ZCORNGQHOQPG[TGSWKTGFᲢRWDNKECPFRTKXCVGJKIJUEJQQNUKP#KEJK2TGHGEVWTGᲣ 2WDNKE2CTVVKOG5[UVGO*KIJ2WDNKE*KIJ5EJQQN
2TKXCVG*KIJ5EJQQN
5EJQQN  è
&KUVCPEG
)GPGTCNCPF
)GPGTCNCPF5RGEKCNK\GF
&C[0KIJV
.GCTPKPI
5RGEKCNK\GF%QWTUGU%QWTUGU
6KOG
6KOG
%QWTUGU(TGGQHEJCTIG'ZCOKPCVKQPHGGU[GP[GP᳸[GP'PVTCPEG(GGU[GP[GP᳸[GP
[GP


[GP

[GP(CEKNKVKGUEQUVUGVEᲧ&KHHGTGPVYKVJUEJQQNU

Ყ

Ყ

Ყ

5EJQQNFGUKIPCVGF
KVGOUUWEJCUWPKHQTOUGZGTEKUG
ENQVJGU[GP(QT UWOOGT UEJQQN WPKHQTOU UQOG UEJQQNU /CP[ RCTV VKOG FC[ VKOG UEJQQNUTGSWKTGKPDGVYGGPUGCUQPUYGCTCUYGNN(QT2' TGSWKTG WPKHQTOU CPF GZGTEKUG
ENCUU[QW OWUVRTGRCTGUWOOGTGZGTEKUGENQVJGU ENQVJGU5QOGPKIJVVKOGRCTVVKOGYGNNCULGTUG[UCPFUYKOUWKVHQTUYKOOKPIENCUUGU UEJQQNU CPF FKUVCPEG NGCTPKPI9JKNGUEJQQNUJQGUUEJQQNDCIUCPFUWDDCIUCTG UEJQQNUTGSWKTGEGTVCKPKVGOUVQDG
PQV TGCNN[ FGVGTOKPGF UEJQQNU FQ FGVGTOKPG VJG RWTEJCUGFCUYGNN UWEJCUKPFQQTV[RGUQHKPFQQTUJQGU 7YCIWVUW CPFI[OUJQGU UJQGUCPFI[OUJQGU è 6CDNGᲫ

178

ᡶ‫ܖ‬Ơ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

πᇌ᭗ఄ

ᅶᇌ᭗ఄ

ƾ ƭƏ Ɣ

ƤǜǋǜƕƬ Ɣƾ ƭƏ Ɣ

୍ᡫᅹȷ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹƖǐƏ Ɣ ƠǐƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏ૙ ᅹ୿ƜƏǓƭƯƍ ơ ƤƍƜƏƜƏ

ƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏ

πᇌ‫଺ܭ‬С᭗ఄ èᲫƤǜǋǜ ƕ Ƭ Ɣ୍ᡫᅹȷ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ᅹƠ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

Ƒǜ

ƪǎƏƔǜ

Ǎ Ɣǜ

ƭƏƠǜƤƍ Ɣ Ưƍ

ଷ ᧓

‫᧓ٸ‬

ᡫ̮Сᛢᆉ

Ƒǜ

Ƒǜ

Ƹƨǒ

ƤƍƱ

πᇌ᭗ఄŴᅶᇌ᭗ఄƱǋƴŴό᳸όƘ ό᳸ưƢƕŴ΁ ƍƯƍǔဃࢻƩƍƾƘƖǐƏƟƍ

ˊ

ƜƏƴǎƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƾƘƖǐƏƟƍ

ƨƍǒƍưƢƕŴи ૙ ஬ Ʒ ទ λ ǋ࣏ᙲƴƳǓǇƢŵи ૙ ஬
ƕƬƜƏ

ǏƏƠǐƏ

ƪƕ

ᲢஊΝᲣ Ƹ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢŵƔƍƻƤƍƱƔƍƻ

ƔƍƻƤƍƱƔƍƻ

ơǐƏƚǜ

ǈ

ǉƠǐƏ

ƖǎƏǑ

ƴ‫ ݣ‬Ơ வ ˑ Ǜ฼ ƨƤƹ໯Ν ưዅɨ ƞǕǇƢŵƭǈƨƯƖǜ

ƜƏƜƏƕƬƜƏƪǐƏƠǎƏ
ƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏ
26# ˟ᝲ Ŵ ဃࢻ˟ᝲ Ŵ 26#˟ᝲŴဃࢻ˟ᝲŴᆢᇌ᣿ ƜƏǓƭπᇌ᭗ఄ Ƹ‫ܖ‬ఄ ࣉ ӓ πᇌ᭗ఄ ƸǍƘƑǜƜƏƑǜ Ɣ ƍ ƻƻƭǑƏ‫ܖ‬ఄ ࣉ ƭǈƨƯƖǜ
ơǎƗǐƏǓǐƏ
ƋƕƬƜƏƪǐƏƠǎƏ
ƠǎƏƖǜƱƏᆢᇌ᣿ Ƴ Ʋ ኖ  ό Ʒ Ǆ Ɣ ƴ ࢸੲ˟ᝲ ƕ ࣏ᙲ Ƴ Ɩǜ᣿ ƳƲƱ ੉ ಅ ૰ Ǜӳ ‫ܖ‬ఄ ࣉ ӓ
ƻǐƏ
ƕƬƜƏ
ӓ ᣿ሁ
Ɩǜ
Ơǐ
è ᘙ ᲧĭĮ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢ
ǘƤƯ
᣿ƳƲᲢᜂ


ƕƬƜƏƪǐƏ

ƚƍƻƪǎƏƔǜ Ư ƍ ơ Ƥ ƍƛƭƕƘǍƘ

੉ಅ
ǓǐƏ

૰


Ƒǜ

Ƌ

ᝲƳƲᲣӳǘ

όƶǜƔǜόᲢ࠰᧓Უ

ƻƑǜஉ᫇ኖό

Ƒǜ

ƖǐƏƟƍ

ኺᝲ ȷ ૙ ஬ଷ ᧓ ‫଺ܭ‬СᲴ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƶǜƔǜ

Ƥ Ư ࠰᧓Ǎ Ɣ ǜ ƯƍơƤƍ
Ƒǜ‫଺ܭ᧓ٸ‬СᲴƶǜƔǜ᳸όᲢ࠰᧓ᲣƛƭƕƘǍƘ

ƑǜƑǜ Ư ƍ Ʋஉ᫇ኖόᆉࡇ
ưƢŵ

è

 όƯƍƲᆉࡇưƢŵ

Ơ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƯƍơƤƍ

ƻơǐƏ

ƢƘ

ƭƏƠǜƤƍƠ ǓƭƜƏƜƏè  ᅶᇌ᭗ఄưƸ‫଺ܭ‬СƸ᩼ࠝƴ‫ݲ‬ƳƍưƢŵᡫ̮СƷƋǔᅶᇌ᭗ఄƸƨƘƞǜƋǓǇƢƕŴ
ƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏ

Ɣƶ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƜƏǓƭ

ƭƏƠǜƤƍ

ơǎƚǜǓǐƏ

ƴǎƏƕƘƖǜƸǒƋƱπᇌ᭗ఄǑǓƨƘƞǜƷƓ᣿ƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵπᇌƷᡫ̮СƸ Ӗ ౨ ૰ Ʊ λ ‫ ܖ‬᣿Ǜ৚ƬƨࢸŴ
ƻƭǑƏ

Ɣƶ

ƕƬƜƏƪǐƏƠǎƏƖǜƱƏ

Ơǐƚƍ ƻ

ƖǐƏƟƍ ƻ ƱƏƋƑǜ Ư ƍ ƲƠǓƭ࣏ᙲƳƓ᣿ƸŴ‫ܖ‬ఄ ࣉ ӓ ᣿ሁᲢᜂኺᝲȷ ૙ ஬ᝲሁᲣӳǘƤƯŴόᆉࡇưƢŵᅶᇌƭƏƠǜƤƍ

ƴǎƏƕƘƖǜ

ǇǜƑǜ

ǇǜƑǜ

ơǎƗǐƏǓǐƏ

ƨǜƍƢƏ

ƶǜƔǜ

ǇǜƑǜ

Ʒᡫ̮СƸ λ ‫ ܖ‬᣿ƕ ɢό᳸ɢόŴ੉ ಅ ૰ ƸҥˮૠƴǋǑǓǇƢƕŴ࠰᧓᳸ɢόƯƍƲᆉࡇưƢŵ
ƭƏƠǜƤƍƜƏƜƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

ƤǜƤƍ

ǊǜƤƭ Ơ Ʋ ƏƏƻᡫ̮С᭗ఄƴƸǹǯȸȪȳǰƱƍƬƯŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᘍƖŴέဃƷ᩿੗ਦ‫ݰ‬ǛӖƚǔଐƕƋƗǐƏơƱƏ

ƜƏƕƍ

ư

ƕƬƜƏ

ƱƘ

ƠǓƭ

ƭƏƠǜƤƍƜƏƜƏ

ǓǇƢŵǇƨŴᘍʙሁưఄ‫ٳ‬ƴЈƔƚǔ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓŴཎƴᅶᇌƷᡫ̮С᭗ఄƸǳȸǹƴǑƬ
Ɣƶ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƯƨƘƞǜƷƓ᣿ƕ࣏ᙲƴƳǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵ
Ƥƍ Ʊ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƠǜƤƍƠǐ

ƯƍƠǎƭ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ʊ ƲƏ ƾ ƚǜƠǎƏƕƘ Ơ ƑǜƖǜƠǐƏƕƘƖǜƏƱè   ဃࢻƕ‫ܖ‬ఄƴဎᛪ୿Ǜ੩ Ј ƠǇƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƸᣃᢊࡅჄƔǒ ‫ૅܖ ݼ‬ੲ᣿Ტ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬᣿ᲣǛӖƚӕơǎƗǐƏǓǐƏ

ƋǋǜƿƔƕƘƠǐƏ

ƞǜƜƏǓŴƦǕǛ੉ ಅ ૰ ƴΪƯǇƢŵ ᲢǤȩǹȈƸ૨ᢿᅹ‫ܖ‬ႾƷ *2 ǛӋᎋƴƠƯƍǇƢᲣဃࢻƸŴ‫ܖ‬ఄ ‫ܖ‬ఄᚨፗᎍ ƴဎᛪ୿Ʊ̬ᜱ ဃࢻᴾ‫ܖ‬ఄᚨፗᎍ
‫׎‬ᴾᎍƷᛢᆋᚰଢ୿Ǜ੩Ј


ᣃᢊࡅჄᴾ


‫׎‬ƸŴ‫ૅܖݼ‬ੲᣃᢊࡅჄƸŴ‫ܖ‬ఄ‫ܖ‬ఄᚨፗᎍƸŴဃࢻƴˊ᣿ƷᝲဇǛᣃᢊ
ƴ‫ݣ‬Ơ‫ૅܖݼ‬ੲ᣿ǘƬƯ‫ૅܖݼ‬ੲ᣿ǛӖƚࡅჄƴʩ˄ƢǔǛૅዅƢǔӕǓŴ੉ಅ૰ƴΪƯǔ

ƠǜƤƍ

ƓǍ

ƠǎƏƴǎƏ

ơǐƏƚǜဎᛪƴƸᚃƷ ӓ λ ƳƲƍǖƍǖƳ வ ˑƕƋǓǇƢŵ
Ǖƍ

ƶǜƠǎƏ

ǇǜƑǜ ǈ Ǉ ǜ Ư ƍ ƲƹƋƍ̊Ჴ ࠰ ӓ ɢόச฼ᆉࡇƷ‫ئ‬ӳƘǘǋ ǜ ƿ ƔƕƘƠǐƏ

ǈᛇƠƘƸ૨ᢿᅹ‫ܖ‬ႾƷ *2 ǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍŵƜƏƜƏƤƍƱƏ

ƠǎƏƕƘ Ơ Ƒ ǜž᭗ఄဃሁǁƷ ̲ ‫ૅ ܖ‬ੲſwww.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/mushoukaƱ ƲƏ ƾ ƚǜƴǎƏƕƘǓǐƏ Ǆ ơ ǐ ƖǜƠ ƑǜǄƔƴǋŴᣃᢊࡅჄƝƱƴŴ λ ‫ ܖ‬૰ ᙀя᣿ƳƲŴƍǖƍǖƳૅੲƕƋǓǇƢŵ
Ƌƍƪƚǜ

Ǖƍ

ƜƏƱƏƕƬƜƏƱƏ

ơǐƤƍ Ƥ ƍ Ʋग़ჷჄƷ̊ž᭗ሁ‫ܖ‬ఄሁƴƓƚǔя঺Сࡇſwww.pref.aichi.jp/soshiki/shigaku/0000003280.html 179ᡶ‫ܖ‬2WDNKE2CTVVKOG5[UVGO*KIJ
5EJQQN èᲫ
&KUVCPEG
)GPGTCNCPF
)GPGTCNCPF5RGEKCNK\GF
0KIJV
&C[6KOG
.GCTPKPI
5RGEKCNK\GF%QWTUGU%QWTUGU
6KOG
%QWTUGU2WDNKE*KIJ5EJQQN

2TKXCVG*KIJ5EJQQN

6GZVDQQMUEQUVCDQWV[GPVQ[GP 9JKNGKVEQUVU[GPQTOQTGKP DQVJ RWDNKE CPF RTKXCVG JKIJ UEJQQNU +V KU CNUQ HQT VJQUG UVWFGPVU YJQ JCXG C
PGEGUUCT[VQDW[UWRRNGOGPVCT[OCVGTKCNUCPFVJG LQD VJKU YKNN DG YCKXGF QHHV[RGU QH UWRRNGOGPVCT[ OCVGTKCNU XCT[ COQPI EQORNGVGN[ KH JGUJG OGGVU
UEJQQNUEQPFKVKQPU
#TQWPF[GPHQT 5QOG UEJQQNU TGSWKTG (GGUEQNNGEVGFD[VJG +PRWDNKEJKIJ(GGU
26#OGODGTUJKRHGG UWRRQTVKPI HGGU UWEJ CU UEJQQNUCTGEQODKPGF UEJQQNUVJG
EQNNGEVGF
5VWFGPV OGODGTUJKR 26# OGODGTUJKR HGG YKVJ VWKVKQP HGGU KP HGGUD[VJG
HGG TGUGTXG HWPF è UVWFGPV OGODGTUJKR HGG RWDNKEJKIJUEJQQNU EQNNGEVGFD[UEJQQN6CDNGᲧĭĮ
CPFTGUGTXGHWPF FC[ VKOG RCTV VKOG VJGUEJQQN'ZRGPUGUU[UVGOᲴ
CPFVGCEJKPICTQWPF  [GP6WKVKQPOCVGTKCNURGTOQPVJ[GP
HGG
EQUVU [GP᳸ [GP
0KIJV
VKOG
RCTV
VKOG
EQOGWRVQᲢCPPWCNN[ᲣᲢCPPWCNN[ᲣU[UVGOᲴCDQWVè
CTQWPF  [GP [GPRGTOQPVJ
RGT[GCT  
6GZVDQQMEQUVUᲢUWDLGEV VQHGGUᲣ







è  9JKNG VJGTG CTG XGT[ HGY RTKXCVG JKIJ UEJQQNU VJCV CTG QP VJG RCTV VKOG U[UVGO/CP[FKUVCPEG NGCTPKPI JKIJ UEJQQNU CTG RTKXCVGN[ TWP CPF JKIJGT HGGU CTG TGSWKTGF VJCP RWDNKE
UEJQQN  6JGHGGUEQNNGEVGFD[VJGUEJQQN GZRGPUGUCPFOCVGTKCNEQUVU HQTFKUVCPEGNGCTPKPIRWDNKEJKIJUEJQQNUTGSWKTGCTQWPF[GPCHVGTRC[KPIVJGGZCOKPCVKQPHGGCPFUEJQQN
GPVTCPEGHGG6JGUEJQQNGPVTCPEGHGGUHQTRTKXCVGFKUVCPEGNGCTPKPIJKIJUEJQQNUTCPIGHTQO[GPVQ[GPYJKNGVJGVWKVKQPHGGFGRGPFUQPVJGPWODGTQHOQFWNGUVCMGPDWVKVKUCTQWPF[GPVQ[GPRGT[GCT
+PFKUVCPEGNGCTPKPIUEJQQNUVJGTGCTGFC[UECNNGFßUEJQQNKPIàQPYJKEJVJGUVWFGPVUJCXG
VQ VTCXGN VQ VJG UEJQQN EQORQWPF VQ TGEGKXG HCEGVQHCEG KPUVTWEVKQPU HTQO VJG VGCEJGTU/QTGQXGTVJGTGCTGUEJQQNUYJKEJTGSWKTGVJGUVWFGPVUVQVTCXGNQWVQHUEJQQNHQTGXGPVU
CPFVJKUEQUVUNQVUQHOQPG[GURGEKCNN[HQTFKUVCPEGNGCTPKPIRTKXCVGJKIJUEJQQNU è 6JGUVWFGPVUUWDOKVVJGCRRNKECVKQPHQTOUVQVJGUEJQQN6JGUEJQQNTGEGKXGUUEJQNCTUJKRITCPVUUEJQNCTUJKRU HTQORTGHGEVWTGUCPFCRRNKGUKVVQVJGVWKVKQPHGGU Ტ6JG+NNWUVTCVKQPKUTGHGTTGFHTQOVJGYGDUKVGQH/':6Უ


5VWFGPV









5VWFGPVUUWDOKVVJGCRRNKECVKQPHQTOUCPF
RCTGPVUÞ VCZEGTVKHKECVGVQ
VJGUEJQQNHQWPFGTU

5EJQQN(QWPFGT

0CVKQPCN

2TGHGEVWT
5EJQQNHQWPFGTTGEGKXGUVJGUEJQNCTUJKRUWRRQTVOQPG[QPDGJCNHQHUVWFGPVUCPF
RWVUKVKPVQVJGVWKVKQPHGG

2TGHGEVWTGURTQXKFGUEJQQNUWRRQTVITCPVUVQUEJQQNU

6JG5VCVGFGNKXGTUVJGGZRGPUGUHQTUWRRQTVITCPVUVQRTGHGEVWTGU

6JGTGCTGOCP[ETKVGTKCHQTSWCNKHKECVKQPUWEJCUVJGRCTGPVU KPEQOG'ZCORNGᲴ6JQUGYJQUGCPPWCNKPEQOGKUNGUUVJCP[GP(QTFGVCKNURNGCUGXKUKVVJGYGDUKVGQH/KPKUVT[QH'FWECVKQP%WNVWTG5RQTVU5EKGPEGCPF
6GEJPQNQI[ ß5EJQQNKPI5WRRQTVHQT*KIJ5EJQQN5VWFGPVUGVEàYYYOGZVIQLRCAOGPWUJQVQWOWUJQWMC
6JGTGCTGXCTKQWUUWRRQTVUUWEJCU5EJQQN#FOKUUKQP(GG5WDUKF[0[WWICMWT[QWJQL[QMKP KPGCEJRTGHGEVWTG 'ZCORNGKP#KEJK2TGHGEVWTG5WDUKFKGUU[UVGOCVJKIJUEJQQNU -QWVQWICMMQWVQWPKQMGTWL[QUGKUGKFQ YYYRTGHCKEJKLRUQUJKMKUJKICMWJVON 

180ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ƪǎƏƠǐƘƩƍ

ƍƑ

ǂǜƱƏ

ƭƘ

ƹ Ƌƍ

ƷƧ

ȷ ଷ ᫢ ˊᲢܼưࡰ࢘Ǜ˺ǔ‫ئ‬ӳǛᨊƘᲣƯƍ ơ ƤƍǍ ƔǜƖǎƏƠǐƘƹ ƋƍƖǎƏƠǐƘƻ

ƑǜƯƍ Ʋ

ȷ‫଺ܭ‬СᲢ‫᧓ٸ‬ᲣƳƲ ዅ ᫢ ƕƋǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸዅ ᫢ ᝲ ᲢόᆉࡇᲣ
ƭƏƕƘ

ƻ ǑƏ

ȷᡫ‫ܖ‬ƴƔƔǔᝲဇơ ƯǜƠǌƭƏƕƘơ ƯǜƠǌƜƏƴǎƏ

ưǜƠǌ

ƭƏƕƘ

Ưƍ Ɩ Ʃƍ

ᐯ᠃៻ᡫ‫ܖ‬Ტᐯ᠃៻ទ λ Უᩓ៻ȷȐǹᡫ‫ܖ‬Ტ‫ܭ‬஖ˊᲣ   

ƨ

ƦƷ˂



ƿ ƔƭƔǜƚƍǑƏ ƙ Ʃƍ

ȷᢿ෇᧙̞ᲢȦȋȕǩȸȠǍဇφˊƳƲᲣŵ      


ƻǐƏ

ƤƍƾƘ

ƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƕƬƜƏ Ơ Ưƍ

ƿƬƽǜ

Ǖƍ

è ᘙ ᲫżС஌ȷ˳દ஌ƳƲ‫ܖ‬ఄਦ‫ܭ‬ƷཋԼƷ̊ŽƜƏǓƭƜƏƜƏƠ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

πᇌ᭗ఄ

ᅶᇌ᭗ఄ
ǇǜƑǜ

Ƒǜ

ό᳸όƤƍƾƘƴǎƏƕƘ Ɲ ƳƭƾƘ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƪǎƏǋǜ

Ტ λ ‫ٰࢸܖ‬஌Ʒ ද ૨ǋƋǓǇƢŵ

С஌

ƋƍƾƘ

ƕƬƜƏ

ӳ஌ƷƋǔ‫ܖ‬ఄǋƋǓǇƢᲣƨƍƦƏƾƘ

Ƒǜ

˳દ஌

Ƴƭ

Ɩ

Ƥƭ

ǑƏ

ƞǇƟǇ

Ɩ

Ơ Ưƍ

ራƝƱƴਦ‫ܭ‬ƞǕƨșǹȈǍǻȸǿȸŴǳȸ
ƻƭǑƏ

Ƒǜ
ƕ

ƤƍƾƘ

Ტ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑǓС஌ƷȇǶǤȳƸಮŷưƢŵ‫ܓ‬ȈƳƲǋ࣏ᙲƴƳǓǇƢᲣƑǜό᳸ό

ơǐƏ ƛ

ǇǜƑǜ

ɢό᳸ɢόƑǜό᳸
ǂǜ Ǔ

Ƴƭ

Ɩ

ƕ

ǑƏ

ǂǜ Ǔ

Ტ ɥ ɦᲣ ᲢٰƸბஆƑဇƕƋǔƱ̝МưƢᲣ ᲢٰƸბஆƑဇƕƋǔƱ̝МưƢᲣ
ǸȣȸǸ

Ƒǜ

Ƒǜ

Ƒǜ

ό᳸όơǐƏ ƛᲢ ɥ ɦᲣ

ό᳸

Əǘƙƭ
Ƒǜ
Ƒǜ
ɥ᪇
ό᳸όǹȪȃȑ 

Ƒǜό᳸ƨƍƍƘƔǜ

˳Ꮛ᫾
ǷȥȸǺ

Ƒǜ

Ƒǜ

Ƒǜ

ό᳸όό᳸


ơǐƏ Ɩ

ǈƣ Ɨ

Ơ Ưƍ

ȷ ɥ ᚡƷǄƔŴǹǯȸȫȐȃǰǍ൦ბƳƲƴǋਦ‫ܭ‬ƷƋǔƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢŵƴǎƏƕƘƠƖƥǜ ƝƓƜƳƴǎƏƕƘ ƝƕƘƶǜ ƻ

ƕƘƶǜƭǈƨƯƖǜ

ƍƬƔƭƪǐƏ

ȷ λ ‫ࡸܖ‬Эࢸƴ ᘍ ǘǕǔǪȪǨȳȆȸǷȧȳǍ λ ‫ࢸܖ‬ƴŴ‫ᝲ࠰ܖ‬Ǎ‫࠰ܖ‬ᆢᇌ᣿ƳƲƷɟਙ ࣉ
ƠǎƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƓƓ

ƕƭ

ƷƏƴǎƏƖǜ

ƜƏƕƘӓ ǛƢǔ‫ܖ‬ఄƕ‫ٶ‬ƘŴஉƷኛ λ ᣿ƕ᭗᫇ƴƳǓǇƢŵƍƬƺǜƯƖ

ƕƭƕƭǇƍƭƖƪǐƏƠǎƏƖǜƔƍ ƻƤƍ Ʊ Ɣƍ ƻƠǎƏƕƘǓǐƜƏƭǈƨƯƖǜƳƲ

ȷɟᑍႎƴᲯஉǇƨƸᲰஉƔǒƷ൑உ ࣉ ӓ ᣿ƸŴ26#˟ᝲŴဃࢻ˟ᝲŴ̲ ‫ܖ‬଄ᘍᆢᇌ᣿ሁưƢŵ

181

ᡶ‫ܖ‬

ȷ.WPEJHGG 'ZENWFKPINWPEJDQZGUDTQWIJVHTQOJQOGᲣ
ȷ5EJQQNOGCNHGGYJGPVJGTGCTGUEJQQNOGCNURTQXKFGFHQTRCTVVKOGEQWTUGᲢPKIJVVKOGᲣᲢCTQWPF[GPᲣ
ȷ%QUVUKPEWTTGFQPEQOOWVKPIVQUEJQQN%[ENKPIVQUEJQQNᲢ$W[KPICDKE[ENGᲣVCMKPIVJGVTCKPQTDWUVQUEJQQNᲢRTKEGQH
CVTCPURQTVRCUUᲣ    

1VJGTU
ȷ%NWDCEVKXKVKGUTGNCVGFᲢWPKHQTOUCPFGSWKROGPVGVEᲣ      
è6CDNGᲫż'ZCORNGUQHUEJQQNWPKHQTOUGZGTEKUGENQVJGUCPFKVGOUFGVGTOKPGFD[VJG
UEJQQNŽ

2WDNKE*KIJ5EJQQNU 

2TKXCVG*KIJ5EJQQNU

5EJQQN
7PKHQTO[GP᳸[GPᲢ5WOOGTWPKHQTOUCTGUQOGVKOGU
QTFGTGFCHVGTGPVGTKPIVJGUEJQQN
5QOGUEJQQNUTGSWKTGKPDGVYGGPUGCUQPUWPKHQTOUᲣ[GP᳸[GPᲢ &KHHGTGPV UEJQQNU JCXG FKHHGTGPVFGUKIPU HQT VJGKT WPKHQTOU 5GCUQPCNKVGOU UWEJ CU XGUVU UYGCVGTU CPFEQCVUCTGCNUQTGSWKTGFᲣ'ZGTEKUG
[GP᳸[GP[GP᳸ENQVJGUᲢ +V KU EQPXGPKGPV VQ JCXG C Ტ+VKUEQPXGPKGPVVQJCXGCEJCPIGQH
Ტ6QRCPF 
ENQVJGUKPUWOOGTᲣ   DQVVQOᲣ EJCPIGQHENQVJGUKPUWOOGTᲣ,GTUG[
Ტ6QRCPF  [GP᳸[GP[GP᳸  DQVVQOᲣ
+PFQQTUJQGU
[GP᳸[GP[GP᳸UNKRRGTU )[O[GP᳸[GP[GP᳸UJQGU
ȷ+P CFFKVKQP VQ VJG KVGOU OGPVKQPGF CDQXG VJGTG CTG CNUQ KVGOU UWEJ CU UEJQQN DCIUUYKOOKPIUWKVGUCPFQVJGTUTGSWKTGFD[VJGUEJQQN 
ȷ#UOCP[UEJQQNUJCXGQTKGPVCVKQPCEVKXKVKGUCHVGTVJGUEJQQNGPVTCPEGEGTGOQP[CPF
VQIGVJGTYKVJVJGITCFGHGGCPFITCFGTGUGTXGHWPFVJG[WUWCNN[EQNNGEVCNWORUWO
RC[OGPVCPFVJWUVJGCOQWPVQHOQPG[VQRC[KP#RTKNKUJKIJ 
ȷ6JGOQPVJN[HWPFEQNNGEVKQPKP/C[CPF,WPGKPENWFGUVJG26#OGODGTUJKRHGGUVWFGPVOGODGTUJKRHGGUEJQQNVTKRTGUGTXGHWPFCPFUQQP  182ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ƻǐƏƕƭƷƏƴǎƏƖǜǕƍè ᘙ ᲬżஉƷኛ λ ᣿Ʒ̊ŽĬĭƴǎƏƕƘƖǜƑǜλ ‫ܖ‬᣿

ό

ƍƬƔƭƪǐƏƠǎƏƖǜ

Ƒǜɟਙ ࣉ ӓ ᣿όǇƍƭƖƪǐƏƠǎƏƖǜ൑உ ࣉ ӓ ᣿  è

Į

ƕƭ

ƕƭ

Ƒǜ

ό

ƛƭƿǜᲢஉஉƷ  ƔஉЎᲣįƖǐƏ Ɣ ƠǐƩƍƑǜ૙ ᅹ୿ˊ

ό
ƝƏƚƍ

Ƒǜ

ӳᚘ

όǇƍƭƖƪǐƏƠǎƏƖǜ

ǇƍƭƖ

ƛƭƿǜ

ƜƏ Ɵ ƾǓƔƑ

ƷƏƴǎƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƓƓ

ƖǐƏ

è൑உ ࣉ ӓ ᣿ƸŴ൑உŴǇƨƸ  ƔஉЎǛӝࡈਰஆưኛ λ Ƣǔ‫ܖ‬ఄƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵƜƷǄƔƴ ૙  ƟƍơƬ ƽ

ƱƘƠǐƘƗǐƏƕƬ Ɣ

ơƭ Ɨ

Ɣ ǋƘ

ƖǐƏƟƍ ƻƠ ƔƘƱƚǜƯƍǓǐƏƔƶƻƭǑƏ ஬ܱᝲᲢཎƴ Ꮀ ಅ ‫ܖ‬ᅹưƸܱ২ᅹႸƷ ૙ ஬ᝲǍ᝻఍ǛӕǔƨǊƷ౨‫ ܭ‬૰ ƳƲƷƓ᣿Უǋ࣏ᙲƴƳǓǇƢŵƠǐƏƕƘƖǜı ‫ ܖ ڜ‬᣿ƱƸ
ƴǄǜ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƜƏƱƏƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ơǎƗǐƏǓǐƏ

Ƹǒ

ƜǜƳǜ

ƔƯƍ

ƨƍ

ƻƘ

Ɩǜ Ǔ

ଐஜƴƸŴ᭗ఄǍ᭗ሁ ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄƷ ੉ ಅ ૰ Ǜ৚ƏƜƱƕ‫׉‬ᩊƳܼࡊƴ‫ݣ‬ƠƯ˯ƍ᣿Мư
Ɣƶ

Ɣ

ǁ

ƤƍƲ

ƳƔ

ƔƑ

Ɠ᣿Ǜ᝱ƠƯƘǕƨǓŴถǒƠƯǋǒƑƨǓƢǔСࡇƕƋǓǇƢŵɶƴƸᡉƞƳƘƯǋƍƍ
ǋƷǋƋǓǇƢŵƴ Ǆ ǜ ƕƘƤƍ Ơ Ƒ ǜ Ɩ Ɯ Ə ଐஜ‫ܖ‬ဃૅੲೞನ
ƴǄǜƍƪƹǜ Ǔ Ǒ Əƴ Ǆ ǜ ƕƘƤƍ Ơ Ƒ ǜ Ɩ Ɯ ƏƠǐƏƕƘƖǜ

ƴǎƏƕƘǇƍƭƖ Ɩ

ȷଐஜưɟဪМဇƞǕƯƍǔƷƸŴଐஜ‫ܖ‬ဃૅੲೞನƷ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬᣿ưƢŵ λ ‫ ܖ‬ƠƯƔǒ൑உൿ
Ɣƶ

ƾǓ

Ɯ

ƠǐƏƕƘƖǜ

ƔƶƔƔƶǊǒǕƨƓ᣿ƕਰǓᡂǇǕǇƢŵƜƷ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬᣿ƸŴǋǒƑǔƓ᣿ưƸƳƘ͈ǓǔƓ᣿ưƢŵ
ƦƭƗǐƏ

ƔƑ

Ƹơ

ƠǐƏƕƘƖǜƨǑƪǐƖǜҡ ಅ ƠƯƔǒᡉƞƳƚǕƹƳǓǇƤǜŵИǊƔǒ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬᣿Ǜ᫂ǔƷưƸƳƘŴǇƣƸᝪ᣿ƨƍƤƭǛƢǔƜƱƕ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵ  ƴ Ǆ ǜ ƕƘƤƍ Ơ Ƒ ǜ Ɩ Ɯ Əଐஜ‫ܖ‬ဃૅੲೞನ*2 www.jasso.go.jp/shogakukin


Ƙƴ

ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ ƤƍƞƘƖǜǏƏ Ɯ Ə ƜƖǐƏƍƘƍƬƺǜƔƠƭƚ ‫׎‬Ʒ ૙ Ꮛ ȭȸȳᲢଐஜ૎ሊ᣿ᗡπࡉƷ ૙ Ꮛ ɟᑍ᝱˄Უ
ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƴǎƏƕƘ

ǇƑ

Ɣ

ƦƭƗǐƏ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ɣƶ

ȷ૙ Ꮛ ȭȸȳƸŴλ ‫ܖ‬ƢǔЭưǋ͈ǓǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵҡ ಅ ƢǔǇưƴ࣏ᙲƳƓ᣿ǛǇ
Ɣ

Ɣ

ǑƘƛƭ

Ɩ

Ɣƶ

ǁǜƞƍ

ǇƍƭƖ

ƱǊƯ͈ǓǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵ͈Ǔƨ፻உƔǒൿǊǒǕƨƓ᣿ǛᡉฎƠƯƍƖǇƢŵ൑உ
ƤƍƔƭƻ

Ɣƶ

ƔƑ

Ɣǜƕ

Ɣ

Ʒဃ෇ᝲƔǒŴƓ᣿ǛᡉƢƜƱƴƳǔƷưŴǑƘ ᎋ ƑƯ͈ǓƳƚǕƹƍƚǇƤǜŵƴƬǆǜƤƍƞƘƖǜǏƏ Ɯ Ə Ɯଐஜ૎ሊ᣿ᗡπࡉ*2     https://www.jfc.go.jp/n/finance/search/ippan.html
ƠǐƏƕƘƖǜ

ƦƏƩǜơǐ‫ ܖ ڜ‬᣿ƳǔǄƲႻᛩ৑*2http://www.shogakukin.jp/13loann/ƗǜƜƏƚƍ

Ơǜƺǜƚƍ

ƖǐƏƍƘ ᤼ᘍኒŴ̮ᝤኒƷ ૙ Ꮛ ȭȸȳƴ Ǆ ǜ ƕƘƤƍ Ơ Ƒ ǜ Ɩ Ɯ ƏƠǐƏƕƘƖǜ

Ƙƴ

ƖǐƏƍƘ

Ɣǜƨǜ

ƯƭƮ

Ɣ

Ǔ ƦƘ

  ȷଐஜ‫ܖ‬ဃૅੲೞನƷ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬᣿ǍŴ‫׎‬Ʒ ૙ Ꮛ ȭȸȳǑǓቇҥƳ৖ዓƖư͈ǓǒǕǇƢŵМऒƕ
ƨƔ



Ƙƴ

ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƗǜƜƏƚƍ

Ơǜƺǜƚƍ

᭗ƍưƢŵᲢ‫׎‬Ʒ ૙ Ꮛ ȭȸȳ ᲟŴ᤼ᘍኒ᳸ᲯŴ̮ᝤኒᲯ᳸Უ


183

ᡶ‫ܖ‬


è6CDNGᲬż'ZCORNGQHHWPFEQNNGEVKQPKP#RTKNŽĬ

5EJQQNGPVTCPEGHGG

[GPĭ.WORUWORC[OGPV[GPĮ/QPVJN[RC[OGPV  èᲢOQPVJUÞ EQNNGEVKQP
HQT#RTKNCPF/C[Უ[GPį

6GZVDQQMU[GP6QVCN

[GP
è/CP[ UEJQQNU RTGHGT CWVQOCVKE DCPM VTCPUHGT HQT VJG OQPVJN[ RC[OGPV QT VJGDKOQPVJN[ RC[OGPV 1VJGT VJCP VJKU KV KU CNUQ PGEGUUCT[ VQ JCXG OCVGTKCN HGG HQTRTCEVKECN ENCUUGU GURGEKCNN[ HQT ENCUUGU VJCV TGSWKTG RTCEVKECN OCVGTKCNU CPFGZCOKPCVKQPHGGVQQDVCKPSWCNKHKECVKQPHQTXQECVKQPCNEQWTUGU  ı 9JCVKUCUEJQNCTUJKR UJQWICMWMKP !
+VKUCU[UVGOKP,CRCPVJCVJGNRUHCOKNKGUYKVJHKPCPEKCNFKHHKEWNVKGUVQQDVCKPGFWECVKQPCNNQCPU YKVJNQYKPVGTGUVUVQTGFWEG VJGKTDWTFGPQPRC[KPIHQTVJGVWKVKQP HGGU KP JKIJ UEJQQNU CPF URGEKCNK\GF JKIJ UEJQQNU 5QOG QH VJGUGUEJQNCTUJKRUFQPQVTGSWKTGTGRC[OGPV   ,CRCP5VWFGPV5GTXKEGU1TICPK\CVKQP 0KJQP)CMWUGK5JKGP-KMQW ȷ 6JG UEJQNCTUJKRU HTQO ,CRCP 5VWFGPV 5GTXKEGU 1TICPK\CVKQP CTG VJG OQUVRQRWNCTKP,CRCP#HKZGFCOQWPVQHOQPG[YKNNDGETGFKVGFGXGT[OQPVJQPEGVJGUVWFGPVJCUGPVGTGFKPVQCJKIJUEJQQN6JKUUEJQNCTUJKRKUOQPG[DQTTQYGF
CPF PGGFU VQ DG TGRCKF 6JG UVWFGPV PGGFU VQ RC[ DCEM VJG OQPG[ WRQP
ITCFWCVKQP 4CVJGT VJCP TGN[KPI QP UEJQNCTUJKRU TKIJV HTQO VJG DGIKPPKPI KV KU
KORQTVCPVVQUCXGOQPG[HKTUV,CRCP5VWFGPV5GTXKEGU1TICPK\CVKQPYGDUKVGYYYLCUUQIQLRUJQICMWMKP 'FWECVKQPNQCPHTQOVJGEQWPVT[Ტ'FWECVKQPIGPGTCNNQCPHTQO,CRCP(KPCPEG%QTRQTCVKQPᲣ 
ȷ6JGUVWFGPVECPIGVCPGFWECVKQPNQCPDGHQTGGPVGTKPICUEJQQN*GQTUJGECPDQTTQYVJGTGSWKTGFOQPG[WRVKNNDGHQTGITCFWCVKQP6JGCOQWPVDQTTQYGFKUVQ
DGTGVWTPGFVJGHQNNQYKPIOQPVJCHVGTIGVVKPIVJGNQCP#UVJGUVWFGPVJCUVQTGVWTPVJGOQPG[HTQOJKUQTJGTOQPVJN[URGPFKPIOQPG[FQEQPUKFGTECTGHWNN[DGHQTGDQTTQYKPI 

,CRCP(KPCPEG%QTRQTCVKQPYGDUKVGJVVRUYYYLHEIQLRPHKPCPEGUGCTEJKRRCPJVON  
 5EJQNCTUJKR%QPUWNVCVQKP%GPVGTYGDUKVGJVVRYYYUJQICMWMKPLRNQCPP 'FWECVKQPNQCPUHTQODCPMUCPFHKPCPEKCNKPUVKVWVKQPU  ȷ+VKUGCUKGTVQQDVCKPVJCP,CRCP5VWFGPV5GTXKEGU1TICPK\CVKQPQTVJGPCVKQPCNGFWECVKQP NQCP  *QYGXGT KPVGTGUV TCVGU CTG JKIJGT Ტ  Ჟ  HQT VJG PCVKQPCNGFWECVKQPNQCPVQHQTDCPMNQCPUCPFVQHQTHKPCPEKCNKPUVKVWVKQPUᲣ

184ᡶ‫ܖ‬
Ƙƴ


ơ

ƪ ƨƍ

ƠƑǜ

Ĳ‫׎‬Ǎᐯ඙˳ƳƲƔǒƷૅੲƜƏƜƏƤƍƱƏƠǐƏƕƘƖǎƏƾƖǜ ᭗ఄဃሁ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬ዅ˄᣿  ƠǎƏƴǎƏƻƘƔ ƯƍơǎƗǐƏǓǐƏ ƍ ƕ ƍƖǐƏƍƘƻ

ƖǐƏƔƠǐƩƍ

ƖǐƏƟƍƻ

ƭƏƕƘǑƏƻǜƩƍ

ƤƍƱƔƍƻ

ӓ λ ƕ˯ƍܼࡊƸŴ੉ ಅ ૰ ˌ‫ٳ‬Ʒ૙ᏋᝲᲢ૙ᅹ୿ˊŴ૙஬ᝲŴᡫ‫ܖ‬ဇԼˊŴဃࢻ˟ᝲŴƔ ƍ ƻ ƱƏ

ƾƨǜ

ǁ

Ƙƴ

ƔƘơƪƨƍ

ƔƶƘǘ

26#˟ᝲሁᲣƷ᝟ਃǛถǒƢƨǊƴ‫׎‬ǍӲᐯ඙˳ƔǒƓ᣿ƕǋǒƑǇƢŵᛇƠƍƜƱƸǋ ǜ ƿ ƔƕƘƠǐƏǈ    ૨ᢿᅹ‫ܖ‬ႾƷ *2 ǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍŵƜƏƜƏƤƍƱƏƠǐƏƕƘƖǎƏƾƖǜ

᭗ఄဃሁ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬ዅ˄᣿ www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/mushouka/1344089.htm
ƪ Ǆ Ə ƜƏƖǐƏƩǜƨƍ

ƱƲƏƾƚǜ

ƠƘ ƪǐƏƦǜ

ƠǐƏƕƘơƗǐƏ ơ Ƭ Ơ Ʃǜƨƍ

ƓƜƳ

ƩƍƕƘ

ƨǜƩƍƤƍƓǑ ‫ ૾ע‬π σ ‫˳ׇ‬ᲢᣃᢊࡅჄȷࠊғ ထ ஭ Უȷ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬ʙಅܱ଀‫˳ׇ‬ƕ ᘍ Ə‫ܖٻ‬ȷჺ‫ٻ‬ဃӏƼ ƜƏƜƏƤƍƱƏ

ƠǐƏƕƘƖǜ Ƥ ƍ Ʋ᭗ఄဃሁǁƷ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬᣿Сࡇ

http://www.jasso.go.jp/about/statistics/shogaku_dantaiseido/index.html#search_buttonƠ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƜƏƱƏƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǂǜƖǐƏ

ƿƔƭƲƏ

ƤƍƤƖ

Ǒ

ƱƘǂƭ

ƹƋƍ

 ᅶᇌ᭗ఄǍ᭗ሁ ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄư Ѡ ࢍ Ǎᢿ෇ѣƷ঺ጚƕƱƯǋᑣƍƳƲཎКƳ‫ئ‬ӳƴǎƏƕƘƖǜ

ơǎƗǐƏǓǐƏ

Ƹǒ

ƹƋƍ

ƛǜƕƘ

ƹƋƍ

ƠǐƏƕƘƖǜλ ‫ܖ‬᣿Ǎ੉ ಅ ૰ Ǜ৚ǘƳƘƯƍƍ‫ئ‬ӳǍถ᫇ƞǕǔ‫ئ‬ӳƕƋǓǇƢŵ ‫ܖ ڜ‬᣿ǛǋǒƹƋƍƠǐƏƕƘƖǜ

ƔƑ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕ

ƑǔƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢᲢƜƷ‫ئ‬ӳƷ ‫ ܖ ڜ‬᣿ƸŴᡉƞƳƘƯƍƍưƢᲣŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƏƴǎƏƕƘƋǜƳƍ

ǈ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

ƷưŴ λ ‫ ܖ‬కϋǛᙸƨǓέဃƴᄩᛐƠƨǓƠǇƠǐƏŵƴ Ǆ ǜ ƕƘƤƍ Ơ Ƒ ǜ Ɩ Ɯ ƏƠǐƏƕƘƖǜ

ƗǜƜƏ

ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƻ ƔƘƯƖ ƔŨଐஜ‫ܖ‬ဃૅੲೞನƷ ‫ܖ ڜ‬᣿ǍŴ᤼ᘍƳƲƷ ૙ Ꮛ ȭȸȳƸൔ᠋ႎ͈ǓǍƢƍưƢŵƨƩ
ƦƭƗǐƏ Ɲ

ƔƳǒ

ƔƑ

Ɩƕǔ

Ɣ

ƪǎƏƍ

ƠŴҡ ಅ ࢸŴ࣏ ƣᡉƞƳƚǕƹƳǒƳƍƷưŴൢ᠉ƴ͈ǓƳƍǑƏƴදॖƢǔƜƱƕ
ƻƭǑƏƜƏƜƏƦƭƗǐƏ ƝƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏ

ơǎƚǜ

ƤǜƠǎƏ

࣏ᙲưƢŵǇƨŴ᭗ఄҡ ಅ ࢸŴ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄᲢ᭗ఄǛ ҡ ಅ ƠƳƚǕƹӖ᬴ưƖƳƍ ‫̲ ݦ‬ƕƬƜƏƤǜǋǜ Ɣ Ư ƍ

ƩƍƕƘ

ƠǜƕƘ

Ɣ ƷƏƤƍ

Ɣǜƕ

ƪǐƪƘ

ƻƭǑƏ

‫ܖ‬ఄ‫ᧉݦ‬ᛢᆉᲣǍ‫ܖٻ‬ƴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƢǔӧᏡࣱǋ ᎋ ƑƯŴƞǒƴƨƘƞǜƷᝪᔛƕ࣏ᙲƱƳ
ƜƏƜƏ

ƓƳ

ƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ

ƩƍƕƘƜƬƜƏǓƭ

Ơ Ǔƭ

ƕƘ ƻ

ƓƓ

ƞ

ǓǇƢŵ᭗ఄƱӷơǑƏƴ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄǍ‫ܖٻ‬ǋŴ‫׎‬πᇌƱᅶᇌưƸ‫ᝲܖ‬ƴ‫ٻ‬ƖƳࠀƕƋǓ
ƕƘǓǐƘ

ƜƏƜƏ

ƪƕ

ƜƬƜƏǓƭƩƍƕƘ

ƨƔ

ƝƏƔƘ

ǇƢŵ ‫ ܖ‬щ ƴƭƍƯƸŴ᭗ఄƱᢌƬƯŴ‫׎‬πᇌ‫ܖٻ‬ƸȬșȫƕ᭗ƘŴӳ఍ƢǔƨǊƴ
ƲǓǐƘ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƸƨƘƞǜƷѐщƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵǄ ơǐƖǜ

ƠǐƏƕƘƖǜ

ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƕƍƜƘ

Ɯ

Ơǜ ǖ ƔƍƨƘ

Ũᙀя᣿Ŵ ‫ܖ ڜ‬᣿Ŵ ૙ ᏋȭȸȳƴƭƍƯƸŴž‫׎ٳ‬ƴƭƳƕǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƷᡶែ᧏ਏǬƋƍ ƪ ƚǜ ƪ ƍƖƠǜƜƏ ƿ ƜƘƞƍ Ɣ ƨ ƿǜ Ɣ ƖǐƏƤƍƢƍƠǜƠƭƸƬƜƏ

ƷǤȉȖȃǯſᲢग़ჷჄ‫؏ע‬ਰᐻᢿ‫׎‬ᨥᛢ‫ٶ‬૨҄ σ ဃਖ਼ᡶܴႆᘍ Უƴǋ᠍ƬƯƍǇƢŵ
ƶǜƸƬƜƏ

ƔƘƜƏǋƘƨ Ʃǜƨƍ

ƞǜƜƏƞƍƠǜơǐƏǄƏ

ƔƘƴǜᲢ࠰ႆᘍƷƨǊӲ᪮ႸƝƱƴ˂‫˳ׇ‬Ʒ 74. ƳƲǋӋᎋƴŴஇૼ ऴ ‫إ‬ǛᄩᛐƠƯƘƩƞƍᲣ

185

ᡶ‫ܖ‬Ĳ5WRRQTVHTQOVJGEQWPVT[CPFNQECNIQXGTPOGPVU 5EJQNCTUJKRDGPGHKVUHQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUGVE
.QYKPEQOGHCOKNKGUECPQDVCKPHKPCPEKCNCKFHQTRC[KPIGFWECVKQPCNHGGUQVJGT
VJCP VWKVKQP HGGU VGZVDQQMU EQUVU OCVGTKCNU EQUVU UEJQQN KVGO EQUVU UVWFGPVOGODGTUJKR HGG 26# OGODGTUJKR HGG GVE  HTQO GKVJGT VJG PCVKQPCN QT NQECNIQXGTPOGPVU(QTFGVCKNURNGCUGTGHGTVQVJGYGDUKVGQH/':6

5EJQNCTUJKRDGPGHKVUHQTJKIJUEJQQNUVWFGPVUGVEYYYOGZVIQLRCAOGPWUJQVQWOWUJQWMCJVO 5EJQNCTUJKRRTQITCOHQTWPKXGTUKVKGUEQNNGIGUVWFGPVUCPFJKIJUEJQQN
UVWFGPVUGVEQTICPK\GFD[UEJQNCTUJKRRTQLGEVKORNGOGPVCVKQPQTICPK\CVKQPUCPFNQECNIQXGTPOGPVU RTGHGEVWTGUOWPKEKRCNKVKGUJVVRYYYLCUUQIQLRCDQWVUVCVKUVKEUUJQICMWAFCPVCKUGKFQKPFGZJVONUGCTEJADWVVQP 5RGEKCNECUGKPYJKEJCUVWFGPVJCUGZEGNNGPVCECFGOKECPFENWDCEVKXKVKGUTGEQTFUIQKPIVQCRTKXCVGJKIJUEJQQNCPFURGEKCNK\GFJKIJUEJQQN 
6JGUVWFGPVOC[QPN[PGGFVQRC[CTGFWEGFGPVTCPEGHGGCPFVWKVKQPHGGQTIGV
VQVCNN[ GZGORVGF UWEJ UEJQNCTUJKR FQGU PQV PGGF TGRC[OGPV  6JKU RTQITCOXCTKGUCOQPIUEJQQNUUQEJGEMYKVJVJGUEJQQNGPVTCPEGIWKFGCPFVJGUEJQQN
VGCEJGTU Ũ5EJQNCTUJKRUHTQOVJG,CRCP5VWFGPV5GTXKEGU1TICPK\CVKQP  CPFGFWECVKQPNQCPUHTQODCPMUCTGGCUKGTVQQDVCKP*QYGXGTCU[QWOWUVRC[DCEMVJG
NQCP COQWPV WRQP ITCFWCVKQP FQ EQPUKFGT ECTGHWNN[ DGHQTG CRRNKECVKQP/QTGQXGT CHVGT ITCFWCVKPI HTQO JKIJ UEJQQN VJGTG KU VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ QH
CFXCPEKPI VQ URGEKCNK\GF UEJQQNU UQOG URGEKCNK\GF EQWTUGU TGSWKTG VJGECPFKFCVGUVQJCXGITCFWCVGFHTQOJKIJUEJQQNUHKTUV QTGXGPWPKXGTUKVKGU#UUWEJ[QWPGGFNQVUQHUCXKPIU6JGURGEKCNK\GFUEJQQNUCPFWPKXGTUKVKGUJCXGCDKITCPIGQHFKHHGTGPEGDGVYGGPRWDNKECPFRTKXCVGN[TWPKPUVKVWVKQPULWUVNKMGJKIJUEJQQNU  7PNKMGJKIJUEJQQNURWDNKEWPKXGTUKVKGUTGSWKTGCOWEJJKIJGTCECFGOKECDKNKVKGUCPFVJWUNQVUQHGHHQTVUCTGPGGFGF Ũ+PHQTOCVKQPQPDWTUCTKGUUEJQNCTUJKRUCPFGFWECVKQPNQCPUCTGHQWPFKPVJG
DQQMß%CTGGTFGXGNQROGPVIWKFGDQQMHQTEJKNFTGPQHHQTGKIPGTUàᲢRWDNKUJGF
D[ #KEJK 2TGHGEVWTG 4GIKQPCN 2TQOQVKQP &GRV +PVGTPCVKQPCN #HHCKTU &KXKUKQP/WNVKEWNVWTCN5[ODKQUKU2TQOQVKQP1HHKEGᲣ 2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJG74.QHQVJGTQTICPK\CVKQPUHQTGCEJKVGOHQTVJGKUUWGKPHQTVJGNCVGUVWRFCVGUᲣ

186ᡶ‫ܖ‬
Ắạểạ Ầ ề ẟẶỮẲỠạ ầ Ế Ắ ạᾁὼᾁώ‫ܖ̲ݦ‬ఄί᭗ሁᛢᆉὸ
ƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ơǎǔƍᾁὼᾁὼᾀώ ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄƷᆔ᫏ƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƜƏƱƏ Ɣ Ư ƍƍƬƺǜ Ɣ Ư ƍƤǜǋǜ Ɣ Ư ƍƜƏƱƏ Ɣ Ư ƍ

ƦƭƗǐƏ

ƜƏƜƏ

‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄƴƸ᭗ሁᛢᆉƱɟᑍᛢᆉƱ‫ᧉݦ‬ᛢᆉƕƋǓǇƢŵ᭗ሁᛢᆉǛ ҡ ಅ ƢǔƱŴ᭗ఄƦƭƗǐƏ Ơ Ɣ ƘƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƦƭƗǐƏƝ

ƠǜƕƘƜƏƱƏ Ɣ Ư ƍƜƏƱƏ Ɣ Ư ƍƷ ҡ ಅ ᝻఍ƕǋǒƑǇƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ҡಅࢸƴᡶ‫ܖ‬ƢǔƷƸŴǄƱǜƲ᭗ሁᛢᆉưƢŵ᭗ሁᛢᆉƜƏƱƏƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƷƜƱǛ᭗ሁ ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄƱƍƏƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ
ƴǄǜ

Ơǎǔƍ

ƜƏƱƏƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƜƏƱƏƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƠǐƏǒƍ

ƠƝƱ

ଐஜƴƸŴƨƘƞǜƷᆔ᫏Ʒ᭗ሁ ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄƕƋǓǇƢŵ᭗ሁ ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄưƸŴ‫ ݩ‬ஹ Ʒˁʙ
ƪƠƖ

Ɨơǎƭ

ǇƳ

Ƥǜǋǜ Ɣ ǋ Ƙ

ơǎƗǐƏ

ƪǎƏƠǜ

ƠǎƏƠǐƘ

ǍƘƩƴƭƳƕǔჷᜤǍ২ᘐǛ‫ܖ‬ƿ‫ᧉݦ‬ᅹႸƷ ੉ ಅ ƕ ɶ ࣎ ƴƳǓǇƢŵ ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ ƠƯŴƢƙƴࢫᇌ
ơƬƠǎƏ

ơƭƗ

ơƔǜ

ƓƓ

ƭ ܱ ፼ Ǎܱ২Ʒ଺᧓ƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵ
ƿǜǍ

ƜƏƗǐƏ

ƷƏƗǐƏ

ƍǓǐƏ

ƑƍƤƍ

ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƠǌƔƍ ƾ Ƙ ƠƠǐƏƗǐƏ ơ ƭ ǉ

ƾƘƠǐƘ

ƔƤƍ

 ƭƷЎ᣼Ტ ߻ ಅ Ŵ ᠾ ಅ ŴҔၲŴᘓဃŴ ૙ Ꮛ ȷᅈ˟ᅦᅍŴ ՠ ಅ ܱѦŴ ஌ ᫭ ȷܼ૎Ŵ
ƿǜƔ

ƖǐƏǑƏ

ƳƔ

ƕƬƔ

૨҄ȷ ૙ ᫱ ᲣƷɶƴŴƍǖƍǖƳ‫ܖ‬ᅹƕƋǓǇƢŵ
  
ố Ữ ở

  ᾇếỉЎ᣼ᴾƖ Ɣ ƍ Ɣ

Ძ
Წ
Ჭ
Ხ

ƷƏƗǐƏƔ

ᠾಅᅹƍǓǐƏ ƿ ǜ Ǎơǎǜ Ɣ ǜ Ɲ ƔҔၲЎ᣼ϱ Ⴣᜱᅹ

ƑƍƤƍ ƿ ǜ ǍƪǐƏǓƠƔ

ᘓဃЎ᣼ᛦྸࠖᅹŴᙌᓑᘓဃࠖᅹŴྸܾᅹŴ፦ܾᅹŴ᫢ཋᅹƠǌƔƍ ƾ Ƙ Ơ ƿ ǜ ǍƤƍƔƑƍƤƍƠƔƔƍƝ ƾ Ƙ Ơ ƔƠǐƘǋƭƔ

ƠǌƔƍ ƾ Ƙ Ơ Ɣƚ ƍ Ǔ Ɣ

ǅ

Ɩ

Ɣ

Ɣ

Ɣ

ǹᅹƳƲ

ƔƤƍƿǜǍƔ஌ ᫭ ȷܼ૎Ў᣼ƿǜƔƾ Ƙ Ơ ƔƼ Ǒ Ə Ɣՠ ಅ ᅹ ŴኺྸᛢŴቐᚡᅹŴ+6 ȓǸȍǹᅹŴȈȩșȫȓǸȍՠ ಅ ܱѦЎ᣼ƾƘƠǐƘǄƍƘ ƾ Ƙ Ơ ƔǓ Ǒ Ə ƔʼᜱᅦᅍᅹŴ̬ᏋᅦᅍᅹŴᅦᅍᅹŴᅈ˟ᅦᅍᅹ
ƠǐƏƗǐƏƔ

ᲲơƲƏƠǌ Ƥ ƍ Ƽ Ɣᠾ ಅ Ў᣼

ƠǐƏƗǐƏ ơ ƭ ǉ ƿ ǜ ǍᲱư ǜ Ɩ ƔƷƏƗǐƏ ƿ ǜ Ǎ૙ Ꮛ ȷᅈ˟ᅦᅍЎ᣼

Ჰ

ƚǜƪƘƔ

߻ ಅ Ў᣼

ƖǐƏƍƘ

Ჯ

Ɣ

ೞ఺ᅹŴǳȳȔȥȸǿᅹŴ࡫ሰᅹŴᩓൢᅹŴᐯѣ៻ૢͳᅹƳƲƜƏƗǐƏ ƿ ǜ ǍƔȕǡȃǷȧȳȇǶǤȳᅹŴȕǡȃǷȧȳȓǸȍǹᅹƳƲƖǐƏǑƏ ƿ ǜ ǍƼơǎƭƔ૨҄ȷ ૙ ᫱ Ў᣼ƕƍƜƘƝƔ

ƔƔ፦ᘐᅹŴ‫׎ٳ‬ᛖᅹŴǹȝȸȄᅹŴȐȬǨᅹƳƲƘǘƥǜƜƘƜƏƱƏƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏƖǐƏƔƍƿ ǜ Ǎ ǂƭƠǜƕƘ

ǈᛇƠƍƜƱƸŴμ‫׎‬᭗ሁ ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄ ң ˟ žЎ᣼Кᡶ‫ܖ‬ǬǤȉſ*2 ǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍŵ
http://www.zenkokukoutousenshugakkoukyoukai.gr.jp/bunya.html
ỆỠạầẪ Ẳ Ậ Ữᾁὼᾁὼᾁώλ‫ܖ‬ᚾ᬴Ệếẟề
ƜƘƝ

ƢƏƕƘ

ƑƍƝ

ƠǌƔƍ

Ǔ

Ɣ

ƖǐƏƔ

ƜƘƝ

ƢƏƕƘ

ƑƍƝ

ƖǐƏƔ

ȷ‫׎‬ᛖŴૠ‫ܖ‬ŴᒍᛖŴᅈ˟ŴྸᅹƷ ૙ᅹƷƱƜǖŴ‫׎‬ᛖŴૠ‫ܖ‬ŴᒍᛖƷᲭ૙ᅹƷƱƜǖƳƲŴ
ƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕ

‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢŵ
ƞƘƿǜ

ǊǜƤƭ

ƓƓ

ȷ˺૨Ǎ᩿੗ƕƋǔƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵƢƍƤǜƴǎƏƠ

ƴǎƏƠ

ƓƜƳ

ȷਖ਼ᕟλᚾǍ #1λᚾǛ ᘍ ƬƯƍǔƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢŵƘǘᛇ ƠƍƜƱƸŴƥǜƜƘƜƏƱƏƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏƖǐƏƔƍμ‫ ׎‬᭗ሁ ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄ ң ˟ Ʒ *2 www.zenkokukoutousenshugakkoukyoukai.gr.jp/about02.html Ƌƍ ƪ ƚǜ

ƋƍƤǜƔƘƋƍ ƪ ƚǜƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏƔƘƠǎƕƬƜƏǕǜƝƏƔƍǈग़ ჷ Ⴤ ƸŴग़‫ ݦ‬Ӳ Ტग़ ჷ Ⴤ ‫ ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄ Ӳ ᆔ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ᡲ ӳ ˟ ᲣƷ *2www.askr.or.jp ǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍŵ

187

ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ᾁὼᾁώᵱᶎᶃᶁᶇᵿᶊᶇᶘᶃᶂᴾᵱᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᶑᴾᵆᵱᶃᶌᶑᶆᶓᵋᶅᵿᶉᶉᶍᶓᵇὉᵦᶇᶅᶆᶃᶐᴾᶁᶍᶓᶐᶑᶃᶑᵆᵩᶍᶓᶒᶍᶓᵋᶉᵿᶒᶃᶇᵇᴾᾁὼᾁὼᾀώᵲᶗᶎᶃᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᶑᶎᶃᶁᶇᵿᶊᶇᶘᶃᶂᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᶑᴾ
5RGEKCNK\GF UEJQQNU QHHGT DQVJ JKIJGT EQWTUGU CPF IGPGTCN EQWTUGU 9JGP C
UVWFGPVITCFWCVGUHTQOVJGUGJKIJGTEQWTUGUJGQTUJGECPCESWKTGVJGJKIJUEJQQN ITCFWCVKQP UVCVWU  #NOQUV CNN CFXCPEG UVWFKGU CHVGT ITCFWCVKPI HTQOLWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU CTG TGICTFGF CU JKIJGT EQWTUGU *KIJGT EQWTUGU CTGUQOGVKOGUTGHGTTGFVQCU5RGEKCNK\GF*KIJ5EJQQNU
+P ,CRCP VJGTG CTG OCP[ V[RGU QH 5RGEKCNK\GF *KIJ 5EJQQNU 6JG HQEWU QH
5RGEKCNK\GF*KIJ5EJQQNUKUQPQDVCKPKPIVJGMPQYNGFIGCPFUMKNNUTGSWKTGFHQT
HWVWTGECTGGTU6QDGCDNGVQIGVTKIJVKPVQYQTMVJGTGCTGNQVUQHVKOGUURGPVQPRTCEVKECNUMKNNUVTCKPKPI #OQPI VJG  HKGNFU QH UVWF[ Ტ KPFWUVTKCN CITKEWNVWTCN OGFKECN J[IKGPGGFWECVKQPCPFYGNHCTGEQOOGTEKCNHCUJKQPCPFJQOGGEQPQOKEUEWNVWTGCPF
GFWECVKQPᲣVJGTGCTGOCP[FKHHGTGPVEQWTUGUCXCKNCDNG ᴾ ᴾ ᾇᴾ ᵤᶇᶃᶊᶂᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᵱᶒᶓᶂᶗᴾᲫ+PFWUVTKCNHKGNF

/CEJKPGT[ EQORWVGT DWKNFKPI CPF EQPUVTWEVKQPGNGEVTQPKECWVQOQDKNGOCKPVGPCPEGGVEᲬ#ITKEWNVWTCNHKGNF

#ITKEWNVWTGᲭ/GFKECNHKGNF

2TCEVKECNPWTUKPIᲮ*[IKGPGHKGNF

0WVTKVKQPKUV EQPHGEVKQPGT JCKTFTGUUKPI DGCWVKEKCP
HQQFURGEKCNKUV Ჯ'FWECVKQPCPF
0WTUKPIECTGEJKNFECTGYGNHCTGUQEKCNYGNHCTGUQEKCNYGNHCTGHKGNFUᲰ%QOOGTEKCNHKGNFᲱᲲ%QOOGTEG CEEQWPVKPI DQQMMGGRKPI +6 DWUKPGUUVQWTKUOGVE

(CUJKQP CPF JQOG(CUJKQPFGUKIPHCUJKQPDWUKPGUUGVE
GEQPQOKEUHKGNF
%WNVWTGCPF
(KPG#TVU(QTGKIP.CPIWCIG5RQTVU$CNNGVGVE
GFWECVKQPHKGNFU(QTFGVCKNURNGCUGTGHGTVQVJGYGDUKVGQH0CVKQPCN*KIJ5EJQQN#UUQEKCVKQP ß)WKFGQH5RGEKCNK\GF(KGNFUHQT#FXCPEGUVWFKGUàJVVRYYY\GPMQMWMQWVQWUGPUJWICMMQWM[QWMCKITLRDWP[CJVON  ᴾᾁὼᾁὼᾁώᵣᶌᶒᶐᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾᵣᶖᵿᶋᶇᶌᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᶑᴾ
ȷ5EJQQNU QHHGT GKVJGT  CECFGOKE UWDLGEVU KPENWFKPI ,CRCPGUG /CVJ 'PINKUJ
5QEKCN 5VWFKGU CPF 5EKGPEG QT  CECFGOKE UWDLGEVU KP ,CRCPGUG /CVJ CPF'PINKUJ 
ȷ/QUVRNCEGUEQPFWEVGUUC[YTKVKPICPFKPVGTXKGYU
ȷ5QOGJCXGTGEQOOGPFCVKQPUGNGEVKQPUCPF#1UGNGEVKQPU(QTFGVCKNUTGHGTVQVJG*2QH0CVKQPCN*KIJ5EJQQN#UUQEKCVKQP 
YYY\GPMQMWMQWVQWUGPUJWICMMQWM[QWMCKITLRCDQWVJVON (QT#KEJK2TGHGEVWTGIQVQVJG*2QH#KUGPMCMWᲢ#KEJK2TGHGEVWTG5RGEKCNK\GF5EJQQN
#UUQEKCVKQPᲣYYYCUMTQTLR 188ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ẦỈᾁὼᾁὼᾂώấ᣿ỆếẟềƠ ǓƭƜƏƜƏ

ƔƶƻƭǑƏƦƭƗǐƏ Ơ Ɣ ƘƭƏƠǜƤƍƜƏƜƏ

ƟƍƤƖȷᅶᇌ᭗ఄ ǑǓƨƘƞǜƷƓ᣿ ƕ࣏ᙲ ưƢᲢ ҡ ಅ ᝻఍ ǛƱǔƨǊƴᡫ̮С᭗ఄ ƴǋ‫נ‬ቔ ŵơƬƠǎƏƻ

ƖǐƏƟƍƻ

ƻƭǑƏܱ፼ᝲǍ૙஬ᝲǋ࣏ᙲᲣŵ
Ơǎǔƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƕƬƔ

ơƿǜ

Ƒǒ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƕƬƔ

ƪƕ

ȷƨƘƞǜƷᆔ᫏Ʒ‫ܖ‬ఄŴ‫ܖ‬ᅹƕƋǔƷưŴᐯЎƕᢠǜƩ‫ܖ‬ఄŴ‫ܖ‬ᅹƴǑƬƯƔƳǓƷᢌƍƕǇǜǇǜƑǜ Ư ƍ ƲƋǓǇƢᲢɢ᳸ɢόᆉࡇᲣŵ
ƤƍƾƘ

ƓƓ

ƤƍƾƘƩƍƕƬƜƏƪƕȷС஌ƕƋǔƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍưƢŵС஌ˊǋ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢŵƠǎƏƕƘ Ơ Ƒ ǜ ƖǜƘƴơ ƪ ƨ ƍơǎƗǐƏǓǐƏ ƚƍƛǜ Ǆ ơ ǐ

ơǐƏƚǜ

Ə

ȷ‫׎‬Ɣǒ ‫ૅ ܖ ݼ‬ੲ᣿ƕǋǒƑǇƢŵᐯ඙˳Ɣǒǋ ੉ ಅ ૰ ᠉ถᙀяƕӖƚǒǕǇƢᲢ வ ˑ Ƹ
ƜƏƜƏ

ƓƳ

᭗ఄƱǄƱǜƲӷơưƢᲣŵẺẼỠạầẾẮạ Ẹ ế ẩ Ợ ạ ắẲ Ữ Ứ ᾁὼᾂώẸỉ˂Ẇɶ‫ܖ‬ఄҡಅࢸỉᡶែᴾƜƏƱƏƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ  Ĭ᭗ሁ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄƶǜƍƬƔǜƖǐƏƍƘƜƏ ƲƗ ơǎƭƠǌ

ǑƏƤƍ

ǋƘƯƖ

ƨƔ

ƕƘǓǐƘ

ƻƭǑƏ

࠰ɟᝦ ૙ ᏋưŴ᭗ࡇƳ২ ᘐ ᎍƷ᫱঺ǛႸႎƱƠƯƓǓŴ᭗ƍȬșȫƷ‫ ܖ‬щ ƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵǕƍƜƏƗǐƏƜƏƱƏƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ

ƜƏƤǜƠǐƏƤǜƜƏƱƏƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ

ƠǐƏƤǜ̊ᲴŨŨ߻ ಅ ᭗ሁ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄᲢŨŨ᭗‫ݦ‬ᲣŴţţ ՠ ᑔ᭗ሁ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄᲢţţ ՠ ‫ ݦ‬ᲣƳƲƠǐƘƗǐƏƷƏǓǐƘƔƍƸƭƜƏĭ Ꮀ ಅ Ꮱ щ ᧏ႆఄƖ ƗǐƏƳƍƕƘƑǜĮ˖ ಅ ϋ‫טܖ‬ƠǎƏƠǐƘ

ǈĭŴĮƴƭƍƯƸŴRž ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ ſǛᙸƯƘƩƞƍŵẼỠạầẾẮạẲ ả Ữᾂώɶ‫ܖ‬ఄầỂẨỦૅੲᴾ
Ơǜ ǖ

ơǎǜ Ƽ

ƢƢ

ƠǜƕƘƞƖ

ƖơǎƚǜǂǜƖǐƏ

ǂƭ

ƕǜƠǐ

Ɣ

Ɣƨ

ƯƍƠǎƭ

ᡶែƴƭƍƯ แ ͳǛᡶǊŴᡶ‫ܖ‬έƕൿǇƬƨǒŴӖ᬴Ѡ ࢍ ƱƸКƴŴᫍ୿Ʒ୿Ɩ૾Ǎ੩ Ј
ǄƏǄƏ

ƓƠ

ƕǜƠǐ

Ơ ǅƏƜƏ

ƪǐƘƤƭƯƍƠǎƭƹ ƋƍƠ ǅƏƜƏ

ƍƔƨ૾ඥǋ૙ƑƯǋǒƍǇƠǐƏŵᫍ୿Ǜ࣓ஓఄƴ Ⴚ ੗੩ Ј Ƣǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴ࣓ஓఄǇưƷᘍƖ૾Ǜ
ơ ƥǜ

Ơǒ

ƕǜƠǐ

ǏƏƦƏ

ƹ Ƌƍ

Ơ ƚǜ ƼƍƪƲơ ƨƘʙЭƴǑƘᛦǂƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵǇƨŴᫍ୿ǛᣁᡛƢǔ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴᚾ᬴ଐǇưƴɟࡇƸᐯ‫ܡ‬ƔǒƠ ǅƏƜƏ

ƍơǎƚǜƱƏơƭ

Ɩ

ǋ

Ǒ ǏƏ

ư

࣓ஓఄǇưᘍƬƯƓƘƱŴӖ᬴࢘ଐǋൢਤƪƴ˷ᘽǛǋƬƯЈƔƚǒǕǇƢŵ
ƨǜƴǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

ǊǜƤƭ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

Ɣ ƧƘ

ƖǐƏǓǐƘ

ƍƑ

ǊǜƤƭ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

 ǇƨŴਃ˓ƷέဃƱ᩿੗Ʒጀ ፼ ǛƠƨǓŴܼଈƴ ң щ ƠƯǋǒƬƯܼưǋ᩿੗Ʒጀ ፼ Ǜ
Ƙ

ƔƑ

ƜƑ

Ʃ

ǊǜƤƭ Ơ ƚǜ

ƴƕ Ư

ƍ ƠƖ

ƠƨǓƠǇƠǐƏŵጮǓᡉƠ٣ƴЈƢƜƱưŴ᩿੗ᚾ᬴ǁƷᒊ৖ॖᜤƕƳƘƳǓǇƢŵơǎƚǜƜƤǜƤƍƕƨ

Ɣ ƧƘ

ƹǜƥǜ

ơǎǜ Ƽ

ƷƧ

Ǉƍ

 ƜƷǑƏƴŴӖ᬴ƴƸŴ‫܇‬Ʋǋǋέဃ૾ǋܼଈǋŴɢμƷ แ ͳǛƠƯᐮǉǘƚưƢƕŴ൑ƴƪǇƍ ơ Ɣǜ

ƓƳ

ơǎƚǜ

ǉ

Ʊ ƪǎƏ

Ɠ

ƝƏƔƘ

ଐŴ൑଺᧓ƕӷơưƸƳƍǑƏƴŴӖ᬴ƴӼƔƏᡦ ɶ ŴȏȗȋȳǰƕឪƜƬƨǓŴӳ఍ƠƯƴǎƏƕƘ Ư ƭƮ

ƋƍƩ

ǋǜƩƍ

ư

Ƴƴ

Ɠ

Ɣǒ λ ‫ܖ‬৖ዓƖǇưƷ ᧓ ƴբ᫆ƕЈƯƖƨǓƢǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵ˴ƔឪƜƬƨǒŴǇƣƸ
ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵẳ ủẟ ẲỢạẦẟṺʙ̊ ኰ ʼṺᴾ
ƻƱǓƜƏƖǐƏƜƏƭƏ Ɩ ƔǜƍĬ ʴưπ σ ʩᡫೞ᧙ưᘍƘŵ
ưǜƠǌ

 

ǖ Ƥǜ

Ǉ ƪƕ

Ʒ

 ᩓ៻ǍȐǹƷែዴǛ᧓ᢌƑƯʈƬƯƠǇƬƨŵƜƏƠǌƑƖ

Ɣƍƞƭƙƪ

Ǉ ƪƕ

 ᨀ៻ᬜǍો஝ӝǛ᧓ᢌƑƯƠǇƬƨŵơǎƚǜƜƏ

ǈƪ

Ǉ ƪƕ

 

 Ӗ᬴ఄǇưƷᢊǛ᧓ᢌƑƯƠǇƬƨŵ  ʈǓ᡿ǕƯƠǇƬƨŵ

Ʒ

ƓƘ

189

ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ᾁὼᾁὼᾂώᵰᶃᶅᵿᶐᶂᶇᶌᶅᴾᶋᶍᶌᶃᶒᵿᶐᶗᴾᶁᶍᶑᶒᶑᴾ
ȷ /WEJ OQTG OQPG[ KU TGSWKTGF HQT RTKXCVG JKIJ UEJQQNUᲢ+P QTFGT VQ QDVCKPITCFWCVKQPUVCVWU[QWPGGFVQDGGPTQNNGFKPCFKUVCPEGNGCTPKPIUEJQQN6JGTG
CTGCNUQRTCEVKECNNGCTPKPIEQUVUCPFOCVGTKCNEQUVUᲣᴾȷ #UVJGTGCTGUQOCP[V[RGUQHUEJQQNUCPFEQWTUGUVJGTGKUCFKHHGTGPEGKPEQUVUCOQPIVJGO EQUVXCTKCVKQPTCPIGUHTQO[GPVQ[GP ȷ /QUVUEJQQNUTGSWKTGUEJQQNWPKHQTOU7PKHQTOEQUVFKHHGTFGRGPFQPUEJQQNU
ȷ ;QWECPIGVUEJQQNUWDUKFKGUHTQOVJGPCVKQPCNIQXGTPOGPV/WPKEKRCNKVKGUCNUQIKXGQWVVWKVKQPHGGTGFWEVKQPCUUKUVCPEGᲢ#NOQUVUCOGGNKIKDKNKV[ETKVGTKCCUJKIJUEJQQNUᲣᴾ ᾁὼᾂώᵭᶒᶆᶃᶐᴾᶎᵿᶒᶆᶑᴾᶒᶍᴾᵿᶂᶔᵿᶌᶁᶃᴾᶒᶍᴾᵿᶄᶒᶃᶐᴾᶅᶐᵿᶂᶓᵿᶒᶇᶌᶅᴾᶄᶐᶍᶋᴾᶈᶓᶌᶇᶍᶐᴾᶆᶇᶅᶆᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ
Ĭ 0CVKQPCN%QNNGIGQH6GEJPQNQI[ -QWVQWUGPOQPICMMQW 
6JKUKUC[GCTEQPUKUVGPVU[UVGOKPYJKEJVJGQDLGEVKXGKUVQVTCKPJKIJNGXGNVGEJPKECNRGTUQPPGN UCPFVJWUCJKIJNGXGNQHNGCTPKPICDKNKV[KUTGSWKTGF 'ZCORNGᲴŨŨ -QWI[QW -QWVQW 5GPOQP )CMMQW 'PIKPGGTKPI 5RGEKCNK\GF
*KIJ 5EJQQN Ტ Ũ Ũ -QWUGP ᲣŴ ţ ţ /GTEJCPV UJKR 8QECVKQPCN
5RGEKCNK\GF *KIJ 5EJQQN  ţ ţ 5JQWUGPMQWVQWUGPOQPICMMQW
Ტţţ5JQWUGPᲣGVE
ĭ 8QECVKQPCNUMKNNUFGXGNQROGPVUEJQQNU 5JQMWI[QW0QWT[QMW-CKJCVUWMQW  
Į %QTRQTCVGUEJQQNU -KI[QWPCKICMWGP (QT ĭ CPF Į RNGCUGTGHGTVQVJGRCIGQP ß(KPFKPI'ORNQ[OGPVàᾂώᵱᶓᶎᶎᶍᶐᶒᴾᵿᶔᵿᶇᶊᵿᶀᶊᶃᴾᶄᶐᶍᶋᴾᶈᶓᶌᶇᶍᶐᴾᶆᶇᶅᶆᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾ;QWECPIGVJGNRCPFKPUVTWEVKQPUQPJQYVQYTKVGCPFUWDOKV[QWTCRRNKECVKQP
HQTO )CPUJQ  CPFUVWF[HQTVJGGPVTCPEGGZCOKPCVKQPUYJGP[QWRTGRCTGHQT
JKIJ UVWFKGU CPF JCXG FGEKFGF YJKEJ RCVJ VQ IQ +H [QW CTG UWDOKVVKPI VJGCRRNKECVKQPHQTOFKTGEVN[VQVJGUEJQQNUQH[QWTEJQKEGKVKUDGUVVQEJGEMQWVJQY
VQIGVVJGTGDGHQTGUGVVKPIQHHKH[QWUGPFVJGCRRNKECVKQPHQTOD[RQUV[QWECPIQ
VQVJCVUEJQQNHTQOJQOGCVNGCUVQPEGDGHQTGVJGGZCOKPCVKQPFCVGUQCUVQJCXG
RGCEGQHOKPFTGICTFKPIVJGTQWVGQPVJCVFC[KVUGNH ;QWUJQWNFCNUQRTCEVKEGKPVGTXKGYUMKNNUYKVJ[QWTJQOGTQQOVGCEJGTUCPFCV
JQOGYKVJVJGJGNRQH[QWTHCOKN[OGODGTU-GGRRTCEVKEKPIJQYVQRTQLGEV[QWTXQKEGRTQRGTN[UQVJCV[QWYKNNPQVDGCRRTGJGPUKXGCDQWVVJGKPVGTXKGYU+PVJKUYC[GXGT[DQF[HTQOVJGEJKNFVGCEJGTUVQVJGHCOKN[OGODGTUCTGYGNNRTGRCTGF HQT VJG GZCOKPCVKQPU *QYGXGT CU GCEJ FC[ CPF JQWT CTG FKHHGTGPVWPGZRGEVGFGXGPVUECPVCMGRNCEGWRVKNNVJGFC[QHGZCOKPCVKQPRTQDNGOUOC[QEEWT KP DGVYGGP CHVGT RCUUKPI GZCOKPCVKQP VKNN EQORNGVKQP QH RTQEGFWTG QH
GPVTCPEG 5JQWNF CP[VJKPI GZRGEVGF JCRRGP HKTUV FKUEWUU YKVJ VJG LWPKQT JKIJUEJQQNVGCEJGTU ṺᵡᵿᶑᶃᴾᵱᶒᶓᶂᶗṺṺᴾ
Ĭ 6TCXGNKPIQP[QWTQYPXKCRWDNKEVTCPURQTV   6CMKPIVJGYTQPIVTCKPQTDWU )GVVKPIQHHCVVJGYTQPIDWUUVQRQTIGVQWVHTQOVJG
YTQPIVTCKPUVCVKQPGZKV -CKUCVUWIWEJK    6CMKPIVJGYTQPITQWVGVQVJGGZCOKPCVKQPXGPWG   /KUUKPIVJGVTCKPQTDWU
190

ᡶ‫ܖ‬
ƦƳ



ƑƖƍǜ

ƪƔ

ƻƱ

ƨƣ

 ᳸  ƷǱȸǹƴͳƑƯŴǇƣᬜՃƞǜƳƲᡈƘƴƍǔʴƴ‫ݮ‬ƶǔƜƱƕưƖǔǑƏƴŴ

ƻ Ɲǖ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƤƬƖǐƘƯƖ

Ʊ

ƜƜǖ

Ǉ

Ƌ

ଐ᪭Ɣǒ࣏ᙲƳǳȟȥȋǱȸǷȧȳƸᆢ ಊ ႎƴӕǔǑƏƴ ࣎ ƕƚǇƠǐƏŵƦƠƯŴ᧓ƴӳƹ ƋƍơǎƚǜƔƍơǐƏưǜ ǘƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɣ ƧƘ

ưǜ ǘ

ƨƍƠǐǄƏ

ǘƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳƸӖ᬴˟ ‫ ئ‬ƴᩓᛅǛƢǔŴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷέဃǍܼଈƴᩓᛅƢǔŴƳƲƷ‫ݣ‬ϼඥƕƋǓ
ƹ Ƌƍ

ưǜ ǘ

Ơ Ɣƨ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ɠǋ

ƚƍƨƍưǜ ǘǇƢƕŴƦƷ‫ئ‬ӳƷᩓᛅƷˁ૾ǋǷȟȥȬȸǷȧȳƠƯƓƘ࣏ᙲƕƋǔƱ࣬ƍǇƢŵઃ࠘ᩓᛅǋƹ ƋƍƜƏƠǎƏưǜ ǘ

ƞƕ

ưǜ ǘ

ƜƏƠǎƏ

ǛਤƬƯƍƳƍ‫ئ‬ӳƸŴπ ᘌ ᩓᛅǛ੕ƠƯƦƜƔǒᩓᛅƢǔŴƱƍƏƜƱƴƳǔƷưŴπ ᘌ
ưǜ ǘ

ƭƔ

Ɣƨ

ơƥǜ

ƓƠ

ǕǜƠǎƏ

ᩓᛅƷ̅ƍ૾ǛʙЭƴ૙ƑƯǋǒƍŴ ጀ ፼ ƠƯƓƖǇƠǐƏŵ
ƹ Ƌƍ

Ʒ

ƓƘ

Ǔ ǏƏ

ƜơǜƯƖ

ƾ ƪǎƏ ƍơǎƚǜƔƍơǐƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƤǜƤƍ    Ʒ‫ئ‬ӳŴʈǓ᡿Ǖƨྸဌƕ̾ʴႎƳɧ ද ॖƴǑǔǋƷưǋŴӖ᬴ ˟ ‫ ئ‬Ǎɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒέဃ 
ǕǜǒƘ

ƨƍƤƭ

  ƴᡲዂƢǔƜƱƕ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵǕƍƋƞ ƶ ǅƏ

ƜơǜƯƖ

ǓǏƏ

ơ

Ɯ

ƦƏƙƏ

ơ ƿǜ

ƾ ƪǎƏ ƍƔ ƕƍƠǌ     ̊Ჴஔ‫שݏ‬ƳƲƷ̾ʴႎƳྸဌŴʙ૏ƴᢙᢀᲢᐯЎƷɧ ද ॖŴьܹᎍƴƳƬƨᲣŴ
ơ

Ɯ

ƦƏƙƏ

Ǉ

Ɯ

ƻ ƕƍƠǌʙ૏ƴᢙᢀᲢࠇƖᡂǇǕƨŴᘮܹᎍƴƳƬƨᲣƳƲ

Ɣƶ

Ɣǜ

ǋǜƩƍ

ĭƓ᣿ƴ᧙Ƣǔբ᫆ƴǎƏƕƘơǎǜ Ƽ

Ɣƶ

ǑƏ ƍ

   Ũ λ ‫ ܖ‬แ ͳƴƔƔǔƓ᣿ƕဇॖưƖƳƘƳƬƨ
Ɣƶ

ƜƏǋƘ

Ɣ

ƚƍƟƍƯƖ

ƜǜƳǜ

Ɣ Ưƍ

Ƙƴ

Ʊ ƲƏ ƾ ƚǜ    žƓ᣿ƴƭƍƯſƷ᪮Ⴘƴǋ୿ƍƯƋǔǑƏƴŴኺฎႎƴ‫׉‬ᩊƳܼࡊƴƸŴ‫׎‬ǍᣃᢊࡅჄŴ
ƨ

Ʃǜƨƍ

ƕƘ ƻ

ƨƍ

Ơ Ƒǜ

Ơ ƖǎƏ

ƕƭ

ƕƭ

ƦƷ˂Ʒ‫˳ׇ‬ƔǒƷ‫ᝲܖ‬ƴ‫ݣ‬ƢǔૅੲƕƋǓǇƢŵƨƩƠŴૅ ዅ ƞǕǔƷƕ உ᳸உƱ
ƓƓ

ơǎǜ Ƽ

Ɣƶ

ƜǇ

ƍƏƱƜǖƕ‫ٶ‬ƍƨǊŴƦǕǇưƴ แ ͳƠƳƚǕƹƳǒƳƍƓ᣿ƴƭƍƯ‫׉‬ƬƯƍǔƱƍ
ơ Ǖƍ

ƓƓ

ǈ

ǁƍƤƍ

ƶǜ Ʋ

Ʊ ƲƏ ƾ ƚǜƴǎƏƕƘơǎǜ Ƽ

Ɩ Ɣǜ

Ƌ

ǇƑ

Əʙ̊ƕ‫ٶ‬ƘᙸǒǕǇƢŵ࠯঺࠰ࡇƔǒŴᣃᢊࡅჄƴǑǓ λ ‫ ܖ‬แ ͳ஖᧓ƴӳǘƤƯЭ
ƩƓ

Ơ ƖǎƏ

Ƣ

ơ

ƪ ƨƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

͂Ơưૅ ዅ ƢǔƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢƷưŴ˰ǜưƍǔᐯ඙˳ƴႻᛩƠƯǈǇƠǐƏŵḤέဃ૾ồḤᴾଐኒ  ɭƷ‫נ‬သ᝻఍Ǎ‫ݼ‬іСᨂƴ᧙Ƣǔբ᫆ƴƭƍƯƸŴඥѦႾλ‫׎‬ሥྸ‫ޅ‬Ʒ *2 ƳƲǛӋༀƠƯƘƩƞƍŵᢅ࠰ࡇҡƷ‫ئ‬ӳŴμଐС᭗ఄưƸᢿ෇ѣƷ‫˟ٻ‬Ј‫ئ‬ƷᨥŴ࠰ᱫƴǑǓᢠ৖ƱƠƯႇ᥵ưƖƳƍƳƲƷȇȡȪȃȈƕƋǓǇƢ
ƕŴ‫଺ܭ‬С᭗ఄǍᡫ̮СᛢᆉƷ᭗ఄưƸŴ‫଺ܭ‬Сᡫ̮С‫˟ٻ‬ƕƋǓ࠰ᱫƴ᧙̞ƳƘЈ‫ئ‬ưƖǇƢŵ

191

ᡶ‫ܖ‬
(QTVJGECUGUKP  ᳸  CRRTQCEJCUVCVKQPGORNQ[GGQTUQOGQPGPGCTD[HQT
JGNR CPF [QW OWUV RTCEVKEG [QWT EQOOWPKECVKQP UMKNNU FCKN[ VQ DQQUV [QWTEQPHKFGPEG#PFKH[QWFQPQVOCMGKVKPVKOG[QWJCXGCEQWPVGTOGCUWTGUWEJCUECNNKPIVJGGZCOKPCVKQPXGPWGECNNKPIVJGVGCEJGTQHVJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNCPF
[QWTHCOKN[DWVKVKUPGEGUUCT[VQRTCEVKEGDGHQTGJCPFJQYVQOCMGVJQUGECNNU+H
[QW FQ PQV JCXG C OQDKNG RJQPG [QW UJQWNF OCMG ECNNU HTQO C RWDNKE RJQPG-QWUJWWFGPYC UQKVKUIQQFVQMPQYJQYVQWUGVJGRWDNKERJQPGKPCFXCPEG+PVJGECUGQH  +VKUKORQTVCPVVQEQPVCEVVJGGZCOKPCVKQPXGPWGQTVJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNVGCEJGTGXGPKHVJGTGCUQPHQTOKUUKPIKUFWGVQRGTUQPCNECTGNGUUPGUU   'ZCORNGᲴ2GTUQPCNTGCUQPUUWEJCUYCMKPIWRNCVGDGKPIKPXQNXGFKPCPCEEKFGPVFWGVQUGNHKPCVVGPVKXGPGUUCPFDGKPIVJGRGTRGVTCVQT QTDGKPIFTCIIGF
KPVQCPCEEKFGPV DG[QPF[QWTEQPVTQNCPFDGKPIVJGXKEVKO GVEĭ 3WGUVKQPUTGICTFKPIOQPG[Ũ+VKUPQVRQUUKDNGVQIGVVJGOQPG[PGGFGFHQTUEJQQNGPVTCPEG     #UOGPVKQPGFKPVJG͆#DQWVOQPG[àUGEVKQPHCOKNKGUYKVJHKPCPEKCNFKHHKEWNVKGUECPQDVCKPUWRRQTVHQTVWKVKQPCPFHGGUHTQOVJGEQWPVT[RTGHGEVWTGUCPFQVJGTQTICPK\CVKQPU*QYGXGTVJGTGCTGOCP[HGGUVQDGRCKFKPVJGOQPVJUQH/C[CPF,WPGCPFUQKH[QWTUCXKPIUCTGPQVUWHHKEKGPV[QWOC[GPEQWPVGTRTQDNGOU
5KPEG(;FGRGPFKPIQPVJGRTGHGEVWTGVJGTGCTGRNCEGUVQRC[KPCFXCPEG
KPCEEQTFCPEGYKVJVJGGPVTCPEGRTGRCTCVKQPRGTKQFUQFQEQPUWNV[QWTNQECNIQXGTPOGPVFGRCTVOGPVUHQTJGNR 





192

‫ݼ‬Ꮀ

ƠǎƏƠǐƘ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ
ᴾ

ЎƔǒƳƍƜƱǍ‫׉‬ƬƨƜƱƕƋƬƨǒŴέဃƴႻᛩƠǇƠǐƏŵᴾƠǎƏƠǐƘ

ƳǜƠǐƘƗǐƏ

ƭƠƝƱƸơƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏ ƝƠǎƏƠǐƘƞƖ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ ƱƸ˴ǒƔƷ Ꮀ ಅ ƴ‫ݼ‬ƍƯˁʙǛ‫ڼ‬ǊǔƜƱưƢŵɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǛҡ ಅ ࢸƷ ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ έƴƭƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

Ɩ

è

Ơǜǒƍ

ƞƕ

ƍƯƸŴɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƷέဃƱႻᛩƠƯൿǊƨǓŴ ȏȭȸȯȸǯǍ̮᫂ưƖǔƱƜǖƴ੕ƠƯǋǒƍ
ǈơƔ

Ɩ Ɣǜ

Ơ ƝƱ

ƠǎƏƠǐƘ

ƓƳƠƝƱǇƠǐƏŵ ჺ ƍ஖᧓ƩƚˁʙǛƢǔƷưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ ƠƨǒӷơƱƜǖưƣƬƱˁʙƳƕƯƍƶǜƨƍƠǐƘ

ƓƳ

ƠƝƱ

ƴǄǜơǜ

ǛƢǔƜƱƴƳǓǇƢŵᧈƍƱ‫࠰ܭ‬ᡚ Ꮀ ƢǔǇưƣƬƱӷơƱƜǖưˁʙǛƢǔଐஜʴǋƍǇƖǎƏǓǐƏǄƠǐƏƾ Ƙ Ǔ ƜƏƤƍƖƢŵ ዅ ૰ ƩƚưƸƳƘ̬ᨦǍᅦМҽဃƳƲǛȁǧȃǯƠƯൿǊǇƠǐƏŵƤƍƠƖƜƏƖǐƏƠǐƘƗǐƏ ƋǜƯƍơǐ

Ƙƴ

ƤƬ ƪ

Ɣ

Ɣƨ

èȏȭȸȯȸǯƸŴദࡸƴƸžπ σ Ꮀ ಅ ‫ܭܤ‬৑ſƱƍƍǇƢŵ‫׎‬ƕᚨፗŴ
ƏǜƑƍ

ƠƝ Ʊ

ƠǐƏƔƍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ǓǕƖƠǐ

Ơǐǔƍ

ᢃփƠƯƍƯƍǇƢŵˁʙƷኰ ʼ ǍႻᛩŴ‫ޗ‬ഭ୿ƳƲƷ୿᫏Ʒ୿Ɩ૾ǍǊǜƤƭ Ơ Ʋ Ə

ǉǓǐƏ

ƓƜƳ

᩿੗ਦ‫ݰ‬ƳƲǛ໯૰ư ᘍ ƬƯƍǇƢŵẶẟẲỞẟỮ

ỊẺỤᾀώദᅈՃểẲề ΁ Ẫᴾ
ƪǎƏƦƭ

ƴǎƏƠǌ

Ɣǜƛƍ

ƔƍƠǌ

ƪǎƏƦƭ

Ʊ

Ơ ƔƘ

ƍ

ƠǐƘƗǐƏƍƪǕƍɶ ҡưƷ λ ᅈǛടᡇƢǔ˟ᅈŴ ɶ ҡưӕǕǔ᝻఍ǛဃƔƤǔ Ꮀ ಅ Ʒɟ̊
ƻƬ Ɯ

ƗǐƏ

ƪƔǒ Ơ ƝƱ

Ɠǋ

ƗǐƏ ǉ

ƔƍƠǌ

ȷࡽឭƠ ಅ ƳƲƷ щ ˁʙǛɼƳ ಅ ѦƱƢǔ˟ᅈƗ ơǎƭƠǐƘƔƍ Ɲ ƠǐƘ

ȷ5' ǍȗȭǰȩȞȸƳƲƷ২ ᘐ Ꮀ ǍȘȫȑȸƳƲƷʼᜱ Ꮀ 

ƪǎƏƍ
ƠǌƔƍ
ư
ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ
ƪƕ
ƶǜǕƍ
ƕƘǕƖ
ƠǐƘǕƖ
ƪƕ
ƻƱ

ƂදॖᲛƃᅈ˟ƴЈǔƱƍƏƜƱƸŴ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄǇưƱƸᢌƏǳȟȥȋȆǣưŴ࠰ᱫŴ‫ܖ‬ഭŴᎰ ഭ ǋᢌƏʴƸƨǒƖǎƏǓǐƏ
ƴƪơǐƏ Ɣ ƍ ǘ
ƠƝƱ
ƚƍƝ

ƨƪƱƔƔǘǓƳƕǒ ΁ ƖŴ ዅ ૰ ǛǋǒƏƱƍƏƜƱưƢŵଐ ࠝ ˟ᛅưƸŴˁʙư૟ᛖǛ
ƭƔ
ƖƔƍ
ƓƓ
ƠƝƱơǐƏ
ƤǜǋǜǑƏƝ
ƻƭǑƏƠƝƱƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ
ǈ̅Əೞ˟ƕ‫ٶ‬ƘƳǓǇƢŵˁʙɥƷ‫ᧉݦ‬ဇᛖƕ࣏ᙲƴƳǔˁʙǋƋǓǇƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ǉưƴ៲ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ
ƨ
Ɣǜ
ư
Ɠǋ
ƠƔƘ
Ʊ
ƴƭƚƨଐஜᛖƩƚưƸឱǓƳƍƱज़ơǔƜƱǋЈƯƘǔƱ࣬ƍǇƢŵǇƨŴ᝻఍ǛӕǔƨǊ

ǂǜƖǐƏ
ƥƬƨƍ
ƝƏƔƘ
Ɩ ǋ
ƝƏƔƘ
Ǌ Ɵ
ƷѠ ࢍ ƴƸžዌ‫ݣ‬ƴӳ఍ƢǔᲛſƱƍƏൢਤƪưƕǜƹƬƯŴӳ఍ǛႸਦƠǇƠǐƏŵ



ỊẺỤ

ộễ

ᾁώ ΁ ẨễầỤ‫ܖ‬ốᴾ
ƖƗǐƏ

ƳƔ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏ

ƻƱ

ǇƳ

Ɩ ƗǐƏƳƍƕƘƑǜ

˖ಅƷɶưŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ǜ ҡ ಅ Ơƨʴƕ‫ܖ‬ǂǔƱƜǖǛž˖ ಅ ϋ‫טܖ‬ſƖƗǐƏƱƍƍǇƢŵƢǂƯƷ˖ಅƴƋǔǘƚưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵƖ ƗǐƏƳƍƕƘƑǜ

ǋ

ƔƍƠǌ

Ĭ ˖ ಅ ϋ‫טܖ‬ǛਤƬƯƍǔ˟ᅈ
ƕƘ ƻ

ǓǐƏ ƻ

ƔƍƠǌ

ƾ ƨǜ

ƖǎƏ Ǒ

Ư ƋƯ

Ơ ƖǎƏ

   ‫ᝲܖ‬Ǎ ‫ᝲ ݜ‬Ƹ˟ᅈƕ᝟ਃƠƯƘǕǔǄƔŴ ዅ ɨȷ৖࢘ƕૅ ዅ ƞǕǔƱƜǖǋƋǓǇƢŵ


Ǖƍ

̊Ჴ
ƜƏƗǐƏƕƘƑǜ

ƻƷ ƜƏƗǐƏƜƏƱƏƕƘƑǜ

ƞƍǑƏ Ơ ƚǜƏƴǎƏƠǌ ƝƘǜǕǜƤƍ

ǇƳȷžȇȳǽȸ߻ ಅ ‫טܖ‬ſžଐ᣼߻ ಅ ᭗ሁ‫טܖ‬ſ᳽᳽᳽੔ဇᚾ᬴ǛӖƚƯ λ ᅈࢸŴ᚞ጀဃƱƠƯ‫ܖ‬ƿƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵƜƏƗǐƏƕƘƑǜƻ ƨƪƜƏƗǐƏƤǜƠǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƦƭƗǐƏ ƝƓǍƕƍƠǌ

ƔƘƠǌ

ƴǎƏƠǌ

ȷžȈȨǿ߻ ಅ ‫טܖ‬ſžଐᇌ߻ ಅ ‫ܖ ̲ ݦ‬ఄſäҡ ಅ ࢸƸᚃ˟ᅈǍǰȫȸȗӲᅈƴ λ ᅈưƖǇ
Ƣŵ


193

‫ݼ‬Ꮀ

(KPFKPI'ORNQ[OGPV

If you have anything you do not understand or have troubled with, please talk to your teacher.
(KPFKPIGORNQ[OGPVOCTMUVJGDGIKPPKPIQHCRGTUQP UHKTUVUVGRKPVQVJGYQTMKPIYQTNF9KVJTGICTFVQGORNQ[OGPVCHVGTITCFWCVKPIHTQOLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNVJGEJKNF
ECPFKUEWUUYKVJVJGVGCEJGTUQTUGGMCUUKUVCPEGHTQOTGNKCDNGQTICPK\CVKQPUUWEJCU *GNNQ9QTMè6JKUKUPQVQPN[HQTUJQTVVGTOYQTMDWVCNUQVQIGVGORNQ[OGPVCVVJG
UCOGRNCEGHQTRGTOCPGPVYQTM6JGTGCTGUQOG,CRCPGUGYJQYQTMCVVJGUCOGRNCEGHQTNQPIVGTOVKNNVJG[TGVKTG9JGPNQQMKPIHQTGORNQ[OGPVFQPQVLWUVFGEKFGDCUGFQPVJGUCNCT[DWVCNUQUGEWTKV[CPFYGNHCTGRTQITCOUQHHGTGFD[VJGLQD è 6JG QHHKEKCN PCOG HQT *GNNQ 9QTM KU ß2WDNKE 'ORNQ[OGPV 5GEWTKV[ 1HHKEG
ᲢMQWM[QW UJQMWI[QW CPVGKLQᲣà  6JKU KU UGV WR CPF TWP D[ VJG PCVKQPCNIQXGTPOGPV 1PG ECP IGV HTGG UGTXKEGU UWEJ CU HKPFKPI YQTM LQDEQPUWNVCVKQP RTQXKFG CFXKEG QP YTKVKPI FQEWOGPVU NKMG TGUWOG CPF HQTKPVGTXKGYUGVE ᾀώᵵᶍᶐᶉᶇᶌᶅᴾᵿᶑᴾᵿᴾᶄᶓᶊᶊᴾᶒᶇᶋᶃᴾᶃᶋᶎᶊᶍᶗᶃᶃᴾ
5QOG GZCORNGU QH EQORCPKGU YJKEJ YGNEQOG VJQUG YJQ CTG ITCFWCVGU HTQOLWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU CPF CTG CDNG VQ OCMG WUG QH SWCNKHKECVKQPU YJKEJ ECP DG
QDVCKPGFYKVJLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNITCFWCVGU
ȷ%QORCPKGUVJCVTGN[QPOCPWCNNCDQTUWEJCUOQXKPIEQORCPKGUȷ6GEJPKECN LQDU UWEJ CU 5' CPF RTQITCOOGTU PWTUKPI ECTG YQTMGTU UWEJ CU
JGNRGTUƂ0QVGᲛƃ6JG
YQTMKPI YQTNF KU C FKHHGTGPV EQOOWPKV[ HTQO VJCV KP UEJQQNU YKVJ RGQRNG QH

FKHHGTGPVCIGUGFWECVKQPCNDCEMITQWPFYQTMGZRGTKGPEGUCPF[QWYKNNDGTGEGKXKPITGOWPGTCVKQP HQT [QWT YQTM  6JGTG YKNN CNUQ DG OQTG EJCPEGU QH WUKPI JQPQTKHKE
GZRTGUUKQPUHQTFCKN[EQPXGTUCVKQPUCUYGNNCUVGTOKPQNQI[HQTVJGURGEKHKEYQTM#U
UWEJ [QW OC[ HGGN KV KU PQV GPQWIJ VQ OCUVGT ,CRCPGUG NCPIWCIG VJCV ECP JCPFNGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNNKHG  #NUQJCXGCRQUKVKXGCVVKVWFGVQYCTF[QWTUVWF[YKVJVJGCKOQHß+YKNNFGHKPKVGN[RCUUà KPQTFGTVQRTGRCTGHQTSWCNKHKECVKQPGZCOU  ᾁώᵵᶍᶐᶉᶇᶌᶅᴾᶕᶆᶇᶊᶃᴾᶊᶃᵿᶐᶌᶇᶌᶅᴾ+PUQOGEQORCPKGUVJG[JCXGVJGUQECNNGF-KI[QWPCKICMWGPUEJQQN YKVJKP VJG EQORCP[  YJGTG VJQUG LWUV ITCFWCVGF HTQOLWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQNU NGCTP VJG TQRG *QYGXGT VJKU KU PQV UQ KP CNNEQORCPKGU
Ĭ %QORCPKGUYJKEJJCXGVJG-KI[QWPCKICMWGP UEJQQNYKVJKPVJGEQORCP[ UEJGOG 
6JGTGCTGUQOGEQORCPKGUVJCVRC[HQTVWKVKQPHGGUCPFCEEQOOQFCVKQPHGGUCPFVJGUVWFGPVUIGVUCNCT[CPFCNNQYCPEGU'ZCORNGᲴᲴȷ&GPUQ+PFWUVTKCN%QNNGIG &GPUQ-QWI[QW)CMWGP *KPQ+PFWUVTKCN*KIJ5EJQQN *KPQ-QWI[QW-QWVQWICMWGP äVJGUVWFGPVUOC[UVWF[CUVTCKPPGUCHVGTRCUUKPIVJGGORNQ[OGPVGZCOKPCVKQPUȷ6Q[QVC+PFWUVTKCN+PUVKVWVG 6Q[QVC-QWI[QW)CMWGP  
*KVCEJK+PFWUVTKCN8QECVKQPCN%QNNGIG *KVCEJK-QWI[QW5GPUJWW)CMMQW ä #HVGTITCFWCVKQPVJGUVWFGPVUECPLQKPVJGRCTGPVEQORCP[CPFITQWREQORCPKGU

194‫ݼ‬Ꮀ
ƠǐƘƗǐƏƷƏǓǐƘƔƍƸƭƜƏ

ƖǎƏƠǐƘƗǐƏƘǜǕǜƜƏĭ Ꮀ ಅ Ꮱ щ ᧏ႆఄ Ტ ଒ Ꮀ ಅ ᚞ጀఄᲣƖ ƔƍƔǜƚƍưǜ Ɩ Ɣǜƚƍ

ơǐƏǄƏƔǜƚƍ

ƚǜƪƘƔǜƚƍƠǎƏ   ೞ఺᧙̞Ŵᩓൢ᧙̞Ŵ ऴ ‫̞᧙إ‬Ŵ࡫ሰ᧙̞ƳƲŴ ‫ ݼ‬
ƠǐƘ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ɨ ơǎƭ

ǈ

Ꮀ ƴ࣏ᙲƳ২ ᘐ Ǜ៲ƴƭƚǇƢŵǕƍƜƏƱƏ Ɨ ơǎƭƤǜǋǜƜƏƗ ƷƏƤǜǋǜƕƬƜƏ

̊ᲴŨŨ᭗ሁ২ ᘐ ‫ᧉݦ‬ఄŴţţ২Ꮱ‫ܖᧉݦ‬ఄŴƔƍ ƝƼ ǑƏƠǐƘƗǐƏƘǜǕǜƜƏ

ššʼᜱȷ፦ܾ Ꮀ ಅ ᚞ጀఄƳƲƋƍ ƪ ƚǜƠǐƘƗǐƏƘǜǕǜƜƏƍƪǒǜ

ƞǜƠǐƏग़ჷჄ Ꮀ ಅ ᚞ጀఄɟᚁMWPTGPMQWQMGTLRRQUVAJVON ǛӋ ༀ 

195

‫ݼ‬Ꮀ






ĭ 8QECVKQPCNCDKNKV[FGXGNQROGPVUEJQQN 5JQMWI[QW0QWT[QMW-CKJCVUWMQW 
RTGXKQWUN[MPQYPCUXQECVKQPCNUEJQQN 5JQMWI[QW-WPTGPMQWᲣ     5VWFGPVUCESWKTGUMKNNUPGEGUUCT[HQTGORNQ[OGPVKP HKGNFU UWEJ CU OCEJKPGT[ GNGEVTKE KPHQTOCVKQPVGEJPQNQI[CPFEQPUVTWEVKQP'ZCORNGᲴŨŨ*KIJGT6GEJPKECN%QNNGIG          ţţ6GEJPKECNEQNNGIG          šš 0WTUKPI%CTGCPF$GCWV[8QECVKQPCN6TCKPKPI5EJQQNGVE

4GHGTVQ#KEJK2TGHGEVWTG8QECVKQPCN6TCKPKPI5EJQQN.KUV
MWPTGPMQWQMGTLRRQUVAJVON


196

ǳȩȠĬ

ƳǍ



Ɯ

ǢǤȇȳȆǣȆǣȸƴपǉ‫܇‬Ʋǋ
ẳ ố Ữ

ễỆẳỮ

ᾀώᐯЎỊ˴ʴᾎᴾƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

Ɯ

ƴǄǜ

ƤƍƔƭ

Ƣ

Ǉǘ

ƪƕ

ƱǇƲ

ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƴƳƬƨ‫܇‬ƲǋƸŴଐஜưƷဃ෇ǛƲƷǑƏƴᢅƝƠƯƍǇƢƔŵԗǓƱƷᢌƍƴৎषƳǍƠǐƏƕƘƤƍ

Ɯǖ

Ɩ

Ǉǘ

ƪƕ

ƪǎƏƕƘƤƍ

ƍŴपǜưƍǇƤǜƔᲹ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ဃ Ʒ᪭ƸƋǇǓൢƴƳǒƳƔƬƨԗǓƱƷᢌƍƕŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ဃ ƴƳƬ
Ɩ

ǈ

Ǌ

ǋǜƩƍ

ƴǄǜ

ƯƔǒൢƴƳǔǑƏƴƳƬƯƠǇƏƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵᙸƨႸƷբ᫆ƩƚưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵžଐஜ
Ə

ƦƩ

ǓǐƏƠǜ

ƴǄǜơǜ

ơƿǜ

ƴǄǜơǜ

ƴǄǜ

Ə

ưဃǇǕƯᏋƬƯƖƨƚǕƲŴɲ ᚃ ƕଐஜʴưƸƳƍƔǒŴᐯЎƸଐஜʴưƸƳƍſ
žଐஜưဃ
ƴǄǜ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƔǑ

ƓƳ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ƸƳ

ƱƏƥǜ

ơƿǜ

ǇǕƯŴଐஜƷ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᡫƬƯƖƨƔǒŴǈǜƳƱӷơǑƏƴଐஜᛖƕᛅƤƯ࢘໱ƳƷƴŴᐯЎƩƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ƸƳ

ƍ

ơƿǜ

ƕƍƜƘ

ǅƜƘ

Ǉǘ

ƕƍƜƘơǜ

ƚƀଐஜᛖƕᛅƤƯƢƝƍƶƁƱᚕǘǕǔſžᐯЎƴƱƬƯƸ‫׎ٳ‬ƷǑƏƳ൐‫׎‬ſžԗǓƴƸ‫׎ٳ‬ʴƍƴ Ǆ ǜ ƝƚƍƚǜơƿǜƍƬƨƍƳƴơǜ

ơƿǜƱᚕǘǕǔƷƴଐஜᛖƠƔǘƔǒƳƍſŴƦƏƍƬƨኺ᬴ƔǒžᐯЎƸɟ˳˴ʴƩǖƏſ
žᐯЎƷ
ǄǜƱƏ

ƍ ƹ Ơ ǐ

ơƿǜ

ǈƏƠƳ



ஜ࢘Ʒ‫ئއ‬৑ƸƲƜƳǜƩǖƏſƱᐯЎƷǢǤȇȳȆǣȆǣȸǛᙸ‫ڂ‬ƍƦƏƴƳǔƜƱƕƋǔƷ
ưƢŵ
ƴǄǜ

Ɩ

ƕƍƜƘ

Ɯ

ƴǄǜ

ǓǏƏ

Ƹƍƚƍ

ƞǇƟǇ

ơƿǜ

ଐஜƴஹƯƍǔ‫׎ٳ‬ƴȫȸȄǛǋƭ‫܇‬ƲǋƸŴଐஜƴƍǔྸဌǋᏑ୎ǋಮŷưƢŵƠƔƠŴᐯЎ
ƍ

Ơ

Ɣǜƚƍ

ƾƘƟƭ

ƔǜƖǐƏ

ƛǜơƭ

Ə

Ʒॖ࣓ƱƸ᧙̞ƳƘŴᙐᩃƳ ࿢ ‫ ؾ‬ƴƓƔǕƯƠǇƬƯƍǔྵܱǛӖƚƱǊǒǕƣŴƱǇƲƬƯ
ƴǄǜơǜƕƍƜƘơǜƴ Ǆ ǜ ƝƸƳƠǇƏƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ
žଐஜʴơǌƳƍƔǒƶſ
ž‫׎ٳ‬ʴưƠǐſžଐஜᛖƕᛅƤƯƢƝƍƶſƳ
Ƴƴƛ

ƻƱƜƱ

Ɯ

ƓƱƳ

ƦƏƧƏƍơǐƏ

ƍǖƍǖƏƲƷ˴ൢƳƍɟᚕưǋŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƸŴ‫ٻ‬ʴƷे΂ˌɥƴᑥŷƳӖƚƱǊƔƨǛƢǔưƠǐƏŵǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɯ

ơƿǜ

ǈƏƠƳ

ƳǍ

Ə

̬ᜱᎍǋ‫ܖ‬ఄƷέဃǋŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƕᐯЎǛᙸ‫ڂ‬ƍƦƏƴƳƬƯपǜưƍǔƜƱǛƠƬƔǓƱӖƚ
Ɯ

ơƿǜ

ƦǜƟƍ

ƻƯƍ

ƱǊŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƕᐯЎƷ‫נ܍‬Ǜԁ‫ܭ‬ƢǔƜƱƴƳǒƳƍǑƏƴŴǵȝȸȈƠƯƍƔƳƘƯƸƍƚǇ
Ɯ

ƨƍƤƭ

ơƿǜ

ƍ

Ƥǜŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƴƱƬƯ‫ٻ‬ЏƳƜƱƸŴƜǕƔǒᐯЎƕƲƜưŴƲƷǑƏƴဃƖƯƍƖƨƍƔƱƍ
ƠǐƏǒƍ

ǉ

ƍǇ

Ɯ

ƍƬƠǐ

ƏƜƱưƢŵƦƷ ‫ ݩ‬ஹ ƴӼƚƯŴʻưƖǔƜƱŴǍǒƳƚǕƹƳǒƳƍƜƱǛ‫܇‬ƲǋƱɟደƴƔǜƕᎋ ƑǇƠǐƏŵ









Ắ

Ḥέဃ૾ồḤᴾ‫܇‬ƲǋƕଐஜᛖǛ්ƪǐƏƴᛅƤƯƍǔƱŴžƜƷ‫܇‬ƸଐஜʴƱ‫٭‬ǘǒƳƍſž‫ٻ‬ɣ‫پ‬ƩſƱ࣬ƍᡂǜưƠǇƍǇƢŵƠƔƠŴƦǕƸ‫ٻ‬ƖƳ᧓ᢌƍưƢŵ‫׎ٳ‬ƴȫȸȄǛǋƭ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƸࠝƴီ૨҄Ǜज़ơƯƍǇƢŵଐஜƴ‫ݣ‬ƠƯƷီ૨҄ƩƚưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵଐஜ૨҄ƴॹǕƯƠǇƬƨ‫܇‬ƲǋƴƱƬƯƸŴᐯЎƷܼࡊƴ‫ݣ‬ƠƯီ૨҄Ǜज़ơƯƠǇƏƜƱǋƋǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵẟẾẲỢᾁώ‫܇‬ỄờểɟደỆᴾ
Ɯ

ƴǄǜ

ƤƍƔƭ

Ƴƕ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ƷƏǓǐƘ

ƴǄǜ

ƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭ

ƨƍ

ƪƠƖ

ƓǍ

‫܇‬ƲǋƷଐஜưƷဃ෇ƕᧈƘƳǔƱŴଐஜᛖƷ Ꮱ щ ǍଐஜƷ‫ܖ‬ఄဃ෇ƴ‫ݣ‬ƢǔჷᜤƕŴᚃǛ
ƓǍ

ƦƏƩǜ

ƦƏƩǜ

ǘ

ƜƑƯƠǇƏƜƱǋƋǔưƠǐƏŵᚃƴႻᛩƠƨƍƚǕƲŴႻᛩƠƯǋЎƔƬƯǋǒƑƳƍƔǒ
ƦƏƩǜ





ƱŴႻᛩƢǔƜƱǛƋƖǒǊƯƠǇƏƜƱǋƋǔƔǋƠǕǇƤǜŵǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

Ư

ƞ

Ʒ

Ɯ

ƠǜǒƍƔǜƚƍ

ƦƏƍƏƱƖƴŴ̬ᜱᎍƕ৖ǛࠀƠ˦ǂǔƜƱǛƋƖǒǊƯƠǇƏƱŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƱƷ̮᫂᧙̞ƕ
ƏƠƳ

Ɯ

Ƴƴ

ƳǍ

Ɩ

ǘ

ƍƬƠǐ

ƤǜƤƍ

‫ ڂ‬ǘǕƯƠǇƍǇƢŵ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ˴ǛपǜưƍǔƷƔǛᎥƖŴЎƔǒƳƍƜƱƸŴɟደƴέဃƴ
ƦƏƩǜ
ᴾ

Ɣƍƚƭ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƳƴƔǜƕႻᛩƠŴᚐൿƢǔƨǊƴ̬ᜱᎍƱƠƯ˴ƕưƖǔƷƔǛ ᎋ ƑǇƠǐƏŵ

197

ǳȩȠĬ



+FGPVKV[%TKUKUKPVJG%JKNF

ᾀώᵵᶆᶍᴾᵿᶋᴾᵧᾎᴾ
9JCVMKPFQHNKHGCEJKNFYJQUVCTVUCVVGPFKPILWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNNGCFKP,CRCP!
#TGVJGTGCP[EQPHWUKQPUCPFEQPEGTPUKPCFKHHGTGPVGPXKTQPOGPV!9JCVFQGUPQV
EQPEGTPVJGEJKNFKPJKUQTJGTUWTTQWPFKPIFWTKPIVJGGNGOGPVCT[UEJQQN[GCTUOC[UWFFGPN[DGEQOGCEQPEGTPKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN+VKUPQVQPN[CDQWVCRRGCTCPEG 
6JG EJKNF OC[ JCXG CP KFGPVKV[ ETKUKU CPF CUMU JKOUGNH QT JGTUGNH ß9JCV MKPF QH
RGTUQPCO+GZCEVN[!àß9JGTGUJQWNF+CEVWCNN[DGNQPI!5WEJSWGUVKQPUCTKUGHTQOVJGXCTKQWUEQPHWUKPIUEGPCTKQUUWTTQWPFKPIVJGEJKNFàß+YCUDQTPCPFTCKUGFKP
,CRCPDWVCUO[RCTGPVUCTGPQV,CRCPGUG+COCNUQPQVC,CRCPGUGàß9JKNG+CO
DQTPKP,CRCPCPFCVVGPFUEJQQNKP,CRCPCUGXGT[DQF[GNUGCPFUQ+UJQWNFURGCM
,CRCPGUGDWVGXGT[QPGUVKNNEQOOGPVUVJCV+URGCM,CRCPGUGXGT[YGNNà
ß(QTOGO[JQOGEQWPVT[KUNKMGCHQTGKIPEQWPVT[àß9JKNGQVJGTUCTQWPFOGMGGRVGNNKPIOGVJCV+COCHQTGKIPGTDWV+WPFGTUVCPFQPN[,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIGà%JKNFTGP YKVJ HQTGKIP TQQVU CPF HTQO XCTKQWU DCEMITQWPFU EQOG VQ ,CRCP HQTXCTKQWU TGCUQPU *QYGXGT TGICTFNGUU QH VJG EJKNF U QYP YKNN YJGP JG QT UJG KU
RNCEGF KP C EQORNKECVGF GPXKTQPOGPV YJKEJ JG QT UJG ECPPQV CEEGRV KV ECP DG
HTWUVTCVGFCVVKOGU6JGEJKNFUQOGVKOGUJCXGVQRWVWRYKVJOWEJOQTGVJCPVJG
CFWNVUECPKOCIKPGKHRGQRNGCTQWPFJKOQTJGTMGGRUC[KPIß6JCV UDGECWUG[QWCTG
PQV,CRCPGUGàß;QWCTGCHQTGKIPGTàß+V UCOC\KPIVJCV[QWECPURGCM,CRCPGUGYGNNà $QVJRCTGPVUCPFVGCEJGTUKPUEJQQNOWUVTGPFGTUWRRQTVVQVJGEJKNFYJQCTG
VTQWDNGFYKVJKUUWGUQHKFGPVKV[UQCUPQVVQNGVVJGEJKNFHGGNVJCVVJG[UJQWNFPQVDG
KPVJKUYQTNF9JCVKUKORQTVCPVHQTVJGEJKNFKUYJGTGCPFJQYJGQTUJGYCPVUVQ
NKXG.GV UVJKPMCDQWVYJCVYGECPFQPQYCPFYJCVYGJCXGVQFQHQTVJGHWVWTG
VQIGVJGTYKVJQWTEJKNFTGP











ᾁώᵲᶍᶅᶃᶒᶆᶃᶐᴾᶕᶇᶒᶆᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶁᶆᶇᶊᶂᴾ

6JGEJKNFOC[UWTRCUUVJGRCTGPVUKPVGTOUQH,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIGCPFMPQYNGFIGTGICTFKPINKHGKPUEJQQNCHVGTJCXKPINKXGFKP,CRCPHQTCYJKNG#UUWEJYJKNGJGQTUJGOC[YKUJVQVCNMVQVJGRCTGPVUJGQTUJGOC[VJKPMVJCVGXGPKHJGQTUJGVCNMUVQVJGOVJGRCTGPVUOC[PQVWPFGTUVCPFCPFUQVJG[IKXGWRGXGPVT[KPI  
9JGPVJKUJCRRGPUVJGRCTGPVUOWUVTGCEJQWVVQVJGEJKNFKPQTFGTPQVVQNQUG
VJGTGNCVKQPUJKRYKVJJKOQTJGT.KUVGPVQ VJG EJKNF UEQPEGTPUCPFKH[QW FQPQV
MPQYYJCVVQFQFKUEWUUYKVJVJGVGCEJGTCPFUGCTEJHQTCUQNWVKQPVQIGVJGT 

198

ǳȩȠĬ
ẟộ

ᾂώʻẆỂẨỦẮểᴾ
ǅƜƘ

ƴǄǜ

ƋƍƩ

Ɯ

ƍǇ

ơǐƏƖǐƏ

ƳƔƠǐƏǒƍ Ɯ൐‫׎‬ƱଐஜƷ ᧓ ưǏǕǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƴƸŴʻƓƔǕƯƍǔ ཞ ඞ ƷɶưŴ‫ ݩ‬ஹ ‫܇‬ƲǋƴƱƬƯȗ
ƿƿǜ

ǈ

ƍǇ

ƳǍ

Ʒ

Ɯ

ȩǹƴƳǔᢿЎǛᙸƭƚƯǄƠƍưƢŵʻŴपǜưƍǔƜƱƞƑǋŴʈǓឭƑƯƍƚƹŴƜǕƔ
ƴǄǜ

Ƙ

Ɯ

ƯǄǜ

ǅ

Ɲ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ǇƳ

ƴǄǜ

ǅƜƘ

ƦǜƟƍ

ǒଐஜƴஹǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƷ৖ஜƴǋƳǕǇƢŵ൐ᛖƱଐஜᛖǛ‫ܖ‬ǜưŴଐஜƱ൐‫׎‬ǛƭƳƙ‫נ܍‬
ƴǄǜ

ǅƜƘ

ǄƜ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƤǜƤƍƜƱƳǔƜƱǋưƖǇƢŵଐஜƷƜƱǋŴ൐‫׎‬ƷƜƱǋᛍǓƕǋƯǔǑƏƴŴ̬ᜱᎍǍέဃƕ‫܇‬Ʋ
ƦǜƟƍ

ǈƱ

ƴǄǜ

ǅƜƘ

ƦǜƪǐƏ

ƠƤƍ

Ɯ

ǈ

ƨƍƤƭ

ǋƷ‫נ܍‬ǛᛐǊŴଐஜƱ൐‫׎‬Ʋƪǒǋ ‫ ݭ‬᣻ Ƣǔ‫ۋ‬ѬǛ‫܇‬ƲǋƴᙸƤǔƜƱƕ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵ

199

ǳȩȠĬ

ᾂώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶗᶍᶓᴾᶁᵿᶌᴾᶂᶍᴾᶌᶍᶕᴾ(QTCEJKNFYJQKUUCPFYKEJGFDGVYGGPVJGJQOGEQWPVT[CPF,CRCPNQQMHQTVJG
ßRNWUàHCEVQTVJCVECPEQPVTKDWVGRQUKVKXGN[VQVJGEJKNF UHWVWTGHTQOVJGEWTTGPVUKVWCVKQPU9JKNGVJGEJKNFOC[DGUWHHGTKPIPQYDWVKHJGQTUJGECPQXGTEQOGKVJGQTUJGOC[DGEQOGCTQNGOQFGNHQTEJKNFTGPYJQEQOGVQ,CRCPKPVJGHWVWTG$[NGCTPKPIDQVJVJGOQVJGTVQPIWGCPF,CRCPGUGVJGEJKNFECPUGTXGCUCDTKFIGVJCVEQPPGEVUDQVJ,CRCPCPFJKUQTJGTJQOGEQWPVT[+VKUKORQTVCPVHQTRCTGPVUCPF
VGCEJGTUVQTGEQIPK\GVJGGZKUVGPEGQHVJGEJKNFCPFVQCRQUKVKXGCVVKVWFGVQYCTF
DQVJ,CRCPCPFVJGJQOGEQWPVTKGUUQVJCVVJGEJKNFECPDGRTQWFQH,CRCPCPF
VJGJQOGNCPF

200ǳȩȠĭ

ƔƭƲƏ

26#෇ѣ
ễỆᾀώᵮᵲᵟ Ếề˴ᾎƑƍƝǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɣƍ

ǓǌƘ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌƤǜƤƍƖǐƏǓǐƘƋƜ   26# ƸᒍᛖƷž̬ᜱᎍƱέဃƷ˟ſƷ ဦ ưƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƱέဃƕŴ ң щ ƠӳƬƯ‫܇‬Ʋǋƨ
ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƠƑǜ

ƔƭƲƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƜƴǎƏƕƘǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƪƷ ૙ Ꮛ ǛૅੲƢǔƍǖƍǖƳ෇ѣǛƠƯƍǇƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ λ ‫ ܖ‬ƢǔƱ̬ᜱᎍƸ
Ɣƍƍǜ

Ɣƍƍǜ

ƳƔ

ǍƘƍǜ

Ɩ

ǍƘƍǜ

ƪǎƏƠǜ

26# Ʒ˟ՃƴƳǓǇƢŵ26# Ʒ˟ՃƷɶƔǒࢫՃǛൿǊǇƢŵࢫՃǛ ɶ ࣎ ƱƠƯŴƍǖƍ
ƍƍǜƔƍ

ƏǜƑƍ

ƖǐƏƍƘ

Ɣǜ

ƕƘƠǎƏƔƭƲƏ

ƜƏǄƏƔƭƲƏ

ƿǜƔ

ƔƭƲƏ

ǖƳ‫ۀ‬Ճ˟ǛᢃփƠƯƍƖǇƢŵ ૙ Ꮛ ƴ᧙Ƣǔ ‫ ܖ‬፼ ෇ѣǍ࠼‫෇إ‬ѣŴ૨҄ȷǹȝȸȄ෇ѣŴƖǐƏƍƘ Ơ Ɩ ǜ Ƌƭ

ƓƜƳ

Ơǎƞƍ

ƗǐƏơ

ƔƭƲƏ

ǍƘƍǜ

ƖƔƘ

ǇƍƔƍƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ૙ Ꮛ ᝻᣿ᨼǊƳƲǛ ᘍ ƍǇƢŵ26# ƕɼ͵ƢǔᘍʙǍ෇ѣƸŴࢫՃƕ˖ဒƠŴ൑‫ ׅ‬ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄƱƓǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ ƥǜƍǜ

ƋǜƳƍ

ƱƲ

ǛᡫƠƯ̬ᜱᎍμՃƴకϋƕ‫ފ‬ƖǇƢŵ
ƔƭƲƏ

Ƣǂ

ǉǄƏƠǎƏ

ƠƝƱ

ǍƢ

ƞǜƔ

   26# Ʒ෇ѣƸμƯ໯‫إ‬ᣛưƢŵˁʙǛ˞ǜưӋьƠƳƚǕƹƳǒƳƍƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵƠ
ƔƭƲƏ

Ƣǂ

Ɯ

ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƠƑǜ

ƔƭƲƏ

ƔƠŴƦƷ෇ѣƸμƯ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƷ ૙ Ꮛ ǛૅੲƢǔ෇ѣƴƭƳƕƬƯƍǇƢŵ

ẫẺẟềẨ

ẦếỄạ

ᾁώφ˳ႎỆỄỮễ෇ѣầẝỦỉᾎᴾƔƭƲƏƳƍǑƏ

ƔƘƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ǖƍ

ƍ

Ɣ

ƔƭƲƏ

   ෇ѣϋܾƸӲ ɶ ‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑǓǇƢŵ̊ƱƠƯŴˌɦƷǑƏƳ෇ѣƕƋǓǇƢŵ ūȐǶȸ
ƔƘƔƯƍ

ƾǑƏƻǜ

ơƿǜ

ƾǑƏƻǜ

ǄƔ

ƻƱ

Ɣ

ƪ

ǋ

Ǒ

   ӲܼࡊƷɧဇԼᲢᐯЎƴƱƬƯƸɧဇԼƩƕŴ˂ƷʴƴƱƬƯƸ̖͌ƷƋǔǋƷᲣǛਤƪ݃
Ƹǜƹƍ

ƏǓƋ

ƖǐƏƍƘ

ǍƘƩ

ƠƖǜ

ƠǑƏ

Ǔᝤ٥ƠǇƢŵ٥ɥƛƸ ૙ Ꮛ ƴࢫᇌƯǔ᝻᣿ƱƠƯ̅ဇƞǕǇƢŵ
ƔƘƔƯƍ

ƾǑƏƻǜ

Ƌƭ

Ƹơ

ƻƱ

ƶƾƩ

  ǇƣƸӲܼࡊƷɧဇԼǛᨼǊǔƱƜǖƔǒ‫ڼ‬ǇǓǇƢŵƦƠƯɟƭƻƱƭƴ͌஝ǛƭƚŴ
Ƹǜƹƍ

ơǎǜƼ

ᝤ٥ƷแͳǛƠǇƢŵ
ƱƏơƭ

Ə

ƕǘ

ƞƗǐƏ

ƴǜƖ

ƓƓ

ƻƱ

Ɣ

   ȐǶȸ࢘ଐƴƸŴ٥ǔͨƱƠƯ˺ಅǛƠǇƢŵȐǶȸƸƱƯǋʴൢƳƷưŴ‫ٶ‬ƘƷʴƕᝰƍƖƴஹǇƢŵƠ ƛ ǜ ƔƍƠǎƏ ū᝻เ ‫ ׅ‬ӓ 
ƕƬƘ

ƔƘƔƯƍ

Ơƛǜ

Ơǜƿǜ

ƟƬƠ

Ʃǜ

Ƌƭ

ƗǐƏƠǌ

ƔƍƠǎƏ

ƍǒƍ

   ‫ܖ‬ғƷӲܼࡊƔǒȪǵǤǯȫ᝻เᲢૼᎥȷᩃᛏȷെȜȸȫƳƲᲣǛᨼǊŴಅ ᎍ ƴ ‫ ׅ‬ӓ Ǜ̔᫂
ƔƍƠǎƏ

ǓǐƏ

ƗǐƏƠǌ

Ɣƶ

Ə

Ʊ

Ə

Ʊ

Ɣƶ

ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƠǇƢŵ‫ ׅ‬ӓ ƞǕƨ ᣽ ƴǑƬƯŴಅ ᎍ ƔǒƓ᣿ǛӖƚӕǓǇƢŵӖƚӕƬƨƓ᣿Ƹ ૙ Ꮛ ƴ
ǍƘƩ

ƠƖǜ

ƠǑƏ

ࢫᇌƯǔ᝻᣿ƱƠƯ̅ဇƞǕǇƢŵ
ƕƬƘ

Ɣƨƕƨ

Ơ ƛ ǜ ƔƍƠǎƏ

ƖǐƏǓǐƘƶƕƸơƠ ƛ ǜ ƔƍƠǎƏ   ǇƣƸ‫ܖ‬ғƷ૾ŷƴ᝻เ ‫ ׅ‬ӓ ǁƷ ң щ ǛƓᫍƍƢǔƱƜǖƔǒ‫ڼ‬ǇǓǇƢŵ᝻เ ‫ ׅ‬ӓ Ʒ
ƴƪơ

ƜƏǄƏ

ƔƍƠǎƏƱƏơƭ

ƞƗǐƏ

ƓƓ

ƹƋƍ

Ʋƴƪ

ǍƢ

ƻ

ƓƜƳ

ଐ଺Ʒ࠼‫إ‬Ŵ‫ ׅ‬ӓ ࢘ଐƷ˺ಅƳƲƕƋǓǇƢŵ‫ٶ‬ƘƷ‫ئ‬ӳŴ‫ם‬ଐƳƲƷ˞ǈƷଐƴ ᘍ ǘǕǇ
Ƣŵ

ởẪẟỮ

ᾂώࢫՃỆễẾẺỤỄạẲợạὉὉὉᴾƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ǘ

ƔƭƲƏ

ƞǜƔ

   ଐஜᛖƕЎƔǒƳƍƔǒƱƍƬƯŴ26# Ʒ෇ѣƴӋьƠƳƘƯǋƍƍƱƍƏǘƚưƸƋǓ
ƕƍƜƘơǜǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ǍƘƍǜ

ǘ

Ǉǘ

ƻƱ

ƨƢ

ǇƤǜŵ‫׎ٳ‬ʴƷ̬ᜱᎍưǋࢫՃǛƢǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢŵЎƔǒƳƍƱƖƴƸԗǓƷʴƴяƚƾ Ʃ ǜ ƔƔƋǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƤǜƤƍƯǋǒƑƹƍƍƷưƢŵ୍െ᧙ǘǓӳƏƜƱƷƳƍ̬ᜱᎍǍɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƷέဃƱǳȟȥȋǱȸǷƖƔƍƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ǑƏƢ

Ơ

ƖƔƍ

ƾ

ȧȳǛƱǔƜƱƷưƖǔೞ˟ưǋƋǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƷಮ‫܇‬Ǜჷǔೞ˟ǋ‫ف‬ƑǇƢŵƤƬƖǐƘƯƖƞǜƔᆢ ಊ ႎ ƴӋьƠƯǈǇƠǐƏŵ
201ǳȩȠĭ

26##EVKXKVKGUᴾᾀώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᵿᴾᵮᵲᵟᵝᴾ   26#UVCPFUHQTß2CTGPVUCPF6GCEJGTU#UUQEKCVKQPà$QVJRCTGPVUCPFVGCEJGTUYQTM VQIGVJGT VQ TGPFGT UWRRQTV VQ VJG EJKNFTGP U GFWECVKQP 2CTGPVU DGEQOGOGODGTU QH VJG 26# QPEG VJGKT EJKNF GPVGTU VJG LWPKQT JKIJ UEJQQN  $QCTF
OGODGTUCTGUGNGEVGFHTQOCOQPIVJG26#OGODGTU6JGDQCTFOGODGTUTWPXCTKQWU EQOOKVVGGU YJKEJ ECTT[ QWV GFWECVKQP TGNCVGF CEVKXKVKGU RWDNKE TGNCVKQPCEVKXKVKGUEWNVWTCNURQTVUGFWECVKQPHWPFTCKUKPICPFUQQP  6JGDQCTFOGODGTURNCPCPFQTICPK\GVJGGXGPVUCPFCEVKXKVKGUURQPUQTGFD[26#CPFPQVKEGUYKNNDG
UGPVVQCNNRCTGPVUYJQUGEJKNFTGPCVVGPFVJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN     #NN26#CEVKXKVKGUCTGXQNWPVCT[6JGTGOC[DGECUGURCTGPVUOWUVVCMGFC[UQHH
HTQOYQTMVQCVVGPFVJGO*QYGXGTCNN26#CEVKXKVKGUCTGEQPFWEVGFYKVJVJGCKO
QHUWRRQTVKPIVJGEJKNFTGP UGFWECVKQPCNNGCTPKPI ᾁώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶃᶖᵿᶁᶒᶊᶗᴾᵿᶐᶃᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᶉᶇᶌᶂᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᵿᶁᶒᶇᶔᶇᶒᶇᶃᶑᴾᶁᵿᶐᶐᶇᶃᶂᴾᶍᶓᶒᾎᴾ
 6[RGUQHCEVKXKVKGUXCT[YKVJGCEJLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN5QOGGZCORNGUCTGCUHQNNQYU ū DC\CCT   6JKPIUPQVPGGFGFKPGCEJHCOKN[ᲢVJKPIUPQVPGGFGFKPQPGHCOKN[OC[DGQHWUG
KPCPQVJGTᲣCTGUQNFCVVJGDC\CCT6JGRTQEGGFUQHUCNGIQVQYCTFUVJGGFWECVKQP
HWPFHQTVJGUEJQQN   6JGRTGRCTCVKQPHQTUCNGDGIKPUHTQOEQNNGVKPIPQVPGGFGFKVGOUKPGCEJHCOKN[VJGPVJG[CTGXCNWGFCPFRTKEGF    6JG 26# OGODGTU YQTM CU UCNGU RGQRNG QP VJG FC[ QH VJG DC\CCT 5WEJ
DC\CCTUCTGXGT[RQRWNCTYKVJOCP[VWTPKPIWRVQDW[VJGUGEQPFJCPFIQQFU  ū %QNNGEVKQPQHTGE[ENCDNGU    6JG TGE[ENCDNGU PGYURCRGTU OCIC\KPGU ECTFDQCTFU GVE  QH HCOKNKGU KP GCEJUEJQQNFKUVTKEVCTGEQNNGEVGFCPFUQNFVQCTGE[ENGEQORCP[6JGOQPG[EQNNGEVGFHTQOUWEJUCNGIQGUVQYCTFUVJGGFWECVKQPHWPFHQTVJGUEJQQN     (KTUVTGSWGUVUYKNNDGOCFGVQXCTKQWUEQOOWPKVKGUKPVJGUEJQQNFKUVTKEVUCDQWV
VJG FTKXG VQ EQNNGEV TGE[ENCDNGU 6JG 26# OGODGTU YKNN VJGP RWDNKEK\G CPF IQ
CTQWPFVQEQNNGEVVJGTGE[ENCDNGUQPVJGFC[KVUGNH/QUVN[VJGEQNNGEVKQPFC[UHCNNQPVJGYGGMGPFU ᾂώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶑᶆᶍᶓᶊᶂᴾᵧᴾᶂᶍᴾᶇᶄᴾᵧᴾᶕᵿᶑᴾᶑᶃᶊᶃᶁᶒᶃᶂᴾᵿᶑᴾᵿᴾᶀᶍᵿᶐᶂᴾᶋᶃᶋᶀᶃᶐὉὉὉᴾ   +VFQGUPQVOGCPVJCV[QWECPPQVRCTVKEKRCVGKPVJG26#CEVKXKVKGULWUVDGECWUG
[QWFQPQVWPFGTUVCPF,CRCPGUG/CP[HQTGKIPRCTGPVUDGEQOGDQCTFOGODGTU
5GGMJGNRHTQOVJQUGCTQWPF[QWKH[QWJCXGSWGUVKQPU6JKUKUCITGCVQRRQTVWPKV[VQEQOOWPKECVGYKVJQVJGTRCTGPVUCPFLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNVGCEJGTUUQOGVJKPIVJCV[QWWUWCNN[FQPQVIGVVQFQ;QWCNUQIGVOQTGQRRQTVWPKVKGUVQMPQYJQY
[QWTEJKNFKUFQKPIKPUEJQQN&QVCMGRCTVGPVJWUKCUVKECNN[ 202ǳȩȠĭẦ ẟ ọᵒώᵮᵲᵟ˟ᝲẾềᾎᴾ
ƭƔ

Ɣƶ

Ɣƶ

ǍƘƍǜ

ƔƭƲƏƻ

ƖǎƏǓǐƏ   26# ư̅ǘǕǔƓ᣿ƷƜƱưƢŵƦƷƓ᣿Ƹ 26#ࢫՃƷ෇ѣᝲᲢ ዅ ૰ ưƸƋǓǇƤǜᲣŴ
ƕƬƜƏ

ƭƔ

ƲƏƙ

ƜƏƴǎƏ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƠǎƏƥǜƻ

ƕƬƜƏ

Ɯ

ƭƔ

‫ܖ‬ఄư̅ǘǕǔᢊφƷ ទ λ Ŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƷ̲ጣᝲƳƲŴ‫ܖ‬ఄƷƨǊǍ‫܇‬ƲǋƷƨǊƴ̅ǘǕǇƢŵƔƍƻǇƍƭƖƕƘ

Ɩ

ƓƓ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƸǜƱƠƿǜƠǎƏƖǜƶƩǜ   26#˟ᝲƸ൑உ᫇ƕൿǇƬƯƍƯŴ‫ٶ‬ƘƷ‫ܖ‬ఄưƸҞ࠰ЎǛǇƱǊƯ ᨼ ᣿ ƠǇƢŵ͌െƸ
ƕƬƜƏ

ƪƕ

‫ܖ‬ఄƴǑƬƯᢌƍǇƢŵ203

ǳȩȠĭ
ᾃώᵵᶆᵿᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᶒᶆᶃᴾᵮᵲᵟᴾᶄᶃᶃᾎᴾ   6JG26#HGGKUVJGOQPG[WUGFD[VJG26#6JGOQPG[KUWUGFVQTWPCEVKXKVKGUYJKEJKUPQVCMKPFQHRC[OGPVQHUCNCT[ RWTEJCUGKVGOUWUGFKPVJGUEJQQNCPF
VJGTGRCKTCPFOCKPVGPCPEGEQUVUHQTVJGUEJQQN+VKUOCKPN[WUGFHQTVJGUEJQQN
CPFEJKNFTGP     9JKNGVJGCOQWPVQH26#HGGKUHKZGFOQPVJN[OQUVUEJQQNUEQNNGEVKVGXGT[JCNH
C[GCT6JGCOQWPVFKHHGTUHTQOUEJQQNVQUEJQQN

204ǳȩȠĮ

Ɯ‫܇‬ƲǋƷƨǊƴᴾẼỠạầẾẮạ ẶẟẦế

ẳỠạẳế



ᾀώɶ‫ܖ‬ఄဃ෇ửΪܱẰẶỦẺỜỆὉὉὉƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƤƍƔƭǂǜƖǐƏƿ Ɣ ƭ ƲƏ

ƗǐƏơ

Ɯ

Ǉƍƴƪ

   ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ဃ෇Ƹ Ѡ ࢍ Ŵᢿ෇ѣƩƚưƳƘŴƍǖƍǖƳᘍʙƕƋǓŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƸ൑ଐƕƱƍƦƕƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƶǜƔǜ

Ǉ

Ƣ

ƴǄǜ

Ɩ

Ưǋ ࣕ ƠƍưƢŵɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ʒ ࠰᧓ƸƋƬƱƍƏ᧓ƴᢅƗƯƍƖǇƢŵଐஜƴஹƨƹƔǓƷ
Ɯ

ƜƱƹ

ǓƔƍ

Ƴƴ

ƨ

Ʋ

‫܇‬ƲǋưǋŴᚕᓶƕྸᚐưƖƳƍƔǒƱƍƬƯŴ˴ǋƠƳƍưᇌƪഥǇƬƯƍǔƜƱƸưƖ
ƨƍƤƭ

ƸǍ

Ɯ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƦƭƗǐƏƝ

ƠǐƏǒƍǇƤǜŵ‫ٻ‬ЏƳƜƱƸŴଔƍƏƪƴ‫܇‬ƲǋƱɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ҡಅࢸƷƜƱŴ‫ ݩ‬ஹ ƷƜƱƴƭƍƯǑ
ƸƳ

Ƌ

Ɩ

ƠǜƕƘ

ƠǎƏƠǐƘ

ƖƜƘ

ǈƪ

Ƒǒ

ƘᛅƠӳƬƯൿǊƯƍƘƜƱưƢŵᡶ‫ܖ‬Ŵ ‫ ݼ‬Ꮀ Ŵ࠙‫׎‬ŴƲƷᢊǛᢠƿƜƱƕưƖǔƷƔŴ
Ɯ

ơƠǜ

Ơ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƠǐƏǒƍ

ǋƘƻǐƏ

Ɩ

ƍǇ

ǈ

‫܇‬Ʋǋᐯ៲ƕƦǕǛჷǔƜƱƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵ‫ ݩ‬ஹ Ʒ Ⴘ ೅ ƕൿǇǕƹŴʻǍǔǂƖƜƱƕᙸƑ
Ɯ

Ǆǜƴǜ

Ɩ

ƍƪƹǜ

ƤƍƪǐƏ

ƯƖǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋஜʴƷǍǔൢƕɟဪƷ ঺ ᧈ ƴƭƳƕǓǇƢŵ
ư

Ɩ

ƓƓ

ơƠǜ

Ɩ

ƦǕưǋŴЈஹƳƍƜƱƕ‫ٶ‬ƢƗƯŴᐯ̮ǍǍǔൢǛƳƘƠƯƠǇƏƜƱǋƋǔƔǋƠǕ
Ǉǘ

ƓƱƳ

Ɯ

Ɠ

ơǐƏƖǐƏ

ǓƔƍ

ƏƑ

Ɯ

ƠǐƏǒƍ

ǇƤǜŵԗǓƷ‫ٻ‬ʴƸŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƕፗƔǕƯƍǔ ཞ ඞ ǛྸᚐƠƨɥưŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ‫ ݩ‬ஹ ƷƨǊ
ǈƪƼ

ƞƞ

ƭƮ

ƨƍƤƭ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƨǜƴǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɯ

ƴ ‫ ݰ‬ƖŴૅƑዓƚǔƜƱƕ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵƦƷƨǊƴǋŴ̬ᜱᎍǍਃ˓ƷέဃƩƚưƳƘŴ‫܇‬Ʋ
ơƿǜ

Ɠǋ

ƳǍ

ƸƳ

ƓƱƳ

ƦǜƟƍ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ǆ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƨǜƴǜ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ɯ

ǋƕᐯЎƷ࣬ƍǍपǈǛᛅƤǔ‫ٻ‬ʴƷ‫נ܍‬ƕ࣏ᙲưƢŵ̬ᜱᎍǍਃ˓ƷέဃƸŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƕƲ
ƓƱƳ

ƔƔ

Ơ

ƨƍƤƭ

ǜƳ‫ٻ‬ʴƱ᧙ǘƬƯƍǔƔǛჷƬƯƓƘƜƱǋ‫ٻ‬ЏưƢŵ   ộẟỆẼ ẼỠạầẾẮạ

Ầợ

ẺẟẶế

ᾁώ൑ଐɶ‫ܖ‬ఄỆᡫạẮểầ‫ٻ‬ЏỂẴẇᴾ
ƴǄǜƜƠǐƏƕƬƜƏ

ƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ɨǉ ƖǐƏƍƘ

ƏƞƍǏƏƤǜ   ଐஜưƸ‫܇‬ƲǋƴƱƬƯŴ‫ ܖ ݱ‬ఄ Ǎɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ư፯Ѧ ૙ Ꮛ ǛӖƚǔƜƱƕஇΟέƞǕǇƢŵ
ƨƍƪǐƏ

ǘǔ

ƍƕƍ

ƕƬƜƏ

ǍƢ

Ɣ

ơ

ƓƱƏƱ

ƍǋƏƱ

Ƥ

ǘ

˳ ᛦ ƕफƍƱƖˌ‫ٳ‬Ƹ‫ܖ‬ఄǛ˞ǈǇƤǜŵܼʙǛƢǔƨǊǍ ࢂ Ǎ ‫ ڶ‬ƷɭᛅǛƢǔƨǊ
ǍƢƜƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ƚƍƧƘ

ƔǑ

ƔǜƖǐƏ

ƱƱƷ

ƴ˞ǉƜƱƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴዒዓƠƯᡫƑǔ ࿢ ‫ ؾ‬Ǜ ૢ ƑǇƠǐƏŵƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƜƋǜƥǜƍ ƹ Ơ ǐ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƍ

Ǉƪ

ưƋǔ

   ǇƨŴɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ Ƹ‫܇‬ƲǋƴƱƬƯ‫ܤ‬μƳ‫ئއ‬৑ưƢŵ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᘍƔƳƍưŴထǛЈഩƍƯƍǄ Ɲ Ơ ǌ

ƤǜƤƍ

Ơ

Ɯ

ƸǜƟƍ

Ɩƚǜ

ƪƔ

ǔƱŴ̬ᜱᎍǍέဃƷჷǒƳƍƏƪƴŴ‫܇‬ƲǋƴȉȩȃǰǍཛፕƳƲƷүᨖƕᡈƮƍƯƖǇ
Ɯ

Ɩƚǜ

Ǉǋ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƔǑ

Ƣŵ‫܇‬ƲǋǛүᨖƔǒ‫ܣ‬ǔƨǊƴǋ‫ܖ‬ఄƴᡫǘƤǇƠǐƏŵ

ẨỢạẟẪ

ẦỈ

ᾂώ૙ᏋỆẦẦỦấ᣿ᴾƜƏǓƭƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

ơǎƗǐƏǓǐƏ

ǇƍƭƖƖǎƏ ƠǐƘƻƠǎƏƕƘǓǐƜƏ

ƑǜƦƘƚǜ ƕ Ƙ ƻ   πᇌ ɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ưƸ ੉ ಅ ૰ ƸƔƔǓǇƤǜƕŴ൑ உ ዅ ᫢ᝲǍ ̲ ‫ ܖ‬଄ᘍȷᢒឱȷᙸ‫ᝲܖ‬ƳƠǎƏƖǜƿ Ɣ ƭ ƲƏƔƶǇƍƭƖǇǜƑǜ Ư ƍ Ʋ

ƠǎƏƖǜ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƲƷ ᨼ ᣿ ƕƋǓǇƢŵᢿ෇ѣưǋƓ᣿ƕƔƔǓǇƢŵ൑உɢόᆉࡇƸ ᨼ ᣿ ƷƨǊƴ࣏ᙲưƍơǐƏƻƭǑƏ

ƴǎƏƕƘ ơƜƏǓƭƕƬƜƏ

ƴǎƏƕƘƖǜ

ƻƭǑƏƢᲢƦǕˌɥ࣏ᙲƴƳǔƜƱǋƋǓǇƢᲣŵ λ ‫଺ ܖ‬ǋπᇌ‫ܖ‬ఄƸ λ ‫ ܖ‬᣿Ƹ࣏ᙲƋǓǇƤǜ
ƤƍƾƘƨƍƦƏƾƘ

ƕƘǑƏƻǜ

Ɣ

Ʀǖ

ƖǜƕƘ

ǇǜƑǜ Ư ƍ ƲƻƭǑƏƕŴС஌ǍǫȐȳŴ˳દ஌Ŵ‫ܖ‬ဇԼǛᝰƍ੤ƑǔƨǊƴǇƱǇƬƨ᣿᫇ᲢɢόᆉࡇᲣƕ࣏ᙲƜǇƍƭƖƖǐƏƍƘƻ

ƔƘǄƔƧƘƚƍƟƍƯƖ

ǓǏƏƴƳǓǇƢŵ‫܇‬ƲǋƷƨǊƴ൑உƷ૙ᏋᝲǛᄩ̬ƠƯƘƩƞƍŵܼଈƷኺฎႎƳྸဌƴǑǓŴ
ƠƸǒ

ƜǜƳǜ

ƱƖ

ƖǐƏƍƘƻ

ƍƪƿƑǜơǐƠǎƏƕƘƑǜơǐ Ƥ ƍ ƲƘǘƜǕǒƷૅ৚ƍƕ‫׉‬ᩊƳ଺ƴƸŴ૙ᏋᝲƷɟᢿǛੲяƢǔ ‫ ܖ ݼ‬ੲяСࡇƕƋǓǇƢŵᛇƠƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƔƘƴǜƘƸɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƴᄩᛐƠƯƘƩƞƍŵ
ƜƏƜƏ

ƠǜƕƘ

Ɣƶ

ƻƭǑƏ

Ɣƶ

ơǎǜƼ

Ƒ

᭗ఄ ǁƷᡶ‫ ܖ‬ƴǋƓ᣿ Ƹ࣏ᙲ ưƢŵƳƔƴƸǇƱǇƬƨƓ᣿ Ǜแͳ ưƖƣŴǍǉǛࢽ ƣƜƏƜƏ ƠǜƕƘ

Ɯ

ƠǐƏǒƍ

ƸǍ

Ɣƶ

ƪǐƖǜ

᭗ఄᡶ‫ܖ‬ǛƋƖǒǊǔ‫܇‬ƲǋǋƍǇƢŵ ‫ ݩ‬ஹ ƷƨǊƴଔƍƏƪƔǒƓ᣿Ǜᝪ᣿ƠƯƓƖǇ
ƠǐƏŵ

205

ǳȩȠĮ(QTVJG%JKNFTGPᴾᾀώᵲᶍᴾᶆᵿᶔᶃᴾᵿᴾᶄᶓᶊᶄᶇᶊᶊᶇᶌᶅᴾᶊᶇᶄᶃᴾᶇᶌᴾᶈᶓᶌᶇᶍᶐᴾᶆᶇᶅᶆᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊὉὉὉ   .KHGKPLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNFQGUPQVNKOKVVQLWUVUVWF[KPIQTENWDCEVKXKVKGU6JGTG
CTGOCP[GXGPVUVQMGGRVJGEJKNFTGPDWU[GXGT[FC[,WPKQTJKIJUEJQQNKU[GCTU
CPFKVIQGUD[YKVJCNKIJVKPIURGGF  'XGPHQTCEJKNFYJQLWUVCTTKXGUKP,CRCPCPFYJQFQGUPQVWPFGTUVCPF,CRCPGUGKVFQGUPQVOGCPJGQTUJGFQGUPQV
JCXGVQFQCP[VJKPI+VKUKORQTVCPVVQVCNMCDQWVCPFFGEKFGGCTN[CDQWVVJGEJKNFÞU
HWVWTGCPFCHVGTITCFWCVKPIHTQOLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQN6JGEJKNFJKOUGNHQTJGTUGNHOWUVMPQYYJGVJGTJGQTUJGYCPVUVQCFXCPEGVQJKIJGTUVWFKGUIGVCLQDQTIQ
DCEMVQVJGJQOGEQWPVT[+HVJGTGKUCIQCNVQYQTMVQYCTFUKVJGNRUVJGEJKNFVQ
UGG YJCV JG QT UJG PGGFU VQ YQTM JCTF KP # EJKNF YKVJ OQVKXCVKQP YKNN JCXG C
ITGCVGTITQYVJ 
0GXGTVJGNGUUYJGPVJKPIUCTGQXGTYJGNOKPIVJGEJKNFOC[HGGNFGHGCVGFCPF
NQUGJKUQTJGTEQPHKFGPEGCPFOQVKXCVKQP+VKUVJWUKORQTVCPVVJCVVJGCFWNVUENQUG
VQVJGEJKNFWPFGTUVCPFYJCVVJGEJKNFKUIQKPIVJTQWIJCPFTGPFGTEQPVKPWQWUUWRRQTV VQ IWKFG VJG EJKNF VQ C DTKIJV HWVWTG +P QTFGT VQ FQ VJKU KV KU PQV QPN[GUUGPVKCNHQTRCTGPVUQTVGCEJGTUVQDGCTQWPFDWVCNUQUQOGCFWNVUYJQOVJG
EJKNF ECP EQPHKFG KP YJGP JG QT UJG JCU RTQDNGOU +V KU CNUQ KORQTVCPV HQT VJGRCTGPVUCPFVGCEJGTUVQMPQYYJCVMKPFQHCFWNVUVJGEJKNFKUKPXQNXGFYKVJ   ᾁώᵧᶒᴾᶇᶑᴾᶇᶋᶎᶍᶐᶒᵿᶌᶒᴾᶒᶍᴾᶅᶍᴾᶒᶍᴾᶑᶁᶆᶍᶍᶊᴾᶃᶔᶃᶐᶗᴾᶂᵿᶗᵌᴾ   6JGVQRRTKQTKV[HQTEJKNFTGPKP,CRCPKUVQTGEGKXGEQORWNUQT[GFWECVKQPKPDQVJGNGOGPVCT[CPFLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNU6JGQPN[TGCUQPVQDGCDUGPVHTQOUEJQQNKU
FWG VQ RJ[UKECN UKEMPGUU *GNRKPI QWV YKVJ JQWUGJQNF EJQTGU QT NQQMKPI CHVGT[QWPIGT UKDNKPIU CTG PQV XCNKF TGCUQPU VQ UMKR UEJQQN *GNR ETGCVG C EQPFWEKXGGPXKTQPOGPVHQTVJGEJKNFVQCVVGPFUEJQQNUWUVCKPCDN[   /QTGQXGTVJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNKUCUCHGRNCEGHQTVJGEJKNFVQDGKP+HVJGEJKNF
UMKRU UEJQQN CPF YCPFGT CTQWPF VJG UVTGGVU JG QT UJG OC[ DG UWUEGRVKDNG VQFTWIU QT ETKOGU )GV VJG EJKNF CYC[ HTQO FCPIGTU D[ IGVVKPI JKO QT JGT VQ
EQOOWVGVQUEJQQN  ᾂώᵫᶍᶌᶃᶒᵿᶐᶗᴾᶁᶍᶑᶒᶑᴾᶍᶄᴾᶃᶂᶓᶁᵿᶒᶇᶍᶌᴾ   9JKNGVJGTGKUPQVWKVKQPHGGKPRWDNKELWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNUKVUVKNNEQUVUOQPG[VQRC[ HQT VJG OQPVJN[ UEJQQN NWPEJ HGGU UEJQQN VTKRU UJWICMWT[QMQW GZEWTUKQP 'PUQMW  CPF UEJQQN VQWTKPI -GPICMW HGGU %NWD CEVKXKVKGU CNUQ EQUVOQPG[CPFKVCOQWPVUVQCDQWV[GPGXGT[OQPVJ UQOGVKOGUVJKUOC[DG
GXGP OQTG  9JKNG VJGTG KU PQ GPVTCPEG HGG KP RWDNKE UEJQQNU KV EQUVU OQPG[CTQWPF[GP VQDW[UEJQQNWPKHQTOUUEJQQNDCIUGZGTEKUGENQVJGUCPF
UVWF[ OCVGTKCNU 2NGCUG GPUWTG VQ IGV TGCF[ VJG EJKNFÞU OQPVJN[ GFWECVKQP HGGU
9JGPGPEQWPVGTGFFKHHKEWNVKGUKPRC[OGPVFWGVQHCOKN[HKPCPEKCNTGCUQPUVJGTGKU
C 5EJQQN CVVGPFCPEG CKF U[UVGO 5JWWICMWGPL[QUGKFQ  VJCV JGNRU VQ RC[ VJGGFWECVKQPEQUVURCTVKCNN[  2NGCUGEJGEMYKVJVJGLWPKQTJKIJUEJQQNHQTFGVCKNU
+VCNUQEQUVUOQPG[VQIQVQJKIJUEJQQN5QOGEJKNFTGPCTGHQTEGFVQIKXGWRIQKPIVQJKIJUEJQQNFWGVQNCEMQHOQPG[6JWUKVKUUWIIGUVGFVQUVCTVUCXKPIGCTN[HQTCIQQFHWVWTG 206ơ ƥ ǜ ƔƘƴǜ ơ Ɯ ƏᲢʙЭᄩᛐʙ᪮ /CVVGTU VQ EQPHKTO KP CFXCPEGᲣ
Ɯ

ǄǜǈǐƏ

‫܇‬ƲǋƷஜӸ%JKNF UCEVWCNPCOGƪǎƏƕƬƜƏƠǑƏƳǇƑɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ư̅ဇƢǔӸЭ
0COGWUGFKP,WPKQT*KIJ5EJQQN
ǄǜǈǐƏ

ƜƱ




ƹƋƍ

è ஜ Ӹ ƱီƳǔ‫ئ‬ӳƷǈ
 KHFKHHGTGPVHTQOVJGCEVWCNPCOG
ƴǄǜƝ
ƴǄǜƝ

ଐஜᛖƴƭƍƯ #DQWVVJGWUGQHVJG
,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIG
ƜǇ

ƱƖ

ƶƕ

ƭƏǍƘ ƴ Ǆ ǜ Ɲ

ƿǜƠǐ

ǄƝƠǌ

ƛǜƝ

ƤƭǊƍ

ƶƕ

ƻƱ

ଐஜᛖƷᡫ ᚪ ଐஜᛖƷ૨ ୿ Ǜ̬ᜱᎍƷᚕᛖưᛟ ଢ  ƳƲƓᫍ ƍưƖǔʴ 
2GQRNGYJQO[QWECPCUMHQTJGNRKPKPVGTRTGVKPI,CRCPGUG,CRCPGUGFQEWOGPVUKP
[QWTRCTGPVU OQVJGTVQPIWGᲢ  Უƍǔ VJGTGKUUQOGQPG[QWECPCUM ƳǇƑƻƱᲢ‫ ׉‬Ƭƨ଺ ƴƓᫍ ƍưƖǔʴƓӸЭ 0COGᲶ              Ჸ

6JQUG[QWECPCUMHQTJGNRYJGPPGGFGFᲣᲢ  Უܼଈ HCOKN[Ტ  Უᚃଈ TGNCVKXGᲢ  ᲣѮѦέƷ ʴ YQTMEQNNGCIWG 

ǄƝƠǌ

Ɣƨ

Ǒ

.CPIWCIGUVJCVVJGRCTGPVUECP
TGCFKP ƢǂƯ KPENWFGCNN ƔƨƸƳ.CPIWCIGUVJCVVJGRCTGPVUECP
URGCMKP ƢǂƯ KPENWFGCNN ƿǜƠǐɶ ‫ ܖ‬ఄ ƔǒƷ૨ ୿ ƴƭƍƯ&QEWOGPVUIKXGPD[VJG
UEJQQN
Ɯ

ƭƔ

ƖǜǉƞƖ

ƻƱ

Ƌ

Ტ  ᲣჷǓӳƍ CESWCKPVCPEGᲢ  ᲣƍƳƍ VJGTGKUPQQPG[QWECPCUM ƛǜƝ̬ᜱᎍƷ૾ƕᛅƤǔᚕᛖƪǎƏƕƬƜƏ

Ơ

ƠǜƧƘ

ƛǜƝ

̬ᜱᎍƷ૾ƕᛠǊǔᚕᛖ

ǄƝƠǌ

ƔƧƘ


Ტ  ᲣƴǄǜƝƸ ǇƬƨƘ ǑǊƳƍŵ&QPQVWPFGTUVCPF,CRCPGUGCVCNN Ტ  ᲣƾǓƕƳƕƋǕƹ ǑǊǔŵ#DNGVQTGCFYKVJRJQPGVKE HWTKICPC Ტ  ᲣƾǓƕƳƕƳƘƯǋ ǑǊǔŵ#DNGVQTGCFGXGPYKVJQWVRJQPGVKE HWTKICPC ƛǜƝ‫܇‬Ʋǋƕ̅ Əᚕᛖ
.CPIWCIGUVJGEJKNFECPWUG

ƠǎƏƖǐƏơǐƏ ƨƠǐƘƟƍ‫ ܪ‬૙ ɥ ᫢ǂƯƸƍƚƳƍ ᫢ ஬  +UVJGTGCP[KPITGFKGPVVQCXQKFFWGVQTGNKIKQWUTGCUQP!

Ტ  ᲣƋǔ ;GUƠǐƘƟƍǊƍ

ƤƍƔƘ

ƭƨ

ơƠǐ

Ơǒ

ƴ Ǆ ǜ ƝƤǜƤƍƭƨè᫢஬ӸƴƭƍƯŴƜƜƴƳƍǋƷƸദᄩƴˡǘǔǑƏŴᠴ୿ưᛦǂǔƳƲƠƯŴଐஜᛖưέဃƴˡƑǇƠǐƏŵ(QTHQQFPQVNKUVGFJGTGIKXGVJGGZCEVPCOGKP,CRCPGUGVQ[QWTVGCEJGT+HWPUWTGEJGEM
VJGFKEVKQPCT[ 
ƿƨƴƘ

ƗǎƏƴƘ

ƱǓƴƘ

ƴǎƏƤƍƻǜᲢ  Უᝊ Ꮉ  2QTM Ტ  Უཅ Ꮉ  $GGH Ტ  Უᰄ Ꮉ  %JKEMGP Ტ  Უʐ ᙌ Լ  FCKT[RTQFWEVUƸƬƜƏᲢ  Უႆ ᣞ ƞƤƨǋƷ HGTOGPVGFHQQF  Ტ  ᲣǤǫȷǿǳ 5SWKFCPFQEVQRWUƠǎƏƖǐƏ‫ ܪ‬૙ ƴƭƍƯ 4GNKIKQPƖǐƏƂ     ƃ ૙ 
ƱƘ

ƸƍǓǐ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƹƋƍ

èཎ ƴᣐ ॾ ƕ࣏ ᙲ Ƴƍ‫ئ‬ӳƴ

Ɣƍǔƍ

Ɨǐǔƍ

ƪ

Ǉ

Ტ  Უ᝝ ᫏  UJGNNHKUJ Ტ  Უᮄ ᫏  HKUJᲢ  ᲣᘉƷฆƟƬƨǋƷ HQQFOKZGFYKVJDNQQF ƠǎƏƖǐƏƯƖƠǐƪǄƲƜᲢ  Უ ‫ ܪ‬૙ ႎ ƳϼፗǛ ଀ ƠƯƍƳƍǋƷ (QQFPQVVTGCVGFTGNKIKQWUN[ƨᲢ  ᲣƦƷ˂ 1VJGTUᲢ                    ᲣƖƴǎƏƸᚡ λ ƠƳƍᲢ  ᲣƳƍ 0Q
ƗǐƏơ&QPQVHKNNKPWPNGUU[QWPGGF ƠǎƏƖǐƏơǐƏƞǜƔ‫ ܪ‬૙ ɥ ӋьƠƯƸƍƚƳƍ ᘍ ʙ 
URGEKCNEQPUKFGTCVKQP+UVJGTGCP[GXGPV[QWECPPQVRCTVKEKRCVGFWGVQTGNKIKQWUTGCUQP!

Ტ  ᲣƋǔ ;GUƜƏƕƍ ƕƘƠǎƏᲢ  Უ ఄ ‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼  'ZVTCEWTTKEWNCT NGCTPKPI MQWICKICMWU[WW  Ტ  Უȗȸȫ 5YKOOKPIƨƍƍƘƨƍƔƍ

ǍƕƍƕƘƠǎƏᲢ  Უ˳ Ꮛ ‫  ˟ ٻ‬5RQTVUFC[ VCKKMWVCKMCK   Ტ  Უ᣼‫ ܖ ٳ‬፼  (KGNFNGCTPKPI [CICKICMWU[WWƠǐƘƹƨƍƚǜƕƘƠǎƏᲢ  ᲣᎰ ‫ ˳ ئ‬᬴ ‫ ܖ‬፼  9QTMRNCEGGZRGTKGPEGNGCTPKPI U[QMWDCVCKMGPICMWU[WW ƨᲢ  ᲣƦƷ˂ 1VJGTUᲢ           ᲣᲢ  ᲣƳƍ 0QȷƜƷ˂ŴൢǛ˄ƚƯǄƠƍƜƱƕƋǕƹŴႺ੗έဃƴˡƑǇƠǐƏŵ+H[QWJCXGCP[QVJGTOCVVGTUVJCVEQPEGTP[QWRNGCUGNGV[QWTVGCEJGTMPQYFKTGEVN[ ȷƜƜƴᚡλƠƨᣐॾʙ᪮μƯƴ‫ࣖݣ‬ưƖǔƱƍƏǘƚưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵ
ƲƷǑƏƴ‫ࣖݣ‬ƠƯƍƘƔƸɶ‫ܖ‬ఄƱ̬ᜱᎍưႻᛩƠǇƢŵ+VKUPQVRQUUKDNGVQTGURQPFVQCNNEQPEGTPGFOCVVGTUYTKVVGPJGTG6JGV[RGQHTGURQPUGUTGPFGTGFKUFGEKFGFWRQPFKUEWUUKQPDGVYGGPVJGUEJQQNCPFRCTGPVU  

207

ƗǐƏơ

Ơ

ᘍʙƷƓჷǒƤ 0QVKEGUQH'XGPVU
ƗǐƏơǊƍ

ƖƴǎƏᲢ              ᲣЋ ᘍ ʙ Ӹ Ǜ ᚡ λ +PRWVVJGPCOGQHGXGPVƞǜƔƂӋьƴƭƍƯ 2CTVKEKRCVKQPƃ
Ɯ

ǄƝƠǌ

ƔƳǒ

ƞǜƔ

Ტ  Უ‫܇‬ƲǋƱ̬ᜱᎍƸ ࣏ ƣӋьƠǇƢŵ$QVJEJKNFCPFRCTGPVUOWUVRCTVKEKRCVG
Ɯ

ƔƳǒ

ƞǜƔ

ǄƝƠǌ

ƞǜƔ

Ტ  Უ‫ ܇‬ƲǋƸ ࣏ ƣӋь ƠǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍ ƸưƖǔƩƚӋь ƠǇƢŵ6JG EJKNF U RCTVKEKRCVKQP KU
EQORWNUQT[YJKNGVJCVQHVJGRCTGPVUKUUWIIGUVGFVQRCTVKEKRCVGDWVQRVKQPCNEQORWNUQT[YJKNGVJCVQHVJGRCTGPVUKUUWIIGUVGFVQRCTVKEKRCVGDWVQRVKQPCN
Ɯ

ƔƳǒ

ƞǜƔ

ǄƝƠǌ

ƞǜƔ

Ტ  Უ‫܇‬ƲǋƩƚ ࣏ ƣӋьƠǇƢŵ̬ᜱᎍƸӋьƠǇƤǜŵ6JGEJKNF URCTVKEKRCVKQPKUEQORWNUQT[YJKNGVJCVQHVJGRCTGPVUKUPQVVQRCTVKEKRCVGYJKNGVJCVQHVJGRCTGPVUKUPQVVQRCTVKEKRCVG 
ơƔǜ

ƴƪơ

ƔƳǒ

Ǉǋ

ƠǎƏƝƏ ơ Ɣ ǜƓƘƂଐ଺ &CVGCPFVKOGƃè ଺᧓Ƹ ࣏ ƣ‫ ܣ‬ǓǇƢŵ ᨼ ӳ ଺᧓ƴ᡿ ǕƯƸƍƚǇƤǜŵ;QWOWUVDGRWPEVWCNCPFCFJGTGVQVJGIKXGPVKOGƜƠǎƏƝƏ ơ Ɣ ǜᲢ  Უ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ᨼ ӳ ଺᧓ưƢŵ6JGTGRQTVKPIVKOGHQTEJKNF
ƻƠǎƏƝƏ ơ Ɣ ǜŹ ଐƴƪ &CVGź      Ż ᨼ ӳ ଺᧓ 6KOGź  Ჴ  ŻƜǄƝƠǌƠǎƏƝƏ ơ Ɣ ǜƓƳᲢ  Უ‫܇‬ƲǋƱ̬ᜱᎍƷ ᨼ ӳ ଺᧓Ƹӷ ơưƢŵ
6JGTGRQTVKPIVKOGHQTDQVJEJKNFCPFRCTGPVUCTGVJGUCOGƻƠǎƏƝƏ ơ Ɣ ǜŹ ଐƴƪ &CVGź     Ż ᨼ ӳ ଺᧓ 6KOGź  Ჴ  ŻƜǄƝƠǌƠǎƏƝƏ ơ Ɣ ǜƪƕᲢ  Უ‫܇‬ƲǋƱ̬ᜱᎍƷ ᨼ ӳ ଺᧓Ƹᢌ ƍǇƢŵ                       
6JGTGRQTVKPIVKOGUHQTEJKNFCPFRCTGPVUCTGFKHHGTGPVƜƻƠǎƏƝƏ ơ Ɣ ǜŨ ‫܇‬Ʋǋ %JKNFᲴଐƴƪ &CVGź       Ż ᨼ ӳ ଺᧓ 6KOGź   Ჴ   ŻǄƝƠǌƻƠǎƏƝƏ ơ Ɣ ǜŨ ̬ᜱᎍ 2CTGPVUᲴଐƴƪ &CVGź       Ż ᨼ ӳ ଺᧓ 6KOGź   Ჴ   Ż
ǂǜƱƏ

ƢƍƱƏ

Ƃ ࡰ ࢘ ȷ ൦ ለ  .WPEJDQZCPFYCVGTDQVVNGƃ
Ɯ

ǂǜƱƏ

ǋ

Ź‫܇‬Ʋǋ %JKNFᲴ
Ტ  Უࡰ࢘ ǛਤƬƯƖƯƘƩƞƍŵ2NGCUGDTKPI[QWTQYPNWPEJDQZƢƍƱƏǋᲢ  Უ ൦ለ ǛਤƬƯƖƯƘƩƞƍŵ2NGCUGDTKPI[QWTQYPYCVGTDQVVNG 
ǄƝƠǌ

ǂǜƱƏ

ǋ

Ź̬ᜱᎍ 2CTGPVUᲴᲢ  Უࡰ࢘ ǛਤƬƯƖƯƘƩƞƍŵ2NGCUGDTKPI[QWTQYPNWPEJDQZƢƍƱƏǋᲢ  Უ൦ለ ǛਤƬƯƖƯƘƩƞƍŵ2NGCUGDTKPI[QWTQYPYCVGTDQVVNG
ǋǋƷƂਤƪ ཋ  6JKPIUVQDTKPICNQPIƃ
ƱƘǂƭ

ǋ

ǋƷ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

Ტ  ᲣཎК Ƴਤƪཋ ƕ࣏ᙲ ưƢŵέဃ ƴᄩᛐ ƠƯƘƩƞƍŵ6JGTG CTG UQOG URGEKHKE VJKPIU VQ DTKPI CNQPI 2NGCUG EJGEM YKVJ [QWT VGCEJGT ƓƳᲢ  ᲣƍƭǋƱӷ ơưƢŵ5COGCUWUWCNƾƘƦƏƂ ஌ ᘺ  %NQVJKPIƃ
ƪƕ

ƾƘƦƏ

Ɩ

ƤǜƤƍ

ƔƘƴǜ

Ტ  Უ ƍƭǋƱᢌ Ə஌ᘺ ưஹǇƢŵέဃ ƴᄩᛐ ƠƯƘƩƞƍŵ;QWPGGFVQYGCTURGEKHKEV[RGQHENQVJKPI2NGCUGEJGEMYKVJ[QWTVGCEJGTƓƳᲢ  Უ ƍƭǋƱӷơưƢŵ5COGCUWUWCN

208

ƞǜƜƏ

Ӌᎋ74.ƔƖƞǜƜƏɦᚡǵǤȈǋӋᎋƴƳǓǇƢŵƍǓǐƏƭƏǍƘ

ƏǜƑƍ ơ ǉ Ɩ ǐ ƘƍǓǐƏƭƏǍƘ

ŨƋƍƪҔၲᡫᚪǷǹȆȠᢃփʙѦ‫ޅ‬žƋƍƪҔၲᡫᚪǷǹȆȠſ
 ᲶJVVRYYYCKEJKKT[QWVUW[CMWU[UVGOEQOᲸ
ƼǐƏƖ

ƴǄǜƝ

ƻƱ

ƭƏǍƘ

ƦƏƩǜ

Ʒ

 ၏ൢ ǍƚƕǛƠƯƠǇƬƨƱƖŴଐஜᛖƕǘƔǒƳƍʴ ƷƨǊƴŴᡫᚪ ƷႻᛩ ƴʈƬƯƘǕǇƢŵ
ƛǜ Ɲ

Ƒƍ Ɲ

ƪǎƏƝƘ ƝƝƝƝ ᚕ ᛖƸᒍ ᛖŴ ɶ ‫ ׎‬ᛖŴȝȫȈǬȫᛖŴǹȚǤȳᛖŴȕǣȪȔȎᛖưƢŵƖǎƏƖǎƏƍǓǐƏ

ƖǎƏƖǎƏƍǓǐƏơǐƏǄƏ

ƖǎƏƖǎƏƍǓǐƏ

ŨƋƍƪ ૔ ࣯ ҔၲǬǤȉ ૔ ࣯ Ҕၲ ऴ ‫ إ‬ǻȳǿȸžƋƍƪ ૔ ࣯ ҔၲǬǤȉſ ᲶJVVRYYYSSRTGHCKEJKLRGUSSSSGIORANVCURᲸ
ƑƍƝ

ơƿǜ

ƛǜƝ

ƨƍƓƏ

ƼǐƏƍǜ

ƞƕ

 ȡǤȳȚȸǸƸᒍᛖưƢƕŴᐯЎƷᚕᛖƴ‫ࣖݣ‬ưƖǔ ၏ ᨈƳƲǛ੕ƢƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵƱ Ǒ Ƹ Ơ Ơ ƖǐƏƍƘ ƍ ƍ ǜ Ɣ ƍƕƍƜƘơǜ ơ Ʋ Ə Ƥ ƍ Ʊ ƖǐƏƍƘƠǓǐƏ

ƕƬƜƏƗǐƏơƔǜƚƍ

ƋǜƳƍƿǜ

Ũᝅ೛ࠊ ૙ Ꮛ ‫ۀ‬Ճ˟ ‫׎ٳ‬ʴδᇜဃࢻ ૙ Ꮛ ᝻૰ž‫ܖ‬ఄᘍʙ᧙̞Ʒకϋ૨ſ
ᲶJVVRYYYICKMQMWVQ[QJCUJKGFLRᲸ
ǄƔ

ƕƬƜƏ

ƕƍƜƘơǜ

Ɣƨ ǉ

ƭƘ

ǈ

˂Ʒ‫ܖ‬ఄƷŴ‫׎ٳ‬ʴƷ૾Ӽƚƴ˺ǒǕƨƓƨǑǓǛᙸǔƜƱƕưƖǇƢŵƕƬƜƏƗǐƏơƔǜƚƍ

ƋǜƳƍƿǜ

ž‫ܖ‬ఄᘍʙ᧙̞Ʒకϋ૨ſƷƱƜǖǛǯȪȃǯƠƯƘƩƞƍŵᴾƟƍơ ƪ ƨ ƍ Ɯ Ƙ ƞ ƍ Ɣ ƖǐƏƔƍƪ ƍ Ɩ Ɯ Ƙ ƞ ƍ Ɣ ƖǐƏƔƍǕǜǒƘƖǐƏƗƔƍƨ ƛ ǜ Ɲ ƤƍƔƭơǐƏǄƏ

ŨᲢᝠᲣᐯ඙˳‫׎‬ᨥ҄ ң ˟  ‫׎؏ע‬ᨥ҄ ң ˟ ᡲዂңᜭ˟ž‫ٶ‬ᚕᛖဃ෇ ऴ ‫ إ‬ſ
ᲶJVVRYYYENCKTQTLRVCIGPIQKPFGZJVONᲸ
ƕƍƜƘơǜ

Ɣƨ

ƴǄǜ

ƤƍƔƭ

ƻƭǑƏ

ƛǜƝ

ƤƍƔƭơǐƏǄƏ

ƖǄǜƯƖ

ƤƭǊƍ

‫׎ٳ‬ʴ Ʒ૾ ƕଐஜưဃ෇ ƢǔƨǊƴ࣏ᙲ ƳؕஜႎƳဃ෇ ऴ ‫ إ‬ǛᲫᲭᚕᛖưᛟଢ ƠƯƍǇƢŵƳ ƝǍ ƜƘƞƍ

Ɣƍƕƍ ơ Ʋ Ə Ƥ ƍ Ʊ ƖǐƏƍƘƦƏƩǜ

ŨӸӞ‫׎ދ‬ᨥǻȳǿȸžෙ‫ٳ‬δᇜဃࢻ ૙ Ꮛ Ⴛᛩſ
ᲶJVVRYYYPKEPCIQ[CQTLRLCRCPGUGPKEPGYUᲸƤǜǋǜƦƏƩǜƍǜ

ƕƍƜƘơǜ

ƔƨƜƖǐƏƍƘƥǜƺǜ

ƦƏƩǜ

Ʒ

ưǜǘ

ǑǍƘƤƍ

‫ᧉݦ‬ƷႻᛩՃƕŴ‫׎ٳ‬ʴƷ૾Ʒ‫܇‬ƲǋƷ ૙ Ꮛ μᑍƴƭƍƯႻᛩƴʈƬƯƘǕǇƢŵᩓᛅƴǑǔʖኖСưƢŵƜƏƑƖƟƍƩǜǄƏơǜƋƍ ƪ ƚǜƜƘƞƍƜƏǓǎƏƖǐƏƔƍ

ŨπႩᝠ‫ׇ‬ඥʴžग़ჷჄ‫׎‬ᨥʩ ් ң ˟ſᲶJVVRYYYCKCRTGHCKEJKLRᲸ
Ƌƍƪƚǜ

Ƣ

ƕƍƜƘơǜ

Ɣƨ ǉ

ƞǇƟǇ

ơǐƏǄƏ

Ʒ

ग़ჷჄƴ˰ǉ‫׎ٳ‬ʴƷ૾ӼƚƴಮŷƳ ऴ ‫ إ‬ƕ᠍ƬƯƍǇƢŵ
ƛǜƝ

ƑƍƝ

Ɲ

Ɲ

ƪǎƏƝƘƝƔǜƜƘƝƴ Ǆ ǜ ƝᚕᛖƸᒍᛖŴȝȫȈǬȫᛖŴǹȚǤȳᛖŴɶ‫׎‬ᛖŴ᪡‫׎‬ᛖŴଐஜᛖưƢŵ

209

4GHGTGPEGU 
2NGCUGTGHGTVQVJGHQNNQYKPIUKVGU Ũ #KEJK/GFKECN+PVGTRTGVCVKQP5[UVGO5GETGVCTKCVß#KEJK/GFKECN+PVGTRTGVCVKQP5[UVGOà ᲶJVVRYYYCKEJKKT[QWVUW[CMWU[UVGOEQOᲸ +VKUCUGTXKEGHQTVJQUGYJQFQPQVWPFGTUVCPF,CRCPGUG;QWOC[EQPUWNVCPFKPSWKTGHQT
OGFKECNKPVGTRTGVGTUKPVJGECUGQHKNNPGUUQTKPLWT['PINKUJ%JKPGUG2QTVWIWGUG5RCPKUJCPF
2KNKRKPQNCPIWCIGUCTGCXCKNCDNGŨ #KEJK'OGTIGPE[/GFKECN)WKFG   #KEJK/GFKECN+PHQTOCVKQP%GPVGT ß#KEJK'OGTIGPE[/GFKECN)WKFGà ᲶJVVRYYYSSRTGHCKEJKLRGUSSSSGIORANVCURᲸ /CKPRCIGKUKP'PINKUJ;QWOC[UGCTEJVJGJQURKVCNYJKEJECPUGTXGKP[QWTNCPIWCIGŨ 6Q[QJCUJK %KV[ $QCTF QH 'FWECVKQP  'FWECVKQPCN FQEWOGPVU HQTHQTGKIPUVWFGPVUß#PPQWPEGOGPVHQTUEJQQNGXGPVUàᲶJVVRYYYICKMQMWVQ[QJCUJKGFLRᲸ;QWOC[EJGEMVJGUEJQQNCPPQWPEGOGPVUHQTHQTGKIPUVWFGPVUKPQVJGTUEJQQNU2NGCUG
ƕƬƜƏƗǐƏơƔǜƚƍ

ƋǜƳƍƿǜ

ENKEMVJGß‫ܖ‬ఄᘍʙ᧙̞Ʒకϋ૨ #PPQWPEGOGPVHQTUEJQQNGXGPVU àᴾŨ %.#+4 %QWPEKNQH.QECN#WVJQTKVKGUHQT+PVGTPCVKQPCN4GNCVKQPU 
ß/WNVKNKPIWCN.KXKPI+PHQTOCVKQPàᲶJVVRYYYENCKTQTLRVCIGPIQKPFGZJVONᲸ
6JKUUKVGRTQXKFGKPHQTOCVKQPCDQWVFCKN[NKHGPGEGUUCT[HQTHQTGKIPGTUVQNKXGKP,CRCPKPNCPIWCIGUŨ 0CIQ[C+PVGTPCVKQPCN%GPVGTß(TGG'FWECVKQPCN%QWPUGNKPI5GTXKEGàᲶJVVRYYYPKEPCIQ[CQTLRLCRCPGUGPKEPGYUᲸ2TQHGUUKQPCNEQWPUGNQTUCTGQPJCPFVQRTQXKFGCFXKEGCPFKPHQTOCVKQPQPGFWECVKQPHQT
HQTGKIPEJKNFTGP4GUGTXCVKQPUTGSWKTGFXKCRJQPG Ũ #KEJK+PVGTPCVKQPCN#UUQEKCVKQPᲶJVVRYYYCKCRTGHCKEJKLRᲸ
6JKU UKVG RTQXKFG XCTKQWU KPHQTOCVKQP HQT HQTGKIP TGUKFGPVU KP #KEJK RTGHGEVWTG 'PINKUJ
2QTVWIWGUG5RCPKUJ%JKPGUG-QTGCPCPF,CRCPGUGNCPIWCIGUCTGCXCKNCDNG

210Ჶᜓ ᠴᲸ  ஜώ‫܇‬ƀɶ‫ܖ‬ఄǬǤȉȖȃǯƁƷ˺঺ƴƋƨǓŴ‫ٶ‬ƘƷέဃ૾ƴŴƝяᚕǛងǓǇƠƨŵǇƨŴ
ग़ჷჄᇌ‫ݱ‬ཊ᭗ሁ‫ܖ‬ఄŴग़ჷჄᇌᘘӨ᭗ሁ‫ܖ‬ఄƷέဃ૾ƴƸŴᙸ‫ܖ‬ǛࣛƘࡽƖӖƚƯ᪬ƖŴƓࣕƠƍƴǋ᧙ǘǒƣŴɠ‫ݗ‬ƴƝ‫ࣖݣ‬᪬ƖǇƠƨŵƜƜƴŴƢǂƯƷέဃ૾ƴ࣎ǑǓज़ᜓဎƠɥƛǇƢŵƋǓƕƱƏƝƟƍǇƠƨŵ ƀ‫ܖݱ‬ఄǬǤȉȖȃǯƁ˺঺ࢸƴŴ‫ٶ‬ƘƷ૾ǑǓಮŷƳƝॖᙸǛ᪬ƖǇƠƨŵʻ‫ׅ‬ƸƦǕǒǛư
ƖǔƩƚ‫ٶ‬ƘӒପƢǔǑƏƴ࣎ƕƚƯ˺঺ᐲƠǇƠƨŵƝңщ᪬ƖǇƠƨႏಮŴஜ࢘ƴƋǓƕƱƏ
ƝƟƍǇƠƨŵ‫پ‬ओੈৡຘःञ্‫ قر‬ఠದ รู੄റ‫ك‬੩੨஖໘‫ق‬132 ৕नुभব‫ؚ‬௹ি৘ઇ୘੻৩ভ‫ ك‬৵৛࿥৕ ௹ি৘ઇ୘੻৩ভ৾ૅઇ୘ୖ  പఓൄ‫ق‬জ९‫ش‬५ঝ‫ش‬঒॔ॻংॖ२‫ كش‬শ௳୕୏ ਍ଗেણૣකৈಉ௧ఊ৾ૅ  ৙োमॊಘ
ૈె೗ఘ ਍ଗ৘য়਍ଗવর৾ૅ   ீ੩়  ৛িේ‫ق‬࿘દ৘ધ৲ଃ৳૧ଟ৮ভ‫ك‬ఎੴ਩য়๲઎ৈಉ৾ૅ  ఎੴ਩য়৵ฝৈಉ৾ૅ
૞અધ൴‫؞‬85/ŹƋƍƪҔၲᡫᚪǷǹȆȠᢃփʙѦ‫ޅ‬žƋƍƪҔၲᡫᚪǷǹȆȠſźJVVRYYYCKEJKKT[QWVUW[CMWU[UVGOEQOŻŹƋƍƪ૔࣯ҔၲǬǤȉ ૔࣯Ҕၲऴ‫إ‬ǻȳǿȸžƋƍƪ૔࣯ҔၲǬǤȉſźJVVRYYYSSRTGHCKEJKLRŻŹπႩᝠ‫ׇ‬ඥʴ ʖ᧸੗ᆔȪǵȸȁǻȳǿȸžʖ᧸੗ᆔƱ‫܇‬ƲǋƷͤࡍſźJVVRYYY[QDQUGUJWTEEQOŻŹϋ᧚ࡅ žδᇜᖋࢳŴƍơǊŴƻƖƜǋǓŴɧႇఄሁƴƭƍƯƷႻᛩȷᡫ‫إ‬ᆸӝſźJVVRYYYECQIQLR[QWVJUQWFCPŻŹ૨ᢿᅹ‫ܖ‬ႾțȸȠȚȸǸźJVVRYYYOGZVIQLRŻŹग़ჷჄ૙Ꮛ‫ۀ‬Ճ˟țȸȠȚȸǸźJVVRYYYRTGHCKEJKLRUQUJKMKMQVQICMMQŻŹᝅ೛ࠊ૙Ꮛ‫ۀ‬Ճ˟ ‫׎ٳ‬ʴδᇜဃࢻ૙Ꮛ᝻૰
źJVVRYYYICKMQMWVQ[QJCUJKGFLRŻŹ‫ࠊ̽ޥ‬ଐஜᛖᢘࣖ૙ܴțȸȠȚȸǸźJVVRYYYKYCMWTCGFLRPKJQPIQHTCOGJVOŻŹ್ාࠊ૙Ꮛ‫ۀ‬Ճ˟žǑƏƜƦ್ාƷ‫ܖ‬ఄǁſźJVVRYYYEKV[[QMQJCOCNILRM[QKMWUKFQWPKJQPIQUJKFQVGDKMKŻŹׄଐࠊࠊ૙Ꮛ‫ۀ‬Ճ˟ž‫׎ٳ‬ʴδᇜဃࢻƱ̬ᜱᎍƷƨǊƷׄଐࠊࠊᇌ‫ݱ‬ȷɶ‫ܖ‬ఄǬǤȉȖȃǯſźJVVRYYYEKV[[QMMCKEJKOKGLROGPWJVONŻŹӸӞ‫׎ދ‬ᨥǻȳǿȸ0+%žग़ჷჄƷ᭗ఄλᚾǛƝ‫܍‬ჷưƢƔſźJVVRYYYPKEPCIQ[CQTLRLCRCPGUGPKEPGYUCTEJKXGUŻŹ੕ƦȞǤǹǯȸȫźJVVRCKEJKOIZIKULRO[UEJQQNFGHCWNVCURŻ211Źଐஜ‫ܖ‬ဃૅੲೞನțȸȠȚȸǸźJVVRYYYLCUUQIQLRŻŹଐஜ૎ሊ᣿ᗡπࡉțȸȠȚȸǸᲢ૙Ꮛɟᑍ᝱˄Უ
źJVVRUYYYLHEIQLRPHKPCPEGUGCTEJKRRCPJVONŻŹ‫ܖڜ‬᣿ƳǔǄƲႻᛩ৑źJVVRYYYUJQICMWMKPLRŻ
Ź021 ඥʴȈȫǷȸȀǄƔƀ‫׎ٳ‬ƴƭƳƕǔ‫܇‬ƲǋƨƪƷᡶែ᧏ਏǬǤȉȖȃǯƁ ग़ჷჄ‫؏ע‬ਰᐻᢿ ‫׎‬ᨥᛢ‫ٶ‬૨҄σဃਖ਼ᡶܴ 
Ź߷ӝႺࠃǄƔƀ‫ܖݱ‬ఄǬǤȉȖȃǯƁग़ჷ૙Ꮛ‫׎ٳܖٻ‬ʴδᇜဃࢻૅੲȪǽȸǹȫȸȠ 
Ź‫ࠇק‬૓ᇘǄƔƀƓяƚᲛ᭗ఄᡶ‫ܖ‬ҥᛖࠚƁ ‫ٶ‬૨҄σဃǻȳǿȸிʮ 
ŹᚌဋʶǄƔƀᡶែǬǤȉȖȃǯ ɶ‫ܖ‬ǛҡಅƠƨǒŴƲƜưŴ˴ǛƠǇƠǐƏᲹƁ ‫ٶ‬૨҄σဃǻȳǿȸிʮ         










ᄽ ๨ ੈ ৡ‫؟‬ઋিघाोॖ ছ ५ ॺ‫؟‬஌িཛྷྪ ૈ੨౩஖ ਴ቾ૰   ఊ‫؟‬ਆઠઉၸ   ෋ൿ‫ط‬ౣૐ‫؟‬ਆઠઉၸ  ਧ৛ౘ৕  ൝਽฻Ḫ  ৛ৣ฻஖  ฉଯ஖ਮ৕
ಒ৯຀৕  ૜ખিඈ஖  ੩ઢಇૻଽ
ਖः়ॎच‫؟‬ఎੴઇ୘প৾ ਗবযుญেെ੍ରজ९‫ش‬५ঝ‫ش‬঒          ‫ ٿ‬ఎੴ਩࿘દ৘੩নદ঴ઁ૕‫ڭ‬          7(/‫) ؟‬$;‫؟‬HPDLO‫؟‬JHQGDLJS#DXHFFDLFKLHGXDFMS   ‫پ‬ધிमఎੴઇ୘প৾ਗবযుญেെ੍ରজ९‫ش‬५ঝ‫ش‬঒पँॉऽघ‫؛‬212

‫صصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصص‬র৾ૅफ़ॖॻঈॵॡ
‫ع‬ஶୁග‫ع‬‫صصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصصص‬਴ਛ  ফ  া ੂග৅ষ૰ ఊ‫؟‬ਆઠ ઉၸౣૐ‫؞‬৅ষ‫؟‬ఎੴઇ୘প৾ ਗবযుญেെ੍ରজ९‫ش‬५ঝ‫ش‬঒‫ ٿ‬ఎੴ਩࿘દ৘੩নદ঴ઁ૕‫ڭ‬7(/  )$;ഀ ླྀ‫؟‬ઙૄভ঺॥‫ش‬঒ছমછभ৸৖ऽञम঳৖भ੾ਹ৯৓पेॊ૮૵ള୼‫؞‬ૡ୼॑రगऽघ‫؛‬