1st Asia-Pacific Water Summit

Policy Brief 2007e
Beppu, Japan, 3-4th D

c/o Japan Water Forum
5th Fl., 1-8-1 Kojimachi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083 Japan
Tel: +81 (0)3-5212-1645 Fax: +81 (0)3-5212-1649
http://www.apwf.org

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Policy Brief 2007

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Main Contributors:
Asian Development Bank (ADB)The International Center for Water Hazard and Risk Management (ICHARM)
The World Conservation Union (IUCN)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Public Utilities Board Singapore (PUB Singapore)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Streams of Knowledge (SOK)
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)
Japan Water Forum (JWF)
Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC)
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
World Health Organization (WHO)Special thanks to subregional coordinators and those who engaged in discussions through weblogs andworkshops.
Front cover photo: © Peter Rol© Asia-Pacific Water Forum, 2007
Printed by Clung Wicha Press, Thailand

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Contents
Call to Action from the Asia-Pacific Water Forum to the 1st Asia-Pacific Water Summit

1

Background1

Issues2

Priority Theme A: Water Financing and Capacity Development
Key Messages and Recommendations under Priority Theme A

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6

Priority Theme B: Water-Related Disaster Management
Key Messages and Recommendations under Priority Theme B

910Priority Theme C: Water for Development and Ecosystems
Key Messages and Recommendations under Priority Theme C

12
12Guiding Principles to Accelerate Progress

16

Key Recommendations for the Way Forward

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Annex: List of Expected Concrete Initiatives to be Launchedat the 1st Asia-Pacific Water Summit

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© Asia-Pacific Water ForumA Call to Action from the Asia-Pacific Water Forum tothe 1st Asia-Pacific Water Summit
1. The 1st Asia-Pacific Water Summit (1st APWS) provides an unprecedented opportunity to recognize
the central role that water plays for our quality of life and the wellbeing of future generations.
The key messages and recommendations presented in this Policy Brief draw a clear and realistic
picture of the needs presented throughout our region and of the actions required in order toachieve the level of progress deserved by all. To be sure, the challenges are great, but with will
and committed political support, all of our goals can be met.
2. The 1st APWS is not an end in itself. It is, however, a critical milestone that is part of the ongoingregional and international efforts towards human and economic development. Indeed, theoutcomes of the 1st APWS shall feed directly into other high profile international events such as
the 2008 G8 Summit and the 5th World Water Forum. With 2008 earmarked as the InternationalYear of Sanitation, the timing of the Summit is ideal for generating a momentum that will carryon for years and decades to come.
3. By addressing and engaging decision-makers at the highest possible levels, the 1st APWS seeks
to generate the support and commitment required to meet our region’s water challenges and toserve as an example of regional cooperation to the rest of the world.

B ackground
4. The Asia-Pacific Water Forum (APWF) is an independent, not-for-profit, non-partisan, nonpolitical network that was launched in September 2006 for the purpose of bringing water tothe forefront of the political agenda. The first phase the APWF’s activity has focused on the threepriority themes identified in the regional document for the 4th World Water Forum as the initialsteps towards sustainable development and economic growth: water financing, water-related
disaster management, and water for development and ecosystems.
5. The APWF has a matrix structure centered on three Priority Themes and five cross-cutting Key
Result Areas (KRAs). A number of highly recognized institutions from the region have committed
themselves to supporting the APWF as “lead organizations”, responsible for identifying strategies
and initiating solutions to achieve progress under each of the Priority Themes. Such initiatives
have been identified through the KRAs and the “lead organizations” responsible for supporting
them. Secretarial support for the APWF has been provided by the Japan Water Forum.

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ADB

Increasing Public Outreach
ADB
Monitoring Investments & Results
UNESCAP
Supporting Forum & Summit
JWF

R e s u l t

Increasing Local Capacity
SOK/UN-HABITATK e yDeveloping Knowledge & Lessons
PUB Singapore/UNESCO

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IUCN

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Sub-regions
Central Asia: GWP-CACENA/EC-IFAS
South Asia: GWP-SAS
Pacific: SOPAC

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Northeast Asia: Korea Water Forum
Southeast Asia: GWP-SEA

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6. This Policy Brief outlines a series of recommendations prepared as part of the initial activities of
the APWF in preparation for the 1st APWS, to be held in Beppu City, Japan, on December 3rd to 4th,2007.
7. The recommendations herein set forth a clear path on how to meet the combined andcomplementary objectives of development and poverty reduction, economic growth andincreasing prosperity, and environmental sustainability. These recommendations are expected
to generate momentum in addressing the region’s many water challenges and provide the basis
for the adoption of a set of concrete initiatives that will not only represent a major output of the
1st APWS, but will make a true difference in solving our region’s most urgent water problems.

I ssues
8. Over the past few decades, several areas of the Asia-Pacific region have experienced notable
progress in various aspects of water management, including access to water resources andcoverage of related services. However, rapid population and economic growth, urbanization, andthe underperformance of existing water assets mean that there are still significant shortfalls inmeeting the region’s needs. In addition, growth patterns and the development of water resources
have severely affected both the environment and the region’s ecosystems. The looming impactsof climate change will exacerbate these challenges unless they are properly taken into accountthroughout all planning and decision-making processes.
9. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have set socioeconomic targets that need to beachieved by 2015. Although economic growth rates have been high overall, poverty remains
a chronic problem in both urban and rural areas with 16% of the population in the region’s
developing countries undernourished. Progress towards halving the number of hungry by 2015
remains slow.
10. Access to improved drinking water supplies in the Asia-Pacific region has improved substantiallyin recent years (in 2002 around 3.16 billion people - 82% of the population - in the Asia-Pacificregion had access to improved water supplies, up from 74% in 1990). However, formidable
challenges remain. Approximately 669 million people live in the region, of which 584 million
live in rural areas. Aggregate figures also mask dramatic disparities between the subregions,
between nations within subregions, and within the nations themselves.
11. The story for sanitation is even less satisfactory. Of the 2.6 billion people in the world without
access to improved sanitation facilities, nearly 2 billion are in the Asia-Pacific region. Coveragefor improved sanitation in the region lags behind the rate needed to attain the MDG target. As of
2004, only 45% of the region’s population had access to improved sanitation facilities – up from
43% in 2002. And of the 1,862 million people in the region that remain unserved, 1,498 million
live in rural areas. These figures illustrate the need to develop new, innovative systems treating
human waste that do not rely so heavily on the use of freshwater. And with 2008 being theInternational Year of Sanitation (IYS), there will be considerable momentum in the international
community to provide assistance and guidance towards addressing this particular challenge.
12. The Asia-Pacific region is the most vulnerable region in the world with regards to water-related
disasters that hinder sustainable development and poverty reduction. Between 1960 and 2006,
over 600 thousand casualties were recorded, accounting for over 80% of casualties worldwide,in addition to US$ 8 billion worth of economic damage during the same period. Severe waterrelated disasters such as floods, droughts, tsunamis, windstorms, landslides, storm-surges, waterborne diseases, and epidemics have escalated since the turn of the 21st century.

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13. Rapid population growth in the Asia-Pacific region over the past decade has forced more people
to live in floodplains and other vulnerable areas and has led to ever-increasing demands for watersupply, security and sanitation services, which require greater investment in water projects. In
certain countries, investment in improved access to safe drinking water and decent sanitation
facilities; allocation and conservation of water resources; adequate management of wastewater
including its safe recycling; and construction of flood control and irrigation facilities, have led
to increased economic growth; a healthier, more robust economy; and an overall reduction inpoverty. Unfortunately, in most countries, investments in the water sector have fallen seriously
behind demands.
14. One great challenge in moving forward as a region is the great diversity of its ecosystems,
populations, political institutions, and socio-economic conditions. The region includes 38
major watersheds, of which 21 are transboundary. However, institutions concerned with sharedbasins are not capable of dealing with the political complexity of international water and thetransboundary tensions created by large-scale water management schemes. At the other endof the spectrum, the isolated nature of small island developing states (SIDS) calls for increased
regional cooperation to share knowledge and build capacity in order to address challenges
common to many insular nations, as embodied in the Pacific Regional Action Plan on Sustainable
Water Management.
15. Accounting for 84% of total freshwater withdrawals, agriculture dominates the sector. It ischaracterized by poor efficiency, low productivity, poor service provision, and non-existing or
ineffective demand management. Many irrigation agencies are still driven by supply, and demand
management mechanisms are either non-existent or ineffective. Furthermore, the intensificationof agriculture, combined with industrial development and urbanization, have severely affectedwater quality.

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16. Essential ecosystem services provided by aquatic ecosystems, upstream watersheds, andagricultural landscapes are being significantly degraded, especially in areas of high resource
dependency, with severe consequences for the incidence and severity of water-related disasters,
and affecting downstream urban and rural populations, and populations whose livelihoods
depend on them. The aquatic biodiversity’s high economic and social value is threatened byoverexploitation and alterations in hydrological regimes.
17. Water resources are unevenly distributed, and water availability is complicated by physical,
economic, and environmental water scarcity. Moreover, the region’s freshwater resources – ourriver basins, watersheds, wetlands and ecosystems – are imperiled by pollution, inadequate
management, and climate change. Indeed, it is highly likely that the additional stresses caused bychanges in the region’s meteorological and hydrological regimes will increase our vulnerability
to water shortages and water-related disasters2. There is a need to make comprehensive andcollective efforts to manage water-related disasters within the context of integrated water
resources management (IWRM) in order to optimize the use of limited financial resources andcapacities in the region.
18. Climate variability and change is already affecting water resources and their management inmany parts of the region, as notably illustrated by the large-scale retreat of Himalayan glaciersand the growing threat of the rising sea level to small island countries. Adaptation to the effects
of climate change and increasing climate variability must therefore be given the highest priority
in order to secure limited water resources and to reduce the impacts of water-related disasters.
19. Adaptation and mitigation can act as complementary response measures that should be
combined to reduce the risks of climate change. Water plays a central and important role inadaptation to climate change, and as such must be given central priority in national strategies
for sustainable development and public security.

420. The lack of firm commitment by the governments of many countries in the region, accompanied
by a lack of effective policies, planning mechanisms, and monitoring of investments and results,
has resulted in inadequate progress in meeting both the MDGs and national socio-economic
goals of development. The urgent need to improve governance, including the better allocationof financial resources and more effective investment in water resources management, is thus apriority issue for regional cooperation in the region.
21. In short, the Asia-Pacific’s water challenges are of massive proportions. Resolving these challenges
would produce substantial social, economic, and environmental benefits for the region’s countries
and citizens. However, achieving major progress will require strong support at the highest
levels of decision-making. The 1st APWS provides an unprecedented and historic opportunity toengage in collective efforts to recognize that each of the important issues raised by the APWF inthis Policy Brief are closely interlinked and thus need to be tackled in a comprehensive manner
within the perspective of IWRM.
22. Unfortunately, we cannot solve all of our problems at once. The following sections of the Policy
Brief will focus on three specific themes, which were identified in the Asia-Pacific Regional
Document for the 4th World Water Forum (March 2006) as those most urgent for the region. The
APWF firmly believes that achieving progress under these Priority Themes will also help to solve
many of the other problems described above.

P riority Theme A:
Water Financing and Capacity Development
23. The Priority Theme on Water Financing and Capacity Development aims to increase targeted
investments in water management in the Asia-Pacific region, in supply and sanitation
infrastructure, and in human resources development in particular. The theme focuses explicitly,
but not exclusively, on the efforts required for meeting the MDG targets for safe drinking waterand sanitation (Target 10) and for improving water resources management in general, especiallyin the context of the impending impacts of climate change.
24. Improvements in the MDG indicators for income levels, hunger, communicable diseases, maternaland child mortality rates, and environmental sustainability rest on many factors. However, allhave one factor in common: water. Water is essential to sustain life, provide food, and create
the conditions for higher levels of health, education, and income. Investing in the water sector
embodies the intent of “Human Security,” which is to create systems that give people the building
blocks for survival, dignity, and livelihood. Furthermore, since water is also a key elementof financial development and economic growth, investing in the water sector also promotes
economic growth and prosperity which can in turn lead to even greater “Human Security”.
25. The Asia Water Watch 2015 study3 estimated that an annual investment of at least $8 billion
will be needed in the Asia-Pacific region over the next decade if countries are to meet the MDG
targets for safe drinking water and sanitation (Target 10). The greatest proportion of thesefinancial needs is in the South and Southwest subregions, followed by East and Northeast Asia.
In terms of numbers of unserved people, the largest numbers are found in India and the People’s
Republic of China. Because the Asia-Pacific bears the majority of the world’s poor, achieving
Target 10 in this region would make a significant contribution towards attaining the global target.
The achievability and affordability of meeting Target 10 in the Asia-Pacific raises an interesting
possibility: political leaders can afford to confidently set more ambitious targets than the MDGs
and advance their countries towards greater levels of social and economic development. It is nota matter of possibility, but a matter of willingness4.

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26. An investment in the water sector is an investment
in all the MDGs, not just Target 10. The impact
of water sector investments directly targetedat poor consumers is anything but subtle. Safe
water supplies immediately improve people’s
health and save them time, which they can use
for studying or improving their livelihoods, sothat they can earn more, eat more nutritiously,
enjoy healthier lives, and contribute to the local(and national) economy. In addition, improved
sanitation protects the poor from socially andphysically degrading surroundings, health risks,and exposure to dangerous environmental
conditions.
27. Significant investments are also needed inirrigation services, river basin management, flood
management and mitigation, and wastewater
management. Investments in water are crucial
to meet the broader MDG targets of reducing
poverty, hunger, child and maternal mortality, andthe incidence of major diseases, and to improve
environmental sustainability. Clearly, this is amajor challenge, and one that is complicated bya wide range of governance, institutional, social,environmental, and political issues.
28. There is also a need to drastically reduce the © Asia-Pacific Water Forumvulnerability of populations to water-related
disasters. In the last century, the Asia-Pacific region
accounted for 91% of the world’s total deaths due to natural disasters and 49% of the world’s
total damage due to natural disasters5. With regard to climate change, the number of typhoons
and cyclones has been increasing as have the number and expanse of drought-affected areas.
Disaster risk management and the expansion of facilities for water resources development, watersupply, irrigation, wastewater treatment, and recycling, need to be promoted with community
participation.
29. In general, it is clearly understood that the principal challenge lies not in the technological aspects(hardware component) of water supplies and sanitation, but more in the soft components,
especially: (1) leadership and commitment; (2) the need for an appropriate policy environment,
and legal and regulatory framework (including local government financing); (3) capacity
development of service providers; and (4) innovative financing mechanisms that may prove
attractive to potential investors, especially from the private sector, which would increase watersector investment while ensuring the active participation of all affected stakeholder groups –not only from the water sector but also from health, education, and other sectors concerned.

Key Messages and Recommendations under Priority Theme AI) Water problems of developing countries are manageable
30. A key message emerging from our experience is that the region currently has a reasonable levelof knowledge, experience, and technology to solve its water problems. The solutions may differ
from one country to another, and even from one part of a country to another, because of differing
physical, climatic, economic, social, environmental, legal, and institutional conditions. However,6the knowledge base to structure proper solutions
is currently available from the lessons learned in
the Asia-Pacific region. Still, to formulate andimplement solutions in a timely, cost-effective,
pragmatic, and high-quality manner will
require significant additional investment funds,
strong political will, and appropriate capacity
development at all levels.

II) Give water and sanitation a higher priority
on national, regional (Asia-Pacific), andinternational agendas
31. Although the world community is committed
to working together to meet the MDGs withthe current trend in progress of compliance,
it is unlikely to meet Target 10, generally, in
the Asia-Pacific. Attaining Target 10 will be
important in improving the socio-economicand environmental conditions of developing
countries in the region. However, the firm andcontinuing commitment of concerned decisionmakers and political leaders is necessary. Hence,
it is time to put water and sanitation high up on
national, regional, and international agendas.

III) The principal challenges will not betechnological – the hardware of water sector
development – but rather the soft issues6
32. Decision makers need to address a range of issues in the following four core areas that reflect the
key constraints identified in the UN MDG Task Force report:
33. Policy, legal, and regulatory reform. Reform is an essential condition for sustainable and effective
change. Governments should ensure that a supportive environment exists for sustained efforts
in the sector and should clearly define the roles, rights, and responsibilities of all actors. Special
attention should be given to defining policies that target the specific needs and opportunitiesof the poor, for enhancing human security through improved access to water supply andsanitation.
34. Planning and technology choices. The range of technology and management choices mustbe broadened to include the development of innovative, low-cost technical approaches thatcan be implemented in poor communities. How technology can be used by communities
and the participation of those communities in the planning process should always be taken
into consideration. For water supply, this should include approaches such as small pipe water
networks7 for urban fringes and densely settled rural areas, as well as innovative technologies
to ensure adequate water supplies. The performance of existing water supply systems should
also be improved through the rehabilitation of facilities. For rural sanitation, a scaling-up of ideas
for approaches that accomplish both the safe use of wastewater and excreta, and ecologicallysustainable sanitation needs to be considered. With regards to urban sanitation, the promotionof appropriate community-based solutions8 in slums should be considered, in addition to
upgrading and rehabilitating the ordinary sewerage systems to cope with rapid population
growth and increasing water pollution.

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35. Financing mechanisms. Investment environments (especially those that encourage small
private sector investments) and effective cost recovery mechanisms should be made accessible.
Two aspects of this issue are particularly important: (1) the establishment of more effective anddiverse credit and financial management systems that are accessible and affordable to the poor,and (2) the development of a regulatory regime that encourages investments by the private
sector, and especially by local small-scale entrepreneurs. In this respect, the introduction of
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) schemes and financial mechanisms for local water operators
should also be considered.
36. Institutional reform and capacity development. Reform should include capacity building9,
the introduction of more appropriate management systems, and more effective institutional
coordination between all players. This is particularly the case among government agencies, butthere is also a need to build better links between government, the private sector, civil society,and community-level organizations. Three critical gaps need to be addressed: (1) strengthening
decentralization processes and building the capacity of local government agencies; (2) supporting
the development of local private sector providers by developing effective market systems; and(3) reducing fragmentation and clarifying uncertainties over mandates that often characterize
the water supply and sanitation sector, as well as the management of water resources.

IV) More investment in the water resources sector is necessary to achieve MDG Targets
in the Asia-Pacific. It is not a matter of possibility but a matter of willingness
37. As explained above, a regional investment of just $8 billion a year would ensure that the
Asia-Pacific meets Target 10 and continues to expand coverage beyond 2015. The different
development needs of urban and rural areas in relation to water need to be taken into accountwhen formulating developmental strategies. For instance, urban areas, particularly slums, needwater supply and sewage water treatment, poverty reduction, and flood control, while rural
areas need water supply, sanitation, irrigation, and water resources development.

838. While internal funds may not be available in some developing countries, financial support isavailable through several external support agencies and institutions, as well as through theprivate sector. At the same time, appropriate financing mechanisms, such as proper cost-sharing
between governments and users and the utilization of the additional resources accrued fromrecent rapid economic growth, for much needed works such as sewerage and sanitation, should
also be created.
39. Money is available10. What is needed now is firm political will and commitment to invest inwater and sanitation, to preserve and upgrade the environmental condition of our scarce water
resources, and to show leadership towards proper reforms and real capacity development in theregion.

P riority Theme B:
Water-Related Disaster Management
40. The Priority Theme on Water-Related Disaster Management aims to create new momentum
towards commitment and leadership in order to strengthen and ensure the effectiveness of ourefforts to achieve a positive change in the way water-related disasters are managed in the AsiaPacific region.
41. The correlation between poverty and population density versus the toll of human casualties
clearly reveals how poverty, societal inequality, and a lack of political commitment to adapt tochanging risks, also create additional elements of vulnerability to water-related disasters. Healthissues, especially the spread of epidemics and water-borne diseases during disasters, remain amajor challenge for many communities, particularly for those situated in slums.
42. As recently highlighted by the IPCC, the probability of increasing extreme climatic events such as
floods, droughts, and coastal flooding induced by global warming is likely to further aggravate
the impact of disasters in the region. Heavy precipitation events, which are very likely to increasein frequency, will augment flood risk. In the course of the next century, water supplies stored inglaciers and snow cover are projected to decline, reducing water availability in regions suppliedby meltwater from major mountain ranges, where more than one-sixth of the world’s population
currently lives. Densely-populated and low-lying areas where adaptive capacity is relatively low,
and which already face other challenges such as tropical storms and local coastal subsidence, areespecially at risk. The populations affected will be largest in the mega-deltas of Asia and Africa,
while small island countries are especially vulnerable11.
43. Comprehensive and integrated disaster management schemes, such as the integration and best
mix of both structural and non-structural measures for disaster management, must be soughtfor optimizing the use of limited available resources. Structural measures such as levees, water/
sediment regulation facilities, and rainwater harvesting need to be steadily implemented, as
they would increase the level of physical protection from certain disasters. At the same time,
the potentially significant environmental impact of any of these measures would need to befactored into the decision-making processes, together with socio-economic factors, with theunderstanding that final decisions on such developments are matters of societal choice.
44. From a global perspective, the MDGs, the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 (HFA), andthe Hashimoto Action Plan, together provide a set of strategic goals and global actions for
substantially reducing the effects of disasters on lives and livelihoods over the decades to come.
In line with the above, it is vital that national and local development plans be formulated tomainstream water-related disaster management, including climate variability and change, into
national land and water management policies and practices and that this mainstreaming process
be backed by proper levels of investment.

9Key Messages and Recommendations under Priority Theme B
V) Integrate Water-related Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into national development
plans, recognizing adaptation to increasing risks from climate change as a “highest”
priority issue
45. Considering that the majority of natural disasters in the Asia-Pacific region are water-related,
especially those caused by tropical cyclones12, the current trend of increasing loss of life andlivelihoods triggered by water-related disasters, and floods in particular, can be regarded as amajor impediment to sustainable development and poverty reduction. The expected increasein the severity of water hazards due to climate change will further exacerbate the damage, bothin human and economic terms, especially when combined with existing vulnerabilities such as
ill-performing social, cultural, political, and management structures.
46. Adaptation to the possible increase in risks from global warming is a new and common challenge
to all countries in the region and thus needs to be recognized as a “highest” national priority thatmust be tackled at various levels and by different sectors in a concerted manner.
47. The integrated approach to disaster management needs to involve various sectors such as urban
and land use planning, societal development, industry, education, agriculture, and environmental
protection. Therefore, the establishment of a comprehensive policy for managing water-related
DRR is a necessity which should be integrated into national and local development plans forwater-related DRR. In this respect, a message such as this: “Ensure that DRR is a national and local
priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation”13 should also be declared as a highlevel political agenda.
48. In tackling water-related DRR, the involvement of all stakeholders is a must. But above all, national
governments should continue to assume central responsibility for national security and peoples’
well-being by establishing national strategies from a longer and wider perspective, ensuring
necessary resources, and putting various preventive and adaptive measures into practice. Such
strategies would address the need to considerably increase investments in water-related risk
management, which is currently very low in most developing countries, to a desirable level as
illustrated by several good examples in the region14.

VI) Recognize the importance of IWRM for water-related DRR and the need tostrengthen comprehensive structural and non-structural measures
49. In order to ensure the optimized use of water resources it is important to look at the wholewater regime, which means that both scarce and excessive water management must be donein a concerted manner. In recent years, IWRM has been widely and internationally recognized asa desirable approach towards water issues. IWRM is a broad concept promoting the integrated
management of water in a sustainable and equitable manner and thus encompasses a wide
variety of sectors such as physical, geographical, socio-economic, and cultural domains. The
IWRM approach, therefore, must also be applied to water-related DRR.
50. In this context, we should note the message delivered by Ministers of the Asia-Pacific region to“promptly strengthen the comprehensive efforts from both hard and soft sides, based on therecognition that the measure is an important element for integrated water resource management,
against water-related disasters.”15 Attempts to tackle water-related disaster management froman IWRM perspective are already underway16. The adoption of the IWRM approach would ensure
various forms of integration (e.g., land and water management, flood and drought management,
structural and non-structural measures, etc.). This also contributes to the most effective use oflimited resources and capacities in the region.

10VII) Establish national and local goals/targets for water-related DRR, taking the impactsof climate change into consideration
51. It generally takes a long time for water-related DRR efforts to show visible results in terms ofnational sustainable development. Therefore, central governments, local governments, andinstitutions which focus on disaster management should identify clear-cut goals/targets in waterrelated DRR for reducing the loss of life and livelihood, reflecting social and economic conditionsof the communities at risk. Establishing national and local goals/targets is thus important as itprovides a basis leading to concrete actions. In this sense, we appreciate the recommendation
issued by the high-level water-expert panel to: “Establish, with unified political will, a clear-cut
global-level target that articulates the direction for global actions for reducing the loss of life andlivelihood caused by water-related disasters.”17
52. Setting proper DRR targets is also a new challenge posed by climate change, under which
decisions need to be made on how to assess the magnitude of future hazards and how to selectadaptive management strategies in uncertain situations.

VIII) Develop preparedness indices for water-related DRR for the Asia-Pacific region
53. The MDGs and the HFA, among other international and regional frameworks, are undoubtedly
strong vehicles and provide momentum to create unified efforts towards making sustainable
progress in water-related DRR.
54. In following-up these frameworks, the development of flood and drought preparedness indiceswill enable central and local governments to monitor the performance of their achievements
and the effectiveness of actions and policies undertaken to reduce the impact of water-related
hazards. The utilization of indices will ensure facilitation of the positive spiral of national and local
preparedness building up in the Asia-Pacific region. These indices must be adaptable in orderto address community preparedness and vulnerability reduction at each stage of the disastermanagement cycle.

11© Ruedee Arunkhajohnsak

55. The indices for water-related disaster preparedness are expected to help initiate a platform forthe creation of standardized procedures for water-related disaster preparedness, which could be
developed into an international standard.

IX) Develop water-related disaster warning systems and human capacities
56. Experience shows that effective prevention strategies would greatly contribute to reducing bothhuman and economic losses, as opposed to investments in response and recovery. In this context,
the development of well-functioning Forecasting and Warning Systems (FWS) is a prerequisite
for communities’ disaster preparedness and adaptation. To this end, it is necessary to undertakea consolidated review on the currently available FWS in the Asia-Pacific region and develop
appropriate FWS within the parameters of available technologies and resources. The utilizationof real-time satellite data could prove useful in the Asia-Pacific region where the availability ofreal-time data is scarce and thus needs to be promoted.
57. Community capacity development also plays a key role in the successful implementation ofvarious measures in localities where disaster management operations are mostly carried out,
in order to build community resilience to water-related disasters. Advanced high-technology
can only work when proper local/community capacity development and a culture of disasterprevention, such as community-based disaster management, are implemented. To this end,
various levels of education for flood management unique to the Asia-Pacific region must be
provided. This will enhance local awareness in order to cultivate qualified disaster managers.

P riority Theme C:
Water for Development and Ecosystems
58. The objective of the Water for Development and Ecosystems Theme is to secure water for longterm, multi-sectoral needs, generating both developmental and environmental dividends.
59. In March 2005, the governments of the Asia-Pacific region adopted a new approach to sustainable
development: Green Growth which is designed to reconcile seeming conflicts between
commitments to environmental sustainability and poverty reduction within the frameworkof the MDGs by moving away from an emphasis on economic growth with some attention to
the environment, to a more integrated thinking in which development enhances sustainability
instead of threatening it. Decision-makers must now commit to specific, tangible and achievable
objectives. The application of emerging approaches and tools to water management can drive
real progress.
60. Decision-makers should invest in ecosystems as development infrastructure that needs to be
maintained, restored, monitored, and managed. Investment in water infrastructure for watersupply, sanitation, and flood control can be more efficient if ecosystem services provided byaquatic ecosystems, upstream watersheds, and agricultural landscapes are recognized andpreserved. Because of the preponderant role of agriculture in water usage, rethinking agricultural
water management to improve its productivity and decrease its environmental footprint has
the widest scope for improvement. This will be a key area of reform, investment, and capacity
building to reach the MDGs in the region.

Key Messages and Recommendations under Priority Theme CX) Implement good governance at the basin scale
61. The need for ecosystem approaches to development has resonated with many decision-makers
across the region, yet the implementation of ecosystem approaches, particularly at the river basin

12scale, has not been effective. Similarly, the decisive role that governance plays in determining theoutcomes of development is increasingly recognized by all sectors of society. In much of theregion, governance at the basin level is weak because political and natural boundaries do notcoincide. Rights over water are not clear, and the deterioration of water quality has proven difficult
to control. However, there has been much progress in establishing river basin organizations which
strive to manage resources at levels appropriate to the hydrological cycle and the functions ofwater-based ecosystems. These must be replicated. The following approaches for improved
water governance are suggested:
62. Integrate Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration into water resources policy and enhancecoordination by increasing stakeholder representation and participation in decision making
processes. The governments of the region have already committed to, and should now takedecisive action towards, and monitor, enhancing governance in development through Principle
10 of the Rio Declaration, which calls for ensuring access to information, participation andjustice in environmental matters in decision-making processes. National decision-makers should
provide the legal and policy framework for a diverse range of institutions – including river basinorganizations, networks, coalitions, and dialogue platforms – that can provide necessary inputs
from the different sectors of society and improve coordination among stakeholders.
63. Integrate groundwater into basin-level management. Groundwater resources are an importantcomponent of many of the region’s critical ecosystems and food systems. Governments in
the region must prioritize groundwater resources within plans for sustainable development.
Integration of groundwater into water policy will require a major departure from the status quo,
requiring much more thorough data and analysis and revision of development policies thatcreate the dynamics for groundwater depletion.
64. Enhance transboundary collaboration through more open and informed dialogue and adopt
and implement regional frameworks to reduce ecological and social threats: The Asia-Pacificgovernments must further commit to engaging in meaningful dialogue, institutionalizing
protocols and mechanisms for information sharing and consultation on joint development andaction plans on transboundary issues, while making monitoring information available to society
at large. International and regional cooperation bodies should support these efforts. Where
large-scale water management schemes (such as hydroelectric power and irrigation) may havetransboundary impacts, institutions in shared basins need to address the political complexity ofinternational water and the transboundary tensions created.

13© Oita PrefectureXI) Adopt practical tools to improve economic, social and environmental outcomes ofwater management
65. There is an urgent need for more holistic approaches to achieving successful outcomes in theenvironmental, economic, and social spheres. Water management plans must recognize that
ecosystems themselves require certain levels of water flow in order to remain productive andprovide for the needs of all stakeholders in society. Likewise, ecosystem services and public
goods delivered by agriculture water management systems also need water. Tools for dealing
with these issues include:
66. Adopting environmental flows (E-flows) in water development planning and policies.
Ecosystems and livelihoods are often affected when inadequate consideration is given to thepotential impacts of water-related development and management strategies. An environmental
flow is a water regime within a river, wetland, or coastal zone for maintaining ecosystems andtheir benefits where there are competing water uses. E-flow approaches assist in assessing the
distribution of costs and benefits across sectors and stakeholders and can help ensure that water isallocated to the environment in development planning, especially involving large infrastructure,and should be seen as integral to sustainable water management. Governments of the region
must establish legislative, regulatory, and institutional policies and capacities to enable effective
quantification, implementation, and enforcement of environmental flow, recognizing theecosystem services of agricultural systems.
67. Developing mechanisms and markets for payment for environmental services. Whileeconomic growth is rapid across much of the region, the distribution of benefits across societies
is more uneven. The rural poor are often being asked to maintain supplies of critical ecosystem
goods and services such as watershed functions. Payment for environmental services schemes
have been tested in the region in upstream watersheds, but should be taken to the next stepof refinement and considered also for agricultural water management. Incentives such as tax
breaks, tenure, and other financial and non-financial instruments must also be considered.
© Asia-Pacific Water Forum

14XII) Re-invent and invest in agricultural water management to raise the productivity ofwater and decrease the environmental footprint of agricultural production
68. To meet the future food security needs and rural socio-economic aspirations of the region,pressure to develop new supply sources or increase water allocation to agriculture will continue.
At the same time, pressure on agriculture to perform more effectively and efficiently and reduce
its environmental impact will intensify. Water management must first focus on making betteruse of the water being accessed, and restore a strategic balance between rain-fed and irrigatedproduction. Given the overwhelming dominance of irrigation and its role in securing foodsecurity, it is necessary to improve the benefits of irrigation water. Irrigation is often characterized
by poor water productive efficiency, and poor services to farmers, limiting their social benefits
and hampering their capacity to adapt to and benefit from changes in agricultural markets andwater allocation. Policy-makers can avoid conflict between agriculture and competing sectors byproviding direction and incentives for the reform of irrigation management and the upgradingof infrastructure, while delivering direct benefits for a rapidly growing population and to farming
communities. Proposed approaches include:
69. Taking more balanced strategic approaches to increase water productivity in both rain-fed
and irrigated agriculture. The potential to increase food production by boosting the productivityof rain-fed production has been neglected and must be fully realized by providing incentives forthe adoption of improved soil and water management practices, and supplementary irrigation
and water harvesting, resulting in more equitable investment patterns.
70. Recognizing and managing the multiple roles of irrigation water. In addition to food, irrigation
systems in the region also provide water for farmhouses, habitats for fish and other aquatic
resources, rural enterprise water supplies, domestic water, hydroelectric power, and navigation.
It also supports important cultural values that are essential for local wellbeing and livelihoods.
Ecological benefits include flood control, groundwater recharge, water purification, biodiversity
conservation, and climate adjustment. Policies that recognize and promote the multi-functionalityof irrigation water can improve food security, health and sanitation of local communities, andbenefits to society as a whole.
71. Modernizing irrigation systems’ management to enhance the welfare of farming communities,
environmental sustainability of irrigation, and allowing reallocation of water to other uses
and users. Irrigation sector reform should be reoriented to focus on the professionalization ofmanagement and service provision and the accountability of service providers to users, satisfying
the needs for representation and empowerment along with performance objectives and marketbased instruments. This poses many questions regarding the capacity and willingness of theinstitutions to deliver services on the basis of demand rather than supply. In many developing
countries with large irrigated sub-sectors, there is a continued reliance upon supply management
approaches with little attention to the management of existing assets. This trend needs to bereversed if agriculture is to continue to account for its water withdrawals. Reforms will require
improving both physical structures and management institutions. Investments should bebased upon an understanding of the changing demand in irrigation services for farmers, multifunctionality, and the need to improve the environmental performance of the systems in a river
basin management context.
72. Investing in capacity building and mandating benchmarking systems. Bringing about thisshift in irrigation management will require considerable investment in capacity building at
all levels, including engineering and operations. Countries also need to adopt benchmarking
systems to monitor the effects of policy changes and improve sectoral performance and qualityof investment.

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73. Adopting good practices to reduce the environmental footprint of agricultural production.
In order to counter the environmental impacts that have resulted from the intensification ofagricultural production and exploitation of natural resources, policies must be revised to promoteconservation agriculture, integrated pest management, integrated plant nutrition, sustainable
forest management, efficient processing and marketing processes, and environmentally friendly
livestock production.

XIII) Protect and restore urban environments
74. Improving the health and function of urban aquatic systems is vital for ensuring health, sanitation,and overall quality of life in fast-growing urban areas. In the urban setting, the protection ofvaluable systems should be coupled with the restoration of degraded systems. Concerted efforts
to improve waterways and bodies of water are an important strategy for contributing to humandevelopment in cities.

XIV) Prepare for climate change impacts on water availability and adopt mitigation andadaptation strategies that provide benefits now
75. Government responses to climate change must focus on reducing human vulnerability while
protecting and restoring ecosystems. Effective responses will require improved governanceand concerted efforts to build society’s capacity to adapt, as the basic assumptions about foodproduction, flood protection, and resilience to drought are challenged by climate change.
Improved water and ecosystem governance is essential to develop equitable strategies.
Specifically, governments need to prepare for changes in the flow regimes in continental
basins, rising sea-levels, and changes in ecosystem dynamics. The major policies, strategies, andtechniques available for re-inventing agricultural water management would actually also reduce
emissions or sequester carbon and/or represent adaptation options for vulnerable livelihood
systems. Creating markets for environmental services can also promote the adoption of adaptive
practices, such as the management of watersheds, natural parks and protected areas, therehabilitation and sustainable management of grasslands, and reforestation and afforestation.

G uiding Principles to Accelerate Progress
76. The following three key messages (XV, XVI and XVII) emanated from the Key Result Area on
increasing local capacity (KRA2) and were developed through cross-fertilization with the Priority
Themes. These describe general approaches that should guide future actions in the region.

XV) Decentralization with empowerment
77. In many countries in the Asia-Pacific, the delivery of basic water services has been delegated to
local authorities. However, there is still a big gap between this decentralized responsibility andthe current capacity for supporting the role of local authorities. National governments should
focus on strengthening local level delivery systems. Local authorities must be equipped with anenabling environment, allowing them to ensure sustainable service provision for all. This would
include the further development of existing capacities to plan and coordinate implementationand the provision of the necessary institutional, technical, and financial support. The political
will to assume responsibility must be harnessed and capacities must be strengthened to ensure
effective, sustainable, and efficient service delivery systems and good governance at the local
level.

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XVI) Partnership approach between local authorities, civil society ( NGOs andcommunity-based groups) and different service providers (public and private)
78. Local authorities have generally been expected to ensure basic services. The rights-based
approach demands that the state be expected to promote, respect, and fulfill the right of local
populations to receive the services. However it is not expected that local authorities provide theservices by themselves. The key is to be open to multi-stakeholder participation and communityled initiatives. Collaboration is crucial at different levels in order to achieve the mutually accepted
goals of sustainable service delivery for all, targeting especially the poor and other marginalizedgroups of men, women, and children, the sick, and the elderly. Participation in planning,budgeting, technology choices, performance goal setting, and monitoring are some of the key
areas that need to be opened up for collaborative action.

XVII) Capacity development as an important area of investment
79. The delivery of basic water services is not just about infrastructure. However, most Asia-Pacificgovernments fail to provide resources for capacity development which ensure that the knowledge, skills, and behavior changes are in place. While there is a wealth of knowledge, experience,and expertise in the region, there is still limited access to the right information, materials, andtools; insufficient funds for supporting the knowledge transfer process; and insufficient or inadequate human and organizational resources. Adequate investment in capacity development
enhances the ability to work with informed partners, work at scale, replicate good practices, andinnovate. It also enables local actors to provide the necessary support system to follow throughand ensure the continuity of an environmentally sustainable service delivery system.

K ey Recommendations for the Way Forward
80. These final recommendations of the Policy Brief emerged from a combination of several
complementary recommendations that in turn emerged from the Key Result Area on developing
knowledge and lessons (KRA1) and the Key Result Area on monitoring investments and results(KRA4) as well as from the Priority Themes. They encompass a number of specific concrete
initiatives which are listed in Annex A.

XVIII) Create a platform of scientific information to support decision-making
81. There is a fundamental mismatch between the scales of information management and decisionmaking. Most data indicators of water availability and scarcity are collected at the national level,
and feed into national development planning. But water availability and quality are tangible
at the ecosystem level, be it in sub-national or transboundary basins. Policies to address theseissues at the relevant level need to be informed by data on a corresponding scale via indicatorsthat integrate the water required by an ecosystem to maintain the flow of goods and services.

XIX) Create a platform for knowledge coordination, knowledge sharing, and knowledge
management at the regional and national levels to increase access to important
information, skills, and other support services, in order to improve capacities andefficiencies among implementers of water management programs and services
82. While there are a lot of valuable experiences and information around the region, access of local
implementers to this kind of knowledge base is not easy. Capacity development in the region
should address the needs of the different stakeholders who are key in implementing policies
at various levels. There must be a systematic way of knowledge sharing and skill development
based on demand.

17XX) Create a platform for a set of sector-level collective monitoring systems at theregional and national levels
83. Monitoring the entire water sector at the national level is essential in order to support
the formulation of effective policies for socio-economic development and environmental
management. For this purpose, not only are mechanisms for monitoring necessary, but a proper
system linking the results of monitoring to policy making is also essential.
84. In view of the complexity of the water sector at the national level, it is likely that a set of sectorlevel monitoring programmes would prove to be most effective:• Water supply and sanitation18. The purpose of the system should be to collect and analyze
data on sector financing and investments and the outcomes of investments in order to provide
information for guiding the development of national sector policies as well as financial andtechnical support programmes.
• Agricultural water management. Monitoring information available in the sector has pointed
to the poor performance of many irrigation systems and a major reduction in investment for
irrigation infrastructure in the region. National governments need to monitor investment andits results in irrigation at both the national and regional levels in order to adjust investment
strategies to meet food securities in basic food staples, adjusting for national self-sufficiency
targets and availability and trends in international markets.
• Ecosystem management. Governments are urged to establish, with the assistance ofinternational organizations, a monitoring system for the status of rivers and ecosystems in theirrespective countries and to mobilize the participation of local authorities in developing plans
for rehabilitation and restoration.
• Water-related disaster management. Governments are urged to adopt standardized
methodologies of assessing the socio-economic impacts of water-related disasters to form acommon basis for collaboration among countries and international organizations, including
financing agencies, as part of a strategy towards monitoring.
• Integrated water resources management. Monitoring of investment and results of the entire
water sector at the national level is essential. The most effective of the possible options for suchmonitoring mechanisms are identified as follows:-- Option 1: Establishment of a permanent mechanism for overall monitoring of investment
and results at the national level for regular monitoring at appropriate frequency-- Option 2: Establishment of a policy on the overall monitoring of investment and results,
through which ad hoc mechanisms could be established at specific times, with the appropriate
frequency
85. In order to ensure synergy of regional efforts on strengthening the monitoring of investment andresults, it is recommended that these regional efforts be integrated into the process of institutional
strengthening of regional cooperation through APWF. For this purpose, the following courses ofaction are recommended:• Establishment of a network of international organizations and financing institutions, incoordination with existing programmes, in order to support the process of strengthening themonitoring of investment and results in the region, and to study implications of findings fromthe monitoring of investment and results for more effective regional cooperation in water
resources management, especially for consideration at the regular Summit.

18

• Establishment of a Ministers’ Council for Water of the Asia Pacific in order to assist developing
countries to strengthen their capacity in policy development and to enhance the benefits ofregional cooperation.
• Integration of the findings of the monitoring of investment and results in water resources, withthe operations of the proposed Central Water Knowledge Hub for Capacity Development

Endnotes
1.

WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. www.wssinfo.org

2.

IPCC 4th Assessment Report. 2007.

3.

This study was commissioned by ADB, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
and United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP).

4.

ADB. 2006. Asia Water Watch 2015. http://www.adb.org?Documents/Books/Asia-Water-Watch/default.asp

5.

ADB. Technical Assistance Report: Supporting the Asia-Pacific Water Forum6.

For irrigation, infrastructure does matter. Not only is it in poor condition, but its design parameters are generally obsolete
and need to be modernized to support new software arrangements and improved service delivery.

7.

http://www.adb.org/media/printer.asp?articleID=10235

8.

These include community toilets, and condominium sewerage connection systems.

9.

Including the establishment of a central water knowledge Hub for Capacity Development in Singapore.

10. To address these concerns, ADB in 2006 announced a significant Water Financing Program (WFP), intended to double its
investments in water to over $2 billion annually, and to increase its technical assistance for preparing feasibility studies andlong-term capacity building programs across the sector. ADB has also established a Water Financing Partnership Facility tosupport WFP. Currently targeted at $100 million, the facility will provide resources that augment knowledge development
and capacity building.
Japan is also expected to play an important role. Japan has been the most active donor in water sector in this region,
allocating 20% of ODA loan aid and 7% of grant aid to the solving of water issues, and is committed to continue playing
an active role. In addition, the new JICA (which will be established in October 2008 through the merger of JICA and JBIC),
and the consolidation of technical cooperation, grant and loan aid of Japan’s ODA, will bestow aid modalities for bothinvestment and capacity development. It is, therefore, expected that the new JICA will be able to address issues related towater with more flexibility and mobility.
11. IPCC 4th Assessment Report. 2007. http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM13apr07.pdf
12. According to a 2006 study by UNESCAP and the basis of EM-DAT, tropical cyclones accounted for 70% of the number ofpeople killed and about 90% of the total economic damage caused by water-related disasters.
13. Hyogo Framework for Action, World Conference on Disaster Management, Hyogo, Japan. 2005. http://www.unisdr.org/
eng/hfa/hfa.htm
14. Experiences in Japan showed the desirable investment level to be 1% of GDP. Experiences in Malaysia and the Republic ofKorea illustrated a consistent increase from 0.01% to 0.04% in past decades.
15. 6th Ministers’ Forum on Infrastructure Development in the Asia-Pacific, Beijing. 2007. http://www.mlit.go.jp/kisha/kisha07/01/010830_2/02.pdf
16. International Flood Initiative. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001463/146389 and the WMO/GWP AssociatedProgramme on Flood Management. http://www.apfm.info
17. Hashimoto Action Plan: Compendium of Actions, United Nations Secretary General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation.
2006. www.unsgab.org/docs/HAP_en.pdf
18. In order to avoid duplication of effort and promote harmonization in the collection and analysis of data and information,
the system should recognize and receive regular inputs from ongoing global and regional sector monitoring and reporting
programmes such as the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation, UN Water’s annual
sector monitoring report, and others.

19Annex: List of Expected Concrete Initiatives to be
Launched at the 1st Asia-Pacific Water Summit
Concrete Initiatives
PRIORITY THEME A
Financing Water and Sanitation and Strengthening Capacity
Development
PRIORITY THEME B
Regional Knowledge Hub for Water-related Disaster Risk
Reduction (ICHARM)
Adaptation to Climate Change concerning the impacts ofglacier-melting in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region
Pacific Partnership Initiative on Sustainable Water
Management
PRIORITY THEME C
Asia Pacific community practice on environmental flows forwater resources management at policy, river basin and local
levelsRe-inventing irrigation and agricultural water governance in
the Asia Pacific to reach the Millennium Development Goals:a regional programme to support action at all levels throughknowledge sharing, capacity building and implementation
KEY RESULT AREA 1
Initial Knowledge Hubs

Asia-Pacific Water Museum
KEY RESULT AREA 2
Capacity Building Hubs and Policy Support for Increased
Local Capacities

Implementing Organization
Asian Development Bank (ADB), Japan Bankfor International Cooperation (JBIC), Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
The International Center for Water Hazard and
Risk Management (ICHARM)International Centre for Integrated Mountain
Development (ICIMOD)
Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission(SOPAC)
The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Networkof Asian River Basin Organization (NARBO),
International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO), IWMI

Public Utilities Board Singapore (PUB Singapore),
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)
National Science Museum of Thailand, UNESCO,
Japan Water Forum (JWF)
United Nations Human Settlements Programme(UN-HABITAT) in collaboration with Streams of
Knowledge (SOK)KEY RESULT AREA 3
Asian Water & Development Outlook
ADB
Asia-Pacific Water Documentary
Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU), ADB, JWF
KEY RESULT AREA 4
Regional network of water ministers to strengthen regional United Nations Economic and Social Commission
cooperation in water resources
for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)
Regional water task force to support the strengthening of
UNESCAP
water resources management with emphasis on monitoringof investment and results in the water sector
OTHER INITIATIVES
Launching of the International Year of Sanitation 2008 in Asia United Nations Department of Economic andand the PacificSocial Affairs (UNDESA), UNESCAP, JBIC and ADB
Water Web Project on Google map & earth
JWF, Water Web Alliance
A Call to Action: Asia-Pacific Businesses to Address the Water United Nations Global Compact
Challenge
Aral Sea Basin Public Water Council
Executive committee of the International Fundfor Saving the Aral Sea (EC IFAS), InterstateCommission for Water Coordination of Central
Asia (ICWC), Interstate Commission for Sustainable
Development (ICSD), Global Water Partnership ofCaucasus and Central Asia (GWP CACENA)

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1st Asia-Pacific Water Summit

Policy Brief 2007e
Beppu, Japan, 3-4th D

c/o Japan Water Forum
5th Fl., 1-8-1 Kojimachi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083 Japan
Tel: +81 (0)3-5212-1645 Fax: +81 (0)3-5212-1649
http://www.apwf.org

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