Collocational Analysis of Life Science English (4)–– Lists of common collocates of affinity, aim, difference, growth,
importance, knowledge, observation, understanding ––Hiroshi OHTAKE1, Nobuyuki FUJITA2, Shuji KANEKO3,
Brian MORREN4, Takeshi KAWAMOTO5Introduction
This is the fourth in a series of reports that focus on how certain English words are
typically used in the life sciences and whose purpose is to help Japanese researchers
who use English in their work to gain insight into the common collocates for each word.
Traditionally, language learners have been advised to refer to grammar books anddictionaries in order to improve their language skills, but this has not always helped toraise their level of proficiency. The former bias toward grammar has led to the belief
that natural sentences can be created solely on the basis of syntax and arbitrary
vocabulary selections. As a result, learners have tended to focus their attention on
acquiring as many independent words as possible without regard for their typical
patterns and collocations. This traditional perspective, however, has been discredited bymore recent research in the field of second language learning which has shown, on thebasis of empirical evidence, that words do not function in isolation but are co-selectedwith other words to produce meaning (Howarth, 1998; Hunston & Francis, 1998;
Partington, 1998; Sinclair, 1991; Stubbs, 2001). There is therefore a need to provide
nonnative writers with detailed information on the key lexical items and common
collocational patterns that are typical of their field of research and that they require
when writing their academic research papers (Ohtake & Morren, 2001, 2003).
In this respect, the use of corpora and concordance techniques may provide moreaccessible information on collocations and the selection restrictions that govern them.
Nonnative writers may thereby come to avoid collocational mismatches by being
1

Department of Foreign Languages, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
National Institute of Technology and Evaluation
3
Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
4
Center for Languages, Arts, and Sciences, Fukui Prefectural University
5
Department of Dental and Medical Biochemistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences21

exposed to multiple examples of words that tend to co-occur. Through such exposure to
regularly recurring patterns, they may become more sensitive to the ways in which
words combine with other words to produce particular meanings. Certainly, statisticalanalyses showing the frequency and collocational patterns of any given word used inlife-science papers would be very useful for Japanese researchers when writing
academic reports. In particular, they may realize the importance of referring to corpus
evidence for guidance and no longer rely simply on dictionaries and reference
grammars. They can thereby expand their search for appropriate forms of expression by
examining and interpreting the immense amount of useful data that corpora provide.
Data Collection and Corpus Analysis
In 1993, we embarked on a project – the Life Science Dictionary Project (LSD
Project) – in which English abstracts appearing in international medical research
journals were collected through the publicly available on-line MEDLINE database. The
initial aim of the collection was to compile a genre-specific English corpus (LSD
Corpus) and then to create an electronic bilingual dictionary (English-Japanese andJapanese-English) with a particular emphasis on frequently appearing general andtechnical terms in life-science fields. The LSD Corpus now contains approximately
303,000 abstracts published in distinguished life-science related journals around theworld and consists of over 60 million running words. This corpus can be regarded as avalid source of authentic English materials because the articles and abstracts publishedin such eminent journals as Nature and Science are known to have undergone a rigorous
review prior to publication with regard to both content and language.
The collected data have been recorded in a versatile relational database andsubjected to statistical analysis. This has led to the compilation of an electronic
English-Japanese/Japanese-English dictionary, WebLSD, which is available to the
public on the Internet (http://lsd.pharm.kyoto-u.ac.jp/). The up-dated version of theelectronic dictionary currently contains 72,995 English terms with Japanese translations
and definitions, 83,060 Japanese to English translations, 26,000 sample sentences for
5,100 English words, and retrievable concordances for any given word on demand.
Some of the most frequently used words in the LSD Corpus have been selected forinclusion in this paper. The particular words taken up here are affinity, aim, difference,2

growth, importance, knowledge, observation, understanding. For each word, we haveprovided a list of common collocations that includes information about the frequency, aJapanese translation, and a sample sentence when it is considered useful and relevant.
The collocational patterns introduced here are noteworthy in that most of them cannot
be classified simply as an idiomatic expression or set phrase, so that they provide
language learners with information not usually found in marketed dictionaries. On thesurface, the list may just look like a miscellaneous assortment of arbitrary word patterns,
but a closer look will reveal that it is a very useful collection of information concerning
the lexical items (verbs, nouns, adjectives, prepositions) with which a given word
commonly collocates and, in the case of a noun, which article is commonly used or
which of the two forms, plural or singular, appears more often. This kind of information
is particularly important for Japanese learners of English because they are often
confused about how to properly use articles, singular/plural forms, or how to findcommon collocates or natural expressions.
Owing to the nature of the computer analysis, related items sharing the same form
are classified as one word, so that no distinction is made between the verb form and thenoun form of a given word. In addition, homographs are not differentiated and aretreated as one word. However, in some cases, the collocates shown in the tables should
provide some information concerning the part of speech of a given item, which may
help in the identification of any homographs that appear. Furthermore, some of the data
shown in the tables may look redundant, but we believe that such redundancy will not
be a hindrance in the exploration of the meaning of a particular lexical item. Instead, it
may help language learners to deepen their understanding. For example, in the case ofarticles and prepositions, which habitually present great problems for nonnative writers
in terms of their interpretation and use, grammatical explanations are often inadequate
in helping them to avoid erroneous decisions in the selection of a correct article orappropriate preposition in their writing. We have therefore intentionally included
instances of articles and prepositions with each entry word. By examining the various
samples of articles and prepositions appearing in the tables, language learners may
come to recognize their proper uses and confirm their understanding.

3

How to Read the List
The format is explained by using the following sample list:
Englishimplication*
implication
implications

Japanese
意味
意味
意味

Frq.

PubM̲ID

Sample

2,854
152
2,702

Note 複数形で使われることが圧倒的に多い。訳語は便宜上「意味」を使用…
1 the implications
意味414
2 an implication
意味
8
3 implications for〜のための
1,599 11499504This approach should have significant
意味
future <implications for> dental
research.
59 10725728This neonatal immune bias has
4 implications for the 〜の開発
important <implications for thedevelopment ofのための意
development of> vaccine …
味
：
：
：
：
：
：
17 have @2〜のための
918 10199733The findings <have potential
implications for
意味を持つ
implications for> islet transplantation
as well as …

1st Column: (Note) The information given here is based on the analysis of the
LSD Corpus and collocational patterns of the entry word, and is expected tohelp learners of English to gain insight into a given word. This is meant
primarily for Japanese learners and is therefore written in Japanese in order tomake it more accessible for them.
1st Column: (1, 2, 3 ...) A number is given to each entry in sequence.
2nd Column: (English) In the uppermost line(s) above Note, a head word and its
related form(s) of word(s) are given. The asterisk mark (*) stands for a lemma,
or a head word. The at-mark sign (@) followed by a number stands for the
maximum number of words that can be inserted.
3rd Column: (Japanese) The Japanese equivalent or translation is given.
4th Column: (Frq.) Frq. stands for the frequency of each entry.
5th Column: (PubM_ID) PubM_ID stands for the ID number of theaccompanying sample sentence, by means of which the original abstract can be
identified on the PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed).
6th Column: (Sample) This column shows a sample sentence for the entry
collocation. In some cases, no samples are shown when a similar entry contains
a sample sentence from which readers can easily infer a sentence or expression
containing the entry collocation.

4

It is hoped that the following statistical analysis of the LSD corpus will assist
Japanese researchers in gaining further information concerning common collocations
for frequently used words in the life sciences. Furthermore, crude as the information
listed in the tables may appear at first glance, we trust that this paper will be wellreceived by Japanese researchers because of its special distinction in providing
information on word frequencies relating to words appearing immediately before orafter a given lexical item. In this paper, we present the statistical data as they are, hopingthat such first-hand information will help to facilitate the acquisition of common
expressions relating to each word.
From the initial stages of data collection, we have aimed at making the best use of
corpus analysis to help Japanese researchers in writing academic papers in English. So
far, we have succeeded in producing the previously mentioned electronic dictionary as
well as gathering useful sample sentences and concordances. Because of space
limitations, we are unable to include in this particular paper each and every word wehave analyzed. We are, however, planning to publish further reports in the same format
as part of an ongoing series.
In the meantime, we hope that the lists of collocations introduced here in this paper
will help bring about better technical English writing among Japanese researchers, andultimately pave the way to the publication of an innovative and practical book on
common collocational patterns in English after all the lists have been unified andcompleted. Finally, in providing a Japanese translation for each English word or
expression, we have made every possible effort to ensure accuracy. However, we cannot
be certain that the translations are completely free from error because of the specialized
character and complexity of the various life science disciplines. There may therefore besome minor discrepancies that evaded our scrutiny and in such cases we sincerely ask
for our readers’ indulgence, and would be grateful if they would inform us of any
shortcomings that they may find.

5Collocations of affinity
EnglishJapaneseaffinity*affinityaffinities
Note affinity forが多い。
1 affinity for

親和性
親和性
親和性
〜への親和性

2 affinity for the〜への親和性3 high affinity for
4 a high affinity for〜への高い親和性〜への高い親和性

5 with high affinity for〜への高い親和性を持つ

6 binding affinity for〜への結合親和性

7 the binding affinity for
8 higher affinity for〜への結合親和性〜へのより高い親和性

9 a higher affinity for〜へのより高い親和性

10 low affinity for〜への低い親和性

11 lower affinity for〜へのより低い親和性

12 apparent affinity for〜への明らかな親和性

13 greater affinity for〜へのより大きな親和性

14 reduced affinity for〜への減少した親和性

15 increased affinity for〜への上昇した親和性

16 decreased affinity for〜への低下した親和性

Frq. PubM̲ID
13,586
12,286
1,300

1/7

Sample1,986 11707439 The PNP from P. falciparum differs from the human enzyme by a lower K(m) for
inosine, decreased preference for deoxyguanosine, and reduced <affinity for> theimmucillins, with the exception of 5'-deoxy-immucillin-H.
442 9685673 Ibogaine and noribogaine were shown to have <affinity for the> serotonintransporter, and inhibition of serotonin reuptake has been proposed to be involvedin their anti-addictive actions.
263
62 10933810 Further studies showed that the nuclear holoenzyme, but not the B. subtilis
holoenzyme, had <a high affinity for> single-stranded RNA in the absence of
attached tRNA structure.
47 11353868 Surprisingly, GIRK1/2 channels <with high affinity for> PIP(2) were inhibited byethanol, like IRK1 channels.
195 11861917 CREB <binding affinity for> CRE DNA decreased 3-fold, but binding to the otherDNA sequences decreased >1000-fold.
27 9548964 <The binding affinity for> the vesicles, however, is only reduced 2-fold.
146 12351646 From the copper dependence of phosphoenzyme formation, the mutants appear tohave 2-3 fold <higher affinity for> Cu(I) than wild type CopA.
50 10565773 Deoxyglucose has <a higher affinity for> transporters than glucose and a lower
affinity for hexokinase.
86 10715149 All analogues tested with these substitutions were inactive as antiovulatory agentsat 1 mg/rat (5-9) and had <low affinity for> rGnRHR.
59 10373434 In addition, the mutant HisPs are shown to have <lower affinity for> ADP and to
display no cooperativity for ATP.
44 9554879 F131A, H277A, T221A, R310K, or S317A mutant receptors exhibited an<apparent affinity for> MRS 2179 that was similar to that observed with the wildtype receptor.
42 12093279 Our data support the hypothesis that ligands exhibiting <greater affinity for> thebeta-amyloid peptide are effective at altering its aggregation and inhibiting cell
toxicity.
87 10611296 MalE-MinC19 has reduced ability to inhibit division, <reduced affinity for> FtsZ,
and reduced ability to inhibit FtsZ polymerization.
43 10482562 The mutant gD(rid1t) had an <increased affinity for> HveC(346t) and HveC(143t)
due to a faster rate of complex formation.
43 9692985 SB203386 is a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 protease (Ki = 18 nM) but has a<decreased affinity for> HIV-2 protease (Ki = 1280 nM).

Collocations of affinity
English17 the affinity forJapanese〜への親和性18 its affinity for
19 their affinity for〜へのそれの親和性〜へのそれらの親和性

20 affinity of〜の親和性

21 affinity of @5 for〜の・・への親和性

22 affinity of the〜の親和性

23 the affinity of〜の親和性

24 increases the affinity of〜の親和性を上昇させる

25 in the affinity of〜の親和性において

26 on the affinity of〜への親和性において27 binding affinity of〜の結合親和性28 apparent affinity of
29 high affinity of〜の明らかな親和性〜の高い親和性

30 affinity to
31 affinity to the〜への親和性〜への親和性32 with high affinity to〜への高い親和性で33 binding affinity to〜への結合親和性

34 affinity in〜における親和性

35 affinity at〜における親和性

36 affinity by〜によって親和性を

2/7

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample144 12056890 <The affinity for> 37 bp hmU-containing DNA is also reduced, from approximately
3 nM for wild-type TF1 to approximately 90 nM for TF1-K3Q.
93
43 9651150 Target compounds were examined for <their affinity for> sigma1 and sigma2
receptor subtypes using guinea pig brain membranes and rat liver membranes,
respectively.
1,511 12517952 Detection of autoreactive T cells using MHC II tetramers is difficult because of the
low <affinity of> their TCR.
771 10698939 Mutation of residues predicted to form part of this hydrophobic pocket either
abolished or significantly diminished the <affinity of PDK1 for> PIF.
441 11016943 DGPP stimulated the activity of pure phosphatidylserine synthase by a mechanismthat increased the <affinity of the> enzyme for its substrate CDP-diacylglycerol.
739 10385692 <The affinity of> each of these inhibitors for PDE5 is much higher than that ofcGMP itself (Km = 2000 nM).
41 10213624 The lowered Km shows that NCp <increases the affinity of> the acceptor template
for the transferring DNA.
49 12667067 Differences <in the affinity of> the position 124 CRP variants for cAMP wereobserved.
35 12562992 The data suggest that ethanol influences channel closing with no effect <on theaffinity of> the receptor for GABA or the channel opening rate constant.
241 9599245 Of all of the compounds synthesized, the 3-n-propyl derivative (-)-9 was found tobe the most potent with a <binding affinity of> 3 nM.
55
47 11090283 The <high affinity of> GM2-AP for GM2 is based on specfic recognition of theoligosaccharide moiety as well as the ceramide lipid tail.
416
115 10871840 This mutant form of Grb10 bound with higher <affinity to the> IR in cells than thatof the wild-type protein, suggesting that tyrosine phosphorylation of Grb10 may
normally negatively regulate its binding to the IR.
137 9746523 The overall data show that epibatidine activates muscle receptors by binding <withhigh affinity to> alphagamma and alphaepsilon sites, but with low affinity to thealphadelta site.
76 12080045 The isolated gD-binding site is an octasaccharide, and has a <binding affinity to>
gD around 18 microm, as determined by affinity coelectrophoresis.
109 9862732 The peptides were selected for immunogenic potential based on their strong binding<affinity in> vitro to HLA-A*0201.
107 10924132 Increasing the L-arginine concentration decreased the NO binding <affinity at>equilibrium.
72 10521278 The data suggest that sucrose enhanced ligand <affinity by> slowing the backbone
motion of the lipocalin.

Collocations of affinity
English37 affinity asJapanese〜としての親和性

38 affinity between〜の間の親和性

39 affinity with〜との親和性40 affinity and親和性と〜

41 affinity and specificity
42 high affinity and specificity

親和性と特異性高い親和性と特異性

43 with high affinity andspecificity
44 affinity and selectivity

高い親和性と特異性を持
つ
親和性と選択性45 affinity binding

・・親和性結合

46 affinity binding of〜の・・親和性結合

47 affinity binding site

・・親和性結合部位

48 affinity binding to〜への・・親和性結合

49 affinity binding sites

・・親和性結合部位

50 high affinity binding
51 high affinity binding of

高親和性結合〜の高親和性結合

52 high affinity binding to〜への高親和性結合

53 high affinity binding site

高親和性結合部位

54 high affinity binding site for
55 for high affinity binding〜の高親和性結合部位
高親和性結合にとって56 the high affinity binding

高親和性結合57 a high affinity binding

高親和性結合3/7

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample65 9692954 A limited proteolysis product containing residues 21-approximately 260 bound to
heparin with similar <affinity as> the intact PEDF.
50 10220355 These results suggest that the divalent metal activator is an important element indetermining the <affinity between> Csk and the phosphate-accepting substrate.
45 11813133 The binding <affinity with> the -112A oligonucleotide was reduced byapproximately one half, as compared with the -112G oligonucleotide.
788 9737967 Both enzymes also have different substrate binding <affinity and> catalytic
parameters.
104 9566962 PKCalpha bound with high <affinity and specificity> to caveolae membranes.
50 10618442 A member of the phosphodiesterase (PDE)7 family with <high affinity andspecificity> for cAMP has been identified.
37 9490797 Analysis of the binding specificity of yeast telomerase indicates that it recognizes
the G-rich strand of yeast telomeres <with high affinity and specificity>.
53 11123996 Introduction of a methoxy group to indatraline affected its <affinity andselectivity> greatly.
535 10884384 High <affinity binding> of SAH to the active site of cellular methyltransferases
results in product inhibition of the enzyme.
100 11734555 This suggests that HSF-1 might repress TNFalpha transcription through redundantmechanisms, some of which might not require high <affinity binding of> HSF-1.
96 9632639 In contrast, these four amino acid substitutions in BRS-3 did not result in theformation of a high <affinity binding site> for the recently described non-peptide
NMB-R antagonist PD168368.
94 9756917 The A domain is required for high <affinity binding to> C, while the B domain
regulates access to the A domain.
56 11435417 Similarly, co-expression of mutant p75 containing altered transmembrane andcytoplasmic domains with Trk A also resulted in predominantly low <affinity bindingsites>.
460
95 11717307 <High affinity binding of> full-length WRN protects an area surrounding the melted
region of the substrate from DNase I digestion.
87 10908352 <High affinity binding to> the other structural motifs in the decoding region were
not observed.
83 10459011 A <high affinity binding site> has previously been localized to the NH(2)-terminal
region of the AP-2 alpha subunit.
40
76 12477731 This study defines the segment of Pik1 required <for high affinity binding> of Frq1.
549748237 Thus, <the high affinity binding> of apocytochrome c to mitochondria is notdirectly related to holocytochrome c formation.
50 10212199 Although each vWf subunit displays <a high affinity binding> site for factor VIII invitro, in plasma, only 2% of the vWf sites for factor VIII are occupied.

Collocations of affinity
English58 low affinity binding
59 affinity chromatography

Japanese
低親和性結合親和性クロマトグラフィー

60 by affinity chromatography
61 affinity site
62 affinity receptor

親和性クロマトグラフィー
によって
親和性部位
親和性受容体63 high affinity receptor

高親和性受容体

64 affinity purification

アフィニティー精製

65 affinity ligands

親和性リガンド

66 high affinity ligands

高親和性リガンド

67 affinity ligand

親和性リガンド

68 high affinity ligand

高親和性リガンド69 high affinity interaction

高親和性相互作用

70 affinity maturation

親和性成熟

71 affinity state

親和性状態

72 affinity purified

アフィニティー精製された

73 affinity purified antibodies
74 high affinity

アフィニティー精製された抗体
高親和性

75 with high affinity
76 binds with high affinity

高親和性を持つ高親和性で結合する

77 the high affinity

高親和性

4/7

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample38431 12058076 Using <affinity chromatography> and yeast two-hybrid interaction screens, we
identified ASAP1 as a major binding partner of protein tyrosine kinase focal
adhesion kinase (FAK).
88 11535617 Here, we show that these necleoporins can be isolated from yeast extracts <byaffinity chromatography> on karyopherin Kap95p-coated beads.
127 9856992 The 5'-cap distal or low alpha-Pal <affinity site> binds both alpha-Pal and Max.
111 10753843 These results indicate that EDG-6 is a high <affinity receptor> for SPP, which
couples to a G(i/o) protein, resulting in the activation of growth-related signaling
pathways.
86 9862725 The regulation of the mast cell <high affinity receptor>, Fc epsilonRI, is poorly
understood.
86 9843376 Permease constructs containing a biotin acceptor domain are biotinylated in vivo,
followed by solubilization and avidin <affinity purification>.
66 10691684 These compounds were designed as <affinity ligands> for the androgen receptor(AR).
47 11278862 In this report, we describe a parallel synthesis strategy that transforms consensus
sequence peptides into <high affinity ligands>.
65 9716416 This method is based on the coupling of a high-<affinity ligand> to the binding of
the low-affinity ligand.
48 9677385 Earlier mutational studies demonstrated that the distal segment of the collagendomain of the receptor was critically important for <high affinity ligand> binding
activity.
55 9857076 The active small-t peptides adopt a beta-strand structure that was essential for<high affinity interaction> with the PP2A dimer.
61 12202747 Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of the Ig genes is required for <affinity maturation>of the humoral response to foreign antigens.
59 9724809 Thus, activation of thrombin receptors increases Galphaq association withthromboxane A2 receptors thereby shifting them to a higher <affinity state>.
249 10497201 A highly specific, <affinity purified> polyclonal antibody against HCDA was used toanalyze the intracellular localization of native HCDA in a variety of mammaliancells by in situ immunochemistry.
30 9699735 Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with these <affinity purified antibodies>
revealed shared as well as unique epitopes in the tail domains of these plakins.
3,443 9632647 Both forms bound native LDL with <high affinity>, but the larger form bound LDL
with higher affinity than the smaller form.
678 9730822 Both yeast and human RPA bind ssDNA <with high affinity> and low cooperativity.
88 11745638 GDNF <binds with high affinity> to the GDNF family receptor alpha-1 (GFRalpha1), which is highly expressed in the midbrain.
515 11136816 Immunization with the weakest (wild-type) antigen expanded <the high affinity> Tcells required to induce encephalomyelitis.

Collocations of affinity
English78 of the high affinity

Japanese
高親和性の〜

79 a high affinity

高親和性

80 for high affinity

高親和性にとって

81 of high affinity

高親和性の〜

82 binding affinity

結合親和性

83 DNA binding affinity

DNA結合親和性

84 in binding affinity

結合親和性における

85 high binding affinity

高結合親和性86 low affinity

低親和性

87 the low affinity

低親和性

88 a low affinity

低親和性

89 with low affinity

低親和性を持つ90 of low affinity

低親和性の〜

91 higher affinity
92 higher affinity thanより高い親和性〜より高い親和性

93 a higher affinity

より高い親和性

94 fold higher affinity〜倍高い親和性

95 with higher affinity

より高い親和性で96 lower affinity

より低い親和性

97 lower affinity for〜へのより低い親和性

5/7

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample106 11384969 Here we present the first site-directed mutagenesis study on the dissociation <of
the high affinity> complex between CaM and full-length CaM kinase II.
461 10998257 Rat liver ALDH1 had <a high affinity> for retinal (K(m) = 0.6 microM), while nooxidation by ALDH-PB could be detected with 20 microM retinal.
183 9538017 The two bulges are also essential <for high affinity> and stoichiometric binding of
tobramycin.
182 10213629 The interaction between ExoS and 14-3-3zeta is <of high affinity>, with anequilibrium dissociation constant of 7 nM.
1,309 11016919 Furthermore, Smurf2 exhibited higher <binding affinity> to activated Smad2 upon
TGF-beta stimulation.
100 10194380 In summary, physical interaction between E1 and E2 increases the <DNA binding
affinity> of each.
85 10090750 For some of the protein and RNA mutations studied, changes <in binding affinity>
probably reflect longer-range adjustments of the protein-RNA contact surface.
42 9651158 With the exception of the 3-amino ligands 40 and 41, all the beta-carbolines were
found to exhibit <high binding affinity> at BzR sites.
760 11278538 However, studies of ligand interactions with human IFNAR-1 are compromised by
its <low affinity>.
166 10859315 However, <the low affinity> of the interactions observed in these studies suggests
the existence of additional binding regions in both the chemokines and the121 9778368 Excess Ni(II)-precorrin-2 did not decrease CbiL methylation of Co(II)-precorrin-2,
implying that CbiL has <a low affinity> for Ni(II)-precorrin-2.
73 9632641 It is concluded that the conversion of Glu-381 of beta to Cys induces an activatedconformation of the high affinity catalytic site <with low affinity> for substrate andproducts.
41 11602608 In conjunction with simple carrier molecules (such as propyl or benzyl residues),
they trigger the release <of low affinity> ligands, which permits the rapid binding of
peptides with higher affinity.
392
80 9632647 Both forms bound native LDL with high affinity, but the larger form bound LDL
with <higher affinity than> the smaller form.
81 11222767 On the other hand, T4 RegA exhibited <a higher affinity> than RB69 RegA protein
for RB69 gene 45 RE RNA.
73 11222767 Comparative gel shift assays demonstrated that RB69 RegA protein has an
approximately 7-<fold higher affinity> for T4 gene 44 RE RNA than T4 RegA
protein.
44 11809871 Agonists bind <with higher affinity> to G protein-coupled heptahelical receptors
than to uncoupled receptors.
257 9804819 The other OSE2 element, located more upstream and presenting a <lower affinity>
for Osf2, affects only weakly OG2 promoter activity.
59 12021405 GRP has high affinity for GRPR and <lower affinity for> NMBR.

Collocations of affinity
English98 a lower affinity

Japanese
より低い親和性99 fold lower affinity〜倍低い親和性

100 with lower affinity

より低い親和性で101 apparent affinity
102 the apparent affinity

明らかな親和性
明らかな親和性103 the highest affinity

最も高い親和性104 receptor affinity
105 greater affinity

受容体親和性より大きな親和性

106 greater affinity for〜へのより大きな親和性

107 similar affinity

同じような親和性

108 with similar affinity
109 oxygen affinity

同じような親和性を持つ
酸素親和性

110 DNA affinity

DNA親和性111 using affinity
112 ligand affinity

アフィニィティー〜を使ってリガンド親和性113 substrate affinity

基質親和性

114 reduced affinity

減少した親和性115 increased affinity

上昇した親和性116 decreased affinity
117 enhanced affinity

減少した親和性増強された親和性

118 their affinity for〜へのそれらの親和性

6/7

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample47 10545354 Higher Cd(2+) concentrations affected activation gating as well, possibly by asurface charge screening mechanism or by association with <a lower affinity> site.
37 11815599 The medullary variant F exhibited 3-4-<fold lower affinity> than variants A and B
for Na(+) and K(+).
35 10366627 Unlike chick netrin-1, however, murine netrin-3 binds to DCC <with lower
affinity> than to the other four receptors.
137
78 11024018 Substitution of H+ for Na+ reduces <the apparent affinity> of hSGLT1 for glucose
from 0.3 to 6 mm.
87 10543888 The compound with <the highest affinity> (25) at sigma(1) sites was also thecompound with highest affinity at the dopamine transporter.
96 11390562 <Receptor affinity> was measured by Scatchard assay of rabbit liver.
89 9826662 Under these conditions, Gcr1p displayed an approximately 4-fold <greater affinity>
for Rap1p-bound DNA than for otherwise identical free DNA.
42 10579824 In contrast to pentazocine and most 6,7-benzomorphans, the (1R,5R,9R)-isomersof 2a-c showed <greater affinity for> the sigma(1) receptor than the (1S, 5S,9S)isomers.
70 11287418 These data suggest that both ATP sites are dependent on each other for function
and that each site exhibits <similar affinity> for 8-azido-ATP (ATP) or 8-azidoADP (ADP).
41 10373475 Native thrombin and labeled thrombin bound <with similar affinity> to factor Va.
63 9665699 Loss of C-terminal residues in hemoglobin raises <oxygen affinity> and reduces
both cooperativity and the Bohr effect.
51 11502749 Peptide oligomerization and <DNA affinity> are strongly influenced by ionicstrength.
48 10206967 By <using affinity> chromatography, we isolated a 55-kDa lung cell-surface proteinthat selectively binds to the GFE-1 peptide.
47 9707435 One mutant, T277A, exhibits impaired transactivation which is disproportionate toits mildly reduced <ligand affinity> (Ka).
44 10984491 By alternate substrate studies, we have resolved the contributions of the individual
binding steps to <substrate affinity> and catalysis.
137 10194380 Under titration conditions identical to those used for Fl-E2BS, the E2 protein
exhibited <reduced affinity> for Fl-E1E2BS (Kd > 100 nM).
105 10807925 This increase in processivity correlated with an <increased affinity> for telomeric
DNA primer.
66
56 11126358 These differences may be attributable to an <enhanced affinity> of S37A betacatenin for LEF1 and TCF4, as observed here by immunoprecipitation assays.
43 9927754 The resulting mutant proteins could be divided into four groups that varied withrespect to <their affinity for> DNA and specificity for the engrailed consensus.

Collocations of affinity
English119 with an affinity

Japanese
親和性を持つ120 in affinity

親和性において121 in affinity for〜への親和性において122 increase in affinity

親和性の上昇123 by affinity

126 of affinity

アフィニィティー〜を使ってアフィニティクロマトグラ
フィーによってアフィニィティー〜によって精製される
親和性の〜

127 with affinity

親和性を持つ124 by affinity chromatography
125 purified by affinity

7/7

Frq. PubM̲ID
Sample121 11226168 In contrast, a dimeric peptide efficiently bound an optimally arranged dimeric TAR
in vivo, and bound <with an affinity> at least 10-fold higher than the monomeric
peptide in vitro.
215 9578623 The receptors differ <in affinity> for cAMP and in the sequences of their Cterminal domains.
58 10648646 The decrease <in affinity for> CH(2)H(4)PteGlu correlates well with K(i) values
obtained for three TS-directed inhibitors.
43 12610209 The <increase in affinity> is attributed to greater stability in the mismatched site
associated with stacking by the heterocyclic aromatic ligand.
136 12554692 Treatment of EGFR-expressing A431 cells with autoantibodies purified <byaffinity> chromatography on immobilized exEGFR resulted in specific staining of
88 11535617 Here, we show that these necleoporins can be isolated from yeast extracts <byaffinity chromatography> on karyopherin Kap95p-coated beads.
37 10889041 The enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli with a fusion tag and <purified byaffinity> methods.
129 10358093 Immunoanalysis <of affinity> labeled caspases demonstrated that caspase-3 was
the major effector caspase.
53 12361403 However, in vivo efficacy did not correlate <with affinity>.

Collocations of aim
English

Frq.
aim*
目的
2,682
aim
目的
1,128
aims
目的
850
aimed
〜を目的とする
685
aiming〜を目的とする
19
Note 名詞、動詞の用法がある。名詞の場合、直後にくる前置詞は of が標準である。
1 the aim of〜の目的
826
2 the aim of this study was toJapanese

この研究の目的は〜することであった
この研究の目的は、〜を決定することであった494

4 the aim of this study was to
この研究の目的は、〜を精査
investigate
することであった
5 the aim of this study was to examine この研究の目的は、〜を調べることであった70

6 the aim of this study was to evaluate この研究の目的は、〜を評価することであった
7 the aim of this study was to assess この研究の目的は、〜を評価することであった
8 the aim of this study was to compare この研究の目的は、〜を比較することであった38

3 the aim of this study was todetermine

143

39

26
22

9 the aim of the present study was to

現在の研究の目的は

100

10 the aim of the present study was todetermine

現在の研究の目的は、〜を決定することであった

24

11 the aims of

〜の目的

81

12 the aims of this study were to

この研究の目的は

39

13 with the aim of

〜の目的で

71

PubM̲ID

1/2

Sample9670921 <The aim of> this study was to investigate whether PARS activity
may modulate endothelial-neutrophil interaction.
10799688 <The aim of this study was to> determine if acetic acid evokes
this wiping response by decreasing subepidermal pH.
10362807 <The aim of this study was to determine> the pattern and timecourse of genomic instability occurring in UC-related neoplasia.
9890314 <The aim of this study was to investigate> the contribution of
apoptosis to neutrophil dysfunction in uremia.
9721149 <The aim of this study was to examine> the prevalence andcharacteristics of proximal adenomas in patients with distal
adenomas.
11106565 <The aim of this study was to assess> the role of tissue
proteases in a mouse model of colitis.
11431743 <The aim of this study was to compare> outcomes in Asian andwhite patients listed for liver transplantation for HBV infection.
12105850 <The aim of the present study was to> elucidate the cellularsites of 5-HT3R expression in the rat GI tract using
immunohistochemistry.
12115196 <The aim of the present study was to determine> the utility of
new developments in vascular magnetic resonance (MR)technology in patients with TA.
10915741 <The aims of> this study were to determine the effects of bile
acid structure on the expression of mdr2 in vitro and in vivo.
10220498 <The aims of this study were to> determine p16 methylation
status and its possible association with K-ras mutations in humancolon cancer.
10675343 We are analyzing highly conserved heat shock genes of unknown
or unclear function <with the aim of> determining their cellularrole.

Collocations of aim
EnglishJapanese
目的は、〜することであった

Frq.
156

15 our aim was to

我々の目的は、〜することで
あった

117

16 our aim was to determine

26

17 aim to

我々の目的は、〜を決定することであった〜することを目的とする

40

18 aims to〜することを目的とする

57

19 aimed to〜することを目的とした

259

20 aimed to assess〜を評価することを目的とした

50

21 aimed to determine〜を決定することを目的とした

37

22 we aimed to

我々は、〜することを目的とした

171

23 we aimed to assess

41

24 study aimed to

我々は、〜を評価することを目的とした研究は、〜を目的とした

71

25 this study aimed to

この研究は、〜を目的とした

54

26 aimed at〜を目的とした/〜を目的とされる

411

27 studies aimed at〜を目的とした研究

54

28 strategies aimed at〜を目的とした戦略（方略）47

14 aim was to

2/2

PubM̲ID
Sample9711932 Our <aim was to> observe ultrasound-induced intravascular
microbubble destruction in vivo and to characterize any resultant
bioeffects.
10764301 <Our aim was to> compare respiratory function at 1 yr of age ininfants assigned to receive either ECMO or conventional
management (CM).
12404239 <Our aim was to determine> the affinity of the human BSEP for
bile salts and identify inhibitors.
10495796 Intervention should <aim to> maximize functional potential rather
than to simply maintain the status quo.
11292339 This study <aims to> provide further support for the structural
basis of [PSI] variation.
11083789 In this study, we <aimed to> establish whether immunocompetentmice were susceptible to infection and whether gamma interferon(IFN-gamma) contributed to the pathogenesis of infection.
11567699 We <aimed to assess> the long-term effects of subclinicalhyperthyroidism on mortality.
11334805 This study <aimed to determine> whether hippocampal neurons
have the ability to develop acute tolerance to alcohol in behaving
rats.
11356439 <We aimed to> assess two methods of reducing GP requests forradiological tests in accordance with the UK Royal College ofRadiologists' guidelines on lumbar spine and knee radiographs.
12443594 <We aimed to assess> whether gene products of humancytomegalovirus could be detected in colorectal cancers.
12393503 This <study aimed to> characterize oncogene abnormalities in
PCLs.
10969817 <This study aimed to> identify the pathway(s) of AA metabolismthat are required for the invasion of prostate tumor cells.
10799399 Recent advances in carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy
suggest that preventive measures should be <aimed at>
improving insulin sensitivity in women predisposed to GDM.
11120890 We have initiated <studies aimed at> elucidating the chemical
nature of protein carbonyls.
11106388 Thus, drug discovery and vaccine development <strategies aimed
at> inhibiting viral entry by blocking hairpin formation may be
applied to the inhibition of HRSV.

Collocations of difference

1/9

EnglishJapanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sampledifference*違い
16,199differences
違い
10,754difference違い
5,442
differencing
違う
3Note 複数形での出現が多い。直後に共起する前置詞は、in が圧倒的に多い。
1 differences in〜における違い5,716 12551859 Absolute <differences in> operative mortality between VLVH and VHVH were
somewhat larger in high-risk patients.
2 differences in the〜における違い
1,670 12417723 We found no <differences in the> survival rates and fungal burdens of wildtype and MBL-A(-/-) mice with disseminated C. albicans infection.
3 differences in their
それらの〜における違い
152 12511501 Our findings suggest that proteins from the same cellular pathway encoded bygenes from the same operon have different evolutionary constraints on theirstructures that reflect <differences in their> functions.
4 differences in gene
遺伝子に〜おける違い
51 11121068 Thus, we could avoid <differences in gene> expression caused by slow growthor nitrogen limitation per se.
5 differences in expression
発現における違い
48
9546432 However, RT-PCR analysis identified <differences in expression> of JAK3
splice variants (B and M) in tumor cells.
6 differences in cell
細胞〜における違い
42 10962556 However, SIRPalpha1-overexpressing U87MG clonal derivatives exhibited no<differences in cell> growth or levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) activation.
7 the differences in〜における違い
393 11562411 <The differences in> functional reserve were not confounded after adjustment
for diabetes duration (P = 0.034).
8 the differences in the〜における違い
103 11461936 <The differences in the> distributions of P2Y(6) receptor mRNA and UDP
responses may indicate the presence of luminal receptors in other nephronsegments.
9 for the differences in〜における違いにとって47 10096896 Chimeric channels were constructed to address the question of which parts ofthe molecules were responsible <for the differences in> kinetics.
10 no differences in〜における違いのない
352 11594896 Overall, there were <no differences in> total abstinence rates between the
integrated care and independent care groups (68% vs 63%, P =.18).
11 were no differences in〜は、〜において違いがな
158 10377109 There <were no differences in> ankle swelling or arthritis severity scoresいbetween control DBA mice and DBA IL-4 degrees mice at any of the time
points tested.
12 to differences in〜における違いに〜
218 12235141 This apparent size difference is due in part <to differences in> glycosylationof plasma and acrosomal SHBG isoforms.
13 due to differences in〜における違いゆえに
76
9774484 Ribonuclease protection showed that these differences were not <due todifferences in> mRNA level.
14 related to differences in〜における違いに関連して
28 10556039 Further analyses suggested that differences in H/(2)H exchange rates reflect
differences in the kinetic stability of the INK4 proteins, which in turn is<related to differences in> the aggregation tendency.

Collocations of difference
English15 for differences inJapanese〜における違いにとって16 by differences in〜における違いによって17 explained by differences in
18 of differences in〜における違いによって説明される〜における違いの〜

19 because of differences in〜における違いのために

20 with differences in〜における違いと21 associated with differences in 〜における違いと関連する
22 from differences in〜における違いから〜

23 significant differences in〜における有意な違い

24 significant differences in the
25 no significant differences in〜における有意な違い〜における有意な違いのない

26 statistically significant
differences in
27 specific differences in〜における統計的に有意な違い〜における特異的な違い

28 large differences in〜における大きな違い

29 individual differences in〜における個々の違い

30 regional differences in〜における領域的な違い

31 striking differences in
32 sex differences in〜における著しい違い〜における性差33 small differences in〜における小さな違い

2/9

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample114 10068357 Even after adjustment <for differences in> patients' prognoses andpreferences, older age was associated with higher rates of decisions towithhold ventilator support, surgery, and dialysis.
103 10646600 Osmotic pressures are generated <by differences in> chemical potential of asolution across a membrane.
34 10669421 This variation cannot be <explained by differences in> organismic complexity(the C value paradox).
93 10025913 A number of studies have investigated the possibility <of differences in> theimmune response to these antigens in SS and SLE sera.
25 10688907 These strain differences were not <because of differences in> circulating E2,
progesterone or, prolactin.
749571255 These differences in enzyme insensitivity correlated <with differences in> theseverity of hypoglycemia in the two groups.
30 12031985 Type 1 diabetes is <associated with differences in> NMR-derived particle
size, but their pathogenic significance is unclear.
47 12540829 Thus, taxonomic biases for showy males may stem <from differences in> sex
chromosome systems.
610 11740391 There were no <significant differences in> the preoperative variables between
the 39 recipients of SLD grafts and 34 recipients of LRD grafts.
179
307 11856781 There were <no significant differences in> the incidence of rejection among
patients stratified as with or without CCR5-Delta32 or by the CX3CR1-V249I
or CX3CR1-T280M genotypes.
44 11726642 There were no <statistically significant differences in> the CRA blood flow
indices at 1 month after treatment.
125 10924463 We have investigated the basis for the developmental stage-<specificdifferences in> the function of these two proteins.
53 11237019 Subtelomeric sequence structure appears to vary widely, mainly as a result of<large differences in> subtelomeric repeat sequence abundance andorganization at individual telomeres.
51 10995843 They point to a new role of hippocampal GR, strongly implicating this receptor
in determining <individual differences in> anxiety and novelty-seeking
behavior.
47
9882474 The <regional differences in> cell migration characteristics suggests that
influential factors may vary spatially along the rostrocaudal axis in the head.
46 12153561 <Striking differences in> selectivity and rates of inactivation were observed.
1219689486 These data demonstrate that <sex differences in> antinociception are
mediated at least in part by the RVM.
45 10518513 <Small differences in> either size or density lead to flow-induced segregation.

Collocations of difference
English34 subtle differences inJapanese〜における僅かな違い

35 gender differences in〜における性差36 these differences in
37 marked differences in〜におけるこれらの違い〜における顕著な違い

38 observed differences in〜における観察される違い

39 related differences in〜における関連する違い

40 reflect differences in〜における違いを反映する

41 differences between〜の間の違い42 differences between @3 and〜と〜の間の違い

43 differences between the
44 differences between these〜の間の違いこれらの〜の間の違い

45 significant differences between 〜の間の有意な違い

46 functional differences between 〜の間の機能的な違い
47 structural differences between 〜の間の構造的な違い
48 no differences between〜の間の違いのない

3/9

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample43 11773410 Five out of seven protease variants demonstrated <subtle differences in>
specificity that may have significant impacts on their abilities to function inviral maturation.
42 10733498 <Gender differences in> vascular thromboses are well known, and there isevidence that platelets may be involved in these differences and that sex
hormones affect platelet function.
103
66 12082091 Although BRCA1 induced JNK activation in both cell lines, there were<marked differences in> ERK1/2 activation in response to BRCA1 expression
in these two cell lines.
59 11560929 <Observed differences in> ligand recognition among adenylosuccinate
synthetases may be due in part to conformational variations in the IMP pocketof the ligand-free enzymes.
45 12595567 These data also provide a novel mechanism for the gender-<relateddifferences in> lifespan and suggest a tissue-specific regulation of telomere
length during development and ageing in the rat.
47 12359734 Differences in PLA(2) sensitivity of intact bacteria <reflect differences in>cell wall, not cell membrane, properties since protoplasts from all three strainsare equally sensitive to PLA(2).
1,709 10555964 These structural <differences between> the non-bay and bay region lesions
are correlated with site-specific mutagenesis data.
764 11012721 However, there are no amino acid <differences between resistant and>sensitive chromosomes at Mdr65A.
579
77 12012425 Thus we detect no <differences between these> two anatomically distinct
classes of release sites, other than their incidence: sites on spines occurred
only 12% as often as those on the cell body.
214 10479225 There were no <significant differences between> vegetarians andnonvegetarians in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, stomach cancer,
colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or all othercauses combined.
90
9670917 These results highlight <functional differences between> TEF-1 and RTEF-1
and suggest a novel function of RTEF-1 in mediating the alpha1-adrenergic
response in hypertrophic cardiac myocytes.
579837880 <Structural differences between> alphaoA and alphaoC were also compared
before and after limited tryptic proteolysis using SDS-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis containing 6 M urea.
88 12122211 Analysis of the exudate surrounding the materials revealed <no differences
between> surfaces in the types or levels of cells present.

Collocations of difference
English49 the differences between

Japanese〜の間の違い50 differences among〜の間の違い51 significant differences among〜の間の有為な違い

52 differences from〜との違い

53 differences of〜の違い

54 differences for〜に対する違い55 differences with〜との違い

56 differences at〜における違い57 differences were

違いが、〜であった

58 differences were observed

違いが、観察された

59 differences were found

違いが、見つかった60 differences were seen
61 differences were not

違いが、見られた違いが、なかった

62 differences were detected

違いが、検出された

63 differences were noted

違いが、述べられた

64 these differences wereこれらの違いは、〜であった
有為な違いは、〜であった

65 significant differences were

4/9

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample163 12562924 The seven amino acid insert in the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain isthought to regulate the kinetics of contraction, contributing to <thedifferences between> fast and slow smooth muscle.
204
9571051 Due to the insertion of this helix, a shorter and slightly re-positioned primary
DNA contact helix is observed, which we believe leads to the DNA-binding
specificity <differences among> family members.
32 11607422 Precise assessment of these two traits allowed distinction of small but<significant differences among> genotypes.
97 10438369 Although rodent models of experimental vaginal candidiasis have been useful,several <differences from> humans limit the correlation of experimental data.
82 11560491 Solution NMR was utilized to determine the structural and dynamic<differences of> MT-3 from MT-1 and 2.
55 11581407 However, a c-kit-targeted recombinant retroviral vector failed to transduce
cells, indicating the existence of significant <differences for> c-kit target genetransfer between these two viruses.
43 11387341 A model is proposed that explicitly correlates these similarities and<differences with> the sequence-specific structural properties inherent toeach promoter.
439621098 Comparison of X-ray crystal structures show <differences at> the bottom of
domain 2.
747 10967082 No significant <differences were> found in the histologic appearance of thecells after mitochondrial blockade, but there was massive death of cells after
inhibition of glycolysis with iodoacetate.
182 11549376 No significant <differences were observed> between PBS-treated and control
groups.
161 11097966 No group <differences were found> in either the metabolism or the volume of
the amygdala or the hippocampus.
50 10195148 No <differences were seen> in the hindlimb region.
49 11296154 These <differences were not> explained by measured environmental variables,
including smoking, or by genotypes.
43 12507908 However, no significant <differences were detected> between the clinically
localized PCa and noncancerous prostate tissues.
439563488 No significant <differences were noted> between the MSI-L and MSS groupfor any of the parameters tested.
78
9731088 <These differences were> primarily due to a higher prevalence of physiologic,
trace, or mild regurgitation.
170 10096524 <Significant differences were> seen in the acute rejection rates and thefrequency of pretransplantation random transfusion.

Collocations of difference
English66 differences are

Japanese
違いが、〜である

67 these differences are

これらの違いが、〜である

68 differences exist

違いが、存在する

86

69 differences exist in

違いが、〜に存在する

41

70 differences exist between

違いが、〜の間に存在する

28

71 differences observed

観察される違い58

72 were no differences〜は、違いがなかった

225

73 showed no differences

違いを示さなかった

31

74 these differences

これらの違い

552

75 these differences in〜におけるこれらの違い

104

76 these differences are

これらの違いは、〜である

56

77 of these differences

これらの違いの〜

59

78 similarities and differences

類似性と差異66

79 sequence differences

配列の違い

100

80 large differences
81 striking differences

大きな違い
著しい違い

77
73

82 individual differences

個々の違い

69

83 important differences

重要な違い

69

84 subtle differences

僅かな違い

68

5/9

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample189 10392574 Here, their similarities and <differences are> highlighted, and common themesof the interactions between basic and clinical sciences for their understanding
and treatment are explored.
56 11591737 The molecular mechanisms underlying <these differences are> poorly defined.
9830028 However, <differences exist> in the location of two loops outside of therespective binding sites containing residues 114-125 and 222-227.
10086335 These results emphasize that cell type <differences exist in> the signaling
pathways by which oncogenic Ras causes transformation.
11709543 Intriguingly, despite this substantial evolutionary history, only 22 single
nucleotide <differences exist between> the two copies over the entire 35.5
kb, making the duplications >99% identical.
12031543 In the simulation, active channels were distributed evenly across the cells sothat the electrophysiological <differences observed> in the neurons would
only be due to morphological differences.
11303142 Similarly, there <were no differences> in carbon dioxide production andoxygen consumption.
11406631 Light microscopy <showed no differences> in cochlear morphology of wildtype versus AQP4 null mice.
11923356 The genetic bases for <these differences> in virulence have not been
determined.
10992517 <These differences in> sensitivity among chlamydial strains to IFN-gammamediated inhibition may profoundly influence the clinical outcome of infection.
11000237 <These differences are> in excellent agreement with our sequencecomparisons of HHV-8 and HSV-1 capsid proteins.
12235158 Exploitation <of these differences> may lead to novel inhibitors, which favor
the microbial form of the enzyme.
11784116 We discuss the <similarities and differences> between the cellular defects
seen in Rac mutants and let-60 Ras or lin-17 Frizzled mutants.
10888625 The <sequence differences> between these isolates were within or near therange of variability of the T30 population.
10438745 We observed <striking differences> in the lysine auxotrophic phenotypes ofthese three species of mycobacteria.
9603521 There is increasing evidence that genetic factors can influence <individual
differences> in vulnerability to drugs of abuse.
11318639 These different modes of inhibition correlate with clinically <importantdifferences> in isoform selectivity.
12097558 However, these <subtle differences> were amplified at the cell fusion stage
because the wild-type H protein failed to fuse CD46-expressing cells.

Collocations of difference
English85 related differences

Japanese
関連する違い86 conformational differences

構造的違い

87 substantial differences

かなりの違い88 small differences
89 regional differences

小さな違い
領域的的違い90 phenotypic differences

表現型の違い91 genetic differences

遺伝的違い

92 gender differences性差

93 from differences
94 qualitative differences

違いから
質的違い

95 difference in〜における違い96 difference in the
97 difference in survival〜における違い
生存率の違い98 no difference in〜における違いのない

99 the difference in〜における違い

100 a difference in〜における違い

101 this difference in〜におけるこの違い

102 significant difference in
103 little difference in〜における有意な違い〜における違いのほとんど
ない

6/9

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample66 10234034 Sex-<related differences> in behavior are extensive, but their neuroanatomic
substrate is unclear.
66 10051621 Our data suggests that <conformational differences> in the I domain are
physiologically relevant and not merely a consequence of different crystal
lattice interactions.
65 12540622 In conclusion, we found <substantial differences> between published IR
indexes in the prediction of diabetes, with ISI(0,120) consistently showing thestrongest prediction.
64
63 10351967 <Regional differences> were also noted, with reduced sensitivity but improved
specificity for right coronary lesions using attenuation/scatter correction
methodology.
63 11675494 We found significant <phenotypic differences> between the rapid loss ofactivity caused by inhibition and the deletion of the genomic copy of PHO85.
60 11120808 We demonstrate that <genetic differences> are important in cells ofhemopoietic origin and that the costimulation blockade-resistant phenotype isdominant.
59 11230112 <Gender differences> in the development of coronary heart disease and its
outcomes are partly regulated by estrogen and its receptors, but the roles ofthe latter in thrombogenicity are less well-defined.
54
53 11106609 The <qualitative differences> in use-dependent block appear to be the resultof differences in drug dissociation rate.
2,298 12131084 There was no clinically significant <difference in> quality of life, or satisfaction
with IPAA surgery.
625 11865422 There was no <difference in the> levels of KA between these groups.
37 10493483 There is no statistical <difference in survival> according to diagnosis or typeof lung transplant.
465 11790704 There was <no difference in> capillary blood volume between end diastole andend systole at baseline.
422 12397175 <The difference in> Dnmt1o and Dnmt1 levels is due to a developmentally
regulated mechanism that degrades the Dnmt1 protein.
157 12042198 The gender difference in depression may result from <a difference in> a
specific type of depression-anxious somatic depression.
95 11389612 <This difference in> activity may have bearing on the large disparity incytotoxicity of the two molecules.
413
49
9588732 Despite differences in disease aggressiveness and disease pattern, there was<little difference in> the medical therapy in the men compared with thewomen.

Collocations of difference
English104 -fold difference inJapanese〜における〜倍の違い

105 difference between〜の間の違い106 difference between @3 and〜と〜の間の違い

107 difference between the〜の間の違い108 the difference between〜の間の違い109 significant difference between 〜の間の有意な違い
110 no difference between〜の間の違いのない

111 difference was

違いが、〜であった

112 difference was observed
113 difference was not

違いが、観察された違いが、観察されなかった

114 difference was found

違いが見つけられた

115 this difference was

この違いが、〜であった

116 significant difference was
117 the difference was

有意な違いが、〜であった違いが、〜であった

118 difference is

違いが、〜である

119 this difference is

この違いが、〜である

120 difference of〜の違い

121 a difference of〜の違い

122 difference spectra

差スペクトル

7/9

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample69 10563825 These experiments show that 20 of the 450<-fold difference in> sensitivity
between the T. foetus and human IMPDHs derive from the residues in the
MPA binding site.
939 11891237 Genome size <difference between> wheat and rice is, therefore, mainly
because of amplification of the gene-poor regions.
409 10551226 There was no significant <difference between computed radiography and>screen-film radiography for image quality (P > .05).
379 11850447 A second <difference between the> PP and SC pathways is that the PP has alarger NMDA/AMPA charge ratio.
236 11583768 Economic analyses of medical interventions must also take into consideration<the difference between> efficacy and effectiveness.
182 11325850 Furthermore, analysis of polymorphisms for GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1, andBCL2 showed no <significant difference between> ATL patients and healthycarriers.
939769302 In patients, in 25 stented segments in both the Palmaz-Schatz and Wiktor
groups, there was <no difference between> QCA and QCU diameters.
380 12405829 A further <difference was> the marked pH dependence of the signal in
EcMetAP, suggestive of a change in ligation.
67 10380879 Little <difference was observed> between neoplasias and their metastases.
60 10199742 This <difference was not> significant, however, in grafts harvested at >150
days.
49 10884355 The largest structural <difference was found> to occur in a flexible surface
loop, consisting of residues 359 to 375 of the capsid protein.
93 10338513 <This difference was> not apparent following plate-bound antiimmunoglobulin E or SEA stimulation.
63
62 12552003 <The difference was> most profound when cells were infected at a relatively
low multiplicity of infection, presumably due to the compounding effects ofmultiple rounds of infection.
131 10671512 The main <difference is> that insulin has a larger effect on the trafficking ofvpTR in the adipocytes.
63 11018029 <This difference is> due to a unique structural element in the MH1 domain of
SMAD2 that inhibits protein-protein interactions in the basal state.
116 10195599 Power computations indicate that the study has power to detect a mean<difference of> 2.8% in body fat.
44 10843860 However, the change in stability is more dramatic, with <a difference of> 2.6
kcal mol(-1) between pH 2.0 and pH 5.4.
67 12196011 Raman <difference spectra> from crystals with the substrate bound aredominated by bands from the protein's amide bonds and aromatic side chain
residues.

Collocations of difference
English123 difference spectrum
124 the difference

Japanese
差スペクトル違い

125 the difference in〜における違い

126 the difference between〜の間の違い127 the difference was

違いが、〜であった

128 of the difference違いの〜

129 for the difference

違いにとって130 no significant difference

有為な違いのない

131 a significant difference

有為な違い

132 statistically significant
difference
133 this difference

統計的に有意な違い
この違い

134 this difference was

この違いは、〜であった

135 this difference is

この違いは、〜である

136 mean difference

平均の違い

137 -fold difference〜倍の違い

138 -fold difference in〜における〜倍の違い

139 little difference

ほとんど違いのない

140 little difference in〜においてほとんど違いの
ない

8/9

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample41820 10608786 <The difference> remained significant after controlling for poultry exposure(P=.01).
422 11294640 <The difference in> the apparent affinity of 2'AMP is proposed to result froma rapidly equilibrating isomerization step that occurs in both mechanisms prior
to the binding of NADPH.
236 10993850 However, <the difference between> atrial reversal and transmitral A wave
duration was increased in the mutant rabbits (P:<0.001).
62 10882763 <The difference was> especially pronounced among older women; for a woman
85 years of age or older, the adjusted relative risk was 0.75 (95 percent
confidence interval, 0.68 to 0.83).
62 10716328 By applying the optimal timing to human studies, the statistical significance<of the difference> in deltaBP between patients with schizophrenia andhealthy volunteers increased from P = 0.038 to 0.012.
48 12130679 Exchanging the C-terminal domains between the two receptors revealed thatthese domains are largely responsible <for the difference> in coupling.
473 11732004 There was <no significant difference> in mean urine alcohol concentrations
between the groups fed ethanol.
119 10232678 None of these three transporters showed <a significant difference> inabundance between the groups fed equimolar (7.2 mmol/220 g body wt per dfor 7 d) NaHCO3 or NaCl.
91
9710093 No <statistically significant difference> exists in the deviation of such
impairment between the groups.
474 12355491 However, <this difference> was explained by the between-group differences in
expectations.
93 11698423 <This difference was> eliminated when uPA(-/-) and WT lymphoblasts were
injected into uPA(-/-) recipients.
63 10712212 <This difference is> expected because of the lower effective population size of
mtDNA and Y chromosomes.
115 10586936 The <mean difference> in age between the subjects with glaucoma and normal
subjects was 29 days (P = 0.44, maximum 1.42 years).
92 11373278 This difference in the carboxyl tail accounts for a 45<-fold difference>
observed in transcription regulatory activity between Prx1a and Prx1b.
68 11121534 There was a more than 12-<fold difference in> the maximal amplitude of I(Na,P) of fluorescent compared to non-fluorescent cells.
71 10945533 <Little difference> in the accuracy of detection or localization was seen
between FBP with and without AC.
499765257 In the presence of DNA there was <little difference in> the stoichiometry ofdTTP binding to 4A'.

Collocations of difference
English141 major difference

主な違いJapanese

142 sex difference

性差

9/9

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample54 10233950 The <major difference> between the wild-type and both mutant viruses was
the lower rate and lower level of mutant virus replication in these thymic
subpopulations.
53 10446322 In some of these species, steroid hormones have been implicated in both thedevelopment and the maintenance of the <sex difference>.

Collocations of growth

1/5

EnglishJapanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Samplegrowth*成長/増殖30,044growths
成長/増殖
11
the growth
成長/増殖
2,528
a growth +
成長/増殖
332
Note 単独で使われることは少なく、他の名詞との組み合わせで、専門用語として使われる場合が多い。
1 growth factor
成長因子/増殖因子
7,834
2 epidermal growth factor
上皮細胞成長因子
1,349 10753510 Furthermore, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and <epidermal growth
3 transforming growth factor トランスフォーミング成長因子
4 fibroblast growth factor
線維芽細胞成長因子

1,289
829

factor> increased proliferation of progenitors at the retinal margin, whilebasic fibroblast growth factor had no effect.
11074002 Smad4 plays a pivotal role in all <transforming growth factor> beta (TGFbeta) signaling pathways.
11734546 An additional homologous motif was detected in a gene product fused to
the <fibroblast growth factor> receptor type 1 in patients with an atypicalstem cell myeloproliferative disorder.

5 insulin-like growth factor
6 vascular endothelial
growth factor
7 platelet-derived growth
factorインシュリン様成長因子
血管内皮増殖因子

700
758

9918929 Interestingly, production of <vascular endothelial growth factor> was

血小板由来成長因子552

10446196 We measured migration of cultured tracheal myocytes in response to

8 nerve growth factor

神経成長因子445

9 hepatocyte growth factor
10 growth factor receptor

肝細胞増殖因子
成長因子レセプタ

220
875

10777553 Here, we investigated mechanisms underlying CCh-stimulated epidermal

11 growth arrest

増殖停止

758

10220373 Cellular differentiation is a complex process involving <growth arrest>, exit

12 growth inhibition
13 growth rate

増殖抑制
増殖速度

627
508

observed in hepatocytes before endothelial disruptions.
<platelet-derived growth factor>, interleukin-1beta, and transforming
growth factor-beta.
12034707 The neurotrophin <nerve growth factor> (NGF) supports neuronal survival
by activating the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB).
<growth factor receptor> (EGFR) transactivation.
from the cell cycle, and expression of differentiated cell-type-specific

14 growth hormone

成長ホルモン392

15 growth cones

成長円錐

327

16 growth conditions

生育条件

291

17 growth phase

増殖相

185

11844765 The half-lives of ksgA- and pdxB-specific transcripts were not affected by

the <growth rate>, whereas the half-life of the pdxA-ksgA cotranscript was
too short to be measured accurately.
12160367 Human <growth hormone> is now readily available and approved fortreatment of the growth hormone deficiency syndrome in adults.
11035813 Semaphorin molecules serve as axon guidance signals that regulate thenavigation of neuronal <growth cones>.
11160101 We further demonstrate the utility of this technology for rapidly
discovering genes that affect the fitness of E. coli under a variety ofCollocations of growth

2/5

English
18 growth defectJapanese
増殖の欠陥

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample178 11679074 Disruptions of luxS in these mutants also produced a media-dependent

19 growth suppression

増殖抑制

168

9710613 Inhibition of cyclin E-dependent kinases is required in p16-mediated

20 growth control

増殖のコントロール

166

11115882 Therefore, the first <growth control> point is not restricted to a narrow

21 the growth medium

増殖培地

102

12444965 The enzyme is released into <the growth medium> during the transition to

22 growth retardation

増殖遅滞

138

10967069 Degree of <growth retardation>, measured by body weight, also appeared<growth defect>.
<growth suppression>.
developmental window.
stationary phase.
to be time dependent.
23 growth phenotype
24 growth plate
25 growth regulation
26 growth advantage
27 cell growth

増殖の表現型
成長板
成長調節
増殖優位
細胞増殖

108
97
86
76
2,178

28 tumor growth

腫瘍の増殖

990

11118063 These data suggest that SCF modulates <tumor growth> and angiogenesis

29 plant growth

植物の生育

163

9880341 The genetic manipulation of within-plant nutrient movement may therefore

11585768 Here we show that Notch signaling may be involved in prostatic

development and cancer <cell growth>.
via the involvement of mast cells.

30 axon growth

軸索成長

111

31 tissue growth

組織成長

88

32 root growth
根の成長
33 anchorage-independent 足場非依存性の増殖

78
227

growth34 normal growth

正常な成長

186

35 cellular growth

細胞の増殖

137

36 bacterial growth

細菌の増殖

119

provide a means to enhance <plant growth> under conditions of variablesoil nutrient availability.
10954840 These neurotrophins also affect trigeminal <axon growth> within thewhisker pad.
10921883 Re-expression of the AT(2) receptor in remodeling tissues in the adult is
linked to control of <tissue growth> and regeneration.
12535345 The act7-4 mutant showed the most dramatic reduction in <root growth>.
10463612 In this study, the activation of NF-kappaB was examined as a mechanism
through which Trx overexpression might promote <anchorage-independent
growth>.
11358958 In this report, we show that E1A inhibits the <normal growth> of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae HF7c, and this inhibition also depends on thedomains required for transcriptional regulation.
11880344 By contrast, RBF-280 does not block activated Ras-induced <cellular
growth>.
10816480 In contrast, while the absence of IL-4 resulted in increased IFN-gamma
production, this had no significant effect upon <bacterial growth>.

Collocations of growthEnglish37 exponential growth

Japanese
指数関数的な増殖

3/5

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample116 11752476 We propose a stochastic model of aging to explain deviations from<exponential growth> in mortality rates commonly observed in empiricalstudies.
12058023 Yeast cells organize their actin cytoskeleton in a highly polarized manner
during <vegetative growth>.

38 vegetative growth

栄養生長

113

39 axonal growth
40 slow growth
41 fetal growth
42 dependent growth
43 filamentous growth
44 intracellular growth
45 in vitro growth
46 -induced growth

軸索成長
遅い成長
胎児成長
依存性の成長繊維状の成長細胞内の成長試験管内での成長〜に誘導された成長〜

99
97
96
95
91
81
80
185

10640727 Pyrazolopyrimidine, a selective inhibitor of Src family tyrosine kinases,

47 -mediated growth〜に仲介された成長〜

135

9557678 This result indicates that functional transactivation activity is required for

48 growth inhibitory

成長抑制の

308

12234997 Treatment of cells with KIP1/P27 antisense oligonucleotides reversed the49 growth regulatory

成長調節の

76

10906133 We show here that a novel <growth regulatory> molecule is also the target

50 growth of

〜の増殖

2,385

10758168 <Growth of> mutant cells was inhibited by a nitrosative challenge that hadsignificantly blocked the VEGF-<induced growth> of KS cells.
acute E2-<mediated growth> inhibition.
<growth inhibitory> effects of corticosterone.
of MDM2-mediated inhibition.

51 the growth of〜の増殖

52 growth of @3 cells〜細胞の増殖462

53 growth in〜における増殖1,380

54 growth in @3 cell
55 growth on〜細胞における増殖〜における増殖56 growth by〜によって〜の増殖を
〜

1,068

138
260

224

little effect on wild-type cells, whereas the resistance of mutant cells tooxidative stress was unimpaired.
9623977 We evaluated the effect of E2F-1 overexpression on <the growth of>gliomas in vitro and in vivo.
12526812 EPIs inhibit the <growth of epithelial cells> but induce them to secrete theneutrophil attractant IL-8, while PEPI blocks neutrophil activation bytumor necrosis factor, preventing release of oxidants and proteases.
10906194 These results suggest that m09 is dispensable for viral <growth in> theseorgans and that the presence of the transposon sequence in the viralgenome does not significantly affect viral replication in vivo.
11673438 Insertional inactivation of sigD, sigE, and sigF genes did not affect <growthon> nitrate under standard laboratory conditions but did transiently impair
the abilities of sigD and sigE mutant strains to establish diazotrophic
12019157 Our results suggested that MCP-1 is involved in the suppression of humanglioblastoma cell <growth by> cx43.

Collocations of growthEnglish57 growth at

58 growth with59 growth as
60 growth during

Japanese〜（温度など）における増殖

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample212 11737651 Complementation of the insertional mutant with wild-type VPH1 resulted in〜を伴う増殖83〜の間の増殖

81
77

61 growth to

〜への増殖

76

62 growth under

〜下の増殖

67

63 growth through〜を経た/〜による増殖

59

64 of growth

増殖の〜

65 for growth

増殖のために495

66 in growth

増殖における493

67 to growth

増殖に対する〜329

68 by growth

増殖（〜）によって

255

69 during growth

増殖の間

231

70 on growth

増殖に対する〜

137

71 with growth
72 after growth

増殖〜による/増殖〜と
増殖の後

136
64

1,139

a recovery of virulence factor expression, normal <growth at> 37 degrees
C and restoration of full virulence.
9696779 Overproduction of AST enzymes resulted in faster <growth with> arginine
and aspartate.
12562948 Glucose clamp procedures were used to determine whether the slowing of

fetal <growth during> the final third of gestation in overnourishedadolescent ewes is due to a reduction in placental glucose transport
11976310 Disruption of aerR resulted in increased photopigment biosynthesis during
aerobic <growth to> a level similar to that of disruption of crtJ.
12383080 Lines 271 and 223 showed enhanced <growth under> salinity whencompared with the control and had lower sodium in the root.
11504921 Present data show that FEZ1/LZTS1 inhibits cancer cell <growth through>regulation of mitosis, and that its alterations result in abnormal cell growth.
12067339 Two of the five putative antiporter mutants exhibit a characteristic
interplay between the pH and Na+ dependence <of growth>, but only oneof the antiporters appears to be necessary for high NaCl tolerance.
11751818 Neisseria gonorrhoeae ordinarily requires both HpuA and HpuB to use
hemoglobin (Hb) as a source of iron <for growth>.
11154273 Cell-cell and cell-ECM signalings were required to elicit VHL-dependent
differences <in growth> and differentiation.
12208765 DLD-1 cells that stably express 12S E1A are resistant <to growth>
suppression by DRA, similar to HEK293 cells.
11517341 We also discovered that transcription of genes encoding hemolysins, andproteins with inferred roles in iron regulation, transport, and homeostasis,
was influenced <by growth> at 40 degrees C.
10092594 YJR019C mRNA levels were increased significantly <during growth> onfatty acids, suggesting that it may play a role in fatty acid metabolism.
11123695 This level of ppGpp had no effect <on growth> rate, implying a causal rolefor ppGpp in activating actII-ORF4 transcription.
9784520 The relative virulence of strain Reynolds and its capsule-defective mutants<after growth> on either solid or liquid medium was examined in micechallenged intraperitoneally or intravenously.
73 as growth
74 growth was

増殖は、〜であった

4/5

62
236

11516151 The observed stimulation of radial expansion did not compensate for thedecreased elongation, and overall <growth was> reduced in theCollocations of growthEnglish75 growth isJapanese
増殖は、〜である

Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample2229725901 When the amount of IGFBP-5 that is bound to ECM is increased byexogenous addition, IGF-I's effect on fibroblast <growth is> enhanced.

5/5

1/3
Collocations of importanceEnglishJapanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sampleimportance*
重要性
3,986
Not 定冠詞つきで使われることが多い。直前に of が共起する場合には、定冠詞の使用は無く、important の意味で好んで使われる表現である。
1 the importance of〜の重要性
2,328 10878041 This finding highlights <the importance of> careful molecular analysis inaddition to standard biochemical tests in identifying the increasing number ofHelicobacter spp. isolated from humans and animals.
2 the importance of the〜の重要性
431 12419235 These data provide insights into the effects of histone H3 hypoacetylation invivo and underscore <the importance of the> overall charge of the histone
tail for transcription.
3 the importance of this
この〜の重要性162
9986832 <The importance of this> virus as a cause of disseminated disease, however,has remained underappreciated.
4 the importance of these
これら〜の重要性
99 11607073 <The importance of these> results is discussed in relation to the physiology
of lignin biodegradation and possible extracellular regulatory mechanisms forthe control of oxidase and peroxidase activities.
5 demonstrate the importance 〜の重要性を実証する
116
9699656 These results <demonstrate the importance of> both carcinogen exposureofand hormone stimulation on the induction of neoplasia in the prostate of
Wistar-Unilever rats.
6 underscore the importance of 〜の重要性を強調する
79 10068598 These results <underscore the importance of> the class II-mediated immune
response in recovery from HBV infection.
7 highlight the importance of〜の重要性を強調する
78 10473604 These findings <highlight the importance of> inducible phosphorylation of
RelA in the control of NF-kappaB activity.
8 emphasize the importance of 〜の重要性を強調する
74 11498786 Our results <emphasize the importance of> c-Myc suppression in GCevoked apoptosis of CEM-C7-14 cells.
9 of the importance of〜の重要性の〜
53 11879632 As our appreciation <of the importance of> the process has grown, its study
has matured, moving beyond the single cell to the entire organism.
10 for the importance of〜の重要性にとって〜
48 12535210 This study provides further evidence <for the importance of> homeobox
transcription factors in the regulation of scarless wound healing.
11 confirm the importance of〜の重要性を確認する
46 10225932 These results <confirm the importance of> biofilm production, mediated by
PIA/HA, in the pathogenesis of S. epidermidis experimental foreign bodyinfection.
12 despite the importance of〜の重要性にもかかわらず
41 10603406 <Despite the importance of> LAM to the pathogenesis of mycobacterial
infection, there is no information available on its fate in vivo.
13 determine the importance of 〜の重要性を決定する
409817695 We sought to <determine the importance of> the timing and magnitude of
expiratory muscle activity in causing patient-ventilator dyssynchrony.
14 indicating the importance of 〜の重要性を示している
37 11032860 Acute CD4 T cell-mediated rejection required MHC class II expression by theallograft, <indicating the importance of> direct graft recognition.
15 demonstrating the importance 〜の重要性を実証している
36 10823941 Loss-of-function mutations in tyrosinase are the cause of oculocutaneousofalbinism, <demonstrating the importance of> the enzyme in pigmentation.
16 assess the importance of〜の重要性を評価する
36 10025828 The goal of this study was to <assess the importance of> neuronal MAO
activity on the kinetics of PHEN in the normal human heart.

English
17 the relative importance ofJapanese〜の相対的な重要性

18 the functional importance of〜の機能的な重要性

19 the potential importance of〜の潜在的な重要性

20 the physiological importance 生理学的重要性
of
21 importance in〜における重要性

22 its importance in〜におけるそれの重要性

23 their importance in〜におけるそれらの重要性

24 importance for〜のための重要性

25 importance to〜に対する重要性

26 of importance

重要である

27 be of importance

重要である

28 of critical importance

決定的に重要である

29 of particular importance

特に重要である30 of fundamental importance

基本的に重要である

31 of great importance

たいへん重要である

32 its importance

それの重要性33 its importance in〜におけるそれの重要性

2/3
Collocations of importance
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample149 12511954 <The relative importance of> the two mechanisms has not been investigatedexcept for a limited study, which suggested that the role of duplicate genes incompensation is negligible.
105 10777730 These experiments underscore <the functional importance of> purine
contacts with three residues in the cyclic nucleotide-binding domain.
47 11164784 These findings underscore <the potential importance of> EW in alcoholrelated behaviors.
28 11114746 <The physiological importance of> these kinases was amply demonstrated bytheir link to the development of immunodeficiency diseases, due to germ-line
mutations.
324 10692485 Regulation of this protein may be of critical <importance in> modulating therole of Ang II in vascular disease.
409989697 Although body fat patterning has been related to adverse health outcomes inadults, <its importance in> children and adolescents is less certain.
32 12070088 However, our results indicate that dlx3 and dlx7 act in concert and <theirimportance in> placode formation is only revealed by inactivating bothparalogs.
160 11371635 Despite its obvious <importance for> carcinogenesis, the role of Gln-61 in
the GAP-stimulated GTPase activity of Ras has remained a mystery.
92 10516054 This factor is of obvious <importance to> the design of gene therapy vectors
based on HSV-1.
92 10728689 Increases in cell proliferation are widely viewed as being <of importance> incarcinogenesis.
31 10639434 We conclude that MBL may <be of importance> in first-line immune defense
against several important pathogens.
48 10744670 Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) may be <of critical importance> inthe pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
46 11816594 <Of particular importance> was that the sensitivity was proportional to thenumber of Ru(II)Den layers.
369917380 This process is <of fundamental importance> for understanding themechanism of action of toxins and antimicrobial peptides and the stability ofmembrane proteins.
28 11986668 Given the broad efficacy of minocycline, understanding its mechanisms ofaction is <of great importance>.
89 11698427 Although the role of CD28-B7 interaction in the activation of naive T cells iswell established, <its importance> in the generation and maintenance of T cell
memory is not well understood.
40 11532968 The present study identifies a novel role for RhoA and further suggests <itsimportance in> regulating cardiac cellular function.

English
34 their importanceJapanese
それらの重要性35 their importance in〜におけるそれらの重要性

3/3
Collocations of importance
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample75 10880506 Here we used multiple strategies to map the SF2/ASF binding sites anddetermine <their importance> for ESE function.
32 11158577 The changes in flexibility occurred in regions involved in substrate binding andturnover, suggesting <their importance in> enzyme regulation.

Collocations of knowledge

1/2

EnglishJapanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sampleknowledge*
知識1,589
Note knowledge of の用例が多い。To our knowledge （我々の知る限りでは）は頻出の定型句である。
1 knowledge of〜に関する知識659 11792858
2 knowledge of the〜に関する知識329 10052770 <Knowledge of the> patient's IL-1 genotype and smoking status will improve the clinician's
ability to accurately assign prognosis and predict tooth survival.
3 knowledge of the
構造に関する知識
21 12476308 Despite extensive <knowledge of the structure> and functional domains of BCR-ABL, its
structure
precise function in transformation is not known.
4 our knowledge of〜に関する我々の84 9860992 Consequently, the cloning and characterization of the CFA biosynthetic gene cluster will
知識
contribute significantly to <our knowledge of> polyketide synthesis in Pseudomonas.
5 without knowledge of〜に関する知識な26 11138679 Images were interpreted <without knowledge of> clinical information by an experienced
しにreviewer to determine seizure focus and regional metabolic changes in the brain.
6 knowledge about〜に関する知識92 12181100 Growing <knowledge about> gene-disease associations will lead to new opportunities forgenetic testing.
7 knowledge on〜に関する知識20 12482955 These findings generate testable hypotheses when combined with existing <knowledge on>
signaling pathways and protein-protein interactions.
8 knowledge that〜という知識41 12576052 The method is based on the <knowledge that> protein kinase C (PKC) adds three phosphates
to each molecule of its preferred substrate, myelin basic protein (MBP).
9 of knowledge
知識の〜
59 12639949 Despite the explosion <of knowledge> brought about by recombinant DNA technology, links
between classic physiology and molecular biology are often fragmentary and tenuous.
10 to our knowledge
我々の知る限りで403 11233916 <To our knowledge>, this is the first reported case of ureteral obstruction in a transplantはkidney caused by an ovarian tumor.
142 12351620 <To our knowledge, this is the first> successful expression of a full-length malarial parasite
11 to our knowledge, this 我々の知る限りで
integral membrane protein in yeast.
is the first
は、これは最初の〜である
45 9771854 <To our knowledge, this is the first report> to document a reduction in LDL oxidation in
12 to our knowledge, this 我々の知る限りでcoronary artery disease patients undergoing atherosclerosis-reversal therapy.
is the first report
は、これは最初の報告である
28 10856296 <To our knowledge, this is the first report of> control of mdm2 at the post-transcriptional
13 to our knowledge, this 我々の知る限りでlevel and in a p53-independent manner.
is the first report ofは、これは〜の最初の報告である18 10524625 <To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration> that visual cortical processing is
14 to our knowledge, this 我々の知る限りでnecessary for normal tactile perception.
は、これは最初のis the first
証明である
demonstration
14 9799609 <To our knowledge, this is the first example> of an endogenous gene that shows strain15 to our knowledge, this 我々の知る限りで
dependent developmental relaxation of imprinting.
is the first example
は、これは最初の例である
16 to our knowledge, the 我々の知る限りで58 12592398 <To our knowledge, the> present example represents the first documented case of productはassisted catalysis in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
17 to our knowledge of〜について我々の30 10640782 This is the first report <to our knowledge of> a functional mutation in a chemokine gene
知る限りではpromoter.

Collocations of knowledge
English18 to the best of ourknowledge
19 current knowledge

Japanese
我々の最も良く知る
限りでは
現在の知識

20 current knowledge of〜に関する現在の知識
事前の知識

21 prior knowledge
22 prior knowledge of〜に関する事前の
知識

Frq.

2/2

PubM̲ID
Sample37 11005730 <To the best of our knowledge>, this pattern of non-syndromic, familial tooth agenesis has
not been previously described in the literature.
69 10799402 This article reviews <current knowledge> of the effects of maternal anemia and iron deficiency
on pregnancy outcome.
45 10839724 <Current knowledge of> the relation of C. pneumoniae and atherosclerosis comes fromobservational (e.g., seroepidemiology and tissue studies) and experimental studies.
35 10733990 These algorithms exploit the <prior knowledge> that only a limited number of fluorescentmolecule species whose lifetimes do not vary spatially are present in the sample.
31 12218152 The facile enrichment of tumor-reactive TDLN T cells, based on the CD62L(low) phenotype,circumvents the need for <prior knowledge of> the relevant tumor Ags.

1/4
Collocations of oｂserｖation
EnglishJapanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sampleobservation*
観察
6,897
observations
観察
4,618
observation
観察2,279
Note 複数形での利用が多く、observations suggest that は頻出の文型である。
1 observations suggest that
観察が、〜であることを示唆す
679 11679403 These <observations suggest that> SB203580-mediated protectionるdepends on the inhibition of p38alpha MAPK.
2 these observations suggest that これらの観察が、〜であること
553 12134262 <These observations suggest that> the Inaba antigen should beを示唆する
maximized in cholera vaccine designs.
3 our observations suggest that 我々の観察が、〜であることを
59 9832515 <Our observations suggest that> these gene products affect different
示唆する
aspects of the signal transduction pathway for PHO5 repression.
4 observations indicate that
観察が、〜であることを示す
302 10601311 These <observations indicate that> PDK1 regulates the activation of
p70 S6 kinase and provides evidence that PDK1 mediates thephosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase at Thr-412.
5 these observations indicate that これらの観察が、〜であること
225 11461935 <These observations indicate that> the early stage of diabetes mellitusを示す
provokes accelerated renal cortical superoxide anion production in asetting of normal or increased NO production.
6 our observations indicate that 我々の観察が、〜であることを
44 9748453 <Our observations indicate that> an exoY mutant, which does not示す
produce succinoglycan, is symbiotically defective because it cannot
initiate the formation of infection threads.
7 these observations provide
これらの観察が、〜を提供する
128 9485447 <These observations provide> significant new insights to the molecularmechanism of allosteric regulation in the pyruvate kinase system.
8 these observations provide
これらの観察が、証拠を提供す31 10500209 <These observations provide evidence> for a possible association ofevidenceる
JCV with human medulloblastomas.
9 these observations demonstrate これらの観察が、〜であること
77 11226304 <These observations demonstrate that> heritable factors markedly
that
を実証する
influence iron homeostasis in response to Hfe disruption.
10 these observations support
これらの観察が、〜を支持する
98 12057983 <These observations support> the current emphasis on controllingobesity to prevent adult coronary heart disease.
11 these observations are
これらの観察が、〜と一致して
79 10066762 <These observations are consistent with> the hypothesis that elevatedconsistent withいる
[Mg2+]i is required for apoptosis.
12 these observations show that
これらの観察が、〜であること
36 10208740 <These observations show that> testosterone-dependent Shhを示す
expression in the urogenital sinus is necessary for the initiation of
prostate development.
13 observations of〜の観察
285 11705969 These dynamic <observations of> the parasite begin to reveal how
giardia swim and divide.
14 observations in〜における観察121 12454285 We report <observations in> patients with visual extinction
demonstrating that detection of visual events is gated by attention at thelevel of processing at which a stimulus is selected for action.
15 observations on〜に関する観察59 11886863 Together with earlier <observations on> the structure and expression ofthis molecule, our data support the hypothesis that pigpen helps regulate
endothelial cell differentiation state.

English
16 observations to
17 observations that18 previous observations that
19 these observations
20 of these observations
21 basis of these observations
22 based on these observations
23 based on these observations,we
24 with these observations
25 consistent with theseobservations
26 for these observations
27 from these observations
28 taken together, theseobservations
29 taken together, theseobservations suggest
30 previous observations

2/4
Collocations of oｂserｖation
Japanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample〜に対する観察42 11711589 However, there is a paucity of data supporting the relevance of these<observations to> the in vivo situation.
〜という観察193 9869609 These are the first reported <observations that> CaR is expressed indifferent epithelial cells of mammalian gastric mucosa and its entericnerve regions.
〜という以前の観察39 12483219 These findings are consistent with <previous observations that>
phosphorylation of vimentin affects its intracellular localization and thatvimentin is a substrate for protein kinase C (PKC).
これらの観察
2,555 11034381 <These observations> indicated the presence of a Ly-6 ligand(s) on thesurface of lymphoid cells.
これらの観察の〜
129 10330170 In view <of these observations>, we set out to investigate further thenature of the signaling pathway linking GPCRs to the c-jun promoter.
これらの観察の基礎
37 11560491 On the <basis of these observations>, we conclude that the growth
inhibitory activity exhibited by MT-3 is a result of a combination of local
structural differences and global dynamics in the beta-domain.
これらの観察に基づいて
78 10982360 <Based on these observations>, a number of single-stranded RNA
templates were synthesized and tested along with short RNA primers
ranging from two to five nucleotides.
これらの観察に基づいて、我々
54 10078548 <Based on these observations, we> hypothesized that h-IAPP
は〜
cytotoxicity is mediated by membrane damage induced by early h-IAPP
aggregates.
これらの観察と61 11572868 Consistent <with these observations>, we have demonstrated that
purified TFIIH directly inhibits CDK9 autophosphorylation.
これらの観察と一致している
51 11601987 A model is presented that is <consistent with these observations>, andimplications for targeted regulation of gene transcription are discussed.
これらの観察にとって
31 11114304 To understand the molecular basis <for these observations>, wecharacterized a transcriptional regulatory region of the murine CD45
gene containing exons 1a, 1b, and 2.
これらの観察から
29 12509472 <From these observations>, we propose the existence of arecombination-independent and mutagenic repair pathway for the removalof ICLs in mammalian cells.
まとめると、これらの観察
71 10477606 <Taken together, these observations> suggest that alpha-MSH may
exert an inhibitory effect on the mast cell-dependent component of a
specific inflammatory response.
まとめると、これらの観察は、〜
28 10330182 <Taken together, these observations suggest> that the nuclear bodies
を示唆する
within a cell may be heterogeneous with respect to both composition andfunction.
以前の観察
146 12584567 These studies, and our <previous observations>, provide supportive
evidence that deregulated expression of C/EBPbeta-2 contributes tomalignant conversion of the human breast.

English
31 previous observations that
32 with previous observations
33 our previous observations
34 experimental observations
35 recent observations
36 with observations
37 observation that
38 the observation that

39 observation of
40 the observation of

41 direct observation of
42 this observation suggests
43 this observation suggests that
44 observation period
45 the observation
46 the observation of

3/4
Collocations of oｂserｖation
Japanese
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample〜である以前の観察39 11312334 This is consistent with <previous observations that> the CD2 LCR
contains a T-cell-specific enhancer.
以前の観察と
31 9560200 When combined <with previous observations>, these results suggest thatRNA pol II may terminate by a mechanism closely related to the rhodependent mechanism of prokaryotes.
我々の以前の観察28 12019173 On the basis of <our previous observations> obtained from serial
analysis of gene expression, we have constructed a specialized cDNA
array for the study of ovarian cancer.
実験上の観察87 9660904 The predictions of the model are compatible with many of the<experimental observations>.
最近の観察
76 10747054 <Recent observations> suggest that these genes are likely to control cell
cycle checkpoint responses to DNA damage and incomplete replication.
観察と44 10995241 These data identify Trp510 as the primary AST in skeletal S1 inagreement <with observations> from Dictyostelium and smooth muscle〜である観察742 10692102 Our findings with the NIKS cells support the <observation that>spontaneous immortalization is not linked to alterations in squamous
differentiation or the ability to undergo apoptosis.
〜である観察527 11799188 These results are consistent with <the observation that> empiricallyderived vaccines developed by mouse brain passage of dengue and YF
viruses have increased neurovirulence for mice but reduced
viscerotropism for humans.
〜の観察
393 11103785 The <observation of> beta-catenin mutations in Wilms tumors suggeststhat abrogation of the Wnt signaling pathway also plays a role in someWilms tumors.
〜の観察
174 10625465 <The observation of> a burst provides evidence that the release of the
product is most likely the rate-limiting step in the overall kinetic pathway
for the enzymatic reaction during a single deoxynucleotide incorporation
event.
〜の直接の観察45 9867826 This is the first <direct observation of> a ligand binding to beta-Lg.
この観察が、〜であることを示
69 10526095 <This observation suggests> that drinking induced by systemic ANG II
唆するdoes not require an intact metabolic cascade within the brain for theformation of ANG II (or ANG II-like effector peptide) from ANG I.
この観察は、〜であることを示
60 10231518 <This observation suggests that> small molecules interfering with this唆する
recognition process may prevent entry of the toxins into intestinal cells,
thereby averting their devastating effects.
観察期間
68 9808590 GVHD target tissues were assessed histologically during a 38-day postBMT <observation period>.
観察766 11357124 Here we report <the observation> of the ideal Josephson effect in 4He.
〜の観察
174 11103785 <The observation of> beta-catenin mutations in Wilms tumors suggeststhat abrogation of the Wnt signaling pathway also plays a role in someWilms tumors.

English
47 the observation thatJapanese〜である観察48 by the observation

観察によって49 with the observation

観察と50 on the observation

観察に対して51 this observation

この観察

52 this observation suggests

この観察が、〜を示唆する

53 with this observation

この観察と54 consistent with this observation この観察と一致している
55 of this observation

この観察の〜

56 of observation

観察の〜

57 our observation that

〜である我々の観察

4/4
Collocations of oｂserｖation
Frq.
PubM̲ID
Sample527 12471108 The functional outcome of these antagonistic associations is revealed
further by <the observation that> Tax and p53 induce apoptosis in
activated T cells through separate and mutually exclusive pathways.
156 10908576 A role for p38 MAP kinase was further substantiated <by theobservation> that SB203580 blocked translocation of the cell death
activator, Bax, from the cytosol to the mitochondria after treatment with
SNP.
83 12146955 This is consistent <with the observation> that the minor groove of Atract DNA narrows in the 5' to 3' direction, apparently becoming too
narrow after two base pairs for the entry of a fully hydrated divalent
43 11035030 This technique relies <on the observation> that the degree of physicalintimacy of molecules can be assessed by the tendency of proximal
fluorophores to exchange energy.
637 12571363 <This observation> may bring to light a mechanism for aging brain injury
that may have substantial medical impact, given the large number of
elderly individuals with impaired glucose metabolism.
69 10446057 <This observation suggests> a mechanism by which asymmetricallydisposed cis DNA elements could influence the expression of theprimordial transposon and thereby capture RAGs for vertebrate
79 11719504 Consistent <with this observation>, the inhibitory effects of IL-4 on
RANKL-induced NF-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase
activation are STAT6-dependent.
68 10713083 <Consistent with this observation>, in gel retardation assays, purified
TraM abolished the DNA binding activity of TraR in a concentrationdependent manner.
39 9554878 On the basis <of this observation>, cyclic cyanoguanidines have been
designed, synthesized, and evaluated as HIV-1 protease (PR) inhibitors.
68 12054793 Three types <of observation> suggest how changes in the functional
status of eIF4F modulate mRNA stability in vivo.
50 11416129 <Our observation that> S phase occurs more slowly for cdc20(DeltaNterm) cells suggests that DNA damage might result from defects in DNA
synthesis.

Collocations of understanding
EnglishJapanese
understanding*理解
understanding理解
understandings
理解
Note understanding of の形で使う場合が、非常に多い。
1 understanding of〜に対する理解

Frq.
4,512
4,509
3

PubM̲ID

2,428

10097108 Much of our current <understanding of> checkpoints comes from genetic studies
conducted in yeast.
12482943 The GPR-4 line of transgenic rats provides a genetic model for <theunderstanding of> the role of pulsatile gonadotropin release in folliculardevelopment.
10469837 Animal models, in particular the mouse, have also contributed greatly to <anunderstanding of> these disorders.
11278726 To <further our understanding of> the regulatory role played by CcrM, we sought
to investigate its biophysical properties.
12194847 Lessons learned from C. elegans should <improve our understanding of> how cells
become polarized and divide asymmetrically during development.
11744623 These data <enhance our understanding of> the complex molecular mechanisms
controlling skeletal muscle mass in response to increased physical activity.
11777960 These results <increase our understanding of> the mechanisms by which NKG2D
activates immune effector cells and may have implications for immune surveillanceagainst pathogens and tumors.
11462053 These results <extend our understanding of> the structure-function relationships
in the E glycoprotein of DEN virus and provide the first direct evidence thatdomain III encodes the primary flavivirus receptor-binding motif.
11086294 Analysis of the function of IDA-1 should <contribute to our understanding of>
the function of these proteins in signal transduction, vesicle locomotion, andexocytosis.
12119097 Functional analysis of set-1 may <contribute to the understanding of> themolecular role of the SET domain.
11325817 Improved therapeutics will require <a better understanding of> the molecularnature of these tumors.
12231965 <To gain a better understanding of> the role of these genes during stress, theirexpression has been studied in the drought-resistant relative of tomato,
Lycopersicon pennellii.
11092763 Studies of structure-function relationships in SMN protein may <lead to a better
understanding of> SMA pathogenesis.
10366890 Therefore, the study of proteomes under well-defined conditions can <provide a
better understanding of> complex biological processes and inference of proteinfunction.
11931755 This article reviews these latest advances and presents <our current
understanding of> caspase regulation during apoptosis.

2 the understanding of〜に対する理解223

3 an understanding of〜に対する理解229

4 further our understanding of 〜に対する我々の理解を発展させる
5 improve our understanding 〜に対する我々の理解をof
改善する
6 enhance our understanding 〜に対する我々の理解をof
強化する
7 increase our understanding 〜に対する我々の理解を
of
増加させる

1/2

63
42
32
29

8 extend our understanding of 〜に対する我々の理解を広げる

28

9 contribute to ourunderstanding of〜に対する我々の理解に
寄与する

25

10 contribute to theunderstanding of
11 a better understanding of〜の理解に寄与する19〜に対するよりよい理解279

12 to gain a better
understanding of〜に対するよりよい理解を
得るために

54

13 lead to a better
understanding of
14 provide a better
understanding of〜に対するよりよい理解につながる〜に対するよりよい理解を
提供する

27

15 our current understandingof〜に対する我々の現在の
理解

23
39

SampleCollocations of understanding
EnglishJapanese16 the current understanding of 〜に対する現在の理解

Frq.
23

17 a detailed understanding of 〜に対する詳細な理解

36

18 a complete understanding of 〜に対する完全な理解

45

19 a more complete
understanding of〜に対するより完全な理解45

20 further understanding of〜に対するいっそうの理解〜に対する我々の理解における進歩〜の理解についての進歩

42

21 advances in our
understanding of
22 advances in theunderstanding of
23 implications for our
understanding of
24 implications for theunderstanding of

3817〜に対する我々の理解の意味

36〜ついての理解の意味

36

2/2

PubM̲ID
Sample11133948 Genes the expression of which was detected by this method were enumerated, andresults were compared with <the current understanding of> E. coli physiology.
10518486 An experimental analysis of neurogenesis requires <a detailed understanding of>wild-type neural development.
10409428 <A complete understanding of> human erythropoiesis will require a robust
description of transcriptional activity in hematopoietic cells that proliferate anddifferentiate in response to erythropoietin (EPO).
11896169 The development of chronoamperometric techniques in Aplysia now paves the way
for <a more complete understanding of> the contribution of the serotonergic
modulatory pathway to memory processing in this system.
10395807 <Further understanding of> the structure and function of these mutant genes will
be beneficial in explaining the molecular pathogenesis of DCC.
12140314 Successful investigation of common diseases requires <advances in our
understanding of> the organization of the genome.
10841566 Despite marked <advances in the understanding of> allergic responses, themechanisms regulating gastrointestinal allergy are not very well understood.
12130481 Although there is much debate regarding these observations, the <implications forour understanding of> clot formation and therapeutic intervention may be of major
importance.

Note
1. As the number (4) in the title “Collocational Analysis of Life Science English (4)”indicates, this paper is the fourth report of the series. In order to avoid redundancy,
the introductory part of the current article is a much more concise version of the one
appearing in the first report in this series. To obtain more detailed information on
pedagogical aspects and practical applications, it is recommended that readers referto the first report (Kawamoto et al., 2004).
2. In the first report (Kawamoto et al., 2004), the list includes possibility, probability,
implication, involvement, absence, presence, evidence.
3. In the second report (Kawamoto et al., 2005), the list includes carry, confer,
contribute, detect, elucidate, give, know, obtain, raise, understand.
4. In the third report (Ohtake et al., 2006), the list includes addition, analysis,
hypothesis, identification, level, production, risk.

References
Howarth, P. 1998. Phraseology and second language proficiency. Applied Linguistics,
19(1), pp. 24-44.
Hunston, S., & Francis, G. 1998. Verbs observed: A corpus-driven pedagogic grammar.
Applied Linguistics, 19 (1), pp. 45-72.
Kawamoto, T., Fujita, N., Kaneko, S., Morren, B., Ohtake, H. 2004. Collocational
Analysis of Life Science English (1) – Lists of common collocates of possibility,
probability, implication, involvement, absence, presence, evidence –. Studia
Humana et Naturalia, 38, pp. 19-53.
Kawamoto, T., Fujita, N., Kaneko, S., Morren, B., Ohtake, H. 2005. Collocational
Analysis of Life Science English (2) – Lists of common collocates of carry,
confer, contribute, detect, elucidate, give, know, obtain, raise, understand –.
Studia Humana et Naturalia, 39, pp. 55-88.
Ohtake, H., Fujita, N., Kaneko, S., Morren, B., Kawamoto, T. 2006. Collocational
Analysis of Life Science English (3) – Lists of common collocates of addition,
analysis, hypothesis, identification, level, production, risk –. Studia Humana etNaturalia, 40, pp. 23-59.
40

Ohtake, H., & Morren, B. 2001. A corpus study of lexical semantics in medical English.
Studia Humana et Naturalia, 35, pp. 15-45.
Ohtake, H., & Morren, B. 2003. Corpus evidence on English collocational patterns inscientific writing: Implications for effective writing development. Studia Humana
et Naturalia, 37, pp. 1-22.
Partington, A. 1998. Patterns and Meanings: Using Corpora for English Language
Research and Teaching. John Benjamins: Amsterdam.
Sinclair, J. M. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford University Press:
Oxford.
Stubbs, M. 2001. Words and Phrases: Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics. Blackwell:
Oxford.

41