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1

International Edition

Table of Contents

Throughout history of humankind, products extracted from living organisms have been a principal source of medicines, with thefirst records dating from about 2600 BC in Mesopotamia. Natural products have been transformed into modern drugs, of which theantimalarial quinine and the antipyretic analgesic aspirin are the archetypical ones. Today, there are still a relatively high number ofnatural products and their derivatives among the best selling drugs.
In favor of high-throughput screening of mass-produced combinatorial compound collections, several pharmaceutical companies
once have deemphasized their natural product research. However, while there are certain disadvantages in the use of natural compounds in high throughput screening processes, pharmaceutical companies realize again the significance of natural extracts. This,because natural compounds are often more diverse and more complex stereochemical structures than synthetic ones. Moreover,natural products have been selected by nature for their biological activity, in some cases over millennia.
Antibiotics present one class of natural compounds, important in controlling microorganisms. However, especially in intensive careenvironments, the number of bacterial strains resistant against antibiotics is rising. The development of new antibiotics is one important step to prevent a future in which bacteria are once again widespread killers.
Given that only a fraction of species has been explored in isolated ecosystems such as the deep sea, one can expect many more molecules derived from nature with surprising biological activities in future.

Section 1:

Latest Additions
Biological Activity & Chemical Class Index

Section 2:

Alphabetical Product Listing

Section 3:
Technical Notes

Page
Page

2 – 3
4 – 15Page

16 – 84Page

85 – 111

2

International Edition

Latest Additions
Floxacins – Wide Panel of Synthetic Antibiotics
Product Name

CAS No.

Ciprofloxacin

85721-33-1

MI 14: Prod No.
2314

ALX-380-287-G005
ALX-380-287-G025

Size
5g
25 g

Ciprofloxacin . HCl

86393-32-0

2314

ALX-380-288-G005
ALX-380-288-G025

5g
25 g

Clinafloxacin . HCl

105956-97-6

2355

ALX-380-289-M250
ALX-380-289-G001

250 mg
1g

Enrofloxacin

93106-60-6

3592

ALX-380-290-G005
ALX-380-290-G025

5g
25 g

Gatifloxacin

112811-59-3

4376

ALX-380-291-G001
ALX-380-291-G005

1g
5g

Levofloxacin . HCl

100986-85-4

4376

ALX-380-292-G001
ALX-380-292-G005

1g
5g

Lomefloxacin . HCl

98079-51-7

5562

ALX-380-293-G001
ALX-380-293-G005

1g
5g

Nadifloxacin124858-35-1

6345

ALX-380-294-M250
ALX-380-294-G001

250 mg
1g

Norfloxacin70458-96-7

6700

ALX-380-295-G001
ALX-380-295-G005

1g
5g

Norfloxacin nicotinate

118803-81-9

6700

ALX-380-296-G001
ALX-380-296-G005

1g
5g

Ofloxacin

82419-36-1

6771

ALX-380-297-G005

5g

Pefloxacine . mesylate . 2H2O

149676-40-4

7066

ALX-380-298-G005

5g

Prulifloxacin

123447-62-1

7908

ALX-380-299-M250
ALX-380-299-G001

250 mg
1g

Rufloxacin . HCl

106017-08-7

8294

ALX-380-300-M050
ALX-380-300-M250

50 mg
250 mgSarafloxacin . HCl

91296-87-6

8370

ALX-380-301-G005
ALX-380-301-G025

5g
25 g

Sparfloxacin

11087186-8

8735

ALX-380-302-G001
ALX-380-302-G005

1g
5g

Tosulfloxacin tosylate

115964-29-9

9555

ALX-380-303-M250
ALX-380-303-G001

250 mg
1g

Floxacins are quinolones which comprise a relatively large group of synthetic antibiotics. The
first of these compounds was the naphthyridine
agent, nalidixic acid, an antibacterial by-product of chloroquine synthesis. Two major structures have been developed from the basic compound: the quinolones with a carbon and associated group at position 8 and the naphthyridones
with nitrogen at position 8.
The third generation of fluoroquinolones arecompounds as clinafloxacin. Substituents at position 8 impact good anaerobic activity. Halogens
at C-8 are associated with poor stability to UVlight and phototoxicity. Better results were obtained with a methoxy group at C-8. Toxicity andside-effects such as allergies and gastrointestinal problems have resulted in the withdrawal ofsome promising compounds. Positive features of
the new generation fluoroquinolones are:• High bioavailability, better pharmacokinetics
and tissue penetration• Low protein binding• Longer half-lives• Higher activities against Gram-positive cocci(especially pneumococci) and against anaerobes.

For Details see Technical Note Page 99

Piceatannol
Piceatannol (trans-3,4,3’,5’-tetrahydroxystilbene)
is a naturally occurring polyphenol and an analog of the cancer chemopreventive agent resveratrol (trans-3,5,4’-trihydroxystilbene) (Prod.
No. ALX-270-125, see page 70). Both compounds
are synthesized in plants in response to fungal
or other environmental stress, classifying themas phytoalexins. Piceatannol was first isolated
from the seeds of Euphorbia lagascae, which isused in folk medicine to treat cancer, tumors andwarts. The protein kinase inhibitor piceatannol
modifies multiple cellular targets exerting antioxidant, immunosuppressive, antileukemic andantitumorigenic activities. Piceatannol suppresses NF-κB activation induced by various inflammatory agents through inhibition of IκBκ kinaseand p65 phosphorylation. In cancer cells, piceatannol induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

LIT: Use of potato disc and brine shrimp bioassays to detect activity
and isolate piceatannol as the antileukemic principle from the seedsof Euphorbia lagascae: N.R. Ferrigni, et al.; J. Nat. Prod. 47, 347 (1984)
 Piceatannol (3,4,3’,5’-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a naturally occurring protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor: R.L. Geahlen & J.L. McLaughlin; BBRC 165, 241 (1989)  Piceatannol, a hydroxylated analog of thechemopreventive agent resveratrol, is a potent inducer of apoptosis
in the lymphoma cell line BJAB and in primary, leukemic lymphoblasts: T. Wieder, et al.; Leukemia 15, 1735 (2001)  Piceatannol, a natural analog of resveratrol, inhibits progression through the S phase of
the cell cycle in colorectal cancer cell lines: F. Wolter, et al.; J. Nutr. 132,
298 (2002)  Piceatannol inhibits TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation
and NF-kappaB-mediated gene expression through suppression of
IkappaBalpha kinase and p65 phosphorylation: K. Ashikawa, et al.; J.
Immunol. 169, 6490 (2002)  Antioxidant activity of resveratrol, piceatannol and 3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-hexahydroxy-trans-stilbene in three leukemia
cell lines: Z. Ovesna, et al.; Oncol. Rep. 16, 617 (2006)  Piceatannol
attenuates hydrogen-peroxide- and peroxynitrite-induced apoptosisof PC12 cells by blocking down-regulation of Bcl-X(L) and activationof JNK: H.J. Kim, et al.; J. Nutr. Biochem. Epub ahead of print, (2007)

Piceatannol

ALX-270-202-M001
ALX-270-202-M005
ALX-270-202-M010
ALX-270-202-M050

1 mg
5 mg
10 mg
50 mg

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3International Edition

Azaspiracids
Azaspiracids (Azas) are marine phycotoxins
thought to originate from the dinoflagellate Protoperidinium sp. and found in several mussels. So
far, 11 azaspiracids (Aza-1 to Aza-11) have been
isolated, whereas Aza-1 to Aza-3 are the predominant in nature. Azaspiracids are cytotoxic
in nanomolar range and have been shown to bestrong neurotoxins. The full mechanism of actionof azaspiracids is still unknown and may include, i)
modulation of intracellular cAMP and calcium levels, ii) induction of actin cytoskeleton rearrangement which reduces cell adhesion, iii) inhibitionof cell growth and reduction of cell population
progressing into S-phase of cell cycle, and iv) activation of non-apoptotic cell death. Recently, it
was shown that JNK activation and nuclear translocation of active JNK is responsible for the cytotoxic effect of azaspiracid-1 in neurons.
LIT: Azaspiracid-1, a potent, nonapoptotic new phycotoxin with several cell targets: Y. Roman, et al.; Cell Signal. 14, 703 (2002)  Cytotoxic
and cytoskeletal effects of azaspiracid-1 on mammalian cell lines: M.J.
Twiner, et al.; Toxicon 45, 891 (2005)  Cell growth inhibition and actin
cytoskeleton disorganization induced by azaspiracid-1 structure-activity
studies: N. Vilarino, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 19, 1459 (2006)  Effects ofazaspiracid-1, a potent cytotoxic agent, on primary neuronal cultures.
A structure-activity relationship study: C. Vale, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 50,
356 (2007)  rreversible cytoskeletal disarrangement is independent of
caspase activation during in vitro azaspiracid toxicity in human neuroblastoma cells: N. Vilarino, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 74, 327 (2007)  The
c-Jun-N-terminal kinase is involved in the neurotoxic effect of azaspiracid-1: C. Vale, et al.; Cell Physiol. Biochem. 20, 957 (2007)

Azaspiracid-1

ALX-350-366-C001
1 µg
Activator of JNK (c-Jun-N-terminal kinase). Cellular
growth inhibitor and inducer of cytoskeletal alterations. Activator of caspases. Modulator of intracellular cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) andcalcium levels. Inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis
in human T lymphocyte cells. Cytotoxic to mammalian cells.
LIT: Multiple organ damage caused by a new toxin azaspiracid, isolated from mussels produced in Ireland: E. Ito, et al.; Toxicon 38, 917(2000)  Azaspiracid-1, a potent, nonapoptotic new phycotoxin withseveral cell targets: Y. Roman, et al.; Cell. Signal. 14, 703 (2002)  Cytotoxic and cytoskeletal effects of azaspiracid-1 on mammalian celllines: M.J. Twiner, et al.; Toxicon 45, 891 (2005)  Azaspiracids modulate intracellular pH levels in human lymphocytes: A. Alfonso, et al.;BBRC 346, 1091 (2006)  Cell growth inhibition and actin cytoskeleton disorganization induced by azaspiracid-1 structure-activity
studies: N. Vilarino, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 19, 1459 (2006)  The
c-Jun-N-terminal kinase is involved in the neurotoxic effect of azaspiracid-1: C. Vale, et al.; Cell Physiol. Biochem. 20, 957 (2007)

Azaspiracid-2
ALX-350-367-C001

1 µg

Azaspiracid-3

ALX-350-368-C001
1 µg
Azaspiracid-2 and azaspiracid-3 are both isolated
from marine mussels. They are modulators of intracellular cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate),
calcium and pH levels.
LIT: Effects of Azaspiracids 2 and 3 on intracellular cAMP, [Ca2+], and
pH: Y. Roman, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17, 1338 (2004)  Azaspiracids
modulate intracellular pH levels in human lymphocytes: A. Alfonso,
et al.; BBRC 346, 1091 (2006)

Azaspiracid-2

Azaspiracid-1
Azaspiracid-3

Acivicin [U-42,126]
Acivicin is a heterocyclic analog of glutaminewith antibiotic, antifungal, anti-neoplastic andenzyme inhibitor activity. It was initially discovered by screening fermentation broths ofStreptomyces sviceus. Acivicin is a potent antitumor and anti-metastatic compound, however administration of acivicin also causes many
undesirable gastrointestinal and neurologicalside effects.
Acivicin is a specific inhibitor of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) and transmembrane glutathione transport. Other enzyme targets are
IGP synthetase, GMP synthetase, CPS III, andanthranilate synthetase. It was also describedto induce apoptosis independently from theγ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and inhibits
the bioactivation of nitric oxide from GSNO.

LIT: U-42, 126, a new antimetabolite antibiotic: production, biologicalactivity, and taxonomy of the producing microorganism: L.J. Hanka& A. Dietz; Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 3, 425 (1973)  Improved
methods for production, isolation, and assay of two new chlorisoxazoline amino acid antitumor antimetabolites: U-42, 126 and U43, 795:
L.J. Hanka, et al.; Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 7, 807 (1975)  The
inhibition of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase from human pancreatic carcinoma cells by (alpha S,5S)-alpha-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro5-isoxazoleacetic acid (AT-125; NSC-163501): L. Allen, et al.; Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 27, 175 (1980)  In vivo inactivationby acivicin of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase II in rat hepatoma:
T. Aoki, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 31, 927 (1982)  Acivicin (AT 125,
U 42126): isolation and structure of an alkali-induced contaminant:D.G. Martin, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 39, 603 (1986)  Interaction of
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase with acivicin: E. Stole, et al.; J. Biol.
Chem. 269, 21435 (1994)  S-Nitrosoglutathione as a substrate for
gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase: N. Hogg, et al.; Biochem. J. 323 ( Pt
2), 477 (1997)  Acivicin induces apoptosis independently of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity: H. Aberkane, et al.; BBRC 285,
1162 (2001)  Inhibition of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity
decreases intracellular cysteine levels in cervical carcinoma: P. Ruoso& D.W. Hedley; Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 54, 49 (2004)

Acivicin [U-42126]
ALX-350-354-M005
ALX-350-354-M025

5 mg
25 mg

Helenalin – available from stock!
The sesquiterpene lactone helenalin is a potent
anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic agent. It
is the main compound responsible for the therapeutic effects of Arnica. The antitumor activities of helenalin include inhibition of DNA synthesis, tumor growth and telomerase activity. In
addition, helenalin induces apoptosis in tumor
cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of helenalin is based on its inhibitory action on NF-κB.
Moreover, helenalin shows an inhibitory effecton 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene C4 synthasein human blood cells. In vitro, helenalin has anti-trypanosomal activity and is toxic to plasmodium falciparum. Recently, D. Boulanger, et al.
reported that helenalin reduces Staphylococcus
aureus infection in vitro and in vivo.

LIT: Constituents of Helenium species.XIII. The structure of Helenalin and Mexicanin A: W. Herz, et al.; JACS 85, 19 (1963)  Antitumor
agents. 21. A proposed mechanism for inhibition of cancer growthby tenulin and helenalin and related cyclopentenones: I.H. Hall, et al.;J. Med. Chem. 20, 333 (1977)  Effect of helenalin and bis(helenalinyl)
malonate on nucleic acid and protein synthesis in human KB carcinoma cells: I.H. Hall, et al.; Pharm. Res. 4, 509 (1987)  The anti-inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone helenalin inhibits the transcription
factor NF-kappaB by directly targeting p65: G. Lyss, et al; J. Biol. Chem.
273, 33508 (1998)  Helenalin triggers a CD95 death receptor-independent apoptosis that is not affected by overexpression of Bcl-x(L)or Bcl-2: V.M. Dirsch, et al.; Cancer Res. 61, 5817 (2001)  Inhibitory
effects of helenalin and related compounds on 5-lipoxygenase andleukotriene C(4) synthase in human blood cells: S. Tornhamre, et al.;Biochem. Pharmacol. 62, 903 (2001)  Anti-trypanosomal activity ofhelenalin and some structurally related sesquiterpene lactones: T.J.
Schmidt, et al.; Planta Med. 68, 750 (2002)  Potent inhibition of human telomerase by helenalin: P.R. Huang, et al.; Cancer Lett. 227, 169(2005)  Helenalin reduces Staphylococcus aureus infection in vitro
and in vivo: D. Boulanger, et al.; Vet. Microbiol. 119, 330 (2007)

Helenalin

ALX-350-120-MC05

0.5 mg4

Internatioanl Edition

Biological Activity &Chemical Class Index
Actinomycins
Aflatoxins
Alkaloids
Angiogenesis Modulators
Antibacterial / Antifungal / Antimicrobial Compounds
Anticancer (Antineoplastic) / Chemopreventive / Cytotoxic
Compounds
Anti-HIV / Antiviral Compounds
Antimalarial Compounds
Antioxidants
Apoptosis Inducers / Inhibitors
ATPase Inhibitors
Cannabinoid/Vanilloid Receptor Modulators
Cell Cycle / CDK Modulators
DNA/RNA Synthesis Inhibitors / DNA/RNA Polymerase
Inhibitors

Microcystins
Microtubule Modulators / Cytoskeletal Research
Molecular Biology
Multidrug Resistance Modulators
Mycotoxins
Neurobiology Compounds / Neurotoxins
NF-κB Pathway Modulators
Nitric Oxide Pathway Modulators
Phorbols / Phorbol Esters
Phosphatase Inhibitors
PKC Inhibitors
Proteasome / Ubiquitin Modulators
Protein Kinase Inhibitors
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

Ecdysteroids

Signal Transduction - Other Pathway Modulators
Staurosporine & Related Compounds

Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) Inhibitors
Flavonoids / Phenolic Acids / Stilbenoids
Fruits and Vegetables - Active Substances

Topoisomerase Inhibitors
ToxinsTumor Promoters

Geldanamycin & Related Compounds (HSP90 Inhibitors)

Vitamins & Coenzymes

HIF Modulators

Antimicrobial Peptides & Proteins – For Details see Page 102

Immunosuppressors / Immunomodulators
Inflammation
Ionophores

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

5International Edition

Actinomycins
Actinomycin C
Actinomycin C2
Actinomycin C3

ALX-380-024
ALX-380-082
ALX-380-077

Actinomycin D
Actinomycin X0β
Actinomycin X0δ

ALX-380-009
ALX-380-083
ALX-380-084

Actinomycin X2
Actinomycin Z1
7-Amino-actinomycin D

ALX-380-080
ALX-380-085
ALX-380-283

ALX-630-093
ALX-630-103

Aflatoxin G1
Aflatoxin G2

ALX-630-104
ALX-630-106

Aflatoxin M1
Aflatoxin M2

ALX-630-095
ALX-630-114

ALX-350-104
ALX-550-232
ALX-350-156
ALX-350-326
ALX-350-112
ALX-270-047
ALX-270-157
ALX-350-094
ALX-550-322
ALX-350-314
ALX-350-015
ALX-550-066
ALX-270-160
ALX-350-101
ALX-350-008
ALX-380-033
ALX-350-149
ALX-380-057
ALX-380-012
ALX-350-053
ALX-380-069
ALX-380-031
ALX-380-062
ALX-350-290
ALX-580-001
ALX-580-002
ALX-580-003
ALX-350-052(+)-Egenine
Emetine . 2HCl
Fascaplysin
Fumigaclavine A
Galanthamine . HBr
Harmine(+)-Himbacine
Homoharringtonine(-)-Huperzine A
10Z-Hymenialdisine
Hymenidin
Isofistularin-3
Isotetrandrine
K-252aK-252b
K-252cKT5720KT5823
Kuanoniamine C
Lobeline . HCl(+)-Madindoline A
Manzamine A
Meleagrin
Midpacamide
7-Oxostaurosporine
Paclitaxel
Papaverine . HCl
Papuamine

ALX-350-362
ALX-350-092
ALX-270-300
ALX-630-110
ALX-550-336
ALX-350-371
ALX-550-061
ALX-350-236
ALX-550-065
ALX-350-289
ALX-350-291
ALX-350-157
ALX-350-035
ALX-380-027
ALX-380-029
ALX-380-103
ALX-270-075
ALX-270-087
ALX-350-262
ALX-420-023
ALX-350-328
ALX-350-294
ALX-350-297
ALX-350-327
ALX-380-210
ALX-351-001
ALX-270-110
ALX-350-348

Paxilline
Penitrem A(+)-Pilocarpine . HCl
Pimprinine
Quinidine . sulfate
Quinine . hemisulfate
Roquefortine C
Roquefortine E
Ryanodine (high purity)
Sanguinarine chloride
Sceptrin . 2HCl(-)-Scopolamine . HBr
Staurosporine
Stellettamide A . trifluoroacetate
Swainsonine
Theobromine
Theophylline(+)-Tubocurarine . dichloride
Tylophorine
UCN-01
UCN-02
Veratridine
Verruculogen
Vinblastine . sulfate
Vincristine . sulfate
Vindoline
Viridicatin

ALX-630-019
ALX-630-020
ALX-550-092
ALX-380-234
ALX-550-291
ALX-550-292
ALX-350-342
ALX-350-343
ALX-630-062
ALX-350-076
ALX-350-264
ALX-550-094
ALX-380-014
ALX-350-311
ALX-350-077
ALX-480-061
ALX-480-062
ALX-550-182
ALX-350-154
ALX-380-222
ALX-380-206
ALX-550-307
ALX-380-056
ALX-350-257
ALX-350-069
ALX-350-102
ALX-350-136

ALX-380-110
ALX-380-273
ALX-350-057
ALX-350-119
ALX-350-006
ALX-350-029
ALX-350-350
ALX-350-097
ALX-385-025
ALX-350-245
ALX-350-260

Lavendustin A
Luteolin
Magnolol
Minocycline . HCl
Pseudolaric acid B
Pyrrolostatin
Radicicol
Sulochrin
Thiolutintrans-3,4’,5-Trimethoxy-stilbene
Withaferin A

ALX-350-007
ALX-385-007
ALX-350-352
ALX-380-109
ALX-350-108
ALX-350-252
ALX-380-092
ALX-380-221
ALX-380-200
ALX-350-345
ALX-350-153

Aflatoxins
Aflatoxin B1
Aflatoxin B2

Alkaloids
Aaptamine
Aconitine
Aerophobin-2
Agelongine
Anabasine . HCl
Aristolochic acid
Australine . HCl
Berberine . hemisulfate
Caffeine(+)-Calystegine B2(S)-(+)-Camptothecin(E)-Capsaicin
Castanospermine
Catharanthine . tartrate
Chelerythrine chloride
Colchicine
Cylindrospermopsin
Cytochalasin A
Cytochalasin B
Cytochalasin B, DihydroCytochalasin C
Cytochalasin D
Cytochalasin E
Debromohymenialdisine
Deoxygalactonojirimycin . HCl
1-Deoxymannojirimycin . HCl
1-Deoxynojirimycin
Dihydrocapsaicin

Angiogenesis Modulators(+)-Aeroplysinin-1
Apigenin
Artemisinin
Asterric acid
Baicalein
Borrelidin
Castanospermine
Cochlioquinone A
Cochlioquinone B
Cytochalasin E
Delphinidin chloride (high purity)

ALX-350-256
ALX-385-008
ALX-350-219
ALX-380-208
ALX-385-022
ALX-380-102
ALX-270-160
ALX-350-335
ALX-350-341
ALX-380-062
ALX-385-028

17-DMAG
Doxycycline . hyclate
EmodinFumagillin
Genistein (synthetic)
Herbimycin A
HonokiolHyperforin . DCHA (high purity)
8-Isopentenylnaringenin
Lactacystin (native)
Lactacystin (synthetic)

Antibacterial / Antifungal / Antimicrobial Compounds
A23187 (free acid) [Calcimycin]
A23187 (Mixed Calcium-Magnesium Salt)
A23187; 4-Bromo17-AAG
Actinomycin C
Actinomycin C2
Actinomycin C3
Actinomycin D
Actinomycin X0β
Actinomycin X0δ
Actinomycin X2
Actinomycin Z1
Actinonin
Aerophobin-2(+)-Aeroplysinin-1
Agelasine D
Alamethicin

ALX-450-001
ALX-450-002
ALX-450-003
ALX-380-091
ALX-380-024
ALX-380-082
ALX-380-077
ALX-380-009
ALX-380-083
ALX-380-084
ALX-380-080
ALX-380-085
ALX-260-128
ALX-350-156
ALX-350-256
ALX-350-315
ALX-380-046

Allicin
Altenusin
Alternariol
Amikacin (free base)Amikacin . disulfate
7-Amino-actinomycin D
Amphotericin B
Ampicillin . Na
Ampullosporin A
Anguinomycin A
Angustmycin A
Anisomycin
Ansatrienin A
Ansatrienin B
Antimycin A
ApicidinApoptolidin

ALX-350-329
ALX-350-325
ALX-350-139
ALX-380-045
ALX-380-266
ALX-380-283
ALX-380-280
ALX-380-268
ALX-350-106
ALX-380-202
ALX-380-125
ALX-380-051
ALX-380-203
ALX-380-204
ALX-380-075
ALX-350-095
ALX-380-207(-)-Arctigenin(-)-Arctiin
Artemisinin
Ascochlorin
Ascomycin
Asperlactone
Aspyrone
Asterric acid
Atpenin A5
Aurantimycin A
Aureothricin
AvarolAvaroneBafilomycin A1
Bafilomycin B1
Bafilomycin C1
Baicalein

ALX-350-312
ALX-350-318
ALX-350-219
ALX-350-334
ALX-380-005
ALX-380-122
ALX-380-121
ALX-380-208
ALX-380-108
ALX-380-086
ALX-380-240
ALX-350-319
ALX-350-321
ALX-380-030
ALX-380-063
ALX-380-209
ALX-385-022

6Internatioanl Edition

Bakuchiol
Batumin
Becatecarin
Berberine . hemisulfate
Betulinic acid (~95%)
Betulinic acid (high purity)
Blasticidin A
Blasticidin S . HCl
Bleomycin sulfate
Borrelidin(+)-Brefeldin A
Caffeic acid
Calphostin C
Carbenicillin . 2Na
Carnosic acid
Castanospermine
Cefaclor
Cefazolin . Na
Cefotaxime . Na
Cerulenin
Chaetocin (high purity)
Chaetoglobosin A
Chartreusin
Chetomin
Chlortetracycline . HCl
Chromomycin A3
Chrysomycin A
Chrysomycin B
Cinoxacin
Citrinin
Cochliodinol
Colchicine
Colistin . sulfate
Concanamycin A
Concanamycin B
Concanamycin C
Conglobatin
CRAMP (mouse)
CRAMP-18 (mouse)
Cycloheximide
Cyclosporin A
Cyclosporin C
Cyclosporin D
Cyclosporin H
Cytochalasin A
Cytochalasin B
Cytochalasin B, DihydroCytochalasin C
Cytochalasin D
Cytochalasin E
Dammarenolic acidDaunorubicin . HCl
Decoyinine
Dinactin
17-DMAG
Doxorubicin . HCl
Doxycycline . hyclate
Echinomycin
Echinosporin
Elaiophylin
EM574 [Motilide]
Emetine . 2HCl
Enniatin B
Epoxomicin
Equisetin
Erythromycin
Eugenol (high purity)
Ferulenol
FK506
Fostriecin
Fumagillin
Fusaric acid
Fusidic acid . Na
G418 . sulfate
Gallidermin
Geldanamycin
Geninthiocin
Gentamicin sulfate
Gilvocarcin M
Gilvocarcin V

ALX-350-144
ALX-380-081
ALX-380-119
ALX-350-094
ALX-350-298
ALX-350-277
ALX-380-241
ALX-380-089
ALX-630-107
ALX-380-102
ALX-350-019
ALX-270-231
ALX-350-027
ALX-380-270
ALX-270-264
ALX-270-160
ALX-380-016
ALX-380-044
ALX-380-271
ALX-380-053
ALX-380-242
ALX-350-131
ALX-380-073
ALX-350-128
ALX-350-238
ALX-380-055
ALX-380-112
ALX-380-114
ALX-380-017
ALX-380-058
ALX-350-316
ALX-380-033
ALX-380-272
ALX-380-034
ALX-380-098
ALX-380-099
ALX-380-225
PT-PA-AMP-002
PT-PA-AMP-003
ALX-380-269
ALX-380-002
ALX-380-282
ALX-380-284
ALX-380-286
ALX-380-057
ALX-380-012
ALX-350-053
ALX-380-069
ALX-380-031
ALX-380-062
ALX-350-155
ALX-380-043
ALX-380-032
ALX-380-226
ALX-380-110
ALX-380-042
ALX-380-273
ALX-380-201
ALX-380-115
ALX-380-212
ALX-380-264
ALX-350-092
ALX-380-007
ALX-350-254
ALX-350-322
ALX-380-274
ALX-350-123
ALX-350-124
ALX-380-008
ALX-380-065
ALX-350-119
ALX-380-052
ALX-380-011
ALX-380-013
ALX-380-072
ALX-380-054
ALX-380-227
ALX-380-003
ALX-380-228
ALX-380-113

Gliotoxin
GossypolGramicidin A (high purity)
Herbimycin A
Herbimycin C
Hexacyclinic acid
Hexaprenylhydroquinone
HNP 1-3 (Mature Peptides) (human)
Honokiol
Hurghadolide A
21-Hydroxyoligomycin A
Hygromycin B (liquid)
Hymeglusin
Hyperforin . DCHA (high purity)
Hypericin (native)
Hypothemycin
Idarubicin . HCl
Ilimaquinone
Imperatorin
Ionomycin (free acid)
Ionomycin . Ca
Isoapoptolidin
Isobavachalcone
Isofistularin-3Isorhamnetin
Josamycin
K-252aK-252b
K-252cKanamycin . sulfate
Kanamycin A . sulfate
Kanamycin B . sulfate
Kasugamycin . HCl
Kazusamycin A
Kazusamycin B
Kendomycin
Kigamicin C
KT5720KT5823
Lactacystin (native)
Lactacystin (synthetic)clasto-Lactacystin β-lactone (synthetic)
16-epi-Latrunculin B
Leptomycin A
Leptomycin B
Leptomycin Set I
Leptomycin Set II
Limonin
Lincomycin . HCl
LL-37 (human)
LL-Z1640-2
Lydicamycin
Magnolol
Manumycin A
Manzamine A
Meleagrin
Minocycline . HCl
Mitomycin C
Monactin
Monensin . Na
Mycophenolic acid
Myriocin
Nargenicin A1
Neoantimycin
Neobavaisoflavone
Neomycin sulfate
Netilmicin . sulfate
Netropsin . 2HCl
NidulalNigericin . Na
NomilinNonactin
Novobiocin . Na
Oligomycin
Oligomycin A
Oligomycin B
Oligomycin C
Ophiobolin A
Ophiobolin B
7-Oxostaurosporine

ALX-350-239
ALX-350-113
ALX-350-233
ALX-350-029
ALX-350-349
ALX-380-123
ALX-350-138
PT-PA-AMP-001
ALX-350-350
ALX-350-357
ALX-380-224
ALX-380-059
ALX-380-265
ALX-350-097
ALX-350-030
ALX-380-116
ALX-380-260
ALX-350-240
ALX-350-302
ALX-450-006
ALX-450-007
ALX-380-229
ALX-350-145
ALX-350-157
ALX-385-024
ALX-380-078
ALX-380-027
ALX-380-029
ALX-380-103
ALX-380-049
ALX-380-275
ALX-380-094
ALX-380-076
ALX-380-230
ALX-380-231
ALX-380-066
ALX-380-213
ALX-270-075
ALX-270-087
ALX-350-245
ALX-350-260
ALX-270-280
ALX-350-359
ALX-380-101
ALX-380-100
ALX-850-313
ALX-850-316
ALX-350-225
ALX-380-276
PT-PA-AMP-004
ALX-380-267
ALX-380-232
ALX-350-352
ALX-350-241
ALX-350-294
ALX-350-297
ALX-380-109
ALX-380-023
ALX-380-214
ALX-380-026
ALX-380-015
ALX-350-274
ALX-380-096
ALX-380-233
ALX-350-146
ALX-380-035
ALX-380-048
ALX-380-088
ALX-350-110
ALX-380-050
ALX-350-228
ALX-450-008
ALX-380-093
ALX-380-037
ALX-380-036
ALX-380-038
ALX-380-039
ALX-270-109
ALX-350-338
ALX-380-210

Panepoxydone
Papuamine
Paraherquamide A
Patulin
Piericidin A
Polymyxin B . sulfate
Pseudohypericin
Pseudolaric acid B
Pseurotin A
PsoralenPsoralidin
Puerarin
Puromycin . 2HCl
Puromycin aminonucleoside
Quinaldopeptin
Quinine . hemisulfate
Radicicol
Rapamycin
Ratjadone A (synthetic)
Ratjadone C (native)
Rebeccamycin
Resistomycin
Reticulol
Reveromycin A
Reveromycin B
Reveromycin C
Reveromycin D
Rifampicin
Ristocetin A
RK-682
Rubiginone D2
β-Rubromycin
Sceptrin . 2HCl
Sedanolide
Sinefungin
Siomycin
Spectinomycin . 2HCl
Staurosporine
Steffimycin B
Streptomycin . sulfate
Streptothricin Antibiotic
Streptozotocin
L-Sulforaphene
Sulochrin
Swainsonine
Swinholide I
Tangeretin
Tautomycin
psi-Tectorigenin
Tenuazonic acid
Tetracycline . HCl
Thalassiolin B
Thimerosal
Thiolutin
Thiostrepton
Tiliroside
Tobramycin
Trichostatin A
Trichostatin C
Trinactin
Troleandomycin
Tryprostatin A
Tunicamycin
UCN-01
UCN-02
UK-1
Valinomycin
Vancomycin . HCl
Venturicidin A
Venturicidin B
Verruculogen
Viridicatin
Virstatin
Wortmannin
WP631 . 2HCl
WP631 . dimethanesulfonate
X-206
Xanthorrhizol

ALX-350-109
ALX-350-348
ALX-380-215
ALX-270-111
ALX-380-235
ALX-380-040
ALX-350-276
ALX-350-108
ALX-350-300
ALX-350-364
ALX-350-323
ALX-350-249
ALX-380-028
ALX-480-083
ALX-380-236
ALX-550-292
ALX-380-092
ALX-380-004
ALX-270-346
ALX-270-369
ALX-380-079
ALX-380-111
ALX-380-118
ALX-380-216
ALX-380-217
ALX-380-218
ALX-380-219
ALX-380-071
ALX-380-237
ALX-380-205
ALX-380-120
ALX-380-067
ALX-350-264
ALX-350-229
ALX-380-070
ALX-380-243
ALX-380-278
ALX-380-014
ALX-380-220
ALX-380-277
ALX-380-025
ALX-380-010
ALX-350-231
ALX-380-221
ALX-350-077
ALX-350-356
ALX-385-027
ALX-380-041
ALX-270-123
ALX-350-317
ALX-380-060
ALX-350-296
ALX-400-013
ALX-380-200
ALX-380-261
ALX-350-305
ALX-380-018
ALX-380-068
ALX-380-239
ALX-380-238
ALX-380-001
ALX-380-090
ALX-380-047
ALX-380-222
ALX-380-206
ALX-380-117
ALX-450-012
ALX-380-279
ALX-380-211
ALX-380-223
ALX-380-056
ALX-350-136
ALX-430-147
ALX-350-020
ALX-380-064
ALX-380-074
ALX-380-087
ALX-350-263

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

7International Edition

Anticancer (Antineoplastic) / Chemopreventive /Cytotoxic Compounds
17-AAG
Aaptamine
3-O-Acetyl-betulinic acid
3-O-Acetyl-β-boswellic acid
3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid
Actinomycin C
Actinomycin C2
Actinomycin C3
Actinomycin D
Actinomycin X0β
Actinomycin X0δ
Actinomycin X2
Actinomycin Z1
Actinonin(+)-Aeroplysinin-1
Agelasine D
Allicin
7-Amino-actinomycin D
Anguinomycin A
Angustmycin A
Ansatrienin A
Ansatrienin B
Apigenin
Apoptolidin(-)-Arctigenin(-)-Arctiin
Aristoforin
Ascochlorin
L-(+)-Ascorbic acid
Auraptene
Aureothricin
AvarolAvaroneBaccatin III
Baccatin III, 10-DeacetylBecatecarin
Berberine . hemisulfate
Betulinic acid (~95%)
Betulinic acid (high purity)
Bleomycin sulfate(+)-Brefeldin A
4’-Bromoflavone
Bryostatin 1
ButeinCafestolCaffeic acid
Caffeic acid ethyl ester
Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester
Caffeine
Calphostin C(S)-(+)-Camptothecin
Carnosol(+)-Catechin(±)-Catechin
Catharanthine . tartrate
Chaetocin
Chaetoglobosin A
Chartreusin
Chetomin
Chlorogenic acid
ChrysinChrysomycin A
Chrysomycin B
Cochliodinol
Concanamycin A
Concanamycin C
Cytochalasin D
Cytochalasin E

ALX-380-091
ALX-350-104
ALX-350-313
ALX-350-308
ALX-350-310
ALX-380-024
ALX-380-082
ALX-380-077
ALX-380-009
ALX-380-083
ALX-380-084
ALX-380-080
ALX-380-085
ALX-260-128
ALX-350-256
ALX-350-315
ALX-350-329
ALX-280-283
ALX-380-202
ALX-380-125
ALX-380-203
ALX-380-204
ALX-385-008
ALX-380-207
ALX-350-312
ALX-350-318
ALX-350-129
ALX-350-334
ALX-460-001
ALX-350-361
ALX-380-240
ALX-350-319
ALX-350-321
ALX-351-005
ALX-351-006
ALX-380-119
ALX-350-094
ALX-350-298
ALX-350-277
ALX-630-107
ALX-350-019
ALX-385-029
ALX-350-005
ALX-350-246
ALX-350-220
ALX-270-231
ALX-270-480
ALX-270-244
ALX-550-322
ALX-350-027
ALX-350-015
ALX-270-254
ALX-385-017
ALX-385-002
ALX-350-101
ALX-380-242
ALX-350-131
ALX-380-073
ALX-350-128
ALX-350-353
ALX-385-009
ALX-380-112
ALX-380-114
ALX-350-316
ALX-380-034
ALX-380-099
ALX-380-031
ALX-380-062

Daidzin
Daunorubicin . HCl
Decoyinine
Deguelin
3,3’-Diindolylmethane
Dinactin
Diosmin
17-DMAG
Doxocycline . hyclate
Doxorubicin . HCl
Echinomycin
Echinosporin
Elaiophylin
Ellagic acid
EmodinEnniatin B(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate
Epoxomicin(R,S)-Equol
Esculin
Etoposide
Evodiamine
Fasciculatin
Ferulenol
Folic acid
Fostriecin
Fumagillin
Geldanamycin
Gelonin
Genistein (synthetic)
Genistin
Gilvocarcin M
Gilvocarcin V
Gossypol
Herbimycin C
Hexacyclinic acid
Homoharringtonine
Honokiol
21-Hydroxyoligomycin A
Hyperforin . DCHA (high purity)
Hypericin (native)
Hypothemycin
Idarubicin . HCl
Ilimaquinone
Indole-3-carbinol
Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate
Irinotecan . HCl
Isobavachalcone
8-Isopentenylnaringenin
Isorhamnetin
Kaempferol
KahweolKazusamycin A
Kazusamycin B
Kendomycin
Kigamicin C
Kuanoniamine C
Lactacystin (native)
Lactacystin (synthetic)
Limonin
LupeolMagnolol
Malvidin chloride
Mithramycin A
Mitomycin C
MorinMyricetin
Myristicin

ALX-350-248
ALX-380-043
ALX-380-032
ALX-350-118
ALX-350-370
ALX-380-226
ALX-385-031
ALX-380-110
ALX-380-273
ALX-380-042
ALX-380-201
ALX-380-115
ALX-380-212
ALX-270-262
ALX-350-057
ALX-380-007
ALX-270-263
ALX-350-254
ALX-385-032
ALX-350-021
ALX-270-209
ALX-350-330
ALX-350-137
ALX-350-124
ALX-460-006
ALX-380-065
ALX-350-119
ALX-380-054
ALX-350-150
ALX-350-006
ALX-350-247
ALX-380-228
ALX-380-113
ALX-350-113
ALX-350-349
ALX-380-123
ALX-350-236
ALX-350-350
ALX-380-224
ALX-350-097
ALX-350-030
ALX-380-116
ALX-380-260
ALX-350-240
ALX-350-347
ALX-350-032
ALX-430-139
ALX-350-145
ALX-385-025
ALX-385-024
ALX-385-005
ALX-350-223
ALX-380-230
ALX-380-231
ALX-380-066
ALX-380-213
ALX-350-262
ALX-350-245
ALX-350-260
ALX-350-225
ALX-350-355
ALX-350-352
ALX-385-013
ALX-380-097
ALX-380-023
ALX-385-016
ALX-385-012
ALX-350-227

Myristicin, Dihydro(±)-Naringenin
Neoantimycin
Netropsin . 2HCl
NidulalNomilinNonactin
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid
Odorine
Odorinol
Oligomycin
Oligomycin A
Oligomycin B
Oligomycin C
Ophiobolin A
Ophiobolin B
Orlistat
Paclitaxel
Pectenotoxin-2
Peonidin chloride
Piericidin A
PKC412
Podophyllotoxin
Polydatin
Psoralidin
Puromycin aminonucleoside
Quinaldopeptin
Ratjadone A (synthetic)
Ratjadone C (native)
Rebeccamycin
Resveratrol
Reticulol
Rocaglamide
Roquefortine E
Rosmarinic acid
Rubiginone D2
β-Rubromycin
Rutin
Sedanolide
SilybinSiomycin
Sipholenol A
Steffimycin B
Streptozotocin
DL-Sulforaphane
L-Sulforaphane
L-Sulforaphene
Swainsonine
Swinholide I
Tangeretin(+)-Taxifolin
Tenuazonic acid
Theonellapeptolide 1d
Theophylline
Tiliroside
Topotecan . HCl
Trichostatin A
trans-3,4’,5-Trimethoxy-stilbene
Triptolide
Tylophorine
UCN-01
UCN-02
UK-1
Vinblastine . sulfate
Vincristine . sulfate
Vindoline
Withaferin A
Xanthohumol

ALX-350-222
ALX-385-010
ALX-380-233
ALX-380-088
ALX-350-110
ALX-350-228
ALX-450-008
ALX-350-086
ALX-350-304
ALX-350-306
ALX-380-037
ALX-380-036
ALX-380-038
ALX-380-039
ALX-270-109
ALX-350-338
ALX-350-152
ALX-351-001
ALX-350-369
ALX-385-015
ALX-380-235
ALX-380-281
ALX-630-086
ALX-350-114
ALX-350-323
ALX-480-083
ALX-380-236
ALX-270-346
ALX-270-369
ALX-380-079
ALX-270-125
ALX-380-118
ALX-350-121
ALX-350-343
ALX-270-253
ALX-380-120
ALX-380-067
ALX-460-028
ALX-350-229
ALX-350-346
ALX-380-243
ALX-350-358
ALX-380-220
ALX-380-010
ALX-350-232
ALX-350-230
ALX-350-231
ALX-350-077
ALX-350-356
ALX-385-027
ALX-385-018
ALX-350-317
ALX-350-295
ALX-480-062
ALX-350-305
ALX-350-133
ALX-380-068
ALX-350-345
ALX-350-259
ALX-350-154
ALX-380-222
ALX-380-206
ALX-380-117
ALX-350-257
ALX-350-069
ALX-350-102
ALX-350-153
ALX-350-280

8Internatioanl Edition

Anti-HIV / Antiviral Compounds
Altenusin(-)-Arctigenin(-)-Arctiin
Ascochlorin
AvarolAvaroneBaicalein
Betulinic acid (~95%)
Betulinic acid (high purity)
Borrelidin(+)-Brefeldin A
Caffeic acid
Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester

ALX-350-325
ALX-350-312
ALX-350-318
ALX-350-334
ALX-350-319
ALX-350-321
ALX-385-022
ALX-350-298
ALX-350-277
ALX-380-102
ALX-350-019
ALX-270-231
ALX-270-244

Calphostin C
Castanospermine
Concanamycin C
Dammarenolic acid
12-Deoxyphorbol 13-acetate
Echinomycin
GossypolHexaprenylhydroquinone
Hygromycin B (liquid)
Hypericin (native)
Ilimaquinone
Imperatorin
Isorhamnetin

ALX-350-027
ALX-270-160
ALX-380-099
ALX-350-155
ALX-445-009
ALX-380-201
ALX-350-113
ALX-350-138
ALX-380-059
ALX-350-030
ALX-350-240
ALX-350-302
ALX-385-024

16-epi-Latrunculin B
Limonin
Manzamine A
Myriocin
Netropsin . 2HCl
Nomilin
Pseudohypericin
Psoralen
RK-682β-Rubromycin
Tenuazonic acidThalassiolin B

ALX-350-359
ALX-350-225
ALX-350-294
ALX-350-274
ALX-380-088
ALX-350-228
ALX-350-276
ALX-350-364
ALX-380-205
ALX-380-067
ALX-350-317
ALX-350-296

Antimalarial Compounds
Artemisinin
Manzamine A

ALX-350-219
ALX-350-294

Quinine . hemisulfate
Radicicol

ALX-550-292
ALX-380-092

X-206

ALX-380-087

ALX-350-329
ALX-350-331
ALX-385-008
ALX-460-001
ALX-460-031
ALX-385-022
ALX-350-144
ALX-350-147
ALX-350-246
ALX-270-231
ALX-430-152
ALX-430-154
ALX-350-253
ALX-270-264
ALX-153-055
ALX-270-254
ALX-460-004
ALX-385-017
ALX-385-002
ALX-350-332
ALX-350-353
ALX-350-365
ALX-350-028
ALX-385-003

Delphinidin chloride
Dihydrocapsaicin
3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
Ellagic acid(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate
Esculin
Eugenol (high purity)
Formononetin (high purity)
Genistin
Gliotoxin
Gossypol(±)-Hesperetin
Isorhamnetin
Kaempferol
DL-α-Lipoic acid
LupeolLuteolin
Malvidin chloride
Methyl caffeateMorin
Myricetin(±)-Naringenin
Neobavaisoflavone
Nobiletin

ALX-385-028
ALX-350-052
ALX-350-320
ALX-270-262
ALX-270-263
ALX-350-021
ALX-350-123
ALX-270-312
ALX-350-247
ALX-350-239
ALX-350-113
ALX-385-011
ALX-385-024
ALX-385-005
ALX-270-266
ALX-350-355
ALX-385-007
ALX-385-013
ALX-350-226
ALX-385-016
ALX-385-012
ALX-385-010
ALX-350-146
ALX-385-026

Nordihydroguaiaretic acidn-OctylcaffeatePelargonidin chloride
Peonidin chloride
Polydatin
Psoralidin
Puerarin
Pyrrolostatin
Quercetin
Resveratrol
Rosmarinic acid
Rutin
Sanguinarine chloride
Sauchinone
Silybin(+)-Taxifolin(±)-Taxifolin
Tiliroside
DL-α-Tocopherol (high purity)
DL-α-Tocopherol . acetate
Trihydroxyethylrutin
Trolox®

ALX-350-086
ALX-350-278
ALX-385-014
ALX-385-015
ALX-350-114
ALX-350-323
ALX-350-249
ALX-350-252
ALX-385-001
ALX-270-125
ALX-270-253
ALX-460-028
ALX-350-076
ALX-350-116
ALX-350-346
ALX-385-018
ALX-385-006
ALX-350-305
ALX-460-018
ALX-460-019
ALX-385-030
ALX-270-267

ALX-350-027
ALX-350-014
ALX-350-002
ALX-380-053
ALX-350-008
ALX-350-353
ALX-385-009
ALX-350-365
ALX-350-283
ALX-380-058
ALX-430-033
ALX-380-033
ALX-350-028
ALX-380-269
ALX-380-002
ALX-380-031
ALX-380-043
ALX-350-118
ALX-385-028
ALX-350-370
ALX-380-110
ALX-380-042
ALX-380-201
ALX-380-115
ALX-270-262
ALX-350-092
ALX-350-057(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate
Esculin
Etoposide
Evodiamine
Fumonisin B1
Fumonisin B2
G418 . sulfate
Genistein (synthetic)
Gliotoxin
GossypolHC Toxin
Hellebrin
Heraclenin
Homoharringtonine
Honokiol
HT-2 Toxin
Huperzine A
Hyperforin . DCHA (high purity)
Idarubicin . HCl
Imperatorin
Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate
Ionomycin (free acid)
Ionomycin . Ca
Isoapoptolidin
Isorhamnetin
Isoxanthohumol
Kaempferol

ALX-270-263
ALX-350-021
ALX-270-209
ALX-350-330
ALX-350-017
ALX-350-237
ALX-380-013
ALX-350-006
ALX-350-239
ALX-350-113
ALX-630-102
ALX-350-105
ALX-350-303
ALX-350-236
ALX-350-350
ALX-630-113
ALX-550-065
ALX-350-097
ALX-380-260
ALX-350-302
ALX-350-032
ALX-450-006
ALX-450-007
ALX-380-229
ALX-385-024
ALX-350-279
ALX-385-005

Antioxidants
AllicinAngoroside C
Apigenin
L-(+)-Ascorbic acid
Astaxanthin (crystalline)
Baicalein
Bakuchiol
Bavachin
ButeinCaffeic acid
Cannabidiol
Cannabigerol
Carazostatin
Carnosic acid
Carnosine
Carnosol
β-Carotene(+)-Catechin(±)-Catechin
Celastrol
Chlorogenic acid
Cinnamtannin
Curcumin (high purity)
Cyanidin chloride

Apoptosis Inducers / Inhibitors
17-AAG
3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid
3-O-Acetyl-β-boswellic acid
Actinomycin C
Actinomycin D
Actinomycin X0β
Actinomycin X0δ
Actinomycin X2
Allicin
7-Aminoactinomycin D
Anisomycin
Antimycin A(+)-Aphidicolin
ApicidinApigenin
Apoptolidin
Aristoforin
L-(+)-Ascorbic acid
Auraptene
Bafilomycin A1
Baicalein
Betulinic acid (~95%)
Betulinic acid (high purity)(+)-Brefeldin A
BufalinCaffeic acid phenylethyl ester
Caffeine

ALX-380-091
ALX-350-310
ALX-350-308
ALX-380-024
ALX-380-009
ALX-380-083
ALX-380-084
ALX-380-080
ALX-350-329
ALX-380-283
ALX-380-051
ALX-380-075
ALX-350-016
ALX-350-095
ALX-385-008
ALX-380-207
ALX-350-129
ALX-460-001
ALX-350-361
ALX-380-030
ALX-385-022
ALX-350-298
ALX-350-277
ALX-350-019
ALX-350-281
ALX-270-244
ALX-550-322

Calphostin C
Calyculin A
Canavanine . sulfate
Cerulenin
Chelerythrine chloride
Chlorogenic acid
Chrysin
Cinnamtannin
Cinobufagin
CitrininColcemid
Colchicine
CurcuminCycloheximide
Cyclosporin A
Cytochalasin D
Daunorubicin . HCl
Deguelin
Delphinidin chloride
3,3’-Diindolylmethane
17-DMAG
Doxorubicin . HCl
Echinomycin
Echinosporin
Ellagic acid
Elmetine . 2HCl
EmodinFor updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

9International Edition

Lactacystin (native)
Lactacystin (synthetic)
LupeolLuteolin
Manumycin A
Minocycline . HCl
Mitomycin C
Monensin . Na
Morin
Myriocin
Myristicin(±)-Naringenin
Nidulaln-OctylcaffeateOkadaic acid (high purity)
Okadaic acid . ammonium salt
Okadaic acid . K
Okadaic acid . Na
Oligomycin
Oligomycin A
Oligomycin B

ALX-350-245
ALX-350-260
ALX-350-355
ALX-385-007
ALX-350-241
ALX-380-109
ALX-380-023
ALX-380-026
ALX-385-016
ALX-350-274
ALX-350-227
ALX-385-010
ALX-350-110
ALX-350-278
ALX-350-003
ALX-350-010
ALX-350-063
ALX-350-011
ALX-380-037
ALX-380-036
ALX-380-038

Oligomycin C
Parthenolide
PKC412
Pseudolaric acid B
Puerarin
Puromycin . 2HCl
Quercetin
Resistomycin
Reveromycin A
Reveromycin B
Reveromycin C
Reveromycin D
Rocaglamide
Rocaglaol
Sanguinarine chloride
Sauchinone
Staurosporine
DL-Sulforaphane
L-Sulforaphane
T-2 Toxin
Tautomycin

ALX-380-039
ALX-350-258
ALX-380-281
ALX-350-108
ALx-350-249
ALX-380-028
ALX-385-001
ALX-380-111
ALX-380-216
ALX-380-217
ALX-380-218
ALX-380-219
ALX-350-121
ALX-350-135
ALX-350-076
ALX-350-116
ALX-380-014
ALX-350-232
ALX-350-230
ALX-630-101
ALX-380-041

Tetracycline . HCl
Thapsigargin
Thimerosal
Triacsin C
Trichostatin A
Triptolide
Tunicamycin
UCN-01
UCN-02
Valinomycin
Vinblastine . sulfate
Vincristine . sulfate
Vindoline
WogoninWortmannin
WP631 . 2HCl
WP631 . dimethanesulfonate
Xanthohumol
Xanthorrhizol

ALX-380-060
ALX-350-004
ALX-400-013
ALX-380-285
ALX-380-068
ALX-350-259
ALX-380-047
ALX-380-222
ALX-380-206
ALX-450-012
ALX-350-257
ALX-350-069
ALX-350-102
ALX-385-033
ALX-350-020
ALX-380-064
ALX-380-074
ALX-350-280
ALX-350-263

Cinobufotalin
Concanamycin A
Concanamycin B
Concanamycin C
Cyclopiazonic acidElaiophylin
Equisetin
Hellebrin
Mycalolide B
Oligomycin

ALX-350-284
ALX-380-034
ALX-380-098
ALX-380-099
ALX-350-023
ALX-380-212
ALX-350-322
ALX-350-105
ALX-350-288
ALX-380-037

Oligomycin A
Oligomycin B
Oligomycin C
Ouabain
Proscillaridin A
Quercetin
Resibufogenin
Sanguinarine chloride
Tentoxin
Thapsigargin

ALX-380-036
ALX-380-038
ALX-380-039
ALX-350-066
ALX-350-285
ALX-385-001
ALX-350-286
ALX-350-076
ALX-350-132
ALX-350-004

ATPase Inhibitors
A23187 (free acid) [Calcimycin]
17-AAG
Agelasine D
Apoptolidin
Bafilomycin A1
Bafilomycin B1
Bafilomycin C1
Bufalin
Bufotalin
Cinobufagin

ALX-450-001
ALX-380-091
ALX-350-315
ALX-380-207
ALX-380-030
ALX-380-063
ALX-380-209
ALX-350-281
ALX-350-282
ALX-350-283

Cannabinoid / Vanilloid Receptor Modulators
AllicinCannabidiol
Cannabigerol(E)-Capsaicin
Dihydrocapsaicin

ALX-350-329
ALX-430-152
ALX-430-154
ALX-550-066
ALX-350-052

Eugenol (high purity)
Evodiamine
5’-Iodo-resiniferatoxin
PDDHV
PDNHV

ALX-350-123
ALX-350-330
ALX-550-389
ALX-550-371
ALX-550-372

4α-Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate
PPAHVResiniferatoxin (high purity)
Resiniferonol 9,13,14-ortho-phenylacetate

ALX-445-006
ALX-550-355
ALX-550-179
ALX-350-074

ALX-350-347
ALX-450-006
ALX-450-007
ALX-380-101
ALX-380-100
ALX-850-313
ALX-850-316
ALX-385-013
ALX-380-026
ALX-385-016
ALX-380-210
ALX-380-092
ALX-270-346
ALX-270-369

Reveromycin A
Reveromycin B
Reveromycin C
Reveromycin D
Rifampicin
Staurosporine
Tangeretin
Trichostatin A
Tryprostatin A
UCN-01
UCN-02
Verruculogen
Vinblastine . sulfate
Vincristine . sulfate

ALX-380-216
ALX-380-217
ALX-380-218
ALX-380-219
ALX-380-071
ALX-380-014
ALX-385-027
ALX-380-068
ALX-380-090
ALX-380-222
ALX-380-206
ALX-380-056
ALX-350-257
ALX-350-069

Cell Cycle / CDK Modulators(+)-Aphidicolin
Apicidin
3-ATA
Baicalein
Borrelidin
Caffeine
Debromohymenialdisine
Echinosporin
Fascaplysin
Ferulenol
Genistein
HC Toxin
10Z-Hymenialdisine
Hymenidin

ALX-350-016
ALX-350-095
ALX-350-273
ALX-385-022
ALX-380-102
ALX-550-322
ALX-350-290
ALX-380-115
ALX-270-300
ALX-350-124
ALX-350-006
ALX-630-102
ALX-350-289
ALX-350-291

Indole-3-carbinol
Ionomycin (free acid)
Ionomycin . Ca
Leptomycin A
Leptomycin B
Leptomycin Set I
Leptomycin Set II
Malvidin chloride
Monensin . Na
Morin
7-Oxostaurosporine
Radicicol
Ratjadone A (synthetic)
Ratjadone C (native)

DNA/RNA Synthesis Inhibitors / DNA/RNA Polymerase
Inhibitors
Actinomycin D
α-Amanitin
β-Amanitin
γ-Amanitin
7-Amino-actinomycin D
Angustmycin A(+)-Aphidicolin
Aureothricin

ALX-380-009
ALX-350-270
ALX-350-271
ALX-350-272
ALX-380-283
ALX-380-125
ALX-350-016
ALX-380-240

Bakuchiol
Blasticidin S . HCl
Daunorubicin
Doxorubicin . HCl
Echinomycin
Emetine . 2HCl
Hexaprenylhydroquinone
Idarubicin . HCl

ALX-350-144
ALX-380-089
ALX-380-043
ALX-380-042
ALX-380-201
ALX-350-092
ALX-350-138
ALX-380-260

Mitomycin C
Neobavaisoflavone
Resistomycin
Rifampicin
Sterigmatocystin
Thiolutin
Xanthohumol

ALX-380-023
ALX-350-146
ALX-380-111
ALX-380-071
ALX-630-116
ALX-380-200
ALX-350-280

10Internatioanl Edition

Ecdysteroids
Ecdysone
20-Hydroxyecdysone

ALX-370-011
ALX-370-012

Makisterone A
Muristerone A

ALX-370-013
ALX-370-010

Ponasterone A

ALX-370-014

Orlistat
Quercetin

ALX-350-152
ALX-385-001

Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) Inhibitors
Cerulenin(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate

ALX-380-053
ALX-270-263

Kaempferol
Luteolin

ALX-385-005
ALX-385-007

Flavonoids / Phenolic Acids / Stilbenoids
4’-Amino-6-hydroxyflavone
Apigenin
Baicalein
Bavachin4’-Bromoflavone
ButeinCaffeic acid
Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester
Caffeic acid ethyl ester(±)-Catechin(+)-Catechin
Chlorogenic acid
Chrysin
Cinnamtannin
Curcumin (high purity)
Cyanidin chloride
DaidzeinDaidzinDelphinidin chloride
3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid

ALX-385-021
ALX-385-008
ALX-385-022
ALX-350-147
ALX-385-029
ALX-350-246
ALX-270-231
ALX-270-244
ALX-270-480
ALX-385-002
ALX-385-017
ALX-350-353
ALX-385-009
ALX-350-365
ALX-350-028
ALX-385-003
ALX-350-009
ALX-350-248
ALX-385-028
ALX-350-320

Diosmin(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate(R,S)-Equol
Formononetin (high purity)
Gallotannin
Genistein (synthetic)
Genistin(±)-Hesperetin
Isobavachalcone
8-Isopentenylnaringenin
Isorhamnetin
Isoxanthohumol
Kaempferol
Luteolin
Malvidin chloride
Methyl caffeateMorin
Myricetin(±)-Naringenin
Neobavaisoflavone

ALX-385-031
ALX-270-263
ALX-385-032
ALX-270-312
ALX-270-418
ALX-350-006
ALX-350-247
ALX-385-011
ALX-350-145
ALX-385-025
ALX-385-024
ALX-350-279
ALX-385-005
ALX-385-007
ALX-385-013
ALX-350-226
ALX-385-016
ALX-385-012
ALX-385-010
ALX-350-146

Nobiletinn-OctylcaffeatePelargonidin chloride
Peonidin chloride
Piceatannol
Polydatin
Puerarin
Quercetin
Resveratrol
Rutin
Silybin
Tangeretin(+)-Taxifolin(±)-Taxifolin
psi-Tectorigenin
Tiliroside
Trihydroxyethylrutintrans-4,4’,5-Trimethoxy-stilbene
Wogonin
Xanthohumol

ALX-385-026
ALX-350-278
ALX-385-014
ALX-385-015
ALX-270-202
ALX-350-114
ALX-350-249
ALX-385-001
ALX-270-125
ALX-460-028
ALX-350-346
ALX-385-027
ALX-385-018
ALX-385-006
ALX-270-123
ALX-350-305
ALX-385-030
ALX-350-345
ALX-385-033
ALX-350-280

Fruits and Vegetables - Active Substances
Allicin
L-(+)-Ascorbic acid
Auraptene
CafestolCaffeic acid
Caffeine
3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid(+)-Calystegine B2
Canavanine . sulfate(E)-Capsaicin
Carnosic acid
Carnosol
β-Carotene(+)-Catechin(±)-Catechin
Chlorogenic acid
Cinnamtannin B-1
Curcumin (high purity)
Cyanidin chloride

ALX-350-329
ALX-460-001
ALX-350-361
ALX-350-220
ALX-270-231
ALX-550-322
ALX-350-320
ALX-350-314
ALX-350-002
ALX-550-066
ALX-270-264
ALX-270-254
ALX-460-004
ALX-385-017
ALX-385-002
ALX-350-353
ALX-350-365
ALX-350-028
ALX-385-003

DaidzeinDaidzinDelphinidin chloride (high purity)
Dihydrocapsaicin
Diosmin(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate
Eugenol (high purity)
Folic acid
Formononetin (high purity)
Genistein (synthetic)
Genistin(±)-Hesperetin
8-Isopentenylnaringenin
Isoxanthohumol
Kaempferol
Kahweol
Limonin
Malvidin chloride
Myricetin

ALX-350-009
ALX-350-248
ALX-385-028
ALX-350-052
ALX-385-031
ALX-270-263
ALX-350-123
ALX-460-006
ALX-270-312
ALX-350-006
ALX-350-247
ALX-385-011
ALX-385-025
ALX-350-279
ALX-385-005
ALX-350-223
ALX-350-225
ALX-385-013
ALX-385-012

Myristicin
Myristicin, Dihydro(±)-Naringenin
NomilinPelargonidin chloride
Phloretin
Quercetin
Resveratrol
Rosmarinic acid
Rutin
Sedanolide
DL-Sulforaphane
L-Sulforaphane
L-Sulforaphene
Tangeretin
Theobromine
Theophylline
Xanthohumol

ALX-350-227
ALX-350-222
ALX-385-010
ALX-350-228
ALX-385-014
ALX-270-113
ALX-385-001
ALX-270-125
ALX-270-253
ALX-460-028
ALX-350-229
ALX-350-232
ALX-350-230
ALX-350-231
ALX-385-027
ALX-480-061
ALX-480-062
ALX-350-280

Geldanamycin & Related Compounds (HSP90 Inhibitors)
17-AAG
17-DMAG

ALX-380-091
ALX-380-110

Geldanamycin
Herbimycin A

ALX-380-054
ALX-350-029

Novobiocin . Na
Radicicol

ALX-380-093
ALX-380-092

Chrysin
Echinomycin
Emetine . 2HCl

ALX-385-009
ALX-380-201
ALX-350-092

Xanthohumol

ALX-350-280

HIF Modulators
Apigenin
Artemisinin
Chetomin

ALX-385-008
ALX-350-219
ALX-350-128

Immunosuppressors / Immunomodulators(-)-Arctigenin(-)-Arctiin
Ascomycin
Avarol

ALX-350-312
ALX-350-318
ALX-380-005
ALX-350-319

AvaroneBavachinBryostatin 1
Bufalin

ALX-350-321
ALX-350-147
ALX-350-005
ALX-350-281

BufotalinCaffeic acid ethyl ester
Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester
Canavanine . sulfate

ALX-350-282
ALX-270-480
ALX-270-244
ALX-350-002

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

11International Edition

Celastrol
ChetominCinobufagin
Cinobufotalin
Concanamycin C
Conglobatin
Cyclosporin A
Cyclosporin C
Cyclosporin D
Cyclosporin H
Daunorubicin . HCl
Dinactin
Doxorubicin . HCl
Elaiophylin
FK506

α-Galactosylceramide
Gliotoxin
Hellebrin
Homoharringtonine
LoganinMargatoxin
Mithramycin A
Monactin
Mycophenolic acid
Myriocin
Nomilinn-Octylcaffeate
Proscillaridin A
Rapamycin
Resibufogenin

ALX-306-027
ALX-350-239
ALX-350-105
ALX-350-236
ALX-350-363
ALX-630-045
ALX-380-097
ALX-380-214
ALX-380-015
ALX-350-274
ALX-350-228
ALX-350-278
ALX-350-285
ALX-380-004
ALX-350-286

Rocaglamide
Rocaglamide AL
Rocaglamide C
Rocaglamide I
Rocaglamide J
Rocaglaol
β-Rubromycin
Stachybotrylactam
Stichodactyla Toxin
Sulochrin
Trinactin
Triptolide
Troleandomycin
Withaferin A

ALX-350-121
ALX-350-140
ALX-350-141
ALX-350-142
ALX-350-143
ALX-350-135
ALX-380-067
ALX-630-112
ALx-630-044
ALX-380-221
ALX-380-238
ALX-350-259
ALX-380-001
ALX-350-153

ALX-350-308
ALX-350-310
ALX-350-331
ALX-350-312
ALX-350-334
ALX-460-031
ALX-350-361
ALX-385-022
ALX-350-094
ALX-350-298
ALX-350-277
ALX-350-246
ALX-270-231
ALX-270-480
ALX-270-244
ALX-550-322
ALX-270-264
ALX-350-332
ALX-385-009
ALX-550-516
ALX-350-028
ALX-350-009

Diosmin
Emodin(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate
Erythromycin
Formononetin (high purity)
Harpagoside(±)-Hesperetin
Hyperforin . DCHA (high purity)
Ilimaquinone
Kahweol
Luffariellolide
LupeolManoalide
Manzamine A
MCD Peptide
Minocycline . HCl
Morin
Myricetin(±)-Naringenin
Nobiletin
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid [NDGA]
Novobiocin . Na

ALX-385-031
ALX-350-057
ALX-270-263
ALX-380-274
ALX-270-312
ALX-350-333
ALX-385-011
ALX-350-097
ALX-350-240
ALX-350-223
ALX-350-038
ALX-350-355
ALX-350-045
ALX-350-294
ALX-162-002
ALX-380-109
ALX-385-016
ALX-385-012
ALX-385-010
ALX-385-026
ALX-350-086
ALX-380-093

n-Octylcaffeate
Panepoxydone
Parthenolide
Peonidin chloride
Quercetin
Rosmarinic acidS14-95
Sanguinarine chloride
Silybin(+)-Taxifolin
Tetracycline . HCl
Thielavin A
Thielavin B
Tiliroside
Trichodion
Triptolide
Tryptanthrin
Tylophorine
Withaferin A
Wogonin
Xanthorrhizol

ALX-350-278
ALX-350-109
ALX-350-258
ALX-385-015
ALX-385-001
ALX-270-253
ALX-350-299
ALX-350-076
ALX-350-346
ALX-385-018
ALX-380-060
ALX-350-339
ALX-350-340
ALX-350-305
ALX-350-261
ALX-350-259
ALX-270-360
ALX-350-154
ALX-350-153
ALX-385-033
ALX-350-263

ALX-450-001
ALX-450-002
ALX-380-046
ALX-450-003
ALX-380-226
ALX-380-007

Ferutinin (high purity)
Ionomycin (free acid)
Ionomycin . Ca
Monactin
Monensin . Na
Nigericin . Na

ALX-350-098
ALX-450-006
ALX-450-007
ALX-380-214
ALX-380-026
ALX-380-050

Nonactin
Trinactin
Valinomycin
X-206

ALX-450-008
ALX-380-238
ALX-450-012
ALX-380-087

ALX-850-325
ALX-350-096
ALX-350-081
ALX-350-012

Microcystin-LW
Microcystin-LY
Microcystin-RR
Microcystin-YR

ALX-350-080
ALX-350-148
ALX-350-043
ALX-350-044

Microcystins (Adda specific) ELISA Kit
Microcystins-DM ELISA Kit
Nodularin

ALX-850-319
ALX-850-324
ALX-350-061

ALX-350-332
ALX-350-128
ALX-350-283
ALX-350-284
ALX-380-099
ALX-380-225
ALX-380-002
ALX-380-282
ALX-380-284
ALX-380-286
ALX-380-043
ALX-380-226
ALX-380-042
ALX-380-212
ALX-380-008

Inflammation
3-O-Acetyl-β-boswellic acid
3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid
Angoroside C(-)-Arctigenin
Ascochlorin
Astaxanthin (crystalline)
Auraptene
Baicalein
Berberine . hemisulfate
Betulinic acid (~95%)
Betulinic acid (high purity)
ButeinCaffeic acid
Caffeic acid ethyl ester
Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester
Caffeine
Carnosic acid
Celastrol
ChrysinCompound A (see Page 96)
Curcumin (high purity)
Daidzein

Ionophores
A23187 (free acid) [Calcimycin]
A23187 (Mixed Calcium-Magnesium Salt)
Alamethicin
4-Bromo-A23187
Dinactin
Enniatin B

Microcystins
Hepatotox Set™ 1
Microcystin-LA
Microcystin-LF
Microcystin-LR

Microtubule Modulators / Cytoskeletal Research
α-Amanitin
β-Amanitin
γ-Amanitin
Ascochlorin
Baccatin III, 10-DeacetylBistheonellide A
Catharanthine . tartrate
Colcemid
Colchicine
Cytochalasin A
Cytochalasin B [Phomin]
Cytochalasin B, Dihydro-

ALX-350-270
ALX-350-271
ALX-350-272
ALX-350-334
ALX-351-006
ALX-350-287
ALX-350-101
ALX-430-033
ALX-380-033
ALX-380-057
ALX-380-012
ALX-350-053

Cytochalasin C
Cytochalasin D
Cytochalasin E
Hurghadolide A
Latrunculin A
Latrunculin B
Mycalolide B
Paclitaxel
Pectenotoxin-2
Phallacidin
Phalloidin
Phalloidin (Biotin)

ALX-380-069
ALX-380-031
ALX-380-062
ALX-350-357
ALX-350-130
ALX-350-036
ALX-350-288
ALX-351-001
ALX-350-369
ALX-350-269
ALX-350-265
ALX-350-267

Phalloidin (FITC)
Phalloidin, Amino-, . HCl
Podophyllotoxin
Rotenone
Swinholide A
Swinholide I
Tryprostatin A
Vinblastine . sulfate
Vincristine . sulfate
Vindoline
Withaferin A

ALX-350-268
ALX-350-266
ALX-630-086
ALX-350-360
ALX-350-088
ALX-350-356
ALX-380-090
ALX-350-257
ALX-350-069
ALX-350-102
ALX-350-15312Internatioanl Edition

Molecular Biology
G418 . sulfate
Gelonin
Gentamicin sulfate

ALX-380-013
ALX-350-150
ALX-380-003

Hygromycin B (liquid)
Puromycin . 2HCl
Puromycin aminonucleoside

ALX-380-059
ALX-380-028
ALX-480-083

Thimerosal

ALX-400-013

Multidrug Resistance Modulators
ButeinCafestol(S)-(+)-Camptothecin
Curcumin (high purity)
Diosmin
Enniatin B
Evodiamine
Fumitremorgin C

ALX-350-246
ALX-350-220
ALX-350-015
ALX-350-028
ALX-385-031
ALX-380-007
ALX-350-330
ALX-350-127

Josamycin
Kahweol
Mithramycin
Myristicin
Myristicin, DihydroNonactin
Ophiobolin A
Sedanolide

ALX-380-078
ALX-350-223
ALX-380-097
ALX-350-227
ALX-350-222
ALX-450-008
ALX-270-109
ALX-350-229

Silybin
Sipholenol A
DL-Sulforaphane
L-Sulforaphane
Tryprostatin A
WP631 . 2HCl
WP631 . dimethanesulfonate

ALX-350-346
ALX-350-358
ALX-350-232
ALX-350-230
ALX-380-090
ALX-380-064
ALX-380-074

ALX-630-093
ALX-630-103
ALX-630-104
ALX-630-106
ALX-630-095
ALX-630-114
ALX-350-139
ALX-380-058
ALX-350-023
ALX-380-057

Deoxynivalenol
Fumigaclavine A
Fumitremorgin C
Fumonisin B1
Fumonisin B2
Gliotoxin
HT-2 Toxin
Moniliformin . Na
Ochratoxin A
Patulin

ALX-630-115
ALX-630-110
ALX-350-127
ALX-350-017
ALX-350-237
ALX-350-239
ALX-630-113
ALX-630-111
ALX-630-089
ALX-270-111

Paxilline
Penitrem A
Roquefortine C
Stachybotrylactam
Sterigmatocystin
T-2 Toxin
Tenuazonic acid
Zearalenone

ALX-630-019
ALX-630-020
ALX-350-342
ALX-630-112
ALX-630-116
ALX-630-101
ALX-350-317
ALX-630-105

Mycotoxins
Aflatoxin B1
Aflatoxin B2
Aflatoxin G1
Aflatoxin G2
Aflatoxin M1
Aflatoxin M2
Alternariol
Citrinin
Cyclopiazonic acid
Cytochalasin A

Neurobiology Compounds / Neurotoxins
ALX-550-232
ALX-350-326
ALX-350-112
ALX-630-075
ALX-630-050
ALX-550-322
ALX-430-152
ALX-430-154
ALX-550-066
ALX-630-059
ALX-350-353
ALX-630-069
ALX-630-046
ALX-630-048
ALX-630-049
ALX-630-054
ALX-630-047
ALX-630-055
ALX-630-056
ALX-630-057
ALX-630-053
ALX-350-023
ALX-106-037
ALX-106-028
ALX-350-149
ALX-350-052
ALX-550-152
ALX-350-216
ALX-350-092
ALX-350-123
ALX-350-330
ALX-550-336

Aconitine
Agelongine
Anabasine . HCl
α-Bungarotoxin
β-Bungarotoxin
Caffeine
Cannabidiol
Cannabigerol(E)-Capsaicin
Charybdotoxin
Chlorogenic acid
Chlorotoxin
α-Conotoxin GI
α-Conotoxin MI
α-Conotoxin SIµ-Conotoxin GIIIBµ-Conotoxin GS
ω-Conotoxin GVIA
ω-Conotoxin MVIIA
ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
ω-Conotoxin SVIB
Cyclopiazonic acid
L-Cycloserine
D-Cycloserine
Cylindrospermopsin
Dihydrocapsaicin
Domoic acid(-)-Eburnamonine
Emetine . 2HCl
Eugenol (high purity)
Evodiamine
Galanthamine . HBr

Gonyautoxin 2/3 Epimers
Herbimycin A(+)-Himbacine
Honokiol
HT-2 Toxin(-)-Huperzine A
Hymenidin
Hyperforin . DCHA (high purity)
Hypericin (native)
Iberiotoxin
Iberiotoxin (recombinant)5’-Iodo-resiniferatoxin
6’-Iodononivamide
Joro Spider Toxin
Kaliotoxin
Kaliotoxin (1-37)
Kuanoniamine C
α-Latrotoxin
LimoninLobeline . HCl
Magnolol
Margatoxin
Mastoparan(-)-Menthol
MCD Peptide
Minocycline . HCl
Neomycin sulfate
Neurotoxin NSTX-3
Nonivamide
Ochratoxin A
Okadaic acid (high purity)
Okadaic acid . ammonium salt

ALX-350-307
ALX-350-029
ALX-550-061
ALX-350-350
ALX-630-113
ALX-550-065
ALX-350-291
ALX-350-097
ALX-350-030
ALX-630-058
ALX-630-097
ALX-550-389
ALX-350-122
ALX-630-077
ALX-630-085
ALX-630-041
ALX-350-262
ALX-630-027
ALX-350-225
ALX-420-023
ALX-350-352
ALX-630-045
ALX-162-001
ALX-420-042
ALX-162-002
ALX-380-109
ALX-380-035
ALX-630-087
ALX-550-239
ALX-630-089
ALX-350-003
ALX-350-010

Okadaic acid . K
Okadaic acid . Na
Paxilline
PDDHV
PDNHV
Penitrem A
Pertussis Toxin
Pertussis Toxin A Protomer
Pertussis Toxin B Oligomer
4α-Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate(+)-Pilocarpine . HCl
Pimprinine
PPAHV
Pseudohypericin
Puerarin
Quinine . hemisulfate
Resiniferatoxin (high purity)
Resiniferonol 9,13,14-orthophenylacetate
Roquefortine C
Ryanodine (high purity)
Sceptrin . 2HCl(-)-Scopolamine . HBr
Scyllatoxin
Spectinomycin . 2HCl
Stichodactyla Toxin
Tetrodotoxin (citrate free)
Theobromine
Trifluoperazine . 2HCl(+)-Tubocurarine . dichloride
Veratridine
Verruculogen

ALX-350-063
ALX-350-011
ALX-630-019
ALX-550-371
ALX-550-372
ALX-630-020
ALX-630-003
ALX-630-080
ALX-630-081
ALX-445-006
ALX-550-092
ALX-380-234
ALX-550-355
ALX-350-276
ALX-350-249
ALX-550-292
ALX-550-179
ALX-350-074

ALX-350-332
ALX-350-057
ALX-380-274
ALX-380-008
ALX-350-239
ALX-350-289
ALX-350-245

Lactacystin (synthetic)
Morin
Myricetin
Nobiletinn-OctylcaffeateOxaspirodion
Panepoxydone

ALX-350-260
ALX-385-016
ALX-385-012
ALX-385-026
ALX-350-278
ALX-350-301
ALX-350-109

ALX-350-342
ALX-630-062
ALX-350-264
ALX-550-094
ALX-630-043
ALX-380-278
ALX-630-044
ALX-630-002
ALX-480-061
ALX-550-310
ALX-550-182
ALX-550-307
ALX-380-056

NF-κB Pathway Modulators
3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid
3-O-Acetyl-β-boswellic acid
Betulinic acid (~95%)
Betulinic acid (high purity)
Caffeic acid ethyl ester
Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester
Carnosol

ALX-350-310
ALX-350-308
ALX-350-298
ALX-350-277
ALX-270-480
ALX-270-244
ALX-270-254

Celastrol
EmodinErythromycin
FK506
Gliotoxin
10Z-Hymenialdisine
Lactacystin (native)

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

13International Edition

Parthenolide
Radicicol
Rocaglamide
Rocaglamide AL

ALX-350-258
ALX-380-092
ALX-350-121
ALX-350-140

Sauchinone
Triptolide
Withaferin A

ALX-350-116
ALX-350-259
ALX-350-153

ALX-270-263
ALX-350-330
ALX-350-001
ALX-380-011
ALX-270-418
ALX-350-333
ALX-350-350
ALX-350-289
ALX-380-124
ALX-350-007
ALX-350-352
ALX-380-109
ALX-380-015
ALX-385-026
ALX-350-278
ALX-385-014

PKC412
Quercetin
Radicicol
Rutin
S14-95
Sauchinone
Streptozotocin
Thapsigargin
Tiliroside
Trichodion
Troleandomycin
Tryptanthrin
WogoninWortmannin

ALX-380-281
ALX-385-001
ALX-380-092
ALX-460-028
ALX-350-299
ALX-350-116
ALX-380-010
ALX-350-004
ALX-350-305
ALX-350-261
ALX-380-001
ALX-270-360
ALX-385-033
ALX-350-020

ALX-445-003
ALX-445-001
ALX-445-038
ALX-445-002
ALX-445-006
ALX-445-004

4α-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
Phorbol 13-acetate
Phorbol 13-myristate
PPAHV
Sapintoxin D (high purity)

ALX-445-005
ALX-445-028
ALX-445-044
ALX-550-355
ALX-445-047

Microcystin-LR
Microcystin-LW
Microcystin-LY
Microcystin-RR
Microcystin-YR
Microcystins (Adda specific) ELISA Kit
Microcystins-DM ELISA Kit

ALX-350-012
ALX-350-080
ALX-350-148
ALX-350-043
ALX-350-044
ALX-850-319
ALX-850-324

Nodularin
Okadaic acid (high purity)
Okadaic acid . ammonium salt
Okadaic acid . K
Okadaic acid . Na
Psoralidin
RK-682

ALX-350-061
ALX-350-003
ALX-350-010
ALX-350-063
ALX-350-011
ALX-350-323
ALX-380-205

Melittin (natural)
Melittin (synthetic)
7-Oxostaurosporine
Phloretin
PKC412Polymyxin B . sulfate
Pseudohypericin

ALX-162-006
ALX-162-007
ALX-380-210
ALX-270-113
ALX-380-281
ALX-380-040
ALX-350-276

Quercetin
Rottlerin
Staurosporine
UCN-01
UCN-02

ALX-385-001
ALX-350-075
ALX-380-014
ALX-380-222
ALX-380-206

ALX-350-254
ALX-380-116
ALX-380-066

Lactacystin (native)
Lactacystin (synthetic)clasto-Lactacystin β-lactone (synthetic)

ALX-350-245
ALX-350-260
ALX-270-280

ALX-350-118
ALX-350-057
ALX-270-263
ALX-380-054
ALX-350-006
ALX-350-247
ALX-350-029
ALX-350-289
ALX-350-030
ALX-380-116
ALX-380-027
ALX-380-029

K-252cLavendustin A
Lavendustin A methyl ester
Lavendustin B
Lavendustin C
Lavendustin C methyl ester
LL-Z1640-2
Melittin (natural)
Melittin (synthetic)
Methyl caffeateNobiletin
7-Oxostaurosporine

ALX-380-103
ALX-350-007
ALX-350-091
ALX-350-037
ALX-270-066
ALX-350-084
ALX-380-267
ALX-162-006
ALX-162-007
ALX-350-226
ALX-385-026
ALX-380-210

Rocaglamide C
Rocaglamide I
Rocaglamide J
Rocaglaol

ALX-350-141
ALX-350-142
ALX-350-143
ALX-350-135

Nitric Oxide Pathway Modulators(+)-cis,trans-Abscisic acid
Allicin(-)-Arctigenin
Artemisinin
Bakuchiol
Caffeic acid ethyl ester(S)-(+)-Camptothecin
Canavanine . sulfate
Carnosol
Celastrol
Ceruloplasmin
Concanamycin A
Curcumin (high purity)
Cyanidin chloride
Cyclosporin A
Delphinidin chloride

ALX-350-255
ALX-350-329
ALX-350-312
ALX-350-219
ALX-350-144
ALX-270-480
ALX-350-015
ALX-350-002
ALX-270-254
ALX-350-332
ALX-200-089
ALX-380-034
ALX-350-028
ALX-385-003
ALX-380-002
ALX-385-028(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate
Evodiamine
Forskolin
Fusidic acid . Na
Gallotannin
Harpagoside
Honokiol
10Z-Hymenialdisine
Iromycin A
Lavendustin A
Magnolol
Minocycline . HCl
Mycophenolic acidNobiletinn-OctylcaffeatePelargonidin chloride

Phorbols / Phorbol Esters
Croton oil
12-Deoxyphorbol 13-acetate
12-Deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate
20-Oxo-20-deoxyphorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
PDDHV
PDNHV

ALX-350-089
ALX-445-009
ALX-445-049
ALX-445-020
ALX-550-371
ALX-550-372

Phorbol 12,13-diacetate
Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
4α-Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate
4α-Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

Phosphatase Inhibitors
Ascomycin
Bakuchiol
Cantharidin
FK506
Hepatotox Set™ 1
Microcystin-LA
Microcystin-LF

ALX-380-005
ALX-350-144
ALX-270-063
ALX-380-008
ALX-850-325
ALX-350-096
ALX-350-081

PKC Inhibitors
Calphostin C
Chelerythrine chloride(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate
Hypericin (native)
K-252aK-252b
K-252c

ALX-350-027
ALX-350-008
ALX-270-263
ALX-350-030
ALX-380-027
ALX-380-029
ALX-380-103

Proteasome / Ubiquitin Modulators
Betulinic acid (~95%)
Betulinic acid (high purity)
Celastrol

ALX-350-298
ALX-350-277
ALX-350-332

Epoxomicin
Hypothemycin
Kendomycin

Protein Kinase Inhibitors
3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid
3-O-Acetyl-β-boswellic acid(+)-Aeroplysinin-1
Apigenin
Baicalein
ButeinCaffeic acid phenylethyl ester
Calphostin C
Chelerythrine chloride
Curcumin (high purity)
Daidzein
Debromohymenialdisine

ALX-350-310
ALX-350-308
ALX-350-256
ALX-385-008
ALX-385-022
ALX-350-246
ALX-270-244
ALX-350-027
ALX-350-008
ALX-350-028
ALX-350-009
ALX-350-290

Deguelin
Emodin(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate
Geldanamycin
Genistein (synthetic)
Genistin
Herbimycin A
10Z-Hymenialdisine
Hypericin (native)
Hypothemycin
K-252aK-252b14Internatioanl Edition

ALX-350-258
ALX-270-113
ALX-270-202
ALX-380-281
ALX-380-040
ALX-350-276

Parthenolide
Phloretin
Piceatannol
PKC412Polymyxin B . sulfate
Pseudohypericin

Quercetin
Radicicol
Rapamycin
Rottlerin
S14-95
Silybin

ALX-385-001
ALX-380-092
ALX-380-004
ALX-350-075
ALX-350-299
ALX-350-346

Staurosporine
psi-Tectorigenin
UCN-01
UCN-02
Wortmannin

ALX-380-014
ALX-270-123
ALX-380-222
ALX-380-206
ALX-350-020

ALX-380-274
ALX-380-011
ALX-350-150
ALX-380-059
ALX-380-049
ALX-380-076
ALX-380-276
ALX-380-097

Novobiocin . Na
Spectinomycin . 2HCl
Streptomycin . sulfate
Tenuazonic acid
Tetracycline . HCl
Thiostrepton

ALX-380-093
ALX-380-278
ALX-380-277
ALX-350-317
ALX-380-060
ALX-380-261

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
ALX-350-270
ALX-350-271
ALX-350-272
ALX-380-089
ALX-350-238
ALX-380-269
ALX-350-149
ALX-630-115

α-Amanitin
β-Amanitin
γ-Amanitin
Blasticidin S . HCl
Chlortetracycline . HCl
Cycloheximide
Cylindrospermopsin
Deoxynivalenol

Erythromycin
Fusidic acid . Na
GeloninHygromycin B
Kanamycin . sulfate
Kasugamycin . HCl
Lincomycin . HCl
Mithramycin A

Signal Transduction - Other Pathway Modulators
Ampullosporin A
Anisomycin
Aristolochic acid
Australine . HCl
Azaspiracid-1
Azaspiracid-2
Azaspiracid-3
Bakuchiol
Bryostatin 1
Caffeine
Calyculin A(+)-Calystegine B2
Castanospermine
Decoyinine
Deoxygalactonojirimycin . HCl
1-Deoxymannojirimycin . HCl
1-Deoxynojirimycin
EgenineEM574 [Motilide]
Enniatin B

ALX-350-106
ALX-380-051
ALX-270-047
ALX-270-157
ALX-350-366
ALX-350-367
ALX-350-368
ALX-350-144
ALX-350-005
ALX-550-322
ALX-350-014
ALX-350-314
ALX-270-160
ALX-380-032
ALX-580-001
ALX-580-002
ALX-580-003
ALX-350-362
ALX-380-264
ALX-380-007(R,S)-Equol
Forskolin
Fostriecin
Galiellalactone
Gramicidin A (high purity)
Harmine
Ilimaquinone
Ingenol (high purity)
Isotetrandrine
Isoxanthohumol
Kendomycin
Luffariellolide(+)-Madindoline A
Manoalide
Manumycin A
Mezerein (high purity)
Neomycin sulfate
Novobiocin . Na
Ophiobolin A
Ophiobolin B

Papaverine . HCl
PatulinPentoxifylline
Psoralidin
L-Quebrachitol
Quinidine . sulfate
Resiniferatoxin (high purity)
Resiniferonol 9,13,14-ortho-phenylacetate
Reticulol
RK-682Ryanodine (high purity)
12-epi-Scalaradial
Stellettamide A . 3TFA
Tautomycin
Theophylline, 7-(β-Hydroxyethyl)Thimerosal
Trichostatin A

ALX-270-110
ALX-270-111
ALX-270-112
ALX-350-323
ALX-307-001
ALX-550-291
ALX-550-179
ALX-350-074

ALX-270-087
ALX-380-210
ALX-380-281
ALX-380-014

UCN-01
UCN-02

ALX-380-222
ALX-380-206

ALX-385-032
ALX-350-001
ALX-380-065
ALX-350-336
ALX-350-233
ALX-350-371
ALX-350-240
ALX-350-031
ALX-350-035
ALX-350-279
ALX-380-066
ALX-350-038
ALX-350-328
ALX-350-045
ALX-350-241
ALX-350-042
ALX-380-035
ALX-380-093
ALX-270-109
ALX-350-338

ALX-380-118
ALX-380-205
ALX-630-062
ALX-350-234
ALX-350-311
ALX-380-041
ALX-480-067
ALX-400-013
ALX-380-068

Staurosporine & Related Compounds
ALX-380-027
ALX-380-029
ALX-380-103
ALX-270-075

K-252aK-252b
K-252cKT5720KT58237-Oxostaurosporine
PKC412
Staurosporine

Topoisomerase Inhibitors
3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid
3-O-Acetyl-β-boswellic acid(-)-Arctigenin(-)-Arctiin
Bakuchiol
Becatecarin(S)-(+)-Camptothecin
Chartreusin
Chrysomycin A
Chrysomycin B

ALX-350-310
ALX-350-308
ALX-350-312
ALX-350-318
ALX-350-144
ALX-380-119
ALX-350-015
ALX-380-073
ALX-380-112
ALX-380-114

Daunorubicin . HCl
Doxorubicin . HCl
Ellagic acid
Etoposide
Fostriecin
Genistein (synthetic)
Genistin
Idarubicin . HCl
Irinotecan . HCl
Neobavaisoflavone

ALX-380-043
ALX-380-042
ALX-270-262
ALX-270-209
ALX-380-065
ALX-350-006
ALX-350-247
ALX-380-260
ALX-430-139
ALX-350-146

Novobiocin . Na
Podophyllotoxin
Proscillaridin A
Radicicol
Rebeccamycin
Reticulol
Sedanolide
Topotecan . HCl
UK-1

ALX-380-093
ALX-630-086
ALX-350-285
ALX-380-092
ALX-380-079
ALX-380-118
ALX-350-229
ALX-350-133
ALX-380-117

ALX-350-104
ALX-550-232
ALX-630-088
ALX-630-093
ALX-630-103
ALX-630-104
ALX-630-106
ALX-630-095
ALX-630-114
ALX-630-001
ALX-350-139

α-Amanitin
β-Amanitin
γ-Amanitin
Aristolochic acidAzaspiracid-1
Azaspiracid-2
Azaspiracid-3
α-Bungarotoxin
β-Bungarotoxin(E)-Capsaicin
Charybdotoxin

ALX-350-270
ALX-350-271
ALX-350-272
ALX-270-047
ALX-350-366
ALX-350-367
ALX-350-368
ALX-630-075
ALX-630-050
ALX-550-066
ALX-630-059

Chlorotoxin
Citrininα-Conotoxin GI
α-Conotoxin MI
α-Conotoxin SIµ-Conotoxin GIIIBµ-Conotoxin GS
ω-Conotoxin GVIA
ω-Conotoxin MVIIA
ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
ω-Conotoxin SVIB

ALX-630-069
ALX-380-058
ALX-630-046
ALX-630-048
ALX-630-049
ALX-630-054
ALX-630-047
ALX-630-055
ALX-630-056
ALX-630-057
ALX-630-053

ToxinsAaptamine
Aconitine
Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
Aflatoxin B1
Aflatoxin B2
Aflatoxin G1
Aflatoxin G2
Aflatoxin M1
Aflatoxin M2
ω-Agatoxin IVA
Alternariol

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

15International Edition

Convulxin
Cyclopiazonic acid
Cylindrospermopsin
Cytochalasin A
Deoxynivalenol
Dihydrocapsaicin
Domoic acid
Doxorubicin . HCl
Emetine . 2HCl
EmodinEnniatin B
Etoposide
Fumigaclavine A
Fumitremorgin C
Fumonisin B1
Fumonisin B2
Gliotoxin
Gonyautoxin 2/3 Epimers
HC Toxin
Hepatotox Set™ 1
Herbimycin A
HT-2 Toxin
Iberiotoxin
Iberiotoxin (recombinant)6’-Iodononivamide
Joro Spider Toxin
Kaliotoxin
Kaliotoxin (1-37)
α-Latrotoxin
Latrunculin A

ALX-350-100
ALX-350-023
ALX-350-149
ALX-380-057
ALX-630-115
ALX-350-052
ALX-550-152
ALX-380-042
ALX-350-092
ALX-350-057
ALX-380-007
ALX-270-209
ALX-630-110
ALX-350-127
ALX-350-017
ALX-350-237
ALX-350-239
ALX-350-307
ALX-630-102
ALX-850-325
ALX-350-029
ALX-630-113
ALX-630-058
ALX-630-097
ALX-350-122
ALX-630-077
ALX-630-085
ALX-630-041
ALX-630-027
ALX-350-130

Latrunculin B
16-epi-Latrunculin B
Margatoxin
Mastoparan
MCD Peptide
Microcystin-LA
Microcystin-LF
Microcystin-LR
Microcystin-LW
Microcystin-LY
Microcystin-RR
Microcystin-YR
Microcystins (Adda specific) ELISA Kit
Microcystins-DM ELISA Kit
Moniliformin . Na
Neurotoxin NSTX-3
Nodularin
Nonivamide
Ochratoxin A
Okadaic acid (high purity)
Okadaic acid . ammonium salt
Okadaic acid . K
Okadaic acid . Na
Ophiobolin A
Patulin
Paxilline
Pectenotoxin-2
Penitrem A
Pertussis Toxin
Pertussis Toxin A Protomer

ALX-350-036
ALX-350-359
ALX-630-045
ALX-162-001
ALX-162-002
ALX-350-096
ALX-350-081
ALX-350-012
ALX-350-080
ALX-350-148
ALX-350-043
ALX-350-044
ALX-850-319
ALX-850-324
ALX-630-111
ALX-630-087
ALX-350-061
ALX-550-239
ALX-630-089
ALX-350-003
ALX-350-010
ALX-350-063
ALX-350-011
ALX-270-109
ALX-270-111
ALX-630-019
ALX-350-369
ALX-630-020
ALX-630-003
ALX-630-080

Pertussis Toxin B Oligomer
Phallacidin
Phalloidin
Phalloidin (Biotin)
Phalloidin (FITC)
Phalloidin, Amino-, . HCl
Podophyllotoxin
Resiniferatoxin (high purity)
Roquefortine C
Rotenone
Rubellin D
Ryanodine (high purity)
Sapintoxin D (high purity)
Sarafotoxin S6b
Sarafotoxin S6c
Scyllatoxin
Stachybotrylactam
Sterigmatocystin
Stichodactyla Toxin
T-2 Toxin
Tentoxin
Tenuazonic acid
Tetrodotoxin (citrate free)Thaxtomin A
Toxin A, from Clostridium difficile
Trifluoperazine . 2HCl(+)-Tubocurarine . dichloride
Veratridine
Verruculogen
Zearalenone

ALX-630-081
ALX-350-269
ALX-350-265
ALX-350-267
ALX-350-268
ALX-350-266
ALX-630-086
ALX-550-179
ALX-350-342
ALX-350-360
ALX-350-324
ALX-630-062
ALX-445-047
ALX-167-001
ALX-167-002
ALX-630-043
ALX-630-112
ALX-630-116
ALX-630-044
ALX-630-101
ALX-350-132
ALX-350-317
ALX-630-002
ALX-630-109
ALX-630-100
ALX-550-310
ALX-550-182
ALX-550-307
ALX-380-056
ALX-630-105

Mezerein (high purity)
Microcystin-LA
Microcystin-LF
Microcystin-LR
Microcystin-LW
Microcystin-LY
Microcystin-RR
Microcystin-YR
Microcystins (Adda specific) ELISA Kit
Microcystins-DM ELISA Kit
Nodularin
Okadaic acid (high purity)
Okadaic acid . ammonium salt
Okadaic acid . K
Okadaic acid . Na
20-Oxo-20-deoxyphorbol 12,13-dibutyrate

ALX-350-042
ALX-350-096
ALX-350-081
ALX-350-012
ALX-350-080
ALX-350-148
ALX-350-043
ALX-350-044
ALX-850-319
ALX-850-324
ALX-350-061
ALX-350-003
ALX-350-010
ALX-350-063
ALX-350-011
ALX-445-020

PDDHV
PDNHV
Phorbol 12,13-diacetate
Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
4α-Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate
4α-Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
4α-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
Phorbol 13-acetate
Phorbol 13-myristate
PPAHV
Sapintoxin D (high purity)
Thapsigargin

ALX-550-371
ALX-550-372
ALX-445-003
ALX-445-001
ALX-445-038
ALX-445-002
ALX-445-006
ALX-445-004
ALX-445-005
ALX-445-028
ALX-445-044
ALX-550-355
ALX-445-047
ALX-350-004

ALX-480-003
ALX-480-004
ALX-460-008
ALX-460-009
ALX-460-010
ALX-460-011
ALX-460-014
ALX-460-015
ALX-460-016
ALX-460-017

DL-α-Tocopherol (high purity)
DL-α-Tocopherol . acetate
Ubiquinone-10
Ubiquinone-5
Vitamin A
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D2
Vitamin D3
Vitamin K1

ALX-460-018
ALX-460-019
ALX-270-295
ALX-270-294
ALX-460-021
ALX-460-024
ALX-460-025
ALX-460-026
ALX-460-027

Tumor Promoters
Aflatoxin B1
Aflatoxin B2
Aflatoxin G1
Aflatoxin G2
Aflatoxin M1
Aflatoxin M2(+)-Aphidicolin
Aristolochic acid
Calyculin A
Croton oil
12-Deoxyphorbol 13-acetate
12-Deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate
Fumonisin B1
Fumonisin B2
Hepatotox Set™ 1
Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate

ALX-630-093
ALX-630-103
ALX-630-104
ALX-630-106
ALX-630-095
ALX-630-114
ALX-350-016
ALX-270-047
ALX-350-014
ALX-350-089
ALX-445-009
ALX-445-049
ALX-350-017
ALX-350-237
ALX-850-325
ALX-350-032

Vitamins & Coenzymes
Alfacalcidol
L-(+)-Ascorbic acidD-(+)-Biotin
Calcitriol
Calcium D-(+)-pantothenate
β-Carotene
Cochlioquinone A
Cochlioquinone B
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide . 2Na
Folic acid

ALX-460-036
ALX-460-001
ALX-460-002
ALX-460-032
ALX-460-003
ALX-460-004
ALX-350-335
ALX-350-341
ALX-480-084
ALX-460-006

NADP . 2Na
NADPH . 4Na
Nicotinamide
Nicotinic acid
Pyridoxal . HCl
Pyridoxal-5’-phosphate
Pyridoxol . HCl
Riboflavine
Riboflavine-5’-phosphate . Na
Thiamine . HCl

Antimicrobial Peptides & Proteins (For Details see Page 102)
CAP37 (human)
CRAMP (mouse)

BCO-5016
PT-PA-AMP-002

CRAMP-18 (mouse)
HNP 1-3 (Mature Peptides) (human)

PT-PA-AMP-003
PT-PA-AMP-001

LL-37 (human)

PT-PA-AMP-004

16International Edition

Alphabetical Product Listing
1233A

CAS: 52665-69-7
MI: 14: 1639

seeHymeglusin

A23187 (free acid)

A23187 (free acid)[Calcium Ionophore A23187; Calcimycin]

ALX-450-001-M001
1 mg
ALX-450-001-M010
10 mg
ALX-450-001-5001
5 x 1 mg
ALX-450-001-M025
35 mg
ALX-450-001-M005
5 mg
ALX-450-001-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces chartreusis. Antibiotic possessing weak in vitro antimicrobial activity against gram
positive bacteria and fungi. Divalent cation ionophore used to increase intracellular Ca2+ levels in intact
cells.

A23187 (Mixed Calcium-Magnesium Salt)

CAS: 76455-82-8

ALX-450-002-M005
5 mg
ALX-450-002-M010
10 mg
ALX-450-002-M050
50 mg
Semisynthetic. Salt form of A23187 (Prod. No. ALX-450-001). Used in cell activation experiments when calcium
dose-response data are not required.
A23187, 4-Bromo-

A-9145see

Sinefungin

A23187, 4-Bromo-[4-Bromo-A23187; 4-Bromo-Calcimycin; 4-Bromo-Calcium Ionophore A23187]

ALX-450-003-M001
1 mg
ALX-450-003-M005
5 mg
Semisynthetic. Brominated analog of the widely used calcium ionophore A23187 (Prod. No. ALX-450-001).
Nonfluorescent, and therefore used as a calibration standard for determining cytoplasmic calcium ions byfluorescent probes.

CAS: 75747-14-7

17-AAG

Technical Note Page 98

Aabomycin

see

7-AAD

Actinomycin D, 7-Amino-

see

Venturicidin

17-AAG[17-(Allylamino)-17-desmethoxygeldanamycin]

ALX-380-091-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-091-M001
1 mg
Semisynthetic derivative from geldanamycin (Prod. ALX-380-054). Potent, less toxic derivative of geldanamycin. Inhibits the essential ATPase activity of HSP90. Inhibitor of telomerase activity. Inducer of apoptosis withantitumor activity.

CAS: 85547-22-4

Aaptamine

Aaptamine

ALX-350-104-M001
1 mg
Isolated from the sponge Aaptos aaptos. Competitive antagonist of α-adrenoceptors in vacuolar smooth muscle cells. Inhibits cancer cell growth.

CAS: 21293-29-8
MI: 14: 11(+)-cis,trans-Abscisic acid(+)-cis,trans-Abscisic acid

ALX-350-255-C500
500 µg
ALX-350-255-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-255-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Curvularia lunata. Natural and active isomer of the abscission accelerating plant hormone.

3-O-Acetyl-betulinic acid

ALX-350-313-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-313-M025
25 mg
Shows cytotoxic activity on human cancer cell lines.

CAS: 10376-50-8

3-O-Acetyl-betulinic acid

CAS: 5968-70-7

3-O-Acetyl-β-boswellic acid
CAS: 67416-61-9

3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid

3-O-Acetyl-β-boswellic acid

[AKβA]

3-O-Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid

[AKβBA]

ALX-350-308-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-308-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Boswellia sp. Shows antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Potent non-redox, non-competitive 5-lipoxygenase and topoisomerase I and IIa inhibitor leading to apoptosis. 10-100 times more potent
than natural boswellic acid.

ALX-350-310-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Boswellia serrata. Shows antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Potent non-redox, noncompetitive 5-lipoxygenase and topoisomerase I and IIa inhibitor leading to apoptosis. 10-times more potent than
3-O-acetyl-β-boswellic acid (Prod. No. ALX-350-308). Exhibits in vivo efficacy in tumor growth and inhibition.
LIT: Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid induces apoptosis in HL-60 and CCRF-CEM cells and inhibits topoisomerase I: R.F. Hoernlein, et al.; J.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288, 613 (1999)  Boswellic acids activate p42(MAPK) and p38 MAPK and stimulate Ca(2+) mobilization: A. Altmann, et al.;BBRC 290, 185 (2002)  Coupling of boswellic acid-induced Ca2+ mobilisation and MAPK activation to lipid metabolism and peroxide formation in human leucocytes: A. Altmann, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 141, 223 (2004)  Inhibition of IkappaB kinase activity by acetyl-boswellic acids
promotes apoptosis in androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo: T. Syrovets, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 280, 6170 (2005)
 Boswellic acids: biological actions and molecular targets: D. Poeckel & O. Werz; Curr. Med. Chem. 13, 3359 (2006)  Mechanisms underlying
the anti-inflammatory actions of boswellic acid derivatives in experimental colitis: C. Anthoni, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.
290, G1131 (2006)  Potentiation of antinociceptive effect of NSAIDs by a specific lipooxygenase inhibitor, acetyl 11-keto-beta boswellic acid:
M. Bishnoi, et al.; Indian J. Exp. Biol. 44, 128 (2006)

13-Acetyl, 12-Deoxyphorbol-

see

12-Deoxyphorbol 13-acetate

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

17International Edition

Aconitine

ALX-550-232-M025
25 mg
Isolated from the plant Aconitum karacolium. A lipid-soluble neurotoxin that acts as a sodium channel modulator. Blocks tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ channels.

Actidionesee

CAS: 302-27-2
MI: 14: 118

Cycloheximide
Aconitine

Widest Panel of Actinomycins
Actinomycin IV

see

Actinomycin C

Actinomycin D

Actinomycin C

ALX-380-024-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-024-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces chrysomallus. Antibiotic complex with antitumor activity.

Actinomycin C1

see[Cactinomycin]

Actinomycin D

Actinomycin C2

Actinomycin C2

ALX-380-082-C500
500 µgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. Antitumor antibiotic.

Actinomycin C3

ALX-380-077-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Antitumor antibiotic.

Actinomycin D

Actinomycin C3[Actinomycin IV; Actinomycin C1; Dactinomycin]

ALX-380-009-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-009-M025
25 mg
ALX-380-009-M100
100 mgAntibiotic isolated from Streptomyces parvulus. Antineoplastic drug. DNA intercalating agent. Cytotoxic inducer of apoptosis against tumor cells. Inhibitor of RNA synthesis. For nomenclature of the actinomycins see S.A.
Waksman, E. Katz & L.C. Vining; PNAS 44, 602 (1958)

Actinomycin D, 7-Amino-[7-AAD]

Actinomycin D

ALX-380-283-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-283-M005
5 mg
Semisynthetic from actinomycin D (Prod. No. ALX-380-009). Membrane impermeable fluorescent DNA intercalator. Used as a fluorescent DNA stain. Inhibitor of DNA-primed RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase. Induces
apoptosis and is used as a tool to identify apoptotic cells. Cytochemical probe. Exhibits growth-inhibitory activity against certain leukemias and sarcomas. Has antibacterial properties.

Actinomycin D, 7-Amino-

Actinomycin X0β

ALX-380-083-C200
200 µgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. Antitumor antibiotic.

Actinomycin X0δ

ALX-380-084-C200
200 µgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. Antitumor antibiotic.

Actinomycin X2

Actinomycin X0β

ALX-380-080-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Antitumor antibiotic. Has higher cytotoxicity toward cultured human leukemia(HL-60) cells than actinomycin D (Prod. No. ALX-380-009). Induces cell death via apoptosis.

Actinomycin Z1

ALX-380-085-C200
200 µgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. Antitumor antibiotic.
Actinomycin Z1

Actinonin

ALX-260-128-M005
5 mg
Synthetic. Inhibitor of aminopeptidase M, leucine aminopeptidase and deformylase. Shows antitumor activity. Apoptosis inducer.

Adenosylornithinesee

CAS:13434-13-4

Sinefugin
Actinonin

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

18

International Edition

Actinotetraose Hexatiglate

CAS: 216590-44-2

ALX-350-344-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Amycolatopsis sp. MST-AS5902. Unique tetrasaccharide with six tiglate esters. Shows no significant antimicrobial activity.

Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
Actinotetraose Hexatiglate

CAS: 28656-91-9[AC Toxin]

ALX-630-088-C050
50 µg
Recombinant Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin produced in E. coli. Important virulence factor and a
research tool for manipulation of cAMP levels in mammalian cells. Has the ability to interact with target cells, insert into the cytoplasmic membrane and deliver its adenylate cyclase enzymatic domain to the cell interior.

Adriamycin

see

Doxorubin(+)-Aeroplysinin-1(+)-Aeroplysinin-1

ALX-350-256-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Aplysina aerophoba. Displays cytostatic and cytotoxic activity. Inhibitor of EGFR kinase. Shows
antiangiogenic activity.

Aerophobin-2

ALX-350-156-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Aplysina aerophoba. Cytotoxic alkaloid. Shows antibiotic properties.

CAS: 87075-23-8

Aerophobin-2

Wide Panel of Aflatoxins
Aflatoxin B1

ALX-630-093-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-093-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus flavus. Naturally occuring mycotoxin that is produced by many species of Aspergillus.
Aflatoxins are metabolized by the liver to the reactive intermediate aflatoxin M1. High-level aflatoxin exposure
produces an acute necrosis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma of the liver. Induces DNA damage.

Aflatoxin B1
Aflatoxin B2

Aflatoxin B2

Aflatoxin G1

ALX-630-103-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-103-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus flavus. Potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin.

Aflatoxin G1

ALX-630-104-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-104-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus flavus. Potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin.

Aflatoxin G2

Aflatoxin G2

ALX-630-106-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-106-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus flavus. Potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin.

Aflatoxin M1
Aflatoxin M1
Aflatoxin M2

ALX-630-095-MC01
0.1 mgIsolated from Aspergillus flavus. Mycotoxin. Hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1.

Aflatoxin M2

Technical Note Page 111
H-Lys-Lys-Lys-Cys-Ile-Ala-Lys-Asp-Tyr-Gly-Arg-Cys-Lys-TrpGly-Gly-Thr-Pro-Cys-Cys-Arg-Gly-Arg-Gly-Cys-Ile-Cys-Ser-IleMet-Gly-Thr-Asn-Cys-Glu-Cys-Lys-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ile-Met-GluGly-Leu-Gly-Leu-Ala-OH (Disulfide bonds between Cys4-Cys20,
Cys12-Cys25, Cys19-Cys36 and Cys27-Cys34)
ω-Agatoxin[4-Hydroxyaflatoxin B2]

ALX-630-114-MC01
0.1 mgIsolated from Aspergillus flavus. Potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin. Metabolite of aflatoxin B2. DNA-damaging agent.

ω-Agatoxin IVA

ALX-630-001-C100
100 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Agelenopsis aperta. Selective P-type Ca2+ channel blocker.

Agelasine D

ALX-350-315-M001
1 mg
Isolated from the sponge Agelas nakamurai. Displays broad spectrum of antibacterial activities. Antineoplastic
compound. Associated with contractive responses of smooth muscles and inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase.

CAS: 92664-80-7

LIT: (+)-agelasine D: improved synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial and cytotoxic activities: A. Vik, et al.; J. Nat. Prod. 69, 381 (2006)  Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of agelasine and agelasimine analogs: A. Vik, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. 15, 4016 (2007)

Agelasine D

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

19International Edition

Agelongine

ALX-350-326-M001
1 mg
Isolated from the sponge Agelas longissima. Alkaloid exhibiting antagonistic activity on serotonin receptors.

CAS: 163564-84-9

Agistatine B

ALX-350-151-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-151-M005
5 mg
Isolated from fungus FH-A 6239. A tricyclic analog of agistatine A, which has been described as an inhibitorof cholesterol biosynthesis.

Alamethicin

ALX-380-046-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-046-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Trichoderma viride. Membrane permeabilizing antibiotic.

β-Alanyl-L-histidine
Albamycin

see

see

[U-22324]

Agelongine

CAS: 144096-46-8

Carnosine
Agistatine B

Novobiocin

Alfacalcidol[Hydroxyvitamin D3; 1-Hydroxycholecalciferol]

ALX-460-036-M001
1 mg
Converts to active calcitriol (1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; Prod. No. ALX-460-032) in vivo. Inhibits bone resorption.

Allicin

CAS: 27061-78-5

Ac-Aib-Pro-Aib-Ala-Aib-Ala-Gln-Aib-Val-Aib-Gly-Leu-AibPro-Val-Aib-Aib-Glu-Gln-Phl[Diallyl thiosulfinate]

Alamethicin

ALX-350-329-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-329-M005
5 mg
Synthetic. Active metabolite of garlic. Exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiproliferative, chemopreventive,
antihyperlipidaemic and antihypertensive effects. Inhibits telomerase activity. Induces apoptosis. Inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS II) expression.

17-(Allylamino)-17-desmethoxygeldanamycin

see

CAS: 41294-56-8

17-AAG

Altenusin

ALX-350-325-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-325-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Alternaria sp. Antifungal penicillide. Non-competitive, specific neutral sphingomyelinase (NSMase) and strong pp60c-Src inhibitor. Inhibits cFMS receptor tyrosine kinase (CSF-1/m-CSF receptor tyrosine
kinase) which is implicated in cancer and bone diseases. Myosin light chain kinase inhibitor. Exhibits antiHIV-1 integrase activity.

Alternariol[AOH]

ALX-350-139-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Alternaria sp. Mycotoxin contaminant of fruit and cereal products. Exhibits antifungal and phytotoxic activity. Cholinesterase inhibitor.

Alfacalcidol

CAS: 539-86-6
MI: 14: 261
AllicinTechnical Note Page 103

α-Amanitin

ALX-350-270-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Amanita phalloides mushrooms. Inhibits eukaryotic RNA-polymerase II with high efficiency, but not
eukaryotic RNA-polymerase I, or bacterial or viral RNA-polymerases. Inhibits mammalian protein synthesis.

CAS: 31186-12-6β-Amanitin

Altenusin

ALX-350-271-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Amanita phalloides mushrooms. Biological activity like α-amanitin (Prod. No. ALX-350-270), but
contains a carboxy group which is useful for coupling reactions.

γ-Amanitin

ALX-350-272-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Amanita phalloides mushrooms. Biological activity like α-amanitin (Prod. No. ALX-350-270).

CAS: 641-38-3

Alternariol

Technical Note Page 109

CAS: 23109-05-9
MI: 14: 373

α-Amanitin

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

20International Edition

OH
OH
H3C

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

O
H3C

OH

N
H
O

O

CH3

O

O

Amidepsine A

CH3

Amidepsine A

ALX-380-262-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-262-MM25
2.5 mgIsolated from fungal strain FO-2943. Inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). Excessive accumulationof triacetylglycerol produced by DGAT may cause fatty liver, obesity and hypertriglyceridemia, which may leadto atherosclerosis, diabetes and metabolic disorders.
Fungal strain courtesy of The Kitasato Institute, Tokyo.

OH
OH
H3C

O

O

O
O

H3C

O

CH3

Amidepsine D

O
OH

O

CH3

CH3

Amidepsine D

ALX-380-263-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-263-MM25
2.5 mgIsolated from fungal strain FO-2943. Inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). Excessive accumulationof triacetylglycerol produced by DGAT may cause fatty liver, obesity and hypertriglyceridemia, which may leadto atherosclerosis, diabetes and metabolic disorders.
Fungal strain courtesy of The Kitasato Institute, Tokyo.

Amikacin (free base)
CAS: 37517-28-5
MI: 14: 405

Amikacin (free base)ALX-380-045-G001
1g
Semisynthetic from kanamycin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-275). Aminoglycoside antibiotic. Effective against Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Amikacin . disulfate

ALX-380-266-M250
250 mg
ALX-380-266-G001
1g
Semisynthetic from kanamycin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-275). Aminoglycoside antibiotic. Effective against Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacteria.

4’-Amino-6-hydroxyflavone

7-Amino-actinomycin D

seeAminogenistein4’-Amino-6-hydroxyflavone

see4’-Amino-6-hydroxyflavone

ALX-385-021-M001
1 mg
Inhibitor of the p56lck protein-tyrosine kinase.

Amino-phalloidin

seeAmphotericin B[Aminogenistein]

Phalloidin, Amino-

3-Amino-9-thio(10H)-acridone
CAS: 1397-89-3
MI: 14: 585

Actinomycin D, 7-Amino-

see

3-ATA

Amphotericin B[Fungizone]

Ampicillin . Na

[D-(–)-α-Aminobenzylpenicillin]

ALX-380-280-M250
250 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Interferes with fungal membrane permeability by forming channels
in the membranes and causing small molecules to leak out. Effective against yeasts and molds.

ALX-380-268-G005
5g
Semisynthetic from penicillin. β-Lactam antibiotic. Inhibits bacterial cell-wall synthesis (peptidoglycan crosslinking). Inactivates transpeptidases on the inner surface of the bacterial cell membrane. Effective against
Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Is inactivated by β-lactamase.

CAS: 69-52-3
MI: 14: 586

Ampullosporin A
Ampicillin . Na

Ac-Trp-Ala-Aib-Aib-Leu-Aib-Gln-Aib-Aib-AibGln-Leu-Aib-Gln-Leucinol
Ampullosporin A

ALX-350-106-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-106-M005
5 mg
Antibiotic isolated from Sepedonium ampullosporum. Peptaibol-type polypeptide. Induces pigment formationby the fungus Phoma destructiva, causes hypothermia in mice, displays neuroleptic activity in rats and forms
instable pores in artificial bilayer membranes.

Anabasine . HCl

LIT: Nicotine, cotinine, and anabasine inhibit aromatase in human trophoblast in vitro: R.L. Barbieri, et al.; J. Clin. Invest. 77, 1727 (1986)  Anabasine and anatabine as biomarkers for tobacco use during nicotine replacement therapy: P. Jacob, 3rd, et al.; Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers
Prev. 11, 1668 (2002)  Anabasine, a selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, antagonizes MK-801-elicited mouse popping behavior,an animal model of schizophrenia: J. Mastropaolo, et al.; Behav. Brain Res. 153, 419 (2004)  Anabasine toxicity from a topical folk remedy: N.G.
Murphy, et al.; Clin. Pediatr. (Phila) 45, 669 (2006)

Anandimycin

CAS: 15251-47-5
MI: 14: 619[3-(2-Piperidinyl)pyridine; 2-(3-Pyridyl)piperidine; Neonicotine]

ALX-350-112-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-112-M100
100 mgIsolated from Anabasis aphylla. Tobacco alkaloid. Potent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. Insecticide.

see

Gilvocarcin

Anabasine . HCl

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

21International Edition

Angoroside C[Isoangoroside C]

ALX-350-331-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-331-M005
5 mg
Isolated from the root of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl (Figwort). Potential anti-inflammatory compound. Inhibitor of prostaglandin E2 release in mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Shows potent antioxidative activity in reducing the oxidized OH adducts of dAMP and dGMP. Reveals some trypanocidal potential.

CAS: 115909-22-3
Angoroside C

LIT: Fast repairing of oxidized OH radical adducts of dAMP and dGMP by phenylpropanoid glycosides from Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl:
Y.M. Li, et al.; Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 21, 1125 (2000)  Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Scrophularia scorodonia: in vitro anti-inflammatory activity: A.M. Diaz, et al.; Life Sci. 74, 2515 (2004)  Anti-protozoal and plasmodial FabI enzyme inhibiting metabolites of Scrophularia lepidota roots:
D. Tasdemir, et al.; Phytochemistry 66, 355 (2005)

Anguinomycin A[5-Demethylleptomycin A; KR 2827A]

ALX-380-202-MC01
0.1 mgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5546. Antitumor antibiotic. Displays nanomolar cytotoxicity to murine
P388 leukemia cells. Analog of leptomycin B (Prod. No. ALX-380-100), an inhibitor of nuclear protein export.

Angustmycin A

see

Anguinomycin A

DecoyinineTechnical Note Page 93

Anisomycin

ALX-380-051-M010
10 mg
ALX-380-051-M050
50 mg
ALX-380-051-M100
100 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces griseolus. Activator of p38 and MAP kinases. Synergistic with growth
factors and phorbol esters to superinduce cFos and cJun, by acting as a potent signalling agonist. Induces
apoptosis in the human monoblastoid cell line. Used in the eradication of bean mildew. Inhibits other pathogenic fungi in plants.

Ansatrienin A

CAS: 22862-76-6
MI: 14: 670
Anisomycin[Mycotrienin I; T 23I]

ALX-380-203-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5998. Antitumor antibiotic, closely related to the cytotrienins. Significantly
potentiates the action of several clinical antitumor agents. Inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption.

Ansatrienin B

CAS: 82189-03-5[Mycotrienin II; T 23II]

ALX-380-204-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5998. Antitumor antibiotic, closely related to the cytotrienins. Displays
potent anti-cancer activities. Significantly potentiates the action of several clinical antitumor agents. Inhibits
osteoclastic bone resorption.

Antimycin

CAS: 111278-01-4

seeAnsatrienin A
CAS: 82189-04-6

Citrinin

Antimycin A[Antipiricullin; Virosin]

ALX-380-075-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-075-M010
10 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Mixture of antimycin A’s. Induces apoptosis, which is not prevented by
the presence of Bcl-2. Inhibits mitochondrial electron transport specifically between cytochromes b and c1.

Ansatrienin B(+)-Aphidicolin

ALX-350-016-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-016-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-016-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Nigrospora oryzae. Reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication. Useful for cell synchronization. Blocks the cell cycle at early S phase. Prolongs the half life of DNA methyltransferase. Specificinhibitor of DNA polymerase α and δ in eukaryotic cells and in some viruses of animal origin. Acts synergistically with vincristine and doxorubicin. Apoptosis inhibitor/inducer.

Apicidin

ALX-350-095-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-095-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Fusarium sp. Potent inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC). Inhibits proliferation. Induces cell
cycle arrest. Stimulates apoptosis of cancer cells. Antiprotozoal.
LIT: Apicidin: a novel antiprotozoal agent that inhibits parasite histone deacetylase: S.J. Darkin-Rattray, et al.; PNAS 93, 13143 (1996)  Apicidin,
a histone deacetylase inhibitor, inhibits proliferation of tumor cells via induction of p21WAF1/Cip1 and gelsolin: J.W. Han, et al.; Cancer Res.
60, 6068 (2000)  Transcriptional activation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) by apicidin, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor: J.S. Kim, et al.; BBRC 281, 866(2001)  Broad spectrum antiprotozoal agents that inhibit histone deacetylase: structure-activity relationships of apicidin. Part 1: S.L. Colletti, etal.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 11, 107 (2001)  Broad spectrum antiprotozoal agents that inhibit histone deacetylase: structure-activity relationships of apicidin. Part 2: S.L. Colletti, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 11, 113 (2001)  Structure and chemistry of apicidins, a class of novel cyclic
tetrapeptides without a terminal alpha-keto epoxide as inhibitors of histone deacetylase with potent antiprotozoal activities: S.B. Singh, et al.; J.
Org. Chem. 67, 815 (2002)  Apicidin, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, induces differentiation of HL-60 cells: J. Hong, et al.; Cancer Lett. 189, 197(2003)  Activation of NF-kappaB by HDAC inhibitor apicidin through Sp1-dependent de novo protein synthesis: its implication for resistanceto apoptosis: Y.K. Kim, et al.; Cell Death Differ. 13, 2033 (2006)  Apicidin, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, has profound anti-growth activity in human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells: T. Ueda, et al.; Int. J. Mol. Med. 19, 301 (2007)

CAS: 1397-94-0
MI: 14: 714 (A1) & 715 (A3)

Antimycin A

CAS: 38966-21-1
MI: 14: 727(+)-Aphidicolin

CAS: 183506-66-3

ApicidinGreat Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

22International Edition

Apigenin

CAS: 520-36-5
MI: 14: 730
Apigenin[4’,5,7-Trihydroxyflavone]

ALX-385-008-M010
10 mg
ALX-385-008-M050
50 mg
Synthetic. Antioxidant flavonoid. Has chemopreventive and antitumor properties. Induces apoptosis. Inhibits
the proliferation of malignant tumor cells by G2/M arrest. MAP kinase (MAPK/ERK) inhibitor. Inhibits hypoxiainducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression.

Apoptolidin

ALX-380-207-MC01
0.1 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Amicolatopsis sp. MST-AS5912. Originally isolated from Nocardiopsis sp. Potent andhighly selective apoptosis inducer in several cancer cell lines. F0F1-ATPase inhibitor.
Apoptolidin

Apoptolidin, Iso-see

Isoapoptolidin(-)-Arctigenin

CAS: 194874-06-1

ALX-350-312-M025
25 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Arctium lappa. Lignan derivative, which shows antitumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities. Down-regulates anti-apoptotic protein BclXL. Potent inhibitorof HIV type-I integrase and DNA topoisomerase II. Shows phytoestrogenic and cytotoxic properties against
Hep62 cells. Antagonist for platelet activating factor and Ca2+. Blocks the activation of Akt (protein Kinase B;
PKB) induced by glucose starvation.

CAS: 7770-78-7(-)-Arctigenin

LIT: Antiproliferative effect of Arctigenin and Arctiin: S.Y. Ryu, et al.; Arch. Pharm. Res. 18, 462 (1995)  (-)-Arctigenin as a lead structure for inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase: E. Eich, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 39, 86 (1996)  Immunomodulatory effect of arctigenin, alignan compound, on tumour necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide production, and lymphocyte proliferation: J.Y. Cho, et al.; J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 51, 1267 (1999)  Arctigenin protects cultured cortical neurons from glutamate-induced neurodegeneration by binding to kainate receptor: Y.P. Jang, et al.; J. Neurosci. Res. 68, 233 (2002)  A phytochemical study of lignans in whole plants and cell suspension cultures of Anthriscus
sylvestris: A. Koulman, et al.; Planta Med. 69, 733 (2003)  Naturally occurring lignans efficiently induce apoptosis in colorectal tumor cells: B.
Hausott, et al.; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 129, 569 (2003)  Arctigenin, a phenylpropanoid dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan, inhibits MAP kinases
and AP-1 activation via potent MKK inhibition: the role in TNF-alpha inhibition: M.K. Cho, et al.; Int. Immunopharmacol. 4, 1419 (2004)  Identification of arctigenin as an antitumor agent having the ability to eliminate the tolerance of cancer cells to nutrient starvation: S. Awale, et al.;Cancer Res. 66, 1751 (2006)  The chemopreventive effects of Saussurea salicifolia through induction of apoptosis and phase II detoxification
enzyme: K. Kang, et al.; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 2352 (2007)(-)-Arctiin

CAS: 849215-53-8

Aristoforin

ALX-350-318-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Arctium lappa. Lignan derivative with antitumor activities. Down-regulates anti-apoptotic protein BclXL. Potent inhibitor of HIV type-I integrase and DNA topoisomerase II. Shows phytoestrogenic activity
and is an antagonist for platelet activating factor and Ca2+.

Aristoforin

ALX-350-129-M001
1 mg
Stable and water-soluble derivative of hyperforin (Prod. No. ALX-350-097) inducing apoptosis. Antitumor agent.
Inhibits sirtuins.

CAS: 313-67-7
MI: 14: 786

LIT: Aristoforin, a novel stable derivative of hyperforin, is a potent anticancer agent: M. Gartner, et al.; Chembiochem. 6, 171 (2005)  Phloroglucinol Derivatives Guttiferone G, Aristoforin, and Hyperforin: Inhibitors of Human Sirtuins SIRT1 and SIRT2: C. Gey, et al.; Angew. Chem. Int.
Ed. Engl. 46, 5219 (2007)

Aristolochic acid

CAS: 63968-64-9
MI: 14: 817

Aristolochic acid

ALX-270-047-M025
25 mg
ALX-270-047-M100
100 mgIsolated from Aristolochia clematis. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor active against the enzymes found in manysnake venoms as well as those of human platelets and synovial fluids. Inhibits ionophore-stimulated PLA2 activity in human neutrophils. Has been shown to be nephropathic and carcinogenic.

Artemisinin
Artemisinin[Qinghaosu]

ALX-350-219-M100
100 mg
ALX-350-219-G001
1g
Isolated from the traditional Chinese anti-malarial herb Artemisia annua L. Powerful antimalarial agent. Inhibits angiogenesis by down-regulating HIF-1α and VEGF expression in mouse embryonic stem cells. Crosses the
blood-brain barrier. Inhibitor of human inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS II).

Ascochlorin[LL-Z 1272 γ]

ALX-350-334-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Acremonium sp. MST-FP1890. Antitumor antibiotic. Shows antiviral activity. Inhibitor or matrix
metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Reduces the inflammatory response to TNF-α in rat vacuolar smooth muscle
cells. May be useful as an antiatherogenic agent.
CAS: 26166-39-2

Ascochlorin

CAS: 11011-38-4

Ascomycin[Immunomycin]

ALX-380-005-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-005-M005
5 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Ethyl analog of FK506 (ALX-380-005). Immunosuppressor. Binds toimmunophilins. The ascomycin-immunophilin complex inhibits phosphatase 2B (calcineurin; PP2B). As a result of calcineurin inhibition, ascomycin inhibits T cell proliferation, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines
and activation of mast cells.

L-(+)-Ascorbic acid
ALX-460-001-G010

10 g[Vitamin C]

Ascomycin

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

23International Edition

Asperlactone

ALX-380-122-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-122-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus ochraceus. Antibiotic with nematicidal, insecticidal, antibacterial and antifungal activity.

CAS: 76375-62-7

Asperlactone

Aspyrone

ALX-380-121-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-121-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus ochraceus. Antibiotic with nematicidal, insecticidal, antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Astaxanthin (crystalline)

CAS: 17398-00-4[3,3’-Dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4’-dione]

ALX-460-031-M250
250 mgSynthetic. Extremely potent antioxidant. Shows anti-inflammatory properties. Has effects on cancer, cardiovacuolar disease, and diabetes.

Asterric acid

Aspyrone[Dimethylosoic acid; TAN 1415A; WF 12880A]

ALX-380-208-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Aspergillus terreus MST-FP1370. Inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF).

3-ATA

CAS: 577-64-0[3-Amino-9-thio(10H)-acridone]

ALX-350-273-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-273-M005
5 mg
Specific CDK4 inhibitor inducing growth inhibition of p16-altered tumors. Inhibits DNA synthesis and induces
DNA damage in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) in a p16-dependent manner.

Atpenin A5

ALX-380-108-C250
250 µgAntibiotic. Produced by Penicillium sp. Potent and specific inhibitor of mitochondrial complex II (succinateubiquinone oxidoreductase).

Asterric acid

CAS: 119509-24-9

Fungal strain courtesy of The Kitasato Institute, Tokyo.

Atpenin A5

Aurantimycin A

ALX-380-086-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-086-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces aurantiacus IMET 43917. Has strong antibiotic activity against Gram-positive bacteria and cytotoxicity. Shows inhibitory effects on cellular adhesion and anaphylatoxin receptor binding.

Auraptene[7-Geranyloxycoumarin]

ALX-350-361-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-361-M025
25 mg
Isolated from citrus fruit. Anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive compound. Exerts tumor preventive effects
through apoptosis. Suppresses cell proliferation and lipid peroxidation. Acts as an agonist of PPARs. Inducesphase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. Technical Note Page 105.

Aureolic acid see Mithramycin A
Aureomycin see Chlortetracycline

Aureothricin

Aurantimycin A

CAS: 574-95-8[Propionylpyrrothione; Farcinicin]

ALX-380-240-MC05
0.5 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS4782. More hydrophobic analog of the antibiotic thiolutin(Prod. No. ALX-380-200) with selective antitumor activity. Potent inhibitor of bacterial and yeast RNA polymerases and of fungal mannan and glucan formation.

Aureothricin

Australine . HCl

ALX-270-157-M001
1 mg
Alkaloid. Isolated from Castanospermum australe seeds. Inhibitor of α-glucosidase, amyloglucosidase and glucosidase I. Does not inhibit glucosidase II, and is reported to be the first glucosidase inhibitor which differentiates glucosidase I from glucosidase II. Does not inhibit α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase,α-mannosidase and β-mannosidase.

AvarolAustraline . HCl[NSC306951]

ALX-350-319-M001
1 mg
Isolated from marine sponge Dysidea avara. Cytostatic agent which has potent antileukemic activity both invitro and in vivo (mice). Also displays antibacterial and antifungal activities against a limited range of microorganisms. Inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

AvaroneALX-350-321-M001
1 mg
For technical information see Product Avarol (Prod. No. ALX-350-319).

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

AvarolAvarone24

International Edition

Baccatin III

CAS: 27548-93-2

ALX-351-005-M005
5 mg
ALX-351-005-M025
25 mg
Semisynthetic. Starting material for the synthesis of taxol analogs. Shows antitumor properties.
Baccatin III

Baccatin III, 10-Deacetyl-

ALX-351-006-M005
5 mg
ALX-351-006-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Taxus baccata. Intermediate for the preparation of taxol analogs.

[10-Deacetyl-baccatin III]

Bafilomycin A1

The Bafilomycin Source™
Bafilomycin A1

Bafilomycin B1

ALX-380-030-C100
100 µgIsolated from Streptomyces griseus. Macrolide antibiotic that acts as a specific inhibitor of vacuolar-type H+ATPase. Valuable tool for distinguishing among different types of ATPases. Inhibitor of endosomal acidification.

Bafilomycin B1

Bafilomycin C1

ALX-380-063-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces griseus. Macrolide antibiotic that acts as a specific inhibitor of vacuolar-type H+ATPase.

Bafilomycin C1[L-681,110A1]

ALX-380-209-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5338. Macrolide antibiotic that acts as a specific inhibitor of vacuolartype H+-ATPase. Potential antiosteoporotic agent in treating bone lytic diseases.

CAS: 491-67-8
MI: 14: 942
Baicalein

Baicalein[5,6,7-Trihydroxyflavone]

ALX-385-022-M005
5 mg
ALX-385-022-M025
25 mg
Inhibitor of the 12-lipoxygenase, leukotriene biosynthesis and the release of lysosomal enzymes. Inhibits cellular Ca2+ uptake and calcium mobilization. Inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase in leukemia (CEM) cells. Induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Anti-inflammatory compound. Has anti-thrombotic, anti-proliferative
and anti-mitogenic effects.

CAS: 10309-37-2

Bakuchiol

Bakuchiol

ALX-350-144-M001
1 mg
Isolated from plant Psoralea corylifolia. Inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Antioxidant. Inhibitor of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. Inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS II) expression. DNA polymerase inhibitor. Shows antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity.

BanisterineseeHarmineBatuminBatumin

ALX-380-081-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Pseudomonas batumici. Antibiotic with high and selective activity against Staphylococcus strains
including methicillin-resistant S. Aureus (MRSA) strains in a concentration of 1-10ng/ml. Poorly active or no effects against Micrococci and other Gram-positive microorganisms and fungi. Different degree of activity against
Gram-negative bacteria. Useful for identification of Staphylococcus species in pure and mixed cultures.

Bavachin

ALX-350-147-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from plant Psoralea corylifolia. Weak antioxidant. Antimutagenic. Stimulates bone formation and has
potential activity against osteoporosis. Shows inhibitory activities against the antigen-induced degranulation
and weak estrogen-like activity.

CAS: 19879-32-4

Bavachin

Becatecarin [6-N-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]rebeccamycin; NSC 655649; BMY-27557-14; BMS-181176; XL 119]
ALX-380-119-C250
250 µg
ALX-380-119-M001
1 mg
Semisynthetic water-soluble derivative of rebeccamycin (ALX-380-079). Antitumor antibiotic. Topoisomerase
II inhibitor. DNA intercalating agent.

CAS: 119673-08-4

4’-N-Benzoyl-staurosporine
Berbamine methyl ether

see
see

PKC412
Isotetrandrine

Becatecarin

Technical Note Page 102

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

25International Edition

Berberine . hemisulfate[Natural Yellow 18]

ALX-350-094-G001
1g
Alkaloid which exhibits relatively weak antibiotic properties, because of its efflux by multidrug resistancepumps. The antimicrobial action of berberine is potentiated by 5’-methoxyhydnocarpin, a multidrug pumpinhibitor. Lowers cholesterol levels through a mechanism different from that of statins. Upregulates the expression of liver low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) resulting in improved clearance of plasma LDL cholesterol through receptor mediated endocytosis. Possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-angiogenic
effects. Induces apoptosis.

Betulinic acid (high purity)

Berberine . hemisulfate[3β-Hydroxy-20(29)-lupaene-28-oic acid]

ALX-350-277-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-277-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-277-M100
100 mgIsolated from Platanus acerifolia (plane) tree bark. Antitumor and anti-HIV agent. Induces apoptosis by activating mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Betulinic acid is an inhibitor of NF-κB activation and NFκB-regulated gene expression induced by carcinogens and inflammatory stimuli.

Betulinic acid (~95%)

CAS: 633-66-9
MI: 14: 1154

CAS: 472-15-1

Betulinic acid

[3β-Hydroxy-20(29)-lupaene-28-oic acid]

ALX-350-298-M100
100 mg
ALX-350-298-M500
500 mg
ALX-350-298-G001
1g
For technical information see Betulinic acid (high purity) (Prod. No. ALX-350-277).

D-(+)-Biotin
ALX-460-002-G001
ALX-460-002-G005[Vitamin H]

1g
5g

Bistheonellide A

CAS: 105304-96-9
Bistheonellide A[Misakinolide A]

ALX-350-287-C100
100 µgIsolated from the marine sponge Theonella sp. Inhibits actin polymerization by forming a 1:2 complex with
G-actin.

Blasticidin A

CAS: 100513-53-9

ALX-380-241-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS4079. Shows broad spectrum antifungal and antibacterial
activity. Specific inhibitor of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus.

Blasticidin S . HCl

Blasticidin A

ALX-380-089-M100
100 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces griseochromogenes. Inhibitor of DNA and protein synthesis.

Bleomycin sulfate

ALX-630-107-M010
10 mg
ALX-630-107-M050
50 mg
A group of related glycopeptide antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces verticillus. Radiomimetic DNA-cleaving
agent that produces double and single DNA strand breaks through an oxygen-radical-dependent mechanism.
Inhibits intracellular DNA replication. DNA alkylating agent. Antineoplastic.

Borrelidin[Treponemycin; U-78548; C2989]

ALX-380-102-MC05
0.5 mg
ALX-380-102-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Inhibitor of bacterial and eukaryal threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS).
Inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). Shows angiogenesis inhibiting and antiviral activity.

CAS: 3513-03-9
MI: 14: 1316
Blasticidin S . HCl

CAS: 7184-60-3

Borrelidin(+)-Brefeldin A[BFA; Ascotoxin; Decumbin]

ALX-350-019-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-019-M010
10 mg
ALX-350-019-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-019-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Eupenicillium brefeldianum. Inhibitor of intracellular protein transport and protein secretion, interfering with trafficking in the trans-Golgi network, leading to the accumulation of cycling proteins in ERGIC
clusters. Blocks ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf ) in an inactive GDP-bound conformation and thereby prevents
binding of COPI coats to ERGIC and Golgi membranes. Upon brefeldin A treatment the Golgi rapidly tubulates
and fuses with the ER by an energy-, temperature-, and microtubule-dependent process. In contrast, the drug
has little effect on the ERGIC, which keeps its identity, although the ERGIC clusters become larger and more
uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of the cells. Inhibits intracellular collagen degradation. Also inhibits
apical Na+ channels in epithelia. Induces apoptosis.

4-Bromo-A23189

seeCAS: 20350-15-6
MI: 14: 1369(+)-Brefeldin A

A23187, 4-Bromo-

4’-Bromoflavone[4’-Bromo-2-phenylbenzopyran]

ALX-385-029-G001
1g
Synthetic. Chemopreventive compound. Potent inducer of phase II detoxifying enzymes. Quininone reductase and glutathione S-transferase in cell culture and different tissues of rats. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase
inducer.

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

4’-Bromoflavone

26

International Edition

Bryostatin 1

ALX-350-005-C010
10 µg
Binds to and activates protein kinase C (PKC). Antineoplastic.

CAS: 83314-01-6
MI: 14: 1457
Bryostatin 1

Bufalin

ALX-350-281-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Bufonis venom. Cardiotonic steroid specific Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor. More potent than ouabain(Prod. No. ALX-350-066). Induces cell differentiation and apoptosis.

Bufotalin

ALX-350-282-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Bufonis venom. Less potent Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor than other bufadienolides. Potent immunosuppressor.

CAS: 465-21-4
MI: 14: 1471
BufalinTechnical Note Page 97

α-Bungarotoxin

ALX-630-075-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Bungarus multicinctus. Post-synaptic neurotoxin that binds irreversibly to acetylcholine receptor sites, producing neuromuscular blockade and skeletal muscle paralysis. Prevents opening of nicotinic receptor-associated ion channels.

CAS: 471-95-4
MI: 14: 1477

β-Bungarotoxin
Bufotalin

ALX-630-050-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Bungarus multicinctus. Presynaptic, neurotoxic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity.

Technical Note Page 97

ButeinH-Ile-Val-Cys-His-Thr-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ile-Ser-Ala-Val-ThrCys-Pro-Pro-Gly-Glu-Asn-Leu-Cys-Tyr-Arg-Lys-Met-Trp-CysAsp-Ala-Phe-Cys-Ser-Ser-Arg-Gly-Lys-Val-Val-Glu-Leu-GlyCys-Ala-Ala-Thr-Cys-Pro-Ser-Lys-Lys-Pro-Tyr-Glu-Glu-Val-ThrCys-Cys-Ser-Thr-Asp-Lys-Cys-Asn-Pro-His-Pro-Lys-Gln-ArgPro-Gly-OH (Disulfide bonds between Cys3-Cys23, Cys16-Cys44,
Cys29-Cys33, Cys48-Cys59 and Cys60-Cys65)
α-Bungarotoxin[2’,3,4,4’-Tetrahydroxychalcone]

ALX-350-246-M010
10 mg
Plant polyphenol that acts as a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Potently inhibits the tyrosine kinase activityof the EGF receptor and p60c-src. Potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Inhibits glutathione reductase and rat liver glutathione S-transferase. Activator of human deacetylase SIRT1. Inhibits aromatase, showing
chemopreventive properties. Directly inhibits IKK.

Cactinomycin

see

Actinomycin C

Cafestol

ALX-350-220-M050
50 mg
Isolated from the unsaponifiable fraction of petroleum ether extract of coffee beans. Inducer of glutathione
S-transferases. Has chemoprotective activity, reducing the genotoxicity of several carcinogens.

CAS: 487-52-5

ButeinCafestolTechnical Note Page 106

OH

Caffeic acid
Caffeic acid ethyl ester

Caffeic acid methyl ester

Caffeic acid n-octyl ester

Technical Note Page 106[CAEE; Ethyl caffeate]

ALX-270-480-M050
50 mg
ALX-270-480-M250
250 mgSynthetic. Shows anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Suppresses LPSinduced nitric oxide (NO) production. Potent and specific inhibitor of NF-κB and its downstream inflammatory
mediators inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS II), prostagladin E2 (PGE2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
Prevents DNA single-strand breaks caused by H2O2.
LIT: Inhibitory effects of caffeic acid ethyl ester on H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and DNA single-strand breaks in Chinese hamster V79 cells: T. Nakayama, et al.; Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60, 316 (1996)  Ethyl caffeate suppresses NF-kappaB activation and its downstream inflammatory
mediators, iNOS, COX-2, and PGE2 in vitro or in mouse skin: Y.M. Chiang, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 146, 352 (2005)  Drastic effect of several caffeic
acid derivatives on the induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression revealed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR: K. Suzuki, et al.; Biofactors 28, 151(2006)  Antitumor activity of some natural flavonoids and synthetic derivatives on various human and murine cancer cell lines: M. Cardenas,
et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14, 2966 (2006)

OHO[3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid]

ALX-270-231-M250
250 mg
ALX-270-231-G001
1g
Synthetic. Naturally occuring phenolic compound found in many fruits, vegetables and herbs, including coffee.
Antitumor. Antiviral. Antioxidant. Anti-inflammatory. Inhibitor of 5- and 12-lipoxygenase (LO).

Caffeic acid ethyl ester

CAS: 469-83-0
MI: 14: 1634

HO

Caffeic acid

Caffeic acid methyl ester[Methyl caffeate]

Caffeic acid n-octyl ester[n-Octylcaffeate]

ALX-350-226-M050
50 mg
Synthetic. Inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase and protein tyrosine kinases. Has a strong inhibitory effect onhuman platelet aggregation. Shows antioxidant, antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties.
ALX-350-278-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-278-M025
25 mg
More potent analog than CAPE (Prod. No. ALX-270-244). Suppressor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS;NOS II). Induces apoptosis.
LIT: Mechanism of toxicity of esters of caffeic and dihydrocaffeic acids: B. Etzenhouser, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. 9, 199 (2001)  A novel antioxidant, octyl caffeate, suppression of LPS/IFN-gamma-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in rat aortic smooth muscle
cells: G. Hsiao, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 65, 1383 (2003)  Caffeic acid derivatives: in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties: F.M. da
Cunha, et al.; Free Radic. Res. 38, 1241 (2004)  Octylcaffeate induced apoptosis in human leukemia U937 cells: M. Ujibe, et al.; Biol. Pharm. Bull.
28, 2338 (2005)

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

27International Edition

Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester[CAPE; Phenethyl caffeiate]

CAS: 115610-29-2

ALX-270-244-M010
10 mg
ALX-270-244-M050
50 mg
Synthetic. Active component of propolis from honeybee hives, known to have anti-mitogenic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Potent and specific inhibitor of NF-κB activation, induced by TNF-α (Prod. No. ALX-522-008 (human) or Prod. No. ALX-522-009 (mouse)), PMA (Prod. No.
ALX-445-004) and other inflammatory agents. Exhibits inhibitory activity against HIV-1 integrase. Suppresses
lipid peroxidation and inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, protein tyrosine kinase and lipoxygenase activities.
Induces apoptosis.

Caffeine[1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine; 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid]

ALX-550-322-G005
5gFound in tea leaves, coffee beans, cocoa beans, maté leaves, guarana paste and kola nuts. CNS stimulant. Blocks
adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Interferes with the uptake and storageof Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle. Prevents apoptosis and cell cycle effects induced byvarious chemicals. Inhibits cellular DNA repair mechanisms. Anti-inflammatory.

Calciferol

see

Vitamin D2

Calcimycin

seeA23187 (free acid)

Calcimycin, 4-Bromo-seeCAS: 58-08-2
MI: 14: 1636
Caffeine

Technical Note Page 106

CAS: 32222-06-3
MI: 14: 1644

4-Bromo-A23187

Calcitriol[1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3; 1α,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol]

Calcium Ionophore A23187

see

ALX-460-032-C100
100 µg
ALX-460-032-M001
1 mg
Osteotropic hormone that up-regulates RANKL level and down-regulates OPG level. Biologically active formof vitamin D3 in intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium resorption.

A23187 (free acid)

Calcium Ionophore A23187, 4-Bromo-seeCalcitriol

CAS: 137-08-6
MI: 14: 7015

4-Bromo-A23187

Calcium D-(+)-pantothenate
ALX-460-003-G010

Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester

10 g[D-(+)-Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt]

Calphostin C

Calcium D-(+)-pantothenate[UCN-1028C]

ALX-350-027-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-027-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides. Potent and selective inhibitor of the protein kinase C (PKC) regulatory site of diacylglycerol and phorbol esters. At higher concentrations inhibits myosin light chain kinase,cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), protein kinase G and pp60v-src protein tyrosine kinase. Induces apoptotic DNA fragmentation and cell death. Kills breast cancer cells. Has antiviral potential. Inhibits cardiac Ltype Ca2+ channels.

CAS: 121263-19-2

Calphostin C

Calyculin A

ALX-350-014-C010
10 µg
ALX-350-014-C050
50 µg
ALX-350-014-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-014-C100
100 µgIsolated from Discodermia calyx. Potent cell permeable inhibitor with high specificity for protein phosphatase
1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). Inhibits p130cas tyrosine phosphorylation. Enhances the phosphorylation level of NFκB. Affects intracellular signalling processes that require 14-3-3. Potent non-phorbol type tumor promoter.
Prevents γ-radiation induced apoptosis.

CAS: 101932-71-2(+)-Calystegine B2

ALX-350-314-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-314-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Lycopersicon sp. Selective glycosidase inhibitor sharing such activity with other hydroxylated
nitrogen containing bicyclic compounds like swainsonine (Prod. No. ALX-350-077), castanospermine (Prod.
No. ALX-270-160), monocyclic deoxynojirimycin (Prod. No. ALX-580-003) or fagomine. Most abundant form iscalystegine B2 occurring in almost all plants displaying calystegines. Inhibitory potency of calystegine B2 iscomparable to other alkaloidal glycosidase inhibitors showing Ki values below 1µM.

Calyculin A

CAS: 127414-85-1(S)-(+)-Camptothecin

ALX-350-015-M050
50 mg
ALX-350-015-M250
250 mg
ALX-350-015-G001
1g
Isolated from Mappia foetida Miers (Nothapodytes foetida (Wt.) Sleumer). Potent antitumor agent. Inhibitor of
DNA-topoisomerase I. Activates p53 resulting in upregulated expression of TRAIL-R2 (DR5) and Bak to overcome
TRAIL resistance in Bax-deficient human colon carcinoma cells. Suppresses nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis.

Camptothecin, 9-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-10-hydroxy-(20S)-

see

Topotecan(+)-Calystegine B2

Technical Note Page 107

CAS: 7689-03-4
MI: 14: 1735

(S)-(+)-Camptothecin

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

28

International Edition

Canavanine . sulfate

CAS: 13956-29-1
MI: 14: 1747

[L-α-Amino-γ-(guanidinooxy)-n-butyric acid . sulfate]

ALX-350-002-M100
100 mg
ALX-350-002-M500
500 mg
The non-protein amino acid L-canavanine is an analog of L-arginine. Selective inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS; NOS II) inhibitor. Induces apoptotic cell death and shows antiproliferative and immunotoxic effects.
Technical Note Page 104.
Cannabidiol

Cannabidiol[CBD]

Cannabigerol[CBG]

ALX-430-152-M001
1 mg
ALX-430-152-M005
5 mg
Natural product. Non-psychotropic, anticonvulsive and neuroprotective in vivo. Shown to be a weak CB1 receptor antagonist and inhibitor of anandamide uptake. Weak agonist of TRPV1.

Cannabigerol

ALX-430-154-M001
1 mg
ALX-430-154-M005
5 mg
Natural product. Analog of cannabidiol (Prod. No. ALX-430-152) with similar pharmacological properties.

Cantharidin

ALX-270-063-M025
25 mg
ALX-270-063-M100
100 mgPotent protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor. At higher concentrations, also inhibits protein phosphatase
1 (PP1).

CAS: 56-25-7
MI: 14: 1752
Cantharidin

CAPE

see

Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester(E)-Capsaicin[trans-8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide]

ALX-550-066-M100
100 mgIsolated from Capsicum fruit. Constituent of cayenne pepper. Powerful excitant of peripheral sensory nerve
endings, specifically unmyelinated afferent neurons (C-fibers). Elicits pain by activating TRPV1. Chemoprotective against some chemical carcinogens and mutagens. Reversibly inhibits aggregation of platelets.

CAS: 404-86-4
MI: 14: 1768

Carazostatin(E)-Capsaicin

Technical Note Page 104

ALX-350-253-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-253-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces chrestomyceticus. Antioxidant. Free radical scavenger. Potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation.

Carbenicillin . 2Na[α-Carboxybenzylpenicillin]

ALX-380-270-M250
250 mg
ALX-380-270-G001
1g
Semisynthetic from penicillin. Analog to ampicillin (Prod. No. ALX-380-268). Inhibits bacterial cell-wall synthesis(peptidoglycan cross-linking) by inactivating transpeptidases on the inner surface of the bacterial cell membrane. Effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas.

CAS: 126168-32-9

Carnosic acid
Carazostatin

CAS: 3650-09-7

ALX-270-264-M010
10 mg
ALX-270-264-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis. Naturally occurring phenolic compound with antioxidant properties. Inhibits lipid peroxidation induced by NADH or NADPH oxidation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ) activator. Anti-inflammatory. Antimicrobial.

Carnosine
Carnosic acidTechnical Note Page 103[β-Alanyl-L-histidine]

ALX-153-055-G001
1g
Antioxidant. Inhibits soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) by interacting with the heme iron to form a chelate complex.

Carnosol

ALX-270-254-M001
1 mg
ALX-270-254-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis. Naturally occurring phenolic compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Suppresses nitric oxide NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOSII)
gene expression by inhibiting NF-κB activation. Inhibits lipid peroxidation. Antimicrobial. Anticarcinogenic.
Inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).

CAS: 5957-80-2

Carnosol

β-Carotene

ALX-460-004-G005
Synthetic.

Technical Note Page 103

5g[Provitamin A]

Castanospermine

ALX-270-160-M010
10 mg
ALX-270-160-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Castanospermum australe seeds. Plant alkaloid. Potent inhibitor of α- and β-glucosidase activity in fibroblast extracts; inhibits the glycoprotein processing cycle. Exhibits antiviral properties. Prevents angiogenesis.

CAS: 79831-76-8
MI: 14: 1896

Castanospermine

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

29International Edition(±)-Catechin[(±)-3,3’,4’,5,7-Flavanpentol](+)-Catechin . H2O[(+)-3,3’,4’,5,7-Flavanpentol]

ALX-385-002-G001
1g
Antioxidant flavonoid. Free radical scavenger. Has chemopreventive and antitumor properties.

ALX-385-017-G001
1g
Antioxidant flavonoid. Free radical scavenger. Has chemopreventive and antitumor properties. For technical
Information and literature references see (±)-Catechin (Prod. No. ALX-385-002). Technical Note Page 91.

CAS: 7295-85-4
MI: 14: 1902(±)-CatechinTechnical Note Page 91

Catharanthine . tartrate

ALX-350-101-M100
100 mg
ALX-350-101-G001
1g
Isolated from Catharanthus roseus. Starting material for the synthesis of the antitumor drugs vinblastine andvincristine. It is less active as an inhibitor of tubulin self-assembly into microtubules than the latter two compounds.

Cefaclor

CAS: 2648-21-5
MI: 14: 1904

CH3
N
HO

[7-(D-2-Amino-2-phenylacetamido)-3-chloro-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid]

ALX-380-016-M050
50 mg
ALX-380-016-G001
ALX-380-016-M250
250 mg
ALX-380-016-G005
Broad-spectrum antibiotic acting by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Cefotaxime . Na

[Tripterine]

ALX-350-332-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-332-M025
25 mg
Isolated from the root of Tripterygium sp. Cell permeable triterpenoid anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive compound. Antioxidant. Suppresses LPS-induced cytokine release in macrophages and monocytes. Suppresses nitric oxide (NO) production and LPS-induced NF-κB activation. Inhibits chymotrypsin-like activity of
20S proteasome. Inhibits lipid peroxidation induced by ADP and Fe2+ in rat liver mitochondria. Induces expression of a wider set of heat shock proteins. Inhibits topoisomerase II.

[2,3-Epoxy-4-oxo-7,10-dodecadienamide]

CAS: 64485-93-4
MI: 14: 1933
Cefotaxime . Na

CAS: 34157-83-0

ALX-380-053-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-053-M010
10 mg
ALX-380-053-M050
50 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Cephalosporium caerulens. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor reported to bind in equimolar ratio to β-keto-acyl-ACP synthase, thus inhibiting protein acylation. Produces metabolic effects similar
to effects of leptin, but through mechanisms that are independent of, or down-stream from, both leptin andmelanocortin receptors. Apoptosis inducer. Inhibitor of bacterial fatty acid synthesis (inhibits FabH, FabB andFabF condensation enzymes).

[Ferroxidase]

ALX-200-089-M001
1 mg
Isolated from human plasma. Serum copper transport and iron-oxidizing protein. Expressed in plasma at concentrations of 1-5µM. Contains six copper centers and is known to oxidize amines in a process coupled to the
reduction of molecular oxygen. Has ferroxidase activity that is responsible for the oxidation of ferrous iron toits ferric form, which is necessary for efficient iron efflux from the cell (e.g. during hypoxia). Has previously been
considered a target for nitric oxide (NO) and an inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS/NOS III).
Catalyzes S-nitrosothiol formation in cell culture media. Is a NO oxidase and nitrite synthase that determines
endocrine NO homeostasis.

CGP 41251

see

PKC412Chaetocin (high purity)

C4H6O6

Cefaclor

ALX-380-271-M250
250 mg
ALX-380-271-G001
1g
Cephalosporin antibiotic. Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Effective against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Resistant against β-lactamase.

Ceruloplasmin (human)

CH3

CAS: 53994-73-3
MI: 14: 1912

ALX-380-044-M250
250 mg
ALX-380-044-G001
1g
Semisynthetic. Inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall.

CeruleninO

Catharanthine . tartrate

1g
5g

Cefazolin . Na

CelastrolN

Celastrol

CAS: 17397-89-6
MI: 14: 2004
Cerulenin

CAS: 28097-03-2[Chetocin]

ALX-380-242-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Chaetomium sp. MST-FP2085. Antitumor agent. Specific inhibitor of the lysine-specificmethyltransferase SU(VAR)3-9 both in vitro and in vivo.

Chaetocin

Chaetoglobosin A

ALX-350-131-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-131-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Chaetomium sp. Cytochalasin analog with anti-fungal activity. Phytotoxic and anti-bacterial activity. Exhibits cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell lines. Enhances fibrinolytic activity of bovine aortic
endothelial cells.

Chaetomin

see

ChetominChaetoglobosin A

30International Edition

Chartreusin

CAS: 6377-18-0
MI: 14: 2045

[Lambdamycin]

ALX-380-073-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-073-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces chartreusis. Antitumor antibiotic which inhibits topoisomerase II. Induces singlestrand scission in DNA in the presence of reducing agents.
Chartreusin

Charybdotoxin

ALX-630-059-C100
100 µgSynthetic. Highly potent blocker of a variety of Ca2+-activated K+-channels in a wide range of cell types. Acts
in nanomolar concentration and does not affect apamin-sensitive channels.

Chelerythrine chloride

CAS: 3895-92-9
MI: 14: 2051

Chelerythrine chloride

ALX-350-008-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-008-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-008-M025
25 mg
Synthetic. Potent, selective and cell permeable protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. Induces apoptosis. BH3 mimetic which inhibits BclXL function.

Chetomin[Chaetomin]

ALX-350-128-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-128-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Chaetomium species. Dithiodiketopiperazine inhibitor of HIF-1 formation by disrupting the binding of p300 to both HIF-1α and HIF-2α. Inhibitor of tumor growth. Potent immunosuppressor. Antibacterial.

CAS: 1403-36-7

Chetomin

CAS: 327-97-9
MI: 14: 2142

Chlorogenic acid

Chlorotoxin acid, IsoChlorogenic acidTechnical Note Page 106
H-Met-Cys-Met-Pro-Cys-Phe-Thr-Thr-Asp-His-Gln-Met-AlaArg-Lys-Cys-Asp-Asp-Cys-Cys-Gly-Gly-Lys-Gly-Arg-Gly-LysCys-Tyr-Gly-Pro-Gln-Cys-Leu-Cys-Arg-NH2 (Disulfide bonds
between Cys 2-Cys19, Cys5-Cys28, Cys16-Cys33 and Cys20-Cys35)
Chlorotoxin[3-O-Caffeoylquinic acid; Heriguard; NSC 407296]

ALX-350-353-M500
500 mg
ALX-350-353-G001
1g
Isolated from the leaves and fruits of dicotyledonous plants (e.g. coffee beans). Analog of caffeic acid (Prod.
No. ALX-270-231). Shows antioxidant, analgesic, antipyretic and chemopreventive activity. Inhibits Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase and triggers MAP kinases p38-dependent apoptosis. Inhibitor of the tumor promoting activityof phorbol esters.

see

3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid

Chlorotoxin

ALX-630-069-C500
500 µgSynthetic. Small conductance Cl- channel blocker. Highly specific marker for glioma cells and tumors of neuroectodermal origin. Inhibits the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2).

Chlortetracycline . HCl[Aureomycin . HCl]

ALX-350-238-G001
1g
ALX-350-238-G005
5g
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens. Inhibits protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Inhibits binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes. Used as a fluorescent Ca2+ probe.

Cholecalciferol

see

Vitamin D3

Chromomycin A3[Toyomycin]

ALX-380-055-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-055-M025
25 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces griseus. Inhibits RNA synthesis. Cell permeable fluorescent dye that canbe used with bisbenzimide H33258 (Prod. No. ALX-620-051) to distinguish chromosomes by their total DNA
concentration and their DNA base composition. Binds to G:C pairs of helical DNA but does not intercalate.
Ex(max): 445nm; Em(max): 575nm.

CAS: 64-72-2
MI: 14: 2192

Chrysin
Chlortetracycline . HCl

CAS: 7059-24-7
MI: 14: 2238

Chromomycin A3[5,7-Dihydroxyflavone]

ALX-385-009-G001
1g
Antibiotic. Antioxidant flavonoid. Shows anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. Inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Induces apoptosis.

Chrysomycin A[Chrysomycin V; Virenomycin V]

Chrysomycin B[Chrysomycin M; Virenomycin M]

ALX-380-112-C250
250 µg
ALX-380-112-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Inhibits topoisomerase II in human. Mediates a unique cross-linking
reaction between DNA and histidine H3. Antineoplastic and photosensitizing compound. Exhibits antitumor
activity against human cell lines.
ALX-380-114-C250
250 µg
ALX-380-114-M001
1 mg
For technical information see product Chrysomycin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-112).

Chrysomycin A

Chrysomycin B

Chrysomycin M

see

Chrysomycin B

Chrysomycin V

see

Chrysomycin A

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

31International Edition

CI-920see

Fostriecin

Cinnamtannin B-1[Epicatechin-(4β→8,2β→O→7)-epicatechin-(4α→8)-epicatechin]

ALX-350-365-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Laurus nobilis L. A-type proanthocyanidin contained in several plant species such as Laurus nobilis L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Parameria laevigata, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Lindera umbellata. Has potent
antioxidant activity. Protective agent against oxidative stress and apoptosis in human platelets. Reduces hyperaggregability in platelets from type 2 diabetic patients.

CAS: 88082-60-4Cinnamtannin B-1

Technical Note Page 108

Cinobufagin

ALX-350-283-M005
5 mg
Specific Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor. About as active as ouabain (Prod. No. ALX-350-066). Technical Note Page
97.

CAS: 28657-80-9
MI: 14: 2309

Cinobufotalin

ALX-350-284-M005
5 mg
Specific Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor. Less active than ouabain (Prod. No. ALX-350-066). Technical Note Page 97.

Cinoxacin

Cinoxacin

ALX-380-017-M050
50 mg
ALX-380-017-M250
250 mgAnalog of oxolinic acid. Antibacterial quinolone.

CAS: 518-75-2
MI: 14: 2327

Citrinin[Antimycin]

ALX-380-058-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-058-M010
10 mg
ALX-380-058-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-058-M025
25 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Penicillium citrinum. Induces mitochondrial permeability pore opening and inhibits
respiration by interfering with complex I of the respiratory chain. Acts as nephrotoxin in all species in which
it has been tested. Mycotoxin. Has been implicated as a cause of Balkan nephropathy and yellow rice fever inhumans. Induces apoptosis.

Technical Note Page 109

Cochliobolin

CAS: 11051-88-0

seeOphiobolin

Citrinin

Cochliodinol

ALX-350-316-MC05
0.5 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Chaetomium globosum. Displays antibacterial and antitumor activity.
Cochliodinol

Cochlioquinone A[Luteoleersin]

ALX-350-335-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Bipolaris leersia MST-FP107. Shows antiangiogenic and nematocidal activities. Antagonist of thehuman chemokine receptor CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Inhibitor of diacylglycerol
acyltransferase, diacylglycerol kinase and NADH-ubiquinone reductase.

Cochlioquinone A

Cochlioquinone B

ALX-350-341-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Bipolaris leersia MST-FP107. Antagonist of the human chemokine receptor CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Inhibitor of NADH-ubiquinone reductase. Phytotoxic agent inhibiting
root growth.

Cochlioquinone B

CAS: 477-30-5
MI: 14: 2887

Coenzyme Q1

see

Ubiquinone-5

Coenzyme Q2

see

Ubiquinone-10

Colcemid

Colcemid[Demecolcine]

ALX-430-033-M001
1 mg
ALX-430-033-M005
5 mg
Semisynthetic from colchicine (Prod. No. ALX-380-033). Depolymerizes microtubules and inhibits their formation. Induces apoptosis.

Colchicine

CAS: 64-86-8
MI: 14: 2471

ALX-380-033-G001
1g
Isolated from Colchicum autumnale. Inhibitor of microtubules by specific binding to tubulin. Induces apoptosis.

ColforsinseeColchicine

Forskolin

Colistin . sulfate[Polymyxin E]

ALX-380-272-M500
500 mgIsolated from Bacillus colistinus. Polymyxin antibiotic. Binds to lipids on the cell cytoplasmic membrane. Disrupts cell wall integrity. Effective against Gram-negative bacteria.

CAS: 1264-72-8
MI: 14: 2479
Colistin . sulfate

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

32International Edition

The Concanamycin Source™
Concanamycin A

Concanamycin A[Folimycin]

ALX-380-034-C025
25 µg
ALX-380-034-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-034-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. More potent and specific H+-ATPase inhibitor than bafilomycin A1(Prod. No. ALX-380-030). Inhibits acidification of organelles such as lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus. Blocks
cell surface expression of viral glycoproteins without effecting their synthesis. Exhibits cytotoxic effects in a
number of cell lines in a cell viability assay. Induces nitric oxide (NO) production.
Concanamycin B

Concanamycin B

ALX-380-098-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-098-C500
500 µgAntibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Exhibits similar activity as concanamycin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-034)
and C (Prod. No. ALX-380-099). Specific inhibitor of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase. Suppresses bone resorption invitro. Inhibits proliferation of mouse splenic lymphocytes. Shows antifungal and larvicidal properties.

Concanamycin C
Concanamycin C

CAS: 72263-05-9

ALX-380-099-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-099-C500
500 µgAntibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Inhibits vacuolar H+-ATPase. Potential antiosteoporotic agent. Shows
antiviral and immunosuppressive activity. Active against fungi and yeasts.

Conglobatin

ALX-380-225-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Streptomyces conglobatus MST-AS5530. Macrolide antibiotic with an unusual dimeric macrolide dilactone structure. Exhibited immunosuppressant activity in a NFAT-dependent transcription assay (IC50=0.63µg/
ml).
Conglobatin

H-Glu-Cys-Cys-Asn-Pro-Ala-Cys-Gly-Arg-His-Tyr-Ser-Cys-NH2(Disulfide bonds between Cys 2-Cys7 and Cys3-Cys13)
α-Conotoxin GI
H-Gly-Arg-Cys-Cys-His-Pro-Ala-Cys-Gly-Lys-Asn-Tyr-Ser-CysNH2 (Disulfide bonds between Cys3-Cys8 and Cys4-Cys14)
α-Conotoxin MI
H-Ile-Cys-Cys-Asn-Pro-Ala-Cys-Gly-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Ser-Cys-NH2(Disulfide bonds between Cys 2-Cys7 and Cys3-Cys13)
α-Conotoxin SI
H-Arg-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Hyp-Hyp-Arg-Lys-Cys-Lys-Asp-ArgArg-Cys-Lys-Hyp-Met-Lys-Cys-Cys-Ala-NH2 (Disulfide bonds
between Cys 3-Cys15, Cys4-Cys20 and Cys10-Cys21)µ-Conotoxin GIIIB
H-Ala-Cys-Ser-Gly-Arg-Gly-Ser-Arg-Cys-Hyp-Hyp-GlnCys-Cys-Met-Gly-Leu-Arg-Cys-Gly-Arg-Gly-Asn-Pro-GlnLys-Cys-Ile-Gly-Ala-His-Gla-Asp-Val-OH (Disulfide bonds
between Cys2-Cys14, Cys9-Cys19 and Cys13-Cys27) (Gla =L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid)µ-Conotoxin GS
H-Cys-Lys-Ser-Hyp-Gly-Ser-Ser-Cys-Ser-Hyp-Thr-Ser-TyrAsn-Cys-Cys-Arg-Ser-Cys-Asn-Hyp-Tyr-Thr-Lys-Arg-Cys-TyrNH2 (Disulfide bonds between Cys1-Cys16, Cys8-Cys19 andCys 15-Cys26)
ω-Conotoxin GVIA
H-Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-TyrAsp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 (Disulfide bonds between Cys 1-Cys16, Cys8-Cys20 and Cys15-Cys25)
ω-Conotoxin MVIIA

α-Conotoxin GI

ALX-630-046-C500
500 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Conus geographus. Neurotoxin. Postsynaptic inhibitor at the neuromuscular junction. Selective antagonist of neuromuscular or neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Not for salein U.S.A.

α-Conotoxin MI

ALX-630-048-C500
500 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Conus magus. Neurotoxin. Postsynaptic inhibitor at the neuromuscularjunction. Selective antagonist of neuromuscular or neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Not for salein U.S.A.

α-Conotoxin SI

ALX-630-049-C500
500 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Conus striatus. Neurotoxin. Postsynaptic inhibitor at the neuromuscularjunction. Selective antagonist of neuromuscular or neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Not for salein U.S.A.

µ-Conotoxin GIIIB

ALX-630-054-C500
500 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Conus geographus. Neurotoxin. Specific blocker of the skeletal voltage-gat+
ed Na channels. Not for sale in U.S.A.

µ-Conotoxin GS

ALX-630-047-C500
500 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Conus geographus. Neurotoxin. Na+ channel blocker. Not for sale in U.S.A.

ω-Conotoxin GVIA

ALX-630-055-C500
500 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Conus geographus. Neurotoxin. Potent and selective blocker of neuronal Ntype, voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Not for sale in U.S.A.

ω-Conotoxin MVIIA

ALX-630-056-C500
500 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Conus magus. Neurotoxin. Selectively and reversibly blocks the n-type, voltage gated Ca2+ channels. Not for sale in U.S.A.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

33International Edition

ω-Conotoxin MVIIC

ALX-630-057-C100
100 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Conus magus. Neurotoxin. Potent and selective blocker of P/Q-type, voltagegated Ca2+ channels. Not for sale in U.S.A.

ω-Conotoxin SVIB

H-Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Pro-Cys-Arg-Lys-Thr-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-CysSer-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Arg-Arg-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 (Disulfide bonds between
Cys 1-Cys16, Cys8-Cys20 and Cys15-Cys26)

ω-Conotoxin MVIIC

H-Cys-Lys-Leu-Lys-Gly-Gln-Ser-Cys-Arg-Lys-Thr-Ser-Tyr-Asp-CysCys-Ser-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 (Disulfide bonds
between Cys 1-Cys16, Cys8-Cys20 and Cys15-Cys26) ω-Conotoxin SVIB

ALX-630-053-C500
500 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Conus striatus. Neurotoxin. N-Type Ca2+ channel blocker. Not for sale in
U.S.A.
CAS: 458-37-7
MI: 14: 2673

CurcuminConvulxin

ALX-350-100-C050
50 µg
Isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. Heterodimeric C-type lectin. Activates mammalian platelets via binding and clustering of p62/GPVI-receptors under physiological conditions.

Cord Factor

seeTechnical Note Page 86

Trehalose 6,6’-dimycolate

Croton oil

CAS: 528-58-5
MI: 14: 2687

ALX-350-089-K001
1 kg
Natural source of phorbol and phorbol esters, purified from Croton tiglium L.

Curcumin (high purity)
ALX-350-028-M010
ALX-350-028-M050
ALX-350-028-M250

Cyanidin chloride

10 mg
50 mg
250 mgCyanidin chloride

ALX-385-003-M010
10 mg
ALX-385-003-M050
50 mg
Antioxidant flavonoid. Nitric oxide (NO) scavenger.

Cycloheximide

Technical Note Page 108[3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxy-flavylium chloride]
CAS: 66-81-9
MI: 14: 2728

[Actidione; Naramycin A]

ALX-380-269-G001
1g
ALX-380-269-G005
5g
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces griseus. Inhibits translation in eukaryotes resulting in cell growth arrest
and cell death. Induces apoptosis in tumor cell lines. Widely used for selection of resistant strains of yeast andfungi, controlled inhibition of protein synthesis for detection of short-lived proteins and super-induction ofprotein expression.

Cyclopiazonic acid

Cycloheximide

CAS: 18172-33-3[CPA]

ALX-350-023-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-023-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-023-M100
100 mgIsolated from Penicillium griseofulvum. Mycotoxin. Cell permeable, reversible inhibitor of Ca2+-ATPases. Technical Note Page 109.

Cyclopiazonic acid

H3C

Panel of Cyclosporins

CH3
HO
H3C
H3C

CH3

O
CH3

Cyclosporin A[CSA]

ALX-380-002-M100
100 mg
ALX-380-002-G001
1g
ALX-380-002-5100
5 x 100 mg
ALX-380-002-5001
5x1g
Antibiotic. Isolated from Fusarium solani. Potent immunosuppressor. Widely used after organ transplantation.
Binds to cytosolic proteins of the cyclophilin family. Cyclosporin A-cyclophilin complexes block protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin; PP2B), a key enzyme in T cell activation. As a result of calcineurin inhibition, cyclosporine
A blocks various cellular processes such as activation of T cells and expression of several lymphokines (especially IL-2). Inhibits cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthesis.

Cyclosporin C

ALX-380-282-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-282-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Fusarium solani. Potent immunosuppressor.

Cyclosporin D[Thr2-cyclosporin A]

H3C

N

N
H

O

CH3
CH3

CH3 O
H H
N

N

O
CH3

CH3
O H3C
H
N

N
O
N

O

CH3

CH3

O

CH3
CH3

H
N

Cyclosporin A

CH3

CH3

O

H3C

CH3

H3C

CH3
HO
H3C
H3C

CH3

N

O
H3C
O
CH3

H3C

O

N

N

CH3

H3C

N

N
H

O

CH3
CH3

CH3 O
H H
N
O
H3C

N

O

CH3
O H3C
H
N

N
O
N

O

CH3

CH3

OH

Cyclosporin C

CH3
CH3

H
N

CH3

CH3

O

H3C

CH3

H3C

CH3
HO

[Val2-cyclosporin A; 7-L-Valine-cyclosporin A]

ALX-380-284-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-284-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Fusarium solani. Weak immunosuppressor. Potent inhibitor of tumor promoting phorbol ester
TPA/PMA (Prod. No. ALX-445-004) in vivo. Potent inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin dependent EF-2 phosphorylation in vitro.

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

N

O
H3C

CH3

H3C

O

N

N

H3C

CH3

H3C

N

H3C

N

CH3

O
H3C
O
CH3

H3C

N
O

N
H

O
N
CH3
CH3

CH3 O
H H
N
O
H3C

N

O

CH3
O H3C
H
N
CH3

N
O
N

O

CH3

CH3

Cyclosporin D

CH3
CH3

H
N

CH3

CH3

O

H3C

CH3

34

International Edition

H3C

CAS: 83602-39-5

CH3
HO

H3C
H3C

CH3

O
H3C

CH3

H3C

O
CH3
H3C

O

N

N

N
O

N
H

N
CH3
CH3

CH3 O
H H
N

N

O

O
H3C

CH3
O H3C
H
N
CH3

N
O
N

O

CH3

CH3
CH3

H
N

CH3

CH3

O

H3C

CH3

Cyclosporin H

CAS: 68-41-7

Cyclosporin H[Thr2-cyclosporin A; 5-(N-Methyl-D-valine)-cyclosporin A]

D-Cycloserine[R(+)-4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone]

L-Cycloserine[S(-)-4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone]

ALX-380-286-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-286-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Fusarium solani. Immunologically inactive. Does not bind to immunophilin. Potent inhibitor oftumor promoting phorbol ester TPA/PMA (Prod. No. ALX-445-004) in mouse skin in vivo. Potent inhibitor of
Ca2+/calmodulin dependent EF-2 phosphorylation in vitro. Potent and selective antagonist of formyl peptide
receptor. Inhibits formyl peptide-induced superoxide formation.

ALX-106-028-M050
50 mg
ALX-106-028-M250
250 mgSynthetic. Excitatory amino acid. Partial agonist at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor.
D-Cycloserine

Cylindrospermopsin

Technical Note Page 90

ALX-106-037-M025
25 mg
ALX-106-037-M100
100 mgExcitatory amino acid. Inhibitor of ketosphinganine synthase (serine-palmitoyl-CoA transferase, EC 2.3.1.50),
leading to blockade of sphingosine biosynthesis. Partial agonist at the glycine modulatory site of the NMDA
receptor.

Cylindrospermopsin

ALX-350-149-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-149-C100
100 µgIsolated from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Tricyclic alkaloid hepatotoxin. Exhibits a completely different
mechanism of toxicity than microcystins. Protein synthesis inhibitor. Might be carcinogenic. Inhibits pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis.

Wide Panel of Cytochalasins
Cytochalasin A

Cytochalasin A

ALX-380-057-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-057-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-057-M010
10 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Helminthosporium dematioideum. Fungal toxin. Inhibits glucose transport, actin polymerisation and blocks the formation of microtubuli. Inhibits cell division. Inhibits HIV-1 protease.

Cytochalasin B

Cytochalasin B

Cytochalasin B, Dihydro-[Phomin]

ALX-380-012-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-012-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-012-M025
25 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Drechslera dematoidea. Cell permeable mycotoxin. Inhibits cytoplasmic division byblocking the formation of contractile microfilaments. Shortens actin filaments by blocking monomer additionat the fast-growing end of polymers. Inhibits glucose transport and platelet aggregation. Blocks adenosineinduced apoptotic body formation without affecting activation of endogenous ADP-ribosylation in leukemia
HL-60 cells.

Cytochalasin B, Dihydro-[Dihydrocytochalasin B]

ALX-350-053-M001
1 mg
Semisynthetic. Derived from cytochalasin B (Prod. No. ALX-380-012), which was isolated from Drechslera dematoidea. Used as tool in cytological research and in characterization of polymerization properties of actin.

Cytochalasin C

Cytochalasin C

Cytochalasin D

ALX-380-069-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-069-M005
5 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Meterrhizium anisopliae. Disrupts the actin microfilament cytoskeleton and inhibits
the cytoplasmic dividing of a cell. Has been found to be ten times less toxic in mice than cytochalasin D (Prod.
No. ALX-380-031) but with essentially the same biological effectiveness against cells in culture.

Cytochalasin D

Cytochalasin E

Technical Note Page 109

ALX-380-031-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-031-M005
5 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Zygosporium mansonii. Cytochalasin D is ~10-fold more potent than cytochalasin B(Prod. No. ALX-380-012) in inhibiting actin filament function, but does not inhibit sugar transport in cells. Inactivates low conductance K+ channels. Modulates CD4 cross-linking in T-lymphocytes and increases intracellular Ca2+ levels. Exhibits antitumor activity. Induces apoptosis.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

35International Edition

Cytochalasin E

ALX-380-062-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-062-M005
5 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Aspergillus clavatus. Inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth. Depolymerizes actin
filaments.

CAS: 486-66-8
MI: 14: 2801
DaidzeinTechnical Note Page 107

Dactinomycin

see

Actinomycin D

Daidzein[4’,7-Dihydroxyisoflavone]

ALX-350-009-M010
10 mg
ALX-350-009-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-009-M050
50 mg
Synthetic. Inactive analog of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (Prod. No. ALX-350-006). Shows antiinflammatory effect.

Daidzein-7-O-glucosidesee

CAS: 552-66-9
MI: 14: 2801

DaidzinTechnical Note Page 107

DaidzinDaidzin

ALX-350-248-M002
2 mg
ALX-350-248-M010
10 mg
Glucoside of the isoflavone daidzein (Prod. No. ALX-350-009) found in soy beans.

[Daidzein-7-O-glucoside]

CH3

HO

[Daunomycin . HCl]

ALX-380-043-M010
10 mg
Anthracycline anticancer antibiotic. Induces DNA damage by intercalating into DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase I and II. Inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis. Induces DNA single strand breaks and apoptosis in tumor cells.

Daunorubicin, 4-Demethoxy-see

10-Deacetyl baccatin III

Baccatin III, 10-Deacetyl-see

Debromohymenialdisine

CAS: 23541-50-6
MI: 14: 2832

Daunorubicin . HCl

Idarubicin . HCl[DBH]

ALX-350-290-C100
100 µgIsolated from sponge Stylotella aurantium. Inhibitor of G2 DNA damage checkpoint and check point kinases
1 (Chk1) and 2 (Chk2). Unlike other checkpoint inhibitors DBH does not inhibit ataxia-telangiectasia mutated(ATM) or ATM-Rad3-related protein. Also inhibits MAP kinase kinase 1 (MEK-1) but is not as potent as 10Z-hymenialdisine (Prod. No. ALX-350-289).

CAS: 125118-55-0

Debromohymenialdisine

LIT: Inhibition of the G2 DNA damage checkpoint and of protein kinases Chk1 and Chk2 by the marine sponge alkaloid debromohymenialdisine: D. Curman, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 276, 17914 (2001)  Aldisine alkaloids from the Philippine sponge Stylissa massa are potent inhibitors of
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK-1): D. Tasdemir, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 45, 529 (2002)  G2 checkpoint abrogators as anticancer
drugs: T. Kawabe; Mol. Cancer Ther. 3, 513 (2004)

Decoyinine[U-7984; Angustmycin A]

CAS: 2004-04-8

ALX-380-032-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-032-M005
5 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Nucleoside antibiotic. Antitumor compound. Inhibitor of xanthosinmonophosphate (XMP) aminase. Inhibitor of RNA synthesis. Specific inhibitor of GMP synthase. Reduces intracellular GTP levels.

see

Dammarenolic acid

CH2

Daunorubicin

Daunorubicin . HCl

Decumbin

CH3

CH3
CH3

H3C

ALX-350-155-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Aglaia sp. Dammarane triterpene. Shows antiviral activity with relatively low cytotoxicity.

see

OH

CH3

O

Dammarenolic acidDaunomycin

H3C

CAS: 34336-09-9

Decoyinine(+)-Brefelidin A

Decylubiquinone[2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone]

ALX-270-293-M010
10 mg
Inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). This inhibitory effect can be counteracted
by ubiquinone-5 (Prod. No. ALX-270-294).

CAS: 55486-00-5

Deguelin

ALX-350-118-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-118-M025
25 mg
Inhibitor of Akt (protein kinase B; PKB) in an in vitro lung carcinogenesis progression model. Inhibits cell proliferation - cells accumulate in the G2-M phase of the cell cycle. Induces apoptosis. Exhibits a marked inhibitory effect on mouse skin tumor promotion in an in vivo two-stage carcinogenesis test. Inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression.

Decylubiquinone

CAS: 522-17-8
MI: 14: 2863

Deguelin36

International Edition

Delphinidin chloride (high purity)

CAS: 528-53-0

ALX-385-028-M010
10 mg
Anthocyanidin with antioxidant effect found in pigmented fruits and vegetables. Shown to inhibit angiogenesis and endothelial cell apoptosis by stimulating nitric oxide (NO) production. Inhibits solar radiation (UVB)mediated oxidative stress, reducing DNA damage.
Delphinidin chloride

Technical Note Page 108

CAS: 108147-54-2

LIT: Delphinidin, an active compound of red wine, inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis via nitric oxide pathway and regulation of calcium homeostasis: S. Martin, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 139, 1095 (2003)  Anthocyanins induce cell cycle perturbations and apoptosis in different human celllines: M.C. Lazzè; Carcinogenesis 25, 1427 (2004)  DNA interaction with naturally occurring antioxidant flavonoids quercetin, kaempferol, anddelphinidin: C.D. Kanakis, et al.; J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 22, 719 (2005)  Delphinidin, a dietary anthocyanidin, inhibits vascular endothelial growth
factor receptor-2 phosphorylation: S. Lamy, et al.; Carcinogenesis 27, 989 (2006)  Delphinidin and cyanidin inhibit PDGF(AB)-induced VEGF
release in vascular smooth muscle cells by preventing activation of p38 MAPK and JNK: M.H. Oak, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 149, 283 (2006)  Delphinidin, an anthocyanidin in pigmented fruits and vegetables, protects human HaCaT keratinocytes and mouse skin against UVB-mediatedoxidative stress and apoptosis: F. Afaq, et al.; J. Invest. Dermatol. 127, 222 (2007)

Demecolcine

Deoxygalactonojirimycin . HCl

see

Colcemid

4-Demethoxydaunorubicin

see

Idarubicin . HCl

14-Demethylberinamycin

see

Geninthiocin

5-Demethylleptomycin A

see

Anguinomycin A

25-Deoxyecdysterone

CAS: 84444-90-6

seePonasterone A

Deoxygalactonojirimycin . HCl
1-Deoxymannojirimycin . HCl

25-Deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone
Deoxykanamycin B

CAS: 51481-10-8[Galactostatin]

ALX-580-001-M001
1 mg
ALX-580-001-M005
5 mg
Synthetic. Potent and selective α-D-galactosidase inhibitor. Small molecule chemical chaperone.

see

see

Ponasterone A

Tobramycin

1-Deoxymannojirimycin . HCl
Deoxynivalenol

Technical Note Page 109

ALX-580-002-M001
1 mg
ALX-580-002-M005
5 mg
Synthetic. Potent inhibitor of α-mannosidase I. Blocks the biosynthesis of complex-type oligosaccharides. Does
not inhibit the biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides. Induces ER stress in human cells.

Deoxynivalenol[DON; Vomitoxin]

ALX-630-115-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-115-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Trichoderma viride. Mycotoxin found in cereals. Binds to the ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis.

CAS: 19130-96-2

1-Deoxynojirimycin
1-Deoxynojirimycin

ALX-580-003-M001
1 mg
ALX-580-003-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Bacillus subtilis strain. Inhibitor of mammalian glucosidases I and II.

12-Deoxyphorbol 13-acetate[Prostratin; 13-Acetyl-12-deoxyphorbol]

ALX-445-009-M001
1 mg
ALX-445-009-M005
5 mg
Protein kinase C (PKC) activator that does not induce tumor formation. Upregulates latent HIV-1 provirus expression and inhibts HIV infection and viral spread at the entry/fusion step of viral life cycle.

CAS: 60857-08-1

12-Deoxyphorbol 13-acetate

12-Deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate

ALX-445-049-M005
5 mg
Metabolite of 12-deoxyphorbol 13-phenylacetate 20-acetate. Potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC). Induces the expression of HIV-1 in latently infected T cells.

Diallyl thiosulfinate

CAS: 2450-53-5

seeAllicin

3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid
3,5-Di-Ocaffeoylquinic acidTechnical Note Page 103

ALX-350-320-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-320-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Cynara scolymus. Antioxidant. Shows antiproliferative activity.

6-N-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]rebeccamycin

Dihydrocapsaicin
CAS: 19408-84-5

Dihydrocapsaicinsee[3,5-CQA; Isochlorogenic acid]

Becatecarin[8-Methyl-N-vanillylnonanamide]

ALX-350-052-M010
10 mg
ALX-350-052-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Capsicum fruit. Dihydro-analog and congener of capsaicin (Prod. No. ALX-550-066) in chili peppers (Capsicum). Like capsaicin it is an irritant. Dihydrocapsaicin accounts for about 22% of the total capsaicinoids mixture and has about the same pungency as capsaicin. Antioxidant. Reduces oxidation of serum lipids. Mutagenic.

Technical Note Page 104

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

37International Edition

Dihydrocytochalasin B

see

Cytochalasin B, Dihydro-

Dihydromyristicin

see

Myristicin, Dihydro-

DihydroquercetinseeTaxifolin

1α,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

see

Calcitriol

Dihydroxycoumarin 6-glucosidesee

Esculin

5,7-Dihydroxyflavone

see4’,7-Dihydroxyisoflavone

CAS: 1968-05-4

3,3’-Diindolylmethane

Chrysinsee

CAS: 20261-85-2

Daidzein

5,7-Dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone

see

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

Calcitriol

see

Wogonin3,3’-Diindolylmethane

Dinactin[DIM]

ALX-350-370-M100
100 mg
ALX-350-370-M500
500 mgDimer of indole-3-carbinol (Prod. No. ALX-350-347). Anticancer and antineoplastic agent. Induces apoptosis in
human cancer cells. Activator of cytochrome P 450. Partial agonist of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR).

17-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]amino-17-desmethoxygeldanamycin

see

HO

CAS: 520-27-4
MI: 14: 3297

seeTheophylline

3,7-Dimethylxanthinesee

TheobromineO

17-DMAG

O

O
O

HO
HO

O

O

OH
HO

OH

OH

DiosminTechnical Note Page 105

Dinactin[Antibiotic AKD 1C; Antibiotic S 3466A]

Diosmin[3’,5,7-Trihydroxy-4’-methoxyflavone 7-rutinoside]

ALX-380-226-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5448. Cation ionophore with high selectivity for ammonium and potassium. Inhibits T cell proliferation induced by IL-2 and cytokine production at nanomolar levels.
Dimeric dinactin shows potent antineoplastic and antibacterial activities.
ALX-385-031-G005
5g
ALX-385-031-G025
25 g
Flavonoid glycoside. Main component in citrus fruits. Phlebotropic drug used to control internal symptoms ofhemorrhoids and in the treatment of venous diseases. Prolongs the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenalineon the vein wall. Reduces venous hyperpressure. Reduces capillary hyperpermeability and the expression ofendothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM1, VCAM1). Effectively inhibits the P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated efflux
in cells. Anti-inflammatory. Inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial cytotoxicity.

17-DMAG

CH3

H3C

OH

1,3-DimethylxanthineO

CAS: 150270-08-9

17-DMAG

Technical Note Page 98

CAS: 14277-97-5
MI: 14: 3417

[17-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]amino-17-desmethoxygeldanamycin; NSC 707545]

ALX-380-110-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-110-M001
1 mg
Semisynthetic from geldanamycin (Prod. No. ALX-380-054). Less toxic, more potent synthetic derivative of
geldanamycin. Inhibitor of angiogenesis. Inhibitor of the heat-shock protein HSP90. Inducer of apoptosis withhigher antitumor activity than 17-AAG (Prod. No. ALX-380-091).
LIT: Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolism of 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (NSC 707545) inCD2F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats: M.J. Egorin, et al.; Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 49, 7 (2002)  Crystal structure and molecular modeling of
17-DMAG in complex with human Hsp90: J.M. Jez, et al.; Chem. Biol. 10, 361 (2003)  Antiangiogenic properties of 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)17-demethoxygeldanamycin: an orally bioavailable heat shock protein 90 modulator: G. Kaur, et al.; Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 4813 (2004)  Synthesis and biological activities of novel 17-aminogeldanamycin derivatives: Z.Q. Tian, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. 12, 5317 (2004)  Comparison of
17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17DMAG) and 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) in vitro: effects
on Hsp90 and client proteins in melanoma models: V. Smith, et al.; Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 56, 126 (2005)

Domoic acidTechnical Note Page 90

CAS: 25316-40-9
MI: 14: 3439

Doxorubicin . HCl

Domoic acid

ALX-550-152-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries. Glutamate/kainate excitatory amino acid agonist with highest
affinity for the kainate receptor of all known kainic acid analogs.

Doxorubicin . HCl[DXR; 14-Hydroxydaunomycin; Adriamycin]

ALX-380-042-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-042-M010
10 mg
ALX-380-042-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius. Antitumor antibiotic. Induces DNA damage by intercalating
into DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase II. Binds covalently to DNA. Inhibits reverse transcriptase, RNA polymerase and the catalytic activity of Dnmt1. Immunosuppressive. Antineoplastic. Induces apoptosis.

Doxycycline . hyclate[Doxycycline]

ALX-380-273-G001
1g
ALX-380-273-G005
5g
Semisynthetic from oxytetracycline. Broad spectrum antibiotic and bacteriostatic. Shows antiprotozoal properties. Potent inhibitor of MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) in vivo. Inhibits collagen synthesis.

CAS: 24390-14-5
MI: 14: 3440

Doxycycline . hyclate

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38

International Edition

CAS: 4880-88-0
MI: 14: 3487(-)-Eburnamonine[Vincamone]

Ecdysone[α-Ecdysone]

ALX-350-216-M100
100 mgCerebral metabolic stimulant; shows antihypoxic effects. Vasodilator.

(-)-Eburnamonine

ALX-370-011-M001
1 mg
ALX-370-011-M005
5 mg
ALX-370-011-M010
10 mg
Ecdysteroid first described as moulting hormone in insects. Technical Note Page 87.

Ecdysone, 25-Deoxy-20-hydroxy-

CAS: 512-64-1
MI: 14: 3497

Ecdysone, 20-HydroxyEchinomycin

see

see

Ponasterone A

20-Hydroxyecdysone

β-Ecdysonesee

20-Hydroxyecdysone

Ecdysteronesee

20-Hydroxyecdysone

Echinomycin[Quinomycin A]

Echinosporin[NSC 357683; XK-213]

ALX-380-201-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-201-M005
5 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5446. Powerful, selective inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis invitro. Potent inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) DNA binding activity. Induces apoptosis. Antitumor
agent. Displays antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities.

CAS: 79127-35-8

Echinosporin

ALX-380-115-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-115-M005
5 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Antitumor and antibacterial compound. Inhibits cell cycle at theG(2)/M phase and induces apoptosis.

EGCG

CAS: 6883-44-9

see(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate(+)-Egenine(+)-Egenine

ALX-350-362-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-362-M100
100 mgIsolated from Fumaria vaillantii or Corydalis decumbens. First phthalideisoquinoline hemiacetal from a natural
source. Inhibits Ca2+ currents and contractile responses in vitro.

Elaiophylin[Antibiotic 255-E; Antibiotic 56-62; Azalomycin B]

ALX-380-212-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus MST-AS5386. Macrolide antibiotic inhibiting testosterone 5-reductase and plasma-proton ATPase (P-ATPase). Shows antifungal, antiprotozoal, antitumor, antihelmintic and immunosuppressive activity.

CAS: 37318-06-2

Elaiophylin

CAS: 476-66-4
MI: 14: 3547

Ellagic acid . 2H2O

ALX-270-262-M100
100 mgIsolated from chestnut bark. Polyphenol antioxidant with antitumor properties. Inhibitor of topoisomerases.
Inhibits VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 and PDGF-induced phosphorylation of PDGFR. Induces
apoptosis.

EM574
Ellagic acid . 2H2O

Synthesized by Organic Chemistry Group, The Kitasato Institute, Tokyo.

Emetine . 2HCl

CAS: 110480-13-2

EM574[Motilide]

ALX-380-264-M001
1 mg
Semisynthetic from erythromycin A. Agonist of the motilin receptor. Shows antimicrobial and gastrointestinal
motor stimulating activity in vivo.

[6’,7’,10,11-Tetramethoxyemetan]

ALX-350-092-M050
50 mg
Isolated from ground roots of Uragoga ipecacuanha. Irreversibly blocks protein synthesis. Induces hypotension
by blocking adrenoreceptors. Inhibits DNA replication in the early S phase. Inhibits HIF-1 activation by hypoxia.
Induces apoptosis in leukemia cells. Antiamebic.

Emodin[6-Methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone]

ALX-350-057-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Frangula bark. Inhibitor of p56lck tyrosine kinase. Has mutagenic and genotoxic effects, mainly
in bacterial systems. Anti-cancer agent. Exhibits anti-proliferative effects in various cancer cell lines by efficient induction of apoptosis. Has inhibitory effects on angiogenic and metastasis regulatory processes. Antiinflammatory compound. Suppresses NF-κB activation.

MI: 14: 3585

Enniatin B
Enniatin B

ALX-380-007-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Fusarium orthoceras var. enniatum. Ionophore antibiotic. Inhibitor of the S. cerevisiae ABC transporter Pdr5p. Inhibitor of acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase and of phosphodiesterase. Potential anti-cancer compound.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

39International Edition(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate[EGCG]

ALX-270-263-M010
10 mg
ALX-270-263-M050
50 mg
Isolated from green tea. Antitumor reagent. Antioxidant. Protects cells from lipid peroxidation and DNA damage
induced by reactive free radicals. Inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS II). Chemopreventive anticancer agent. Induces apoptosis in human cancer cell lines. Inhibits MAP kinase mediated signalling pathways.
Inhibits angiogenesis. Inhibits telomerase and DNA methyltransferase. Anti-inflammatory agent.

Epoxomicin

ALX-350-254-C050
50 µg
Synthetic. Cell permeable, potent and selective proteasome inhibitor originally isolated from Actinomycetes
strain based on its potent in vivo antitumor activity. More potent inhibitor of the chymotrypsin-like activity ofthe proteasome than lactacystin (Prod. No. ALX-350-245). Effectively inhibits NF-κB activation in vitro and potently blocks inflammation in vivo in the mouse ear edema assay.

CAS: 989-51-5
MI: 14: 3526(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate

Technical Note Page 91

CAS: 134381-21-8
MI: 14: 3630

Equisetin

ALX-350-322-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Fusarium equiseti. Fungal metabolite with antibiotic and cytotoxic activity. Inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPases and HIV-1 integrase. Mycotoxin.

(R,S)-Equol [(±)-Equol; 3,4-Dihydro-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-7-ol; 4’,7-Dihydroxyisoflavane]

ALX-385-032-M005
5 mg
ALX-385-032-M025
25 mg
Flavonoid. Racemic mixture. Urinary metabolite of daidzein. Inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate(TPA)-induced neoplastic cell transformation by targeting the MEK/ERK/p90RSK/activator protein-1 signalling
pathway. Shows positive effects on the incidence of prostate cancer and physiological changes after menopause. Functions as a DHT blocker. Preferentially activates estrogen receptor β (ERβ).

Epoxomicin

CAS: 57749-43-6

Equisetin

Erythromycin

ALX-380-274-G005
5g
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces erythreus. Inhibits protein synthesis (elongation) at the transpeptidation step. Binds to the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Effective against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Esculin . H2O

CAS: 114-07-8
MI: 14: 3681

[6,7-Dihydroxycoumarin 6-glucoside]

ALX-350-021-G005
5g
Antioxidant used as a skin protectant. Shows vitamin P activity. Protects cells against DNA damage. Reduces
ROS levels. Inhibits carcinogenesis.

Etofylline

see

Erythromycin

Theophylline, 7-(β-Hydroxyethyl)-

Etoposide[VP-16-213]

ALX-270-209-M025
25 mg
ALX-270-209-M100
100 mg
ALX-270-209-M500
500 mgSemisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin. Antitumor reagent. Topoisomerase II inhibitor. Induces apoptosis by FasL. Activates p53 resulting in upregulated expression of TRAIL-R2 (DR5) and Bak to overcome TRAIL
resistance in Bax-deficient human colon carcinoma cancer cells.

Eugenol (high purity)

CAS: 33419-42-0
MI: 14: 3886
Etoposide[2-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenol]

ALX-350-123-G001
1g
Isolated from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon and bay leaf. TRPV1 agonist. Analgesic. Has antifungal, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Technical Note Page 108.

CAS: 518-17-2
MI: 14: 3908

Evodiamine

ALX-350-330-M010
10 mg
ALX-350-330-M050
50 mg
Synthetic. Originally isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa. A cell permeable, non-pungent vanilloid receptor agonist that induces apoptosis. Inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production. Also inhibits tumor cell migration in vitro. Is
effective against multidrug-resistant cancer cells.

F-244

see

Hymeglusin

FAD

see

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

Farcinicin

see

Evodiamine

Aureothricin

Fascaplysin

Fascaplysin

ALX-270-300-M001
1 mg
ALX-270-300-M005
5 mg
Synthetic. Originally isolated from a marine sponge. Selective CDK4/cyclin D1 inhibitor (in a ATP competitive
manner).

CAS: 37905-12-7

Fasciculatin

ALX-350-137-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Ircinia fasciculata. Secondary metabolite of marine sponges. Shows moderate cytotoxicity.
Fasciculatin

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

40

International Edition

Ferroxidase

CAS: 6805-34-1

seeCeruloplasmin

Ferulenol
Ferulenol

ALX-350-124-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-124-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-124-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Ferula communis. Prenylated 4-hydroxycoumarin. Antitubercular antibiotic with potent activity
against Mycobacteria. Exerts taxol-like and dose-dependent cytotoxicity against various human tumor celllines. Stimulator of tubulin polymerisation in vitro and inhibitor of colchicine binding to tubulin. Antithrombotic, depressing the activity of all vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Shows lower acute toxicity andhigher activity than warfarin. Shows hepatocyte toxicity.

Ferutinin (high purity)

Ferutinin

CAS: 104987-11-3
MI: 14: 9025

Ficusin
FK506

CAS: 84366-81-4
MI: 14: 4091

seePsoralen

FK506[Tacrolimus]

ALX-380-008-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-008-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-008-M025
25 mg
Potent immunosuppressor. Widely used after organ transplantation. Binds to FK506-binding protein-12(FKBP12). FK506-FKBP12 complexes block protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin; PP2B), a key enzyme in T cell
activation. As a result of calcineurin inhibition, FK506 inhibits multiple biological processes including activation of T cells, interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expression, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activation, cell degranulation
and apoptosis. In addition, FK506 shows profound neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects.

3,3’,4’,5,7-Flavanpentol
Flavin Adenine
Dinucleotide . 2Na

50 mg

Flavine mononucleotide

see

see

Folimycin[FAD]

Riboflavine-5’-phosphate

Riboflavine-5’-phosphate

ALX-460-006-G010

Technical Note Page 107

Catechin

ALX-480-084-M050

Folic acid
Formononetin

see

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide . 2Na . H2O
FMN

CAS: 485-72-3
MI: 14: 4244

[Tefestrol (high purity)]

ALX-350-098-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-098-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-098-M010
10 mg
Semisynthetic. Potent, naturally occuring non-steroid estrogenic compound. Agonist for estrogen receptor (ER)α and agonist/antagonist for ERβ with higher binding affinity than tamoxifen (Prod. No. ALX-550-095) for both
ERs. Electrogenic Ca2+ ionophore inducing mitochondrial depolarisation which can be completely blocked bycyclosporin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-002), suggesting that ferutinin opens the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). In a concentration range of 1-50µM ferutinin increases the permeability of thymocytes, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, liposomes and bilayer lipid membranes for Ca2+.

see

10 g

[Pteroylglutamic acid]

Concanamycin A

Formononetin (high purity)[7-Hydroxy-4’-methoxyisoflavone]

ALX-270-312-M005
5 mg
Interacts with human estrogen receptors with low potency. Enhances IL-4 production in a dose-dependent
manner. Inhibits lecitin peroxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals. Selective inhibitor of the γ-isoform of alcohol dehydrogenase. Antioxidant.

CAS: 66575-29-9
MI: 14: 2476
Forskolin

CAS: 87860-39-7

Fostriecin

CAS: 23110-15-8
MI: 14: 4286

Fumagillin

Forskolin[Colforsin]

Fostriecin[Phosphotrienin; CI-920]

Fumagillin[Fumidil B; Fumadil B]

ALX-350-001-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-001-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-001-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-001-M050
50 mg
ALX-350-001-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Coleus forskohlii. Activates adenylate cyclase leading to an increase in the intracellular concentration of cAMP. Widely used tool for the investigation of the role of cAMP as a second messenger with a broad
range of potential therapeutic applications. Inotropic agent and vasodilator. Induces platelet aggregation. Inhibits ion channels by a mechanism that does not involve cAMP. Non-competitive inhibitor of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

ALX-380-065-C010
10 µg
Isolated from Streptomyces pulveraceous subsp. fostreus. Antitumor antibiotic. Catalytic inhibitor of topoisomerase II. Strong protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor. Weak inhibitor for PP1. No apparent effect on PP2B. The
binding site for fostriecin on PP2A is different from that of okadaic acid (see Prod. No. ALX-350-003).

ALX-350-119-MC05
0.5 mg
ALX-350-119-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus. Inhibitor of angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation. Specific inhibitor of methionine aminopeptidase type II (MetAP-II). Antineoplastic. Anti-infective.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

41International Edition

Fumigaclavine A

CAS: 6879-59-0

ALX-630-110-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-110-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus sp. Ergot alkaloid. Mycotoxin.

Fumigaclavine A

Fumitremorgin C[FTC; SM-Q]

ALX-350-127-C250
250 µgIsolated from Aspergillus fumigatus. Mycotoxin. Tremorgenic. Potent and specific inhibitor of the breast cancer
resistance protein (BCRP; ABCG2). Reverses multidrug resistance mediated by BCRP and increases cytotoxicity
of several anticancer agents in vitro.

Technical Note Page 110

CAS: 118974-02-0

Fumonisin B1

ALX-350-017-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-017-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Fusarium moniliforme. Mycotoxin. Induces DNA damage in the liver and cancer. Inhibitor of sphingosine biosynthesis and apoptosis. Activates Akt (protein kinase B; PKB), which leads to increased survival, inhibition of GSK-3β activity and post-translational stabilization of cyclin D1.

Fumitremorgin C

Technical Note Page 110

Fumonisin B2

ALX-350-237-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Fusarium moniliforme. Mycotoxin, structurally similar to fumonisin B1 (Prod. No. ALX-350-017).
Found as contaminant mostly in corn silage; was detected recently for the first time in the industrially important Aspergillus niger. Induces cancer. Inducer of apoptosis.

Fumonisin B1

Technical Note Page 110

Fusaric acid

ALX-380-052-M050
50 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Gibberella fujikuroi. Inhibitor of dopamine β-hydroxylase.

CAS: 536-69-6
MI: 14: 4314

Fusicoccin

ALX-350-115-MC05
0.5 mg
ALX-350-115-M001
1 mg
Phytotoxin. Isolated from fungus Fusicoccum amygdali. Diterpene glucoside with numerous effects on plants.
Induces H+ extrusion from plant cells by 14-3-3-dependent activation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase.
Stimulates cell enlargement, ion uptake, seed germination, opening the stomata, etc. Markedly reduces thecell’s capability for H2O2 scavenging.

Fusaric acid

CAS: 20108-30-9

Fusidic acid . Na

ALX-380-011-M050
50 mg
Antibiotic which suppresses nitric oxide (NO) toxicity in pancreatic islet cells. Inhibits protein synthesis by inhibition of elongation factor G at the level of the ribosome.

G418 . sulfate
ALX-380-013-M100
ALX-380-013-M500

Galactostatin

100 mg
500 mgsee

ALX-380-013-G001
ALX-380-013-G005

1g
5g

Deoxygalactonojirimycin

α-Galactosylceramide

Fusicoccin[Geneticin]

CAS: 751-94-0
MI: 14: 4317

[α-Gal-Cer]

ALX-306-027-C250
250 µg
ALX-306-027-M001
1 mg
Potent stimulator of natural killer T (NKT) cells. Originally isolated from the marine sponge Agelas mauritianus.

Fusidic acid . Na

LIT: Syntheses of alpha-, beta-monoglycosylceramides and four diasteromers of an alpha-galactosylceramide: M. Morita, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem.
Lett. 5, 699 (1995)  Structure-activity relationship of alpha-galactosylceramides against B16-bearing mice: M. Morita, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 38,
2176 (1995)  Structure-activity relationship and conformational analysis of monoglycosylceramides on the syngeneic mixed leukocyte reaction: H. Iijima, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. 6, 1905 (1998)  Effects of 3alpha- and 3beta-galactosylated alpha-galactosylceramides on the immune
system: T. Sakai, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 9, 697 (1999)  Modulation of CD1d-restricted NKT cell responses by using N-acyl variants ofalpha-galactosylceramides: K.O. Yu, et al.; PNAS 102, 3383 (2005)  Synthesis and biological evaluation of alpha-galactosylceramide (KRN7000)
and isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3): C. Xia, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16, 2195 (2006)

Galanthamine . HBr

ALX-550-336-M050
50 mg
Specific, competitive and reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Alzheimer’s disease therapeutic.

Galiellalactone

ALX-350-336-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from an unidentified fungus, MST-FP1889. Originally isolated from Galiella rufa as a plant growth
regulator. Inhibits IL-6 mediated signal transduction by blocking the binding of the activated STAT3 dimers
to their DNA binding sites without inhibiting the tyrosine and serine phosphorylation site of the STAT3 transcription factor.

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

α-Galactosylceramide[Galantamine; Nivalin]
CAS: 133613-71-5

Galiellalactone

42International Edition

CAS: 1401-55-4
MI: 14: 9052

Gallidermin[6L-Epidermin]

Gallotannin[Tannic acid]

ALX-380-072-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Staphylococcus gallinarum Tü3928. Interferes with bacterial cell wall biosynthesis.

ALX-270-418-G001
1g
Occurs in the bark and fruit of many plants, notably in the bark of the oak species, in sumac and myrobalan.
Inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Cytoprotective in oxidatively stressed cells. Inhibitor ofendothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS; NOS III) and weak inhibitor of iNOS (NOS II) and nNOS (NOS I). Induces
cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Free radical scavenger.

Geldanamycin
Gallotannin

CAS: 30562-34-6

Geldanamycin

ALX-380-054-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-054-C500
500 µg
ALX-380-054-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Potent antitumor antibiotic. Inhibitor of pp60src tyrosine kinase andof c-myc gene expression in murine lymphoblastoma cells. Inhibits the transforming activity of abl, erbB, fps,
src, and yes. Binds specifically to HSP90 and to its endoplasmic reticulum homolog GP96 (GRP94). Capable ofdestabilizing several oncogene and proto-oncogene products. Potent inhibitor of the nuclear hormone receptor family. Protects against α-synuclein toxicity to dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila. Destabilizes mutant
p53 protein from a number of breast, leukemic, and prostate cell lines. Inhibits basal and hypoxia-induced
expression of c-Jun and abolishes hypoxia-induced increase in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity. Inhibits
telomerase activity through inhibition of HSP90, a chaperone required for the assembly and activation of telomerase in human cells. ~10-fold more potent than herbimycin A (Prod. No. ALX-350-029).

Geldanamycin, 17-(Allylamino)-17-desmethoxy-

Technical Note Page 98

see

17-AAG

Geldanamycin, 17-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]amino-17-desmethoxyGeliomycin

CAS: 158792-27-9

see

see

17-DMAG

Resistomycin

Gelonin

ALX-350-150-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Gelonium multiflorum. Type I ribosome inactivating protein (RIP). Depurinates RNA in ribosomes,
thus inhibiting protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells, which results in cell death. Widely used to construct immunotoxins composed of cell-targeted antibodies. As a type I RIP it lacks the lectin subunit and is practically non-toxic to intact cells. Inhibits cell-free protein synthesis in reticulocyte assay with globin messenger(IC50=2.7ng/ml).

Geneticin
GeninthiocinseeG418 . sulfate

Geninthiocin[14-Demethylberinamycin]

ALX-380-227-MC05
0.5 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5991. Potent activator of the tipA gene, a bacterial transcription regulator involved in multidrug resistance.
CAS: 446-72-0
MI: 14: 4391

Genistein (synthetic)
GenisteinTechnical Note Page 107

Genistein, AminoCAS: 529-59-9
MI: 14: 4391

[4’,5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone]

ALX-350-006-M010
10 mg
ALX-350-006-M100
100 mg
ALX-350-006-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-006-G001
1g
ALX-350-006-M050
50 mg
Synthetic. Tyrosine protein kinase inhibitor. Inhibits phosphorylation of EGFR kinase. Inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces tumor cell differentiation. Inhibits topoisomerase II activity in vivo. Produces cell cycle
arrest and apoptosis. Direct inhibitor of insulin-induced glucose uptake in adipocytes.

see4’-Amino-6-hydroxyflavone

Genistin
GenistinTechnical Note Page 107[Genistein-7-O-glucoside]

ALX-350-247-M010
10 mg
Glucoside of genistein (Prod. No. ALX-350-006) found in soy beans. Useful as a negative control for genisteinand other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Selective inhibitor of terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase (TdT). Displays antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties.

Gentamicin sulfate

ALX-380-003-G001
1g
ALX-380-003-G010
10 g
ALX-380-003-G005
5g
ALX-380-003-G025
25 g
Isolated from Micromonospora sp. Broad-spectrum cell culture antibiotic that is nontoxic to viruses and mammalian cells at antibacterial and antimycoplasmal concentrations. Due to its extended stability and slow development of bacterial resistance, it is a useful antibiotic in long-term virus und tissue culture studies.
CAS: 1405-41-0
MI: 14: 4392

Gentamicin
sulfate7-Geromyloxycoumarinsee

Auraptene

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

43International Edition

Gilvocarcin M[Anandimycin B; Toromycin B; Antibiotic 1072A]

Gilvocarcin V[Anandimycin A; Toromycin; Antibiotic 1072B]

CAS: 77879-89-1

ALX-380-228-MC05
0.5 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5353. Has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antitumor
activities. Interacts with DNA. Less active than gilvocarcin V (Prod. No. ALX-380-113).
ALX-380-113-C250
250 µg
ALX-380-113-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Antibacterial and cytotoxic against Gram-positive bacteria. Mediatesa unique cross-linking reaction between DNA and histidine H3. Weakly active against Gram-negative bacteria,
fungi and tumors. Antineoplastic and photosensitizing compound.

Gilvocarcin V
Gilvocarcin M

CAS: 303-45-7
MI: 14: 4528

Gliotoxin

Gossypol

ALX-350-239-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Gladiocladium fimbriatum. Immunomodulating mycotoxin which acts by blocking membrane
thiol groups. Causes apoptotic cell death in macrophages and thymocytes. Induces Ca2+ release from intact
rat liver mitochondria. Inhibits the activation of transcription factor NF-κB. Antioxidant.

Gonyautoxin 2/3 Epimers

ALX-350-307-C010
10 µg
Neurotoxin. Isolated from Alexandrium tamarense. Epimeric mixture of gonyautoxin 2 (GTX II, C-11αhydroxysaxitoxinsulfate) and gonyautoxin 3 (GTX III, C-11β-hydroxysaxitoxinsulfate). Equally potent and selective Na+ channel blockers. Technical Note Page 90.

Gliotoxin

Technical Note Page 110

Gossypol

ALX-350-113-M100
100 mgIsolated from Gossypium genus, Malvaceae. Is a mixture of ~ 65%-(+) and ~35%-(-) enantiomers. Male antifertility agent. Shows antitumor, antiviral and antioxidant actions. Small molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2/BclXL. Induces
apoptosis. Synergizes with radiation and chemotherapy in vitro. Reversible inhibitor of protein phosphatase
2B (calcineurin; PP2B). Nonspecific protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor.

Gramicidin A (high purity)

HarmineALX-350-233-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-233-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Bacillus brevis. Naturally occurring ion channel forming pentadecapeptide. Causes K+/H+-exchange
in mitochondria in a non-voltage dependent manner.

Harmine[Banisterine; Leucoharmine; Telepathine; Yageine]

ALX-350-371-M250
250 mgOriginally isolated from Peganum harmala. Alkaloid of the β-carboline family. Regulates PPARγ expression. Inhibits the Wnt signalling pathway in a cell-specific manner. Down-regulates inflammatory gene expression (TNF-α,
IL-1β, iNOS). Reversibly inhibits monoamine oxidase inhibitor A (MAO-A), but has no effect on MAO-B.

CAS: 19210-12-9

Harpagoside

ALX-350-333-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-333-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl (Figwort). Anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic compound. Suppresses LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS II) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression
through inhibition of NF-κB activation.

Harpagoside

CAS: 83209-65-8

HC Toxin

ALX-630-102-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Helminthosporium carbonium. Potent, cell permeable, non-competitive and reversible inhibitorof histone deacetylase (HDAC). Does not inhibit histone acetyltransferases. Induces expression of γ-globulin inerythroid cells. Shows anti-mitogenic activities. Induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells.

Heliomycinsee

HC Toxin

Resistomycin
CAS: 13289-18-4

Hellebrin

ALX-350-105-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-105-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Helleborus sp. Cardiotonic glycoside which presents a bufadienolide-steroid structure. Besides
ouabain (Prod. No. ALX-350-066), from the class of cardenolides hellebrin is the second unique water soluble
cardiotonic glycoside. Extremely potent inhibitor of Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium pump) blocking the active effluxof Na+ and reuptake of K+ of this membrane enzyme. Shows a positive ionotropic effect by increasing the intra-cellular Ca2+ concentration. Strong immunosuppressor inhibiting T cell activity with much higher potency
than cortisol or cyclosporin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-002). Induces caspase-dependent apoptosis.

Hepatotox Set™ 1
ALX-850-325-KI01

1 Set

HellebrinSet contains:
Microcystin-LA (25 µg)
Microcystin-LF (25 µg)
Microcystin-LR (50 µg)
Microcystin-LW (25 µg)

Microcystin-LY (25 µg)
Microcystin-RR (50 µg)
Microcystin-YR (25 µg)
Nodularin (50 µg)

Technical Note Page 88 - 90

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

44

International Edition

Heraclenin

Heraclenin

Herbimycin A

Herbimycin C

ALX-350-303-M002
2 mg
The furanocoumarins heraclenin (Prod. No. ALX-350-303) and imperatorin (Prod. No. ALX-350-302) inhibit T
cell-receptor-mediated proliferation in human primary T cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Bothcompounds also induce apoptosis. While imperatorin induces DNA fragmentation at the G1/S phase of thecell cycle, heraclenin induces DNA fragmentation at the G2/M phases of the cell cycle, thus despite a close
structural similarity they induce apoptosis in mechanistically different ways.
LIT: Coumarins from Opopanax chironium. New dihydrofuranocoumarins and differential induction of apoptosis by imperatorin and heraclenin:
G. Appendino, et al.; J. Nat. Prod. 67, 532 (2004)  Imperatorin inhibits HIV-1 replication through an Sp1-dependent pathway: R. Sancho, et al.;J. Biol. Chem. 279, 37349 (2004)  Imperatorin inhibits T-cell proliferation by targeting the transcription factor NFAT: N. Marquez, et al.; Planta
Med. 70, 1016 (2004)

Herbimycin A

ALX-350-029-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-029-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Cell permeable tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Inhibitor of HSP90, NFκB activation and angiogenesis. Increases the sensitivity of certain cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents.
Blocks mitotic activity.

Technical Note Page 98

Herbimycin C[Antibiotic TAN 420D]

ALX-350-349-MC05
0.5 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5386. Minor analog of the herbimycin complex with potent
antitumor activity.
Hexacyclinic acid(±)-Hesperetin[(±)-3’,5,7-Trihydroxy-4’-methoxyflavanone]

ALX-385-011-G001
1g
Antioxidant flavonoid. Induces G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Anti-inflammatory. Suppresses NF-κB activation. Reduces cholesterol biosynthesis. Inhibits lipid peroxidation. Neuroprotective against neuronal oxidative damage. Technical Note Page 105.

CAS: 119980-00-6

Hexacyclinic acid
Hexaprenylhydroquinone

ALX-380-123-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-123-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces cellulosae ssp. griseorubinosus. Antitumor antibiotic. Displays weak cytotoxicity
against different tumor cell lines.
LIT: Hexacyclinic acid, a Polyketide from Streptomyces with a Novel Carbon Skeleton: R. Hofs, et al.; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 39, 3258
(2000)

CAS: 6879-74-9

3,3’,4’,5,5’,7-Hexahydroxyflavone

see

Myricetin

3’,4’,5,6,7,8-Hexamethoxyflavone

seeNobiletin

Hexaprenylhydroquinone(+)-Himbacine[HPH]

ALX-350-138-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Sarcotragus sp. Potent inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerase. Inhibitor of CDC25A. Similar compounds have shown inhibitory effects on phospholipase A2 (PLA2).

(+)-Himbacine

CAS: 26833-87-4

ALX-550-061-M001
1 mg
ALX-550-061-M005
5 mg
ALX-550-061-M025
25 mg
Isolated from the Australian pine Galbulimima baccata. Potent muscarinic antagonist that displays selectivity
for the M2 or M4 receptors.
Homoharringtonine

Homoharringtonine

ALX-350-236-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-236-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Cephalotaxus hainanensis. Cephalotaxine alkaloid. Inhibits the formation of diphenylalanine andacetylphenylalanyl-puromycin in liver ribosomes. Has promising activity in hematologic malignancies. Lowers
the levels of telomerase. Induces apoptosis.

CAS: 35354-74-6
MI: 14: 4742
Honokiol

CAS: 26934-87-2

Honokiol[5,3’-Diallyl-2,4’-biphenyldiol]

ALX-350-350-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-350-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Magnolia officinalis. Potent and highly tolerable antitumor and antiangiogenic compound. Anxiolytic, anti-thrombotic and antibacterial. Inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α production in LPS-activatedmacrophages by the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS II) expression. Isomeric withmagnolol (Prod. No. ALX-350-352).

HT-2 Toxin
HT-2 Toxin

Technical Note Page 110

ALX-630-113-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-113-M005
5 mg
Semisynthetic, derived from T2 toxin from Fusarium tricinctum. Trichothecene group mycotoxin. Induces apoptosis.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

45International Edition(-)-Huperzine A[(-)-Selagine]

ALX-550-065-MC05
0.5 mg
ALX-550-065-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Lycopodium sp. Plant alkaloid. Active isomer with acetylcholine esterase activity. Protects cells
against hydrogen peroxide, β-amyloid protein, glutamate, ischemia and staurosporine-induced cytotoxicity
and apoptosis. Prospective agent for the treatment of Alzheimer‘s disease.

CAS: 102518-79-6
MI: 14: 4755(-)-Huperzine A

Hurghadolide A

ALX-350-357-C010
10 µg
Isolated from marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Cytotoxic. Disrupts the actin cytoskeleton. Antifungal.
LIT: Hurghadolide A and swinholide I, potent actin-microfilament disrupters from the Red Sea sponge Theonella swinhoei: D.T. Youssef & S.L.
Mooberry; J. Nat. Prod. 69, 154 (2006)

1-Hydroxycholecalciferolsee

Alfacalcidol

14-Hydroxydaunomycin

see

Doxorubin

20-Hydroxyecdysone

Hurghadolide A[β-Ecdysone; Ecdysterone]

ALX-370-012-M005
5 mg
ALX-370-012-M010
10 mg
ALX-370-012-M050
50 mg
Most widely occurring ecdysteroid in both plant and animal species. Controls cell death during metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster.

7-(β-Hydroxyethyl)theophylline
Hydroxyleptomycin B

see

see

Theophylline, 7-(β-Hydroxyethyl)20-Hydroxyecdysone

Kazusamycin A

7-Hydroxy-4’-methoxyisoflavone

seeCAS: 5289-74-7
MI: 14: 3491

Technical Note Page 87

Formononetin

21-Hydroxyoligomycin A[Nemadectin ω; Antibiotic LL-F28249 ω]

ALX-380-224-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. AS5351. Co-metabolite of nemadectin. Antitumor agent with weak antifungal
and nematocidal activity.

CAS: 102042-09-1

LIT: Plasmid effects on secondary metabolite production by a streptomycete synthesizing an anthelmintic macrolide: D.I. Thomas, et al.; J. Gen.
Microbiol. 137, 2331 (1991)  Structure and absolute stereochemistry of 21-hydroxyoligomycin A: M.M. Wagenaar, et al.; J. Nat. Prod. 70, 367(2007)

7-Hydroxystaurosporine

see

Hydroxyvitamin D3

Alfacalcidolsee

21-Hydroxyoligomycin A

UCN-01Hygromycin B (liquid)

ALX-380-059-UM01
1 MU
Isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Sterile and ready-to-use antibiotic with high activity. Inhibits growthof prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms and mammalian cells. Inhibits protein synthesis at the translocation step on the 70S ribosome and causes misreading of the mRNA. Penetrates cells that have been permeabilized by virus infection, hence it can act as an effective antiviral agent.

Hymeglusin[1233A; F-244]

ALX-380-265-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-265-MM25
2.5 mgIsolated from fungal strain Scopulariopsis sp. F-244. Specific and irreversible inhibitor of HMG-CoA synthase invitro and in vivo. Inhibits mevalonate biosynthesis. Shows antimicrobial and antifungal activity.

CAS: 31282-04-9
MI: 14: 4852

Hygromycin B

CAS: 9027-44-5

Fungal strain courtesy of The Kitasato Institute, Tokyo.

Hymeglusin

10Z-Hymenialdisine

ALX-350-289-C500
500 µgIsolated from sponge Axinella damicornis (Stylissa damicornis). Originally isolated from the sponges Axinella verrucosa and Acantella aurantiaca. Potent inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK-1). Blocks
the in vivo phosphorylation of the microtubule-binding protein tau at sites that are hyperphosphorylated byglycogen synthase kinase-β (GSK-3β) and CDK5/p35 in Alzheimer’s disease. Inhibitor of DNA damage checkpoint at G2 phase, cyclin-dependent kinases CDK1/cyclin B, CDK2/cyclin A, CDK2/cyclin E, CDK4/cyclin D1,
CDK5/p25, GSK-3β, and casein kinase 1 (CK1). Inhibitor of NF-κB activation and of various pro-inflammatory
cytokines such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) in a variety of cell lines.

Hymenialdisine, Debromo-see

Debromohymenialdisine

Hymenidin

CAS: 82005-12-7

10Z-Hymenialdisine

CAS: 107019-95-4[2-Debromooroidin]

ALX-350-291-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Hymeniacidon sp. Antagonist of serotonergic receptors. Inhibitor of CDK5/p25 (IC50=4µM) andGSK-3β (IC50=12µM).

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

Hymenidin

46International Edition

Hyperforin . DCHA (high purity)

CAS: 11079-53-1

ALX-350-097-C500
500 µg
ALX-350-097-M001
1 mg
Isolated from St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Major constituent of St. John’s wort, a herbal remedy
widely used for the treatment of depression. Inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitters in synapses. Activator of the pregnane X receptor (PXR), which serves as a key regulator of CYP3A4 transcription, a member ofthe cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzyme system. Specifically activates TRPC6 channels. Represents an interestinglead-structure for a new class of antidepressants. Displays several other biological properties of potential pharmacological interest, including antibacterial, anti-inflammational, antitumoral and anti-angiogenic effects. Induces apoptosis in various cancer cells.

Hyperforin . DCHA

CAS: 548-04-9
MI: 14: 4863
Hypericin

LIT: Hyperforin as a possible antidepressant component of hypericum extracts: S.S. Chatterjee, et al.; Life Sci. 63, 499 (1998)  Antibacterial activity of hyperforin from St John’s wort, against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and gram-positive bacteria: C.M. Schempp, et al.; Lancet
353, 2129 (1999)  Hyperforin attenuates various ionic conductance mechanisms in the isolated hippocampal neurons of rat: S. Chatterjee, etal.; Life Sci. 65, 2395 (1999)  Hyperforin, a major antidepressant constituent of St. John’s Wort, inhibits serotonin uptake by elevating free intracellular Na+1: A. Singer, et al.; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 290, 1363 (1999)  St. John’s wort induces hepatic drug metabolism through activation of
the pregnane X receptor: L.B. Moore, et al.; PNAS 97, 7500 (2000)  Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by constituents of St. John’sWort, an herbal preparation used in the treatment of depression: R.S. Obach; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 294, 88 (2000)  St John’s wort, a herbal
antidepressant, activates the steroid X receptor: J.M. Wentworth, et al.; J. Endocrinol. 166, R11 (2000)  St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatumL.): a review of its chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties: J. Barnes, et al.; J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 53, 583 (2001)  St John’s wort: Prozac
from the plant kingdom: G. Di Carlo, et al.; TIPS 22, 292 (2001)  Effect of St. John’s wort on free radical production: E.J. Hunt, et al.; Life Sci. 69,
181 (2001)  Hypericum perforatum (St John’s Wort): a non-selective reuptake inhibitor? A review of the recent advances in its pharmacology:
P.J. Nathan; J. Psychopharmacol. 15, 47 (2001)  Aristoforin, a novel stable derivative of hyperforin, is a potent anticancer agent: M. Gartner, et al.;Chembiochem 6, 171 (2005)  Hyperforin, a new lead compound against the progression of cancer and leukemia?: C. Quiney, et al.; Leukemia 20,1519 (2006)  Hyperforin a key constituent of St. John’s wort specifically activates TRPC6 channels: K. Leuner, et al.; FASEB J. 21, 4104 (2007)

Hypericin (native)

ALX-350-030-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-030-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-030-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Hypericum perforatum. Inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Shows anti-viral and anti-retroviral
activity. Displays antineoplastic and antitumor activities. Inhibits casein kinase II (CKII) and MAP kinase. Bright
red fluorescence emission and photostability. Antidepressant.

CAS: 76958-67-3

Hypothemycin
Hypothemycin

Pyr-Phe-Thr-Asp-Val-Asp-Cys-Ser-Val-Ser-Lys-Glu-Cys-TrpSer-Val-Cys-Lys-Asp-Leu-Phe-Gly-Val-Asp-Arg-Gly-Lys-CysMet-Gly-Lys-Lys-Cys-Arg-Cys-Tyr-Gln-OH (Disulfide bonds
between Cys7-Cys28, Cys13-Cys33 and Cys17-Cys35)
Iberiotoxin

ALX-380-116-C250
250 µg
ALX-380-116-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Phoma sp. Exhibits antifungal activity and cytotoxic activity against some tumor cell lines partly
attributed to inhibition of Ras-inducible genes. Inhibits proliferation of mouse and human T cells and modulates production of cytokines during T cell activation. Facilitates the ubiquitinylation process of cyclin D1. Has
been identified as a potent and selective inhibitor of threonine/tyrosine-specific kinase, MEK, and other protein
kinases that contain a conserved cysteine residue in the ATP-binding site in both in vitro and in vivo studies.

Iberiotoxin[IbTX]

ALX-630-058-C100
100 µgSynthetic. From Buthus tamulus. Potent and selective blocker of the high conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels.

Idarubicin . HCl[Idamycin; DMDR; 4-Demethoxydaunorubicin]

ALX-380-260-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-260-M005
5 mg
Synthetic. More potent, lipophilic and antineoplastic analog of daunorubicin. DNA-damaging effect includes
DNA oxidation and methylation, DNA intercalation, inhibition of DNA synthesis, induction of DNA strand breaks
and delay of cell cycle progression. Inhibitor of topoisomerase IIα. Produces endonucleolytic cleavage and isa marker of apoptosis.

CAS: 57852-57-0
MI: 14: 4886

Ilimaquinone
Idarubicin . HCl

CAS: 71678-03-0

ALX-350-240-C100
100 µg
Displays antimicrobial, anti-HIV and anti-inflammatory properties. Induces reversible breakdown of Golgi membranes. Inhibits the association of β-COP and ADP-ribosylation factor to Golgi membranes. Interacts with methylation enzymes. Shows anticancer activity.

Immunomycin

see

Ascomycin

Imperatorin
Ilimaquinone

Imperatorin

ALX-350-302-M002
2 mg
The furanocoumarins heraclenin (Prod. No. ALX-350-303) and imperatorin (Prod. No. ALX-350-302) inhibit T
cell-receptor-mediated proliferation in human primary T cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Both compounds also induce apoptosis. While imperatorin induces DNA fragmentation at the G1/S phase of the cell cycle, heraclenin induces DNA fragmentation at the G2/M phases of the cell cycle, thus despite a close structuralsimilarity they induce apoptosis in mechanistically different ways. Imperatorin inhibits HIV-1 replication as wellas the expression of ICAM-1 in U937 foam cells. Inhibits voltage-dependent calcium channel.
LIT: Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in U937 foam cells and inhibitory effect of imperatorin: P.Y. Yang, et al.; Acta Pharmacol.
Sin. 23, 327 (2002)  Imperatorin, a furanocoumarin from Angelica dahurica (Umbelliferae), induces cytochrome c-dependent apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukaemia, HL-60 Cells: H.O. Pae, et al.; Pharmacol. Toxicol. 91, 40 (2002)  Coumarins from Opopanax chironium. New dihydrofuranocoumarins and differential induction of apoptosis by imperatorin and heraclenin: G. Appendino, et al.; J. Nat. Prod. 67, 532 (2004)
 Imperatorin inhibits T-cell proliferation by targeting the transcription factor NFAT: N. Marquez, et al.; Planta Med. 70, 1016 (2004)  Imperatorin inhibits HIV-1 replication through an Sp1-dependent pathway: R. Sancho, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 279, 37349 (2004)  Imperatorin induces
vasodilatation possibly via inhibiting voltage dependent calcium channel and receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx and release: J.Y. He, et al.; Eur. J.
Pharmacol. 573, 170 (2007)

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

47International Edition

Indole-3-carbinol[I3C; Indole-3-methanol]

ALX-350-347-M250
250 mg
ALX-350-347-G001
1g
Anticancer agent. Inhibits carcinogenesis at the initiation stage, but has been shown to enhance tumor incidence at a post-initiation stage. Inhibits the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) and induces G1
cell cycle arrest independent of estrogen receptor signalling. Causes a dose-dependent increase in E-cadherin
and BRCA1 expression.

CAS: 700-06-1
OH
N
H

Indole-3-carbinol

Ingenol (high purity)

ALX-350-031-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-031-M005
5 mg
Extremely weak protein kinase C (PKC) activator. Starting material for synthesis of ingenol derivatives.

CAS: 30220-46-3

Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate

ALX-350-032-M001
1 mg
Semisynthetic. Activates protein kinase C (PKC). Induces apoptosis. Anticancer agent. Shows potent antileukemic activity in the P388 mouse assay.

6’-Iodononivamide

Ingenol[6-Iodonordihydrocapsaicin; N-(4-Hydroxy-6-iodo-3-methoxybenzyl)nonanamide]

ALX-350-122-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-122-M010
10 mg
Potent competitive TRPV1 antagonist. Convenient replacement for capsazepine (Prod. No. ALX-550-145) in mostof the in vitro preparations currently used to assess the activity of putative vanilloid receptor agonists.

CAS: 59086-90-7

LIT: Halogenation of a capsaicin analogue leads to novel vanilloid TRPV1 receptor antagonists: G. Appendino, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 139, 1417
(2003)  The taming of capsaicin. Reversal of the vanilloid activity of N-acylvanillamines by aromatic iodination: G. Appendino, et al.; J. Med.
Chem. 48, 4663 (2005)

Ingenol 3,20-dibenzoate

5’-Iodo-resiniferatoxin

ALX-550-389-M001
1 mg
Binds to TRPV1 receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells and to native rat TRPV1 receptors. At least 40-fold morepotent than capsazepine (Prod. No. ALX-550-145). Blocks capsaicin-induced currents in oozytes expressing
TRPV1. Potently blocks pain responses elicited by capsaicin (Prod. No. ALX-550-066) in vivo.
LIT: Iodo-resiniferatoxin, a new potent vanilloid receptor antagonist: P. Wahl, et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 59, 9 (2001)  Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a novel iodinated resiniferatoxin derivative that is an agonist at the human vanilloid VR1 receptor: M.E. McDonnell, et al.; Bioorg. Med.
Chem. Lett. 12, 1189 (2002)  Functional properties of the high-affinity TRPV1 (VR1) vanilloid receptor antagonist (4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-methoxyphenylacetate ester) iodo-resiniferatoxin: G.R. Seabrook, et al.; J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303, 1052 (2002)  Neurogenic responses mediated byvanilloid receptor-1 (TRPV1) are blocked by the high affinity antagonist, iodo-resiniferatoxin: M. Rigoni, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 138, 977 (2003)
 Participation of the spinal TRPV1 receptors in formalin-evoked pain transduction: a study using a selective TRPV1 antagonist, iodo-resiniferatoxin: Y. Kanai, et al.; J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 58, 489 (2006)

6’-Iodononivamide

CH2

H3C
H3C

Ionomycin (free acid)

H

O
O

O

H3C

ALX-450-006-M001
1 mg
ALX-450-006-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces conglobatus. Potent and selective calcium ionophore. Ca2+/ionomycin complex
forms between pH 7-9.5 which has intense UV absorption. Induces apoptotic neuronal degeneration in embryonic cortical neurons and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase.

Ionomycin . Ca

ALX-450-007-M001
1 mg
ALX-450-007-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces conglobatus. For technical information and literature references see Ionomycin(free acid) (Prod. No. ALX-450-006).

Irinotecan . HCl . 3H2O

[Camptosar]

ALX-430-139-M005
5 mg
ALX-430-139-M025
25 mg
A member of the camptothecin drug family, and an inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme topoisomerase I, which is
involved in cellular DNA replication and transcription. During replication topoisomerase I mediates the relaxation of super coiled DNA, and its inhibition results in breakage of the DNA chain and likely induce apoptosis.
Irinotecan is, therefore, an attractive target for anticancer drug development. Currently it is used for the treatment of small cell lung cancer and advanced colorectal cancer.

O

OH

I

O
O

OH
OCH3

5’-Iodo-resiniferatoxin

CAS: 56092-81-0

Ionomycin (free acid)

Iromycin A

ALX-380-124-MC05
0.5 mg
ALX-380-124-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-124-M005
5 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces bottropensis. Pyridone metabolite. Inhibitor of nitric oxide synthases(NOS) showing selectivity for eNOS (NOS III) versus nNOS (NOS I). Inhibitor of thaxtomine biosynthesis and of
mitochondrial electron transport chain.

Irinotecan . HCl . 3H2O

LIT: Iromycins: a new family of pyridone metabolites from Streptomyces sp. II. Convergent total synthesis: H. Shojaei, et al.; JOC 72, 5091 (2007)
 The iromycins, a new family of pyridone metabolites from Streptomyces sp. I. Structure, NOS inhibitory activity, and biosynthesis: F. Surup,
et al; JOC 72, 5085 (2007)

Islet-Activating Protein

seeIsoangoroside C

Angoroside C

see

Pertussis Toxin

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

Iromycin A

48

International Edition

OH

CH3

HO
H3C

O

CH3

O

Isoapoptolidin

O
H3C
CH3
H3C

O

H3C
OH

O

OH

O
O

H3C

O

OH
H3C

CH3

O

CH3

CH3
CH3

O

O

OH

OH
O
HO

O

CH3

CH3

Isoapoptolidin

ALX-380-229-MC01
0.1 mgIsolated from Amycolatopsis sp. MST-AS5912. Isomer of apoptolidin (Prod. No. ALX-380-207). In water an equilibrium mixture of apoptolidin:isoapoptolidin (~1.5:1) is formed within hours. Less active F0F1-ATPase inhibitor than apoptolidin.
LIT: Toward a stable apoptolidin derivative: identification of isoapoptolidin and selective deglycosylation of apoptolidin: J.D. Pennington, etal.; Org. Lett. 4, 3823 (2002)  Isoapoptolidin: structure and activity of the ring-expanded isomer of apoptolidin: P.A. Wender, et al.; Org. Lett. 4,3819 (2002)

Isobavachalcone

ALX-350-145-M001
1 mg
Isolated from plant Psoralea corylifolia. Inhibits platelet aggregation. Inhibitor of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) induction. Exhibits potent inhibitory effect on skin tumor promotion. Potent inhibitor of MMP-2.
Displays DNA strand-scission (cleaving) activity. Shows antifungal activity.

CAS: 20784-50-3Isochlorogenic acid
Isobavachalconesee

3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid

Isofistularin-3

ALX-350-157-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Aplysina aerophoba. Cytotoxic alkaloid. Shows antibiotic properties. Inhibits cell growth in vitro.

CAS: 87099-50-18-Isopentenylnaringenin

Isofistularin-3[8-Prenylnaringenin]

ALX-385-025-M005
5 mg
Prenyl flavonoid. Isolated from hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Phytoestrogen. Selective, non-steroidal estrogen
receptor α (ERα) ligand. Potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Chemopreventive agent against
cancer induced by heterocyclic amines.

Isorhamnetin[3-Methylquercetin; 3’-Methoxy-3,4’,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone]

Isotetrandrine[Berbamine methyl ether]

ALX-385-024-M005
5 mg
ALX-385-024-M010
10 mg
Antiviral agent. Antioxidant. Antitumor compound. Apoptosis inducer.

8-Isopentenylnaringenin

Technical Note Page 106

ALX-350-035-M001
1 mg
Alkaloid inhibitor of G-protein mediated activation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) but not phospholipase C or
D.

Isoxanthohumol

ALX-350-279-M001
1 mg
Synthetic. Prenylated chalcone. Phytoestrogen. Induces apoptosis in mature adipocytes.

CAS: 480-19-3

Isorhamnetin

Technical Note Page 108

LIT: Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health!: J.F. Stevens & J.E. Page; Phytochemistry 65, 1317
(2004)  Inhibition of endothelial cell functions by novel potential cancer chemopreventive agents: E. Bertl, et al.; BBRC 325, 287 (2004)  Metabolism of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol, prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.), by human liver microsomes: D. Nikolic,
et al.; J. Mass Spectrom. 40, 289 (2005)  Identification of human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of 8-prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol from hops (Humulus lupulus L.): J. Guo, et al.; Drug Metab. Dispos. 34, 1152 (2006)  The prenylflavonoid isoxanthohumol from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is activated into the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin in vitro and in the human intestine: S. Possemiers, et al.; J. Nutr. 136, 1862 (2006)  Effect of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol on 3T3-L1 cell apoptosis and adipogenesis: J.Y.
Yang, et al.; Apoptosis 12, 1953 (2007)

ISP-1

see

Itamycin

CAS: 477-57-6

Myriocinsee

Resistomycin

Joro Spider Toxin

Isotetrandrine[JSTX-3]

ALX-630-077-C100
100 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from the spider Nephila clavata. Specific, irreversible inhibitor of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Blocks post-synaptic glutamate potentials. Blocks quisqualate-sensitive glutamate receptors. However, aspartate-induced depolarization, nerve terminal spikes, resting membrane conductance, andinhibitory postsynaptic potentials are unaffected. Antiepileptic. Potent neurotoxin.

Josamycin

ALX-380-078-M100
100 mgIsolated from Streptomyces narbonenensis, var. josamyceticus nov. var. Macrolide antibiotic that may overcome
anticancer drug resistance by inhibiting the binding of vinblastine (Prod. No. ALX-350-257) or cyclosporin A(Prod. No. ALX-380-002) to P-glycoprotein (Pgp).
Isoxanthohumol

Technical Note Page 106

JSTX-3see

Joro Spider Toxin

K-252aCAS: 16846-24-5
MI: 14: 5267

Josamycin

ALX-380-027-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-027-C500
500 µg
ALX-380-027-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Nocardiopsis sp. Alkaloid isolated from soil fungi. General, cell permeable protein kinase inhibitor. Potent inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II. Inhibits myosin light chain kinase, cAMP-dependent protein
kinase (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Induces apoptosis.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

49

International Edition

K-252b

ALX-380-029-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-029-C500
500 µg
ALX-380-029-M001
1 mg
For technical information see product K-252a (Prod. No. ALX-380-027)

K-252cK-252a[Staurosporinone; Staurosporine Aglycone]

ALX-380-103-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-103-M005
5 mg
Inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Aglycone of staurosporine. Technical Note Page 101.

CAS: 520-18-3
MI: 14: 5274

For BULK quantities please inquire!

Kaempferol

K-252bTechnical Note Page 101[3,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone]

Kaempferol

ALX-385-005-M010
10 mg
ALX-385-005-M050
50 mg
Antioxidant flavonoid. Apoptosis inducer. Reversible inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FAS).

Technical Note Page 108

Kahweol

CAS: 6894-43-5

Kaliotoxin

Technical Note Page 106

ALX-350-223-M010
10 mg
Natural product isolated from the unsaponifiable fraction of petroleum ether extract of coffee beans. Induces glutathione S-transferase. Has anti-cancer, chemoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic
properties.
ALX-630-085-C010
10 µg
Synthetic. Originally isolated from Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus scorpion venom. High conduct2++
ance Ca -activated K channel blocker. Highly selective for Kv1.1 and Kv1.3. Blocking of Kv1.3 inhibits T cell
activation.

Kaliotoxin (1-37)

ALX-630-041-C100
100 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus. High conductance Ca2+-activated
K+ channel blocker.

Kahweol

H-Gly-Val-Glu-Ile-Asn-Val-Lys-Cys-Ser-Gly-Ser-Pro-Gln-CysLeu-Lys-Pro-Cys-Lys-Asp-Ala-Gly-Met-Arg-Phe-Gly-LysCys-Met-Asn-Arg-Lys-Cys-His-Cys-Thr-Pro-Lys-OH (Disulfide
bonds between Cys8-Cys28, Cys14-Cys33 and Cys18-Cys35)
Kaliotoxin

Kanamycin . sulfate

ALX-380-049-G001
1g
ALX-380-049-G005
5g
Isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus. Aminoglycoside antibiotic with broad antibacterial spectrum, including mycobacteria, many Gram-positive and most Gram-negative organisms. Acts by inhibiting bacterial protein
synthesis. Kanamycin resistance is a widely used selection marker for obtaining transgenic plants.
LIT: Biological studies on kanamycin: T. Takeuchi, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 10, 107 (1957)  Antimicrobial agents--Part II. The aminoglycosides:
streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, neomycin: N. S. Brewer; Mayo Clin. Proc. 52, 675 (1977)  Controversy associatedwith the common component of most transgenic plants - kanamycin resistance marker gene: S. Jelenic; Food Technol. Biotechnol. 41, 183 (2003)
 Caspase-independent pathways of hair cell death induced by kanamycin in vivo: H. Jiang, et al.; Cell Death Differ. 13, 20 (2006)

Kanamycin A . sulfate

Kanamycin A . sulfate

ALX-380-275-G001
1g
ALX-380-275-G005
5g
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus. Binds to the 70S ribosomal subunit. Inhibits translocationand elicits miscoding. Effective against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and mycoplasma.

Kanamycin B . sulfate[Bekanamycin]

ALX-380-094-M250
250 mgIsolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus. Aminoglycoside antibiotic. Binds to the 70S ribosomal subunit. Inhibits translocation and elicits miscoding. Effective against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria andmycoplasma.

Kanamycin B, Deoxy-seeKanamycin B . sulfate

CAS: 6980-18-3

Tobramycin
Kasugamycin . HCl

Kasugamycin . HCl

ALX-380-076-G001
1g
Isolated from Streptomyces kasugaensis. Unique aminoglycoside antibiotic with less potential to create crossresistant human pathogens compared to other aminoglycoside antibiotics. Effective against Gram-negative
bacteria. Used as a pesticide. Binds to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome and suppresses protein synthesis.
Inhibits translation initiation of canonical but not of leaderless messenger RNAs.

Kazusamycin A

CAS: 92090-94-3[Kazusamycin; Hydroxyleptomycin B; Hydroxyelactocin; PD 114, 721]

ALX-380-230-MC01
0.1 mgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS4898. Shows potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo against several
tumor cell lines. Has antibacterial and antifungal activities. Inhibitor of nuclear export.

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Kazusamycin A

Technical Note Page 93

50International Edition

Kazusamycin B

CAS: 107140-30-7[Hydroxyleptomycin A; Antibiotic CL 1957E; PD 124, 895]

ALX-380-231-MC01
0.1 mgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS4898. Shows potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo against several
tumor cell lines, including L1210 and P388 leukemia cells. Has antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Kazusamycin B

Kendomycin[(-)-TAN 2162]

ALX-380-066-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-066-C500
500 µgIsolated from Streptomyces violaceoruber. Potent endothelin receptor antagonist. Anti-osteoporotic compound.
Shows remarkable antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. Mediates its cytotoxic effects, at least in part, throughproteasome inhibition.

Technical Note Page 93

CAS: 59785-91-0

LIT: Structure and biosynthesis of kendomycin, a carboxylic ansa-compound from Streptomyces: A.Zeeck & H.B. Bode; JCS Perkin Trans. 2000,
323  Evidence for the mode of action of the highly cytotoxic Streptomyces polyketide kendomycin: Y.A. Elnakady, et al.; Chembiochem. 8,
1261 (2007)

Kendomycin

Kigamicin C

ALX-380-213-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Amycolatopsis sp. MST-AS4724. Antitumor antibiotic. Inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA.

Komarovidine

CAS: 680571-51-1

ALX-350-351-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-351-M005
5 mg
Synthetic. Originally isolated from Nitraria komarovii. Alkaloid.
Kigamicin C

CAS: 76971-22-7[3-(Quinolin-8’-yl)-5,6-dihydro-β-carboline]

KT5720

ALX-270-075-C100
100 µg
ALX-270-075-C500
500 µg
ALX-270-075-M001
1 mg
Semisynthetic. Potent, reversible, cell permeable and selective inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase(PKA).

KT5823
Komarovidine

ALX-270-087-C100
100 µg
ALX-270-087-C500
500 µg
ALX-270-087-M001
1 mg
Semisynthetic. Potent and selective inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG).

Kuanoniamine C

ALX-350-262-M001
1 mg
Isolated from the sponge Oceanapia spec. Inhibits proliferation of several cell lines. Binds to adenosine receptor subtypes A1 and A2A.

CAS: 108068-98-0

L-681,110A1

see

Bafilomycin C1

KT5720Lactacystin (native)
CAS: 126643-37-6

KT5823

ALX-350-245-MC01
0.1 mg
ALX-350-245-MC05
0.5 mg
ALX-350-245-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Cell permeable and irreversible proteasome inhibitor. Specifically inhibits 26S
proteasome (MCP; multicatalytic proteinase complex). Blocks proteasome activity by targeting the catalytic
β-subunit. Has no effect on serine or cysteine proteases. Induces apoptosis in human monoblast U937 cells.
Also inhibits NF-κB activation by inhibiting IκB degradation. Inhibits the ubiquitin proteasome pathway in cell
culture. Inhibits cathepsin A. Upregulates HSP70 and HSP22, suggesting an initial neuroprotective pathway.

Lactacystin (synthetic)

ALX-350-260-MC01
0.1 mg
ALX-350-260-M001
1 mg
Synthetic. For technical information see product Lactacystin (native) (Prod. No. ALX-350-245).

clasto-Lactacystin β-lactone (synthetic)
Kuanoniamine C

CAS: 133343-34-7

ALX-270-280-C200
200 µg
ALX-270-280-M001
1 mg
Synthetic. Highly specific, cell permeable, and irreversible 20S proteasome inhibitor. Inhibits ubiquitin proteasome pathway in cell culture. It has suggested that the natural product lactacystin acts as a precursor for
clasto-lactacystin β-lactone and that the latter is the sole species that interacts with the proteasome. Inhibits
cathepsin A. Leads to a reduction of adipogenesis.

Lambdamycin

seeChartreusin

α-Latrotoxin
Lactacystin

ALX-630-027-C040
40 µg
Isolated from Latrodectus tredecimguttatus. Causes massive neurotransmitter release from a wide variety of central and peripheral synaptic junctions of vertebrates using Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent pathways. A
useful pharmacological tool in the studies of synaptic vesicles exocytosis of different neutrotransmitters.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

51

International Edition

Latrunculin A

ALX-350-130-C100
100 µgIsolated from Latrunculia magnifica. Inhibits actin polymerization via a different mechanism and 10- to 20-foldmore potently than cytochalasins. Inhibits phagocytosis by macrophages.

Latrunculin A

Latrunculin B

ALX-350-036-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-036-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Latrunculia magnifica. Structurally unique marine toxin. Actin filament modulator. 10- to 100-foldmore potent than cytochalasins. Whereas cytochalasin D (Prod. No. ALX-380-031) induces dissolution of F-actin and stress fiber contraction in fibroblasts in culture, latrunculin B causes a shortening and thickening ofstress fibers.

16-epi-Latrunculin B

ALX-350-359-C100
100 µgIsolated from Negombata magnifica. Has antiviral (herpes simplex type 1) activities and cytotoxic properties.

Lavendustin A

Latrunculin B

16-epi-Latrunculin B[RG14355]

ALX-350-007-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-007-M005
5 mg
Synthetic. Cell permeable tyrosine kinase inhibitor with little effect on cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)or protein kinase C (PKC). Inhibits autophosphorylation of EGFRs. Also inhibits NMDA-stimulated cGMP production.

Lavendustin A

Lavendustin A methyl ester

ALX-350-091-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-091-M005
5 mg
Cell permeable ester of lavendustin A (Prod. No. ALX-350-007).

Lavendustin A methyl ester

Lavendustin B

ALX-350-037-M001
1 mg
Synthetic. Control for lavendustin A (Prod. No. ALX-350-007); 100-fold less potent than lavendustin A.

Lavendustin C

Lavendustin B[Compound 5]

ALX-270-066-M001
1 mg
Synthetic. Potent inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II. Acts also as
an inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase and pp60c-src kinase.

Lavendustin C methyl ester

Lavendustin C[Compound 5 methyl ester]ALX-350-084-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-084-M005
5 mg
Synthetic. Inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase with improved bioavailability over lavendustin C (Prod. No.
ALX-270-066).

Leptomycin A

Lavendustin C methyl ester[ATS1287 A; LMA]

ALX-380-101-C050
50 µg
ALX-380-101-C100
100 µgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. Antifungal antibiotic that acts as an inhibitor of nuclear export by interactingwith CRM1/exportin-1. Inhibits nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of molecules such as the HIV-1 Rev protein
and Rev-dependent export of mRNA.

Leptomycin A, 5-DemethylLeptomycin A, Hydroxy-

see

see

Anguinomycin A

Kazusamycin B

Leptomycin B

Leptomycin A[LMB]

ALX-380-100-C100
100 µgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. Antifungal antibiotic that acts as an inhibitor of nuclear export by interactingwith CRM1/exportin-1. Inhibits nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of molecules such as the HIV-1 Rev protein
and Rev-dependent export of mRNA. Other proteins that are influenced by leptomycin B are actin, c-Abl, cyclin B1, MDM2/p53, Iκb, MPF and PKA.

Leptomycin Set I

ALX-850-313-KI01
1 Set
CONTAINS: 1x100µg of Leptomycin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-101), 1x100µg of Leptomycin B (Prod. No. ALX-380-100).
Technical Note Page 93.

Leptomycin Set II

ALX-850-316-KI01
1 Set
CONTAINS: 1x100µg of Leptomycin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-101), 1x100µg of Leptomycin B (Prod. No. ALX-380-100),
1x5µg of Ratjadone C (native) (Prod. No. ALX-270-369). Technical Note Page 93.

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

Leptomycin B

Technical Note Page 93

52International Edition

CAS: 1180-71-8
MI: 14: 5494
LimoninTechnical Note Page 105

Leukocristine . sulfate

seeLeukoharmine

Harminesee

Vincristine sulfate

Limonin[Limonoic acid di-δ-lactone]

ALX-350-225-M050
50 mg
Isolated from grapefruit seed. Bitter principle of citrus fruits. Inhibits chemically induced carcinogenesis. Inhibits HIV-1 replication. Shows antinociceptive effect. Does not possess any inherent antioxidant activity.

Lincomycin . HCl

CAS: 7179-49-9
MI: 14: 5500

ALX-380-276-UM01
1 MU
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces lincolnensis. Forms cross-links within the peptidyl transferase loop regionof the 23S rRNA. Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
Lincomycin . HCl

Lipid A – For Details see next page
DL-α-Lipoic acid

CAS: 1077-28-7
MI: 14: 9326
LL-Z1640-2

ALX-270-266-G001
ALX-270-266-G005
Antioxidant.

1g
5g[DL-6,8-Thioctic acid]

Lipopolysaccharides – For Details see next page
CAS: 66018-38-0
OH

O
H3C

LL-Z1272 γ

CH3

O

O

O

see

Ascochlorin

LL-Z1640-2

OHOH

DL-α-Lipoic acid

ALX-380-267-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-267-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Deuteromycetes sp. Inhibitor of the JNK/p38 pathways. Inhibits anisomycin-induced but not TNFinduced JNK/p38 activation. Potent protein kinase inhibitor.

Lobeline . HCl

CAS: 134-63-4
MI: 14: 5551

ALX-420-023-M050
50 mg
ALX-420-023-M250
250 mg
ALX-420-023-G001
1g
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. Respiratory stimulant.
Lobeline . HCl

CAS: 18524-94-2
MI: 14: 5560

[L-Lobeline]

Loganin

ALX-350-363-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-363-M100
100 mgIsolated from Cornus officinalis. Iridoid glycoside associated with immunostimmulatory and hepatoprotective
activity. Key starting material for the biosynthesis of indolalkaloids. Substrate for cytochrome P450.

LPS – For Details see next page
Loganin

Luffariellolide

ALX-350-038-M001
1 mg
Isolated from sponge Luffariella sp. Structurally related to manoalide (Prod. No. ALX-350-045). Anti-inflammatory phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor. Less potent than manoalide, but partially reversible. Inhibits humanrecombinant sPLA2 selectively over cPLA2.

CAS: 111149-87-2

LupeolLuffariellolide

CAS: 545-47-1
MI: 14: 5608

[Fagarasterol]

ALX-350-355-M010
10 mg
ALX-350-355-M050
50 mg
ALX-350-355-G001
1g
Isolated from Lupinus polyphyllus. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimutagenic compound. Shows preventive effects on DMBA induced DNA alkylation damage in mouse skin. Modulator of NF-κB and PI(3)K/Akt(protein kinase B; PKB) pathways. Induces Fas-mediated apoptosis via inhibition of Ras signalling. Inhibits tumor growth in mouse in vivo.

LupeolFor updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

53International Edition

LPS [Lipopolysaccharides] – TLRgrade™
Sterile, ready-to-use liquid formulation - no hazardous handling! No further purification required! Potent and selective activators of TLR4 (101000 ng/ml). Ultrapure (≥99.9%) - Concentration: 1 mg/ml.

ALX-581-015-L002
ALX-581-017-L002
ALX-581-018-L002
ALX-581-008-L002
ALX-581-010-L002
ALX-581-014-L002
ALX-581-007-L002
ALX-581-012-L002
ALX-581-013-L002
ALX-581-009-L002
ALX-581-011-L002
ALX-581-019-L002
ALX-581-020-L002

LPS from Salmonella minnesota R345 (Rb) (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
LPS from Salmonella minnesota R5 (Rc) (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
LPS from Salmonella minnesota R7 (Rc) (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
LPS from Salmonella minnesota R595 (Rc) (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
LPS from E. coli, Serotype EH100 (Ra) (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
LPS from E. coli, Serotype J5 (Rc) (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
LPS from E. coli, Serotype R515 (Re) (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
LPS from E. coli, Serotype O111:B4 (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
LPS from E. coli, Serotype O55:B5 (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
LPS from Salmonella abortus equi S-form (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
LPS from Salmonella typhimurium S-form (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
LPS from Salmonella enteritidis S-form (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
LPS from Salmonella minnesota S-form (TLRgrade™) (liquid)

2 ml
2 ml
2 ml
2 ml
2 ml
2 ml
2 ml
2 ml
2 ml
2 ml
2 ml
2 ml
2 ml

Lipid A – TLRgrade™
Sterile, ready-to-use liquid formulation - no hazardous handling! No further purification required! Potent and selective activators of TLR4 (101000 ng/ml). Ultrapure (≥99.9%) - Concentration: 1 mg/ml.

ALX-581-200-L002
ALX-581-201-L002
ALX-581-202-L002

Lipid A from E. coli, Serotype R515 (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
Lipid A from Salmonella minnesota R595 (Re) (TLRgrade™) (liquid)
Lipid A (Monophosphoryl) [MPL-A] from Salmonella minnesota R595 (Re)(TLRgrade™) (liquid)

For Technical Notes on LPS [Lipopolysaccharides] & Lipid A see Page 94 / 95

2 ml
2 ml
2 ml

54

International Edition

Luteolin

CAS: 491-70-3
MI: 14: 5614

Luteolin[3’,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone]

ALX-385-007-M010
10 mg
ALX-385-007-M050
50 mg
Antioxidant flavonoid. Inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Inhibitor of the catalytic activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI(3)K), whereas inhibition of PI(3)K by luteolin affects apoptosis via PI(3)K/Akt (protein
kinase B; PKB) pathways and antimitotic effects via PI(3)K/p70S6K pathways. Inhibitor of fatty acid synthase(FAS). Apoptosis inducer.

Lydicamycin

ALX-380-232-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5376. Shows antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria. Highly active against MRSA.

CAS: 133352-27-9
Lydicamycin(+)-Madindoline A

Technical Note Page 96

CAS: 528-43-8
MI: 14: 5697

Magnolol

CAS: 20137-14-8(+)-Madindoline A[MadA; MDL-A]

ALX-350-328-MC05
0.5 mg
ALX-350-328-M001
1 mg
Synthetic. Madindolines are noncytotoxic indole alkaloids originally isolated from a fermentation broth ofStreptomyces nitrosporeus K93-0711. (+)-Madindoline A (MadA; MDL-A) and (+)-madindoline B (MadB; MDL-B)
are diastereomers with MadA being the more potent compound. MadA binds competitively but noncovalently
to the extracellular domain of the membrane glycoprotein gp130 and inhibits the homodimerization of thetrimeric IL-6/IL-6R/gp130 or the IL-11/gp130 complex, thus inhibiting activation of the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway. MadA inhibits IL-6 and IL-11-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro in a dose dependent manner and postmenopausal osteoporosis in vivo, by a mechanism different from that of 17β-estradiol. IL-6 activity
is known to cause various diseases such as cancer cachexia, Castleman’s disease, Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, hypercalcemia, and multiple myeloma. Madindolines are no longer available from natural sources due
to mutation of the originating bacterial strain. Thus, synthetic routes have been developed to produce madindolines. Recently analogs of madindolines have been synthesized as potent IL-6 inhibitors.
LIT: Pathogenic significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6/BSF-2) in Castleman’s disease: K. Yoshizaki, et al.; Blood 74, 1360 (1989)  Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor synergizes with interleukin-6 in supporting the proliferation of human myeloma cells: X.G. Zhang, et al.; Blood76, 2599 (1990)  Mechanisms of experimental cancer cachexia. Local involvement of IL-1 in colon-26 tumor: G. Strassmann, et.al.; J. Immunol.
150, 2341 (1993)  Association of transcription factor APRF and protein kinase Jak1 with the interleukin-6 signal transducer gp130: C. Lutticken,
et al.; Science 263, 89 (1994)  Interleukin-6 enhances hypercalcemia and bone resorption mediated by parathyroid hormone-related protein
in vivo: J. de la Mata, et al.; J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2846 (1995)  Madindoline, a novel inhibitor of IL-6 activity from Streptomyces sp. K93-0711. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological activities: M. Hayashi, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 49, 1091 (1996)  Madindolines, novel inhibitors
of IL-6 activity from streptomyces sp. K93-0711. II. Physico-chemical properties and structural elucidation: S.Takamatsu, et. al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 50, 1069 (1997)  Blockage of interleukin-6 receptor ameliorates joint disease in murine collagen-induced arthritis: N. Takagi, et al.; Arthritis Rheum. 41, 2117 (1998)  Suppression of bone resorption by madindoline A, a novel nonpeptide antagonist to gp130: M. Hayashi, et al.;PNAS 99, 14728 (2002)  Inhibition of IL-6 for the treatment of inflammatory diseases: N. Nishimoto & T. Kishimoto; Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 4,386 (2004)  Binding of madindoline A to the extracellular domain of gp130: A.Z. Saleh, et al.; Biochemistry 44, 10822 (2005)  Design, synthesis, and biological activities of madindoline analogues: D. Yamamoto, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16, 2807 (2006)  Synthesis of (+)-madindoline A and (+)-madindoline B: L. Wan & M.A. Tius; Org. Lett. 9, 647 (2007)  Efficient total synthesis of novel bioactive microbial metabolites:
T. Sunazuka, et al.; Acc. Chem. Res. 41, 302 (2008)

Product from The Kitasato Institute, Tokyo.

Makisterone A

Technical Note Page 87

CAS: 643-84-5
MI: 14: 5715

Magnolol[5,5’-Diallyl-2,2’-biphenyldiol]

ALX-350-352-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-352-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Magnolia officinalis. Potent and highly tolerable antitumor and antiangiogenic compound. Anxiolytic, anti-thrombotic and antibacterial. Shows central depressant effects in vivo. Inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO)and TNF-α production in LPS-activated macrophages by the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS; NOS II) expression. Isomeric with honokiol (Prod. No. ALX-350-350).

Makisterone A
Malvidin chloride

ALX-370-013-C250
ALX-370-013-M001
Ecdysteroid.

Mallotoxin

see

Malvidin chloride

250 µg
1 mg

Rottlerin[3,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3’,5’-dimethoxyflavylium chloride]

ALX-385-013-M010
10 mg
Antioxidant flavonoid. Antitumor compound. Induces cell cycle arrest in the G2/M-phase.

Manoalide
CAS: 75088-80-1
Manoalide

ALX-350-045-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-045-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Luffariella variabilis. Inhibits irreversibly phospholipase A2 (PLA2) by covalently modifying lysine
residues. Also inhibits phospholipase C (PLC) and Ca2+ channels. Inhibits superoxide generation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Shows strong quorum sensing antagonism.

Manumycin A

CAS: 52665-74-4

Manumycin A

ALX-350-241-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-241-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-241-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces parvulus. Potent, selective and competitive inhibitor of Ras farnesyltransferase.
Does not affect geranylgeranyltransferase. Inhibition is competitive with respect to farnesyl pyrophosphateand non-competitive with respect to Ras. Inhibits neutral sphingomyelinase.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

55

International Edition

Manzamine A

ALX-350-294-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Xestospongia sp. β-Carboline alkaloid with anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antifungal, anti-HIV-1,
and insecticidal activity. Active against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.
Inhibits GSK-3. Has native fluorescence, highest when solubilized in methanol (Ex: 340nm, Em: 387nm).

CAS: 104196-68-1

Manzamine A

Margatoxin

ALX-630-045-C100
100 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Centruroides margaritatus. Voltage dependent K+ channel blocker (specificfor Kv1.3 channel). Inhibitor of T cell activation. Immunosuppressor.

Mastoparan

ALX-162-001-M001
1 mg
ALX-162-001-M005
5 mg
Synthetic. Originally isolated from wasp venom. Mast cell degranulating peptide. Stimulates glycogenolysis.
Stimulates phospholipase D2 (PLD2) activity. Alters G-proteins in brain membranes.

H-Thr-Ile-Ile-Asn-Val-Lys-Cys-Thr-Ser-Pro-Lys-Gln-Cys-LeuPro-Pro-Cys-Lys-Ala-Gln-Phe-Gly-Gln-Ser-Ala-Gly-Ala-LysCys-Met-Asn-Gly-Lys-Cys-Lys-Cys-Tyr-Pro-His-OH (Disulfide
bonds between Cys7-Cys29, Cys13-Cys34 and Cys17-Cys36)
Margatoxin

MCD Peptide

ALX-162-002-MC05
0.5 mgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Apis mellifera. Potent anti-inflammatory agent and strong mediator of mastcell degranulation and histamine release. Neurotoxin and voltage-dependent K+ channel blocker. Inhibits the
ADP-ribosylation of the small GTP-binding proteins rho.

Meleagrin

H-Ile-Asn-Leu-Lys-Ala-Leu-Ala-Ala-Leu-Ala-Lys-Lys-Ile-LeuNH2

ALX-350-297-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Penicillium meleagrinum. Antibiotic.

Mastoparan

LIT: The biosynthesis of low-molecular-weight nitrogen-containing secondary metabolite-alkaloids by the resident strains of Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium expansum isolated on the board of the Mir space station: A.G. Kozlovskii, et al.; Mikrobiologiia 71, 773 (2002)  Formation of alkaloids from Penicillium species fungi during growth on wheat kernels: N.G. Vinokurova, et al.; Prikl. Biokhim. Mikrobiol. 39, 457 (2003)
 Roquefortine/oxaline biosynthesis pathway metabolites in Penicillium ser. Corymbifera: in planta production and implications for competitive
fitness: D.P. Overy, et al.; J. Chem. Ecol. 31, 2373 (2005)

Melittin (natural)

ALX-162-006-M001
1 mg
ALX-162-006-M005
5 mg
Isolated from bee venom. Causes disruption of normal cellular activity and cell lysis. Binds calmodulin in a calcium-dependent manner. Activates phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) by binding
to the catalytic domain in a Mg-ATP sensitive manner. Antirheumatic.

H-Ile-Lys-Cys-Asn-Cys-Lys-Arg-His-Val-Ile-Lys-Pro-His-IleCys-Arg-Lys-Ile-Cys-Gly-Lys-Asn-NH2 (Disulfide bonds between Cys 3-Cys15 and Cys5-Cys19)
MCD Peptide

Melittin (synthetic)

ALX-162-007-MC05
0.5 mgALX-162-007-M001
1 mg
Synthetic. For technical information and literature references see product Melittin (natural) (Prod. No.
ALX-162-006).

(-)-Menthol

Meleagrin

ALX-420-042-M025
25 mg
ALX-420-042-M100
100 mg
Cooling agent. Strongly activates TRPM8 (cold menthol receptor 1; CMR1) and TRPA1.
LIT: Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation: D.D. McKemy, et al.; Nature 416, 52 (2002) 
TRPM8 activation by menthol, icilin, and cold is differentially modulated by intracellular pH: D.A. Andersson, et al.; J. Neurosci. 24, 5364 (2004)
 Sensing with TRP channels: T. Voets, et al.; Nat. Chem. Biol. 1, 85 (2005)  Analgesia mediated by the TRPM8 cold receptor in chronic neuropathic pain: C.J. Proudfoot, et al.; Curr. Biol. 16, 1591 (2006)  Bimodal action of menthol on the transient receptor potential channel TRPA1: Y.
Karashima, et al.; J. Neurosci. 27, 9874 (2007)  The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold: D.M. Bautista, etal.; Nature 448, 204 (2007)

3’-Methoxy-3,4’,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone
3-Methylquercetin

see

see

H-Gly-Ile-Gly-Ala-Val-Leu-Lys-Val-Leu-Thr-Thr-Gly-Leu-ProAla-Leu-Ile-Ser-Trp-Ile-Lys-Arg-Lys-Arg-Gln-Gln-NH2Isorhamnetin

Melittin

Isorhamnetin

8-Methyl-N-vanillylnonanamideseetrans-8-Methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide

DihydrocapsaicinseeMezerein (high purity)(E)-Capsaicin

CAS: 2216-51-5
MI: 14: 5837

ALX-350-042-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Daphne mezereum. Protein kinase C (PKC) activator. Second stage tumor promoter whereas
phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (Prod. No. ALX-445-004) is a first stage tumor promoter. May be of use
for studying phorbol ester receptor isotypes. Induces interleukin-1α. Coinducer of interferon with phytohemagglutinin.

CH3

OH
H3C

(-)-Menthol

CH3

CAS: 34807-41-5

MezereinGreat Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

56

International Edition

Technical Note Page 88 - 90

Widest Panel of Microcystins

Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa

Microcystin-LA

ALX-350-096-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-096-C100
100 µgAnalog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Ala substituted in place of Arg. Inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase 3 (PP3) more potently than protein phosphatase 1 (PP1).

Microcystin-LF

ALX-350-081-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-081-C100
100 µgAnalog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Phe substituted in place of Arg. Hydrophobic and believed to be more cell permeable than other microcystins. More toxic than the more hydrophilic analogs suchas microcystin-LR and microcystin-LY.

Microcystin-LR

ALX-350-012-C050
50 µg
ALX-350-012-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-012-C500
500 µg
ALX-350-012-M001
1 mg
Equally potent and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). PP2B is less sensitive and
PP2C is not inhibited up to 4µM. Useful for affinity-purification of PP2A. The product is not cell permeable except in liver cells. Has no effect on protein kinases. Less toxic than the more hydrophobic analogs microcystin-LY, -LW and -LF.

Microcystin-LW
HPLC Spectrum of Microcystin-LR

ALX-350-080-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-080-C100
100 µgAnalog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Trp substituted in place of Arg. Hydrophobic and believed to be more cell permeable than other microcystins. Microcystin-LW has a characteristically different absorption spectrum compared to other microcystins, making it a useful reference compound for HPLC analysis.
The Trp confers an absorption maximum at 222nm, whereas most microcystins have a characteristic maximum at 239nm.

Microcystin-LY

ALX-350-148-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-148-C100
100 µgAnalog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Tyr substituted in place of Arg. Its toxicity is intermediate between the more toxic microcystin-LF and the less toxic microcystin-LR.

Microcystin-RR

ALX-350-043-C050
50 µg
ALX-350-043-C500
500 µg
ALX-350-043-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-043-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-043-C250
250 µgArg-Arg analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012). Hepatotoxic, although found to be up to 10-fold lesstoxic than microcystin-LR on i.p. injection in mice. Potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).

Microcystin-YR

ALX-350-044-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-044-C100
100 µgAnalog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Tyr substituted in place of Leu. As for all microcystins
the conjugated double bonds in the ADDA moiety cause a characteristic absorption maximum at 238nm. The
Tyr residue in position 2 of microcystin-YR confers an absorption maximum at 232nm. Potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.

Microcystins (Adda specific) ELISA Kit

ALX-850-319-KI01
1 Kit
QUANTITY: 96 wells (~80 tests). SENSITIVITY: 0.1µg/l (range 0.15 to 5µg/l). For the quantitative and sensitive congener-independent detection of microcystins and nodularin in water samples. Polyclonal antibody preparedagainst the Adda moiety binds to microcystins and nodularins, allowing the congener-independent determination of these toxins and many of its congeners, and does not cross-react with other non-related toxins orcompounds. Patented technology. U.S. Patent No. 6,967,240 Worldwide Patent PCT WO 01/18059 A2.
Manufactured by Abraxis LLC.
LIT: Congener-independent immunoassay for microcystins and nodularins: W.J. Fischer, et al.; Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 4849 (2001)  A review
of analytical methods for assessing the public health risk from microcystin in the aquatic environment: P.R. Hawkins, et al.; J. Water Supply 54,509 (2005)

Microcystins-DM ELISA Kit

ALX-850-324-KI01
1 Kit
QUANTITY: 96 wells (~80 tests). SENSITIVITY: 0.1ng/l (range 0.15 to 5ng/l). For the quantitative and sensitive detection of microcystins and nodularin in water samples. U.S. Patent No. 6,967,240 Worldwide Patent PCT WO
01/18059 A2.
Manufactured by Abraxis LLC.
LIT: Development of a direct competitive microcystin immunoassay of broad specificity: M.G. Weller, et al.; Anal. Sci. 17, 1445 (2001)

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

57

International Edition

Midostaurin

see

PKC412

CAS: 66067-05-8

Midpacamide

ALX-350-327-M005
5 mg
Isolated from the sponge Agelas longissima. Alkaloid. Antimicrobial activity.

Minocycline . HCl

Midpacamide

ALX-380-109-M050
50 mg
Semisynthetic. Tetracycline derivative with antimicrobial activity. Inhibitor of angiogenesis, apoptosis and
PARP-1. Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective.
LIT: Local delivery of minocycline and systemic BCNU have synergistic activity in the treatment of intracranial glioma: J.L. Frazier, et al.; J. Neurooncol. 64, 203 (2003)  Minocycline exerts multiple inhibitory effects on vascular endothelial growth factor-induced smooth muscle cell migration:
the role of ERK1/2, PI3K, and matrix metalloproteinases: J.S. Yao, et al.; Circ. Res. 95, 364 (2004)  Minocycline up-regulates Bcl-2 and protects
against cell death in mitochondria: J. Wang, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 279, 19948 (2004)  Minocycline up-regulates BCL-2 levels in mitochondria andattenuates male germ cell apoptosis: M. Castanares, et al.; BBRC 337, 663 (2005)  Minocycline reduces proinflammatory cytokine expression,
microglial activation, and caspase-3 activation in a rodent model of diabetic retinopathy: J.K. Krady, et al.; Diabetes 54, 1559 (2005)  Minocycline inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 at nanomolar concentrations: C.C. Alano, et al.; PNAS 103, 9685 (2006)  Multiple neuroprotective
mechanisms of minocycline in autoimmune CNS inflammation: K. Maier, et al.; Neurobiol. Dis. 25, 514 (2007)  Comparison of doxycycline andminocycline in the inhibition of VEGF-induced smooth muscle cell migration: J.S. Yao, et al.; Neurochem. Int. 50, 524 (2007)

Misakinolide A

see

CAS: 13614-98-7
MI: 14: 6202

Minocycline . HCl

Bistheonellide A

Mithramycin A[Mithracin; Aureolic acid; Aurelic acid; Plicamycin]

ALX-380-097-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-097-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces argillaceus. Antineoplastic and immunosuppressive antibiotic. Inhibits transcription and protein synthesis. Substrate of P-glycoprotein in multidrug resistant (MDR) cancer cells. Binds to DNA
in native chromatin. DNA-binding fluorescent dye.

CAS: 18378-89-7
MI: 14: 7536

Mithramycin A

Mitomycin C

ALX-380-023-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-023-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus. Antitumor antibiotic. Inhibitor of DNA synthesis, nuclear division andcancer cells. DNA intercalating agent. Apoptosis inducer.

Monactin

CAS: 50-07-7
MI: 14: 6215

[5-Demethyl-5-ethylnonactin; Antibiotic AKD 1B]

ALX-380-214-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5448. Ionophore antibiotic. Inhibits T cell proliferation induced by IL-2
and cytokine production at nanomolar levels for IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and interferon-γ.

Mitomycin C

Monensin . Na

ALX-380-026-M100
100 mg
ALX-380-026-G001
1g
Antibiotic that functions as Na+ ionophore. Blocks glycoprotein secretion. Inhibits proliferation of several lymphoma cell lines through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Moniliformin . Na

CAS: 7182-54-9[1-Hydroxycyclobut-1-ene-3,4-dione]

Monactin

ALX-630-111-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-111-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Fusarium moniliforme. Mycotoxin. Technical Note Page 110.

Monophosphoryl Lipid A
Monordensee

see

Lipid A (Monophosphoryl)-

CAS: 22373-78-0
MI: 14: 6246

Radicicol

Morin[2’,3,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone]

ALX-385-016-G001
1g
Antioxidant flavonoid. Shows anti-proliferative and antitumor properties. Induces apoptosis. Induces cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Anti-inflammatory compound. Suppresses NF-κB activation. Induces lipid peroxidation and DNA strand breaks.

Motilide

see

EM574

Muristerone A

ALX-370-010-C100
100 µg
ALX-370-010-C500
500 µg
ALX-370-010-C250
250 µg
ALX-370-010-M001
1 mg
Ecdysteroid. Due to reduced availability we recommend the alternative use of Ponasterone A (Prod. No.
ALX-370-014).

Mycalolide B

Monensin . Na

CAS: 38778-30-2

Muristerone A

Technical Note Page 87

ALX-350-288-C100
100 µgIsolated from the marine sponge Mycale sp. Inhibits actin polymerization with a different mechanism of action
from cytochalasin D (Prod. No. ALX-380-031). Suppresses actin-activated myosin Mg2+-ATPase activity. Depolymerizes F-actin by nibbling and forms a 1:1 complex with G-actin.
CAS: 122752-21-0
Mycalolide B

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

58

International Edition

Mycophenolic acid

CAS: 24280-93-1
MI: 14: 6327

Mycophenolic acid

ALX-380-015-M050
50 mg
ALX-380-015-M250
250 mg
ALX-380-015-G001
1g
Isolated from Penicillium brevi-compactum. Immunosuppressive agent that inhibits de novo purine nucleotide
synthesis via inhibition of inosine-5’-monophosphate (IMP). Prevents the formation of xanthosine-5’-monophosphate (XMP) and guanosine-5’-monophosphate (GMP). Depletes tetrahydrobiopterin and decreases nitricoxide (NO) production by iNOS (NOS II) without affecting nNOS (NOS I) activity. Suppresses cytokine-induced
nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse and rat vacuolar endothelial cells.

Mycotrienin

CAS: 529-44-2
MI: 14: 6332
Myricetin

Technical Note Page 108

see

Ansatrienin

Myricetin[3,3’,4’,5,5’,7-Hexahydroxyflavone]

Myriocin[ISP-1; Thermozymocidin]

ALX-385-012-M010
10 mg
ALX-385-012-M050
50 mg
Antioxidant flavonoid. Has antitumor and chemopreventive properties. Anti-inflammatory. Inhibits NF-κB activation.

ALX-350-274-M005
5 mg
Potent immunosuppressant ~10 to 100-fold more potent than cyclosporin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-002). Blocks
sphingolipid biosynthesis by inhibiting serine palmitoyltransferase (Ki=0.28nM). Induces apoptosis by depletion of cellular sphingolipids. Inhibits proliferation of an IL-2-dependent mouse cytotoxic cell line CTLL-1.

CAS: 35891-70-4

Myristicin
Myriocin

CAS: 607-91-0
MI: 14: 6334

ALX-350-227-M100
100 mgIsolated from Petroselinium hortense Hoffmann. Natural product isolated from parsley oil. Inducer of glutathione S-transferases. Also inhibits chemical carcinogenesis. Induces rat and human cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Has very potent hepatoprotective activity. Induces apoptosis.

Myristicin, Dihydro-

H2C

O
O

[Dihydromyristicin]

ALX-350-222-M100
100 mgHydrogenated product of myristicin (Prod. No. ALX-350-227), a natural constituent of parsley. Inducer of glutathione S-transferases. Technical Note Page 108.

OCH3Myristicin

Technical Note Page 108

NADP . 2Na

ALX-480-003-M050
ALX-480-003-M250
ALX-480-003-G001

50 mg
250 mg
1g

NADPH . 4Na[β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (reduced form); β-NADPH]

ALX-480-004-M050
ALX-480-004-M250
ALX-480-004-G001
Nargenicin A1

Naramycin A[β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate; β-NADP; Coenzyme II]

50 mg
250 mg
1g

see

Cycloheximide

Nargenicin A1

ALX-380-096-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-096-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Nocardia argentinensis. Antibiotic against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus andClostridia. Effective against multi-resistant strains (penicilline, tetracycline, clindamycin, novobiocin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin). The power of effect is comparable to erythromycin.

CAS: 67604-48-2
MI: 14: 6424(±)-Naringenin(±)-Naringenin

Technical Note Page 105

Natural Yellow 18
NDGA

CAS: 22862-63-1[(±)-4’,5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone]

ALX-385-010-G001
1g
Antioxidant flavonoid. Has anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. Induces apoptosis. Stimulates DNA
repair following oxidative damage. Inhibits the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI(3)K).

see

see

Berberine . hemisulfate

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid

Neoantimycin

ALX-380-233-MC05
0.5 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS4461. Displays potent nematocidal and antitumor activity.
Neoantimycin

Neobavaisoflavone

ALX-350-146-M001
1 mg
Isolated from plant Psoralea corylifolia. Inhibits platelet aggregation. DNA polymerase inhibitor. Shows antifungal activity.

CAS: 41060-15-5

Neobavaisoflavone

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

59International Edition

Neomycin sulfate

ALX-380-035-G005
5g
ALX-380-035-G010
10 g
ALX-380-035-G025
25 g
Aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits translation by binding to the small subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes.
Inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC) due to binding to inositol phospholipids. Neomycin inhibits phosphatidylcholine-phospholipase D activity. Blocks voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels without affecting Na+/Ca2+ antiporters in nerve cells.

NeonicotineseeCAS: 1405-10-3
MI: 14: 6454

Neomycin sulfate

Anabasine . HCl

Netilmicin . sulfate

ALX-380-048-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-048-M005
5 mg
Semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from sisomicin. Active against most Gram-negative and someGram-positive bacteria, including certain strains resistant to gentamicin. In terms of bacteriological efficacy,
netilmicin is comparable to gentamicin (Prod. No. ALX-380-003), amikacin (Prod. No. ALX-380-045) and tobramycin (Prod. No. ALX-380-018).

CAS: 56391-57-2
MI: 14: 6479

Netilmicin . sulfate

Netropsin . 2HCl

ALX-380-088-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces netropsis. Nucleic acid binding ligand. Binds to A-T-rich regions of the minor grooveof DNA.

Niacinsee

Niacinamide

CAS: 63770-20-7

Nicotinic acidsee

Nicotinamide
ALX-460-008-G010

Nicotinamide
10 g

β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

see

NADP

β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (reduced form)

Nicotinic acid
ALX-460-009-G010

10 g

Netropsin . 2HCl

[Niacinamide; 3-Pyridinecarboxylic amide; Vitamin PP]

see

NADPH

[Niacin; 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid; Vitamin B]

NidulalNidulal

ALX-350-110-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Nidula candida. Induces differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells. In COS-7 cells selectively activates AP-1 dependent signal transduction in a manner similar to TPA/PMA (Prod. No. ALX-445-004).

Nigericin . Na

[Antibiotic K 178]

CAS: 28380-24-1
MI: 14: 6541

Nigericin . Na

ALX-380-050-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-050-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Acts as an H+, K+, Pb2+ ionophore. Is most commonly an antiporterof H+ and K+. Inhibits the Golgi functions.

Nobiletin[3’,4’,5,6,7,8-Hexamethoxyflavone; NSC 76751]

ALX-385-026-M010
10 mg
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Inhibits the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase MEK.
Suppresses the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, 3 and 9, that are involved in the breakdownof the extracellular matrix during tumor metastasis. Suppresses NF-κB transcriptional activation, nitric oxide(NO) and PGE2 production, inducible nitric oxide (iNOS; NOS II) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in
LPS-activated RAW cells.

CAS: 478-01-3

O
CH3

O

O
H3C

CH3
O

CH3

O

O
H3C

CH3

O

O

Nobiletin

Nodularin

ALX-350-061-C050
50 µg
ALX-350-061-C250
250 µg
ALX-350-061-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-061-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Nodularia spumigena. Inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) (IC50=1.8nM), protein phosphatase
2A (PP2A) (IC50=0.026nM) and to a lesser extent protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) (IC50=8.7µm). Similar to microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) but with increased water solubility. Genotoxic. Induces oxidative DNA damage by oxidation of purines. Induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Carcinogenic.

CAS: 118399-22-7
Nodularin

Technical Note Page 90

Nomilin

ALX-350-228-M025
25 mg
Isolated from grapefruit seed and citrus juice. Induces phase II detoxifying enzymes and inhibits chemicallyinduced carcinogenesis. Exhibits immunomodulatory activity and also inhibits HIV-1 replication. Does not possess any inherent antioxidant capacity.

CAS: 1063-77-0
MI: 14: 6674
NomilinTechnical Note Page 105

60International Edition

Nonactin

CAS: 6833-84-7
MI: 14: 6675

Nonactin[Polynactin; Werramycin A]

ALX-450-008-M005
5 mg
ALX-450-008-M025
25 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces griseus. Macrotetrolide antibiotic. Monovalent cation ionophore withhigh selectivity for ammonium and potassium. Specifically inhibits the processing of cytoplasmic precursor
proteins destined for the mitochondria. Inhibits the effects on P170 glycoprotein-mediated efflux of chemotherapeutic agents in multidrug resistant (MDR) cancer cells.

Nonivamide[Nonylic vanillylamide; N-Vanillylnonamide; Pseudocapsaicin]

ALX-550-239-M025
25 mg
ALX-550-239-M100
100 mgSynthetic. Minor constituent of hot pepper (Capsicum oleoresin).
CAS: 2444-46-4
Nonivamide

LIT: Comparison of nonivamide and capsaicin with regard to their pharmacokinetics and effects on sensory neurons: G. Skofitsch, et al.; Arzneimittel-Forschung 34, 154 (1984)  The effects of a series of capsaicin analogues on nociception and body temperature in the rat: A.G. Hayes,
et al.; Life Sci. 34, 1241 (1984)  Hypotensive and antinociceptive effect of ether-linked and relatively non-pungent analogues of N-nonanoyl
vanillylamide: J. Chen, et al.; Eur. J. Med. Chem. 27, 187 (1992)  A possible role of nitric oxide formation in the vasodilatation of rabbit ear arteryinduced by a topically applied Capsaicin analogue: T. Suzuki, et al.; J. Vet. Med. Sci. 60, 691 (1998)

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid

[NDGA]

ALX-350-086-G001
1g
Synthetic. Antioxidant and antineoplastic. Lipoxygenase inhibitor. Stimulates the rapid retrograde movementof both Golgi stacks and the trans-Golgi network to the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER). Displays pleiotropic effects on cells, which include apoptosis, cell proliferation, differentiation and chemotaxis. Anticancer agent.

CAS: 500-38-9
MI: 14: 6693

Nourseothricin . sulfate
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid

CAS: 1476-53-5
MI: 14: 6722

Novobiocin . Na

Technical Note Page 98

NSTX-3

Streptothricin Antibiotic

Novobiocin . Na

[Albamycin; Streptonivicin]

ALX-380-093-G001
1g
Antibiotic. Inhibitor of HSP90. Interacts with the C-terminal ATP-binding domain of HSP90 in contrast to the
benzoquinone ansamycins 17-AAG (Prod. No. ALX-380-091), geldanamycin (Prod. No. ALX-380-054), herbimycin A (Prod. No. ALX-350-029), and the chemically unrelated radicicol (Prod. No. ALX-380-092), which bind to
the N-terminal ATP-binding site of HSP90. Inhibitor of DNA gyrase. Useful for the production of positively supercoiled plasma DNA, targeting the nucleotide-binding site of gyrase B. Inhibits retrovirus RNA-dependent
DNA polymerase. Potent inhibitor of ADP ribosylation. Inhibits LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory
cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-10. Inhibits protein synthesis and alters the phosphorylation stateof several cytosolic proteins. Reverses etoposide resistance in non-P-glycoprotein expressing multidrug resistant tumor cell lines. Inducer of CD38 on cells of the myelomonocytic lineage. Forms ion channels in lipid
bilayers (MDR).

NSC 76751

see

Nobiletin

NSC 306951

see

AvarolNSC 357683

see

Echnosporin

NSC 407296

see

Chlorogenic acid

NSC 655649

see

Becatecarin

NSC 707545

see

17-DMAGNSTX-3

CAS: 303-47-9
MI: 14: 6740

see

[2,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetyl-L-asparaginyl-N’-(L-arginyl-puteanyl)-cadaverine]

ALX-630-087-C100
100 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Nephila maculata. Specific, irreversible spider neurotoxin, that inhibits bothglutamate and postsynaptic potentials in the neuromuscular junction. Specifically blocks Na+-channels.
Ochratoxin A

Technical Note Page 110

CAS: 72755-20-5

Ochratoxin A

ALX-630-089-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-089-M005
5 mg
ALX-630-089-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus ochraceus. Mycotoxin. Natural contaminant of mouldy food and feed. It has a numberof toxic effects, the most prominent being nephrotoxicity. Immunosuppressive, genotoxic, teratogenic andcarcinogenic. Stimulates lipid peroxidation. Induces oxidative DNA lesions coupled with direct DNA adducts
via quinone formation.

n-Octylcaffeate
Odorinesee

Caffeic acid n-octyl ester

OdorineALX-350-304-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Aglaia odorata. Cancer chemopreventive agent. Inhibits both the initiation and promotion stagesof two-stage skin carcinogenesis.
LIT: Cancer chemopreventive activity of odorine and odorinol from Aglaia odorata: A. Inada, et al.; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24, 1282 (2001)  Diamide
derivatives and cycloartanes from the leaves of Aglaia elliptica: A. Inada, et al.; Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 49, 1226 (2001)

CAS: 72755-22-7

Odorinol
Odorinol

ALX-350-306-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Aglaia odorata. Cancer chemopreventive agent. Inhibits both the initiation and promotion stagesof two-stage skin carcinogenesis.
LIT: Cancer chemopreventive activity of odorine and odorinol from Aglaia odorata: A. Inada, et al.; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24, 1282 (2001)

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

61International Edition

The Okadaic Acid Source™

Okadaic acid

Okadaic acid (high purity)

ALX-350-003-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-003-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-003-C050
50 µg
ALX-350-003-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Prorocentrum concavum. Potent inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) in numerous cell types. Does not affect activity of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and tyrosine phosphatase.
Non-phorbol type tumor promoter. Induces apoptosis in human breast carcinoma cells (MB-231 and MCF-7)
and in myeloid cells, but inhibits glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in T cell hybridomas. Tumor promoter. Has
shown contractile effect on smooth muscle and heart muscle. Significantly increases cyclin B1 expression in
adult neurons.

Okadaic acid . NH4 (high purity)]

ALX-350-010-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-010-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-010-M001
1 mg
For technical information see product Okadaic acid (high purity) (Prod. No. ALX-350-003).
Oligomycin A

Okadaic acid . K (high purity)

ALX-350-063-C050
50 µg
ALX-350-063-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-063-M001
1 mg
For technical information see product Okadaic acid (high purity) (Prod. No. ALX-350-003).

Okadaic acid . Na (high purity)

ALX-350-011-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-011-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-011-M001
1 mg
For technical information see product Okadaic acid (high purity) (Prod. No. ALX-350-003).

Oleandomycin triacetate estersee

Troleandomycin
Oligomycin B

Oligomycin

ALX-380-037-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-037-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces diastatochromogens. Macrolide antibiotic that inhibits membrane bound mitochondrial ATPase (F1), preventing phosphoryl group transfer. Induces apoptosis.

Oligomycin A

ALX-380-036-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5339. Major component of the oligomycin complex. Macrolide antibiotic
that inhibits membrane bound mitochondrial ATPase (F1F0), preventing phosphoryl group transfer. Induces
apoptosis. Induces autophagy in the IPLB-LdFB insect cell line.

Oligomycin B[28-Oxooligomycin A]

ALX-380-038-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5339. Minor component of the oligomycin complex. Macrolide antibiotic that inhibits membrane bound mitochondrial ATPase (F1F0), preventing phosphoryl group transfer. Induces apoptosis.

Oligomycin C[12-Deoxyoligomycin A]

ALX-380-039-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5339. Minor component of the oligomycin complex. Macrolide antibiotic that inhibits membrane bound mitochondrial ATPase (F1F0), preventing phosphoryl group transfer. Induces apoptosis.

Ophiobolin A

CAS: 4611-05-6

Ophiobolin A[Cochliobolin A; Ophiobalin]

ALX-270-109-MC01
0.1 mg
ALX-270-109-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Bipolaris leersia MST-FP107. Cell permeable antagonist of calmodulin. Inhibits Ca2+/calmodulindependent phosphodiesterase. Inhibits P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. Exhibits antibacterial, antitumor
and nematocidal activities. Phytotoxic.

Ophiobolin B

Oligomycin C

CAS: 5601-74-1[Cochliobolin B; Zizanin B; Ophiobolsin A]

ALX-350-338-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Bipolaris leersia MST-FP107. Originally isolated from Helminthosporium sp. Inhibitor of calmodulin
action in calcium regulation. Exhibits antibacterial, antitumor and nematocidal activities.

Ophiobolin B

62International Edition

Orlistat

CAS: 96829-58-2
MI: 14: 6869
Orlistat[Tetrahydrolipstatin]

ALX-350-152-M050
50 mg
ALX-350-152-M250
250 mgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Streptomyces sp. Cell permeable, irreversible inhibitor of gastric and pancreatic lipases. Shows only minimal activity against amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, or phospholipase A2 (PLA2).
Partially inhibits the hydrolysis of triglycerides and lowers the absorption of dietary fat and promotes weightloss. Anti-obesity drug. Exhibits antitumor activity by inhibition of the thioesterase domain of fatty acid synthase (FAS) both in vitro and in vivo.

Ouabain . 8H2O

[Strophanthin G]

ALX-350-066-M100
100 mgSelective inhibitor of Na+- and K+-dependent ATPases.

CAS: 630-60-4
MI: 14: 6901

Oxaspirodion
Ouabain . 8H2O

ALX-350-301-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Chaetomium subspirale. Mixture of 4 non-separable isomers. Inhibits TNF-α expression (IC50=2.5µg/ml). Exhibits no antibacterial and antifungal activities up to 100µg/disk in the standard disk assay. Weak cytotoxic properties against tumor cells. Inhibition of the TNF-α promoter activity is caused by an inhibition of thephosphorylation of the ERK1/2 kinases. In addition, oxaspirodion inhibits the activation of the transcription
factor NF-κB, which is involved in the inducible expression of many proinflammatory genes.
LIT: Inhibition of inducible TNF-alpha expression by oxaspirodion, a novel spiro-compound from the ascomycete Chaetomium subspirale: J.
Rether, et al.; Biol. Chem. 385, 829 (2004)  Oxaspirodion, a new inhibitor of inducible TNF-alpha expression from the Ascomycete chaetomium
subspirale. Production, isolation and structure elucidation: J. Rether, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 57, 493 (2004)

20-Oxo-20-deoxyphorbol 12,13-dibutyrate
Oxaspirodion

Panepoxydone

ALX-445-020-M001
ALX-445-020-M005
Used to prepare [3H]-PDBu.

1 mg
5 mg

7-Oxostaurosporine

CAS: 141196-69-2[Antibiotic BMY 41950; Antibiotic RK 1409; LCM76-L]

ALX-380-210-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5345. Potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Inhibits thecell cycle at the G2 stage.
7-Oxostaurosporine

Technical Note Page 100

Paclitaxel[Taxol®]ALX-351-001-M001
1 mg
ALX-351-001-M005
5 mg
ALX-351-001-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Taxus brevifolia. Antitumor agent. Binds to tubulin. Promotes assembly and inhibits disassemblyof microtubules. Blocks the cell cycle at the mitotic phase and induces apoptosis. The checkpoint of mitotic
spindle assembly, aberrant activation of cyclin-dependent kinases, and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) are involved in paclitaxel-induced apoptosis.

CAS: 61-25-6
MI: 14: 7019

Papaverine . HCl

Panepoxydone

ALX-350-109-MC05
0.5 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Lentinus crinitus. Inhibitor of NF-κB activation by preventing the phosphorylation ofIκB protein and thereby interrupts the signalling pathway. Strongly inhibits the expression of several NF-κB
dependent pro-inflammatory genes.

CAS: 112455-84-2
H

H
N

H
N

H

D-(+)-Pantothenic acid hemicalcium salt
H

H
H

H

H

see

Calcium D-(+)-pantothenate

Papaverine . HCl

H

Papuamine

ALX-270-110-G005
5g
Originally isolated from opium. Alkaloid with smooth muscle relaxing activity. Inhibits phosphodiesterases.

Papuamine[(-)-Papuamin]

ALX-350-348-M001
1 mg
Isolated from sponge Haliclona sp. C2-symmetrical pentacyclic alkaloid with antifungal and antimycobacterial activity.

CAS: 77392-58-6

Paraherquamide A
Paraherquamide A[VM 29919]

ALX-380-215-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Penicillium simplicissimum MST-FP116A. Selective and competitive cholinergic antagonist that distinguishes subtypes of cholinergic receptors. Anti-helmintic.

Parthenolide
CAS: 20554-84-1
MI: 14: 7048

Parthenolide

ALX-350-258-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-258-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Feverfew leaves. Sesquiterpene lactone. Anti-inflammatory compound. Specifically inhibits activation of NF-κB by preventing the degradation of IκBα and IκBβ. Also inhibits activation of MAP kinase (MAPK/
ERK) and generation of leukotriene B4 and thromboxane B2. Potent anticancer agent. Induces apoptosis invarious cancer cell lines. Specifically inhibits histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) without affecting other class I/II
HDACs. Inhibits tubulin carboxypeptidase (TCP) activity.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

63International Edition

Patulin

ALX-270-111-M001
1 mg
ALX-270-111-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Penicillium expansum. Inhibitor of protein farnesylation in a cell free assay. Inhibits incorporationof tritiated mevalonate into proteins in whole cells. Mycotoxin with anti-bacterial, potassium uptake inhibitoryand possibly carcinogenic activities. Known contaminant of spoiled apples.

CAS: 149-29-1
MI: 14: 7053

Paxilline

Technical Note Page 110

ALX-630-019-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-019-M005
5 mg
ALX-630-019-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Penicillium paxilli. Fungal mycotoxin with potent excitatory action on acetylcholine release fromnerve terminals. Paxilline is a specific and potent blocker of smooth muscle high-conductance Ca2+-activated
K+ channels. Inhibitor of the cerebellar inositol 1,4, 5-trisphophate (InsP(3)) receptor.

PD 114, 721

seeKazusamycin A

PD 124, 895

seeKazusamycin B

Patulin

CAS: 57186-25-1

Paxilline

Technical Note Page 110

PDDHV[Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate 20-homovanillate]

ALX-550-371-M001
1 mg
ALX-550-371-M005
5 mg
Resiniferatoxin-type phorboid vanilloid with capsaicin-like selectivity for TRPV1.

CAS: 179469-40-0

LIT: Resiniferatoxin-type phorboid vanilloids display capsaicin-like selectivity at native vanilloid receptors on rat DRG neurons and at the cloned
vanilloid receptor VR1: A. Szallasi, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 128, 428 (1999)

PDNHV

PDDHV

[Phorbol 12,13-dinonanoate 20-homovanillate]

ALX-550-372-M001
1 mg
ALX-550-372-M005
5 mg
Resiniferatoxin-type phorboid vanilloid with capsaicin-like selectivity for TRPV1.

LIT: Resiniferatoxin-type phorboid vanilloids display capsaicin-like selectivity at native vanilloid receptors on rat DRG neurons and at the cloned
vanilloid receptor VR1: A. Szallasi, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 128, 428 (1999)  Phorboid 20-homovanillates induce apoptosis through a VR1-independent mechanism: A. Macho, et al.; Chem. Biol. 7, 483 (2000)  Molecular cloning, functional characterization of the porcine transient receptor
potential V1 (pTRPV1) and pharmacological comparison with endogenous pTRPV1: T. Ohta, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 71, 173 (2005)

CAS: 251362-87-5

PDNHV

Also available PPAHV – see page 66
Pectenotoxin-2[4,3-Dioxypectenotoxin; PTX-2]

ALX-350-369-C005
5 µg
Isolated from Dinophysis acuta. Potent disruptor of actin cytoskeleton in living cells. Forms 1:1 complexes
with monomeric actin and caps actin filaments. Selective cytotoxic agent against several human cancer celllines. Hepatotoxic.

CAS: 97564-91-5

Pectenotoxin-2

Pelargonidin chloride[3,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavylium chloride]

ALX-385-014-M005
5 mg
Antioxidant flavonoid. Nitric oxide scavenger.

CAS: 134-04-3
MI: 14: 7071

Penitrem A

ALX-630-020-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-020-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Penicillium palitans. Fungal mycotoxin, which increases the spontaneous release of GABA andaspartate from cerebrocortical synaptosomes in rat neuromuscular junction. Specific and potent blocker ofsmooth muscle high-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels.

2’,3,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone

see

Morin

3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone

see

Quercetin . 2H2O

3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavonone

see

Pelargonidin chloride

Taxifolin

3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside

see

Rutin

3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxy-flavylium chloride

see

Cyanidin chloride

Pentoxifylline

CAS: 12627-35-9

Penitrem A

Technical Note Page 110[Trental]

ALX-270-112-G001
1g
ALX-270-112-G005
5g
Isolated from Penicillium expansum. Phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Blocks the synthesis of TNF-α. Improves bloodflow by decreasing blood viscosity.

CAS: 6493-05-6
MI: 14: 7136

Pentoxifylline

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

64International Edition

Peonidin chloride

CAS: 134-01-0
MI: 14: 7143

[3,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3’-methoxyflavylium chloride]

ALX-385-015-M005
5 mg
Antioxidant flavonoid. Shows anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive properties.
Peonidin chloride

Technical Note Page 108

Pertussis Toxin[Islet-Activating Protein; PTX; Holotoxin]

ALX-630-003-C050
50 µg
Isolated from Bordetella pertussis. The purified protein consists of five dissimilar subunits: S-1 (MW 28kDa), S-2(MW 23kDa), S-3 (MW 22kDa), S-4 (MW 11.7kDa) and S-5 (MW 9.3kDa), in a molar ratio of 1:1:1:2:1. S-1 (A protomer) is responsible for the enzymatic activity of the toxin. Together, S-2, S-3, S-4 and S-5 comprise the B oligomer, responsible for binding the toxin to the cell surface.

Pertussis Toxin A Protomer[PTX A Protomer ; Islet-Activating Protein A Protomer]

Pertussis Toxin B Oligomer[PTX B Oligomer; Islet-Activating Protein B Oligomer]

ALX-630-080-C010
10 µg
Isolated from Bordetella pertussis. The A protomer (S-1) of pertussis toxin possesses both NAD+ glycohydrolase
and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities, but is unable to penetrate cells in the absence of B oligomer. It is, however, as effective as native pertussis toxin in catalyzing ADP-ribosylation in broken cell preparations.
ALX-630-081-C040
40 µg
Isolated from Bordetella pertussis. Increases cytosolic Ca2+ levels and stimulates platelet aggregation. Activates
phospholipase C (PLC). The B oligomer is a subunit of pertussis toxin responsible for binding of the holotoxin
to eukaryotic cell surfaces, facilitating entry of the A promoter into receptive cells. Lacks intrinsic ADP-ribosyltransferase activity but still induces several responses in sensitive cells, e.g. human T cell mitogenesis, humanplatelet aggregation and insulin-like action in rat adipocytes.

Phallacidin

ALX-350-269-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Amanita phalloides mushrooms. Biological activity like phalloidin (Prod. No. ALX-350-265), but
contains a carboxy group for coupling reactions.

Phalloidin
Crystal Structure of Pertussis Toxin

ALX-350-265-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Amanita phalloides mushrooms. Binds to polymeric actin with high affinity. Stabilizes filaments
and decreases concentration of monomeric actin.

Phalloidin (Biotin)

ALX-350-267-MC01
0.1 mgSemisynthetic from aminomethyldithiolano-phalloidin. Binds actin filaments and streptavidin simultaneously,
due to the long spacer between the two active components.

CAS: 26645-35-2

LIT: Preparation of tetramethylrhodaminyl-phalloidin and uptake of the toxin into short-term cultured hepatocytes by endocytosis: H. Faulstich,et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 144, 73 (1983)  Biotinylphallotoxins: preparation and use as actin probes: H. Faulstich, et al.; J. Histochem. Cytochem. 37,
1035 (1989)

Phalloidin (FITC)
Phallacidin[Fluoresceinyl-aminomethyldithiolano-phalloidin]

ALX-350-268-MC01
0.1 mgSemisynthetic from aminomethyldithiolano-phalloidin. For detection of microfilaments in the light microscope.
Mixture of 4 isomers with lower affinity to actin than phalloidin (Prod. No. ALX-350-265).

Phalloidin, Amino- . HCl[Amino-phalloidin]

ALX-350-266-M001
1 mg
Semisynthetic from phalloidin. Biological activity like phalloidin (Prod. No. ALX-350-265), but contains a functional amino group for coupling reactions.
Phalloidin

Phenethyl caffeatesee

Caffeic acid phenylethyl ester

Phloretin

ALX-270-113-M100
100 mgFlavonoid. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. PGF2α receptor antagonist. In astrocytes, these receptors are linked
to phospholipase C, thus affecting phosphoinositide hydrolysis and intracellular Ca2+ levels. Inhibits myoinositol uptake and 5’-iodothyronine deiodinase. Prevents TNF-α stimulated upregulation of VCAM-1, ICAM-1
and E-selectin. Enhances adiponectin expression.

PhominPhalloidin, Amino-, . HCl

see

Cytochalasin B

CAS: 60-82-2
MI: 14: 7326
Phloretin

Technical Note Page 103

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

65International Edition

The PMA/TPA Source™

Phorbol 12,13-diacetate

Phorbol 12,13-diacetate[PDA]

Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate[PDBu]

ALX-445-003-M001
1 mg
ALX-445-003-M005
5 mg
Less potent than phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) (Prod. No. ALX-445-001), but also less hydrophobic.

ALX-445-001-M001
1 mg
ALX-445-001-M005
5 mg
Widely used protein kinase C (PKC) activator. Less potent than phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; TPA)
(Prod. No. ALX-445-004), but also less hydrophobic.

4α-Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate

ALX-445-038-M001
1 mg
ALX-445-038-M005
5 mg
Negative control for phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBu) (Prod. No. ALX-445-001).

Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate[4α-PDBu]

Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate[PDD]

ALX-445-002-M001
1 mg
ALX-445-002-M005
5 mg
Very potent and hydrophobic protein kinase C (PKC) activator.

4α-Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate

ALX-445-006-M001
1 mg
ALX-445-006-M005
5 mg
Activator of TRPV4. Negative control for phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (PDD) (Prod. No. ALX-445-002).

[4α-PDD]

Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate

LIT: Activation of TRPV4 channels (hVRL-2/mTRP12) by phorbol derivatives: H. Watanabe, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 277, 13569 (2002)  TRPV4 calcium
entry channel: a paradigm for gating diversity: B. Nilius, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 286, C195 (2004)

Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate 20-homovanillate

see

PDDHV

Phorbol 12,13-dinonanoate 20-homovanillate

see

PDNHV

Phorbol 12-N-methylanthranilate

see

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

Sapintoxin D
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate[PMA; 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate; TPA]

ALX-445-004-M001
1 mg
ALX-445-004-M010
10 mg
ALX-445-004-M005
5 mg
ALX-445-004-M025
25 mg
Most commonly used phorbol ester. Binds to and activates protein kinase C (PKC). Causes an extremely wide
range of effects in cells and tissues. Very potent mouse skin tumor promoter. Inhibits apoptosis induced by
Fas, but induces apoptosis in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells.

4α-Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

ALX-445-005-M001
1 mg
ALX-445-005-M005
5 mg
Negative control for phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; TPA) (Prod. No. ALX-445-004).

Phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate

see

Phorbol 13-acetate

PPAHV

Phorbol 13-acetate

ALX-445-028-M001
1 mg
ALX-445-028-M005
5 mg
Reference compound for studying 12-deacylation of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; TPA).

Phorbol 13-myristate
ALX-445-044-M001
ALX-445-044-M005

Phosphotrienin

see

1 mg
5 mg

Fostriecin

Phorbol 13-myristate

Piericidin A [Piericidin A1; Shaoguanmycin B; Antibiotic MT 1882-I; Antibiotic SN 198E; Antibiotic IT 143D]
ALX-380-235-M002
2 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5364. Specific and potent inhibitor of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) that binds to ubiquinone binding site(s). Inhibits both mitochondrial and bacterial
NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase. Anticancer agent that prevents up-regulation of GRP78, and exhibits cytotoxic activity for etoposide resistant cancer cells under glucose-deprived conditions.

Piceatannol

seeLatest Additions

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

CAS: 2738-64-9

Piericidin A

66International Edition(+)-Pilocarpine . HCl

CAS: 54-71-7
MI: 14: 7424

ALX-550-092-G001
Cholinergic agonist.

1g

Pimprinine(+)-Pilocarpine . HCl[5-(3-Indolyl)-2-methyloxazole; Antibiotic WS 30581C; Antibiotic APHE 3]

ALX-380-234-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5360. Potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Has antiepileptic affects. Inhibits platelet aggregation.

PKC412
CAS: 13640-26-1

Pimprinine[4’-N-Benzoyl-staurosporine; Midostaurin; CGP 41251]

ALX-380-281-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-281-M005
5 mg
Semisynthetic from staurosporine (a fermentation product of Streptomyces staurosporeus) (Prod. No.
ALX-380-014). Inhibitor of a variety of serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases, like protein kinase C (PKC),
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), S6 kinase, Akt (protein kinase B; PKB) and epidermal growth factor
receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity. Potently inhibits FLT-3 kinase in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis inducer.
Showed broad antiproliferative activity against various tumor cell lines. Selectively inhibits T lymphocyte production of TNF-α. Upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS / NOSIII).

PMA

see

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

Podophyllotoxin

CAS: 120685-11-2
MI: 14: 6185
PKC412

Technical Note Page 100

ALX-630-086-M100
100 mgIsolated from Podophyllum peltatum. Potent inhibitor of microtubule assembly. Antineoplastic glucoside. Antitumor agent. DNA topoisomerase II ihibitor.

Ponkanetinsee

Tangeretin

Polydatin[Resveratrol-3β-mono-D-glucoside]

ALX-350-114-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum. Platelet aggregation inhibitor. Shows multiple effects on vacuolar smoothmuscle cells, myocardial cells, endothelial cells and white blood cells after shock. May inhibit phospholipase
A2 (PLA2). Inhibits the expression of various cell adhesion molecules.

CAS: 518-28-5
MI: 14: 7546
Podophyllotoxin

Polymyxin B . sulfate

ALX-380-040-G001
1g
ALX-380-040-G005
5g
Antibiotic. Isolated from Bacillus polymyxa. Inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Breaks the bacterial membraneby incorporating into the phospholipid of the outer membrane and activating phospholipase.

Polymyxin E . sulfate

CAS: 1405-20-5
MI: 14: 7573

seeColistin . sulfate

Ponasterone A
Polymyxin B . sulfate

CAS: 13408-56-5
MI: 14: 7588
Ponasterone A

Technical Note Page 87

CAS: 466-06-8[25-Deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone; 25-Deoxyecdysterone]

ALX-370-014-M001
1 mg
ALX-370-014-M005
5 mg
Synthetic. A member of the ecdysteroid family. Analog of ecdysone (Prod. No. ALX-370-011) with similar properties to muristerone A (Prod. No. ALX-370-010). It is a functional, reliable and economical substitute for muristerone A as an inducer for the ecdysone-inducible mammalian expression system. Results show that ponasterone A was able to induce expression of β-galactosidase to levels similar to those obtained with muristerone A induction.

PPAHV[Phorbol 12-phenylacetate 13-acetate 20-homovanillate]

ALX-550-355-M001
1 mg
ALX-550-355-M005
5 mg
Non-pungent resiniferatoxin-type phorboid vanilloid. Agonist at rat TRPV1 (EC50 between 3 and 10µM) but virtually inactive at human TRPV1 (EC50>10µM). Induces apoptosis through a TRPV-independent mechanism.

8-Prenylnaringeninsee

8-Isopentenylnaringenin

Proscillaridin A
Proscillaridin A

Technical Note Page 97

ALX-350-285-M005
5 mg
Cardiac glycoside. Specific Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor. Shows high cytotoxicity in tumor cells. Very potent immunosuppressor. DNA topoisomerase I & II inhibitor.

Prostratin

seePseudocapsaicin

CAS: 55954-61-5

12-Deoxyphorbol 13-acetate
see

Nonivamide

Pseudohypericin
Pseudohypericin

ALX-350-276-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-276-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Hypericum perforatum. Inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) (IC50=15µg/ml). Antiviral and antiretroviral activity. Potent inhibitor of dopamine-β-hydrolase (IC50=3µg/ml).

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

67International Edition

Pseudolaric acid B

CAS: 82508-31-4[Pseudolarix acid B; PLAB, PAB]

ALX-350-108-MC01
0.1 mg
ALX-350-108-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Pseudolarix kaempferi. Activates PPARα and the phospholipase C (PLC) signalling pathway. Stimulates peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity. These effects can be blocked by staurosporine (Prod. No.
ALX-380-014). Exhibits significant cytotoxic activities against numerous tumor cell lines. Binds tubulin. Inhibits
angiogenesis. Reduces HIF-1α protein levels. Induces apoptosis. Antifungal.
LIT: Antifungal evaluation of pseudolaric acid B, a major constituent of Pseudolarix kaempferi: E. Li, et al.; J. Nat. Prod. 58, 57 (1995)  Five newditerpenoids from Pseudolarix kaempferi: S.P. Yang, et al.; J. Nat. Prod. 65, 1041 (2002)  Pseudolarix acid B inhibits angiogenesis by antagonizing the vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated anti-apoptotic effect: W.F. Tan, et al.; Eur. J. Pharmacol. 499, 219 (2004)  Pseudolaric acid B
inhibits angiogenesis and reduces hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha by promoting proteasome-mediated degradation: M.H. Li, et al.; Clin. Cancer Res. 10, 8266 (2004)  Pseudolaric acid B induces apoptosis through p53 and Bax/Bcl-2 pathways in human melanoma A375-S2 cells: X.F.
Gong, et al.; Arch. Pharm. Res. 28, 68 (2005)  Pseudolaric acid B, a novel microtubule-destabilizing agent that circumvents multidrug resistancephenotype and exhibits antitumor activity in vivo: V.K. Wong, et al.; Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 6002 (2005)

Pseudolaric acid B

CAS: 58523-30-1

Pseurotin A

Pseurotin A

ALX-350-300-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Aspergillus fumigatus. Inhibitor of chitin synthase. Cytotoxic. Has nematicidal activity.

Psoralen[Ficusin]

CAS: 66-97-7
MI: 14: 7928

ALX-350-364-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-364-M100
100 mgIsolated from Psoralea corylifolia. Shows antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal properties. Binds
DNA through single and double-stranded cross-linking after photoactivation. Used as photochemical probe
in studies of DNA mutation and repair mechanisms. Causes photosensitization in human.

PsoralenPsoralidin

ALX-350-323-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Psoralea corylifolia. Antineoplastic compound. Cytotoxic against stomach cancer cell lines. Shows
antibacterial activity against Shigella sonnei and S. flexneri. Shows strong antioxidant activity and inhibits tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) activity. Was shown to possess potent antidepressant properties.

Pteroylglutamic acidsee

CAS: 18642-23-4

Folic acid
Psoralidin

PTX

see

Pertussis Toxin

PTX-2

see

Pectenotoxin-2

PTX A Protomer

see

Pertussis Toxin A Protomer

PTX B Oligomer

see

Pertussis Toxin B Oligomer

Puerarin

CAS: 3681-99-0[NPI-031G]

Puerarin

ALX-350-249-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Kudzu root. Biologically active isoflavone. Affects serotonin levels and platelet aggregation inblood cells. Is a 5-HT2c antagonist. Antibacterial. Displays cardioprotective effects. Induces apoptosis.

Puromycin . 2HCl

ALX-380-028-M010
10 mg
ALX-380-028-M500
500 mg
ALX-380-028-M025
25 mg
ALX-380-028-G001
1g
ALX-380-028-M100
100 mgIsolated from Streptomyces alboniger. Interferes with protein formation by interfering with the function of RNA
in the cells involved. Induces apoptosis.

Puromycin aminonucleoside

CAS: 58-58-2
MI: 14: 7943

Puromycin . 2HCl

[3’-Amino-3’-deoxy-N,N-dimethyl-adenosine]

ALX-480-083-M010
10 mg
ALX-480-083-M050
50 mg
ALX-480-083-M250
250 mgAntibiotic with antineoplastic properties. Does not inhibit protein synthesis or induce apoptosis. May cause
nephrosis.

CAS: 58-60-6

LIT: Puromycin aminonucleoside suppresses integrin expression in cultured glomerular epithelial cells: U. Krishnamurti, et al.; J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 12, 758 (2001)

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid
3-Pyridinecarboxylic amide

Pyridoxal . HCl
ALX-460-010-G010

see
see

Puromycinaminonucleoside

Nicotinic acid
Nicotinamide
CAS: 65-22-5
MI: 14: 7978

10 g

Pyridoxal-5’-phosphate . H2O
ALX-460-011-G005

5g

Pyridoxol . HCl
ALX-460-014-G010

10 g

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

[Pyridoxine ; Vitamin B6; Ademine]

Pyridoxal . HCl

68International Edition

Pyripyropene A

CAS: 147444-03-9[(+)-Pyripyropene A; PPPA]

ALX-350-134-C500
500 µgIsolated from Aspergillus fumigatus. Highly specific inhibitor of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acetyltransferase
2 (ACAT2).
Fungal strain courtesy of The Kitasato Institute, Tokyo.

Pyripyropene A

LIT: Pyripyropenes, highly potent inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase produced by Aspergillus fumigatus: S. Omura, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 46, 1168 (1993)  Pyripyropenes, novel inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase produced by Aspergillus fumigatus. II.
Structure elucidation of pyripyropenes A, B, C and D: Y.K. Kim, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 47, 154 (1994)  Pyripyropenes, novel inhibitors of acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase produced by Aspergillus fumigatus. I. Production, isolation, and biological properties: H. Tomoda, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 47, 148 (1994)  Aflavinines and other antiinsectan metabolites from the ascostromata of Eupenicillium crustaceum and related
species: H.J. Wang, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61, 4429 (1995)  Total Synthesis of (+)-Pyripyropene A, a Potent, Orally Bioavailable Inhibitorof Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase: T. Nagamitsu, et al.; J. Org. Chem. 60, 8126 (1995)  Biosynthesis of Pyripyropene A: H. Tomoda, et al.;J. Org. Chem. 61, 882 (1996)  Meroterpenoids with various biological activities produced by fungi: K. Shiomi, et al.; Pure Appl. Chem. 71, 1059
(1999)  A formal synthesis of (+)-pyripyropene A using a biomimetic epoxy-olefin cyclisation: effect of epoxy alcohol/ether on cyclisation efficiency: V.K. Aggarwal, et al.; J. Chem. Soc. 1999, 3315  Mass-production of human ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 to screen isoform-specific inhibitor: adifferent substrate specificity and inhibitory regulation: K.H. Cho, et al.; BBRC 309, 864 (2003)  Identification of ACAT1- and ACAT2-specific inhibitors using a novel, cell-based fluorescence assay: individual ACAT uniqueness: A.T. Lada, et al.; J. Lipid Res. 45, 378 (2004)  ACAT2 is localized to hepatocytes and is the major cholesterol-esterifying enzyme in human liver: P. Parini, et al.; Circulation 110, 2017 (2004)  Exploiting PdII
and TiIII chemistry to obtain gamma-dioxygenated terpenoids: synthesis of rostratone and novel approaches to aphidicolin and pyripyropene
A: J. Justicia, et al.; JOC 70, 8265 (2005)  Total synthesis of alpha-pyrone meroterpenoids, novel bioactive microbial metabolites: T. Sunazuka
and S. Omura; Chem. Rev. 105, 4559 (2005)  Potential therapeutics for obesity and atherosclerosis: inhibitors of neutral lipid metabolism frommicroorganisms: H. Tomoda & S. Omura; Pharmacol. Ther. 115, 375 (2007)

CAS: 144314-68-1

Pyrrolostatin

Pyrrolostatin

ALX-350-252-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-252-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces chrestomyceticus. Potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. Free radical scavenger. Improves angiogenesis.

L-Quebrachitol[1L-2-O-Methyl-chiro-inositol]

Quercetin . 2H2O

[3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone]

ALX-307-001-G001
1g
ALX-307-001-G005
5g
ALX-307-001-G025
25 g
Isolated from rubber tree. Key starting material for the synthesis of optically active inositol phosphates.

CAS: 642-38-6

L-Quebrachitol

CAS: 6151-25-3
MI: 14: 8034

ALX-385-001-G005
5g
Antioxidant flavonoid. Inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase, cAMP- and cGMP-phosphodiesterases. Inhibitor ofprotein tyrosine kinases and protein kinase C (PKC). Induces apoptosis. Blocks cells at the G0/G1 interface. Activator of human deacetylase SIRT1. Reversible inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FAS). Inhibits the productionof the inflammatory mediators nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α and IL-12 in activated macrophages.

Quercetin, DihydroQuercetin . 2H2O

Technical Note Page 108

see

Quercetin-3-rutinoside
Qinghaosu

see

Taxifolin

see

Rutin

Artemisinin

Quinaldopeptin[Antibiotic BMY 28662; Antibiotic BU 3845T]

ALX-380-236-MC05
0.5 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Amycolatopsis sp. MST-AS5902. DNA bisintercalating agent. Displays antimicrobial,
antifungal and cytotoxic properties. Shows antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo.

CAS: 130743-07-6

LIT: Quinaldopeptin, a novel antibiotic of the quinomycin family: S. Toda, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 43, 796 (1990)  Structure of actinotetraose
hexatiglate, a unique glucotetraose from an actinomycete bacterium: R.W. Rickards, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 51, 1093 (1998)  Bisintercalator
natural products with potential therapeutic applications: isolation, structure determination, synthetic and biological studies: S. Dawson, et al.;Nat. Prod. Rep. 24, 109 (2007)

Quinaldopeptin

Quinidine . sulfate . 2H2O

[Conquinine; β-Quinine]

ALX-550-291-G005
5g
Diastereomer of quinine (Prod. No. ALX-550-292). Na+ channel blocker. Class I antiarrhythmic drug.

LIT: Class I antiarrhythmic agents: quinidine, procainamide and N- acetylprocainamide, disopyramide: D.M. Roden & R.L. Woosley; Pharmacol.
Ther. 23, 179 (1983)  Quinidine: J.W. Mason & L.M. Hondeghem; Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 432, 162 (1984)  Quinidine: is it a good drug or a bad
drug?: D.M. Salerno; Postgrad. Med. 92, 131 (1992)  Efficacy of quinidine in high-risk patients with Brugada syndrome: B. Belhassen, et al.; Circulation 110, 1731 (2004)

CAS: 6591-63-5
MI: 14: 8060

Quinine . hemisulfate
Quinidine . sulfate . 2H2O

ALX-550-292-G010
10 g
Stereoisomer of quinidine (Prod. No. ALX-550-291). Plant alkaloid with a broad spectrum of biological effects
including anti-cholinergic, hypoglycemic and antimalarial properties. K+ channel blocker. Flavor componentof tonic waters, bitter lemon and vermouth.
LIT: Class I antiarrhythmic agents: quinidine, procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide, disopyramide: D.M. Roden & R.L. Woosley; Pharmacol.
Ther. 23, 179 (1983)  Quinine toxicity: D.N. Bateman & E.H. Dyson; Adverse Drug React. Acute Poisoning Rev. 5, 215 (1986)  Quinine-induced
hypoglycemia: P.J. Limburg, et al.; Ann. Intern. Med. 119, 218 (1993)  Quinine inhibits mitochondrial ATP-regulated potassium channel frombovine heart: P. Bednarczyk, et al.; J. Membr. Biol. 199, 63 (2004)  The quest for quinine: those who won the battles and those who won thewar: T.S. Kaufman & E.A. Ruveda; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 44, 854 (2005)  Effects of quinine, quinidine, and chloroquine on alpha9alpha10
nicotinic cholinergic receptors: J.A. Ballestero, et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 68, 822 (2005)  Artesunate, artemether or quinine in severe Plasmodium
falciparum malaria?: A. M. Checkley & C. J. Whitty; Expert. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther. 5, 199 (2007)

CAS: 6119-70-6
MI: 14: 8061

Quinine . hemisulfate

Quinomycin A

see

Echinomycin

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

69International Edition

Radicicol[Monorden]

ALX-380-092-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-092-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Humicola fuscoatra. Antifungal macrocyclic lactone antibiotic with antimalarial activity. Potent
inhibitor of HSP90. Binds more strongly to HSP90 (nanomolar affinity) than to Grp94. Also binds to yeast HSP90,
E. coli HtpG and TRAP-1. Non-competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase. Anti-angiogenic. Specifically inhibits theinteraction between HIF-1α/Arnt heterodimer and the hypoxia-responsive element (HRE), reducing VEGF expression. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression without affecting
COX-1 expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Induces the differentiation of HL-60 cells into macrophages,
blocking cell cycle at G1 and G2. Suppressor of NIH 3T3 cell transformation by diverse oncogenes such as mos,ras and src in part by blocking the key signal transduction intermediates such as MAP kinase and GAP-associated p62. Inhibitor of AP-1-, NF-κB- and serum response factor (SRF)-mediated transcription (e.g. expression of
iNOS). Represses the transcriptional function of the estrogen receptor. Inhibits archeal growth and DNA topoisomerase VI (a Topo IIB family topoisomerase). Blocks replication of negative-strand RNA viruses.

Rapamycin

CAS: 12772-57-5
MI: 14: 6253
Radicicol

Technical Note Page 98

CAS: 53123-88-9
MI: 14: 8114

[Sirolimus]

ALX-380-004-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-004-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-004-5100
5 x 100 µg
ALX-380-004-M025
25 mg
ALX-380-004-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Macrocyclic-triene antibiotic possessing potent immunosuppressantactivity. It forms a complex with FKBP12 that binds to an effector, thus inhibiting IL-2 and other growth promoting lymphokines. The effectors were recently identified as FRAP (FKBP12 rapamycin-associated protein) andRAFT1 (rapamycin and KFBP12 target). Rapamycin induces inhibition of p70s6k, p33cdk2 and p34cdc2.

Rapamycin

CAS: 163564-92-9

Ratjadone A (synthetic)

ALX-270-346-C002
2 µg
Synthetic. Represents a new class of natural compounds, which inhibit proliferation in eukaryotes by blocking nuclear export. As potent as leptomycin B (Prod. No. ALX-380-100) and specific for G1/S checkpoint. Cytotoxic secondary metabolite (IC50=50pg/ml in mouse cell line L929) that arrests tumor cells in the G1 phaseat remarkably low concentrations (50pg/ml in HeLa cell line KB3.1). Inhibits the binding between the nuclear
export signal (NES) of proteins and the chromosome maintenance region protein (CRM1). Anticancer compound. Belongs to the family of orphan ligands which include polyketides like leptomycin B, callystatin A andother related compounds.

Ratjadone A

LIT: Antibiotics from gliding bacteria, LXIII. Ratjadone: a new antifungal metabolite from Sorangium cellulosum: D. Schummer, et al.; Liebigs Ann.
1995, 685  Ratjadon: a new antifungal compound from Sorangium cellulosum (myxobacteria) production, physio-chemical and biologicalproperties: J. Gerth, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 48, 973 (1995)  The chemistry and biology of ratjadone: M. Kalesse, et al.; ChemBioChem. 9, 709(2001)  The chemistry and biology of the leptomycin family: M. Kalesse & M. Christmann; Synthesis 8, 981 (2002)  Ratjadone and leptomycin B
block CRM1-dependent nuclear export by identical mechanisms: T. Meissner, et al.; FEBS Lett. 576, 27 (2004)  Nuclear targeting of adenovirus
type 2 requires CRM1-mediated nuclear export: S. Strunze, et al.; Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 2999 (2005)

Ratjadone C (native)

ALX-270-369-C005
5 µg
Isolated from Sorangium cellulosum. Cytotoxic secondary metabolite that inhibits cell growth of mammaliancell lines in the picomolar range (IC50=0.2ng/ml with L929 mouse cells) including multidrug (MDR) resistant
HeLa cells (IC50=0.1ng/ml with KB-V1). Like leptomycin B (Prod. No. ALX-380-100), ratjadone C binds covalently to the nuclear export protein CRM1. It inhibits cargo protein binding to the leucine-rich nuclear export sequence and thereby blocks nuclear export.
LIT: Antibiotics from gliding bacteria, LXIII. Ratjadone: a new antifungal metabolite from Sorangium cellulosum: D. Schummer, et al.; Liebigs Ann.
1995, 685 (1995)  Ratjadon: a new antifungal compound from Sorangium cellulosum (myxobacteria) production, physico-chemical and biological properties: K. Gerth, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 48, 973 (1995)  The chemistry and biology of the leptomycin family: M. Kalesse & M. Christmann;
Synthesis 8, 981 (2002)  Ratjadones inhibit nuclear export by blocking CRM1/exportin 1: M. Koster, et al.; Exp. Cell. Res. 286, 321 (2003)

Ratjadone C

CAS: 93908-02-2

Rebeccamycin

Technical Note Page 102

CAS: 465-39-4
MI: 14: 8146

Rebeccamycin

ALX-380-079-C250
250 µg
ALX-380-079-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Weak topoisomerase I inhibitor structurally similar to staurosporine(Prod. No. ALX-380-014). Does not show any inhibitory activity against protein kinases. Shows significant antitumor properties in vitro.

Technical Note Page 97

Rebeccamycin, 6-N-[2-Diethylamino)ethyl]-

CAS: 57444-62-9

seeBecatecarin

Resibufogenin

Resibufogenin

ALX-350-286-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Bufonis venom. Specific Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor.
LIT: Effects of resibufogenin from toad venom on isolated Purkinje fibers: J.T. Xie, et al.; Am. J. Chin. Med. 28, 187 (2000)  Resibufogenin corrects
hypertension in a rat model of human preeclampsia: H. Vu, et al.; Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 231, 215 (2006)

Resiniferatoxin (high purity)[RTX]

ALX-550-179-M001
1 mg
ALX-550-179-M005
5 mg
ALX-550-179-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Euphorbia poisonii. Ultrapotent capsaicin analog which stimulates protein kinase C (PKC). Potent agonist of TRPV1.

Resiniferatoxin, 5’-Iodo-

see

5’-Iodo-resiniferatoxin

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

Resiniferatoxin

70International Edition

Resiniferonol 9,13,14-ortho-phenylacetate

CAS: 57852-42-3
Resiniferonol
9,13,14-orthophenylacetate[ROPA]

ALX-350-074-M005
5 mg
20-Deacylated derivative of resiniferatoxin (Prod. No. ALX-550-179) and tinyatoxin. Not active as a capsaicin
analog. Binds with high potency to protein kinase C (PKC). Useful as starting material for synthesis of resiniferatoxin analogs.
LIT: Cell cycle- and protein kinase C-specific effects of resiniferatoxin and resiniferonol 9,13,14-ortho-phenylacetate in intestinal epithelial cells:
M.R. Frey, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 67, 1873 (2004)

Resistomycin[Geliomycin; Heliomycin; Itamycin]

ALX-380-111-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Antibacterial against Gram-positive and mycobacteria. Inhibits RNA polymerase. Induces apoptosis.

CAS: 20004-62-0

Resistomycin

LIT: Effects of the antibiotic resistomycin on the synthesis of macromolecules: I. Haupt, et al.; Z. Allg. Mikrobiol. 156, 411 (1975)  3-Alkanoyl-5hydroxymethyl tetronic acid homologues and resistomycin: new inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. I. Fermentation, isolation and biological activity:
B.E. Roggo, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 47, 136 (1994)  Effects of Polyphenolic Anthrone Derivatives,Resistomycin and Hypericin, on Apoptosis in
Human Megakaryoblastic Leukemia CMK-7 Cell Line: Y. Shiono et al.; Z. Naturforsch. 57c, 923 (2002)

Resveratrol
CAS: 501-36-0
MI: 14: 8158
Resveratrol[trans-3,4’,5-Trihydroxystilbene]

ALX-270-125-M050
50 mg
ALX-270-125-M100
100 mg
ALX-270-125-M250
250 mgIsolated from Polygonum cuspidatum. Shows cancer chemopreventive activity. Specific inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). Inhibits the hydroperoxidase activity of COX-1. Antioxidant. Potent activator of human deacetylase SIRT1. Protects against 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) induced oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Resveratrol-3β-mono-D-glucoside

Technical Note Page 104

Resveratol, Trimethoxy-

see

see

Polydatintrans-3,4’,5-Trimethoxy-stilbene

CAS: 26246-41-3

Reticulol
Reticulol

ALX-380-118-C250
250 µg
ALX-380-118-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Inhibitor of cyclic adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate phosphodiesterase and topoisomerase I (Topo I). Antitumor agent.

Reveromycin A

Reveromycin A

ALX-380-216-MC01
0.1 mg
ALX-380-216-MC25
0.25 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5344. Dominant analog of the reveromycin complex. Inhibitorof the mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor (EGF). G1 phase cell cycle inhibitor, selectively inhibiting
isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. Displays antiproliferative as well as potent antifungal activity. Induces apoptosis
in osteoclasts thus inhibiting bone resorption.

Reveromycin B

ALX-380-217-MC25
0.25 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5344. Much less active analog of reveromycin A (Prod. No.
ALX-380-216), which is a G1 phase cell cycle inhibitor and induces apoptosis in osteoclasts. Useful negative
control in resolving the mode of action of this class of compounds.

Reveromycin B

Reveromycin C
Reveromycin C

ALX-380-218-MC25
0.25 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5344. Minor component of the reveromycin complex withsimilar biological profile as reveromycin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-216), which is a G1 phase cell cycle inhibitor andinduces apoptosis in osteoclasts. Generally more potent than reveromycin A. Inhibitor of the mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor (EGF).

Reveromycin D

ALX-380-219-MC25
0.25 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5344. Minor component of the reveromycin complex. Inhibitor of the mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor (EGF). More active than reveromycin C (Prod. No.
ALX-380-218).

Reveromycin D

Riboflavine

ALX-460-015-G010

CAS: 83-88-5
MI: 14: 8200

10 g

Riboflavine-5’-phosphate . Na . 2H2O
Riboflavine

ALX-460-016-G001
ALX-460-016-G005

1g
5g[Vitamin B2][Flavine mononucleotide; FMN]

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

71International Edition

Rifampicin[Rifampin; 3-(4-Methylpiperazinyl-iminomethyl)rifamycin SV]

ALX-380-071-M100
100 mgSemisynthetic. Antibacterial (tuberculostatic). Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Potent inducer ofhepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Ristocetin A . sulfate

CAS: 13292-46-1
MI: 14: 8216
Rifampicin[Ristocetin; Ristomycin III; Spontin; Riston]

ALX-380-237-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Amycolatopsis sp. MST-AS5924. Potent antibacterial antibiotic. Induces platelet aggregation bybinding to a factor absent in people suffering from von Willebrand’s disease and is therefore an important diagnostic tool. Chiral selector for the separation of enantiomers by HPLC, TLC and electrophoresis.

RK-682

ALX-380-205-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5358. Tetronic acid derivative with potent activity against HIV-1 protease.
Inhibits protein tyrosine phosphatase and heparanase.

H2N

CAS: 11140-99-1
MI: 14: 8234

O
CH3

O
HN

HO

HO

O

OH

O

HO

O
O

HO

O

O

O
HO

HO

OH

O

O
O

HN

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH
O

N
H
CH3 O

H2N

Ristocetin A . sulfate

O

NH
O
CH3

HO

H2SO4

NH

O

O
HO

Rocaglamide

OH

O

HN
HO
OH

OH
O

O

OH

OH

CH3

OH

[Rocaglamide A]

ALX-350-121-C100
100 µgIsolated from Aglaia sp. Immunosuppressant. Potent inhibitor of NF-κB activation in T cells, with an almost
complete inhibition at 200nM. Suppresses cytokine production (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-4) and inhibits NF-AT
in peripheral blood T cells at concentrations that do not impair NF-κB and AP-1 activities. In contrast to theimmunosuppressant cyclosporin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-002), rocaglamide does not inhibit calcineurin phosphatase activity. Induces apoptosis.

Rocaglamide AL[3’,4’-Methylenedioxyrocaglamide]

Rocaglamide C[3’-Hydroxyrocaglamide]

Rocaglamide I[1-Acetyl-3’-hydroxyrocaglamide]

Rocaglamide J[Aglafolin; 2-Methylrocaglate]

CAS: 154639-24-4

RK-682

ALX-350-140-C050
50 µg
For technical information and see product Rocaglamide (Prod. No. ALX-350-121).

ALX-350-141-C050
50 µg
For technical information and see product Rocaglamide (Prod. No. ALX-350-121). Technical Note Page 97.
ALX-350-142-C050
50 µg
For technical information and see product Rocaglamide (Prod. No. ALX-350-121). Technical Note Page 97.

Rocaglamide

ALX-350-143-C050
50 µg
For technical information and see product Rocaglamide (Prod. No. ALX-350-121). Technical Note Page 97.

Rocaglamide AL

Rocaglaol

ALX-350-135-C100
100 µgIsolated from Aglaia sp. Derivative of rocaglamide (Prod. No. ALX-350-121), with similar pharmacological properties.

ROPA

see

Rocaglaol

Technical Note Page 97

Resiniferonol 9,13,14-ortho-phenylacetate

Roquefortine C

ALX-350-342-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Gymnoascus reesii MST-FP1700. Potent neurotoxin produced by a diverse range of fungi, mostnotably Penicillium species. Inhibits growth of Gram-positive bacteria. Inhibits cytochrome p450.

Roquefortine C

Roquefortine E

ALX-350-343-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Gymnoascus reesii MST-FP1700. Analog of roquefortine C (Prod. No. ALX-350-342). Selective, albeit weakly active antitumor agent.
LIT: Roquefortine E, a diketopiperazine from an Australian isolate of Gymnoascus reessii: B. Clark, et al.; J. Nat. Prod. 68, 1661 (2005)

Roquefortine E

Rosmarinic acid

ALX-270-253-M010
10 mg
ALX-270-253-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis. Naturally occurring polyphenolic compound with antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. Anticarcinogenic. Inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, TCR-induced T cell activation andproliferation.

Technical Note Page 111

CAS: 537-15-5,20283-92-5
Rosmarinic acidTechnical Note Page 103

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

72

International Edition

Rotenone

CAS: 83-79-4
MI: 14: 8271
Rotenone

ALX-350-360-G001
1g
ALX-350-360-G005
5g
Isolated from Lonchocarpus sp. or Derris sp. Insecticide. Inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport. Specifically inhibits NAD-linked substrate oxidation at the oxygen side of NADH dehydrogenase. Inhibits mammaliancell proliferation by inhibiting microtubule assembly through tubulin binding.

Rottlerin

CAS: 82-08-6
MI: 14: 8272

Rottlerin[Mallotoxin]

ALX-350-075-M010
10 mg
ALX-350-075-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Mallotus philippinensis. Mitochondrial uncoupler that depolarizes the mitochondrial membranepotential, reduces cellular ATP levels, activates 5‘-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and affects mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Potent activator of multiple Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels. Blocks
several kinases and non-kinase proteins in vitro. Has been widely-used as a selective inhibitor of protein kinaseCδ (PKCδ). However, recent studies indicate that rottlerin has no direct effect on PKCδ and that it should not
be used to determine the involvement of PKCδ in biological processes.

RTX

see

Resiniferatoxin

Rubellin D

ALX-350-324-M001
1 mg
Isolated from fungus Ramularia collo-cygni. Phytotoxin. Triggers the light-dependent production of reactive
oxygen species and α-linolenic acid peroxidation.
Rubellin D

LIT: Secondary mould metabolites. XX. The structure of rubellins C and D, two novel anthraquinone metabolites from Mycosphae-rella rubella:
A. Arnone et al.; Gazz. Chim. Ital. 119, 35 (1989)  Photodynamic oxygen activation by rubellin D, a phytotoxin produced by Ramularia collocygni (Sutton et Waller): I. Heiser et al.; Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 62, 29 (2003)  The phytopathogenic fungus Ramularia collo-cygni produces
biologically active rubellins on infected barley leaves: S. Miethbauer et al.; J. Phytopathol. 151, 665 (2003)  Fatty acid peroxidation by rubellin B,
C, and D, phytotoxins produced by Ramularia collo-cygni (Sutton et Waller): I. Heiser et al.; Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 64, 135 (2004)

Rubiginone D2

ALX-380-120-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-120-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. (strain Gö N1/5). Antibacterial and antitumor compound.
LIT: New biologically active rubiginones from Streptomyces sp.: C. Puder, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 53, 329 (2000)

Rubiginone D2

β-Rubromycin

ALX-380-067-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-067-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Antibiotic. Inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Inhibits human telomerase. Cytostatically active against different tumor cell lines.

Rutin . 3H2O

[Quercetin-3-rutinoside; Vitamin P; 3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone-3-rutinoside]

ALX-460-028-G005
5g
Antioxidant flavonoid. Nitric oxide (NO) scavenger. Technical Note Page 103.

β-Rubromycin

CAS: 15662-33-6
MI: 14: 8307

Ryanodine (high purity)

ALX-630-062-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-062-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Ryania speciosa, Flacourtiaceae. Potent neurotoxin. Blocks the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Has many complex effects on Ca2+ transport and action in the muscle.

S14-95
Ryanodine

ALX-350-299-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Penicillium sp. Potent inhibitor of cytokine-induced activation of STAT1α leading to the inhibitionof inducible expression of proinflammatory enzymes (COX-2, iNOS (NOS II)) and cytokines (TNF-α).
LIT: Sporogen, S14-95, and S-curvularin, three inhibitors of human inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression isolated from fungi: Y. Yao, et al.;Mol. Pharmacol. 63, 383 (2003)  S14-95, a novel inhibitor of the JAK/STAT pathway from a Penicillium species: G. Erkel, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 56, 337 (2003)

Sanguinarine chloride
S14-95[Pseudochelerythrine]

ALX-350-076-M005
5 mg
Isolated from the leaves and stems of Macleaya cordata and M. microcarpa. Na+/K+-and Mg2+-ATPase inhibitor.
Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Induces apoptosis. Modulates the Bcl-2 family.
Shows antiplaque activity in humans.

Sapintoxin D (high purity)[Phorbol 12-N-methylanthranilate]

ALX-445-047-M001
1 mg
ALX-445-047-M005
5 mg
Fluorescent, highly potent phorbol ester. Useful for membrane studies.

CAS: 5578-73-4
MI: 14: 8356

Sarafotoxin S6b
Sanguinarine chloride

ALX-167-001-PC01
0.1 mgALX-167-001-PC05
0.5 mgALX-167-001-P001
1 mg
Synthetic. Originally isolated from Atractaspis engaddensis. Potent vasoconstrictor peptide. Causes hydrolysisof phosphoinositides in atrial and brain membranes.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

73International Edition

Sarafotoxin S6c

ALX-167-002-PC01
0.1 mgALX-167-002-PC05
0.5 mgALX-167-002-P001
1 mg
Synthetic. Originally isolated from Atractaspis engaddensis. Potent vasoconstrictor peptide. Causes hydrolysisof phosphoinositides in atrial and brain membranes.

Sauchinone

H-Cys-Ser-Cys-Lys-Asp-Met-Thr-Asp-Lys-Glu-Cys-LeuTyr-Phe-Cys-His-Gln-Asp-Val-Ile-Trp-OH (Disulfide bonds
between Cys1-Cys15 and Cys3-Cys11)
Sarafotoxin S6b
H-Cys-Thr-Cys-Asn-Asp-Met-Thr-Asp-Glu-Glu-Cys-LeuAsn-Phe-Cys-His-Gln-Asp-Val-Ile-Trp-OH (Disulfide bonds
between Cys 1-Cys15 and Cys3-Cys11)
Sarafotoxin S6c

ALX-350-116-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-116-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Saururus chinensis. Diastereomeric lignan with cytoprotective and antioxidant activities in cultured
hepatocytes. Inhibitor of LPS-inducible iNOS (NOS II), TNF-α and COX-2 expression in macrophages throughsuppression of IκBα phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation and of C/EBP and/or AP-1 activation, which
may have constitutive anti-inflammatory effects. Suppressor of NF-κB by inhibiting transactivation activity of
the RelA subunit. Inhibits staurosporine (Prod. No. ALX-380-014)-induced apoptosis. Inhibits RANKL-induced
osteoclastogenesis by reducing ROS generation.
LIT: Sauchinone, a lignan from Saururus chinensis, attenuates CCl4-induced toxicity in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes: S.H. Sung, et al.; Biol.
Pharm. Bull. 23, 666 (2000)  Hepatoprotective diastereomeric lignans from Saururus chinensis herbs: S.H. Sung & Y.C. Kim; J. Nat. Prod. 63, 1019
(2000)  Sauchinone, a lignan from Saururus chinensis, suppresses iNOS expression through the inhibition of transactivation activity of RelA of
NF-kappaB: B.Y. Hwang, et al.; Planta Med. 69, 1096 (2003)  Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-inducible nitric oxide synthase, TNF-alpha and COX-2
expression by sauchinone effects on I-kappaBalpha phosphorylation, C/EBP and AP-1 activation: A.K. Lee, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 139, 11 (2003) 
Sauchinone, a lignan from Saururus chinensis, inhibits staurosporine-induced apoptosis in C6 rat glioma cells: H. Song, et al.; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26,
1428 (2003)  Inhibition of osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by sauchinone: K.Y. Han, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 74, 911 (2007)

Sauchinone

CAS: 53527-28-9

12-epi-Scalaradial

ALX-350-234-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Cacospongia sp. Inhibitor of bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Inhibits Ca2+ mobilizationinduced by leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and platelet activating factor. Inhibits Ca2+-dependent arachidonic acidrelease in human neutrophils. Inhibits epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated Akt (protein kinase B; PKB)
phosphorylation.

Sceptrin . 2HCl

ALX-350-264-M001
1 mg
Isolated from the sponge Agelas nakamurai. Inhibits the growth of several Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria. Competitively inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

(-)-Scopolamine . HBr
ALX-550-094-G001
Cholinergic antagonist.

12-epi-Scalaradial

CAS: 79703-25-6

1g

Sceptrin . 2HCl

Scyllatoxin

ALX-630-043-C100
100 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. Small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel blocker.

Sedanolide

H-Ala-Phe-Cys-Asn-Leu-Arg-Met-Cys-Gln-Leu-Ser-Cys-ArgSer-Leu-Gly-Leu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Cys-Lle-Gly-Asp-Lys-Cys-GluGys-Val-Lys-His-NH 2 (Disulfide bonds are undetermined)

ALX-350-229-M100
100 mgIsolated from Apium graveolens L. Inducer of glutathione S-transferases and inhibitor of chemically induced carcinogenesis. Mosquitocidal, nematicidal and antifungal. Was shown to inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1
and COX-2) as well as topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II.
LIT: Chemoprevention of benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach cancer in mice by natural phthalides from celery seed oil: G.-Q. Zheng, et al.; Nutr.
Cancer 19, 77 (1993)  Mosquitocidal, nematicidal, and antifungal compounds from Apium graveolens L. seeds: R.A. Momin & M.G. Nair; J. Agric.
Food Chem. 49, 142 (2001)  Sedanolide, a natural phthalide from celery seed oil: effect on hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxideinduced toxicity in HepG2 and CaCo-2 human cell lines: J.A. Woods, et al.; In Vitr. Mol. Toxicol. 14, 233 (2001)  Antioxidant, cyclooxygenase andtopoisomerase inhibitory compounds from Apium graveolens Linn. seeds: R.A. Momin & M.G. Nair; Phytomedicine 9, 312 (2002)

Silybin

Scyllatoxin

CAS: 6415-59-4[Silibinin]

ALX-350-346-G001
1g
ALX-350-346-G005
5g
Flavonoid. Major active constituent of silymarin. Anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and anti-cancer compound.
Shows chemopreventive effect against skin cancer. Inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Inhibits
P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated cellular efflux. Inhibits cytochrome P450 enzymes. Blocks the production ofsuperoxide in Kupffer cells (EC50=100µM). Antioxidant. Free radical scavenger.
LIT: Inhibition of Kupffer cell functions as an explanation for the hepatoprotective properties of silibinin: C. Dehmlow, et al.; Hepatology 23, 749(1996)  Silibinin upregulates the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and causes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon
carcinoma HT-29 cells: C. Agarwal, et al.; Oncogene 22, 8271 (2003)  Epidermal growth factor receptor mediates silibinin-induced cytotoxicity
in a rat glioma cell line: L. Qi, et al.; Cancer Biol. Ther. 2, 526 (2003)  Silibinin down-regulates survivin protein and mRNA expression and causes
caspases activation and apoptosis in human bladder transitional-cell papilloma RT4 cells: A.K. Tyagi, et al.; BBRC 312, 1178 (2003)  Prostate cancer prevention by silibinin: R.P. Singh & R. Agarwal; Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 4, 1 (2004)  Silibinin inhibits invasion of oral cancer cells by suppressing the MAPK pathway: P.N. Chen, et al.; J. Dent. Res. 85, 220 (2006)  Effects and mechanisms of silibinin on human hepatoma cell lines:
J.J. Lah, et al.; World J. Gastroenterol. 13, 5299 (2007)

Sinefungin

Sedanolide

Technical Note Page 104

CAS: 22888-70-6,
HO
65666-07-1
MI: 14: 8532

O
O

OH

O
OH

OH
OH

O

O

CH3

Silybin[A-9145; Adenosylornithine]

ALX-380-070-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-070-M005
5 mg
Strong competitive inhibitor of methyltransferases which uses S-adenosyl-1-methionine as the methyl groupdonor to yield methylated products such as 5-methylcytosine or N6-methyl adenosine on DNA and RNA. In
addition, sinefungin is involved in a number of physiological processes.

CAS: 58944-73-3
MI: 14: 8544

Sinefungin

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

74

International Edition

Siomycin

CAS: 12656-09-6[Mutabilycin; Sporangiomycin; Antibiotic 6741-21]

ALX-380-243-MC05
0.5 mgAntibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS4617. Shows potent and selective antibacterial activity. Potent inhibitor of the oncogenic transcription factor forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) that downregulates protein andmRNA levels of FoxM1. Inhibits FoxM1 induced cell growth.
Siomycin

Sipholenol A

ALX-350-358-C100
100 µgIsolated from marine sponge Callyspongia siphonella formerly known as Siphonochalina siphonella. Efficiently inhibits the function of P-glycoprotein (Pgp). A new reversing agent for treatment of multidrug resistance(MDR) in Pgp-overexpressing tumors. Antiproliferative activity. Cytotoxic.

Sirolimus

see

Rapamycin

Spectinomycin . 2HCl . 5H2O

Sipholenol A

ALX-380-278-G005
5g
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Inhibits protein synthesis (elongation) by interfering with peptidyl
tRNA translocation. Effective against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (Gonnococcus only). Mutationin rpsE (the gene for ribosomal protein S5) prevents binding of spectinomycin.

Stachybotrylactam

CAS: 22189-32-8
MI: 14: 8739

[2-Deoxy Antibiotic F1839A]

ALX-630-112-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Stachybotrys sp. MST-FP1752. Mycotoxin. Immunosuppressive. Weakly inhibits HIV-1 protease.

The Staurosporine Source™

Spectinomycin . 2HCl . 5H2O

CAS: 163391-76-2

Staurosporine
Stachybotrylactam

Technical Note Page 111[Antibiotic AM-2282]

ALX-380-014-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-014-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-014-C250
250 µg
ALX-380-014-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces staurosporeus. Model apoptosis inducer. Potent cell permeable inhibitor of a variety
of protein kinases, e.g protein kinase C (PKC) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

Staurosporine Aglycone
CAS: 54526-94-2

Steffimycin B

see

K-252cStaurosporine, 4’-N-Benzoyl-seeStaurosporine, 7-Oxo-

see

7-Oxostaurosporine

Staurosporinone

K-252csee

Steffimycin B

PKC412
Technical Note Page 100.

[Antibiotic U-40615]

ALX-380-220-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5455. DNA-binding agent. Displays antibacterial and antineoplastic properties. Potential antitumor agent.

CAS: 129744-24-7

Stellettamide A . TFA
Stellettamide A . TFA

ALX-350-311-C100
100 µgIsolated from the marine sponge Stellata sp. Inhibits intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence in a concentration-dependent manner. Binds to calmodulin and inhibits Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent enzyme activities.

Sterigmatocystin

ALX-630-116-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-116-M005
5 mg
Mycotoxin produced by strains of the common molds. Inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Induces sister chromatid
exchanges in bone marrow cells of mice. Causes necrosis.

CAS: 10048-13-2

Stichodactyla Toxin

Sterigmatocystin

Technical Note Page 111[ShK]

ALX-630-044-C100
100 µgSynthetic. Originally isolated from sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. Voltage-dependent K+ channel (Achannel) blocker. Inhibitor of T cell activation. Immunosuppressor.

Streptomycin . sulfate

ALX-380-277-G010
10 g
ALX-380-277-G100
100 g
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Inhibits prokaryote protein synthesis. Binds to the S12 protein of
the 30S ribosomal subunit. Effective against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Mutation in rpsL (thegene for S12 ribosomal protein) prevents binding of streptomycin to ribosome. Inactivated by aminoglycoside phosphotransferase.

CAS: 3810-74-0
MI: 14: 8826

Streptomycin . sulfate

StreptonivicinseeNovobiocin

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

75International Edition

Streptothricin . sulfate[Nourseothricin . sulfate]

Streptozotocin[Streptozocin]

ALX-380-025-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-025-M005
5 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces noursei. Active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and some fungi.
ALX-380-010-M100
100 mg
ALX-380-010-5100
5 x 100 mg
ALX-380-010-G001
1g
Widely used diabetes inducer in rodents. Inhibition of β-cell O-GlcNAcase by streptozotocin is the mechanismthat accounts for its diabetogenic toxicity. N-nitroso-containing antibiotic, acting as a nitric oxide (NO) donor.
Potent methylating agent for DNA.

Strophanthin G

see

CAS: 96736-11-7
MI: 14: 8829

Streptothricin .
sulfateCAS: 18883-66-4
MI: 14: 8832

Ouabain . 8H2O
Streptozotocin

DL-Sulforaphane[R,S-Sulforaphane; (±)-1-Isothiocyanato-4-methylsulfinyl-butane]

ALX-350-232-M025
25 mg
Synthetic. Potent, selective inducer of phase II detoxification enzymes. Inhibits chemically induced mammary
tumor formation in rats. Inhibits LPS-induced HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) secretion.

L-Sulforaphane[R-Sulforaphane; (-)-1-Isothiocyanato-(4R)-(methylsulfinyl)butane]

ALX-350-230-M010
10 mg
Chiral natural product isolated from broccoli. Potent, selective inducer of phase II detoxification enzymes. Inhibits chemically induced mammary tumor formation in rats.

L-Sulforaphene[S-Sulforaphene; (-)-4-Isothiocyanato-(1S)-(methylsulfinyl)-1-butene; Raphanin]

ALX-350-231-M010
10 mg
Chiral natural product isolated from radish seeds (Raphanus sativus L.) and broccoli. Shows antitumor activity.

O

DL-Sulforaphane

S

H3C

N

C

S

O
H3C

S

N

C

L-Sulforaphene

SO

L-Sulforaphane

H3C

S

N

C

S

Technical Note Page 104

CAS: 519-57-3

Sulochrin

Sulochrin

ALX-380-221-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus terreus MST-FP1370. Fungal metabolite found in a number of Aspergillus and Penicillium sp. Inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Antiangiogenic agent. Inhibits eosinophil activation and chemotaxis.
CAS: 72741-87-8

Swainsonine

ALX-350-077-MC05
0.5 mg
ALX-350-077-M001
1 mg
Synthetic. Reversibly inhibits the active site of lysosomal α-mannosidase. Also inhibits the growth of tumors
and prevents metastasis in murine models. Could inhibit cell proliferation in vitro and the growth of humangastric carcinoma in vivo. Blocks the processing of high mannose oligosaccharides to form complex type oligosaccharides.

Swainsonine

Swinholide A

Swinholide A

ALX-350-088-C010
10 µg
ALX-350-088-C050
50 µg
From marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Disrupts the actin cytoskeleton of cells grown in culture. Stabilizes
actin dimers and severs actin filaments.

Swinholide I

ALX-350-356-C010
10 µg
Isolated from marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. First analog of swinholide A with a hydroxylated side-chain.
It shows potent cytotoxicity against the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HCT-116 by disruption of theactin cytoskeleton. Has antifungal activity against Candida albicans.
LIT: Marine natural products. XXIII. Three new cytotoxic dimeric macrolides, swinholides B and C and isoswinholide A, congeners of swinholideA, from the Okinawan marine sponge Theonella swinhoei: M. Kobayashi, et al.; Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 38, 2960 (1990)  Marine natural
products. XXXI. Structure-activity correlation of a potent cytotoxic dimeric macrolide swinholide A, from the Okinawan marine sponge Theonella swinhoei, and its isomers: M. Kobayashi, et al.; Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 42, 19 (1994)  For a comprehensive bibliography please
visit our website www.alexis-biochemicals.com.

Swinholide I

T-2 Toxin

ALX-630-101-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-101-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Fusarium sp. Mycotoxin. Induces DNA damage and apoptosis. Increases blood-brain barrier permeability and inhibits monoamine oxidase activity in the brain.

Tacrolimus

see

CAS: 21259-20-1

T-2 Toxin

FK506
Technical Note Page 111

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76International Edition

CAS: 481-53-8

CH3

O

CH3

O
H3C

O

CH3

O

O
H3C

O

O

Tangeretin

Technical Note Page 105

TAN 1415A

see

Asterric acid(-)-TAN 2162

see

Kendomycin

Tannic acidsee

Gallotannin

Tangeretin[4’,5,6,7,8-Pentamethoxyflavone; Ponkanetin]

ALX-385-027-M010
10 mg
Flavonoid found in the peel of citrus fruits where it provides natural resistance to fungi. Induces G1 cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. Counteracts tumor promoter-induced inhibition of intercellular communication and inhibits
cell proliferation in several cancer lines. Reduces elevation of blood pressure and plasma glucose levels.

Tautomycin
Tautomycin

CAS: 109946-35-2

ALX-380-041-C025
25 µg
ALX-380-041-C050
50 µg
ALX-380-041-C100
100 µgIsolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus. Cell permeable, potent protein phosphatase inhibitor. Apoptosis
inducer. Mixture of two isomers.

(±)-Taxifolin[(±)-Dihydroquercetin; (±)-3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavanone; Taxifoliol; Distylin](+)-Taxifolin[Dihydroquercetin; (+)-3,3’,4’,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavanone; Taxifoliol; Distylin]

ALX-385-006-M010
ALX-385-006-M050
Antioxidant flavonoid.

CAS: 480-18-2(±)-Taxifolin

Technical Note Page 108

10 mg
50 mg

ALX-385-018-M010
10 mg
ALX-385-018-M050
50 mg
Antioxidant flavonoid. Anti-inflammatory compound. Chemopreventive agent. Decreases hepatic lipid synthesis.
LIT: Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids: C.A. Rice-Evans, et al.; Free Radical Biol. & Med. 20, 933 (1996) 
Modulation of hepatic lipoprotein synthesis and secretion by taxifolin, a plant flavonoid: A. Theriault, et al.; J. Lipid Res. 41, 1969 (2000)  Preventionof macrophage adhesion molecule-1 (Mac-1)-dependent neutrophil firm adhesion by taxifolin through impairment of protein kinase-dependent
NADPH oxidase activation and antagonism of G protein-mediated calcium influx: Y.H. Wang, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 67, 2251 (2004)  The
chemopreventive effect of taxifolin is exerted through ARE-dependent gene regulation: S.B. Lee, et al.; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 1074 (2007)

TDM
psi-Tectorigenin

seeTrehalose 6,6’-dimycolate

psi-Tectorigenin

ALX-270-123-C500
500 µg
ALX-270-123-M001
1 mg
Inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase, blocking phosphatidylinositol turnover.

Tefestrolsee

Ferutinin

Tentoxin
Tentoxin

ALX-350-132-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Alternaria alternata. Cyclic tetrapeptide. Inhibitor of chloroplast F1-ATPase (CF1). Does not inhibit
the homologous enzymes from chloroplasts of insusceptible plant species or from bacteria or mitochondria.

Tenuazonic acid

ALX-350-317-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Alternaria sp. Antineoplastic compound exhibiting antitumor, antiviral and antibacterial activity.
Inhibits protein synthesis by suppression at the ribosome. May act as a mycotoxin.

CAS: 610-88-8
MI: 14: 9149

Tetracycline . HCl
Tenuazonic acidTechnical Note Page 111

ALX-380-060-G005
5g
Broad-spectrum antibiotic with anti-inflammatory activity. Blocks bacterial protein synthesis by inhibiting
binding of aminoacyl tRNA to A-site of ribosomes. Tetracycline-controlled systems are used to control gene
expression on transgenic mice. Marker of bone formation.

Tetrahydrolipstatin
CAS: 64-75-5
MI: 14: 9196

Tetracycline . HCl

see

Orlistat2’,3,4,4’-Tetrahydroxychalcone

see

Butein3,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone

see

Kaempferol

3’,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavone

see

Luteolin

3,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavylium chloride

see

Pelargonidin chloride

3,4’,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3’-methoxyflavylium chloride
CAS: 4368-28-9
MI: 14: 9246

3,4,3’,5’-Tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene

Tetrodotoxin (citrate free)
Tetrodotoxin (citrate free)

see

see

Peonidin chloride

Piceatannol[Fugu poison; TTX]

ALX-630-002-M001
1 mg
Isolated from ovaries and liver of chinese puffer fish. Potent neurotoxin. Blocks voltage-gated fast Na+ channels in nerve cell membranes.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

77International Edition

Thalassiolin B

ALX-350-296-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Thalassia testudianum. Inhibitor of HIV cDNA integrase.
LIT: Thalassiolins A-C: new marine-derived inhibitors of HIV cDNA integrase: D.C. Rowley, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. 10, 3619 (2002)

Thalassiolin B

Thapsigargin

ALX-350-004-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-004-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-004-M010
10 mg
ALX-350-004-M025
25 mg
Cell permeable tumor promoter by specific inhibition of the (sarco)endoplasmatic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase(SERCA). Inhibition of SERCA reveals a significant change in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and pH regulation intumor cells. Does not increase inositol phosphates. Shows no effect on protein kinase C (PKC). Increases Ca2+dependent Na+ influx in human platelets in a dose-dependent manner. Induces apoptosis. Stimulates nitricoxide (NO) production, contributing to hepatocyte apoptosis.

Thaxtomin A[Thaztomin A]

Theobromine[3,7-Dimethylxanthine]

ALX-630-109-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-109-M005
5 mg
Phytotoxin. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Causes plant cell necrosis at nanomolar concentrations. Demonstrated to be produced by bacterial nitric oxide synthases (NOS).

CAS: 67526-95-8
MI: 14: 9272

Thapsigargin

CAS: 122380-18-1

Thaxtomin A

ALX-480-061-G005
5g
ALX-480-061-G025
25 g
Weak phosphodiesterase inhibitor and adenosine receptor blocker. Diuretic and smooth-muscle relaxant.

Theonellapeptolide 1d

CAS: 83-67-0
MI: 14: 9282

ALX-350-295-M001
1 mg
Isolated from sponge Theonella swinhoei. Cytotoxic.

Theophylline

Theobromine[1,3-Dimethylxanthine]

ALX-480-062-G005
5g
ALX-480-062-G025
25 g
Cyclic phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Weakly inhibits alkaline phosphodiesterases and 5’-nucleotidase. Muscle
relaxant, cardiac stimulant and diuretic. Used for the treatment of asthma.

Technical Note Page 105

Theophylline, 7-(β-Hydroxyethyl)-

cyclo-L-Val-N-Me-D-Leu-[L-Thr-βAla-D-Leu-N-Me-L-IleβAla-D-aIle-N-Me-D-Val-N-Me-L-Ala-βAla-D-Leu-N-MeD-aIle][7-(β-Hydroxyethyl)theophylline; Etofylline]

ALX-480-067-G005
5g
Weak phosphodiesterase inhibitor resembling theophylline (Prod. No. ALX-480-062) in its pharmacological
profile. Used as an intermediate in the preparation of 7-substituted xanthines.

Thiamine . HCl
ALX-460-017-G010

10 g

Thielavin A

ALX-350-339-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from an unidentified fungus MST-FP1888. Fungal metabolite. Glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitor. Inhibitor of prostaglandin biosynthesis.

Thielavin B

ALX-350-340-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from an unidentified fungus MST-FP1888. Fungal metabolite. Glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitor. Potent inhibitor of phospholipase C. Inhibits telomerase, viral reverse transcriptase, peptidoglycan formation,and prostaglandin biosynthesis.

Thimerosal

Theonellapeptolide 1d[Vitamin B1; Aneurin]

CAS: 58-55-9
MI: 14: 9285
Theophylline

Technical Note Page 91

CAS: 67-03-8
MI: 14: 9295

[Ethyl mercurithiosalicylic acid; Mercurothiolate]

ALX-400-013-G005
5g
Modulates thiol groups in biological systems, especially in those involving cAMP, Ca2+ and inositol phosphate.
Causes a release of calcium from intracellular stores in many cells types. Has toxic effects on several cell types.
Induces apoptosis in vitro.

Thiamine . HCl

Thielavin A

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

78

International Edition

Thiolutin

CAS: 87-11-6
MI: 14: 9342
Thiolutin[Farcinicine; Acetopyrrothine]

ALX-380-200-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-200-M005
5 mg
Sulfur-containing antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces luteosporeus. Potent inhibitor of bacterial and yeast
RNA polymerases. Inhibits mRNA chain elongation. Inhibits adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) to vitronectin and thus suppresses tumor cell-induced angiogenesis in vivo.
LIT: Inhibition of yeast ribonucleic acid polymerases by thiolutin: D.J. Tipper; J. Bacteriol. 116, 245 (1973)  Inhibition of messenger ribonucleic
acid synthesis in Escherichia coli by thiolutin: G.G. Khachatourians and D.J. Tipper; J. Bacteriol. 119, 795 (1974)  In vivo effect of thiolutin on cell
growth and macromolecular synthesis in Escherichia coli: G.G. Khachatourians and D.J. Tipper; Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 6, 304 (1974) 
Cell wall synthesis regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Effect of RNA and protein inhibition: M.V. Elorza, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 454,
263 (1976)  The yeast heat shock response is induced by conversion of cells to spheroplasts and by potent transcriptional inhibitors: C.C. Adams and D.S. Gross; J. Bacteriol. 173, 7429 (1991)  Thiolutin, an inhibitor of HUVEC adhesion to vitronectin, reduces paxillin in HUVECs and suppresses tumor cell-induced angiogenesis: K. Minamiguchi, et al.; Int. J. Cancer 93, 307 (2001)

CAS: 1393-48-2
MI: 14: 9364

Thiostrepton

ALX-380-261-G001
1g
ALX-380-261-G005
5g
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces azureus. Inhibits protein synthesis by preventing binding of GTP to the
50S ribosomal subunit. Inhibits binding of elongation factor G (EF-G) and the dissociation of EF-G from theribosome.

Tiliroside
Thiostrepton

ALX-350-305-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Tilia sp. Flavonoid which shows anti-complement, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenger
activity. Inhibits the production of the inflammatory mediators nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α and IL-12 in activatedmacrophages. Shows potent activity against d-GalN-induced cytotoxicity in hepatocytes. Cytotoxic against
specific leukaemic cell lines. Inhibits LDL oxidation. Antibacterial and antifungal.

Tobramycin[Deoxykanamycin B; Distobram; Gernebcin; Obramycin; Tobradistin]

ALX-380-018-M010
10 mg
ALX-380-018-M250
250 mg
ALX-380-018-M050
50 mg
ALX-380-018-G001
1g
Isolated from Streptomyces tenebarius. Aminoglycoside antibiotic with similar structure to the kanamycins andthe gentamycins. Used in the treatment of respiratory infection and cystic fibrosis.

CAS: 20316-62-5

Tiliroside

CAS: 32986-56-4
MI: 14: 9490

Tobramycin

DL-α-Tocopherol (high purity)[Vitamin E]

DL-α-Tocopherol . acetate[Vitamin E]

ALX-460-018-G001

1g

ALX-460-019-G005

5g

Topotecan . HCl[9-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-10-hydroxy-(20S)-camptothecin]

ALX-350-133-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-133-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-133-M025
25 mg
Semisynthetic. Potent antitumor agent. Inhibitor of DNA-topoisomerase. Analog of (S)-(+)-camptothecin (Prod.
No. ALX-350-015). Used in chemotherapy of several different cancers.

Toxin A

ALX-630-100-C002
2 µg
ALX-630-100-C100
100 µgIsolated from Clostridium difficile.Has potent cytotoxic and enterotoxic properties. Translocates to the cytosolof target cells and glucosylates small GTP-binding proteins such as Rho, Rac, and Cdc42. Induces actin condensation, cell death and opening of the tight junctions. Triggers release of proinflammatory cytokines fromintestinal epithelial cells probably via activation of MAP kinases. Each lot is tested to confirm binding activity
to fresh rabbit red blood cells using a hemagglutination assay.

CAS: 61512-20-7
MI: 14: 9548

DL-α-Tocopherol

CAS: 119413-54-6
MI: 14: 9548

Toromycin B see Anandimycin B
Toyomycin see Chromomycin A3
TPA see Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate

Trehalose 6,6’-dimycolate
Topotecan . HCl

Triacsin C

CAS: 76896-80-5

Triacsin C[Cord Factor; TDM]

ALX-581-210-M001
1 mg
Isolated from M. tuberculosis. Endotoxin content <0.002EU/µg (LAL test; BioWhittaker). Technical Note Page
95.

[WS1228A]

ALX-380-285-MC05
0.5 mg
ALX-380-285-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens. Analog of polysaturated fatty acid. Potent inhibitor of long-chain fatty
acyl CoA synthetase. Selectively inhibits arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase in intact cells. Blocks β-cell apoptosis induced by fatty acids (lipoapoptosis) and synthesis of triglycerides, diglycerides and cholesterol esters. Potent
vasodilator. Used in a rat model of obesity.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

79International Edition

Trichodion

ALX-350-261-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-261-C500
500 µgIsolated from Trichosporiella sp. Inhibits NF-κB, AP-1 and STAT1α mediated gene expression induced by IFN-γ
resulting in inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS ll) expression.

Trichodion

LIT: Trichodion, a new inhibitor of inflammatory signal transduction pathways from a Trichosporiella species: G. Erkel; FEBS Lett. 477, 219 (2000)
 Trichodion, a new bioactive pyrone from a Trichosporiella species: G. Erkel, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 53, 1401 (2000)

Trichostatin A[TSA]

ALX-380-068-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-068-M005
5 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Potent, reversible inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC).
Mediates the activation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). May be involved in cell cycle
progression of several cell types. Induces cell growth arrest at both G1 and G2/M phases. May induce apoptosis in some cases. Induces acetylation of histone-3/4 and expression of p300.

Trichostatin C

CAS: 58880-19-6
MI: 14: 9649
Trichostatin A[Antibiotic 145-A]

ALX-380-239-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5346. Analog of trichostatin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-068). Induces acetylation of histone H4. Shows antifungal activity.

CAS: 68676-88-0
MI: 14: 9649

Trifluoperazine . 2HCl

Trichostatin C

ALX-550-310-G001
1g
ALX-550-310-G005
5g
Calmodulin inhibitor. Antipsychotic and sedative dopamine antagonist. Potent and irreversible inhibitor ofcAMP-gated cationic channels. Inhibits DNA repair.

Trihydroxyethylrutin[Troxerutin]

ALX-385-030-G005
5g
ALX-385-030-G025
25 g
Isolated from Sophora japonica L. Flavonoid derivative. Vaso- and cardioprotective agent used clinically to treat
venous disorders. Inhibits platelet aggregation. Protects biomembranes and DNA against the deleterious effects of γ-radiation. Free radical scavenger. Antioxidant.

4’,5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone
4’,5,7-Trihydroxyflavone
5,6,7-Trihydroxyflavone

see
see
see

4’,5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone

seeCAS: 440-17-5
MI: 14: 9680

Trifluoperazine . 2HCl

Naringenin
ApigeninHO

CAS: 7085-55-4
MI: 14: 9789

Baicalein
see

HO

see

O
OH

O

Hesperetin

Resveratroltrans-3,4’,5-Trimethoxy-stilbene

O

O

H3C

O

HO

trans-3,4’,5-Trihydroxystilbene

OH

O
O

Genistein (synthetic)

3’,5,7-Trihydroxy-4’-methoxyflavanone

O

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

Trihydroxyethylrutin

OH[Trimethoxy-resveratrol; MR-3]

CAS: 22255-22-7

ALX-350-345-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-345-M100
100 mgAnalog of resveratrol (Prod. No. ALX-270-125). Shows powerful anti-angiogenic activity.

O

CH3

O
CH3

LIT: Anti-allergic activity of stilbenes from Korean rhubarb (Rheum undulatum L.): structure requirements for inhibition of antigen-induced degranulation and their effects on the release of TNF-alpha and IL-4 in RBL-2H3 cells: H. Matsuda, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. 12, 4871 (2004)  Antiangiogenic and vascular-targeting activity of the microtubule-destabilizing trans-resveratrol derivative 3,5,4’-trimethoxystilbene: M. Belleri,et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 67, 1451 (2005)  Synthesis and biological properties of new stilbene derivatives of resveratrol as new selective aryl hydrocarbon modulators: P. de Medina, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 48, 287 (2005)  Antitumor activity of 3,5,4’-trimethoxystilbene in COLO 205 cells andxenografts in SCID mice: M.H. Pan, et al.; Mol. Carcinog. Epub ahead of print, (2007)

H3C

Otrans-3,4’,5-Trimethoxy-stilbene

CAS: 7561-71-9

1,3,7-Trimethylxanthinesee

Caffeine

Trinactin[Antibiotic AKD-1D; Antibiotic S 3466B]

ALX-380-238-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5448. Ionophorous agent. Highly selective for ammonium and potassium. Immunosuppressive.

Tripterine

seeCelastrol

Triptolide

Trinactin

CAS: 38748-32-2[PG490]

ALX-350-259-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-259-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii. Immunosuppressive agent with anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. More effective in preventing T cell proliferation and interferon-γ production than FK506 (Prod. No.
ALX-380-008). Induces apoptosis in T cells by activating DEVD cleaving caspases. Blocks TNF-α mediated induction of c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 and NF-κB activation.

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

Triptolide

80International Edition

Troleandomycin

CAS: 2751-09-9
MI: 14: 9770

Troleandomycin[Oleandomycin triacetate ester]ALX-380-001-G001
1g
Semisynthetic from oleandomycin. Induces microsomal enzymes and produces an inactive cytochrome P450
Fe(II)-metabolite complex. Inhibits cytochrome P450 mediated nitric oxide (NO) release from NG-hydroxy-Larginine (Prod. No. ALX-106-004). Used as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of corticosteroid-dependentasthma.

Trolox®

[6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid]

ALX-270-267-M100
100 mgCell permeable derivative of vitamin E. Antioxidant. Prevents peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat thymocytes.

CAS: 53188-07-1

LIT: Peroxynitrite causes DNA damage and oxidation of thiols in rat thymocytes [corrected]: M.G. Salgo, et al.; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 322, 500(1995)  Trolox inhibits peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat thymocytes: M.G. Salgo & W.A. Pryor; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 333, 482 (1996)

Trolox®

Tryprostatin A

ALX-380-090-C500
500 µgIsolated from Aspergillus fumigatus. Inhibitor of microtubule assembly.

Tryptanthrin
Tryprostatin A

ALX-270-360-M001
1 mg
ALX-270-360-M005
5 mg
Synthetic. Potent inhibitor of prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis in various cell lines. Selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor. Inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS II) expression. Inhibits the
production of IFN-γ and IL-2 after stimulation of Peyer’s patch lymphocytes with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Inhibits P-glycoprotein (Pgp) (expressed by the MDR1 gene) and reverses doxorubicin (Prod. No.
ALX-380-042) resistance on breast cancer cells.
LIT: H. Danz, et al.; Arch. Pharm. Suppl. I 333, 11 (2000)  Tryptanthrin inhibits nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2) synthesis by murine macrophages: T. Ishihara, et al.; Eur. J. Pharmacol. 407, 197 (2000)  Identification and isolation of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory principle in Isatis
tinctoria: H. Danz, et al.; Planta Med. 67, 411 (2001)  Inhibitory activity of tryptanthrin on prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis: H. Danz, etal.; Planta Med. 68, 875 (2002)  Tryptanthrin inhibits interferon-gamma production by Peyer’s patch lymphocytes derived from mice that had
been orally administered staphylococcal enterotoxin: Y. Takei, et al.; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26, 365 (2003)  Tryptanthrin inhibits MDR1 and reverses
doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer cells: S.T. Yu, et al.; BBRC 358, 79 (2007)

CAS: 13220-57-0

Tryptanthrin

TTX

see

Tetrodotoxin(+)-Tubocurarine . 2HCl

ALX-550-182-M050
50 mg
Induces neuromuscular block through interaction with acetylcholine receptor.

CAS: 57-94-3
MI: 14: 9807

Tunicamycin

ALX-380-047-M010
10 mg
ALX-380-047-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces lysosuperficus. Nucleoside antibiotic that blocks the formation of protein N-glycosidic linkages by inhibiting the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate to dolichol monophosphate. Induces ER-stress following the inhibition of N-linked glycosylation.

(+)-Tubocurarine . 2HCl

Tylophorine

CAS: 11089-65-9
MI: 14: 9819

Tunicamycin

H3C

CAS: 111408-21-0
MI: 14: 9831[(-)-R-Tylophorine]

ALX-350-154-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Tylophora indica. Phenanthroindolizidine alkaloid which shows antitumor activity. Adenylyl cyclase modulator.

H3C

O

O
H

N

Tylophorine

O
CH3

O

CH3

U-7984see

Decoyinine

U-22324

see

Alamethicin

U-40615see

Steffimycin B

U-78548

see

Borrelidin

Ubiquinone-5[Coenzyme Q1]

Ubiquinone-10[Coenzyme Q2]

ALX-270-294-M002
2 mg
Counteracts inhibitory effects on mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) of decylubiquinone (Prod.
No. ALX-270-293) and ubiquinone-10 (Prod. No. ALX-270-295).
ALX-270-295-M002
2 mg
Inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). This inhibitory effect can be counteracted
by ubiquinone-5 (Prod. No. ALX-270-294).

CAS: 727-81-1

Ubiquinone-5

Decylubiquinone – For Details see Page 35

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

81International Edition

UCN-01[7-Hydroxystaurosporine]

ALX-380-222-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-222-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5345. Inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2(CDK2) resulting in accumulation of cells in the G1 phase and induction of apoptosis. Enhances the cytotoxicity of other anticancer drugs, such as DNA-damaging agents and anti-metabolite drugs through putative abrogation of G2 and/or S phase accumulation induced by these agents.

UCN-01

UCN-02

ALX-380-206-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5346. Inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA). Although less selective than its isomer UCN-01 (Prod. No. ALX-380-222), UCN-02 exhibits comparable activity
and probably acts by similar mechanisms.
LIT: [1] UCN-01 and UCN-02, new selective inhibitors of protein kinase C. II. Purification, physico-chemical properties, structural determination
and biological activities: I. Takahashi, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 42, 571 (1989)

UCN-02

Technical Note Page 101

UCN-1028C

see

Calphostin C

UK-1

CAS: 151271-53-3

ALX-380-117-C250
250 µg
ALX-380-117-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Antibiotic. Antifungal. Inhibitor of topoisomerase II (Topo II). Mg2+- and Zn2+dependent DNA binding agent. Displays a wide spectrum of potent anticancer activities.

UK-1

Valinomycin

ALX-450-012-M005
5 mg
ALX-450-012-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces fulvissimus. Potassium ionophore. Useful reagent for the measurement of K+ ionsby electrode-based systems. Induces apoptosis in several cell lines.

Vancomycin . HCl

CAS: 1404-93-9
MI: 14: 9929

ALX-380-279-M250
250 mg
ALX-380-279-G001
1g
Antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces lysosup. Interferes with cell wall synthesis. Effective against Gram-positive bacteria.

N-Vanillylnonamide

see

Vancomycin . HCl

Nonivamide

Venturicidin A[Aabomycin A1]

ALX-380-211-M001
1 mg
Macrolide antibiotic. Isolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-117594. Potent inhibitor of mitochondrial ATP synthase complex, acting on the F0 membrane sector. Shows antifungal activity.

Venturicidin B

Venturicidin A

Venturicidin B[Aabomycin A2]

ALX-380-223-MC25
0.25 mg
For technical information and literature references see Venturicidin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-211).

CAS: 71-62-5
MI: 14: 9954

Veratridine

ALX-550-307-M005
5 mg
ALX-550-307-M025
25 mg
Activates Na+ channels. Increases intracellular Ca2+ levels without affecting Na+-Ca2+ exchange. Acts at neurotoxin receptor site 2 and preferentially binds to activated Na+ channels causing persistent activation. Inducescell death in bovine chromaffin cells.

Veratridine

CAS: 12771-72-1

Verruculogen

ALX-380-056-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-056-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Penicillium verruculosum. Neurotoxin that acts as an inhibitor of the M phase of the mammaliancell cycle. Inhibits Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Decreases GABA levels in CNS.

Vinblastine . sulfate[VLB; Vincaleukoblastine . sulfate]

ALX-350-257-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-257-M025
25 mg
Semisynthetic from catharanthine or vindoline. Plant alkaloid that arrests the cell cycle in G2/M phase byblocking mitotic spindle formation. Depolymerizes microtubules and blocks binding of tubulin to microtubule proteins. Induces apoptosis. Triggers Raf-1 activation, phosphorylation of Bcl-2 family proteins and induction of p53 expression.

Vincamonesee

Verruculogen

CAS: 143-67-9
MI: 14: 9982(-)-Eburnamonine
Vinblastine . sulfate

82International Edition

Vincristine . sulfate

CAS: 2068-78-2
MI: 14: 9986

Vincristine . sulfate[VCR . sulfate; Leukocristine . sulfate]

ALX-350-069-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-069-M005
5 mg
Semisynthetic from catharanthine or vindoline. Plant alkaloid that arrests the cell cycle in G2/M phase byblocking mitotic spindle formation. Depolymerizes microtubules and blocks binding of tubulin to microtubule proteins. Induces apoptosis. Triggers Raf-1 activation, phosphorylation of Bcl-2 family proteins and induction of p53 expression.

Vindoline

ALX-350-102-M100
100 mg
ALX-350-102-G001
1g
Isolated from Catharanthus roseus. Lacks physiological activity itself, but is contained as the pentacyclic moiety in the antineoplastic agents vinblastine and vincristine.

CAS: 2182-14-1
MI: 14: 9988

Vindoline

Virenomycin M

see

Chrysomycin B

Virenomycin V

see

Chrysomycin A

Viridicatin

ALX-350-136-M001
1 mg
Antibiotic. Isolated from Penicillium sp. Metabolic product of Penicillium viridicatum. Exhibits strong antibiotic
activity against M. tuberculosis and also against B. subtilis, S. aureus and S. cerevisiae.

CAS: 129-24-8

Virosin
Viridicatin

CAS: 88909-96-0

seeAntimycin A

Virstatin

ALX-430-147-M010
10 mg
ALX-430-147-M050
50 mg
Inhibits virulence regulation in V. cholerae. Prevents expression of cholera toxin and the toxin coregulated
pilus (TCP) by inhibiting the transcriptional regulator ToxT. Effectively protects infant mice against TCP-dependent V. cholerae intestinal colonization in vivo. Displays little toxicity towards mammalian cells (up to 2mM
for Hep2 cells).
LIT: Small-molecule inhibitor of Vibrio cholerae virulence and intestinal colonization: D.T. Hung, et al.; Science 310, 670 (2005)  Virstatin inhibits
dimerization of the transcriptional activator ToxT: E. A. Shakhnovich, et al.; PNAS 104, 2372 (2007)

Virstatin

CAS: 68-26-8
MI: 14: 10013
Vitamin A

Vitamin A

ALX-460-021-G001
ALX-460-021-G005
Synthetic.

Vitamin B see Nicotinic acid
Vitamin B1 see Thiamine
Vitamin B2 see Riboflavine
Vitamin B6 see Pyridoxol

Vitamin B12
ALX-460-024-G001
ALX-460-024-G005
Synthetic.

CAS: 50-14-6
MI: 14: 10018

Vitamin C
Vitamin D2

see

Vitamin D2

ALX-460-025-G001
ALX-460-025-G005
Synthetic.

Vitamin D3

ALX-460-026-G001
ALX-460-026-G005
Synthetic.

CAS: 67-97-0
MI: 14: 10019
Vitamin D3

ALX-460-027-G005
Synthetic.
Vitamin K11g
5g

L-(+)-Ascorbic acid
[Calciferol; Ergocalciferol]

1g
5g[Cholecalciferol; Colecalciferol]

1g
5g

Vitamin D3, 1α,25-Dihydroxy- see
Vitamin E see DL-α-Tocopherol
Vitamin H see D-(+)-Biotin

Vitamin K1

CAS: 84-80-0
MI: 14: 7380

[Retinol (all-trans)]

1g
5g

Calcitriol[Phytomenadione; Phylloquinone; 2-Methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone]

5g

Vitamin P see Rutin
Vitamin PP see Nicotinamide

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

83

International Edition

VP-16-213

see

Etoposide

CAS: 5119-48-2
MI: 14: 10048

Withaferin A

ALX-350-153-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-153-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Withania somnifera. Cell permeable and potent angiogenesis inhibitor from the family of withanolides. Inhibits endothelial cells (HUVEC) sprouting in vitro and in vivo. Exhibits antitumor, anti-inflammatory,
radiosensitizing, and immunosuppressive properties. Potently inhibits NFκB activation by preventing the TNFinduced activation of IκB kinase β (IKKβ). Affects AP-1 transcription and induces cell death. Alters cytoskeletalarchitecture by covalently binding annexin II and stimulating its basal F-actin cross-linking activity which inhibits the migratory and invasive capability of endothelial cells. Targets the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Displays neuronal regenerative properties.

Withaferin A

CAS: 632-85-9

H3C

O
O

HO

LIT: Tumor inhibitors. XXXIX. Active principles of Acnistus arborescens. Isolation and structural and spectral studies of withaferin A and withacnistin: S.M. Kupchan, et al.; JOC 34, 3858 (1969)  In vivo growth inhibitory and radiosensitizing effects of withaferin A on mouse Ehrlich ascites
carcinoma: P.U. Devi, et al.; Cancer Lett. 95, 189 (1995)  Growth inhibition of human tumor cell lines by withanolides from Withania somnifera
leaves: B. Jayaprakasam, et al.; Life Sci. 74, 125 (2003)  Withaferin A is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis: R. Mohan, et al.; Angiogenesis 7, 115(2004)  Neuritic regeneration and synaptic reconstruction induced by withanolide: A: T. Kuboyama, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 144, 961 (2005) 
Actin microfilament aggregation induced by withaferin A is mediated by annexin II: R.R. Falsey, et al.; Nat. Chem. Biol. 2, 33 (2006)  Withaferina strongly elicits IkappaB kinase beta hyperphosphorylation concomitant with potent inhibition of its kinase activity: M. Kaileh, et al.; J. Biol.
Chem. 282, 4253 (2007)

OH

O

Wogonin

CAS: 19545-26-7
MI: 14: 10053

Wogonin[5,7-Dihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone]

ALX-385-033-M005
5 mg
ALX-385-033-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis. Cell permeable and orally available flavonoid. Induces apoptosis in tumor
cells but not in healthy cells by increasing peroxide production. Displays anti-inflammatory properties. Suppresses the release of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS II), PGE2 by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), proinflammatory cytokines, MCP-1 gene expression and NF-κB activation.

Wortmannin

LIT: Chinese herbal remedy wogonin inhibits monocyte chemotactic protein-1 gene expression in human endothelial cells: Y.L. Chang, et al.;Mol. Pharmacol. 60, 507 (2001)  Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms: H.P. Kim, et al.; J. Pharmacol. Sci. 96, 229(2004)  Wogonin sensitizes resistant malignant cells to TNFalpha- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis: S.C. Fas, et al.; Blood 108, 3700 (2006)  Wogoninsuppresses TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 expression by blocking the NF-kappaB activation via MAPK signaling pathways in human aortic smoothmuscle cells: S.O. Lee, et al.; BBRC 351, 118 (2006)  Wogonin preferentially kills malignant lymphocytes and suppresses T-cell tumor growth byinducing PLC{gamma}1- and Ca2+-dependent apoptosis: S. Baumann, et al.; Blood 111, 2354 (2007)  Wogonin prevents glucocorticoid-induced
thymocyte apoptosis without diminishing its anti-inflammatory action: R. Enomoto, et al.; J. Pharmacol. Sci. 104, 355 (2007)

Wortmannin[KY 12420]

WP631 . 2HCl

[Desmethylalborixin]

ALX-350-020-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-020-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-020-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Talaromyces wortmannin KY 12420. Potent and specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI(3)K), myosin light chain kinase and of neutrophil and formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-mediated phospholipase D activation. Strongly inhibits autophagy (proteolysis). Markedly potentiates the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production from macrophages. Induces in vivo Alzheimer-like hyperphosphorylation in tau.

ALX-380-064-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-064-M001
1 mg
Synthetic fluorescent bisintercalating anthracycline antibiotic with ultratight binding properties to DNA. Inhibits Sp1-initiated transcription at nanomolar concentrations. Appears to overcome MRP-mediated multidrug resistance. Induces apoptosis.
Licenced product covered by US Patent 5,874,412. Sold with permission of Houston Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

WP631 . 2HCl

WP631 . dimethanesulfonate

ALX-380-074-C500
500 µg
For technical information see product WP631 . 2HCl (Prod. No. ALX-380-064).
CAS: 36505-48-3

X-206

ALX-380-087-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-087-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Streptomyces sp. Ionophoric. Chelates monovalent cations, preferably sodium ions and transports
them passively through biological membranes. Displays antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties and selective
and potent antimalarial activity.
LIT: Potent antimalarial activities of polyether antibiotic, X-206: K. Otoguro, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 54, 658 (2001)

X-206

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

84

International Edition

Xanthohumol

CAS: 6754-58-1

Xanthohumol

Technical Note Page 106

ALX-350-280-M005
5 mg
Isolated from hops (Humulus lupulus). Prenylated chalcone found in beer. Potent inhibitor of diacylglycerol
acetyltransferase (DGAT), which catalyzes the final step in mammalian triacylglycerol synthesis. Inhibits DNA
polymerase and induces cell differentiation. Has antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects in human cancer celllines. Inhibits human P450 enzymes. Induces quinone reductase. Inhibits the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF
under hypoxic conditions. Induces apoptosis in mature adipocytes.
LIT: Xanthohumols, diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitors, from Humulus lupulus: N. Tabata, et al.; Phytochemistry 46, 683 (1997)  Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus) in human cancer cell lines: C.L. Miranda, et al.; Food Chem.
Toxicol. 37, 271 (1999)  Prenylated chalcones and flavanones as inducers of quinone reductase in mouse Hepa 1c1c7 cells: C.L. Miranda, et al.;Cancer Lett. 149, 21 (2000)  In vitro inhibition of human P450 enzymes by prenylated flavonoids from hops, Humulus lupulus: M.C. Henderson, et al.; Xenobiotica 30, 235 (2000)  Cancer chemopreventive activity of Xanthohumol, a natural product derived from hop: C. Gerhauser,
et al.; Mol. Cancer Ther. 1, 959 (2002)  Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health!: J.F. Stevens & J.E.
Page; Phytochemistry 65, 1317 (2004) (Review)  Effect of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol on 3T3-L1 cell apoptosis and adipogenesis: J.Y.
Yang, et al.; Apoptosis 12, 1953 (2007)

CAS: 30199-26-9

Xanthorrhizol

Xanthohumol, Iso-see

Isoxanthohumol

Xanthorrhizol

CAS: 17924-92-4
MI: 14: 10116

ALX-350-263-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhiza. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory compound. Apoptosis inducer.
Zearalenone

Technical Note Page 111

LIT: Effect of xanthorrhizol, xanthorrhizol glycoside and trachylobanoic acid isolated from Cachani complex plants upon the contractile activity of uterine smooth muscle: H. Ponce-Monter, et al.; Phytother. Res. 13, 202 (1999)  Xanthorrhizol: a potential antibacterial agent from Curcuma xanthorrhiza against Streptococcus mutans: J.K. Hwang, et al.; Planta Med. 66, 196 (2000)  Xanthorrhizol induces apoptosis via the upregulation of bax and p53 in HeLa cells: N. Ismail, et al.; Anticancer Res. 25, 2221 (2005)  Regulation of p53-, Bcl-2- and caspase-dependent
signaling pathway in xanthorrhizol-induced apoptosis of HepG2 hepatoma cells: T. Handayani, et al.; Anticancer Res. 27, 965 (2007)  Xanthorrhizol inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced acute inflammation and two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis by blocking theexpression of ornithine decarboxylase, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase through mitogen-acti: W.Y. Chung, et al.; Carcinogenesis 28, 1224 (2007)

XK-213see

Echinosporin

Zearalenone

ALX-630-105-M010
10 mg
ALX-630-105-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Fusarium graminearum. Estrogenic mycotoxin in animals. Phytohormone. Inducer of sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration. Acts as a protonophoric uncoupler in plant mitochondria.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

85International Edition

Technical Notes
CurcuminPage

86

Ecdysteroids

Page

87

Microcystins [Toxins from Cyanobacteria]

Page

Epigallocatechin gallate [EGCG]

Page

Leptomycins

Page

92 –

93

LPS [Lipopolysaccharides] & Lipid A

Page

94 –

95

Cord Factor [Trehalose 6,6‘-dimycolate]

Page

95

Madindoline A

Page

96

Compound A

Page

96

Rocaglamides

Page

97

Bufadienolides

Page

97

Geldanamycin & Related Products

Page

98

Floxacins

Page

99

Staurosporine & Related Products

Page

Becatecarin

Page

102

Antimicrobial Peptides & Proteins

Page

102

Active Substances from Fruits and Vegetables

Page

103 –

108

Mycotoxins

Page

109 –

111

88 –

90
91

100 –

101

86

International Edition

Curcumin[Diferuloylmethane]

Curcuminoids, a group of phenolic compounds
isolated from the roots of Curcuma longa (Zingiberacae), exhibit a variety of beneficial effects on
health and events that help in preventing certain diseases. A majority of these studies werecarried out with curcumin (diferuloylmethane),
which is a major curcuminoid. The traditional
uses of curcuminoids in folk medicine are multiple and some of these therapeutic effects havebeen confirmed by scientific research. As a resultof extensive research on the therapeutic properties of curcumin, some understanding on thecellular, molecular and biochemical mechanismsof action of curcumin is emerging (Figure). Curcumin has been shown to attack multiple molecular targets including growth factors andreceptors, transcription factors, cytokines, enzymes and genes regulating apoptosis. The nuclear transcription factor NF-κB is a key moleculartarget of curcumin. Curcumin inhibits the degradation of IκBα and subsequently inactivates
NF-κB. NF-κB is crucial to innate and adaptive
immunity and plays an important role in inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, autoimmune
diseases and cancer.

Curcumin (high purity)[1,7-bis(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione; Diferuloylmethane]
ALX-350-028-M010
10 mg
ALX-350-028-M050
50 mg
ALX-350-028-M250
250 mgCAS NUMBER: 458-37-7
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from turmeric (Curcuma longa).
PURITY: ≥98.5% (Note: This highly purified productdoes not contain 30-40% bioactive impurities)
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in acetic acid or 100% ethanol.
LIT: For a comprehensive bibliography please visit our website.

Latest Insight
Curcumin possesses histone acetyltransferase(HAT) inhibitory activity with specificity forthe p300/CREB-binding protein. Recently, T.
Morimoto, et al., showed that curcumin inhibited the hypertrophy-induced acetylation and DNA-binding abilities of GATA4, ahypertrophy-responsive transcription factor,
in rat cardiomyocytes. Curcumin also disrupted the p300/GATA4 complex and repressed
agonist and p300-induced hypertrophic responses in these cells. Both the acetylated

form of GATA4 and the relative levels of the
p300/GATA4 complex markedly increased in
rat hypertensive hearts in vivo. Therefore, inhibition of p300 HAT activity by the nontoxic dietary compound curcumin may provide
a novel therapeutic strategy for heart failure
in humans.
LIT: The dietary compound curcumin inhibits p300 histone acetyltransferase activity and prevents heart failure in rats: T. Morimoto,et al.; J. Clin. Invest. 118, 868 (2008)

Selected Literature References
Modification of certain inflammation-induced biochemical changes by curcumin: R. Srivastava & R.C. Srimal; Indian J. Med. Res. 81,
215 (1985)  Inhibition of 5-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE)
formation in intact human neutrophils by naturally-occurring diarylheptanoids: inhibitory activities of curcuminoids and yakuchinones: D.L. Flynn, et al.; Prostagl. Leukotr. Med. 22, 357 (1986)  Inhibitory effect of curcumin on epidermal growth factor receptor
kinase activity in A431 cells: L. Korutla & R. Kumar; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1224, 597 (1994)  Curcumin, an anti-tumour promoter
and anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase in activated macrophages: I. Brouet & H. Okshima; BBRC 206,
533 (1995)  Cytotoxicity and cytoprotective activities of naturalcompounds. The case of curcumin: J.N. Commandeur & N.P. Vermeulen; Xenobiotica 26, 667 (1996)  Nitric oxide scavenging by
curcuminoids: Sreejayan & M.N. Rao; J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 49, 105(1997)  Inhibitory effects of curcumin on tumorigenesis in mice:
M.T. Huang, et al.; J. Cell. Biochem. (Suppl.) 27, 26 (1997)  In vivo
inhibition of nitric oxide synthase gene expression by curcumin,a cancer preventive natural product with anti-inflammatory properties: M.M. Chan, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 55, 1955 (1998)  Effect of curcumin on the production of nitric oxide by cultured rat
mammary gland: M. Onoda & H. Inano; Nitric Oxide 4, 505 (2000)
 Suppression of nitric oxide oxidation to nitrite by curcumin isdue to the sequestration of the reaction intermediate nitrogendioxide, not nitric oxide: B.D. Johnston & E.G. DeMaster; Nitric Oxide 8, 231 (2003)  Biological properties of curcumin-cellular andmolecular mechanisms of action: B. Joe, et al.; Crit. Rev. Food Sci.
Nutr. 44, 97 (2004) (Review)  Curcumin, a major constituent ofturmeric, corrects cystic fibrosis defects: M.E. Egan, et al.; Science
304, 600 (2004)  Inhibition of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
activity and induction of p53 degradation by the natural phenolic
compound curcumin: P. Tsvetkov, et al.; PNAS 102, 5535 (2005) 
Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin: V.S. Yadav, et al.; Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 27, 485 (2005)  Curcumin, an atoxic
antioxidant and natural NFkappaB, cyclooxygenase-2, lipooxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: a shield against
acute and chronic diseases: S. Bengmark; JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral.
Nutr. 30, 45 (2006) (Review)  Curcumin is an inhibitor of p300
histone acetyltransferase: M.G. Marcu, et al.; Med. Chem. 2, 169(2006)  Multiple biological activities of curcumin: a short review:
R.K. Maheshwari, et al.; Life Sci. 78, 2081 (2006) (Review)  Curcumin inhibits hypoxia-induced angiogenesis via down-regulationof HIF-1: M.K. Bae, et al.; Oncol. Rep. 15, 1557 (2006)  Notch-1
down-regulation by curcumin is associated with the inhibition ofcell growth and the induction of apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
cells: Z. Wang, et al.; Cancer 106, 2503 (2006)  Curcumin improves
wound healing by modulating collagen and decreasing reactive
oxygen species: M. Panchatcharam, et al.; Mol. Cell Biochem. 290,
87 (2006)  Inhibitory effect of curcumin on nitric oxide production
from lipopolysaccharide-activated primary microglia: K.K. Jung, etal.; Life Sci. 79, 2022 (2006)

LIT: [1] „Spicing up“ of the immune system by curcumin: G.C. Jagetia& B.B. Aggarwal; J. Clin. Immunol. 27, 19 (2007)  [2] Multiple molecular targets in cancer chemoprevention by curcumin: R.L. Thangapazham, et al.; AAPS J. 8, E443 (2006)  [3] Multiple biological activities of curcumin: R.K. Maheseari, et al.; Life Sci. 78, 2081 (2006)  [4]Biological properties of curcumin - cellular and molecular mechanisms of action: B. Joe, et al.; Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 44, 97 (2004)
 [5] Curcumin as an inhibitor of angiogenesis: S.S. Bhandarkar & J.L
Arbiser; Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 595, 185 (2007)  [6] Modulation of transcription factors by curcumin: S. Shishodia, et al.; Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.
595, 127 (2007)  [7] Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory propertiesof curcumin; V.P. Menon & A.R. Sudherr; Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 595, 105(2007)  [8] Induction of apoptosis by curcumin and its implications
for cancer therapy: D. Karunagaran, et al.; Curr. Cancer Drug Targets
5, 117 (2005)  [9] Curcumin - biological and medicinal properties:
B.B. Aggarwal, et al.; Tumeric: The genus Curcuma, 297 (2006)  [10]Modulation of human multidrug-resistance MDR-1 gene by natural
curcuminoids: P. Limtrakul, et al.; BMC Cancer 4, 1 (2006)  [11] Curcumin induces pro-apoptotic endoplasmic reticulum stress in human leukemia HL-60 cells: H.O. Pae, et al.; BBRC 353, 1040 (2007) [12] Activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB is suppressed by
curcumin (diferuloylmethane): S. Singh & B.B. Aggarwal; J. Biol. Chem.
270, 24995 (1995)  [13] Molecular targets of curcumin: J.K. Lin; Adv.
Exp. Med. Biol. 595, 227 (2007)

FIGURE: Cellular, Molecular & Biochemical Actions of Curcumin.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

87International Edition

Ecdysteroids

Ecdysteroids are a group of tetracyclic polyhydroxylated compounds present in small amounts
in most classes of invertebrates. In insects, crustaceans and other arthropods, they play a fundamental role in controlling many important physiological functions related to development, reproduction, metabolism, excretion, and others.
Ecdysteroids are also widely spread in the plant
kingdom. This has resulted in the isolation of alarge number of these compounds in substantial amounts, thus allowing extensive studies on
chemical behaviour, biological activity, biosynthesis and metabolism. Studies suggest a beneficial role of ecdysteroids on mammals (e.g.
hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemic and anabolic effects). Ecdysteroids are widely used as
inducers for gene switch systems based on insect ecdysteroid receptors and genes of interest placed under the control of ecdysteroid-response elements. The ecdysone-inducible system has proved useful for studying a multitudeof processes, such as apoptosis, cancer and cellcycle regulation, embryonic development, signal transduction, lipid metabolism, and neuronal
function. The strength of the system appears to
be its tight regulation, its dose responsiveness,and the favorable uptake and clearance kinetics of the steroid inducer, which results in rapid
gene switching [1-4].
Muristerone A (MurA) [5-7], isolated from kaladana seeds, is a member of the ecdysteroid
family. MurA regulates the metamorphosis of
Drosophila melanogaster (via the ecdysone receptor [8], a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily) and is used to induce expression ofEcdysone

20-Hydroxyecdysone

the gene of interest from any of the ecdysoneinducible system expression vectors. A regulatory system which reveals MurA to be an efficientand potent inducer of gene expression in culture
mammalian cells and transgenic mice has been
described [9, 10].
Ponasterone A (PonA) [11-14] is an analog of
ecdysone (Prod. No. ALX-370-011) with similar
properties to MurA (Prod. No. ALX-370-010). It
is a functional, reliable and economical substitute for MurA as an inducer for the ecdysoneinducible mammalian expression system. Results
show that PonA was able to induce expressionof β-galactosidase to levels similar to those obtained with MurA induction.

Ecdysone

Literature References

ALX-370-010-C100
ALX-370-010-C250
ALX-370-010-C500
ALX-370-010-M001[1] Identification of ligands and coligands for the ecdysome-regulated gene switch: E. Saez, et al.; PNAS 97, 14512 (2000)  [2]Practical uses for ecdysteroids in mammals including humans: an
update: R. Lafont & L. Dinan; J. Insect. Sci. 3, 7 (2003) (Review)  [3]Effects and applications of arthropod steroid hormones (ecdysteroids) in mammals: L. Dinan & R. Lafont; J. Endocrinol. 191, 1 (2006)(Review)  [4] Functional characterization of ecdysone receptor
gene switches in mammalian cells: S.K. Panguluri, et al.; FEBS J.
273, 5550 (2006)  [5] Structure of muristerone A, a new phytoecdysone: L. Canonica, et al.; J.C.S. Chem. Commun. 1972, 1060 [6] A novel method of isolation of phytoecdysones from kaladana
seeds: L. Canonica, et al.; Phytochemistry 14, 525 (1975)  [7] New
phytoecdysones from kalanda. I. Structure of muristerone A andkaladasterone; L. Canonica, et al.; Gazz. Chim. Ital. 107, 123 (1977)
 [8] Characterization and partial purification of the Drosophila Kc
cell ecdysteroid receptor: T.M. Landon, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 263, 4693
(1988)  [9] Ecdysone-inducible gene expression in mammaliancells and transgenic mice: D. No, et al.; PNAS 93, 3346 (1996)  [10]Controlling mammalian gene expression with small molecules: T.
Clackson; Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1, 210 (1997)  [11] Insect Hormones. The Structure of Ponasterone A, an Insect-Moulting Hormone from the Leaves of Podocarpus nakaii hay: K. Nakanishi, etal.; J.C.S. Chem. Commun. 915 (1966)  [12] Insect Hormones, VI.
Confirmation of the Skeletal Structure of Ponasterone A. Moriyama& K. Nakanishi.; THL 23, 111 (1968)  [13] Ponasterones, compoundswith molting hormone activity: K. Nakanishi, et al.; Bull. Soc. Chim.
France 3475 (1969)  [14] Past and present studies with ponasterones, the first insect moulting hormones from plants: K. Nakanishi;
Steroids 57, 649 (1992)

Makisterone A[α-Ecdysone]
ALX-370-011-M001
ALX-370-011-M005
ALX-370-011-M010

1 mg
5 mg
10 mg

20-Hydroxyecdysone[β-Ecdysone; Ecdysterone]
ALX-370-012-M005
ALX-370-012-M010
ALX-370-012-M050

Makisterone A
ALX-370-013-C250
ALX-370-013-M001

Muristerone A

Muristerone A

5 mg
10 mg
50 mg
250 µg
1 mg
100 µg
250 µg500 µg
1 mg

Ponasterone A[25-Deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone; 25-Deoxyecdysterone]
ALX-370-014-M001
ALX-370-014-M005

1 mg
5 mg

For BULK quantities please inquire!

Ponasterone A

88

International Edition

Toxins from Cyanobacteria –Microcystins
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are a diverse
group of photo-autotrophic organisms which
are found in terrestrial and aquatic environments. They are an essential component of thefood chain in many ecosystems, however, they
can often form dense scums or blooms whichhave been shown to be hazardous to humans
and animals. Routes of exposure may be via direct ingestion or inhalation during recreation,
bathing or irrigation, whereas, indirect exposure
is most likely to occur via ingestion of contaminated drinking water, vegetables or fish/shellfish. The apparent increase in the occurrence of
blooms and associated toxic events has been associated with eutrophication and global warming. The ecological function of cyanobacterial
toxins remains under investigation. The toxic
mechanisms to vertebrates are used to classify
them into hepatotoxins (microcystins and nodularins), neurotoxins (anatoxin and saxitoxins),
cytotoxins (cylindrospermopsin), dermatotoxins(lyngbyatoxin), and irritant toxins (lipopolysaccharide endotoxins). The microcystins are themost commonly encountered cyanotoxins andit is obvious that the detection of microcystinsis a crucial factor of major public interest. Many
regulatory authorities are now setting guidelines and accepted levels for drinking water/
recreational water, etc. monitoring programs.
Additional concern on the occurrence and importance of cyanobacterial toxins is reflectedby inclusion in the US Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA) drinking water contaminant list
and by appearing in major reviews along withchemical warfare agents [1].

Microcystins – Molecular
MechanismMicrocystins are potent inhibitors of the serine/threonine protein phosphatases type 1(PP1) and 2A (PP2A) [2, 3], mediated throughthe Adda domain (Figure 1). PP1 and PP2A are
two major protein phosphatases in eukaryotic
cells which have been shown to be important intumor suppression. PP2A is inhibited 1000-foldless potently, while six other phosphatases areunaffected. These results are strikingly similar to
those obtained with the tumor promoter okadaic acid. The action of microcystin in inhibiting such enzymes might suggest that they act
as tumor promoters [4]. All structural congeners of microcystin act as hepatotoxins [5, 6].
After accumulated in the liver they are involvedin cytoskeletal disorganization, lipid peroxidation, loss of membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation, cell blebbing, apoptosis, cellular disruption, and necrosis.

Nodularin, produced by brackish and freshwater species of Nodularia (most commonly
N. spumigena), is a cyclic pentapeptide, similar
to microcystin-LR, also possessing a characteristic Adda amino acid [10], but with increased water solubility. Nodularin is a potent inhibitor of
the serine/threonine protein phosphatases type
1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A) [11]. Several variants ofnodularin have been characterized [12]. Whilst
toxicity and mode of action of nodularin is similar to that of microcystins, a major differenceis that the binding to protein phosphatases isirreversible. Nodularin is a great complimentary tool to microcystins for studying cellular
processes.

Cylindrospermopsin
Cylindrospermopsin is a cyanobacterial cytotoxin comprising a tricyclic guanidine moiety combined with a hydroxymethyl uracil.
It is produced by species of several genera,
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Umezakia natans
and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, in temperate
and tropical regions and exhibits a completely different mechanism of toxicity than microcystins [13,14]. Cylindrospermopsin inhibits
plant protein synthesis [15].

Literature References

Microcystins
Microcystins comprises a group of toxic, cyclic
heptapeptides produced by several genera of
cyanobacteria, most commonly, Microcystis,Anabaena and Planktothrix. They are characterized by a unique (2S,3S,8S,9S)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic
acid (Adda) as shown in the general structure in
Figure 2. Variation of amino acids at positions 2
and 4 (X and Z) provide the basis for microcystin nomenclature, for example, microcystin-LR
has leucine (L) at position 2 and arginine (R) at
position 4. Other variants are characterized byminor modifications such as methylation. The
number of variants/congeners is over 70, creating a challenge for selection/development ofrobust methods for their detection.

Nodularin & Variants Thereof

FIGURE 1: 3D-structure of microcystin-LR/PP1A-crystalline
complex. Courtesy of Prof. Marcel Jaspars, Marine Natural Products
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen.

Microcystins – Toxicology
Microcystins have been responsible for many
acute poisonings, most famously the fatal intoxication of 50 dialysis patients in Brazil in
1996, whose water was contaminated by highconcentrations of microcystins [7]. Epidemiological studies have shown that long term exposure to microcystins via drinking water supplies has been associated with primary liver cancer. Potential chronic toxicity from microcystins
led the WHO to establish a guideline of 1 µg/l
as a maximum concentration of microcystinLR in drinking water [8]. In 2006, microcystinLR, was classified as a carcinogen according to
the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) [9].

[1] Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues:
S.D. Richardson & T.A. Ternes; Anal. Chem. 77, 3807 (2005)  [2]Characterization of microcystin-LR, a potent inhibitor of type 1
and type 2A protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, et al.; J. Biol.
Chem. 265, 19401 (1990)  [3] Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR isa potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and
2A from both mammals and higher plants: C. MacKintosh, et al.;
FEBS Lett. 264, 187 (1990) [4]  Liver tumor promotion by the
cyanobacterial cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR: R. NishiwakiMatsushima, et al.; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 118, 420 (1992)  [5]Comparison of in vivo and in vitro toxic effects of microcystin-LR
in fasted rats: G.A. Miura, et al.; Toxicon 27, 1229 (1989)  [6 Inhibition of protein phosphatases by microcystins and nodularin
associated with hepatotoxicity: S. Yoshizawa, et al.; J. Cancer Res.
Clin. Oncol. 116, 609 (1990)  [7 Fatal microcystin intoxication inhaemodialysis unit in Caruaru, Brazil: S. Pouria, et al.; Lancet 352,
21 (1998)  [8] World Health Organization. 1998. Guidelines fordrinking water quality, 2nd ed. Addendum to vol. 2. Health criteria and other supporting information. World Health Organization, Geneva: 95-110.  [9] Carcinogenicity of nitrate, nitrite, andcyanobacterial peptide toxins: Y. Grosse, et al.; Lancet Oncol. 7,628 (2006)  [10] Nodularin, microcystin and the configurationof Adda: K.L. Rinehart, et al.; JACS 110, 8557 (1988)  [11] Cyanobacterial nodularin is a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A
protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 40,
577 (1991)  [12] Characterization of nodularin variants in Nodularia spumigena from the Baltic Sea using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry: H. Mazur-Marzec,
et al.; Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 20, 2023 (2006)  [13]Severe hepatotoxicity caused by the tropical cyanobacterium(blue-green alga) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska)
Seenaya and Subba Raju isolated from a domestic water supply
reservoir: P.R. Hawkins, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50, 1292
(1985)  [14] Cylindrospermopsin, a potent hepatotoxin from theblue-green alga Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii: I. Ohtani, et al.;JACS 114, 7941 (1992)  [15] Inhibition of plant protein synthesisby the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, cylindrospermopsin: J.S. Metcalf, et al.; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 235, 125 (2004)

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

89International Edition

Microcystin-LW

Microcystin-LR – The Standard

ALX-350-012-C050
50 µg
ALX-350-012-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-012-C500
500 µg
ALX-350-012-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa. Heptapeptide ester hepatotoxin. Tumor promoter. Equally potent and selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). Has no effect onprotein kinases. Is less toxic than the more hydrophobic analogs microcystin-LY, -LW and -LF. Ozonation did lead to complete loss of toxicity andtoxins from contaminated samples.
LIT: Structural studies on cyanoginosins-LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa: D.P. Botes et al.; JCS Perkin
Trans. I, 2747 (1985)  Nodularin, microcystin, and the configuration of Adda: K.L. Rinehart, et al.; JACS 110, 8557 (1988)  Cyanobacterial microcystin-LR is a potent and specific inhibitor ofprotein phosphatases 1 and 2A from both mammals and higher
plants: C. MacKintosh, et al.; FEBS Lett. 264, 187 (1990)  Characterization of microcystin-LR, a potent inhibitor of type 1 and type
2A protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 265,
19401 (1990)  Protein phosphatase 2A is a specific protaminekinase-inactivating phosphatase: G.D. Amick, et al.; Biochem. J.
287, 1019 (1992)  Liver tumor promotion by the cyanobacterial
cyclic peptide toxin microcystin-LR: R. Nishiwaki-Matsushima, etal.; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 118, 420 (1992)  Two significant aspects of microcystin-LR: specific binding and liver specificity: R.
Nishiwaki, et al.; Cancer Lett. 83, 283 (1994)  Negative regulationof ERK and Elk by protein kinase B modulates c-Fos transcription:
I. Galetic, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 278, 4416 (2003)  For a comprehensive bibliography please visit our website.

Microcystin-LA

ALX-350-096-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-096-C100
100 µgIsolated from Microcystis aeruginosa. Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with methyl
substituted in place of Ala. Inhibits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase 3 (PP3)more potently than protein phosphatase 1 (PP1).
LIT: The structure of cyanoginosin-LA, a cyclic heptapeptide toxin
from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa: D.P. Botes et al.;J. Chem. Soc. 1, 2311 (1984)  Microcystin composition of an axenic
clonal strain of Microcystis viridis and Microcystis viridis - containing
waterblooms in Japanese freshwaters: K. Kaya & M.M. Watanabe; J.
App. Phycol. 2007, 173 (1990)

Microcystin-LF

ALX-350-081-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-081-C100
100 µgIsolated from Microcystis aeruginosa. Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Phe substituted in place of Arg. Hydrophobic and believed tobe more cell permeable than other microcystins.

Microcystin-LY

ALX-350-080-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-080-C100
100 µgIsolated from Microcystis aeruginosa. Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Trp substituted in place of Arg. Microcystin-LW has a characteristically different absorption spectrum comparedto other microcystins, making it a useful referencecompound for HPLC analysis. The Trp confers an absorption maximum at 222nm, whereas most microcystins have a characteristic maximum at 239nm.
Hydrophobic and believed to be more cell permeable than other microcystins. May prove useful inbiochemical studies in intact cells.

ALX-350-148-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-148-C100
100 µgIsolated from Microcystis aeruginosa. Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Tyr substituted in place of Arg.
LIT: The effects of single L-amino acid substitutions on the lethal
potencies of the microcystins: R.D. Stoner, et al.; Toxicon 27, 825(1989)  Identification and characterization of microcystin-LY fromMicrocystis aeruginosa (strain 298): S. Rudolph-Bohner, et al.; Biol.
Chem. Hoppe Seyler 374, 635 (1993)

Microcystin-YR

ALX-350-044-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-044-C100
100 µgIsolated from Microcystis aeruginosa. Analog of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012) with Tyr substituted in place of Leu. As for all microcystins the
conjugated double bonds in the ADDA moiety causea characteristic absorption maximum at 238nm. The
Tyr residue in position 2 of microcystin-YR confers
an absorption maximum at 232nm. Useful as a reference compound in environmental analysis. The hydroxyl group of the Tyr residue may prove usefulfor linking microcystin-YR via conjugation to other chemicals. Potent inhibitor of eukaryotic protein
phosphates 1 and 2A.

LIT: Mass spectral analyses of microcystins from toxic cyanobacteriausing on-line chromatographic and electrophoretic separations: K.P.
Bateman, et al.; J. Chromatog. A, 712, 253 (1995)  Extraction andhigh-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters: L.A. Lawton,
et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994)  Isolation and characterization of
microcystins from laboratory cultures and environmental samplesof Microcystis aeruginosa and from an associated animal toxicosis:
L.A. Lawton, et al.; Nat. Toxins 3, 50 (1995).

Microcystin-RR

ALX-350-043-C050
50 µg
ALX-350-043-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-043-C250
250 µg
ALX-350-043-C500
500 µg
ALX-350-043-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa. Arg-Arg analog
of microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012).Hepatotoxic, although found to be up to 10-fold less toxic
than microcystin-LR on i.p. injection in mice. Potent
inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A).

LIT: Structural studies on cyanoginosins-LR, -YR, -YA, and -YM, peptide
toxins from Microcystis aeruginosa: D.P. Botes et al.; J. Chem. Soc.,
Perkin Transactions, I, 2747 (1985)  Cyanobacteria secondary metabolites - the cyanotoxins: W.W. Carmichael; J. Appl. Bacteriol. 72,
445 (1992)  Characterization of natural toxins with inhibitory activity against serine/threonine protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen, etal.; Toxicon 32, 339 (1994)  Extraction and high-performance liquid
chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in
raw and treated waters: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994)
 Isolation and characterization of microcystins from laboratory
cultures and environmental samples of Microcystis aeruginosa andfrom an associated animal toxicosis: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Nat. Toxins 3,
50 (1995)  The cyanotoxins: W.W. Carmichael; Adv. Bot. Res. 27, 211(1997)  The toxicology of microcystins: R.M. Dawson; Toxicon 36,
953 (1998)  Molecular mechanisms underlying inhibition of protein
phosphatases by marine toxins: J.F. Dawson and C.F. Holmes; Front.
Biosci. 4, D646 (1999)  Isolation and detection of microcystins andnodularins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins: J. Meriluoto, et al.;
Methods Mol. Biol. 145, 65 (2000)  Toxicology and evaluation of microcystins: P.K. Lam, et al.; Ther. Drug. Monit. 22, 69 (2000)

LIT: The structure of a cyclic peptide toxin, cyanogenosin-RR fromMicrocystis aeruginosa: P. Painuly, et al.; THL, 29, 11 (1988)  Toxicity and toxins of natural blooms and isolated strains of Microcystis
spp. (Cyanobacteria) and improved procedure for purification ofcultures: M. Shirai, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 1241 (1991) Inhibition of protein phosphatases activates glucose-6-phosphatasein isolated rat hepatocytes: S. Claeyssens, et al.; FEBS Lett. 315, 7(1993)  Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic
method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treatedwaters: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994)  Determination of some physicochemical parameters of microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) and trace level analysis in environmental samples
using liquid chromatography: C. Rivasseau, et al.; J. Chromatogr. A
799, 155 (1998)

Chemical Structure of Microcystins

LIT: Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters: L.A. Lawton, et al.; Analyst 119, 1525 (1994)  First report of
microcystins from a Brazilian isolate of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa: S.M.F.O. Azevedo, et al.; J. Appl. Phycology 6, 261(1994)  Isolation and characterization of microcystins from laboratory cultures and environmental samples of Microcystis aeruginosa and from an associated animal toxicosis: L.A. Lawton, et al.;Nat. Toxins 3, 50 (1995)(6)D-Glu (iso)(7)dehydroAla

COOH

CH3

HN

(5)Adda

H3C

OCH3

CH3

O

O

O
H3C

CH3

NH
CH3

H
N

(4)Variable Y

HPLC Profile

H

N

O

X

COOH

NH
(1)D-Ala

O(2)Variable(3)D-Asp (iso)FIGURE 2NOD
2.6e-12.4e-12.2e-12.0e-1RR

1.8e-1

LR

Overview on Selected Microcystin Derivatives

LW

1.6e-1LA

YR

AU

1.4e-1LF

LY

1.2e-11.0e-1

Prod. No.

Name

Monoisotopic
Mass

MW

LD50 (Mouse
Intraperitoneal)

Isolated from

X (2)

Y (4)

ALX-350-096
ALX-350-081

Microcystin-LA

909

910.1

50

M. aeruginosa

Leu

Ala

Microcystin-LF

985

986.2

toxic

M. aeruginosa

Leu

Phe

ALX-350-012

Microcystin-LR

994

995.2

50

M. aeruginosa

Leu

Arg

ALX-350-080

Microcystin-LW

1024

1025.2

not determined

M. aeruginosa

Leu

Trp

8.0e-26.0e-24.0e-22.0e-2

0.0

Tim e
8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

18.00

20.00

22.00

24.00

26.00

FIGURE: Microcystins/nodularin were separated by HPLC on a
Waters Sunfire™ C18 column (2.1 mm ID x 150 mm long; 5 µm
particle size) maintained at 40 °C. Mobile phase was Milli-Q
water (A) and acetonitrile (B) both containing 0.05% TFA. Components were eluted using a linear gradient from 15% to 65% B
over 25 minutes at a flow of 0.3 ml/min.

ALX-350-148

Microcystin-LY

1001

1002.290

M. aeruginosa

Leu

Tyr

ALX-350-043

Microcystin-RR

1037

1038.2600

M. aeruginosa

Arg

Arg

ALX-350-044

Microcystin-YR
Microcystin-WR

1044
1067

1045.21068.270
150-200

M. aeruginosaM. species

Tyr
Trp

Arg
Arg

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International Edition

Other Toxins from Cyanobacteria
Nodularin

ALX-350-061-C050
50 µg
ALX-350-061-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-061-C250
250 µg
ALX-350-061-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Nodularia spumigena. Inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) (IC50=1.8nM), protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) (IC50=0.026nM) and to a lesser extent protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) (IC50=8.7µm).
Similar to microcystin-LR (Prod. No. ALX-350-012)
but with increased water solubility.

LIT: Nodularin, microcystin and the configuration of Adda: K.L. Rinehart, et al.; JACS 110, 8557 (1988)  Toxicity and partial structure ofa hepatotoxic peptide produced by the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena Mertens emend. L575 from New Zealand: W.W. Carmichael, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 2257 (1988)  Inhibition ofprotein phosphatases by microcystins and nodularin associated with
hepatotoxicity: S. Yoshizawa, et al.; J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 116, 609(1990)  Rapid purification of the peptide toxins microcystin-LR andnodularin: C. Martin, et al.; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 56, 1 (1990)  In vitro
and in vivo effects of protein phosphatase inhibitors, microcystins andnodularin, on mouse skin and fibroblasts: R. Matsushima, et al.; BBRC
171, 867 (1990)  Internal surface reversed-phase high-performanceliquid chromatographic separation of the cyanobacterial peptide toxins microcystin-LA, -LR, -YR, -RR and nodularin: J.A. Meriluoto, et al.; J.
Chromatogr. 509, 390 (1990)  Cyanobacterial nodularin is a potent
inhibitor of type 1 and type 2A protein phosphatases: R.E. Honkanen,
et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 40, 577 (1991)  Degradation of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, nodularin, under light and dark conditions: H. Twist &G.A. Codd; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 151, 83 (1997)  Isolation and detection of microcystins and nodularins, cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins: J. Meriluoto, et al.; Methods Mol. Biol. 145, 65 (2000)  Influenceof microcystin-YR and nodularin on the activity of some proteolytic
enzymes in mouse liver: A. Lankoff & A. Kolataj; Toxicon 39, 419 (2001)
 Nodularin-Har: a new nodularin from Nodularia: K. Saito, et al; J. Nat.
Prod. 64, 139 (2001)  Detection of nodularin in flounders and codfrom the Baltic Sea: V. Sipia, et al.; Environ. Toxicol. 16, 121 (2001)  For
a comprehensive bibliography please visit our website.

Gonyautoxin 2/3 Epimers

Cylindrospermopsin

ALX-350-149-C025
25 µg
ALX-350-149-C100
100 µgIsolated from Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Tricyclic alkaloid cytotoxin. Exhibits a completely different mechanism of toxicity than microcystins. Protein
synthesis inhibitor.

LIT: Severe hepatotoxicity caused by the tropical cyanobacterium(blue-green alga) Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenaya and Subba Raju isolated from a domestic water supply reservoir: P.R. Hawkins, et al.; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50, 1292 (1985) 
Cylindrospermopsin, a potent hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii: I. Ohtani, et al.; JACS 114, 7941 (1992)
 Isolation and toxicity of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from an ornamental lake: P.R. Hawkins, et al.; Toxicon. 35, 341 (1997)  Cylindrospermopsin, a cyanobacterial alkaloid: evaluation of its toxicologic
activity: G.R. Shaw, et al.; Ther. Drug Monit. 22, 89 (2000)  Preliminary evidence for in vivo tumour initiation by oral administration of
extracts of the blue-green alga cylindrospermopsis raciborskii containing the toxin cylindrospermopsin: I.R. Falconer & A.R. Humpage;
Environ. Toxicol. 16, 192 (2001)  The Palm Island mystery disease
20 years on: a review of research on the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin: D.J. Griffiths and M.L. Saker; Environ. Toxicol. 18, 78 (2003)
 The cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin inhibits pyrimidine
nucleotide synthesis and alters cholesterol distribution in mice: M.
Reisner, et al.; Toxicol. Sci. 82, 620 (2004)  For a comprehensive bibliography please visit our website.

Hepatotox Set™ 1
ALX-850-325-KI01
1 Set
Set of major microcystins (MC-LA (25µg); MCLF (25µg); MC-LR (50µg); MC-LW (25µg); MC-LY(25µg); MC-PR (50µg); MC-YR (25µg) and Nodularin (50µg)).

ALX-350-307-C010
10 µg
Isolated from Alexandrium tamarense. Epimeric mixture of gonyautoxin 2 (GTX II, C-11α-hydroxysaxitoxinsulfate) and gonyautoxin 3 (GTX III, C-11βhydroxysaxitoxinsulfate). Equally potent and selective Na+ channel blockers. Neurotoxin.

LIT: Letter: Structures of gonyautoxin II and III from the East Coast toxic
dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis: Y. Shimizu, et al.; JACS 98, 5414
(1976)  Gonyautoxin associated with RNA-containing fraction in the
toxic scallop digestive gland: M. Kodama, et al.; J. Biochem. 92, 105(1982)  Structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels:
E. Marban, et al.; J. Physiol. 508 (Pt 3), 647 (1998)  Toxicokinetics andtoxicodynamics of gonyautoxins after an oral toxin dose in cats: D.
Andrinolo, et al.; Toxicon 40, 699 (2002)  The gonyautoxin 2/3 epimers reduces anal tone when injected in the anal sphincter of healthy
adults: R. Garrido, et al.; Biol. Res. 37, 395 (2004)  Gonyautoxin: newtreatment for healing acute and chronic anal fissures: R. Garrido, etal.; Dis. Colon Rectum 48, 335 (2005)

Domoic acid

ALX-550-152-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries. Glutamate/kainate excitatory amino acid agonist withhighest affinity for the kainate receptor of all known
kainic acid analogs.
LIT: Structure-activity relationsof excitatory amino acids onfrog and rat spinal neurones: T.J.
Biscoe, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 58,
373 (1976)  A kainic acid receptor from frog brain purified using domoic acid affinity chromatography: D.R. Hampson &R.J. Wenthold; J. Biol. Chem. 263,
2500 (1988)  Identification of
domoic acid, a neuroexcitatory
amino acid, in toxic mussels fromeastern Prince Edward Island: P.
Wright, et al.; Can. J. Chem. 67, 481 (1989)  Domoic acid, the alleged„mussel toxin,“ might produce its neurotoxic effect through kainate
receptor activation: an electrophysiological study in the dorsal hippocampus: G. Debonnel, et al.; Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 67, 29 (1989) Interaction of domoic acid and several derivatives with kainic acid and
AMPA binding sites in rat brain: D.R. Hampson, et al.; Eur. J. Pharmacol.
218, 1 (1992)  Parenteral domoic acid impairs spatial learning in mice:
B.F. Petrie, et al.; Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 41, 211 (1992)  For acomprehensive bibliography please visit our website.

Detection of Microcystins
MAb to Microcystins (Adda specific)(AD4G2)
ALX-804-585-C100

100 µg

LIT: Generic microcystin immunoassay based on monoclonal antibodies against Adda: A. Zeck, et al.; Analyst 126, 2002 (2001) 
Multidimensional biochemical detection of microcystins in liquid
chromatography: A. Zeck, et al.; Anal. Chem. 73, 5509 (2001) 
Highly sensitive immunoassay based on a monoclonal antibody
specific for [4-arginine]microcystins : A. Zeck, et al.; Anal. Chim.
Acta 441, 1 (2001)  Development of a direct competitive microcystin immunoassay of broad specificity: M.G. Weller, et al.; Anal.
Sci. 17, 1445 (2005)

MAb to Microcystin-LR (MC10E7)
ALX-804-320-C200

200 µgMicrocystins-DM ELISA Kit
ALX-850-324-KI01

1 Kit

Microcystins (Adda specific) ELISA Kit
ALX-850-319-KI01

1 Kit

LIT: Congener-independent immunoassay for microcystins and nodularins: W.J. Fischer, et al.; Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 4849 (2001)  A
review of analytical methods for assessing the public health risk frommicrocystin in the aquatic environment: P.R. Hawkins, et al.; J. Water
Supply 54, 509 (2005)
U.S. PATENT 6,967,240/ WOLDWIDE PATENT PCT WO 01/18059 A2

MANUFACTURED BY ABRAXIS LLC.

LIT: Highly sensitive immunoassay based on a monoclonal antibody specific for [4-arginine]microcystins: A. Zeck, et al.; Anal. Chim.
Acta 441, 1 (2001)  Development of a direct competitive microcystin immunoassay of broad specificity: M.G. Weller, et al.; Anal.
Sci. 17, 1445 (2001)

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

91

International Edition

Epigallocatechin gallate [EGCG]

Green tea [Camellia sinensis, picture] is one of
the most popular beverages consumed in theworld and consumption of green tea has been
associated with many health benefits. Thesebenefits have been attributed to the green
tea polyphenols, especially catechins. The catechins mainly consist of epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate and the major
component epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG).
EGCG was shown to have extensive cancer chemopreventive properties. Additionally, EGCG
also was reported to have antibacterial, antiHIV, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activity. It has anti-diabetic effects inanimal models of insulin resistance, promotes
energy expenditure and reduces obesity. Recently, it was shown that DNA and RNA served
as binding targets of EGCG.

FIGURE: Effect of EGCG on

EGFR, MAPK cascades, and activation of transcription factors
AP-1 and NF-κB. Activation of
EGFR or HER 2 promotes autophosphorylation of the receptors
which in turn activates several
signalling pathways. HER 3 activates PI(3)K, which activates
Akt involving signalling pathways and the binding of free IGFs
to IGF-I result in intramolecular
receptor autophosphorylationand phosphorylation of critical downstream targets. EGCG
blocks autophosphorylation of
EHFR and HER 2 as well as the
MAPK cascade.EGCG causes substantial recution on the levels of
IGF-I and IGFFBP-3. Green, molecules on which in vivo and in vitro
effects of EGCG have been shown;
red, molecules with only in vitro effects of EGCG were shown.
Adapted from N. Khan, et al.; Cancer Res. 66, 2500 (2006).

EGCG & Cancer
Cancer development (carcinogenesis) is a longmultistage process, well-defined in three stages known as initiation, promotion, and progression. Because advanced metastasized cancers
are mostly incurable, an effort to prolong or
block the process of carcinogenesis throughchemoprevention has become an important
strategy for cancer control and management.
EGCG inhibits carcinogenesis in a variety of tissues including lung, bladder, skin, small intestine, prostate and breast. It has the potential
to inhibit multiple targets implicated in theinitiation, promotion and progression stageof cancers.

Cancer Initiation Stage
The antioxidant EGCG neutralizes procarcinogens by inhibiting the activity of cytochrome
P450 enzymes and modulating ROS throughits ROS-scavenging effects.

Cancer Promotion Stage
EGCG interferes with many signalling pathway
molecules and modulates cell cycle proteins,that are involved in the reversible and longterm process of the cancer promotion stage.
Intracellular Signalling Pathways (FIGURE)• EGCG blocks the autophosphorylation of
EGFR and HER2 downstream signalling pathways.
• By blocking of the autophosphorylation of
EGFR and HER2, EGCG blocks phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK and p38.
• The NF-κB signalling pathway plays a criticalrole in the control of cell growth and apop-

tosis. EGCG was shown to down-regulate
the expression of COX-2 and iNOS (NOS II)
by suppressing the activity of the transcription factor NF-κB.
• EGCG inhibits AP-1 transcription, another important transcription factor in cancer development.
• EGCG inhibits VEGF expression.
Cell Cycle Modulation• EGCG prevents cancer progession by up-regulating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors(CDKI), e.g. p16, p21 and p27. It also inhibits
the activities of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) such as CDK1 and CDK2.
• EGCG selectively inhibits the activity of topoisomerase I, which plays a role in DNA replication, transcription, and chromosome condensation in human cancer cell lines. EGCG
strongly inhibits telomerase activity, and thus
induces senescence, and limited life span ofcancer cells, in both leukemias and solid tumors.

Cancer Progression Stage
Apoptosis and enzymes such as urokinase and
MMPs play a key role during the process of cancer progression. EGCG inhibits growth of malignant cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting
the activity of these enzymes.
• EGCG inhibits PI(3)K/Akt activation, which
has an effect on Bcl-2 family proteins.
• EGCG induces apoptosis by activating caspase-8, -9 and-3 by down-regulation of Bcl2α and Bcl-XL.

• p73 and p53 play an important role for the
anticancer function of EGCG.
• EGCG inhibits urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) which is important for its antiinvasive function of cancer.
• MMPs contribute to the maintenance of tumor growth. EGCG inhibits the activity andexpression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase 1-MMP (MT1-MMP), a protein
responsible for MMP activation.
• EGCG was shown to induce tumor cell apoptosis by blocking the catalytic activities of the
20S/26S proteasome complex.
Due to its effect on several cancer stages andtargets, EGCG is a lead compound for the development of new anti-cancer compounds.

(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate [EGCG]
ALX-270-263-M010
ALX-270-263-M050

10 mg
50 mg

Related Compounds(+)-Catechin . H2O
ALX-385-017-G001(±)-Catechin

ALX-385-002-G001

1g
1g

Theophylline[1,3-Dimethylxanthine]
ALX-480-062-G005
ALX-480-062-G025

5g
25 g

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International Edition

Leptomycins
Inhibitors of Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Transport

Nuclear Transport
In eukaryotic cells, the enclosure of genetic
information by the nucleus allows the spatial
and temporal separation of DNA replication andtranscription in the nucleus from cytoplasmic
protein synthesis. This compartmentalization
permits a high level of regulation of these processes, but at the same time necessitates a system of selective macromolecular transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm [1, 2]. The
term nuclear-cytoplasmic transport refers to
the movement of a large variety of macromolecules both into and out of the nucleus. A single type of channel, the nuclear pore complex(NPC), mediates all movement across the nuclear envelope. The NPC is a massive structure,completely spanning the two membranes that
separate the nucleus from the cytoplasm andhousing a central 65nm long aqueous channel. Transport occurs by a variety of different
pathways, defined by individual receptors andaccessory soluble factors. Soluble factors selectively target substrates/cargo for import andexport as well as deliver them to their appropriate intracellular destination. Macromolecules(cargo) transported through these channels include proteins and RNA, as individual entities

or as part of larger complexes such as the ribosomal subunits. While small molecules suchas ions and proteins of up to 60kDa can diffuse through the NPC, small proteins actively
cross the NPC in a carrier-mediated fashion [3,4]. Proteins to be imported into the nucleus
contain sequences termed nuclear localization
sequences (NLS), and proteins to be exported
from the nucleus contain nuclear export sequences (NES). These signals are recognizedby soluble factors that work with the RanGTPase cycle to coordinate import or export from
nucleus [5, 6]. Protein import process: The NLS
is a protein motif containing a cluster of basic
residues that is recognized by soluble adapter
proteins known as importins. The importin proteins, also termed karyopherins (Table 1), is one
member of a conserved family of transport receptors. Each member of this conserved family
recognizes a distinct NLS. Through a cascadeof associations with other components within
the nuclear translocation process, the importins ultimately interact with the phenylalanineglycine (FG) repeat regions of the nucleoporins(a protein subunit of the nuclear pore complex)
and with the cofactor Ran-GTP (the GTP-boundform of the RanGTPase) to discharge the cargo

in the nucleus. Alternatively, an importin-independent pathway also exists. In this case, thecargos contain several HEAT-like repeats andcan associate directly with the nucleo-porins[5-10]. Mechanism for nuclear export: Studiesof the HIV Rev and the cellular PKI (protein kinase A inhibitor) proteins led to the discovery of the leucine-rich nuclear export signal(NES) and the very well characterized CRM1/
exportin-1 (chromosome region maintenance1) pathway of nuclear export. CRM1 is a karyopherin specific for nuclear export (exportin 1).
The CRM1 protein directly binds proteins that
contain a leucine-rich NES. In addition, the export mechanism appears to involve CRM1 binding to both Ranγ-GTP and nucleoporins (Figure 1) [11-14]. Nuclear-cytoplasmic transport
is an important aspect of normal cell function.
Defects in this process have been detected inmany different types of cancer cells. These defects can occur in the signal transduction pathways that regulate the transfer of factors suchas p53 and β-catenin in and out of the nucleus,
or in the general nucleus import and export
machinery itself [15].

TABLE 1: Human Karyopherins

Selected Review Articles

FIGURE 1: Classical nuclear-cytoplasmic transport

Highway to the inner nuclear membrane: rules for the road: C.P.
Lusk, et al.; Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8, 414 (2007)  Nuclear transport:target for therapy: R.S. Faustino, et al.; Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 81, 880(2007)  Targeted delivery to the nucleus: C.W. Pouton, et al.; Adv.
Drug Deliv. Rev. 59, 698 (2007)  The nuclear pore complex: oily
spaghetti or gummy bear?: K. Weis; Cell 130, 405 (2007)  Crossing
the nuclear envelope: hierarchical regulation of nucleocytoplasmictransport: L.J. Terry, et al.; Science 318, 1412 (2007)

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

93International Edition

Leptomycin A [LMA]

Leptomycin B: A Well Established Standard
Leptomycin B (LMB) is an antibiotic with anti-fungal and antitumor activity that was first
discovered and purified from the fermentation broth and mycelia of Streptomyces. LMB(C33H48O6) is an unsaturated, branched chain
fatty acid with a terminal lactone ring (Figure2). Later, this drug was shown to inhibit the G1
and G2 phases of the cell cycle, and other cellular functions. These pleotropic effects led tothe study of the mechanisms by which leptomycin B influences intracellular processes. Oneof these studies involved a screen of leptomycin B resistance genes in fission yeast. In thisscreen it was found that leptomycin B targets
CRM1 (exportin-1), a fission yeast nuclear protein, which was thought to be involved in thecontrol of gene expression [16-19]. Leptomycin B forms a covalent complex with the sulfhydryl group of a conserved cysteine residue
in CRM1, thereby inhibiting CRM1 interaction
with the nuclear export signal (NES) of targeted export proteins. The ability of leptomycin B
to inhibit nuclear export has made it a useful
tool in the study of the subcellular localization of many regulatory proteins. Leptomycin
B blocks the nuclear export of many proteins

including HIV-1 Rev (the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 regulatory protein), MAPK/
ERK, and NF-κB/IκB. Additionally, it also stabilizes the expression of p53 by protecting p53
from Mdm2-mediated degradation and inducing p53 transcriptional activity. Leptomycin
B also inhibits the export and translation ofmany RNAs, including COX-2 and c-Fos mRNAs, by inhibiting export of ribonucleoproteins. Other proteins that have been shown to
be influenced by leptomycin B, include actin,
c-Abl, cyclin B1, MPF, PKA and many others[20-29]. Export of mRNA and certain proteinsfrom the nucleus is a key step in protein production, proliferation, and apoptosis. Therefore, this antibiotic has become an important
tool for studying nuclear localization and trafficking in eukaryotic cells.

LIT: For a comprehensive bibliography please visit our website.

Leptomycin B [LMB]

ALX-380-100-C100
100 µgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. Antifungal antibiotic
that acts as an inhibitor of nuclear export by interacting with CRM1/exportin-1.
LIT: For a comprehensive bibliography please visit our website.

Anguinomycin A[5-Demethylleptomycin A]
ALX-380-202-MC01
0.1 mgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS5546. Antitumor antibiotic. Displays nanomolar cytotoxicity tomurine P388 leukemia cells. Analog of leptomycin
B, an inhibitor of nuclear protein export.
LIT: New antitumor antibiotics, anguinomycins A and B: Y. Hayakawa, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 40, 1349 (1987)  Anguinomycins C and D, new antitumor antibiotics with selective cytotoxicity against transformed cells: Y. Hayakawa, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 48, 954 (1995)

FIGURE 2

Kazusamycin A[Hydroxyleptomycin B]
ALX-380-230-MC01
0.1 mgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS4898. Shows
potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo against
several tumor cell lines, including L1210 and P388
leukemia cells. Has antibacterial and antifungal activities. Inhibitor of nuclear export.

Leptomycin A: The Unexplored Alternative!
Leptomycin A (LMA) (Figure 3) is an antifungal antibiotic that inhibits nucleo-cytoplasmictranslocation of Rev and MAPK/ERK, by inhibiting their export. LMA belongs to a definedpanel of nuclear export inhibitors, including
leptomycin and ratjadones. Although mostof research done on leptomycin was done on
leptomycin B, the specifications for leptomycin A indicate similiar blocking potential of thenuclear export system by leptomycin A [16-18,
30, 31]. Due to the lack of supply, leptomycin
A is still unexplored.

ALX-380-101-C050
50 µg
ALX-380-101-C100
100 µgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. Antifungal antibiotic
that acts as an inhibitor of nuclear export by interacting with CRM1/exportin-1.

FIGURE 3

LIT: A new antitumor antibiotic, kazusamycin: I. Umezawa, et al.;J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 37, 706 (1984)  Antitumor activity of a new
antibiotic, kazusamycin: K. Komiyama, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)
38, 224 (1985)  Novel antitumor antibiotics, CI-940 (PD 114,720)
and PD 114,721. Taxonomy, fermentation and biological activity:
J.B. Tunac, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 38, 460 (1985)  In vivo and invitro anticancer activity of the structurally novel and highly potent
antibiotic CI-940 and its hydroxy analog (PD 114,721): B.J. Roberts,
et al.; Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 16, 95 (1986)  Leptomycin B is an inhibitor of nuclear export: inhibition of nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of the human immunodeficiency virus type
1 (HIV-1) Rev protein and Rev-dependent mRNA: B. Wolff, et al.;Chem. Biol. 4, 139 (1997)

Kazusamycin B[Hydroxyleptomycin A]

Literature References[1] Nucleocytoplasmic transport: taking an inventory: H. Fried and U. Kutay; Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60, 1659 (2003) (Review)  [2] Nuclear Functions for Plasma Membrane-Associated Proteins?: A. Benmerah, et al.; Traffic 4, 503 (2005) (Review)  [3] The nuclear pore complex: a protein
machine bridging the nucleus and cytoplasm: K.J. Ryan & S.R. Wente; Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 12, 361 (2000) (Review)  [4] Gatekeepers of thenucleus: S.R. Wente; Science 288, 1374 (2000) (Review)  [5] Leucine-rich nuclear-export signals: born to be weak: U. Kutay & S. Guttinger;
Trends Cell Biol. 15, 121 (2005) (Review)  [6] Mechanisms of Recptor-Mediated Nuclear Import and Nuclear Export: L.F. Pemberton & B.M.
Paschal; Traffic 6, 187 (2005) (Review)  [7] Importin alpha: a multipurpose nuclear-transport receptor: D.S. Goldfarb, et al.; Trends Cell Biol.
14, 505 (2004) (Review)  [8] Importin beta: conducting a much larger cellular symphony: A. Harel & D.J. Forbes; Mol. Cell 16, 319 (2004)(Review)  [9] Karyopherins: from nuclear-transport mediators to nuclear-function regulators: N. Mosammaparast and L.F. Pemberton; Trends
Cell Biol. 14, 547 (2004) (Review)  [10] Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of signal transducers: L. Xu & J. Massague; Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 209(2004) (Review)  [11] CRM1 is an export receptor for leucine-rich nuclear export signals: M. Fornerod, et al.; Cell 90, 1051 (1997)  [12] CRM1
is responsible for intracellular transport mediated by the nuclear export signal: M. Fukuda, et al.; Nature 390, 308 (1997)  [13] Evidence fora role of CRM1 in signal-mediated nuclear protein export: B. Ossareh-Nazari, et al.; Science 278, 141 (1997)  [14] Exportin 1 (Crm1p) is an
essential nuclear export factor: K. Stade, et al.; Cell 90, 1041 (1997)  [15] Nuclear transport and cancer: from mechanism to intervention: T.R.
Kau, et al.; Nat. Rev. Cancer 4, 106 (2004) (Review)  [16] Leptomycins A and B, new antifungal antibiotics. I. Taxonomy of the producing strain
and their fermentation, purification and characterization: T. Hamamoto, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 36, 639 (1983)  [17] Leptomycins A and B,
new antifungal antibiotics. II. Structure elucidation: T. Hamamoto, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 36, 646 (1983)  [18] Leptomycins A and B, newantifungal antibiotics. III. Mode of action of leptomycin B on Schizosaccharomyces pombe: T. Hamamoto, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 38, 1573
(1985)  [19] Effects of leptomycin B on the cell cycle of fibroblasts and fission yeast cells: M. Yoshida, et al.; Exp. Cell Res. 187, 150 (1990)  [20]Interaction of MAP kinase with MAP kinase kinase: its possible role in the control of nucleocytoplasmic transport of MAP kinase: M. Fukuda, etal.; EMBO J. 16, 1901 (1997)  [21] Leptomycin B is an inhibitor of nuclear export: inhibition of nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of the humanimmunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein and Rev-dependent mRNA: B. Wolff, et al.; Chem. Biol. 4, 139 (1997)  [22] Nuclear export
is required for degradation of endogenous p53 by MDM2 and human papillomavirus E6: D.A. Freedman & A.J. Levine; Mol. Cell Biol. 18, 7288
(1998)  [23] Loss of IkappaB alpha-mediated control over nuclear import and DNA binding enables oncogenic activation of c-Rel: S. Sachdev& M. Hannink; Mol. Cell Biol. 18, 5445 (1998)  [24] Nuclear export of MAP kinase (ERK) involves a MAP kinase kinase (MEK)-dependent active
transport mechanism: M. Adachi, et al.; J. Cell Biol. 148, 849 (2000)  [25] Protein ligands to HuR modulate its interaction with target mRNAs
in vivo: C.M. Brennan, et al.; J. Cell Biol. 151, 1 (2000)  [26] Alteration of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase nucleocytoplasmic shuttling characteristics upon cleavage by apoptotic proteases: M.E. Bonicalzi, et al.; Biol. Cell 95, 635 (2003)  [27] Leptomycin B, an inhibitor of the nuclear
export receptor CRM1, inhibits COX-2 expression: B.C. Jang, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 278, 2773 (2003)  [28] Nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B
induces the appearance of novel forms of human Mdm2 protein: S. Menendez, et al.; Br. J. Cancer 88, 636 (2003)  [29] Hypoxia induces p53
through a pathway distinct from most DNA-damaging and stress-inducing agents: A. Renton, et al.; Carcinogenesis 24, 1177 (2003)  [30]
Biosynthetic studies of leptomycins: T. Hamamoto, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 38, 533 (1985)  [31] The unique C-terminal tail of the mitogenactivated protein kinase ERK5 regulates its activation and nuclear shuttling: M. Buschbeck & A. Ullrich; J. Biol. Chem. 280, 2659 (2005)

ALX-380-231-MC01
0.1 mgIsolated from Streptomyces sp. MST-AS4898. Shows
potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo against
several tumor cell lines, including L1210 and P388
leukemia cells. Has antibacterial and antifungal activities. Inhibitor of nuclear export.
LIT: PD 124, 895 and PD 124, 966, two new antitumor antibiotics:
T.R. Hurley, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 39, 1651 (1986)  Kazusamycin
B, a novel antitumor antibiotic: K. Funaishi, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)
40, 778 (1987)  Antitumor effect of kazusamycin B on experimental tumors: E. Yoshida, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 40, 1596 (1987) 
The effect of kazusamycin B on the cell cycle and morphology ofcultured L1210 cells: K. Takamiya, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 41, 1854
(1988)  Leptomycin B is an inhibitor of nuclear export: inhibitionof nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev protein and Rev-dependent mRNA:
B. Wolff, et al.; Chem. Biol. 4, 139 (1997)

Leptomycin Set I

ALX-850-313-KI01
1 Set
The Set contains 1x100µg each of Leptomycin A(Prod. No. ALX-380-101) and Leptomycin B (Prod.
No. ALX-380-100).

Leptomycin Set II

ALX-850-316-KI01
1 Set
The Set contains 1x100µg each of Leptomycin A(Prod. No. ALX-380-101) and Leptomycin B (Prod.
No. ALX-380-100) and 1 x 5µg Ratjadone C (native)(Prod. No. ALX-270-369).

94International Edition

TLRgrade™ – LPS [Lipopolysaccharide]& Lipid A Reagents
All the TLR grade™ LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and
Lipid A preparations are specific activators of
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and do not activate
TLR2 or other TLRs as determined with splenocytes and macrophages from TLR4 deficient
mice (see Figure 1).

Figure 1: Activation of macrophages from TLR4 wild type compared
to TLR4 deficient mice by TLR grade™ LPS and TLR grade™ Lipid A fromALEXIS® Biochemicals. Lipid A or LPS concentrations, which induced
maximal activation of TLR4 wild type mouse macrophages, were also
applied to TLR4 deficient mouse macrophages (105) as follows: 80ng
Salmonella LPS (S. minnesota R595 Re), 80ng E. coli LPS (R515 Re),
400ng E. coli Lipid A (R515 Re) and 400ng Salmonella LPS (S. abortus
equi S-form). 10 units of IL-6 correspond to the detection limit of the
IL-6 ELISA.

TECHNICAL NOTE

Contaminated TLR Ligands
The delicate and specific recognition of different PAMPs by TLRs revealed that only thepurest ligands, free of any other immunostimulatory contamination, allow to successfully elucidate the role of each TLR. While
LPS was thought to not only activate TLR4
but also TLR2, repurification of commercial
preparations of both E. coli and Salmonella
minnesota showed that LPS no longer induces cellular activation through TLR2 [1-5]. On
the other hand highly purified HSP60 [6-7] andHSP70 [8] do not stimulate TLR4 as previously
reported [9]. Furthermore it has been shownthat purified peptidoglycans activate Nod1
and does not involve TLR2 or TLR4 [10, 11].
Even synthetic CpG ODNs show different activation of certain immune cell subsets whenhighly purified (TLRgrade™ CpG ODNs).
LIT: 1 Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of oral black-pigmented bacteria
induce tumor necrosis factor production by LPS-refractory C3H/
HeJ macrophages in a way different from that of Salmonella LPS:
T. Kirikae, et al.; Infect. Immun. 67, 1736 (1999)  [2] Repurificationof lipopolysaccharide eliminates signalling through both humanand murine toll-like receptor 2: M. Hirschfeld, et al.; J. Immunol.
165, 618 (2000)  [3] Toll-like receptor 4, but not toll-like receptor
2, is a signalling receptor for Escherichia and Salmonella lipopolysaccharides: R.I. Tapping, et al.; J. Immunol. 165, 5780 (2000) [4] Two lipoproteins extracted from Escherichia coli K-12 LCD25
lipopolysaccharide are the major components responsible forToll-like receptor 2-mediated signalling: H.K. Lee, et al.; J. Immunol. 168, 4012 (2002)  [5] Murein lipoprotein, peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein, and outer membrane protein A are present
in purified rough and smooth lipopolysaccharides: J. Hellman, etal.; J. Infect. Dis. 188, 286 (2003)  [6] Recombinant human heatshock protein 60 does not induce the release of tumor necrosis
factor alpha from murine macrophages: B. Gao & M.F. Tsan; J. Biol.
Chem. 278, 22523 (2003)  [7] Endotoxin-free heat-shock protein
70 fails to induce APC activation: H. Bausinger, et al.; Eur. J. Immunol. 32, 3708 (2002)  [8] Endotoxin contamination in recombinant human heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) preparation is responsible for the induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha releaseby murine macrophages: B. Gao & M.F. Tsan; J. Biol. Chem. 278,
174 (2003)  [9] Interaction of TLR2 and TLR4 ligands with the Nterminal domain of Gp96 amplifies innate and adaptive immune
responses: T. Warger, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 281, 22545 (2006)  [10]Nod1 detects a unique muropeptide from gram-negative bacterial peptidoglycan: S.E. Girardin, et al.; Science 300, 1584 (2003)
 [11] Toll-like receptor 2-dependent bacterial sensing does notoccur via peptidoglycan recognition: L. H. Travassos, et al.; EMBO
Rep. 5, 1000 (2004)

Overview on LPS-forms – “R versus S”
Colony morphology is indicative of the Oglycosylation status. Wild-type bacteria form
smooth colonies, synthesize “smooth” or Sform LPS that contain O-polysaccharide chains.
S-form LPS also contain R-form LPS moleculesin variable proportion depending on culture
conditions. So-called “rough-mutants” of Gramnegative bacteria synthesize “rough” or R-form
LPS. These R-forms lack the O-polysaccharide
chains and the core saccharide chain may bepresent in different stages of completion, giving rise to defined R-classes (e.g. Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd,
Re). All R-form LPS are devoid of any S-form
LPS [1]. The S-form LPS are commonly the preferred choice for whole animal studies, activating TLR4-positive cells strictly dependent on
the presence of membrane-anchored or soluble CD14. They also activate the TLR4/MyD88independent pathway (TRAM/TRIF: type I IFN)
and are therefore selective for classical APC expressing CD14 (e.g. monocytes, macrophages,
DC) in vivo. The in vivo activity of S-form LPS
may be modulated by increased levels of LBP(LPS-binding protein) during inflammation[2]. The R-form LPS and Lipid A are primarily used in cellular in vitro activation studies.
They activate TLR4-positive cells independent of the presence of membrane-anchoredor soluble CD14. They do not activate the

TLR4/MyD88-independent pathway (TRAM/
TRIF: type I IFN), but they also activate nonclassical APC (PMN/mast cells) in vivo. They arevery useful for in vitro cellular activation assays,
where CD14/LBP may be absent or only available in limited amounts. A nontoxic nonpyrogenic derivative of Lipid A, is Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL-A) exhibiting adjuvant properties that may be used in vaccine development [3].
LIT: [1] R-form LPS, the master key to the activation ofTLR4/MD-2positive cells: M. Huber, et al.; Eur. J. Immunol. 36, 701 (2006)  [2]CD14 is required for MyD88-independent LPS signaling: Z. Jiang, etal.; Nat. Immunol. 6, 565 (2005)  [3] Role of innate immune factors
in the adjuvant activity of monophosphoryl lipid A: M. Martin, et al.;Infect. Immun. 71, 2498 (2003)

TECHNICAL NOTE
LPS are amphipatic molecules whose hydrophobicity increases with decreasing
length of the polysaccharide chain. Therefore Re class LPS and Lipid A are morehydrophobic than Ra class or S-form LPS. The
use of Ca2+ and Mg2+-free buffers is recommended for the preparation of diluted solutions in order to avoid precipitation and lossof activity for Re-LPS, Lipid A and MLP-A. For
in vivo applications prepare solutions in glucose instead of PBS.

FIGURE 2: Schematic representation of the different LPS chemotypes: GlcNAc = N-Acetylglucosamine; Glc = Glucose; Gal =Galactose; Hep = Heptose; KDO = 2-Keto-3-desoxyoctonate.
Adapted from M. Huber, et al.; Eur. J. Immunol. 36, 701 (2006) [1].

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

95International Edition

In vivo & in vitro Biological Properties of Salmonella minnesota & E. coli LPS
Salmonella minnesota
Product No.

LPS-form

Constituents

Mac

Dend

B Cells

PMN

Mast

ALX-581-009

S-formO-polysaccharides-Core-Lipid A

++

++

++

+/-

+/-

ALX-581-011

S-formO-polysaccharides-Core-Lipid A

++

++

++

+/-

+/-

ALX-581-016

R-form (Ra)GlcNAc-Glc-Gal-(Glc-Gal)-(Hep)1-2-Hep-(KDO)2-3-Lipid A

++

++

+++

+++

+++

ALX-581-015

R-form (Rb)

Glc-Gal-(Glc-Gal)-(Hep)1-2-Hep-(KDO)2-3-Lipid A

++

++

+++

+++

+++

ALX-581-017

R-form (Rc)

Glc-(Hep)1-2-Hep-(KDO)2-3-Lipid A

++

++

+++

+++

+++

ALX-581-018

R-form (Rd)Hep-(KDO)2-3-Lipid A

++

++

+++

+++

+++

ALX-581-008

R-form (Re)

(KDO)2-3-Lipid A

++

++

+++

+++

+++

ALX-581-201–

Lipid A

++

++

+++

+++

+++

ALX-581-202–

Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL-A)

++

++

+++

+++

+++

Product No.

LPS-form

Constituents

Mac

Dend

B Cells

PMN

Mast

ALX-581-012

S-formO-polysaccharides-Core-Lipid A

++

++

++

+/-

+/-

ALX-581-013

S-formO-polysaccharides-Core-Lipid A

++

++

++

+/-

+/-

ALX-581-010

R-form (Ra)Complete E.coli-core (type II)-Lipid A

++

++

+++

+++

+++

E. coli

ALX-581-014

R-form (Rc)

Glc-(Hep)1-2-Hep-(KDO)2-3-Lipid A

++

++

+++

+++

+++

ALX-581-007

R-form (Re)

(KDO)2-3-Lipid A

++

++

+++

+++

+++

ALX-581-200–

Lipid A

++

++

+++

+++

+++

CHART LEGEND: Mac = Macrophages, Monocytes  Dend = Dendritic Cells (monocyte-derived)  PMN = Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMN)  B Cells (mouse only)  Mast = Mast Cells
 +/- = Weak/Absent activation  ++ = Strong activation  +++ = Very strong activation

Cord Factor[Trehalose 6,6‘-dimycolate; TDM]
While M. tuberculosis or its cell wall components have been shown to activate macrophages via TLR2 and TLR4. A recent study demonstrates that cord factor-induced activation ofmacrophages is independent of both of these
TLRs [1].
Cord factor has also been implicated in enhancing survival of mycobacteria by its ability to inhibit (auto)phagosome-lysosome fusion
and trafficking events during infection [2].

Cord Factor (endotoxin-free grade)

Literature References

SOLUBILITY: Soluble in chloroform:methanol:water(90:10:1), hexane or isopropanol[1] In vivo activity of released cell wall lipids of Mycobacterium
bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin is due principally to trehalose
mycolates: R.E. Geisel, et al.; J. Immunol. 174, 5007 (2005)  [2]Influence of trehalose 6,6‘-dimycolate (TDM) during mycobacterial infection of bone marrow macrophages: J. Indrigo, et al.;Microbiology 148, 1991 (2002)

LIT: The chemical structure of the cord factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: H. Noll, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 20, 299 (1956) 
Development of a trehalose 6,6’-dimycolate model which explains
cord formation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: C.A. Behling, et al.;Infect. Immun. 61, 2296 (1993)  For a comprehensive bibliography
please visit our website.

[Trehalose 6,6‘-dimycolate; TDM]
ALX-581-210-M001

1 mg

CAS NUMBER: 61512-20-7
SOURCE/HOST: Isolated from M. tuberculosis
PURITY: Single spot (TLC)
ENDOTOXIN CONTENT: <0.002 EU/µg (LAL test)
FORMULATION: Lyophilized96International Edition

Madindoline A
A Potent Inhibitor of Interleukin-6 [IL-6](+)–Madindoline A[[(2R), 3aR, 8aS]-8-[4-(n-Butyl)-2,5-dimethyl-1, 3-dioxo-2-(4-cyclopentyl) methyl]-3, 3a, 8, 8a-tetrahydro3a-hydroxy-2H-furo[2,3-b] indole]
ALX-350-328-MC05
ALX-350-328-M001

0.5 mg
1 mg

FORMULA: C22H27NO4
MW: 370.2
PURITY: ≥97%
SOLUBILITY: Soluble in methanol or 100% ethanol;
insoluble in hexane.

Manufactured by The Kitasato Institute, Tokyo.

Madindolines are noncytotoxic indole alkaloids originally isolated from a fermentation
broth of Streptomyces nitrosporeus K93-0711[1, 2]. (+)-Madindoline A (MadA; MDL-A) and(+)-Madindoline B (MadB; MDL-B) are diastereomers with MadA being the more potent compound. MadA binds competitively but noncovalently to the extracellular domain of the membrane glycoprotein gp130 and inhibits the homodimerization of the trimeric IL-6/IL-6R/gp130
or the IL-11/gp130 complex [1-3], thus inhibiting activation of the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway [4]. MadA inhibits IL-6 and IL-11induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro in a dose dependent manner and postmenopausal osteoporosis in vivo, by a mechanism different fromthat of 17β-estradiol [5]. IL-6 activity is known tocause various diseases such as cancer cachexia [6], Castleman’s disease [7], Crohn’s disease[8], rheumatoid arthritis [9], hypercalcemia [10],and multiple myeloma [11]. Madindolines are
no longer available from natural sources due
to mutation of the originating bacterial strain.
Thus, synthetic routes have been developed to
produce madindolines [12]. Recently analogs ofmadindolines have been synthesized as potent
IL-6 inhibitors [13,14].

FIGURE 1: Madindoline A inhibits homodimerization of thetwo trimeric IL-6 / IL-6R / gp130 complexes by binding to site 2
of gp130.

Literature References[1] Madindoline, a novel inhibitor of IL-6 activity from Streptomyces sp. K93-0711. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological activities: M. Hayashi, et al.; J. Antibiot. 49, 1091 (1996)  [2] Madindolines,
novel inhibitors of IL-6 activity from streptomyces sp. K93-0711. II. Physico-chemical properties and structural elucidation: S.Takamatsu, et. al.; J. Antibiot. 50, 1069 (1997)  [3 Binding of madindoline A to theextracellular domain of gp130: A.Z. Saleh, et al.; Biochemistry 44, 10822 (2005) [4] Association of transcription factor APRF and protein kinase Jak1 with the interleukin-6 signal transducer gp130: C. Lutticken, etal.; Science 263, 89 (1994)  [5] Suppression of bone resorption by madindoline A, a novel nonpeptide
antagonist to gp130: M. Hayashi, et al.; PNAS 99, 14728 (2002)  [6] Mechanisms of experimental cancer cachexia. Local involvement of IL-1 in colon-26 tumor: G. Strassmann, et.al.; J. Immunol. 150, 2341
(1993) [7] Pathogenic significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6/BSF-2) in Castleman’s disease: K. Yoshizaki, et al.;Blood 74, 1360 (1989)  [8] Inhibition of IL-6 for the treatment of inflammatory diseases: N. Nishimoto& T. Kishimoto; Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 4, 386 (2004)  [9] Blockage of interleukin-6 receptor ameliorates
joint disease in murine collagen-induced arthritis: N. Takagi, et al.; Arthritis Rheum. 41, 2117 (1998)  [10]Interleukin-6 enhances hypercalcemia and bone resorption mediated by parathyroid hormone-related
protein in vivo: J. de la Mata, et al.; J. Clin. Invest. 95, 2846 (1995)  [11] Granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor synergizes with interleukin-6 in supporting the proliferation of human myeloma cells:
X.G. Zhang, et al.; Blood 76, 2599 (1990)  [12] Synthesis of (+)-madindoline A and (+)-madindoline B: L.
Wan & M.A. Tius; Org. Lett. 9, 647 (2007)  [13] Design, synthesis, and biological activities of madindoline
analogues: D. Yamamoto, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16, 2807 (2006)  [14] Efficient total synthesis ofnovel bioactive microbial metabolites: T. Sunazuka, et al.; Acc. Chem. Res. 41, 302 (2008)

Compound A
A Potent Anti-Inflammatory Molecule

Compound A[CpdA; 2-((4-Acetophenyl)-2-chloro-N-methyl)ethylammonium chloride]
ALX-550-516-M005
5 mg
ALX-550-516-M025
25 mg
Cell permeable, nonsteroidal glucocorticoid receptor modulator with high binding affinity. Exerts antiinflammatory potential by down-modulating TNFinduced pro-inflammatory gene expression, such as
IL-6 and E-selectin. Unlike dexamethasone (Prod. No.

ALX-370-002) it does not enhance glucocorticoid
response element (GRE)-driven gene expression or
induce glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding to GREdependent genes in vivo.
LIT: A fully dissociated compound of plant origin for inflammatory
gene repression: K. De Bosscher, et al.; PNAS 102, 15827 (2005)  A
plant-derived ligand favoring monomeric glucocorticoid receptor
conformation with impaired transactivation potential attenuates
collagen-induced arthritis: P. Dewint, et al.; J. Immunol. 180, 2608
(2008)

Compound A

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

97International Edition

Rocaglamides

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) was
originally identified as an inducible nuclear
transcription factor that could bind to the interleukin-2 promoter in activated T cells [1]. NFAT is a multigene family containing five members: NF-ATc1, NF-ATc2, NF-ATc3, NF-ATc4, and
NF-AT5. Except for NF-AT5, which is activatedin response to osmotic stress [2], all NF-AT family members are regulated by the calcium-activated protein phosphatase calcineurin [3, 4]. In
immune cells NF-AT controls both lymphocyte
activation and tolerance. Recently, it has beenshown that TR function depends on the interaction of FOXP3 with NF-AT [5]. Rocaglamide derivatives target NF-AT activity in T cells [6].

Literature References[1] Identification of a putative regulator of early T cell activation
genes: J. P. Shaw, et al.; Science 241, 202 (1988)  [2] Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein, a rel-like protein that stimulates transcription in response to hypertonicity: H. Miyakawa, etal.; PNAS 96, 2538 (1999)  [3] Transcriptional regulation by calcium, calcineurin, and NFAT: P. G. Hogan, et al.; Genes Dev. 17,2205 (2003)  [4] Induction and activation of the transcription
factor NFATc1 (NFAT2) integrate RANKL signaling in terminal differentiation of osteoclasts: H. Takayanagi, et al.; Dev. Cell 3, 889(2002)  [5] FOXP3 controls regulatory T cell function throughcooperation with NFAT: Y. Wu, et al.; Cell 126, 375 (2006)  [6] Rocaglamide derivatives are immunosuppressive phytochemicals
that target NF-AT activity in T cells: P. Proksch, et al.; J. Immunol.
174, 7075 (2005)

Rocaglamide[Rocaglamide A]
ALX-350-121-C100
100 µgIsolated from Aglaia sp. Immunosuppressant. Potent
inhibitor of NF-κB activation in T cells, with an almost
complete inhibition at 200nM. Suppresses cytokine
production (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-4) and inhibits
NF-AT in peripheral blood T cells at concentrations
that do not impair NF-κB and AP-1 activities. In contrast to the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (Prod.
No. ALX-380-002), rocaglamide does not inhibit calcineurin phosphatase activity. Induces apoptosis inleukemia cells by modulation of MAPK activities.
LIT: Rocaglamide derivatives are potent inhibitors of NF-kappa B activation in T-cells: B. Baumann, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 277, 44791 (2002)
 Rocaglamide derivatives are immunosuppressive phytochemicals
that target NF-AT activity in T cells: P. Proksch, et al.; J. Immunol. 174,
7075 (2005)  Potential of cyclopenta[b]benzofurans from Aglaia species in cancer chemotherapy: S. Kim, et al.; Anticancer Agents Med.
Chem. 6, 319 (2006) (Review)  The traditional Chinese herbal compound rocaglamide preferentially induces apoptosis in leukemia cellsby modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activities: J.Y. Zhu,
et al.; Int. J. Cancer 121, 1839 (2007)

WideRocaglamide
Panel ofRocaglaol

Rocaglamide Derivatives
Rocaglaol
ALX-350-135-C100

Rocaglamide AL
ALX-350-140-C050

Rocaglamide C
ALX-350-141-C050

Rocaglamide I
ALX-350-142-C050

Rocaglamide J
ALX-350-143-C050

Rocaglamide AL

100 µg

50 µg
50 µg
50 µg
50 µg

Rocaglamide J

Bufadienolides

Bufadienolides are cardiotonic steroids similar to cardenolides, originally isolated fromtoads of the family of Bufonidae. Bufadienolides can also be found in many animals andplants [1, 2]. Bufadienolides are potent Na+/
K+-ATPase inhibitors [3]. Most studies so far
described the influence of bufadienolides in
cardiac muscle performance, renal sodium
excretion and blood pressure. P. Terness, etal. [4] demonstrated that bufadienolides are
immunosuppressors inhibiting T cell activity
with much higher potency than cortisol or
cyclosporin A (Prod. No. ALX-380-002). Recently, several studies described that bufalin exerts
potent antitumor activities by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation in several tumor cell lines [5, 6].

Literature References[1] Bufadienolides from animal and plant sources: L. Krenn & B.
Kopp; Phytochemistry 48, 1 (1998)  [2] Bufadienolides of plant andanimal origin: P.S. Steyn & F.R. van Heerden; Nat. Prod. Rep. 15, 397(1998) (Review)  [3] Cardiotonic steroids: potential endogenous sodium pump ligands with diverse function: R.I. Dmitrieva & P.A. Doris;
Exp. Biol. Med. 227, 561 (2002)  [4] The T-cell suppressive effect ofbufadienolides: structural requirements for their immunoregulatory
activity: P. Terness, et al.; Int. Immunopharmacol. 1, 119 (2001)  [5]Effects of bufalin and cinobufagin on the proliferation of androgen
dependent and independent prostate cancer cells: J.Y. Yeh, et al.;Prostate 54, 112 (2003) (Review)  [6] Endogenous and exogenous
cardiac glycosides: their roles in hypertension, salt metabolism, andcell growth: W. Schoner & G. Scheiner-Bobis; Am. J. Physiol. Cell
Physiol. 293, C509 (2007) (Review)

Bufalin

ALX-350-281-M005

Bufotalin

ALX-350-282-M005

Cinobufagin

ALX-350-283-M005

Cinobufotalin
ALX-350-284-M005

Proscillaridin A
ALX-350-285-M005

BufalinResibufogenin
ALX-350-286-M010

5 mg
5 mg
5 mg
5 mg
5 mg
10 mg

98

International Edition

Geldanamycin
and its Cousins 17-AAG & 17-DMAG
Inhibitors of HSP90
HSP90, a molecular chaperone, has become atarget for cancer therapies. Over the years, researchers in academia as well as industry were
helping to define HSP90’s complicated role inprotein maintenance. Yet HSP90 is a special
kind of heat shock protein; it is very selective
about which proteins it will help. Proteomics
analysis shows that HSP90 is probably physically interacting with about 300 proteins. More
important, the majority of the 300 proteins that
HSP90 interacts with – known as client proteins– have regulatory functions. Many of these regulatory proteins play a role in pathways that are
impacted by cancer. It appears that drugs that
inhibit HSP90 are somehow more selective for
HSP90 in cancer cells than for that in normal
cells. Not only is HSP90 selective regarding theproteins it interacts with, but there is an entire
machinery of other heat shock proteins andchaperone proteins that form complexes with
HSP90 to assist in introducing to its clients.
Pearl, and his colleagues at the Institute of Cancer Research published the complete crystal
structure of HSP90 bound to the energy-transfer nucleotide adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP)[1]. They showed how HSP90 hydrolyzes ATP.
HSP90 must hook up with ATP to accomplish
its job of helping other proteins be the best
they can be. The binding and metabolism of
ATP is absolutely critical for HSP90’s chaperone function.
Companies synthesizing inhibitors of HSP90 fall
into two main categories: those pursuing drugs
based on the natural products that were first
identified as inhibiting the protein and thosepushing small molecules designed around thestructure and function of HSP90 bound to ATP
and its client proteins. Both camps are attacking the same binding site, the pocket created
when HSP90 hooks up with ATP. The natural
product camp is focused mainly on geldanamy-

cin, an antibiotic in soil microorganisms thatwas the first molecule found to inhibit HSP90.
Geldanamycin [2, 3] was discovered back in the
1980s. Geldanamycin, although extremely potent, has a quinone moiety that turns it into anelectrophile. In addition to being highly reactive, the compound is also highly insoluble – adeadly combination in drug discovery.
17-AAG (17-(Allylamino)-17-desmethoxygeldanamycin) [4, 5], an analog of geldanamycin retains the quinone found in geldanamycin but replaces a methoxy arm with anallylamino group to minimize the reactivity
problem. Although that tweak does not address geldanamycin’s lack of solubility.
17-DMAG (17-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]amino-17-desmethoxygeldanamycin) [6, 7], is ananalog with side chain modifications, that improve the drug’s half life and potency. The drug
is water soluble, which means it can be administered intravenously or orally. While the quinone ansamycins geldanamycin, 17-AAG, herbimycin A and the chemically unrelated radicicol bind to the N-terminal ATP-binding domainof HSP90 family members (HSP90, Grp94 andTRAP-1), cisplatin and novobiocin interact with
the C-terminal ATP-binding domain of HSP90[8, 9].

From L. M. Jarvis, C & EN, February 26, 2007(www.cen-online.org)

Products
17-AAG

ALX-380-091-C100
ALX-380-091-M001

17-DMAG

ALX-380-110-C100
ALX-380-110-M001

Geldanamycin
ALX-380-054-C100
ALX-380-054-C500
ALX-380-054-M001

100 µg
1 mg
100 µg
1 mg
100 µg500 µg
1 mg

LIT: [1] Crystal structure of an Hsp90-nucleotide-p23/Sba1 closed
chaperone complex: M.M. Ali, et al.; Nature 440, 1013 (2006)  [2]Geldanamycin, a new antibiotic: C. DeBoer, et al.; J. Antibiot. 23,
442 (1970)  [3] Geldanamycin as a potential anti-cancer agent: its
molecular target and biochemical activity: L. Neckers, et al.; Invest.
New Drugs 17, 361 (1999) (Review)  [4] Inhibition of the oncogene
product p185erbB-2 in vitro and in vivo by geldanamycin and dihydrogeldanamycin derivatives: R.C. Schnur, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 38,
3806 (1995)  [5] The benzoquinone ansamycin 17-allylamino-17demethoxygeldanamycin binds to HSP90 and shares important biologic activities with geldanamycin: T.W. Schulte & L.M. Neckers; Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 42, 273 (1998)  [6] Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolism of 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)17-demethoxygeldanamycin (NSC 707545) in CD2F1 mice andFischer 344 rats: M.J. Egorin, et al.; Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 49,
7 (2002)  [7] Crystal structure and molecular modeling of 17-DMAG
in complex with human Hsp90: J.M. Jez, et al.; Chem. Biol. 10, 361

Other HSP90 Inhibitors
Herbimycin A

Novobiocin . sodium salt

LIT: Herbimycin, a new antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces: S. Omura, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 32, 255 (1979)  For acomprehensive bibliography please visit our website.

LIT: Novobiocin-a specific inhibitor of semiconservative DNA replication in permeabilized Escherichia coli cells: W.L. Staudenbauer;
J. Mol. Biol. 96, 201 (1975)  For a comprehensive bibliography
please visit our website.

ALX-350-029-C100
100 µg
ALX-350-029-M001
1 mg
Inhibitor of HSP90 binding to the N-terminal ATPbinding domain of HSP90 family members.

(2003)  [8] Interaction of radicicol with members of the heat shockprotein 90 family of molecular chaperones: T.W. Schulte, et al.; Mol.
Endocrinol. 13, 1435 (1999)  [9] The heat shock protein 90 antagonist novobiocin interacts with a previously unrecognized ATP-binding domain in the carboxyl terminus of the chaperone: M.G. Marcu
et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 275, 37181 (2000)

ALX-380-093-G001
1g
Inhibitor of HSP90. Interacts with the C-terminal
ATP-binding domain of HSP90.

Radicicol

ALX-380-092-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-092-M005
5 mg
Potent inhibitor of HSP90. Binds more strongly to HSP90 (nanomolar affinity) than to Gp96
(GRP94). Also binds to yeast HSP90, E. coli HtpG
and TRAP-1.
LIT: Interaction of radicicol with members of the heat shock protein 90 family of molecular chaperones: T.W. Schulte, et al.; Mol.
Endocrinol. 13, 1435 (1999)  For a comprehensive bibliography
please visit our website.

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

99International Edition

Floxacins – Wide Panel of Synthetic
Antibiotics
Floxacins are quinolones which comprise arelatively large group of synthetic antibiotics.
The first of these compounds was the naphthyridine agent, nalidixic acid, an antibacterial
by-product of chloroquine synthesis [1]. Two
major structures have been developed fromthe basic compound: the quinolones with acarbon and associated group at position 8 [2,3] and the naphthyridones with nitrogen at
position 8 [4].
The addition of a fluorine molecule at position
6 was one of the earliest changes to the basic
structure and led to the first generation fluoroquinolones and naphthyridones such as norfloxacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. This single alteration provides a more than 10-fold increase in gyrase inhibition and up to 100-foldimprovement in minimal inhibitory concentration. The fluorinated quinolones were further
enhanced by the addition of groups to the N1,
C-5 and C-7 positions of their respective basic
molecules. The addition of piperazine or a pyrrolidine ring to the C-7 position improves activity against Gram-negative organisms. Sub-sequent second generation fluoroquinolones
such as sparfloxacin, temafloxacin and gatifloxacin [5], have shown increased Gram-positive activity.
The third generation of fluoroquinolones arecompounds such as clinafloxacin. Substituentsat position 8 impact good anaerobic activity.
Halogens at C-8 are associated with poor stability to UV-light and phototoxicity. Better results were obtained with a methoxy group at
C-8. Toxicity and side-effects such as allergies
and gastrointestinal problems have resulted in
the withdrawal of some promising compounds.
Positive features of the new generation fluoroquinolones are:• High bioavailability, better pharmacokinetics
and tissue penetration• Low protein binding• Longer half-lives• Higher activities against Gram-positive cocci(especially pneumococci) and against anaerobes.

Product Name

CAS No.

Ciprofloxacin

85721-33-1

MI 14: Prod No.
2314

ALX-380-287-G005
ALX-380-287-G025

5g
25 g

Ciprofloxacin . HCl

86393-32-0

2314

ALX-380-288-G005
ALX-380-288-G025

5g
25 g

Clinafloxacin . HCl

105956-97-6

2355

ALX-380-289-M250
ALX-380-289-G001

250 mg
1g

Enrofloxacin

93106-60-6

3592

ALX-380-290-G005
ALX-380-290-G025

5g
25 g

Gatifloxacin

112811-59-3

4376

ALX-380-291-G001
ALX-380-291-G005

1g
5g

Levofloxacin . HCl

100986-85-4

4376

ALX-380-292-G001
ALX-380-292-G005

1g
5g

Lomefloxacin . HCl

98079-51-7

5562

ALX-380-293-G001
ALX-380-293-G005

1g
5g

Nadifloxacin124858-35-1

6345

ALX-380-294-M250
ALX-380-294-G001

250 mg
1g

Norfloxacin70458-96-7

6700

ALX-380-295-G001
ALX-380-295-G005

1g
5g

Norfloxacin nicotinate

118803-81-9

6700

ALX-380-296-G001
ALX-380-296-G005

1g
5g

The mechanism of fluoroquinolone action istargeted to the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV [6-8]. The fluoroquinolones penetrate extremely well into tissues and mammalian cells.
For a selected review article see [9].

Literature References[1] 1,8-Naphthyridine Derivatives. A New Class of Chemotherapeutic Agents: G.Y. Lesher, et al.; J. Med. Pharm. Chem. 91, 1063
(1962)  [2] Quinolone generations: natural history or natural
selection?: P. Ball; J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 46 Suppl T1, 17(2000)  [3] Development of the quinolones: M.I. Andersson &A.P. MacGowan; J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51 Suppl 1, 1 (2003)
 [4] Structure-activity and structure-side-effect relationships
for the quinolone antibacterials: J.M. Domagala; J. Antimicrob.
Chemother. 33, 685 (1994) [5] Fluoroquinolone antimicrobial
agents: J.S. Wolfson & D.C. Hooper; Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2, 378(1989)  [6] The DNA gyrase-quinolone complex. ATP hydrolysis
and the mechanism of DNA cleavage: S.C. Kampranis & A. Maxwell; J. Biol. Chem. 273, 22615 (1998)  [7] The mechanism ofinhibition of topoisomerase IV by quinolone antibacterials: A.B.
Khodursky & N.R. Cozzarelli; J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27668 (1998)  [8]DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV: biochemical activities, physiological roles during chromosome replication, and drug sensitivities: C. Levine, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1400, 29 (1998) [9] The fluoroquinolone antibacterials: past, present and future
perspectives: P.C. Appelbaum & P.A. Hunter; Int. J. Antimicrob.
Agents 16, 5 (2000)

Size

Ofloxacin

82419-36-1

6771

ALX-380-297-G005

5g

Pefloxacine . mesylate . 2H2O

149676-40-4

7066

ALX-380-298-G005

5g

Prulifloxacin

123447-62-1

7908

ALX-380-299-M250
ALX-380-299-G001

250 mg
1g

Rufloxacin . HCl

106017-08-7

8294

ALX-380-300-M050
ALX-380-300-M250

50 mg
250 mgSarafloxacin . HCl

91296-87-6

8370

ALX-380-301-G005
ALX-380-301-G025

5g
25 g

Sparfloxacin

11087186-8

8735

ALX-380-302-G001
ALX-380-302-G005

1g
5g

Tosulfloxacin tosylate

115964-29-9

9555

ALX-380-303-M250
ALX-380-303-G001

250 mg
1g

Naphthyridone:
Quinolone:

Nalidixic acid

X=N
X=CH

100

International Edition

Staurosporine & Related Products

Staurosporine was first isolated from Streptomyces staurosporeus and is a potent cell permeable inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). The
PKC family consists of multiple isoforms andis involved in cell proliferation, differentiationand malignant transformation. Therefore PKCs
inhibitors have attracted much attention because of their potential benifical effect on cancer. Staurosporine is a potent but nonselective
inhibitor of PKC, capable of inhibiting all theisoforms. In addition to PKC, staurosporine inhibits a variety of other protein kinases including mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases
and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Basedpredominantly on its anti-PKC activities andits ability to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, staurosporine and its analogs are being
tested in clinical trials, and have shown somepromise as anticancer agents.
LIT: Staurosporine, a potent inhibitor of phospholipid/
Ca++dependent protein kinase: T. Tamaoki, et al.; BBRC 135, 397(1986)  Staurosporine, K-252 and UCN-01: potent but nonspecificinhibitors of protein kinases: U.T. Ruegg & G.M. Burgess; TIPS 10,

218 (1989) (Review)  Staurosporine: a prototype of a novel classof inhibitors of tumor cell invasion?: C.A. O’Brian & N.E. Ward; J. Natl.
Cancer Inst. 82, 1734 (1990)  Staurosporine: an effective inhibitor
for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II: N. Yanagihara,
et al.; J. Neurochem. 56, 294 (1991)  Staurosporine reduces Pglycoprotein expression and modulates multidrug resistance: K.E.
Sampson, et al.; Cancer Lett. 68, 7 (1993)  Induction of a common
pathway of apoptosis by staurosporine: R. Bertrand, et al.; Exp. Cell
Res. 211, 314 (1994)  Differing effects of staurosporine and UCN-01
on RB protein phosphorylation and expression of lung cancer celllines: E. Shimizu, et al.; Oncology 53, 494 (1996)  Mechanism of
topoisomerase II inhibition by staurosporine and other protein kinase inhibitors: P. Lassota, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 271, 26418 (1996) 
Induction by staurosporine of nitric oxide synthase expression in
vascular smooth muscle cells: role of NF-kappa B, CREB and C/EBP
beta: M. Hecker, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 120, 1067 (1997)  Both low
and high concentrations of staurosporine induce G1 arrest throughdown-regulation of cyclin E and cdk2 expression: Z.P. Zong, et al.;Cell Struct. Funct. 24, 457 (1999)  Staurosporine analogues - pharmacological toys or useful antitumour agents?: A. Gescher; Crit.
Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 34, 127 (2000)  Staurosporine-induced G(1)arrest in cancer cells depends on an intact pRB but is independent of p16 status: W. Zhou, et al.; Cancer Lett. 183, 103 (2002) 
Staurosporine induces apoptosis of melanoma by both caspasedependent and -independent apoptotic pathways: X.D. Zhang, etal.; Mol. Cancer Ther. 3, 187 (2004)  The differential staurosporinemediated G1 arrest in normal versus tumor cells is dependent on
the retinoblastoma protein: M. McGahren-Murray, et al.; Cancer Res.
66, 9744 (2006)

Staurosporine[Antibiotic AM-2282]
ALX-380-014-C100
100 μg
ALX-380-014-C250
250 μg
ALX-380-014-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-014-M005
5 mg
Model apoptosis inducer. Potent cell-permeable inhibitor of a variety of protein kinases, e.g. CDK1/cyclin
B (IC50~5nM), CDK2/cyclin A (IC50=7nM), CDK4/cyclin
D (IC50=3-10μM), CDK5/p25 (IC50=4nM) and GSK-3β(IC50=15nM).
LIT: A new alkaloid AM-2282 of Streptomyces origin. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and preliminary characterization: S. Omura, et al.;J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 30, 275 (1977)  For a comprehensive bibliography
please visit our website.

7-Oxostaurosporine[Antibiotic BMY 41950; Antibiotic RK 1409; LCM76-L]
ALX-380-210-M001
1 mg
Potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Inhibits thecell cycle at the G2 stage.
LIT: A new inhibitor of protein kinase C, RK-1409 (7-oxostaurosporine).
I. Taxonomy and biological activity: H. Osada, et al.; J. Antibiot. 45,
189 (1992)  A new inhibitor of protein kinase C, RK-1409 (7-oxostaurosporine). II. Fermentation, isolation, physico-chemical properties
and structure: H. Koshino, et al.; J. Antibiot. 45, 195 (1992)

PKC412[4’-N-Benzoyl-staurosporine; Midostaurin]
ALX-380-281-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-281-M005
5 mg
Inhibitor of a variety of serine/threonine and tyrosine
kinases, like protein kinase C (PKC), cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), S6 kinase, Akt (protein
kinase B; PKB) and epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity. Potently inhibits FLT-3
kinase in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis inducer. Showedbroad antiproliferative activity against various tumor
cell lines. Selectively inhibits T lymphocyte production of TNF-α. Upregulates endothelial nitric oxide
synthase (eNOS; NOSIII)
LIT: Differential inhibition of the epidermal growth factor-, plateletderived growth factor-, and protein kinase C-mediated signal transduction pathways by the staurosporine derivative CGP 41251: E.
Andrejauskas-Buchdunger & U. Regenass; Cancer Res. 52, 5353 (1992)
 Inhibitors of protein kinases: CGP 41251, a protein kinase inhibitorwith potential as an anticancer agent: D. Fabbro, et al.; Pharmacol. Ther.
82, 293 (1999)  N-Benzoylstaurosporine (PKC412) inhibits Akt kinaseinducing apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells.: N.J. Bahlis, et al.; Leuk.
Lymphoma 46, 899 (2005)  The FLT3 inhibitor PKC412 exerts differential cell cycle effects on leukemic cells depending on the presenceof FLT3 mutations: T. Odgerel, et al.; Oncogene Epub ahead of print,(2007)  PKC412 demonstrates JNK-dependent activity against humanmultiple myeloma cells: J. Sharkey, et al.; Blood 109, 1712 (2007)  For
a comprehensive bibliography please visit our website.

FIGURE: Selected Biological Activities of Staurosporine

Staurosporine

7-Oxostaurosporine

UCN-01
PKC412For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

101International Edition

K-252c – A Key Aglycone for Medicinal ChemistryK-252c: Biological Activity
The aglycone of the biologically importantalkaloid staurosporine, K-252c, also termed
staurosporinone, is itself a natural product. It
was isolated in 1986 from the culture brothof Nocardiopsis sp. K-290. The structure andphysico-chemical properties of this compound, as well as of the analogous K-252a,
K-252b and K-252d were described in [2]. The
common structure to those protein kinase C
inhibitors is the same indolo[2,3-a]carbazole
chromophore also found later in other natural compounds.
The indolocarbazoles all show a biological activity and display various properties ranging
from antifungal, antimicrobial, and antitumor
to hypertensive effects. However their activity
as potent inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) is
the property which has attracted the greatest
interest. An overview of this class of alkaloids
and their analogs can be found in [3].
Staurosporine, K-252a and K-252b have higher
inhibitory activities than K-252c, but the latter compound has been tested and foundto be active in the low µmolar range. In theoriginal article K-252c was found to inhibit
PKC with an IC50 value of 0.214 µM [1]. Kleinschroth, et al. found a value of 0.68 µM, thus
confirming the original findings [4]. This also
confirmed that the inhibitory activity resides
in the indolocarbazole moiety. S. Fabre, etal. determined an IC50 value of 2.45 µM [5].
K-252c exhibited a more potent inhibitory activity (about 10-fold) against PKC thanagainst PKA. In other investigations K-252c
inhibited cell-adhesion of the EL-4. IL-2 cellline and expressed activity in the K562 bleband neutrophil assays, in addition to showing
micromolar and submicromolar inhibition of
enzyme activity against seven PKC isoenzymes[6]. Finally, K-252c was found to inhibit three
diverse non-kinase enzymes (β-lactamase,chymotrypsin, and malate dehydrogenase).
Inhibition was time-dependent and sensitive to the enzyme concentration [7].

Literature References[1] K-252b, c and d, potent inhibitors of protein kinase C frommicrobial origin: S. Nakanishi, et al.; J. Antibiot. 39, 1066 (1986) [2] The structures of the novel protein kinase C inhibitors K-252a,b, c and d: T. Yasuzawa, et al.; J. Antibiot. 39, 1072 (1986)  [3] Advances in indolo[2,3-a]carbazole chemistry: design and synthesis of protein kinase C and topoisomerase I inhibitors: U. Pindur,
et al.; Curr. Med. Chem. 6, 29 (1999)  [4] Non-glycosidic/nonaminoalkyl-substituted indolocarbazoles as inhibitors of protein
kinase C: J. Kleinschroth, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 3, 1959
(1993)  [5] Protein kinase C inhibitors; structure-activity relationships in K252c-related compounds: S. Fabre, M. Prudhomme and
M.Rappas; Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1, 193 (1993)  [6] Staurosporine
aglycone (K252-c) and arcyriaflavin A from the marine ascidian,Eudistoma sp: P. A. Horton, et al.; Experientia 50, 843 (1994).  [7]Kinase inhibitors: not just for kinases anymore: S. L. McGovern &B. K. Shoichet; J. Med. Chem. 46, 1478 (2003)

K-252c[Staurosporinone; Staurosporine Aglycone]
ALX-380-103-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-103-M005
5 mg
Weak inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Aglycone ofstaurosporine.
FORMULA: C20H13N3O
MW: 311.15
CAS NUMBER: 85753-43-1
PURITY: ≥95%

For BULK quantities please inquire!

UCN-01[7-Hydroxystaurosporine]
ALX-380-222-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-222-M005
5 mg
Inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) resulting in accumulation of cells
in the G1 phase and induction of apoptosis. Enhances the cytotoxicity of other anticancer drugs, such as
DNA-damaging agents and anti-metabolite drugs,
through putative abrogation of G2 and/or S phaseaccumulation induced by these agents.
LIT: UCN-01, a selective inhibitor of protein kinase C from Streptomyces: I. Takahashi, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 40, 1782 (1987)  UCN-01
and UCN-02, new selective inhibitors of protein kinase C. II. Purification, physico-chemical properties, structural determination andbiological activities: I. Takahashi, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 42, 571(1989)  UCN-01 (7-hydroxystaurosporine) and other indolocarbazole
compounds: a new generation of anti-cancer agents for the new
century?: S. Akinaga, et al.; Anticancer Drug Des. 15, 43 (2000)  UCN01-induced cell cycle arrest requires the transcriptional induction ofp21(waf1/cip1) by activation of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway: M.M. Facchinetti, et al.; Cancer Res. 64, 3629 (2004)

UCN-02

ALX-380-206-M001
1 mg
Inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A(PKA). Although less selective than its isomer UCN-01(Prod. No. ALX-380-222), UCN-02 exhibits comparable
activity and probably acts by similar mechanisms.
LIT: UCN-01 and UCN-02, new selective inhibitors of protein kinase
C. II. Purification, physico-chemical properties, structural determination and biological activities: I. Takahashi, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)
42, 571 (1989)
Note: Some interconversion of UCN-02 to UCN-01 may occur under acidic HPLC conditions.

K-252aALX-380-027-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-027-C500
500 µg
ALX-380-027-M001
1 mg
General, cell permeable protein kinase inhibitor. Potent inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II. Inhibits myosin light chain kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Induces apoptosis.

Examples of use:
A: Synthesis of Gö 6976 (Prod. No. ALX-270-021) /Selective mono- or di-alkylation of the indole nitrogens
LIT: Non-glycosidic/non-aminoalkyl-substituted indolocarbazoles as inhibitors of protein kinase C: J. Kleinschroth, et al.;Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 3, 1959 (1993)

B: K-252c may react under acidic conditions with anappropriate pre-formed furanose to afford furanosylated indolocarbazoles such as K-252a
LIT: Design and implementation of an efficient synthesis approach to furanosylated indolocarbazoles: total synthesis of(+)- and (-)-K252a: J. L. Wood, et al.; JACS 119, 9641 (1997)

K-252aLY-333,531 . HCl

LIT: K-252a, a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C from microbial origin: H. Kase, et al.; J. Antibiot. 39, 1059 (1986)  The structures of thenovel protein kinase C inhibitors K-252a, b, c and d: T. Yasuzawa, et al.;J. Antibiot. 39, 1072 (1986)  Staurosporine, K-252 and UCN-01: potent but nonspecific inhibitors of protein kinases: U.T. Ruegg & G.M.
Burgess; TIPS 10, 218 (1989)  K252a is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphorylase kinase: L.H. Elliott, et al.; BBRC 171, 148 (1990)
 Potent and preferential inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent
protein kinase II by K252a and its derivative, KT5926: Y. Hashimoto, etal.; BBRC 181, 423 (1991)  For a comprehensive bibliography please
visit our website.

K-252b

ALX-380-029-C100
100 µg
ALX-380-029-C500
500 µg
ALX-380-029-M001
1 mg
General, cell permeable protein kinase inhibitor. Potent inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II. Inhibits myosin light chain kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG).
LIT: K-252b, c and d, potent inhibitors of protein kinase C from microbial origin: S. Nakanishi, et al.; J. Antibiot. 39, 1066 (1986)  The
structures of the novel protein kinase C inhibitors K-252a, b, c and d:
T. Yasuzawa, et al.; J. Antibiot. 39, 1072 (1986)  Staurosporine, K-252
and UCN-01: potent but nonspecific inhibitors of protein kinases: U.T.
Ruegg & G.M. Burgess; TIPS 10, 218 (1989)  Potent and preferential inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II by K252a andits derivative, KT5926: Y. Hashimoto, et al.; BBRC 181, 423 (1991)  For acomprehensive bibliography please visit our website.

LY-333,531 . HCl[Ruboxistaurin]
K-252b

UCN-02

ALX-270-348-M001
1 mg
ALX-270-348-M005
5 mg
Isozyme selective inhibitor of protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ).
Inhibits both the PKCβI (IC50=4.7nM) and PKCβII(IC50=5.9nM) isozymes. 76- and 61-fold more selective for inhibition of PKCβI and PKCβII over PKCα.
LIT: (S)-13-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-10,11,14,15-tetrahydro-4,9:16,21dimetheno-1H, 13H-dibenzo[e,k]pyrrolo[3,4-h][1,4,13]oxadiazaclohexadecene-1,3(2H)-dione (LY333531) and related analogues: isozyme
selective inhibitors of protein kinase: M.R. Jirousek, et al.; J. Med.
Chem. 39, 2664 (1996)

102

International Edition

Becatecarin – A Water-soluble
Derivative of Rebeccamycin
Rebeccamycin

Becatecarin

ALX-380-079-C250
250 µg
ALX-380-079-M001
1 mg
Rebeccamycin is an indocarbazole antibiotic structurally similar to staurosporine. As an antitumor agent,
rebeccamycin shows significant activity against several tumor cell lines such as mouse B16 melanoma
cells (IC50= 480nM) and P388 leukemia cells (IC50=
500nM). Rebeccamycin intercalates into DNA and is aweak inhibitor of topoisomerase I. In contrast to several analogs, rebeccamycin itself has no inhibitory activity against protein kinases. Rebeccamycin analogs
are currently in clinical trials for cancer therapy.

Rebeccamycin

ALX-380-119-C250
250 µg
ALX-380-119-M001
1 mg
Becatecarin is a diethylaminoethyl analog of rebeccamycin (Prod. No. ALX-380-079), which makes thecompound water-soluble. Strong DNA intercalationis the primary mechanism of action of becatecarin,
resulting in the potent catalytic inhibition of both
topoisomerases I and II. Due to its potent antitumor
activities, becatecarin is currently in clinical trials
for cancer therapy.
LIT: Water soluble derivatives of rebeccamycin: T. Kaneko, et al.;J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 43, 125 (1990)  Phase I and pharmacokinetic
study of sequences of the rebeccamycin analogue NSC 655649
and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors: A.D. Ricart,
et al.; Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 8728 (2005)

LIT: Production and biological activity of rebeccamycin, a novel antitumor agent: J.A. Bush, et al.; J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 40, 668 (1987) 
Structure-activity relationships in a series of substituted indolocarbazoles: topoisomerase I and protein kinase C inhibition and antitumoral and antimicrobial properties: E.R. Pereira, et al.; J. Med. Chem.
39, 4471 (1996)  Syntheses and biological activities (topoisomerase inhibition and antitumor and antimicrobial properties) of rebeccamycin analogues bearing modified sugar moieties and substitutedon the imide nitrogen with a methyl group: F. Anizon, et al.; J. Med.
Chem. 40, 3456 (1997)  DNA cleavage by topoisomerase I in thepresence of indolocarbazole derivatives of rebeccamycin: C. Bailly,
et al.; Biochemistry 36, 3917 (1997)  Semi-synthesis, topoisomerase I and kinases inhibitory properties, and antiproliferative activities of new rebeccamycin derivatives: P. Moreau, et al.; Bioorg. Med.
Chem. 11, 4871 (2003)  Syntheses and biological activities of rebeccamycin analogues with uncommon sugars: G. Zhang, et al.; J. Med.
Chem. 48, 2600 (2005)

Selected Review Articles
Becatecarin

Discovery of antitumor indolocarbazoles: rebeccamycin, NSC
655649, and fluoroindolocarbazoles: B.H. Long, et al.; Curr. Med.
Chem. Anticancer Agents 2, 255 (2002)  Rebeccamycin analogues as anti-cancer agents: M. Prudhomme; Eur. J. Med. Chem.
38, 123 (2003)

Antimicrobial Peptides & Proteins

Antimicrobial peptides are key componentsof the innate immune system of most multicellular organisms. Despite broad divergences in sequence and taxonomy, most antimicrobial peptides share a common mechanismof action, like e.g. membrane permeabilizationof the pathogen.
In response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or proinflammatory cytokines antimicrobial peptides are released
from storage compartments by local epithelial cells or infiltrating leukocytes. These“alarmins” include defensins [1] and cathelicidins [2] which have both chemotactic andactivating effects on antigen-presenting cells(APCs). Both defensins and cathelicidins haveantimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi,
some viruses and parasites. They act as natural antibiotics.

Literature References[1] Alarmins: chemotactic activators of immune responses:
J.J. Oppenheim and D. Yang; Curr. Opin. Immunol. 17, 359(2005)  [2] Mammalian defensins in the antimicrobial immune response: M.E. Selsted and A.J. Ouellette; Nat. Immunol. 6, 551 (2005)

CRAMP (mouse)

HNP 1-3 (Mature Peptides) (human)[Cathelicidin-related Antimicrobial Peptide; CLP]
[H-Gly-Leu-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gly-Gly-Glu-Lys-Ile-Gly-Glu-Lys-Leu-LysLys-Ile-Gly-Gln-Lys-Ile-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Gln-Lys-Leu-Val-ProGln-Pro-Glu-Gln-OH]

PT-PA-AMP-002-1
PT-PA-AMP-002-2
PT-PA-AMP-002-3
PT-PA-AMP-002-4

50 µg
100 µg500 µg
1 mg

LIT: A novel murine cathelin-like protein expressed in bone marrow:
A.E. Popsueva, et al.; FEBS Lett. 391, 5 (1996)

CRAMP-18 (mouse)[Cathelicidin-related Antimicrobial Peptide 18aa][H-Gly-Glu-Lys-Leu-Lys-Lys-Ile-Gly-Gln-Lys-Ile-Lys-Asn-Phe-PheGln-Lys-Leu-OH]

PT-PA-AMP-003-1
50 µg
PT-PA-AMP-003-2
100 µg
PT-PA-AMP-003-3
500 µg
PT-PA-AMP-003-4
1 mg
CRAMP-18 has potent antibiotic activity without
hemolytic activity.
LIT: CRAMP analogues having potent antibiotic activity against
bacterial, fungal, and tumor cells without hemolytic activity: S.Y.
Shin, et al.; BBRC 275, 904 (2000)  CRAMP analog having potent
antibiotic activity without hemolytic activity: S.W. Kang, et al.; Protein Pept. Lett. 9, 275 (2002)

PT-PA-AMP-001-1
100 µg
PT-PA-AMP-001-2
500 µgMixture of HNP 1-3 (α-1-3-defensins) in the native
form isolated from human blood from healthy donors.
LIT: For a comprehensive bibliography please visit our website.

LL-37 (human)[H-Leu-Leu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ser-Lys-Glu-Lys-Ile-GlyLys-Glu-Phe-Lys-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Arg-Ile-Lys-Asp-Phe-Leu-ArgAsn-Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Thr-Glu-Ser-OH]

PT-PA-AMP-004-1
50 µg
PT-PA-AMP-004-2
100 µg
PT-PA-AMP-004-3
150 µg
PT-PA-AMP-004-4
200 µg
LL-37 is the C-terminal fragment of human cathelicidin and has broad antimicrobial activity.
LIT: For a comprehensive bibliography please visit our website.

CAP37 (human)[Heparin-binding Protein; HBP; Azurocidin]
BCO-5016-1
50 µg
Isolated from human blood from healthy donors.
MW: 29.5kDa. PURITY: >95 % (SDS-PAGE).

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

103International Edition

Active Substances from Fruits
and Vegetables
Rutin . 3H2O

ALX-460-028-G005
5g
Antioxidant flavonoid. Nitric oxide (NO) scavenger.
LIT: Flavonoids as scavengers of nitric oxide radical: S.A.B.E. Acker,
et al.; BBRC 214, 755 (1995)  Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids: C.A. Rice-Evans, et al.;Free Radical Biol. & Med. 20, 933 (1996)  Antimicrobial activityof flavonoids: T. P. Cushnie & A. J. Lamb; Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents
26, 343 (2005)

Allicin

3,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid

ALX-350-329-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-329-M005
5 mg
Active metabolite of garlic. Exhibits antioxidant, antiproliferative, chemopreventive, antihyperlipidaemic and antihypertensive effects.

[3,5-CQA; Isochlorogenic acid]
ALX-350-320-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-320-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Cynara scolymus. Antioxidant. Shows
antiproliferative activity.

LIT: Effect of raw garlic vs commercial garlic supplements on plasma lipid concentrations in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia: a randomized clinical trial: C.D. Gardner, et al.; Arch. Intern.
Med. 167, 346 (2007)

LIT: Biochemistry on postharvest metabolism and deterioration of some tropical tuberous
crops: I. Uritani; Bot. Bull. Acad.
Sinica 40, 177 (1999)  In vitro
antioxidative effects and tyrosinase inhibitory activities ofseven hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives in green coffee beans:
K. Iwai, et al.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 4893 (2004)  Changes in
caffeic acid derivatives in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) during cooking and processing: M. Takenaka, et al.; Biosci. Biotechnol.
Biochem. 70, 172 (2006)

Rosmarinic acid
Phloretin

ALX-270-113-M100
100 mgProtein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. PGF2α receptor antagonist. In astrocytes, these receptors are linked tophospholipase C, thus affecting phosphoinositidehydrolysis and intracellular Ca2+ levels. Also inhibits
myo-inositol uptake and inhibits 5’-iodothyronine
deiodinase. Prevents TNF-α stimulated upregulation of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and E-selectin. Enhances
adiponectin expression.
LIT: Effects on water diffusion of inhibitors affecting various transport processes in human red blood cells: G. Benga, et al.; Eur. J. Cell
Biol. 59, 219 (1992)  Phloretin as an antagonist of prostaglandin F2
alpha receptor in cultured rat astrocytes: J. Kitanaka, et al.; J. Neurochem. 60, 704 (1993)  Activating effect of the flavonoid phloretin on Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in myelinated nerve fibers of
Xenopus laevis: D.S. Koh, et al.; Neurosci. Lett. 165, 167 (1994)  The
flavonoid phloretin suppresses stimulated expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and reduces activation of human platelets:
V. Stangl, et al.; J. Nutr. 135, 172 (2005)  Phloretin enhances adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 cells:
M. Hassan, et al.; BBRC 361, 208 (2007)

ALX-270-253-M010
10 mg
ALX-270-253-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis. Naturally occurring polyphenolic compound with antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory properties. Inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, TCR-induced T cell activation andproliferation.
LIT: Rosmarinic acid inhibits TCR-induced T cell activation and proliferation in an Lck-dependent manner: J. Won, et al.; Eur. J. Immunol. 33, 870 (2003)

Carnosic acid

ALX-270-264-M010
10 mg
ALX-270-264-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis. Naturally occurring phenolic compound with antioxidant properties. Inhibits lipid peroxidation induced by NADH
or NADPH oxidation. Anti-inflammatory. Antimicrobial.

Carnosol

ALX-270-254-M001
1 mg
ALX-270-254-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis. Naturally occurring phenolic compound with antioxidant properties. Antimicrobial. Anticarcinogenic. Inhibits lipid peroxidation.
LIT: Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of active rosemary constituents: carnosol and carnosic acid: O.I. Aruoma, et al.; Xenobiotica 22, 257 (1992)  Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and superoxide generation by diterpenoids from Rosmarinus officinalis: H.
Haraguchi, et al.; Planta Med. 61, 333 (1995)  Inhibition by rosemary and carnosol of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)induced rat mammary tumorigenesis and in vivo DMBA-DNA adduct formation: K. Singletary, et al.; Cancer Lett. 104, 43 (1996)
 Carnosol, an antioxidant in rosemary, suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase through down-regulating nuclear factor-kappaB in mouse macrophages: A.H. Lo, et al.; Carcinogenesis 23, 983(2002)  Potentiation of antimicrobial activity of aminoglycosides
by carnosol from Salvia officinalis: K. Horiuchi, et al.; Biol. Pharm.
Bull. 30, 287 (2007)

LIT: Antioxidative constituents of Rosmarinus officinalis and Salvia
officinalis. II. Isolation of carnosic acid and formation of otherphenolic diterpenes: K. Schwarz & W. Ternes; Z. Lebensm. Unters.
Forsch. 195, 99 (1992)  Antioxidant and pro-oxidant propertiesof active rosemary constituents: carnosol and carnosic acid: O.I.
Aruoma, et al.; Xenobiotica 22, 257 (1992)  Carnosic acid and carnosol, phenolic diterpene compounds of the labiate herbs rosemary and sage, are activators of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma: O. Rau, et al.; Planta Med. 72, 881(2006)  Potentiation of antimicrobial activity of aminoglycosides
by carnosol from Salvia officinalis: K. Horiuchi, et al.; Biol. Pharm.
Bull. 30, 287 (2007)

Rosmarinic acid

Carnosol

Carnosic acid

104

International Edition

Sedanolide

L-Sulforaphane

DL-Sulforaphane[R-Sulforaphane][R,S-Sulforaphane]

ALX-350-230-M010
10 mg
Chiral natural product isolated from broccoli. Potent, selective inducer of phase II detoxification enzymes. Inhibits chemically induced mammary tumor formation in rats.

ALX-350-232-M025
25 mg
Synthetic. Potent, selective inducer of phase II detoxification enzymes. Inhibits chemically induced
mammary tumor formation in rats.

LIT: A major inducer of antiO
carcinogenic protective enS
zymes from broccoli: isolaN C S
HC3tion and elucidation of structure: Y. Zhang, et al.; PNAS 89,
2399 (1992)  Sulforaphane inhibits extracellular, intracellular, and antibiotic-resistant strains of
Helicobacter pylori and prevents benzo[a]pyrene-induced stomach
tumors: J.W. Fahey, et al.; PNAS 99, 7610 (2002)

LIT: A major inducer of anticarO
cinogenic protective enzymes
from broccoli: isolation and eluS
H
C
cidation of structure: Y. Zhang, 3
et al.; PNAS 89, 2399 (1992)

N

C

S

L-Sulforaphene[S-Sulforaphene; Raphanin]
ALX-350-231-M010
10 mg
Chiral natural productOisolated from radishS
N C S
seeds (Raphanus sati- H3C
vus L.) and broccoli.
May protect from stomach ulcers induced by Helicobacter pylori.

(E)-Capsaicin

ALX-550-066-M100
100 mgIsolated from Capsicum fruit. Constituent of cayenne pepper. Powerful excitant of peripheral sensory nerve endings, specifically unmyelinated afferent
neurons (C-fibers). Elicits pain by activating the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1). Chemoprotective
against some chemical carcinogens and mutagens.
Reversibly inhibits aggregation of platelets.
LIT: Capsaicin: identification, nomenclature, and pharmacotherapy:
G.A. Cordell & O.E. Araujo; Ann. Pharmacother. 27, 330 (1993)  Capsaicin, a double-edged sword: toxicity, metabolism, and chemopreventive potential: Y. J. Surh & S. S. Lee; Life Sci. 56, 1845 (1995) Topical capsaicin. A review of its pharmacological properties andtherapeutic potential in post-herpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy and osteoarthritis: C. Rains & H. M. Bryson; Drugs Aging 7, 317(1995)  Peppers and pain. The promise of capsaicin: B. M. Fusco &M. Giacovazzo; Drugs 53, 909 (1997)  Capsaicin sensitive-sensory
nerves and blood pressure regulation: P. Vaishnava & D.H. Wang;
Curr. Med. Chem. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents 1, 177 (2003)  Forty
years in capsaicin research for sensory pharmacology and physiology: J. Szolcsanyi; Neuropeptides 38, 377 (2004)

Dihydrocapsaicin

ALX-350-052-M010
10 mg
ALX-350-052-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Capsicum fruit. Dihydro-analog andcongener of capsaicin (Prod. No. ALX-550-066) inchili peppers (Capsicum). Like capsaicin it is irritant.
Dihydrocapsaicin accounts for about 22% of the total capsaicinoids mixture and has about the same
pungency as capsaicin. Antioxidant. Reduces oxidation of serum lipids. Mutagenic.

LIT: The mutagenicity of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in V79 cells:
T. Lawson & P. Gannett; Cancer Lett. 48, 109 (1989)  Dihydrocapsaicin treatment depletes peptidergic nerve fibers of substance P andalters mast cell density in the respiratory tract of neonatal sheep:
R. Ramirez-Romero, et al.; Regul. Pept. 91, 97 (2000)  Oxidative
DNA damage by capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in the presenceof Cu(II): S. Singh, et al.; Cancer Lett. 169, 139 (2001)  Determination of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in capsicum fruits by liquid
chromatography-electrospray/time-of-flight mass spectrometry: A.
Garces-Claver, et al.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 9303 (2006)  Effectsof capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and curcumin on copper-induced
oxidation of human serum lipids: K.D. Ahuja, et al.; J. Agric. Food
Chem. 54, 6436 (2006)(E)-Capsaicin

Dihydrocapsaicin

ALX-350-229-M100
100 mgIsolated from Apium graveolens L. Inducer of glutathione S-transferases and inhibitor of chemically induced carcinogenesis. Mosquitocidal, nematicidal and antifungal. Was shown to inhibit COX-1
and COX-2 as well as topoisomerase-I and topoisomerase-II.
LIT: Chemoprevention of benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach cancer in mice by natural phthalides
from celery seed oil: G.-Q. Zheng,
et al.; Nutr. Cancer 19, 77 (1993) Mosquitocidal, nematicidal, and antifungal compounds from Apium
graveolens L. seeds: R.A. Momin &M.G. Nair; J. Agric. Food Chem. 49,
142 (2001)  Sedanolide, a natural phthalide from celery seed oil:
effect on hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced
toxicity in HepG2 and CaCo-2 human cell lines: J.A. Woods, et al.; In
Vitr. Mol. Toxicol. 14, 233 (2001)  Antioxidant, cyclooxygenase andtopoisomerase inhibitory compounds from Apium graveolens Linn.
seeds: R.A. Momin & M.G. Nair; Phytomedicine 9, 312 (2002)

Canavanine . sulfate

ALX-350-002-M100
100 mg
ALX-350-002-M500
500 mg
The non-protein amino acid L-canavanine is an analog of L-arginine which has been shown to be aselective inhibitor of iNOS (NOS II). It induces apoptotic cell death, and shows antiproliferative andimmunotoxic effects.
LIT: Inhibition of the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells by
the arginine antimetabolite L-canavanine: D.S. Swaffar, et al.; Cancer Res. 54, 6045 (1994)  Inhibition of nitric oxide formation with
L-canavanine attenuates endotoxin-induced vascular hyporeactivity in the rat: M. Cai, et al.; Eur. J. Pharmacol. 295, 215 (1996)
 L-Canavanine modulates cellular growth, chemosensitivity andP-glycoprotein substrate accumulation in cultured human tumor
cell lines: D.R. Worthen, et al.; Cancer Lett. 132, 229 (1998)  The
antiproliferative and immunotoxic effects of L-canavanine and Lcanaline: A.K. Bence, et al.; Anticancer Drugs 13, 313 (2002)  Arginine antimetabolite L-canavanine induces apoptotic cell deathin human Jurkat T cells via caspase-3 activation regulated by Bcl-2
or Bcl-xL: M.H. Jang, et al.; BBRC 295, 283 (2002)  L-Canavanine asa radiosensitization agent for human pancreatic cancer cells: A.K.
Bence, et al.; Mol. Cell Biochem. 244, 37 (2003)  Comparative effects of vasopressin, norepinephrine, and L-canavanine, a selective
inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, in endotoxic shock: B.
Levy, et al.; Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 287, H209 (2004)  Larginine analogs as alternate substrates for nitric oxide synthase:
S.D. Luzzi & M.A. Marletta; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 15, 3934 (2005)
 Role of non-protein amino acid L-canavanine in autoimmunity:
J. Akaogi, et al.; Autoimmun. Rev. 5, 429 (2006)

Resveratrol[trans-3,4’,5-Trihydroxystilbene]
ALX-270-125-M050
50 mg
ALX-270-125-M100
100 mg
ALX-270-125-M250
250 mgOriginally isolated from grapes. Shows cancer chemopreventive activity. Specific inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1). Inhibits the hydroperoxidase activity of COX-1. Antioxidant. Potent activator of human deacetylase SIRT1. Protects against 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts.
LIT: Cancer chemopreventive activity of resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes: M. Jang, et al.; Science 275, 218 (1997) 
Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan: K.T. Howitz, et al.; Nature 425, 191 (2003)  Resveratrol
protects against 4-HNE induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in
Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts: O. Kutuk, et al.; Biofactors 20, 1 (2004)

Great Bulk Prices! Please inquire!

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

105International Edition

Auraptene[7-Geranyloxycoumarin]
ALX-350-361-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-361-M025
25 mg
Isolated from citrus fruit. Anti-inflammatory andchemopreventive compound. Exerts tumor preventive effects through apoptosis. Suppresses cellproliferation and lipid peroxidation. Acts as an agonist of PPARs. Induces phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes.
LIT: Citrus auraptene exerts dose-dependent chemopreventive
activity in rat large bowel tumorigenesis: the inhibition correlateswith suppression of cell proliferation and lipid peroxidation andwith induction of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes: T. Tanaka,
et al.; Cancer Res. 58, 2550 (1998)  Immunomodulatory actionof citrus auraptene on macrophage functions and cytokine production of lymphocytes in female BALB/c mice: T. Tanaka, et al.;Carcinogenesis 20, 1471 (1999)  Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of natural and semisynthetic geranyloxycoumarins:
M. Curini, et al.; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 14, 2241 (2004)  Citrus
auraptene targets translation of MMP-7 (matrilysin) via ERK1/2dependent and mTOR-independent mechanism: K. Kawabata, etal.; FEBS Lett. 580, 5288 (2006)  Citrus auraptene acts as an agonist for PPARs and enhances adiponectin production and MCP-1
reduction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: K. Kuroyanagi, et al.; BBRC 366,
219 (2008)

Diosmin[3’,5,7-Trihydroxy-4’-methoxyflavone 7-rutinoside]
ALX-385-031-G005
5g
ALX-385-031-G025
25 g
Isolated from Citrus aurantium L. and Citrus reticulate Blanca. Flavonoid glycoside. Main component
in citrus fruits. Phlebotropic drug used to control
internal symptoms of hemorrhoids and in thetreatment of venous diseases. Prolongs the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline on the vein wall.
Reduces venous hyperpressure. Reduces capillary
hyperpermeability and the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM1, VCAM1). Effectively
inhibits the P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated efflux
in cells. Anti-inflammatory. Inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial cytotoxicity.
LIT: Amine uptake inhibition by diosmin and diosmetin in humanneuronal and neuroendocrine cell lines: E. Sher, et al.; Pharmacol.
Res. 26, 395 (1992)  Clinical trial of oral diosmin (Daflon) in thetreatment of hemorrhoids: W. Thanapongsathorn & T. Vajrabukka;
Dis. Colon Rectum 35, 1085 (1992)  Antioxidant activity of micronized diosmin on oxygen species from stimulated human neutrophils: B. Cypriani, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 45, 1531 (1993)  Diosmin and diosmetin are agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
that differentially affect cytochrome P450 1A1 activity: H.P. Ciolino,
et al.; Cancer Res. 58, 2754 (1998)  Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced endothelial cytotoxicity by diosmin: M.F. Melzig & R.
Loose; Pharmazie 54, 298 (1999)  Anti-inflammatory activity of diosmin and hesperidin in rat colitis induced by TNBS: M.E. Crespo, etal.; Planta Med. 65, 651 (1999)  Treatment of metastatic melanoma
B16F10 by the flavonoids tangeretin, rutin, and diosmin: C. Martinez
Conesa, et al.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 6791 (2005)(±)-Hesperetin

ALX-385-011-G001
1g
Antioxidant flavonoid. Induces G1-phase cell cycle
arrest. Anti-inflammatory. Suppresses NF-κB activation. Reduces cholesterol biosynthesis. Inhibits lipid
peroxidation. Has neuroprotective effects against
neuronal oxidative damage.

Theobromine[3,7-Dimethylxanthine]
ALX-480-061-G005
5g
ALX-480-061-G025
25 g
Weak phosphodiesterase inhibitor and adenosine
receptor blocker. Diuretic and smooth-muscle relaxant.
LIT: Subclasses of adenosine receptors in the central nervous system: interaction with caffeine and related methylxanthines: J.W.
Daly, et al.; Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 3, 69 (1983)  Characterization of
the A2 adenosine receptor labeled by [3H]NECA in rat striatal membranes: R.F. Bruns, et al.; Mol. Pharmacol. 29, 331 (1986)

LIT: Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids andphenolic acids: C.A. Rice-Evans, et al.; Free Radical Biol. & Med. 20,
933 (1996)  Antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of hesperidin and its aglycone hesperetin: J. Cho; Arch. Pharm. Res. 29, 699(2006)  Modulation of the age-related nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) pathway by hesperetin: J. Y. Kim, et al.; Aging Cell 5, 401(2006)  Hesperetin Induced G1-Phase Cell Cycle Arrest in Human
Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells: Involvement of CDK4 and p21: E.J. Choi;
Nutr. Cancer 59, 115 (2007)

Limonin[Limonoic acid di-δ-lactone]

Limonin

ALX-350-225-M050
50 mg
Isolated from grapefruit seed. Bitter principle ofcitrus fruits. Inhibits chemically induced carcinogenesis.

(±)-Naringenin

LIT: The effect of citrus limonoids on hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis: E.G. Miller, et al.; Carcinogenesis 10, 1535 (1989)(±)-Naringenin[(±)-4’,5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone]
ALX-385-010-G001
1g
Antioxidant flavonoid. Has anti-inflammatory andantitumor properties. Induces apoptosis. Stimulates
DNA repair following oxidative damage. Inhibits theactivity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI(3)K).

Nomilin

CH3

H3C

LIT: Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids andphenolic acids: C.A. Rice-Evans, et al.; Free Radical Biol. & Med. 20,
933 (1996)  Naringenin inhibits phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: A. W. Harmon & Y.
M. Patel; BBRC 305, 229 (2003)  The citrus flavonoid naringenin
stimulates DNA repair in prostate cancer cells: K. Gao, et al.; J. Nutr.
Biochem. 17, 89 (2006)  Naringenin-induced apoptosis via activation of NF-kappaB and necrosis involving the loss of ATP in humanpromyeloleukemia HL-60 cells: S. Kanno, et al.; Toxicol. Lett. 166, 131(2006)  Inhibitory effect of naringenin chalcone on inflammatorychanges in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages:
S. Hirai, et al.; Life Sci. 81, 1272 (2007)

Nomilin

ALX-350-228-M025
25 mg
Isolated from grapefruit seed and citrus juice. Induces phase II detoxifying enzymes and inhibits
chemically induced carcinogenesis.
LIT: The effect of citrus limonoids on hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis: E.G. Miller, et al.; Carcinogenesis 10, 1535 (1989)

Tangeretin

ALX-385-027-M010
10 mg
Flavonoid found in the peel of citrus fruits where
it provides natural resistance to fungi. Induces G1
cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. Counteracts tumor
promoter-induced inhibition of intercellular communication and inhibits cell proliferation in several
cancer lines. Reduces elevation of blood pressure
and plasma glucose levels.
LIT: Nobiletin Is Main Fungistat in Tangerines Resistant to Mal Secco:
A. Ben-Aziz; Science 155, 1026 (1967)  Flavonoids (apigenin, tangeretin) counteract tumor promoter-induced inhibition of intercellular communication of rat liver epithelial cells: C. Chaumontet, et al.;Cancer Lett. 114, 207 (1997)  Antiproliferative activity of flavonoids
on several cancer cell lines: S. Kawaii; Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 63,
896 (1999)  Tangeretin inhibits extracellular-signal-regulated kinase(ERK) phosphorylation: S. Van Slambrouck, et al.; FEBS Lett. 579, 1665
(2005)  Tangeretin suppresses IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 expression through inhibition of p38 MAPK, JNK, and AKT
activation in human lung carcinoma cells: K.H. Chen, et al.; Biochem.
Pharmacol. 73, 215 (2007)  Tangeretin and nobiletin induce G1 cell
cycle arrest but not apoptosis in human breast and colon cancer
cells: K.L. Morley, et al.; Cancer Lett. 251, 168 (2007)

O

O

CH3

CH3

O

O

O
H3C

O

O

Tangeretin

HO(±)-Hesperetin

O

O
H3C
O

O
O

HO

O

O
OH

HO

OH
HO

Diosmin

Auraptene

OH

OH

CH3

106

International Edition

Caffeine

Chlorogenic acid

ALX-550-322-G005
5gFound in tea leaves, coffee beans, cocoa beans,maté leaves, guarana paste and kola nuts. CNS
stimulant. Blocks adenosine A1 and A2A receptors. cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor. Interfereswith the uptake and storage of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle. Prevents apoptosis and cell cycle effects induced by various
chemicals. Inhibits cellular DNA repair mechanisms.
Anti-inflammatory.

Cafestol

ALX-350-220-M050

50 mg

Kahweol

ALX-350-223-M010
10 mg
Products isolated from the unsaponifiable fractionof petroleum ether extract of coffee beans. Inducers of glutathione S-transferases.
LIT: Isolation and identification of kahweol palmitate and cafestol
palmitate as active constituents of green coffee beans that enhance glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse: L.K. Lam, etal.; Cancer Res. 42, 1193 (1982)

ALX-350-353-M500
500 mg
ALX-350-353-G001
1g
Isolated from the leaves and fruits of dicotyledonous plants (e.g. coffee beans). Analog of caffeic
acid (Prod. No. ALX-270-231). Shows antioxidant,
analgesic, antipyretic and chemopreventive activity. Inhibits Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase and triggers
MAP kinases p38–dependent apoptosis. Inhibitorof the tumor promoting activity of phorbol esters.
Does not inhibit the 5-lipoxygenase activity of ionophore-stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes at concentrations as high as 100µM.

LIT: Analogues of caffeine and theophylline: effect of structural
alterations on affinity at adenosine receptors: J.W. Daly, et al.; J.
Med. Chem. 29, 1305 (1986)  Multiple effects of caffeine on calcium current in rat ventricular myocytes: I. Zahradnik & P. Palade;
Pfluegers Arch. 424, 129 (1993)  Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant:a review of pharmacology and mechanisms of action: J. Sawynok &T.L. Yaksh; Pharmacol. Rev. 45, 43 (1993)  Caffeine prevents apoptosis and cell cycle effects induced by camptothecin or topotecan
in HL-60 cells: F. Traganos, et al.; Cancer Res. 53, 4613 (1993)  Immunomodulatory effects of caffeine: friend or foe: L. A. Horrigan,
et al.; Pharmacol. Ther. 111, 877 (2006) * Novel neuroprotection
by caffeine and adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists in animalmodels of Parkinson’s disease: A. Kalda, et al.; J. Neurol. Sci. 248, 9(2006)  The enigmatic effects of caffeine in cell cycle and cancer:
A. M. & Bode and Z. Dong; Cancer Lett. 247, 26 (2007)

LIT: Inhibitory effect of curcumin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid,and ferulic acid on tumor promotion in mouse skin by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate: M.T. Huang, et al.; Cancer Res. 48,
5941 (1988)  Chlorogenic acid inhibits Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase andtriggers p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent apoptosis in chronic myelogenous leukemic cells: G. Bandyopadhyay, etal.; Blood 104, 2514 (2004)  Inhibition of activator protein-1, NFkappaB, and MAPKs and induction of phase 2 detoxifying enzyme
activity by chlorogenic acid: R. Feng, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 280, 27888(2005)  Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of the natural polyphenol chlorogenic acid: M.D.
dos Santos, et al.; Biol. Pharm. Bull. 29, 2236 (2006)  Inhibition of
DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols: W.J. Lee & B.T. Zhu;
Carcinogenesis 27, 269 (2006)  The chemopreventive propertiesof chlorogenic acid reveal a potential new role for the microsomal
glucose-6-phosphate translocase in brain tumor progression: A.
Belkaid, et al.; Cancer Cell Int. 6, 7 (2006)

Caffeic acid[3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid]
ALX-270-231-M250
250 mg
ALX-270-231-G001
1g
Synthetic. Naturally occuring phenolic compoundfound in many fruits, vegetables and herbs, including coffee. Shows anti-tumor, antiviral, antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory effects. Inhibitor of 5- and12-lipoxygenase (LO).
LIT: Caffeic acid is a selective inhibitor for leukotriene biosynthesis:
Y. Koshihara, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 792, 92 (1984)  Caffeic
acid derivatives: in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties:
F.M. da Cunha, et al.; Free Radic. Res. 38, 1241 (2004)  Novel andtherapeutic effect of caffeic acid and caffeic acid phenyl ester on
hepatocarcinoma cells: complete regression of hepatoma growthand metastasis by dual mechanism: T.W. Chung, et al.; FASEB J. 18,1670 (2004)  Anti-HIV activities of natural antioxidant caffeic acidderivatives: toward an antiviral supplementation diet: F. Bailly & P.
Cotelle; Curr. Med. Chem. 12, 1811 (2005)

CafestolO

KahweolHO

Caffeic acid
Caffeine
Chlorogenic acid

Isoxanthohumol

ALX-350-279-M001
1 mg
Synthetic. Prenylated chalcone. Phytoestrogen. Induces apoptosis in mature adipocytes.

8-Isopentenylnaringenin[8-Prenylnaringenin]
ALX-385-025-M005
5 mg
Isolated from hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Phytoestrogen. Selective, non-steroidal estrogen receptor α(ERα) ligand. Potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Chemopreventive agent against cancer
induced by heterocyclic amines.
LIT: Prenylflavonoids: a new class of non-steroidal phytoestrogen(Part 2). Estrogenic effects of 8-isopentenylnaringenin on bone metabolism: M. Miyamoto, et al.; Planta Med. 64, 516 (1998)  Prenylflavonoids: a new class of non-steroidal phytoestrogen (Part 1). Isolation of 8-isopentenylnaringenin and an initial study on its structureactivity relationship: M. Kitaoka, et al.; Planta Med. 64, 511 (1998) 
Identification of a potent phytoestrogen in hops (Humulus lupulusL.) and beer: S.R. Milligan, et al.; J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 2249
(1999)  The endocrine activities of 8-prenylnaringenin and relatedhop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids: S.R. Milligan, et al.; J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 4912 (2000)  Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health!: J.F. Stevens & J.E.
Page; Phytochemistry 65, 1317 (2004)  8-prenylnaringenin, a novel
phytoestrogen, inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo: M.S. Pepper, et al.; J. Cell Physiol. 199, 98 (2004)  8-Prenylnaringenin, inhibits
estrogen receptor-alpha mediated cell growth and induces apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells: E. Brunelli, et al.; J. Steroid Biochem.
Mol. Biol. 107, 140 (2007)

OH

HO

LIT: Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer:
to your good health!: J.F. Stevens & J.E. Page; Phytochemistry 65, 1317
(2004)  Inhibition of endothelial cell functions by novel potential
cancer chemopreventive agents: E. Bertl, et al.; BBRC 325, 287 (2004)
 Metabolism of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol, prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.), by human liver microsomes:
D. Nikolic, et al.; J. Mass Spectrom. 40, 289 (2005)  Identification ofhuman hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of 8-prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol from hops (Humulus
lupulus L.): J. Guo, et al.; Drug Metab. Dispos. 34, 1152 (2006)  The prenylflavonoid isoxanthohumol from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is activated into the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin in vitro andin the human intestine: S. Possemiers, et al.; J. Nutr. 136, 1862 (2006) 
Effect of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol on 3T3-L1 cell apoptosis
and adipogenesis: J.Y. Yang, et al.; Apoptosis 12, 1953 (2007)

LIT: [1] Xanthohumols, diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitors, from
Humulus lupulus: N. Tabata, et al.; Phytochemistry 46, 683 (1997)  [2]Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of prenylated flavonoids fromhops (Humulus lupulus) in human cancer cell lines: C.L. Miranda, etal.; Food Chem. Toxicol. 37, 271 (1999)  [4] Prenylated chalcones
and flavanones as inducers of quinone reductase in mouse Hepa
1c1c7 cells: C.L. Miranda, et al.; Cancer Lett. 149, 21 (2000)  [3] In
vitro inhibition of human P450 enzymes by prenylated flavonoids
from hops, Humulus lupulus: M.C. Henderson, et al.; Xenobiotica 30,
235 (2000)  [5] Cancer chemopreventive activity of Xanthohumol,a natural product derived from hop: C. Gerhauser, et al.; Mol. Cancer
Ther. 1, 959 (2002)  [6] Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids
from hops and beer: to your good health!: J.F. Stevens & J.E. Page;
Phytochemistry 65, 1317 (2004)  Effect of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol on 3T3-L1 cell apoptosis and adipogenesis: J.Y. Yang, etal.; Apoptosis 12, 1953 (2007)

Xanthohumol

ALX-350-280-M005
5 mg
Isolated from hops (Humulus lupulus). Prenylated
chalcone found in beer. Potent inhibitor of diacylglycerol acetyltransferase [DGAT] [1], which catalyzes
the final step in mammalian triacylglycerol synthesis.
Inhibits DNA polymerase and induces cell differentiation. Has antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects inhuman cancer cell lines [2]. Inhibits human P450 enzymes [3]. Induces quinone reductase in mouse Hepa
1c1c7 cells [4]. Inhibits the expression of HIF-1α andVEGF under hypoxic conditions [5]. For a review see[6]. Induces apoptosis in mature adipocytes [7].

8-Isopentenylnaringenin
Isoxanthohumol

Xanthohumol

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

107International Edition(2000)  Disposition of flavonoids via enteric recycling: enzyme-transporter coupling affects metabolism of biochanin A and formononetin
and excretion of their phase II conjugates: X. Jia, et al.; J. Pharmacol.
Exp. Ther. 310, 1103 (2004)  Formononetin, a phyto-oestrogen, andits metabolites up-regulate interleukin-4 production in activated T
cells via increased AP-1 DNA binding activity: J. Park, et al.; Immunology 116, 71 (2005)

Genistein (synthetic)
Daidzein[4’,7-Dihydroxyisoflavone]
ALX-350-009-M010
10 mg
ALX-350-009-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-009-M050
50 mg
Synthetic. Inactive analog of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (Prod. No. ALX-350-006). Consumption decreases circulating levels of TNF-α in postmenopausal women. Shows antiinflammatory effect.
LIT: Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases:
T. Akiyama, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5592 (1987)  Tyrosine kinase inhibitors block calcium channel currents in vascular smooth muscle
cells: S. Wijetunge, et al.; BBRC 189, 1620 (1992)  Genistein and daidzein, and their ß-glycoside conjugates: anti-tumor isoflavones in soybean foods from American and Asian diets: L. Coward, et al.; J. Agric.
Food Chem. 41, 1961 (1993)  Daidzein inhibits insulin- or insulin-likegrowth factor-1-mediated signaling in cell cycle progression of Swiss
3T3 cells: K. Higashi and H. Ogawara; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1221,
29 (1994)  Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein:
exploring the relevance to human health: C. Atkinson, et al.; Exp. Biol.
Med. (Maywood) 230, 155 (2005)  Clinical review: a critical evaluation of the role of soy protein and isoflavone supplementation in thecontrol of plasma cholesterol concentrations: A. Dewell, et al.; J. Clin.
Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 772 (2006)

Daidzin[Daidzein-7-O-glucoside]
ALX-350-248-M002
2 mg
ALX-350-248-M010
10 mg
Glucoside of the isoflavone daidzein (Prod. No.
ALX-350-009) found in soy beans.
LIT: Metabolism of puerarin and daidzin by human intestinal bacteria
and their relation to in vitro cytotoxicity: D.H. Kim, et al.; Biol. Pharm.
Bull. 21, 628 (1998)  Daidzin and its antidipsotropic analogs inhibit
serotonin and dopamine metabolism in isolated mitochondria: W.M.
Keung & B.L. Vallee; PNAS 95, 2198 (1998)  Daidzein and genistein but
not their glucosides are absorbed from the rat stomach: M.K. Piskula,et al.; FEBS Lett. 447, 287 (1999)

Formononetin (high purity)

ALX-270-312-M005
5 mg
Interacts with human estrogen receptors with low
potency. Enhances IL-4 production in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibits lecithin peroxidation induced byhydroxyl radicals. Selective inhibitor of the γ-isoform
of alcohol dehydrogenase. Antioxidant.
LIT: Proliferative response of mammary glandular tissue to formononetin: W. Wang, et al.; Nutr. Cancer 23, 131 (1995)  Isoflavonoids and lignans have different potentials to modulate oxidative genetic damage
in human colon cells: B.L. Pool-Zobel, et al.; Carcinogenesis 21, 1247(+)-Calystegine B2

ALX-350-314-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-314-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Lycopersicon sp. Selective glycosidase inhibitor sharing such activity with other hydroxylated
nitrogen containing bicyclic compounds like swainsonine (Prod. No. ALX-350-077), castanospermine (Prod.
No. ALX-270-160), monocyclic deoxynojirimycin (Prod.
No. ALX-580-003) or fagomine. Most abundant form iscalystegine B2 occurring in almost all plants displaying calystegines. Inhibitory potency of calystegine B2
is comparable to other alkaloidal glycosidase inhibitors showing Ki values below 1µM.
LIT: Identification of the glycosidase inhibitors swainsonine and calystegine B2 in Weir vine (Ipomoea sp. Q6 [aff. calobra]) and correlation with toxicity: R.J. Molyneux, et al.; J. Nat. Prod. 58, 878 (1995)
 The effects of calystegines isolated from edible fruits and vegetables on mammalian liver glycosidases: N. Asano, et al.; Glycobiology 70, 1085 (1997)  Synthesis and evaluation of calystegine B2[4’,5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone]
ALX-350-006-M010
10 mg
ALX-350-006-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-006-M050
50 mg
ALX-350-006-M100
100 mg
ALX-350-006-G001
1g
Synthetic. Tyrosine protein kinase inhibitor. Inhibits phosphorylation of EGF receptor kinase. Inhibits tumor cell proliferation and induces tumor celldifferentiation. Inhibits topoisomerase II activity invivo. Produces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Direct
inhibitor of insulin-induced glucose uptake in adipocytes (IC50=20µM). Consumption of genistein decreases circulating levels of TNF-α in postmenopausal women.
LIT: Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases: T. Akiyama, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5592 (1987)  Mechanismsof cancer chemoprevention by soy isoflavone genistein: F.H. Sarkar& Y. Li; Cancer Metastasis Rev. 21, 265 (2002)  Soy isoflavone phytopharmaceuticals in interleukin-6 affections. Multi-purpose nutraceuticals at the crossroad of hormone replacement, anti-cancer and antiinflammatory therapy: N. Dijsselbloem, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol.
68, 1171 (2004)  Genistein directly inhibits GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: M. Bazuine, et al.; BBRC 325, 511(2005)  Clinical review: a critical evaluation of the role of soy protein
and isoflavone supplementation in the control of plasma cholesterol
concentrations: A. Dewell, et al.; J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 772(2006)  The role of genistein and synthetic derivatives of isoflavone
in cancer prevention and therapy: F.H. Sarkar, et al.; Mini Rev. Med.
Chem. 6, 401 (2006)

Genistin

Genistein

Daidzein

Genistin[Genistein-7-O-glucoside]
ALX-350-247-M010
10 mg
Glucoside of genistein (Prod. No. ALX-350-006) foundin soy beans. Useful as a negative control for genistein and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Selective
inhibitor of terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase (TdT). Displays antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties.
LIT: Soybean isoflavones, genistein and genistin, inhibit rat myoblast proliferation, fusion and myotube protein synthesis: S. Ji, et al.;J. Nutr. 129, 1291 (1999)  Inhibition of CYP1A1 enzyme activity inmouse hepatoma cell culture by soybean isoflavones: H.G. Shertzer,
et al.; Chem. Biol. Interact. 123, 31 (1999)  Selective inhibitors of terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase (TdT): baicalin and genistin:
Y. Uchiyama, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1725, 298 (2005)  Genistin inhibits UV light-induced plasmid DNA damage and cell growthin human melanoma cells: A. Russo, et al.; J. Nutr. Biochem. 17, 103(2006)  Pro-apoptotic effect and cytotoxicity of genistein and genistin in human ovarian cancer SK-OV-3 cells: E.J. Choi, et al.; Life Sci.
80, 1403 (2007)

analoguesas glycosidase inhibitors: M.I. Garcia-Moreno, et al.; J. Org.
Chem. 66, 7604 (2001)  Chemistry and biology of calystegines: B.
Drager; Nat. Prod. Rep. 21, 211 (2004)  Calystegines in potatoes withgenetically engineered carbohydrate metabolism: U. Richter, et al.;J. Exp. Bot. 58, 1603 (2007)

DaidzinFormononetin

108International Edition
LIT: Activation of vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) by eugenol: B.H. Yang, etal.; J. Dent. Res. 82, 781 (2003)  Study of anticandidal activity of carvacrol and eugenol in vitro and in vivo: N. Chami, et al.; Oral. Microbiol.
Immunol. 20, 106 (2005)  A comparative study of the antioxidant/
prooxidant activities of eugenol and isoeugenol with various concentrations and oxidation conditions: T. Atsumi, et al.; Toxicol. In Vitro 19,1025 (2005)  Antimicrobial efficacy of eugenol microemulsions inmilk against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7:
S. Gaysinsky, et al.; J. Food Prot. 70, 2631 (2007)

Cinnamtannin B-1

ALX-350-365-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Laurus nobilis L. A-type proanthocyanidin. Has potent antioxidant activity. Protective
agent against oxidative stress and apoptosis in human platelets. Reduces hyperaggregability in platelets from type 2 diabetic patients.
LIT: Pharmacological Studies on Linderae umbellatae Ramus, IV*. Effects of condensed tannin related compounds on peptic activity andstress-induced gastric lesions in mice: N. Ezaki, et al.; Planta Med. 51,
34 (1985)  Antitumor agents, 129. Tannins and related compounds
as selective cytotoxic agents: Y. Kashiwada, et al.; J. Nat. Prod. 55,
1033 (1992)  Cinnamtannin B1 activity on adipocytes formation: M.
Taher, et al.; Med. J. Malaysia 59, 97 (2004)  Phenolic constituents inthe fruits of Cinnamomum zeylanicum and their antioxidant activity:
G.K. Jayaprakasha, et al.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 1672 (2006)  Cinnamtannin B-1 from bay wood reduces abnormal intracellular Ca2+
homeostasis and platelet hyperaggregability in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A. Bouaziz, et al.; Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 457, 235 (2007)
 Cinnamtannin B-1 from bay wood exhibits antiapoptotic effects inhuman platelets: A. Bouaziz, et al.; Apoptosis 12, 489 (2007)  Characterization of the intracellular mechanisms involved in the antiaggregant properties of cinnamtannin B-1 from bay wood in humanplatelets: N. Ben Amor, et al.; J. Med. Chem. 50, 3937 (2007)

Eugenol (high purity)

ALX-350-123-G001
1g
Isolated from clove oil, nutmeg, cinnamon and bay
leaf. TRPV1 agonist. Analgesic. Has antifungal, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

ALX-350-227-M100
100 mgIsolated from Petroselinium hortense Hoffmann. Natural product isolated from parsley oil. Inducer of glutathione S-transferases. Also inhibits chemical carcinogenesis. Induces rat and human cytochrome
P450 enzymes. Has very potent hepatoprotective
activity. Induces apoptosis.
LIT: Myristicin: a potential cancer chemopreventive agent from parsleyleaf oil: G.-Q. Zheng, et al.; J. Agri. Food Chem. 40, 107 (1992)  Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-induced tumorigenesis by myristicin, a volatile aroma constituent of parsley leaf oil: G.-Q. Zheng, et al.; Carcinogenesis 13, 1921 (1992)  Induction of rat hepatic cytochrome P450
enzymes by myristicin: H.G. Jeong & C.H. Yun; BBRC 217, 966 (1995) 
Roles of human liver cytochrome P450 3A4 and 1A2 enzymes in theoxidation of myristicin: C.H. Yun, et al.; Toxicol. Lett. 137, 143 (2003) 
Myristicin-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH
cells: B.K. Lee, et al.; Toxicol. Lett. 157, 49 (2005)

LIT: Delphinidin, an active compound of red wine, inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis via nitric oxide pathway and regulation of calcium
homeostasis: S. Martin, et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 139, 1095 (2003) 
Anthocyanins induce cell cycle perturbations and apoptosis in different human cell lines: M.C. Lazzè; Carcinogenesis 25, 1427 (2004)
 DNA interaction with naturally occurring antioxidant flavonoids
quercetin, kaempferol, and delphinidin: C.D. Kanakis, et al.; J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 22, 719 (2005)  Delphinidin and cyanidin inhibit
PDGF(AB)-induced VEGF release in vascular smooth muscle cells by
preventing activation of p38 MAPK and JNK: M.H. Oak, et al.; Br. J.
Pharmacol. 149, 283 (2006)  Delphinidin, a dietary anthocyanidin,
inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 phosphorylation: S. Lamy, et al.; Carcinogenesis 27, 989 (2006)  elphinidin, ananthocyanidin in pigmented fruits and vegetables, protects human
HaCaT keratinocytes and mouse skin against UVB-mediated oxidative stress and apoptosis: F. Afaq, et al.; J. Invest. Dermatol. 127, 222(2007)

Kaempferol

ALX-385-005-M010
10 mg
ALX-385-005-M050
50 mg
Antioxidant flavonoid. Apoptosis inducer. Reversible
inhibitor of fatty acid synthase.
LIT: Presence of fatty acid synthase inhibitors in the rhizome of Alpinia
officinarum hance: B.H. Li & W.X. Tian; J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem.
18, 349 (2003)  Pharmacological inhibitors of Fatty Acid Synthase(FASN)--catalyzed endogenous fatty acid biogenesis: a new family ofanti-cancer agents?: R. Lupu & J. A. Menendez; Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 7, 483 (2006) (Review)

O
O
O

CH3

Myristicin
H3C

O
O
O

CH3

Dihydromyristicin

Dihydromyristicin

ALX-350-222-M100
100 mgHydrogenated product of myristicin (Prod. No.
ALX-350-227), a natural constituent of parsley. Inducer of glutathione S-transferases.
LIT: Myristicin: a potential cancer chemopreventive agent from parsley leaf oil: G.-Q. Zheng, et al.; J. Agri. Food Chem. 40, 107 (1992) Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-induced tumorigenesis by myristicin, avolatile aroma constituent of parsley leaf oil: G.Q. Zheng, et al.; Carcinogenesis 13, 1921 (1992)

Cinnamtannin B-1

ALX-385-012-M010
10 mg
ALX-385-012-M050
50 mg
Antioxidant flavonoid. Has antitumor and chemopreventive properties. Anti-inflammatory. Inhibits
NF-κB activation.

ALX-385-028-M010
10 mg
Anthocyanidin with antioxidant effect found in pigmented fruits and vegetables. Shown to inhibit angiogenesis and endothelial cell apoptosis by stimulating nitric oxide (NO) production. Inhibits solar
radiation (UVB)-mediated oxidative stress, reducing
DNA damage.

H2C

Myristicin

Myricetin

Delphinidin chloride (high purity)

Eugenol

LIT: Biological effects of myricetin: K. C. Ong & H. E. Khoo; Gen. Pharmacol. 29, 121 (1997) (Review)  Suppression of TNFalpha-mediatedNFkappaB activity by myricetin and other flavonoids through downregulating the activity of IKK in ECV304 cells: S. H. Tsai, et al.; J. Cell
Biochem. 74, 606 (1999)  Mitochondrial-dependent, reactive oxygen
species-independent apoptosis by myricetin: roles of protein kinase
C, cytochrome c, and caspase cascade: C.H. Ko, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 69, 913 (2005)  Inhibition of Mammalian thioredoxin reductase by some flavonoids: implications for myricetin and quercetin anticancer activity: J. Lu, et al.; Cancer Res. 66, 4410 (2006)  Myricetin is
a novel natural inhibitor of neoplastic cell transformation and MEK1:
K.W. Lee, et al.; Carcinogenesis 28, 1918 (2007)

Quercetin . 2H2O

ALX-385-001-G005
5g
Isolated from Sophora japonica L. Antioxidant flavonoid. Inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase, cAMP- andcGMP-phosphodiesterases. Inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases and protein kinase C (PKC). Induces apoptosis. Blocks cells at the G0/G1 interface. Activatorof human deacetylase SIRT1. Reversible inhibitor of
fatty acid synthase (FAS). Inhibits the production of
the inflammatory mediators NO, TNF-α and IL-12 inactivated macrophages.
LIT: Effects of quercetin and F1 inhibitor on mitochondrial ATPaseand energy-linked reactions in submitochondrial particles: D.R. Lang
& E. Racker; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 333, 180 (1974)  Flavonoid compounds are potent inhibitors of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase: A.
Beretz, et al.; Experientia 34, 1054 (1978)  Molecular mechanisms in
the antiproliferative action of quercetin: B. Csokay, et al.; Life Sci. 60,
2157 (1997)  The effect of quercetin on induction of apoptosis: J. Rzymowska, et al.; Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 37, 125 (1999)  Quercetin,coenzyme Q10, and L-canavanine as protective agents against lipid
peroxidation and nitric oxide generation in endotoxin-induced shockin rat brain: H.M. Abd El-Gawad & A.E. Khalifa; Pharmacol. Res. 43, 257(2001)  Pharmacological inhibitors of Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN)-catalyzed endogenous fatty acid biogenesis: a new family of anticancer agents?: R. Lupu & J. A. Menendez; Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol. 7,483 (2006) (Review)  Onions: a source of unique dietary flavonoids:
R. Slimestad, et al.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 55, 10067 (2007)

Related Products
Cyanidin chloride
ALX-385-003-M010
ALX-385-003-M050

Isorhamnetin
ALX-385-024-M005
ALX-385-024-M010

5 mg
10 mg

Peonidin chloride
ALX-385-015-M005(±)-Taxifolin
ALX-385-006-M010
ALX-385-006-M050(+)-Taxifolin
ALX-385-018-M010
ALX-385-018-M050

10 mg
50 mg

5 mg
10 mg
50 mg
10 mg
50 mg

Delphinidin chloride

Myricetin

Kaempferol

Quercetin . 2H2O

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

109International Edition

Mycotoxins

Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites
produced by molds that have been associated with severe toxic effects to vertebrates produced by many important phytopathogenic
and food spoilage fungi including Aspergillus,
Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria species.
Their frequent presence in food and their severe
toxic, carcinogenic and estrogenic properties
have been recognized as potential threat to human health. A reliable risk assessment of mycotoxin contamination for humans and animals
relies basically on their unambiguous identification and accurate quantification in food andfeed stuff. Therefore accurate screening methods for mycotoxins and their availability as reference compounds are essential. ALEXIS® Biochemicals offers a wide panel of mycotoxins.

Selected Review Articles
The toxicology of mycotoxins: Y. Ueno; Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 14, 99(1985)  DNA damage by mycotoxins: J.S. Wang & J.D. Groopman;
Mutat. Res. 424, 167 (1999)  Nutritional and health implicationsof mycotoxins in animal feeds: A review: K.E. Akande, et al.; Pakistan J. Nutr. 5, 398 (2006)  Recent advances in mycotoxin determination in food and feed by hyphenated chromatographic techniques/mass spectrometry: S. Sforza, et al.; Mass Spectrom. Rev.
25, 54 (2006)  Mycotoxin contamination of food in Europe: early
detection and prevention strategies: N. Magan; Mycopathologia
162, 245 (2006)  Trace mycotoxin analysis in complex biologicaland food matrices by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry: P. Zollner & B. Mayer-Helm; J.
Chromatogr. A 1136, 123 (2006)  Some major mycotoxins andtheir mycotoxicoses--an overview: J.L. Richard; Int J. Food Microbiol. 119, 3 (2007)  Mycotoxins in the food chain: human health
implications: W.L. Bryden; Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 16 Suppl 1, 95(2007)  Mixtures in the real world: the importance of plant selfdefense toxicants, mycotoxins, and the human diet: J.L. Mattsson;
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 223, 125 (2007)

Alternariol

Citrinin

Alternariol

ALX-350-139-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Alternaria sp. Important mycotoxin
contaminant of fruit and cereal products. Exhibits
antifungal and phytotoxic activity. Cholinesterase
inhibitor.
LIT: Studies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms. 90. Alternariol
and alternariol monomethyl ether, metabolic products of Alternaria
tenuis: H. Raistrick, et al.; Biochem. J. 55, 421 (1953)  Alternariol, adibenzopyrone mycotoxin of Alternaria spp., is a new photosensitizing and DNA cross-linking agent: F. DiCosmo and N.A. Straus; Experientia 41, 1188 (1985)  Mutagenicity of the mycotoxin alternariol
in cultured mammalian cells: E.M. Brugger, et al.; Toxicol. Lett. 164,
221 (2006)  Estrogenic and clastogenic potential of the mycotoxin
alternariol in cultured mammalian cells: L. Lehmann, et al.; Food
Chem. Toxicol. 44, 398 (2006)

Citrinin

ALX-380-058-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-058-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-058-M010
10 mg
ALX-380-058-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Penicillium citrinum. Antibiotic. Induces
mitochondrial permeability pore opening and inhibits respiration by interfering with complex I of therespiratory chain. Nephrotoxin. Mycotoxin. Causes
mycotoxic nephropathy in livestock and has been
implicated as a cause of Balkan nephropathy andyellow rice fever in humans.
LIT: Mechanism of citrinin-induced dysfunction of mitochondria. III.
Effects on renal cortical and liver mitochondrial swelling: G.M. Chagas, et al.; J. Appl. Toxicol. 15, 91 (1995)  Mycotoxins: J.W. Bennett& M. Klich; Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16, 497 (2003)

Cyclopiazonic acid

ALX-350-023-M005
5 mg
ALX-350-023-M025
25 mg
ALX-350-023-M100
100 mgIsolated from Penicillium griseofulvum. Mycotoxin. Cell permeable, reversible inhibitor of Ca2+ATPases.
LIT: Cyclopiazonic acid is a specific inhibitor of the Ca2+-ATPaseof sarcoplasmic reticulum: N.W. Seidler, et al.; J. Biol. Chem. 264,
17816 (1989)

Cytochalasin A

ALX-380-057-M001
1 mg
ALX-380-057-M005
5 mg
ALX-380-057-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Helminthosporium dematioideum.
Fungal toxin. Inhibits glucose transport, actin polymerisation and blocks the formation of microtubuli. Inhibits cell division. Inhibits HIV-1 protease.
LIT: The action of cytochalasin A on the in vitro polymerization ofbrain tubulin and muscle G-actin: R.H. Himes & L.L. Houston; J. Supramol. Struct. 5, 81 (1976)  Cytochalasin A inhibits B-lymphocyte
capping and activation by antigens: G. Teti, et al.; Immunol. Lett.
3, 151 (1981)  L-696,474, a novel cytochalasin as an inhibitor of
HIV-1 protease. III. Biological activity: R.B. Lingham, et al.; J. Antibiot.
45, 686 (1992)  Effect of cytochalasin A on apical growth, actin
cytoskeleton organization and enzyme secretion in Aspergillus
nidulans: S. Torralba, et al.; Microbiology 144 (Pt 1), 45 (1998)

Cyclopiazonic acid

Deoxynivalenol

ALX-630-115-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-115-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Trichoderma viride. Mycotoxin foundin cereals. Binds to the ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis.
LIT: Simultaneous detection of several Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals, grains, and foodstuffs: H. Kamimura, et al.; J. Assoc. Off. Anal.
Chem. 64, 1067 (1981)  The ability to detoxify the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol colocalizes with a major quantitative trait locus for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat: M. Lemmens, et al.; Mol. Plant
Microbe Interact. 18, 1318 (2005)  Accumulation of deoxynivalenol and its 15-acetylated form is significantly modulated by oxidative stress in liquid cultures of Fusarium graminearum: N. Ponts, etal.; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 258, 102 (2006)  Effect of the Fusarium
toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on IgA, IgM and IgG concentrations
and proliferation of porcine blood lymphocytes: T. Goyarts, et al.;
Toxicol. In Vitro 20, 858 (2006)  Deoxynivalenol transport acrosshuman intestinal Caco-2 cells and its effects on cellular metabolism at realistic intestinal concentrations: T. Sergent, et al.; Toxicol.
Lett. 164, 167 (2006)  Effects of feeding deoxynivalenol contaminated wheat on growth performance, organ weights and histological parameters of the intestine of broiler chickens: W.A. Awad, etal.; J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl) 90, 32 (2006)  Cytotoxicity,
metabolism and cellular uptake of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol
in human proximal tubule cells and lung fibroblasts in primary culture: M. Königs, et al.; Toxicology 240, 48 (2007) Ribotoxic mycotoxin deoxynivalenol induces G(2)/M cell cycle arrest via p21(Cip/
WAF1) mRNA stabilization in human epithelial cells: H. Yang, et al.;
Toxicology 243, 145 (2008)

Cytochalasin A

Deoxynivalenol

110International Edition

Fumigaclavine A

Fumigaclavine A

ALX-630-111-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-111-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Fusarium moniliforme. Mycotoxin. Genotoxic.

LIT: Mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from silage: R.J. Cole, et al.; Ann. Nutr. Aliment. 31, 685 (1977)  Post-genome
research on the biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids: S.M. Li & I.A. Unsold;
Planta Med. 72, 117 (2006)

LIT: Structure and synthesis of moniliformin, a novel cyclobutane
microbial toxin: J.P. Springer, et al.; JACS 96, 2267 (1974)  Moniliformin, a mycotoxin from Fusarium fusarioides: C.J. Rabie, et al.; J.
Agric. Food Chem. 26, 375 (1978)  Isolation and purification of moniliformin: M. Steyn, et al.; J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 61, 578 (1978)  A
molecular mechanism for the toxic action of moniliformin, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme: P.G. Thiel; Biochem. Pharmacol. 27, 483 (1978)  Genotoxic effects of three Fusarium mycotoxins, fumonisin B1, moniliformin and vomitoxin in bacteria andin primary cultures of rat hepatocytes: S. Knasmuller, et al.; Mutat.
Res. 391, 39 (1997)

Fumitremorgin C

Fumitremorgin C

ALX-350-127-C250
250 µgIsolated from Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungal toxin. Tremorgenic. Potent and specific inhibitor of the breast
cancer resistance protein (BCRP; ABCG2). Reverses
multidrug resistance mediated by BCRP and increases cytotoxicity of several anticancer agents in vitro.
LIT: Mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus fumigatus species isolated
from molded silage: R.J. Cole, et al.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 25, 826 (1977)
 Novel mammalian cell cycle inhibitors, tryprostatins A, B and otherdiketopiperazines produced by Aspergillus fumigatus. I. Taxonomy,
fermentation, isolation and biological properties: C.B. Cui, et al.; J.
Antibiot. 49, 527 (1996)  Fumitremorgin C reverses multidrug resistance in cells transfected with the breast cancer resistance protein.:
S.K. Rabindran, et al.; Cancer Res. 60, 47 (2000)

Fumonisin B1

Fumonisin B1

ALX-350-017-M001
1 mg
ALX-350-017-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Fusarium moniliforme. Mycotoxin. Induces cancer. Inhibitor of sphingosine biosynthesis.
Induces apoptosis.

Fumonisin B2

LIT: Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis by fumonisins. Implications for diseases associated with Fusarium moniliforme: E. Wang, etal.; J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14486 (1991)  Biological activities of fumonisins, mycotoxins from Fusarium moniliforme, in jimsonweed (Datura
stramonium L.) and mammalian cell cultures: H.K. Abbas, et al.; Toxicon 31, 345 (1993)  Fumonisins and Alternaria alternata lycopersici
toxins: sphinganine analog mycotoxins induce apoptosis in monkey
kidney cells: H. Wang, et al.; PNAS 93, 3461 (1996)

Fumonisin B2

Gliotoxin

ALX-350-237-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Fusarium moniliforme. Mycotoxin, structurally similar to fumonisin B1 (Prod. No.
ALX-350-017). Carcinogenic. Inducer of apoptosis.

HT-2 Toxin

LIT: Biological activities of fumonisins, mycotoxins from Fusariummoniliforme, in jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.) and mammalian cell cultures: H.K. Abbas, et al.; Toxicon 31, 345 (1993)  Liquid
chromatographic determination of the mycotoxin fumonisin B2 inphysiological samples: G.S. Shephard, et al.; J. Chromatogr. A 692, 39(1995)  Fumonisins and Alternaria alternata lycopersici toxins: sphinganine analog mycotoxins induce apoptosis in monkey kidney cells:
H. Wang, et al.; PNAS 93, 3461 (1996)

Gliotoxin

Moniliformin . Na

ALX-350-239-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Gladiocladium fimbriatum. Immunomodulating mycotoxin which acts by blocking
membrane thiol groups. Causes apoptotic cell deathin macrophages and thymocytes. Induces Ca2+ release from intact rat liver mitochondria.
Ochratoxin A

LIT: Identification of an agent in cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus
displaying anti-phagocytic and immunomodulating activity in vitro:
A. Müllbacher, et al.; J. Gen. Microbiol. 131, 1251 (1985)  Gliotoxin
stimulates Ca2+ release from intact rat liver mitochondria: M. Schweizer & C. Richter; Biochemistry 33, 13401 (1994)  Extracellular
calcium is not required for gliotoxin or dexamethasone- induced
DNA fragmentation: a reappraisal of the use of EGTA: P. Waring & A.
Sjaarda; Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 17, 403 (1995)

HT-2 Toxin

Patulin

Paxilline

Moniliformin . Na

ALX-630-110-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-110-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus sp. Ergot alkaloid. Mycotoxin.

ALX-630-113-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-113-M005
5 mg
Semisynthetic, derived from T2 toxin from Fusarium
tricinctum. Trichothecene group mycotoxin. Induces apoptosis

Ochratoxin A

ALX-630-089-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-089-M005
5 mg
ALX-630-089-M025
25 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus ochraceus. Mycotoxin. Natural contaminant of mouldy food and feed. It has anumber of toxic effects, the most prominent being
nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, ochratoxin A is immunosuppressive, genotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic. Stimulates lipid peroxidation.
LIT: Lipid peroxidation as a possible cause of ochratoxin A toxicity:
A.D. Rahimtula, et al.; Biochem. Pharmacol. 37, 4469 (1988)  Mechanism of ochratoxin A stimulated lipid peroxidation: R.F. Omar, et al.;Biochem. Pharmacol. 40, 1183 (1990)  Toxicity and metabolism ofochratoxin A: J. Fink-Gremmels, et al.; Nat. Toxins 3, 214 (1995)

Patulin

ALX-270-111-M001
1 mg
ALX-270-111-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Penicillium expansum. Inhibitor of protein farnesylation in a cell free assay. Inhibits incorporation of tritiated mevalonate into proteins in wholecells. Mycotoxin with anti-bacterial, potassium uptake inhibitory and possibly carcinogenic activities.
LIT: Inhibition of protein prenylation by patulin: S. Miura, et al.; FEBS
Lett. 318, 88 (1993)

Paxilline

ALX-630-019-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-019-M005
5 mg
ALX-630-019-M010
10 mg
Isolated from Penicillium paxilli. Fungal mycotoxin
with potent excitatory action on acetylcholine release from nerve terminals. Paxilline is a specific andpotent blocker of smooth muscle high-conductanceCa2+-activated K+ channels.
LIT: A new tremorgenic metabolite from Penicillium paxilli: R.J. Cole,et al.; Can. J. Microbiol. 20, 1159 (1974)  Characterization of high affinity binding sites for charybdotoxin in synaptic plasma membranes
from rat brain. Evidence for a direct association with an inactivating, voltage-dependent, potassium channel: J. Vazquez, et al.; J. Biol.
Chem. 265, 15564 (1990)  Tremorgenic indole alkaloids potently inhibit smooth muscle high- conductance calcium-activated potassium channels: H.-G. Knaus, et al.; Biochemistry 33, 5819 (1994)

Penitrem A

ALX-630-020-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-020-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Penicillium palitans. Fungal mycotoxin,
which increases the spontaneous release of GABA
and aspartate from cerebrocortical synaptosomes
in rat neuromuscular junction. Specific and potent
blocker of smooth muscle high-conductance Ca2+activated K+ channels.
LIT: Effects of a fungus tremorgenic toxin (penitrem A) on transmission in rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations: B.J. Wilson, et al.;Brain Res. 40, 540 (1972)  Tremorgenic indole alkaloids potently inhibit smooth muscle high-conductance calcium-activated potassiumchannels: H.G. Knaus, et al.; Biochemistry 33, 5819 (1994)

LIT: Structure-function relationship of T-2 toxin and its metabolites
in inducing thymic apoptosis in vivo in mice: Z. Islam, et al.; Biosci.
Biotechnol. Biochem. 62, 1492 (1998)  Mechanisms involved in
the induction of apoptosis by T-2 and HT-2 toxins in HL-60 humanpromyelocytic leukemia cells: J.A. Holme, et al.; Cell Biol. Toxicol.
19, 53 (2003)  A practical method for measuring deoxynivalenol,nivalenol, and T-2 + HT-2 toxin in foods by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies: T. Yoshizawa, etal.; Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 68, 2076 (2004)

Penitrem A

For updated prices and additional information visit www.alexis-biochemicals.com, contact your local distributor, or call +41 61 926 89 89.

111

International Edition

Roquefortine C

ALX-350-342-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Gymnoascus reesii MST-FP1700. Potent
neurotoxin produced by a diverse range of fungi,
most notably Penicillium species. Mycotoxin. Inhibits growth of Gram-positive bacteria. Inhibits cytochrome p450.
LIT: Isolation of festuclavine and three new indole alkaloids, roquefortine A, B and C from the cultures of Penicillium roqueforti: S.
Ohmomo, et al.; Agric. Biol. Chem. 39, 1333 (1975)  Antimicrobial
action of roquefortine: B. Kopp-Holtwiesche and H.J. Rehm; J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 10, 41 (1990)  Molecular requirements
for inhibition of cytochrome p450 activities by roquefortine: C.
Aninat, et al.; Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14, 1259 (2001)  The effects of
the Penicillium mycotoxins citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, ochratoxin
A, patulin, penicillic acid, and roquefortine C on in vitro proliferation of porcine lymphocytes: M. Keblys, et al.; Mycopathologia 158,317 (2004)

Roquefortine E

ALX-350-343-M001
1 mg
Isolated from Gymnoascus reesii MST-FP1700. Mycotoxin. Analog of roquefortine C (Prod. No. ALX-350-342).
Selective, albeit weakly active antitumor agent.
LIT: Roquefortine E, a diketopiperazine from an Australian isolate of
Gymnoascus reessii: B. Clark, et al.; J. Nat. Prod. 68, 1661 (2005)

Stachybotrylactam

ALX-630-112-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Stachybotrys sp. MST-FP1752. Mycotoxin. Immunosuppressive. Weakly inhibits HIV-1
protease.
LIT: Stachybotrys toxins. 1: B.B. Jarvis, et al.; Nat. Toxins 3, 10 (1995) 
Novel spirodihydrobenzofuranlactams as antagonists of endothelin
and as inhibitors of HIV-1 protease produced by Stachybotrys Sp.
I. Fermentation, isolation and biological activity: B.E. Roggo, et al.;J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 49, 13 (1996)  Enantioselective total synthesis
and structure revision of spirodihydrobenzofuranlactam 1. Total
synthesis of stachybotrylactam: A.S. Kende, et al.; Org. Lett. 5, 1785
(2003)

Sterigmatocystin

ALX-630-116-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-116-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus versicolor. Mycotoxin produced by strains of the common molds. Inhibitor of
DNA synthesis. Induces sister chromatid exchanges
in bone marrow cells of mice. Causes necrosis. Has
an inhibitory effect on orotic acid incorporation into
nuclear RNA.

Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins were isolated and characterized in theearly 1960s as the causative agent of turkey X disease, a hepatotoxic disease in turkey and other poultry. The main aflatoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are B1, B2, G1 andG2, which contaminate a number of agricultural products such as peanuts, tree nuts, corn andcereal grains. Aflatoxins M1 and M2 are metabolites of the fungal aflatoxins found in animal tissues and fluids. Aflatoxins are hepatotoxic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic and mutagenic. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most prevalent and carcinogenic of the aflatoxins. Biotransformation plays acrucial role in the disposition, toxicity and carcinogenicity of AFB1. Cytochrome P450, prostaglandin
H synthase or lipoxygenase catalyze the formationof AFB1-8,9-epoxide, which is capable of alkylating
nucleic acids and proteins. Formation of DNA adducts subsequently leads to mutations, e. g. of thetumor suppressor gene p53.
LIT: Aflatoxin B1-induced DNA damage and its repair: L.L. Bedard andT.E. Massey; Cancer Lett. 241, 174 (2006)  Carcinogenic food contaminants: C.C. Abnet; Cancer Invest. 25, 189 (2007)  Synergistic interaction between aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B virus in hepatocarcinogenesis: M.C. Kew; Liver Int. 23, 405 (2003)  Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses--an overview: J.L. Richard; Int. J. Food
Microbiol. 119, 3 (2007)

LIT: Effect of sterigmatocystin on rat liver nuclear RNA: W. Nel &H.E. Pretorius; Biochem. Pharmacol. 19, 957 (1970)  Massive andsingle cell necrosis in the rat liver induced by aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin: K. Terao; Acta Pathol. Jpn. 23, 647 (1973)  Inductionof sister-chromatid exchanges in vivo in mice by the mycotoxins
sterigmatocystin and griseofulvin: P.T. Curry, et al.; Mutat. Res. 137,
111 (1984)  A novel biosensor for sterigmatocystin constructed bymulti-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) modified with aflatoxindetoxifizyme (ADTZ): D.S. Yao, et al.; Bioelectrochemistry 68, 126(2006)

Roquefortine C

Tenuazonic acid

ALX-350-317-MC05
0.5 mgIsolated from Alternaria sp. Antineoplastic compound
exhibiting antitumor, antiviral and antibacterial activity. Inhibits protein synthesis by suppression at theribosome and may act as a mycotoxin.

Roquefortine E

LIT: Microbial metabolites with insecticidal properties: M. Cole &G.N. Rolinson; Appl. Microbiol. 24, 660 (1972)  Microbial production of tenuazonic acid analogues: S. Gatenbeck & J. Sierankiewicz;
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 3, 308 (1973)  Inhibition of mouseskin tumor promotion by tenuazonic acid: M. Antony, et al.; Cancer
Lett. 61, 21 (1991)

T-2 Toxin

ALX-630-101-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-101-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Fusarium sp. Mycotoxin. Induces DNA
damage and apoptosis. Increases blood-brain barrier permeability and inhibits monoamine oxidase
activity in the brain.
LIT: Apoptotic cellular damage in mice after T-2 toxin-induced acutetoxicosis: T. Ihara, et al.; Nat. Toxins 5, 141 (1997)  T-2 toxin induces
thymic apoptosis in vivo in mice: Z. Islam, et al.; Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 148, 205 (1998)  T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis in hematopoietic tissues of mice: J. Shinozuka, et al.; Toxicol. Pathol. 26, 674 (1998)
 Thymocyte apoptosis by T-2 toxin in vivo in mice is independentof Fas/Fas ligand system: A.M. Murshedul, et al.; Biosci. Biotechnol.
Biochem. 64, 210 (2000)

Stachybotrylactam

Sterigmatocystin

Tenuazonic acid

Zearalenone

ALX-630-105-M010
10 mg
ALX-630-105-M050
50 mg
Isolated from Fusarium graminearum. Estrogenic mycotoxin in animals and a phytohormone in plants.
Inducer of sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration. Acts as a protonophoric uncoupler
in plant mitochondria.
LIT: Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification,
regulations and intake of zearalenone: an oestrogenic mycotoxin: A.
Zinedine, et al.; Food Chem. Toxicol. 45, 1 (2007)

Aflatoxin B1

ALX-630-093-M001
1 mg
ALX-630-093-M005
5 mg
Isolated from Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxins are naturally occuring mycotoxins that are produced by many
species of Aspergillus. They are metabolized by theliver to a reactive intermediate, aflatoxin M1, an epoxide. High-level aflatoxin exposure produces an acutenecrosis, cirrhosis, and carcinoma of the liver exhibited by hemorrage, acute liver damage, edema, alteration in digestion and absorption and/or metabolism
of nutrients.
LIT: Molecular dosimetry of aflatoxin exposure: contribution to understanding the multifactorial etiopathogenesis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma with particular reference to hepatitis B virus: C.P. Wild,
et al.; Environ. Health Perspect. 99, 115 (1993)  A follow-up study ofurinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai,
People’s Republic of China: G.S. Qian, et al.; Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 3, 3 (1994)  Aflatoxin B1 induced lacI mutation in liver andkidney of transgenic mice C57BL/6N: effect of phorone: H. Autrup, etal.; Mutagenesis 11, 69 (1996)

Aflatoxin B2

ALX-630-103-M001
ALX-630-103-M005

1 mg
5 mg

T-2 Toxin

Zearalenone

Aflatoxin G1

ALX-630-104-M001
ALX-630-104-M005

Aflatoxin G2

ALX-630-106-M001
ALX-630-106-M005

Aflatoxin M1

ALX-630-095-MC01

Aflatoxin M2

ALX-630-114-MC01

Aflatoxin B1

1 mg
5 mg
1 mg
5 mg
0.1 mg
0.1 mgPR O D U C T N E W S

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650 P

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