UTTAC-73, 2005

UTTAC
ANNUAL REPORT 2004

TANDEM ACCELERATOR COMPLEX
Research Facility Center for Science and Technology
University of Tsukuba

http://www.tac.tsukuba.ac.jp/

UTTACANNUAL REPORT 2004
April 1, 2004 – March 31, 2005

UTTAC-73 2005

Executive Editors: Hiroshi Kudo
Editors: Yoshihiro Yamato, Kimikazu Sasa, Tetsuro Komatsubara, Yasuo Nagashima

Cover photo: Summer at UTTAC.

UTTAC is a series of issues, which include annual reports of
Tandem Accelerator Complex, Research Facility Center
for Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba.
The issues may also include irregular reports written by English.
Copyright © 2005 by Tandem Accelerator Complex, Research Facility Center
for Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba and individual contributors.
All reports are written on authors’ responsibility and thus the editors are not liable
for the contents of the report.

Tandem Accelerator Complex, Research Facility Center for Science and Technology,
University of Tsukuba
Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
http://www.tac.tsukuba.ac.jp/
annual@tac.tsukuba.ac.jp

PREFACE
University of Tsukuba Tandem Accelerator Center (UTTAC) restarted from the fiscal year 2004
as Tandem Accelerator Complex of Research Facility Center for Science and Technology. Accordingly,
this is the first annual report of UTTAC under the new administration system. This annual reportcovers the activities during the fiscal year 2004 (1 April 2004 ∼ 31 March 2005).

The editorial board

has decided that, from this issue, the report should include not only the research results based on the
two tandem accelerators, but also the technical and maintenance activities in UTTAC.
The 12UD Pelletron tandem has been operated, overcoming two serious troubles which required
the tank-opening for repair. The accelerator mass spectroscopy of 36Cl has been used as a dating ofmodern groundwater.

The hydrogen analysis with elastic recoil coincidence spectrometry has been

applied to the geological research of the melt inclusions. Latent tracks of heavy ions have been applied
to micro/nano-fabrication of rutile TiO2. In nuclear physics, systematical research of the analyzing
powers in the 6Li(d,p)7Li reaction has been extended to 110 keV. The reaction mechanism for protons
near the (p,n) threshold energy on 12C and 118Sn targets was studied. In atomic and condensed-matterphysics, resonant coherent excitation of C ions in Si crystals has been observed with backward
electron spectroscopy. Data compile of non-equilibrium charge states of swift heavy ions has been inprogress for detailed understanding of the collision-induced charge changing processes.
The 1MV Tandetron has been used mainly for experiments with carbon cluster beams. In thisyear, we have found anomalous enhancement of the convoy electron yield, which should provide key
information for the electronic cluster-surface interaction. The Tandetron was also used fortrace-element analysis of thin foils by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), and for Rutherford
backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) of synthesized semiconductor and magnetic films.
In this fiscal year, UTTAC organized two workshops entitled Light Ions and Polarization
Phenomena, and Electronic Excitation and Related Phenomena in Atomic Collisions 2005. Also, 13
UTTAC seminars were held to stimulate research activities. It is worth noting that UTTAC accepted aseries of accelerator-facility tour for totally 916 visitors this year, of which 598 are high-school
students. UTTAC will continue such social services for promotion of ion-beam based science andtechnology, especially in the next generation.
Finally, Professor Y. Nagashima has succeeded the director of UTTAC, effective on 1 April 2005.
Also, our colleagues, Professors K. Shima and Y. Tagishi, have retired on 31 March 2005.

Theiracademic, technical, and administrative contribution to UTTAC since 1970s is greatly acknowledged.

Hiroshi Kudo
Director-i-CONTENTS

1. ACCELERATOR AND EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES
1.1

Accelerator operation 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

1.2

Developments of tilted electrode gas ionization chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4

1.3

Application of ultrathin silicon detector in low energy nuclear reaction measurement . . .

6

2. NUCLEAR PHYSICS
2.1

Analyzing powers for the 6 Li(d,p1 )7 Li reaction at incident energy of 110 keV . . . . . . .

2.2

Proton total reaction cross section on 12 C near (p,n) threshold energy

2.3

118 Sn(d,p) reaction in search for Coulomb stripping of deuteron II

2.4

Production of polarized 20 F by polarized deuteron beam and the beta-ray angular distribution 14

2.5

Nucleosynthesis of the p-nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

9

. . . . . . . . . . . 10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3. ATOMIC AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS, AND CLUSTER SCIENCE
3.1

Fragments of accelerated atomic cluster ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.2

Resonant coherent excitation of C5+ observed with backward electron spectroscopy . . . 19

3.3

Yield of secondary electrons induced by fast cluster ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.4

Abundance spectra of neutral metal clusters produced by magnetron-sputter-type gas aggregation cluster source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.5

DSMC simulation of magnetron-sputter-type gas aggregation cluster source . . . . . . . . 24

3.6

Reactions between Ni13 cluster and oxygen atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

3.7

Pulsed extraction of cluster ions from magnetron sputtering gas aggregation cluster source 27

3.8

Molecular dynamics calculations on hybrid clusters composed of Au atoms and LennardJones atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.9

The science of 3d transition-metal oxide system (2004-2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.10 RBS characterization of various thin films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4. ION BEAM ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION
4.1

Status of Tsukuba AMS system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4.2

Use of 36 Cl as a dating tool for modern groundwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

4.3

AMS of 36 Cl in shielding concrete of various accelerator facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

4.4

Latent tracks and etched tracks in rutile TiO2 single crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.5Radio isotope implantation using a sputtering negative ion source . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

4.6

Measurement of He distribution in 40keV He irradiated stainless steel by means of ERDA
with 16MeV O5+ beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

4.7

Shape measurement of melt inclusion in a mineral sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.8

Development of ERCS hydrogen analysis for geological samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

4.9

Trace element determination of silicate rock reference material JB-1a by using particleinduced X-ray emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

- iii -

5. TECHNICAL REPORT
5.1

Design of a new beam slit system for beam analyzing magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

5.2

Development of a beam slit controller by using XPort and Web I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

6. RELATED TOPICS
6.1

Mass measurements by isochronous storage ring in RIKEN RI beam factory . . . . . . . 55

6.2

Design of the isochronous storage ring and the injection line for mass measurements in
RIKEN RI beam factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

6.3

Reaction of gold cluster cations with silane at high temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

7. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
7.1

Journals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

7.2

Internal conferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

8. THESES66

9. SEMINARS

67

10. SYMPOSIA

68

11. LIST OF PERSONEL

70- iv -

1.
ACCELERATOR AND EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES1.1

Accelerator operation 2004

K. Sasa, S. Ishii, T. Takahashi, Y. Yamato, H. Kimura, H. Oshima, Y. Tajima, K. Shima, T. Komatsubara
and H. Kudo.
The 12UD Pelletron tandem accelerator
The total operating time and the experimental beam time were 1788.0 and 1364.0 hours, respectively.
The operating time was about 87.3 % relative to that in 2003. Fig.1 shows the accelerator operation hours
per month. The beam time histogram with respect to the terminal voltage is shown in Fig.2.
180

Machine Operation Hours

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

2004
Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

2005
Jan

Feb

Mar

Fig.1. Accelerator operation hours per month for the fiscal year 2004.

11 MV
10 MV

Terminal Voltage

9 MV
8 MV
7 MV
6 MV
5 MV
4 MV
3 MV
2 MV
0

100

200

300

400

500

Beam Hours

Fig.2. Beam time histogram as a function of the terminal voltage.

1

600

Fig.3 represents percentage operation time of the three ion sources and ion species. Fig.4 shows thepercentage of experimental beam time of the running research fields.
On May and November 2004, the operation of the 12UD Pelletron tandem accelerator was in unstablestate. We opened the accelerator tank and repaired the breakdown of the accelerator.
The scheduled maintenance in the spring 2005 was started on March 3 and finished on May 6. The
image and the object slits for the analyzer magnet were replaced by the motorized slits for remote
operation.

Also, we have installed a new steering magnet in the second target room for control of thebeams after passing through the analyzer magnet. The technical details are described in Chap. 5 of thisannual report.
Polarized
Ion Source

AMS
97Mo
Ion Source 0.2%

4He
0.4%
2H
4.6%

197Au
3.2%

127I
0.4%

36Cl
35Cl 6.3%
2.4%

1H
33.4%

63Cu
0.7%
40Ca
4.4%
19F
0.2%
16O
3.2%

SputterIon Source
12C
19.7%
11B
2.2%

2H
17.8%
7Li
0.9%

Fig.3. Percentage operation hours of the three ion sources.

Education
Developments 0.3%
(Instruments &Detectors)
5.9%

Accelerator S cience
1.8%
Atomic and Solid
State Physics
28.6%

Nuclear Physics(non-polarization)
33.4%

Accelerator Mass
Nuclear Physics
S pectrometry(polarization)
8.9%
Earth S cience
4.6%
15.5%
Nuclear Physics(unstable nucleus)
1.0%

Fig.4. Percentage experimental beam time of the research
2The 1MV Tandetron accelerator
The total experimental beam time of the 1MV Tandetron accelerator was 772.2 hours in the fiscal
year 2004. The experimental beam time was about 222.7 % relative to that in 2003. Fig.5 shows thepercentage of experimental beam time of the running research fields. The main research field of the 1MV
Tandetron accelerator was the cluster physics. A research program, “Fast cluster impact processes”,
including electron emission, sputtering, radiation damage, secondary particle emission has been under way
using the 1MV Tandetron accelerator. The 1MV Tandetron accelerator was also used for trace-element
analysis with particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS).

Atomic physics
2.2%

Education
0.2%

RBS･ ERDA
9.4%
PIXE
2.9%

Accelerator
science26.1%

Cluster physics
59.2%

Fig.5. Percentage of experimental beam time of the running research fields with the
1MV Tandetron accelerator.

3

1.2

Developments of tilted electrode gas ionization chamber

T.Yasuno, A.Ozawa, A.Chiba, M.Yamaguchi, Y.Tagishi, T.Oonishi1, K.Kimura2
We are developing tilted electrode gas ionization chambers (TEGIC) as energy-loss detectors to be used
for high counting-rate experiments at RIKEN [1]. Cross-sectional view of the TEGIC is shown in Fig.1. In
the TEGIC, beams pass through layers of tilted anode and cathode foils with 4 μm thickness. The
thickness of the foils should be as thin as possible since the foils are dead layers for energy-loss
measurements. Thus, we made new anode and cathode foils with 2 μm thickness. Tilted angle of the anodeand cathode foils was originally 60° from the horizontal axis. However, the tilted angle was not optimized
so far. To optimize the tilted angle, we measured energy resolution of the TEGIC by changing the tilted
from 90° to 50° by 10°.

Ch1

Ch2

Ch3

Beam

Anode

CathodeFig.1. Cross-sectional view of TEGICThe experiment was carried out at the 12UD Pelletron tandem accelerator. Ion beam of 12C nucleus was
accelerated to 60MeV. The 12C ions, which were scattered elastically by a gold target, were irradiated to
the TEGIC. Beam intensity was typically 104 cps. The TEGIC was operated using P-10 gas with 124.5
Torr. The energy resolution of the TEGIC with 2 μm thick foils was identical to the one with 4 μm thickfoils. The tilted angle dependences of the energy resolution are shown in Figure 2. The energy resolutionof ch1 and ch2 in the TEGIC becomes better as the tilted angle of the foils approaches to 90°. Further
analysis is in progress.

411Energy resolution [%]

10
9
ch1

8

ch2

7
50

Fig.2.

60

70

80

Layer angle[degree]90

Tilted angle dependence of the energy

resolution. Results of ch3 are not shown due
to poor resolution by the noise.

References[1] K.Kimura, et al., Nuclear Instrumental & Methods in Physics Research A 538 (2005) 608-614

1 The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
2 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, 536 Abamachi, Nagasaki 851-0193 Japan

5

1.3

Application of ultrathin silicon detector in low energy nuclear reaction measurement

S. Nishimura1 , H. Fujikawa2 , M. K-Nishimura1 , S. Kubono2 , M. Kurokawa1 , J. J. He2 , T. Motobayashi1 ,Y. Tagishi, H. Yamaguchi2 , and M. Yamaguchi
Recent progress in high-power accelerator facilities has enabled the study of nuclear reactions in the
low-energy frontier, which is essential to clarify the astrophysical nucleosynthesis that occurred in theearly stages of the Big Bang as well as the rapid-neutron capture process in supernovae explosions. In this
scenario, the path 4 He(t,γ)7 Li(n,γ)8 Li(α,n)11 B(n,γ)12 B(β ,ν)12 C is a key reaction flow for explaining thesynthesis of 12 C and heavy elements according to full network calculations[1]. While, the most interestingenergy region of data below 1 MeV is missing due to the difficulties of particle identification of low-energy
ions from the background particles.
A new experimental approach for exploring these low-energy nuclear reactions using a monolithic
silicon telescope (MST) has been studied using the simulation code GEANT4 [2]. Our feasibility study
indicates that the ultrathin silicon detector could be applied to the measurements of the low-energy nuclear
reaction products as a novel technique. In this article, the performance of the MST will be reported using
low-energy 11 B and 7 Li ions from an accelerator together with α particles from a source (241 Am).
The primary beam of 11 B and 7 Li ions accelerated up to 12 MeV by the Pelletron tandem accelerator
at UTTAC is first degraded and scattered by a ∼3 µm Au foil. The energies of ions are roughly adjusted
by altering the angle of the Au foils and chosen by adjusting the downstream magnetic setting of a spectrometer (Q-D-Q magnets) tilted at a 35 degree angle. Two different sizes of collimator with hole sizes of
3 and 10 mm φ are installed in front of the MST at the end of the spectrometer. A single MST consists of
two 508-µm-thick silicon detectors (E) assembled on a 14 pin IC socket. In addition, five ultrathin siliconpads (∆E) of 1 µm thickness are arranged on the surface of each of the E layers [3]. Two signals fromthe ∆E and E layers provide the dE/dx and the total energy deposited by the incident ions, simultaneously.
The size of each ∆E pad is set to 3 × 4mm2 to reduce the capacitance down to 2 nF in order to reduce
the noise level with the use of a standard preamplifier. The signals from the preamplifiers go to shaping
amplifiers (ORTEC 641) for precise pulse height measurements. Data is gathered using a self-triggeringmode on the MST, requiring a minimum energy deposit of above ∼ 100 keV in one of the ∆E pads. Figure
1 shows the compiled scatter plot between ∆E and E in arbitrary units for 11 B and 7 Li ions. The figure wascreated by superimposing the data taken at different magnetic settings of the spectrometer. The α particles
data is also added using an 241 Am source under the slow pressure control of air as an energy degrader.
Our result suggests that the MST has an excellent capability for identifying the low-energy 11 B from the
7 Li ions and α particles down to the energy of 0.11 MeV/u, which is the lowest separation energy of thisdetector as determined by the stopping range of the incident 11 B ions within the first ∆E layer. The bands
in the low ∆E region correspond to the hit events on other pads. The incident angle dependence of theenergy spectrum is also measured by changing the angle of the MST with respect to the direction of theincident particles. Our preliminary results show possible channeling effects of the incident ions in the ∆E
1 RIKEN
2 Univ. of Tokyo, CNS

6layer at the particular angle of the incident ions to the MST around 0 degrees (perpendicular). This effectdisappears within 2.5 degrees and shows up again around 35 ∼ 40 degrees. Fortunately, this feature is
expected to be negligible because our design of the MST allocation and its kinematics in the gas target
will result in fewer occurrences of these events.

Performance of Monolithic Silicon Telescope

Pulse height in dE layer (a.u.)

1000

800

600

400

200

0

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Pulse height in E layer (a.u.)

Fig. 1. Correlation between the energy deposited in ∆E and E layers by different incident ions. The clear
separation among the 11 B and 7 Li, and α particles in the low-energy region evidences the excellent
performance of the MST for the 8 Li(α,n)11 B reaction measurement.

References[1] M. Terasawa et al.: Astro. J. 562, 470 (2001).
[2] M. K-Nishimura et al.: RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 37, 183 (2004).
[3] A. Musumarra et al.: Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 409, 414-416 (1998).

7

8

2.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS

2.1

Analyzing powers for the 6 Li(d,p1 )7 Li reaction at incident energy of
110 keVM. Yamaguchi, T. Shinba and Y. Tagishi
Analyzing powers for the 6 Li(d,p1 )7 Li reaction at incident energy of 110 keV were measured. The
experimental setup is almost the same as the one in Ref.[1]. At this time, we shortened the distances
between the target and the detectors because the cross section of this reaction is smaller than that of the
6 Li(d,p )7 Li reaction. Fig. 1 shows the result of the experiment. In forward angles, we could not separate0

the p0 and p1 peaks in spectra. Consequently, those data have large ambiguity, so we omitted those data.
Lines in the figures represents the result of the analysis in terms of (l, s, J) reaction matrix elements.
Details of the analysis was explained in Ref.[1]Fig. 1. Results of the experiment and the analysis in terms of (l, s, J) reaction matrix elements.

References[1] M. Yamaguchi, Y. Yoshimaru and Y. Tagishi, UTTAC annual report 2003 (2004) 17

9

2.2

Proton total reaction cross section on 12 C near (p,n) threshold energy

T.Ishikawa, M.Iijima, S.Igarashi, Y.Ito and Y.Aoki
Resonance like behavior may be expected in the energy dependence of nucleon-nucleus effective
potential [1] near the nucleon transfer reaction threshold energy. We think that this anomaly appears
especially in energy dependence of total reaction cross section σR near (p,n) threshold energy. In 1995 westarted development of measuring system of σR , and observed the anomaly in nat Si+p system in 2000 [2].
Since 2003, We are trying to observe the anomaly in 12 C+p system.
We use attenuation method [3] in measurement of σR , which uses the following expression,µ¶
1 I0 − I i0 − i
σR =
−
nx
I0
i0
where I0 and i0 are the number of projectiles, I and i are the number of ejectiles and nx is the nucleon
density of target 12 C. Upper case and lower case letters in this expression correspond to target in/out
measurement, respectively. Fig.1 shows the experimental arrangement of counters and target. Target
thickness is 8.0 and 16.0 mg/cm2 . Counting detectors of I0 and I are proportional counter and plastic
scintillation counter respectively. Details of attenuation method and our measuring system are describedin [4].
In 2004 we improved following points in measuring system, 1) minor change of the system of upstream
active slit and I0 counter(Fig.1), 2) improvement of target positioning system. Target positioning accuracy
is ±0.5 mm.
Measured σR however was not very stable, i.e., attenuation rate (i0 − i)/i0 varied occasionally. We
thought that the source of the error is due to fluctuations of beam intensity and pressure in proportionalcounter. By reducing these fluctuations, the error is decreased than that of last year. And we measured
energy dependence of σR in February, 2005 (Fig.2).
The present results are compared with those of Makino et al.,[5] in Fig.2. Absolute value of our data
is not reliable, because elastic and inelastic corrections are not properly made yet. Error bar, however,include some elastic corrections.
In near future, we will clear up those difficulties (reduction of measurement error and correction ofsystematic error). And we will also introduce the beam diffuser for stabilizing the beam intensity.

10

I0 counter(Two proportional counters)

TargetIn / Out

Slit scattering

39.8°

PMT

ProtonI Counter(Plastic scinti. & PMT)

Beam defining slit: φ 0.8mm

Upstream active slit : φ 1mm

Anode wire ofI0 counter

Downstream active slit:φ 3mm

10mm

Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of measurement system

750
700
650

σR [mb]

600
550
500
450
400
350
300
16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Energy[MeV]2005/2/23

Makino et al.

Fig. 2. Energy dependence of σR in 12 C+p system (Qlab(p,n) = −19.63MeV ). Energy is the laboratory value.
2005/02/23 is present data. Another one is the data of Makino et al.[5].

References[1] N.K.Glendenning, Direct Nuclear Reactions(1983), Academic Press[2] N.Okumura, Doctral Thesis, University of Tsukuba, 2000
[3] T.J.Gooding et al., Nucl. Phys. 12, 241(1959)[4] T.Ishikawa, Graduation Thesis, University of Tsukuba, 2004
[5] M.Q.Makino et al., Nucl. Phys. 68, 378(1965)

11

2.3

118 Sn(d,p) reaction in search for Coulomb stripping of deuteron II

M.Iijima, Y.Aoki, S.Igarashi, T.Ishikawa, Y.Ito, Y.Tagishi and M.Yamaguchi
In order to estimate the effect of Coulomb breakup of deuterons below Coulomb barrier, we started anexperiment to measure energy dependence of differential cross section σ (θ ) for 118 Sn(d, p0 ) reaction. In
February 2004, we measured σ (θ ) at Elab = 7.5, 8.0 MeV [1].
We subsequently measured σ (θ ) at Elab = 4.5 ∼ 7.0 MeV and the details will be described here.
The experiments were carried out in July and August 2004 using 12 UD Pelletron at UTTAC. The target
was 118 Sn of 4.8 mg/cm2 thick with 95.75 % enrichment. Detectors were two sets of E − ∆ E counter
telescopes, each of which was comprised of two identical SSDs with 28 × 28 mm2 active areas. Solidangles of the detectors were approximately 40 and 60 msr. We also installed a monitor counter at θlab =45◦ . Beam current on target was less than 1 nA to keep deuteron count rate below 1000cps, which was
required to prevent pile-ups of electronic signals.
Fig.1(a) and Fig.1(b) are the spectra taken at Elab = 6.0 MeV for deuterons and protons, respectively.
In fig.1(a) we see peaks of elastically scattered deuterons from 12 C, 16 O and 118 Sn. Fig.1(b) shows peaksof protons from 118 Sn(d, p) reactions leading to the ground state and 1.250 MeV excited state of 119 Sn. Weemphasize here that both states have orbital angular momenta of `n = 0. Though there should be several
excited levels with ` > 0 between these two levels, yield to these levels might be suppressed due to low
orbital angular momenta of the incident deuterons.
Fig.2 shows excitation curve for 118 Sn(d, p0 ) reaction. Experimental points are arithmetic averages ofσ (θ ) between θlab = 110◦ ∼ 155◦ because we did not measure σ (θ ) at forward angles. We also take thearithmetic averages of DWBA values between θlab = 110◦ ∼ 155◦ and these values are multiplied by thefactor of 1.51 for the normalization at ECM = 6.88 MeV. We also calculated Gamow’s theoretical values
using the following equation:
S(E)exp (−2πη)E
The values thus obtained were also multiplied by a constant to be normalized at ECM = 6.88 MeV. After
σ (E) =

the normalizations we can conclude that DWBA calculations fit experimental values considerably well.
Since Coulomb breakup should get enhanced at lower energy [2], we are going to measure σ (θ ) at incident
energy lower than 4.5 MeV.

References[1] M.Iijima,Y.Aoki, N.Okumura, H.Ishiguro, S.Igarashi, T.Ishikawa, M.Yamaguchi and Y,Tagishi, UTTAC ANNUAL REPORT, 11(2003)[2] Y.Aoki, N.Okumura, H.Ishiguro, UTTAC ANNUAL REPORT, 22(2002)

12

(a)

(b)

1000001000

Ed=6.0 MeV
θlab=150 deg.

118Sn(d,d0)
10000

Ed=6.0 MeV
θlab=150 deg.

16
12118Sn(d,p0)

countsC(d,d0)counts118Sn(d,px)
Ex=1.25 MeV

100

O(d,d0)

1000

100
10

10

1

1
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0

200

400

channel

600

800

1000

1200

channelFig. 1. Spectra of (a)deuterons and (b)protons

0.8

0.7

0.6

σ (mb/sr)

0.5

0.4

DWBA

0.3

0.2

Gamow
0.1

0
4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

ECM (MeV)

Fig. 2. Excitation curve for 118 Sn(d, p0 ) reaction. + denotes experimental points. The curves reffered toas ’Gamow’ and ’DWBA’ are explained about in detail in the text.

13

2.4

Production of polar ized 20F by polar ized deuteron beam andthe beta-r ay angular distr ibution

K. Matsuta1, Y. Tagishi, T. Nagatomo1, A. Ozawa, M. Yamaguchi, H. Fujiwara1, T. Yasuno, A. Chiba,
R. Matsumiya1, M. Mihara1, M. Fukuda1, K. Minamisono2 and T. Minamisono3
The Lamb shift type polarized ion source in Univ. of Tsukuba Tandem Accelerator Complex(UTTAC) is very helpful for various fields of physics including nuclear structure and reactions, andfundamental interactions indecay.

It provides unique chances to measure nuclear moments and very

precise -ray angular distributions, utilizing the polarization transfer through the light ion reactions suchas (d,p), (d,n), (p,n) (p, ) reactions with polarized incident beams. This polarization technique has been
established in the 1970’s at Stanford Univ. and been applied for the nuclear moment measurements [1].
We applied this polarization technique to the precise measurement of the-ray angular distribution,

especially the alignment correlation term, which is a unique probe of the G–parity irregular term in the
weak nucleon currents and the meson exchange effect in the nucleus.

In the present study, thepolarization transfer in the 19F(d,p)20F reaction induced by a polarized deuteron beam has been observed,
and then the -ray distribution from aligned 20F was precisely measured.
The experimental setup is as shown in Fig. 1. 20F (I = 2+, T1/2 = 11 s) nuclei were produced in thereaction 19F(d,p) 20F. A 0.5-mm thick target of NaF, CaF2 or MgF2 single crystal, or a 0.1-mm thicktarget of MgF2, which was tilted 45°, was bombarded with a polarized deuteron beam of about 1.2 nA at
15 MeV or 6 MeV, extracted from the Tandem Accelerator in UTTAC. Typical beam polarization was
72%. The 20F nuclei recoiled to various reaction angles were stopped inside the target. The target, also
working as a recoil catcher, is placed in a strong magnetic field of about 2.5 kOe to maintain thepolarization.

Beta rays from the 20F nuclei were detected by two sets of plastic scintillation counter

telescopes placed above and below the target/catcher relative to the polarization. Typical -ray counting
rate was approximately 50 k counts/s. In order to reject unwanted background radiation, the deuteronbeam was chopped by a mechanical chopper, so that the beam was on
for 11 s and was off for 22 s, andbeam was off.

rays were observed while theDegree of polarization was detected by the-rayasymmetry between the two counters, in terms of the -ray angular
distribution, W( ) = 1 + (v/c)APcos , where, A is the asymmetry
parameter which is predicted for 20F to be -1/3, theoretically, P is thepolarization andis the-ray emission angle relative to thepolarization. To cancel the geometrical asymmetry in these counters,
beam polarization was flipped between up and down periodically.
For the more reliable measurement, asymmetries were also measured
flipping the nuclear polarization by means of the nuclear magnetic

Fig.1. Experimental setup.

resonance (NMR) technique, to check the consistency.

14

For theFig. 2. Typical -ray time spectrum.

Fig. 3. Time dependence ofFig. 4. Alignment correlation
the polarization.
Term.
NMR, radio-frequency (rf) oscillating magnetic field H1 was applied by a pair of coils set around thetarget/catcher. Adiabatic fast passage (AFP) method in NMR technique was used to invert the nuclear
spin polarization.
Beta-ray time spectrum was observed as shown in Fig. 2. The main component was 20F, while small
component of 25Al was produced from Mg in the case of MgF2 target. The polarization of 20F wasobserved by comparing the -ray asymmetries, which is the counting rare ratio between the upper (0°) andthe lower (180°) counters, for beam polarization up and down.

As a result, polarization of 4 ~ 5% was

observed at 15 MeV for NaF or MgF2 targets, as shown in Fig. 3, where the asymmetry parameter was
assumed to be -1/3.

At 6 MeV, the polarization of about 6 % was also observed for MgF2. These

results are consistent with the data for 20F by J.W. Hugg[1] at Stanford Univ.

From the fitting analysis to

the time dependence of the polarization shown in Fig. 3, the relaxation times T1 in NaF, CaF2 and MgF2
76

144

were deduced to be 90 22 , 104 31 , 173 54 , respectively.
45

In the next step, the polarization of 20F was converted to the alignment by means of the -NMR
technique, and the-ray angular distribution was measured.

extracted as a function ofaligned 20F nuclei.

The alignment correlation term was-ray energy from the energy spectra from both positively and negatively

The obtained alignment correlation term for 20F is shown in Fig. 4, together with theone for the mirror partner 20Na previously measured [2] at TRIUMF using Laser optical pumping method.
The difference between the alignment correlation terms for 20F and 20Na

decays is sensitive to the

G-parity irregular induced tensor term in the weak nucleon currents, which induces nuclearalignment correlation term for 20F has been measured using recoil polarization.

decay.

The

However, the obtainedpolarization of approximately 1.3 % was not large enough for the measurement.
References[1] T. Minamisono et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 34 (1975) 1465; Phys. Lett. 61B (1976) 155;
Phys. Rev. C14 (1976) 376; Hyperfine Interactions 2 (1976) 315. and J.W. Hugg, PhD thesis, 1979.
[2] K. Minamisono et al., Nucl. Phys. A746 (2004) 673c.
1

Department of Physics, Osaka Univ., Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
NSCL, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824-1321, USA
3
Fukui Univ. of Technology, Fukui 910-8505 Japan
2

15

2.5

Nucleosynthesis of the p-nuclei

T.Hayakawa1 , T.Shizuma1 , T.Komatsubara, K.Miyakawa
The astrophysical origin of the p-nuclei has been discussed for long years. The p-nuclei are rareisotopes (typically 0.1 ∼ 1 %) and are located in the neutron-deficient side from the β -stability line. The
nucleosynthesis by photodisintegration reactions in type II supernova (SN) explosions have been proposed(γ-process or p-process)[1, 2]. Analyzing the solar system abundance, we reported two universal scalinglaws concerning the p- and s-nuclei with the same atomic number [3]. These scalings are an evidence ofthe γ-process origin of the p-nuclei [3]. However the scalings indicate that 92,94 Mo and 96,98 Ru isotopes
have different origin. In addition standard SN model calculations cannot reproduce the relative abundancesof these isotopes. The fact that they are located near the neutron magic number N=50 suggests that proton
capture reactions may have an important role for the nucleosynthesis of them. Since proton-capture crosssections for elements heavier than a Ce isotope have not been measured, we develop a measurement
technique based on the activation method for the proton-capture cross-sections.
In order to measure a beam current with a high accuracy, we newly made a irradiation chamber. Thischamber had a target folder and a Faraday cup with a diameter of 114 mm and a length of 300 mm. We
set a beam slit of a diameter of 5 mm to constrain the beam optics. The natural Pd target was irradiated by
the proton beam with 4.3 MeV energy, which was provided by the Tandem accelerator in the Universityof Tsukuba. The thickness of the target was 0.0125 mm. The target was moved to the front of the HPGe
detector with a lead shield after the irradiation. The efficiency of the HPGe detector was calibrated by
152 Eu and 133 Ba standard sources. The energy resolution of the detector was approximately equal to 2.8

keV. We evaluated the proton capture cross-sections of the 102 Pd(p,γ)103 Ag reaction. Özkan et al. havebeen measured the proton-capture cross-sections of this reaction [4]. Our result cannot show a good
agreement with this previous value. This may be originated from the instability of the beam current andthe beam focus of a diameter of 6 mm at the target. We should thus improve the beam optics and thestability.

References[1] M. Arnould, Astron. Astrophys. 46, 117 (1976).
[2] S. E.Woosley andW.M. Howard, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 36, 285 (1978).
[3] T. Hayakawa et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 161102 (2004).
[4] N. Özkan et al., Nucl. Phys. A 710, 469 (2002).

1 Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Kyoto, Kizu, Umemidai 8-1, 619-0215

16

3.
ATOMIC AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS,
AND
CLUSTER SCIENCE

3.1

Fragments of accelerated atomic cluster ionsK. Sasa, S. Ishii, K. Shima, S. Tomita and H. Kudo
The atomic cluster ion beams of Bn+, C n+, Al n+, Si n+, Ni n+ and Cu n+ have been obtained with the MeV
energy range from the 1MV Tandetron accelerator [1]. Negative cluster ions produced by the sputtering
ion source were inflected 30° by an inflection magnet and accelerated by a positive voltage on the highvoltage terminal. In the high voltage terminal, negative cluster ions should be stripped by SF6 gas topositive ions and the latter are accelerated in the second section of the accelerator. We measured fragmentsof accelerated atomic cluster ions after passing through the stripping gas at the terminal. Accelerated
atomic cluster ions and their fragments were selected by a magnetic analyzer and transported to the 11°
beam course. The beam current of the atomic cluster ion beam was measured by a Faraday cup at the 11°
beam course. Fig.1 shows fragments of accelerated C8- with the terminal voltage of 0.9 MV. Due todissociation of C8- during the charge exchange in the stripping gas, there are positive C1-C8 ions having
different energies and charge states at the accelerator exit. The parameters of the beam transport were
optimized for 1.9MeV C8+ beam, therefore the beam spectrum of C8+ beam have a sharp peak. It is
confirmed that the intensity of the odd number fragmentary cluster ions (C2n+1+) is strong as comparedwith the even numbers (C2n+).
We found accelerated multi charged cluster ions to analyze fragments of atomic cluster ions. Fig.2
shows the beam spectrum of C52+ obtained through the fragment of C6-. If atomic cluster ions have thesame charge to mass ratio, they follow the same trajectory through the magnetic analyzer. For example,

C8-→ C8+C8+
1.92MeV
60 pA

C1+
1.071MeV
38 pA

+

C5
C3+
1.556MeV
1.314MeV
C2+
C7+
14.5 pA
1.193MeV 10 pA
1.799MeV+
C49 pA
8.8 pAC6+
1.435MeV
1.678MeV
5 pA
3.3 pAC12+
2.021MeV
7.5 pA

1.82

2.66

4.02

5.17

6.22

7.21

8.18

9.13

10.07 kG

Magnet field [kG]Fig.1. Fragments of accelerated C8- with the terminal voltage of 0.9 MV. The parameters of the beamtransport were optimized for 1.9MeV C8+ beam.

17

C62+ and C31+ have the same magnetic rigidity for C6- injection, therefore these are not able to be
distinguished. By reason of this, we are not able to get C2n2+ beams by means of our experimental set-up.
Table 1 shows the list of accelerated multi charged cluster ions obtained from the 1MV Tandetron
accelerator at present.

C6-→ C52+
C52+
2.028 MeV
3.2 pA

×100
4.09

C13+
2.252 MeV
15.5 pA
C12+
1.542MeV
0.23 nA

1.28 1.60

2.35

C2+
0.953MeV
0.32 nA

C3+
1.075MeV
0.53 nA

C5+
C4+
1.197MeV 1.318MeV
70 pA
56 pA
3.55

4.61

5.61

C6+
1.44 MeV
65 pA

6.58

7.53 kG

Magnet field [kG]Fig.2. Fragments of accelerated C6- with the terminal voltage of 0.71MV. The parameters of the beamtransport were optimized for C52+ beam.

Table 1 List of accelerated multi charged cluster ions obtained from the 1MV Tandetron accelerator.

Accelerated multicharged cluster ions
2+

C3
2+
C5
2+
C7
Al23+
2+
Al3

Beam energy
[MeV]

1.07
2.03
2.51
0.94
1.07

Beam current
[pA]

3.4
3.2
0.4
10
45

References[1] K. Sasa et al., UTTAC72 (2004) 1.

18

Injected cluster Injected beam Terminal
ion species
current[nA]
voltage [MV]
-

C3
C6
C7
Al2
Al3

450
400
32
1700
330

0.35
0.71
0.83
0.23
0.35

3.2

Resonant coherent excitation of C5+ observed with backward electron
spectroscopy

H. Wakamatsu, T. Shimada, R. Uchiyama, M. Furutani, J. Baba, S. Tomita, and H. Kudo
When an ion passes along an axial direction of a crystal, it experiences a periodic Coulomb field of
frequency υ/d, where υ is the ion velocity and d is the atomic spacing. The ion can then be excitedresonantly when the frequency matches the excitation energy of the bound electron I, i.e.,

I = Nhυ/d,where h is the Planck constant and N = 1, 2, 3, ··· [1]. This phenomenon, resonant coherent

excitation(RCE), occurs also for planar channeling. RCE has so far been observed mainly by charge-state analysisof channeled ions passed through thin, self-supported crystals. RCE also affects the photon emission, or
the convoy electron emission. Under RCE conditions, the loss electron yield might be increased by theeasier ionization from an excited state than from the ground state. This is actually a two-step loss process
in contrast to the normal (non-resonant) loss process [2]. From a viewpoint of ion-induced electron
spectroscopy, it is of essential interest to investigate the influence of RCE on the production of loss
electron yield from a bulk target since, unless it is negligibly small, it must be taken into account when
crystalline targets are used.
The C5+ and C6+ beams in the energy range 2.8-3.2 MeV/u were obtained from the tandem accelerator at
the University of Tsukuba, and were incident on a chemically cleaned Si(100) surface at room temperature
under a pressure of 8×10-7 Pa. For Si<100>, the RCE condition for N = 2 (2nd harmonics) from the groundstate to the first excited state (n = 1 to 2) of C5+ is satisfied at 3.01 MeV/u (I = 367.2 eV, d = 5.43 Å). The<100> perpendicular to the Si surface was chosen to observe RCE. The energy spectra of the ion-induced
electrons were measured at 180˚ with respect to the beam direction over a solid angle of ~2×10-3 sr. The
relative energy resolution (ΔE/E) of the spectrometer was ~5%, which is sufficient for the present analysisof the loss electron yield.
Figure 1 shows energy spectra of the emitted electrons induced by 3.01 and 3.11 MeV/u C5+ and C6+
under Si<100> channeling conditions. EL indicates the loss-peak energy which is the kinetic energy of theelectron moving at the same velocity with the ion. The ionized electrons from the ion contribute to thebackward electron yield at energies lower than ~EL. It is recognizable that for C5+ yield below EL is higher
than for C6+, irrespective of the two ion energies. This is due to the loss electrons anticipated not for C6+,
but for C5+. Increase of the loss electron yield can be clearly seen for the 3.01 MeV/u ions, compared withthat for the 3.11 MeV/u ions. For a better statistics, we have integrated the electron yield in the three fixed
ranges, i.e., 0.9-1.1, 1.1-1.3, and 1.3-1.5 keV, and the normalized loss yield L has been defined by
5,6+
are the integrated yields. L is actually the ratio of the loss yield to the
L = (Yint5+ − Yint6+ ) / Yint6+ , where Yintbinary-encounter yield.
Figure 2 shows ion-energy dependence of L for the electron energy ranges. At the calculated resonanceenergy of 3.01 MeV/u, the enhanced value of L can be clearly recognized for the 0.9-1.1 and 1.1-1.3 keVenergy ranges, which is an experimental evidence for the RCE-assisted loss electron process.
Since the most probable energy of the produced loss electrons is the loss-peak energy EL, the typical19

loss yield observed at energy of ε should have an escape length of (EL- ε)/Se, where Se is the electron
stopping power of Si. Using the value of Se = 1.6 eV/Å for 1.6 keV electrons, we can obtain the mean
escape lengths for the three ranges. They are 350 Å, 240 Å and 130 Å for the 0.9-1.1, 1.1-1.3, and 1.3-1.5
keV ranges, respectively. In Fig. 2 it is obvious that the RCE-peak is more pronounced for the lower
energy ranges. The deeper the loss electrons are generated from the Si surface, the higher RCE-peak isformed. Therefore, RCE-assisted electron loss process can be related to the number of collisions with thetarget atoms.
The width of the present RCE-peak is much sharper than that observed with charge state measurements
by Moak et al. [3]. One of the reasons for the sharper peak should stem from small projectile energy loss.
In the present case, the RCE-assisted loss yield within the surface layer of ~350 Å thickness can bereflected in the loss electron yield. Furthermore, the energy loss of 3 MeV/u C passing through ~350 Å is
~21 keV, i.e., 0.0018 MeV/u, which is estimated with the assumed channeling stopping power of 60 eV/Å,The ratio of the ion energy loss to the ion energy at the RCE condition is 0.0018/3.01 = 0.059%. Therefore,
the effect of projectile energy loss is too small to influence the observed RCE curve shown in Fig. 2. The
present study has provided a unique observation technique of RCE. Further experiments are now under
way to investigate the initial stage of RCE.
16

3.01 MeV/u C, Si<100>
14
5+
C
12

3
Yield (10 counts)

Normalized loss yield L

6+
C

10
8
6
16

3.11 MeV/u C, Si<100>

14
5+
C

12
10

6+
C

8
6

0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09
0.08

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09

Resonace energy

Resonanceenergy3.01
MeV/u3.01 MeV/u
0.9-1.1 keV

1.3-1.5 keV

2.85
0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.95

3.00

3.05

3.10

3.15

C energy (MeV/u)
Fig.2. Dependence of the normalized loss yield L

Fig.1. Energy spectra of electrons emitted from Si
bombarded by 3.01 and 3.11 MeV/u C

2.90

5+

Electron energy (keV)

5+

0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.09

1.1-1.3 keV

6+on the C5+ incidence energy, shown for the three

and C

under <100> axial incidence conditions.

integrated electron-energy ranges.

References[1] V. V. Okorokov, Zh. Ehksp. Theor. Fiz. Pis. Red. 2 (1965) 175 [JETF Lett. 2 (1965) 111].
[2] N. Stolterfoht, R. D. DuBois, R. D. Rivarola, Electron Emission in Heavy Ion–Atom Collisions(Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1997), Sect. 6.4.
[3] C.D.Moak et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. 194 (1982) 327.

20

3.3

Yield of secondary electrons induced by fast cluster ions

R. Uchiyama, T. Shimada, M. Furutani, H. Wakamatsu, H. Kudo, S. Tomita, K. Shima, K. Sasa, S. Ishii
An accelerated cluster ion induces correlated atomic impacts when it is incident on a solid target. This
causes radiation damages different from the sum of those induced by impact of individual constituent
atoms. The effects are called “vicinage effect” and actually observed for fast cluster ions in the MeV/atom
velocity range. These radiation effects by fast atom clusters have been summarized in recent reviews [1,2].
We have investigated on the vicinage effects by measuring energy spectra of secondary electrons underirradiation of fast cluster ions. The beams of Cn+ (n = 1-8), Aln+ (n = 1-5) were obtained from the 1MV
Tandetron accelerator at UTTAC. They were incident on the samples of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite(HOPG) with a cleaved (0001) surface, chemically cleaned Si, and sputter-cleaned polycrystalline Au. The
surface of the Si sample was cut ~2.5º off from the (100) surface so that the ions suffer no channeling
effect under incidence in the normal direction of the surface. The emitted electrons from the bombarded
targets were measured at 180º with respect to beam direction, using a 45º parallel-plate electrostatic
spectrometer of the double deflection type. The solid targets were negatively biased at V1 = 50 V toseparate the background electron near zero energy from the spectra, and to improve the transmission
efficiency of low-energy electrons through the spectrometer. The electrons were detected by channeltron
detector that the acceleration potential of +200V was applied to the entrance electrode to enhance thedetection efficiency. In the present pre-acceleration method noted above, the relative energy resolution of
the spectrometer is given by ΔE/(E+eV1) = 3%.
Figure1 shows energy spectra of electrons emitted from HOPG bombarded by Cn+ (n = 1,8) withvelocity of 0.24MeV/atom. It is clearly seen that the electron yield per atom is reduced for the cluster
incidence compared to the single ion in the wide range of electron energy. The reduction effect strong forthe low energy electrons and becomes weaker with increasing electron energy. This is reasonable because
the high energy electrons are mainly generated by close collisions in which the influence from neighboratoms become smaller.
4

Electron yield / atom (arb.unit)

100.24 MeV/atom on HOPG
+
C1
+

C8

3

10

2

10

1

10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Electron energy (eV)Fig.1: Energy spectra of electrons emitted from HOPG bombarded by 0.24MeV/atom Cn+ (n = 1,8). The
yields are normalized to the same number of the incident C atoms.

21

Figure 2 shows the integrated yields Yn per Cn cluster ion. The yields are normalized to the case of
single atom incidence. Interestingly the electron yields increase linearly with the number of constituent.
This means that the contribution from one additional constituent is independent on the size of cluster ions.
The same behaviour can be seen for various targets even though the absolute yields should be different
according to the stopping power of each target.
Figure 3 shows the integrated yield Yn per Cn cluster for Si, together with those for Aln for comparison.
Clearly, the vicinage effect is more pronounced for Cn than for Aln. Since these ions lie in a similar
velocity range (0.75MeV/atom Cn and 1.76MeV/atom Aln are of equal velocity), the same ionization
mechanism, i.e., mainly the binary-encounter processes, is expected. The pronounced effects are probably
due to the shorter interatomic spacing of 1.3Å than 2.6Å of Aln.
3.0
2.7
2.4

Yn / Y1

2.1
1.8
1.5
1.2

+

0.9

Å
/Å

HOPG(77 eV/ )Au (93 eV )Si (58 eV/ )

0.6
0.3
0.0

Å

0.24 MeV/atom Cn

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Cluster size n

Fig.2: Integrated electron yield Yn per 0.24MeV/atom Cn cluster for various target (HOPG, Au, and Si),
which were normalized to the case of n = 1.
3.5
3.0

Yn / Y1

2.5
2.0
1.5
+

0.75 MeV/atom Cn

1.0+

1.67 MeV/atom Aln

0.5
0.0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Cluster size n

Fig.3: Integrated electron yield Yn per 0.75MeV/atom Cn cluster for Si, together with the case of
1.67MeV/atom Aln cluster, which were normalized to the case of n = 1.
References[1] D. Jacquet, Y. Le Beyec, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 193 (2002) 227.
[2] E. Parilis, Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 193 (2002) 240.

22

3.4

Abundance spectra of neutral metal clusters
magnetron-sputter-type gas aggregation cluster source

producedbyT. Suzuki, H. Mishiba, H. Sasaki1, and I. Arai
We have developed a magnetron-sputter-type gas aggregation cluster source. It is about a half-sizedversion of our previously developed one. So far, we have observed the metal cluster cations with a size ofup to 50 and more with use of the previously developed one. Unfortunately, neutral clusters were notmeasured at that time because of experimental limitation. We have recently realized that the observation ofneutral clusters is important for enough understanding of the cluster formation mechanism in the gas
aggregation source. We are now carrying out an experiment to measure abundance spectra of neutral metalclusters produced by the newly-developed gas aggregation source. Al and Cu are used for sputtering target.
The neutral cluster beam coming from the gas aggregation source is irradiated and ionized by the laser Nd:
YAG-Laser of 266nm in wave length. For the measurement, we use a Wiley-McLaren-type time-of-flightmass analyzer. The cluster cation is accelerated by an extraction field of 3kV and extracted into afield-free drift region. At the end of drift region, it is detected by a microchannel plate detector. The timeof flight in drift region is analyzed with use of a multi-stop time-to-digital converter combined with apersonal computer. Finally, a spectrum of the mass to charge ratio for cluster cation is obtained. In thepresent test run, we have confirmed Al clusters of the size up to 4 (see Fig. 1) and Cu clusters of the size
up to 17(see Fig.2).

Figure 1. Abundance Spectrum of Al Clusters

1

Figure 2. Abundance Spectrum of Cu Clusters

EENA Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0035, Japan.

23

3.5

DSMC simulation of magnetron-sputter-type gas aggregation cluster
sourceS. Hamajima and I. Arai
A new type of magnetron-sputter-type gas aggregation cluster source is now under development. The
apparatus is functionally divided into two parts, i.e., a magnetron sputtering part and a gas aggregation cell.
In the magnetron sputtering part, ionized Ar atoms sputter the sample surface mounted on the magnetron
cathode producing a number of monomer atoms, which are mixed with a carrier gas and transferred to thegas aggregation cell. The carrier gas is a mixture of Ar and He. The gas aggregation cell is cooled byliquid nitrogen and the monomer atoms aggregate together into clusters there. Furthermore, some clusters
are ionized by the photon emitted by exited He atoms in the carrier gas. The cluster growth in theaggregation cell is thought to be controlled by the parameters such as (1) the cluster growth length and (2)the temperature, pressure and flow of carrier gas The performance of cluster source is expected to begreatly improved by optimizing the above parameters. Enough understanding should be accomplishedwith accounting for real gas flow in the gas aggregation cell. To simulate a real gas flow as precisely as
possible, we adopt a direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. In present, we have obtained thefollowing characteristic features; (1) the flow of carrier gas in the aggregation cell is very much dependent
on the size of orifice at the exit port, (2) the average residual time of monomer atoms in the aggregation
cell is essential for the cluster growth rate, and (3) the average residual time is determined by the control
parameters such as the cluster growth length, the temperature, pressure and flow of carrier gas, and so on.
Figure 1(a) and Figure 1(b) show the mean arrival time of monomer atoms at the certain longitudinal
position in the aggregation cell and its variance, respectively. These figures suggest that the sputteredmonomer atoms are thermalized at the cluster growth length of 4cm, moving along with the carrier gas
and gradually diffusing.

(a)

(b)

Figure1. Mean arrival time of monomer atoms at the certain longitudinal position inaggregation cell (“Cluster Growth Length”) and its variance; the orifice radius
is 1.5mm.

24

3.6

Reactions between Ni13 cluster and oxygen atoms.

M. Kubo, I. Arai, and K. Sugawara
In a recent experimental study, Ni13 O8 cluster has been found to be a terminal product of the oxidation
reaction of Ni13 cluster. To understand the situation in terms of the inter-atomic interactions, we havecarried out a molecular-dynamics simulation of the reaction between Ni13 and O atoms. In the simulation,an oxygen atom collides with the cluster Ni13 On sequentially to produce Ni13 On+1 at 150K and the energy
profile of oxygen atoms is examined as a measure of stability of the resulting hybrid clusters. In addition,
the simulation at 170K has been done for comparison. For numerical integration, Verlet’s finite difference
method is used. The time step is 2fs and the total time is 4ns.
The potential energy of n atoms transition metal cluster is given by the Gupta potential
"
s
³
´
³
´#
V (ri j ) = ∑ ε0 ∑ e

−p

ri j
r0n −1

i6= j

−

−2q

ξ2 ∑e

ri j
r0n −1(1)

i6= jwhere p, q, ε0 , ξ , and r0n are material-dependent parameters, and ri j is inter-atomic distance. For nickel
clusters, r0n =2.5, p=16.999, q=1.189, ε0 =0.0376, ξ =1.070..
The potential energy of other interactions is given by the Lennard-Jones potential·³ ´¸
σ 12 ³ σ ´6
V = 4ε−rr(2)where ε and σ are material-dependent parametres. For oxygen-oxygen interaction, ε=5.63 ×10−3 eV,
σ =3.0 Å. For nickel-nickel interaction, we refer to the energy minimum and the inter-atomic distance of
Gupta potential for nickel dimer. The parameters of Lennard-Jones potential are determined as ε=0.95 eV,
σ =2.25 Å. For nickel-oxygen interaction, we estimate two parameters of Lennard-Jones potential using
the Lorentz-Berthelot combining rules as ε=0.073eV and σ =2.725 Å.
Fig.1 shows the resulting Ni13 O8 in the simulation at 150K. All the oxygen atoms are adsorbed on
the surface of Ni13 cluster core.It is found that more than 10 oxygen atoms can be adsorbed in this way.
Fig.2 shows the resulting Ni13 O8 in the simulation at 170K. All the oxygen atoms are adsorbed on thesurface of Ni13 cluster core in a similar manner. However, more than 8 oxygen atoms can not be adsorbed
and Ni13 O8 becomes a terminal product. Fig.3 and Fig.4 show the energy profile, i.e., the population ofbinding energy sampled at each time step, of the oxygen atom involved in Ni13 O8 at 150K and at 170K,
respectively. At 150K, the oxygen atom transits among the states with binding energy less than -0.5
×10−2 eV . At 170K, the maximum binding energy begins to reach near 0eV just after adsorption of 8
oxygen atoms. The energy states around 0eV are considered to give a possible pathway to unbound state.
Therefore, the oxygen atom can not be adsorbed on the surface of Ni13 O8 anymore. As a result, Ni13 O8
becomes a terminal product.

25

-5

Fig. 2. Ni13 O8 cluster at 170K(Oxygen:blue,
Nickel:green)

Relative Populations

Relative Populations

Fig. 1. Ni13 O8 cluster at 150K(Oxygen:blue,
Nickel:green)

-4

-3

-2
-2

-1

0

-5

-4

-3

-2

-2

-1

Energy (10 eV)

Energy (10 eV)

Fig. 3. Energy profile of the oxygen atom involved in Ni13 O8 cluster at 150K.

Fig. 4. Energy profile of the oxygen atom involved in Ni13 O8 cluster at 170K.

26

0

3.7

Pulsed extraction of cluster ions from magnetron sputtering gas aggregation cluster source

H. Mishiba, T. Suzuki, H. Sasaki, and I. Arai
The purpose of this study is a development of the apparatus for pulsed extraction of cluster ions,which is joined to a magnetron sputtering gas aggregation cluster source. The magnetron sputtering gas
aggregation cluster source can provide clusters of broad mass distribution, so that it is used extensively
not only for academic researches but also industrial ones.[1]Fig.1 shows a schematic view of the apparatus. The magnetron sputtering gas aggregation cluster
source consists of a magnetron sputtering head and a gas aggregation cell. Ionized Ar atoms sputter metal
sample on a cathode of magnetron sputtering head. Monomer atoms are released from the sample surface
and carried into the aggregation cell by carrier gas, i.e., a mixture of Ar and He. The aggregation cell iscooled down by liquid nitrogen. While passing through it, the monomer atoms aggregate together into
clusters. In addition, photons coming from exited He atoms ionize some fraction of the clusters. The
pulsed accelerator is put just downstream of the aggregation cell. It consists of seven electrodes. One outof them is operated in a pulsed mode, where the acceleration pulse is applied in addition to a constant bias
voltage in a very short time. The others are fixed to constant bias voltages. When the acceleration pulse is
not applied, the constant bias voltage blocks the cluster ions. The acceleration pulse is 1KV in amplitude,
2µ s in width,and 1ms in inter-pulse duration. Its timing is used as a start signal of the time-to-digitalconverter(TDC). Two steerers are introduced to displace the trajectories of cluster ions. The displacementof a few cm is necessary to prevent the light from the magnetron sputtering head to enter the detector. We
use an Even-cup-type detector, where the secondary electrons are produced by the collision of cluster on
the metal surface and multiplied with use of MCP. The preparation of apparatus has been finished. The
experimental check is now under progress.

27

Cluster souce
Pulse Acceleration

Steerer

Detector

Steerer
stop
+HV

-HV

function
generater

Pulse
Switchcontrol input

TDC
start

Fig. 1. Schematic view of apparatus

Fig. 2. Bias condition for pulsed acceleration

References[1] C.Xirouchaki and R.E. Palmer., Phil Trans.,362, 1814(2003)

28

3.8

Molecular dynamics calculations on hybrid clusters composed of Au
atoms and Lennard-Jones atoms

A. Kondo, M. Kubo and I. Arai
We have carried out molecular dynamics(MD) calculations on reaction between an Au atom cluster anda Lennard-Jones atom cluster under changing the potential depth εLJ and the temperature T. We haveexamined the morphology of resulting hybrid cluster. Because the effective potential is predetermined by amaterial itself, this trial is expected to give some suggestion on how to control cluster structure by a
combination of materials. As for effective potentials, we use a Gupta potential for the interaction among
Au atoms[1] and a Lennard-Jones potential for the binary interaction between LJ atoms. A Lennard-Jones
potential is also used for the binary interaction between an Au atom and an LJ atom and theLorentz-Berthelot mixing rule is applied to estimate its potential depth and bond length. MD calculations
are made as follows. At first, an Au atom cluster and an LJ atom cluster are brought up in separate runs,
respectively. Then, both clusters are set close to each other at constant distance and the generation of a
hybrid cluster is carried out. Since the Au atom cluster is expected to take a structure following to theface-centered cubic lattice, we choose Au6 and Au13 clusters as smaller-sized clusters with good symmetry,.
As for the LJ atom cluster, we use LJ8 cluster. In the MD calculations, we use a Verlet method and chasethe position and speed of each atom. Time step is 0.25fs and we calculate up to 1ps. When we change thepotential depth εLJ over the range between 0.0032eV and 32eV, it is found that the structure of hybrid
cluster is classified into the following three categories; (1)Low εLJ : the LJ atoms adhere to the surface of
Au cluster.(Core-shell; see Fig. 1a), (2)Medium εLJ :the LJ atoms are mixed with the Au atoms.(Mixed;
see Fig. 1b), and (3)High εLJ :Both clusters are separated in groups and deformed considerably but incontact with each other.(Separated; see Fig. 1c). In order to examine a possible temperature effect, MD
calculations are carried out at the different temperatures T=100K, 300K and 500K. Only when εLJ is small,the temperature effect is observed slightly.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure1. Morphology of Au13LJ8 hybrid cluster at T=100[K]; (a) εLJ =0.0032eV(Core-shell), (b) εLJ=0.16eV(Mixed), and (c) εLJ=1.6eV (Separated) (Au atom: green; LJ atom: blue,)
References[1] F. Cleri and V.Rosato, Phys. Rev. B, 48, 22(1993)

29

3.9

The science of 3d transition-metal oxide system (2004–2005)

M. Onoda, J. Hasegawa, T. Ikeda, T. Isobe, K. Takao, A. Sasaki, Y. Shinmura and A. Yamada
The structural and electronic properties of 3d transition-metal oxides and bronzes have been exploredby means of x-ray four-circle diffraction and through measurements of magnetic resonance (NMR and
EPR), magnetization, and electronic transport, in order to extract characteristic properties in the correlated
electron system, electron-phonon-coupling system, quantum spin-fluctuation system, and novel materials.
At the Tandem Accelerator Center, Varian continuous-wave and Bruker pulse NMR spectrometers havebeen used.
In 2004–2005, the following investigations were mainly performed and a part of them have been published elsewhere [1, 2]: (1) quantum spin-fluctuation system — geometrical frustrations in Cdx Zn1−x V2 O4
and spin-gap states in δ -Mx V2 O5 (M = Ag, Tl, Na, K and Sr); (2) correlated-electron and electronphonon-coupling systems — metal-insulator transitions in V6 O13 and Cux V4 O11 ; (3) a new type ofsuperconductors — superconducting properties of Nax CoO2 ·yH2 O, and geometrical frustrations andelectronic properties of Mx VO2 and Mx CoO2 with M = Li and Na; (4) composite crystal system —superspace group approach to Cux V4 O11 ; (5) secondary ion battery system — Li insertion effects in
M1+x V3 O8 (M = Li, Na and Ag), Ag2 V4 O11 , Cux V4 O11 and V6 O13 . This report describes briefly recent
progress for the secondary ion battery system.

Secondary ion battery system
Li1+x V3 O8 and Lix V6 O13 are typical insertion electrode systems for vanadium oxides. The former canaccommodate around three or four additional Li ions per formula unit of LiV3 O8 and the latter systemeight ions per V6 O13 . These lithiations may supply new kind of compound series for the investigation
on quantum-spin fluctuation and correlated electron systems. In order to construct this situation andto improve battery performances, it is important to study the basic properties as a function of the Liconcentration, although the crystal structures for this system are rather complicated as compared withthose for the well known insertion electrode systems.
The cw-NMR results for the linewidths of 7 Li nuclei in Li1+x V3 O8 presented in a report in 2003–
2004 are considered in detail. The main spectra for polycrystalline specimens with x = 0, 0.25, 2.9 and
4.6 are close to single Gaussian for all of the compositions. Since for x 6= 0, the Li ions have surely
several independent sites, this result suggests that the several resonance lines are superimposed and/or the
localized motional process is significant. The compositions with x = 0 and 0.25 correspond to γ1-phase(0 ≤ x < 1.5) having the Li2O4 tetrahedra and that with x = 4.6 is γ2-phase (x > 3.5), in which all of
cations are surrounded octahedrally. The linewidths for the γ2-phase are much larger than those for the
γ1-phase. For both of the phases, the linewidths above room temperature decrease rapidly with increasing
temperature, which indicates that the long-range motion of Li ions becomes significant, although thelineshape still remains like a Gaussian for the temperature region measured. Below room temperature,
the linewidths with x = 0 are constant down to about 10 K, below which they exhibit a slight upturn.
The results for x = 0.25 are almost similar to those for x = 0, but the former data have a slight peak at
about 220 K. The linewidths with x = 4.6 are nearly temperature-independent from room temperature
to about 100 K, below which they increase significantly with decreasing temperature. For x = 2.9 withthe presence ratio of the γ1-phase r ≈ 0.5, the resonance lines ascribed to the γ1- and γ2-phases should
appear. However, the data are very similar to those for x = 4.6, which suggests that the Li signals forthe γ1-phase is masked with those for the γ2-phase and/or the local environment around Li ions for the
maximum concentration in the γ1-phase is close to that for the γ2-phase.

30

Table 1: Results of the analysis for the narrowing of Li NMR linewidth in Li1+x V3 O8 .
x
0.0
0.25
2.9
4.6

Low temperatures
B (mT)∆ (K) W0 (mT)
0.363(2) 9(1)0.51(2)0.364(8) 5(4)0.62(19)0.57(10) 31(18) 0.95(6)0.59(2)31(5)0.90(1)High temperatures
B (µT)∆ (103 K)
0.03(7)
3.7(7)
0.08(16) 3.1(6)0.3(3)
2.9(3)
0.2(2)
3.0(4)The NMR linewidths in paramagnetic materials are generally caused by several interactions between
the investigated nucleus and its surroundings. The second moments from the internuclear dipolar interaction and from the magnetic field for the powder grains give significant effects for the linewidths. First, thepresent data are analyzed with the assumption that the line narrowing occurs in two stages corresponding
to the temperature regions above and below 100 K. Using the formalism of W =1/ [(1/B − 1/W0 ) exp(−∆/T ) + 1/W0 ], where B is a temperature-independent linewidth, W0 is the rigidlattice linewidth and ∆ is an activation energy, the results are obtained as listed in table 1. Here W0 for
the high-temperature side above 100 K is assumed to agree with B at low temperatures in order to reduce
the number of parameters. At high temperatures, all of the compositions have ∆ ≈ 3 × 103 K, which may
be responsible for the long-range motion of Li ions. At low temperatures for the γ1-phase, the ∆ values
are smaller than 10 K and the W0 ones are significantly larger than the dipolar widths. They indicate
the narrowing model in two stages to be inadequate and another contribution from the magnetic field
for powder grains should be considered. This contribution is given by 2.3 × 10−3 (χH0 )2 , where χ is themagnetic susceptibility and H0 is the resonance field, on the assumption of cubic close packing of sphericalparticles. Since the upturn behaviour at low temperatures is explained successfully, the linewidths below
room temperature for the γ1-phase are basically regarded as the dipolar widths for the rigid lattice. On theother hand, the low-temperature behaviour for the γ2-phase seems to provide the ∆ values reasonable forthe narrowing model in two stages. For x = 2.9 and 4.6, the linewidths at the lowest temperature agree
roughly with the dipolar widths considering that the numbers of unpaired electrons may range from 2 to
3 on the basis of the susceptibility results; that is, the Li ions are ordered at the lowest temperature. The
narrowing behaviour at the low-temperature side seems to be correlated with the susceptibility anomalies.
The order-disorder effect of Li ions may cause a slight change of superexchange coupling.
The correlation times for the long-range motion of Li ions for x = 0 and 0.25 estimated by τm '(4ln2/γLi πW )tan[(π/2)(W /W0 )], where γLi is the gyromagnetic ratio of 7 Li and W0 is equal to B at low
temperatures, are τm ' 0.12 and 0.071 ms at 400 K, respectively. The corresponding diffusion coefficientsare calculated as D ' 5.6 × 10−12 and 9.2 × 10−12 cm2 s−1 from the relation D = l 2 /nτm , where the hopping distance l and the number of near neighbouring sites n are taken as 3.6 Å and 2, respectively. These
values are one order of magnitude smaller than those obtained from galvanostatic intermittent titration andpulse polarization methods, although the activation energies are similar to each other.

References[1] M. Onoda, T. Ohki and Y. Uchida: J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 (2004) 7863–7871.
[2] M. Onoda: J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 (2004) 8957–8969.

31

3.10

RBS characterization of various thin films

H. Yanagihara, T. Onuma, T. Suemasu, T. Makimura, S. Chichibu, K. Akimoto and H. Kudo
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is a conventional and powerful method to characterize thin film structures. An RBS spectrum contains the depth profile of chemical composition and thethickness of the films. We can readily extract those quantitative information from the spectrum by using
a commercial simulation program based on simple model fits. Since each measurement takes only a few
minutes, the beam time were usually shared by a couple of groups. In the fiscal year 2004, we performed
the RBS experiments for various samples; metals , oxides, nitrides, silicides, and nano-particle preparedby many different kinds of techniques.
An experimental setups are as follows. 1.5 MeV 4 He+ ions accelerated by the Tandetron accelerator
at UTTAC were used for RBS experiments. The D-course is exclusively used to this experiment andthe geometry of the incident angle(α), exit angle(β ) and scattering angle(θ ) are 30, 0 and 150 degrees,
respectively. We used a solid-state detector placed at 70 mm from the sample surface. Most of RBS
data were analyzed by a commercial simulation program (SIMNRA) which works on Windows based PC.
Since this program has functions of both the RBS data fitting and the spectrum simulation with graphicalinterface, we can easily estimate the depth profile of chemical composition and the film thickness. As an
example, typical samples measured the last fiscal year are shown in the following table.
materials
SiOx
SiOx +Er
InGaN(Ga, R)N(Ba, Sr)Si2
TiN
CrO2
Fe3 O4preparation methods
laser ablation
laser ablation
MVPE
MBE
MBE
sputterCVD
MBE

the number of samples
10
10
1
14
2
4
2
3

user group
Murakami and Makimura
Murakami and Makimura
Chichibu
Akimoto and Sakurai
Suemasu
Kita and Yanagihara
Kita and Yanagihara
Kita and Yanagihara

reference
[1]
[1]
[2]

Table 1. Typical samples measured with RBS. R indicate Eu and/or Tm.

In summary, employing the RBS equipment, we have performed the structural characterization ofvarious thin films. Since this method is very useful as well as powerful to investigate the film structures, theeasily accessible RBS facility at UTTAC gives us a great advantage to improve our film growth processes.

References[1] Tetsuya Makimura, Hiroshi Uematsu, Keiichi Kondo, Changqing Li and Kouichi Murakami, Applied
Surface A, 79, 799-802 (2004).
[2] T. Onuma, A. Chakraborty, B. A. Haskell, S. Keller, S. P. DenBaars, J. S. Speck, S. Nakamura, U. K.
Mishra, T. Sota and S.F. Chichibu, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 151918 (2005).

32

4.
ION BEAM ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION

4.1

Status of Tsukuba AMS system

Y.Nagashima, K.Sasa, T.Takahashi, R.Seki, Y.Tosaki, K.Sueki, K.Bessho, H.Matsumura and T.Miura
In last year’s Annual Report we reported our new multi gas ΔE – SSD E counter telescope with36

which S background events in 36Cl yield can be reduced. The performance of the counter is sufficient forthe current AMS measurements and it helps to measure 36Cl samples with very low 36Cl content such as
10-14 ratio of 36Cl to Cl. The SSD E detector with 48mm × 48mm active area was changed to a small
28mm × 28mm SSD E detector with no observation of detection losses of particle in 36Cl AMS
measurements.
We lost, this year, several scheduled AMS machine times because of unexpected problems
happened on the 12UD tandem. Therefore, half of AMS measurements we planned were canceled andconsequently the AMS activities were a little bit slowing down. In spite of these conditions, two 36Cl
measurements were performed. One was the 36Cl measurement in shielding concrete of various accelerator
facilities and another one was the measurement of 36Cl as a tracer in groundwater hydrology. The results ofboth measurements are reported in the consecutive sections of this annual report.
In the 36Cl-AMS measurements, the fluctuation of 36Cl to 35Cl ratio of the 36Cl standard sample
becomes large and sometimes its width is too big to accept as a result. A long effort to find out the originof the abnormal fluctuation has been executed. At this moment, we have not yet get any clear conclusion,
but we are wondering if an AMS ion source works properly or not because we see that a ratio of 37Cl to35

Cl fluctuates abnormally. This abnormal fluctuation is observed at just after a 120degree bending magnetof the ion source. The 37Cl to 35Cl ratio is continuously varied according to the current of Chlorine. Thisratio must be constant and be the ratio of a natural abundance of 37Cl and 35Cl. The improvement of the ion
source is under going.
Two cooperative studies have been just commenced. One is the joint research work for the 36Cl
measurement of 3000m ice core from the Fuji doom in the Antarctic Continent. The drilling of the ice coreis progressing smoothly at the Fuji doom as a national project. It has started last summer time and will be
continued up to the summer period of 2006. In the last summer time, the ice core has been drilled fromsurface to about 2000m depth and it has been transferred to the National Institute of Polar Research, Japan.
As a first step of the 36Cl AMS of the ice core, we are planning to measure 36Cl in an old ice core which
was get at 2002 in order to know the amount of Cl and 36Cl roughly and to estimate the volume of ice core
we need for one 36Cl AMS measurement. This project is supported partially by the Grant-in-Aid for
Science Research (A)(1) and is executing under the co-operation of the Tsukuba University, the Tokyo
University, the Hirosaki University, and the National Institute for Environmental Studies.
A 129I AMS measurement in the soils of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site is another co-research
project. In the period of the Soviet Union, 467 nuclear tests were carried out in this nuclear test site. And
consequently, the field has been affected by the very strong radioactive contamination. The radioactive
substances produced by a lot of nuclear tests were widely spread in to atmosphere and they were drop on
the surface widely as heavy radioactive fallout. Many habitants were influenced by the radioactivity. It is33estimated that the number of peoples who were bombed are more than 1.2 million and still about 350
thousand persons are in pain. Iodine-131, 131I, is a one of major element which is created by the nuclear
bomb. Iodine element is one of fundamental element to keep our life. So, it is important to know a spreadof 131I radioactive contamination and its density profile of the contamination as accurate as possible fromthe view point of health examination of victims of radioactivity. the measurement of 131I, however, isalmost impossible because a half-life of the 131I is only 8 days and it is almost disappeared now. On theother hand, Adding to the 131I, 129I radio isotope is also created by the nuclear bomb test. Its creation crosssection is very small, but a half-life of 129I is long enough, 15.7 million year. This means that the numberof 129I is very limited and the ratio of 129I to 127I might be very small, but there is some possibility to beable to measure 129I by our AMS method. Hence, we decided to measure 129I instead 131I to investigate theinfluence of fallout on the human life. This project is just started as a co-operative study with theHiroshima University.

34

4.2

Use of 36Cl as a dating tool for modern groundwater

Y. Tosaki, N. Tase, Y. Nagashima, R. Seki, T. Takahashi, K. Sasa, K. Sueki, T. Matsuhiro1, M. He2, T. Miura3,
K. Bessho3, H. Matsumura3 and G. Massmann4
Tritium (3H) has been one of the useful environmental tracers for age dating of modern groundwater (~50years) because its concentrations in precipitation increased largely as a result of atmospheric nuclear tests
conducted during the 1950s and 1960s. Due to the short half-life of 3H (12.43 years), however, the 3H “bombpulse” has been attenuated recently through radioactive decay. Hence, another dating tool which can evaluate
the residence time of modern groundwater is necessary in place of 3H.
The application of long-lived radionuclide chlorine-36 (36Cl) was proposed by Bentley et al. [1] as areplacement for 3H. The fallout rates of 36Cl also increased primarily as a result of nuclear tests at oceanic sites
in the 1950s [2]. The 36Cl has a half-life of 301000 years which is much longer than that of 3H, so theattenuation through radioactive decay can be neglected for the time scale of several decades to centuries.
Therefore, the 36Cl bomb pulse has a potential to be a dating tool for modern groundwater. However, there arefew detailed studies using the 36Cl bomb pulse as a tracer or dating tool in groundwater.
The objectives of this study are to clarify the relationship between 36Cl content and residence time ofgroundwater and to demonstrate background level and peak level of the 36Cl bomb pulse and investigate thepotential use of 36Cl as a dating tool for modern groundwater.
Groundwater samples were collected at the Oderbruch polder, Germany. In the Oderbruch polder, theshallow aquifer is mainly recharged by the infiltration from the Oder River. Sampling points are located along
the flow path of groundwater. Other groundwater samples were collected at Tsukuba Upland, Ibaraki, Japan.
The sampling depth ranges from 7 m to 240 m below the surface.
For 36Cl analysis, groundwater samples were prepared as AgCl [3]. The 36Cl/Cl ratios of groundwater
samples were measured by the AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) at the Applied Accelerator Division,
Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba.
From the results of measurements, background level of 36Cl/Cl ratios at the Oderbruch polder was
estimated to be 7-9 × 10−14. The 36Cl/Cl ratios of groundwater samples which were dated by 3H/3He method[4] showed good agreement with Dye-3 ice core data [2] (Fig. 1). Consequently, it was revealed that the
distribution of bomb-produced 36Cl (bomb-36Cl) in groundwater corresponded to the fallout pulse.
The depth profile of 36Cl/Cl ratios of groundwater samples at Tsukuba Upland showed a peak around 30 m
below the surface (Fig. 2), and it agreed well with that of 3H concentrations (Fig. 3). From the 36Cl/Cl ratios ofgroundwater deeper than 55 m, background level at Tsukuba Upland was estimated to be 1-2 × 10−13. From thetime series of 36Cl/Cl ratios (input 36Cl/Cl values to groundwater) at Tsukuba Upland estimated using Dye-3
data, residence time of groundwater was estimated to be about 50 years at 40 m and 30 years at 30 m (Fig. 4).
In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the residence time of groundwater in a region could be estimated if
1

Present address: Saitama Rubber Mfg. Co., Ltd.
Present address: Department of Nuclear Physics, China Institute of Atomic Energy, China
3
Radiation Science Center, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
4
Department of Earth Sciences, Free University of Berlin, Germany
235

the determination or estimation of time series of 36Cl/Cl ratios is possible.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Dr. Masaya Yasuhara and Dr. Makoto Takahashi (Geological Survey of Japan, AIST) for
allowing us to take groundwater samples and assisting us with the sampling at Tsukuba Upland. We also thankMr. Seong Won Lee (Master’s Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba) for his assistancein the groundwater sampling.
References[1] H.W. Bentley, F.M. Phillips, S.N. Davis, S. Gifford, D. Elmore, L.E. Tubbs and H.E. Gove, Nature 300(1982) 737.
[2] H.-A. Synal, J. Beer, G. Bonani, M. Suter and W. Wölfli, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B52 (1990) 483.
[3] Y. Nagashima, R. Seki, T. Takahashi and D. Arai, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B172 (2000) 129.
[4] J. Sültenfuß and G. Massmann, Grundwasser 9 (2004) 221.
0

10 -10Ice core (Greenland)
Groundwater (Germany)

Depth (m)50

10 -12

36

Cl/Cl

10 -11

10 -13

100
150
200
250
300

10 -14
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

0

200

400
36

Year

600

800 1000 1200 1400

Cl/Cl (× 10−15)

Fig. 1. Comparison of 36Cl/Cl ratios in groundwater andFig. 2. Depth profile of 36Cl/Cl ratios in groundwater

ice core [2].

at Tsukuba Upland.

0

10 -9
10

Cl/Cl

100
150
200

1998
1999
2003

250
300

36

Depth (m)

50

0

5

10

15
3

20

25

Ice core (Greenland) × 2.59

-10

10 -11
10 -12

30 m

7m
40 m

10 -1310 -14
1940

30

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

Year

H (TU)

Fig. 3. Depth profiles of 3H concentrations in groundwater

Fig. 4. Estimation of groundwater residence time at(Yasuhara, M., private communication).

Tsukuba Upland.

36

4. 3

AMS of 36Cl in shielding concrete of various accelerator facilities

K. Bessho1, H. Matsumura1, T. Miura1, Q. Wang1, K. Masumoto1, Y. Nagashima, R. Seki, T. Takahashi,
K. Sasa, K. Sueki, and Y. Tosaki
At accelerator facilities, concrete components around beam lines are exposed to secondary particles
during machine operation, and various long half-life radionuclides, such as 3H, 22Na, 36Cl, 46Sc, 54Mn, 60Co,
134

Cs, and 152Eu, are accumulated in the concrete. Concentrations of the radionuclides induced in theconcrete are important for radioactive waste management of accelerator facilities. If we can obtain thethermal neutron fluence during machine operation, it will be useful information for estimating theradioactivities of the nuclides because most of the radionuclides are mainly produced by thermal
neutron-capture reactions. In our previous studies, we have developed a method for AMS of 36Cl in
concrete of accelerator buildings, successfully applied for various accelerator facilities, and suggested thatthe measurements of isotope ratios of 36Cl to 35Cl (36Cl/35Cl) is suitable for monitoring the thermal neutron
fluences [1,2].
In this year, concrete samples were newly collected at two kinds of accelerator facilities, which are acyclotron at the Nishina Memorial Cyclotron Center (The Japan Radioisotope Association) and 45 MeV
depth profiles of 36Cl/35Cl and specific activities of
-8

10

0

-9

10

-1

-10

10

-2

-11

10

-3

10

γ-ray emitters and 3H in the concretes were obtainedof 36Cl/35Cl as a monitor for thermal neutron fluence35

was discussed.

36

respectively. Based on these results, the suitability

Cl/ Clby AMS, γ-ray spectrometry, and β-ray counting,

36

The target-preparation procedure and AMS of Cl

1010

were described in detail in our previous reports, andaccuracy and reproducibility of the analysis had

10

Activity (Bq/g)

Electron LINAC (Hokkaido University), and the

been confirmed [1,2]. An example of the results0

obtained for the Nishina Memorial Cyclotron Centeris reported.
Fig. 1 shows the depth profiles of 36Cl/35Cl
together with the specific radioactivities of 60Co,
152

Eu, 134Cs, 46Sc, 54Mn, and 3H in the floor concreteof the cyclotron facility. The maximum 36Cl/35Cl wasobserved at approximately 5 cm in depth from thesurface, and the depth profile of 36Cl/35Cl was good
agreement with those of 60Co, 152Eu, 134Cs, 46Sc, and
1Fig. 1 Depth profiles of 36Cl/35Cl (□) and thespecific radioactivities of 60Co (▲), 152Eu (●),
134
Cs ( ▼ ), 46Sc ( △ ), 54Mn ( ○ ), and 3H ( ▽ )induced in the floor concrete at the Nishina
Memorial Cyclotron Center. The scale of36
Cl/35Cl is shown in the left-hand axis, andthose of radioactivities of other nuclides areshown in the right-hand axis.

Radiation Science Center, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization37

10 20 30 40 50
Depth (cm)2

H, which are nuclides formed by thermal-neutron

Thermal neutron fluence ( n/cm )3

induced reactions. In contrast with these nuclides,
54

Mn, which is formed by fast neutrons, showed the

maximum activity at the surface and monotonously
decreased with increase in the depth from the surface.
These characteristics were also observed at otheraccelerator facilities [1,2] and attributed the 36Cl
productions in the concrete to thermal neutron
capture of 35Cl.
In order to examine the capability of 36Cl AMS forthermal neutron monitor, the thermal neutron
fluences estimated from the 36Cl/35Cl are comparedwith those estimated from the isotope ratios of 60Co
and 152Eu to stable Co and Eu. The concentrations ofCo and Eu in the floor concrete of the accelerator

13

10

12

10

11

10

0 10 20 30 40 50
Depth (cm)Fig. 2. Thermal neutron fluences estimatedwith 36Cl/35Cl ( □ ) and the specificradioactivities of 60Co (▲) and 152Eu (●)
in the floor concrete at the Nishina
Memorial Cyclotron Center.

facility were determined to be 7.4 ppm and 0.68 ppm
by using instrumental neutron activation analysis.
In the evaluation of neutron fluences from the radioactivity of 60Co and 152Eu, it was assumed that thecyclotron had been continuously operated and the neutron flux at the sampling point had been constantsince 1989 to 2003. The cross sections used to estimate thermal neutron fluences were 43.6 barn for
35

Cl(n,γ) 36Cl, 37.2 barn for 59Co(n,γ)60Co, and 5900 barn for 151Eu(n,γ)152Eu, respectively [3].
The estimated fluences calculated by the data of three nuclides are shown in Fig. 2. The results show

good agreement with each other, which confirmed that the 36Cl/35Cl measurement is suitable formonitoring the thermal neutron fluences irradiated during the accelerator operations. The estimation ofneutron fluences generally depends on the relation between the half-life of radionuclides and theoperational history of accelerator, which is difficult to be exactly clarified. In case of evaluation using 36Cl
AMS, operational histories of accelerators are not indispensable because radioactive decay of 36Cl during
accelerator operation can be neglected. Furthermore, 36Cl/35Cl can be directly determined. AMS of 36Cl
enables simple and reliable evaluations of neutron fluences without indefinite assumptions, and thistechnique will be powerful and effective tool for monitoring cumulative neuron fluences for a long period.
References[1] K. Bessho et al., UTTAC-71 (2003) 99.
[2] K. Bessho et al., UTTAC-72 (2004) 73.
[3] R.B. Firestone, V.S. Shirley, ed.: Table of Isotopes, 8th ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York 1996.

38

4.4

Latent tracks and etched tracks in rutile TiO2 single crystals

K. Awazu 1 , T. Ikeda2, T. Komatsubara
Introduction
In most insulators a strongly damaged zone is induced along the ion path by the slowing down of a swift
heavy ion. Although much work has been done in order to describe damage mechanism, structure of latent
track from the view point of material science has not been clear. Our experiment in 2004 aimed to observe
the structures of latent tracks. Also the authors examined why the damaged doze was well dissolved inhydrofluoric acid to create etched tracks.
Experiment
The samples used in the present experiment were (100) rutile TiO2 single crystal plates synthesized by theVerneuil flame-fusion method. To avoid overlap of the latent tracks, a very low accumulated dose,10

typically 1×10 cm-2, was applied by diffusing the ion beam with a freestanding foil in forward scatteringgeometry. High-resolution electron microscope (HREM) were also employed to observe the sample
surfaces. Chemical etching was performed with 20% hydrofluoric acid, (hereinafter 20% HF), at room
temperature.
Results and discussion
Fig.1. (a) and (b) show HREM bright images with different scales of the rutile (100) single crystal
subjected to irradiation with 50MeV and 115MeV Br ions at an accumulated dose of 1.0×1010cm-2,
respectively, an appropriate dosage for observing individual latent tracks without overlap. In Fig. 1.(a)and (b), latent tracks are seen to have a milky color, and an amorphous “island” with a radius of 1.5±1nm
and 2±0.6nm, respectively, can be observed in the “sea” of crystallographic orientation. It is also clearthat atoms far from the latent track were in place; however, the pattern of the atoms near the latent track,
probably as a result of the stress introduced by the passage of a swift heavy ion. The radius of the stressedregion in TiO2 bombarded with 50MeV and 115MeV Br ions was estimated about 2.5nm±0.4nm and2.6nm±0.5nm, respectively.
After etching with 20% hydrofluoric acid for TiO2 plates bombarded with 50MeV and 115MeV Br ions,
HREM observation was performed and shown in Fig.1. (c) and (d), respectively, and the diameter of eachetched parts was estimated at 2.5nm±0.4nm and 4.0nm±0.6nm, respectively. It is noticed that the etchedpart is not only amorphous region but stressed region.

1

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

2

Waseda University

39

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig.1.

High-resolution

electronmicroscope (HREM) observation ofrutilesinglecrystalsofTiO2bombarded with (a) 50MeV Br and(b) 115MeV Br ions. After etchingwith 20% hydrofluoric acid wereshown in (c) and (d), respectively.

Monte Carlo calculations [1] of the radial distribution of dose in TiO2 were performed for 150MeV Au,
120MeV I, 115MeV Br, 50MeV Br and 84.5MeV Cu ions and shown in Fig.2. Also radius of amorphous,stressed and etched parts directly observed by HREM was plotted with open circles. Radius of the etchedparts was located between radius of amorphousparts and radius of stressed parts.

Fig.2. Radial distribution of energy depositedaround the path of ions. Circles were data from
HREM views of amorphous, etched andstressed parts.

The research involved with this project was made possible through funds from the Atomic Study
Research Funding of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology based on anassessment of the Japanese Atomic Energy Commission.

References[1] M.P.R. Waligorski, R.N. Hamm and R.Katz, Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 11, 309 (1986).

40

4.5

Radio isotope implantation using a sputtering negative ion source

T. Aoki and N. Yoshikawa1)
It is interesting to implant particular radioisotope, 111In,
samples for perturbed angular correlation (PAC) experiment.

into many kind of substances to get
The 111In isotope is quite suitable nucleus

to investigate electron transition rates and electron densities in the substance by performing PAC
experiment. Since 111In nucleus decays to 111Cd nucleus through electron capture process (EC), thedaughter nucleus 111Cd has many electron holes in electron orbits just after the EC process.
generate strong electro magnetic force onto the111

Cd nucleus.

Therefore the

The holes

111

Cd nucleus is affectedby the force and shows strong perturbation in the angular correlation pattern. The lifetimes of the holes
are related to the electron transition rates and electron density of the substances.
destroyed,

the perturbation is ceased.

Therefore, observing the degree of the perturbation leads toknowledge of life of holes and density of the electrons.
get ability to implantIf the holes are111

In into many substances easily.

To do this kind of experiments, it is essential to
From this point of view, a test for implanting

111

In nucleus was made by using a sputtering negative ion source in the RI division
The radio isotope 111In was produced by reaction 109Ag(α, 2n)111In.

The Ag foil target was put on

cathode head and was bombarded for several hours by the α beam accelerated by the tandem accelerator.
The beam energy was 20 MeV and the intensity was about 100 nA. After cooling short lifetime activities
for 12 hours, the cathode head was set in the ion source.

The activity 111In was sputtered by Cs ion andwas extracted and accelerated to the energy of 147 keV.

Mass of the activity was analyzed by a magnet

and the activity was implanted into Al foil. Gamma ray spectrum from 111In implanted in the Al foil was
shown in Fig.1 along with that from the cathode before implantation.

Implantation efficiency, which is

given as ratio of the intensity of radiation from implanted isotope to that from the cascade before
implantation process, is seen to be about 0.2 % judging form Fig.1. Typical efficiencies for otherradioisotopes, 32P and 125I, were of the order of 10 to 20 % usually.

The extremely small value of 0.2 %was obtained because failure in ion source operation happened this time.
1

Fig 1.

111

In Gamma-ray spectra from cathode and Al backing.

1 K.E.K. Tsukuba-shi, Oho 1-1, 305-0801, Japan

41

4.6

Measurement of He distribution in 40keV He irradiated stainless steel
by means of ERDA with 16MeV O5+ beam

T. Toriyama1, H. Wakabayashi1, T. Kawabata1, S. Uemura1, K. Sasa, K. Shima, N. Hayashi2 andI. Sakamoto3
Austenitic stainless steels such as SUS304 are used as structural materials for super-conducting magnets
in fusion reactors. Since the nuclear cross section of the constituent elements (Fe, Cr and Ni) for (n, α)
reactions are considerably large for fast neutrons, helium is produced and accumulated in the materials by
neutron irradiation. Thus it becomes important to understand the influence of the helium accumulation in
austenitic stainless steel, especially the decrease of the strength through the He induced martensitic
transformation of fcc (γ) to bcc (α) structure. The direct irradiation of He ions has been utilized to observe
this transformation process efficiently and its transformation has been investigated using Conversion
Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy (CEMS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) [1, 2]. In these studies, it was
found that the martensitic transformation was induced by the He gas bubbles formed in the implanted layer.
Furthermore, the SUS304 austenitic stainless steel foils (100 µm in thickness) annealed for eliminating
the stress-induced martensitic phase were irradiated by 40 keV He ions in the dose of 3.6×1017, 7.2×1017
and 10.8×1017 ions/cm2 and investigated by CEMS, XRD and Secondary Electron Microscope(SEM) [3,4]. As a result, it was found that before He-irradiation induced martensitic transformation has occurred, themodified austenitic phase (γ″) whose lattice constant is about 0.5% larger than that of γ-phase isformed. At the present time, the He induced martensitic transformation in SUS304, SUS304S and SUS316
austenitic stainless steels has been studied by CEMS, XRD and SEM. In these studies, it becomes to beimportant to investigate the relation between the depth of martensitic transformation and the irradiated He

distribution for SUS304 and SUS316 samples [5].
Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA) is the most suitable technique for observing the distributionof light elements in surface region of the samples. Fig.1 shows an experimental setup of ERDA with 16MeV
O5+ beam. The beam is collimated by the first aperture of 1.0 mm in diameter and the second aperture of 2.0

Fig.1. Experimental setup for ERDA
1

Musashi Institute of Technology, 2 Kurume Institute of Technology, 3 Advanced Industrial Science and Technology

42

mm in 200 mm distance. The sample surface is tilted at the angle of 15° relative to the beam and ERDA
detector (SSD#1) is placed at the scattering angle of 30° and 130 mm distance. A Mylar absorber with thicknessof 12.0 µm was used for preventing the forward scattered O beam from impinging on SSD#1. Two RBS
detectors, SSD#2 and SSD#3 with the aperture of 2 mm diameter were placed at the scattering angles of 150°
and 50° and both 130 mm distances, respectively. The former was used for measuring the dose of O beam to thesample and the latter was used for monitoring the forward scattering O and elastic back-scattering lightelements.
Fig.2 shows ERDA spectra for 40 keV He

100

irradiated SUS316 samples with dose of a)80

7.2×102

17ions/cm and b) 10.8×10

H(Surface)2

ions/cm .

The fitted solid line curves obtained using thesimulation program SIMNRA [6] also are

Counts17

60
40

shown in the spectra, respectively. For the former

20with dose of a) 7.2×1017 ions/cm2, only the0

He(Surface)H0

modified austenitic phase (γ″) was observed by

2100

other hand, for the latter with dose of b)80

10.8×10ions/cm , it was confirmed that the

He induced martensitic transformation occur by
CEMS and XRD and also the He bubbles in thesurfaceareformed

by

SEM.

It

Countsin the surface are not formed by SEM. On the
2

6

8

b)

H(Surface)

60
40

He

H

He(Surface)

20

could

0

successfully be observed that for the sample

0with dose of b) 10.8×1017 ions/cm2 a part of the
He atoms moves nearer to the surface than those
17

4

Energy(MeV)

XRD and it was confirmed that the He bubbles

17

a)
He

2

4

Energy(MeV)

6

8

Fig.2. ERDA spectra for 40 keV He
irradiated SUS316 sample with dose of a)
7.2×1017 ions/cm2 and b) 10.8×1017 ions/cm2.

2

for the sample with dose of a) 7.2×10 ions/cm .
References[1]

N. Hayashi and T. Takahashi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 41, (1982) 1100.

[2]

E. Johnson, L. Gråbæk, A. Johansen, L. Saholt-Kristensen, P. Børgensen, B.M.U. Scherzer, N.
Hayashi and I. Sakamoto, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Research B39 (1989) 567.

[3]

T. Toriyama, T.Ishibashi, N. Hayashi, I. Sakamoto, K. Nishio, H. Wakabayashi and H. Iijima,IEEE, Ion Implant. Technol. vol. 2, (1999) 783.

[4]

T. Namiki, C. Kaneko, H. Wakabayashi, T. Toriyama, N. Hayashi and I. Sakamoto, Rep. Res. Cent.

[5]

Ion Beam Technol., Hosei Univ., Suppl. 18 (1999) 179.
Y. Matsui, C. Kaneko, H.Wakabayashi, T. Toriyama, N. Hayashi and I. Sakamoto, Proceedings ofFirst 21st Century Combination Symposium -Science, Technology and Human- (Mirai CAN Hall,
Tokyo, 2002 Nov.) pp.415-418 (in Japanese).

[6]

Matej Mayer, SIMNRA, http://www.rzg.mpg.de/~mam/index.html.

43

4.7

Shape measurement of melt inclusion in a mineral sample

K.Satou, K. Komatsubara, T. Kurosawa, K. Sasa, S. Ishii, Y. Yamato and K. Miyakawa
To analyze hydrogen density inside a solid state sample, ERCS (Elastic recoil coincidence spectrometry)
method [1] using 30 μm proton micro beam of 20 MeV from the tandem accelerator has been developed at
UTTAC. In this method, both kinetic energies of two protons, which are scattered inside the sample
elastically, are measured simultaneously by two SSDs which are set at 45 degrees with respect to the beamaxis. Sum of the measured kinetic energies (sum energy spectrum) provide a depth profile of hydrogencontent. Figure 1 shows an experimental setup.
It is important to formulize the energy spectrum of SSDs. The stopping power (S(E):[MeV/μm]) of
proton inside a target can be well approximated using the formula of as follow,
S(E)=aρE b(a, b: fitting parameters, ρ: density)---(1).
The fitting parameters “a” and “b” depend on an

Fig. 1element composition of a target material. Thosefor quartz are 0.0228 and -0.779, respectively.
When an incident proton with energy Ein passes
through a uniform target having depth t, theout-put energy Eout can be calculated as
Ein1-b-Eout1-b=aρ(1-b)t---(2).
Since we now take into account only the elastic
scattering,therelation

betweenscattering

conditions (Esc, x, θL,R) and measured protonenergy (E’L,R) can be formulized as

ρx =

=

Ein1-bcos3-2bθL-EL'cosθL-a (1-b )ρ t
a (1-b )(cos3-2bθL -1)

1-b
'1-b
Ein sin3-2bθL-ER sinθL-a (1-b )ρ t

a (1-b )(sin3-2bθL-1)---(3).

Therefore the scattering point x [μm], scattering angle (θL, θR), and recoil energy (EL, ER) can be obtainedwith the help of the measured kinetic energy (E’L, E’R) and the target-depth t using eq. (3). Furthermore,
for the case of the multi-layer target like fig. 2 we can formulize the energy E’out as follows,
'
Eout
=

Ein1-b-aρ (1-b )x(1-b)/(1-b')-a 'ρ '(1-b ')t '(1-b)/(1-b')-aρ (1-b )(t -x -t ')if b ≈b '≈b " and a ≈a '≈a ", then=Ein1-b"-a "ρ (1-b ")t +a "(1-b ")(ρ -ρ ')t '---(4).

Note that the eq. (4) is independent of x.
We have applied this method to hydrogen analysis of a melt inclusion included in a volcanic rock. Here,the melt inclusion contains hydrogen inside and has a similar element composition to the matrix, thus has
similar “a” and “b” values, but its density ρ is differ from that of the matrix. For instance, for the case of44

the Boninite outputted in Titijima island, (a, b, ρ) values of the matrix are (0.0201, -0.0753, 3.45 [g/cm3]),
while those of the melt inclusion are (0.0201, -0.750, 2.74 [g/cm3]). When size of the melt inclusion is
sufficiently large compared to the beam size of about 30 μm and the target thickness of 100 ~ 200 μm, thesample can be regarded as a simple multi layer target like Fig. 2. However, when the size is comparablewith the target thickness, we need its shape information for accurate analysis.
Fig. 2

Fig. 3

To obtain the shape of the melt inclusion, we applied the ERCS method. We irradiated a sample with theproton micro beam of 30 μm such that only one proton passes through the melt inclusion like Fig. 3, andobtained crossing length through the melt inclusion, d-,+, from the formula (eq. (5)) derived from eq. (4).
E"L,R(xi, θj)-E'L,R(θi)=(ρ -ρ ')a "(1-b ")d-,+(xi, θj)---(5).
Here the angle θ covers from 45-2.9 to 45+2.9 degrees. We measured two samples. One was asilicate-glass sample which had a cavity cropped out on the beam exit side, and the other was the Boninite
sample which had a melt inclusion cropped out on the beam incident side. The thicknesses of thesesamples were 141 and 88 [μm], respectively. The adopted “a” and “b” values for the silicate-glass were0.184 and -0.768, respectively, and the density is 2.83 [g/cm3], while the adopted “a” and “b” values for
the Boninite were 0.0201 and -0.752, respectively. We constructed the obtained experimental data-set d-,+consistently and obtained the shape of the cavity and the melt inclusion as shown in Fig. 4.
By using the shape information measured from this method, we can analyze the sum energy spectrum
accurately to obtain the depth profile of hydrogen content inside the small melt inclusion.
Fig. 4

240
200

160

silicate glass
120

160

80
Z (μm)

Z (μm)

120

Boninite80

matrix

40
0

0

-40

-40

-80
0

100

200

300

matrix40-80

melt inclusion-50

X (μm)

References[1] B.L. Cohen, C.L. Fink and J.H. Degnan, J. Appl. Phys., 43, 19 (1972)

45

0

50
100
X (μm)

150

200

4.8

Development of ERCS hydrogen analysis for geological samples

T.Komatsubara, K.Sasa, K.Miyakawa, S.Ishii, Y.Yamato, K.Satou, M.Kurosawa
Hydrogen analysis for melt inclusions is very important for geological science to understand dynamical mechanism of magmatic activities. The melt inclusion is tiny object found in a volcanic quartz which
can be regarded as a specimen of the melting magma. Since the size of the melt inclusion is in range from10 to several hundred micro meters, microbeam is necessary for the analytical study.
In order to analyze hydrogen content, proton-proton elastic recoil coincidence spectrometry (ERCS)
has been performed. For the evaluation of the hydrogen density profile, a practical method has beendeveloped. By using this new method, measured sum energy spectrum can be modified to become depth
profile of hydrogen density.
For the calibration of the hydrogen intensity, mylar, kapton and polyethylene films were irradiated as
the standard materials. As the lowest point of the hydrogen concentration, a metallic foil of Ti(H) was
irradiated in which the Ti(H) sample was provided by NIST and the hydrogen weight ratio was reported
as 49 ppm. All of the measured values were well proportional to the calibrated hydrogen densities.
For the observation of the beam shape by using the micro scope system, several fluorescent materials
were irradiated and examined. Synthetic ruby showed brightest luminescence of red color. It could be mostsuitable to identify weak intensity of a dim beam profile. A thin plate of synthetic spinel also exhibited
quite bright luminescence of green color. When a slice of a scheelite was irradiated, the beam profile wasclearly observed as the dark blue spot. The shceelite could be useful for the evaluation of the beam size
without strong halation.
In order to achieve higher detection efficiency, new surface barrier Si detectors have been installedwith the larger solid angle. The detection area of the new detectors is 300 mm2 and the effective thickness
is 1500 mm. Larger detector windows of φ 8 mm in diameter were also newly installed in front of thedetectors at 40 mm from the irradiation point. Detection solid angle is increased to be more than twice.
For the improvement of S/N ratio in the measured proton spectrum, origins of the background areconsidered as; (1) edge scattering at the detector windows, (2) scattering at aluminum foils of the lightshield, (3) chance coincidence, (4) pile up, and (5) dispersion of incident beam. For the reduction of
the edge scattering, inner surfaces of the detector windows were polished to be mirror surfaces. Pile up
rejection system is installed by connecting PUR signal from ORTEC 572 amplifier to SEIKO ADC1821.
Contribution of the chance coincidence is measured to be about 10 % of total background. In thismeasurement, a quartz target of 0.2 mm in thickness was irradiated by 100 pA proton beam.
As a sample of the clean spectrum, sum energy spectrum for a mylar sample is shown in Fig. 1. Peakto total ratio of 93% has been achieved.

Acknowledgements
This work is supported in part by the Grant-in-Aid for Science Research of Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, under grant no. 165404036.

46

ID = 18 : map533.feb2005.xy

792.2

10000

Counts / Channel

1000

100

10

1
0

200

400

600

800

1000

ChannelFig.1 Measured sum spectrum for one mylar target of 2.5 µm inthickness. Back ground is reduced to be only 7% with respect tothe mylar peak intensity.

47

4.9

Trace element determination of silicate rock reference material JB-1a
by using particle-induced X-ray emission

M. Kurosawa, K. Shima, S. Ishii, K. Sasa, and T. Komatsubara
Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) is a nondestructive analytical technique based on themeasurement of characteristic X-rays induced by a proton microbeam of MeV energy directed onto thespecimen surface. This technique demonstrates a precision and an accuracy of within ±10% for mostelements at levels of a few µg g-1 to tens µg g-1 in glasses and minerals [1–3]. However, there have been
few PIXE analyses for silicate rock reference materials. Thus, we have determined trace-element
concentrations in fused glasses of a rock reference material issued by the Geological Survey of Japan
determined using PIXE to investigate the suitability of quantification for the analysis of trace elements insolid samples.
Samples used in this study were a fused-glass bead prepared from silicate rock reference
powders JB-1a (basalt). The rock powder was fused in a platinum capsules by means of a radio-frequency
heating furnace. A small piece (1 mm) of the glass was mounted in an epoxy resin and polished using a
0.3-mm alumina paste. No compositional zoning or crystalline inclusions were observed in the glass beadby optical microscopy. To check for chemical homogeneity, major-element compositions were analyzed
with an electron microprobe (EPMA).
PIXE analyses were carried out using a 4-MeV proton beam [4, 5]. The beam incidence wasnormal to the sample surface, and the X-ray measurement take-off angle was 45˚. A 150-µm-thickaluminum filter was used to attenuate the intense X-rays from Si in the sample and to prevent the entry
into the detector of protons scattered from samples. The beam current was set at 0.6–1.3 nA and thecollected beam charge was 0.95–4.61 µC. The beam size was about 100 × 100 µm2. The sample wasanalyzed at three points across the glass bead. Quantification was performed on the basis of the model ofCampbell [6], in which total X-ray intensities of an element generated from a proton-beam path in asample are calculated by considering the attenuation
Fe

JB-1a
(basalt glass)

Intensity (cts)

10 5
Ni

10 4
10 3
10

2

10 1

Mn
e

Sr

Zn Rb
Ga
As

Cr Cu

5

10

of the energy of the incident protons and theabsorption of the X-rays by the sample matrix.
Theoretical X-ray intensities for each element per 1

Zrµg g-1 of a sample matrix with known major-element

Ycomposition are first calculated by volume integration

Nb
In

p

Ba

using the physical parameters of the sample materials
and the measurement conditions. The measured X-ray

15

20

25

30

35

Energy (keV)

Fig. 1 X-ray spectrum of JB-1a glass recorded
using 4.61 µC of 4MeV protons with 150-µm
aluminum filter.

intensities for each element of interest in the sample
are divided by the theoretical X-ray intensities per 1
µg

g-1

and

are

convertedtotheelement

concentration. Details of the quantification method
are presented elsewhere [5].

48In a measured spectrum of JB-1a (Fig. 1), the Kα and Kβ peaks from Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga,
As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, In, and Ba were observed. The In peak is due to excitation of In paste in the Si (Li)detector by a weak γ-ray emitted from the sample during the measurement. In Fig,1, e- and p-peaks arean escape peak and pile-up peak of the intense Fe Kα line, respectively. The Kβ X-ray lines of Ni, Rb, Sr,and Y overlap with the Kα lines of Cu, Y, Zr, and Nb, respectively. When peaks for two elements
overlapped, intensity for each element of interest was calculated on the basis of measurements of the Kβ
peak intensities and the previously measured Kα/Kβ area intensity ratio for each element at 4-MeV proton
irradiation.
The present determined values for all the elements, except for Cu, agreed well (within the RSDs)
with the PIXE values at determined at Guelph University [3] (Table 1). In addition, almost all the
trace-element concentrations agreed with the reference values [7] to within ±7% (average). These good
agreements demonstrate the appropriateness of the present quantification method for almost trace elements
in a solid sample. The values of Mn, Ni, and Cu
Table 1 Trace-element concentrations in JB-1abasalt glass determined by PIXE

showed relatively large differences (<20%). A

Guelph PIXE(µg g-1)

Reference(µg g-1)

Dif.
(%)

side tail (shoulder) of the intense FeKα peak. Thus,

817±126
59700±2300
118±2
26±3
84±6
18±1
3±1
39±4
464±3
22±2
141±1027±4503±73

392
1150
63300
139
56.7
82.1
17.9
2.30
39.2
442
24
144
26
504

3
17
1
21
65
1
9
8
1
2
0
6
1
0

in the background subtraction for the peaks ofPresent-PIXE*(µg g-1)
Cr
Mn
Fe
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
As
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Ba

380 ±15979±5462372±912
115±4
34±1
83±1
16±1
2.5±0.3
39±4
433±5
24±1
136±3
26±3
504±26

Kα X-ray peak of Mn was located at the low-energy
the differences for Mn may be due to a slight error
interest adjacent to the intense X-ray peaks. The
large discrepancy for Cu could be ascribed toadsorption by the platinum capsule during sample
preparation [3]. The difference between the present
and Guelph PIXE values could also be due to aheterogeneous distribution of Cu generated by theadsorption. The Ni values determined by both PIXE
show a good agreement, so the large difference* Present-PIXE: average concentrations (3 replicates) and thestandard deviations (1s) at the present measurements; Guelph
PIXE: PIXE measurements at the Guelph University [3];Reference: the reference values [7]; Dif.: (present-PIXE
value - Reference value)/(present-PIXE value).

between the PIXE and the reference values requires
further study.

References[1] C. G. Ryan et al, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B47(1990)55.
[2] G. K. Czamanske et al., Amer. Mineral. 78(1993)893.
[3] M. Kurosawa et al., Chem. Geol. 160(1999)241.
[4] M. Kurosawa et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B142(1998)599.
[5] M. Kurosawa et al., Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67(2003)4337.
[6] J.L.Campbell, Particle-Induced X-ray Emission Spectrometry (PIXE), eds. S.A.E. Johansson et al.,John Wiley (New York), (1995), p19.
[7] N. Imai et al., Geochem. J. 29(1995)91.

49

50

5.
TECHNICAL REPORT5.1

Design of a new slit system for beam analyzing magnet

S. Ishii
According to an improvement schedule, a slit system of an energy analyzing magnet is replaced
to new one. The main purpose of this replacement is to be able to control the slits from the remotesection such as a control and measuring room. The adjustment of the width and/or the offset ofthe object and image slits were manually operated at the local control stage by a tandem operator
at the request of users. These works caused undesirable interruption on the experiments because
not only the operator had to enter the analyzer magnet room for the operation but also thereproducibility of the slit position was not guaranteed. Therefore, in order to improve thecircumstance of the slits operation, the new slit system has been installed. The system consists of
two computer controllable slit apparatuses. One is 4-hold slits apparatus and another one is
2-hold slits one.
The 4-hold, ± X and ±Y, slits apparatus is installed into the object focus point of the analyzing
magnet. Each slit has a motor driver and can be moved independently by the electric power. The
slit driver consists of a variable speed motor and a set of torque control gear as show in Fig. 1.
The slit is coupled with the motor by a precise timing belt in order to ensure the precise
positioning. A precise digital dial gauge is selected as a read out appliance of the slit position. The
specification of the motor driven 4-hold slit is listed up on the Table 1.
On the other hand, the 2-hold, ±Y, slits apparatus is installed in the image focus point of themagnet. A model BDS6 slit system, which is distributed commercially by the NEC Co., USA, isintroduced and modified. An induction motor is changed to the variable speed motor and the highprecise digital dial gage is installed. The specification of the motor driven 2-hold slit is also listed
up on the Table 1.

Adjustment Resolution

25 μm

Adjustment Sensitivity

1.59 mm/1turnPower Rating1000 W/1slit

Range of Adjustment-7.9 mm ∼ 19 mm

Cooling

Pure Water (0.5 l/min)
Table 1.

Specification of The Slit Appliance51

Fig. 1

Drawing of the newly designed slit control system of the object slits. It isplanned to be install at the focus of the beam analyzing magnet.

Fig. 2 Photograph of the newly assembled image slit system.

52

5.2

Development of a beam slit controller by using XPort and Web I/O

Y. Yamato
In parallel with the installation of a newly developed remote controllable slit system, a control
program has been developed. This program can operate co-currently six slits with two, Manual andAutomatic, control modes. Under the Manual mode, the slit can be moved step by step with the click of
a computer mouse. On the other hand, once the Automatic mode is selected, the slit can be moved
automatically to the preset position. Fig. 1 shows the configuration of the control system. A slit position
is read with a Digimatic Indicator ID-C112, Mitsutoyo Co. Japan. The ID-C112 works as a digital dialgauge for the position measurement. The slit position which is digitized by the ID-C112 is transferred toa RS-232C multiplexer and converted to 9600b RS-232C communication signal. The RS-232C
multiplexer can throw four digital position signals into one RS-232C signal. Then, this RS-232C signal
is transferred to a XPort device in which the RS-232C protocol is converted to 100Mb Ethernet protocol.
Finally, a PC gets the information of the slit positions from the XPort through an Ethernet .
A slit motor, US206-401, ORIENTAL MOTOR Co. Japan, is operated with a set of a Web I/O RO-16
device and a relay terminal. The Web I/O is controlled by the PC through the Ethernet and controls the
motor rotation through the relay terminal. In order to protect the device from an unexpected discharge, a
PhotoMOS relay is used as an output element of the Web I/O. Total response time of the Web I/O andrelay terminal is 5 ms and is sufficient for our usage.
Campus LAN / Internet

object slits position monitor
ABS digimatic indicator
Mitutoyo ID-C112+X

Ethernet

digimatic

RS-232C

DC24V
AC100Vfire wall in facilities
digimatic to RS-232C
4ch multiplexer
Mitutoyo MUX-10F

digimatic to RS-232C
4ch multiplexer
Mitutoyo MUX-10F
Windows PC for control
in control room-X
RS-232C to Ethernet
XPort

+Y
RS-232C to Ethernet
XPort

-Y

+Y

-Y

image slits position monitor
ABS digimatic indicator
Mitutoyo ID-C112

object slits position control
speed control motor
ORIENTAL MOTOR US206-401

S.HUB
in analyzer magnet room

image slits position control

web I/O RO-16+X

speed control motor
ORIENTAL MOTOR US206-401-X

DC24V P.S.

+Y
+Y

-Y

relay terminal
OMRON G70D-VSOC16

Fig.1. Control system chart.

53-Y

The opening and closing speed of the slit are 0.008 mm/s and 0.04 mm/s, respectively. An emergency
switch is prepared to quit the motor operations quickly when something happened. A control program iswritten with Visual C++ for Windows by using a multithread programming technique.
Fig. 2 shows a user interface for the slit operation. The interface is divided into two screens. The
current positions of the six slits are displayed in a left side screen in Fig.2. On the other hand, the slits
are controlled interactively through a right hand screen in Fig.2. The slit can be moved with the
IN/OUT button operations on the right hand screen by watching the current slit position on the left hand
screen. The slit can be moved also automatically. Following the set of the slit position where you wantwith a keyboard, the slit can be moved to the specified point by clicking the Automatic button. Six slits
can be controlled simultaneously with one operation of the Automatic button. In order to protect from
unexpected collision of slit, a software limit switch is installed in the program. Two kinds of programs
are developed. One is a suitable for the normal usage. The slit can be moved quickly with the limited,∼10 μm, positioning accuracy. When the accurate positioning is requested, another program is used. The
speed is about 10 times lower than that of former one but the positioning accuracy might be better. Fig.
2 and Fig.3 demonstrate the user interface of the high speed and of the high accuracy versions,
respectively.

Fig.2. Screen shot about the speed priority

Fig.3. Screen shot about the highly accurate

References[1] Y. Yamato, The beam slits controlled by means of XPort and Web I/O, Proceedings of thetechnological meeting 2005, Osaka University, (2005) 3-02.
[2] Y. Yamato, Remote control of beam slits (Example of applying XPort and Web I/O), University ofTsukuba, Technical report No.25(2005) 24-29.

54

6.
RELATED TOPICS

6.1

Mass measurements by isochronous storage ring in RIKEN RI beamfactory

A. Ozawa, I.Arai, T.Komatsubara, K.Sasa, Y.Tagishi, M.Yamaguchi, T.Suzuki 1 , T.Yamaguchi1, T.Ohtsubo 2 ,N.Fukunishi 3 , A.Goto3, T.Ohnishi3, H.Okuno3, H.Takeda3, M.Wakasugi3, Y.Yamaguchi3, Y.Yano3,
T.Kikuchi 4
A mass measurement of unstable nuclei is a valuable tool in nuclear structure allowing to discover new
shell effects, nuclear shapes and decay properties. Moreover, the mass measurement is important todetermine the astrophysical r-process path. Presently, there are three major techniques to measure the massof unstable nuclei; a measurement in a Penning trap [1], a measurement in heavy ion storage ring [2], anda measurement in cyclotron [3].

Accelerator
TOF

We propose a new scheme ofβ(~10-4)
TOF(<10-6)

precise mass measurements for short
lived (T1/2<100ms) unstable nuclei in
RIKEN RI beam factory. The scheme
is based on high-energy RI beams
produced by fragmentation or uranium~180m

Production
targetTimingdetectors

fission. The scheme consists of threemajor devices, as shown in Fig. 1; 1) a

Ring
Particle
detectors

Fig.1. Proposed scheme of mass measurements

long injection line to measure velocityof the beams with high resolution (~10-4), 2) an injector for individual injection [4], that can be possible by
the present kicker magnet technology with the long injection line, 3) an isochronous storage ring tomeasure TOF with high resolution (~10-6). In the isochronous ring, there is no acceleration, that provides
the large acceptance for different species (different m/q). Mass resolution of ~10-6 and ~10-2 acceptance form/q can be achieved by the scheme. And this scheme allows us to identify particles event-by-event modeand to correct the resolution after the measurements, that are indispensable for RI beams based on
fragmentation and uranium fission. Fast response of the injector and design of the isochronous storage ringare key issues for this project. They are now in progress at University of Tsukuba and RIKEN.
References[1] G.Bollen, Nucl Phys. A 693 (2001) 3.
[2] H.Geissel and H.Wollnik, Nucl Phys. A 693 (2001) 19.
[3] M.Chartier at al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 2400. .
[4] I.Meshkov et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 523 (2004) 262.

1

Saitama University, Saitama 338-0825, Japan
Niigata University, Niigata 950-2102, Japan
3
RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan
4
Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0912, Japan
2

55

6.2

Design of the isochronous storage ring and the injection line for massmeasurements in RIKEN RI beam factory

M. Yamaguchi1 , I. Arai1 , A. Ozawa1 , Y. Tagishi1 , T. Komatsubara1 , K. Sasa1 , T. Suzuki2 , T. Yamaguchi2 ,T. Ohtsubo3 , Y. Yano4 , A. Goto4 , M. Wakasugi4 , H. Okuno4 , N. Fukunishi4 , T. Ohnishi4 , H. Takeda4 ,Y. Yamaguchi5 , T. Kikuchi6
The isochronous storage ring and the injection line for mass measurements of rare RI beams will be
constructed in RIKEN RI beam factory. The measurements are going to achieve the relative uncertainty of
about 10−6 . The conceptual design of the isochronous storage ring and the injection line was considered.
For the high accuracy, we must measure the velocities of the nuclei before the injection to the ring, sothat the injection line will be a long one. In order to save the cost of the injection line, we will use magnetsof the storage ring TARN-II [1] for the injection line. In our present design, vertical double achromatism
was made almost through the injection line. Horizontally, the beam is dispersive one at the kicker magnetof the ring.
The isochronous storage ring consists of eight sectors magnets in the present design. The circumference is 70 m. The central orbit radius is 4.2 m. The maximum magnetic field is 1.5 Tesla. The radialwidth is 25 degree. The magnetic fraction is 0.55. It has eight straight sections. The length of each sectionis 5.5 m. The maximum beta of the injection perticle is 0.57. The maximum momentum is 200 MeV/A.
Momentum dispersion is ±1%. The emittance is a few π mmmrad. Isochronisity is about 10−7 .
The edges of the magnets are straight ones. The tilting angle is 9.5 degrees. In this case, we canachieve the isochronisity of 10−4 . To achieve the isochronisity less than 10−4 , we should use trim coils
and generate harmonic field. In the ideal case, we can achieve the isochronisity of 10−8 .
A computer simulation code of the isochronous ring was made. The magnetic field is calculatedwith hard edge approximation. Each magnetic sector are sliced into 1000 thin sectors. The trajectory inthe magnetic field is circular. Magnetic field in each thin sector is uniform and equal to the value at its
entrance.
Monte Carlo simulation will be made with the computer code MOCADI [2]. The beam optics of
BigRIPS and the injection line is represented as a series of transfer matrices in the code. The limitation on
the beam radii by the beam ducts are also incorporated. The paths of nuclei in the ring are calculated by alibrary function dynamically linked to MOCADI. Through this simulation, we will estimate the integrated
performance of the injection line and the ring.

References[1] T.Katayama et al., Part. Accel. 32 (1990) 2105
[2] N.Iwasa et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. B126, (1997) 284————————————————————————————————————————1 Univ. of Tsukuba, 2 Saitama Univ., 3 Niigata Univ., 4 RIKEN, 5 Univ. of Tokyo, CNS, 6 Utsunomiya Univ.

56

6.3

Reaction of gold cluster cations with silane at high temperature

T.Sugaya, M.Kubo, K.Sugawara 1 and I.Arai
Small clusters have been intensively investigated. Especially gold clusters are of significant interest due
to their pronounced difference in various properties compared with the bulk[1]. They are promisingbuilding block for electronic devices and other functional nanoscale materials. We have studied thereactivity of transition metal, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, tungsten and gold, cluster cations with puresilane SiH4 at room temperature (300K) previously. Our present experiment intends an investigation of thereaction of gold cluster cations with SiH4 at high temperature instead.
The experimental setup mainly consists of an external cluster source and a Fourier Transform Ion
Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. Gold cluster cations, Aun+ (n=1-9), were produced bylaser vaporization of rotating gold rod. They were introduced into an FT-ICR chamber and trapped bymagnetic and electrostatic field in the FT-ICR cell heated at 493K. After the thermalization by collisions
with argon atoms, the cluster ions reacted with SiH4 whose pressure was kept at 1×10-8Torr there. We
measured the mass spectra in the reaction time 0.1s-15s and obtained the reaction rate constants of Aun+(n=1-9), AunSi+ (n=1-9), AunSiH2+ (n=1-3) with SiH4, i.e., k1, k2, k3.
A main reaction process was the following
AunSimH2l+ + SiH4

→ AunSi(m+1)H2l+ + 2H2→

AunSi(m+1)H2(l+1)+ + H2

Fig.1. shows a comparison of the present results at 493K and the previous ones at 300K for reaction rate
constants. It indicates that the reaction rate constants don’t change appreciably in those two cases. Clusters
are generally known to have the melting point lower than the bulk, and Fthenakis et al. reported atransition temperature much lower in value than the one produced by their calculation, in particular,≈280-320K[2]. But our experimental results suggest that gold clusters and gold-silicon clusters don’t havea transition temperature between 300K and 493K. In other words a great change of their structures such asa phase transition doesn’t seem to occur in this temperature region. Furthermore while the reaction rate
constant k1 of Aun+ with SiH4 is well reproduced by Langevien model, which is independent of
temperature and calculated as ∼1×10-9 cm3s-1 in this case, reactions of AunSi+ (n=2-5) and AunSiH2+ with
SiH4 show considerable difference from the model. It is empirically known that the reaction rate constantdepends on the temperature[3]. According to it, the reaction rate constant at 493K should be about fifteentimes as large as the one at 300K. However, the observed differences aren’t so much. It is suggested thatthe reactions of AunSi+ and AunSiH2+ with SiH4 are different from the conventional reaction mechanism.

1

Nanotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 305-8565,
Japan.

57

Fig.1. The reaction rate constants of Aun+ (n=1-9), AunSi+ (n=1-9), AunSiH2+ (n=1-3) with SiH4, i.e., k1, k2,
k3, at 493K and 300K.

References[1] D.M.Cox, R.Brickman, K.Creegan and A.Kaldor, Z.Phys.D-Atoms, Molecules and Cluster 19,3533(1991)[2] Z.Fthenakis, A.N.Andriotis and M.Menon, J.Chem.Phys 119,20,22 (2003)[3] Y.Kaneko, the Introduce to the Atomic Collision (Baifukan,1999)

58

7. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
The publications listed here are those released in the fiscal year 2004 by all the workers listed on§11.

7.1 Journals
ACCELERATOR AND EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES
1. K.Sasa, I. Arai, M. kurosawa, T. Nakagawa,“Preliminary experiments on laser coupling with an electron cyclotron resonance ion source fortrace element analysis”, Rev. Sci. Instr. 75 No.5 1928-1930 (2004).
2. K.Sasa,“Tandem Accelerator Complex at University of Tsukuba”, J. Part. Accel. Soc. Jpn. Vol.1,
No.1, 44 (2004).
3. L. Maunoury, J.U. Andersen, H. Cederquist, B. Huber, P. Hvelplund, R. Leroy, B. Manil, J. Y.
Pacquet, U.V. Pedersen, J. Rangama, S. Tomita,“MONO1001: A source for singly charged ions applied to the production of multicharged
fullerene beams”, Rev. Sci. Instr. 75, 1884 (2004)

NUCLEAR PHYSICS
4. M. Yamaguchi, Y. Tagishi, Y. Aoki, N. Kawachi, N. Okumura, N. Yoshimaru,“Measurement of proton polarization in the 208 Pb(d, p)209 Pb reaction at an incident energy of
20 MeV”, Nucl. Phys. A747, pp 3-13 (2005).
5. M.Petrascu, A.Constantinescu, I.Cruceru, M.Giurgiu, A.Isbasescu, M.Isbasescu, H.Petrascu,
C.Bordeanu, I.Tanihata, T.Kobayashi, K.Morimoto, K.Katori, M.Chiba, Y.Nishi, S.Nishimura,
A.Ozawa, T.Suda, K.Yoshida,“Pre-emission of correlated neutrons in the fusion of 11 Li halo nuclei with Si targets”, Phys.
Rev. C69, 011602(R) (2004).
6. A.Yoshida, K.Morita, K.Morimoto, D.Kaji, T.Kubo, Y.Takahashi, A.Ozawa, I.Tanihata,“High-power rotating wheel targets at RIKEN”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A521, 65-71 (2004).
7. Z.Elekes, Zs.Dombradi, A.Krasznahorkay, H.Baba, M.Csatlos, L.Csige, N.Fukuda, Zs.Fulop,
Z.Gacsi, J.Gulyas, N.Iwasa, H.Kimugawa, S.Kubono, M.Kurokawa, X.Liu, S.Michimasa,
T.Minemura, T.Motobayashi, A.Ozawa, A.Saito, S.Shimoura, S.Takeuchi, I.Tanihata, P.Thirof,
Y.Yanagisawa, K.Yoshida,“Decoupling of valence neutrons from the core in 16 C”, Phys. Lett. B 586, 34-40 (2004).

59

8. D.Q.Fang, T.Yamaguchi, T.Zheng, A.Ozawa, M.Chiba, R.Kanungo, T.Kato, K.Morimoto,
T.Ohnishi, T.Suda, Y.Yamaguchi, A.Yoshida, K.Yoshida, I.Tanihata,“One-neutron halo structure in 15 C”, Phys. Rev. C 69, 034613 (2004).
9. A.Ozawa,“Recent experiments for interaction and reaction cross-sections”, Nucl. Phys. A 734, 315-318(2004).
10. C. Wu, Y.Yamaguchi, A.Ozawa, R.Kanungo, I.Tanihata, T.Suzuki, D.Q.Fang, T.Suda, T.Ohnishi,
M.Fukuda, N.Iwasa, T.Ohtsubo, T.Izumikawa, R.Koyama, W.Shinozaki, M.Takahashi,“Study of the density distribution of 17 C from reaction cross section measurement”, Nucl. Phys.
A 739, 3-14 (2004).
11. H.Jeppesen, R.Kanungo, B.Abu-Ibrahim, S.Adhikari, M.Chiba, D.Fang, N.Iwasa, K.Kimura,
K.Maeda, S.Nishimura, T.Ohnishi, A.Ozawa, C.Samanta, T.Suda, T.Suzuki, I.Tanihata, Q.Wang,
C.Wu, Y.Yamaguchi, K.Yamada, A.Yoshida, T.Zheng,“One- and two-neutron removal from 15 O”, Nucl. Phys. A 739, 57-66 (2004).
12. K.Morita, K.Morimoto, D.Kaji, H.Haba, E.Ideguchi, J.C.Peter, R.Kanungo, K.Katori, H.Koura,
H.Kudo, T.Ohnishi, A.Ozawa, T.Suda, K.Sueki, I.Tanihata, H.Xu, A.V.Yeremin, A.Yoneda,
A.Yoshida, Y.-L.Zhao, T.Zheng, S.Goto, F.Tokanai,“Production and Decay Properties of 272 111 and its Daughter Nuclei”, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 73,
1738-1744 (2004).
13. A.Ozawa,“Reaction cross-sections for carbon isotopes”, Nucl. Phys. A 738, 38-44 (2004).
14. A.Ozawa,“Measurements of Reaction Cross-Sections and Determination of Nucleon Matter Density Distributions”, Horizons in World Physics, Vol. 244, 301-321 (2004).
15. D.Cortina-Gil, J.Fernandez-Vazquez, F.Aumann, T.Baumann, J.Benlliure, M.J.G.Borge, L.V.Chulkov,
U.Datta Pramanik, C.Forssen, L.M.Fraile, H.Geissel, J.Gerl, F.Hammache, K.Itahashi, R.Janik,
B.Jonson, S.Mandal, K.Markenroth, M.Meister, M.Mocko, G.Munzenberg, T.Ohtsubo, A.Ozawa,
V.Prezado, V.Pribora, K.Riisager, H.Scheit, R.Schrieder, G.Schrieder, H.Simon, B.Sitar, A.Stolz,
P.Strmen, K.Summerer, I.Szarka, H.Weick,“Shell structure of the near-dripline nucleus 23 O”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 062501 (2004).
16. M.Chiba, R.Kanungo, B.Abu-Ibrahim, S.Adhikari, D.Q.Fang, N.Iwasa, K.Kimura, K.Maeda,
S.Nishimura, T.Ohnishi, A.Ozawa, C.Samanta, T.Suda, T.Suzuki, I.Tanihata, Q.Wang, C.Wu,
Y.Yamaguchi, K.Yamada, A.Yoshida, T.Zheng,“Neutron removal studies on 19 C”, Nucl. Phys. A 741, 29-41 (2004).
17. K.Morita, K.Morimoto, D.Kaji, T.Akiyama, S.Goto, H.Haba, E.Ideguchi, R.Kanungo, K.Katori,
H.Koura, H.Kudo, T.Ohnishi, A.Ozawa, T.Suda, K.Sueki, H.Xu, T.Yamaguchi, A.Yoneda,

60

A.Yoshida, Y.-L.Zhao,“Experiments on the Synthesis of Element 113 in the reaction 209 Bi(70 Zn, n)278 113”, J. Phys.
Soc. Jpn. 73, 2593-2596 (2004).
18. Z.Elekes, Zs.Dombradi, A.Saito, N.Aoi, H.Baba, K.Demichi, Zs.Fulop, J.Gibelin, T.Gomi,
H.Hasegawa, N.Imai, M.Ishihara, H.Iwasaki, S.Kanno, S.Kawai, T.Kishida, T.Kubo, K.Kurita,
Y.Matsuyama, S.Michimasa, T,Minemura, T.Motobayashi, M.Notani, T.Ohnishi, H.J.Ong, S.Ota,
A.Ozawa, H.K.Sakai, S.Shimoura, E.Takeshita, S.Takeuchi, I.Tanihata, M.Tamaki, Y.Togano,
K.Yamada, Y.Yanagisawa, K.Yoneda,“Bound excited states in 27 F”, Phys. Lett. B 599, 17-22 (2004).
19. Y.Yamaguchi, C. Wu, T.Suzuki, A.Ozawa, D.Q.Fang, M.Fukuda, N.Iwasa, T.Izumikawa,
H.Jeppesen, R.Kanungo, R.Koyama, T.Ohnishi, T.Ohtsubo, W.Shinozaki, T.Suda, M.Takahashi,
I.Tanihata,“Density distribution of 17 B from a reaction cross-section measurement”, Phys. Rev. C 70,
054320 (2004).
20. K.Matsuta, Y.Tagishi, T.Nagatomo, H.Fujiwara, M.Yamaguchi, A.Ozawa, T.Yasuno, A.Chiba,
M.Fukuda, M.Mihara, K.Minamisono, T.Minamisono,“Production of polarized 20 F by polarized deuteron beam and the beta-ray angular distribution”,
Genshikaku Kenkyu, Vol. 49, No. 4, 31-36 (2005).
21. R.J. Li, Y.J. Ma, X.G. Wu, Y.H. Zhang, L.H. Zhu, S.Y. Wang, M.F. Li, G.D. Liang, X.Z.
Cui, X.F. Li, G.Y. Zhao, J.B. Lu, Y.Z. Liu, Z.M. Wang, G.S. Li, S.X. Wen, C.X. Yang, T.
Komatsubara, K. Furuno,“Identification of high-spin states in odd-odd 126 I”, High Energy Physics and Nuclear PhysicsChinese Edition 29 (1): 1-4 (2004).
22. C.Y. Xie, X.H. Zhou, Y. Zheng, Y.H. Zhang, Z. Liu, Z.G. Gan, T. Hayakawa, M. Oshima,
T. Toh, T. Shizuma, J. Katakura, Y. Hatsukawa, M. Matsuda, H. Kusakari, M. Sugawara, K.
Furuno, T. Komatsubara,“Level structure of 146 Tb”, Eur. Phys. J. A19, pp.7-9 (2004).
23. C.B. Moon, T. Komatsubara, K. Furuno,“Band structures in 116 I”, Nucl. Phys. A730, pp.3-22 (2004).
24. C.B. Moon, T. Komatsubara,“Yrast band based on the proton h(11/2) orbital in 125 I”, Journal of the Korean Physical Society
45 (4): L791-L794 OCT (2004).
25. S.Y. Wang, Y.J. Ma, T. Komatsubara, Y.Z. Liu, Y.H. Zhang, K. Furuno, T. Hayakawa, J. Mukai,
Y. Iwata, T. Morikawa, G.B. Hagemann, G. Sletten, J. Nyberg, D. Jerrestam, H.J. Jensen, J.
Espino, J. Gascon, N. Gjorup, B. Cederwall, P.O. Tjom,“Structure of the π g(7/2) [404]7/2(+) band in odd proton nucleus 123 I”, Chinese Physics Letters
21 (6): 1024-1026 JUN (2004).

61

26. S.Y. Wang, Y.J. Ma, T. Komatsubara, Y.Z. Liu, Y.H. Zhang, G.D. Liang, K. Furuno, T. Hayakawa,
J. Mukai, Y. Iwata, T. Morikawa, G.B. Hagemann, G. Sletten, J. Nyberg, D. Jerrestam, H.J.
Jensen, J. Espino, J. Gascon, N. Gjomp, B. Cederwall, P.O. Tjom,“High-spin level scheme of 126 Cs”, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics-Chinese Edition
28 (5): 491-494 MAY (2004).
27. P. Luo, Y.H. Zhang, X.H. Zhou, M.L. Liu, Y.X. Guo, Z. Liu, X.G. Lei, L.T. Song, Y. Zheng,
H.L. Wang, H.P. Yu, C.Y. Xie, Y.J. Ma, Y. Sasaki, K. Yamada, H. Ohshima, S. Yokose, M.
Ishizuka, T. Komatsubara, K. Furuno,“Experimental observation of high spin states in 135 La nucleus”, High Energy Physics andNuclear Physics-Chinese Edition 28 (5): 495-501 MAY (2004).
28. Y. Zheng, X.H. Zhou, Y.H. Zhang, T. Hayakawa, M. Oshima, Y. Toh, T. Shizuma, J. Katakura,
Y. Hatsukawa, M. Matsuda, H. Kusakari, M. Sugawara, K. Furuno, T. Komatsubara,“Multi-quasiparticle excitations in 145 Tb”, Journal of Physics G-Nuclear and Particle Physics
30 (4): 465-479 APR (2004).
29. P. Luo, M.L. Liu, Z. Liu, Y.H. Zhang, X.H. Zhou, Y.X. Guo, Y.J. Ma, Y. Sasaki, K. Yamada,
H. Ohshima, S. Yokose, M. Ishizuka, T. Komatsubara, K. Furuno,“In-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy of level structure in 134 Ba”, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics-Chinese Edition 28 (3): 268-273 MAR (2004).
30. T. Hayakawa, N. Iwamoto, T. Shizuma, T. Kajino, H. Umeda, K. Nomoto,“Evidence for nucleosynthesis in the supernova γ process: Universal scaling of for p nuclei”,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 161102-1-4 (2004).

ATOMIC AND SOLID STATE PHYSICS, AND CLUSTER SCIENCE

31. H. Kudo, M. Nagata, H. Wakamatsu, S. Tomita,“Resonant coherent excitation of C5+ in Si observed with backward electron spectroscopy”,
Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B229, 227-231 (2005).
32. B. Liu, P. Hvelplund, S.B. Nielsen, S. Tomita,−“Formation of C2−
60 in collisions between C60 and Na atoms”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 168301(2004).
33. M.R. Calvo, J.U. Andersen, P. Hvelplund, S.B. Nielsen, U.V. Pedersen, J. Rangama, S. Tomita,
J.S. Forster,“Photophysics of protoporphyrin ions in vacuo: Triplet-state lifetimes and quantum yields”, J.
Chem. Phys. 120, 5067 (2004).
34. J.U. Andersen, H. Cederquist, J.S. Forster, B.A. Huber, P. Hvelplund, J. Jensen, B. Liu, B.
Manil, L. Maunoury, S.B. Nielsen, U.V. Pedersen, J. Rangama, H.T. Schmidt, S. Tomita, H.

62

Zettergren,“Photodissociation of protonated amino acids and peptides in an ion storage ring. Determination of Arrhenius parameters in the high-temperature limit”, Phys. Chem. 5, 2676-2681(2004).
35. B. Liu, P. Hvelplund, S.B. Nielsen, S. Tomita,“Hydrogen loss from nucleobase nitrogens upon electron attachment to isolated DNA and RNA
nucleotide anions”, J. Chem. Phys. 121, 4175-5179 (2004).
36. J. Jensen, H. Zettergren, H.T. Schmidt, H. Cederquist, S. Tomita, S.B. Nielsen, J. Rangama P.
Hvelplund, B. Manil, B.A. Huber,“Ionization of C70 and C60 molecules by slow highly charged ions: A comparison”, Phys. Rev.
A69, 053203 (2004).
37. S.B. Nielsen, J.U. Andersen, P. Hvelplund, B. Liu, S. Tomita,“Biomolecular ions in accelerators and storage rings”, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 37,
R25-56 (2004).
38. A. Negishi , N. Kariya , K.I. Sugawara , I. Arai , H. Hiura, T. Kanayama,“Size-selective formation of tungsten cluster-containing silicon cages by the reactions of W+n(n=1∼5) with SiH4 ,” Chem. Phys. Lett., 388, 463-467 (2004).
39. M. Onoda, T. Ohki, Y. Uchida,“The role of two types of trellis layer for metal-insulator transition and antiferromagnetic orderin the one-dimensional conductor V6 O13 ”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 No 43, 7863-7871, 3
November (2004).
40. M. Onoda,“The crystal structures and quasi-one-dimensional electronic properties of Ag1+x V3 O8 andNa1+x V3 O8 ”, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 No 49, 8957-8969 (15 December 2004).
41. Y. Hata, Y. Mihara, T. Mochiku, J. Suzuki, I. Kakeya, K. Kadowaki, E. Kita, H. Yasuoka,“Redistribution of Fe ion and superconductivity of FeSr2 YCu2 O6+y system”, Physica C, 417,
17-24 (2004).

ION BEAM ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION

42. Y. Nagashima, R. Seki, T. Matsuhiro, T. Takahashi, K. Sasa, K. Sueki, M. Hoshi, S. Fujita, K.
Shizuma, H. Hasai,“Chlorine-36 in granite samples from the Hiroshima A-bomb site”, Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
B223, pp 782-787, (2004).

63

43. K. Furuno, M. Kurosawa, T. Komatsubara, K. Sasa, Y. Yamato, S. Ishii, H. Oshima,“Development of a method for the quantitative analysis of hydrogen in minerals with a highenergy proton microbeam”, Japanese Magazine of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences,33, 51 (2004).
44. K. Awazu, M. Fujimaki, Y. Ohki, T. Komatsubara“Three-dimensional lithogrphy for rutile TiO2 single crystals using swift heavy ions”, Engineered porosity for microphotonics and plasmonics/MRS proceedings (Wehrspohn GarciaVidal Notomi Scherer) Vol. 797, No. 1, pp. 69-74 (2004).

45. K. Kitazato, M. Kurosawa,“Highly-silicic glass inclusions in eucrites and diogenites”, Antarctic Meteorite Research, Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Antarctic Meteorites, 17, 200-208 (2004).

7.2 International conferences

1. H. Kudo,“Energy spectra of electrons emitted from solids bombarded by MeV atom clusters”, Satellite
Int. symposium of IISC-15 ”Interaction of Particle Beams with Matter” Okayama, Oct. 14-15(2004).
2. H. Kudo, S. Tomita, W. Iwazaki, R. Uchiyama, M. Furutani, H. Wakamatsu, T. Shimada, K.
Shima, K. Sasa, S. Ishii, JAERI:K. Narumi, H. Naramoto, Y. Saitoh, S. Yamamoto,“Energy spectra of electrons emitted from solids bombarded by MeV atom clusters”, 15th
International Workshop on Inelastic Ion-Surface Collisions, Ise-Shima, Japan, Oct. 18-22,(2004)
3. S. Tomita, J.U. Andersen, B. Concina, P. Hvelplund, B. Liu, S.B. Nielsen, H. Cederquist, J.
Jensen, H.T. Schmidt, H. Zettergren, B. Manil, B.A. Huber, J. Rangama,−“Decay of C2−
60 formed in collisions of C60 with Na”, 12th International Symposium on Small

Particles and Inorganic Clusters (ISSPIC-12), September 6-10, Nanjing, China (2004).
4. H. Tanimoto, N. Yagi, H. Mizubayashi,“Giant Irradiation Effects in FCC Nanocrystalline Metals”, International Symposium on Metastable,
Mechanically Alloyed and Nanocrystalline Materials (ISMANAM) 2004, August 22 - 26,
Sendai, Japan (2004).
5. K. Satou, K. Komatsubara, K. Sasa, S. Ishii, Y. Yamato, K. Miyakawa, M. Kurosawa,“Hydrogen analysis for geoscience by using nuclear micro beam”, The 5th Italy-Japan Symposium, Recent Achievements and Perspectives in Nuclear Physics, (INVITED TALK), Naples,
November 3-6 (2004).

64

6. K. Awazu, Y. Nagasawa, Y. Ohki, T. Komatsubara
Photonic crystals of titanium dioxide fabricated by the swift heavy ions, the 22nd international
conference on nuclear tracks in solds, (INVITED TALK), Barcelona, Spain, Oct. 27th (2004).

65

8. THESES
Ph. D. Theses
Akio Kiyomichi

Study of identified hadron spectra and yields at mid-rapidity in√
sNN = 200 GeV Au+Au Collisions

M. Sc. Theses
Masaya Oka

Measurement of yield and identified charged hadron at intermediate√
pT range in Au+Au collisions · sNN = 200 GeV from RHIC-PHENIX
experiment

Masashi Iijima

118 Sn(d,p ) reaction below Coulomb barrrier0

Yoshihiko Nagata

Charged hadron identification with aerogel cherenckov counter andelectro-magnetic Calorimeter at RHIC-PHENIX experiment

Takayuki Kawagishi

Measurement of HBT interferometry atcollisions

Tomoyasu Shohjo

Research and development of time projection chamber for cosmic ray test

Shinsuke Hamajima

Simulation of gas aggregation cluster source by means of DSMC method

Takuya Shinba

Measurements of analyzing powers for the 6 Li+d reaction at deuteronenergy of 110keV

Toshiki Suzuki

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry of neutral cluster produced bygas-aggregation cluster source

Tomohiro Shimada

Sputtering by Al molecular ions66√
sNN = 200GeV Au+Au

9. SEMINARS
Date
2004

Title and Speaker

May

12

Polarized 3 He target for low-energy charged particle
scattering experiments: T. Katabuchi (North Carolina State Univ.)

Jun

23

Cancer diagnosis and therapeutic use of an endogenous
chromophore, porphyrin: H. Matsui (Univ. of Tsukuba, Inst. of Clinical Medicine)

Nov.

12

Study of single particle spectra and yields at mid-rapidity√
in sNN = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions: A. Kiyomichi (RIKEN)

Dec.

15

Measurement of yield and identified charged hadron at intermediate pT range√
in Au+Au collisions · sNN = 200 GeV from RHIC-PHENIX experiment:
M. Oka (Univ. of Tsukuba)

Dec.

15

118 Sn(d,p ) reaction below Coulomb barrrier: M. Iijima (Univ. of Tsukuba)
0

Dec.

22

Charged hadron identification with aerogel Cherenckov counter and electromagnetic calorimeter at RHIC-PHENIX experiment: Y. Nagata (Univ. of Tsukuba)

Dec.

22

√
Measurement of HBT Interferometry at sNN = 200GeV
Au+Au collisions: T. Kawagishi (Univ. of Tsukuba)

2005
Jan.

6

Study of identified hadron spectra and yields at mid-rapidity√
in sNN = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions: A. Kiyomichi (RIKEN)

Jan.

12

Research and development of time projection chamber forcosmic ray test: T. Shohjo (Univ. of Tsukuba)

Jan.

19

Simulation of gas aggregation cluster source with use of DSMC method:
S. Hamajima (Univ. of Tsukuba)

Jan.

19

Measurement of analyzing powers for the 6 Li+d reaction
at deuteron energy of 110keV: T. Shinba (Univ. of Tsukuba)

Jan.

26

Time-of-flight mass spectrometry of neutral cluster
produced by gas-aggregation cluster source: T. Suzuki (Univ. of Tsukuba)

Feb.

16

Study of identified hadron spectra and yields at mid-rapidity√
in sNN = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions: A. Kiyomichi (RIKEN)

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10. SYMPOSIA
Polarization Phenomena in light ion reactions
26 November, 2004
Room C305, Tandem Accelerator Complex,
Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba
1. Opening remark : Y.Aoki (Univ. of Tsukuba)
2. Polarization Physics at UTTAC : Y.Tagishi (Univ. of Tsukuba)
3. 6 Li(d,p) and (d,α) reactions at very low energies : Y.Yamaguchi (Univ. of Tsukuba)
4. Spin tensor decomposition of scattering amplitudes and its applications : M.Tanifuji (Hosei
Univ.)
5. Study of low energy 2 H(d,p)3 H reaction by using four body Faddeev-Yakubovsky equation :E.Uzu (Science University of Tokyo)
6. Production of 20 F by using polarized deuterons and its beta-ray angular distributions : K.Matsuta(Osaka Univ.)
7. Some topics in SPIN2004 : K.Hatanaka (RCNP)
8. Polarize target now and then : N.Horikawa (Chubu Univ)
9. Physics on unstable nuclear beam and polarized target : T.Uesaka (CNS)
10. Folding model analysis of elastic scattering of 6 He from polarized protons : Y.Iseri (ChibaKeizai Univ.)
11. Brain science by using fMRI of mm size resolving powers : K.Katori
12. Study of Gamow-Teller transitions by using high resolution (3 He,t) reactions : Y.Simbara (Osaka Univ.)
13. Probing three body forces by using medium energy proton-deuteron scattering : K.Sekiguchi(RIKEN)
14. Transfer reaction and resonant behavior in low energy α+6 He scattering : M.Itoh (Univ. of
Tsukuba)
15. Direct measurement of formation cross sections of (α, n) reaction by using short lived 8 Li
beams : H.Ishiyama (KEK)
16. Developing CDCC program for heavy ion reactions and its application to elastic scattering of
8 Li from 208 Pb : Y.Aoki (Univ. of Tsukuba)
17. Closing remark : M.Tanifuji (Hosei Univ.)

68

Atomic-collision-induced electronic excitation and related phenomena 2005
17-18 March, 2005
Room C305, Tandem Accelerator Complex,
Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba
1. Opening address: H. Kudo (Univ. of Tsukuba)
2. Atomic processes in the collisions of MeV light ions and atoms: K. Ishii (Tohoku Univ.)
3. Analysis of fluid inclusion in crust by means of PIXE: M. Kurosawa (Univ. of Tsukuba)
4. 20-year research and development of carbon foils and reminiscence of Professor Shima: I.
Sugai (KEK)
5. Stopping power and charge exchange for heavy ions in plasma: Y. Oguri (Tokyo Inst. Tech.)
6. Charge exchange data and density effect for 6 MeV/u heavy ions passing through thin foils: Y.
Sato (National Inst. Radiological Sciences)
7. Stopping powers in the high-velocity region: N. Sakamoto (Nara Women’s Univ.)
8. Electronic excitation and ionization of projectiles and targets in the collision of MeV energy
ions: K. Shima (Univ. of Tsukuba)
9. New horizons of atomic collision studies with MeV ions and liquid targets: A. Itoh (Kyoto
Univ.)
10. Production of charged liquid drops for EUV emission and micro-particle production: H. Shibata (Kyoto Univ.)
11. Abnormal energy loss of low energy ions passing through an ultra-thin carbon film: T. Hattori(Tokyo Inst. Tech.)
12. Present status of micro-fabrication using heavy ion beams: K. Awazu (AIST)
13. Interactions of GeV heavy ions with materials –from fundamental processes to applications formaterial modifications: A. Iwase (Univ. of Osaka Pref.)14. Research activities with ion beams at UTTAC: K. Sasa (Univ. of Tsukuba)
15. Time evolution of reversible transformations of metal films induced by fast ion irradiation: H.
Tsuchida (Kyoto Univ.)
16. Measurements of electrons emitted from carbon foils bombarded by fast carbon clusters: S.
Tomita (Univ. of Tsukuba)
17. Resonant coherent excitation of multiply ionized heavy ions by quasi-photons in a crystal field:
T. Azuma (Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.)
18. Closing address: K. Shima (Univ. of Tsukuba)

69

11. LIST OF PERSONNEL
Tandem Accelerator Complex
H. KudoK. Shima
T. Komatsubara
K. Sasa
S. Ishii
H. Kimura
H. Oshima
Y. Tajima
T. Takahashi
Y. Yamato
K. Satou
R. SekiM. OhkiDirector, Professor
Professor
Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineer
Computer Engineer
Electric Engineer
Mechanical Engineer
Electric Engineer
Electric Engineer
Research Fellow
Technical Assistant
Administrative Stuff

Scientific Guests and Fellows
K. Awazu
Y. Nagasawa
T. Ikeda
M. Ebihara
T. Ohura
S. Ryuhan
H. Ishiyama
H. Miyatake
Jong Junsan
N. Yoshikawa
M. Tanaka
Y. Watanabe
T. Hayakawa
T. Shizuma
H. Sasaki
T. Toriyama
T. Kawahata
T. Iizuka
S. Nishimura
M. Nishimura
T. Kishida
S. Kubono
H. Yamaguchi
A. Saito
He Jianjun
H. Fujikawa
A. Guilherme
Y. Wakabayashi
N. Okumura
K. Matsuta

National Lab. Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Waseda Univ.
Waseda Univ.
Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.
Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.
Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.
KEK
KEK
KEK
KEK
KEK
KEK
JAERI
JAERI
Tsukuba Nano-Tech.
Musashi Institute of Technology
Musashi Institute of Technology
Musashi Institute of Technology
RIKEN
RIKEN
RIKEN
CNS
CNS
CNS
CNS
CNS
CNS
Kyushu Univ.
Nagano College of Technology
Osaka Univ.

70

T. Mihara
T. Nagatomo
H. Fujiwara
S. Kamishiro
I. SugaiY. Takeda
M. Oyaizu
H. Kawakami
Jan San

Osaka Univ.
Osaka Univ.
Osaka Univ.
Osaka Univ.
KEK
KEK
KEK
KEK
China Institute of Atomic Energy

Research Members
Inst. of Physics
T. AokiY. AokiT. Komatsubara
Y. Miake
K. Satou
Y. Tagishi
Inst. of Applied Physics
E. Kita
H. KudoH. Yanagihara
Inst. of Material Science
T. Koyano

I. Arai
M. Onoda
M. Yamaguchi

S. Esumi
A. Ozawa

S. Katoh
K. Sasa

K. Shima

N. Tomita

A. Uedono

H. Mizubayashi

K. Takita

H. Tanimoto

K. Suzaki

N. TaseInst. of Geoscience
M. Kurosawa
Inst. of Chemistry
K. SuekiInst. of Basic Medical Science
Y. Nagashima
Graduate Students
Doctoral Degree Programs of Pure and Applied Science
Y. Fujii
K. Fujiwara
D. Fukuhara
M. Hasegawa
A. Hatanaka
S. Igarashi
Y. Ishibashi
T. Isobe
Y. ItoH. MasuiK. Masuo
K. MikiY. Nakamura
M. Nakazumi
M. Narisawa
S. SakaiT. Satou
J. Sawahata
M. Shimomura
S. Takagi
K. Takao
K. Uehara
N. Umada
H. Wakamatsu
T. Yasuno
Master’s Degree Programs of Science and Engineering
T. Hinuma
M. Iijima
T. Kawagishi
T. Shojo
S. Suzuki
Y. Tsuruga
Master’s Degree Programs of Environmental Science
Y. Tosaki

71

M. Furutani
T. Ikeda
M. Konno
K. Miyakawa
M. OkaK. Shibata
H. Tokano
N. Yagi

J. Hasegawa
K. Ikeuchi
M. KuboY. Nagata
A. Rikukawa
Y. Shimizu
R. Uchiyama
K. Yamagishi

T. Shimada
H. Uematsu

T. Shinba

Undergraduates
J. Baba
H. KasaiT. Nishimura
T. Sugaya

A. Chiba
H. KatoA. Sasaki
T. Takahashi

T. Ebisawa
N. Kawai
E. SatoR. Tanabe

72

K. Ishibashi
A. Kondo
R. SawaiA. YamadaT. Ishikawa
H. Mishiba
Y. Sinmura
S. Yoda