Review of Population and Social Policy(Formerly Review of Social Policy)
Editors
Yuichi Shionoya (Director-General)
Makoto Atoh (Deputy Director-General)
Managing Editors
Takao Himeno
Masanobu Masuda
Hiroshi Kojima
Associate Editors
Aya AbeYoshimi Chitose
Moto-o Fukuda
Nobuo Isozaki
Saori Kamano
Katsuhiko Masubuchi
Satoshi Nakagawa
Yukiko Senda
Katsuya Yamamoto

National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
Review of Population and Social Policy is issued once a year by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. It was originally published as the Review of Social Policy, butthe name has been changed after an organizational change. The RPSP aims to publish research
articles on population and social policy contributed by staff researchers and guest scholars.
The National Institute of Population and Social Security Research is a government researchorganization, affiliated with the Ministry of Health and Welfare. It was established on December 1, 1996 through an amalgamation of two institutions, the Institute of Population Problems
and the Social Development Research Institute.
The principal purposes of the Institute are to serve as a bridge between scholarship and public
policy, to bring new knowledge to the attention of the public, and to contribute to an increase in
the welfare of the nation, through research in the relationship between population, economy andsocial security.

Review ofPopulation andSocial Policy

No. 81999

Articles
Structural Reform and Social Security Law
Yoshimi Kikuchi

1

An Empirical Study of the Physician-Induced Demand Hypothesis—The Cost Function Approach to Medical Expenditure of the Elderly in Japan—
Nobuyuki Izumida, Hiroo Urushi and Satoshi Nakanishi

11

The Public Pension and the Labor Supply of Older Women in Japan
Nobuko Nagase

27

Katsura Maruyama

49Population Projections for Japan: Methods, Assumptions and Results
Shigesato Takahashi, Ryuichi Kaneko, Akira Ishikawa,
Masako Ikenoue and Fusami Mita

75

The Cost Sharing of Child and Family Care Leave

The Third Welfare Policy Seminar: Economics and Ethics of the Welfare StateWelfare Economics and the Welfare StateKotaro Suzumura

119

Agnar Sandmo

139

The Public Economics of Redistribution and the Welfare State©1999 National Institute of Population and Social Security Research(Kokuritsu Shakai Hosho Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho)
1-2-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan
Produced by Urban Connections Inc.
ISSN 0918-788X

Back Numbers of Review of Social Policy
Review of Social Policy No. 1 (March 1992)
ArticlesThe Impact of the Aging Population on the Social Security and Allied Services of Japan
Naomi Maruo
Public Pension System for the 21st Century
Katsuhiro Hori
Interindustry Analysis or Public Service Activities and the Economy or Medical Care
Kenichi Miyazawa
Labor Force Participation in Health-Care Services
Fumiko Mikami
The Need for Social Services for the Elderly
Shogo Takegawa
Review of Social Policy No. 2 (March 1993)
ArticlesPublic Pensions and an Aging Population
Yasushi lwamoto, Ryuta Kato, and Masahiro Hidaka
The Impact of a Flexible Labor Market on the Social Security System
Tomoko Furugori
A Study on Fair Old-Age Pension Benefits Using Vignettes
Teruya Oda
ReportJapan’s Health-Care System and its ReformYoshiki Watanabe
Review of Social Policy No. 3 (March 1994)
ArticlesReinforced Care Capacity in Geriatric Hospitals and Changes in Costs and Manpower
Yasuo Takagi
Characteristics of the Pharmaceutical Industry in Japan
Tsuruhiko Nambu
Implementation Structure of Social Policy by Local Governments
Masayuki Fujimura
Quantitative Analysis of the Pension SystemYoshihisa Inada, Kazuo Ogawa, Masayuki Tamaoka, and lchiro Tokutsu
Review of Social Policy No. 4 (March 1995)
ArticlesPension and Social Security Systems, Savings, and Bequest
Toshihiro Ihori
Medical Care and the Behavior of Public Hospitals in Japan
Tetsuro Chino
Support Problems in the Aging Urban Society
Keiko Yasukochi
Adult Care Services in Depopulated Rural Areas
Takeo Ogawa
Users’ Charges in Day Nursery Fee and Policy on Revenue Source
Yukiko Katsumata
Reports
Social Security System Reform and its Viewpoints
Yasuo Takagi
Welfare Vision in the 21st Century
Council on Welfare Vision for Ageing Society
Self-Initiated Recommendations
Council on Health Insurance
Opinions Given on the Reform of National Pension and Employees’ Pension
Pension Council
Review of Social Policy No. 5 (March 1996)
ArticlesNeeds Measurement and Estimation of the Amount of Health and Welfare Services
Required for the Frail Elderly
Koichi Hiraoka, Yutaka Shimizu, Ikuko Nakano, Takiko Okamoto,
Yuji lzumo, Yomei Nakatani, and Junko Wake
Redistribution Effects of the Japanese Public Pension SystemNoriyoshi Oguchi, Yoko Kimura, and Tatsuo Hatta

Economic Analysis of the Nonprofit Sector
Naosumi Atoda, Naoto Yamauchi, Takayoshi Amenomori,
Mio Ohta, and Takeshi Yamada
The Administrative Management Methods in Medical Policy since 1975 in Japan
Yukiko Fujita
Economic Analysis of the Bequeathing Behavior of the Elderly Households in Japan
Kohei Komamura
Review of Social Policy No. 6 (1997)
ArticlesThe Convergence of Social Insurance and Social Welfare (Public Assistance): A Study ofUncertainties, Insurance Theories, and Aging
Yoshinori Hiroi
Birth Trends, Survival Improvements, and Aging
Kenji Otani
The Effects of Income Tax and Social Security on the Part-time Labor Supply in Japan
Yukiko Abe and Fumio Ohtake
A Comparison of the Rates of Return Offered by the National Pension Fund, Post OfficePensions, and Personal Pension Plans of Life Insurance Companies
Eiji Tajika and Fumiko Hayashi
The Impact of Technology Diffusion on Health Expenditures in Japan: Analysis ofDiagnostic Tests, Imaging, and Drugs
Naoki Ikegami
An Empirical Study of the Relationship between Technological Progress and Japan’s
Medical Care Cost Containment Policy
Ryu Niki
The Mechanism for Revising the Fee Schedule in Japan—Factors Affecting MedicalExpenditures: The Determinants of Fee Schedule Revision and Health Care Policies—
Mariko Nishimura
Review of Population and Social Policy No. 7 (1998)
ArticlesSocial Security and Moral Principles
Yuichi Shionoya
The Supply of Manpower for Care Services from the Viewpoint of Care Insurance
Eiko Shinotsuka
The Employment Policy for Aged Workers and the Financing of Unemployment Insurance
Yoshihiro Kaneko
The Second Welfare Policy Seminar: Below-Replacement Fertility and Family Policies
Parenthood and Family Life in the United Kingdom
Kathleen E. Kiernan
Below-Replacement Fertility in the European Union (EU-15): Facts and Policies, 1960–1997
Jean-Claude Chesnais
The Declining Birthrate: Whose Problem?
Chizuko Ueno
The Economic Factors for the Declining Birthrate
Naohiro Yashiro* All Numbers are available upon your requests.
Address to: National Institute of Population and Social Security Research(Kokuritsu Shakai Hosho . Jinko Mondai Kenkyusho)
l-2-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0013, Japan
Telephone: + 81. (0)3.3595.2984
Facsimile: + 81. (0)3.3591.4816
E-mail: soumuka@ipss.go.jp