   Electromagentic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes
Masashi Hayakawa
Abstract
There have been accumulated a lot of evidences on the presences of electromagnetic phenomena
associated with earthquakes. This report reviews these seismo-electromagnetic phenomena
taking place not only in the lithosphere, but also in the atmosphere and ionosphere.
Observational results and also theoretical hypotheses are presented, and we finally suggest theimportance of a new science field, “Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphre coupling”.


!!"$#!%'&!()+*-,".0/21+34-56.87 9;:<!=>?1'@AB".DCE1
F 4-5G.87H:I7!:-<!=>?1!@A)JLKNMOPQ-RTSU%'&!( VWYXZQL[]\YKN^LK_".a`$1
b 4-5c.87Ld+eI?7gf<!=>?1N@AO?h!i-OPB%?j!klm)n'^^opXZqBr+s!t;uO'v,wx );WyB[]\]z{|#!}6.D"$~!!!B1'V!_Q!--[?)-n'^!^oLXZq"B n'pXKN?uB" B!! ]L M" b 4.D!1Z@A)K ;¡OR,\i¢£¤O;" b 4-5@AOB¥?¦§¨©-¤B-[-ªU, x¬« |5W­V?®B¯5B¤B
[°.D± )?"EmJ+²³%!´!¤O;1\KN^pKUrmµ¶·N¸¹B"Eº?»¼"EBº»½!¹ RL¾+%;¿"ÀÁ z!{m%ÂÃBÄB¿mR¾)J;ÅKNMO?"ÆBÇ-R;ÈÉVÊ:ËÌ+RmUQM,m[N\ sÊ:BÍÎª!K MB%?ÂÃÄiÏ NÐ F 5);ÑÒS¬Ó xZÔ!ÕÖ!× n]ØÙÎ_QB"0ÚÛR ×Ü VR_QM,m[]\ÝÞß!àáâBãäåÊ:%+æçè Né sy?Mrm)+* x ÂÃÄBiÏ%+|#Bê!ë +ì /)sLª  M,m[]\. / 1ÎíîïðBñ%+|#ò.Dm)* xôó ,õ!ñ!7m)!oöMÛ-÷!øL[Nïð  ù!ú KUr!
ª %J+² +ûBü [ 1þý .ÿCÞ
1 
Ä BÂ %   |#!øp[n;% .a,ú  Âñ   ,B
, R?õBñ7L) B,M  -øT[ M ú  Â!ñ   ,
ú  ª ùú £   ÊYÌ%)+* x ÄBBÂ   %  % |# ". !# $%-)  øp[!n?%?1þý-.a`$1Â !
w &S 'Â B') ,BM (-*µ ) +,-ñpnU|#øp[!n?%?1þý /. .þ1
1 032!5= 476m· 8·9 )-w[  ì ¦½!¹ % :;|# ". !# $%^pX <% 0&2!== 4>6m'· 8-· 9 )-w[ m)+* x ì ¦½¹ %;¿  |#øL[!n;%?1-) ?@_Qp[]\



ACBEDGF HGI JKGL M3N O PRQ
Table 1 Classification of observation methods of seismo - electromagnetic phenomena

S QYX );,BM TUV!4%  è ^pXXW Y%'!è s!¤  sLª  MZw x \\[]-¤O]_^-O`b % ]^103cC¬4 )M'!
d ÈOÒe XZQL[w x )mKNM[N\ K R,BVra 
fEhggi j k lnmB<oqprs tvuwxy_z{ º¤BO'| .~}Þ 1ïðò.D!Â|!#_Bý ¬ëR¾_1)JKNMOæ-r* 9R =(% S Qs!¤%, , R;È!ÉVB[;%¤*[ ¤BO  ü R,\ B>B HI*M ¡G¢G£
Fig.1 Temporal evolution of LF radio noise (81kHz) associated with an earthquake.

/¥¤¦$C :m)¨§©ª«¬®­°¯®± X O;Í%?ÂÃ²_³ %',_-  È!É!øL[ Ü ]  Û ì KN;\´ / Oµ XN%  è'% ¶¡ ¤B-[]\ S Q O ¥/ ¤¦· : ` e ` /]fU%?
Ê ¸
 ¹
% ºY<.»¦·½¼¿¾B%? .ÁÀ3 Æ! )![ Ç È;|# Ém') ÊBÌ[ ËÍqÎ=% ¦ Ï/ ¼ÑÐÓÒ ¤B*% Ô Õ²_³  -!¢ 2ÂXÃÄ 1-) Å!øL[]O ËÍ7²_³Ù¹-V% Ú ` ·?Lw XS ,_-') :;Ö× =TKNM,B  è ¤[]\ PB% Ø= × ÌK]ýª!ª?n?
) È-Ü% Û&Ý  ) ÞL[ª], x n;%¤B!ö;\
PTK MrBP% ß%æç ) w?öM!ýBÍ!ÂÃBÄiÏO*ý »ËÍ»àËÍáÎ% ZRLXqr ó ,õ!ñ!
7 âáã') ,MÛ-÷ÎK M,m[ S ª VBo^öM ä;_\ ånæ;r ç,õ!ñ!7^pXX Tm)ý èËÍ~. éç!õ!ñ°~. èê°ë°¯ìíË©°îÍ¯®­ïð®­ñòóE1¤;õ!ñ7 V ¥/ ·°ÐÓÒ_w ÑS ç,1+^pX]Xý ôËÍ~. ô»õë°¯®­öÓ­®ê°óíË»©°îÍ¯®­ïð®­ñòóG÷ ¥/ ·°ÐÓÒEI` ªÐÓÒE1 ø»ËÍL~. ®­°¯óË»©°îùÍ¯®­ïð®­ñòóG÷ `EI` ·ªÐÓÒ$1 ø ËÍp/. Ë»©°îùÍ¯®­ïð®­ñòóG÷`·þI!`··ªÐÓÒE1þýpX+)úõñ%ûÐ»Íp.~Ðýü±°«Í¯®­ïð®­ñòóÞ1þý'Ð»Í\þÿ®­°¯óÐýü±°«_Í¯®­ïð®­ñòó s¤r R'õ!ñ
7 ÎB¤ Ø= × *V eXZQM,m[N\ BOý!PQX+)?,MPQ Q ÒKw x \fE  áâ r sGxy !"s?qB$r #³*V WTnNÆBÇÎ&ª %my?M,m[ èËÍL.ÿõ!ñ7 V ¥/ ·°Ð Ò { º1!ÂÃïðm);,B'M  ü[]q\ ß!øL[ »ËÍ»àËÍ»àÐ»Í ñ() ' 
O ,B,BVý n äR?m) ÅK M ü )+* (
ú -/. [_|#!hVÊ: 0(1_Q--[]
\ ¬ëV | ~. }»Þ1%?3
Â 2  _# øL[?%*) ÅK]ý èËÍôë¤B1O 
5. 4|1% x æ èËÍ Î%?3
Â 2ý;Ã 2  # ÅÏªøL[]\A7698°íHI/:<; M<=>&?
A@B!CDFEHGIKJMLONPRQCDGF'
Table 2 Summary of ULF emissions accosicated with large earthquakes.

 6SIKJMLTNPRQC¿DGFUMV8°T:<; M3N*O
Fig.2

Temporal evolution of ULF emissions (0.01Hz) for the Loma-Prieta earthquake.

ôC %;näR-ýånæ?ý-. /21/¥¤¦¦ : /2C e ¦f]) Û÷ÎKN W YX Ö W!%cYZ ×[(\ ª]ý-.ÿCE1/¥¤¦¤ : /¥·e /¥¦Bf]) Û÷ÎKN] 0_^`  Ö W!%ba+dc ( 0= × m) ÅK M
ef R?Í5 èËÍôÂÃBïð V|#Î_Q?\ S QXC %?m) Å!øL[<èËÍôÂÃïð%(g!±l  sLª   n;%!V ì C¬¤B[]\C %?mOPB/% h3i$n j3klYm Á. Àon$I Ä 1Z¤pSZr s!P%
 pm
% ºnª?n?() ,,\q)?sr r£B¤B%+|# tu . ª?n?/) vL·?> \ 8xw+·]
Ã y+z!1!n ì ^TX;n;o^ [w x ) j3kl<{¹ %-n'¤B[]\mK ^LK]ý S %gC %?¡') !,BM?n ä 3
Ì ,-R-[£Oý a+|c ( 0= ×  ¤BO |#B£BV;}^pX Ä ªö'ª äo  MÊB,%) ÅKNM!ý cYZ ×[$\  ¤BO / C¤ªö'ª
!QM,m[ S ªN¤[]\F~` )1èËÍ ïð%;±l V!sLª  XZQM,m[]\GcYZ ×[(\ %Õ )!O;% `EI .fZ^p&X Ù¹ :;/V   XQM,m[]
\  ¹-ý ´ CUO a+c ( 0= ×  ¤% ·· / ÐÓÒ ') áÊB[]Ã 2_Ù¹ %¢´?¿ s
f j¾_^pX Ã 2_Ù¹ V
 KNM,m['Vý?/ C'!
:;KUr T/ ´s!/¤ ÒÌZ\ PB% ßý ¶B¢!5*) Ù¹-$V  ¿KUr ¶Òf ^T3X :;(V -s []\\ q-)?r% `E
I .]¢´^pX :;/V   XS % :; O cYZ ×[(\ <ª l  ¤B[N+QL[ S ª?_n r) ÅYKN
M lYmN¤B[N\n x ¶!
 K R Ê+
Q RpXNR,%O?3
r a+c\(0= ×  ¤BO'# $V'Ã 2 %'» È
 ? _
 ?¤B[]\U-)ý ù!ú _QÌ èËÍ ñ-_V );%?BÍB^p¾ x ^B)J;øLH
[ %   K 
R Ê+
Q RLXNR,\
PB%  )!O?
r ¬ë-) áÊB[ sv)3ëÎ_ª l  (% %(V Bkª R []
\ cYZ ×[(\ ¤BO+Ã 2 % `  ?V?
# p_Q
M YS&ý éú ^pXN
% (-µ )+ñ .DÃÄ !YªU, x 1ª %? VPQ-RTS])<O ZÎXZQM,m[]\ ¹-ý a+c ( 0= ×  ¤O |#4 ´!¤BO ¡r ONOPB% /fU/% ¥¦ s ø1¤BpSZrÃ¢ C Ä £. ¤O `_¢´¥SU%ÃÄ!Ú!!¹-¤x
Ä %'Ú!(O '§5 ¨¤B!ö S ªN^pX]ªý ©«^pXN%'ñ!-¤B[¨©lm
O ç,Tª!KNM,[]\ -% Cô%;n äRm) Å!øL[ è®ËÍ¬ÂÃBïðms) ¬py?M$ý ­  æ% ¥/ ¤¤E` : ¦ e ¦;fU%
9 W ®;Á. À¯n±°»¦·þýU
 pm
% ºYO?
I ²3³ ªö 1) Å!øL[_­ ´  è H
 ø\ S %+­ ´ ¤BO;
BÍñYFª ©«( µ ) +ñª $% µ3¶) Wb
 ·$% %¸ _\ èËÍBï!ð  Ó x Õ ý
 ¹ öM,m[Néú6.8ÃÄ 1^pX º . øL[ (-µ )+ñ-VÍñ %  )!/O »Tª R-['Vr S %3!ëV -%gC ¤BO e X]^!¤BOR!^Bö%¤ªr ­  æ%+æçO / % e_¼ (R ½¾ ¿ y? n;%ªU, y[]\ 3 ÀHÁ_Â DGFÃÅÄ/Æ Ç ULF :<; MÅÈ_É<Ê_Ë>ÑDI J<È_ÉMG¢G£
Fig.3 Temporal evolution of ULF activity and geomagnetic

activity for the Guam earthquake.

9 W ®;% Õ ý èËÍ |#B£O+}Îw SÌÎÍ ¼¾B%(ÏÉ) ¼ uÎK MSý |#  %Ã y+z
O(a14 ·^µ [$\ c Ð==T4 Ñ!Ãy+z¤pSr` ? .ÁÐ ? .D!Y¹ Ò;1Þý } ? .~ ¹YÒ;1Þý$Ó¬? .ÕÔ_V¹ Ò;1$1ñ Ö  /Ø× Ù·'( 0 · 9 KUr3Ú3ÛBøp[*8c Ü ®¤B[]\´ `O S % 9 W ®;) Å øL[<èËÍ ïðÚ!-VºÝ) KNMBpS_ý\: )!O?ÃÄ!Ú!!¹ H K
MB[]\Þ´BO<ß ´B)$'ÎKNMÌèËôÍ ÂÃïð%?-V?n'ä ,%¤r(ß´.D¹ ¢!ý?C$Cô¢IC¢1 %'Ø = × %Z R ,Mý `·7á? àª %'
Ø = × ) 
Å KNM ÍÍ â ­ ´ Hã ,ý e_3È ä3 .¥¾ 1þý
 w Á$å æ3çè .êé 1Îª+%'§^TX]ý*èËpL
Í ."· °· /0I· Î· ÍÐÓEÒ 1-%'Ú¹  ?Ò@ KNM,[]\ s
q S QYXN%¨èËÍ Ú!YªUÃÄ .åÜ<æ ©«Ú!B1ª %_ëJ  ª+ö;\Hì . %+æç-^pXK©

ñ!O;ÃÄ!ÚYª¿Ù,$ëJVB[ S ªNVBo^BöM,m[!í-ýª©«% (-µ )+ñ! %<î+ï
¤B-[ S ª V e XN^R n;% .´ F ¤ð¤ ì 1ÎªNý e XN^B)P x ¤BR,n;% .òñ1þýT¾ æXª?!
n ó+ô$) õT!
K ömn?% ø. ÷1) ?@BøL[]_\ U-)ý` 
 ? z# R
  ,M%+­ ´ò". ¶{% çñ­ ´1 H
\ åÜæ;Fý ©«% (-*µ )+ñ'O :3ùpw úS º . øL[?%M¤ ÓàÐ /V û  $M ü
 ã RBö;R], S ªNV$@ ýUQL[?%) ÅK]ýNP x ¤R,n;% Õ. þYXÌ_Í è®ËÍ ñB1;ÿ
O ÓàÐ /  yB[ S ªNV$@ ýUQL[N\B!hBý ´% ð¤ ì _QL[ èËÍ'ïðm) ÅYKNMBO ÐàÓ*
V W¤·0CÞI ·`Z¤B-['Vý ñ¤ _QLÌ[ èËÍ ïð) ÅKNMBO ÓàÐNV ±/ · \ ´
  y?M,m[]
O ÍfU%µ!· Ö · 9 Èä  Ñ-öM
M YS_ý Å3Òí /O üÎÌ Rö T[;Vý %? Ne´!¤BO
ý &øVn ä_R   Ñ-ö
M YSrÍ _ñ-¤[ S ª H  øL[]\
«

 

ÀHÁ_Â

DGF MV8°!" $#&%v»M ¡¢G£

Fig. 4 Temporal evolution of ULF polarization (Z/H)(at 0.01Hz)for the Guam earthquake.

P %_%'%  èm);,BM nG ü w x \a*8W!% 9R =_(O('§5üÎ+R?.$'B
IÍE1-)*ÅYKNMn()NÍñ-V-[ª_ÈÉK MSý­ æl  ýÍ-)*ÅK MBO
&øV?n ä', S ª?n KNM,m[]\ U-)ý!¥/ ¤¤. : / e / Ä fU% = c 0 [+*  $. ' ÂqÃÌ Ä 1¤)O )]BÍ_O   XQ-R!^BöpªÈÉÎUQ-M,['Vr S QO |#£TªZ
 }Òª %, V ¥/ ·»·½¼¾ 
  yM,[ S ª VJ² KNM,m[?%!¤BO!R,^pª  Ü K M,m[N\YK ^pK]ý
--Ô /%  9 _= (O» È._ ?¤B%'Ã 2
 ? %+|#-^pX S %?m*) ÅK Mn Í èËÍBñV ùú _QM,m[-ªÈÉKNM,m[]Å
\ q-)0ý /)
 1B)
 23æç É 5% 46 X 8
O 7 9:(7m%?BÍª!KNM
% _ñ ùú )n]KNM,m[N\-K ^LKUrN,B
^ ;=<;$v ÝL¨· 4 7 =
V > R,H\ ìöM?
ý _ïðO'n äR% Õ ) Û÷øp[+¨©l V ú!,%¤r ÃÄ|#V% }ÊÎÌN¤ ã o;QM,
Q rP S ¤% Uñ­ ´ V ÙÎÌ_Çs?QL[N\W Y ¨% èËÍ ïð%'!è % DFEm*) Å!øp[_­ ´-Hý GIX F% J
 @BA )  ü w x 0\ CBYXNK Ð   ¤¨% èËÍ ñ%+­ ´ V ç ñ­ ´ R
V   XQ  ,BM ã o;Qý Í5 èËÍ ñ % /M,m[]
\ LFMÒX O
O NQP½þRN­®ê&SUT»©¯®±ìñ üÒ­WV ò°¯ü°ëÓüòì ê»üëó&XY[Z\][^(_a`bc=dFefZ5ghijlkQmonpaqrst)u)q+v)wxy8zf{F|5}B~ _ r=))y (  r5 _ st)u)q+v)wx5 Z |5 Z }f= ifZ) |)~ i  ZF_FWWW r5)a) dFeZ
g | _ ¡r£¢!¤¥¦§jlkQmonpaqy8~| _ )¨ª©8«(¬F­®Fwx ¯~ª°o±~(²B³=wxy}B~ _8´Fµa(¶· j¸kQmº¹r5»¼ y ´ ©½ Z |~ i 8¾ _F¿=Àb rÂÁÄÃUÅÆÁÄÇUÈWÉ ` vpÊ¯8r(ËFÌ ZaÍÎÐÏ[Ñ r5Ò)Ó¥Ô(ÒÕÖ5×5 ØÙÙaÚ i ÛÜÝ Þßrà)áâ5ãBr¯Fäå(¡=æ)çØ?B|~ ièé r dFe¶·)êFë r+aì(íîf«ïBðòñôó)õör=÷)ø Z5g |«=)ù¡Ú i úüûýþr5ÿ¹ é¡r5¹ørBìFíî Z « a¡ ^Z~F a « dFe r ¶ r e¡r Ì÷°
ñ fu ¿ st)u
=p)ö
ZaÍ)i
ì­ ñ
Ø b
r
ö Z5\]ûýþ?¹rBìfy8æ
=ä=r5ù
é
a
Z
)
Í
i

F
ê
ë
´ 
«
rut =ur(ì)­
r ~÷)ø ñ)ûýþö+yZ
i° i Ö=r¡Ú i ¾ _ ä5ríî«ryª[Ö(r)¡Ú i 
ZF r
c y
 Í °odFe r
B_ß¶Z)ai ¯i ä¯¯ ai FäØ?a| ^  ÌÚ iy_Z
é rBut =u ñ +ZaÍÎröFaì hi   r¯ ^ úùZÍÎì­a ä Î_vrõBBì  _0 ©8r
v
õar è
¹a
Ø
Z «ut (uFr é _
 i z~Ø8¡ì­ Ø? _r Í ° ½ © 
F¶  ¡r^ 8ai  _rä i   r5ú ut =uFr«hi   | _0é¶ ÍÎ «ut =uFr¹
¯|«r
=ù ^(_ r¯ i  fríîª¯8|« _ø)Ì
&íî Öæ)ç Ø?B|~ i 
BZ
Í
c r
_=e
5¤B¥
Br
ûýþ=«)rBì½ © d _Z =h ih i ¯ _ ¶· ûýþ?¹r= f« Br Í ° ZBrfy¡ ^i  ~|«aäB
ar dFeÒBÕBr5æ)ç Z Ö8Ù   i ¡Úå °oa_ñ öà)áâ5ãrñ¸ää¡« _
r)Êat
F¹
ñ 
ööf¯
r=® Òã¡Ú i  _  Z « ­® )¥ Z\]¹)wx ñFö ^
{F|()a¡Ú i   ai ²B³=wxBãBr× Ö¡Ú i Zñ  öjlkQm[rF÷
|« _ÙBrq(pÚ i 
5ú
¶aZ
¶Í[Î
hi  ZF_0é
rÚ Î_ r5
| é
F¶aZ
y8 h ä5r
q=p«  r=rF~Ù½r de ñ b u dFe ö Z=g | ¡Ú i ä¯8
´ |~ i ÖWñ ¢WöjlkQmº¹r
r ²« _ ¤¥¦ ÍÎ¯
f©0 i f½ _¹r )²y¯ hi ²B³=wx¡Ú i `ñ löØ? i8de r
5py ê ¦ Z | Ô¡ ^F ~ _ ¯(Ö§j¸kQm¹^F(dFe ñ `i «5pr(ö Z5g 8| Í ~ä¯«« ^Î




 
    "!
%&' ()
+*
$#
-,
.
"


!
1

2


3
4
/
0
65
87:9;
<
*
6
C
A
B
E
D
6/ "=-> ?@. FG 
H I
J KLM N"OXYZ \[]9
QPSR "TU
SVW
X
a"!
"^ C> /0 _ 2\  . :`dc e f c e g hib)mon mqp
srut-vj0
6k " lt-v w x r 3Zy"U-z"{ b0 | M X} ~* hi"
0 "|" M z"{xyU z{" ¡£¢ 
4 -¤¥ ¦z§ z ¨©
ª? 6«¬ A 2~J"KLM ­® 
6¸[ ¯ °± ²³ ´ ­® ¥ «¬ µ)
¶ ·
¹
-¼½
-_
º»
r
Â-Ã
¾ \¿ ÀÁ
XM ÄÅ-Æ6ÀÁ Ç :`
+*gË
È
É ¸
6/ Ê
87:9";CÌÎÍ~Ïw
É ¸
 3 hi "Ð v ¥ " ´
r ¶"Ñ¥ Xc%
XÒ£ ¹ PÔrÕUQÖ y"U z"{g×2z"{ Óc%*
Ð v Ø z"{ÚÙ
6¾Ûár ãâSäTU Î«£9æå ç
6ÜÝ XÞ ß~àXÞ Xè"é6}ª6ï :*8ê ¼6ë
" Lì îí Ð
6¶
ôó 9
X}
 L~ì îíXð § zñ Uò Bõ ö÷ùøúû ü úûdý"þÿ¶¨  fZF_ kQmW kWm  ¹ ´ r  -¥ [« rW ß r  ©rX® Z Ø8½r
 i äa¯+¡ ^Bi   r( Ö Z f Z"A ~|/ * r (}  (|~ i  ää=¡B«
 kQmW kQm r+¤¥ D [. rF~ * Ù½rX
7 yN"ªO  Í °o"!"# ¤%$"&%'(¯SFÜ ²µ)"'%(¯+r)C¾*'B¡« _ ´+ d Ò¡r èé r+¤¥¦ Z
A ~| , b- pFv b %X&' ñ/. Ø ¢ W10"W Wä ö ZÍi Z y+¥Ô 8|~ i  ä=r%)2 p À% ` qB) ÊBy8~ b%&' « d43 ¡r6
5 ó "Z y )Þ ² hi ¯æ«£f
9 ©0 i ú87 3 ¡r ¹ Z5g |Ö:9; ù. ZaÍÎ ñ U yÖ8Ù ¯=B< = i Fä«5±~ Þ ²ã¡Ú i  _ ?@¥'> b %&' r=¶ y ´ ©½> hi äB¯(Ö?-w( i 8@O©r A»ar¤¥ D .[rBÊC> Íi ¯ _ ÅD1Ð
E r dFe > «½  Î r F U ¡ _ ÅD ?ð r _ ½Ö*(G [½FÙ'H'> ~ dFe ¡« ÍÎ ¯~F U ¡  kQmJI  3K r6LÝ¤¥ Ø?a|~ i ÛÜ¾  r  kQmWkWm:I¡r "3 hi)¤¥B M} ` vBpÊ> Í= | N B ©0a|~ i %O PQR
S dFe > g |[Ö kQm:B
I r6LÝ  ¹a ¶· ¥'+> Bì |~ i ¯T  8|~ i > _"«  kQmJI r5¹ f
U y+®"V hi ä¯> ÍÎ 7  > Í)i Ö=r)½ _ dFe >  °+Ö=r)½By Û  Í °¯ hi=WX y}  |)~ i ±~(ÒZY ¯8|["[\ ¡ ^i ] kQm I  ¹y8B~|^CÆ }%_ ` vpÊñ ê ¼ 3 S } öa«>> ê  Ó ( TU r+¤¥¦yî`  _ }'Ba r+¤B¥npaqyVO
W 8|~ i cb6 %ed ÿ¹ é ñ W ¢gfih öC)> |6)Þ ²j ylkI > hi ä¯> Í[Î \m ¥'
r i ä¯>
> «onU ÉJ[
p yq ®4> zBÉ ¦y s ^=_ ½[Ö 3Z ¢ ­¸ 6y'z y*{  |~ i ä5r®ar+¤¥fy}  |~ i ut'Fv ­® ¯xaw óF­®¯8r g p  É B¦B« ¶¨ ªjlkQmº¹r¤¥ ¯¾Z|=< ë > \] ~|~ i  7:9"; _r E  Är   r}
r) dFe >  °'] kQmJLÝ :` / é r B Ú i © Í °o +~ }% K ` vpÊ«>·C>(ú +%~ } ` vpÊ¯ 3 S } ` vpÊ>(Ù~| ¨é ¦¡r  kQm'I  ²a³r %)
N ¤¥B½ © Ò)ÓB¥Ôòñ 3Z  ­®c> Í)i L" (J paq5ãö+y4 êFë >  °  kWm LÝ ¯8r=®Èfy Öx 8|~ i  3 S } `}B~ _ßdFe >  °  kQm L-Ý ¯Î} vpÊÖ 3*% ¤B¥¦C> A ~| èé r%b  %ed ÿ¹ é ¡rÒ y}  |~ i  Ò)Ó¥ÔB«© ^ Ö(r)¡Ú i ±~(ÒZYf¯|¯(Ö}  ° [  _  % í ` vpÊ« Ñ ¯8r)~¾* ¯| d43 ñ, b- pFvö b %&' ¯T7 F3 b
%&' ¯8r¾ Ð 4> ÍÎ dFe >  °  kQmº¹[r 4y Öx h ¯~ª°oÒZY5Ø? i  ª?ú
d4F
3 b %&' > y* Þ ²Ø?ú7 F3 b %&' ¡«)Þ ²¡ ^F ~ K a) "/ * Ù½  |~ i D ®¯|  kQmkQm Ir  3 hif« _ jlkWm hi ÍÎ Öÿ¹ é "¯~r¡6  ¯x 4>8
ì hi ¯Î«£[
9 ©0 _ ~  6} 43 >= ~; _S È° } d ¹ c> ÍÎ ½  Î 
È y
U ¶ w¡>²³ hi ¯~ª° ¶ÑyÖ8Ù¾ _ dFe¶· ¯8| dFe r é Ð Fv ¶ ½ © r Ó "TBì hi ½ _ ä©r  kQmW kWm:I  3 hiZ> ´ |« _ aì(íî6
q ®c> «8w ´ ØB|~  ~ ¯~ª°T¡¦Ú i ú"«£9f©0 i J KLM c >« §'¢ r Í °  Ö(rÚ i 
ñ r ö de r6b ä i8¶ > _=e- ¡rf
 r å #  :` > Í[Î?_ jlkWmhfi r Í °F> ó6£¥'>h
i Ø? i ñ  ö"B ~ d" ¡ ¤ Ì[¥}  _(e ¦ ½ ©ÎÈ aB ~ d r d 9§¨ ¡[Ö å #" :`Bì |  3 ¹y hi hi ñ ¢Wöñ r ö6
w « ñ  öFr©ª X ¡h4[ Ø?aat í %l« > Í)i  ÈÄ !-6¬'­ 67 3 >hZ
Ø? _dFe¶ > 7  y*)® hi ñ8l
ê ö%¯ °C> Í)i8d õaf± r
 yl
® ª8| dFe Bì hi ñ²E ö ¶"³ r6Ü%´ :` ¡7  6¥:9 i ¯¯FÖ6> _ ( 3 ¥ %µ¶ 6·'¸"°'IC> ¥t yÖ= ©
 _dFe yl)® h i ¹%º « _ ñ  öw « ñ ¢ör+íî  Öè")é ["¯ ~ ¯Î«£(9 |~ i   kQmW kQm  3 h[i r+´ hi «ì(íîZ> =¬ «»  ¼è6
½ ¡Ú i (Ö° r ÙBr%¡a¦B« _ß¶· ¡Ú i ä¯+«
¾ ~ ~ ¯|Ö _ r+aì K 

^

B
F
d
e
"
¼
½

i
( yF¿ Ô¡~;> «]9 ~ä¯¡Ú õ öõÁÀZÂÃZÄ%ÀZÂ ý"þÿ
·C> _ Ø©*>6F¯ ÿ¹ ñÅf m¸öFr  ¡r ¶·)êë y  °o=Ù * ); rí Æ$"&%'%( ` v
A Í 2 Ç ä > É y*Ê B 5¤¥ À e B& c yË  ( ä[« d 9 +* rÀÁpÊ« d ¢ÈÇ äB i:Í ¡ _ d 
ylÌ 
9 ¯Î
w ó É~v r%ÏÐGC=> õ i "! ÷)ør°EF¯ ÿ¹­®fy)Ê ¥ hi Ö=r)¡Ú i  rW ß E  ½ ©r=¥Ô¡ _ ¤B¥¦ ÍÎ ¹ é'ÑâSä § >8> Bì  ÎÒ rÛÜÔÓ êßr dFe > g | ¶· LÝ=²B³yÕ"Öª("@O©r D .y6w ¯{ i ¯ _ñ r öä©r×f mh
i « dFe r£¢ 0 ê  8> Bì  _rE ¶ ½ © Ø z"{ y8 h ñ  öfmhiy  ° dFe r  ` Lì5pîí «Qê § z ¡ _ ¤¥¦½ ©dñ U Ú ie¦ w¡r È «ØE ãâSäTU ¡Ú i ¶c> _Ù Ö ñ  öBr ª?« dFe Bì K (r¾(ÔC>« É {F| y'z rÚ i ª?¡Úå °o ä êFë Fì% i r)¡«  ~rÚf m:
I r  34 ÷)ørBìC> ´ |« _)dFe r ¶ %ÛÜ'>h ½¯|~ i ä=rÝ4Þ« _ [rfr"^ _ hi ß àBhZÈ  È  _5 c>  ° h Fìá|  Í ¯Î«:[
9 © i F «âfm _  fmJIr  ¹ÀÁar=¥Ô / * rí ´ >|ãf{f©0a|~ i (ÖB¯(ÖB¯+« äåæ =æ-,   Ü xç mWÅæh )è ¹rX)Þ ²> ´  8| _ r5ÿ¹ é ¡rÀ-Áff
é y*êë hi¸  & p ¯   Í ¡Ú i 6ì6í-} _ î"} _=+ M-¤ï} _  Ü} :` r `ä¯ É BÅvpÊ¡Ú

i 

õ öñðóòúû üô úû üøúû õö ÷Cø6ùúdFe¶· r  3 h[i ûü ¡ÖEÞ)²Ø i ¯~ª°Jfy rß > ¿=Àb r ` vpÊ
zf{F|5}  | § » _ st % e Ä b JþýæK :` r ` vpÊ  ÿFrûü¹ønpaqy~|' = ä5r(®Br rXa F r'ar>
 yN"ªO  Í °o  öõ"ùú

Fig. 5 Result of wave observation over Japan. An upward arrow indicates the position of theearthquake epicenter.

ÛÜ ö!"ý%õZö"# $%*ö'&)(Fig.6 Relationship between the earthquake time and observationtime of anomalous radio
emissions.

'c>~ûCüa« Á   ê ûü¡ _ ä5rûüa« r  H  6 >+*~ zr©0B=Fä5rûCüa«BÖB¯FÖB¯ ÂÃ ÊatXM¹ø[r'ar){raÖ(r)¡Ú Î_ ¤¥)ÿ¹ é  fih ½ © Wãâ fih¡Ú i { _ ä5r'c>aÖ~ª° i Ö=r)¡Ú  =~w6 _ ûü(¤¥ar6¶ « _  ¯9 é Ó  r v ¡[Ö ^ {F|"/ * r dFe y g)ë ¯ h i ä¯8¡ ^i ¦¡Úå °o
ª? _rº  rr  r Ç 5 ÍÎoÄr o ¢ r 
w ¡r+¤¥"j v3 > E-, /. Å 0. Ç , r r  r dFe
y gë ¯ hi ä¯8¡ ^ = m E «  r+¤¥ar D [. r ra7 ¡ _Jm r - ¡Ú i8dFe > ´hi hi ¡Ú Î?_ ] kQmJI ¯  kQmJ
I r (1 ÿ¹ é I> A ~|hi 5Bì |~ i  m r z2rÔê3 ³ «È] kWmT
I rs0ê ÙBrs4 vfq=p5 % u ñ z ½ © W E76  E7W6 ¢W¢76  fih öBr + Ì¡Ú Î 6 ¢2 r  ÙBr!3 ³ «  kQmJI r Är ãâ fih ¯ r E â fioh ¡rs4 vfq=p5 % ur + Ì¡Ú i 98;
: «ï Ñ¤¥-Ð v 6 ha - ¤¥ K ( y h  dFe r  Ð Fv ¶ ><6>=;
? ¡5 8 e ¦ r@ U ÍÎdaÈ B( ñ m3 ¡$8!
A ¡5 ( ö¡  3 hi )Þ ²Ø?B|~ i )B@ U" ¡r deC´ _ - -
  ¹rX)Þ ²[rC'D ¯ ai r«FEHGÀÁ ñ²B° ½ ©r7 
e t5p _S34'I hi ö(¡Ú

i aa
_
´
=

h
i
   «
Þ ²%f
j r 
 ¹CÏÐ ÊatXMF ¹r=¶ Z>A» r)­. y } Y >· | _ ä5r(®f
È y WCX = m Ç «8¤¥ Ø?B  3 h[i rX)Þ ²Ð<ªJ ¯ dFe ÐªJ ¯8r"Ð v´ y Ö=r¡Ú i st % e r ` vBpÊ« ]-Kn _ ÈWjlÇ]-WK k ûaü r=¹ønpaqy8~|  kWmuI r ¶·)êFë y _dFe¶·"3 hf
i r5»¼ y)L{ |)~ i a½ _ ae q % sFM pÔí }B¤ r ` vpÊ«b Jþýæï :* ¯(Ö  kQm:
K r Ý] ûü npqr+wxZ>$N ] ~| [> «¾  r êFë «  ½  ¯ |)~ i ~L5ì p'FO pft % í ` vBpÊÖ)P;Q & 4+R XD . y  8|~ i 8½  _äc> g |+B
S  ` vBpÊ«8wxÒãC>%¡fÚ i ¯8r T y8}  |~ i x»  _ßdU r
 34VW yXB
L q=p hi ûBü rY K "?-Fw  i ¯FäFå(¡Ú i   >Ä « Îqn'Z Z~8p  ð  n [ >;*+ z r ©+ ;S r dBe] 3£4]\ Cû ü© i`_¸ Ú i Bñ ÝQ] Å]7^] Çlö=> Ù~| ¨S rOÞUÉ] [n ñ ÂÃa£% q=pör# b%ûü Ê ¿ Od ¯8|f!gihkj'lnm<op!q r`sut<vwxzy7{}|-~>' <n' lx< p
c u d rQPeªq ll;7>|-77-e''oF$ !o+'$! F¡ ¢£]¢ ¤¥'¦<§;¨ )©!ª¬«®­F¯ °Hj]r`s±²³ ´¬°¶µ>·-¸¡¹po+º ³»;¼i½ ¾¿À ¼;Án)Â'Ãªª q'r`sÄ Å ' Æ Ç!È;É; Å nÊËpo+Ì<»'¼i¡oÍ¡Î»;¼'xÏÁuhkj;Ð«o+;oÑ!Ò¶ÓÔ
p!q'rÖÕ×Ì!ØÙ9ÚÛ'ØÙÜºÝ;Ø+Þß!àá â;ÚäãnåHæ!çè]rp!q;é¬êës$ìíä¡'îïð®ñ<o ò ó!´u°Hôõ÷öùø  oú~0ûýüþ~7ÿû  }ÿ p;q®ø¶mih nlÃs!#"%$& '( &'*),+-/.10+32547698;:=<>?@7A;B
C ED,F;G IH J
1K5L1M,G ON P,Q 1R,SUT WV,X
7Y;Z W[\]]_^ W`
D,F5G*aFcb
d
9e f
hg7i
j F5k
j Fcb
j F5k
ml onp rqsot;u;v
mD,F5Gw /x
jU~zy
1{ I|}
7d o|}
l o np qs
b
Eqs
,1
7d b , W7 # #o/Lu,/zv 1{ C 1¡¢£ W¤¥¦ zyU§z¨© ªa5«I¬;­®¯­
1K5L,M,G
1t°
j F± ²K5³1°´ µl Iqs
1{ ·¶¹¸;º»/N²¼½©¾¿ÀÁ%
IÂº ¦ h`
1{Ã
1l ¿
1¨© WÄ Å
j F5k
w /x
Æ{7Ç O­®¯­
1K5L1M,G
cÈ É
9q5Ê
y
¦

WËÌ = Q°ÍÎ²Ï,Ð
g7i oµ >¸ Â ¶ö¢o'¦ nx ÷ö¢ÃFr`s$ 'o !ès ;´¬° kj'l º ³F<ºÝ ¶®ÚÌ;´u°¦nr ³ Ë;ö`!pkj¬rx !o< $è]r<op!q'rsu)Þ
Ú ' Ã!¢ Ì Fo ¶ö¢ºÝ x ä ¢ ÃFr ` ;o nx !
 ¢kj'¢ Ãär`s®Ä  »;¼n ºÝ no ¡¦ F iö)¢nmù£ä¢ pq'r«;x ´!¢ Ãär`s)°)w wo
Ì
>¸º
o ô
 Ã!¢! $¢F«oö)l<s F< `wo!t<vwo ¢öl  ;o o Å nxÌ o;´¬°möå®ÚFã¦
0å¡
ö`ùÌ
 !o Fê®¦ ' ¶å äF°Hj ¦´ lop!q'rs F`woi u)Þ Ú o<èå¡ö¢®F«`jn Ý ä è]r`Þ np!q'r`sÑÓÒÕÔ1Ö5×7Ø .,Ù7ÚÛÜ5Ý2°46¯$&'*Þ-ß,àáU.âã'åä æ" Òçèéêëìí ä è äîîïð íñ#ìí äòóò ó íéê $&'5ðïôäõòóò#ðö é#êõñ ä è ö ñ òö ì æ ìí ä ò ó ì ó ò ë#ì î÷øõï êí ò íé#ê ð ê äõð ë òùåäòóò#ðö é#êõñ ä è ö êñí ï ñ#ê ô ìí ä òó#"ûüýþÌ,{ o,´!o¡»;¼Þÿ,Fß ¶)o nÍ  ¦ <ªÃ!¢' r`s ] o D,F5k  o  ;K5L,M,G ¦ )o j F5k;Io q°Ê¬h`!è'ox {7Çn;x » ÚUx<'q r'k­F¯F°Hj¬rs gi5ÌÝ 7 » !"#"#" ÎªÏp ¼  o ËÌÝ g7iFo<Þ  À öå ¨'¦ l¹!l]%å $¶öùÃ ¨© 9`!èu«;x´! l<s ]'&  (*) o +*,»;-¼ 
po "/.10 Î3254Ho+º³ Io qsFo ¬ Å 6n ¢ 7'Ã!l m+op;q'rsu«<o ] 9o 8Q5t-:; o <-=n° ¿r qsnx+Ñ i)¦ r Å >Fo 
É ºo ,F ?¶Ó ,ö ¿Fês ]  1Ì { Wo Q Å ¼¿qsÑ Fh`;è Å o É º! @ å)
¦ ® qsÑ Fh`!è Å >Fo 
É º!9 Aiå)¦ r'ùÃ÷êB À ¦ ,]h` ö)¢ Ãär`9s ¬F<D C EGF; Å Tx Ë¶å)¦ ¢ ÃFrs¡,Ì {Ãn·o ¶¹¸;ºo ,<1Ì {;¼'o ¸;ºo  ¹! l]å¡/Í §)p!q r`s«o º!o+1Ì ¡-Û H7ÁFJ
 IKML ON ùÃ êÐ£¢ P;´¦ Q-R'pT SU,d ´¬°o V)W7;o X YZF!1ã !¢<±'Ãu`Ãn¯!r`s«o µ C>¸ gi;Ðrø ¬F ,ºÝ d;¨©;3 [\1Ì { o  p!q'r XYZnx£]¢ UÃuD]F¯!r`²s ¼ ö)l 7>|-77-  9o ^`_-acb7ed<,Ì {ä fê ºÝ d-gh'oâ i'¦ j ö¢ ]lk *x mJ bon'¢ ÃFr`s p`q-rhD7F;³ä` ¿hr Y°Z p'Ì {]9 fTê gshä »  D7F°Gut» 5¼ kF$Þ w O
Ú x v
ú

ð®ñ
¶å¡p'qnr;« ¡´ °`Ã é+ÃFé¦1D7F°Gut)» ¼;ksv ^ ­]¯ ¢wcxd ± :/! yGz¬« ¿{gh ä ÍÁ è¬r«; | XY'p!q;é¬ês  !~}7×}>a!t _+w-v Ë ¢Ê!Ë
° ^ »;¼knM*iö`o»;¼k!p!  ¦ y}·/ûT+Ê ¦ G!1 ¶ ¦ }# yK:d ¾­`w ¦ G!
 0 ¦ }-~73|  ±3 ¦ G;¬ ¦##  "1 · × c1ý ¦ j F!è¬r«'¡¿ª»  Å  Ä
 otu;v$è]r«'x XYi)¦ ¢ ÃF·r  ] ô ¥¦ s C>¸ G³ v¿äê®1¦ G »;¼i ¨'¦ k µ C>¸  C>¸H»;¼n3 »'¼'p!3q ® jGvoQ]-è¬«;x9np!
q ®è'p!9 î ¡7\Â'Ã ¢¬3r jä¡© ¢ ÃFr`sÉ£ ;Í ¤cvgh;°x T)G³ vo¢D³ä9J'Ã!c¢ |k»;
¼ bon'¢ ÃFrsÉÑ¦¥¨§©Ô1Ö .ª;._$& 'h)+*«´*¹U
. º» <½¼B<¬-­;B¯® 0+s°<²±³B.´µc¶3·< ì B5®M±³¸.

Fig. 8 (a) Relative location of VLF transmitter (at Tsushima) and a receiving point (Inubo).
The epicenter is givin by a cross. (b) Sequential plot of the diurnal variation of phase
at Inubo. Seismic effect appears as significant changes in terminator times.

ð®ñÑ¾À¿ÁÂxÃxÄÆÅ9ÇGÈ
Fig. 9 Network of VLF receivers in Japan (7 observing stations). At each station we observe
3 VLF transmitters (from China, Hawaii and Australia) and 1 LF transmitter (JJY).

É"ËÊ

Ì¯ÍDÎ

$#Ï'-U.z07+
Gvz¨© z«- ¸7|k³;¦öÆÓ j FF+ªÃ;¢Ô-Õ¶ö`3N ê3|¡Ì1{ä   ö¢ ÃFrvp¦Ã!´]3vÞ-ÖF×iöMØ<s¡Í Ò  «v -Ù M£sF;3ÚJ¶öÆÛ' j F;G À öåDõbm¬r3 ° ¿ Ì,{;Ï ÜGvÝGÞÙ ßFÂä ¢ÃFr`s l*vLàázu¿;³ äö¢!Í Ò +ºÝd gh ° ¿-r | väö¢ ÃFr`sÉ£  9« v ÐÑ Z  ¶ö¢ â!*
 F!9¦ Ô-Õn1x P,Q ã° ¿< ¢/Â n ¢ ä'¢ ÃFr`s -º Ú;
Í å!Ú; æGç Ú' èé;- êÚ ë9:!½!U¦ N)p!q'r`-s ìí; º Úuë9:!½!¸7%| îsïnð ö`²
 Yq;¼!ÁnñÚ Mö ØFÂä Ø+1s l*vÞ  ,  ¦ «- %ö Óµ>·-¸ ³  -Ù j Fbon]r«;x!3q kù,Ì { 3 ;è]r XY Znx UÃä«;` ¶ ¦ Yq;¼!Á;´¬° N 3ê |>7£òFó ½zYô É åÚÛ'
Ø vgh ° ¿ör õ£ p!q r«; ÷Fãn$Ø<sHn vn9« v-:À'
<è]r Û;¦ r aø¶ö)¢!+zø úù ¦oûü  ¢÷¸>ý| î5G j F öùø Ôþÿ*:°v 3vãGF ¿9«- Æö Ó¸>|ÐG°³ võ£G
 vÍ+Ázø   ¦  P 9^5ø   Ú  ^5*v$Ò]ö¢ Ã æGç Ú ë9:!½! Uzcv j F¬ ÞWa öo ¶ ²³ä ÍÉ; «<O¦ Nv!";ÂF ¢ Ã 'ö`µ Í å!Ún è;þ'w #-w veb$ ¢D³ x,Ì {F f êºÝ d gh  ¿ j Fcbon%<U¦ ND$¶ö`ÃÞ ]'&(iö¢Ã  9« vIa ) ãcv¡áFâ v-Ø;-º Úë9:;½
 <-=î',v  5³;+*1XcÞWa3T-,.3®ø -Ï /»'¼ ,!' 01è  9ã ÿ:v
9x ,¢ ycHø É;
2sF»;¼n >3¡ÏÁ ,. Û;4¦ k»;
¼ ÿ:vv5 ILàázu5¿ ³!Í+Á %è k»;
¼ 6Zsv Þoa 8x 79,. ÐÑ3Ò:" ; <=?>25476 Ô@ ABC .DE
F v-G-H*v'Iä. '6Z,Ð»'¼6ZvU! ´¬°JG-H;-KÃ;¢. xML7\sF;
<Ì!Ø!Ë, v+Ì,N ;F½OQP ¬SRä
T   öùøVUW ¢£cv'I | 8¶
X ö¢ Ã |v,. $  }7×}>ë9:;½  7ÿ ®7T8uY ö)¢ ¦ vzP å3v j áZ ´¬°ù5N ê3|)Ì1{;¼ð®ñ[ äsvW{7Ç;É å v!\,d zyÃ!¢Ì F]^ nxoQ;_è%«'a`Å ö¢ Ãa É£bÊ }7×  ëI:!G½ |b Ê ,v+1Ì {Fo iö¢;Í ¤v -Ù hÅä¢ Ã  n<Ì!Ø ,vÌ{H7Á x+ÚÛ'*
Ø v9ghF¯d9­ M : %è oã*cv$á â!
 |)ª'¦x adce?f Ô,Ögh .1@i/2j k!lÐÌ1{;¼mº,¡Û*ð]'n  ö¢'ãØx ´´)º1¡Û*ð x  ¦ ¼m Z5yU¿Qo  ¶ ¦p q Z% g7i-Z ¦ vo\r´¬°tsÎsF Ì1{;Ï Ü $£ä¢-u'¦s|v]\á¯bon3¿Fêvnv
F7T8u
Y öMØ­w ´¬°kø è !
, <Ì1{v8s Î;ÏÜGv¡»°k!´¬°¡  ù ¦ C>¸¹¢£ x ¦µC>¸ D,F;Gº ³ °¿W ,ºÝd gh;x<Ñe|au,.  «;x1RSF'IÅÜ bonªª4.4
| é-y Ð»;¼F;|ª\ÖF;|ká â+è  ãQz ¨'{ Ã!+| x1P årP å v'}n~ x!;
u ¹ n%«;¡+Ã êH¹G, |+¦Ã' F'<Ì;Øvo7nx-ä <ÚÛ ØºÝ;Ø!¹o, |;}è< ´]`Ã ê®+F| x?¶Ó,bn!ø
 xu öMØ  Ì!ØÙ9ÚÛ'ØÙ9ºÝ;Ø+Þß `Ã ê{]åF$ Q c vß]å )¦ ¢ Ã ] O" $ x è% XY ¦<Þß ã]+¹]$ØG| v,. !
* Ék!
, ø
 ªvsá_3wnx+­ä¯ °%n'¹+è!ü  y#åz #uü ¶ 7õ  #kü 0 
#   ÿ# õ o  ##,. U  ¦ vW;s á_3w <Ì1{vz¼n<Ì´¬°Mv'¾ ; _¢C ÚÛGvzeºs v,F f ê ø9ÚÛ!º,Scv Ô xºÝd gh m;ã+] «`è`|v,.
;  ¶ ¦ v }4s á_ w ÚÛ7n7ÁÕu ö¢!ÚÛ!¤!~ ³'ø¡ÚÛ
 ³ ¦ °¿' w :v,,!ºÝ7dvog×n°¿|vÑ7ÃcvÕ 0 ¦ vº1¡Gá_ w7 +º1¡!³F°¿`Þß4, ø Ì1{;¼m v+º1¡!³  C>¸ ³-C ¦ °¿'-s
T F ºÝd õ Ù ºÝ C>¸ ³ xo¡Û'Ø
 > Q¡ ¢£¢4£5
O dÆ_4¤t¥¦§¨©ª¬«­ ®¯-°±²³´%µ·¶¸-¹ºJ»%¸¼½¾¿4¸ÀÁÂ!Ã!ÄÅ ½ÇÆÈÊÉËÍÌÆÏÎÑÐtÆÈÒÎÏÓÓÒÉÊÐ·¤ Ã!ÄÔ ½ÕÎÖÆÏ×ÏØÑÙÏÚÑÌÆÆÈÒÎÏÓÓÒÉÊÐ ÂÛÜÝ ½Þß à!áâ Â ¹¸ ¤ ãäå%¸Àæç ²aè%é8êëìí ÂÝ!îïðÂ4ñ!ò?óVôõ ½!ö÷4à8ø?äå ÝÜ ¸ÀÒ "ùûúüþýÿ4ÿ ÿ   ùFig.10 Schematic illustration of possible channels of the lithosphere – atmosphere –ionosphere coupling.

  "!$#&% ')()*&+ (), - !$.0/21435 '7698;: < 5[]

Hayakawa, M., and Y. Fujinawa, Editors, Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction,TERRAPUB, Tokyo, pp.667, 1994.
Hayakawa, M., Editor, Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with
Earthquakes, TERRAPUB, Tokyo, pp.997, 1999.
Hayakawa, M., and O. A. Molchanov, Editors, Seismo Electromagnetics: Lithosphere – Atmosphere –=?> @?ACBED;F7G 3IH7J (K&L"M;N;OIP7Q;R7N
STVU&WXBED;F7G 3"Y :7< 5 N)Z2[?\2] ^4_7` ^"abN
c$d7e2f Bhgi2jIk&l : D;F (;m;n G 3 8 :7< 5)o Nqpsr t7u vIw x4y N
Ionopshere Coupling, TERRAPUB, Tokyo, pp.447, 2002.

pp.209, 2001.

79, pp.120, 2001.

Hayakawa,

M.,

O.

A.

Molchanov,

P.

Biagi

and

F.

Vallianatos,

pp.204, 2003.

Editors,

SpecialIssue

on)z { #&% # ~ z){0
STVU&W N |}r  : ?  | (I  Y D;F7G 3"o N? g 5 G  o$" @ 2;N ab")N
STVU&W N c$d7e2f N 6 Y0o N  ab"N @ 2?N“Seismo-Electromagenics and Related Phenomena”, Phys. Cheme. Earth, vol. 29/4-9, 287-662, 2004.

VAN

VAN

1999

2

Vo. 14, No. 03, 1999.
VAN

1996

2

1996.

Akinaga, Y., M. Hayakawa, J. Y. Liu, K. Yumoto, and K. Hattori, A precursory ULF signature for the
Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, Natural Hazards Earth System Sci., vol. 1, 33-36, 2001.
Enomoto, Y., and H. Hashimoto, Anomalous electric signals detected before recent earthquakes in Japannear Tsukuba, in “Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction”, Ed. by M. Hayakawa
and Y. Fujinawa, TERRAPUB Tokyo, 261-270, 1974
Fraser-Smith, A. C., A. Bernardi, P. R. McGill, M. E. Ladd, R. A. Helliwell and O. G. Villard, Jr.,
Low-frequency magnetic field measurements near the epicenter of the Ms 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake,
Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 17, 1465-68, 1990.
Fujinama, Y., and K. Takahashi, Electromagnetic radiations associated with major earthquakes, Phys.
Earth Planet. Inter., vol. 105, 249-259, 1998.
Fukumoto, Y., M. Hayakawa and H. Yasuda, Investigation of over-horizon VHF radio signals

associatedwith earthquakes, Natural Hazards Earth System Sci., vol. 1, 107-112, 2001
Gokhberg, M. B., Y. A. Morgounov, T. Yoshino and I. Tomizawa, Experimental measurement ofelectromagnetic emissions possibly related with earthquakes in Japan, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 87, 7824,
1982.
Gotoh, K., Y. Akinaga, M. Hayakawa, and K. Hattori, Principal component analysis of ULF geomagnetic

D;F& 7G 3 G 3 &. ()?  D;F ¡7¢ pb( G 3 £0M ¤7¥$¦&§"¨$©  j l



6

ª;« &] ?¬;­ ®°¯ jIk&l&±;² 6 D;F7G 32³ ´Iµ @  p

data for Izu islands earthquakes in July 2000, J. Atmos. Electr., Vol. 22, No. 1.,
Gulfeld, I., VLF.

,, 83-98,

1-12, 2002.

.

7

11

5

.

Hayakawa, M., R. Kawate, O. A. Molchanov, and K. Yumoto, Results of ultra-low-frequency magnetic
field measurements during the Guam earthquake of 8 August 1993, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 23,
241-244, 1996.

Hayakawa, M., T. Itoh and N. Smirnova, Fractal analysis of geomagnetic ULF data associated with the
Guam earthquake on August 8, 1993, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 26, 2797-2800, 1999
Hayakawa, M., O. A. Molchanov, T. Ondoh and E. Kawai, On the precursory signature of Kobe earthquake
in subionospheric VLF propagation, J. Comm. Res. Lab., vol. 43, 169-180, 1996.
Hayakawa, M., T. Itoh, K. Hattori, and K. Yumoto, ULF electromagnetic precursors for an earthquake atBiak, Indonesia on February 17, 1996, Geophys. Res. Let., Vol. 27, No. 10, pp. 1531-1534, 2000.
Hayakawa, M., O. A. Molchanov, NASDA/UEC team, Summary report of NASDA’s Earthquake Remote
Sensing Frontier Project, Phys. Chem. Earth, vol. 29, 617-625, 2004.
Hata, M. and S. Yabashi, Observation of ELF radiation related to volcanic and earthquake activities, inElectromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction, Ed. by M. Hayakawa and Y. Fujinawa,
TERRAPUB, Tokyo, 159-174, 1994.
Hattori, K., Y. Akinaga, M. Hayakawa, K. Yumoto, T. Nagao, and S. Uyeda, ULF magnetic anomaly
preceding the 1997 Kagoshima Earthquakes, in “Seismo Electromagnetics (Lithosophere - Atmosphere- Ionosphere Coupling)”, Ed. by M. Hayakawa and O. A. Molchanov, TERRAPUB, 19-28, Tokyo, 2002
Ismaguilov, V. S., Yu. A. Kopytenko, K. Hattori, P. M. Voronov, O. A. Molchanov, and M.

Hayakawa,

ULF magnetic emission connected with under sea bottom earthquakes, Natural Hazards Earth System
Sci., vol. 1, 23-31, 2001.
Kushida, Y. and R. Kushida, Possibility of earthquake forecast by radio observations in VHF band, J.
Atmos. Electr., vol. 22, No. 3, 239-255, 2002.
Molchanov, O. A. and M. Hayakawa, Generation of ULF electromagnetic emissions by microfracturing,
Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 22, 3091-94, 1995.
Molchanov, O. A., Yu. A. Kopytenko, P. M. Voronov, E. A. Kopytenko, T. G. Matiashvili, A. C.
Fraser-Smith and A. Bernardi, Results of ULF magnetic field measurements near the epicenters of th e
Spitak (Ms-6.9) and Loma Prieta (Ms=7.1) earthquakes: Comparative analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol.
19, 1495-98, 1992.
Molchanov, O. A., O. A. Mazhaeva, A. N. Goliavin, and M. Hayakawa, Observations by theIntercosmos-24 satellite of ELF-VLF electromagnetic emissions associated with earthquakes, Ann.
Geophysicae, vol. 11, 431-440, 1993.
Molchanov, O. A. and M. Hayakawa, Subionospheric VLF signal perturbations possibly related toearthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 103, p. 17,489-17,504, 1998.
Oike, K., and T. Yamada, Relationship between shallow earthquakes and electromagnetic noise, in the LF
and VLF ranges, in “Electromagnetic Phenomena Related to Earthquake Prediction”, Ed. by M.
Hayakawa and Y. Fujinawa,TERRAPUB. Tokyo, 115-130, 1994.
Parrot, M., Statistical studies with satellite observations of seismogenic effect, in “Atmospheric andIonospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes”, Ed. by M. Hayakawa,
TERRAPUB Tokyo, 685-696, 1999.
Rodger, C. J., R. L. Dowden and N. R. Thomson, Observations of electromagnetic activity associated withearthquakes by low-altitude satellites, in “Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena
Associated with Earthquakes”, Ed. by M. Hayakawa, TERRAPUB Tokyo, 697-710, 1999.
Singh, R. P., B. Singh, P. K. Mishra and M. Hayakawa, On the lithosphere-atmosphere coupling ofseismo-electromagnetic signals, Radio Sci., Vol.38, No.4, 1065, doi:10.1029/2002RS002683, 2003.


Tronin, A. A., M. Hayakawa and O. A. Molchanov, Thermal IR satellite data application for earthquake
research in Japan and China, J. Geodynamics, vol. 33, 519-534, 2002.