＜奨励論文＞

間文化主義と多文化主義−ケベック州、連邦及びその他の州の政策比較研究−仲村愛

1. はじめに࣐ࣝࢳ࢝ࣝࢳࣗࣛࣜࢬ࣒

࢝ࢼࢲࡣከ ᩥ໬୺⩏㸦multiculturalism㸧ࡢᅜ࡜ࡋ࡚▱ࡽࢀࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢ୰࡛ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ
ᕞࡣከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊྰᐃⓗ࡞❧ሙࢆྲྀࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒᅪ࡛࠶ࡿࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ
ࡣࠊᐶᐜ࣭ே✀ᕪู࡜ࡢᡓ࠸ࠊᖹ➼࣭ṇ⩏࡜࠸ࡗࡓከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟ໟྵࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᇶᮏⓗ౯್ࢆඹ᭷ࡋࠊᩥ໬ⓗከᵝᛶࡢᑛ㔜ࢆ౯್࡜ࡋ࡚ཷࡅධࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡑࡢᑟධ௨᮶ࠊ୍㈏ࡋ࡚཯ᑐࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢ୺ࡓࡿ⌮⏤ࡣࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡣࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ⣔࢝ࢼࢲࡢᩥ໬ࡀࠕᘓᅜẸ᪘ࠖࡢᩥ໬࡛࠶ࡿ࡜࠸࠺≉ู࡞ᆅ఩ࢆㄆࡵࡎࠊ㐃㑥⤖ᡂᚋࡢ⛣Ẹ࡟⏤᮶ࡍࡿ௚ࡢ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕࡜୪⨨ࡍࡿࡶࡢࡔ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒヰ⪅ࡣ࢝ࢼࢲ࡛ࡣ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡔࡀࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡛
ࡣ࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕࡜࠸࠺஧㔜ᵓ㐀ࡢ୰࡟⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒᩥ໬ࢆಖᣢࡍࡿ
ほⅬ࠿ࡽࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ♫఍ࡣࠕ࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕ᩥ໬ࠖ࡜࠸࠺⪃࠼᪉ࢆᚲせ࡜ࡍࡿࠋࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡣࠊ
࢖ࣥࢱ࣮࢝ࣝࢳࣗࣛࣜࢬ࣒

ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ゝㄝ࡜ඹ࡟ 1980 ᖺ௦༙ࡤ௨㝆ࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࡢᑐẚ࠿ࡽᚋ࡟㛫 ᩥ໬୺⩏㸦interculturalism㸧(1) ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ⊂⮬ࡢ⌮ᛕࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
࡜ࡇࢁ࡛ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࡣ㐃㑥ไࡢᅜ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㐃㑥࡜ᕞࡢᡤᤸࡣཝ᱁࡟ᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㐃㑥࣭ᕞࡣࠊ஫࠸ࡢᡤᤸ࡟ᒓࡍࡿ஦᯶࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᖸ΅ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊࡇࢀࡲ
࡛ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᕠࡿ㆟ㄽࡢ୰࡛ࡣࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ
ࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡀẚ㍑ᑐ㇟࡞➼఩ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᢅࢃࢀࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚࠸
࠿࡟㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡀ୙㐺ษ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ㆟ㄽࡣࠊࢣ࣋ࢵ
ࢡᕞ࡟ᅛ᭷ࡢ஦᝟ࢆ⪃៖ࡋ࡚ከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢᢈุࢆ㉸࠼ࡿ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ㄽࡢᆅᖹࢆษࡾ㛤࠸࡚ࡁࡓ୍᪉࡛ࠊ␲ၥⅬࡶṧࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
44㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡣᨻ⟇ ࡜ࡋ࡚බᘧ࡟ᑟධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡣྠᕞࡢᨻ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣබᘧ࡟ᑟධࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᩥ໬ⓗከඖ♫఍ࢆࠕ⟶⌮ࠖ4

44

㸦manage/gérer㸧ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡋ࡚ㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡇ࡛ࡣࠊᮏ᮶ẚ㍑࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࡣࡎࡢ
ᨻ⟇࡜ࣔࢹࣝࡀྠࡌᅵಥࡢୖ࡛ᢅࢃࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢཷࡅࡽࢀࡿࠋ☜࠿࡟ࠊࢪ࢙࣮࣭ࣛࣝ

– 31 –

ࣈࢩ࣮ࣕࣝ㸦Gérard Bouchard㸧ࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ㄽ࡛ㄽࡌࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊᩥ໬ⓗከඖ♫
4

4

4

4

4

఍ࡢ⟶⌮ࣔࢹࣝ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽࡣࠊ㐃㑥ไ࡜࠸࠺ᨻ἞ᙧែ࡜↓㛵ಀ࡟ࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ࣔࢹ
4

4

4

4

ࣝ࡜㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࣔࢹࣝࢆẚ㍑ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ (2)ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࡇࡇ࡛ࠊࡶ࠺୍Ṍ㋃ࡳ㎸ࢇࡔ࡜ࡇࢁ࠿ࡽၥ㢟ᥦ㉳ࢆࡋ࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋୖ࡟ゝཬࡋࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞᨻᗓࡸ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᨭᣢࡍࡿࢣ࣋ࢵࢡࡢ᭷㆑⪅ࡣࠊ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺
⩏ࡣ㐃㑥ࣞ࣋ࣝࡸⱥㄒᅪ࢝ࢼࢲ࡟ࡣ㐺ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡶࡋࢀ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ♫఍࡟㐺ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ࡟ࡣูࡢᩥ໬ⓗከඖ୺⩏ࡢࣔࢹࣝࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ (3)ࠋࡔ
ࡀ๓ᥦ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇࡟㛵ࡍࡿ㐃㑥࡜ᕞࡢᡤᤸࡣࠊࡑࡶࡑࡶ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᩥ໬ⓗከඖ♫఍ࢆ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᨻ⟇ࡣ⛣Ẹ⤫ྜࡢศ㔝ࡸᩥ໬ࡢศ㔝࡟ᒓࡍࡿ࡜ᛮࢃࢀࡿࡀࠊᮏᩥ࡛ㄽࡌࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊࡑࡢ㐃㑥࣭ᕞࡢᶒ㝈࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ᠇ἲୖ
ᚲࡎࡋࡶ⮬࡛᫂ࡣ࡞࠸㆟ㄽࡢᚲせ࡞ศ㔝࡛࠶ࡿࠋ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡣࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ
඲ᕞࢆചࡢࡼ࠺࡟そ࠺ᛶ㉁ࡢࡶࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛ࡶ᠇ἲୖࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡟㓄ศࡉࢀࡓᶒ㝈ෆࡢຠຊࡋ࠿ᣢࡕᚓ࡞࠸ࠋ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊྛᕞᨻᗓࡣࠊ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ⟇ࣔࢹࣝࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࢀࠊ㐃㑥ࡢᨻ⟇࡜ࡣ⊂❧ࡋ࡚ࠊ⮬ᕞ࡟㐺ࡋࡓᩥ໬ⓗከඖ୺⩏ࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ⪃᱌ࡋ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࠊᡈ࠸ࡣ᥇⏝ࡋ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞
࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᕠࡿ㆟ㄽࡣࠊࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞㐃㑥࣭ᕞࡢᡤᤸ࡜࠸࠺
᠇ἲୖࡢᶒ㝈ศᢸ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⪃ᐹࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡞ࡃᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡶ
ࡋᕞᨻᗓࡀ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࡣ⊂❧ࡋࡓྛᕞ⊂⮬ࡢࣔࢹࣝࢆ㏣ồࡋࠊࡲࡓ⊂⮬ࡢᨻ⟇ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜ࡍࢀࡤࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢ≉᭷ᛶࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟
ࡣࠊ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࡢᑐẚࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ୙༑ศ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ௚ᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢᒎ㛤࡜ࡢẚ㍑ศᯒࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ᫂ࡽ࠿࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ᮏ✏ࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇࡟ຍ࠼ࠊྛᕞ
ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏㛵㐃ࡢᨻ⟇ࡢᐇ᪋≧ἣ࡜ࡢẚ㍑ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊᨵࡵ࡚ࡑࡢ≉Ⰽࢆᥥࡁฟࡍࡇ࡜
࡟࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊࣔࢹࣝ࡜࠸࠺ࡼࡾࡣᨻ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏㸭㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡟↔Ⅼࢆ⨨ࡁࠊᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿබᘧ࡞ᨻ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢ఩⨨࡙ࡅࡢ᭷↓ࠊ㛵㐃ಶูἲࡢ᭷↓ࠊᨻ⟇࡟ಀࡿ⾜ᨻᶵ㛵࡜࠸ࡗࡓഃ㠃࡟ගࢆ࠶࡚ࡿࡇ࡜࡛ࠊྛᕞࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢᐇ᪋≧ἣࡀ࠸࠿࡟ከᵝ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࢆ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ
ᮏ✏ࡢᵓᡂࡣ௨ୗࡢ࡜࠾ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨ 2 ❶࡛ࡣࠊඛ⾜◊✲࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ከᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᕠࡿ㆟ㄽࢆᴫほࡍࡿࠋ➨ 3 ❶ཬࡧ➨ 4 ❶࡛ࡣࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ᫬⣔ิⓗ࡞஦ᐇ㛵ಀ࡟╔┠ࡋࡘࡘࠊ࡝ࡢࡼ
࠺࡞ᨻ⟇࡛࠶ࡿ࠿ࠊࡑࡢ≉ᚩࢆᥥࡁฟࡍࠋ➨ 5 ❶࡛ࡣࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࢆ㝖ࡃ 9 ᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ከᩥ໬୺⩏㛵㐃᪋⟇ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࠋ– 32 –

2. 先行研究：多文化主義と間文化主義
࢝ࢼࢲࡢ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡣከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡣ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟཯ᑐࡋࠊࡑࢀ࡜㢮ఝࡋࡘࡘࡶ᫂☜࡟␗࡞ࡿᨻ⟇ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ (4)ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊ
ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞᨻᗓࡸ࢝ࢼࢲࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒᅪࡢㄽ⪅ࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࠊ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜༊ูࡍࡿ
ࡓࡵ࡟ࠕ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡀࡑࢀࡒࢀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࡶ
ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡢㄝ᫂ࡣḟ❶௨㝆࡟ㆡࡿ࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊᮏ❶࡛ࡣࡲࡎࠊ୧⪅ࡢᕪ␗ࢆᕠࡿ
㆟ㄽࢆᴫほࡍࡿࠋ
ከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢ㛵ಀ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢ௦᭰ࣔࢹࣝ࡜ࡳ
࡞ࡍ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆᕠࡾࠊㄽ⪅ࡢ㛫࡛ࡶ㆟ㄽࡀ๭ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢼࢨ࣮࣭࣑࣮ࣝ࢔㸦Nazar Meer㸧ࠊࢱࣜࢵࢡ࣭࣒ࢻ࣮ࢗࢻ㸦Tariq Modood㸧ࠊࢪ࢙ࣇ࣮ࣜ㸻 B࣭ࣦࣞ࢕㸦Geoffrey-B. Levey㸧ཬࡧ࢘࢕࣭࣒ࣝ࢟ࣜࢵ࢝㸦Will Kymlicka㸧ࡣࠊ୧㆟ㄽࡢ㛫࡟ᮏ㉁ⓗ࡞⌮ㄽୖࡢᕪ␗ࡣ࡞
࠸࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢㄽ⪅ࡣࠊ୧㆟ㄽࡢ㛫࡟ᶓࡓࢃࡿᕪ␗ࡣศᯒⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡼࡾࡴࡋࢁᨻ἞
ࣞࢺࣜࢵࢡ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࡣከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢࠕኻᩋࠖࢆ⿵࠺ࡓࡵࡢࠕ᪂ࡋ࠸
ࢼࣛࢸ࢕ࣈࠖࡢᚲせᛶ࠿ࡽ⏕ࡌࡓ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ (5)ࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ࣐࣮ࣜ㸻࣑ࢩ࢙࣭ࣝࢯ࣮ࣦ࢓ࢪ࣮ࣙ㸦Marie-Michèle Sauvageau㸧ࠊࢹ࢕࣑ࢺ࣭࣑ࣜ࢜࢝ࣝࢫ㸦Dimitrio Karmis㸧ࡣࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡣከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢඃ఩࡟❧ࡘ௦᭰ࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡍࡿ (6)ࠋࡲࡓࠊࢪ࢙࣮࣭ࣛࣝࣈࢩ࣮ࣕࣝࠊ࢔ࣛࣥ㸻 G࣭࢞ࢽࣙࣥ㸦Alain-G. Gagnon㸧ཬࡧࣛࣇ࢓࢚࣭ࣝ࢖࢔ࢥࣦ࢕࣮ࣀ㸦Rafael Iacovino㸧࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㐃㑥ከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡣࢣ࣋ࢵࢡࡢ⊂⮬ᛶ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚↓㛵ᚰ࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏࡛ࡣࢣ࣋ࢵ
ࢡࡢࠕࣇࣛࣥࢫⓗ஦ᐇ㸦fait français㸧ࠖࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ (7)ࠋࣈࢩ࣮ࣕࣝ࡜ࢳ࣮ࣕ
ࣝࢬ࣭ࢸ࢖࣮ࣛ㸦Charles Taylor㸧ࡣࡲࡓࠊ୧Ặࡀඹྠጤဨ㛗ࢆົࡵࡓࣈࢩ࣮ࣕࣝ㸻ࢸ࢖࣮ࣛጤဨ఍ࡢሗ࿌᭩ (8) ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᑐ⨨ࡋࡘࡘࠊࠕ࢝ࢼࢲ∧ࡢᩥ໬ⓗከඖ୺⩏ࡢဴᏛࡀከᩥ໬୺⩏࡛࠶ࡿࡢ࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡣ͐ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ∧ࡢࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠖ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࢯ࣮ࣦ࢓ࢪ࣮ࣙࡣ㐃㑥ከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆࠕ⛣Ẹ࡜ᕷẸࡢ⟶⌮ᨻ⟇ࠖ࡜఩⨨࡙ࡅࡓୖ࡛ࠊ୧ᨻ⟇ࡢ᰿ᮏⓗᕪ␗ࡣࠊ๓
⪅ࡀಶே୺⩏ⓗ⮬⏤୺⩏ࡢほⅬ࠿ࡽಶேࡢ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࢆಖㆤࡋࡼ࠺࡜ࡍࡿࡢ࡟␃
ࡲࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᚋ⪅ࡣᕷẸཧຍࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ᕷẸࡢ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࢆᵓ⠏ࡋࡼ࠺࡜
ࡍࡿⅬ࡟ồࡵࡽࢀࡿ࡜ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿ (9)ࠋ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ㄽࢆ᭱ࡶ⢭ຊⓗ࡟㆟ㄽࡋ࡚࠸ࡿㄽ⪅࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࣈࢩ࣮ࣕࣝࡶࡲࡓࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡣỴᐃⓗ࡟␗࡞ࡿࣔࢹ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿ࡜୺
ᙇࡍࡿࠋྠẶ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡣࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ࣭ࢿ࢖ࢩࣙࣥࢆ⛣Ẹࡢཷධࢀ♫఍࡜ࡋ࡚ᤊ࠼࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡣ࢝ࢼࢲࢆ」ᩘࡢࢿ࢖ࢩࣙࣥ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿᅜ࡜ࡣ
ㄆࡵ࡞࠸Ⅼ࡛␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ࡜࠸࠺ࠋࡲࡓࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊ♫఍ࡢ୰࡟࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕
ᩥ໬ࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡘࡘࠊ࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕࡜࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ㛫ࡢ┦஫స⏝ࠊᩥ໬㛫ࡢṌࡳᐤࡾࠊᖐᒓព㆑ࡢⓎᒎཬࡧ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࢆᑛ㔜ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ⏕ࡲࢀࡿඹ㏻ᩥ໬ࡢฟ⌧– 33 –

࡜࠸ࡗࡓࡇ࡜࡟㔜Ⅼࢆ⨨ࡁࡘࡘࠊ⤫ྜ࡜࠸࠺ഃ㠃ࢆ≉࡟ᙉㄪࡍࡿࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊከᩥ
໬୺⩏ࡣ࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕ᩥ໬ࡢᏑᅾࢆㄆࡵ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡀ᭷ࡍࡿၥ㢟ព㆑ࢆྠࡌ
࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡣඹ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸࡜ࣈࢩ࣮ࣕࣝࡣ୺ᙇࡍࡿ (10)ࠋ

3. 連邦政府の多文化主義
㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡀከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢ⌮ᛕࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿ࡟⮳ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊࡼࡃ▱ࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟ 1963 Ѹ 69ᖺ࡟άືࡋࡓ஧ゝㄒ࣭஧ᩥ໬ᨻᗓㄪᰝጤဨ఍ (Royal Commission on Bilingualism andBiculturalism) ࡟ࡼࡿࠋ1960 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢࠕ㟼࠿࡞㠉࿨ࠖࡢὶࢀࡢ୰࡛ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒᅪࢣ࣋ࢵࢡࡢࢼ
ࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒ࡢᙳ㡪ຊࡀቑ኱ࡋࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞᨻᗓࡣ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ᕞࡢᶒ㝈ቑ኱ࢆせồࡋࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡣࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡜ࡢ㛵ಀᵓ⠏ࢆ㔜せㄢ㢟࡜ㄆ㆑ࡋࠊ஧ゝㄒ࣭஧ᩥ໬ᨻᗓㄪᰝጤဨ఍ࢆタ⨨ࡋࠊࠕ஧ࡘࡢᘓᅜẸ᪘ࡢᖹ➼࡞ࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࠖࢆཎ
๎࡜ࡋ࡚ࠊⱥ௖୧ゝㄒࡢᖹ➼࡞ᆅ఩ࡢ☜❧ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡓࡵࡢ᪋⟇ࢆᶍ⣴ࡋࡓ (11)ࠋྠጤဨ఍
ࡢㄪᰝࡢ⤖ᯝࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒヰ⪅ࡢᅜẸࡣࠊᨻ἞ࠊ♫఍ࠊ⤒῭ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ㡿ᇦ࡛ⱥㄒヰ⪅࡟ẚ࡭࡚୙฼࡞≧ἣ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓ୍᪉࡛ࠊྠጤဨ఍ࡢㄪᰝ㐣⛬࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ
ⱥ௖௨እࡢฟ⮬ࡢ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㞟ᅋ࠿ࡽࠊ⮬ศࡓࡕࡶ࢝ࢼࢲࡢᅜᐙᘓタ࡟㈉⊩ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࡜
ࡢ୺ᙇࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡓࠋྠጤဨ఍ࡣ᭱⤊ሗ࿌᭩㸦1969 ᖺ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐࢖ࣀࣜ
ࢸ࢕㞟ᅋࡢ୺ᙇࢆ཯ᫎࡉࡏࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠕ஧ゝㄒ࣭஧ᩥ໬୺⩏࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ஧ゝㄒ࣭ከᩥ໬୺⩏ࠖࢆᥦゝࡋࡓ (12)ࠋ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡣྠጤဨ఍ࡢᥦゝ➼ࢆ㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊ1969 ᖺ࡟ⱥㄒ࡜ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࡢ஧ゝㄒࢆ㐃㑥බ⏝ㄒ࡜ࡋࠊ1971 ᖺ࡟ࡣ㐃㑥ୗ㝔㆟఍࡛ከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢᑟධࢆᐉゝࡋࡓࠋ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿᙜึࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢ┠ⓗࡣ௨ୗ 4 Ⅼ࡟㞟⣙ࡉࢀࡿࠋձᩥ໬㞟ᅋࡢ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࡢಖᣢ࣭⫱ᡂࡢᨭ᥼ࠊղᩥ໬㞟ᅋࡢ࢝ࢼࢲ♫఍࡬ࡢ᏶඲
࡞ཧຍࢆ㜼ᐖࡍࡿ㞀ቨࢆྲྀࡾ㝖ࡃࡓࡵࡢᨭ᥼ࠊճ࢝ࢼࢲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᩥ໬㞟ᅋ㛫ࡢ஺ὶࡢಁ㐍ࠊմ⛣Ẹ࡟ᑐࡍࡿࠊබ⏝ㄒࡢ࠺ࡕᑡ࡞ࡃ࡜ࡶ୍ࡘࡢゝㄒࡢ⩦ᚓᨭ᥼ཬࡧ࢝ࢼ
ࢲ♫఍࡬ࡢ⤫ྜᨭ᥼ (13) ࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ᫬࡟ከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢᐇ᪋ࡢࡓࡵ࡟⾜ᨻᶵ㛵ࡶᩚഛࡉ
ࢀࠊ1972 ᖺࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ᢸᙜ኱⮧ࡢ࣏ࢫࢺࡀ᪂タࡉࢀࡿ࡜ඹ࡟ࠊᅜົ┬㸦Departmentof the Secretary of State㸧ෆ࡟ከᩥ໬୺⩏ᒁ㸦Multicultural Directorate㸧ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
1980 ᖺ௦࡟ධࡿ࡜ࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲไ㠃ࡢᩚഛࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢไᗘ໬ࡣࠊ஧ࡘࡢ᪉ྥᛶ࡟㔜Ⅼࡀ⨨࠿ࢀࡓࠋ୍ࡘ┠ࡣࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ♫఍ࡢ࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕࡜
࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࢆ㝸࡚࡚࠸ࡿ♫఍ⓗࠊᩥ໬ⓗ࡞㞀ቨࢆྲྀࡾ㝖ࡃࡇ࡜ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ཯ே✀୺⩏ࡸ཯ᕪูࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒࡛ࣛ࠶ࡿ (14)ࠋ஧ࡘ┠ࡣࠊ㐃㑥ࡢㅖᶵ㛵ࡀ᪂つ⛣Ẹࡢࣉࣞࢮࣥࢫࡢቑ኱
࡟㐺ᛂࡍࡿࡼ࠺ไᗘᨵ㠉ࢆᐇ⾜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢὶࢀࡢ୰࡛᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ࡶࡢࡢ୍ࡘ
ࡀࠊ1982 ᖺࡢ᠇ἲ⛣⟶࡟క࠸ไᐃࡉࢀࡓ᪂᠇ἲ㸦ࠕ1982 ᖺ᠇ἲࠖ㸧ࡢ➨ 1 ❶ࠕᶒ฼ཬࡧ⮬⏤࡟㛵ࡍࡿ࢝ࢼࢲ᠇❶ࠖ
㸦Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ᠇❶– 34 –

࡟ࡣࠊࠕே✀ࠊ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡฟ⮬ࠊ⓶⭵ࡢⰍࠊ᐀ᩍࡢከᵝᛶࠖࡀ࢝ࢼࢲࡢᇶᮏⓗ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜᫂グࡉࢀࠊྠ➨ 27 ᮲࡟ࡣࠊࠕᮏ᠇❶ࡣࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࡢከᩥ໬ⓗ㑇⏘ࡢಖㆤཬࡧᙉ໬࡜୍⮴ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ゎ㔘ࡉࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡜ࡍࡿࠖ࡜つᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࡲࡓࠊྠ➨ 15 ᮲࡟ࡣே✀ࠊᅜ⡠ࠊ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡฟ⮬ࠊ⫙ࡢⰍࠊ᐀ᩍ➼࡟ᣊࡽࡎࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᅜẸࡢἲࡢୗࡢᖹ➼ࡀᐃࡵࡽࢀࡓࠋ
ከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡀ᠇ἲୖ᫂グࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊྖἲ㠃࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡀ㔜どࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺
࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶಶேࡢᶒ฼࡜ከᩥ໬࡟㛵ࢃࡿ㸦㞟ᅋⓗ㸧ᶒ฼ࡀ➇ྜࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ሙྜ࡟ࡣࠊࡇࡢつᐃࡀἲᚊࡢゎ㔘ᇶ‽ࡢ୍ࡘ࡜࡞ࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿ (15)ࠋ

1985 ᖺ࡟ከᩥ໬୺⩏ୗ㝔ᖖ௵ጤဨ఍ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀࠊྠጤဨ఍ࡢ່࿌࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁ 1988 ᖺ࡟ከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲ㸦Canadian Multiculturalism Act㸧ࡀไᐃࡉࢀࡓࠋࡇࢀ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢ᥎㐍࡟ἲⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࡀᥦ౪ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡗࡓ (16)ࠋྠἲࡣࠊከᩥ
໬୺⩏ࡀ࢝ࢼࢲࡢᩥ໬ⓗ㑇⏘ཬࡧ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࡢᇶᮏⓗ≉ᚩࢆ࡞ࡍ㸦➨ 3 ᮲㸧ࡇ࡜ࢆㄆࡵࡿ࡜ඹ࡟ࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ᢸᙜ኱⮧ࡀᨻ⟇ᐇ᪋ࢆᢸ࠺ࡇ࡜㸦➨ 4 ᮲ࠊ➨ 5 ᮲㸧➼ࢆᐃࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡉࡽ࡟ྠἲࡣࠊࡍ࡭࡚ࡢ㐃㑥ᶵ㛵࡟࠾ࡅࡿ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㞟ᅋࡢᖹ➼࡞ᶵ఍ཬࡧཧ⏬
ࡢ᥎㐍ࢆᐃࡵࡿ࡜ඹ࡟㸦➨ 3 ᮲㸧ࠊ༢࡟ᢸᙜ኱⮧௨እࡢ㛶൉ࡶྛࠎࡢᡤᤸ࡟࠾࠸࡚ከᩥ໬
୺⩏ᨻ⟇࡜୍⮴ࡍࡿᙧ࡛ពᛮỴᐃࢆ⾜ࢃࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆつᐃࡍࡿ㸦➨ 6 ᮲㸧ࠋከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡣࠊᙜึࠊᩥ໬ಖㆤࡸ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㞟ᅋࡢ᪂⪺Ⓨ⾜ࡸ࢖࣋ࣥࢺᐇ᪋➼ࢆ
㏻ࡌࡓ␗ᩥ໬య㦂ࡢ᥎㐍࡟㔜Ⅼࡀ⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀࠊ1990 ᖺ௦௨㝆ࡣ≉࡟ࠊไᗘᨵ㠉ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ࣭࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ♫఍ⓗࠊ⤒῭ⓗ⤫ྜࡸᶵ఍ࡢᖹ➼ࡢ㐩ᡂࠊ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕
࡟ᕪู࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ㞀ቨࡢゎᾘ➼࡟ࡼࡾ㔜Ⅼࡀ⨨࠿ࢀጞࡵࡓ (17)ࠋ1997 ᖺ௨㝆࡟࡞ࡿ࡜ࠊ
ձ♫఍ṇ⩏㸦බᖹࠊබṇ࡞♫఍ࡢᵓ⠏㸧ࠊղᕷẸཧຍ㸦ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢฟ⮬ࡢ࢝ࢼࢲᅜẸࡢ♫఍ཧ⏬ࡢಖ㞀㸧
ࠊճ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕㸦࠶ࡽࡺࡿࣂࢵࢡࢢࣛ࢘ࣥࢻࡢᅜẸࡀ࢝ࢼࢲ࡬ࡢᖐᒓ
ព㆑ࢆឤࡌࡽࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࠊᩥ໬ࡢከᵝᛶࢆㄆࡵࠊᑛ㔜ࡋࠊ཯ᫎࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞♫఍ࡢ⫱ᡂ㸧ࢆ┠ᶆ࡜ࡍࡿෆᐜ࡟ๅ᪂ࡉࢀࡓࠋ
ࡑࡢᚋࠊ⌧ᅾ࡟⮳ࡿࡲ࡛࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㞟ᅋ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᕪู᧞⁛ࠊ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣ
ᨻ἞࣭♫఍࣭⤒῭ⓗ࡞඲㠃ཧຍࡢ᥎㐍࡜࠸ࡗࡓ♫఍ṇ⩏ࡸேᶒⓗ࡞ഃ㠃࡟ຊⅬࢆ⨨ࡃከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢഴྥࡣᇶᮏⓗ࡟ኚࢃࡗ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋከᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᑓᒓ࡛ᢸᙜࡍࡿ኱⮧ࡣࠊ᫬ࡢᨻᶒ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚タ⨨ࡉࢀࡓࡾࡉࢀ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡾ࡜ὶືⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࡶࡢࡢ (18)ࠊ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿ࡢ㛶൉ࡀከᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᢸᙜ஦㡯࡟ྵࡴయไ⮬యࡣᐃ╔ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊୗ㝔࡟㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿከ
ᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࢆ┘どࡍࡿᙺ๭ࢆᢸ࠺ᖖ௵ጤဨ఍ࡀᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿయไࡶ⥅⥆ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

4. ケベック州の間文化主義(1) ケベック州の独自性ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡣࠕ⊂⮬ࡢ♫఍ࠖ㸦société distincte㸧ࡔ࡜ゝࢃࢀࡿࠋࡑࡢ⊂⮬ᛶࡣࠊᵝࠎ࡞㠃࠿ࡽㄝ᫂ࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࡀࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࡢ㛵㐃࡛㔜せ࡞ࡢࡣゝㄒ㠃࡟࠾ࡅࡿேཱྀື

– 35 –

ែ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ2016 ᖺࡢᅜໃㄪᰝ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࢆẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿேࡣࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ඲ᅜ࡛
ࡣேཱྀࡢ 21.4㸣ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࢆ㝖ࡃ 9 ᕞ࡛ࡣ 4㸣࡛࠶ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡛ࡣேཱྀࡢ

79. 1㸣࡟ࡢࡰࡿ (19)ࠋ
ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡀࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒᅪ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ㡿᳜Ẹᆅࢾ࣮ࣦ࢙࣭ࣝࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟
㉳※ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠ᳜Ẹᆅ࡬ࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫேධ᳜ࡢṔྐࡣ࢝ࢼࢲ࡛᭱ࡶྂࡃࠊ≉࡟ 17 ୡ⣖࡟ேཱྀቑຍࡋࡓࠋ㐃㑥⤖ᡂ࡟ࡼࡾࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡀㄌ⏕ࡋࡓ᫬Ⅼ࡛ࡶࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫ࡟࢚ࢫࢽࢵ
ࢡฟ⮬ࢆ᭷ࡍࡿேࡣᕞேཱྀࡢ 78㸣ࢆ༨ࡵ࡚࠸ࡓ (20)ࠋ㐃㑥⤖ᡂ௨ᚋࠊ௚ᕞ㸦≉࡟࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞ௨す㸧࡟࠾ࡅࡿேཱྀᵓᡂࡣ⛣Ẹࡢὶධ࡜ඹ࡟ኚ໬ࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚ࡁࡓࡀࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡣ⛣Ẹࡢ㏻㐣ᆅⅬ࡜ࡉࢀ௚ᕞ࡟ẚ࡭ࢀࡤ⛣Ẹࡢὶධࡣ┦ᑐⓗ࡟ᑡ࡞࠸ࠋࡲࡓࣇࣛࣥࢫ⣔࢝ࢼࢲேࡣࠊேཱྀࡢ⮬↛ቑࢆ⥔ᣢࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜࠿ࡽࠊᖖ࡟ᕞࡢ࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕ࢆᵓᡂࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ
ࡑࢀࡽࡢேࠎࡢከࡃࡣⱥㄒ♫఍࡟ྠ໬࣭⤫ྜࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡞ࡃࠊ᐀ᩍⓗ࡟ࡶゝㄒⓗ࡟ࡶࣇࣛࣥࢫⓗ័⩦ࢆಖᣢࡋࠊࡇࢀࡀ௒᪥࡛ࡶࠕࣇࣛࣥࢫⓗ஦ᐇࠖ࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ≉᭷ࡢ♫఍ⓗ≉ᚩࡢ⫼ᬒ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
௚᪉࡛ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡛ࡣࠊᕞẸࡢ⣙ 8 ๭ࢆ༨ࡵࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫ⣔࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒヰ⪅ࡣ 20 ୡ⣖༙ࡤࡲ࡛ࠊⱥㄒ♫఍࡟⤫ྜࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ௚ࡢ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡฟ⮬ࡢ࢝ࢼࢲᅜẸ࡟ẚ࡭࡚⤒῭࣭♫఍ⓗ࡟ຎ఩࡟⨨࠿ࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࠋࡑࡢࡓࡵྠᕞ࡛ࡣࠊ1960 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟ࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡞
≧ἣࡢᡴ㛤ࡀ┠ᣦࡉࢀࠊᕞẸࡢ࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕ࡀẕㄒ࡜ࡍࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࢆᨻ἞ࠊ⤒῭ࠊ♫఍ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿഃ㠃࡛ࡢ୺ὶゝㄒ࡟ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡲࡓࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒヰ⪅ࡀᨻ἞ࠊ⤒῭ࠊ♫఍ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿศ㔝ࢆ≌ᘬࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ᣦࡍ♫఍ኚ㠉ࡀ㐍ࡵࡽࢀࡓ (21)ࠋࡑ࠺ࡋࡓ୰࡛ࠊゝㄒᨻ⟇㠃࡟࠾ࡅࡿ᭱኱ᡂᯝ࡜࠸࠼ࡿࡢࡀ 1977 ᖺࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ᠇❶㸦Charte de la languefrançaise㸪㏻⛠ࠕ101 ྕἲࠖ㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡍ࡛࡟ࠊ1974 ᖺ࡟ᕞබ⏝ㄒἲ࡟ࡼࡾࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࡢ
ࡳࡀྠᕞࡢᕞබ⏝ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡀ㸪ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ᠇❶ࡢไᐃ࡟ࡼࡾࠊࢣ
࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢᕞබ⏝ㄒࡣ၏୍ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᨵࡵ࡚☜ㄆࡉࢀࠊᕞࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨻ἞ࠊ⤒῭ࠊ♫఍ࡢ࠶ࡽࡺࡿ㠃࡛ࡢࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࡢ౑⏝ࡀᙉࡃ᥎㐍ࡉࢀࡿ࡜ඹ࡟ࠊ௚ゝㄒࡢ౑⏝ሙ㠃ࡀ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋྠ᠇❶ࡣᙉไຊࡀᙉࡃࠊ㐪᠇ᛶࡀதࢃࢀࡓࡇ࡜
ࡶ࠶ࡗࡓࡀ (22)ࠊ⤖ᯝⓗ࡟ࡣࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒヰ⪅ࡢᆅ఩ࡣ኱࠸࡟ྥୖࡋࡓࠋ

(2) ケベック州における移民統合政策：間文化主義
ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡣࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡀከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࢆᑟධࡋࡓ㝿ࠊ༶ᗙ࡟ྠᨻ⟇࡟ᑐࡍࡿ཯ᑐ
ࡢពࢆ⾲᫂ࡋࠊ௨᮶୍㈏ࡋ࡚཯ᑐࡋ⥆ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1971 ᖺᙜ᫬ࡢ࣮࣭ࣟ࣋ࣝࣈ࣮ࣛࢧ㸦Robert

Bourassa㸧ᕞ㤳┦ࡣࠊࣆ࢚࣮࣭ࣝࢺࣝࢻ࣮㐃㑥㤳┦ᐄ࡚࡟᭩⡆ࢆ㏦௜ࡋࡓࠋྠᕞᨻᗓࡣ
ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫ⣔࢝ࢼࢲேࡢゝㄒ࡜ᩥ໬ࡢࠕ⏕ࡁṧࡾࠖࢆಖ㞀ࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡟㈐௵ࢆ㈇ࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
ࠕࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞᨻᗓࡣྠᕞࡢᶒ㝈࡟ᖐᒓࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㡿ᇦ࡟࠾࠸࡚ከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࢆ᥇⏝ࡋ࡞࠸ࠖ᪨ࢆᐉゝࡋࡓ (23)ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࣈ࣮ࣛࢧᕞ㤳┦ࡣࠊྠᕞࡀࡍ࡛࡟࢚ࢫࢽࢵ
ࢡ㞟ᅋࡢᩥ໬ಖㆤࡸᑡᩘゝㄒᩍ⫱࡟ࡶ㈈ᨻᨭ᥼ࢆ⾜ࡗ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜ࢆᙉㄪࡋࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏– 36 –

ᨻ⟇ࢆ᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࡜ᕞࡢ᪤Ꮡࡢᩥ໬ⓗከඖ୺⩏ࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࡜
㔜」ࡍࡿࡓࡵ୙せ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜୺ᙇࡋࡓ (24)ࠋ
ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡀ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇࡟཯ᑐࡋࠊྠᨻ⟇࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿ࢔ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ࡜ࡋ
࡚㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿࣔࢹࣝࢆ⊂⮬࡟㏣ồࡋࡓ⫼ᬒࢆ⌮ゎࡍࡿ࡟ࡣࠊ๓㏙ࡢࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ⊂⮬ᛶ࡟␃ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡟ࡣࠊ๓❶࡛☜ㄆࡋࡓ㐃㑥ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ẚࡋ࡚ࠊ㢮ఝⅬ࡜┦㐪Ⅼࡢ୧᪉ࡀᩓぢࡉࢀࡿࠋ㢮ఝⅬ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ➨୍࡟ࠊ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㞟ᅋ̿ྠᕞࡢࢱ࣮࣑ࣀࣟࢪ࣮࡛ࡣࠕᩥ໬ඹ
ྠయࠖ
㸦communauté culturelle㸧࡜࿧ࡤࢀࡿ̿࡟ᒓࡍࡿᕞẸࢆྵࡴ࠶ࡽࡺࡿฟ⮬ࡢᕞẸࡢ♫఍㸦ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ㸧࡬ࡢᨻ἞ⓗ࣭♫఍ⓗ࣭⤒῭ⓗ࡞ཧຍ࡜⤫ྜࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ➨஧࡟ࠊ࢚ࢫࢽࢩࢸ࢕ࠊே✀ࠊ᐀ᩍ➼࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃᕪูࡢ᧞⁛ࡀ┠ᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ⾜ᨻ㠃࡛ࡢయไ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ᚲࡎࡋࡶྠ୍࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ
ඹ㏻Ⅼࡣ࠶ࡿࠋࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡛ࡣࠊ1984 ᖺ࡟ᕷẸ♫఍ࡢ௦⾲⪅࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿᩥ໬ඹྠ
య࣭⛣Ẹホ㆟఍㸦Conseil des communauté culturelles et de l̓immigration㸧ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀࠊྠጤဨ఍ࡀ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕㞟ᅋ࡜⛣Ẹ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᨻᗓᨻ⟇ࡢィ⏬࣭ᐇ᪋ࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿ
኱⮧࡟ຓゝࢆ⾜࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋࠊྠホ㆟఍ࡣ㛫ᩥ໬㛵ಀホ㆟఍㸦Conseil desrelations interculturelles㸧࡟ᨵྡࡉࢀࠊ⛣Ẹ⤫ྜࡸ㛫ᩥ໬㸦࢖ࣥࢱ࣮࢝ࣝࢳࣗࣛࣝ㸧㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࡍࡿᕞᨻ⟇ࡢ⟇ᐃࡸᐇ᪋࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ᥦゝࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿ᪨ࡀᨵࡵ࡚☜ㄆࡉࢀࡓ (25)ࠋ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣྠホ㆟఍ࡣᗫṆࡉࢀࠊࡑࡢᶵ⬟ࡣ⛣Ẹ࣭ከᵝᛶ࣭ໟᦤ┬㸦Ministère del̓Immigration, de la Diversité et de l̓Inclusion㸧࡟⤫ྜࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊἲⓗ࡞㠃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ㆟఍ࡣ 1982 ᖺ᠇ἲࡼࡾࡶ᪩ᮇ࡟ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢࠕே㛫ࡢᶒ฼࡜⮬⏤ࡢ᠇❶ࠖ
㸦Charte des droits et des libertés de la personneࠊ௨ୗࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ᠇❶ࠊ

1975 ᖺ㸧ࢆไᐃࡋࡓࠋྠ᠇❶ࡣࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡟࠾ࡅࡿேᶒⓗ࡞㒊ศࢆྖἲ㠃࡛ᶵ⬟ࡉࡏࡿᇶ┙࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡛ࠊ㐃㑥ࡢᶒ฼࡜⮬⏤ࡢ࢝ࢼࢲ᠇❶㸦1982 ᖺ᠇ἲ㸧ࡀከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢᇶ┙࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡜㢮ఝࡢᵓ㐀ࢆ࡞ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡟ࡣ㐃㑥ከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲࡢࡼ࠺࡞㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡟㛵ࡍࡿಶูἲࡣᏑᅾࡏࡎࠊࡑࡢⅬ࡛ࡣ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢయไ࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢ⌮ᛕࡣࠊ1980 ᖺ௦༙ࡤ௨㝆࠿ࡽබᩥ᭩➼࡛ࠊᕸ▼࡜࡞ࡗࡓᗄࡘ࠿ࡢᴫᛕ
ࡸ⌮ᛕࡀΰ஺ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࡋ࡚ᚎࠎ࡟ᙧᡂࡉࢀࡓ (26)ࠋ୰࡛ࡶࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ㄽࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏࡓࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚≉࡟㔜せ࡞ࡢࡀࠊ1981 ᖺࡢࠗࢣ࣋ࢥ࣡ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞࠶ࡾ᪉࠘
㸦Autant de façon
㸦Au Québec pour batîr
d’être québécois㸧࡜ 1990 ᖺࡢࠗࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ࡛ඹ࡟ᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟࠘
ensemble㸧࡛࠶ࡿࠋࠗࢣ࣋ࢥ࣡ࡢࡉࡲࡊࡲ࡞࠶ࡾ᪉࠘ࡣ 1968 ᖺ࡟タ❧ࡉࢀࡓࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ⛣Ẹ┬ࡀᩥ໬ඹྠయ࣭⛣Ẹ┬㸦⌧ᅾࡢ⛣Ẹ࣭ከᵝᛶ࣭ໟᦤ┬㸧࡬࡜ᨵ⤌ࡉࢀࡓ┤ᚋ࡟Ⓨหࡉࢀࡓᨻ⟇⥘㡿࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠ᭩࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊྠ┬ࡣࠕࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ♫఍ࡢ࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕࡜ከᵝ࡞ᩥ໬ඹྠయ㛫࡛┦஫࡟ᑛ㔜ࡋ࠶࠸࡞ࡀࡽṌࡳᐤࡿࠖࡇ࡜࡟ࡼࡾࠊ⛣Ẹ⤫ྜࡢᐇ⌧ࢆ┠ᣦࡍ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ (27)ࠋྠ

– 37 –

᭩ࡣࠕᩥ໬཰ᩡࠖ
㸦convergence culturelle㸧࡜࠸࠺⾲⌧ࢆ⏝࠸ࡘࡘࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࢆఏ⤫࡜ࡍࡿࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᩥ໬ࡣ௚ࡢᩥ໬ⓗఏ⤫ࡀ཰ᩡࡋ࡚࠸ࡃ᰾࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ㄽࡌࡿ (28)ࠋࡲࡓࠊ1990ᖺࡢࠗࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ࡛ඹ࡟ᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟࠘ࡣࠕ೔⌮ዎ⣙ࠖ㸦contrat moral㸧࡜࠸࠺ᴫᛕ࡟ࡼࡾࠊ
ཷධࢀ♫఍࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ♫఍࡜⛣Ẹࡢ㛵ಀ࡟㔜Ⅼࢆ⨨ࡁࠊ୧⪅ࡀ┦஫࡟⮬ࡽࡢ೔⌮ⓗ⩏ົࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࡀ┦஫࡟ᜠᜨ࡜࡞ࡿ᪨ㄽࡌ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠ᭩࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ
ࠕࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ♫఍࡛ࡢ⛣Ẹࡢᡂຌ࡜௚ࡢࢣ࣋ࢥ࣡ࡓࡕ࡜ࡢㄪ࿴ⓗ࡞㛵ಀࡢ⥔ᣢࡣࠊᙼࡽࡢࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ♫఍࡬ࡢ⤫ྜ࡜ཧຍࡢᗘྜ࠸ࠖ࡟ࡼࡗ࡚Ỵࡲࡿ࡜࠸࠺ (29)ࠋᕞᨻᗓࡣࠕ࠶ࡽࡺࡿฟ⮬ࡢࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞẸࡀඹ࡟᫂᪥ࡢࢣ࣋ࢵࢡࢆᵓ⠏ࠖࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊձࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࡀබࡢ⏕άࡢඹ㏻ゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿ♫఍ࠊղࡍ࡭࡚ࡢேࡢཧຍ࡜㈉⊩ࡀᮇᚅࡉࢀࠊዡບࡉࢀࡿẸ୺ⓗ♫఍ࠊճ᰿ᮏⓗ࡞Ẹ୺ⓗㅖ౯್ࡢᑛ㔜ཬࡧඹྠయ㛫ࡢ஺ὶࡢᚲせᛶࡀಖドࡉࢀࡿ㝈ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᵝࠎ࡞ᜠᜨ࡟㛤࠿ࢀࡓከඖ♫఍ࠊࡢ 3 Ⅼࢆࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ♫఍ࡢཎ๎࡜ࡋ࡚ᥖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿ (30)ࠋࡇࢀࡽ஧ࡘࡢᩥ᭩࡟ࡣࠊ
࠸ࡎࢀࡶࠕ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࠖ࡜࠸࠺ゝⴥࡣⓏሙࡋ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᩥ໬㛫ࡢ㛵ಀᡈ࠸ࡣ࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕࡜
࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡢ㛵ಀ࡜࠸࠺ᩥ⬦࡛ᙧᐜモࠓ interculturel(le) ࠔࡀ㢖⦾࡟౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࡇࢀࡽ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆㄽࡌࡿୖ࡛Ḟ࠿ࡏ࡞࠸ࡢࡀࠊᕞᨻᗓ࡟ᑐ
ࡋ࡚㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢබᘧᐃ⩏ཬࡧἲไ໬ࢆồࡵࡓ๓㏙ࡢࣈࢩ࣮ࣕࣝ㸻ࢸ࢖࣮ࣛጤဨ఍࡛࠶
ࡿࠋྠጤဨ఍ࡣࠊ᐀ᩍ➼ࡢ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕㞟ᅋ࡜ࡢᑐ❧ࢆ࿴ゎ࡟ᑟࡃࡓࡵࡢᴫᛕࠕጇᙜ࡞ㄪ
ᩚࠖ
㸦accommodement raisonnable㸧ࡢᐇ㊶஦౛ࢆ᳨ドࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ┠ⓗ࡟ࠊᕞᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡾ

2007 ᖺ࡟タ⨨ࡉࢀࡓጤဨ఍࡛࠶ࡿࠋྠጤဨ఍ࡣࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞᨻᗓ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡟ᑐࡋ࡚බⓗᐃ⩏ࢆ୚࠼ࡿ࡜࡜ࡶ࡟ࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࠕᩥ໬ⓗከඖ୺⩏ࡢဴᏛࠖ࡜ࡋ࡚බᘧ࡟ᕞࡢᨻ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚᥇⏝ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ່࿌ࡋࡓ (31)ࠋྠጤဨ఍࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡣࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢ୰ᚰ⌮ᛕࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡᩥ໬ⓗከᵝᛶࡢᑛ㔜࡟ຍ࠼ࠊࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ⣔࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕࡜⛣Ẹࡸⱥㄒ⣔ఫẸࠊඛఫẸ࡞࡝ࡢ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕㞟ᅋ࡜ࡢ㛫ࡢ┦஫స⏝ࡸ஺ὶࡀ♫఍ࡢ୍యᛶࢆᙉ໬ࡍࡿ࡜ࡢ⪃࠼࡟ᇶ࡙ࡁࠊᕷẸ㛫ࡢࠕ┦஫ᛶࠖࡸࠕ┦஫స⏝ࠖࡢ㔜せᛶࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡿࠋ᥋ゐࠊ஺ὶࠊ㆟ㄽࠊඹྠࣉࣟࢪ࢙ࢡࢺ➼ᵝࠎ࡞ᙧែࡢࣉ
ࣛࢵࢺࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚⾜ࢃࢀࡿඹྠయ㛫ࡢ┦஫஺ὶࡀࠊ೫ぢࡸᕪูࡸ᤼௚ⓗ⢭⚄ࢆῶᑡࡉࡏࡿࡢ࡟ᐤ୚ࡍࡿࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊከᵝᛶࡺ࠼࡟ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡࢆᐇࡾ㇏࠿࡞♫఍࡟ᑟࡁࠊࡉ
ࡽ࡟ࡣ♫఍ࡢㄪ࿴ࢆᐇ⌧ࡋᚓࡿ࡜ࡉࢀࡿ (32)ࠋ
ࡲࡓ⛣Ẹ࣭ከᵝᛶ࣭ໟᦤ┬ࡀ 2015 ᖺ࡟Ⓨ⾜ࡋࡓࠗඹ࡟ࠊ⚾ࡓࡕࡣࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ̿⛣Ẹࠊཧຍཬࡧ
ໟᦤ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ⾜ືᡓ␎ 2016 Ѹ 2021 ᖺ࠘࡟ࡣࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢࠕྛேࡀཧຍࡍࡿࡇ࡜࡛ᜠᜨࡀ࠶ࡾࠊ
ࡲࡓࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡࡢከᵝᛶ࡜⊂⮬ࡢ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࡢ⫯ᐃࡀ⤌ࡳྜࢃࡉࡗࡓໟᦤⓗ࡞ࢿ࢖ࢩࣙ
ࣥࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡓࡵ࡟ࠖࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞᨻᗓ࡜ࡋ࡚㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆ⾲᫂ࡍࡿ࡜ᐉゝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ (33)ࠋࡑࡇ
࡛ࡣࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ♫఍ࡢඹ㏻ゝㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࡣࠕ⤫ྜ࡜♫఍ࡢ୍యᛶࡢゝㄒࠖ(34) ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜఩
⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀࠊ⛣Ẹࡢࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ♫఍࡬ࡢཧຍࡸ⤫ྜࡀಁ㐍ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࡢ⩦ᚓࡢ᥎㐍ࡀ┠ᶆ࡜ࡋ࡚ᥖࡆࡽࢀࡿࠋྠ᭩ࡣࠊ⛣Ẹࡢࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ♫఍࡬ࡢ⤫ྜࡢࡓࡵ࡟㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᥖࡆࡿ᪨
ࡀ᫂♧ⓗ࡟♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㈐௵ࡣ⛣Ẹ࣭ከᵝᛶ࣭ໟᦤ┬ࡀᢸ࠺ࡇ࡜࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ (35)ࠋ

– 38 –

5. 連邦制における多文化主義政策：各州の展開(1) 連邦と州の所掌と多文化主義
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛ࠊ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢᒎ㛤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ᴫほࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ
ከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢ㐪࠸ࢆᕠࡿඛ⾜◊✲ࢆྵࡵ࡚ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢ㆟ㄽ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᑓࡽ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡀẚ㍑ࡢᑐ㇟࡜ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࡇ࡜࡟ࡶゐࢀࡓࠋࡋ࠿
ࡋࠊ௚ᕞࡢ≧ἣࡣ࡝࠺ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ࿘▱ࡢ㏻ࡾ࢝ࢼࢲࡣ㐃㑥ไࡢᅜ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㐃㑥࡜ᕞࡢᡤᤸࡣཝᐦ࡟ศ๭ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇࡜ࡣࠊ࢔࣮ࢳࡢࡼ࠺࡟
そ࠺ᙧ࡛௚ᕞ࡛ࡶ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋᨻᗓࡢᡤᤸ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬࢆ⪃៖࡟ධࢀࢀࡤࠊ
ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆ⪃ᐹࡍࡿ࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊẚ㍑ᑐ㇟࡜ࡍ࡭ࡁࡣ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺
⩏࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁ௚ᕞࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢᒎ㛤࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
࡞ࡐࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡣࠊ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࡤ࠿ࡾẚ㍑ࡉࢀࠊ௚ᕞࡢከᩥ໬
୺⩏࡜ẚ㍑ࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࡢࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋࡑࡢ➨୍ࡢ⌮⏤ࡣࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞᨻᗓ⮬㌟
ࡀ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࡢẚ㍑࠿ࡽ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢゝㄝࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
ࡔࡀࠊ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࡑࢀࡣ⾲㠃ⓗ࡞⌮⏤ࡢ୍ࡘ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋ➹⪅ࡢぢゎ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊㄽ⪅ࡢഃ࡛ࡶከࡃࡀᬯ㯲ࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟ࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡀ࠸ࢃࡤ⮬ືⓗ࡟ྛᕞ࡟ᣦ㔪ࢆ୚࠼ࡿࡼ࠺࡞㢮ࡢᨻ⟇ࡔ࡜๓ᥦࡋ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ᥮ゝࡍࢀࡤࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢᅾࡾ᪉ࢆᕠࡗ࡚ࠊ୰ኸ㞟ᶒⓗ࡞ពᛮỴᐃࡢᅾࡾ᪉ࡀ↓ព㆑ࡢ࠺ࡕ࡟᝿ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ
ࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺࠿ࠋ
ࡇࡇ࡛➹⪅ࡀఱࢆၥ㢟ᥦ㉳ࡋࡓ࠸ࡢ࠿ࢆࡼࡾࢃ࠿ࡾࡸࡍࡃࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊබ⏝ㄒࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚⪃࠼࡚ࡳࡓ࠸ࠋ࡜࠸࠺ࡢࡶࠊබ⏝ㄒᨻ⟇ࡣ㐃㑥࣭ᕞ୧࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝ୙ᆒ➼࡞ᙧ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡑࡢᵓ㐀࡟ࡣࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢྛᕞࡢᒎ㛤࡜ඹ㏻Ⅼࡀぢࡽࢀࡿ࠿ࡽ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
᪤㏙ࡢ㏻ࡾࠊ㐃㑥㆟఍ࡣ 1969 ᖺ࡟බ⏝ㄒἲࢆᡂ❧ࡉࡏࠊ௒᪥ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࡣⱥㄒ࡜ࣇࣛ
ࣥࢫㄒࡢ஧ゝㄒࡀᅜࡢබ⏝ㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ୍⯡࡟ࡶᗈࡃ▱ࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋᚋ㏙ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ࠊゝㄒࡣᩥ໬࡜ྠᵝ࡟ࠊ㐃㑥࣭ᕞࡢᶒ㝈㓄ศ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᠇ἲୖࡢつᐃ࡟ᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂
♧ⓗ࡟ྵࡲࢀ࡞࠸ (36)ࠋᐇ㝿ࠊ1969 ᖺࡢබ⏝ㄒἲࡢᑕ⛬ࡣ࠶ࡃࡲ࡛㐃㑥ᶵ㛵࡟࠾ࡅࡿ୧
ゝㄒࡢᖹ➼࡟␃ࡲࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊྠἲ࡟ࡣࠊᩍ⫱ࠊ་⒪ࠊ㐨㊰ᶆ㆑ࠊᕞࡢၟᴗάືཬࡧᕞࡢ
බඹࢧ࣮ࣅࢫ➼ࠊᕞࡢᡤᤸ࡟ᒓࡍࡿศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿゝㄒࡢ౑⏝࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ୍ษゝཬࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ (37)ࠋࡲࡓྠἲࡣࠊᅜẸࡀ஧ࡘࡢබ⏝ㄒࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ⮬ࡽࡢᕼᮃࡍࡿ᪉ࡢゝㄒ࡛㐃㑥ࡢබඹࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࢆாཷࡍࡿᶒ฼ࢆಖ㞀ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ୍᪉࡛ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲᅜẸࡢಶேࡢࣂ࢖ࣜࣥ࢞ࣝ
໬ࢆ᥎ዡࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛ࡶ࡞࠸ࠋ
௚᪉ࠊྛᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᕞ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢබ⏝ㄒࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊᕞࡈ࡜࡟࠿࡞ࡾࡢ
ࡤࡽࡘࡁࡀ࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀࢃ࠿ࡿ (38)ࠋⱥ௖୧ゝㄒࡀᕞ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡶබ⏝ㄒ࡜ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ
ࢽ࣮ࣗࣈࣛࣥࢬ࢘࢕ࢵࢡ㸦NB㸧ᕞ (39) ࡔࡅ࡛࠶ࡾࠊṧࡿ 9 ᕞࡣ඲୍࡚ゝㄒయไ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୍
ゝㄒࡢࡳࢆබ⏝ㄒ࡜ࡍࡿ 9 ᕞࡢ࠺ࡕࠊᕞἲ࡟ࡼࡾ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ᕞබ⏝ㄒࡀᐃࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ

– 39 –

ࡣࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ㸦௖ㄒ㸧(40)ࠊ࢔ࣝࣂ࣮ࢱᕞ㸦ⱥㄒ㸧(41)ࠊࢧࢫ࢝ࢳࣗ࣡ࣥᕞ㸦ⱥㄒ㸧(42) ࡢ 3 ᕞࡢࡳ࡛ࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢᕞ࡛ࡣࠊᕞࡢᡤᤸ࡟ᒓࡍࡿศ㔝࡛ࡢᑡᩘὴࡢබ⏝ㄒ㸦ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡛ࡣⱥ
ㄒࠊ࢔ࣝࣂ࣮ࢱᕞࠊࢧࢫ࢝ࢳࣗ࣡ࣥᕞ࡛ࡣ௖ㄒ㸧ࡢ౑⏝ࡣ㝈ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋṧࡿ 6 ᕞ㸦ࣈࣜࢸ࢕ࢵࢩ࣭ࣗࢥࣟࣥࣅ࢔㸦BC㸧ᕞࠊ࣐ࢽࢺࣂᕞࠊ࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞࠊࣀࣦ࢓࣭ࢫࢥࢩ࢔㸦NS㸧
ᕞࠊࣉࣜࣥࢫ࣭࢚ࢻ࣮࣡ࢻ࣭࢔࢖ࣛࣥࢻ㸦PEI㸧ᕞࠊࢽ࣮ࣗࣇ࢓ࣥࢻࣛࣥࢻ࣭ࣛࣈࣛࢻ࣮
ࣝ㸦NL㸧ᕞ㸧ࡣࠊⱥㄒࡀ஦ᐇୖ㸦de fact㸧ࡢᕞබ⏝ㄒ࡜ࡋ࡚ᶵ⬟ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᕞබ⏝ㄒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᫂♧ⓗ࡞ἲᚊࡸᨻ⟇ࡣ⟇ᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ
ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡟ࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࡢබ⏝ㄒࡣ㐃㑥࡜ᕞ࡛஧㔜ࡢయไ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡣࣇ
ࣛࣥࢫㄒ࡛࠶ࡿࡀᨾ࡟ࡑࡢ஧㔜ᛶࡀࡼࡾ᫂♧ⓗ࡜࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊᐇࡣ NB ᕞ௨እࡢࡍ࡭
࡚ࡢᕞ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢ஧ゝㄒ୺⩏࡜ࡣಶู࡟ࠊᕞ⊂⮬ࡢゝㄒయไࢆࡑࢀࡒࢀࡢ
ᙧ࡛᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡋ࡚ࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞஧㔜యไࡣࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶྠ
ᵝ࡟ᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋ
࢝ࢼࢲࡣ 10 ᕞ࡜ 3 ‽ᕞ࠿ࡽᵓᡂࡉࢀࡿ㐃㑥ไᅜᐙ࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊ㐃㑥࡜ᕞࡢ㛵ಀࡣ 1867ᖺ᠇ἲ࡟᫂グࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋྠ᠇ἲ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊᑐእⓗ㛵ಀ࡟㛵ࢃࡿศ㔝㸦㈠᫆ࠊ㏻ၟࠊᅜ㜵㸧ࠊᾏୖ㸦ᾏὒࠊ⯟⾜➼㸧ࠊ⛣Ẹ㸦ᕷẸᶒ࡜እᅜே㸧ࠊ඲ᅜⓗ࡟ᆒ୍ࡢไᗘࡀ≉࡟ᮃࡲࢀࡿศ㔝㸦㒑
౽ࠊ㏻㈌ࠊฮἲ➼㸧ࠊᕞቃࢆࡲࡓࡄ஦ᴗ୪ࡧ࡟ඛఫẸ➼࡟㛵ࡋ࡚㐃㑥࡟ᶒ㝈ࡀ㓄ศࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦➨ 91 ᮲㸧ࠋ௚᪉ࠊ᳃ᯘࠊኳ↛㈨※ࠊ་⒪ࠊẸἲࠊᆅ᪉⮬἞యࠊᩍ⫱➼࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣᕞࡢᑓᒓⓗᶒ㝈࡜ࡉࢀࡿ㸦➨ 92 ᮲ཬࡧ➨ 93 ᮲㸧ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋゝㄒཬࡧᩥ໬࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ
᠇ἲୖࠊ㐃㑥࣭ᕞࡢ࡝ࡕࡽࡢᶒ㝈࡟ᒓࡍࡿ࠿᫂グࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ (43)ࠋࡇࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ㐃㑥࣭ᕞࡢᡤᤸ
࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽぢࢀࡤࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡀከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢ࢖ࢽࢩ࢔ࢳࣈࢆ࡜ࡿᶒ㝈ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡝࠺࠿ࡣࠊᐇࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶ⮬࡛᫂ࡣ࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ
ᩥ໬ศ㔝࡟࠾ࡅࡿ㐃㑥࣭ᕞࡢᡤᤸ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ◊✲ࡣᑡ࡞࠸ࡀࠊࣃࢺࣜࢵࢡ࣭ࣔࢼࣁࣥ
㸦Patrick J. Monahan㸧ࡢ◊✲ࡣᴟࡵ࡚ཧ⪃࡟࡞ࡿࠋࣔࢼࣁࣥ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊᩥ໬࡟㛵ࢃࡿ❧ἲᶒ㝈ࡣ᠇ἲୖࠊ㐃㑥࣭ᕞࡢ࠸ࡎࢀ࠿࡟ᑐࡋ࡚᫂♧ⓗ࡟㓄ศࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ⌧ᐇ࡟ࡣࠊ㐃㑥࡜ᕞࡣ୧⪅࡜ࡶࠊᩥ໬࡟ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡼ࠺࡞ἲᚊࢆไᐃࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࢆᗈࡃ᭷ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ1867 ᖺ᠇ἲ➨ 91 ᮲ࡣࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡣࠕ࢝ࢼࢲࡢ἞Ᏻࠊ⛛ᗎཬࡧⰋࡁ⤫἞ࠖࡢࡓࡵ࡟ࠊᕞࡢᑓᒓⓗᶒ㝈࡜ࡋ࡚᫂♧ⓗ࡟㓄ศࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸஦㡯࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡀἲࢆไᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㐺ἲ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜つᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㸦ṧవᶒ㝈㸧ࠋࣔࢼࣁࣥ࡟ࡼࢀࡤࠊࢼࢩࣙ
ࢼ࣭ࣝ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࡢᙉ໬ࢆ┠ⓗ࡜ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᨻ⟇ࡣࠕᅜࡢᠱᛕࠖ࡟㛵ࢃࡗ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
ࠕ἞Ᏻࠊ⛛ᗎཬࡧⰋࡁ⤫἞ࠖ࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ (44)ࠋ
㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡀᩥ໬ᨻ⟇ࢆᅜࡢㄢ㢟࡜ࡋ࡚ㄆ㆑ࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࡢࡣࠊ➨஧ḟୡ⏺኱ᡓᚋࡢࠕ࢝ࢼࢲ࣭ࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒ࠖ㐠ືࡢὶࢀࡢ୍⎔࡛࠶ࡿࠋ1949 ᖺࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿᩥ໬㛵㐃ᨻ⟇ࡢⓎᒎ࡟ྥࡅࡓㄪᰝ᳨࣭ドࢆ௵ົ࡜ࡋ࡚ⱁ⾡࣭ᩥᏛ࣭⛉Ꮫ࡟࠾ࡅࡿᨻᗓㄪᰝጤဨ
఍㸦Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences㸧ࠊ
㏻⛠࣐ࢵࢭ࢖ጤဨ఍㸦Massey Commission㸧ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀࡓࠋࣔࢼࣁࣥࡣࠊྠጤဨ఍ࡢタ– 40 –

⨨ࢆᐉゝࡋࡓᯡᐦ㝔ສ௧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊྠጤဨ఍ࡢㄪᰝ᳨࣭ド࡟࠶ࡓࡾࠊࠕ᠇ἲୖࡢᕞࡢᡤᤸ
ࢆ඲㠃ⓗ࡟ᑛ㔜ࠖࡍ࡭ࡃ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ὀពႏ㉳ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓⅬࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ (45)ࠋࡘࡲࡾࡇࡇ
࡛ࡣࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡣࠊᩥ໬ࡢศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚⮬ࡽࡀᙺ๭ࢆᯝࡓࡍࡇ࡜ࢆᮃࢇࡔ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㐃㑥ࡢไᗘࡸᶵ㛵ࢆ㉸࠼ࡓᩥ໬㛵㐃ᨻ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡍࡿᶒ㝈ࡲ࡛ࡣ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡇ࡜ࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡶࡑࡶᩥ໬ࡢᐃ⩏⮬యࡀㄽதⓗ࡞ၥ㢟࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊᩥ໬࡟ᙳ㡪ࡍࡿศ㔝ࡀᖜᗈ࠸ࡇ
࡜࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ␗ㄽࡀ࡞࠸ࡔࢁ࠺ࠋ࡜ࡾࢃࡅࠊ⛣Ẹࡀᩥ໬࡟ཬࡰࡍᙳ㡪ࡣ኱ࡁ࠸ࠋ㐃㑥⛣Ẹἲࡢࡶ࡜࡛࢝ࢼࢲ࡟ὶධࡋࡓ⛣Ẹࡣࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ⮬ࡽࡢఏ⤫ࢆ࢝ࢼࢲ࡟ᣢࡕ㎸ࡳࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡀ 20 ୡ⣖༙ࡤࡢ࢝ࢼࢲேࡢ㞟ᅋⓗ࢔࢖ࢹࣥࢸ࢕ࢸ࢕ࡢ෌ᐃ⩏ࡢࣉࣟࢭࢫ࡛኱ࡁ࡞ᙳ
㡪ࢆ୚࠼࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡔࡀ⛣Ẹ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ❧ἲᶒ㝈ࡣࠊྠ᠇ἲ➨ 95 ᮲࡟ࡼࡾࠊ㐃㑥࡜ᕞࡢ୧᪉
࡟㓄ศࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨ 95 ᮲ࡣࠊྛᕞᨻᗓࡀࠕᕞ࡬ࡢ⛣Ẹ࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲᚊࢆไᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ
࡛ࡁࡿࠖࡀࠊྠ᫬࡟㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡶࠕࡍ࡭࡚ࡢᕞࡲࡓࡣ୍㒊ࡢᕞ࡬ࡢ⛣Ẹ࡟㛵ࡍࡿἲࢆไᐃࡍ
ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࠖ
ࠊᕞἲࡣ㐃㑥ἲ࡟᢬ゐࡋ࡞࠸㝈ࡾ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕᙜヱᕞ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊᙜヱᕞࡢࡓࡵ࡟ຠຊࢆ᭷ࡍࡿࠖ࡜つᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢ᮲ᩥࡢつᐃࡣࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ᐦ᥋࡟㛵㐃ࡀ࠶ࡿ⛣Ẹࡢ♫఍ཧຍࡸ⤫ྜࡢၥ㢟࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊ㐃㑥࡜ᕞࡀѸѸᕞἲࡀ㐃㑥ἲ࡟㐺ྜࡍࡿ⠊ᅖෆ࡞ࡽࡤѸѸࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀ⊂⮬࡟ᨻ⟇ࢆ⟇ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

(2) 各州における多文化主義政策の展開⌧ᅾࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࡢ඲࡚ࡢᕞ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊఱࡽ࠿ࡢᙧ࡛ከᩥ໬୺⩏㛵㐃ࡢᨻ⟇ࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ (46)ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊୖ㏙ࡢබ⏝ㄒࡢၥ㢟࡜ྠᵝࠊ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡀࡑࡢࡲࡲᕞࣞ࣋
ࣝࡢᨻ⟇࡟ᣦ㔪ࢆ୚࠼࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ඲ࡃ࡞࠸ࠋྛᕞࡣࠊ⌮ㄽୖࠊࡑࢀࡒࢀᕞ࡟㓄ศࡉࢀࡓᶒ㝈࡜⮬ᕞࡢ฼┈࡟ᚑࡗ࡚⊂⮬ࡢᨻ⟇ࢆ⟇ᐃࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓᐇ㝿࡟ࠊ⌧ᐇ࡟ࡶࡑࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᐇ㊶ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
౛࠼ࡤࠊᚲࡎࡋࡶ඲࡚ࡢᕞࡀᕞ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᨻ⟇ࢆࠕከᩥ໬୺⩏ࠖ࡜᫂♧ⓗ࡟࿧⛠ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࠕከᩥ໬୺⩏ࠖ࡜࠸࠺༢ㄒࡢ౑⏝ࢆពᅗⓗ࡟㑊ࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡣࡶ
࡜ࡼࡾࠊྠᕞ௨እ࡟ࡶࠊ౛࠼ࡤ࣐ࢽࢺࣂᕞࡣ 1992 ᖺ࡟࣐ࢽࢺࣂከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲࡀไᐃࡉ
ࢀࡿࡲ࡛ࡣࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠕ㛫ᩥ໬ࠖ㸦࢖ࣥࢱ࣮࢝ࣝࢳࣗࣛࣝ㸧ࡢ⏝ㄒࡀ౑⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ (47)ࠋ
ࡲࡓࠊྛᕞࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏㛵㐃ᨻ⟇ࡢᑟධ᫬ᮇࡣᕞࡈ࡜࡟኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࠸ࡎࢀ
ࡢᕞࡶࠊ1971 ᖺࡢ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ᑟධ࡟ࡍࡄ࡟⥆࠸ࡓࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࢧࢫ࢝
ࢳࣗ࣡ࣥᕞࡣ 10 ᕞࡢ୰࡛ࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ᪩࠸ 1974 ᖺ࡟ᕞࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࢆᑟධࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
᫬ᮇⓗ࡟ࡣ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡟࿧ᛂࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋ௚᪉࡛ࠊྠᕞ㆟఍ࡣከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲࡢไᐃࢆࡶࡗ࡚ᨻ⟇ࢆᑟධࡋ࡚࠾ࡾࠊἲไ໬࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡛ࡣࡴࡋࢁ㐃㑥ࡼࡾ 14 ᖺࡶ᪩࠸ࠋ
௚᪉ࠊ඲ᕞࡢ୰࡛ከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢᑟධࡀࡶࡗ࡜ࡶ㐜࠿ࡗࡓ NL ᕞࡣ 2008 ᖺ࡟ࡼ࠺ࡸ
ࡃጞືࡋࡓࡤ࠿ࡾ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡶྠᕞ࡛ࡣ≉࡟㛵㐃ࡢಶูἲࡣไᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࠋ

– 41 –

ࡲࡓࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟㛵㐃ࡍࡿᕞἲࡀไᐃࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣ༙ศ࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠸ࠋBC ᕞࠊ࢔ࣝࣂ࣮ࢱᕞࠊࢧࢫ࢝ࢳࣗ࣡ࣥᕞࠊ࣐ࢽࢺࣂᕞࠊNS ᕞࡢ 5 ᕞ࡛ࡣከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲࡀไᐃࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊṧࡿ 5 ᕞ࡛ࡣ㐃㑥ከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲ࡟┦ᙜࡍࡿࡼ࠺࡞ᕞἲࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋࡓࡔࡋ
ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡛ࡣࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏㸦㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏㸧ࡢ⌮ᛕࢆୗᨭ࠼ࡍࡿᕞࡢேᶒ᠇❶㸦ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ᠇❶㸧ࢆ㛵㐃ἲ࡜ࡋ࡚ᣲࡆࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊ᭱ࡶከᩥ໬࡞ᕞࡢ୍ࡘ࡛࠶ࡿ࢜ࣥࢱ
ࣜ࢜ᕞ࡛ࡣࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢᑟධࢆ᫂░࡞ᙧ࡛Ⓨ⾲ࡋࡓࡇ࡜ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡲࡓ㛵㐃ࡍࡿᕞἲࡶᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋᙉ࠸࡚ゝ࠼ࡤࠊ1977 ᖺ࡟ไᐃࡉࢀࠊ1982 ᖺ࡟᪋⾜ࡉࢀࡓᕷẸᶒ࣭ᩥ໬┬タ⨨ἲࡢ୰࡟ከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟㛵ࡍࡿゝཬࡀ࠶ࡗࡓࡀ (48)ࠊࡑࡢᚋࡢ┬ᗇ෌⦅ࢆ⤒࡚⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ࠕከᩥ໬୺⩏ࠖࡢゝⴥࡣ⏝࠸ࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡼ࠺࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ከᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᢸᙜࡍࡿ⾜ᨻࡢ࠶ࡾ᪉ࡶᕞࡈ࡜࡟኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡾࠊ⤌⧊ࡸᙺ⫋ࡢྡ⛠ࡶྛᕞ࡛␗࡞ࡿࠋBC ᕞࠊ࣐ࢽࢺࣂᕞࠊNS ᕞ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣᩥ໬ࢆᡤᤸࡍࡿ┬ࡀከᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡣࠊ⌧ᅾࡢࢪࣕࢫࢸ࢕࣭ࣥࢺࣝࢻ࣮ᨻᶒୗ࡟࠾࠸࡚࢝ࢼࢲ㑇⏘┬ࡀከᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᢸᙜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿయไ࡜ఝ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊNL ᕞ࡛ࡣᩍ⫱ࢆᡤᤸࡍࡿ┬ࡀࡇࢀࢆᢸࡗ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢔ࣝࣂ࣮ࢱᕞ࡛ࡣࠊ࢔ࣝࣂ࣮ࢱேᶒጤဨ఍ࡀᕞᨻᗓ࡟ࡼࡿከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢᐇ᪋ࢆ┘╩ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࢆ≉࡟ᢸᙜࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ┬ᗇࡣᏑᅾࡋ࡞࠸ࠋ࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞ
࡜ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ 2 ᕞ࡛ࡣࠊ10 ᕞࡢ୰࡛၏୍⛣Ẹ࡜ᕷẸᶒ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ┬ࡀタ⨨ࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ
⛣Ẹࡢ⤫ྜཬࡧཧຍࡢ᥎㐍࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽከᩥ໬୺⩏㸭㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡀ఩⨨௜ࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸
ࡿࠋከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢෆᐜ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶᕞࡈ࡜࡟኱ࡁࡃ␗࡞ࡾࠊ୍⯡໬ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ㞴ࡋ࠸ࠋḟࡢ⾲ࡣࠊ㐃㑥ከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢᐃ⩏࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿせ⣲ࢆ㡯┠ࡈ࡜࡟ศ㢮ࡋࠊྛᕞ࡟࠾࠸࡚᫂
♧ⓗ࡟୺ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ྰ࠿ࢆࡲ࡜ࡵࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ㸦43 㡫ཧ↷㸧ࠋホ౯ᇶ‽ࡣࠊᕞࡢከᩥ
໬୺⩏ἲᡈ࠸ࡣබᘧᨻ⟇࡟᫂グࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᩥゝ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋࡓࡔࡋࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡜࢜ࣥࢱࣜ
࢜ᕞࡢ 2 ᕞࡣࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏㸭㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡟㛵ࢃࡿᕞἲࠊබᘧᨻ⟇ཬࡧබᘧᐃ⩏ࢆ᭷ࡉ࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊࠕ஦ᐇୖࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ࡜ࡳ࡞ࡋࠊ୺࡜ࡋ࡚⛣Ẹ࡜ᕷẸᶒࢆᡤᤸࡍࡿ┬ࡢ࣮࣒࣮࣍࣌ࢪࡸබᘧᩥ᭩➼࡟ほᐹࡉࢀࡿᩥゝࢆࡶ࡜࡟➹⪅ࡀุ᩿ࡋࡓ (49)ࠋ㐃㑥ከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲ➨ 3 ᮲ࡢつᐃࢆ୰ᚰ࡟ࠊձከᵝᛶࡢᑛ㔜ࠊղᩥ໬ⓗከᵝᛶࡀᙜヱ♫఍ࡢ㑇⏘࡛࠶ࡿ᪨ࡢᢎㄆࠊճᩥ໬ⓗከᵝᛶࡀᙜヱ♫఍ࡢᇶᮏⓗ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ᪨ࡢᢎㄆࠊմேᶒ࡜♫఍ṇ⩏㸦ᖹ➼ࠊᕷẸࡢ඲㠃ⓗཧຍࠊ཯ᕪูࠊ཯ே✀୺⩏㸧ཬࡧࡑࢀ࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃ⤫ྜࠊյ┦஫స⏝ࡸ┦஫⌮ゎࡢಁ㐍ࠊն㐃㑥බ⏝ㄒ࡟ಀࡿྲྀ⤌ࡳࠊ࡟ศ㢮ࡋࡓࠋ

10 ᕞࡢ࠺ࡕࠊ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜඲࡚ࡢせ⣲ࢆඹ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿᕞࡣ୍ࡘࡶ࡞࠸ࠋᙉ࠸࡚
ゝ࠼ࡤࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢࡳࡀࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡜ᕪ␗໬ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡇࢀࡽ඲࡚࡟ఱࡽ࠿
ࡢゝཬࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞࡶྠᵝ࡟ࠊẚ㍑ⓗ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢ⌮ᛕࢆ㋃
くࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡼ࠺࡟ぢ࠼ࡿࠋࡔࡀ௚᪉࡛ࠊྠᕞࡣࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡯࡝᫂♧ⓗ࡟ከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟㛵ࡍࡿゝㄝࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡓࡵࠊ༢⣧࡞ẚ㍑᳨ドࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠸ࠋ

– 42 –

⾲ࠉྛᕞࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ẚ㍑

ከᵝᛶࡢᑛ㔜

ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ‫۔‬ࣈࣜࢸ࢕ࢵࢩ࣭ࣗ
ࢥࣟࣥࣅ࢔

‫۔‬

࢔ࣝࣂ࣮ࢱ

‫۔‬

ࢧࢫ࢝ࢳࣗ࣡ࣥ

‫۔‬

࣐ࢽࢺࣂ

‫۔‬

࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜
ࢽ࣮࣭ࣗࣈࣛࣥࢬ
࢘࢕ࢵࢡࣀࣦ࢓࣭ࢫࢥࢩ࢔
ࣉࣜࣥࢫ࣭࢚ࢻ࣮࣡
ࢻ࣭࢔࢖ࣛࣥࢻ
ࢽ࣮ࣗࣇ࢓ࣥࢻࣛ
ࣥࢻ࣭ࣛࣈࣛࢻ࣮ࣝ

‫۔‬࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡᩥ ฟ⮬ࢆၥࢃ࡞ ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㞟ከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟
໬ⓗ࡞ከᵝᛶ ࠸ࡍ࡭࡚ࡢே ᅋ㛫ࡢ஺ὶࠊ㛵ࢃࡿᕞἲࡢ
ࡀ♫఍ࡢᇶᮏ ࡢཧຍ࣭⤫ྜ࣭ ┦஫స⏝ࠊㄪ᭷↓ⓗ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ཯ᕪู࿴ⓗ࡞㛵ಀ‫ڹ‬ከᩥ໬࠿ࡘࣇ ‫ڹ‬ከᩥ໬࠿ࡘࣇ
‫۔‬
‫۔‬
࣮
ࣛࣥࢫㄒ♫఍ ࣛࣥࢫㄒ♫఍ከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲ
‫۔‬
‫۔‬
‫۔‬
࣮
㸦㸧
࢔ࣝࣂ࣮ࢱᩥ໬㑇⏘ἲ㸦㸧
࢔ࣝࣂ࣮ࢱከ
ᩥ໬୺⩏ἲ
‫۔‬
‫۔‬
࣮
࣮
㸦㸧
ேᶒ࣭ᕷẸᶒ࣭
ከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲ
㸦㸧
ࢧࢫ࢝ࢳࣗ࣡
ࣥከᩥ໬୺⩏࣮࣮‫۔‬‫۔‬ἲ㸦 ከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲ
ከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲ
࣮
࣮
‫۔‬
‫۔‬
㸦
۵
۵
۵㸦ᕷẸᶒ┬㸧۵࣮ከᩥ໬ࡣᩥ໬
ⓗ㑇⏘࡛࠶ࡿ

‫۔‬

࣮

‫۔‬

‫۔‬

࣮

‫۔‬

‫۔‬

࣮

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࣮

࣮

‫۔‬

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࣮

‫ڹ‬

ከᩥ໬୺⩏᥎
㐍࣭ಖㆤἲ


‫۔‬

࣮

࣮

‫۔‬

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࣮

ͤ⾲ࡢᶓิࡣࠕ㐃㑥ከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢᐃ⩏࡟ྵࡲࢀࡿせ⣲ࠖࠊ⦪ิࡣࠕᕞ࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿࠋ⾲ෆࡢ‫ࠕࠊࡣ۔‬ᕞࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲᡈ࠸ࡣබᘧᨻ⟇➼࡟᫂グࡀ࠶ࡿࠖࠊ۵ࡣࠊ
ࠕᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂♧ⓗ࡟୺ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᕞᨻᗓ HP ➼࡟ࡼࡾ㐃㑥ከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜㢮ఝࡢ⌮ᛕࡀ☜ㄆࡉࢀࡿࠖࠊ‫ࠕࠊࡣڹ‬ᕞࡢᨻ⟇ୖࠊ㐃㑥ከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࡣ␗࡞ࡿぢゎࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠖ
ࠊࡑࡋ࡚㸫ࡣࠊࠕᕞࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟ᙜヱせ⣲ࡣほᐹࡉࢀ࡞࠸ࠖ≧ἣࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࠋ࡞࠾ࠊ⥙᥃ࡅ࡜ࡋࡓᕞࡣከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟㛵ࢃࡿᕞἲࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋฟ඾ࡣὀ (50) ࢆཧ↷ࠋ㐃㑥ཬࡧ඲࡚ࡢᕞ࡟ඹ㏻ࡍࡿ၏୍ࡢせ⣲ࡣࠊከᵝᛶࢆᑛ㔜ࡍࡿ࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
཯ᕪู࡜཯ே✀୺⩏ࢆᇶ┙࡜ࡋ࡚㐩ᡂࡉࢀࡿ࠶ࡽࡺࡿฟ⮬ࡢᕷẸࡢཧຍࡸ⤫ྜࡢഃ㠃࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ࢔ࣝࣂ࣮ࢱᕞ࡜ NS ᕞࢆ㝖ࡃ඲࡚ࡢᕞ࡛ᙉㄪࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋከᩥ໬♫఍࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀᙜヱᕞࡢᩥ໬ⓗ㑇⏘ᡈ࠸ࡣᇶᮏⓗ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡍࡿ୺ᙇ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶࠊ඲࡚ࡢᕞࡀ
ᚲࡎࡋࡶ᫂♧ⓗ࡟ㅻࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㞟ᅋ㛫ࡢ┦஫స⏝ࡸ┦஫⌮ゎࢆ⌮ᛕ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡔࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡑࢀࡣࠊࢧࢫ࢝ࢳࣗ࣡ࣥᕞࠊ
࣐ࢽࢺࣂᕞࠊNB ᕞཬࡧ NL ᕞ࡟ࡶᙜ࡚ࡣࡲࡿࠋ௚᪉࡛ࠊNS ᕞ࡛ࡣࠊྠᕞࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠕ␗࡞ࡿ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡ㞟ᅋ࡜ᩥ໬ࡢࣔࢨ࢖ࢡ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡢከᩥ໬♫఍ࡢ⥅⥆ࠖࡀㅻࢃࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊ㐃㑥ཬࡧ඲ᕞࡢ୰࡛ࡶ┦஫స⏝࡜ᑐ↷ⓗ࡞ከᩥ໬ඹᏑࡢ᥎㐍ࢆᥖࡆ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ– 43 –

ࡀ⊂≉࡛࠶ࡿࠋ๓❶࡛ࡶゐࢀࡓ㏻ࡾࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡣከᩥ໬♫఍࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࠊࡲࡓࠊᩥ໬
ⓗከᵝᛶࡀྠᕞࡢᇶᮏⓗ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ࡋࡘࡘࡶࠊࡑࢀ࡜ྠ᫬࡟ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ♫఍࡛࠶ࡿࡇ
࡜ࢆ㑇⏘࠿ࡘᇶᮏⓗ≉ᚩ࡜ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚ྠᕞࡣ௚ࡢᕞ࠿ࡽ㝿❧ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ

6. 結びに代えてᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟ຍ࠼ࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛࠶ࡲࡾὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓṧࡿ 9 ᕞࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢᒎ㛤࡜ࡶẚ㍑᳨ドࡋࡓࠋࡑࡢ⤖ᯝࠊ඲࡚ࡢᕞࡀఱࡽ࠿ࡢᙧ࡛ከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟㢮ࡍࡿᨻ⟇ࢆᐇ᪋ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡶࡢࡢࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢࡳ࡞
ࡽࡎ௚ᕞ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊᕞࣞ࣋ࣝࡢ᪋⟇ࡣ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ࡣ⊂❧ࡋ࡚ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
ࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋྛᕞࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟ࡣࠊ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ከࡃࡢ㢮ఝⅬࡸඹ
㏻Ⅼࡶྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡣ࠸࠼ࠊࡑࡢࡇ࡜ࡣࠊྛᕞࡀ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ࣔࢹࣝࢆ⮬ືⓗ࡟᥇⏝ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆព࿡ࡍࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ
ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡀ㐃㑥ཬࡧ௚ᕞ࡜᫂ࡽ࠿࡟␗࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࡢࡣࠊḟࡢⅬࡢࡳ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࠋࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊ㐃㑥ཬࡧ୍㒊ࡢᕞࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᩥ໬ⓗከᵝᛶࡀᙜヱ♫఍ࡢ㑇⏘࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡲࡓᇶᮏⓗ≉ᚩ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ᐃ⩏ࡉࢀࡿࡢ࡟ᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ
㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᩥ໬ⓗከᵝᛶ࡟ຍ࠼࡚ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒᅪ࡛࠶ࡿ᪨ࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ
࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡛ࡣࠊᕞࡢ⊂⮬ᛶࡢ୰ᚰⓗせ⣲࡜ࡳ࡞ࡉࢀ
ࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒᩥ໬ࡣࠊᕞࡢ࣐ࢪࣙࣜࢸ࢕ࡲࡓࡣ୺ὶࡢᩥ໬࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂♧ⓗ࡟୺ᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠾ࡾࠊࡇࡢⅬ࡟࠾࠸࡚㐃㑥ཬࡧ௚ᕞࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜୍⥺ࢆ⏬ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢⅬࡣࠊ444

ᩥ໬ⓗከඖ୺⩏ࢆ⟶⌮ࡍࡿࣔࢹࣝ࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽぢࢀࡤࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏࡜㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆ㝸࡚ࡿ࣏࢖ࣥࢺ࡛࠶ࡿ࡜ゝ࠼ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࢝ࢼࢲ࡟࠾ࡅࡿከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢᒎ㛤࡜࠸࠺ほⅬ࠿ࡽぢࡓሙྜࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡀ౫↛࡜ࡋ࡚㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᕞࡢᨻ⟇࡜ࡋ࡚఩⨨௜ࡅ44࡚࠸࡞࠸௨ୖࠊ10 ᕞ࡛ᒎ㛤ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿᕞࣞ࣋ࣝࡢᵝࠎ࡞ከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢࣂ࢚࣮ࣜࢩࣙ
ࣥࡢ୍ࡘ࡜ࡶゎ㔘ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡶ࡛ࡁࡿࠋᮏㄽ࡛ࡶゐࢀࡓࡼ࠺࡟ࠊබ⏝ㄒࡸከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢࡼ࠺࡟㐃㑥࡜ᕞࡢ୧᪉࡟❧ἲᶒ㝈ࡀ௜୚ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿศ㔝࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊᅜẸ࡟࡜ࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ୍
ࡘࡢᅜ࡟࠶ࡾ࡞ࡀࡽ஧㔜ࡢయไࡢୗ࡟⨨࠿ࢀࡿࡇ࡜࡟࡞ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞࢝ࢼࢲࡢᨻ἞య
ไୖࡢ≉ᚩ࠿ࡽࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆぢ┤ࡋ࡚ࡳࡿ࡜ࠊྠᕞࡀ୺ᙇࡍࡿ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡜ከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢ㐪࠸ࡣࠊ⌮ᛕࡸᨻ⟇㠃ࡢᐇ㉁ⓗ࡞㐪࠸࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࡴࡋࢁゝㄝୖࡢ㐪࠸࡛࠶ࡿࡇ࡜ࡀ᫂ࡽ࠿࡜࡞ࡿࡔࢁ࠺ࠋࡋ࠿ࡋྠ᫬࡟␃ពࡍ࡭ࡁࡣࠊࡓࡔࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ 1 ᕞࡢࡳࡀ␗࡞ࡿゝㄝࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸࡜࠸࠺ࡇ࡜࡛࠶ࡿࠋ௚ᕞ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶࠊከ࠿ࢀᑡ
࡞࠿ࢀࡑࢀࡒࢀ⊂⮬࡟ゝㄝࢆᵓ⠏ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࡑࢀࡽࡣࠊ㐃㑥ᨻᗓࡢゝㄝ࡜▩┪ࡣࡏࡎ࡜ࡶᚲࡎࡋࡶ୍⮴ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
ᮏ◊✲ࡣࠊᚑ᮶࠶ࡲࡾὀ┠ࡉࢀ࡚ࡇ࡞࠿ࡗࡓᕞࣞ࣋ࣝ࡟࠾ࡅࡿከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇࡟╔┠ࡋࡓࡀࠊ⣬㠃ࡢ㛵ಀୖࠊ10 ᕞ඲࡚࡟ࡘ࠸࡚༑ศ࡞῝ᗘ࡛ヲ㏙ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࡣ࡛ࡁ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋ

– 44 –

ຍ࠼࡚ࠊᅜẸ࠶ࡿ࠸ࡣᕞẸࡀከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡸ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ཷࡅṆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡶ௒ᚋศᯒࡋ࡚࠸ࡃࡇ࡜ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡿࠋࡓ࡜࠼ᕞ࡛ࣞ࣋ࣝࡢከᩥ
໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡓ࡜ࡋ࡚ࡶࠊ㐃㑥ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢ᪉ࡀᅜẸ࡟ㄆ▱ࡉࢀཷࡅධࢀࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡣ㧗࠸ࠋࡉࡽ࡟ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࠊྠᕞẸཬࡧ௚ࡢᕞẸࡀ࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡞ホ౯ࢆୗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿࡜࠸࠺Ⅼࡶ㔜せࡔࠋྠᕞࡢᏑᅾࡣࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࡢ୰࡛ࡶṔྐⓗཬࡧ♫఍Ꮫⓗ࡟⊂⮬࡛࠶ࡿࡓࡵࠊࡋࡤࡋࡤࢣ࣋ࢵ
ࢡᕞࡢࡳࡀಶᛶⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ࠿ࡢࡼ࠺࡟ᛮࢃࢀࡿࠋࡋ࠿ࡋࠊ࢝ࢼࢲࡣࡑࡢ≉ᛶୖࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡢᕞࡶࡑࢀࡒࢀ⮬ᕞࡢ஦᝟࡟ᛂࡌ࡚⊂⮬ࡢⓎᒎࢆ㐙ࡆ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮏ◊✲ࡢၥ㢟ព㆑ࡢ⫼ᚋ࡟ࡣࠊከࡃࡢ࢝ࢼࢲ◊✲㸦ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ◊✲ࢆྵࡴ㸧࡟࠾࠸࡚ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ⊂⮬ᛶࡀ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞ࡶࡢ࡜ࡋ࡚ᢅࢃࢀࡀࡕ࡞ഴྥ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ㐪࿴ឤࡀ࠶ࡿࠋᮏ✏࡛ㄽࡌࡓከᩥ
໬୺⩏㸭㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆᕠࡿ㆟ㄽࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞࡢ⊂⮬ᛶࡢ⤯ᑐⓗ࡞㒊ศ࡜┦ᑐⓗ࡞㒊ศࡢቃ⏺࡟ᩄឤ࡟࡞ࡿࡇ࡜ࡣࠊ࢝ࢼࢲཬࡧࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ࡟ᑐࡍࡿ⌮ゎࢆ῝ࡵࡿୖ࡛ࡣ
㔜せ࡞どⅬ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ၥ㢟ព㆑ࢆಖᣢࡋࡘࡘࠊ✏ࢆᨵࡵ࡚ᮏ✏ࡢ㆟ㄽࢆⓎᒎࡉࡏ࡚࠸ࡁࡓ࠸ࠋ

注(1) ࢖ࣥࢱ࣮࢝ࣝࢳࣗࣛࣜࢬ࣒ࢆ᪥ᮏㄒࡢㄽ⪃࡛࡝ࡢࡼ࠺࡟⾲グࡍ࡭ࡁ࠿࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊព
ぢࡢศ࠿ࢀࡿၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࡀࠊᮏ✏࡛ࡣࠊ2017 ᖺ࡟ห⾜ࡉࢀࡓࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ㄽ࡟㛵ࡍࡿ᭱ࡶ㔜せ࡞ㄽ⪃࡛࠶ࡿࠊࢪ࢙࣮࣭ࣛࣝࣈࢩ࣮ࣕࣝࡢ L’interculturalisme :Un point de vue québécois (2012) ࡢ㑥ヂᮏ࡟࠾࠸࡚ࡶ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࡢヂㄒࡀ᥇⏝ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ≉࡟㋃ࡲ࠼ࠊ
ࠕ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࠖࡢヂㄒࢆ⏝࠸ࡿࡇ࡜࡜ࡋࡓ࠸ࠋ࡞࠾ࠊྠ᭩࡟࠾
࠸࡚࢖ࣥࢱ࣮࢝ࣝࢳࣗࣛࣜࢬ࣒ࢆࠕ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏ࠖ࡜ࡍࡿ⌮⏤࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊࢪ࢙࣮࣭ࣛࣝ
2017 ᖺࠊ
ࣈࢩ࣮ࣕࣝⴭࠊ
୹⩚༟┘ヂࠗ㛫ᩥ໬୺⩏㸫ከᩥ໬ඹ⏕ࡢ᪂ࡋ࠸ྍ⬟ᛶ࠘ᙬὶ♫ࠊ4 Ѹ 5 㡫ࢆཧ↷ࠋ(2) Gérard Bouchard, L’interculturalisme : Un point de vue québécois (Montréal:
Boréal, 2012).
(3) Ibid.
(4) Conseil des relations interculturelles, Québec, Diversité canadienne : unepublication de l’associations d’études canadiennes, 8, 1 (hiver 2010), 19.
(5) Nasar Meer and Tariq Modood,͆How does Interculturalism Contrast with
Multiculturalism?͇Journal of Intercultural Studies, 33, 2 (2012), 175-196;
Geoffrey Brahm Levey,͆Interculturalism vs. Multiculturalism : A Distinction
without a Difference?͇, Journal of Intercultural Studies, 33, 2 (2012), 217-224;
Will Kymlicka,͆Defending Diversity in an Era of Populism: Multiculturalism
and Interculturalism Compared, ͇in Nasar Meer, Tariq Modood and Ricard
Zapata-Barrero, eds., Multiculturalism and Interculturalism: Debating the
Dividing Lines (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016), 158-77.
(6) Dimitrios Karmis,͆ Pluralism and Natinal Identity(ies) in Contemporary
Québec : Conceptual Clarifictations, Typology, and Discourse Analysis,͇in
Alain-G Gagnon, ed., Québec : State & Society (Third ed.) (Toronto: Broadview– 45 –

3UHVV    0LFKHOLQH /DEHOOH © /H GpÀ GH OD GLYHUVLWp DX &DQDGD HW
au Québec », Options politiques (avril 2005), 92-97 ; Marie-Michèle Sauvageau,« Du͂ Comment ̓participer à͂ Pourquoi ̓participer? Analyse de la notion
de participation dans le multiculturalisme canadien et l ̓interculturalisme
québécois », Canadian Ethnic Studies, 43, 1 (2011), 197-220.
(7) Bouchard, L’interculturalisme; Alain-G. Gagnon et Raffaele Iacovino, « Le projetinterculturel québécois et l̓élargissement des frontière de la citoyenneté », dans
Alain-G. Gagnon, dir., Québec : État et société. Tome 2 (Montréal: Les Éditions
Québec Amérique, 2004), 413-436.
(8) Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d̓accommodement reliées aux
différences culturelles㸦௨ୗ CCPARDC㸧, Fonder l’avenir. Le temps de la conciliation(Québec: Gouvernement du Québec, 2008), 257.
(9) Marie-Michèle Sauvageau, « Du͂Comment̓participer à͂Pourquoi̓participer?
Analyse de la notion de participation dans le multiculturalisme canadien etl̓interculturalisme québécois », Canadian Ethnic Studies, 43, 1 (2011), 197-220.
(10) Bouchard, L’interculturalisme, 94-105.
(11) Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism㸦௨ୗ RCBB㸧, A Preliminarys
Report of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (Ottawa: Queen̓Printer, 1965), 151.
(12) ⏣ᮧ▱Ꮚࠕࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢬ࣒࣭ࣞ࢖ࢩࢬ࣒࣭࣐ࣝࢳ࢝ࣝࢳࣗࣛࣜࢬ࣒̿࢝ࢼࢲከᩥ໬୺
⩏ࡢኚᐜ࡜ࡑࡢ♫఍⤒῭ⓗせᅉࠖࠗὠ⏣ሿ኱Ꮫᅜ㝿㛵ಀᏛ◊✲࠘25 ྕࠊ1998 ᖺࠊ63 Ѹ
114 㡫ࠋ
(13) House of Commons, (1971), 8546.
(14) Michael Dewing, Canadian Multiculturalism (Ottawa: Parliamentary Information
and Research Service, 2009), 4.
(15) Ibid.
(16) ᨻ἞ⓗほⅬ࠿ࡽぢࢀࡤࠊࡑࢀࡲ࡛ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡀᑟධ௨᮶⮬⏤ඪᨻᶒୗ࡛㐍ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡓࡢ࡟ᑐࡋࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ἲࡢไᐃࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏࣭ᕷẸᶒ┬ࡢタ⨨➼ࡢ᪋⟇ࡀ㐍ṌಖᏲඪᨻᶒୗ࡛࡞ࡉࢀࡓࡇ࡜ࡣࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ࡀᨻඪࡢᇉ᰿ࢆ㉺࠼࡚ᨭᣢࡉࢀ
࡚࠸ࡿࡇ࡜ࢆ♧ࡍ౛࡜ࡋ࡚␃ព࡟್ࡍࡿࠋ
(17) Dewing, Canadian Multiculturalism, 5.
(18) 1991 ᖺ࡟ࡑࢀࡲ࡛ᅜົ┬ෆࡢᶵ㛵࡟㐣ࡂ࡞࠿ࡗࡓከᩥ໬୺⩏ᒁࡀ┬࡟᪼᱁ࡋࠊከᩥ
໬୺⩏࣭ᕷẸᶒ┬ࡀ᪂ࡓ࡟タ⨨ࡉࢀࡓࠋࡔࡀྠ┬ࡣ 1991 Ѹ 1993 ᖺࡢ▷࿨࡟⤊ࢃࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢᚋከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡣࠊ1993 Ѹ 2008 ᖺࡢ㛫࡟ࡣ࢝ࢼࢲ㑇⏘┬ࡀᡤᤸ㸦ࡓࡔࡋᅜົ
┬ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᢸᙜ኱⮧ࡀᢸᙜ㸧
ࠊ2008 Ѹ 2013 ᖺࡣᕷẸᶒ࣭⛣Ẹ࣭ከᩥ໬୺⩏┬ࡀࠊ
2013 Ѹ 2015 ᖺࡣ෌ࡧᅜົ┬ࡢከᩥ໬୺⩏ᢸᙜ኱⮧ࡀࠊ2015 ᖺ࠿ࡽ⌧ᅾࡣ࢝ࢼࢲ㑇⏘┬ࡀᡤᤸࡋࠊᢸᙜ኱⮧ࡣ࢝ࢼࢲ㑇⏘኱⮧ࡀᢸࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ2013 Ѹ 2015 ᖺ࡟෌ࡧከᩥ
໬୺⩏࣭ᕷẸᶒ┬ࡀ᚟άࡋࠊ2015 ᖺ࡟࢝ࢼࢲ⛣Ẹ┬ࡀከᩥ໬୺⩏ࢆ⟶㎄ࡍࡿ஦࡜࡞ࡗࡓࠋ(19) Statistics Canada, (QJOLVK)UHQFKDQGRIÀFLDOODQJXDJHPLQRULWLHVLQ&DQDGD, 2016(2017).
(20) ͆Quebec (1867),͇Library and Archives Canada, 24 April 2018, <https://www.
bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/politics-government/canadian-confederation/Pages/
quebec-1867.aspx#b>, ࡞࠾ࠊᙜ᫬ࡢࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫ⣔௨እࡢ࢚ࢫࢽࢵ

– 46 –

ࢡฟ⮬ࡣࠊ࢔࢖ࣝࣛࣥࢻ⣔ 10㸣ࠊ࢖ࣥࢢࣛࣥࢻ⣔ 6㸣ࠊࢫࢥࢵࢺࣛࣥࢻ⣔ 5㸣࡛࠶ࡿࠋ(21) ࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠕ㟼࠿࡞㠉࿨ࠖࡢࡇ࡜ࠋᗈ⩏࡟ࡣ 1950 ᖺ௦࠿ࡽጞࡲࡿ࡜ࡢぢ᪉ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
(22) ⌧ᅾ࡛ࡣࠊ1993 ᖺ࡟ྍỴࡉࢀࡓࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ᠇❶ᨵṇἲ㸦➨ 86 ྕἲ㸧࡟ࡼࡾྠ᠇❶ࡢ㐪᠇ᛶࡣゎᾘࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
(23) Kenneth McRoberts, Un pay à refaire : L’échec des politiques constitutionnelles
canadiennes (Montréal: Boréal, 1999), trad. de l̓anglais [Misconceiving Canada :The Struggle for National Unity] par Christiane Teasdale (Toronto: New York: Oxford
University Press Canada, 1997), 180.
(24) Ibid. ᐇ㝿ࠊࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡛ࡣ 1968 ᖺࡢᕞ⛣Ẹ┬タ❧௨㝆ࠊከᩥ໬୺⩏ᨻ⟇ࡢᑟධࡼࡾࡶ᪩࠸ẁ㝵࡛ࠊ᪂つ⛣Ẹ࡟ᑐࡍࡿᑵ⫋ᨭ᥼ࢧ࣮ࣅࢫࠊ࢚ࢫࢽࢵࢡᩥ໬ⓗ࣐࢖ࣀࣜࢸ࢕ࡀ♫఍࡟㐺ᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᨭ᥼ࠊ⛣Ẹࡢゝㄒ࣭ᩥ໬⥅ᢎࣉࣟࢢ࣒ࣛ࡬ࡢ㈈ᨻᨭ᥼
ࡀᕞ⊂⮬࡟ᐇ᪋ࡉࢀ࡚ࡁࡓࠋAlain-G. Gagnon et Raffaele Iacovino, Federalism
Citizenship and Quebec : Debating Multinationalsim, (Toronto: University ofToronto Press, 2007), 97.ࠉ࢔ࣛࣥ㸻 G࣭࢞ࢽࣙࣥࠊࣛࣇ࢓࢚࣭ࣝ࢖࢔ࢥࣅ࣮ࣀⴭࠊ
୹⩚༟┘ヂ࣐ࠗࣝࢳࢼࢩࣙࢼࣜࢬ࣒㸫ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡ࡜࢝ࢼࢲࠊ㐃㑥ไࠊࢩࢸ࢕ࢬࣥࢩࢵࣉ࠘
ᙬὶ♫ࠊ2012 ᖺࠊ217 㡫ࠋ(25) Conseil des relations interculturelles [CRI], Avis sur la prise en compte et lagestion de la diversité ethnoculturelle (Montréal: CRI, 2007), 1; CRI, Diversité
canadienne, spécial Québec, L'association d'études canadiennes, 8, 1 (Montréal:
AEC, hiver 2010), 11.
(26) Samuel Shapiro,͆Quebec̓s Interculturalism Policy and Contours of Implicit
Institutional Discourse,͇EASA Workshop 2012: Working Papers, 7, (2012), 5.
(27) François Rocher, Micheline Labelle et al., Le Concept d’interculturalisme
en contexte québécois : généalogie d’un néologisme, Rapport présenté à laCommission de consultation sur les pratiques d̓accommodements raisonnable
reliées aux différences culturelles, (Montréal: Centre de recherche en
immigration, ethnicité et citoyenneté, 21 décembre 2007) ; CCPARDC, Fonder
l’avenir; Bouchard, L’interculturalisme.
(28) Gouvernement du Québec, Autant de façon d’être Québécois : Plan d’action dugouvernement du Québec à l’intention des communautés culturelles, (Québec:Ministère des Communautés culturelles et de l̓immigration, 1981), 55.
(29) Ibid., 11-12.
(30) Gouvernement du Québec, Au Québec, pour bâtir ensemble : Énoncé de politiqueen matière d’immigration et d’intégration (Québec: Ministère des Communautésculturelles et de l̓Immigration du Québec, 1990), 24.
(31) Ibid., 24.
(32) CCPARDC, Fonder l’avenir, 257.
(33) Gouvernement du Québec, Ensemble, Nous sommes le Québec : Stratégied’action en matière d’immigration, de participation et d’inclusion, 2016-2021(Québec: Ministère de l̓Immigration, de la Diversité et de l̓Inclusion avec lacollaboration de ministères et organismes, 2015), 34.
(34) Ibid.
(35) Ibid., 35.
(36) CCPARDC, Fonder l’avenir, 120.

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(37) 1969 ᖺබ⏝ㄒἲࡣࠊぢษࡾⓎ㌴ⓗ࡟᪋⾜ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛ࠊ⌮ᛕⓗ࡞ෆᐜࡀከࡃࠊලయ
ⓗ࡞ゝㄒ౑⏝ࡢつᐃࡣ 1988 ᖺබ⏝ㄒἲࡢไᐃࢆᚅࡓࡡࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠿ࡗࡓࠋᩍ⫱࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ1988 ᖺබ⏝ㄒἲࡢ➨ 7 㒊࡟ࡣࠊᕞࡢ⟶㎄࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿᩍ⫱࡟㛵ࡍࡿつᐃࡣタࡅࡽࢀ࡚࠸࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊࠕ࢝ࢼࢲᅜẸࡀⱥㄒ࡜ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࢆᏛࡪࡇ࡜ࢆዡບࡋࠊࡲࡓࡑࢀ
ࡽࢆㄆ▱ࠊᑛ㔜ࡍࡿࡇ࡜ࢆຓ㛗ࡍࡿࠖࠊࠕྛᕞ࡟ᑐࡋࠊᅜẸࡀⱥㄒ࡜ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒࡢ୧
᪉ࢆᏛࡪᶵ఍ࢆసࡿࡇ࡜ࢆዡບࠊᨭ᥼ࡍࡿࠖ࡜ࠊබ⏝ㄒᩍ⫱ࢆዡບࡍࡿ᪨ࡢゝཬࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ▮㢌඾ᯞࠗ࢝ࢼࢲࡢබ⏝ㄒᨻ⟇࣮࠘ࣜ࣋ࣝฟ∧ࠊ2008 ᖺࠊ76 Ѹ 77 㡫ࠋ(38) ࡓࡔࡋࠊᑡᩘὴࡢබ⏝ㄒヰ⪅ࡢᶒ฼㸦ⱥㄒᅪ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ௖ㄒヰ⪅࡜ࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿ
ⱥㄒヰ⪅㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ᠇ἲୖࡢつᐃࡀᏑᅾࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊྛᕞࡢᑡᩘὴࡢබ⏝ㄒ㸦ⱥㄒᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ࡜ࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿⱥㄒ㸧࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊᕞබ⏝ㄒࡢၥ㢟࡜ࡣ⊂❧ࡋ࡚Ⓨᒎࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ௒᪥ࠊ඲࡚ࡢᕞ࡛ᑡᩘὴࡢබ⏝ㄒヰ⪅ࡢᶒ฼࡟㛵ࡍࡿఱࡽ࠿ࡢᥐ⨨ࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ≉࡟ 1980 ᖺ௦௨㝆࡟ 㺂 㐃㑥ᨻᗓ࡜ⱥㄒᅪࡢྛᕞ࣭‽ᕞࡢ㛫࡛༠ᐃࡀ⥾⤖ࡉࢀࠊࡑࢀࡽࡢᕞ࣭‽ᕞ࡟࠾ࡅࡿࣇࣛࣥࢫㄒ࡟ࡼࡿࢧ࣮ࣅࢫᥦ౪
ࡀಁ㐍ࡉࢀࡿࡼ࠺࡟࡞ࡗࡓࠋ
(39) Marie-Ève Hudon, Language Regimes in the Provinces and Territories (Ottawa:
Library of Parliament, 2011, revised 2016).
(40) New Brunswick, 2IÀFLDO/DQJXDJHV$FW, 2002.
(41) Québec, La Charte de la langue française, 1977.
(42) Alberta, Languages Act, 1988, 2002.
(43) Saskatchewan, The Language Act, 1988, 2001.
(44) Patrick J. Monahan,͆Culture and the Canadian Constitution,͇Osgoode Hall
Law Journal, 31, 4 (1993), 810-863.
(45) Ibid., 815.
(46) Ibid., 821.
(47) Dewing, Canadian Multiculturalism,10.
(48) Manitoba, Manitoba Intercultural Council Act, 1982.
(49) Dewing, Canadian Multiculturalism, 12 ; Ontario, Ministry of Citizenship andCulture, 2 May 2018, <http://ao.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/ARCH_
AUTHORITY/AUTH_DESC_DET_REP/SISN%203746?SESSIONSEARCH>.
(50) British Columbia, Multiculturalism Act, 1993 ; Alberta, Alberta Human Rights
Act, 2000 ; Saskatchewan, Act to promote and preserve Multiculturalism, 1997 ;Manitoba, The Manitoba Multiculturalism Act, 1992 ; Nova Scotia, Multiculturalism
Act, 1989 ; New Brunswick,͆Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour,͇
2 May 2018, <http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/post-secondary_education_training_and_labour/People/content/PopulationGrowth/content/new_brunswick_s_multiculturalismpolicy.html>; Prince Edward Island, Provincial
Multicultural Policy, 2000 ; Newfoundland and Labrador,͆Our Commitment to0D\KWWSVÀQGQHZIRXQGODQGODEUDGRUFRPOLYHZK\Multiculturalism,͇
nl/our-commitment-to-multiculturalism/>ࠋࡲࡓࠊ࢜ࣥࢱࣜ࢜ᕞ࡟㛵ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗࢆ
ཧ↷ࡋࡓࠋMinistry of Government and Consumer Services, 2 May 2018, <http://
ao.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dll/144/ARCH_AUTHORITY/AUTH_DESC_
DET_REP/SISN%203746?SESSIONSEARCH>; <http://ao.minisisinc.com/
scripts/mwimain.dll/1525237388/HEADING/Ontario.~20Ministry~20of~20Cit
izenship~20 (1987-1995)?KEYSEARCH&DATABASE=AUTH_JOIN>; <http://– 48 –

ao.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dll/1525237388/HEADING/Ontario.~20Mini
stry~20of~20Citizenship,~20Culture~20and~20Recreation?KEYSEARCH&DAT
ABASE=AUTH_JOIN>ࠋࢣ࣋ࢵࢡᕞ࡟ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣ๓❶࡛ཧ↷ࡋࡓᩥ᭩࡟ᇶ࡙ࡃࠋ
㸦࡞࠿ࡴࡽࠉ࠶࠸ࠉᅾ࢝ࢼࢲ᪥ᮏ኱౑㤋ᑓ㛛ㄪᰝဨ㸧– 49 –

Interculturalism and Multiculturalism:
Quebec, Federal and Other Provinces, a Comparative
Study of Policy
Ai Nakamura
Canada is known as a champion of multiculturalism; however, Quebec,
which is the only francophone province in Canada, has a complicated stance on
multiculturalism. While Quebec endorses the same basic values, including cultural
SOXUDOLVPWROHUDQFHÀJKWLQJDJDLQVWGLVFULPLQDWLRQDQGUDFLVPHTXDOLW\DQGVRFLDO
justice, which uphold multiculturalism, the province has been refusing the federal
vision of multiculturalism since its beginning. The reason for Quebec̓s opposition
to multiculturalism stems from the fact that multiculturalism tends to place
French Canadian culture alongside other ethnic and linguistic minority groups who
have settled in Canada since Confederation. The other key difference between theQuebec and the federal view of multiculturalism is that Quebec believes that there
needs to be a recognition of the͆majority culture͇or͆mainstream culture͇in asociety, which is not favoured by the principles of federal multiculturalism. This
recognition, felt necessary by Quebec, is to ensure that francophones are always
linguistically the majority and culturally the mainstream in Quebec society. As aresult of this view point, the government of Quebec has developed the distinct modelof multiculturalism known as͆interculturalism͇in contrast with the federal visionof multiculturalism.
However, it is unfortunate that most previous studies regarding Quebecinterculturalism have compared Quebec to the federal situation, treating bothmodels of respective government as being jurisdictionally equal. Given that in
Canadian federalism we must always be aware of federal-province jurisdiction
and the fact that the current division of powers regarding cultural matters is notclearly laid out in the Canadian Constitution. In fact, culture is recognized as anarea of shared and concurrent jurisdiction in which both Parliament and provincial
legislatures have legitimate roles to play. It must also be noted that the Constitution
Act, 1867, provides for concurrent jurisdiction of both levels of government regarding

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IHGHUDOJRYHUQPHQWSRVVHVVHVVLJQLÀFDQWOHJLVODWLYHDXWKRULW\WRGHÀQHWKHQDWLRQDO

– 50 –

values of Canadian society, like multiculturalism, any policy issued by the federal
government cannot and must not extend beyond its jurisdictional responsibility.
In addition, when it comes to provincial powers, it is also quite legitimate for eachprovince to try to define their respective cultural values based on their distinct
interests to the full extent of the Constitution.
Taking these points into consideration, Quebec ̓s interculturalism should
be compared with the multiculturalism related policies of its jurisdictionalcounterparts, the other nine provinces, rather than those of the federal government.
Instead of comparing Quebec ̓s interculturalism to the federal policy, as iscommon, this study focuses on the distinct provincial level policies and willshow that there is no indication that the federal multiculturalism policy isoverarching and dominant in the provinces, despite the general assumption that
this is so. In fact, each province has its own take on multiculturalism, distinct
from the federal policy. To clarify this point here, we can make reference to thefederal official languages regime, since the federal-provincial relations regarding
multiculturalism is in some regards similar to the situation of the official
languages: Canada issues official bilingualism at the federal level, whereas eachprovince has its own provincial official language regime. Only one province has
DGRSWHGRIÀFLDOELOLQJXDOLVPDWWKHSURYLQFLDOOHYHOZKLOHWKHRWKHUQLQHSURYLQFHVUHPDLQXQLOLQJXDO)RXUSURYLQFHVKDYHHQDFWHGOHJLVODWLRQUHJDUGLQJWKHLURIÀFLDO
language(s), but the other six provinces simply use English as their de factoRIÀFLDO
language. Similarly, although all ten provinces have adopted multiculturalism
related policies to some extent, the timing and whether they enacted specificlegislation, as well as to what extent they focus on this issue, vary from province
to province. British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Nova Scotia
have legislation regarding multiculturalism, with the remaining provinces, New%UXQVZLFN3ULQFH(GZDUG,VODQGDQG1HZIRXQGODQGDQG/DEUDGRUKDYLQJRIÀFLDO
policies, leaving only Ontario and Quebec without either legislation or an official
policy.
By examining each multiculturalism related policy developed by each province, we
ZLOOÀQGWKDW4XHEHF̓s interculturalism model is distinct only in terms of its wayof describing the fundamental character and the cultural heritage of the province:ZKLOHPDQ\RWKHUSURYLQFHVLIQRWDOOGHÀQHWKHLUVRFLHW\DVPXOWLFXOWXUDO4XHEHF
GHÀQHVLWVHOIDVDSOXULFXOWXUDOIUDQFRSKRQHVRFLHW\+RZHYHUWKHLQWHUFXOWXUDOLVP
of Quebec and the multiculturalism of some English provinces share the following– 51 –

elements: respect for diversity, equal and full participation of all citizens regardlessorigin, eliminating discrimination, interaction or intercultural understanding
within ethnic groups and building harmonious relationships among all citizens.
It is also interesting to note that the other provinces do not necessary share all offederal multiculturalism̓s elements. This study concludes that, paradoxically, thegovernment of Quebec, in a sense, has been addressing the issue of multiculturalism
related policy in the most active and substantive way compared with the otherprovinces while avoiding the term͆multiculturalism.͇
(Researcher/Analyst of the Embassy of Japan in Canada)– 52 –