【Research Brief】

A Critical Evaluation Towards Micro-Teaching With Suggestions
for Future Improvements
Jason Murray
Abstract
The following research investigates the attitudes of 28 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers concerning theeffectiveness of micro-teaching when used in workshops for teacher development and as an observation tool. The
main purpose of the research was to investigate the opinions of the teachers regarding the effectiveness of microteaching activities. The research is supported by a questionnaire that evaluates and measures the attitudes of the 28
participants. From this evaluation, future improvements are suggested towards observation procedures that employ
micro-teaching in EFL language departments in higher education institutions. The paper also reports and discusses
the positive and negative aspects of micro-teaching when used during training sessions and workshops. The paper
includes reflections of micro-teaching activities from my own experiences on teacher-training courses and in higher
education institutions.
Keywords: m
 icro-teaching, English as a Foreign Language (EFL), attitudes towards micro-teaching, teacher
development, observation procedures

Introduction
Micro-teaching was introduced by Dr. Dwight W. Allen at Stanford University. Its objective is to
give trainee teachers confidence, support, and feedback. The teacher reviews a video recording of thelesson, the review analyzes the main areas; what worked, what did not work, and teaching techniquesthat could be improved. Outside the main areas, the teacher can reflect on other important areas
too. For instance, the behavior of the students, class arrangement (i.e., position of tables and chairs),
classroom management, and the teacher’s tone of voice and body language. It is largely viewed thatmicro-teaching provides invaluable feedback from the teacher trainers and teachers. It also allows theteacher an opportunity to test different strategies or experiment using alternative approaches.
Today the use of video for training purposes is a prerequisite for professional development
largely for trainee teachers but also experienced teachers. In workshops and training sessions, video
training can be used in a variety of ways. From my early experiences when taking a Teaching English
as a Foreign Language (TEFL) course in the UK as a trainee teacher, with my peers, we would
analyze and discuss short video clips of lessons with a focus on a specific area of the lesson. The video
was generally a model example demonstrated by an experienced teacher trainer. The aim being forthe trainee teachers to observe connections between theory and practice (Dymond & Bentz, 2006).
Observing a video, the teacher can experience authentic classroom environments (Amobi, 2005). The
common view is shared that its effectiveness of micro-teaching enhances professional development,
especially as an instrument to engage in reflective practice (Kottkamp, 1990).
With the effectiveness of micro-teaching is an effective tool considered, there is also an argumentthat staged classes (i.e., teachers play the role of the students) contrive a non-natural environment.
Stanley remarks that these experiences can be too painful (Stanley, 1998) for teachers. From my
own experiences, when viewing staged micro-teaching activities, the actions could be perceived as
a comical representation and the environment as artificial. Another area to consider which greatly97

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impacts the authenticity of micro-teaching is the familiarity that the teacher has with both class andlesson language function. If familiarity with the class has already been established, the observer
witnesses a smooth, flawless micro-teaching model. In the case of the teacher being unfamiliar andtheir decision-making is not influenced by familiarity, the observer would witness a more authentic
micro-teaching representation.

Sur vey Participants and Research Questions
All 28 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers who participated in the survey are working
in higher education in Japan. Participation was voluntary. It is intended that the research would be
useful, firstly as a proto-type project which could be developed comprehensively at a later stage if I wasto investigate micro-teaching activities at a specific place of learning.

Research Questions
The research investigated the following questions:
1.	What are teachers’ perceptions about micro-teaching activities (workshop/observation
procedure) in general?
2. What advantages and disadvantages do micro-teaching activities impose?
Answers to the above questions were thought to be helpful for teacher trainers and teachers in EFL
language institutions where micro-teaching techniques are employed.

Research Instruments
Data was recorded using a Likert-type scale. Attitudes towards Micro-teaching (Appendix A)
includes 10 items with five options—strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, strongly disagree—which were included in the scale. Micro-teaching activities in the workshops (Appendix B) includes fiveitems with five options—would be of considerable benefit to me, would benefit me, would not benefit me,
would not benefit me at all, undecided—which were included in the scale. To find more comprehensive
data, a micro-teaching opinion box (Appendix C) was included, where comments concerning an areafrom the micro-teaching survey questions enabled the teacher to elaborate on a chosen area. Fivequestions included in the Attitudes towards Micro-teaching scale were worded in positively and fivequestions were worded in a negatively.

Findings
From my survey, the general view revealed that teachers generally held positive attitudes
towards micro-teaching applications. For example, concerning its effectiveness for professional
development, self-assessment, self-confidence, and material production. However, whilst manyteachers were generally enthusiastic about micro-teaching in a workshop environment, there
were mixed opinions when the micro-teaching tool is employed to assess and evaluate a teachers’
performance for observation purposes.
The percentile values of the responses for 15 items were evaluated in three sections in the study.
From the Attitudes towards Micro-teaching questionnaire (see Table A1 in Appendix A), positively
worded items are displayed in Table A2 and analyze five items. Negatively worded items are displayedin Table A3. From the Micro-teaching activities in the workshops questionnaire (see Appendix B), five98

A CRITICAL EVALUATION TOWARDS MICRO-TEACHING WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS

items are evaluated in Table B1.
In Table A2, items about the benefits of micro-teaching were evaluated. The positive statements
about attitudes of micro-teaching, Items 1–5 imply the beneficial aspects of micro-teaching regarding
English language teaching activities in terms of pedagogical practice, evaluating performance, peerto-peer learning, motivation, and preparing lessons.
Item 1 questioned the motivation aspect of micro-teaching on the current course program.
Sixty-four percent of teachers agreed that micro-teaching activities were very motivating in theirpresent occupation while 36% remained undecided. Item 2 questioned whether teachers had a better
understanding of teaching methods from micro-teaching. Fifty percent agreed while 50% remained
undecided. Most of the participants that volunteered for the survey use a ‘set’ teaching approachsuch as ‘PPP’ (Presentation Practice Production) or ‘TTT’ (Teach Test Teach). The approaches arecommon approaches to modern Communicative Language teaching programs that work through theprogression in three sequential stages. The data suggests that as teachers in Japanese universities
and colleges use a ‘set’ teaching approach, micro-teaching aspects of such methodologies were notviewed as necessarily beneficial. Item 3 questioned whether micro-teaching activities helped teachers
prepare lessons more efficiently. Fifty-seven percent agreed while 43% remained undecided. Item 4questioned whether teachers could learn new teaching techniques from their peers. Seventy-eight
point five percent agreed, 7% remained undecided, and 14.5% disagreed. Regarding the responsesof the participants in this context, it is possible to state that by observing other teaching styles andstrategies and by discussing common subjects of teaching and learning, micro-teaching applications
allow participants the opportunity to practice in supportive surroundings. Item 5 questioned whether
micro-teaching helped teachers evaluate their teaching performance. Eighty-five point five percent
agreed, 7% remained undecided while 7.5% disagreed.
The statements in Table A3 examining the negative aspects of micro-teaching applications fromteachers’ perspectives (Items 6–10)—are concerned with micro-teaching effectiveness as a tool for
analyzing teaching methods, the artificiality of the classroom environment, learner anxiety in a microteaching lesson and hindrances of micro-teaching in the learning process. These items were listedwith the positive statements on the Attitudes towards Micro-teaching questionnaire (see Table A1).
Item 6 questioned the effectiveness of the micro-teaching as a tool for teaching methods.
Seventy-eight point five percent disagreed and considered that micro-teaching is a useful tool, while
21.5% remained undecided. Item 7 questioned the artificiality of a micro-teaching lesson. Forty-three
percent agreed, 28.5% remained undecided, and 28.5% disagreed. The data suggest that teachers do
not feel comfortable in a micro-teaching environment therefore, inhibiting their natural approachto teaching. Item 8 examined the hindrances of micro-teaching (i.e., students feeling pressured ina micro-teaching lesson). Twenty-eight point five percent of teachers accepted that micro-teachingactivities hindered students’ learning. Forty-three percent were undecided and 28.5% disagreed. Item
9 examined the extent to which a teacher would take when teaching. This may include a timeline on
the whiteboard or an aspect of phonology using the IPA symbols. Forty-three percent agreed thatthey would be less inclined to teach in-depth as opposed to a lesson not employing the micro-teaching
technique. Fourteen percent were undecided and 43% disagreed. The data suggested conflicted
opinions which were similar to the results from Item 7. The issue being that micro-teaching prohibits
teachers from teaching naturally without feeling restricted. Item 10 questioned whether microteaching created hindrances within the learning program. This question bought mixed opinions fromteachers as 43% disagreed, 43% remained undecided, and 14% agreed.
The statements in Table B1, examined teachers’ preferences towards future micro-teaching99

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activities in workshops. Items 1–5 state preferences for more emphasis on the following areas:teaching methodologies, teaching pronunciation, motivating students, error correction and, giving
feedback.
Item 1 examined more emphasis on teaching methodologies. Seventy-nine percent suggested
that this would be beneficial for them while 14% suggested that this would not benefit them. Seven
percent were undecided. This could suggest that while teachers feel that methodologies such as
The Communicative Approach is effective for General/Discussion English programs with a specificlesson function language (Richards & Rogers, 2001), many teachers suggested that English speaking
programs which require the students to debate or to think critically without a function language are
more suitable for Content-based Instruction lessons. Item 2 examined more emphasis on teachingpronunciation. Fifty-seven percent responded negatively, indicated that this would not be of benefit,
while 36% thought pronunciation would be of benefit. Seven percent remained undecided. The results
suggest that there are mixed opinions among teachers regarding teaching pronunciation. It could
be argued that higher education college managements/course developers are more concernedwith production from the students (i.e., speaking is everything). Therefore, integrating aspectsof phonology into the lessons is not considered important. Item 3 analyzed more emphasis on
motivating students. Eighty-six percent advocated that this would be of benefit. Seven percent did
not see this as beneficial while 7% were undecided. In my experience, most teachers I have worked
with in universities and colleges share the same opinion and that is successful language learning islargely down to motivating and motivated students. Item 4 examined error correction. Seventy-nine
percent suggested that there should be more emphasis on error correction in their workshops, 7%
did not see it as beneficial, and 14% were undecided. Again, the results were largely influenced by
the teachers’ lesson guidelines at their places of work. Item 5 examined more emphasis on giving
feedback. Ninety-three percent thought that this would be of considerable benefit. Seven percent were
undecided. Though the results suggest that teachers would like more emphasis on giving feedback in
micro-teaching activities, there is a lot of criticism from teachers suggesting that the micro-teachingactivities primarily focus on student feedback regarding the use of the function language as opposed
to contented heard during the activities.

Suggestion for Future Improvements
The findings of this study dealing with questioning the positive and negative points of microteaching applications in general support that micro-teaching applications are practical experiences formeeting the desired objectives of training teachers to become effective and reflective in the teachingprofession. The overall results indicate that teachers were satisfied with the applications of microteaching. The data also showed that overall, teachers welcomed the use of micro-teaching activities
and appreciated its benefits either in the workshop or as an assessment tool. Additionally, the findings
specify the creativity and resourcefulness of the micro-teaching activities and prove that teachers,
strongly acknowledge the usefulness of micro-teaching for boosting creativity. It is also efficient for
introducing various materials, encourages teachers to put more consideration when preparing for
lessons, and is beneficial for evaluating teaching performance and getting feedback. Besides, microteaching assists and enhances teachers to develop teaching techniques and learning strategies. Since
micro-teaching focuses on teacher behaviors, it gives clues about weak and strong indications ofteachers and enables the teacher to be more proficient in their profession.
Although the optimistic views about micro-teaching were confirmed by the 28 participants in this100

A CRITICAL EVALUATION TOWARDS MICRO-TEACHING WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS

survey, some negative aspects were also admitted by the participants. On occasions, for time-saving
purposes, micro-teaching applications are carried out with teacher trainers and in some cases, theuniversity staff taking the roles of teachers and students. This form of micro-teaching has often been
criticized by teachers, arguing that artificial classroom settings, where the learners were not real
students, simply followed instructions. This issue was raised by 25% of the survey participants in the
micro-teaching opinion box in the survey (Appendix C).
In this study, 28 teachers’ attitudes towards micro-teaching were examined to identify thebenefits and disadvantages of micro-teaching and the participants’ responses to the items in
the questionnaire affirmed that micro-teaching is a favorable learning and teaching experience.
Therefore, the findings in this study support those who state the beneficial aspects of micro-teaching
applications.
From the survey results, some suggestions can be presented for further studies and applicationsof micro-teaching: micro-teaching as a professional tool in teacher training departments needs to be
applied to motivate teachers; however, results have suggested criticisms, namely teachers feelingawkward and declining to teach in-depth when demonstrating in a micro-teaching lesson. Teacher
trainers need to give their staff more encouragement to be as natural as possible in a micro-teachinglesson. During feedback from teacher trainers, teachers’ areas to improve should be given in aconstructive way to learn by their mistakes. By doing this, teachers will reflect and see the importanceof micro-teaching. For implementing ‘staged’ micro-teaching activities, such as where teachers‘act out’ situations. Education policies of teacher training institutions, curriculum developers, andteaching staff at those institutions should consider the importance of staging correct and incorrectmodels of teaching.

General Criticisms Towards Observation Procedures
Universities and colleges have observation procedures which vary according to their programs.
However, most follow a similar procedure (i.e., the video is watched, evaluated, and discussed).
The general criticisms by teachers regarding the observation procedure are similar. For example,
scheduling the observed lesson between teacher and teacher trainer, arranging a follow-up meeting,
and writing Self-Evaluation Forms can be very time-consuming during a busy semester. Also, teachers
often stress that they feel restricted from teaching naturally and that the classroom environment canseem artificial.

Suggestions to Improve Observation Procedures
From my testimony, teachers often comment that they would welcome having the opportunity to
discuss teaching matters with their peers as it would alleviate stress. I suggest that a peer observation
system would be more beneficial for the teacher as it would promote a team-based work environment.
Peer observation would not be an evaluation. Teachers would not be asked to grade their peer’s
lessons. The system would be viewed as a collaboration (i.e., teachers sharing ideas and offeringsuggestions to improve their teaching skills).

How Would the System Work?
Teacher trainers would assign pairs among teachers. For the follow-up meetings to run smoothly101外国語教育研究ジャーナル 第 1 巻（JOURNAL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, VOL. 1）

during the semester, the teacher trainers could assign teachers with similar schedules. Teachers
would watch their peer’s videos and focus their feedback on the area(s) requested by their peers, aswell as answering some general questions concerning the unit and student’s level. Teachers that do
not feel comfortable observing or being observed by a peer for whatever reason, may choose to beobserved by a teacher trainer as an alternative.

Documentation and Observation Procedure for Teachers
Each teacher would complete both the Peer Observation: Self-Evaluation form (see Appendix D)
and the Peer Feedback form (see Appendix E).
Step 1The lesson is taped.
Step 2The teacher completes the Peer Observation: Self-Evaluation form at the end of their lesson.
Step 3
The form would be then photocopied and given to their partner (the observer).
Step 4The observer would then use the information when he/she fills in the Peer Feedback form,
during, or after viewing the tape. The final section would be completed at the end of the follow-up
meeting.
Step 5
The follow-up meeting
Step 6
The teacher completes the final section of the Peer Feedback form.

Conclusion
The research of 28 teachers’ attitudes towards micro-teaching was examined to evaluate current
micro-teaching activities in the participant’s places of work. The participant’s responses to the itemsin the scale largely affirmed the importance of micro-teaching. Therefore, the findings in this study
support those who state the beneficial aspects of micro-teaching applications. From the findings,
a high percentage of the participants shared the same view that more emphasis on areas teachingsuch as teaching methodologies, error correction, and giving feedback in micro-teaching workshops
would be beneficial for self-development. Furthermore, regarding observation procedures, it ishoped that this paper encourages implanting peer-to-peer micro-teaching activities as it would beof considerable benefit for teachers and management staff especially in language departments thatoffer English programs for a considerable number of students. With sufficient support from theschool management and administrative staff (Richards, 2001), teachers would feel more of a sense of
responsibility having the authority to conduct meetings themselves with their peers. Such a system
in put in place would greatly impact teacher professional development and could create a healthy
working environment among teachers and school management.

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References
Amobi, F. A. (2005). Preservice teachers’ reflectivity on the sequence and consequences of teachingactions in a microteaching experience. Teacher Education Quarterly, 32(1), 115–130.
Dymond, S. K., & Bentz, J. L. (2006). Using digital videos to enhance teacher preparation. Teacher
Education and Special Education, 29(2), 98–112.
Kottkamp, R. B. (1990). Means for facilitating reflection. Education and Urban Society, 22, 182–203.
Richards, J. C. (2001). Curriculum development in language teaching. Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. C., & Rogers, T. S. (2001). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge
University Press.
Stanley, C. (1998). A framework for teacher reflectivity. TESOL Quarterly, 32(3), 584–591.

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Appendix A
Table A1
Attitudes towards
Micro-teaching
Micro-teaching activities are very
motivating in my present occupation.

Micro-teaching activities are not a very
effective tool for analyzing teaching
methods.
I understand teaching methods withmore clarity with micro-teachingactivities.
When I present in a micro-teachinglesson I feel awkward therefore thelesson isn’t a true reflection of myteaching.
Micro-teaching activities help me toprepare lessons more efficiently.

Micro-teaching hinders the students.
(i.e. students feel pressured in a microteaching lesson.)
I’m able to learn new teaching
techniques from my peers throughmicro-teaching activities.
I’m less inclined to demonstrate indepth when presenting a micro-teachinglesson. (i.e. illustrate with grammatical
timelines, etc.)
Micro-teaching activities help me
evaluate my teaching performance.

Micro-teaching creates hindrances
within the learning process.

104

Strongly
agree

Agree

Undecided

Strongly
disagreeDisagreeA CRITICAL EVALUATION TOWARDS MICRO-TEACHING WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS

Table A2
Attitudes towards
Micro-teaching(Positively worded)

Strongly
agree

Micro-teaching activities are very
motivating in my present occupation.

Agree

Undecided

64%

36%

Strongly
disagreeDisagreeI understand teaching methods with moreclarity with micro-teaching activities.

7%

43%

50%

Micro-teaching activities help me toprepare lessons more efficiently.

7%

50%

43%

28.5%

50%

7%

14.5%

21.5%

64%

7%

7.5%

Strongly
agree

Agree

Undecided

Strongly
disagreeDisagree

21.5%

21.5%

57%

I’m able to learn new teaching techniquesfrom my peers through micro-teachingactivities.
Micro-teaching activities help me evaluate
my teaching performance.

Table A3
Attitudes towards
Micro-teaching(Negatively worded)
Micro-teaching activities are not a very
effective tool for analyzing teaching
methods.
When I present in a micro-teaching lesson
I feel awkward therefore the lesson isn’t atrue reflection of my teaching.

43%

28.5%

28.5%

Micro-teaching hinders the students. (i.e.
students feel pressured in a micro-teachinglesson.)

28.5%

43%

28.5%

36%

14%

14%

43%

I’m less inclined to demonstrate in-depth
when presenting a micro-teaching lesson.
(i.e. illustrate with grammatical timelines,
etc.)
Micro-teaching creates hindrances within
the learning process.

7%

15%

28%

43%

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Appendix B
Table B1
Micro-teachingactivities in theworkshops

This would beof considerable
benefit to me

This would
benefit me

This would
not benefit me

In micro-teaching activities infuture workshops, I’d like to see
more emphasis on teaching
methodologies.

22%

57%

14%

In micro-teaching activities infuture workshops, I’d like to see
more emphasis on teachingpronunciation.

29%

7%

43%

In micro-teaching activities
in future workshops, I’d liketo see more emphasis on
motivating students.

50%

36%

7%

7%

In micro-teaching activities infuture workshops, I’d like to
see more emphasis on error
correction.

7%

72%

7%

14%

In micro-teaching activities infuture workshops, I’d like to
see more emphasis on giving
feedback.

14%

79%

106

This would
not benefit
me at all

Undecided

7%

14%

7%

7%

A CRITICAL EVALUATION TOWARDS MICRO-TEACHING WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS

Appendix C
In the box below, please could you choose an area of micro-teaching from this survey and briefly outline
your thoughts and opinions concerning that area. This could be an area that you think is of benefit, of nobenefit, or something you would like to learn more about to develop your teaching skills.

The information you provide will be used as quantitative data to support my research. All comments arestrictly confidential and will not be disclosed. Your chosen micro-teaching area(s) subject to comment, will
only be highlighted in the Research Paper as statistical data.
Thank you for participating in this survey.
Jason Murray107

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Appendix D
Peer Observation: Self-Evaluation Form(to be filled in by the teacher who is observed)

Teacher Information
Name:

Position:

Please circle

FT / PT

Date:

Class Information
Date &
LessonPeriod:Number of students:(e.g. May 25, Period 2)
Course:Level:

Unit:(e.g. Debate,
Presentation)
Question 1
What were your strong points in this lesson?
Question 2
What were your weak points in this lesson?
Question 3
How could you have improved this lesson?
Question 4
What do you think is challenging about teaching this unit or level?
Question 5
Which areas would you like your peer observer to concentrate on while watching your lesson?
Question 6
Is there anything about this class and/or these students you would like your peer observer to take into account?

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Appendix E
Peer Feedback Form(to be filled in by the observer)

Teacher information

Name:

The teacher
you observed:

Before the follow-up meeting
Question 1
Please comment on areas mentioned by your partner in Question 5 of their Self-Evaluation form.
Question 2
Can you suggest alternative ways to do any of the activities in the lesson?
Question 3
What new ideas or techniques did you learn from this lesson?
Question 4
What do you think is challenging about teaching this level or unit?

After the follow-up meeting
As a result of the Peer Observation process, what new suggestions or ideas do you plan to implement into yourlessons?

109