EVENT REPORT

Report on the 1st Linked Archives International
Workshop (LinkedArchives 2021) at TPDL 2021
Carla Teixeira Lopes
University of Porto/INESC TEC
Portugal
ctl@fe.up.pt

Cristina Ribeiro
University of Porto/INESC TEC
Portugal
mcr@fe.up.pt

Franco Niccolucci
PIN - Servizi Didattici e Scientifici per l’Università di Firenze scrl
Italyfranco.niccolucci@gmail.com
Irene Rodrigues
University of Évora
Portugal
ipr@uevora.pt

Nuno Freire
ROSSIO Infrastructure, NOVA FCSH
Portugalnunofreire@fcsh.unl.pt
Abstract

The International Workshop on Archives and Linked Data was a satellite event of the 25th
International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries (TPDL 2021). TPDL
2021 was an online event with free registration, and the same applied to the workshop.
Linked Data and Semantic Web technologies offer new possibilities for digital curation andpreservation. The growing interest in archival records and the availability of technologies
that can take large volumes of data and process them leads archives into the world of Linked
Data. The workshop gathered almost 100 researchers and specialists engaged in initiatives
crossing Linked Data technologies, Archives, and Cultural Heritage in general, discussing
advances and challenges in this area. Overall, the workshop was a very successful event,which may require in the future more than the two two-hour sessions we dedicated to it thisyear.
Date: 13 September, 2021.
Website: https://linkedarchives.inesctec.pt/.

1

Introduction

Cultural Heritage deals with treasures that are expected to survive generations. Many digital
initiatives have explored segments of this global asset, with much more to uncover. They tend to
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be oriented by the organizations that have traditionally curated these valuable objects: libraries,
museums, archives. In a networked world, one would expect such boundaries to dilute and access cultural heritage to encompass documents and artifacts from diverse sources. Still, such an
endeavor needs to take advantage of the specialized knowledge existing in these areas to capture
their assets in a simultaneously rigorous and engaging manner for a vast audience.
The Linked Archives International Workshop started from the perspective of archives, theguardians of immense volumes of information, both historical and current, driven by the need tokeep a record of our past processes, achievements, and results. The growing interest in archival
records and the availability of technologies that can take large volumes of data and process themis leading archives into the world of linked data. In this vision, the archives’ information is joinedwith data from other cultural heritage institutions and more informal sources. Later, users can
explore archives in rich interfaces where the data are available in their context, with explicit
metadata.
The idea for the workshop came from the team of an ongoing Portuguese national project,
EPISA – Entity and Property Inference for Semantic Archives.1 The project is preparing models
and prototypes for archival information systems based on linked data and ready for the semantic
web. As the elements of the project team made contact with organizations and groups with similarinterests, they perceived the need to discuss models, technologies, and infrastructures. TPDL 2021
presented the opportunity to do this in a European-centered community.

2

Organization

The workshop aimed to gather researchers and specialists engaged in cross Archives and the
Semantic Web initiatives and those planning similar initiatives in other cultural heritage organizations. We adopted an interdisciplinary point of view, aiming to stimulate the dialogue between
the technically-oriented communities, researchers from the digital humanities, and specialists from
cultural heritage institutions.
The organizers invited 12 scholars and specialists to join the members of the Organizing Committee in the Program Committee. Two or three members of the Program Committee reviewed
each paper.
Given the specialized nature of the workshop, the number of submissions surprised the organizers: 22, of which only one was rejected for being off-topic. Some of the remaining 21 papers
contributed mature work, while others presented preliminary results or relevant case studies. We
decided to accept these 21 contributions and assign them short presentations to allow for discussion
and question-answering in the spirit of a workshop.
The workshop was composed of 2 sessions of 2 hours, one starting at 11 am UTC and thesecond at 2 pm UTC, to accommodate participation from different time zones. Sessions were live,
run on Microsoft Teams, and recorded.
Two keynote speakers provided rich visions of the area. Marı́a Póveda, from the Artificial
Intelligence Department of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and part of the Ontology Engineering Group research lab, presented a view of the Computer Science aspects in Linked Data1

http://episa.inesctec.pt/

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for Cultural Heritage. Francesca Tomasi, Professor in Archival Science, Bibliography and Librarianship at the University of Bologna, provided the Information Science counterpart.
The 21 accepted contributions were organized in four blocks according to their main focus:
Linked Data Infrastructures, Perspectives and Viewpoints, Linked Data Modelling, and Projects
in Archives. The authors presented each paper in a flash presentation of 5 minutes. A period of
discussion followed each block of presentations. Before the workshop, all the contributions were
published on the website as working notes.
After the workshop, we published the slides and videos of the presentations. Besides allowing
later access to these materials, it allowed asynchronous access to all who could not attend the live
sessions due to time zone constraints.
Most of the contributions are published in the workshop proceedings [Lopes et al., 2021]. Fulland short papers are available for mature works and abstracts for preliminary works.
The call for papers announced that extended versions of the best papers would be selected tobe published in the ACM Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage (JOCCH). Four papers
were invited to submit extended versions to the journal after the proceedings were completed.

3

Participation

As seen in Figure 1, 11 different countries, most of them European, are associated with theaccepted submissions. Note that submissions involving more than one country are counted forevery involved country. There was one submission involving the United Kingdom and Germany
and another involving France and Switzerland.

5

Number of submissions

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Figure 1: Number of submissions per country.

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Table 1: Institutions involved in the submissions.
Name
CountryType
Advanced Information Collaboratory(Worldwide)
Research Network
Archives Départementales de la GirondeFranceArchives
Archives Nationales
FranceArchives
Archives Portal Europe Foundation(Europe)
Other
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
FranceResearch Institution
Danish National Archives
Denmark
Archives
Eötvös Loránd University
Hungary
Higher Education
Evolved Binary
United Kingdom Private
Germanisches National Museum
Germany
MuseumInstitute for Computer Science and Control
Hungary
Research Institution
Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra
Portugal
Higher Education
Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure
Germany
Infrastructure Institution
MetaindeX
FranceOther
SparnaFrancePrivateState Archives of Belgium
Belgium
Archives
Swiss Federal Archives
Switzerland
Archives
The National Archives
United Kingdom Archives
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
United States
Higher Education
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
BrazilHigher Education
Universidade Federal Fluminense
BrazilHigher Education
University of Applied Sciences of the Grisons
Switzerland
Higher Education
University of Bologna
Italy
Higher Education
University of Copenhagen
Denmark
Higher Education
University of Évora
Portugal
Higher Education
University of Liverpool
United Kingdom Higher Education
University of Maryland
United States
Higher Education
University of Minho
Portugal
Higher Education
An analysis of the institutions associated with the accepted submissions shows us that, fromthe 27 institutions, 12 (44%) were Higher Education Institutions. Six institutions (22%) arearchives, with all except one being national archives. The other submissions came from research
institutions, networks, private companies, museums, and other organizations. More information
about each institution is given in Table 1.
We identified eight research projects, shown in Table 2, associated with the accepted submissions. As can be seen, several countries are doing research related to the use of linked data inarchives.
The participation in the workshop was quite substantial: 288 people signed up for the workshop
as part of the TPDL 2021 registration, and 97 attended, with some fluctuations in the two sessions.

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Acronym/Name
ARTchives
COURAGE
DRAS-TIC Fedor
EPISA
Link-Lives
OFF-SITE
Project Omega
TRANSRAZ

4

Table 2: Projects associated with the submissions.
Title/Short Description
The knowledge graph of art historians’ archives
Cultural Opposition - Understanding the Cultural
Heritage of Dissent in the Former Socialist Countries
Digital Repository at Scale that Invites Computation
Entity and Property Inference for Semantic Archives
Link-Lives – A Research Project
An off-site ethnography of post-revolution Iran
Towards a single pan-archival linked data catalogue
Nuremberg Address Knowledge GraphCountries
Italy,
UnitedStatesSeveralUnited States
Portugal
Denmark
FranceUnited Kingdom
Germany

Keynotes

Two keynote speakers provided rich visions of the area. Marı́a Póveda, from the Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid, presented a view of the Computer Science aspects in Linked Data for
Cultural Heritage. Francesca Tomasi, from the University of Bologna, provided the Information
Science counterpart.

4.1

FAIR principles and ontologies for the Semantic Web

Marı́a Poveda (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Ontology Engineering Group ResearchLab) started the day with her presentation, entitled “FAIR principles and ontologies for the Semantic Web: the meeting point” [Poveda, 2021]. Marı́a discussed the broad adoption of ontologies
nowadays and the lack of guidelines on how they should be published to make them Findable,
Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR principles). Given this, Marı́a reflected on thetechnical and social needs of publishing FAIR ontologies on the web and explored how to do itwith existing initiatives and systems.

4.2

Modeling contexts in linked archival data

Francesca Tomasi (Professor in Archival Science, Bibliography and Librarianship at the Universityof Bologna) started the second session with a presentation entitled “Modeling contexts in linked
archival data (and documents)” [Tomasi, 2021]. Francesca reflected on the influence of new models,such as the Records in Context conceptual model from ICA, on the ”information layers” thatarchives deal with. Contexts such as creator, provenance, and the hierarchical organization of thefonds need to be transposed to the new models. Moreover, new aspects have to be considered,namely agents, with different roles, functions, and involvement in events; and provenance, still
crucial for documents, is also essential for assertions about the documents. The talk was supported
on a couple of examples, the first from a structured collection, namely the catalog of the Federico
Zeri photo archive, and the second a semantic digital edition of the notebook written by the Italianpolitician and classical philologist Paolo Bufalini, a semi-structured document.

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5

Contributions

Contributions were organized into four blocks of presentations according to the nature of theircontent.

5.1

Linked Data Infrastructures

This topic had seven presentations on seven different subjects. Four presentations were on aspects
of information extraction in archival metadata. Two proposed infrastructural workflows to maintain linked data archives. And, finally, one proposed a tool to automatically convert the archival
metadata into a linked data model, the RIC-O.
Greg Jansen, Mark Conrad, Lyneise William, and Richard Marciano proposed a prototype
infrastructure for linked archives in the first presentation [Jansen et al., 2021]. Their approach
was studied using the digital assets of the National Park Service Mary McLeod Bethune Council
House National Historic Site. The second presentation, a paper by Laurent Millet-Lacombe [MilletLacombe, 2021], showed an open-source online application, MetaindeX, a NoSQL Database, toexplore a set of documents from the French National Archives. The third presentation, a paper
by Marilena Daquino, Lucia Giagnolini, and Francesca Tomasi [Daquino et al., 2021], focused onsome aspects of the ARTchives project that aims to build a Linked Open Data native catalog ofart historians’ archives. The fourth presentation, a paper by Luı́s Filipe da Costa Cunha and José
Carlos Ramalho [Cunha and Ramalho, 2021], proposed a Named Entity Recognition tool speciallytrained in a corpus containing texts from three fonds of the Portuguese National Archives. The fifth
presentation, a paper by Thomas Francart, Florence Clavaud, and Pauline Charbonnier [Francart
et al., 2021] proposed the RiC-O Converter, a Software to Convert EAC-CPF and EAD 2002 XML
files to RDF Datasets Conforming to the Records in Context ontology. The sixth presentation, apaper by Paulo Martins, Leandro Costa, and José Carlos Ramalho [Martins et al., 2021], madean overview of the project Major Minors that uses Arquivo.pt, the Portuguese Web archive,
to generate a knowledge graph. The last presentation, a paper by Davide Varagnolo, Cássio
Rodrigues, Ana Martins, Dora Melo and Irene Pimenta Rodrigues [Varagnolo et al., 2021] proposeda method for extracting events and entities from the records of the Portuguese National Archives.

5.2

Perspectives and Viewpoints

This topic gathered four presentations discussing interesting issues on modeling archives in linked
open data models.
The first presentation, a paper by Anna-K Mayer, Mark Fichtner, and Kathrin Fischeidl [Mayer
et al., 2021], discussed some aspects of their experience in developing a semantic web information
system for the Historic Archives of the German National museum using CIDOC-CRM. The second,a paper by Federico Nanni [Nanni et al., 2021], presented the Archives Portal Europe and discussed
new options for information retrieval and their development. In the third presentation, Ashleigh
Hawkins [Hawkins, 2021]discussed the advantages of Linked Data models in archives. Finally, thefourth presentation, an article by Natalia Pashkeeva [Pashkeeva, 2021], debated relevant issues
related to dealing with access restrictions in Linked Data Archives representations supported in
the experience with the Iran National Archives.

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5.3

Linked Data Modelling

Six papers addressed the topic of linked data modeling for archival data. Two data models dominated the discussions around this topic: Records in Contexts (RiC) and CIDOC-CRM. Four ofthe papers addressed the possibilities and challenges of modeling linked archival data with RiC.
In ‘ICA Records in Contexts-Ontology (RiC-O): a Semantic Framework for Describing Archival
Resources’ Florence Clavaud and Tobias Wildi [Clavaud and Wildi, 2021] presented an overview
of the new Records in Contexts Ontology. This ontology is part of the Records in Contexts (RiC)standard, which the International Council on Archives has developed to describe and contextualize
archival resources in an understandable way beyond the possibilities of the existing archival standards. The paper explains the rationale for creating a new standard for archival description, andparticularly the ontology. The authors present an overview of the RiC Conceptual Model, focus
on RiC-O’s design principles and content, and finally present the roadmap and future perspectivesof RiC.
Three papers presented cases of application of RiC. Gabriel Poisson presented the applicationof RiC at the Archives départementales de la Gironde for modeling conservation data. Marcosde Souza and Daniel Flores [de Souza and Flores, 2021] presented a study applying RiC in thedescription of a record instance of the Federal University of Santa Maria in Brazil, aiming tohelp institutions, archivists, and IT professionals to foresee how the RiC model will impact thedescription process and description tools. The third paper, by Jone Garmendia and Adam Retter [Garmendia and Retter, 2021], discussed the application of RiC in developing a Pan-Archival
Linked Data Catalogue. The authors evaluated standards, conceptual models, and ontologies as
most fit-for-purpose to underpin a new Pan-Archival Catalogue.
The application of CIDOC-CRM to archival data was addressed in two papers. First, Ghazal
Faraj and András Micsik presented mapping efforts on several datasets to the CIDOC-CRM
ontology to unify access to multiple, heterogeneous sources of cultural heritage data. In the second
paper, Francesca Giovannetti and Francesca Tomasi [Giovannetti and Tomasi, 2021] rethoughtarchival finding aids through linked open data. Through the analysis of their case study of theGiuseppe Raimondi Archive, they show how the adoption of linked open data can broaden therole of the digital finding aid to serve as a platform for archival and textual research.

5.4

Projects in Archives

Four papers reported the outcomes of ongoing or recently finished projects in archives. Valerie
Vrancken [Vrancken, 2021] presented the project ‘TEMAS: a Thesaurus of Early Modern Documentary Forms’, a project at the Belgian State Archives that developed a bilingual thesaurus(Dutch/French) that offers definitions for and maps (quasi-)synonyms of more than 450 earlymodern documentary forms. TEMAS is currently available in pdf and as a relational database.
Jean-Luc Cochard [Cochard, 2021] presented a project at the Swiss Federal Archives. The
paper entitled ‘Linked Data at the Swiss Federal Archives’ presents an infrastructure for publishingdata as linked data. The author also reflects how the infrastructure allows the Swiss Federal
Archives to acquire in-depth knowledge on the subject and consider integrating linked data into
its core applications and the services it offers to the public.
The Danish-based project Linked-Lives was presented by Bárbara A. Revuelta-Eugercios,
Olivia Robinson, and Anne Løkke [Revuelta-Eugercios et al., 2021]. The project is carried out
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by the Danish National Archives and the University of Copenhagen in partnership with Copenhagen City Archives. It aims to link individual-level Danish records in census and parish recordsources from 1787-1968 to create a multigenerational database for research. The project uses
a combination of domain expertise and machine learning techniques. Link-Lives is creating its
manually-linked data to train machine learning and explore the impacts of different approaches
to linking.
Oleksandra Bruns, Tabea Tietz, Mahsa Vafaie, Danilo Dessı́, and Harald Sack [Bruns et al.,2021] presented the outcomes of their research about the requirements for modeling temporal datain archival records. The authors also discuss the challenges presented by the RDF model. Their
analysis is based on research projects in which archival records are analyzed and integrated into
knowledge graphs for research and exploration.

6

Concluding Remarks

The Linked Archives International Workshop was motivated by the need to examine current
technologies and data models in the description of archival assets. In doing so, the organizers
took a broader look at the use of Linked Data in cultural heritage. They disseminated the call incommunities dealing with cultural heritage, semantic web technologies, asking for contributions
on ways scholars, cultural heritage institutions, and the general public are addressing the useof linked data. More and more, specialized data from archives and museums, for instance, ishard to separate from the global information infrastructure. In fact, it has a lot to gain from its
interconnection.
The discussions in the workshop, despite the limited time, highlighted topics that are familiar to
those who are pioneering the use of Linked Data in Cultural Heritage. Cultural Heritage assets arecomplex, take diverse forms, and have traditionally been managed in rather strict compartments,
with different standards and requirements in the applications that govern them. The semantic
models, with a common connection to many commonsense concepts — e.g., document, event,person, location —, are an opportunity for integration. For instance, the CIDOC-CRM model, adetailed event-based data model and ontology, has been adopted outside the museum community.
A limitation for the adoption of Linked Data in cultural heritage is the availability of solid
technologies. Graph databases and their applications have to manage the dependency on technologies that evolve rapidly and may not be mature enough to support the long-term solutions
required in heritage institutions. The scale of projects that deal with vast collections, such asarchives, has to be considered. The examples presented in the workshop have highlighted thesechallenges.
The workshop was aimed at a specialized audience, and the number of participants showedthat Linked Data is a concern for people who deal with heritage assets at different levels. We
believe that Cultural Heritage specialists are concerned with managing their assets in a global
information infrastructure. Still, there is also a growing curiosity from people in various domains
and applications using libraries, archives, and museums as sources of relevant materials.
In short, the workshop was an opportunity to gather people with similar concerns and a great
diversity of experiences, and many topics are well worth the ongoing discussion that the workshop
has nurtured.

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Acknowledgments
This workshop was proposed within the scope of the EPISA project - DSAIPA / DS / 0023/2018,
financed by National Funds through FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology I.P..

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Barbara Revuelta-Eugercios, Olivia Robinson, and Anne Løkke. Link-Lives, historical big data:
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