Application Note

Solar Inverters / Plants Control & Safety
Systems Control & Protection

Solar Inverters / Plants Control & Safety

The Copenhagener climatic conference in 2009 and the earlier Kyoto protocol (adopted in 1997 andenforced as of 2005) committed different national governments to decrease their CO2 emissions.
One of the possible ways to achieve these goals is to increase the production of sustainable energy
and to issue a grant for every initiative taken. Governments have decided to support efforts oriented
towards energy savings and for sustainable energy. Of course, this explains the revived interest in
solar energy.
Solar energy had already been a source of interest in the past due to profitability analysis. However
the investments made were significantly higher than the value of the energy generated.
The government’s commitments and today’s electronic technologies have made this energy sourcea more profitable one.
In Europe for instance, 4500 MWp were generated by the solar plants in 2007 versus 3000 MWp in2006, this is a growth of 50 % in one year!
Worldwide, 9 GWp were installed in 2007 including 3 GWp coming from Germany, a pioneer country
leading the way for production and profitable energy generation from the sun.
In 2008, 0.05 % of the global worldwide electricity was produced by solar energy.
This strong growth is mainly due to the national programs in USA, Japan and Germany.
The actual forecast is to produce 10.91 GWp from solar energy in 2012:• 4.72 GWp in Europe (Germany as leader). Spain, Italy, France and Greece increase their solar• installations due to strong governmental grants• 2.55 GWp in USA• 0.91 GWp in Japan: Here the growth will depend on the government decision to reintroduce thesupport program• 0.91 GWp in South Korea and 0.73 GWp in India
About 90% of the energy produced by solar installations is connected to the grid by an inverterand called “grid-connected”. The remaining 10 % which is not connected to an inverter is called“off-grid”.

Grid connected

DC
AC

With transformer

Transformer-lessWith battery

Without battery

With battery

Without battery

Only if a backup
power is needed

Usual

Only if a backup
power is needed

Actual trend

Off-grid
With battery

With transformer• To increase the panel voltage• Isolation between the earthof the panel and the load2

Depending on the purpose (size, efficiency, weight, range, galvanic insulation), there is a choice ofdifferent inverters in the market today.

Solar production in 2012 - Forecast
Europe 4.72 GWp
USA 2.55 GWp
Rest of the world
1.09 GWp
India 0.73 GWp
Japan 0.91 GWp

South Korea 0.91 GWp

3Solar Inverters / Plants Control & Safety

The off grid electricity is used to charge batteries needed for local applications.
Regardless if “grid-connected” or “off-grid”, a current measurement is required.
The connection of the solar array through an inverter to the grid can be made either by using atransformer or directly without transformer, so called transformerless, meaning without galvanic
isolation; and for both cases with or without battery.

Solar Inverters Control & Safety

Different inverter designs according to needs (Grid connected)• Galvanic Insulation• Lower efficiency

With transformer
With low frequency transformer design
Transformer(50Hz)+

AC relay
L1+-

EMCfilter
DC

EMCfilter
AC

line
230 V
50Hz

N

measurement
V/I
at inputmeasurement
V/I/f
at output

inverter control(fPWM ≈ 10 - 50 kHz)• No DC current injection in the grid
• Cost effective• Reliable• Big• Heavy

With high frequency transformer design
HFHFHF- 50 HzTransformer rectifier filterAC+

AC relay
L1

EMCfilter
DC

+
-

V1

V2

V3

EMCfilterACN

measurement
I/V
at inputinverter control(fPWM ≈ 10…50 kHz)• Small Size
• Light

4

line
230 V
50Hz

measurement
I/V/f
at output• DC current injection in the Grid
• A lot of components -> Reliability

Transformerless• Small Size
• Light• High efficiency• No galvanic insulation• DC current injection in the Grid
• Leakage current

Without DC chopper
AC relay+

L1

EMCfilter
DC

PWM
filter+-EMCfilter
AC

line
230 V
50Hz

N

measurement
I/V
at inputinverter control(fPWM ≈ 10 - 50 kHz)measurement∆I/I / V / f
at output

With DC chopper (or step up converter)

AC relay
L1+

PWM
filter+--EMCfilter
AC

EMCfilterDCmeasurement
I/V
at input

line
230 V
50Hz

N

inverter control(fPWM ≈ 10 - 50 kHz)measurement∆I/I / V / f
at output• Wide voltage Input range

5

Solar Inverters Control & Safety

Different inverter designs according to needs (Grid connected)

Solar Inverters Control & Safety

MPPT Control:current & voltage measurements of the solar panel
For each different topology, thecurrent and voltage measurementof the solar panel side is done inorder to know current and voltage
generated and to define the MPP(Maximum of Peak Power Point)where the maximum output wattage
can be extracted from the solar panel.

+

EMCfilter
DC

-

isc
iMPP

isolarcell

ΡMPPmeasurement
I/V
at inputlcelΡ solar

Usolarcell

UMPP

Low dynamic

Medium accuracy
Open Loop Hall effect current transducers
Closed Loop Hall effect voltage transducers

Current
measurement

Accuracyat +25°C

Linearity

Gain error

Responsetime

Requirement

1%

1%

0.5 %

5 µS

Open Loop Hall
effect current
transducers

NominalRange

Measuring
range

Power
Supply(DC)

Offset Drift

Gain Drift

HX series
HXN series

2… 50 A

3 x IPN+/- 15 V

1.5 mV/K

0.1 %/K

HXS series

5… 50 A

3 x Ipn+5V

0.2 mV/K

0.05 %/K

HMS series

5… 20 A

3 x Ipn+5V

0.2 mV/K

0.07 %/K

Voltagemeasurement

Accuracyat +25°C

Linearity

Responsetime

Requirement

0.9 %

0.2 %

40 µS

Closed Loop Hall
effect voltage
transducer

NominalRange

Measuring
range

Power
Supply(DC)

Offset Drift

Gain Drift

7.8 µA /K

Depending on
external
primary resistor
used

LV 25-P

10… 500 V

1.4 x Vpn

current & voltage transducer solutions
6+/- 12… 15 V

PicturePictureUoc

L1

EMCfilter
AC

OR

line
230 V
50Hz

N

measurement
V/I/f
at output

inverter control(fPWM ≈ 10 - 50 kHz)measurement
V/I/f
at output

The current measurement can ensure 2 tasks : Control loop: To control the inverter.
 Short-circuit or overload protection.
 Control loop: 2 kinds of signals:
1.1 PWM with carrier frequency:
Uh

U

Ucm1

Ucm2

Ucm3

t

The current loop has a constant
between 500 ns - 1 ms.
Low dynamic

Medium accuracy
Open Loop Hall effect transducers

d1
d2
d3

1.2 PWM in closed loop (Sliding mode…)
Output measurement and comparison
versus reference.

i

High dynamic
Accuratet

Closed Loop Hall effect transducers

7

Solar Inverters Control & Safety

Inverter protection & control:current measurements

Solar Inverters Control & Safety

Inverter protection & control: current measurements
 Protection: Short circuit and overload protection :2.1 Short circuit protection :High dynamic (Response time < 2 - 3 µs)
Medium accuracy
Closed Loop Hall effect currrent transducers
Open Loop Hall effect current transducers
with fast output (FHS models)

2.2 Overload protection :Medium dynamic (Response time < 5 µs)
Medium accuracy (3 - 5 %)Picture provided courtesy of
PsiControl mechatronics

Open Loop Hall effect currrent transducers

Current
measurement

Accuracyat +25°C

Linearity

Responsetime

Requirement

0.2… 0.6 %0.1 %< 1 µS

Closed Loop Hall
effect current
transducers

NominalRange

Measuring
range

Power
Supply(DC)

Offset Drift

Gain Drift

LTSR series

2… 25 A

3.2 x Ipn

+5V

0.375…0.1
mV/K

50 ppm/K

LF series

100… 2000 A

1.5… 2.5 x Ipn+/- 12…15 V

6.7… 8.9 µA/K

N/A

Current transducer solutions
8

High dynamic
High accuracy

PictureIn the transformerless designs and in the High Frequency
transformer designs, the DC current injected in the grid must
be controled (10 mA… 1 A) according to different standards
per country (IEC 61727, IEEE 1547, UL 1741…)

L1

EMCfilter
AC

line
230 V
50Hz

High accuracy (< 1 %)N

Very low offset drift

measurement
V/I/f
at output

Closed Loop Fluxgate currrent transducers

Picture provided courtesy of SolarMax by Sputnik Engineering

Current
measurement

Accuracyat +25°C

Offset Drift

Gain Drift

Requirement

<1%

Low

Low

Closed Loop
Fluxgate current
transducers

NominalRange

Measuring
range

Power
Supply(DC)

Offset Drift

Gain Drift

CAS /CASR / CKSR
series

2… 50 A

3 x Ipn+5V

0.2…0.0175
mV/K

40 ppm/K

CTSR 0.3-P

0.3 A

1.66 x Ipn

+5V

0.64
mV/K

10 ppm/K

High accuracy
Very low offset & gain drifts

PictureCurrent transducer solutions
9

Solar Inverters Control & Safety

DC current injection measurement

Solar Inverters Control & Safety

Leakage current measurement
Some leakage currents can happen in the transformerless inverter designs.
From the simplified representation of the transformerless inverter design (hereafter) (without resonancebetween components like PV panel, AC filter, grid impedance), this emphasizes that:• Electric shock is possible if a person touches the PV panels,• The leakage current can cause electromagnetic interferences, grid current distortion and additional
losses in the system (depending on PWM).

L1

UDC

T11

T21

T11 ON
T22 ONUc = 0 V

T12

T22

T12 ON
T21 ONUc = -UDC

+
-

Uc

N
few nF …µF (depends on
the weather, panel area. …)

Uc (V)t(s)-UDC

Current
measurement

Accuracyat +25°C

Nominalcurrent
range

ApertureRequirement<1%

Between
0.1… 0.4 V

Large fordifferential
measurement

Open and Closed
Loop Fluxgate
current transducers

NominalRange

Measuring
range

Power
Supply(DC)

Offset Drift

Gain Drift

Aperture

CT -P series

0.1… 0.4 A

2 x Ipn+/- 15 V

2… 8
mV/K

0.05 %/K

11 mm
diameter

CTSR 0.3-P

0.3 A

1.66 x Ipn+5V

0.64 mV/K

10 ppm/K

20 mm
diameterCurrent transducer solutions
10

PictureFor safety reasons, the leakage current is measured for control.
As a safety device, the current measurement is prefered to be a non contact, non intrusive measurement.

Small AC (50 / 60 Hz) current measurement (< 1 A)
Aperture big enough for several primary conductors crossing(differential measurement)
Open & Closed loop Fluxgate current transducers
AC relay+

L1
PWM
filter+-EMCfilter
DC

EMCfilter
AC

line
230 V
50Hz

N

measurement
I/V
at inputmeasurement∆I/I / V / f
at output

inverter control(fPWM ≈ 10 - 50 kHz)A high frequency (several 10   KHz) current spike and 50 / 60 Hz leakage current can also happen in theleakage capacitance.
Depending on the inverter topology, the spikes can be avoided.
These high frequency ones are not detected by the current transducer (limited bandwidth).
The value of the capacitive current (50 / 60 Hz) depends on the solar panel surface on weather conditions.

AC relay+

L1
PWM
filter+-EMCfilter
DC

EMCfilter
AC

line
230 V
50Hz

N

measurement
I/V
at inputinverter control(fPWM ≈ 10 - 50 kHz)measurement∆I/I / V / f
at output

ic [A]

0

t [s]

11

Solar Inverters Control & Safety

Leakage current measurement

Solar Inverters Control & Safety

Earth fault current measurement
For safety reasons, the earth fault current or insulation defect has to be controlled in thetransformerless designs.
AC relay+

L1

EMCfilter
DC

PWM
filter+-EMCfilter
AC

line
230 V
50Hz

N

measurement
I/V
at input

IDC

inverter control(fPWM ≈ 10 - 50 kHz)measurement∆I/I / V / f
at output

IAC

The transducer used to measure the earth fault current must be able to measure AC and DC
signals as the earth fault current could be AC or DC current depending where the fault (could bea short circuit for example) occurs and if the PV panel is grounded or not.
Small AC & DC currents measurement (< 1 A)
Aperture big enough for several primary conductors crossing(differential measurement)

Open & Closed loop Fluxgate currrent transducers

12

The construction of new solar power plants has increased significantly the last years.
A wide range of companies decided to invest into the construction of solar power plants toresell the energy generated to the energy providers.
The concept is simple; a lot of solar panels are connected in series to form what is called“PV Strings” (PV for Photovoltaic), they are connected in parallel to produce a lot of MWp andthen inject into the grid.
Recently we have seen the rise of “green” towns that have implemented this kind of solar
power plants. Specialized companies are contacting towns to install these plants in the mostappropriate areas (a lot of sunshine). This allows previously un-industrialized towns to benefit
from renting out the land and also generates local taxes. These towns can also receive
subventions granted by the various governments promoting sustainable energy.
Terrains without any value are becoming a non-negligible source of revenue for some areas.

How it works?
Generally, solar panels are connected in series in order to generate the required voltage andthen to form a “PV String”.
Solar panel connected in series -> PV String

UPV 1

UPV 2

UPV 3

UPV X

IPV
Utotal ⇒ 1 x PV String

Utotal = ∑UPV
Utotal = 600 to 1’000 VDC
IPV = 10 to 20 A DC (typically)

Each PV string can be connected in parallel (to increase the generated current keeping thevoltage at the required level). Then, they are connected to a multi-strings inverter, which willtransfer the produced power to the grid.
The generated current and voltage must match the input values of the inverter.
The series and parallel connections of the solar panels and PV strings need to be compatible
with the inverter used.
Thousands of solar panels are required to build a solar plant, and the performance of the overall
installation has to be monitored in order to maximize its efficiency.
The inverter used for the conversion of the power to the grid will ensure a part of this efficiency
by tracking if the MPP (Maximum Power Point for the generated current and voltage) is reached
for the total installation.
At this level, just before going into the inverter, the detection of any defective solar panel,
reducing the total efficiency of the installation, can be made in real time.
When several PV strings are connected in parallel to go to the inverter, a current inversion in a
PV string can happen. This will lead to the destruction, as it will need to handle the power of all
the other PV strings. A protection needs to be installed.
13

Solar Plants Control & Safety

Supervision and control of solar power plants

Solar Plants Control & Safety

A simple way to detect a defective solar panel is to check the current produced by each PV string.
A comparison of the current generated by each PV string allows evaluating if they each produce
the same level. Some levels of unbalance between PV strings can be set to trigger an alarm ifthey are reached.
The inverters integrate the current measurement, but the system integrators need more details
or want to be independent from the inverter equipment.
In order to be the most efficient, the current has to be measured on each PV string.
This will allow adapting the parameters to adjust the MPP of the respective solar string, but also
to detect any defective solar panel that is part of the solar string (reducing the efficiency of thesolar string substantially).
For solar plants that are equipped with motorized panels, the current control will also allow thesolar panel orientation tracking versus the sun position; this will give the best yield.
Some companies propose boxes for the parallel connection of the PV strings including thesefunctions. They are often called “combiner boxes” (but also “smart combiner boxes” or “arrayboxes”) integrating the current and voltage measurements for each string and checking several
PV strings.
Additional electronics for the current measurement conditioning can also be integrated into
these boxes in order to provide the acquisition system with the necessary signals.
Analysis is carried out, some alarms can be set if programmed thresholds are reached.
This allows maintenance to be planned; actions are targeted and realized straight away. Time is saved!
Solar plants can vary in size but in general each 100 kWp needs to go through a gridtransformer.
It is possible to have strings from 3 to 40 PV (ideally: 8 PV strings) going through the combiner
box, connected to the inverter before the grid transformer.
Each PV string can be under 600 to 1000 VDC with a current from 10 to 50 (even 100, 200 and300) ADC.
The combiner box is connected to the inverter under 600 to 1000 VDC and supplies the sum of
all the currents delivered by each PV string (from 30 to 300 ADC).
Usually the collected data (currents and voltages) are converted to digital signals for a RS-485
Modbus communication (RTU) to feed PLCs (Programmable Logic Controller) communicatingwith a control center that is able to change some remote parameters or to repair some defective
solar panels.
Systems can be fitted with other equipment for wireless Modbus communications, to acquire
data on dedicated servers for online checking or for a remote detection of any incident, and realtime information.
Circuit breakers can also be part of the combiner box for each PV string as well as protections
that for lightning, hotspots, back load among strings where current measurements can be really
active for these functions.
A site of 1 MWp would need around 25/30 measuring combiner boxes (8 strings) i.e 200/240
current DC transducers and 200/240 voltage DC transducers.
This kind of installation is also becoming popular for large roofs of plants, farms or publicbuildings where the principle is exactly the same.

14

Solar Plants Control & Safety

Combiner Box

PV Strings

Combiner Box 1

String 1

Strings

I1 DC
U1 DC
I1 DC

Connection

String 2

I2 DC
U2 DC
I2 DC

From 3 to 40 Strings

String X

Itotal =∑IDC= 30 to 300 ADC
U constant(600 to1000 VDC)

Ix DC
Ux DC
Ix DC

U = 600
to 1000 VDC
I = 30 to
300 ADC

Inverter=Transformer

A
D
RS 485WIRELESS

Combiner Box 2
Combiner Box 3
Combiner Box X

PV Strings

Connection

IDC & UDCA
D
RS 485

PLC (Programmable)
Logic controller

modbus communication RTU

WIRELESS
modbuscommunication
RTU

OR

WIRELESS
modbuscommunication
RTU

Control
CenterWIRELESS
modbuscommunication
RTU

15

Solar Plants Control & Safety

Current
measurement

Accuracyat +25°C

Nominalcurrent
range

Aperture

OutputMounting Isolation

Instantaneous current
PCB, DIN
1.6 to 30 mm or voltage output ordiameterconditioned voltage or rail or panel 1500 V
mounting
Solid or split core current output 0-10 V
4-20 mA to fit to PLCs

Requirement 0.5 % to 2 %3 % if split core

Between
0… 300 A

Open and
Closed Loop Hall
effect current
transducers

NominalRange

Measuring
range

Power
Supply(DC)

Accuracyat +25°C

LTS/LTSR
series

2… 25 A

3.2 x Ipn

+5 V

0.7 %

PCB

CAS/CASR/CKSR series

2… 50 A

3 x Ipn

+5 V

0.8 %

HXS series

5… 50 A

3 x Ipn+5 V

LA 25-NP

5… 25 A

1.4 x Ipn

LAX 100-NP

16.7… 100 A

LA 55-P

Primary
Mounting Aperture conductor
inserted
YES

Inst. Voltage

PCB

YES

Inst. Voltage

1.4 %

PCB

YES

Inst. Voltage+/- 15 V

0.5 %

PCB

YES

Inst. Current

1.6… 3.2 x Ipn+/- 12… 15 V

0.55… 0.7 %

PCB

YES

Inst. Current

50 A

1.4 x Ipn+/- 12… 15 V

0.65 %PCB

YES

Inst. Current

LA 100-P

100 A

1.5 x Ipn+/- 12… 15 V

0.45 %PCB

YES

Inst. Current

LA 150-P

150 A

1.3 x Ipn+/- 15 V

0.85 %PCB

YES

Inst. Current

LA 125-P

125 A

1.6 x Ipn+/- 12… 15 V

0.8 %

PCB

YES

Inst. Current

LA 200-P

200 A

1.5 x Ipn+/- 12… 15 V

0.65 %PCB

YES

Inst. Current

LF 205-S

200 A

2.1 x Ipn+/- 12… 15 V

0.4 %

Panel

YES

Inst. Current

LF 305-S

300 A

1.6 x Ipn+/- 12… 20 V

0.3 %

Panel

YES

Inst. Current

HAS
50…600-S
series50… 600 A

1.5… 3 x Ipn+/- 15 V

3%

Panel

YES

Inst. Voltage

HASS
50…600-S
series50… 600 A

1.5… 3 x Ipn

+5 V

1.4 %

Panel

YES

Inst. Voltage

DHR 100…400C420

100… 400 A

20… 50 V

1%

Panel

YES

4-20 mA

DHR 100…400C10

100… 400 A

20… 50 V

1%

Panel

YES

0-10 VDC

DK 100B420

50, 75, 100 A

20… 50 V

1%

Panel

YES

4-20 mA

DK 20C420

5, 10, 20 A

20… 50 V

1%

Panel

YES

4-20 mA

Current transducer solutions
16

YES

OutputPictureSolar Plants Control & Safety
Voltagemeasurement

Accuracyat +25°C

Nominalvoltage
range

OutputInstantaneous current
or voltage output or
Up to 1000 V conditioned voltage orcurrent output 0-10 V,
4-20 mA to fit to PLCs

Mounting

PCB, DIN rail or
panel mounting

Requirement

1%

Closed Loop Hall
effect current
transducers

NominalRange

Measuring
range

Power
Supply(DC)

Accuracyat +25°C

Mounting

Primary
resistor
inserted

Output

LV 25 P/SP2

10… 1500 V

1.4 x V pn+/- 15 V

0.9 %

PCB

NO

Inst. Current

LV 25-800

800 V

LV 25-1000

1000 V

1.5 x V pn+/- 12… 15 V

0.9 %

Panel

YES

Inst. Current

AV 100-1000

1000 V

1.5 x V pn+/- 12… 24 V

0.7 %

Panel

YES

Inst. Current

PictureVoltage transducer solutions
17

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Fax +7 495 788 13 89
e-mail: tvelem@lem.com
TVELEM
V.O., 2 linia, 19, Liter „A“
199053 S. Petersburg
Tel. +7 812 323 83 83
Fax +7 812 323 83 83
e-mail: info@maglem.ru
Scandinavia
LEM
Hassellunden 162765 Smørum
Tel. +45 88 24 5555
e-mail: kck@lem.com
Spain
LEM France Sarl
15, avenue Galois
F-92340 Bourg-la-Reine
Tel. +34 93 886 02 28
Fax +34 93 886 60 87
e-mail: slu@lem.com
SwedenADIATOR AB
Hälsingegatan 40
SE-11343 Stockholm
Tel. +46 8 729 1700
Fax +46 8 729 1717
e-mail: info@adiator.se

Beving Elektronic AB
Storsätragränd 10
S. 12739 Skärholmen
Tel. +46 8 680 1199
Fax +46 8 680 1188
e-mail: lars.g.pahlsson@beving.se
Switzerland
SIMPEX Electronic AG
Binzackerstrasse 33
CH-8622 Wetzikon
Tel. +41 44 931 10 30
Fax +41 44 931 10 31
e-mail: contact@simpex.ch
LEM SA
8, Chemin des Aulx
CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates
Tel. +41 22 706 11 11
Fax +41 22 794 94 78
e-mail: lsa@lem.com
TurkeyÖzdisan Electronik Pazarlama
DES Sanayi Sitesi,
104.Sok.A07 Blok N°:02
TR-34776 Y.Dudullu
Umraniye / Istanbul
Tel. +90 216 420 1882
Fax +90 216 466 3686
e-mail: sbalta@ozdisan.com
Ukraine“SP DACPOL” Co Ltd.
Snovskaya str., 20
UA-02090, KIEV, UKRAINE
Tel. +380 44 501 93 44
Fax +380 44 502 64 87
e-mail: kiev@dacpol.com
United Kingdom and Eire
LEM UK Ltd
West Lancs
Investment Centre
Whitemoss Business Park
Skelmersdale, Lancs WN8 9TG
Tel. +44 1 695 71 25 60
Fax +44 1 695 71 25 61
e-mail: luk@lem.com

Argentina
Semak S.A.
Av. Belgrano 1580, 5° Piso
AR-1093 BUENOS AIRES
Tel. +54 11 4381 2108
Fax +54 11 4383 7420
e-mail: comex@semak.com.ar
BrazilAMDS4 Imp. Exp. e Com. deEquip. Electr. Ltda.
Rua Doutor Ulhôa Cintra, 489,
Centro 13800-061 Moji Mirim - Sao Paulo - Brazil
Tel. +55 19 3806 1950 / 8509
Fax +55 19 3806 8422
e-mail:jeduardo@amds4.com.br

Canada Ontario East
Optimum Components Inc.
7750 Birchmount Road Unit 5
CAN-Markham ON L3R 0B4
Tel. +1 905 477 9393
Fax +1 905 477 6197

South Africa
Denver Technical Products Ltd.
P.O. Box 75810
SA-2047 Garden View
Tel. +27 11 626 20 23

LEM U.S.A., Inc
991, Michigan Avenue.
USA-Columbus, OH 43201
Tel. +1 414 353 07 11 ext. 200
Fax +1 614 540 74 36
Mobile +1 614 306 73 02
e-mail: afg@lem.com
LEM U.S.A., Inc.
37 Thornton Ferry Road II
USA-Amherst, NH 03031
Tel. +1 800 236 53 66 ext. 202
Fax +1 603 672 71 59
e-mail: gap@lem.com

LEM U.S.A., Inc.
6275 Simms st.
Suite # 110
USA Arvada, CO 80004
Tel. +1 800 236 53 66 ext. 201
Fax +1 303 403 15 89
e-mail: dlw@lem.com
LEM U.S.A, Inc.
1151 Sanborn Avenue
U.S.A - Los Angeles, CA 90029
Tel. +1 800 236 53 66 ext. 206
Fax +1 323 908 04 67
e-mail: dbl@lem.com

Korea
S&H Trading#Ra-3701, Jungang Yootong Danji
1258, Kurobon-Dong, Kuro-Ku,
K-Seoul, 152-721
Tel. +82 2 2686 83 46+82 2 2613 83 45
Fax +82 2 2686 83 47
e-mail: snhlim@yahoo.co.kr
Young Woo Ind. Co.
C.P.O. Box 10265
K-SeoulTel. +82 312 66 88 58
Fax +82 312 66 88 57
e-mail: c.k.park@ygwoo.co.kr
Malaysia
Acei Systems SDN BHD
1A & 1A-1, Lintasan
Perajurit 6,
Taman Perak
31400 Ipoh
Perak Darul Ridzuan
Malaysia
Tel. +60 5 547 0761/0771
Fax +60 5 547 1518
e-mail: enquiry@aceisys.com.my

Singapore
Overseas Technology Center Pte Ltd.
Blk 1003 Bukit
Merah Central
Unit 06-16
Technopreneur Centre
RS-159 836 Singapore
Tel. +65 6 272 60 77
Fax +65 6 278 21 34
e-mail: otcpl@singnet.com.sg
TaiwanPOWERTRONICS CO. LTD
The Tapei SUN-TECH Technology Park
10th Floor, No. 252-2, Section 3,
Beixin Road, Xindian City, Taipei
County22143, Taiwan, R. O. C.
Tel. +886 2 7741 7000
Fax +886 2 7741 7001
e-mail: sales@powertronics.com.tw
Tope Co., Ltd.
3F-4, 716 Chung Cheng Road
Chung Ho City, Taipei Hsien,
Taiwan 235, R.O.C
Tel. +886 2 8228 0658
Fax +886 2 8228 0659
e-mail: tope@ms1.hinet.net

Australia and New Zealand
Fastron Technologies Pty Ltd.
25 Kingsley Close
Rowville - Melbourne Victoria 3178
Tel. +61 3 9763 5155
Fax +61 3 9763 5166e-mail: sales@fastron.com.au
China
Beijing LEM Electronics Co. Ltd
No. 28, Linhe Str. Linhe
Industrial Development Zone
Shunyi District, Beijing, China
Post code : 101300
Tel. +86 10 89 45 52 88
Fax +86 10 80 48 43 03+86 10 80 48 31 20
e-mail: bjl@lem.com
Beijing LEM Electronics Co. Ltd
Shanghai Office
Room 510
Hualian Development Mansion,
Xinhua Road
Changning District
Shanghai, 200052 P.R. China
Tel. +86 21 3226 0881

e-mail: mikep@
optimumcomponents.com

Canada Manitoba West
William P. Hall Contract Services
7045 NE 137th st.
CAN-Kirkland,
Washington 98034
Tel. +1 425 820 6216
Fax +1 206 390 2411

Fax +27 11 626 20 09
e-mail: denvertech@pixie.co.za
U.S.A
Central Office:LEM U.S.A., Inc.
11665 West Bradley Road
USA Milwaukee, Wi 53224
Tel. +1 414 353 07 11
Toll free: 800 236 53 66
Fax +1 414 353 07 33
e-mail: lus@lem.com

Fax +86 21 5258 2262
e-mail: bjl@lem.com
Beijing LEM Electronics Co. Ltd
Shenzhen OfficeR1205, Liantai Mansion, Zhuzilin,
Shennan Avenue, Futian District,
Shenzhen 518040 P.R. China
Tel. +86 755 3334 0779
+86 755 3336 9609
Fax +86 755 3334 0780
e-mail: bjl@lem.com
Beijing LEM Electronics Co. Ltd
Xi‘an OfficeR2909, HIBC, Technology Road 33,
High-tech District, Xi‘an710075 P.R. China
Tel. +86 29 8833 7168
Fax +86 29 8833 7158
e-mail: bjl@lem.com
India
LEM Management Services SarlIndia Branch Office
Mr. Sudhir Khandekar
Level 2, Connaught Place,
Bund Garden Road,

Pune-411001
Tel. +91 20 401 47 575
Mobile +91 98 331 35 223
e-mail: skh@lem.com
Globetek
122/49, 27th Cross
7th Block, Jayanagar
IN-Bangalore-560082
Tel. +91 80 2 663 57 76
Fax +91 80 2 653 40 20
e-mail: globetek@vsnl.com
Japan
LEM Japan K.K.
2-1-2 Nakamachi
J-194-0021Machida-Tokyo
Tel. +81 4 2725 8151
Fax +81 4 2728 8119
e-mail: ljp@lem.com
LEM Japan K.K.
1-14-24-701 Marunouchi,Naka-ku,
Nagoya460-0002 Japan
Tel. +81 52 203 8065
Fax +81 52 203 8091
e-mail: ljp@lem.com

Distributor

LEM International SA
8, Chemin des Aulx, CH-1228 Plan-les-Ouates
Tel. +41/22/7 06 11 11, Fax +41/22/7 94 94 78
e-mail: Isa@lem.com; www.lem.com
Publication CH 210102 (06.10)