（別紙様式６）(Attached Form 6)

学位論文の要旨（論文の内容の要旨）
Summary of the Dissertation (Summary of Dissertation Contents)
論 文 題 目Dissertation title
Assessing the Social and Economic Impacts of Mining-Induced Displacement and Resettlement and OptimalCompensation Policy Design: The Case of Aynak Copper Mine Project, Afghanistan

広島大学大学院国際協力研究科
Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation,
Hiroshima University
博士課程後期開発科学専攻
Doctoral Program
Division of Development Science
学生番号D181430
Student ID No.
氏
名GHULAM DASTGIR KHAN
Name
Seal

Literature indicates three main triggers of displacement: disaster, conflict, and development. The focus of this dissertation is on development-induced displacement, specifically, mining-induced displacement and resettlement (MIDR). Mining related acti
vities accounts for a significant portion of all displacements. Arguably, such projects are required to improve society. However, it is well-established that such relocati
on has negative socio-economic consequences for those impacted if suitable restorati
on measures are not implemented.
This dissertation presents empirical evidence on the causal influence of involuntary
relocation on households' socio-economic outcomes. It highlights and fills the resea
rch gap in the main strands of existing development-induced displacement and resettlement literature by using case studies of the Aynak copper mining in Afghanista
n. Overall, this research examines the socio-economic consequences of relocation and proposes a compensation program that best suits the socio-economic circumstances of Aynak mine-affected people. At first, it looks at the short-term impacts of displacement on relocated households' income and consumption, as well as on social ca
pital. Second, it proposes a compensation scheme that is ideal for mitigating the negative impacts of relocation. Finally, it analyzes the long-term effects of relocation
on displaced households.
The study's major results may be broken down into chapters. Chapter 1 comprises
the background, motivation, research questions, a conceptual framework, objectives,and an overview of the study area and methodologies. Chapter 2 discusses the rol
e of social networks in Afghanistan. The most enduring aspect of displacement andsettlement in the country has been social networks based on kinship, ethnicity, ec
onomic ties, faith, and party politics. When people of the same tribe, dialect, and k
in are in trouble, they trust and devote their resources to one another. This provid

es them with socio-economic protection while also tying them together via social tie
s. Social networks in Afghanistan are difficult to re-establish once they have beenlost. The broad and fragmented distinctions in Afghan culture based on language, religion, rural technology, and other social institutions are among the most importa
nt variables shaping social networks in Afghanistan.
In addition, Chapter 2 examines how forced relocation because of land acquisition for the development of a copper mining operation in Aynak, Afghanistan, affects ho
usehold income and consumption habits. It utilizes a difference-in-differences metho
d to assess households' income and consumption patterns in the displaced village b
efore and after the forced relocation with those households that had not yet been
displaced. The data was gathered across two time periods. Just before the relocation in 2011, the Afghan Ministry of Mines and Petroleum performed the first roundof surveys in order to devise a Resettlement Action Plan. For the perusal of the current study, the second wave of survey for post-relocation data collection was undertaken in 2015. The findings expose the dismal nature of relocation. It further shows that displacement discouraged community participation and that those relocate
d have lost social ties. It also demonstrates that the displacement inhibited commu
nity participation in the area and that displaced people lost social bonds.
Furthermore, displaced households have lost access to their agricultural land and agriculture-based livelihood. The daily labor outside mines has reduced. The govern
ment should use the alternative residential land previously identified to move theaffected households as soon as possible. Moreover, monetary compensation is requir
ed to close the income gap caused by relocation. Accurately analyzing agricultural land, particularly the quality of substitute land, is necessary to guarantee the inco
me of PAFs following relocation and, as a result, a successful relocation procedurein the future. The development community might give technical support and act as
an arbitrator to facilitate a fair relocation process.
PAFs are hesitant to accept an inferior remuneration package. For more than a decade, the problem has gone unaddressed. Furthermore, the land purchase and reset
tlement procedure at Aynak lacked sufficient consultation, and impacted people wer
e not included in decision-making. To solve this issue, Chapter 3 proposes an opti
mum compensation policy design based on the preferences of Aynak mine-affectedhouseholds. Using a randomized conjoint experiment, this chapter investigates the impact of compensation policy attributes on the acceptance probabilities of househol
ds affected by the Aynak copper mining project. In the experiment, a set of hypoth
etical compensation packages consisting of eight attributes: resettlement as a unit,
the provision of a public good – a community facility, the timing of the relocation,
the provision of agricultural land, the quality of agricultural land, the provision ofresidential land, loans for the construction of a house in the new resettlement area, and additional monetary compensation were presented to the respondent. Each attribute has different levels, which are randomly allocated. The respondents were then asked to rank alternative compensation policies that incorporate varying levelsof these attributes as well as their willingness to accept (WTA) for relocation.
Chapter 3 also provides an overview of the international legal framework and concl
udes that the resettlement and compensation processes in the Aynak copper mine
project were poorly implemented without proper participation of the PAFS, which v
iolates both the international and domestic legal frameworks. As a result, the PAFs contend that the procedure was murky. Chapter 3 demonstrated the relevance ofsocial ties for PAFs and the value of agriculture as a livelihood and monetary recompense, based on a problem-solving and stakeholder-oriented approach. Those who
were relocated valued social connections more than monetary recompense. The fin
dings imply that the compensation package should be established with the viewpoi
nts of PAFs in consideration. In the case of the Aynak project, restoring social ties
and livelihoods, as well as providing loans, would help the PAFs. In conclusion, t
his study indicates compensation packages that contain aspects linked to social cap
ital, livelihood restoration, provisions to prevent homelessness, and monetary compe
nsation. Furthermore, the experimental model of this study may assist governments and resettlement practitioners in other developing countries in understanding therequired compensation package of PAFs prior to the execution of resettlement programs.
It is also critical to evaluate if displaced people will emerge from the social and ec
onomic shock caused by displacement in the long run. Therefore, we conducted a household socio-economic survey of the Aynak mine-affected communities after a dec
ade to pursue this objective. The same questionnaires used in the 2011 survey were used to collect data from both relocated and unrelocated villages in 2021. Chapter 4 includes a detailed analysis based on the difference-in-differences method on two-period data. The findings revealed that, even in the long run, the social and eco
nomic status of the displaced households due to the Aynak copper mine project has not improved, and they are suffering from poverty and shattered social networks.
Chapter 5 concludes by making pertinent recommendations. This dissertation's findi
ngs have substantial practical consequences since they give empirical findings conc
erning the impacts of relocation in the short and long run. It provides evidence that mining-induced relocation and resettlement practices undermine PAFs both socia
lly and economically. As a remedy, the optimal compensation strategy presented in
Chapter 3 will assist in mitigating additional socio-economic losses to Aynak affected households. According to the findings of this study, involuntary displacement should be prevented, and PAPs should be actively involved in discussions throughout
any future resettlement.
備考

論文の要旨はＡ４判用紙を使用し，4,000字以内とする。ただし，英文の場合は1,500語以内とする。
Remark: The summary of the dissertation should be written on A4-size pages and should not exceed 4,000
Japanese characters. When written in English, it should not exceed 1,500 words.