2017 年 10 月 7 日

地域単位の健康関連ソーシャルキャピタル指標 ver 4.1(2021.5.25 誤植を修正しました)

本指標は Journal of Epidemiology に掲載済みですので適切に引用して頂ければ、著者・開発者に承諾を取る必要はございません。指標の詳細につきましては下記の論文をご参照下さい。ご不明な点が【問６】 参加している会やグループについておうかがいします。
ございましたら、斉藤（masa-s@n-fukushi.ac.jp）までご連絡ください。
１）あなたは下記のような会・グループにどのくらいの頻度で参加していますか（1）ボランティアのグループ

１．指１．週４回以上
標

２．週２～３回

３．週１回

４．月１～３回

５．年に数回

６．参加していない

１）あなたは下記のような会・グループにどのくらいの頻度で参加していますか
１．週４回以上 ２．週２～３回 ３．週１回 ４．月１～３回 ５．年に数回６．参加していない【問６】
参加している会やグループについておうかがいします。
（2）スポーツ関係のグループやクラブ（1）ボランティアのグループ（3）趣味関係のグループ
１．週４回以上 ２．週２～３回
１．週４回以上 ２．週２～３回

３．週１回
３．週１回

４．月１～３回
４．月１～３回

５．年に数回
５．年に数回

６．参加していない
６．参加していない（2）スポーツ関係のグループやクラブ（4）老人クラブ
１．週４回以上 ２．週２～３回 ３．週１回
１．週４回以上 ２．週２～３回 ３．週１回

４．月１～３回
４．月１～３回

５．年に数回
５．年に数回

６．参加していない
６．参加していない（3）趣味関係のグループ（5）町内会・自治会
１．週４回以上 ２．週２～３回
１．週４回以上 ２．週２～３回

３．週１回
３．週１回

４．月１～３回
４．月１～３回

５．年に数回
５．年に数回

６．参加していない
６．参加していない（4）老人クラブ（6）学習・教養サークル
１．週４回以上 ２．週２～３回
１．週４回以上 ２．週２～３回

３．週１回
３．週１回

４．月１～３回
４．月１～３回

５．年に数回
５．年に数回

６．参加していない
６．参加していない（5）町内会・自治会（8）特技や経験を他者に伝える活動
１．週４回以上 ２．週２～３回 ３．週１回 ４．月１～３回
１．週４回以上 ２．週２～３回 ３．週１回 ４．月１～３回（6）学習・教養サークル

５．年に数回
５．年に数回

６．参加していない
６．参加していない

５．年に数回

６．参加していない

１．週４回以上

２．週２～３回

３．週１回

４．月１～３回【問９】 あなたの住んでいる地域についておうかがいします。
１）あなたの地域の人々は、一般的に信用できると思いますか。
１．とても信用できる

２．まあ信用できる

４．あまり信用できない

５．全く信用できない

３．どちらともいえない

２）あなたの地域の人々は、多くの場合、他の人の役に立とうとすると思いますか。
１．とてもそう思う

２．まあそう思う

４．あまりそう思わない

５．全くそう思わない

３．どちらともいえない

３）あなたは現在住んでいる地域にどの程度愛着がありますか。
１．とても愛着がある

２．まあ愛着がある

４．あまり愛着がない

５．全く愛着がない

３．どちらともいえない【問８】 あなたとまわりの人の「たすけあい」についておうかがいします。
１）あなたの心配事や愚痴（ぐち）を聞いてくれる人。あてはまるすべてに○をしてください。
１．配偶者

２．同居の子ども

３．別居の子ども

５．近 隣

６．友 人

７．その他（

４．兄弟姉妹・親戚・親・孫） ８．そのような人はいない

２）反対に、あなたが心配事や愚痴（ぐち）を聞いてあげる人。あてはまるすべてに○をしてください。
１．配偶者

２．同居の子ども

３．別居の子ども

５．近 隣

６．友 人

７．その他（

４．兄弟姉妹・親戚・親・孫） ８．そのような人はいない

３）あなたが病気で数日間寝込んだときに看病や世話をしてくれる人。あてはまるすべてに○をしてください
１．配偶者

２．同居の子ども

３．別居の子ども

５．近 隣

６．友 人

７．その他（

４．兄弟姉妹・親戚・親・孫） ８．そのような人はいない

４）反対に、看病や世話をしてあげる人。あてはまるすべてに○をしてください。
１．配偶者

２．同居の子ども

３．別居の子ども

５．近 隣

６．友 人

７．その他（1

４．兄弟姉妹・親戚・親・孫） ８．そのような人はいない

２．算出方法(1) １１指標それぞれについて、赤枠の回答者割合を小地域（学区)単位で集計する。なお、問８の３
項目については、いずれかがいる割合にするために１で引いた値を使用する。
(2) １１指標の因子得点、問６の５項目・問９の３項目・問８の３項目について単純加算した値、も
しくは、以下の式で重み付けして加算した値をそれぞれ市民参加(Civic participation)得点、社会的凝集性(Social cohesion)得点、互酬性(Reciprocity)得点とする。
（重み付け式：因子負荷量に基づいた重みづけ）
Civic participation ＝ ボランティア割合×0.6 + スポーツ割合 × 0.8 + 趣味割合×0.9+ 学習割合 × 0.7 + 経験伝達割合× 0.5
Social cohesion ＝ 信頼割合×0.9 + 互酬性割合 × 0.8 + 愛着割合×0.7
Reciprocity ＝ 情緒サポ受領×0.8 + 情緒サポ提供 × 0.7 + 手段サポ受領 × 0.6

Saito Masashige, Kondo Naoki, Aida Jun, Kawachi Ichiro, Koyama Shiho, Ojima Toshiyuki, Kondo Katsunori.
(2017) Development of an Instrument for Community-Level Health Related Social Capital among Japanese Older
People: The JAGES project. Journal of Epidemiology. 27(5): 221–227

2

Table 1. Correlation between social capital candidate indicators and subjective health at
the community level (n=702)

Volunteer group (≥ once a month)Sports group (≥ once a month)
Hobby activity (≥ once a month)
Study or cultural group (≥ once a month)
Skills teaching (≥ once a month)
Frequency of contact with friends (rarely)
Number of friends (≥ 10)
Receive emotional support (any one or more)
Provide emotional support (any one or more)
Receive instrumental support (any one or more )Community trust (very & moderately trusted)
Community contribution (agree strongly & agree)
Community attachment (very & moderately attached)
Facilities you feel free to drop in
SRH: Self-rated health

GDS: Geriatric depression scale*** p <.001 ** p <.01

* p <.05

Partial correlation a)
SRH
GDS( fair/poor)(≥5)-.093**-.193***-.233*** -.355***-.256*** -.332***-.144*** -.205***-.106**-.200***.272***.372***-.140**-.255***-.049-.189***-.154**-.265***-.186*** -.292***-.204*** -.373***-.144*** -.331***-.136*** -.315***-.102**-.206**a) Population density and elderly proportion at municipality level were controlled.

3

Table 2. Extraction of social capital candidate indicators based on reliability
Communalities(Factor analysis)
number of items
14
11
.325
.315
Volunteer group
.638
.640
Sports group
.743
.752
Hobby activity
.500
.495
Study or cultural group
.295
.288
Skills teaching.273
Less frequency of contact with friends.229
Number of friends
.679
.687
Receive emotional support
.538
.533
Provide emotional support
.392
.394
Receive instrumental support
.795
.883
Community trust
.720
.650
Community contribution
.534
.529
Community attachment.273
Facilities you feel free to drop in
Cronbach's alphas

.728

4

.752

Table 3. Factor loadings of community -level social capital scale

Volunteer group
Sports group
Hobby activity
Study or cultural group
Skills teaching
Community trust
Community contribution
Community attachment
Received emotional support
Provided emotional support
Received instrumental
supportCorrelation coefficient
F1 & F2
F1 & F3F2 & F3

Exploratory factor analysis a )Confirmatory factor analysis b )Civic
SocialCivic
SocialReciprocity
Reciprocity
participation cohesion
participation cohesion
(F3)
(F3)
(F1)
(F2)
(F1)
(F2)
.536
.119
-.029
.557
.791
-.015
.100
.796
.868
-.020
.021
.867
.706
-.023
-.051
.693
.536
.003
-.060
.532
.055
.934
-.009
.947
-.058
.817
-.015
.790
.055
.716
.007
.727
-.092
-.005
.831
.828
.104
-.097
.750
.682
-.061
.257
.486
.603
.154 (p=.000).065 (p=.087).436 (p=.000).178 (p=.000).031 (p=.495).392 (p=.000)a) EFA was applied promax rotation and maximum likelihood method.
b) Model fit indicators of CFA were as follows:
Chi-square (df)=271.2(41), p<.001 RMSEA=.089

CFI=.925

5

TLI=.899

SRMR=.058

Table 4. Descriptive statistics for the final sample
OutcomeFair/poor health*No (n=97324, 78.6%) Yes (n=22134, 17.9%)† Unknown (n=4302, 3.5%)
Depressive symptoms*No (n=74648, 60.3%) Yes (n=26700, 21.6%)† Unknown (n=22414, 18.1%)
Level 1 (individuals, n=123,760)
Age (in years)
Mean=74.0 Range=65-106
Gender*Male (46.3%)
Female ( 53.7%)
Marital status*Married (70.0%)
Divorced (20.9%)
Separated (3.3%)
Never married (2.2%)
Unknown (3.6%)
Education* ≥ 10 years (n=56.0%)< 10 years (41.7%)
Unknown (2.3%)
Annual household income* ≥ ¥4,000,000 (8.4%)(Equivalent income)¥2,000,000 - ¥3,999.999 (30.0%)< ¥2,000,000 (41.4%)
Unknown (20.2%)
Civic participation
None (45.1%)(number of groups which
One (15.5%)
participated one or more times Two (10.3%)
a month in five indicators)
Over three (6.9%)† Unknown (22.1%)
Social cohesion
None (12.9%)(number of "very/moderately
One (17.1%)
agree" in three indicators)
Two (20.6&)
Three (44.6%)† Unknown (4.7%)
None (1.3%)
Reciprocity
One (3.0%)(number of "any one or more"
Two (6.7%)
in three indicators)
Three (82.8%)† Unknown (6.2%)
Level 2 (communities, n=702)
Civic participation (factor score) Mean = 0 Range = -2.60 - 3.41
Social cohesion (factor score)
Mean = 0 Range = -3.66 - 2.73
Reciprocity (factor score)
Mean = 0 Range = -4.07 - 2.02
* Reference categories used for subsequent regression analyses† Unknown cases in these major variables were eliminated in subsequent regression analyses.

6

Table 5. Estimated prevalence ratios from multilevel Poisson regression analysis
Self-rated health (fair/poor)
model 1model 2model 3
PR
PR
PR
(95%CI)(95%CI)(95%CI)
Fixed parameters
Community level variables
Civic participation (factor score)Social cohesion (factor score)
Reciprocity (factor score)

0.94***(0.92-0.95)
0.99(0.97-1.01)
0.98(0.96-1.01)

Individual-level variables
Civic participation (0-3)
Social cohesion (0-3)
Reciprocity (0-3)
Cross-level interactions
Community level civic participation
× Individual level civic participation
Community level social cohesion
× Individual level social cohesion
Community level reciprocity
× Individual level reciprocity
Random parameters
Community level intercept variance(standard error)
Community level structural SC slope variance0.96***(0.93-0.98)
1.03*(1.01-1.06)
1.00(0.98-1.03)

0.97**(0.96-1.00)
1.03(0.99-1.06)
1.04(0.98-1.10)

0.74***(0.72-0.76)
0.84***(0.83-0.85)
0.86***(0.84-0.88)

0.74***(0.72-0.76)
0.84***(0.83-0.85)
0.86***(0.84-0.88)

Depressive symptoms (GDS ≥5)model 1model 2model 3
PR
PR
PR
(95%CI)(95%CI)(95%CI)

0.93***(0.92-0.95)
0.97***(0.95-0.98)
0.96***(0.94-0.98)

0.95***(0.93-0.97)
1.02*(1.00-1.04)
0.98*(0.96-1.00)

0.94***(0.92-0.97)
1.03(1.00-1.06)
1.04(0.98-1.10)

0.76***(0.75-0.78)
0.77***(0.76-0.77)
0.82***(0.80-0.83)

0.76***(0.75-0.78)
0.77***(0.76-0.77)
0.82***(0.80-0.83)

0.98(0.95-1.00)
1.00(0.98-1.02)
0.99(0.97-1.02)

1.01(0.98-1.03)
0.99(0.98-1.01)
0.98*(0.96-1.00).004 (.002).004 (.002).003 (.001).001 (.001).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000)

7

(standard error)
Community level cognitive SC slope variance(standard error)*** p <.001 ** p <.01.000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000)* p <.05

All models are also adjusted for individual-level age, gender, marital status, education, and annual house income. Unknown cases in social capitalvariables and dependent variables were eliminated in this analyses. Sample size of model 1 was as follows: SRH; individual=119,458,
community=702, GDS; individual=101,348, community=702. Sample size of model 2 and model 3 were as follows: SRH; individual=88,436,
community=702, GDS; individual=79,081, community=702.

8

Appendix 1. Candidate indicators of community-level social capital in the JAGES 2013 cross-sectional study (53 indicators, n=702)
Partial correlationa)
Mean (SD)SRH
GDS( fair/poor)(≥5)

Indicators
How often do you attend activities for the following groups.
Volunteer groups (% ≥ once a week)
Volunteer groups (% ≥ once a month) (†)
Sports groups/clubs (% ≥ once a week)
Sports groups/clubs (% ≥ once a month) (†)
Hobby activity group (% ≥ once a week)
Hobby activity group (% ≥ once a month) (†)
Senior citizen club (% ≥ once a week)
Senior citizen club (% ≥ once a month)Community association (% ≥ once a week)
Community association (% ≥ once a month)
Study or cultural group (% ≥ once a week)
Study or cultural group (% ≥ once a month) (†)
Nursing care prevention activities (% ≥ once a week)
Nursing care prevention activities (% ≥ once a month)
Activities to teach skills or pass on experiences to others (% ≥ once a week)
Activities to teach skills or pass on experiences to others (% ≥ once a month) (†)
Local events; e.g. festivals, Bon festival dance (% ≥ once a week)
Local events; e.g. festivals, Bon festival dance (% ≥ once a month)
Activities to support older people requiring protection (% ≥ once a week)
Activities to support older people requiring protection (% ≥ once a month)
Activities to support older people requiring nursing care (% ≥ once a week)
Activities to support older people requiring nursing care (% ≥ once a month)
Activities to support parents raising children (% ≥ once a week)9

6.1 (3.2)
12.6 (4.7)
20.1 (7.1)
25.9 (8.3)
19.4 (5.7)
34.3 (8.4)
3.3 (2.8)
8.5 (5.6)
2.9 (2.5)
10.8 (5.8)
4.4 (2.8)9.9 (4.6)
5.1 (2.7)
8.0 (4.0)
3.6 (2.3)
6.2 (3.0)
0.6 (0.9)
2.0 (1.8)
2.3 (1.8)
4.2 (2.7)
2.1 (1.6)
3.5 (2.3)
2.2 (1.6)-.069-.093*-.210***-.233***-.175***-.256***
.040
.083*
-.054
-.027
-.143***-.144***-.007.010-.098**-.106**
-.033
.001
.021
-.018
.006
-.006
-.045

-.146***-.194***-.314***-.355***-.217***-.332***-.058-.095*.029.024-.133***-.205***-.063-.115**-.120**-.200***
-.059
-.038
.001
-.024
.018
.009
-.131***

Activities to support parents raising children (% ≥ once a month)
Local living arrangement improvement (beautification) activities (% ≥ once a week)
Local living arrangement improvement (beautification) activities (% ≥ once a month)
Another group or organization (% ≥ once a week)
Another group or organization (% ≥ once a month)
How often do you see your friends?
(% ≥ once a week)(% ≥ one to three times a month)(% rarely) (†)
How many friends/acquaintances have you seen over the past month?
(% zero)(% ≥ 10 persons) (†)
Do you have someone who listens to your concerns and complaints?
(% none) (†)(% neighbor or friend)Do you listen to someone’s concerns and complaints?
(% none) (†)(% neighbor or friend)Do you have someone who looks after you when you are sick for a few days?
(% none) (†)(% neighbor or friend)Do you look after someone when he/she is sick for a few days?
(% none)(% neighbor or friend)
What kind of close partnerships in daily life do you have with people in your neighborhood?
(% mutual consultation)(% mutual consultation & standing and chatting frequently)(% none, not even greetings)
10

3.5 (2.1)
2.0 (1.8)
5.5 (3.6)
3.7 (2.5)
8.5 (3.7)

.013
.054
-.072
-.072
-.098*

.057
.002
.002
.006
-.069

48.7 (7.2)
71.3 (6.3)
9.1 (3.8)-.023-.096*.272***-.050-.148**.372***

9.4 (4.1)
34.3 (5.7).102**-.140***.149***-.255***

94.3 (2.7)
49.5 (5.8)-.049-.089*-.189***-.098**

92.5 (2.9)
49.8 (5.5)-.154***-.093*-.265***-.143***

94.7 (3.1)
7.4 (3.1)-.186***-.028-.292***.005

80.2 (5.0)
8.5 (3.7)

-.053
-.002

-.081*-.027

15.4 (9.4)
70.5 (10.2)
2.3 (2.0)

.066
-.045
.097*

.019
-.108**.148***

Do you think most people in your community is assistance to others?
(% agree strongly)(% agree strongly & agree) (†)
Houses or facilities you feel free to drop in within walking distance of your home (% many & some) (†)
Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted? (% yes)
I can trust people I meet for the first time. (% very & moderately trust)Do you think people living in your area can be trusted in general?
(% very trusted)(% very & moderately trusted) (†)
How degree is your residential place attachment?
(% very attached)(% very & moderately attached) (†)

5.9 (3.3)
52.1 (8.5)
35.7 (9.1)
29.4 (11.6)
12.4 (7.8).006-.144***-.102**-.133***-.082*-.130**-.331***-.206***-.189***-.104**

11.6 (4.4)
68.6 (7.6)-.029-.204***-.189***-.373***

25 (7.5)
79.1 (6.0)a) Population density and elderly proportion at municipality level were controlled. *** p<.001, ** p<.01, * p<.05-.004-.136***-.177***-.315***† Indicators adopted in first model (14 indicators)

11Appendix 2. Estimated prevalence ratios from multilevel Poisson regression analysis (indicator method)

Fixed parameters
Community level variables
Civic participation (factor score)Social cohesion (factor score)
Reciprocity (factor score)Self-rated health (fair/poor)
model 1model 2model 3
PR
PR
PR
(95%CI)(95%CI)(95%CI)

Depressive symptoms (GDS ≥5)model 1model 2model 3
PR
PR
PR
(95%CI)(95%CI)(95%CI)

0.94***(0.92-0.95)
0.99(0.97-1.01)
0.98(0.96-1.01)

0.93***(0.92-0.95)
0.97***(0.95-0.98)
0.96***(0.94-0.98)

Individual-level variables
Civic participation (ref.=None)One
Two≥ ThreeSocial cohesion (ref.=None)
One
Two
Three
Reciprocity (ref.=None)
One
Two
Three

12

0.96***(0.94-0.98)
1.03*(1.01-1.05)
1.00(0.97-1.02)

0.97*(0.95-1.00)
1.03(0.99-1.07)
0.98(0.90-1.07)

0.95***(0.93-0.96)
1.02*(1.01-1.04)
0.98*(0.96-1.00)

0.95***(0.93-0.97)
1.02(0.98-1.05)
0.97(0.90-1.04)

0.69***(0.66-0.72)
0.54***(0.51-0.58)
0.44***(0.41-0.48)

0.68***(0.65-0.71)
0.54***(0.51-0.57)
0.44***(0.41-0.48)

0.73***(0.70-0.75)
0.60***(0.57-0.63)
0.46***(0.43-0.49)

0.73***(0.70-0.75)
0.60***(0.57-0.63)
0.46***(0.43-0.49)

0.82***(0.79-0.86)
0.72***(0.69-0.76)
0.57***(0.55-0.59)

0.82***(0.79-0.86)
0.72***(0.69-0.75)
0.57***(0.55-0.60)

0.78***(0.75-0.81)
0.64***(0.62-0.67)
0.44***(0.42-0.46)

0.78***(0.76-0.81)
0.64***(0.62-0.67)
0.44***(0.43-0.46)

0.82***(0.74-0.91)
0.84***(0.77-0.93)
0.65***(0.59-0.71)

0.83**(0.75-0.93)
0.85**(0.77-0.94)
0.65***(0.59-0.71)

0.91*(0.84-0.99)
0.93*(0.86-1.00)
0.61***(0.57-0.66)

0.92(0.84-1.00)
0.93(0.86-1.01)
0.62***(0.57-0.66)

Cross-level interactions
Community level civic participation
× Individual level civic participation (one)Community level civic participation
× Individual level civic participation (two)Community level civic participation
× Individual level civic participation (≥ three)
Community level social cohesion
× Individual level social cohesion (one)Community level social cohesion
× Individual level social cohesion (two)Community level social cohesion
× Individual level social cohesion (three)
Community level reciprocity
× Individual level reciprocity (one)Community level reciprocity
× Individual level reciprocity (two)Community level reciprocity
× Individual level reciprocity (three)
Random parameters
Community level intercept variance(standard error)
Community level civic participation slope variance(standard error)
Community level social cohesion slope variance(standard error)
Community level reciprocity slope variance(standard error)

0.98(0.92-1.03)
0.93(0.86-1.01)
0.91(0.82-1.01)
1.00(0.94-1.05)
1.04(0.99-1.10)
1.00(0.95-1.05)
1.03(0.92-1.17)
1.02(0.92-1.14)
1.01(0.92-1.11)

1.01(0.96-1.06)
1.03(0.96-1.10)
0.98(0.89-1.07)
1.02(0.98-1.07)
1.02(0.97-1.06)
1.00(0.96-1.04)
1.07(0.96-1.18)
1.03(0.94-1.12)
1.00(0.93-1.08).004 (.002).005 (.002).005 (.002).001 (.001).001 (.001).001 (.001).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000).000 (.000)*** p <.001 ** p <.01 * p <.05
All models are also adjusted for individual-level age, gender, marital status, education, and annual house income. Unknown cases in social capitalvariables were included in this analyses Coefficient of that were omitted in this table. Sample size of each models were as follows: SRH;
individual=119,458, community=702, GDS; individual=101,348, community=702.

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