Flood Waste
Management Guidelines
for Bangkok

© 2015 National Institute for Environmental Studies
All rights reserved worldwide
This publication is issued by:Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research
National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES)
16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan

Disclaimers
The Content and views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect
the views or policies, or carry the endorsement of the contributory organizations or the National Institute forEnvironmental Studies (NIES).
Reproduction
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes
without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made.
NIES would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.
No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without
prior permission in writing from NIES. Applications for such permission, Application for such permission,
with statement of purpose and intent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Center for
Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa,
Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan

Table of contents
1. Introduction and purpose of these guidelines

1

2. List of abbreviations

2

3. Basics of flood waste management3

3.1 Flood waste management in different phases

3

3.2 Different aspects of flood waste management

3

3.3 Composition and quantity of flood waste

4

4. Principles of flood waste management

7

4.1 Functions

7

4.2 Governance10

4.3 Technical aspects

13

5. Check list of recommended actions in each flood management phase

16

5.1 Mitigation phase (normal time)16

5.2 Preparedness phase (after flood warning)17

5.3 During flood phase (initial response)

17

5.4 After flood phase (secondary response and recovery)

18

Appendix

19

A1. Vulnerability Assessment Tool for Flood Waste Management

19

A2. Useful map for flood management in Bangkok

27

A3. Report of Flood Waste Management Workshops in Bangkok

29Foreword
Globally, especially in the Asia and Pacific region, risk of flood has been increasing within the context ofclimate change. In 2011, Thailand has experienced a massive flood that damaged and deterred the economic
activity for almost half a year. Against this backdrop, many Asian cities are urged to improve the preparedness
for flood in the wake of rapid urbanization.
The impact of solid waste in the city during flood is significant. Appropriate management of flood waste will
enhance rapid, environmentally and economically sound recovery of the stricken area. The primal concerns
related to waste management during flood are sanitation and safety of the people. In many Asian cities, solid
waste management is one of the largest issues of urban development, and the impact of flood on the solid
waste management system tends to be more significant in developing countries. To mitigate the impact offlood on solid waste management system and to ensure the safety and sanitation of the residents after flood,
appropriate planning, before and after flood, and their timely implementation are crucial.
These guidelines have been prepared based on the lessons learned from Thai and Japanese flood waste
management experiences, integrating perspectives from both technical engineering and social science. They
are intended to provide you with the basic principles of flood waste management together with a quick guideof important solid waste management actions at each stage of flood event to help both getting preparedin advance and responding effectively. The Vulnerability Assessment Tool in the appendix will help you tounderstand the current state of your waste management system against flood.
I sincerely hope these guidelines and the tool will help improving the resiliency of the waste management
system in Bangkok, and in other Asian urban cities.

Dr. Masato Yamada,Head, Appropriate waste disposal engineering section
Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research
National Institute for Environmental Studies

1

1. Introduction and purpose of these guidelines
The 2011 flood crisis was the most severe flood in the history of Thailand, and it resulted in the greatest
amount of damage and numbers of affected people that the country has seen so far. This flood event started
at the end of July 2011 and continued until mid-January 2012, and caused serious loss of life and property.
A total of 65 out of the entire 77 provinces of the country were affected.
After the floodwaters receded, a large amount of waste remained. Waterborne waste from neighboring
flooded provinces also accumulated and created a huge quantity of waste to be disposed of. One of themost serious problems during this flood event was the waste disposed of from the affected households. This
included both small and large items such as damaged furniture, which were dumped in front of houses, along
streets, or on empty land which caused environmental and sanitary problems in the form of offensive odors
and contaminated wastewater. In addition, the delay in flood waste disposal caused a detrimental impact on
the recovery of peoples’ livelihoods.
In order to deal with such flood waste and to avoid environmental, sanitation, and other social problems,
it is important to plan ahead and be prepared for such flood events. The objective of the Flood Waste
Management (FWM) Guidelines for Bangkok is to provide good mitigation, preparation, and response
actions for appropriate management of flood waste in the event of flooding. This will help in reducing therisk of environmental and sanitary problems that may affect the population. The primary target of the FWM
Guidelines is a situation involving slow-onset floodwater that remains above ground level for more than one
day. However, parts of this guidelines may also be referred to in the case of flash floods.
Please note that the FWM guidelines do not give detailed “how-to” instructions. Detailed planning needs to beundertaken by local officers, considering institutional arrangements and local resources at the time of planning(Fig. 1).

Institutional arrangements
Local Information

Effective and feasible
preparation/mitigation actions in Bangkok

Flood Waste Management
Guidelines for Bangkok

BMA DoE flood waste management(These guidelines)

District flood waste management planand others...

Fig. 1. Usage of the Flood Waste Management Guidelines12

2. List of abbreviations
BMA

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration

DDPM

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

DoE

Department of Environment, BMA

FWM

Flood Waste Management

ICT

Information and Communications Technology

MSW

Municipal Solid Waste

PCD

Pollution Control Department

PAO

Provincial Administrative Organization

TSS

Temporary Storage Site2

3

3. Basics of flood waste management
3.1 Flood waste management in different phases
FWM should be considered in the following four different yet interrelated phases; “mitigation,” “preparedness,”“during flood,” and “after flood” phases. During the mitigation and preparedness phases, there is no flood
waste present, but relevant actors of FWM actors need to take actions to prepare for its management. During
the flood and after flood phases, there will be flood waste that will need to be disposed of. Each phase poses
different challenges in waste management and sanitation, as each situation and condition are different. Thesefour phases are sequential, and form a cycle, as shown in Fig. 2.
The mitigation phase, which occurs in “normal” time, starts at the completion of recovery from the previous
flood, and ends at the inception of the warning of the next flood. The main task to be done during this phaseis to develop a resilient waste management system so that the next flood will not cause too much harm tosociety. The preparedness phase follows this, and its length differs significantly depending on whether theflood is a flash flood or a slow-onset one. During the flood phase, when land is covered by water, the waste
management functions will be extremely limited while the daily generation of waste continues. After the water
recedes, during the after flood phase, the flood waste generation rate will rise and the full FWM operation willtake place.

No flood
waste

Preparedness phase

During flood phase

Mitigation phase

After flood phase

With flood
waste

Fig. 2. Flood waste management cycle

3.2 Different aspects of flood waste management
For appropriate FWM, public management, administrative aspects, and technical engineering aspects will need
to be taken into consideration. The following section illustrates the wide variety of aspects to be consideredhere.
For example, there may be a severe shortage of resources to enable flood waste collection because of
insufficient preparation. Firstly, during the flood phase, many officers may be affected by the flooding andwill not be able to commute to work, which may result in a shortage of staff needed to implement theoperations. Secondly, equipment for flood waste collection, including waste collection trucks, heavy vehicles
for transportation, and plastic bags for waste disposal may have limited availability during flooding. Financial
resources may not be immediately available to assist with the situation. As a severe flooding situation
becomes obvious, offers of donations and assistance need to be coordinated. Waste collection times andlocations need to be announced effectively, so that people will know how to store and dispose waste during
flooding events. These public management and administrative aspects are crucial for efficient operations.
As for the technical engineering aspects, flooding will pose various technical and operational challenges.
During the flood phase, many items including electronic appliances, household items, and furniture become
soaked in floodwater and most of these items become waste. Some people abandon this waste to thefloodwater. After the floodwater starts to recede, people start to dispose of their flood waste at Temporary3

3
Storage Sites (TSS) or beside roads, wherever space is available. Waste separation should be conducted at the
TSS before transportation to the waste transfer stations. This makes the transportation of waste easier andpromotes recycling. The peak of waste collection occurs immediately after the floodwater start to recede,
indicating that BMA might need to dispose of huge amounts of waste from residents within a short periodof time. BMA may request help in acquiring FWM knowledge and experience from international donors andacademic institutions. Depending on the severity of the flooding, some waste transfer stations may not be in
use and this may cause heavy traffic in the areas around open transfer stations and may therefore lower theefficiency of transportation. How these different aspects should be dealt with is detailed in Chapter 4.

3.3 Composition and quantity of flood waste
Flood waste includes: municipal solid waste (MSW), infectious waste (from medical treatment, research, etc.),
and industrial waste, generated both during and after flood events. Among these, the main types of flood
waste that BMA must deal with are MSW (including household hazardous waste) and infectious waste.
The exact amount and composition of flood waste will depend on each flood event. For example, according to
the waste composition survey undertaken by the Department of Environment, BMA (DoE), the composition ofwaste during flooding in 2011 was as follows: wooden furniture 44%; books and magazines 11%; bedding 10%;
daily waste 10%; clothes, shoes, and bags 6%; CDs, videos, and tapes 5%; mud 5%; plant pots, vases, and waterclosets 3%; electric and electronic devices 3%; vinyl floor mats 2%; and brick, concrete, and cement 1%. The
composition of the flood waste is shown in Fig. 3. As for the quantity, the estimated flood waste amount (i.e.
amount of additional waste collected by BMA compared to normal situation) for each BMA district is shown in
Table 1. The total flood waste amount in Bangkok was estimated as ca. 152 thousand tons, the highest amountbeing ca. 20 thousand tons in Don Mueang district.
plant pot/vase/water closet
3%
CD/VDO/tape5%

brick/concrete/cement
1%
mud
5%

books and magazines
11%

floor vinyl mat
2%clothes/shoe/bag6%

wood furniture44%

daily waste
10%

bedding
10%electric/electronic devices
3%
Fig. 3. Composition of flood waste during 2011 flooding (Source: Department of Environment, BMA).

4

3
Table.1 Statistics relating to the quantities of waste collected from November 2011 to January 2012
(adapted from the Department of Environment, BMA).

(a) Average waste (b) Total waste amount
Flood waste (=(b)- Flood waste peramount duringfrom 2011/12/1 to(a)*60) (tons)
house-hold (kg)normal situation
2012/1/12

No.

District

1

Don Mueang

157

29,642.74

20,222.74

313

2

Lak Si147

13,268.14

4,448.14

96.7

3

Sai Mai

166

18,037.13

8,077.13

94.5

4

Bang Khen

237

17,955.30

3,735.30

41.6

5

Chatuchak338

22,509.39

2,229.39

25.9

6

Min Buri169

10,915.25

775.25

15.4

7

Khlong Sam Wa

127

8,567.50

947.5

14.9

8

Nong Chok

88

5,682.04

402.047.9

9Khan Na Yao

98

7,724.28

1,844.28

53.4

10

Bang Khae

258

19,622.16

4,142.16

53.5

11

Bang Phlat

143

10,532.28

1,952.28

43.2

12

Taling Chan

113

7,677.55

897.5524.2

13

Phasi Charoen

149

10,388.89

1,448.89

31.3

14

Nong Khaem

164

12,136.88

2,296.88

41.9

15

Thawi Watthana

92

6,579.84

1,059.84

35.5

16

Bangkok Noi

186

11,857.77

697.7715.7

17

Bangkok Yai

885,410.72

130.72

4.9

18Bang Bon187

11,267.78

47.78

1.1

19

Lat Krabang

203

12,615.37

435.37

6.1

20

Lat Phrao

157

9,781.29

361.297.2

21

Chom Thong

192

11,024.47

-

-

22

Bang Khun Thian

256

14,957.11

-

-

23

Bang Kapi

284

18,690.91

1,650.91

18.7

24

Bueng Kum

151

10,434.29

1,374.29

21.8

25

Thon Buri

163

9,558.52--

26

Khlong Toei

283.54

18,328.94

1,316.54

23.1

27

Khlong San

121.18

7,386.14

115.34

3.4

28

Din Daeng

230.53

15,149.36

1,317.56

25.4

29

Dusit

176.0910,670.05

104.653.3

30

Thung Khru

115.54

6,279.52--

31

Bang Kho Laem

125.32

7,109.97--

32

Bang Sue

158.289,818.41

321.61

7

33

Bang Na

189.84

11,660.77

270.37

5.1

34Bang Rak

152.56

9,794.88

641.2824.9

53(a) Average waste (b) Total waste amount
Flood waste (=(b)- Flood waste peramount duringfrom 2011/12/1 to(a)*60) (tons)
house-hold (kg)normal situation
2012/1/12

No.

District35

Pathum Wan

218.5

15,653.47

2,543.47

97.6

36

Prawet214.64

12,947.04

68.64

1

37

Pom Prap Sattru
Phai

87.24

5,365.83

131.43

6.8

38

Phaya Thai

148.87

9,853.58

921.3825.8

39

Phra Nakhon

135.57

11,151.34

3,017.14

163.4

40

Phra Khanong

190.538,661.33--

41

Yan Nawa

159.129,869.73

322.53

7.5

42

Ratchathewi

173.99

11,625.57

1,186.17

30.8

43

Rat Burana

118.2

6,704.02--

44

Wang Thonglang

195.12

12,968.18

1,260.98

22.8

45

Watthana

232.3

15,171.61

1,233.61

22.1

46

Saphan Sung

187.196,071.93--

47

Sathon155.27

10,357.28

1,041.08

29.2

48

Samphanthawong

58.2

3,757.87

265.8720

49

Suan Luang

187.1912,347.63

1,116.23

20.9

50

Huai Khwang

149.41

10,615.56

1,650.96

32.8

51

Other public
sectors

73,657.62

73,657.62

6

4

4. Principles of flood waste management
4.1 Functions
It is important to be able to see the entire picture with regard to the functions and tasks necessary for FWM,
in order to be fully prepared for the next flood event. The structure of FWM functions is show in Fig. 4. It isbased on the Incident Command System, the standard disaster management system used in the U.S., withsome modification made in accordance with past FWM experience. Under each function there are more
specific functions and tasks which are elaborated further in the following sections.

4.1.1

Operations

Functions included here are based on a t ypical waste management process: collection, separation,transpor tation, temporar y storage, intermediate treatment, recycling and final disposal (to landfill).
Transportation refers to both transporting waste from the collection point to TSS and transporting waste
to the treatment and disposal sites (or waste transfer stations) from TSS. Specific intermediate treatment,
recycling, and disposal options should be selected according to the technology available, and the state andcomposition of generated flood waste. For operational details refer to Chapter 4.3. Other supporting functions(sub-sections 4.1.2 to 4.1.5) are necessary to enable the efficient implementation of this function.

4.1.2 Command
The commander is responsible for the entire FWM operation, and prioritizes necessary tasks, and makes
decisions. In order to ensure minimum confusion, it is important to unify command. The commander should set
targets in terms of time boundaries or quality (e.g., recycling rates). It is also important to establish priorities
between different types of waste (e.g., putrefacting waste should be collected and treated with high priority).
Other functions that support the commander directly include public relations, external affairs, and internalaffairs.

Operations

Command

Logistics

Finance/admin.

Planning

Collection

Target setting

Human resources

Contract

Plan marking

Separation

Public relations

Equipment

Payment

Information
gatheringTransportation

External affairs

Facilities

Financial source

Information
sharing

Temp. Storage

Internal affairs

Systems(incl. ICT)

Information
analysis
Information
supportIntermediate
treatment
Final Disposal(incl. recycling)
Fig. 4. Necessary functions for flood waste management

7

4
Public relations, or the communication of information to the public, are necessary in terms of: (1) reducing
the amount of waste, (2) appropriate collection, and (3) maintenance of public sanitation. Flood information,
together with tips for evacuating household furniture, should be made public early enough to enable good
preparation, which in turn will reduce the amount of flood waste. Note that in some circumstances, the public
may have optimistic views on flood risks (e.g., “The water will never come up to my house.”). During andafter flood events, instructions for appropriate in-house waste storage, and collection plans, including what,
where, how flood waste will be collected, will need to be announced. Improper disposal of waste and wastebags leads to odor, plague, and a reduction in water drainage capacity. It is also advisable to give instructions
for waste separation. Multiple media outlets, including television, newspapers, and radio, should be utilized
constantly to make people aware of waste disposal information.
The term “external affairs” refers to coordination and negotiation with external actors, including individuals,
and public and private organizations. Requests and inquiries from the general public need to be handled(public inquiries are important information sources during flood events). Regarding private organizations,coordination with suppliers, waste management companies, construction, forestr y, and heav y industries
may become necessary. Coordination with junk buyers is also advisable in order to enhance appropriate
treatments. Negotiation with landowners (individual or companies) is an important task in the early stagesof TSS preparation. Coordination and negotiation with other public bodies, such as adjacent PAOs or central
government agencies and military forces, is equally important, as each organization has different authorities
over FWM, and support from these actors needs to be coordinated.
The term “internal affairs” refers to coordination with other departments or sections within BMA. Coordination
with district level actors is crucial in order to efficiently bring flood waste into transfer stations with minimum
traffic, and to ensure the necessary separation at source. In order to minimize miscommunication between
DoE, district offices, waste management facilities (waste transfer stations), and private operators, the roles
and responsibilities of these actors need to be clearly defined and then followed. The responsibilities of othersections within BMA, including the department or section of disaster management, environmental protection,and urban planning, will sometimes conflict with FWM functions and tasks. For example, the urban planning
section might want to build temporar y housing for flood victims on an open space where flood waste
managers were planning to temporarily store flood waste.

4.1.3 Logistics
The management of human resources, equipment, facilities, and systems are necessary supporting functions
for efficient FWM. Regarding human resources, tasks should be assigned to staff in accordance with their daily
responsibilities. If there is no staff with appropriate expertise, then staff may have to be seconded from otherdepartments for a certain (not too short) period of time. A cross-sectional task force could be organized.
When temporary staff are hired, training should be given prior to the commencement of operations.
Equipment and facilities need to be procured, repaired, or refurbished to cope with large amount of flood
waste. Trucks (with drivers and fuel), small boats, weighing scales, are some examples. Other items, to ensure
the health and safety of staff (e.g., food and water, safety gloves, masks) are also important. In addition toprotecting and repairing the existing waste transfer stations, TSS will become necessary. Appropriate site
locations and layouts will avoid traffic jams and the inappropriate mixture of recyclable materials with otherwastes. The closure and restoration of these sites to their original state will also be required (also refer to 4.3
for technical details).
Systems refer to information systems, such as quantity management systems and social systems, i.e., laws andregulations. In the case of large scale flooding, consider disregarding administrative procedures (e.g., land use
permitting procedures) that significantly impair efficient operations, or taking alternative simplified measures.

8

4
4.1.4 Finance and administration
Contracts with private waste management companies and suppliers may be different from those in place
during normal situations. Although it might be impossible to execute written contracts in emergency
circumstances, these may not be disregarded entirely. In order to ensure appropriate spending controls
the workload of contractors will need to be checked. As local administrations are the most likely to facefinancial difficulties, revenues need to be secured, typically in the form of subsidies. Requests to the national
government for subsidies will involve some administrative burden.

4.1.5 Planning
Planning is a set of functions that puts together all the different FWM functions and tasks. For example, if all
three waste transfer stations become inaccessible due to high floodwater levels, flood waste will either betransported directly to the final disposal sites or stored at TSS. To prepare TSS, equipment and additional staff
to oversee TSS will be necessary, new arrangements for waste disposal and transportation will need to becommunicated to the residents and contractors, etc. All these factors need to be coordinated, and for this, an
FWM plan is an effective instrument.
As the flood event situation changes over time; e.g., access to two of the three waste transfer stations is reestablished, the whole arrangement will need to be redesigned. Floods may bring new, unfamiliar challenges
for flood waste managers, and these could change targets and priorities. Plans may not be implemented as
initially intended, therefore, it is important to collect, analyze, and share information (on the flood situation,
on sanitary conditions, on residents’ complaints, on work progress, etc.) in a timely manner. By evaluating thisinformation, plans may be revised successfully. Technical information (advice) from experts may also help.

94
4.2 GovernanceIn order to coordinate and undertake FWM tasks, governance schemes and organizational arrangements(organizational structure and the assignment of roles and responsibilities) must be prearranged.
An example of a basic governance framework for FWM in Bangkok is given in Fig. 5. Based on theunderstanding that districts are mainly responsible for collecting and transporting waste to transfer stations,and that DoE is mainly responsible for managing transfer stations, final disposal, and coordination of districts:
districts will give orders and collect reports from operators, inform residents and businesses; meanwhile, DoE
will give orders and information to waste management facilities and collect their reports. DoE will also deal
with central government, other provincial government departments, and external supporting bodies (experts).
While each organization has its unique responsibilities, there should be close coordination between districts
and DoE. Information sharing, or working on common situation awareness, is especially important. It is also
important to coordinate with flood management committees.
- Centralgovernment(e.g., PCD, DDPM)- Other Provinces- Experts(e.g., universities)

Offer
assistance

BMA Headquarters
Flood management committee

Coordinate

Emergency response team
(Chair: Deputy Governor)

Order, inform

ReportReportad hoc flood waste management task
force in DoE

Bangkok District offices
Flood Management Comitteee(Chair: Director of DoE)
ReportOrder, inform

ReportOrder, inform

Order, informad hoc flood waste management task force(or other corresponding department)

Waste management facilities

ReportTransfer stations

Order, inform

Operators(collection)

Final disposal sites

InformResidents, Businesses

See Fig. 6 fordetails

Information stream

Flood Waste Stream

Fig. 5. An example of a governance framework for Flood Waste Management in Bangkok

104
In terms of the ad hoc Flood Waste Management task force (in DoE), there are various ways to organize thenecessary functions, an example of this is given in Fig. 6.

ad hoc flood waste management task force in DoE Overall command(decision making) Target setting

Director
Deputy Director

Team leader

Team leader

Team leader

Waste disposal facility
team

Environmental
monitoring teamDistrict liaison team

Planning and overall
coordination team

 Give orders, receive
information fromfacilities
 Install & maintain
ICT systems

 Monitor
environmental
quality Specify
environmental
protection measures

 Give orders, receive
information from
districts
 Receive andcoordinate requests
from districts

 Develop flood waste
management plans
 Collect informationfrom other teams
 Analyze information
 External affairs

Waste management
facilities

 Intermediate
treatment
 Final disposal(incl.recycling)

District
offices

Team leader

 Collection
 Separation
 Transportation

 Temp. storage
 Public Relations

Fig. 6. Example of organizational structure of ad hoc flood waste management task force

Here, the “Waste disposal facility team” is responsible for the management of the three waste transfer stations
and final disposal sites. As the quantities of flood waste would be recorded at those facilities, management ofsuch ICT systems is also this team’s responsibility. The “Environmental monitoring team” gathers information
on water and air quality, odor, and the release of hazardous substances. As the tasks related to this function
will require special expertise, this team will concentrate solely on this task. The “District liaison team” serves as
the contact between each district and DoE. This team will accept requests from different districts for various
resources (equipment, financial, human resources, etc.) and coordinate those requests. A specific section
within this team will then start procurement and contracting. Another important function of this team will be
to share the same information with all districts. All the information gathered from the different teams will becoordinated, recorded, analyzed, and managed by the “Planning and overall coordination team”. This team willdevelop a plan, to be discussed at executive meetings (attended by the director, deputy director, and teamleaders), which will be also organized by this team. This team will also coordinate and negotiate with external
actors, and seek financial resources.
The section above gives just one example, and there will be other ways to organize resources and functions.
The actual organizational chart should be developed on the basis of the organizational structure under normal
circumstances. In emergency cases it is not reasonable to expect people (officers) to participate in tasks thatthey are not familiar with.

11

4
Other general recommendations are as follows:- The organizational structure of the ad hoc Flood Waste Management task force does not necessarilyneed to correspond precisely with the functional structure presented in Fig. 4. For example, it is notrealistic to designate a section specialized only in internal affairs. However, it is advisable to ensure that
all functions are present in one form or another.
- The governance and organizational structure should be shared, at least among managers in higher
positions.
- As illustrated by the above example, FWM functions are interrelated, and therefore should not be
implemented in absolute independence of each other. In the case of large organizations, such as BMA,
functions related to planning (gathering, sharing, and analyzing information) and internal affairs become
critical for effective internal coordination.

124
4.3 Technical aspects
4.3.1 Flood waste collection from districts- Rapid collection of waste from the community is very important. The waste collected by small trucks
should be initially dumped at TSSs , then those trucks can go back to continue collecting waste in manyround trips, and therefore limited resources can be managed effectively.
- Separation of flood waste of source is recommended. If separated, load only one waste type on one
truck to avoid mixed piling at TSS.
- Consideration should be given to the collection of waste from shelters and evacuation centers.
- Consideration should be given to providing residents with garbage bags of different colors to promote
separation of the waste, e.g., waste can then be divided into food waste, night soil and others.
- It is recommended that the following vehicles are prepared for waste collection following a flood event:Rubber tire loaders or backhoe loaders to be used for the removal of wastes from communities to
TSS.
Four-wheeled cars (pick-up) and six-wheeled trucks are appropriate for transferring damaged
furniture from communities to TSS.
- The recommended number of machines for collections from districts according to the amount of flood
waste are as follows:
Number of heavy machines depending on the estimatedamount of flood waste
Type<1,000 ton

1,000-2,500 ton

2,500-5,000 ton

3

5

10

5

10

20

Backhoe loader (JCB) >90 H.P.
(Rubber tire loaders)Six-wheeled truck for transporting wastefrom communities to transfer station.

4.3.2 Management at temporary storage sites- Calculate1 the size of TSS. General recommendations are given as follows:
Flood waste of 1,001–2,500 ton, recommend temporary area for 2-5 Rais
Flood waste over 2,500 ton, recommend temporary area for 8 Rais or divide 5 Rai between two sites
instead.
- The recommended number of machines for TSS according to the amount of flood waste are as follows:
Estimated amount of flood waste

MachineType

1

Excavator, Cap.> 130 H.P.
Front-end loader Cap. > 120 H.P.
Backhoe (JCB) Cap. > 90 H.P.

<1,000 ton

1,000-2,500 ton

2,500-5,000 ton

2 units
1 unit1 unit3 units
2 units
1 unit5 units
3 units
2 units

Calculations for the necessary area of TSS is based on the following formula:
Necessary land area for TSS (m2) = [Estimated volume of flood waste (t)] / [waste bulk density (0.4 t/m3)] /[height ofpile of waste (m)] * [auxiliary land area factor (0.3)]

13

4- The principles governing the location of TSS are as follows:
Access to the site should be easy.
Located away from rivers, canals, swamps, ponds, lakes, and drainage to avoid water contamination.
Located close to the disaster areas, but far enough from residential areas, infrastructure, andbusiness areas because the TSS may affect their environment.
Located away from areas at risk from flooding (wetlands, river banks, or agricultural areas). Use theelevation and flood risk maps (refer to Appendix 2) to determine the location.
Consider using public land first in order to avoid difficulties in acquiring agreement for use.
Space in temples can also be considered to be utilized as TSS. District administration should survey
and ask for permission from relevant authorities.
- The principles of the design of TSS are as follows:
If possible, place vinyl layer on the ground before start piling waste to prevent leachate leaking outof area.
Control the flow of internal traffic by providing one-way street inside the TSS. Incoming truck drivers
should follow the instructions given by the TSS officer.
Access routes for the acceptance of waste at TSS should be controlled, for example, there should be
only one incoming and outgoing gate, respectively.
A plan to reinstate the site to its original condition (including long-term environmental monitoringplans, if necessary) should be prepared for the appropriate closure of TSS.
An example design of TSS is presented in Fig. 7.

Recyclables storage

Furniture and wood debris

Waste Electricaland Electronic
Equipment

Hazardous
householdwaste
Firefighting
equipment

Site office

ToiletMixed waste

Tipping pad

Gate

Gate
..... route for trucks loaded with specific type of waste..... route for trucks loaded with mixed waste
Fig. 7. Example layout of temporary storage site14

4
- There should be a plan for monitoring the environmental impacts that may occur during the use of
TSS, including monitoring surface water quality, groundwater quality, air quality, and especially odor
problems.
- The District office should consult with DoE to check the appropriateness of locations and designs
upon plan preparation. Meanwhile, DoE may ask for advice from PCD and/or other waste management
experts.
- Once the waste starts to accumulate, monitor, and control secondary accidents, such as fire outbreaks
and explosions. Piles of mixed waste should not exceed 5 m in height.
- In the case where waste cannot be transported to a waste transfer station for a long period of time, theDistrict office should cover the flood waste pile at the TSS with soil or plastic sheets to avoid sanitary
problems.
- Damaged furniture should be separated upon transportation from communities to TSS to enableappropriate reuse, intermediate treatment, and final disposal. For example, sofas can be separated into
wooden and padding parts. The wooden parts can be chopped up by using an excavator truck andthe padding parts can be sold to recycling agents. The storage of the wooden parts, after choppingup, should take into consideration dust and fungal spore distribution problems. The District office willneed to provide masks and dust goggles for operators. With regard to the wooden parts disposal, theDistrict office should consider contacting cement companies or biomass power plants because thewooden parts can be used as co-fuel for cement production and electricity generation.

4.3.3 Transportation from TSS to waste transfer station- It is recommended that the following vehicles are prepared for waste collection following a flooding
event:
Ten-wheeled trucks or articulated lorry trailer trucks should be used to transport wastes from
communities or TSS to waste transfer stations or landfills. The articulated lorry trailer truck is suitable
for transferring between TSS and waste transfer stations or landfill.
- Calculate the required number of 18-wheeled trucks or 10-wheeled trucks with trailers 2 for wastetranspor tation from TSS to transfer stations. The number of trucks depends on various factors,
including how fast the districts can clear waste, severity of flooding, amount and type of flood waste,traffic conditions, location of TSS, etc. For example, if the district has to clear the waste within one
week, and the available truck can only make one round-trip per day, districts or DoE can follow thesuggestions below.
◊ Flood waste of less than 1,000 ton: 18-wheeled truck 5 units (or 10-wheeled truck 10 units)◊ Flood waste of 1,000 – 2,500 ton: 18-wheeled truck 10 units (or 10-wheeled truck 20 units)◊ Flood waste of more than 2,500 ton: 18-wheeled truck 20 units (or 10-wheeled truck 40 units)- In order for district offices to rent 18-wheeled or 10-wheeled trucks, they should ask private companies(leasing companies etc.) for rental availability information.
- If there is an urgency to transport the waste out of the district, the District office may consult with DoE
to transport the waste directly from TSS to the final disposal site.
218-wheeled truck capacity is 30 t. 10-wheeled truck capacity is 20 t.

15

5

5. Check list of recommended actions in each flood
management phase
To achieve an appropriate FWM, it is advisable to take appropriate actions in each phase of FWM. Some
important actions to be taken by DoE and/or districts in each phase are recommended below.

5.1 Mitigation phase (normal time)
Category

Actions

DoE

District

Improve organization

Clearly delineate the FWM responsibilities of each officer in advance.

Communicate withstakeholders

Communicate with other districts, provinces, suppliers ofequipment, and vehicles regarding postflood assistance.



Build good face-to-face relationships with internal and external
actors through planning, workshops, and table-top exercises.

Communicate with residents on solid waste management during
and after flooding.
Gather and analyze
data

Plan making

Make a list of public open spaces that could be used as TSS.

()

Estimate the quantity and composition of possible flood wastereferring to the data from the 2011 mega flood.

Develop a data base of stakeholders who can accept flood
generated waste as a resource (i.e., furniture waste could be used
as wood or a source of fuel at cement factories or biomass power
plants).

Count and record the available equipment, including vehicles andboats.



Identify places that generate infectious waste on a map.



Identify solid waste buy-back centers in districts on a map.

()Develop plans for collection, transportation, storage, treatment,
and final disposal of flood waste.



Develop a common format for subsidy application.



Develop a public communications plan that indicates who
disseminates what information, how, and to whom.

Prepare for equipment

Prepare guidelines for residents on solid waste management
during and after flooding.

()

Develop environmental monitoring plans, which include the target
substance, place, frequency, personnel, and equipment required
for monitoring.



Organize the above plans/information as an FWM plan (always
leave some flexibility!).

Prepare for (e.g., purchase, make assistance arrangements)
postflood procurement for necessary equipment and vehicles.

Prepare occupational safety equipment.
Conduct trainingConduct workshops among staff to identify strengths, weaknesses,
and external positive and negative factors of the organization
using the Vulnerability Assessment Tool (refer to Appendix 1).

16








5
5.2 Preparedness phase (after flood warning)
Category

Actions

DoE

District

Improve organization

Set up ad hoc flood waste management task force, if necessary.

Communicate withstakeholders

Start public relation activities according to the public
communications plan.

()Hold meetings with district offices to develop a common
understanding on the scope of work, and to prepare for the flood
waste operations.

Start discussing the procurement of equipment budget with DoE
and private companies.
Gather and analyze
data

Revisit the estimation of the volume of flood waste and required
equipment and personnel to carry out the waste collection.








Check the condition of potential TSS.



Plan making

Review the plan again and recognize the roles and responsibilities.

Prepare equipment

Consider modifying vehicles to avoid them being damaged in thefloodwater (e.g., raise the position of the exhaust pipes).



5.3 During flood phase (initial response)
Category
Communicate withstakeholders

Gather and analyze
data

Actions

DoE

District

Provide information on waste collection (separation) and inhouse storage to secure public sanitation, according to the public
communications plan.

Share information among DoE, district administrations, andexternal partners. Effectively coordinate with the Emergency
Operation Centre.

Hold a meeting to coordinate waste transportation to transfer
stations.



Gather latest information on the impact of flooding on transfer
stations (e.g., availability, access)Collect latest inundation map.

Gather latest information on evacuation centers (e.g., location andnumber of evacuees).



Gather latest information on damage to housing, infrastructures,
agricultural buildings, hospitals, and clinics.

Re-estimate flood waste amount.

Plan making

Revise the FWM plan (especially the collection plan) according to
the actual situation.

Prepare equipment

Prepare cost estimates to secure budget.



Set up TSS, if necessary (details on the preparation of TSS is
discussed in 4.3).
Start preparing trucks for transportation of the large amount offlood waste out of TSS after flooding.
Undertake FWM
operations

Collect waste disposed of from flooded houses.

17





5
5.4 After flood phase (secondary response and recovery)
Category
Communicate withstakeholders

Gather and analyze
data

Plan making
Prepare equipment

Actions

DoE

District

Provide information on waste collection (separation) to securepublic sanitation, according to the public communications plan.

Hold a meeting to coordinate waste transportation to transfer
stations.

Obtain updated information on the impact of flooding on wastetransfer stations (e.g., availability and access).

Obtain updated information on the inundation situation within thejurisdictional area.

Obtain updated information on damage to housing, infrastructures,
agricultural buildings, hospitals, and clinics.

Re-estimate flood waste amount.



Revise the FWM plan (especially transportation and disposal plans)
according to the actual situation.

Prepare cost estimates to secure budget.



Properly manage TSS, if any.

Properly manage waste transfer stations.



Close TSS and reinstate the site to the original condition, if
required.
Secure budget through subsidy application and negotiation.
Undertake FWM
Operation

Improve future FWMCollect scattered waste and waste disposed of from flooded houses(give appropriate instructions to contractors).

Transport collected waste to waste transfer stations.

Transport collected waste to final disposal sites.



Keep records of each FWM activity, challenges, issues, and goodpractice.



Review lessons learned and budget spent.



Revise the FWM plan to be suitable for future FWM.



Improve waste management systems during normal times inaccordance with lessons learned.





18

Appendix
A1. Vulnerability Assessment Tool for Flood Waste Management
A Vulnerability Assessment Tool for Flood Waste Management was developed by the authors to help officersof local authorities identify the weaknesses of their waste management systems with regard to flood events.
In this tool, the vulnerability of the locality will be evaluated from six perspectives (Issues). To what extent yourlocality is vulnerable from each issue will be evaluated by criteria and indicators. These are written in the formof questions. Answer “Yes” or “No” to each question to quickly review the state of resilience of your FWM
system. For questions answered "Yes," evaluate subjectively the quality of the information and effort being
questioned. Score 1, 2, or 3 – given that 3 is the highest. Focus on issues answered “No” or issues given withlow scores, and consider the actions that could be taken towards improving the situation.
Please use the electronic version of this tool for more detailed assessment (available on: http://wastemanagement.asia/2015/08/666). It is advised to use the tool in a team of your colleagues, possibly in a form ofworkshop to reflect the situation of the locality.

19

Explanation of Issue 1
If the existing waste management systems do not work during and after flooding, it is probable that special
measures (e.g., installation of temporary waste management facilities) will need to take place for flood waste
management. In addition, repair of the normal waste management system needs to take place. This could leadto slow and costly flood recovery.
In order to minimize impacts on existing waste management systems, waste management facilities, equipment,
and other resources should not be exposed to floodwater. If that is not avoidable, they should then be floodresistant.
Issue 1
Criteria 1.1

Indicators

Criteria 1.2

Prevent flood impact on usual waste management system
Waste management facilities are not damaged by flooding

1)

Are transfer stations and/or landfills located outside high flood risk areas?
Note: Consider what percentage of the total capacity would be exposed to flooding,and how high that risk would be. Give special attention to facilities that manage/store
hazardous waste. Select "NA" if there are no transfer stations/landfills in your locality.

2)

Does your department use multi-access options to current transfer stations and/or
landfills?
Note: Consider whether several different routes are available from the city to transfer
stations and landfills (routes in low flood risk areas are preferred).

3)

Are any reinforcement measures undertaken on waste management facilities for the
purpose of flood preparation?
Note: Consider what percentage of the facilities are flood proof, and how effective those
reinforcement measures are (e.g., dykes). *select "Yes" and score "3," if all the facilities arelocated outside high flood risk areas*.

Equipment for waste management system are not damaged by flood
1)

Do you have parking space for waste collection/transportation vehicles outside highflood risk areas?
Note: Consider what percentage of the vehicles that you usually use will be flooded.

2)

Are waste collection vehicles used in normal circumstances usable in shallow water?
Note: Consider what percentage of your vehicles used normally are converted to beable to work in water (e.g., lifting the car body), and its effectiveness. If vehicles are notowned by your organization, also give consideration to whether the leasing company
will allow them to be used in water.

Indicators

20

Explanation of Issue 2
Appropriate and ef ficient flood waste management will require a lot of resources, including facilities,
equipment (heavy vehicles, trucks, fuel, etc.), finance, and personnel (information is also important - see Issue 4).
If the city does not have enough resources, assistance will have to be sought from external bodies such as thenational government, military service, provincial government, and private companies. Resource shortage willlead to slow waste management operations.
In addition to having stockpiles, preflood arrangements for obtaining support from external bodies are
effective.
Issue 2
Criteria 2.1

Indicators

Criteria 2.2

Indicators

Secure flood waste management resources
There is enough capacity in locality to temporary store waste

1)

Does the current waste transfer station have capacity to store additional waste (e.g.,
future flood waste)?
Note: Consider whether you can find extra space in your transfer stations to store andhandle flood waste, based on your flood waste estimation. Select "NA" if there are notransfer stations/landfills in your locality.

2)

Have you prepared a list of available land areas for Temporary Storage Site?
Note: The address, area, and property owner should be all listed and updated on aregular basis.

3)

Do you have prearrangements (e.g., written agreements) with property owners?
Note: Consider how reliable and easy to implement the prearrangements (negotiations,preflood contracts, etc.) are.

The city has or can obtain enough resources to manage flood waste
1)

Have you prepared a list of collection/disposal equipment, including heavy vehicles,
trucks, and boats usable during flooding?
Note: The type and capacity of all vehicles should be listed and updated on a regularbasis.

2)

Have you prepared a list of special vehicles that the city owns for hazardous andmedical waste collection/transportation?
Note: The type and capacity of all vehicles should be listed and updated on a regularbasis.

3)

Do you have prearrangements (e.g., written agreements) with equipment owners?
Note: Consider how reliable and easy to implement the prearrangements (negotiations,preflood contracts, etc.) are. The equipment owners may include construction andleasing companies, etc.

4)

Do you have stockpiles of other important items for flood waste management (i.e.,
fuel, masks, and gloves)?
Note: Consider how confident you are in terms of types and amounts of stockpiles.

5)

Do you have prearrangements (e.g., written agreements) with the owners of those
items (fuel, masks, and gloves)?
Note: Consider how reliable and easy to implement the prearrangements (negotiations,preflood contracts, etc.) are.

6)

Is there any relationship with external actors (association, alliance, personal contacts,etc.) that would enhance monetary or human resource assistance for flood waste
management?
Note: Main external bodies include military, other local authorities, and privatecompanies. Consider how reliable the relationships are.

7)

Are special budgets/subsidies/human resources to conduct planning for flood waste
management available?
Note: Consider whether any officer or team has clear responsibility for planning, orwhether a budget has been allocated in order to subcontract planning to consultants,
and whether the personnel and finance available seems sufficient.

21

Explanation of Issue 3
In order to ensure its efficiency flood waste management should be undertaken strategically. Impromptu flood
waste management activities will cause unnecessary confusion among stakeholders and also cause delays. It isequally important to be adaptive and flexible, as past experience shows that situations change and new issues
arise over time.
As a principle, flood waste management should be planned ahead of time, before flooding occurs. This
will minimize unexpected events and will also be a good opportunity for capacity development. Sufficient
information, resources and explicit yet flexible planning, and framework implementation should be included.
Issue 3
Criteria 3.1

Indicators

Criteria 3.2

Adaptively plan for and implement flood waste management
Necessary plans and rules for flood waste management are prepared1)

Have you prepared a flood waste management plan?
Note: Good flood waste management plans should prescribe the framework andprocedure for postflood waste management actions.

2)

Have you prepared rules for storing (in-house) and disposing of flood waste forresidents?
Note: For example, rules for storing and disposing night and general waste during
flooding, and how to dispose of household waste after flooding should be prescribed.

3)

Have you prepared rules for separation of flood waste to promote recycling andproper disposal?
Note: Basic separation rules should be considered taking recycling and disposal options
into account.

The ability of adaptive planning and management is sufficient1)

Can you collect information on flood damage (to be used for flood waste estimation)from various sources (e.g., disaster management section, site visit) during/after
flooding?
Note: Information referred to here includes area of inundation, number of flooded
houses/facilities, and others. Consider how reliable the information would be, and how
quickly you could obtain it.

2)

Does the decision making system give discretionary powers to officers working at thelower level of command line for actions taken during flooding?
Note: Consider whether you need to ask permission from your superior (or his/hersuperior) for every action, or only for significant actions.

3)

Is there any team/department designated to be the center of information gathering,
sharing, and plan revision during the flooding period?
Note: Consider whether an officer or a team has clear responsibility for information
gathering, sharing, and plan revision, and whether the number of personnel seems
sufficient.

4)

Are roles/responsibilities of relevant teams/departments shared and prescribed?
Note: Consider how clearly responsibilities are prescribed, and whether all the necessary
roles for flood waste management are shared.

5)

Is there any special (fast-track) procurement procedure for emergency cases?
Note: Consider how quick that procedure is compared to normal procurement
procedures.

Indicators

22

Issue 3
Criteria 3.3

Indicators

Adaptively plan for and implement flood waste management
Basic information necessary for planning appropriate and efficient flood waste management isavailable
1)

Do you have a useful road map showing elevations?
Note: The map should be up-to-date (updated at least within the last 5 years).

2)

Do you have an up-to-date land use map?
Note: The map should be up-to-date (updated at least within the last 5 years).

3)

Do you have a flood risk map indicating which part of the locality might be flooded in
the future?
Note: The map should indicate both high and low risk areas, and should be up-to-date(updated at least within the last 5 years)

4)

Do you have information regarding generation/use/storage of major hazardous
chemicals and infectious waste?
Note: The information should include industrial, agricultural, and clinical substances,and the names of the chemicals should be specified.

23

Explanation of Issue 4
If buildings (housing, factories) and infrastructure (e.g., bridges) collapse, they become flood waste. If thosebuildings contain hazardous materials, they will become hazardous flood waste. Actions to reduce vulnerability
in this sense need to be undertaken in collaboration with the urban development section.
In order to minimize the impact on housing and other structures, these should be outside high flood risk areas.
If that is not avoidable, they should be flood-resistant or flood-adaptive.
Issue 4
Criteria 4.1

Indicators

Criteria 4.2

Indicators

Prevent flood impact on buildings and infrastructures
Most of the housing will not be affected by flood
1)

Are there land use regulations that restrict residential development in high flood risk
areas?
Note: Consider how well that regulation is implemented, and its effectiveness.

2)

Is current housing located outside of high flood risk areas?
Note: Consider what percentage of the housing would be exposed to flood, and how
high that risk would be.

3)

Is the housing located in high flood risk areas resistant or adaptive to flooding?
Note: Consider what percentage of the housing is flood resistant or adaptive, and how
effective those measures are (e.g., high-floored housing).

Most of the factories and infrastructures will not be affected by flood1)

Are factories with hazardous materials located outside high flood risk areas?
Note: Consider what percentage of those factories would be exposed to flooding, andhow high that risk would be.

2)

Are those factories located in high flood risk areas resistant to flooding?
Note: Consider what percentage of those factories are flood resistant, and how effective
those measures are. *select "Yes" and score "3," if all the facilities are located outside highflood risk areas*.

3)

Are major public infrastructures located outside high flood risk areas?
Note: Consider what percentage of those infrastructures (bridges, railways, etc.) would
be exposed to flooding, and how high that risk would be.

4)

Are those public infrastructures in high flood risk areas resistant to flood?
Note: Consider what percentage of those infrastructures are flood resistant, and how
effective those measures are.

5)

Is scattered garbage and vegetative waste normally collected to avoid blockage ofdrainage ditches?
Note: Dumped garbage could block drainage ditches during flooding. Consider how
widely scattered and how often such wastes are collected compared with normal
situations.

24Explanation of Issue 5
Flood waste management is mainly undertaken by public bodies, the local authority being at the top of thelist. However, without the cooperation of the public, this would become disorganized. Wet household goods(e.g., sofas, TVs, etc.) become flood waste. Improperly stored and disposed of waste during flooding could
cause public health issues and impair water discharge functions. Typically, socially vulnerable people suffer
more.
To ensure good preparation and the capacity development of the public, local authorities should provide
appropriate information and support to communities. Special care should be taken for socially vulnerable
people.
Issue 5
Criteria 5.1

Develop coping capacity of the public
Residents can effectively evacuate their household goods before the water arrives.
1)

Is there any early warning system for flooding?
Note: Consider how well the warning is disseminated to the public, and its reliability.

2)

Do residents have area/space to evacuate their household possessions?
Note: Consider whether there is enough space inside housing, and if not, whether public
space is available to keep their possessions dry.

3)

Are there community groups that can lead/guide preparation for flooding?
Note: Consider whether there are a sufficient number of community groups within thelocality that is active compared with the normal situation.

4)

Are residents aware of methods to evacuate household goods before the water arrives?
Note: Consider whether such knowledge is broadly shared based on past experience orprovision of training.

Indicators

Criteria 5.2

Residents can effectively separate, store, and dispose waste during and after flooding.
1)

Are plans/rules to promote recycling, proper storage (inside housing), and proper
disposal informed to residents?
Note: Consider whether the above information has reached all residents (use of a single
media outlet may not be sufficient).

2)

Are plans/rules/procedures for cleaning after flooding communicated to residents?
Note: Consider whether the above information has reached all residents (use of a single
media outlet may not be sufficient).

1)

Does the waste management department have good contact with social welfare
sections or groups?
Note: Consider how well you know about the people working in social welfare sections.
These people should be contacted for information about socially vulnerable residents(who might need special assistance for waste disposal) and to coordinate waste
collection at shelters.

2)

Are there any institutional arrangements to support socially vulnerable residents toevacuate their household possessions?
Note: Consider whether the community or vulnerable people (disabled, elderly, etc.)
have sufficient support from the local authority.

3)

Is there any opportunity for the informal sector (waste pickers, junk buyers) toparticipate in flood waste management?
Note: Consider whether the informal sector has more or less opportunity compared tonormal situations, making sure not to deprive them of their livelihood.

4)Is there any channel to collect the opinions of the public living in slum districts during
flooding periods?
Note: Consider whether people living in slum districts would be able to make complaints
if there is social injustice during flood waste management (e.g., temporary storage sites
are sited right next to their houses).

Indicators

Criteria 5.3

Indicators

25

Explanation of Issue 6
There are chances to improve vulnerability conditions. Important opportunities exist af ter flood waste
management efforts are completed, as a high political attention is given. However, if there is no system toenable learning and improvement, the locality is likely to face the same challenges they faced in previous flood
events.
It is especially important to keep records of flood waste management to the greatest extent possible.
Information collected through these efforts should be used for future preparedness planning and training.
Issue 6
Criteria 6.1

Indicators

Criteria 6.2

Improve vulnerability condition
There is a system that enables improvement of flood waste management capacity
1)

Is there a plan for flood waste management preparedness actions? (i.e., an action
plan that aims to reduce vulnerability)
Note: Aims, responsibilities, and schedules of necessary preparedness actions (e.g.,
estimation of future flood waste amounts) should be organized as a plan.

2)

Is there a special budget to be used for improving waste management systems?
Note: Consider whether that budget is sufficient and sustainable.

3)

Are training opportunities for flood waste management provided to officers?
Note: Training should be provided annually, at least, to input necessary information/knowledge and improve flood waste management skills/mindsets.

There is a system that enables learning from previous flood events
1)

Is it possible to produce an after action report of flood waste management activities
to draw lessons for future flood events?
Note: Consider whether there is an institutional framework and/or enough political will
and/or administrative resources for such reflection.

2)

Are there records of procedures/data on flood waste from previous floods?
Note: Consider how well information is recorded (especially quantitative data) and thequality of this information.

Indicators

26

A2. Useful map for flood management in Bangkok
A2.1 Inundation map of Bangkok for the 2011 flood27

A2.2 Elevation map

28

A3. Report of Flood Waste Management Workshops in Bangkok
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Joint Graduate School for the Energy and Environment andKasetsart University have organized series of workshops on flood waste management in Bangkok from 2012
to 2015. In post-disaster phase, accumulation of knowledge, lessons-learned and data is an important activity
to review the past countermeasures at the time of flood and also to improve preparedness for the next flood
event. Details of each workshop are as below;

1. International Seminar: Flood Waste Management in Urban Area
–Lessons Learned in the AftermathDate: 20 th of March, 2012       Venue: Bangkok, Thailand
The objectives of this seminar were to share experiences and lessons learnt on flood waste and disaster
waste management in the Asia-Pacific region, especially to rethink the post-disaster flood management in
Bangkok after the flood in 2011, and to formulate a guideline for municipal government to cope with waste
management after natural disasters. Natural disaster and flood waste management experiences were sharedfrom Thailand, Japan and New Zealand and the possible policies formulation and implementation for the next
flood event in Thailand were discussed.

2. Workshop on flood waste management and the role of local practitioners.
Date: 31st of July, 2012    Venue: Bangkok, Thailand
In cooperation with BMA, we have implemented the capacity building workshops for the local practitioners
in waste management targeting officers from 50 districts of Bangkok. Local officers from each district have
had an opportunity to analyze the current condition of waste management system in each district and also
received the training on how to estimate the amount of flood waste generation from the available data. The
participants commented that the workshop was useful in acquiring knowledge on when to do what by who forthe municipal solid waste during flood event.

29

3. APN Seminar Workshop: “Adaptation of Solid Waste Management to Frequent Floods
in Vulnerable mid-Scale Asian Cities”
Date: 7th of August, 2014       Venue: Bangkok, Thailand
The workshop was held with the purposes to share the flood waste management experiences of Ayutthaya
Thailand and Hue, Vietnam and to discuss the structure and contents of the Vulnerability Assessment Tool forflood waste management for local government to build resilient waste management system.
During the meeting, institutional arrangements for flood waste management during the Great East Japan
earthquake, and some case studies of Japanese cities on how they prepared for the waste management inemergency cases were also discussed.

30

4. APN Capacity building workshop on flood waste management
for local administration in Thailand
Date: 16-17 of June, 2015       Venue: Bangkok Thailand
The objectives of the workshop were to share experiences on the flood waste management of Ayutthaya,
Bangkok, and Japan, and to establish action plans for flood waste management. To discuss what contents
should be included in the flood waste management action plans for local government, the Vulnerability
Assessment Tool had been used.

31

Authors:
Masato Yamada
Tomonori Ishigaki
Ryo Tajima
Rieko Kubota(National Institute for Environmental Studies)
Sirintornthep Towprayoon
Komsilp Wangyao(The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology, Thonburi)
Chart Chiemchaistri(Kasetsart University)
Contributors:
Wachiraporn Meesingha(Department of Environment, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration)

Prepared by the Joint Graduate School for Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University ofTechnology, Thonburi, Thailand, and the Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research,
National Institute for Environmental Studies