SC/60/O4

Cruise Report of the Second Phase of the Japanese Whale Research
Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPAⅡ) in 2007/2008
Hajime Ishikawa1), Mutsuo Goto1), Tomoyuki Ogawa2), Takeharu Bando1), Hiroshi Kiwada1), Tatsuya Isoda1), Saeko
Kumagai1), Masakatsu Mori2), Masaomi Tsunekawa2), Toshiki Ohsawa2), Kazuki Fukutome2), Takehisa Koyanagi2),
Satoshi Kandabashi2), Shinya Kawabe2), Naoya Sotomura2), Ryuichi Matsukura3), Keisuke Kato4), Akira Matsumoto4),
Kazuyoshi Nakai1), Misora Hasegawa5), Tomohiko Mori5), Shohei Yoshioka6) and Takashi Yoshida1).
Contact e-mail:ishikawa@cetacean.jp
1) The Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055 Japan.
2) Kyodo Senpaku Kaisya, Ltd., 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055 Japan.
3) Graduate school of environmental science, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611 Japan.
4) Graduate school of Marine Science and Technology Course of Marine Environmental Studies, Tokyo University of Marine Scienceand Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan.
5) Department of marine biology, Faculty of Oceanography, Tokai University, 3-20-1 Orido, Shimizu ward, Shimizu-city Shizuoka,
424-0902 Japan
6) Department of Fishery, School of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara-city, Nara, 631-0052 Japan.

ABSTRACTThe 2007/08 Second Phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under the Special Permit in the Antarctic(JARPA II) was conducted following feasibility research in the 2005/06 and 2006/07 austral summer seasons. Twodedicated sighting vessels (SVs), three sighting and sampling vessels (SSVs) and one research base ship engaged
in the research for 101 days from 15 December 2007 to 24 March 2008. The planned research area was Area III
East (35°E - 70°E), Area IV (70°E - 130°E), Area V West (130°E - 165°E) and a part of Area V East (165°E 175°E). The research activity was interrupted several times by violent action by anti-whaling groups. As a result,both sighting and sampling surveys in the Area V East were canceled and sampling survey in the Area IV East andArea V West was not fully completed. The results of the sighting survey showed that the sighting number of
humpback whales was far greater than those of Antarctic minke whales in the Areas III and IV. On the other hand,
Antarctic minke whale sighting was less than a half of that in the previous survey conducted in the same area in
2005/06. It was suggested that the increase and habitat expansion of humpback whales in those areas may affectthe distribution of Antarctic minke whales in the Antarctic. A sighting and sampling survey in a polynya revealed
that mature female Antarctic minke whales were concentrated within the polynya and that they were segregatedfrom humpback whales which were distributed outside of the polynya. The results support the hypothesis thatmany Antarctic minke whales, especially mature females, are distributed in the ice free area beyond the ice edge
where research vessels could not enter. For the improvement of the management of whales in the Antarctic,
elucidation of the interactions between humpback and Antarctic minke whales related to habitat and prey andelucidation of the behavior of Antarctic minke whales in pack ice are necessary. A combination of lethal andnon-lethal methods, such as comparison of results obtained from stomach content analysis and net sampling isimportant to elucidate the role of whales in the Antarctic ecosystem.
1

KEYWORDS: JARPAII, ANTARCTIC MINKE WHALES, HUMPBACK WHALES, POLYNYA, SCIENTIFICPERMITS.

INTRODUCTION
The Japanese Whale Research Program under the Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) was conducted
between 1987/88 and 2004/05 austral summer seasons, under Article VIII of the International Convention for the
Regulation of Whaling. The IWC Scientific Committee conducted an interim review of JARPA results in 1997
and the final review in 2006. In 2005, another JARPA review meeting called by the Government of Japan was
also held. JARPA provided a wide variety of information on biological parameters of Antarctic minke whale(Balaenoptera bonaerensis) such as the natural mortality coefficient and changes over time in the age at sexual
maturity as well as narrowing down the parameters of relevance for stock management. IWC recognized theseresults from JARPA have the potential to improve management of minke whales in the Southern Hemisphere(IWC, 1998, 2007). JARPA data also demonstrated that there were at least two Antarctic minke whale stocks in
the research area, and that their geographical boundaries were different from those used by the IWC, i.e. 150°E-165°E was suggested (IWC, 2007). The review meeting in 2005 agreed that results from JARPA were consistent
with the behavior to be expected for baleen whale populations competing for a dominant single food resource,
krill. The meeting also agreed that the JARPA results provided clear support for the need to takespecies-interaction effects into account in understanding the dynamics of the baleen whale species in the Antarctic
ecosystem, and predicting future trends in their abundance and population structure (Government of Japan. 2005).
Based on these considerations, the Government of Japan launched a new comprehensive study, the Second
Phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA II), which
combined lethal and non-lethal methods, starting from the 2005/06 austral summer season. The first two seasons(2005/06 and 2006/07) were dedicated to feasibility studies. Evaluation of two feasibility studies concluded thatthe practicability and appropriateness of the planned sighting and sampling methods and design were adequate
and could be used to cover the entire research area under normal conditions (Government of Japan, 2007),therefore Japan decided to execute the original plan of JARPA II.
The 2007/08 season was the first full-scale survey of JARPA II. JARPA II is a long-term research program withthe following objectives; 1) Monitoring of the Antarctic ecosystem, 2) Modeling interaction among whale species
and developing future management objectives, 3) Elucidation of temporal and spatial changes in stock structureand 4) Improving the management procedure for the Antarctic minke whale stocks. JARPA II focuses on
Antarctic minke whale, humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), fin whale (B. physalus) and possibly otherspecies in the Antarctic ecosystem that are major predators of Antarctic krill.
This is a cruise report of the 2007/08 JARPA II. In this season, the survey area could not be covered completely
and the number of whale sample was restricted because of violent obstruction from anti-whaling groups. However,most of other research items were completed and valuable data and samples were obtained.
RESEARCH METHODS
Research vessels
The research fleet was composed of two dedicated sighting vessels, three sighting and sampling vessels and one
research base ship. Following vessels were used.
Dedicated sighting vessels (SVs)
2

Kyoshin Maru No. 2 (KS2; 372 tons)
Kaiko Maru
(KK1; 860.25 tons)
Sighting and sampling vessels (SSVs)
Yushin Maru No. 1 (YS1; 720 tons)
Yushin Maru No. 2 (YS2; 747 tons)
Yushin Maru No. 3 (YS3; 742 tons)
Research base ship
Nisshin Maru
(NM; 8,044 tons)
Two SVs were dedicated to sighting survey, prey species survey, oceanographic survey and most of the various
experiments. Three SSVs were engaged in sighting and sampling surveys. NM served as a research base on which
all biological examinations of sampled whales were conducted.
Research area
The area to be covered by JARPA II is basically same as JARPA; the eastern part of Area III, Areas IV and V,
and the western part of Area VI (35°E - 145°W), south of 60°S. The research area for 2007/08 JARPA II waswestern side of the whole research area, i.e. Area IIIE (35°E - 70°E), Area IVW (70°E - 100°E), Area IVE (100°E- 130°E), Area VW (130°E - 165°E) and a part of Area VE (165°E - 175°E). They were further divided into two
strata, a south stratum extending from the ice edge to a locus 45 n. miles, and a north stratum extending from thenorthern boundary of the south stratum to the 60°S. The southern boundary of the West-south stratum in Area IV
between 70°E and 80°E was fixed at 66°S and the Prydz Bay was defined as the southern area of this boundary.
Fig.1 shows geographic location of the research area for the 2007/08 JARPAII survey. The SVs cover south of
60°S, whereas the SSVs cover south of 62°S (Government of Japan. 2005).
Survey track line design
The survey track line for the SVs consisted of two legs in the northern stratum at 5° longitudinal degree intervals
and four legs in the southern stratum for 2°30’ longitudinal degree intervals (Fig. 2). Two SVs alternately survey
the northern and southern strata each crossing the track line at the veering point between two strata.
The survey track line for the SSVs consisted of a zigzag course changing direction at 2°30’ or 1°40’
longitudinal degree intervals. Three parallel track lines were set at 7 n. miles apart (Fig. 3). The two legs of trackline for the northern stratum were set every six legs for southern stratum, in principle. The interval of legs andnumber of legs for the northern stratum could be changed by sub-area according to progress of the survey.
Sighting method
Sighting procedures followed the previous JARPA surveys (e.g. Nishiwaki et al. 1999, Ishikawa et al. 2000) in
principle. The sighting survey using SSVs was conducted under limited closing mode (when a sighting of target
species was made on the predetermined track line, the vessel approached the whales and species and school size
were confirmed). Three SSVs advanced along parallel track lines at a standard speed of 11.5 knots.
The sighting survey of SVs was conducted under limited closing mode and passing mode (even if sighting was
made on the predetermined track line, the vessel did not approach the whales directly and searching from thebarrel was uninterrupted). Two SVs advanced at a standard speed of 10.5 knots.
Both SV and SSV survey were operated under the same optimal research conditions (when the wind speed was
below 25 knots in the southern strata and 20 knots in the northern strata and visibility was more than 2.0 n. miles).
In addition to the sightings of Antarctic minke whales and fin whales or whales suspected to be these species, theSVs and SSVs approached blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) and southern right whales (Eubalaena australis)for conducting experiments. Humpback whales and other whales were also approached for conducting
3

experiments.
Low and middle latitudinal sighting survey (Non-lethal research)
During transit cruises, sighting surveys were conducted in the area between 30°S and 60°S outside of national
EEZs. The results of these surveys are not shown in this report.
Non-lethal research and experiments
Sighting distance and angle experimentThis experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the accuracy of sighting distance and sighting angle given byobservers on the SV and SSV in this cruise. Observers on each vessel were required to assess eight sets of angles anddistance from two platforms (barrel and upper bridge). All trials were conducted under good sighting condition.
Photo-identification
The following species were targeted for photographic record of natural markings during the surveys conducted fromthe SVs; blue whales, humpback whales and southern right whales. Photographic records of these species were also
occasionally taken from the SSVs.
Biopsy sampling
In addition to the species targeted for the photo-identification experiment, pygmy right whale (Caperea
marginata), fin whale, sei whale (B.borealis), sperm whale (Physeter macrocehpalus) and southern bottlenose
whale (Hyperoodon planifrons) were targeted for biopsy skin sampling by the SVs and SSVs using acompound-crossbow. All samples collected were preserved at –80°C.
Prey species survey
Two SVs conducted hydro-acoustic surveys using a passive acoustic system (EK500 with operating frequencies at
38kHz, 120kHz, 200kHz, SIMRAD, Norway) to elucidate distribution and abundance of prey species of Antarctic
baleen whales. KK1 conducted net sampling for prey species of whales. The IKMT was used for sampling of krill
and the NORPAC net was used for amphipods.
Oceanographic survey
Two SVs conducted the following oceanographic survey; 1) consecutive measuring of surface water temperature,
conductivity, surface chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen and surface particle by Electric Particle Counting and Sizing
System (EPCS), 2) XCTD and CTD survey and 3) marine debris recording in the research area. All marine debris
found in the stomach of whales taken was also recorded and collected on the NM. In addition to these surveys, KK1
deployed Argo profiling floats (profiling devices) to collect high quality oceanographic data of upper and middle
layers of the world ocean simultaneously with very high space-time resolution. This was a cooperative study withJapan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) (See http://w3.jamstec.go.jp/ARGO/J_ARGOe.html).
Sampling and biological survey for whales (lethal research)Three SSVs were engaged in the whale sampling survey. 850 Antarctic minke whales (with 10 % allowance) and
50 fin whales were planned to be taken in the research area south of 62°S. Although the original plan included 50
humpback whales (Government of Japan. 2005), Government of Japan decided to suspend the sampling of
humpback whales.
4One or two Antarctic minke whales were targeted randomly for sampling from each primary sighted school
within 3 n. miles of each track line. The dwarf minke whale was not a target for sampling. The fin whale was also
targeted randomly from each primary sighted school within 3 n. miles of each track line. However, target of fin
whales was restricted to an estimated body length less than 20 m due to a limitation of the research base ship
facility for dissection. Biological research on all sampled whales were conducted on the NM
RESULTS
Outline of the research activities
Table 1 shows an outline of the research activities. The research period in the 2007/08 JARPAII was 101 days from15 December 2007 to 24 March 2008.
On 7 January, NM received GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System) emergency call. Responding
to the request from the RCC (Rescue Coordinate Center) Australia, NM engaged in rescue activity of injured crew
on a fishing vessel. Unfortunately the crew deceased and we were released from the rescue operation on 8 January
by the RCC Australia.
Following the rescue operation, the research activity was interrupted several times by violent actions fromanti-whaling groups. A Greenpeace (GP) vessel stalked the research base ship (NM) from 11 to 26 January andobstructed refueling of NM on 22 January. A Sea Shepherd (SS) vessel attacked YS2 and two hoodlums intruded
the vessel on 15 January. The SS vessel also attacked YS3 on 17 January. Although we continued moving to avoid
collision with SS, we encountered SS on 23 February and the SS vessel stalked 7 days and attacked NM twice on
3 and 7 March.
An Australian patrol ship, Oceanic Viking (OV) stalked NM and three SSVs from 22 January to 12 February.
Although OV never obstructed research activity directly, it often approached our vessels at abnormally close
distance and our crew members were exposed to potential threats of ship collisions all the time.
Research activity was interrupted for a total of 31 days. As this resulted in a reduction of the number of researchdays, both sighting and sampling surveys in the Area VE were canceled. Furthermore, the sampling surveys in
Area IVE and Area VW were restricted.
Developed ice edge covered the Prydz Bay throughout the research period and prevented the research vessels
from entering into the Bay. Therefore both SVs and SSVs conducted limited surveys within a small area between
66°S and the ice edge covering the Prydz Bay (data was combined with that for the West-south stratum in the area
IV).
Results of non-lethal survey
Sighting survey
The searching distances of the SVs and the SSVs are shown in Table 2. The searching effort on the predeterminedtrack line is shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The total searching distance was 14,575.4 n. miles consisting of 8,029.2 n.
miles for the two SVs and 6,546.2 n. miles for the three SSVs. Compared to the 2005/06 survey in the same
research area, the searching distance for SVs and SSVs was 807 n. miles and 990.3 n. miles lower, respectively.
This is because research activity was interrupted for a prolonged period of time as described above and because
the research vessels could not enter the Prydz Bay due to the thick pack ice. Proportions for northern strata in the
total searching distance were 54.4 % for SVs and 25.5 % for SSVs. Searching effort by SVs was almost equal innorthern and southern strata.

5

Whale species sighted
Twelve species including six baleen whales and six toothed whales were identified during the research period.
Table 3 shows the number of sightings for eight large whale species and Figs 6 and 7 show sighting position of
humpback and Antarctic minke whales. Humpback whale was the most abundant species in the research area,
followed by Antarctic minke whale. The number of sightings of humpback whales (1,433 schools and 2,753
individuals in total) was about 1.5 times of that of Antarctic minke whales (926 schools and 1,961 individuals) andwas considerably higher than that of other species. Many sightings of southern right whales were made, whereas
the number of sightings of fin whale was relatively low. Both Antarctic minke whale and humpback whales were
widely distributed in the whole research area, but density of the distribution was different among each stratum.
Table 4 shows density indices (DI, the number of primary sighted schools per 100 n. miles) and mean school size
(MSS) of Antarctic minke, humpback and fin whales for two SVs. The DI of Antarctic minke whale was higher inthe southern strata than that in northern strata and the highest in the West-south stratum in the Area V. However,the DI in the Area IV was relatively low in every stratum. On the other hand, the density of humpback whale washigh in both the northern and southern strata except for the Area VW. The DI for humpback whale in each stratumof Area IV was 5.8 - 29.5 times of that for Antarctic minke whale.
Fig. 8 shows the sighting position of other large whales. More southern right whales and blue whales weresighted than that reported for previous seasons. Most sightings of southern right whales were made in the southern
strata of the Area IV. The sightings of blue whales were concentrated in the Area IIIE. Distribution of fin whale
was sparse in the research area and few fin whales were found in the Area IVE.
Photo-ID and biopsy sampling
Table 5 summarizes the results of the photo-identification experiment. A total of 75 individual blue, humpbackand southern right whales were photographed. Table 6 summarizes results of biopsy sampling. A total of 32
biopsy samples were collected from blue, fin, humpback and southern right whales. One sample from a carcass ofa sperm whale was also collected.
Prey species and oceanographic survey
Table 7 shows the summary of prey species and oceanographic surveys. The CTD casting was conducted at 90
locations at the same point as net sampling by KK1 and once a day by KS2. The XCTD casting was conducted at
98 locations at predetermined positions. EPCS collected data for 87 days by KS2 in total. KS2 and KK1
conducted the quantitative echo sounder survey for 171 days in the whole research area except for the Area VE.
KK1 conducted IKMT and NORPAC net sampling 36 and 37 times, respectively. Fig. 9 shows an overview of theprey species and the oceanographic survey in the research area.
Survey for the marine debris
The marine debris survey was carried out concomitant with the sighting survey of the two SVs in the research area.
A total of 32 debris items was recorded which consisted of 28 buoys or floats, one rope, one lump of Styrofoam,
one drum can and an unidentified box object. Most of these items seemed to be fishing gear related.
Sighting distance and angle experiment
A sighting distance and angle experiment was performed on 30-31 December 2007 by three SSVs and on 2 and 5
January 2008 by KS2 and KK1, respectively. The results of this experiment will be used in calculation ofabundance estimates.
6

Results of lethal survey
Sampling for Antarctic minke whales
Out of 501 schools (979 individuals) in the primary sightings of Antarctic minke whales by three SSVs, 473
schools (912 individuals) were targeted for sampling. A total of 551 individuals were sampled (229 from Area
IIIE, 222 from Area IVW, 13 from Area IVE and 87 from Area VW). Sampling efficiency (the rate of successful
sampling for targeted individuals) was 86.2 % for solitary schools, 95.6 % for the first targeted individual frommultitude schools and 54.0 % for the second targeted individual from the same schools. An explosive harpoon
was used as the primary killing method for all whales collected. When the animal was not killed instantaneously, alarge caliber rifle and/or the second harpoon was used immediately as the secondary killing method. No struck
and lost case occurred.
Sampling for fin whales
Although 50 whales were planned for sampling, three SSVs made only nine primary sightings of fin whales.
Sampling for these whales was not conducted due to inappropriate sea condition for safe transferring and flensing
and/or practical reasons.
Biological research
Biological research was conducted on the research base ship for all whales sampled. Table 8 summarizes
biological data and samples collected from the Antarctic minke whales.
Biological information of sampled whales
Table 9 shows the reproductive status of sampled Antarctic minke whales by stratum. Fig. 10 shows distributionof sighting position of sampled Antarctic minke whales by sex and sexually mature status. Mature females were
dominant in the IVW-south and VW-south strata, whereas mature males were dominant in both north and south
strata in the Area IIIE. In the IVW-north stratum, both immature males and females were dominant. Pregnancy
rate in mature females was 92.3 % (168 individuals) in the whole research area. Two cases of twins were observed.
Three lactating females were sampled, though neither suckling calf was sampled nor observed.
Fig. 11 shows body length distribution of Antarctic minke whales sampled during the 2007/08 JARPA II survey.
Maximum length of the sample was 10.18 m for females and 9.23 m for males. Minimum length was 5.13 m and4.82 m for female and male, respectively. Maximum body length of immature animals was 8.82 m and 8.61 m forfemale and male, whereas minimum body length of mature animals was 7.93 m and 7.05 m for female and male,respectively.
By-products from the research
All whales were processed on NM after biological examination, according to the provisions of Article VIII of theConvention. A total of 1,983.7 tons of meat, blubber, viscera, etc. was produced.
DISCUSSIONSThe third cruise of JARPAII was planned as the first full-scale research after two feasibility research cruises(Government of Japan, 2005). As the Government of Japan decided to suspend sampling of 50 humpback whales,
target species and numbers for lethal sampling were 850 ± 85 of Antarctic minke whales and 50 of fin whales.
7However, preventing collisions with vessels of violent and obstructive groups and ensuring the safety of crew andvessels, resulted in a suspension of research activity for 31 days. Due to the reduction in the number of researchdays, sampling activity of SSVs was restricted and could not cover whole research area. As a result, the total
number of samples was lower than for the 2005/06 feasibility study in which nearly the same area was surveyed(Nishiwaki et al., 2006).
In spite of the restricted survey, the 2007/08 JARPAII cruise obtained many important results summarized asfollows:
1) Total number of sightings of humpback whales was far higher than that of Antarctic minke whales in thisseason. They were found widely distributed in both the southern and northern strata especially in the Areas IIIE
and IV. Drastic increases of humpback whale sightings in the Areas IIIE and IV had been repeatedly reported inscientific documents from JARPA (e.g. Ishikawa et al., 2000, 2002, 2004). It was suggested that the population of
humpback whales were recovering and expanding their distributions year by year. It was also suggested that the
population increase and habitat expansion of humpback whales in the Area IV may lead to interactions with
Antarctic minke whales (Ishikawa et al., 2004, Matsuoka et al., 2003, 2005, 2006.). The results of the sighting
survey in this season strongly support these findings.
2) On the other hand, the total number of sightings for Antarctic minke whale was less than a half of that in theprevious (2005/06) survey. DI for the SV (Table 4) was only 4.1 in the entire area, which was one third of that inthe 2005/06 survey (Nishiwaki et al., 2006). Antarctic minke whales were more abundant in the southern strata ofAreas IIIE, IVW and VW, whereas they were infrequently found in the northern strata of the Area IIIE and wholeof the Area IVE. It is likely that the lower sighting number and smaller DI for Antarctic minke whales in thisseason were caused by complicated pack ice in Area IV. The Prydz Bay in the area IVW, where a large number ofAntarctic minke whale sightings was expected, was isolated by thick ice throughout the austral summer in the
2007/08 season. A large ice-free area (polynya) was observed in the Prydz Bay from December to February fromsatellite photographs and information from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), US. Furthermore, it
was observed that a lot of medium and small sized polynya occurred and/or disappeared in the Area IV comparedto other seasons. Similar ice conditions were observed in the 1997/98 JARPA when the sightings and estimatedpopulation of Antarctic minke whale in Area IV were lower than those in other seasons (Ishikawa et al, 1998,
Matsuoka et al., 2006). It was suggested that many Antarctic minke whales, especially mature females, were
distributed in the ice free area beyond the ice edge where research vessels could not enter (Ishikawa et al, 1998,
Ishikawa, 2003). It was also suggested that recent drastic expansion of humpback whale distribution may force
Antarctic minke whales to move in the pack ice (Ishikawa et al., 2004., Fujise et al., 2006).
3) To confirm above hypotheses, we conducted a sampling survey in a polynya formed at the Davis Sea, an areaof the sea along the coast between West Ice Shelf and the Shackleton Ice Shelf (89ºE - 95ºE). Althoughconcentrated pack ice covered the area north of the Davis Sea, we entered the polynya when a randomly set trackline met the thinnest pack ice. Distribution pattern of humpback whales outside (north) of the pack ice was clearly
separated from that of Antarctic minke whales inside of the polynya (Fig. 12). Biological survey of sampledwhales revealed that most of the Antarctic minke whales distributed inside the polynya were mature females. The
result shows the important examples of (1) the species interaction affecting distribution areas of humpback whales
and Antarctic minke whales, (2) close relation between ice condition and distribution (sighting number) of
Antarctic minke whales, and (3) segregation of Antarctic minke whales by sex and sexual maturity. Many
8

Antarctic minke whales in this season must have been distributed in the Prydz Bay and polynya formed bycomplicated pack ice. Fig .13 shows distribution pattern of Antarctic minke whales and humpback whales bylatitude and water temperature. Although latitudinal distribution of the two species was overlapped between 64ºS
to 65º30´S, humpback whales were apparently distributed in areas with higher sea surface temperature than
Antarctic minke whales and Antarctic minke whales tend to distribute in higher latitude areas with lower sea
surface temperature. One of the reasons why Antarctic minke whales tend to concentrate in polynya regardless of
possibility of mass die offs from being bottled up by thick ice might be that pregnant females need to enter icy
water to avoid disturbance from humpback and other larger whales.
4) Fin whales were not collected, although 50 whales were planned for sampling. One of the reasons wasinterruptions of sampling activity of SSVs, another was low numbers of sightings of this species. Nine sightingsof fin whales by SSVs were not targeted for sampling due to inappropriate sea conditions for safe transferring andflensing and/or practical reasons.
However, SVs sighted relatively more fin whales north of 62ºS and a number of fin whales were sighted during
the Low and Middle Latitudinal Sighting Survey conducted north of 60ºS (data is not shown). Therefore, it seems
that in this season, fin whales were distributed more in northern areas as compared to other seasons.
5) Of 551 samples of Antarctic minke whales, maturity rate for male and female was 71.4 % and 65.5 %,respectively. 92.3 % of mature females were pregnant, which indicated their robust reproductive potential. 174
immature whales were collected and biological examinations revealed that there were no pre-weaning individuals.
Both the sighting and biological surveys have been carefully conducted for a long period since 1987/88 when
JARPA started in the Antarctic. During this period, neither mother and calf pair of Antarctic minke whales wasobserved nor pre-weaning individual taken. Kasamatsu et al. (1988) reported only two sighting records of calves
south of 60ºS from Japanese scouting boat data during twenty years (1965/66-1985/86) and described that motherand calf of Antarctic minke whales did not normally migrate into Antarctic waters. We also conclude that
Antarctic minke whales calves weaned before their first migration to the Antarctic and that mother and calf pair do
not normally occur in the Antarctic during the austral summer season.
6) Two SVs succeeded in covering almost all of the research area and a full scale prey species survey and several
oceanographic surveys as well as the sighting survey were conducted successfully. It is expected that estimation of
consumption of prey species by whales in the Antarctic will become more accurate by combining the results of theacoustic and net sampling surveys by the SV and stomach contents study of whales by the NM.
Combination of lethal and non-lethal methods is necessary to elucidate the role of whales in the Antarctic
ecosystem. Comparing the stomach contents and net samples is important to understand preference of whales forprey species. Combination of sighting and sampling survey data clearly showed inter and intra species segregateddistribution. In this season, we found a concentrated distribution of pregnant females of Antarctic minke whales inthe small polynya. Continuous expansion of the humpback whale distribution may increase the number ofAntarctic minke whales in polynya. For the improvement of the management of whales in the Antarctic,
elucidation of the interactions between humpback whales and Antarctic minke whales related to their habitat andprey and elucidation of the behavior of Antarctic minke whales in pack ice is necessary.

9

ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS
We are indebted to Mr. Minoru Morimoto, Director-General of the ICR and Mr. Hideki Moronuki of theGovernment of Japan for implementation of the research. We thank research technicians, Messrs. Yasuhiro Murai,
Chinori Asahina, Tatsuo Sasaki and Yuta Tomiyama from Kyodo Senpaku Kaisya Ltd., for their contribution. Mr.
Ryoichi Nakamura of the Government of Japan, served as onboard inspector. We are also indebted to all the crew,
colleagues of the ICR and other related institutions who participated in the research for their contributions. We
would like to express our appreciation to the Government of Japan for providing financial support for this research.
REFERENCES
Cavalieri, D., P. Gloerson and J. Zwally. 1999, updated regularly. Near real-time DMSP SSM/I daily polar
griddled sea ice concentrations. Edited by J. Maslanik and J. Stroeve. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data
Center. Digital media.
Fujise, Y., Hatanaka, H. and Ohsumi, S. 2006. What has happened to the Antarctic Minke Whale Stocks? -Aninterpretation of results from JARPA-. Paper SC/D06/J26 presented to the IWC JARPA Review Meeting,
December 2006 (unpublished).15pp.
Government of Japan. 2005. Plan for the Second Phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special
Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA II) -Monitoring of the Antarctic Ecosystem and Development of New
Management Objectives for Whale Resources. Paper SC/57/O1 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee,
June 2005 (unpublished). 99pp.
Government of Japan. 2007. Evaluation of 2005/06 and 2006/07 Feasibility Study of the Second Phase of theJapanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPAII). Paper SC/59/O3 presented
to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2005 (unpublished). 23pp.
Ishikawa, H., Murase, H., Tohyama, D., Yuzu, S., Otani, S., Mogoe, T., Masaki, T., Kimura, N., Ohshima, T.,
Konagai, T., Asada, M., Takeuchi, J. and Kinoshita, T. 2000. Cruise Report of the Japanese Whale Research
Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) Area IV and Eastern Part of Area III in 1999/2000.
Paper SC/52/O20 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2000 (unpublished). 25pp.
Ishikawa H., Otani S., Mogoe, T., Kiwada, H., Tohyama, D., Yoshida, T., Hayashi, T., Nagamine, M., Fukutome,
K., Koyanagi, T., Fujihira, T., Sasaki, T., Ishihara, T. and Mori, M. 2002.

Cruise Report of the Japanese

Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) Area IV and Eastern Part of Area III
in 2001/2002.

Paper SC/54/O18 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2003 (unpublished). 20pp.

Ishikawa, H. 2003. Relationship between ice condition and number of sightings of Antarctic minke whales–comparison between 1997/98 and 2001/2002JARPA surveys in Area IIIE and IV. Report of the ScientificCommittee, Annex G, Appendix 6, J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 5(SUPPL.):278-282.
Ishikawa, H., Matsuoka, K., Tohyama, D., Yuzu, S., Shimokawa, T., Ohshima, K., Mizushima, Y., Nibe, T., Kido,
T., Asada, M., Nakamura, M., Ichinomiya, D. and Kinoshita, T. 1998. Cruise report of the Japanese Whale
Research Program under a Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) Area IV and eastern part of Area III in
1997/98. Paper SC/50/CAWS8 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, September 1998 (unpublished).
26pp.
Ishikawa, H., Otani, S., Kiwada, K., Isoda, T., Tohyama, D., Honjo, K., Hasegawa, A., Terao, T., Kushimoto, T.,
Ohshima, T., Sugiyama, K., Sasaki, T., Itoh, S., Takamatsu, T. and Yoshida, T. 2004. Cruise Report of theJapanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) Area IV and Eastern Part of10

Area III in 2003/2004. Paper SC/56/O12 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, July 2004 (unpublished).
18pp.
IWC. 1998. Report of the Intersessional Working Group to Review Data and Results from Special Permit
Research on Minke Whales in the Antarctic, Tokyo, 12-16 May 1997. REP. INT. WHAL. COMMN, 48,
p377-412.
IWC. 2007. Report of Intersessional Workshop to Review Data and Results from Special Permit Research on
Minke Whales in the Antarctic, Tokyo 4-8 December 2006. SC/59/REP1 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, June 2007 (unpublished). 48pp.
Kasamatsu, F., Hembree, D., Joyce, G., Tsunoda, L., Rowlett, R. and Nakano, T. 1988. Distribution of cetaceansightings in the Antarctic: Results obtained from the IWC/IDCR minke whale assessment cruises, 1978/79 to
1983/84. REP. INT. WHAL. COMMN, 38, p449-487.
Kato, H. 1986. Year to year changes in biological parameters and population dynamics of southern minke whales.
Doctoral Thesis, Hokkaido University. 145pp.
Matsuoka, K., Hakamada, T., Murase, H. and Nishiwaki, S. 2003. Current distribution, abundance and density
trend of humpback whales in the Antarctic Areas IV and V.

Paper SC/55/SH10 presented to the IWC

Scientific Committee, July 2003 (unpublished).15pp.
Matsuoka, K., Hakamada, T., Kiwada, H., Murase, H. and Nishiwaki, S. 2005. Abundance Increases of Large
Baleen Whales in the Antarctic based on the Sighting Survey during Japanese Whale Research Program(JARPA). Global Environmental Research 9 (2) : 105-115.
Matsuoka, K., Hakamada, T., Kiwada, H., Murase, H. and Nishiwaki, S. 2006. Distribution and standardized
abundance estimates for humpback, fin and blue whales in the Antarctic Areas IIIE, IV, V and VIW(35E-145W), south of 60S.

Paper SC/D06/J7 presented to the IWC JARPA Review Meeting, December 2006

(unpublished).33pp.
Nishiwaki, N., Tohyama, D., Ishikawa, H., Otani, H., Bando, T., Murase, H., Yasunaga, G., Isoda, T., Nemoto, K.,
Mori, M., Tsunekawa, M., Fukutome, K., Shiozaki, M., Nagamine, M., Konagai,T., Takamatsu, T., Kumagai,
S., Kage, T., Ito, K., Nagai H., and Komatsu, W. 2006. Cruise Report of the Second Phase of the Japanese
Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) in 2005/2006 -Feasibility study-.
SC/58/O7 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2006 (unpublished). 21pp.

11

Table1. Outline of the research activities. SV includes two sighting vessels (KS2 and KK1) and SSV includes
three sighting and sampling vessels (YS1, YS2 and YS3). NM was operated with SSV in principle.
EVENT

DATE

SVs

SSVs

REMARK

14 Nov. 2007○18 Nov. 2007○
Low and middle latitudinal sighting survey in transit
4 Dec. 2007 ～ 15 Dec. 2007 ○○15 Dec. 2007○
Start of the survey in the Antarctic
16 Dec. 2007○15 Dec. 2007 ～ 7 Jan. 2008 ○Survey in the Area III E （35Ｅ－70Ｅ）
16 Dec. 2007 ～ 7 Jan. 2008○
9 Jan. 2008 ～ 11 Jan. 2008○
31 Jan. 2008 ～ 23 Feb. 2008
Survey in the Area IV W （70Ｅ－100Ｅ）
7 Jan. 2008 ～ 13 Jan. 2008
25 Feb. 2008 ～ 2 Mar. 2008 ○25 Feb. 2008 ～ 1 Mar. 2008○
Survey in the Area IV E （100Ｅ－130Ｅ）
2 Mar. 2008 ～ 20 Mar. 2008 ○26 Jan. 2008 ～ 18 Feb. 2008 ○Survey in the Area V W （130Ｅ－165Ｅ）
11 Mar. 2008 ～ 23 Mar. 2008○
Survey in the Area V E （165Ｅ－175Ｅ）
－ － －
－ － －
Finish of the Survey in the Antarctic
24 Mar. 2008○○
Low and middle latitudinal sighting survey in transit 25 Mar. 2008 ～ 2 Apr. 2008○○
Arrival at Tokyo and Shimonoseki port
14 Apr. 2008 ～ 16 Apr. 2008 KS2○
Arrival at Kagoshima port
18 Apr. 2008
KK1
*1) The survey was interrupted by the obstruction of the violent anti-whaling groups*2) The survey effort was restricted by the obstruction of the violent anti-whaling groups*3)The survey was cancelled by the obstruction of the violent anti-whaling groups
Departure from Shiogama port, Miyagi

Departure from Shimonoseki port, Yamaguchi

*1
*1
*2

*2
*3

Table2. Searching distances (n. miles) of two sighting vessels (SVs) and three sighting / sampling vessels (SSVs)
in each stratum.

Area Sector Stratum
III
IV
V

East
West
East
West

North
South
North
South
North
South
North
South
Total

Closing
322.2
241.7
281.7
193.5
503.6
261.8
280.9
149.9
2235.3

SVs
Passing sub- total
609.2
931.4
884.4
1126.2
677.2
958.9
654.1
847.6
828.8
1332.4
558.0
819.8
867.3
1148.2715.0
864.9
5793.98029.2

12

SSVs
Closing
397.2
2161.2
956.6
1920.9
312.5
563.9
0.0
233.9
6546.2

Total
1328.63287.4
1915.52768.41644.91383.71148.21098.814575.4

Table 3. Summary of whale sightings conducted by SV and SSVs in whole research areas.
Vessels
Type of the sightingsSpeciesBlue whale
Fin whale
Sei whale
Antarctic minke whale
Like minke whale
Humpback whale
Southern right whale
Sperm whale
Southern bottlenose whale
Unidentified baleen whales
Unidentified cetacean

Sighting vessels
Sighting and sampling vessels
Total
Primary
SecondlyPrimary
SecondlyPrimary
Secondly
Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind.

29
55
39
91
2
2
326 72721
35
796 15285470
181 181
53 108133 229
21 118

2
9
0
77
4
107
3
11
3
16
1

2
23
0
190
9
196
5
11
4
23
20

14
29
9
43
0
0
501 97914
14
518 1008
18
26
99
99
27
52
3
15
60
60

4
3
0
22
0
12
0
4
1
3
0

6
43
84
15
48 1340
2
2
65 827 1706
035
49
21 1314 2536
072
96
4 280 280480 1605 136 2440
81 178

6
12
0
99
4
119
3
15
4
19
1

8
38
0
255
9
217
5
15
8
28
20

Table 4. Density indices (DI, the number of primary sighted schools per 100 n. miles) and mean school size (MSS) of
Antarctic minke whale, humpback whale and fin whale by two SVs.
Area Sector Stratum

III
IV
V

East
West
East
West

North
South
North
South
North
South
North
South
Total

Antarctic minke whale

Sch.

Ind.

Humpback whale

ＤＩ ＭＳＳ11
14 1.257
89 5.126
34 2.733
78 3.922 0.2
1539 1.845 172 3.9
137 299 15.8
326 727 4.1

Sch.

1.3
1.6
1.3
2.4
1.0
2.6
3.8
2.2
2.2

Ind.

Fin whale

ＤＩ ＭＳＳ Sch.

87
195 9.3
84
150 7.5
159
307 16.6
244
471 28.8
78
147 5.985
159 10.4
44
79 3.815
20 1.7796 1528 9.9

2.2
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.3
1.9

Ind.

4
7
10
1
1
0
16
0
39

8
24
26
2
1
0
30
0
91

ＤＩ ＭＳＳ

0.4
0.6
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
1.4
0.0
0.5

Table 5. Summary of Photo-ID conducted during 2007/08 JARPAII.
Stratum
Area IIIArea IV

East
Species

East

North

South

North

Area V
West

South

North

Total

West

South

North

South

Blue whale

1

21

0

0

0

1

0

0

23

Humpback whale

3

0

2

4

0

7

0

0

16

Southern right whale

0

0

4

18

0

11

0

3

36

Total

4

21

6

22

0

19

0

3

75

Table 6. Summary of biopsy conducted during 2007/08 JARPAII.
Stratum
Area IIIArea IV

Area V
Total

East
Species

East

North South

West

West

North South North SouthBlue whale

0

4

0

0

0

1

North South00

5

Fin whale

0

3

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

Humpback whale

1

0

0

0

0

4

0

0

5

Southern right whale

0

0

1

4

0

11

0

2

18

Sperm whale (Carcass)

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

Total

1

7

2

4

0

16

0

2

32

13

2.0
3.4
2.6
2.0
1.0
0.0
1.9
0.0
2.3

Table 7. Summary of oceanographic survey, acoustic survey and plankton net sampling conducted during 2007/08
JARPAII.
CTD (stations)
Vessels
Area III East
East
Stratum Area IV
West
Area V West

North
South
North
South
North
South
North
South

Total

KS2
9
10
6
5
6
2
11
4
53

KK1
7
5
5
3
2
4
7
4
37

XCTD
(stations)
KS2
KK1
11
3
2
1
6
7
2
3
7
13
2
9
14
11
4
3
48
50

EPCS
(days)
KS2
14
11
10
10
10
6
14
12
87

Quantitive echosounder (days)
KS2
KK1
14
10
11
8
10
10
10
11
10
10
6
14
14
11
12
10
87
84

IKMT
(stations)
KK1
7
5
4
3
2
4
7
4
36

NORPAC-Net(stations)
KK1
7
5
5
3
2
4
7
4
37

Table 8. Summary of biological data and samples collected from Antarctic minke whales.

Samples and data
Photographic record of external character
Body length and sex identification
Measurement of external body proportion
Body weight
Body weight by total weight of parts
Skull measurement (length and breadth)Standard measurement of blubber thickness (two points)
Observation of lactation status
Measurement of mammary grandTestis weight
Weight of stomach content
Diatom film observation
Blood plasma for physiological study
Earplug for age determination
Ocular lens for age determination
Tympanic bulla for chemical analysis
Largest baleen plate for chemical analysis
Vertebral epiphyses for biological study
Observation and collection of ovary
Histological sample of endometrium
Histological sample of mammary gland
Milk sample for chemical study
Histological sample of testis
Skin and liver tissues for genetic study
Blubber, muscle and liver tissues for environmental monitoring
Lung and liver tissues for environmental monitoring
Gross pathological observation (thyroid, lung, stomach and gonad
Tissues for histopathological study
Tissues for various study (muscle, blubber)
Tissues for nutrient study (muscle, blubber, ventral groove)
Stomach contents for food and feeding study
Stomach contents for environmental monitoring
External parasites
Internal parasites
Photographic record of fetus
Fetal length and weightCollection of small fetus
Fetal ocular lens for age determination
Fetal skin for genetic study
Fetus for embryological study
Cyamid for phylogenetic study*including fetus of sex unidentified.

14

Male
273
273
273
63
19
263
273
273
273
273
272
273
89
33
272
222
273
273
273
21
273
34
3
0
24
10
3
2
82
82
28
82
3
1

Number of whales
Female
Total
278
551
278
551
278
551
38
101
13
32
269
532
278
551
278
278
278
278
273
278
551
278
551
278
550
278
551
98
187
22
55
278
550
223
445
278
278
14
14
278
278
1
1
273
278
551
278
551
21
42
278
551
33
67
3
6
1
1
22
46
12
22
3
6
0
2
85
170*
85
170*
3*
27
55
85
170*
3
6
2
3

Table 9. Reproductive status of Antarctic minke whales sampled in 2007/08 JARPAII. Numbers in percentage represent
ratio of samples in each stratum. Maturity of males was tentatively defined by testis weight according to Kato
(1986). "Resting" represents non-pregnant mature female without corpus luteum.
Male
Area Sector Stratum

FemaleImmature Mature Total

Immature

7
25.0%
36
17.9%
15
32.6%
15
8.5%
0
4
30.8%
0
1
1.1%
78
14.2%

6
21.4%
41
20.4%
15
32.6%
28
15.9%
0
0
0.0%
0
6
6.9%
96
17.4%

No-pregnant
Lactating Resting

III

East

West
IV
East

V

West

North
South
North
South
North
South
North
South

Combined

13
46.4%
94
46.8%
13
28.3%
41
23.3%
0
6
46.2%
0
28
32.2%
195
35.4%

20
71.4%
130
64.7%
28
60.9%
56
31.8%
0
10
76.9%
0
29
33.3%
273
49.5%

0
0.0%
1
0.5%
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
0
0
0.0%
0
0
0.0%
1
0.2%

15

0
0.0%
1
0.5%
0
0.0%
7
4.0%
0
0
0.0%
0
4
4.6%
12
2.2%

MaturePregnant
No-Lactating Lactating

1
3.6%
26
12.9%
3
6.5%
85
48.3%
0
3
23.1%
0
48
55.2%
166
30.1%

1
3.6%
1
0.5%
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
0
0
0.0%
0
0
0.0%
2
0.4%

Unknown
0
0.0%
1
0.5%
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
0
0
0.0%
0
0
0.0%
1
0.2%

Total
8
28.6%
71
35.3%
18
39.1%
120
68.2%
0

Combined
28
201
46
176
0

3
23.1%
0

13

58
66.7%
278
50.5%

87

0

551

Fig. 1. Geographic location of the research area of 2007/08 JARPAII. A solid line represents a border between northernand southern strata.
60S

60S

65S

65S

70S35E

45E

55E

65E

75E

85E

95E

105E

115E

125E

135E

145E

155E

70S
165E

Fig 2. Predetermined survey track lines of two sighting vessels (SVs) in 2007/08 JARPAII. A solid line (red) represents aborder between northern and southern strata. A bold line (blue) represents the ice edge line. The ice edge line
was estimated by direct observation of research vessels and the information from near real time DMSP SSM / I
daily polar griddled sea ice concentration data set available from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC,
Cavalieri et al. 1999), US.

60S

60S

65S

65S

70S35E

45E

55E

65E

75E

85E

95E

105E

115E

125E

135E

145E

155E

70S
165E

Fig. 3. Predetermined survey track lines of three sighting and sampling vessels (SSVs) in 2007/08 JARPAII. A single
track line represents the track line which was planned but cancelled because of shortage of the research period.
Elements in the map are referred to Fig. 2.

60S

60S

65S

65S

70S
35E

45E

55E

65E

75E

85E

95E

105E

115E

125E

135E

145E

155E

Fig. 4. Searching effort on the predetermined track lines of two SVs in 2007/08 JARPAII. Elements in the map arereferred to Fig. 2.
16

70S
165E

60S

60S

65S

65S

70S
35E

45E

55E

65E

75E

85E

95E

105E

115E

125E

135E

145E

155E

70S
165E

Fig. 5. Searching effort on the predetermined track lines of three SSVs in 2007/08 JARPAII. Elements in the map arereferred to Fig. 2.

60S

60S

65S

65S

70S35E

45E

55E

65E

75E

85E

95E

105E

115E

125E

135E

145E

155E

70S
165E

Fig. 6. Distribution of all sightings of Antarctic minke whales sighted by SVs and SSVs in 2007/08 JARPAII.

60S

60S

65S

65S

70S35E

45E

55E

65E

75E

85E

95E

105E

115E

125E

135E

145E

155E

70S
165E

Fig. 7. Distribution of all sightings of humpback whales sighted by SVs and SSVs in 2007/08 JARPAII.

60S

60S

65S

65S

70S35E

45E

55E

65E

75E

Fig. 8. Distribution of all sightings of fin (85E), blue (

95E

105E

115E

), Southern right (and SSVs in 2007/08 JARPAII.

17

125E

135E

) and sperm (

145E

155E

70S
165E

) whales sighted by SVs

60S

60S

65S

65S

70S35E

45E

55E

65E

75E

85E

95E

105E

115E

125E

Fig. 9. Geographical localities of NORPAC and IKMT (+) sampling and CTD (

135E

145E

155E

70S
165E

) and XCTD ( ) casting conductedby two SVs during 2007/08 JARPAII.
60S

60S

65S

65S

70S
35E

45E

55E

65E

75E

85E

95E

105E

115E

125E

135E

Fig. 10. Distribution of sampled Antarctic minke whales by sex and sexual maturity status in 2007/08 JARPAII.
: Mature male,: Immature male,:Mature female and: Immature female

50

Male

MatureImmatureFrequency

40

30

20

10

-11.0

-10.0

-9.0

-8.0

-7.0

-6.0

-5.0

-4.0

0

Body length (m)6050

FemaleMatureImmatureFrequency

40

30

20

10

-11.0

-10.0

-9.0

-8.0

-7.0

-6.0

-5.0

-4.0

0

Body length (m)Fig. 11. Body length distribution of Antarctic minke whales sampled during 2007/08 JARPA II survey.

18

70S

Fig. 12. Segregated distribution between Antarctic minke whales and humpback whales in the Davis Sea.
Humpback whale () was dominant north of pack ice that covered the Davis Sea, whereas Antarctic

minke whales was concentrated in a polynya formed by the pack ice and most of them were matured
female. Sexual maturity of the Antarctic minke whale was represented as follows; matured female
matured male , immature female, immature male , unknown (only sighted)

,

.

58
Antarctic minke

59

Humpback

Latitude of sighting position

60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
-3.0

-2.0

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

Sea surface temperature (℃)

Fig. 13. Relationship between latitude of sighting position and sea surface temperature of Antarctic minke andhumpback whales.
19