Global Leadership Training Programme in Africa 2014
RESEARCH REPORT

Challenges on Mass Somali Refugee Influx after the Border Closure between
Kenya and Somalia in 2007
-Example of Dadaab Refugee CampChiaki Tsuchida1
English Summery
In Kenya, "Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted in 1951)" was ratified in 1966,"Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted in 1967)" was ratified in 1981 (these are so called
Refugee Convention), "Convention governing the specific aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (so called OAUConvention, adopted in 1969) was ratified in 1992. These treatments have become the basis of Kenya's refugeeprotection [Parliamentary Debates Question No.162]. However, Kenyan domestic refugee law was establishedin 2006, domestic refugee legislation was absent for more than 15 years although mass Somali refugee influx
began around 1990. While absence of it, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) set World’s
biggest refugee camps and carried out refugee registration in Dadaab, near the border between Kenya andSomalia, instead of Government of Kenya (GoK) [Hyndman & Nylund 1998].
Refugee Act was adopted in 2006 and was enforced in 2007. At the same time, authority of accepting
Somali refugees has been handed over from UNHCR to Department of Refugee Affairs (DRA) from UNHCR,
which was established with the enactment of Refugee Act. The installation of Refugee Act and DRA had Kenya
step forward on advancing refugee protection, however, GoK has decided officially closed its border between
Kenya and Somalia. GoK tried to prevent the inflow of an Islamic terrorist group, Al-Shabaab and ensure thesafety of residents and refugees in Dadaab. In general, border closure can make it difficult for refugees who try
to flee from Somalia to enter Kenya across the border. However, actually, amount of refugee influx became
larger than before the border closure and in 2011, the number reached the peak in the past 20 years.
Moreover, contrary to the original aim, the criminal acts and attacks by the terrorist group was increased andprotecting Somali refugees fell into difficult situation.
In previous research on protecting Somali refugees in Dadaab refugee camp, it has been discussed inmainly three viewpoints, (1) prima refugee protection on mass refugee influx [e.g. Albert 2010, Hyndman &Nylund 1998], (2) National security [e.g. Long 2010] (3) protracted refugee situation [e.g. Crisp 2003, Lindley2011]. Since these have often been discussed as a separated theme despite of focusing on the same case, it
was hard to see how they link each other and questions had been scattered. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify
complex dynamism of protecting Somali refugees and analyze relationship those three points of view within acertain period.
Thus, research question is set as follows. First, regarding to the protection of Somali refugees in Dadaab
refugee camp, why were two contrary changes, which were establishment of Refugee Act and beginning ofborder closure between Kenya and Somalia run in 2006-2007? In addition, how did the humanitarianorganizations which are DRA, United Nations Agencies, NGOs, and individual refugees challenge such a difficult
situation?
1

Chiaki Tsuchida (Ms.) is a Master’s student of Graduate Programme on Human Security in the Department ofAdvanced Social and International Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in the University of Tokyo. She
specializes in Refugee Studies. She was hosted in Kenyatta University, where has Centre of Refugee Studies andEmpowerment from January 5th to March 7th 2015. This report based on her field research in Kenya.
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In this research, first, it organizes frameworks of protecting refugees which have been applied to theSomali refugees in Kenya. Then it follows the evolution of the roles of main actors on protecting Somali
refugees and makes sure the geopolitical significance of accepting the Somali refugees in Dadaab. Third, it
analyzes why the border closure has decided and the dilemma of between protecting refugees and national
security and the background leading to the border blockade, were international organizations in such a difficult
situation. Last, it clarifies the challenges by DRA, UN agencies, NGOs, and individual refugees in such a difficult
situation. There were mainly three challenges. First, DRA and UNHCR cooperated for refugee registration andgiving a protection after Refugee Act established and DRA was set and addressed the mass influx. Second,
humanitarian aid agencies had to withdraw international staff because of fear of kidnapping by Al-Shabaab but
it increased national staff in Dadaab refugee camp [Refugee Consortium of Kenya 2012]. It led, as a result, toharmonize between national staffs and refugees more with similar cultural background. Furthermore, in
Dadaab where tension increases, a round table meeting is constantly held by all actors engaged in protecting
Somali refugees in Dadaab including refugee leaders and they effectively exchange information each other.

2

Japanese Summery
ケニアでは 1966 年に「難民の地位に関する条約（1951 年採択）」を、「難民の地位に関する議定書（1967 年採択）」を 1981 年に批准しており、「アフリカにおける難民問題の特殊な側面を規定するアフリカ統一機構条約（1969 年採択）、以下 OAU 条約」を 1992 年に批准した。これらがケニアの難民保護の根拠となっている[Parliamentary Debates Question No.162]。しかし、国内の難民法が成立したのは 2006 年であり、1990 年代初頭に近国のソマリアから難民が大量に流入してきたときから 15
年以上もの間、難民を受け入れる国内の法制度は整っていなかった。国内の難民保護に関する法制度が不在の間は、難民保護を専門とする国連難民高等弁務官事務所（UNHCR）がケニア政府に代わって、ダダーブ地域に世界最大の難民キャンプを構え、ソマリア出身者をはじめとする難民の受け入れに従事してきた[Hyndman & Nylund 1998]。
2006 年に採択された難民法は 2007 年に執行され、難民の受け入れは UNHCR から難民法の制定とともに発足した難民局に権限が移行された。難民法制定と難民局の設置を受け、ケニアは難民保護において前進する一方で同年、ケニア政府は公式にケニア―ソマリア間の国境を封鎖することを決定した。国境封鎖によって、難民と同時に流れ込むアルシャバーブ（Al-Shabaab）の流入を予防し、域内の住民や難民の安全を確保しようとしたのである。一般的に、この政策は国境管理のうえで国境を越えて避難しようとする難民の流入を困難にさせるものとなり得る。ただし、ケニアの場合は実際には国境封鎖後の方がそれ以前よりも難民の流入量は増大し、2011 年には過去 20 年間でピークを迎える。
また本来の目的に反して、テロ集団による犯罪行為や攻撃が増大し、ソマリア難民保護は困難な状態に陥った。
ケニアのダダーブ難民キャンプでの難民保護に関する先行研究では、（１）prima facie による大量難民流入における難民保護[e.g. Albert 2010, Hyndman & Nylund 1998]（２）安全保障[e.g. Long 2010]（３）
難民状態の長期化[e.g. Crisp 2003, Lindley 2011]の主に 3 つの観点で検討されてきた。これらはしばしば別々のテーマとして議論が重ねられてきたため、同じ事例に着目しているにもかかわらず、互いにどのように結びついているのかが見えにくくなり、問題の所在が点在していた。それゆえ、ある一定の時間軸を設定し、その期間内での難民保護の複雑なダイナミズムを整理し関連性を明確にして分析する必要がある。
そこで、本研究で掲げる問いは次のとおりである。ケニアのダダーブ難民キャンプでのソマリア難民の保護に関して、なぜ同時期に難民保護の国内の枠組みが形成され前進がみられる一方で、国境封鎖を実行し保護が困難になる要因を生むというお互いに反する二つの動きがあったのか。また、そのときに政府や国連、NGO、難民当事者といった難民保護に携わる各アクターがどのような挑戦を行ったのか。
本研究では、ケニアでソマリア難民に適用されている保護の枠組みを整理し、その中での主要アクターの役割の変遷を押さえたうえで、ダダーブでソマリア難民を受け入れることの地政学的意義を確認し、国境封鎖に至る背景とその後における難民保護と安全保障とのジレンマを分析し、そうした困難な状況での国際機関、政府機関、NGO、難民当事者といった各アクターによる挑戦を明らかにした。
主な挑戦として、国境封鎖後も急増した難民の流入には、難民法制定によって設置された難民局とUNHCR が共同で難民登録と保護の提供を行うことで対処した。また、人道支援機関ではインターナシ
ョナル・スタッフの撤退とともにナショナル・スタッフの増員を図ることで人員不足を補い、結果的に難民と文化的背景を共有できる環境を整えた。さらに、緊張状態が増すダダーブにおいて、難民リーダーを含む全てのアクターが円卓会議を開催することによって効果的に情報交換がなされた。

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1. Introduction
International Refugee regime is constructed by "Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted
in 1951)" and "Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (adopted in 1967)". Especially in Africa, there is aregional refugee regime based on "Convention governing the specific aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa(adopted in 1969). State parties would establish domestic refugee act in order to implement of protecting
refugees within these regimes. Therefore, implementation of it is relied on the capacity and ability of stateparties [Betts 2013].
In 1991, when Somalia was collapsed, hundreds of thousands of Somali people fled from politicalviolence. In 1992 when it was 1990s’ peak of refugee displacement, there were some 420,000 refugees in
Kenya [US Committee for Refugees 1997]. In 2006, the conflict in Somalia entered a new phase. In pursuing
control of the state, both the internationally sponsored Transitional Federal Government in Somalia and theextremist group Al Shabaab who is regarded as a terrorist group have employed a strategy that it resulted ingross human rights abuses and mass civilian suffering [Lindley 2011-b]. However, Refugee Act was adopted in2006 and was enforced in 2007. While absence of it, for over 15 years, United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR) set World’s biggest refugee camps so called Dadaab refugee camp which locates hundred
km from the border between Kenya and Somalia [see Map 1 and Map 2], also carried out refugee registration
there, instead of Government of Kenya (GoK). Moreover, at the same time, authority of accepting Somali
refugees has been handed over from UNHCR to Department of Refugee Affairs (DRA) from UNHCR. DRA wasalso established with the enactment of Refugee Act.
The installation of Refugee Act and DRA had Kenya step forward on advancing refugee protection,
however, GoK has decided officially closed its border between Kenya and Somalia. GoK tried to prevent the
inflow of an Islamic terrorist group, Al-Shabaab and ensure the safety of residents and refugees in Dadaab. In
general, border closure can make it difficult for refugees who try to flee from Somalia to enter Kenya across theborder. NGOs have reported the limbo for refugees who are fled to neighboring countries after border closure[e.g. Refugee Consortium Kenya 2012]. Moreover, as a result of border closure, partnership between UNHCR
and the government of host country becomes difficult. In academia, the collision of the border closure andnational interests has been discussed as a dilemma of hosting great number of refugees. However, actually,
amount of refugee influx became larger than before the border closure and in 2011, the number reached thepeak in the past 20 years. Moreover, contrary to the original aim, the criminal acts and attacks by the terroristgroup was increased and protecting Somali refugees fell into difficult situation.

2. Study Area
In previous research on protecting Somali refugees in Dadaab refugee camp, it has been discussed inmainly there points of view, (1) prima refugee protection on mass refugee influx [e.g. Albert 2010, Hyndman &Nylund 1998], (2) National security [e.g. Long 2010] (3) protracted refugee situation [e.g. Crisp 2003, Lindley2011]. Since these have often been discussed as a separated theme despite of focusing on the same case, it
was hard to see how they link each other and questions had been scattered. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify
complex dynamism of protecting Somali refugees and analyze relationship those three points of view within acertain period.
Research question is set as follows. First, regarding to the protection of Somali refugees in Dadaab
refugee camp, why were two contrary changes, which were establishment of Refugee Act and beginning ofborder closure between Kenya and Somalia run in 2006-2007? In addition, how did the humanitarianorganizations which are DRA, United Nations Agencies, NGOs, and individual refugees challenge such a difficult
situation?
In this research, first, it organizes frameworks of protecting refugees which have been applied to theSomali refugees in Kenya. Then it follows the evolution of the roles of main actors on protecting Somali
refugees and makes sure the geopolitical significance of accepting the Somali refugees in Dadaab. Third, it
4

analyzes why the border closure has decided and the dilemma of between protecting refugees and national
security and the background leading to the border blockade, were international organizations in such a difficult
situation. Last, it clarifies the challenges by DRA, UN agencies, NGOs, and individual refugees in such a difficult
situation.
Then this research contributes to refugee study especially focused on the example of Dadaab refugee
camp.

3. Methodology
This research applies both top-down approach and bottom-up approach. This research also doesinterview and questionnaire survey. Interview was taken to the relevant humanitarian organizations in Nairobi
and questionnaire survey was done those regard in humanitarian assistance in Dadaab, Geneva and Somalia via
E-mail. Most of Interview and questionnaire survey in Kenya were done on period January to March 2015 when
the author went to Kenya for field study.
First, interview was implemented to these humanitarian organizations and individuals as follows.
- Department of Refugee Affairs (DRA) in Nairobi- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Nairobi- Refugee Consortium Kenya (RCK) in Nairobi- Individual refugees
Second, questionnaire survey was taken to these organizations and individuals as follows.
- Department of Refugee Affairs (DRA) in Dadaab- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Dadaab- UNHCR in Geneva- UNHCR in Somalia- United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) in Dadaab- World Food Programme (WFP) in Dadaab- Refugee Consortium Kenya (RCK) in Dadaab- Individual refugees
Regarding to Anonymity and Confidentiality, the author ensures that I hold all confidential or proprietary
information or secrets in trust. I agree that it shall be used only for the contemplated purpose, and shall not be
used for any other purpose or disclosed to any third party. Therefore, some information such as the name oforganizations, interview taken date and place will properly be hidden.

4. Research Finding
Through interview and questionnaire survey, mainly three things are come out as follows.
First, there is cooperation between UNHCR and DRA towards mass Somali refugee influx in Dadaab. In
fact, most of refugees answered, “Refugee registration did not take for a long time, at least for one or two days
after my family crossed the border. [Interview]” or “As soon as I reached in Dadaab, I became a refugee.
[Questionnaire]” Thus, the implementation of protecting refugees went smoothly. UNHCR and DRA have been
fully cooperated on protecting refugees. If something happened, they call a phone or send E-mail immediately
and shared the information [Interview].
Second, humanitarian aid agencies increased National staff after fear of terrorism increased."We had towithdrawal international staff whose skin color, religion, etc. are completely different from Somalis. Instead ofthat, the number of national staff was increased. As a result, since national staff can understand the local
language, it became easier to promote the mutual understanding of the refugees, and the procedure wasprogressed smoothly. [Interview]" In other words, it led easier conduction since both national staff and Somali
refugees can share similar cultural background comparing international staff from all over the world.
5

Last, a round table meeting in Dadaab refugee camp is held. The meeting is held at least once a week.
The participants are all actors who engage in Somali refugee issues there [Interview]. They are included not
only humanitarian organizations but also refugee leaders both male and female. Humanitarian organizations
are expected Dadaab branch office of UNHCR, DRA and NGOs such as RCK, Windle Trust and so on. The
meeting provides opportunity for all actors to share information. It is also an opportunity to reflect refugee
voices on policy [Interview].

5. Discussion(1) Legal framework on refugee protection in Kenya
Kenya has enough legal frameworks on refugee protection. It adopted 1951 Refugee Convention in 1966,
1969 Refugee Protocol in 1981 and OAU refugee convention 1992. According to these treaties, Kenya hasprotected refugees including Somali refugees. Moreover, Kenya accepted Somali refugees on prima facie
refugee status [Turton 2005]. Prima facie is a group based refugee determination, for example, a person fromState B enters State A during the period C [Albert 2010-b]. Thus, prima facie makes refugee determination
process easier when mass refugee influx occurs and it becomes difficult to determine refugees one by one [e.g.
Moret, Baglioni & Efionayi-Mader 2006].
(2) Geo-political significance of Dadaab
Dadaab locates in northeast Kenya, it is away about hundred km from the border between Kenya andSomalia (see map 1). Also it is a remote area away from urban areas in Kenya and it has originally poor
resources such as water and firewood [Kirui & Mwaruvie 2012]. Graphically, it is close to Somalia, it have beena residence of Kenyan Somalis who are nomadic of camels and goats in Kenya. Therefore, it has been a place
which traditionally has diplomatic problems between those two countries.
In Dadaab refugee camp, Somali refugees are majority. The camp had been set up for initial 90,000
refugees, resulting in 460,000 refugees at most and it became the third largest city in Kenya [e.g. CARE
International 2011, UNHCR]. In addition, accepting refugees in Dadaab is a matter for not only for Kenya but
also East African countries because Kenya plays an important role in the East Africa’s stability [Thompson 2015].
Moreover, the border between Kenya and Somalia has been regarded as a strategic region that becomes
the key by Al-Shabaab [Floyd 2010]. Thus, Dadaab has been used for military cooperation with Al- Qaeda,
training of soldiers also attacks against neighboring countries. Therefore, since refugee influx matter connects
influx of terrorists at the same time, it can also cause deterioration of public order in the region and security
problems extend neighboring countries.
(3) Challenges after 2007
There are mainly three challenges. First, there is cooperation between UNHCR and DRA towards mass
Somali refugee influx in Dadaab. From March 2011, the work which UNHCR had played so far was taken over
by DRA. DRA has taken reception and registration for Somali refugees who have fled to Kenya beyond theborder. UNHCR has issued ration card to the individuals after DRA registered the refugees [Interview]. A
refugee who has a ration card is considered as a target to be given the support from various internationalorganizations and NGOs and can enjoy the many kinds of support such as food, medical care, education and soon [Interview]. Therefore, the operation of protecting Somali refugees was smoothly performed. In fact, mostof refugees answered it did not take for a long time to be registered as refugees.
Second, UN agencies increased National staff after fear of terrorism increased. As a result, since national
staff can understand the local language, it became easier to promote the mutual understanding of refugees,
and the procedure was progressed smoothly. [Interview]" In other words, it led easier conduction since bothnational staff and Somali refugees can share similar cultural background comparing international staff from allover the world.
6

Last, a round table meeting in Dadaab refugee camp is held. The meeting is held at least once a week.
The participants are all actors who engage in Somali refugee issues there. They are included not only
humanitarian organizations but also refugee leaders both male and female [Interview]. The meeting provides
opportunity for all actors to share information. It is also an opportunity to reflect refugee voices on policy.

6. Conclusion
Kenya is state party of both Refugee Convention and the OAU Convention therefore framework ofrefugee protection was adopted. However, domestic Refugee Act was absent for more than 15 years after
mass Refugee influx. Meanwhile, UNHCR had authority of management to register refugees.
However, Dadaab have faced fear of terrorism because Al-Shabaab flowed in there mingling refugees.
First of all, Dadaab is a region where there had been diplomatic problems between Kenya and Somalia.
Moreover, it has been important position where Al-Shabaab has actively trained its soldiers or recruited newmembers. In addition, Dadaab is also a region which has a geopolitical significance on the stability of East Africa
as well as Kenya. Therefore, GoK have decided to close the border since 2007 in order to prevent flow ofterrorists.
The border closure had mainly two problems. First, after the border closure, number of Somali refugees
became the highest especially in 2011. Moreover, contrary to the aim of the closure, fear of Al-Shabaab
increased. Unfortunately, it also led humanitarian aid organizations to reduce international staffs. Therefore,
humanitarian aid organizations had to face highly difficult humanitarian crisis.
However, there are mainly three challenges which can be evaluated. First, by installation of DRA with
Refugee Act established, cooperation between DRA and UNHCR has contributed for smoothly refugee
registration and protection. In addition, while the withdrawal of international staff in Dadaab had been
advanced, humanitarian organizations have increased national staff on the field. It became easier for bothstaffs and refugees to understand and rely on each other. Third, implementation of the round table meetinghas provided opportunity for those engaged in refugee protection in Dadaab to share information. Also
participants are included refugee leaders. Therefore, it became useful to reflect refugees’ voices on policy.
This research contributes for refugee study especially focused on Dadaab refugee camp by analyzing the
dynamism before and after the border closure in 2007 as well as clarifying the challenges by those who
engaged in Dadaab refugee camp.
For further study, it is necessary to look at the challenges from military or polices more at on the matterof border security. Then this study can become more comprehensively.

7. Reflection on the GLTP in Africa (What you learned through this programme and how to make use of thisexperience to your future career development)
GLTP finally brought me to Kenya. It took almost 2 years to visit there. Since I research in protecting
Somali refugees in Dadaab, I really wanted to do field work regarding to my survey. However, there was a big
concern about security. In GLTP, students can be protected because they are sent to relevant university. For
example, I stayed a students’ dormitory where it is within the university. When I go out university, mysupervisors introduced some Kenyan students to me in order to keep in safety. Moreover, when I planned tovisit Dadaab where there is world’s biggest refugee camp and security concern is much higher for foreigners,
the director of refugee studies canter coordinated my trip plan with humanitarian organizations there. I found
it very difficult to be safely if I went there by myself without their support. Therefore thanks to GLTP, I had agreat opportunity to visit Kenya and did field work safely.

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Acknowledgement
First, I much appreciate to Dr. Osamu Saito, Dr. Natsuko Imai and Ms. Yuki Nakano in United Nations
University. Global Leadership Training Programme in Africa 2014 brought me to Kenya and gave me precious
opportunity for my field research.
Second, I much appreciate for all your support, Dr. Manguriu, Chairman, Department of Environmental
Education, my supervisors, Dr. John Muriuki & Dr. James Koske, Department of Environmental Education, Dr.
Josephine Gitome, the Director of Centre of Refugee Studies and Empowerment also the coordinator Dr.
Nyerere, Department of Environmental Education and Mr. Allan Mwangi. All your help was very important for
my research and life in Kenya. Thank you so much for everything.
Third, I much appreciate to those who cooperated with me on interview, staffs in UN Agencies, NGOs
and individual refugees. Thank you so much for your contribution on my research.

References[1] Anna Lindley (2011) Between a Protracted and a Crisis Stuation: Policy Response to Somali Refugees in
Kenya, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 30, No.4: 14-49.
[2] Alexander Betts (2013) Survival Migration, Cornell University Press.
[3] Danny Turton (2005) Analysis of Refugee Protection Capacity Kenya, United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees Strengthening Protection Capacity Project.
[4] Gill Loescher & James Milner (2011) Protracted Refugee Situations: Domestic and International Security
Implications, Oxford University Press.
[5] Jeff Crisp (2003) No Solution insight: the problem of Protracted Refugee Situations in Africa, Working Papers,
Centre for Comparative Immigration Studies UC San Diego.
[6] Jenifer Hyndman (2010) A Post-Cold War Geography of Forced Migration in Kenya and Somalia, The
Professional Geographer, No. 51 Vol.1: 104-114.
[7] Jenifer Hyndman & Bo Viktor Nylund (1998) UNHCR and the Status of Prima Facie Refugees in Kenya, Oxford
University Press.
[8] Joelle Moret, Simone Baglioni & Denise Efionayi-Mader (2006) The Path of Somali Refugees into Exile: A
Comprehensive Analysis of Secondary Movements amd Policy Responses, Swiss Forum for Migration and
Population Studies.
[9] Kathryn H. Floyd (2010) Somalia’s Stability and Security Situation in Review, International Centre for Political
Violence and Terrorism Research.
[10] Katy Long (2010) No entry! A review of UNHCR’s response to border closures in situations of mass refugee
influx, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Policy Development and Evacuation Service (PDES).
[11] Matthew Albert (2010-a) Prima facie determination of refugee status: An overview and its legal
foundation, Working Paper Series No. 55, Refugee Studies Centre Oxford Department of International
Development University of Oxford.
[12] Matthew Albert (2010-b) Governance and prima facie refugee status determination: Clarifing theboundaries of temporary protection, group determination, and mass influx, Refugee Survey Quarterly, Vol. 29,
No.1.
[13]Parliamentary Debates Question No.162, “Government Position on Asylum Seekers” April 15 2003, p.952.
The Ministry of Home Affairs (Mr. Awori).
[14] Peter Kirui & Dr. John Mwaruive (2012) The Dilemma of Hosting Refugees: A Focus on the Insecurity inNorth-Eastern Kenya, International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 3, No. 8.
[15] Refugee Consortium of Kenya (2012) Asylum Under Threat: Assessing the protection of Somali refugees in
Dadaab refugee camps and along the migration corridor, Refugee Consortium of Kenya.
[16] US Committee for Refugees (1997) World Refugee Survey 1997, US Committee for Refugees .
8[17]Vincent Bakpetu Thompson (2015) Conflict in the Horn of Africa, University Press of America.
[18] CARE International (2011) “Dadaab: the world’s largest refugee camp”
http://www.care-international.org/news/stories-and-blogs/emergency-response/kenya-dadaab-the-worldslargest-refugee-camp.aspx (Last access: August 31)[19] UNHCR “Refugees in Horn of Africa: Somali Displacement Crisis”
http://data.unhcr.org/horn-of-africa/region.php?id=3&country=110 (Last access: August 31)[20] Interview- Department of Refugee Affairs (DRA) in Nairobi- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Nairobi- Refugee Consortium Kenya (RCK) in Nairobi- Individual refugees[21] Questionnaire survey- Department of Refugee Affairs (DRA) in Dadaab- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Dadaab- UNHCR in Geneva- UNHCR in Somalia- United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) in Dadaab- World Food Programme (WFP) in Dadaab- Refugee Consortium Kenya (RCK) in Dadaab- Individual refugees

9Appendix
1. Map 1. Dadaab

2. Map 2. Dadaab Refugee Camp

Reference: Humanitarian International Services Group

Reference: Borderless Higher Education for Refugees
10