Freeing public
security andnetworking talent
to do more with
automation.

Freeing public security and networking talent to do more with automation

Introduction
The arrival of hyper-automation in Australia’s public security sector presents
opportunities and challenges. While previous waves of technological change led todisruption in the way we live, work and play including unintended consequences suchas job losses and wage stagnation, experts believe artificial intelligence (AI) can unlock
new efficiencies and drive productivity.
To ensure a fair and inclusive future, however, pursuingthese technologies with careful consideration of theirimpact on the workforce and society is essential. While theUnited Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
ambitiously address global concerns, including sustainable
employment and decent work for all, governments worldwide
are challenging themselves to craft new AI Bills or Rights
to help talent thrive in the age of automation.[1] [2]A$2 billion in savings per year, critics argue that forcing
agencies to do more with less can lower service quality,
longer wait times and lead to staff cuts and job losses.[6]Australia is no exception, launching its 8 Artificial Intelligence
Ethics Principles that seek to augment, complement andempower human cognitive, social and cultural skills, including
security and networking talent.[3] These frameworks are
crucial to counter fears of a “jobless future”, as some studies
suggest that automation may kill 30% of all jobs by the year
2030 from a global perspective.[4]In particular, this risk applies to the public defence sector,
which employs around 17,400 public servants, augmented
by an outsourced civilian workforce of over 28,000
contractors. [7] They carry the critical responsibility of
securing Australia’s cyber borders, with the average costof a breach over $3 million and increasing in number byalmost 10% each year.[8]The government’s annual efficiency dividend, which
mandates agencies to identify cost savings and productivity
improvements equivalent to a specified percentage of theiroperating budgets (typically set between 1-2%), has comeunder scrutiny. [5] Despite potentially resulting in up to

The opportunity now presents itself to make Australia
a world leader in security and networking talent, not by
replacing humans with AI-driven automation but by amplifying
their decision-making skills at scale with these emerging
technologies guided by ethical principles, global standards

Driving down public spending through dividends - amplified
by automation - carries risks if not underpinned by ethicalgovernance and a desire to unleash human potential andproductivity in the security and networking arena.

4Freeing public security and networking talent to do more with automation

Society 5.0 lights up the
public sector horizon.
Unlocking value in the public sector at a faster, sustainable
scale with the same vigour as private companies is the holygrail of future societies, including Asia Pacific neighbour
Japan. Rather than relying upon automation for its own sake,imaginative new thinking under new initiatives labelled Society
5.0 is emerging.[9]Society 5.0 calls for a human-centred society thatbalances economic advancement with resolving social
problems in a system that stretches across cyberspaceand physical space.[10]“People, things and systems are all connected in cyberspace,and optimal results obtained by AI exceeding the capabilitiesof humans are fed back to physical space. This process brings
new value to industry and society in ways not previously
possible,” said the Japanese Cabinet Office.
Australia must adopt similar long-term thinking, driving
innovation in the public sector while nurturing and encouraging
diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI), typical of Society 5.0.
The future security and networking workforce depends
on digital transformation that spans government agencies
and outsourced contractors, including sovereign primes.
Job roles with process-orientated or data-capture functions
face inevitable automation through machine learning algorithms.

Prone to human error, these repetitive, time-consuming tasks
can be handled more efficiently by AI. While it’s conceivablethat up to 10% of the workforce may vanish, creative,
rewarding new roles will emerge in the automation age.
“Yesterday’s secretaries are today’s database administrators.
Yesterday’s milkmen are today’s Uber Drivers,” said Public
Sector People.[11]Plus, a security workforce armed with machines and intelligent
software algorithms is more productive than those withoutthem, reducing overall costs. “More broadly, workers who cancomplement the new automation, and perform tasks beyond
the abilities of machines, often enjoy rising compensation,”
said the Brookings Institute. It moves the needle beyond thepolitical shackles of the efficiency dividend, linking productivity
to wages for the first time in history and giving Australia a
digital edge in the AI age.[12]There is also a growing consensus that Australia may needmore digital security and networking talent by 2030 thancurrently anticipated. The Commonwealth Scientific andIndustrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) estimates that
160,000 specialist AI workers will be required to build andsupervise a wave of new automation technologies that form
part of Society 5.0.[13]“More broadly, workers who cancomplement the new automation,and perform tasks beyond the abilities
of machines, often enjoy risingcompensation.”5Freeing public security and networking talent to do more with automation

People - not algorithms - first.
At its core, the ethical leadershipmodel aims to empower security
and networking talent by upskilling
their digital literacy and supporting
their decision-making with big dataapplications that reduce cyber risk
and enable creative, critical thinking.

While less visionary than the ideals of Japan’s Society 5.0,
Australia is showing a growing commitment towards building
the world’s best public service through the Digital andCustomer Capability Framework. Designed by the NSW Public
Sector Commission, it focuses on creating a long-term leaninfrastructure powered by entrepreneurial AI disruption.
In this ecosystem, processes are subordinate to people,
and applications are customer-centric.[14]At its core, the ethical leadership model aims to empower
security and networking talent by upskilling their digital
literacy and supporting their decision-making with big

data applications that reduce cyber risk and enable creative,
critical thinking. The pilot Learning Experience Platform(LXP) is a tangible manifestation of the ecosystem to attract,develop and retain a responsive and capable workforce in theage of automation.
While both initiatives share a similar goal of leveraging
technology to create more efficient and effective services,
Society 5.0 has a broader scope and vision for transforming
society. At the same time, the NSW Digital and Customer
Capability Framework are more focused on developing
specific skills and capabilities within the public sector.

6

Freeing public security and networking talent to do more with automation

Reaching for higher standards.
Building a “super smart” society where security andnetworking professionals leverage AI, Big Data, and the powerof self-optimizing plants under Industry 4.0 to drive enhanced
decision-making requires a range of global standards tomanage and secure the digital ecosystem. The concept oftrust shines at the centre of these standards across bothpublic and private sectors, especially as computing moves tothe ‘edge’ through Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. They arealso necessary to support ethical governance considerations
in a future society driven by technological change, including
protecting sensitive customer and employee data, especiallywhen they cross national borders.
Strategically, the Zero Trust Network (ZTN) is a frameworkor philosophy which governs several global standards:
assume that all users, devices, and applications are untrusted.
Access is granted only after verification, stressing the criticalimportance of continuous monitoring and risk assessment. [15]Tactically, the standards that matter most to the next
generation of cyber professionals fall below and support
the ZTN. It’s worth briefly summarising their purpose
and framework.

• IS027001:2 is a standard that outlines the needs for
an information security management system (ISMS),
while managing and protecting sensitive information [16]• PCI is a set of security standards developed by the payment
card industry to ensure that merchants who accept credit
card payments maintain a secure environment [17]• CSF is a framework pioneered by the National Institute ofStandards and Technology (NIST) to tackle cybersecurity
risks and protect against cyber threats [18]• NIST SO800-53 is a set of security controls andguidelines developed by NIST to help federal agencies andorganisations protect their information and systems [19]• The CSA Cloud Control Matrix is a framework for evaluating
and managing security risks associated with cloudcomputing [20]• The Cybersecurity Capability Maturity Model is a framework
for assessing an organisation’s cybersecurity capabilities
and maturity [21]• COBIT provides a IT governance and management
framework that helps organizations align their IT strategies
with business goals and objectives [22]7Freeing public security and networking talent to do more with automation

The strategic and tactical alliance
between ZTN and the supporting
standards enables digitaltransformation with a ‘secure by
design’ approach for distributed teams
and networking solutions. Public andprivate stakeholders are partnering ona range of cross-sector applications
built on these standards that feature
under the Digital and Customer
Capability Framework or, more broadly,
under Society 5.0, touching on
cyber security, IoT, cryptocurrency
and blockchain.
Ensuring Australian citizens trust
technology driving the public
service ecosystem and allied private
sector applications requires further
supporting principles and standards
around data privacy and sovereign
data centres.
In particular, it calls for higher
ethical standards in a society allowing
users to control their digital destiny including personal data - and how
it is used, including accessing
government services like MyGov
online, linked to Medicare, Centrelink
and Child Support.

The Australian Privacy Act, forinstance, governs the collection anduse of personal data and provides
for the necessary protection throughappropriate control mechanisms.[23]The Australian Government has
initiated a further review of the Privacy
Act to align it with other globally
recognised frameworks including
mandatory data breach reporting
requirements to report a data breach,
especially in light of the shocking new
data revealing 40 large-scale data
breaches towards the end oflast year.[25] [26]Some of Australia’s highest-profile
organisations have experienced
significant cyber-attacks, impacting
customers and end-users numberedin the tens of millions. In some cases,
identification numbers attached to
medical records highlighted how cybersecurity crosses the public and private
sectors in a digital society.

Security Centre’s (ACSC) Essential
Eight Maturity Model, which attempts
to provide a consistent baseline fromwhich to approach the philosophy of
ZTN and data privacy in its operations.
The model aims to simplify thelandscape for security professionals
and give them a visible, structured
route towards securing digitaltransformation. Focusing on protecting
Microsoft Windows-based internetconnected networks gives companies
three maturity models to align theircyber operations.[28]Increasingly, these models - including
broader mitigation strategies fallingunder ACSC’s Information Security
Manual (ISM) - and their adoption willseparate innovators from laggards inthe public sector, making their digital
operations more transparent.[29]Preventing these attacks - especiallyin smaller entities with fewer resources
than these larger organisations is the goal of the Australian Cyber

Some of Australia’s
highest-profile
organisations haveexperienced significant
cyber-attacks, impacting
customers and end-users
numbered in the tensof millions.

8Freeing public security and networking talent to do more with automation

Securing mission-criticalinfrastructure.
These higher global and local standards, models andframeworks above also reflect the growing digitisation ofnational infrastructure and the cyber-attack surfaces thatcome with it. Consequently, new Australian legislation aims tobroaden the scope of mission-critical infrastructure, especiallyafter the debilitating aftermath of attacks against criticalinfrastructure in the US. These incidents showcase to the

APAC governments the growing cyber vulnerabilities that now
exist in public and private sector supply chains, and revealed
a weak adherence to ZTN principles, further influencing thedirection of new legislation. While previously, only education,
food, transportation and energy appeared in the bill, it now
covers other verticals, including data storage, data processing,and communications.[30]Hyperscaling
human potential.
Hyperscalers like Verizon, providing large-scale, highly
available, and scalable computing infrastructure, estimate thathumans may account for 85% of all cyber breaches due tomistakes, misconfigurations or violations involving credentials.
Verizon’s Security Orchestration, Automation and Response(SOAR) solution addresses this challenge by augmenting
human operations to reduce errors across both Information
Technology (IT) and Operational Technology (OT) that featureprominently in industry configurations.
The centralised dashboard frees up security and networking
analysts to view and manage security alerts from various
sources in an organised, streamlined manner. Faster, informed
decision-making is possible with a platform powered bymachine learning algorithms. Under this framework, humans
can quickly identify and prioritise alerts, automate incident
response workflows, and provide real-time visibility into
security incidents, particularly for infrastructure categorised
as mission-critical.[31]9Freeing public security and networking talent to do more with automation

Strategic
certification for
secure public
operations.
The Digital Transformation Agency (DTA) also allows
multinational companies like Verizon to certify their hosting
security controls compliant with the mission-criticalinfrastructure encompassing public sector supply chains anddata and systems. The Australian government can select froma range of ‘Certified Strategic’ cloud service providers withthe highest degree of confidence that its choice(s) is securein dealing with the emerging cyber threat landscapes for its
customers and citizens. It also allows security and networking
professionals to operate confidently on emerging projects
based on existing compliance and global standards.[32]Secureconnectivity
gateways(SIGs) in a digitalsociety.
The DTA often joins other agencies, including the Australian
Signals Directorate (ASD), to enhance security at the meeting
point between government agency networks and the public
internet. Enhancing protective barriers form part of thegovernment mission (and Cyber Hub Initiative) to “create asecure online world for Australians, their businesses and theessential services on which we depend”.[33]The above shows a renewed intent to modernise gateways
against growing cyber threats locally and abroad with thenext generation of Certified Australian Gateway Environments(CAGE)-compliant SIGs. Blocking non-essential internet
traffic needs constant algorithmic supervision, repellingcyber-attacks while limiting security incidents. Higher
gateway security helps networking and security professionals
with intelligent decision-making to benefit all public sector
customers.[34]10Freeing public security and networking talent to do more with automation

Future-proofing public sector
with diversity.
“The recent pandemic was a dress rehearsal for the next ten
years, from a technology perspective,” said Rob Le Busque,Vice President for APAC, Verizon Business.
Intense competition for cyber talent on the corporate
battlefield requires a new generation of diverse problem
solvers. Pursuing frictionless global trade environments andbuilding a digital society of the future requires renewed energy
and focus on Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI).

Rob comments that overcoming virtue signalling andunconscious bias when building or upgrading new technology
platforms in the public sector is critical to ensure all
Australians, even those with disabilities, can access secure,easy-to-use systems in a world approaching Society 5.0.
It also moves the public sector beyond brute strength
security and networking systems, enabling more diverse
hiring practices.[38]Federal cyber hubs: a key to the golden
age of public service.
The Digital and Customer Capability Framework explicitly
acknowledges that building a human-centric digital society
and making Australia a world leader in public sector
services will hinge on an ‘always on’ strategy to win thewar on attracting and keeping cyber talent for building new
government infrastructure and applications. In this context,
talent will be motivated by more than wages.
Their work needs to service the communities they live inand strive for the ideals of the United Nations’ 17 SDG goals.
Federal ‘hub’ agencies like the DTA, ASD and the Australian

Cyber Security Centre (ACSC) are essential in conveying
these ideals, strategies, tactics, technologies and standards.
The opportunity to enter a golden age of public service has
arrived, which will make government professionals the envyof their private sector peers. It also ushers in best-in-classpublic-private partnerships between global and sovereign
primes that offer managed security and hosting solutions.
In many cases, private hyperscalers like Verizon may deliver
trusted solutions to up to 90 federal agencies.

Linking productivity to wages throughautomation - for all.
“Technology has often been good for profits but bad for jobs.
It should be good for both - and can be,” said Hon Ed Husic
MP, Minister for Industry and Science. “Productivity and wages
remain intimately linked. If we’re serious about technology, weneed a long-term strategy to share economic prosperity withstaff and workers.” [39]Digital and Customer Capability Framework and Society
5.0 confirms this long-term strategic thinking and needs,
promising to finally let cyber talent earn competitive wages
while growing the economy. Further, it ensures thosepreviously marginalised groups in Australia can now pursue
public sector positions and share in Australia’s digitallydriven wealth.[40]11Freeing public security and networking talent to do more with automation

Ethics must drive an automated future.
The ANU School of Cybernetics, led by Distinguished
Professor Genevieve Bell, is focused on bringing people
together people from different places, backgrounds anddisciplines to build the safe, sustainable technology
of tomorrow.
“Cybernetics is being reimagined for the 21st Century as an
essential tool for navigating major societal transformations
through capability building, policy development and safe,
sustainable, and responsible approaches to new systems,”
said the school.[41]environment. Prof Bell argues that leaders who genuinely
encourage risk-taking are needed most in government right
now to drive ethics and human-centred decision-making in theage of automation.[42]It’s also exploring regulatory reforms and the risks of adopting
AI-driven solutions too soon to drive efficiencies.
“As we negotiate these new contracts, questions inevitably
arise about our relationships to the data that exists about us,
the sheer abundance of information that we generate, andhow it could be used to help us or hurt us,” said Prof Bell.[43]It describes an anthropological approach to complex systems
involving people, machines, software and the surrounding

Conclusion
The arrival of hyper-automation in Australia’s public security
sector presents In the age of hyperscaling and hyperautomation, the government must aim for the ideals andplanetary goals outlined by the United Nations, Society 5.0,
and the Digital and Customer Capability Framework.
People, including public service security and networking talent,remain at the heart of digital transformation and Australia’s
effort to build a sustainable, equitable digital society.
While government programs like the efficiency dividend
encourage leaders to do more with less, cutting humantalent to save costs will not make Australia a world leader inpublic service. Instead, automation can free up talent to thinkcritically and decisively to benefit the communities they serve.
It’s a golden opportunity for visionary leaders in public
service to unlock diverse scalable, critical human decisionmaking on a wave of automation made possible by key
agencies and global and local standards.
More than ever, diverse thinking is needed to remove
unconscious bias and virtue signalling from public
service applications.

It’s a golden opportunity for visionary
leaders in public service to unlock diverse
scalable, critical human decision-making
on a wave of automation made possible
by key agencies and global andlocal standards.

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Freeing public security and networking talent to do more with automation

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