Global Leadership Training Programme in Africa
Final Report

Keio University
Natsuko OZAWA
Research Title
The research on CO2 emission reduction measures in the platinum production process–Case study of South Africa’s largest platinum producer, Anglo American Platinum

SummaryThis paper contains the examination of CO2 emissions reduction measures for the platinum industry inSouth Africa as a resource-dependent emerging country. It is intended to be an empirical study by taking
Anglo American Platinum (Amplats) Ltd., the world's largest mining company as a case.
Three approaches were applied as research methods, such as LCA analysis, marginal abatement cost analysis,and hearing surveys.
The research aims to discover process flows of great environmental burdens through the LCA analysis in
the platinum production process in order to pick out key measures from the point of view of costeffectiveness. Extracted key measures include proposals from the perspective in consideration of the whole
low-carbon society as a wider boundary in addition to those from the perspective of energy saving to be
performed within companies.
While the above description is the major outcome of this research, it should be noted that the research
further suggests the needs for building an awareness of environmental burdens that occurs upstream inmaterial flows, providing assistance with environmental technologies, and taking measures to control theconsumption of platinum as an approach from consuming countries in Japan as a major resource-consuming
country, building on such discussions

Keywords
1. CO2 emission reduction, 2.LCA, 3.Environmental load, 4.Platinum, 5. Emerging country1Title of Research
プラチナ生産過程における CO2 排出削減対策に関する研究-南アフリカ共和国 世界最大プラチナ鉱山会社（Amplats 社）を事例とする

Summary
本論文は、資源依存型新興国である南アフリカ共和国のプラチナ産業を対象にした CO2 排出削減対策の検討を内容としている。世界最大鉱山会社である Anglo American Platinum (Amplats 社)を事例とした実証的なものである。
研究手法は、LCA 分析、限界削減費用分析、ヒアリング調査の３つを用いている。
内容は、プラチナ生産過程における LCA 分析を通じて、環境負荷の大きな工程を発見し、 費用対効果の視点から重点対策を抽出した。抽出された重点対策は、企業内で実施する省エネの観点からのものに加えて、一層広いバウンダリーとして低炭素社会全体を考慮した視点から提案している。
以上が研究の主な成果であるが、そのような考察の上に立って、さらに資源消費大国である日本として、物質フローにおける上流で起きている環境負荷に対する認識の必要性と、環境技術を通じた支援の必要性、及び消費国からのアプローチとして、プラチナの消費抑制対策の必要性を示唆している。

キーワード
1.

CO2 排出削減、2. LCA、3. 環境負荷、 4. プラチナ、5. 新興国

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1. Introduction
Climate change is already a measurable reality and along with developing countries, South Africa isespecially vulnerable to its impacts and South Africa is one of the most energy intensive countries in theworld, measured as GHG emission per Gross Domestic Product produced. It is the 11th biggest emitter ofGHGs worldwide and has one of the highest CO2 emissions per GDP ratios .On 6 December 2009, thePresident Zuma announced that South Africa will implement mitigation actions that will collectively result ina 34% and a 42% deviation below its “Business as Usual” emission growth by 2020 and 2025 respectively.

South Africa as the resource-mining industrial country depends largely on the highly energy-consuming
large-scale mining industry, and thus affected very seriously by energy problems. According to theDepartment of Energy, the amount of primary energy consumption in South Africa in 2009 is a total of6,364PJ, increasing steadily from 4,295PJ in 2000. Looking at energy sources, coal accounts for 70 %,followed by oil (17 %) and renewable energy (7 %). While the proportion of coal fuel has decreased ascompared to 79 % in 2000 when, the proportion of natural gas or nuclear power is much lower, and only one
nuclear power plant is operated in Cape Town (Figure 1). Furthermore, 93 % of the coal fuel is utilized forpower generation.

Primary Energy Supply 2009
Petroleum Gas
Products 1%

Nuclear Renewable
2%
7%

3%

Crude oil
17%
Coal
70%

Figure 1 Amount of primary energy supply in South Africa(Source) Draft Second National Energy Efficiency Strategy Review 2012, DOE

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Non-specified
6%

Final Energy Use by Sector 2009

Residential
18%

Industry &Mining
38%

Commerce
8%
Agriculture
2%

Transport
28%

Figure 2 Proportion of energy consumption by sector(Source) Draft Second National Energy Efficiency Strategy Review 2012, DOE
The amount of energy consumption in each sector that the Department of Energy announced is shown inFigure 2. The government did not present figures only for the mining sector, reporting 38% as a total of theindustry and mining sectors. As for the amount of consumption only in the mining sector, the report that waspublished by SAMMRI (The South African Minerals to Metals Research Institute) in 2009 provided the datathat it utilized about 20 % of the total energy.

South Africa accounts for 87.7% of the whole world in the reserves of platinum, ranked at the first in theworld. In addition, many of the mines that are currently dug in the Bushveld Mine Zone are minable until
approximately 2030 - 2050. Mudd in Australia suggests that mining will be possible in South Africa until
2100, but the stable volume of production volume cannot be expected as grades of ores are getting lower andlower every year.
Given that resources are far from infinite and moreover that environmental loads are generated in theproduction process for using them, it must be considered necessary to take measures from the consumer side.
Also with respect to the amount of supply, South Africa accounts for 54.8% of the whole world, ranked at
the first in the world, followed by Russia. Because the facilities for processing up to the refining are
insufficient in Zimbabwe, moreover, the proportion of performing it in South Africa is also high.

Japan relies on South Africa for many of the mineral resources, not only platinum, including theimportation of 104 tons out of the total 146 tons (71.2% share) of the overall import platinum group metal,
633 thousand tons out of the 1,102,000 tons (57.4 % share) of manganese ores, and 2,690 tons out of the4,586 tons of ferrovanadium (58.6 % share) from South Africa.

42. Study area
This study was conducted by the author interested strongly in environmental issues in resource-richcountries that continue economic growth regarding current situations of CO2 emissions reduction measuresin the mining sector and the viability of improving them with the case of Anglo American Platinum(hereinafter referred to as “Amplats”) that is the world’ largest mining company in South Africa.
3. Methods and materials-Institutional survey on measures to reduce CO2 emissions
Literature surveys were conducted on major energy policies in the mining sector of the Republic of South
Africa mainly using materials published by the government, and information was obtained locally at thelibrary of the University of Cape Town for what cannot be seen on the Internet.

-Life Cycle Analysis of the platinum production process
Data were extracted and aggregated on the amount of energy consumption for each type of fuel by mining,
concentration, smelting and refining from the Sustainable Development Report (hereinafter referred to as the“SD Report”) for the period of nine years from 2005 to 2013, which is published by Amplats Ltd. as thetarget of the study. Then the aggregated data were summarized in a graph for each process for considering
mainly effects of energy-saving measures.

-The marginal abatement cost analysis in CO2 emissions reduction measures
Interview surveys were conducted on energy-saving measures that have been implemented so far as havebeen reported in the SD Report of 2005 - 2013 published by Amplats Ltd. every year and costs of measuresplanned to be implemented from now on to calculate reduction effects and costs for technologies that can beintroduced in the future.

-Interview surveys on obstructive factors
The author could hear from the person responsible for energy, visiting the Johannesburg headquarters ofAmplats Ltd. as the target of this study in order to clarify obstructive factors and issues on CO2 emissions
reduction measures (energy-saving measures). In addition, she actually visited the Bathlope Mine in theBushveld mining region and its adjacent converter.

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4. Results & Discussion(Not mentioned about the result of marginal abatement cost analysis in CO2 emissions reduction measures
because it is still working and waiting the data from Amplats.)-Discussed institutions related to the measures to reduce CO2 emissions, and the status of achievement of theEnergy Efficiency Agreement where targets are set is as follows:Amplats Ltd. signed the Energy Efficiency
Agreement with the Department of Energy for which it will reduce the energy consumption per production
volume by 15 % and the CO2 emissions per production volume by 10 % before 2015 relevant to the 2005
level. Looking at the situation in 2013, energy consumption per production volume is 6.16 gigajoules (GJ)
per ounce, as compared to 5.38 GJ as the reference value of 2005, meaning a 12.6 % increase. It is also
shown that the CO2 emissions per production volume in fiscal 2013 is 1.42 t - CO2, a 15 % increase ascompared to 1.20 t - CO2 in 2005 as the reference value. In addition, the reference value of CO2 emissions
in 2005 is 5,842 kt in terms of the absolute value, but the actual value in 2013 is 5,936 kt, meaning a 1.6 %increase. The target value of the total energy consumption is 24.3PJ, while the actual value of 2013 is 24.9 PJ,
showing the condition of the 2.6 % increase.
From these situations, the achievement of targets before 2015 would be difficult if the present conditions
remain unchanged. It is believed that outcomes would come out if the utilization of waste heat planned forthis year and solar power generation starts in the energy-saving measures under the process of smelting thedescribed in the next section, but further measures would be required to achieving the targets.

-Regarding Analisis of platinum production process (mining-concentrating-smelting-refining),the amountof CO2 consumption is indicated in the order of mining > smelting > concentration > refining.
The mining process is divided into underground mines and ground mines, out of which the former groupconsumes moreCO2. Due to the recent rise in energy costs, small mining companies are inclined to operateby limiting themselves to ground mines alone.
Based on these results, the priority measure is taken for cooling machines that uses the most energy in t
he mining process. When considering the introduction of the energy-saving technology from Japan forthcooling machine, the most adequate would be the eco (ecological)-cooling machine that uses aheat pump; it was said that the heat pump might be explosive under the condition of high temperature, and so that it would be necessary to replace its cooling mediumwith that for mines during the intervieww
ith a Japanese company related to heat pumps. A response was received from them: “Since it is said thatthe temperatures of the underground mine at the depth of 1,000 m and the gold mine at the depth of 4,000 m category would be approximately 35 °C and 55 °C, respectively,their heat pump would be technic
ally applicable if the cooling medium is replaced with that for thesetemperature classes and thus that they would like to know what kinds of cooling media are currently
used at sites.”

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As for heat pumps, it was found that though their technologies themselves have become widespread as their introduction into all dressing rooms for mine workers and the introduction of heat pump technologi
es at miners’ villages are progressing separately, different technologies would be required for
utilizing them in underground mines.

5. Conclusion-Amplats is taking the issue of energy efficiency seriously due to the increasing cost of electricity
and the issues around energy security.
-Need more energy efficiency against the barriers for achieving the target of energy efficiency accord.
-Understand environmental load especially CO2 emission in platinum production process through
LCA.
-Support for Heat Pump technologyof mining process and improvement for source of electrical energy
are high potencial from Japan.

Acknowledgement
The financial assistance of United Nation Univerity (UNU) is acknowledged and support fromProfessor Nagao, Professor Saitou and Ms.Nakano are gratefully acknowledged.
The expert advice, professor J-P in CapeTown University is gratefully acknowledged.
I would like to acknowledge the number of professionals interviewed from Anglo American platium.

References
Oliver Ross Johnston , Analysis of energy efficiency in South Africa’s primary mineral industry:
A focus on gold, Energy Research Centre Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Universityof Cape Town,2013
Gavin M.Mudd, Bonnie. J. Glaiser : The environmental costs of platinum-PGM mining and sustainability: Is
the glass half-full or half-empty?, Minerals Engineering, Vol.23, pp438-450,2010
Department of Mineral Resources(DME) :Platinum Group Metal Mines in South Africa 2010
Anglo American Platinum : Annual report 2013
Anglo American Platinum: Sustainable Development Report 2005- 2013
Gavin M. Mudd: Sustainable Development Reporting and the Platinum Group Metals, A Global Mining
Industry Leader, Platinum Metals Rev. vol.56 No.1 pp2-19,2012
Department of Minerals and Energy（DME）:Assessment study of the energy efficiency accord, 2008
International Energy Agency (IEA)
National Climate Change Response White Paper, The government of the Republic of South Africa
CO2 Emission from Fuel Combustion, International Energy Agency, Paris, France
ARC 国別情報研究会：ARC レポート 南アフリカ共和国 2013/2014, 平成 25 年 3 月 29 日7