SC/J09/JR1 (Rev 1)

The Japanese Whale Research Program under Special
Permit in the western North Pacific Phase-II (JARPN II):
origin, objectives and research progress made in the
period 2002-2007, including scientific considerations forthe next research period
Luis A. Pastene1, Hiroshi Hatanaka1, Yoshihiro Fujise1, Naohisa Kanda1, Hiroto Murase1, Tsutomu Tamura1,
Tomio Miyashita2 and Hidehiro Kato3
1

Institute of Cetacean Research, Toyomi-cho 4-5, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055, Japan
National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Fukuura 2-12-4, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama,
Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan
3
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1088477, Japan
2

ABSTRACTThe International Whaling Commission’s Scientific Committee (IWC SC) will carry out a Workshop to review
the progress made in the research conducted under the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit
in the North Pacific – Phase II (JARPN II) in its first six years (2002-2007). This review will follow the newprotocol agreed by the IWC SC in 2008. A number of scientific papers are now available, which present JARPN
II results for this period. The present paper has been prepared to facilitate the understanding of this large research
program in a comprehensive way, which could not be possible by reading only the individual papers. We believethat this paper could be useful for the external reviewers, particularly for those that are not familiar with JARPN
II. This paper includes an overview section focused to explain the origin, research objectives and characteristics
of JARPN II and a section summarizing the progress made in research under the established objectives and othercontributions to important research needs. Another section includes some scientific considerations for the next
research period. The last section summarizes responses to the five TORs of the review Workshop defined by the
IWC SC.

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CONTENTS

PAGE

1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION

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2. OVERVIEW
2.1 The JARPN
2.2 The JARPN II
2.2.1 Objectives
2.2.2 Justification of objectives
2.2.3 Brief outline of the research area and general
Methodology
2.2.4 Characteristics of JARPN II

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3. PROGRESS IN JARPN II RESEARCH (2002-2007)
3.1 Feeding Ecology and Ecosystem Studies
3.1.1 Coastal component
3.1.2 Offshore component
3.2 Monitoring Environmental Pollutant in Cetaceans and theMarine Ecosystem
3.3 Stock Structure
3.4 Other results

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4. SIGNIFICANCE OF KEY RESULTS

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5. THE NEXT PERIOD OF JARPN II

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6. SUMMARY RESPONSE TO TORs OF THE JARPN II REVIEW WORKSHOP

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7. LITERATURE CITED

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ANNEXES
Annex 1: List of documents presented to the IWC SC JARPN II Review Workshop

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Annex 2: List of sample/data produced by JARPN II

39Annex 3: Details of research area, time frame, target species and rational
for sample sizes in the whale survey component

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Annex 4: Scientific Contribution of JARPN/JARPN II

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Annex 5: Protocol for sample/data access from the Institute of Cetacean
Research

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Annex 6: Coefficient of Variation (CV) of stomach content weight69

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1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Science as the basis for managing natural resources is a long-standing paradigm and fisheries science isrecognized as crucial input to fisheries management world-wide. More than 60 years ago drafters of the 1946
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) recognized this in the preamble and several
Articles of the Convention: Article IV encourages studies and investigations and the collection of statisticalinformation, Article V requires that regulations related to whales be based on scientific findings and, Article VIII
provides for special permits authorizing the killing of whales for scientific research and recognizes that
continuous collection and analysis of biological data in conjunction with whaling operations are “indispensable
to sound and constructive management of the whale fisheries.” This “science-based management” is the context
within which Japan’s whale research programs were developed.
The International Whaling Commission’s Scientific Committee (IWC SC) will carry out a Workshop to review
the progress made in the research conducted under the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit
in the North Pacific – Phase II (JARPN II) in its first six years (2002-2007). This review will follow the newprotocol agreed by the IWC SC in 2008 (Annex P in IWC, in press). A number of scientific papers are now
available, which present JARPN II results for this period.
The present paper has been prepared to facilitate the understanding of this large research program in acomprehensive way, which could not be possible by reading only the individual papers. We believe that thispaper could be useful for the external reviewers, particularly for those that are not familiar with JARPN II.
This paper includes an overview section focused to explain the origin, research objectives and characteristics of
JARPN II and a section summarizing the progress made in research under the established objectives and othercontributions to important research needs. Another section includes some scientific considerations for the next
research period. The last section summarizes responses to the five TORs of the review Workshop defined in
Annex P (IWC, in press).
Details of the analyses conducted and results can be found in the individual papers. Annex 1 shows the list of
documents prepared for the IWC SC JARPN II Review Workshop, and Annex 2 a list of sample/data produced
by JARPN II.
2. OVERVIEW
2.1 The JARPNThe Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the western North Pacific (JARPN) started in
1994. The main objective was to elucidate the stock structure of common minke whales in the Pacific side ofJapan. In a management context stock structure is a key piece of information for the application of the Revised
Management Procedure (RMP), a procedure adopted by the IWC in 1994 to calculate a catch limit for futurecommercial whaling.
One of the major components of the RMP is the ‘Implementation Simulation Trials’ (ISTs), which are conducted
to guarantee the performance of RMP prior to the actual application of RMP to calculate a commercial catch
limit of whales. The main purpose of the ISTs, which are specific to species/areas, is to assure a sustainable
exploitation of whale resources by avoiding depletion of individual stocks. Therefore the hypotheses on stock
structure and their plausibility are important, and are the basis for the establishment of Small Areas, for whichcatch limits are calculated.
Regarding stock structure of western North Pacific common minke whales the IWC SC recognized in 1993 twostocks of common minke whales, the Okhotsk Sea/Western Pacific (‘O’ stock) and the Yellow Sea/East China
Sea/Sea of Japan (‘J’ stock). It also proposed a complicated sub-stock scenario with several sub-stocks
composing the ‘J’ and ‘O’ stocks and hypothesized a western stock (‘W’ stock) in offshore areas in the Pacificside of Japan (IWC, 1994) (see Figure 1 for the definition of sub-areas for management by the IWC SC).
The issue of stock structure was discussed again by the IWC SC in 1996. During that meeting the IWC SC
discussed the new scientific information derived from JARPN and concluded that the sub-stock scenario
proposed in 1993 was not plausible (IWC, 1997).
The IWC SC reviewed the final results of JARPN during a Workshop conducted in 2000. Based on theinformation presented, the Workshop did not discard the hypothesis of occurrence of ‘W’ stock in offshore areas3

in the Pacific side of Japan, at least in some years of the period of JARPN. The Workshop recommended thatfurther research was necessary to examine the hypothesis of the ‘W’ stock (IWC, 2001a).
A second objective of JARPN, ‘the feasibility study on the feeding ecology of minke whales in the researchground’, was added in 1996. Previous studies based on commercial samples were basically qualitativedescriptions of the prey species eaten by whales (e.g. Nemoto, 1959; Kasamatsu and Tanaka, 1992). For
ecosystem modeling purposes, however, both qualitative and quantitative data on prey consumption are required.
Research under the feeding ecology objective of JARPN allowed scientists to collect information on both
qualitative and quantitative aspects of stomach contents of common minke whales. JARPN research also showedthat the distribution of minke whales overlapped with the area of operation of some important commercial
fisheries in Japan. Furthermore the analysis of stomach contents demonstrated that this whale species feeds on
several prey species, all of which are also the target of commercial fisheries in Japan. Therefore the first priorityof the Second Phase of JARPN (JARPN II) was placed on feeding ecology and ecosystem studies in this ‘hot
spot’ area for cetacean/fisheries interaction.
2.2 The JARPN II
2.2.1 Objectives
The objectives of JARPN II are the following:a) Feeding ecology and ecosystem studies
Prey consumption by cetaceans
Prey preference of cetaceans
Ecosystem modelingb) Monitoring environmental pollutants in cetaceans and the marine ecosystem
Pattern of accumulation of pollutants in cetaceans
Bioaccumulation process of pollutants through the food chain
Relationships between chemical pollutants and cetacean healthc) Stock structure of large whales
Common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Bryde’s whale (B. edeni)
Sei whale (B. borealis)
Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)
2.2.2 Justifications of objectives
Feeding ecology and ecosystem studies
According to the White Paper issued by the Government of Japan (1999), while the fisheries have provided 40%
of human consumed animal protein with a variety of fish products, the recent level of fisheries resources andcatches has decreased. The catches by Japanese fisheries drastically decreased from 12.8 million tons in 1988 to
5.8 million tons in 2005. In 1999, therefore, the Fisheries Agency of Japan announced the principles of thefundamental policy on fisheries and an action program to implement the policy. In the policy, the first priority isgiven to science-based management and sustainable utilization of fisheries resources within Japan’s EEZ. In
investigating the reason of decreasing fish resources and fish catches, over-fishing and the changing of marine
environment such as surface water temperature were recognized. However, the effect of consumption by marine
mammals and other animals on fish resources can not be disregarded. To aid the recovery of the fish resources,
investigations should be carried out taking into account the management and sustainable utilization of the wholeecosystem including marine mammals. In fact some initial ecosystem model analyses indicated possible
competition between cetaceans and fisheries and that the ecosystem of the western North Pacific may be affected
on a large scale by trophic interaction and changes of fishing (Government of Japan, 2002a).
There is a growing disillusion with the predictive capacity of single species assessment methods and the
management approaches they support, and this has been the primary driver for the development of ecosystembased approaches. The principle of multi-species management has been discussed by many internationalorganizations.
In its 24th Session in 2001, COFI (FAO’s Committee on Fisheries) unanimously agreed that the FAO should
conduct studies on the interaction between fisheries and marine mammals. This agreement was endorsed by the4

120th Session of the FAO Council and reaffirmed in the October 2001 Reykjavik Declaration on Responsible
Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem (FAO, 2001). The Reykjavik Declaration also affirmed that the incorporationof ecosystem considerations implies increased attention to predator-prey relationships and in Point 5 of the
Declaration agreed that it is important, among other things:a) ‘To advance the scientific basis for developing and implementing management
strategies that incorporate ecosystem considerations and which will ensuresustainable yields while conserving stocks and maintaining the integrity of
ecosystems and habitats on which they depend;b) Identify and describe the structure, components and functioning of relevant marine
ecosystems, diet composition and food webs, species interactions and predator-prey
relationships, the role of habitat and the biological, physical and oceanographic
factors affecting ecosystem stability and resilience;c) Build or enhance systematic monitoring of natural variability and its relations toecosystem productivity’ (FAO, 2001).
The FAO’s current definition of ecosystem-based approach to management is the following: “An ecosystemapproach to fisheries strives to balance diverse societal objectives, by taking into account the knowledge anduncertainties about biotic, abiotic, and human components of ecosystem and their interactions and applying an
integrated approach to fisheries within ecologically meaningful boundaries” (FAO Fisheries Department, 2003).
The IWC has recognized the importance of the study of competition between top predators and fisheries since1999. In 2001 the IWC unanimously decided to make the study of interactions between whales and fish stocks amatter of priority (IWC, 2001b). Recognizing the importance of this topic the IWC SC in 2006 created a
Working Group on Ecosystem Modeling where prototype ecosystem models from JARPN II were presented anddiscussed in 2007 (IWC, 2008a).
Under the new Japanese fisheries management regime an ecosystem-based approach plays an important role
because marine living resources and habits around Japan are quite diversified and their interrelationships are very
dynamic. Understanding of the marine ecosystem around Japan needs to be substantially strengthened in order totake, for example, the following factors into account in prescribing fisheries management measures:a)

A drastic decrease of Japan’s fisheries catches from 12.8 million metric tons in 1988 to 5.8 million
metric tons in 2005.
b) Introduction of the moratorium on commercial whaling since 1988 and resultant increase of whales
around Japan.
c) Historical drastic fluctuation of the pelagic fisheries resources in a process so-called ‘species
replacement’ in the western North Pacific.
JARPN II was designed to provide data to build ecosystem models that would be used to promote theunderstanding of the factors above. The ecosystem models are expected to provide insights to the relationships
between different species in the marine ecosystem and the dynamics of the ecosystem. They are expected toprovide information on the extent of the predation by the increased marine mammal populations, which willbalance the need for the effective utilization of fisheries resources and the conservation of marine mammals(Government of Japan, 2002b). Therefore JARPN II research is entirely consistent with the Reykjavik
Declaration (FAO, 2001).
The primary purpose of JARPN II is to study the interactions between fisheries and cetaceans in the marine
ecosystem of the western North Pacific through ecosystem modeling. The output from this study can assist in theformulation of effective ecosystem-based management policies in the future. For this purpose multidiscipline,
comprehensive surveys are required (See Figure 2 for the multidiscipline surveys designed by JARPN II).
Four large whale species were chosen for the study: the common minke, Bryde’s, sei and sperm whales. These
species were chosen because they occupy an important niche in the pelagic zone of the North Pacific andbecause their populations are relatively abundant.
Monitoring environmental pollutants5In 1992 the IWC decided to establish a regular agenda item for research on the effects of environmental change
on cetaceans (IWC, 1993). At the 1994 IWC SC meeting, one of the items identified was pollution (IWC, 1995a).
In particular, there is concern that pollutants have a negative effect on the health of cetaceans resulting in adecrease in the abundance of the stocks.
Pollutants such as organochlorines (OCs) and heavy metals are generally released from land and transported tocoastal and pelagic waters in run-off as well as by atmospheric transportation and other ways. Higher trophic
animals such as cetaceans generally accumulate organochlorines and toxic elements through the marine foodweb. The monitoring of pollutants in the marine environment through the examination of biological tissues ofmarine mammals is of importance since marine mammals can serve as useful biological indicators ofenvironmental conditions. Large cetaceans are particularly useful as they are long-lived animals migrating longdistances. Therefore pollutants can be monitored in a wide area and pollutant burdens can be integrated over time.
This monitoring can be done through JARPN II surveys.
Stock structure
The description of stock structure in a species is important for management and conservation purposes. The
information on number and distribution of stocks is important because the abundance, abundance trends andcatch quotas (in the case of harvested populations) should be estimated on the basis of individual stocks. If suchinformation is not available there is the risk that small stocks could be depleted. The RMP has been applied tosome of the whale species investigated by JARPN II (see Section 2.1) and others are being considered by the
IWC SC for in-depth assessment (evaluation of stock status which considers information on stock structure,abundance, etc.). JARPN II has been collecting data and samples (genetics and non-genetics), which can be used
for studies on stock structure in those species.
In this section the justification for the studies on stock structure is explained for each of the whale species
investigated in JARPN II.
Common minke whale
There are two remaining issues on stock structure, which are important in the context of management under the
RMP (see Section 2.1 for an explanation of RMP):a) Systematic monitoring of the occurrence of J stock like animals in coastal areas of the Pacific side of Japan(sub-area 7, Figure 1) to determine the dynamics (spatial and temporal) of their occurrence.
Assignment of individuals to stocks is particularly important in situations of geographical overlap of stocks(animals of two or more stocks occupying a same geographical area). Furthermore individuals assigned toparticular stocks by genetics analysis can be examined for other biological and ecological traits so thatdifferences among stocks due to non-genetic markers can be investigated as well.
b) Plausibility of the stock structure hypotheses of the ‘O’ stock used by the IWC SC in 2003 (including the
elucidation of the occurrence of the ‘W’ stock in offshore areas as mentioned earlier in Section 2.1).
The rational for the studies on stock structure of the ‘O’ stock of minke whale under the JARPN program (19941999) was given in Section 2.1.
Several meetings were conducted by the IWC SC in the context of the RMP’s ISTs, which were completed in2003 (IWC, 2004; Table 1). Final hypotheses on stock structure were based on genetic analyses conducted using
the past commercial samples and new samples collected in sub-areas 7, 8 and 9 by JARPN and JARPN II
between 2000 and 2001 (e.g. Goto et al., 2002; Kanda et al., 2002; Taylor and Martien, 2002). The following
four hypotheses on stock structure were used in the RMP’ ISTs (Figure 3):
Hypothesis A: three-stock scenario (‘J’, ‘O’, ‘W’) with the ‘W’ stock found only in part of sub-area 9 and only
sporadically (Figure 3-AB); Hypothesis B: two stock scenario (‘J’ and ‘O’) with no W stock as a limiting case of
Baseline A (Figure AB); Hypothesis C: four-stock scenario overall, with ‘OW’, ‘OE’ and ‘W’ to the east of Japan.
Boundaries are fixed at 147°E and 157°E and there is no mixing between the stocks (Figure 3-C); Hypothesis D:
three-stock scenario (‘J’, ‘O’, ‘W’), with ‘O’ and ‘W’ mixing over 147°E and 162°E, O being dominant to thewest and W to the east (Figure 3-D).

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In 2003 the IWC SC gave the same high plausibility to these four hypotheses (IWC, 2004). There was therefore aneed to examine new samples (genetics and non-genetics) to evaluate the plausibility of these four stock
structure hypotheses.
Bryde’s whale
Several meetings were conducted by the IWC SC in the context of the RMP’s ISTs, which were completed in2007 (IWC, 2008b; Table 2). Final hypotheses on stock structure were based on genetic analyses conductedusing the past commercial samples and new samples collected in sub-area 1 by JARPN II between 2000 and2003 (Figure 4) (Pastene et al., 2004; Martien and Taylor, 2004). The following four hypotheses on stock
structure were used in the RMP’ ISTs (Figure 5):
Hypothesis 1: this is a single stock hypothesis under which only one stock of Bryde’s whale is found in the areafrom 130°E and 160°W (excluding the area of distribution of the East China Sea Stock) and there are no substocks (Figure 5-1); Hypothesis 2: this is a two-stock hypothesis under which Stock 1 is found in sub-area 1 andStock 2 in sub-area 2. Sub-areas 1 and 2 are divided at 180° longitude. Under this hypothesis there are no substocks (Figure 5-2); Hypothesis 3: this is a two-stock hypothesis under which Stock 1 is found in sub-areas 1 and
2 and Stock 2 only in sub-area 2. Under this hypothesis there are no sub-stocks (Figure 5-3); Hypothesis 4: this isa two-stock hypothesis under which Stock 1 is found in sub-area 1 and Stock 2 in sub-area 2. Stock 1 consists of
two sub-stocks that mix in sub-area 1 (Figure 5-4).
The IWC SC gave different plausibility to these hypotheses as follow: Hypothesis 1: high; Hypothesis 2: high;Hypothesis 3: high; Hypothesis 4: medium (IWC, 2008b). There was therefore a need to collect and examine
new samples to evaluate the plausibility of these four stock structure hypotheses, in particular to respond toremaining key questions on a) whether or not sub-stocks occur in sub-area 1 and b) whether or not a different
stock occurs in sub-area 2. JARPN II attempted to respond to the first question.
Sei and sperm whales
These species are currently not being considered for RMP Implementation. The IWC SC is currently considering
an in-depth assessment of these species in the North Pacific to investigate the current population status in thisoceanic region. Estimations of abundance, biological parameters and examination of the catch history are
conducted on the basis of individual stocks.
The past information on stock structure of sei whales was based on marking, catch distribution, sighting andmorphology of baleen plates (Masaki, 1977), and isozymes (Wada and Numachi, 1991). The information is oldand very limited, and it was considered as non conclusive by the IWC SC. Therefore there is the need to update
sampling and analysis on stock structure for this species in the North Pacific.
In the past the management of sperm whales by the IWC was based on the assumption of two stocks, westernand eastern stocks divided at 180º. The most recent information on stock structure was based on analysis ofwhaling operation data, movement of marked whales and sighting distribution (Kasuya and Miyashita, 1988).
These authors suggested two latitudinal segregated sperm whale stocks in the western North Pacific. Therefore
the information on stock structure of sperm whales in the North Pacific is old and very limited and there is theneed to update sampling and analysis on stock structure for this species in the North Pacific.
2.2.3 Brief outline of the research area and general methodology
Research area
The research area is on the Pacific side of Japan and covers the IWC SC management sub-areas 7, 8 and 9(Figure 1). The research area on the Pacific side of Japan (e.g. coast of Tohoku and southern Hokkaido) can beconsidered as Japan’s richest fishing grounds and provided an ideal area to study the interaction between
cetaceans and fisheries, and can be considered as a ‘hot-spot’ area for cetacean/fisheries interaction (see Annex 3
for more details of the research area).
For the main objective of JARPN II (feeding ecology and ecosystem studies), two components are considered:coastal and offshore. The coastal component involves two localities: the coast of Tohoku (off Sanriku) coveredin spring and the coast of southern Hokkaido (off Kushiro) covered in fall (see SC/J09/JR3). This corresponds toa part of sub-area 7 (Figure 1). The offshore component is covered in spring-summer.
As mentioned above, the coastal waters off northern Japan can be considered as Japan’s richest fishing grounds
and provide an ideal area to study the interaction between cetaceans and fisheries. The offshore component

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involves sub-areas 7 (offshore), 8 and 9 (see SC/J09/JR4) (Figure 1). Although the interaction between fisheries
and cetacean is less marked in offshore waters, an important amount of information for modeling purposes canbe obtained from those waters, especially from large whales that feed on prey species widely distributed in bothcoastal and offshore waters.
In Section 3 progress in research for the first six years of JARPN II is presented separately for coastal andoffshore components.
General methodology
Feeding ecology and ecosystem studies
In line with the conclusion from FAO (2008) and IWC (2008a) that there is no one single correct model, and thatthe greatest benefits are to be obtained by considering a number of models that may be of quite different forms,
JARPN II is developing different kinds of models (see Figure 2).
For the coastal component a Bayesian Assessment Model (a practical MRM-type model) is being developed,
basically to investigate the effect of consumption of sand lances by marine mammals.
For the offshore component two types of models were selected: Ecopath with Ecosim (Christensen et al., 2005)
and MRM. The Ecopath with Ecosim represent a large range of species and interactions and address broad-scalequestions related to the structure of the ecosystem. In the case of JARPN II the impact of common minke,
Bryde’s, sei and sperm whales whaling on Japan’s fisheries resources such as anchovy, Pacific saury, mackerel,etc., is being evaluated. MRM considers the interaction among a smaller number of species by developing a
multi-species model with a small number of predators. In the case of JARPN II the impact of common minke,
Bryde’s, sei and sperm whales whaling on Japan’s fisheries resources such as anchovy, Pacific saury, mackerel,etc., is being evaluated together with suitable TACs for anchovy and Pacific saury. These models are being
developed for the offshore sub-areas 7, 8 and 9.
It should be noted that at this stage, the progress level of the three ecosystem models used in JARPN II isdifferent. More progress has been made for the Ecopath with Ecosim model.
Figure 2 shows a conceptual diagram on the relevant input data for these models. Several kinds of input data forecosystem modeling exercise have been obtained through JARPN II research e.g. abundance and distribution oflarge whales (common minke, Bryde’s, sei and sperm whales), distribution, abundance and habitat of whale’s
prey species (anchovy, Pacific saury, copepod, Euphausia), prey consumption by whales (common minke,
Bryde’s, sei and sperm whales) and whale’s prey preference. In order to get these data JARPN II has conducted avariety of surveys:•••

Dedicated sighting surveys and the application of the Line Transect Method for estimating the numberof whales present in a particular area at a particular season (see SC/J09/JR2 for details of themethodology and procedure of the dedicated sighting surveys in the coastal and offshore components).
Whale surveys on predetermined track-lines to investigate whale’s prey consumption by examining
qualitatively and quantitatively the stomach contents of whales sampled. In addition several otherbiological data and samples are collected from the whales sampled (these data and samples are used forthe other two objectives of JARPN II) (see SC/J09/JR3 and SC/J09/JR4 for details of the methodology
and survey procedure -with special emphasis on whale sampling procedure- in the coastal and offshore
components, respectively). The target species are the common minke whale, Bryde’s whale, sei whaleand sperm whale. These species were chosen because they occupy an important niche in the pelagiczone of the North Pacific and because their populations are relatively abundant. Sample size wascalculated for estimating their prey consumption with good precision (CV equal to, or less than 0.2).
Estimated annual sample sizes were 220 minke whales. A total of 120 in the coastal component (60 in
Sanriku in spring and 60 in Kushiro in fall) and 100 in the offshore component. A total of 50 Bryde’s
whales, 100 sei whales, and a maximum of ten sperm whales were planned to be sampled in theoffshore component (see details in Annex 3).
Concurrent whale and prey species surveys to investigate distribution and abundance of prey species(through echo-sounder and trawling surveys) and prey preference of whales through a comparison ofwhale stomach contents and prey availability in the area where whales were sampled (see SC/J09/JR5
and SC/J09/JR6 for details of the whale’s preys surveys in the coastal component; SC/J09/JR7 fordetails of the methodology and procedures of concurrent whale and preys surveys in the offshore
component). During these surveys detailed oceanographic information is also obtained using CTD and

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XCTD so that distribution of whales and prey species can be studied together with the oceanographic
information.
Other data for input to the ecosystem models related to other predators and prey species are obtained from theliterature.
Monitoring environmental pollutant
The level of accumulation of pollutants is measured using standard analytical protocols: Cold Vapor Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometry (CV-AAS) for Hg in biological tissues of predators and prey species; Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) for PCB in atmospheric and sea water samples; Gas
Chromatography Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) for PCB in biological tissues. In order to understand theaccumulation characteristics of pollutants in whales, biological information such as sex and maturity stage of theanimals are considered. In addition to whales, whale’s preys and environmental samples are monitored. It is
known that differences in the accumulation levels of some organochlorines are observed between baleen andtoothed whales. These differences reflect the fact that their prey species are in different trophic level and/or havedifferent contamination levels. Therefore JARPN II also investigated the pollution levels in prey species
collected from the stomach contents of whales as well in seawater and air samples. This kind of analysis isimportant to understand the bioaccumulation process through the marine food chain.
In order to assess relationships between pollutant levels and effects in cetaceans, biomarkers are developed.
Stock structure
Monitoring of ‘J’ stock animals in sub-area 7 is addressed through the analysis of genetic variation at 16
microsatellite loci coupled with a Bayesian method implemented in the computer program STRUCTURE. Stockstructure of ‘O’ stock of minke whales is addressed using genetics (hypothesis testing based on mtDNA control
region sequences and microsatellites data) and non-genetics (morphometric). At this stage only genetic analyses
have been conducted to investigate stock structure of Bryde’s and sei whales.
2.2.4 Characteristics of JARPN IIThe JARPN II is a comprehensive research program providing information potentially useful for the
management of marine resources. The JARPN II has the following characteristics:a)

It is a comprehensive large-scale research project including both lethal and non-lethal surveys. It is thefirst time that data for all parts of ecosystem has been collected at the same time. Different disciplines
working together to achieve comprehensive outcomes for fisheries management (Figure 2). A list ofdata and samples collected during the JARPN II is presented in Annex 2.
b) It is a research project that contributes to rational management of marine resources. The information
obtained is useful for ecosystem modeling, which can assist in the formulation of effective ecosystembased management policies (see Figure 2), as well as input data for the IWC’s RMP, a single-species
management procedure (e.g. through information on stock structure).
c) It is a long-term research project. This characteristic allows the study of fluctuations of biologicalprocesses over time. Further the research is conducted in the same areas in different years, which
provide a good opportunity for continuous observations in a fixed area.
JARPN II has contributed substantially to science in a number of fields (Annex 4).
Data obtained in JARPN II have been available to the international scientific community under established data
access protocols. Annex 5 shows the data access protocol of the Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR), which isalso available at the following IWC web page:
http://www.iwcoffice.org/_documents/sci_com/DataAvailability/DAprotocolJapan.pdf.
3. PROGRESS IN JARPN II RESEARCH (2002-2007)
3.1 Feeding Ecology and Ecosystem Studies
Figure 2 shows a conceptual schematic representation of the different research components under this objective.
A summary of results below are given according the flow order in this figure, and separately for coastal andoffshore components.

9Annex 1 shows a list of documents on which the research results summarized below are based.
3.1.1 Coastal component
Prey consumption by cetaceans
First the number of whales at a particular area and time is estimated. These figures are used for the estimation of
prey consumption by whales (Figure 2).
•

Abundance of whales

SC/J09/JR8 estimated the abundance of common minke whales in the coastal regions of Sanriku and Kushiro inorder to estimate prey consumption by the common minke whales. Abundance is defined here as the number ofwhales present in a given area and at a particular time. These estimates could be used for input for ecosystemmodels in the JARPN II survey area as well. The estimated numbers off Kushiro are 601, 968, 368, 316, 241 and
142 in 2002-2007, respectively. The estimated numbers off Sanriku are 247 and 123 in 2005 and 2006,
respectively. It should be noted that these numbers should not be used for assessment because they do not
represent estimates of stock abundance of the common minke whale. This is because sighting surveys used forthe estimation of the number of whales covered only a limited area of the stock distribution, during a particulartime of its migration to northern feeding grounds. Futher, depending of changing environmental factors, thenumber of whales sighted in this limited area and time, could be different from year to year.
•

Prey consumption and feeding habitat of common minke whale

The stomach contents of common minke whales sampled off Sanriku (April-May) and Kushiro (SeptemberOctober) in 2002-2007 JARPN II were analyzed (SC/J09/JR9). In Sanriku region, the dominant prey species
consisted of krill (Euphausia pacifica) and fishes (Japanese sand lance Ammodytes personatus and Japanese
anchovy Engraulis japonicus). In the Kushiro region the dominant prey species consisted of krill (E. pacifica),
fish (Japanese anchovy, Pacific saury Cololabis saira and walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma) and squid(Japanese flying squid Todarodes pacificus). The total prey consumptions in the Sanriku region of Japanese sandlance, Japanese anchovy and krill were estimated as 683-1,616 tons, 150-194 tons and 1-109 tons, respectively(2005-2006). In Kushiro region the total prey consumption of Pacific saury, walleye pollock, Japanese flying
squid and Japanese anchovy was estimated as 39-1,075 tons, 95-2,322 tons, 3-1,753 tons and 308-1,422 tons,
respectively (2002-2007).

Prey preference of cetaceans•

Distribution and abundance of prey species, and prey preference of whales

Results of a prey preference study of common minke whales in the coastal waters of Sanriku are given in
SC/J09/JR10. To estimate prey preference sampling surveys of common minke whales and their prey surveys
were conducted in the same area at the same timing (April). A prey preference index, Manly’s α, was used in theanalysis. Minke whales fed on krill, Japanese anchovy and sand lance (adult). These are important species of
local commercial fisheries. Minke whales showed preference for adult sand lance. As previously reported inother regions, krill was not a preferable prey for minke whales. Ecosystem modelling work (see SC/J09/JR14
below) suggested that change in functional form had substantial effect on predation impact on sand lance byminke whales. Functional response can be estimated if long term prey preference data are available.
Results of a prey preference study of common minke whale in the coastal waters of Kushiro are presented in
SC/J09/JR11. Results suggest that the slope water region of less than 18°C SST is a rich prey environment inboth the epi- and mesopelagic zones. Common minke whale might prefer the rich prey environment affected by
the Oyashio not only in the continental shelf region where walleye pollock, Pacific saury, and euphausiids are
distributed but also in the offshore region where Pacific saury and euphausiids are distributed. It is suggested thatimmature common minke whales prefer walleye pollock while mature animals prefer Pacific saury, althoughboth frequently fed on Japanese anchovy in some years in the area within 50 nautical miles from Kushiro.
Other potential information for ecosystem modeling10Relationship between body size, maturity and feeding habit of common minke whales in Sanriku area in spring
season was reported in SC/J09/JR12. The total number of whales examined was 227 (91 males and 136 females).
Three species, krill, Japanese sand lance and Japanese anchovy were found in stomachs, of which sand lance was
the most dominant prey species, followed by anchovy. All the whales but two were sighted in waters with adepth of 20-100m. No obvious difference was observed in their sighting positions between males and females,
immature and mature animals, and the three prey species. Examination of the frequency of prey species
consumed by whales of different lengths and by whales of different sexual maturity status showed little
difference.
The relationship between body size, maturity and feeding habit of common minke whales in Kushiro area inautumn season was reported in SC/J09/JR13. The total number of whales examined was 254 (182 males and 72
females). Occurrence of prey species in stomachs differed significantly with maturity stage. Smaller andimmature whales tend to feed on walleye pollock and krill whilst larger and mature whales tend to feed on
Pacific saury. Japanese flying squid was consumed only by mature whales. Japanese anchovy was equallyconsumed by immature and mature whales. For the coastal waters off Kushiro in the fall season the results
suggested that migration and prey preference of common minke whales differed with maturity stage and that on
the continental shelf and slope regions immature whales showed a greater preference for walleye Pollock andkrill than mature whales.
Ecosystem modelling
Progress has been made on the development of an ecosystem model for the coastal component off Sanriku as
follow:
A Bayesian assessment model was developed (SC/J09/JR14) to investigate the effects of consumption by minke
whales on sand lances in the coastal waters of Sanriku. The model allows for various uncertainties making use oftime series data historically collected by fisheries and researches. The impact of predation was examined in termsof MSY. When linear functional response curve was used, the resultant impact was so great that the medianvalue of MSY was increased by 154%. Whereas using the constant functional response, the impact was muchsmaller, only 17% increase in the median value of MSY. The estimation of functional response forms should
therefore be important.
3.1.2 Offshore component
Prey consumption by cetaceans
Information in this section is structured in a similar format as to that in the coastal component. As noted above
the whale survey of the offshore component involves sampling of four species of large whales.
•

Distribution and abundance of whales

In order to estimate prey consumption by common minke, Bryde’s, sei and sperm whales in the early and latefeeding seasons, the numbers of the whales distributed in JARPN II survey area were estimated in SC/J09/JR15.
The estimates were also intended as input for ecosystem models in the JARPN II survey area. It was suggested
that the estimates were affected by migration patterns of the whales. Considering the migration pattern suggested
by sighting survey data, the estimates are 7,338 in the early and 2,976 in the late season for the common minke,
7,744 in the early and 5,406 in the late season for the sei whales 1,677 in the early and 9,797 in the late season
for the Bryde’s whales and 15,929 in the early and 20,292 in the late season for the sperm whales. It should be
noted that these estimates should not be used for assessment because the estimated figures represent only a partof the population considered.
•Prey consumption and feeding habitat of baleen whales

The stomach contents of common minke, sei and Bryde’s whales sampled in the western North Pacific from May
to September in 2000-2007 JARPN II, were analyzed in SC/J09/JR16. The main prey species of common minke
whale consisted of one copepod, two krill, two squids and eight fish. The main prey species of sei whale
consisted of two copepods, three krill and four fish. The main prey species of Bryde’s whale consisted of fivekrill, one squid and four fish. There were seasonal and geographical changes of prey species. The total prey11

consumption by three baleen whales during the feeding season was estimated to be 1.6 million tons. The prey
consumption of Japanese anchovy, mackerels and Pacific saury by three baleen whales were estimated as 739
thousands tons, 140 thousands tons and 43 thousands tons, respectively.
Prey consumption and feeding habitat of sperm whales
The stomach contents of sperm whales sampled in the western North Pacific from May to September each year
from 2000 to 2007 were analyzed in SC/J09/JR17. Thirty-eight prey species consisting of 33 squids, 1 octopus
and 4 fishes, were identified. Sperm whales fed mainly on various deep-sea squids. The most important preyspecies were 4 squids (Taningia danae, Histioteuthis dofleini, Belonella pacifica borealis and the eight armed
squid Gonatopsis borealis). Sperm whales feed mainly on prey in the mesopelagic and/or bottom during
daytime. The seasonal prey consumption (from May to September) by sperm whales in this region was
calculated to be nearly 1.2 million tons. The consumption of neon flying squid Ommastrephes bartrami wasestimated to be 30,000 tons. Estimated feeding contribution rates of the surface layer to predation by sperm
whales in each sub-area were ranged from 4.7 to 11.4%. The influence on the surface layer of the marine
ecosystem resulting from consumption by sperm whales can not be disregarded, because the biomass of sperm
whales is large.

Prey preference of cetaceans•

Distribution and abundance of prey species, and prey preference of whales

Murase et al. (2007) (For Info 1) presented a study on prey selection of common minke and Bryde’s whales in
the western North Pacific based on data collected in the 2000 and 2001 summer seasons. Whale sighting andsampling surveys and prey surveys using quantitative echosounder and mid-water trawl were carried out
concurrently in the study. Biomasses of Japanese anchovy, walleye pollock and krill, which were major preyspecies of common minke and Bryde’s whales, were estimated using an echosounder. The results suggested that
common minke whales showed prey selection for Japanese anchovy while they seemed to avoid krill in both theoffshore and coastal regions and walleye pollock in the continental shelf region. Bryde’s whales showed
selection for Japanese anchovy in August 2000 and July 2001, while they showed prey selection for krill in May
and June in 2001.
Prey preferences of common minke, Bryde’s and sei whales at meso scale were estimated (SC/J09/JR18) using
data from the concurrent surveys of cetacean sampling and prey of cetaceans. The surveys were conducted as apart of the offshore component of JARPNII from 2002 to 2007. A prey preference index, Manly’s α, was used in
the analysis. The sum of Manly’s α for all prey species is 1 and prey species with large values of Manly’s α
indicates preference for it. Minke whales showed preference toward pelagic fishes as previously reported.
Bryde’s whales showed preference for anchovy. Sei whales showed preference for copepods. Although the preysof three baleen whale species overlapped, Manly’s α suggested their trophic niches were different from eachother. Minke and sei whales coexisted in same survey blocks but their prey utilization patterns were different.
The prey preferences estimates in SC/J09/JR18 could be used as input parameters for a Minimum Realistic-based
ecosystem model (see below).
Other potential information for ecosystem modeling
SC/J09/JR19 presented a model for density prediction of common minke, sei and Bryde’s whales in the western
North Pacific during the feeding season. Data used for the model were densities estimated from dedicatedsighting survey data in JARPN II, and satellite information on surface temperature, surface height andchlorophyll. The predicted density distributions by the analysis suggested spatial distribution patterns of whales
and differences in the pattern among whale species.
SC/J09/JR20 examined time trend of blubber thickness in common minke, sei and Bryde’s whales, and thefactors influencing the energy storage in these whales. Results suggested that the blubber thickness of minke
whale has increased during the JARPN and JARPN II period; that of sei whales has increased during the 5-yearsof the JARPN II period, while that in Bryde’s whales have decreased during 7 years. The feeding areas of12

Bryde’s and sei whales showed limited overlap, and their distribution is separated by sea surface temperature(SST). Further studies were suggested to assist in the interpretation of these results.
Ecosystem modeling
Information on the number of whales in the research area (SC/J09/JR15) and prey consumption by whales(SC/J09/JR16; SC/J09/JR17) was used to develop ecosystem models for the offshore component (see Figure 2).
The MRM also considered information on prey preference of whales (SC/J09/JR18). Below is a summary of key
results of the modeling work at this stage. As mentioned above at this stage the progress level of these models isdifferent.
•

Ecopath with Ecosim

SC/J09/JR21 presents the progress made on developing an ecosystem model based on Ecopath with Ecosim. The
results suggest that in average terms: 1) when minke whales are the only species that are harvested by 4% of its
biomass (catch of other species are kept constant at current catch rate), depending on the functional response
form assumed for the species, it is not certain whether catch of some Japanese fisheries resources (e.g. anchovy,
Pacific saury, skipjack tuna, mackerels) will increase or not; 2) when sei and Bryde’s whales are each the only
species that are harvested by 4% of their biomass, regardless of the functional response form assumed for the
species, catch of anchovy, skipjack tuna, and mackerels may increase; 3) when minke, sei and Bryde’s whales
are all harvested by 4% of their biomass, a positive increase in catch is expected for most of the fish resources(i.e. anchovy, skipjack tuna and mackerels); and 4) when sperm whales are the only species that are harvested by
4% of its biomass, depending on the functional response form assumed for the species, catch of anchovy, Pacificsaury, mackerels and skipjack tuna may decrease, but catch of neon-flying squid may increase.
•

MRM (Stella)

SC/J09/JR22 presents the progress made on developing an ecosystem model based on MRM. The model isfocused to assess the impact of common minke, Bryde’s and sei whales whaling on two prey species withcommercial importance, the Japanese anchovy and Pacific saury. It should be noted that this is an ongoing workand that the focus at this stage is on methodological issues.
3.2 Monitoring Environmental Pollutants in Cetaceans and the Marine Ecosystem
Pattern of accumulation of pollutants in cetaceans
PCBs and pesticides were measured in the blubber of sperm and sei whales collected from offshore waters of thewestern North Pacific in 2001 and 2002. PCBs and DDTs were the predominant contaminants in both species.
Organochlorine residue levels in sei whales were one or two orders of magnitude lower than sperm whales andwere the lowest reported in whales from the Northern Hemisphere. Compositions of CHL and DDT compounds
also showed species-specific differences, with sperm whales retaining a higher percentage of p,p’- DDE and alower percentage of oxychlordane compared with sei whales. These results suggest that the differences in
feeding preferences and metabolic capabilities are the major contributing factors influencing the accumulation
patterns of organochlorines, in different species of marine mammals. (Results from this study were presented to
the First International Symposium on Environmental Behavior and Ecological Impact of Persistent Toxic
Substances”, Matsuyama, Japan March 18-20, 2004) (Abstract available).
To investigate temporal changes of Hg levels in the western North Pacific, total Hg concentrations in muscle
samples from common minke, Bryde’s and sei whales were measured (SC/J09/JR23). Total Hg levels were in
the order: mature common minke whales (0.22±0.07 ppm wet wt.) > mature sei whales (0.052 ±0.009) = mature
Bryde’s whales (0.046±0.008). Yearly changes of total Hg levels in zooplankton and pelagic fishes were notobserved in the period 1995-2007. Apart from common minke whales from sub-area 9, significant yearlychanges of levels in whales were not observed. For minke whales in sub-area 9, levels decreased from 1994 to1999 but increased from 2000 to 2007. Results of a multi linear regression analysis suggested that changes of Hglevels in sub-area 9 reflect changes in food habitat of minke whale rather than changes in accumulation levels in
the environment.
SC/J09/JR24 presents information on PCB levels in blubber samples of common minke, Bryde’s and sei whales
from the western North Pacific. The range of levels in these species was 0.13-4.0, 0.04-0.21 and 0.03-0.47 ppm

13

wet wt., respectively. Yearly changes of PCB levels were not observed in common minke, Bryde’s and sei
whales in the period 2002-2007. Results of previous studies suggested that PCB levels had been continually
decreasing in this oceanic region (1980’s-1990’s). Results from JARPN II suggest that the level has beenstabilized since 2002.
Bioaccumulation process of pollutants through the food chain
SC/J09/JR23 also examined total Hg level in prey samples of whales: two zooplanktons (krill E. Pacifica;
copepods Neocalanus spp. and Calanus sp.), six pelagic fishes (Japanese anchovy; Pacific saury; walleye
pollock; mackerels; Pacific pomfret). Total Hg levels in krill and copepods ranged from <0.001-0.013 and 0.0030.010 ppm dry wt., respectively. Total Hg levels in the pelagic fishes were in the order: Pacific pomfret(0.232±0.027) > walleye pollock (0.045) = Pacific saury (0.039±0.016) =Japanese anchovy (adult) (0.037±0.025)> Japanese anchovy (larval fish) (0.005±0.003). No yearly changes of total Hg level were observed for krill andJapanese anchovy during the period 1995-2007. Variation of Hg levels in pelagic fishes from the western North
Pacific was not related to sampling year.
SC/J09/JR24 also presented information on PCB level in air and surface seawaters from the western North
Pacific. The range of levels was ND-22 pg/m3 for air samples and 1.5-11 ng/L for sea water samples. PCBlevels in seawater decreased from coastal to offshore regions. The trend in level of air samples was not clear.
Relationships between chemical pollutants and cetacean healthTo examine the CYP families, related to immune-toxicity of PCB and pesticides, full-length cDNA sequences of
CYP1A1 and 1A2, in common minke whales were determined (Niimi et al., 2005; For Info 2). The deduced fulllength amino acid sequence of CYP1A1 revealed higher identities with those of sheep (86%) and pig (87%), andthat of CYP1A2 was most closely related to human (82%) and monkey CYP1A2 (82%) among species fromwhich CYP1A2 has been isolated so far. Differences in certain conserved and functional amino acid residues of
CYP1A1 and 1A2 between common minke whale and other mammalian species indicate the possibility of their
specific metabolic function. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds (OCs) including PCBs and DDTs
analyzed in common minke whale liver showed no significant correlation with hepatic mRNA expression levelsof CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, indicating no induction of these enzymes by such OCs.
To investigate whether or not CYP expression levels are altered by organochlorine contaminants (OCs), mRNAlevels of CYPs in the liver of common minke whales were measured (Niimi et al., 2007; For Info 3). The
quantified mRNA levels were employed for the statistical analysis with the residue levels of OCs including
PCBs, DDTs (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE), chlordanes (cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, cis-nonachlor,trans-nonachlor and oxychlordane), HCHs (alpha-, beta- and gamma-isomers) and hexachlorobenzene that havealready been reported elsewhere. Spearman's rank correlation analyses showed no significant correlation between
CYP expression levels and each OC level in the common minke whale liver, implying that these environmental
chemicals have no potential to alter the expression levels of these CYPs or the residue levels encountered in thewhale livers may not reach their transcriptional regulation levels. This suggests that the expression of individual
CYPs in the whale liver may be at basal level.
SC/J09/JR25 examined the accumulation characteristics of mercury, a toxic element, and selenium, an antagonist,
as well as the inter-species difference of sensitivity to mercury toxicity. Total mercury (T-Hg), methyl mercury(MeHg) and selenium (Se) levels in the liver, kidneys and muscle were measured. T-Hg and MeHg levels werehigher in the order of sperm whale > common minke whale > Bryde’s whale. Se levels were higher in the orderof sperm whale > Bryde’s whale > common minke whale. The order of the T-Hg and Se levels in the tissues of
the common minke and Bryde’s whales was kidneys > liver > muscle, and that of MeHg was liver > muscle >kidneys. The order of the T-Hg and Se levels in the tissues of sperm whales was liver > kidneys > muscle.
3.3 Stock Structure
Common minke whale
J-O stock research
SC/J09/JR26 assigned minke whales into genetically distinct stocks using a combination of microsatellite
analysis and a Bayesian clustering approach. Samples of 2,542 minke whales collected during the offshore
component of JARPN and JARPNII from 1994 to 2007, during the coastal component of JARPNII from 2002 to

14

2007, and from bycatches in the set net fishery along the Japanese coast from 2001 to 2007, were analyzed using
16 microsatellite loci. Approximately 91% of the individuals were assigned into ‘J’ and ‘O’ stocks based on theirhigh membership probability (>90%). It was also found that a) the ‘O’ stock individuals appeared to migrate,
although rarely, to the Sea of Japan, b) the ‘J’ stock individuals migrated to sub-area 7W (Figure 1) of the North
Pacific side and very rarely to further east, and c) the sub-area 2 (Figure 1) was mainly occupied by the J stock.
Temporal distribution of the assigned bycatches collected from sub-area 7 (Figure 1) indicated seasonal
movement of the whales with the number of the ‘O’ stock increased in spring.
SC/J09/JR27 investigated morphometric differences between ‘J’ and ‘O’ stock animals, as identified by the
microsatellite analysis in SC/J09/JR26. Marked differences in morphometry were found between both stocks.
SC/J09/JR28 examined the status of scars on the skin of minke whales, and whether or not it is possible toidentify the stock of the individual animal based on external morphological scars using samples of western North
Pacific common minke whales collected by JARPNII. This study was assisted by the genetic assignment tostocks shown in SC/J09/JR26. Assignments of the number of scars were not a complete diagnostic for the minke
whales samples for ‘J’ and ‘O’ stocks. However, at least there is a strong likelihood that animals which have noscars on the body were ‘J’ stock animals.
Stock structure of ‘O’ stock of minke whale
SC/J09/JR29 investigated genetic variation at mtDNA control region in samples of western North Pacificcommon minke whales to describe their stock structure, and then to examine the plausibility of four stock
structure hypotheses adopted at the final stage of the ISTs process by IWC Scientific Committee in 2003 (Figure3). It was found that a) whales from ‘J’ stock existed in sub-area 7W with low but large enough numbers to cause
genetic heterogeneity observed in the 7W samples as well as between the 7W and other samples; b) after
exclusion of the ‘J’ stock whales, the survey area was occupied mainly by ‘O’ stock, which provide support tohypothesis B; and c) the hypotheses C and D (Figure 3) were not supported.
SC/J09/JR30 investigated genetic variation at 16 hypervariable microsatellite DNA markers to describe stock
structure in common minke whales, and then to examine the plausibility of four stock structure hypotheses
adopted at the final stage of the ISTs process by IWC Scientific Committee in 2003 (Figure 3). It was found thata) whales from the ‘J’ stock existed in sub-area 7W with low but large enough numbers to cause genetic
heterogeneity observed in the 7W samples as well as between the 7W and other samples, b) except the ‘J’ stock
whales, the survey area was mainly occupied by ‘O’ stock, which provide support to hypothesis B, and c) the
hypotheses C and D (Figure 3) were not supported because no other genetically distinct coastal stock was
observed. Heterogeneity found for a single microsatellite locus in sub-area 9 should be further investigated in thecontext of hypothesis A.
SC/J09/JR27 conducted a morphometrics analysis of common minke whales in sub-areas 7, 8 and 9 to evaluate
the plausibility of four stock structure hypotheses adopted by IWC in RMP Implementation Simulation Trials in2003 (Figure 3). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using body length as a covariate is used to test if there are
significant differences in morphometric measurements among groups compared. Apart from differences between‘J’ and ‘O’ stocks animals no other significant geographic or temporal differences were found. Results of theanalyses support hypothesis B and are inconsistent with hypotheses C and D (Figure 3).
Bryde’s whale
Kanda et al. (2007) (For Info 4) investigated the pattern of genetic stock structure in the Bryde’s whale at theinter-oceanic and trans-equatorial levels, using microsatellites (17 loci) and mtDNA control region sequences(299bp). Samples were available from the western North Pacific (JARPN II), South Pacific (historical) andIndian Ocean (historical). While no significant differentiation was found within the western North Pacific,
marked genetic differentiation was found among oceans and between South and North Pacific.
SC/J09/JR31 examined genetic variations at 17 microsatellite loci and 299 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
control region were analyzed to investigate the existence of genetically differentiated sub-stocks of Bryde’s
whales in the sub-area 1 (stock hypothesis 4 in Figure 5). No evidence was found of genetic differentiation
between the samples from the 1W and 1E (separated at 153ºE), indicating these JARPNII samples came from agenetically same group of Bryde’s whales. The same result was found when historical samples from the central
western North Pacific and around Ogasawara Islands were incorporated into the analysis.

15Sei whale
Kanda et al. (2006) (For Info 5) examined the genetic characteristics of sei whales inhabiting the western North
Pacific based on 17 microsatellite loci in a total of 89 whales obtained by JARPN II from the area between
37ºN–45ºN and 147ºE–166ºE in 2002 (N = 39) and 2003 (N = 50). No evidence of genetic heterogeneity in allele
frequencies was observed between sexes within samples as well as between the two temporally different samples,indicating a single population of sei whales inhabiting the western North Pacific.
SC/J09/JR32 examined genetic variation at 17 microsatellite loci and 487 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
control region sequences in samples of sei whales in order to describe their stock structure in the western North
Pacific. The samples used consisted of 489 whales collected during JARPNII (2002-2007) in the area between
143°E and 170°E. In order to explore their stock structure in a wider geographic area, a total of 301 whales (298for the mtDNA analyses) collected from the 1972 and 1973 commercial whaling in the North Pacific from 165°E
to 139°W were incorporated into the analysis. All the tests conducted found no evidence of genetic differences
within as well as between the JARPNII and commercial whaling samples. This study indicated that the open
water of the North Pacific was mainly occupied by individuals from a single stock.
Sperm whale
SC/J09/JR33 analyzed genetic variations at 15 microsatellite DNA loci and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
control region sequences in samples of sperm whales collected during JARPNII from 2000 to 2007 in order toexamine the effectiveness of these genetic markers for stock structure study of the species. Analyses of mtDNA
and microsatellite markers in the total of 45 sperm whales demonstrated that these genetic markers were variable
enough to explore stock structure of sperm whales. Statistical tests found no evidence of deviation from theexpected Hardy-Weinberg genotypic proportion at all of the 15 microsatellite loci. At this point no signal of
multiple stocks in the research area was found.
3.4 Other Results
Oceanographic features in the research area
SC/J09/JR34 examined oceanographic conditions in the offshore and the coastal (off Kushiro) components of
JARPN II using output from an operational ocean prediction system (FRA-JCOPE). Oceanographic observations
with CTD and XCTD were conducted in the cetacean prey surveys in JARPN II. These observations wereincorporated into the prediction system. The survey covered from subarctic area to the adjacent area of thesubtropical area where common minke, Bryde’s and sei whales were found. The survey area was locatedbetween the Kuroshio Extension and the Subarctic Front, where the water mass was characterized by thesubarctic water, subtropical water and mixed water. Understanding of the oceanographic conditions isfundamental for marine ecological study. The results of the oceanographic survey in this paper were used inother studies related to feeding ecology of whales (e.g. SC/J09/JR10, SC/J09/J11 and SC/J09J18).
Pattern of distribution of large whales
SC/J09/JR35 reported the Density Index (DI: individuals / 100 n.miles) and monthly distribution pattern of blue,
fin, humpback and right whales from May to September in the western North Pacific based on JARPN (19941999) and JARPN II (2000-2007) sighting data. Among four species, fin whales were most frequently sighted,
and next were blue, humpback and right whales in order. Northward migration pattern of whales were observed
for these species. Additionally, sighting areas of these species were spread out compared to the previous
information except for right whales.
Reproductive biology and physiology
Watanabe et al. (2004) (For Info 6) presents a study to obtain new information on relationships among serum
testosterone (T), estradiol-17β (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)concentrations and histology of seminiferous tubules in captured common minke and Bryde’s whales during thefeeding season. Results indicated that the low serum T concentrations reflect the inactivity of spermatogenesis inboth baleen whales, and that it is not possible to assess gonadal activity in either species using serum sex
hormone concentrations during the feeding season.

16

Watanabe et al. (2007) (For Info 7) investigated whether spermatozoa of Bryde’s whale can retain the capacity
for oocyte activation and pro nucleus formation as well as chromosomal integrity under cryopreservation byusing intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) into mouse oocytes. Results showed that motile Bryde’s whale
spermatozoa are competent to support embryonic development.
Urashima et al. (2007) (For Info 8) examined samples of milk from a Bryde's whale and a Sei whale. Milk
samples of these species contained 2.7 g/100 mL and 1.7 g/100 mL of hexose, respectively. Both contained
lactose as the dominant saccharide. The dominance of lactose in the carbohydrate of these milks is similar to thatof minke whale milk and bottlenose dolphin colostrum, but the oligosaccharide patterns are different from thoseof these two species, illustrating the heterogeneity of milk oligosaccharides among the cetacea.
Fukui et al. (2007) (For Info 9) presents a study aimed at producing common minke whale embryos. The study
was based on minke whale samples collected in the coastal research component off Kushiro. Results indicatedthat a 40 h IVM (in vitro maturation) culture produces significantly higher rates of in vitro maturation than a 30 h
IVM culture for common minke whale oocytes. Following ISI (intracytoplasmatic sperm injection), someoocytes cleaved to the 16-cell stage, but no further development was observed.
Birukawa et al. (2008) (For Info 10) examined kidney samples of common minke, sei, Bryde's and sperm whales
to determine the nucleotide sequences of mRNAs encoding UT (urea transporters). Urea transport in the kidney
is important for the production of concentrated urine. It was speculated that different phosphorylation sites foundin whale UT-A2s may result in the high concentrations of urinary urea in whales, by reflecting their urea
permeability.
Genetics
Nishida et al. (2007) (For Info 11) reconstructed cetacean phylogeny using a 1.7-kbp fragment of the nonrecombining Y chromosome (NRY), including the SRY gene and a flanking non-coding region. The topology of
the Y-chromosome tree is robust to various methods of analysis and exhibits high branch-support values,
possibly due to the absence of recombination, small effective population size, and low homoplasy. The Ychromosome tree indicates monophyly of each suborder, Mysticeti and Odontoceti, with high branch support
values.
Onbe et al. (2007) (For Info 12) examined the amino-acid sequences of the T-domain region of the Tbx4 gene,which is required for hindlimb development. Cetaceans have lost most of their hindlimb structure, althoughhindlimb buds are present in very early cetacean embryos. They investigated whether the Tbx4 gene has the samefunction in cetaceans as in other mammals. The study concluded that the Tbx4 gene maintains it function incetaceans, although full expression leading to hind limb development is suppressed.
4. SIGNIFICANCE OF KEY RESULTS•

JARPNII was developed as science-based management program. Continuous collection of the whale
samples and thorough analysis of biological data provided useful information not only for sound andeffective management of marine resources but also understanding of biological and ecological processesof species involved in marine ecosystem.

•

A combination of lethal and non-lethal surveys in the comprehensive large-scale JARPNII allowed us
to acquire an unbiased, widely collected, large data base from all parts of ecosystem that was notavailable from commercial catches.

•

The long term research projects provided us a great opportunity to systematically monitor long-term
natural variability of biotic and abiotic factors (prey species replacement, global climatic changes,
persistence of predator species, etc.) in marine ecosystem. Data on pelagic fishes obtained from stomach
contents of whales and from the prey surveys under JARPN II were provided to the National ResearchInstitute of Fisheries Science and used for management of pelagic fishes. The data are particularly
valuable since the current interactions between whales and fisheries are likely to be different from thesituation prior to the moratorium because of the increase in cetacean populations.

Feeding ecology and ecosystem studies:17•Previous studies based on commercial samples were primarily qualitative descriptions of the preyspecies eaten by whales, which was inadequate to provide insights to the relationships between different
species in the marine ecosystem and the dynamics of the ecosystem. JARPNII provided both qualitativeand quantitative information that will allow us to conduct ecosystem-based, multi-species approaches.

•

Decreasing fish resources and fish catches are thought to be partly due to the effect of consumption bylarge whales on fish resources. Concurrent whale and prey species surveys investigated distribution andabundance of the preys through echo-sounder and trawling surveys and prey preference of the whales
through a comparison of whale stomach contents and prey availability. It was found that the whales fed
on several prey species that support important commercial fisheries in Japan. These results indicate
successful fisheries management of the area requires continued study of feeding ecology of whales. Of
interest was the result that the smaller common minke whale has a more varied and flexible diet thanlarger whales such as Bryde’s and sei whales. When these three baleen whales feed on a same fish
species, the smaller common minke whale feed on the bigger fishes.

•

A growing disillusion with the predictive capacity of single species assessment methods and the
management approaches they support has driven us to apply ecosystem-based models. However, nosingle ecosystem model can project the complex nature of the marine ecosystem. The greatest benefits
are obtained from a combined use of different types of models. JARPNII thus developed three different
types of the ecosystem models: Ecopath with Ecosim and MRM for the offshore component and a
Bayesian Assessment Model for the coastal component. The output from this study can assist in theformulation of effective ecosystem-based management policies in the future.

•

The coastal research areas off Sanriku of Tohoku and off Kushiro of southern Hokkaido are rich fishinggrounds and hotspot areas for the interaction between several kinds of fisheries and top predators suchas cetaceans. Preliminary ecosystem modeling of the coastal area of Sanriku showed competition
between fishery and minke whales for sandlance. The research at Japan’s richest fishing grounds
provided us a great opportunity to study the direct interaction between cetaceans and fisheries.

•

JARPNII suggested that sperm whales have a large influence on the surface ecosystem and appear to
consume a substantial amount of neon flying squid, one of the commercially important squids inJapan. Considering their large biomass together, we believe that the addition of these results are criticalto design and improve the ability of our ecosystem models.

Monitoring environmental pollutants in cetaceans and the marine ecosystem:•

It is important to monitor environmental changes and the responses of whales to such changes
especially under the circumstances of progressing climate change. Whales are suited as biologicalindicators of environmental conditions because they are long-lived animals with ability of long-distancemigration. JARPNII investigated pollutant levels of the sampled baleen and toothed whales in relation
to their sex and maturity. In addition, JARPN II investigated the pollution levels in prey species
collected from the stomach contents of whales as well as in samples of seawater and air obtained fromthe research area at the same time. The results from these direct examinations on the several different
types of biotic and abiotic sources provided us very important information to understand thebioaccumulation process through the marine food chain.

•

IWC has raised a concern about the effects of environmental change, especially pollutants, on cetaceans
because of the possibility that these pollutants negatively affect the whales’ health resulting in adecrease in the abundance of the stocks. JARPN II conducted toxicological studies to assess therelationships between pollutant levels and their effects on cetaceans. Monitoring of the toxicologicalconditions of whales is an important part of the long-term management of whale stocks.

Stock structure:•

A concern about the past genetic studies of the North Pacific whales was the use of the genetic markers
with relatively low genetic variation such as allozyme and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction
fragments length polymorphisms. No evidence of genetic heterogeneity in samples analyzed using
these markers could indicate that only a single stock exists in the area or that the resolution power is low
to detect slight genetic difference. In JARPNII, a system utilizing hypervariable microsatellite and
mtDNA sequencing analyses has been developed that allows us to increase power to study whales’

18stock structure. Furthermore past geographical and temporal gaps in sampling were covered by JARPN
II surveys.
•

Description of stock structure is a key piece of information for the application of the RMP to calculate acatch limit for future commercial whaling. JARPNII investigated stock structure of the target species
using both genetic and non-genetics analyses. The key for sound management is to gain understandingof genetics, biology, and ecology of the species.

•

In a situation of geographical overlap of multiple stocks, stock identification at an individual baseallows us to directly depict dynamics and patterns of temporal and spatial distribution of the stocks.
Under JARPN II it was possible to distinguish the individuals in the samples into the J and O stocks by
the combined use of the microsatellite analysis and Bayesian clustering approach. This will allow a
continued monitoring of the occurrence of J stock in SA7 in the future to determine spatial and temporal
dynamics of its occurrence.

•

At the final stage of the Implementation process for the western North Pacific common minke whales
during the 2003 Annual Meeting, the IWC SC adopted the four baseline stock scenarios for the O stockincluding the occurrence of the W stock in the offshore area. We examined the plausibility of these fourbaselines by analyzing JARPNII as well as JARPN samples of minke whales. Analysis of additional
923 minke whales collected widely from the survey area after the 2003 Implementation process allowed
us to detect the J and W stocks, if they exist, in the area. It was found that the survey area was mainly
occupied by O stock with the appearance of a low number of J stock whales along the coastal line andruled out the possibility of a genetically distinct coastal stock other than the J and O. We believe that theresults of this study improve our knowledge of the stock structure of minke whales in the western North
Pacific and are quite informative for effective management of this species.

•

Although it was initially agreed to place the sub-area 1 and 2 divided at 180° in the western North
Pacific Stock of Bryde’s whales, there was concern about making firm conclusions on their stock
structure because of the very wide size of sub-area 1 with limited available information. JARPN II
conducted genetic analyses on new samples collected as well as from past commercial whaling andshowed that sub-area 1 was occupied exclusively by individuals from a single stock.

•

In order to investigate the current status of whale stocks in given oceanic regions, the IWC SC conducts‘in-depth assessments’ of the subject species. The IWC SC is considering conducting in-depth
assessments of sei whales and sperm whales in the North Pacific in the near future. Among all of therequired information, an understanding of stock structure in the region is essential for successful indepth assessment. Genetic analyses of the sei whales samples from the JARPNII and past commercial
whaling covering the wide area from 145°E to 139°W indicated that the open water of the North Pacific
was mainly occupied by the individuals from a single stock of sei whales. Genetic analyses of the sperm
whales from the JARPNII demonstrated that our genetic analysis system was very effective to explore
genetic characteristics of sperm whales. Our findings will surely facilitate in-depth assessment of these
the North Pacific whales.

5. THE NEXT PERIOD OF JARPN II
As shown in Section 3 and 4 above considerable progress has been made in the research conducted under
JARPN II. However some issues remain unresolved and new questions have emerged. In this section the major
scientific considerations for JARPN II in the next research period are presented.
a) Multidiscipline surveys
As explained in Sections 2.2.3 and 2.2.4, JARPN II conduct different surveys (whale sampling, dedicatedsighting and prey species surveys) in a comprehensive way to address the main objective of JARPN II; feeding
ecology and ecosystem studies (Figure 2). In order to achieve this objective there is the need to maintain these
multidiscipline surveys in the future.
b) Importance of monitoring (see also c) below)
Monitoring is scientifically valuable as it provides time-series data on biological and ecological phenomena in
the environment. It is important to monitor environmental changes and the responses of whales to such changes

19especially under the circumstances of progressing climate change. JARPN II has the potential to provide longtime series data and therefore the potential for monitoring whales and their environment.
c) Study on the regime shift and response of whales to such event
It is recognized that both climatic and biological regime shifts have occurred in the North Pacific Ocean. Their
effects on fisheries and ecosystems are actively being investigated by the North Pacific Marine Science
Organization (PICES). Although there are many definitions of regime shift, the study group on regime shift
under PICES defined regime shift as "a relative rapid change from one decadal-scale period of a persistent state
to another decadal-scale period of persistent state" (King, 2005). In the western North Pacific, commercial catch
histories of pelagic fishes (e.g. sardine, anchovy and mackerel) have shown drastic fluctuation and quasi-decadal
species alterations so-called species replacement since the 1950's (Yatsu et al., 2001). Species replacement is aform of biological regime shift. Climate indices such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) indicated thatsignificant climatic regime shifts occurred around 1976, 1989 and 1998 in recent decades (Overland et al., 2008).
Responses of pelagic biological organisms to climatic regime shifts were reported for a number of species
including copepods (Tadokoro et al., 2005), Japanese anchovy, Japanese sardine, Pacific saury and mackerel(Takasuka et al., 2008; Tian et al., 2004; Yatsu et al., 2008). Some analyses provided simple interpretation of theinteraction between climatic and biological regime shifts based on spawning temperature optima theory (e.g.
Takasuka et al., 2008) but the interpretation is difficult in other cases because of complexity of interactions(Yatsu et al., 2008). Stomach contents collected by commercial fisheries indicated that common minke whales
switched their prey according to biological regime shifts of prey abundances (Kasamatsu and Tanaka, 1992).
However, effects of both biological and climatic regime shifts on baleen whales in the western North Pacific are
still largely open to question because of lack of data collected through systematic surveys. To detect the effects
of regime shifts on cetaceans as well as the effect of predation by cetaceans on biological regime shifts, longterm monitoring programs are essential.
d) Improvement of accuracy of ecosystem models
For minke and Bryde’s whales, obtaining further diet composition data has improved the precision of theestimate of % increase in catch of Japan’s fisheries resources (i.e. Pacific saury, anchovy, mackerels) calculatedby the EwE model. This suggests that the JARPN II survey will likely contribute in improving the precision of
the effect of whaling on Japan’s fisheries resources, which is important for robust management of the fisheries
resources in the western North Pacific.
Results of the ecosystem modeling studies using JARPNII data (SC/J09/JR14; SC/J09/JR21) suggested thatfunctional response of predators (relationship between consumption rate by predator and prey availability) had
strong impact on the outcome of the models. It was strongly recommended that effort be focused on appropriate
data collection and/or experiments to develop the most appropriate functional response form to represent feeding
behavior (Pláganyi, 2007). For fisheries management purpose, decades of long term data collection of bothstomach contents and prey availability is required to estimate reliable functional responses of cetaceans.
Functional response of cetaceans has not been estimated because of lack of long term data set obtained throughsystematic survey. For ecosystem models, estimation of a multi-species functional response is required though
the parameterization could be potentially difficult (Matthiopoulos et al., 2008). Decadal data collection through
JARPN II will ensure the development of reliable ecosystem model.
e) Coastal research
The coastal research areas of Tohoku (off Sanriku) and southern Hokkaido (off Kushiro), are rich fishinggrounds and hotspot areas for the interaction between several kinds of fisheries and predators such as cetaceans.
Through JARPN II research it was found that the main preys of common minke whales in some particular
coastal areas are bottom fish, such as sandlance and Pacific whiting. Preliminary results from ecosystemmodeling of the coastal area of Sanriku (SC/J09/JR14) showed competition between the fishery and minke
whales for sandlance. The coastal research component is effective in order to better understand the relationships
between fisheries and whales in coastal waters through additional data and improved modeling.
f) Contribution to fisheries management
JARPN II has contributed important information on stock structure to the Implementation of the RMP. Future
JARPN II surveys will provide additional useful information for example through the systematic monitoring of‘J’ stock animals of common minke whales in the research area, particularly in sub-area 7. It is important to20

better understand the nature of interaction between J and O stocks both spatially and temporally. Systematicsighting surveys conducted under the JARPN II will provide information on whale abundance, which is also
important for management under the RMP.
JARPN II will allow the collection of new information required to improve ecosystem models, which in turnwill assist in the formulation of ecosystem or multi species-based management policies. As noted above the
JARPN II research area is a hot spot for fisheries interaction and such ecosystem-based policies will be very
important in future.
In general, ecosystem models are potentially important tools for providing wider scientific information on
fisheries management such as impacts of the fishery on other ecosystem components and to take into accountchanges in the ecosystem other than those caused by fishing that may be impacting the fishery. Also,they can beused to simulate the implications and trade offs of alternative management actions and trade-offs for the different,
conflicting stakeholders or objectives, and in this way, they can provide valuable information to managers in the
search for optimal management measures and approaches (FAO, 2008). Moreover, ecosystem models can havean important role to play in Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) or the Management Procedure (MP)approach, especially as Operating Models (OMs) which provide the basis for simulation testing to assess how
well alternative candidate harvest rules achieve the objectives sought by the management authority (FAO, 2008).
g) Prospect of sperm whale sampling
A total of 45 specimens were collected during eight years of JARPNII (two-year feasibility study and six yearsof full JARPN II). At this stage results on the feeding ecology of sperm whale are of a qualitative nature for
immature animals. Modeling suggested that sperm whales have a large influence on the surface ecosystem(SC/J09/JR21). Further, sperm whales appear to consume a considerable amount of neon flying squid, which isone of the commercially important squids in Japan (SC/J09/JR17). Therefore surveys of sperm whales haveprovided valuable qualitative information on feeding ecology for immature animals.
6. SUMMARY RESPONSE TO TORs OF THE JARPN II REVIEW WORKSHOPResponses to the TORs of the JARPN II review workshop (IWC, in press) can be summarized as follows:
TOR 1
A summary of the research conducted under the three objectives of JARPN II was given in Sections 3.1, 3.2 and
3.3, respectively.
TOR 2
A summary of the research conducted under JARPN II related to other contributions to important research needs
was given in Section 3.4
TOR 3
Relationship between JARPN II research and IWC scientific-related resolutions
In 2005, the JARPA Review Planning Steering Group examined IWC resolutions and produced a helpful report(Zeh et al., 2005). Resolutions were directed to Contracting Governments (CG), Government of Japan (GOJ)
and/or the Scientific Committee (SC). None of three resolutions directed to the GOJ was related to JARPN II.
After the JARPA Review Meeting no Resolution directed to JARPN II has been adopted by the IWC.
Here five resolutions directed to CG/SC and one to GOJ are considered.
•

Resolution recommending non-lethal research

Resolution 1995-9 (IWC, 1996a) recommended CGs to use non-lethal methods and instructed the SC to review
SP research. One of the main characteristics of JARPN II is the combination of both lethal and non-lethal
surveys and analyses, which is important for achieving the main objective of the research program. Some of thebiological information from whales can be obtained only through the lethal approach (see TOR 4 below).
•

Encourage study of environmental change21

Resolution 1994-13 (IWC, 1995b) encouraged CGs/SC to study environmental changes and impact on cetaceans.
Resolution 1995-10 (IWC, 1996b) encouraged CGs to study the effects of pollutants on cetaceans asrecommended by the Bergen workshop. Resolution 1997-7 (IWC, 1998a) encourages CGs to continue toprovide information on environmental changes and potential effects on cetaceans. Resolution 1999-4 (IWC,2000) request CGs to provide the SC with data on contaminants in cetaceans. As shown in section 3.2 JARPN II
included a comprehensive monitoring and assessment of chemical pollutants in whales and their environment.
Therefore JARPN II is investigating several of the topics mentioned in these Resolutions.
•

Establishment of SWG-E

Resolution 1998-7 (IWC, 1999) invited the GOJ to take full advantage of the existing mechanisms forcooperation between national research programs and the SWG-E on environmental research. Japan accepted thisinvitation positively and will cooperate by providing the information on environmental research obtained in
JARPN II (see section 3.2).
TOR 4
No specific paper was prepared for this Workshop regarding the utility of lethal versus non-lethal techniques toaddress the research objectives of JARPN II. General discussions on lethal versus non-lethal approaches in whale
research under special permits have been discussed several times by the IWC SC in the past. Summaries of those
discussions can be found in IWC (1998b; 2008c).
It should be noted here that JARPN II combines both lethal and non-lethal techniques for the study of large
whales and the ecosystem, and that this combination is important for achieving the main objective of JARPN II
on feeding ecology and ecosystem studies (see Figure 2). For example the abundance of whales and prey species
in box ‘Analysis step 1’ in Figure 2 is investigated using non-lethal techniques (sighting surveys, echosounder/trawling surveys). However prey composition of whales in box ‘Analysis step 1’ and prey consumptionof whales in box ‘Analysis step 2’ can not be investigated using non-lethal techniques. This is because forecosystem modeling purposes, quantitative data on prey composition and consumption are required. Thisquantitative information is obtained by examining stomach contents.
To estimate prey preferences of cetaceans, examination of stomach contents data is the only way to identify preyspecies consumed and quantify preys consumption (e.g. SC/J09/JR9;16;17). Feeding ecology of baleen whales
can be studied using several methods other than stomach contents. Barros and Clarke (2002) categorized thosemethods as follows: direct observation of feeding, traditional methods (analysis of vomit, scat, stomach andintestine contents), fatty acids, stable isotopes, genetic identification of scat and video taping of feeding behavior.
In addition, telemetries such as satelltite tags and time and depth recorders (TDR) (e.g. Croll et al., 1998) werealso used for feeding ecology studies in recent years. Direct observation of feeding is limited to above the sea
surface or short duration of underwater observation by scuba survey. Given diversities and vertical distribution
patterns of prey species of minke, Bryde’s and sei whales direct observation method is not applicable to thosespecies. Haug and Lindstrøm (2003) compared the traditional methods with the rest of the new methods andconcluded that those new methods have not proven to provide detailed quantitative information on the diet ofindividual animals and must be supplemented with traditional methods especially with identifying and measuring
items in gastrointestinal contents though the combinations of those methods can support the results of each.
Regarding environmental studies (objective 2) some pollutants are organ-specific and therefore studying
different organs for different pollutants will provide valuable information. Furthermore studies on the effect ofpollutants on the health of whales require examination of target organs. The level of some lipophilic pollutants
can be measured from blubber samples obtained by biopsy sampling. However, biopsy sampling is a difficult
method for collecting samples over the whole research period and area of JARPN II. This is because sampling
efficiency is affected by wind force, the particular research area and the targeted school size. The difficulty ofobtaining biopsy samples could be also different among whale species, according body size, swimming speed,
pattern of movement.
In order to understand the pattern of accumulation of pollutants in whales, it is important to have access to somebiological information of the whales under investigation such as sex, reproductive status, body length, weight ofstomach contents, some of which can be obtained only by using the lethal approach. A previous study attempted
to assess reproductive status by examining hormone metabolites in fecal samples of the right whale (Rolland etal., 2005). However there are practical difficulties for obtaining fecal samples.

22

Studies on stock structure under JARPN II (objective 3) are based on both genetic and non-genetics approaches.
The non-genetic approach used in JARPN II (for common minke whale at this stage) is morphometrics, which
requires accurate body measurements obtained from whales sampled. Genetic analysis on stock structure basedon DNA can be carried out by using biopsy samples. As explained above, there are some practical problems withthe use of biopsy sampling.
TOR 5
Evaluation of sample size
Sample sizes of minke, sei and Bryde’s whales were set for estimating prey consumption with good precision(coefficient of variation, CV = 0.2), in the same way as in the case of the Norwegian research program(Government of Norway, 1992). The sample size of sperm whale was set as a minimum level necessary for
obtaining qualitative information for a feasibility study.
Coefficient of Variation (CV) of stomach content weight of three baleen whales from the first six years of
JARPN II can be summarized as follows (see Annex 6 for details):a) Target CV was satisfactory in most cases for minke whales. This means that the sample sizes of minke whales
for both offshore and coastal component seem to be appropriate.
b) CVs were larger than the target in most cases for sei whales. This means that the sample size was smaller than
the appropriate number, which could reflect diversity of prey species.
c) CVs were not satisfactory in more than half of the cases for Bryde’s whales. This means that the sample size
might be a little bit smaller than the appropriate number.
Effect on the stocks in light of new knowledge on status of stocks
SC/J09/JR36 examined the effect of future JARPN II catches on the whale stocks in light of new information on
stock structure and abundance obtained through JARPN II research. The effect was examined for the next 20
years using HITTER methodology. Results showed that, apart from the case of J stock in the scenario of low
limit of 90CI in abundance and MSYR (+1)= 1% (scenario considered of low plausibility), all the minke, Brydeand sei whale stocks will continue to increase in the next 20 years, under all scenarios considered. Therefore
future catches under JARPN II will not affect negatively the status of the stocks.
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Murase, H., Tamura, T., Kiwada, H., Fujise, Y., Watanabe, H., Ohizumi, H., Yonezaki, S., Okamura, H. and
Kawahara, S. 2007. Prey selection of common minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and Bryde's (Balaenoptera
edeni) whales in the western North Pacific in 2000 and 2001. Fish. Oceanogr. 16(2): 186-201.
Nemoto, T. 1959. Food of baleen whales with reference to whale movements. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst. 14:149290.
Niimi, S., Watanabe, M.X., Kim, E.Y., Iwata, H., Yasunaga, G., Fujise, Y. and Tanabe, S. 2005. Molecularcloning and mRNA expression of cytochrome P4501A1 and 1A2 in the liver of common minke whales(Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Marine Pollution Bulletin 51(2005): 784-793.
Niimi, S., Kim, E.Y., Iwata, H., Watanabe, M.X., Yasunaga, G., Fujise, Y. and Tanabe, S. 2007. Identificationand hepatic expression profiles of cytochrome P450 1-4 isozymes in common minke whales (Balaenoptera
acutorostrata). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 147 (2007): 667-681.
Nishida, S., Goto, M., Pastene, L.A., Kanda, N. and Koike, H. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships among cetaceansrevealed by Y-chromosome sequences. Zoological Science 24:723-732.
Onbe, K., Nishida, S., Sone, E., Kanda, N., Goto, M., Pastene, L.A., Tanabe, S. and Koike, H. 2007. Sequencevariation in the Tbx4 gene in marine mammals. Zoological Science 24:449-464.
Overland, J., Rodionov, S., Minobe, S. and Bond, N. 2008. North Pacific regime shifts: Definitions, issues andrecent transitions. Prog. Oceanogr. 77: 92-102.
Pastene, L.A., Goto, M. and Kanda, N. 2004. An update of the mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses inwestern North Pacific Bryde’s whale. Paper SC/56/PFI4 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004
(unpublished), 9pp.
Plaganyi, E. 2007. Models for an ecosystem approach to fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 477.
Rome, FAO 108pp.
Rolland, R.M., Hunt, K.E., Kraus, S.D. and Wasser, S.K. 2005. Assessing reproductive status of right whales(Eubalaena glacialis) using fecal hormone metabolites. General and Comparative Endocrinology 142:308-317.
Tadokoro, K., Chiba, S., Ono, T., Midorikawa, T. and Saino, T. 2005. Interannual variation in Neocalanus
biomass in the Oyashio waters of the western North Pacific. Fish Oceanogr. 14: 210-222.
Takasuka, A., Oozeki, Y. and Kubota, H. 2008. Multi-species regime shifts reflected in spawning temperature
optima of small pelagic fish in the western North Pacific. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 360: 211-217.

26

Taylor, B.L. and Martien, K. 2002. Interpretation of Boundary Rank results for North Pacific minke whales.
Paper SC/J02/NP2 presented to the IWC SC North Pacific minke whale RMP/ISTs Workshop, January 2002
(unpublished). 9pp.
Tian, Y., Ueno, Y., Suda, M. and Akamine, T. 2004. Decadal variability in the abundance of Pacific saury and its
response to climatic/oceanic regime shifts in the northwestern subtropical Pacific during the last half century. J.
Mar. Syst. 52: 235-257.
Urashima, T., Kobayashi, M., Asakuma, S., Uemura, Y., Arai, I., Fukuda, K., Saito, T., Mogoe, T., Ishikawa, H.,
Fukui, Y. 2007. Chemical characterization of the oligosaccharides in Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) and Sei
whale (Balaenoptera borealis) milk. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 146: 153–159.
Wada, S., and Numachi, K. 1991. Allozyme analyses of genetic differentiation among the populations andspecies of the Balaenoptera. Rep. int. Whal. Commn (Special Issue 13) :125-154.
Watanabe, H., Mogoe, T., Asada, M., Hayashi, K., Fujise, Y., Ishikawa, H., Ohsumi, S., Miyamoto, A. andFukui, Y. 2004. Relationship between serum sex hormone concentrations and histology of seminiferous tubulesof captured baleen whales in the western North Pacific during the feeding season. J. Reprod. Dev. 50:419-427.
Watanabe, H., Tateno, H., Kusakabe, H., Matsuoka, T., Kamiguchi, Y., Fujise, Y., Ishikawa, H., Ohsumi, S. andFukui, Y. 2007. Fertilizability and chromosomal integrity of frozen-thawed Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni)
spermatozoa intracytoplasmically injected into mouse oocytes. Zygote 15: 9-14.
Yatsu, A., Nishida, H., Ishida, M., Tomosada, A., Kinoshita, T. and Wada, T.. 2001. Trajectories of catch andstock abundance of dominant small pelagic fishes and common squid with some related environmental indicesaround Japan. PICES Sci. Rep. 18: 175-178.
Yatsu, A., Aydin, K. Y., King, J. R., McFarlane, G. A., Chiba, S., Tadokoro, K., Kaeriyama, M. and Watanabe,
Y. 2008. Elucidating dynamic responses of North Pacific fish populations to climatic forcing: Influence of lifehistory strategy. Prog. Oceanogr. 77: 252-268.
Zeh, J., Brownell, R., Childerhouse, S., Fujise, Y., Gales, N., Hatanaka, H., Pastene, L.A. and Schweder, T. 2005.
Progress report of the JARPA review planning steering group. Paper S/57/O2 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, June 2005 (unpublished), 11pp.

27

Table 1: Contribution of JARPN and JARPN II to the management of common minke whales in the western
North Pacific through the Implementation Simulation Trials of the Revised Management Procedure (RMP)
IWC SC meeting
JARPN-JARPN II data/contribution
References
1996 IWC SC
JARPN 1994-95+past commercial data on mtDNA andannual meetingallozyme data, conception date, length and sex
composition, morphology, pollutant load.
Contribution: ‘It was agreed that the available dataand information were generally inconsistent withthere being substocks to the east of Japan
characterized by different levels of latitudinalmigration’.
2000 JARPN
Review Workshop

2000 IWC SC
annual meeting

2002 Intersessional
Workshop on North
Pacific Minke
Whale
Implementation
Simulation Trials

IWC (1997) pp208

JARPN 1994-99+past commercial data on mtDNA andallozyme, biological parameters, morphological andmorphometric, pollutants, parasites, stable isotopes.
Contribution: ‘In the light of the results (on mtDNA)
the Workshop agreed that the possibility of theexistence of some group of minke whales to the eastof Japan that differed from the ‘O’ stock could not
be ruled out, but that the data nevertheless provided
a basis to restrict the number of ‘W’ stock
hypotheses that need to be considered in the RMP
trials’.

IWC (2001a) pp385

Contribution: ‘The Workshop agreed that it would bepremature to draw conclusions on the extent of thepossible presence of ‘W’ stock animals west of subarea 9, prior the completion of further
analyses…….Furthermore current hypotheses
placing ‘W’ stock animals in sub-areas 7 and/or 8
could be then rejected’.

IWC (2001a) pp386

Committee discussion on JARPN review workshop
Contribution: ‘With respect to the Commission’s
Resolution, it noted the Workshop’s comments
above on whether the information obtained was
useful for management, i.e. information obtained
during JARPN had been and will continue to be
used in the refinements of Implementation
Simulations Trials for North Pacific minke whales,
and consequently was relevant to their
management’.
JARPN-JARPN II 1994-2001 data on mtDNA andmicrosatellites

IWC (2001c) pp60

Analyses of those data enabled the Workshop toestablish four stock structure hypotheses for use in
the Implementation Simulation Trials (see Figure 3).

IWC (2003) pp458-459

JARPN 1996-1999+commercial data on mtDNA
Contribution: These data were used to estimate the‘J’-‘O’ mixing proportion in several sub-areas andmonth, some of those were used in trials
conditioning (choosing population parameters for28

IWC (2003) pp462 (Table
2)the trials compatible with data).
JARPN 1994-1995 abundance data in sub-area 9;Contribution: these data were used in trials
conditioning.

IWC (2003) pp456 (Table
1)

Table 2: Contribution of JARPN II to the management of Bryde’s whales in the western North Pacific throughthe Implementation Simulation Trials of the Revised Management Procedure (RMP)
IWC SC meeting
JARPN II data/contribution
References
2004 IWC SC
JARPN II 2000-2003+past commercial data on mtDNA
annual meetingand microsatellites

2005 Workshop on
the preimplementationassessment
2005 FirstIntersessional
Workshop on
Implementation

Contribution: ‘The Committee agreed thata) the limited genetic data from the Hawaiian
islands do not suggest the occurrence of asmall-form Bryde’s whale in those watersb) there is no direct evidence to support theexistence of more than one stock in sub-area
1; andc) there are too few samples in sub-area 2 toallow firm conclusions to be drawn on thebasis of genetic data regarding stock
structure there’.
JARPN II 2000-2003 mtDNA and microsatellites data
+past commercial genetics and non genetics data

IWC (2005) pp10

Contribution: the Workshop established a set of 5conceptual stock structure hypotheses that covers
the entire plausible range.
JARPN II 2000-2003 mtDNA and microsatellites data
+past commercial genetics and non genetics data

IWC (2006) pp343

JARPN II 2000-05 catch distribution
Contribution: Refinement of the hypotheses on stock
structure. A final 4 stock structure hypotheses wereagreed (see Figure 5).

2006 IWC SC
Annual Meeting

IWC (2007) pp408-411

JARPN II 2000-2003 mtDNA, microsatellites; JARPN
II 2000-2005 catch distribution+ past commercial
genetic and non-genetics data
Contribution: the IWC SC assigned plausibility to the
hypotheses on stock structure as follow (see Figure
5):
Hypothesis 1: highHypotheses 2, 3: highHypothesis 4: medium

29

IWC (2008b) pp94-95

Figure 1: Sub-areas used by the IW SC for management purposes of the common minke whale. JARPN II
research area involves sub-areas 7, 8 and 9.

30

INPUT DATABASIC INFOMATIONJARPNII:

Sighting
Stock structure

Analysis step 1

Abundance (biomass)of whales(SC/J09/JR8;15)

MODEL AND AREA

Analysis step 2(Integrated analysis fromanalysis in step 1)

Model Ecopath with Ecosim for
sub-areas 7, 8 and 9 (offshore
component of JARPN II)(SC/J09/JR21)

Prey consumption ofwhales(SC/J09/JR9;16;17)

Migration/Distribution
Stomach contents
Prey identification
Prey distribution

Prey composition ofwhalesModel MRM for sub-areas 7, 8
and 9 (offshore component of
JARPN II)

(SC/J09/JR9;16;17)(SC/J09/JR22)

Prey abundance(Prey biomass)

Prey/habitat and prey
preference of whales(SC/J09/JR10;11;12;13;18)

Oceanographic
observation

Water front/mass
Structure

Bayesian type model for the
Sanriku region, a part of subarea 7 (coastal component of
JARPN II)
(SC/J09/JR14)(SC/J09/JR34)

A)

31

MODEL AND AREAOUTPUT FROM THE MODEL

Model Ecopath with Ecosim for
sub-areas 7, 8 and 9 (offshore
component of JARPN II)

Information on ecosystem structure

Model MRM for sub-areas 7, 8
and 9 (offshore component of
JARPN II)

Calculation of suitable TAC for anchovyand saury

Impact of fishery/whaling on theecosystem

Impact of fishery/whaling on some otherspecies

Bayesian type model for the
Sanriku region (coastal
component of JARPN II)

Impact of minke whales
consumption on sandlance
stock

B)
Figure 2: Conceptual diagram on the input data required for each ecosystem model (A) being developed in JARPN II and expected output from the models (B) (see text for
more details).

32

Figure 3: Hypotheses on stock structure of North Pacific common minke whale used in the Implementation
Simulation Trials of the RMP (IWC, 2004). See text for details.

33

Figure 4: Catch distribution of Bryde’s whales in the western North Pacific. Red corresponds to catch by pelagic
whaling operations conducted between 1971 and 1979; blue corresponds to catch by JARPN II between 2000
and 2005. Note that sampling by JARPN II covered an important geographical gap.

34

Figure 5: Hypotheses on stock structure of North Pacific Bryde’s whale used in the Implementation
Simulation Trials of the RMP (IWC, 2008b). See text for details.

35Annex 1
List of documents presented to the IWC SC JARPN II Review Workshop
Primary papers
SC/J09/JR1. Pastene, L.A., Hatanaka, H., Fujise, Y., Kanda, N., Murase, H., Tamura, T., Miyashita, T. and Kato,
H. The Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the western North Pacific Phase-II (JARPN
II): origin, objectives and research progress made in the period 2002-2007, including scientific considerations forthe next research period. 73pp.
SC/J09/JR2. Kiwada, H., Kumagai, S. and Matsuoka, K. Methodology and procedure of the dedicated sighting
surveys in JARPN II –Offshore and coastal component of Sanriku and Kushiro-. 16pp.
SC/J09/JR3. Kishiro, T., Yoshida, H., Goto, M., Bando, T. and Kato, H. Methodology and survey procedure
under the JARPN II – coastal component of Sanriku and Kushiro-, with special emphasis on whale sampling
procedures. 27pp.
SC/J09/JR4. Tamura, T., Matsuoka, K. and Fujise, Y. Methodology and survey procedure under the JARPN II offshore component- with special emphasis on whale sampling procedures. 16pp.
SC/J09/JR5. Yonezaki, S., Nagashima, H., Murase, H., Yoshida, H., Bando, T., Goto, M., Kawahara, S. andKato, H. Methodology and procedures of surveys of prey of common minke whales JARPN II - Coastal
component of Sanriku. 6pp.
SC/J09/JR6. Watanabe, H., Yonezaki, S., Kiwada, H., Kumagai, S., Kishiro, T., Yoshida, H. and Kawahara, S.
Methodology and procedures of common minke whale’s prey surveys in JARPN II –Coastal component ofKushiro-. 12pp.
SC/J09/JR7. Murase, H., Watanabe, H., Yonezaki, S., Tamura, T., Matsuoka, K., Fujise, Y. and Kawahara, S.
Methodology and procedures of cetacean prey surveys in JARPN II –Offshore Component-. 11pp.
SC/J09/JR8. Hakamada, T., Matsuoka, K. and Miyashita, T. The number of western North Pacific common
minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) distributed in JARPN II coastal survey areas. 12pp.
SC/J09/JR9. Tamura, T., Konishi, K., Goto, M., Bando, T., Kishiro, T., Yoshida, H., Okamoto, R. and Kato, H.
Prey consumption and feeding habits of common minke whales in coastal areas off Sanriku and Kushiro. 18pp.
SC/J09/JR10. Murase, H., Kawahara, S., Nagashima, H., Onodera, K., Tamura, T., Okamoto, R., Yonezaki, S.,
Matsukura, R., Minami, K., Miyashita, K., Yoshida, H., Goto, M., Bando, T., Inagake, D., Okazaki, M.,
Okamura, H. and Kato, H. Estimation of prey preference of common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
in a coastal component (off Sanriku) of JARPNII in 2005 and 2006 . 15pp.
SC/J09/JR11. Watanabe, H., Yonezaki, S., Kiwada, H., Kumagai, S., Kishiro, T., Yoshida, H. and Kawahara, S.
Distribution and abundance of prey species and prey preference of common minke whale Balaenoptera
acutorostrata in the coastal component of JARPN II off Kushiro from 2002 to 2007. 37pp.
SC/J09/JR12. Yoshida, H., Kishiro, T., Goto, M., Bando, T., Tamura, T., Konishi, K., Okamoto, R. and Kato, H.
Relationship between body size, maturity, and feeding habit of common minke whales off Sanriku in spring
season, from 2003-2007 whale sampling surveys under the JARPN II coastal component off Sanriku. 20pp.
SC/J09/JR13. Kishiro, T., Yoshida, H., Tamura, T., Konishi, K., Kanda, N., Okamoto, R. and Kato, H.
Relationship between body size, maturity, and feeding habit of common minke whales off Kushiro in autumn
season, from 2002-2007 whale sampling surveys under the JARPN II coastal components off Kushiro. 25pp.
SC/J09/JR14. Okamura, H., Nagashima, H. and Yonezaki, S. Preliminary assessment of impacts on thesandlance population by consumption of minke whales off Sanriku region. 20pp.

36

SC/J09/JR15. Hakamada, T., Matsuoka, K. and Miyashita, T. Distribution and the number of western North
Pacific common minke, Bryde’s, sei and sperm whales distributed in JARPN II Offshore component survey area.
18pp.
SC/J09/JR16. Tamura, T., Konishi, K., Isoda, T., Okamoto, R. and Bando, T. Prey consumption and feeding
habits of common minke, sei and Bryde’s whales in the western North Pacific. 36pp.
SC/J09/JR17. Tamura, T., Kubotera, T., Ohizumi, H., Konishi, K. and Isoda, T. Feeding habits of sperm whales
and their impact on neon flying squid resources in the western North Pacific. 22pp.
SC/J09/JR18. Murase, H., Tamura, T., Isoda, T., Okamoto, R., Yonezaki, S., Watanabe, H., Tojo, N., Matsukura,R., Miyashita, K., Kiwada, H., Matsuoka, K., Nishiwaki, S., Inagake, D., Okazaki, M., Okamura, H., Fujise, Y.
and Kawahara, S. Prey preferences of common minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), Bryde’s (B. edeni) and sei(B. borealis) whales in offshore component of JARPNII from 2002 to 2007. 31pp.
SC/J09/JR19. Konishi, K., Kiwada, H., Matsuoka, K., Hakamada, T. and Tamura, T. Density prediction
modeling and mapping of common minke, sei and Bryde’s whales distribution in the western North Pacific using
JARPN II (2000-2007) data set. 20pp.
SC/J09/JR20. Konishi, K., Tamura, T., Goto, M., Bando, T., Kishiro, T., Yoshida, H. and Kato, H. Trend of
blubber thickness in common minke, sei and Bryde’s whales in the western North Pacific during JARPN and
JARPN II periods. 4pp.
SC/J09/JR21. Mori, M., Watanabe, H., Hakamada, T., Tamura, T., Konishi, K., Murase, H. and Matsuoka, K.
Development of an ecosystem model of the western North Pacific. 49pp.
SC/J09/JR22. Kawahara, S. A minimum realistic model in the JARPNII offshore survey area. 22pp.
SC/J09/JR23. Yasunaga, G. and Fujise, Y. Temporal trends and factors affecting mercury levels in common
minke, Bryde’s and sei whales and their prey species in the western North Pacific. 13pp.
SC/J09/JR24. Yasunaga, G. and Fujise, Y. Temporal trends and factors affecting PCB levels in baleen whales
and environmental samples from the western North Pacific. 10pp.
SC/J09/JR25. Yasunaga, G. and Fujise, Y. Accumulation features of total and methyl mercury and selenium intissues of common minke, Bryde’s and sperm whales from the western North Pacific. 11pp.
SC/J09/JR26. Kanda, N., Goto, M., Kishiro, T., Yoshida, H., Kato, H. and Pastene, L.A. Individual identificationand mixing of the J and O stocks around Japanese waters examined by microsatellite analysis. 9pp.
SC/J09/JR27. Hakamada, T. and Bando, T. Morphometric analysis on stock structure in the western North
Pacific common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) . 13pp.
SC/J09/JR28. Goto, M., Kanda, N., Pastene, L.A., Bando, T. and Hatanaka, H. Differences in cookie cutter
shark-induced body scar marks between J and O stocks of common minke whales in the western North Pacific.
7pp.
SC/J09/JR29. Goto, M., Kanda, N., Kishiro, T., Yoshida, H., Kato, H. and Pastene, L.A. Mitochondrial DNA
analysis on stock structure in the western North Pacific common minke whales. 10pp.
SC/J09/JR30. Kanda, N., Goto, M., Kishiro, T., Yoshida, H., Kato, H. and Pastene, L.A. Microsatellite analysisof minke whales in the western North Pacific. 14pp.
SC/J09/JR31. Kanda, N., Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. Stock structure of Bryde’s whales in the western North
Pacific as revealed by microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses. 8pp.
SC/J09/JR32. Kanda, N., Goto, M., Yoshida, H. and Pastene, L.A. Stock structure of sei whales in the North
Pacific as revealed by microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses. 14pp.

37

SC/J09/JR33. Kanda, N., Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. Genetic characteristics of sperm whales sampled during
JARPNII from 2000 to 2007 as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses. 5pp.
SC/J09/JR34. Okazaki, M., Inagake, D., Murase, H., Watanabe, H., Yonezaki, S., Nagashima H., Matsuoka, K.,
Kiwada, H. and Kawahara, S. Oceanographic conditions of the western North Pacific based on oceanographic
data collected during the JARPN II. 13pp.
SC/J09/JR35. Matsuoka, K., Kiwada, H., Fujise, Y. and Miyashita, T. Distribution of blue (Balaenoptera
musculus), fin (B. physalus), humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) and north pacific right (Eubalaena japonica)
whales in the western North Pacific based on JARPN and JARPN II sighting surveys (1994 to 2007) . 12pp.
SC/J09/JR36. Hakamada, T. Examination of the effects on whale stocks of future JARPN II catches. 51pp.
For Information papers
1- Murase, H., Tamura, T., Kiwada, H., Fujise, Y., Watanabe, H., Ohizumi, H., Yonezaki, S., Okamura, H. and
Kawahara, S. 2007. Prey selection of common minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and Bryde's (Balaenoptera
edeni) whales in the western North Pacific in 2000 and 2001. Fish. Oceanogr. 16(2): 186-201.
2- Niimi, S., Watanabe, M.X., Kim, E.Y., Iwata, H., Yasunaga, G., Fujise, Y. and Tanabe, S. 2005. Molecularcloning and mRNA expression of cytochrome P4501A1 and 1A2 in the liver of common minke whales(Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Marine Pollution Bulletin 51(2005): 784-793.
3- Niimi, S., Kim, E.Y., Iwata, H., Watanabe, M.X., Yasunaga, G., Fujise, Y. and Tanabe, S. 2007. Identificationand hepatic expression profiles of cytochrome P450 1-4 isozymes in common minke whales (Balaenoptera
acutorostrata). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 147 (2007): 667-681.
4- Kanda, N., Goto, M., Kato, H., McPhee, M.V. and Pastene, L.A. 2007. Population genetic structure of Bryde’s
whales (Balaenoptera brydei) at the inter-oceanic and trans-equatorial levels. Conservation Genetics 8:853-864.
5- Kanda, N., Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 2006. Genetic characteristics of western North Pacific sei whales,
Balaenoptera borealis, as revealed by microsatellites. Marine Biotechnology 8:86-93.
6- Watanabe, H., Mogoe, T., Asada, M., Hayashi, K., Fujise, Y., Ishikawa, H., Ohsumi, S., Miyamoto, A. andFukui, Y. 2004. Relationship between serum sex hormone concentrations and histology of seminiferous tubulesof captured baleen whales in the western North Pacific during the feeding season. J. Reprod. Dev. 50:419-427.
7- Watanabe, H., Tateno, H., Kusakabe, H., Matsuoka, T., Kamiguchi, Y., Fujise, Y., Ishikawa, H., Ohsumi, S.
and Fukui, Y. 2007. Fertilizability and chromosomal integrity of frozen-thawed Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera
edeni) spermatozoa intracytoplasmically injected into mouse oocytes. Zygote 15: 9-14.
8- Urashima, T., Kobayashi, M., Asakuma, S., Uemura, Y., Arai, I., Fukuda, K., Saito, T., Mogoe, T., Ishikawa,
H., Fukui, Y. 2007. Chemical characterization of the oligosaccharides in Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) andSei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) milk. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 146: 153–159.
9- Fukui, Y., Iwayama, H., Matsuoka, T., Nagai, H., Koma, N., Mogoe, T., Ishikawa, H., Fujise, Y., Hirabayashi,
M., Hochi, S., Kato, H. and Ohsumi, S. 2007. Attempt at Intracytoplasmic sperm injection of in vitro matured
oocytes in common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) captured during the Kushiro coast survey.
Journal of Reproduction and Development. 53(4): 945-952.
10- Birukawa, N., Ando, H., Goto, M., Kanda, N., Pastene, L.A. and Urano, A. 2008. Molecular cloning of urea
transporters from the kidneys of baleen and toothed whales. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B
149:227-235.
11- Nishida, S., Goto, M., Pastene, L.A., Kanda, N. and Koike, H. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships amongcetaceans revealed by Y-chromosome sequences. Zoological Science 24:723-732.
12- Onbe, K., Nishida, S., Sone, E., Kanda, N., Goto, M., Pastene, L.A., Tanabe, S. and Koike, H. 2007.
Sequence variation in the Tbx4 gene in marine mammals. Zoological Science 24:449-464.

38

Annex 2
List of sample/data produced by JARPN II (2000-2007)*: Data-base completed

I SIGHTING DATA - Coastal and Offshore components
DB
Angle and distance experiment data (no. of experiments)* Photo ID humpback whales (no. of schools photographed)* Photo ID right whales (no. of schools photographed)* Photo ID blue whales (no. of schools photographed)* Sighting data (no. of schools)* Effort data (n.miles)
Weather data (no. observations)39

Total sample size
3,807
24
22
65
9,426
439,047
66,260Annex 2. Cont.

II-1. BIOLOGICAL DATA - COMMON MINKE WHALE - Offshore component
Number of whales
DB
Data and sample
Male
FemaleTotal* Sampling date
661
79
740
* Sampling location
661
79
740
* Body length
661
79
740
* Body proportion
661
79
740
Skull (length and breadth)
656
78
734
Body scar record
661
79
740
Parasites, external occurrence record
661
79
740
Parasites, internal occurrence record
661
79
740
* Sex
661
79
740
* Body weight
661
79
740
* Organ weights
158
23
181
* Blubber thickness
661
79
740
* Girth661
79
740* Maturity stage
661
79
740
Corpora albicantia and lutea (number)
79
79* Lactation condition
79
79* Testis weight
661
661* Stomach contents (IWS format)
661
79
740
* Stomach contents weights
661
79
740
* Main prey species in stomach contents
661
79
740
* Freshness of stomach contents
661
79
740
Foetus, number
79
79
Foetus, sex
35
Foetus, body length
35
Foetus, body weight35
Ear plug
661
79740* PCB concentrations (blubber)
347
347* Total Hg levels (liver)
77
77* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (liver)35
540* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (kidney)35
540* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (muscle)35
540* Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences
655
79
734
* Nuclear DNA microsatellite (16 loci)
654
79
733

40

Annex 2. Cont.

II-2. BIOLOGICAL DATA - SEI WHALE - Offshore component
Number of whales
DB
Data and sample
Male
FemaleTotal* Sampling date
238
251
489
* Sampling location
238
251
489
* Body length
238
251
489
* Body proportion
238
251
489
Skull (length and breadth)
232
243
475
Body scar record
238
251
489
Parasites, external occurrence record
238
251
489
Parasites, internal occurrence record
238
251
489
* Sex
238
251
489
* Body weight
238
251
489
* Organ weights
63
64
127
* Blubber thickness
238
251
489
* Girth238
251
489* Maturity stage
238
251
489
Corpora albicantia and lutea (number)
251
251* Lactation condition
251
251* Testis weight238
238* Stomach contents (IWS format)
238
251
489
* Stomach contents weights
238
251
489
* Main prey species in stomach contents
238
251
489
* Freshness of stomach contents
238
251
489
Foetus, number
251
251
Foetus, sex
115
Foetus, body length
115
Foetus, body weight115
Ear plug
238
251
489
* PCB concentrations (blubber)
15
15* Total Hg levels (liver)30
30* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (liver)* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (kidney)* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (muscle)* Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences
238
251
489
* Nuclear DNA microsatellite (17 loci)
238
251
489

41

Annex 2. Cont.

II-3. BIOLOGICAL DATA - BRYDE'S WHALE - Offshore component
Number of whales
DB
Data and sample
Male
FemaleTotal* Sampling date
166
227
393
* Sampling location
166
227
393
* Body length
166
227
393
* Body proportion
166
227
393
Skull (length and breadth)
161
222
383
Body scar record
166
227
393
Parasites, external occurrence record
166
227
393
Parasites, internal occurrence record
166
227
393
* Sex
166
227
393
* Body weight
166
227
393
* Organ weights
56
71
127
* Blubber thickness
166
227
393
* Girth166
227
393* Maturity stage
166
227
393
Corpora albicantia and lutea (number)
227
227* Lactation condition
227
227* Testis weight
166
166* Stomach contents (IWS format)
166
227
393
* Stomach contents weights
166
227
393
* Main prey species in stomach contents
166
227
393
* Freshness of stomach contents
166
227
393
Foetus, number
227
227
Foetus, sex
127
Foetus, body length
127
Foetus, body weight127
Ear plug
166
227
393
* PCB concentrations (blubber)
15
15* Total Hg levels (liver)20
20* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (liver)21
22
43* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (kidney)
21
22
43* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (muscle)
21
22
43* Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences
166
227
393
* Nuclear DNA microsatellite (17 loci)
166
227
393

42

Annex 2. Cont.

II-4. BIOLOGICAL DATA - SPERM WHALE - Offshore component
Number of whales
DB
Data and sample
Male
FemaleTotal* Sampling date13
32
45
* Sampling location
13
32
45* Body length
1332
45* Body proportion
13
32
45
Skull (length and breadth)1330
43
Body scar record
133245
Parasites, external occurrence record
133245
Parasites, internal occurrence record
13
32
45
* Sex
13
32
45
* Body weight
13
32
45* Organ weights
82230* Blubber thickness
13
32
45* Girth13
32
45* Maturity stage
13
32
45
Corpora albicantia and lutea (number)
32
32* Lactation condition
32
32* Testis weight
13
13* Stomach contents (IWS format)
13
32
45* Stomach contents weights
13
32
45* Main prey species in stomach contents
13
32
45* Freshness of stomach contents
13
32
45
Foetus, number
32
32
Foetus, sex
7
Foetus, body length
7
Foetus, body weight7
Ear plug
13
32
45* PCB concentrations (blubber)* Total Hg levels (liver)* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (liver)3
2
5* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (kidney)3
2
5* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (muscle)3
2
5* Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences
13
32
45* Nuclear DNA microsatellite (15 loci)
13
32
45

43

Annex 2. Cont.

II-5. BIOLOGICAL DATA - COMMON MINKE WHALE - Coastal component off Kushiro
Number of whales
DB
Data and sample
Male
FemaleTotal* Sampling date
182
72
254
* Sampling location
182
72
254
* Body length
182
72
254
* Body proportion
182
72
254
Skull (length and breadth)
181
72
253
Body scar record
182
72
254
Parasites, external occurrence record
182
72
254
Parasites, internal occurrence record
* Sex
182
72
254
* Body weight
182
72
254
* Organ weights
11
314* Blubber thickness
182
72
254
* Girth182
72
254* Maturity stage
182
72
254
Corpora albicantia and lutea (number)
72
72* Lactation condition
72
72* Testis weight
182
182* Stomach contents (IWS format)
182
72
254
* Stomach contents weights
182
72
254
* Main prey species in stomach contents
182
72
254
* Freshness of stomach contents
182
72
254
Foetus, number
72
72
Foetus, sex
4
Foetus, body length
4
Foetus, body weight4
Ear plug
181
71
252* PCB concentrations (blubber)* Total Hg levels (liver)46
46* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (liver)* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (kidney)* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (muscle)* Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences
181
72
253
* Nuclear DNA microsatellite (16 loci)
182
71
253

44

Annex 2. Cont.

II-6. BIOLOGICAL DATA - COMMON MINKE WHALE - Coastal component off Sanriku
Number of whales
DB
Data and sample
Male
FemaleTotal* Sampling date
91
136
227
* Sampling location
91
136
227
* Body length
91
136
227
* Body proportion
91
136
227
Skull (length and breadth)
89
133
222
Body scar record
91
136
227
Parasites, external occurrence record
91
136
227
Parasites, internal occurrence record
* Sex
91
136
227
* Body weight
91
136
227
* Organ weights
459* Blubber thickness
91
136
227
* Girth91
136
227* Maturity stage
91
136
227
Corpora albicantia and lutea (number)
135
135* Lactation condition
136
136* Testis weight
89
89* Stomach contents (IWS format)
91
136
227
* Stomach contents weights
89
133
222
* Main prey species in stomach contents
91
136
227
* Freshness of stomach contents
91
136
227
Foetus, number
135
135
Foetus, sex
30
Foetus, body length30
Foetus, body weight30
Ear plug
91
136
227* PCB concentrations (blubber)* Total Hg levels (liver)29
29* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (liver)* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (kidney)* Total Hg, methyl Hg and Se levels (muscle)* Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences
91
136
227
* Nuclear DNA microsatellite (16 loci)
91
136
227

45

Annex 2. Cont.

III. POLLUTANT DATA (Enviromental and prey species samples) - Offshore component
DB
Item
Number of samples* Organochlorine compounds (air)6* Organochlorine compounds (sea water)
7* Total Hg compounds (copepods)5* Total Hg compounds (Krill)
17* Total Hg compounds (Larval of anchovy)
6* Total Hg compounds (Adult of anchovy)
20* Total Hg compounds (Pacific saury)41* Total Hg compounds (mackerels)
5* Total Hg compounds (Pacific pomfret)3* Organochlorine compounds (walleye pollock)2
IV-1. OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA - Offshore component
DB
Marine debris (sighting survey, days)* Temperature & Salinity (XCTD survey: 2000-2007)* Temperature & Salinity (CTD survey: 2000-2007)* Midwater trawl (# of hawls)* MOCNESS (# of hawls)* IKMT (# of hawls)* NORPAC (# of hawls)* Echo sounder (km: 2002-2007)

Number of samples
56
38
593
141
24
30
75
12,838IV-2. OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA - Coastal component off Sanriku
DB
Number of samples* Temperature & Salinity (XCTD survey: 2003-2007)11* Temperature & Salinity (CTD survey: 2003-2007)149* Midwater trawl (# of hawls)
57* Bongo net (# of hawls)
5* IKMT (# of hawls)
17* Sampling by fishing (# of stations)2* Echo sounder (km; 2005 and 2006 seasons)2,775
IV-3. OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA - Coastal component off Kushiro
Number of samples
DB
Item* Temperature & Salinity (CTD survey: 2002-2007)109* Midwater trawl (no. tow)
133
* MOCNESS survey (no. tow)
* IKMT survey (no. tow)
6
* NORPAC net survey (no. tow)-46

Annex 3
Details of research area, time frame, target species and rational for sample sizes in the whale survey
component of JARPNII.
Research area of JARPN II
In the western North Pacific, there are numerous fronts and water masses (Figure 1). The Kuroshio Current,
which is one of the strongest west-boundary currents of the subtropical gyre, flows northward from the offshore
area of the Philippines to the waters off Japan with warm high-salinity water. It turns eastwards off the Pacificside of Japan as the Kuroshio Extension. On the other hand the Oyashio Current flows southward along the
Kurile Islands with cold low-salinity water. It branches into two flows off northern Japan. The Kuroshio and the
Oyashio flow eastward, and the area between the Kuroshio Extension and Oyashio east of Japan is usually called
the Kuroshio-Oyashio Inter-frontal Zone or simply the Transition Zone. It is well-known that these areas have ahigh productivity and are feeding grounds for highly migratory species such as Pacific saury, skipjack tuna andbaleen whales.
The research area of JARPN II covered the Kuroshio, the Oyashio and the Transition Zone (Figures 1). It also
covers part of sub-areas 7, 8 and 9 used by the IWC for management purposes, see Figure 2).
The research area for the feeding ecology study in the full JARPN II was extended eastward to 170ºE to cover
the geographical distribution of fisheries resources caught by Japanese fisheries. In particular, Pacific saury is
distributed in sub-areas 8 and 9 in summer just before they are recruited to the fishery in autumn (Sugisaki andKurita, 2004). The eastward extension of the research area was also important for more detailed studies on stock
structure of the target species that allowed us to investigate additional structure in offshore waters.
Time frame of JARPN II
The full JARPN II research plan was designed as a long term research program of undetermined duration(Government of Japan, 2002a). The habitats of marine living resources around Japan are quite diversified andtheir relationships are very dynamics. The long term research is necessary to investigate these complex
relationships and the fluctuations of biological processes in time so that ecosystem models can be adjusted forsuch fluctuations. Annual fluctuations in abundance, distribution, prey consumption, prey species, etc., are large.
Therefore long-term monitoring of these and other environmental variables involved is necessary. In order toincorporate the results into the ongoing surveys, however, the research plan included a comprehensive review
following completion of the first six years of the research. The time frame of JARPN II is as follows:
2000-2001: Feasibility study (Government of Japan, 2000; 2002b)
2002-2007: First full research period (Government of Japan, 2002a)
After 2007: Comprehensive review and output for fisheries resource management in thewestern North Pacific2008-2013: Research plan of second period improved by taking into account results of thefirst period
Target whale species and rational for sample sizes in the whale survey component
The JARPN II started with two feasibility surveys in the spring/summer seasons of years 2000 and 2001. The
research plan for the two-year feasibility study was presented to the 2000 Meeting of the IWC SC as Document
SC/52/O1 (Government of Japan, 2000).
The target species and sample sizes for the feasibility study were the common minke whale (Balaenoptera
acutorostrata, n=100), Bryde’s whale (B. edeni, n=50) and the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus, n=10).
These species were chosen for sampling because they occupy an important niche in the pelagic zone of the North
Pacific and because their populations are relatively abundant (Government of Japan, 2000). Regarding the sperm
whales previous reports showed that this species fed mainly on neon flying squids around the Joban area (subarea 7) in winter (Okutani et al., 1976). The abundance of sperm whales was estimated to be 102,000 (Kato andMiyashita, 1998). Under the assumption that the neon flying squid was 5 % of their prey consumption, the total
consumption was estimated to be eight hundred thousand tons, equivalent to roughly eight times the total
estimated recent neon flying squid fisheries catch in the western North Pacific. There was therefore a need tocollect more data on the food habits of sperm whales to investigate the role of this species in the ecosystem, inparticular to evaluate the impact of their consumption on neon flying squids.

47

The two-year JARPN II feasibility surveys were conducted in order to make the full JARPN II successful by i)
examining the performance and practicability of the concurrent whale and prey surveys using a total of six
research vessels, and ii) assessing whether such concurrent surveys provide enough data to determine prey
preferences. The feasibility study was also conducted to evaluate the performance of the whale survey under thesituation when the number of target species increased from one in the JARPN to three in the JARPN II(Government of Japan, 2000). This evaluation was important given the practical and logistical problems involved
when the number of target species is increased.
A comprehensive report of the results of the two-year feasibility study was presented to the 2002 IWC/SC
Meeting as Document SC/54/O17 (Government of Japan, 2002b). The report of the feasibility study concluded
that the concurrent prey and whale surveys were feasible and that information on feeding ecology of Bryde’s andsperm whales could be obtained in the same way as it had been obtained for minke whales (Government of Japan,
2002b). Given these positive results the full ‘Research Plan for Cetaceans Studies in the Western North Pacificunder Special Permit (JARPN II) was implemented from 2002. The full research plan of JARPN II plan waspresented to the IWC SC in 2002 as Document SC/54/O2 (Government of Japan, 2002a).
The target species and sample sizes for the full JARPN II were the common minke whale (n=100 pelagic; 50
coastal), Bryde’s whale (n=50), sei whale (B. borealis, n=50) and the sperm whale (n=10).
This research plan involved two new components:a) Sampling of 50 sei whales.
b) Sampling of 50 common minke whales by small type whaling catcher boats in coastal waters as a twoyear feasibility study (50 whales to be sampled each in fall 2002 and spring 2003, respectively)
Abundance (biomass) and ecological niche in the western North Pacific were two criteria for choosing the sei
whale as a target species of JARPN II. Their biomass is larger than those of the common minke and Bryde’s
whales, and the past information indicated that they feed on schooling fish and squid as well as krill in the
JARPN II research area and on copepods in the Northern North Pacific (Government of Japan, 2002a).
The coastal component for common minke whales was necessary to cover the temporal (late autumn, early
spring) and spatial gaps in sampling, which cannot be covered by the pelagic research base Nisshin Maru
(Government of Japan, 2002a).
It should be noted that some elements of the full JARPN II were defined as feasibility studies e.g. sampling ofminke whale under the coastal component in 2002 and 2003 to investigate the feasibility of sampling using small
catcher boats. The sample size for minke whales in the coastal component was also considered as preliminary
and further calculation should be made after new data were obtained in the two-year feasibility survey wereaccumulated. Also the sperm whale sampling to investigate the relationship and impact of sperm whales on thesurface ecosystem was still considered as a feasibility study (Government of Japan, 2002a).
Considerations related to the feasibility components of the JARPN II were presented to the IWC SC Meeting in
2004 as Document SC/56/O2 (Government of Japan, 2004a). It was concluded that research surveys using small
type whaling catcher boats was feasible. Furthermore geographical and/or temporal variations of prey species ofthe minke whales revealed during the feasibility coastal surveys were considered to re-calculate the sample sizesof minke whales for the coastal component of the research. Also data on stomach content of sei whales collectedin the 2002 and 2003 surveys were used to calculate sample size of this species using the new information on
stomach contents. Finally it was decided to keep the sampling of a small number of sperm whales, which was
useful at least for qualitative studies on feeding ecology of this species (Government of Japan, 2004a).
Based on these considerations a revised research plan for cetacean studies in the western North Pacific underSpecial Permit was presented to the same meeting as Document SC/56/O1 (Government of Japan, 2004b). The
objectives of the research were the same as specified in Government of Japan (2002b), but the following new
research elements were added:a)Sample size for the minke whale in the coastal component was increased to 120, with 60 each in spring
and autumn, respectively (in 2004, 60 animals would be sampled in fall and from 2005, 60 each inspring and fall, respectively).
b) Sample size for sei whales was increased to 100.

48

Table 1 shows the planned sample sizes for the different whale species investigated in JARPN II.
Rational for sample size of common minke whales:
During the feasibility study (200-2001) the sample size was calculated for estimating their prey consumption
with good precision (CV equal to, or less than 0.2) using the method developed by Norwegian scientists during
their feeding ecology study of common minke whales in the North Atlantic (Government of Norway, 1992).
Data on prey consumption obtained during the JARPN in sub-area 7 (Figure 2) was used. Data was divided into
two, based on seasons - spring and summer. Two types of data were used for the calculation: number of whales
feeding on each of the prey species (krill, Pacific saury and Japanese anchovy), and average stomach contents
weight with its standard deviation. On the basis of these estimations a sample size of 100 animals for the total
research area (sub-areas 7, 8 and 9, Figure 2) was determined (Government of Japan, 2000).
For the full JARPN II a similar procedure was used but this time using a larger data set. A sample size of 100
animals was determined for the offshore research area (Government of Japan, 2002a). The sample size for thecoastal minke whale component was calculated using a similar procedure with and data obtained in the Sanriku
region and coastal region of Hokkaido in 2000 and 2001. A sample size of 50 animals was determined for theinshore part of sub-area 7 (Government of Japan, 2002a).
Results of the 2002 (fall, Kushiro) and 2003 (spring, Sanriku) coastal surveys revealed geographical andtemporal changes of prey species of minke whales. Required sample size was then recalculated with these data tosecure statistical accuracy for constructing ecosystem models. Based on these results the revised JARPN II
research plan concluded that the coastal survey component would be conducted twice a year and that 60 whales
would be sampled in early and late seasons, respectively, beginning with the survey in the fall 2004 (Governmentof Japan, 2004a;2004b) .
Rational for sample size of Bryde’s whales:
A similar procedure as that used for the minke whale was used to calculate the necessary sample size for Bryde’s
whales in order to obtain statistically reasonable results. Calculation for the feasibility study was based on dataon prey consumption obtained during the period of commercial whaling. Preliminary sample size of 50 was
determined (Government of Japan, 2000). During the full research plan recalculations were conducted based ondata on consumption collected during the feasibility studies. A sample size of 50 was determined (Governmentof Japan, 2002a).
Rational for sample size of sei whales:
Calculation of sample size for this species in the full JARPN II was made using a similar procedure as above
with data on prey consumption from the Bryde’s whale. A sample size of 50 was determined. Given the scarcity
of consumption data for this species, the calculation of sample size was considered as preliminary (Governmentof Japan, 2002a).
In the revised plan sample size was recalculated using data from the 2002 and 2003 surveys to secure statisticalaccuracy for constructing ecosystem models. New calculation of sample size for sei whales using data from these
two surveys showed that at least 100 sei whales per year were required for estimating prey consumption with
sufficient precision (C.V.=0.2). The sample size of sei whale increased because the study in 2002 and 2003
indicated that a wider variety of prey species was consumed by the sei whale than had been known in the past
(Government of Japan, 2004a; 2004b).
Literature cited
Endo, Y. 2000. Japanese waters, distribution and standing stock. pp. 40-52. In: I. Everson (ed). Krill biology,
ecology and fisheries. Backwell Science, London
Government of Japan. 2002a. Research plan for cetacean studies in the western North Pacific under special
permit (JARPN II). Paper SC/54/O2 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2002 (unpublished).
115pp.
Government of Japan. 2000. Research plan for cetacean studies in the western North Pacific under special permit(JARPN II) (Feasibility study plan for 2000 and 2001). Paper SC/52/O1 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, June 2000 (unpublished). 68pp.

49

Government of Japan. 2002b. Report of 2000 and 2001 feasibility study of the Japanese Whale Research
Program under Special Permit in the western North Pacific-Phase II (JARPN II). Paper SC/54/O17 presented to
the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2002 (unpublished). 202pp.
Government of Japan. 2004a. Some considerations of the feasibility components of the JARPN II research plan.
Paper SC/56/O2 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004 (unpublished). 36pp.
Government of Japan. 2004b. Revised research plan for cetacean studies in the western North Pacific under
special permit (JARPN II). Paper SC/56/O1 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004
(unpublished). 14pp.
Government of Norway. 1992. A research proposal to evaluate the ecological importance of minke whales in the
Northeast Atlantic. Paper SC/44/NAB18 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2002 (unpublished).
85pp.
Kato, H. and Miyashita, T. 1998. Current status of the North Pacific sperm whales and its preliminary abundance
estimates. Paper SC/50/CAWS2 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 1998 (unpublished). 13pp.
Okutani, T., Satake, Y., Ohsumi, S. and Kawakami, T. 1976. Squids eaten by sperm whales caught off Joban
district, during January-February 1976. Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab., 87:67-113.
Sugisaki, H. and Kurita, Y. 2004. Daily rhythm and seasonal variation of feeding habit of Pacific saury(Cololabis saira) in relation to their migration and oceanographic conditions off Japan. Fishery Oceanography
13 (Suppl. 1):63-73.
Yasuda, I., Okuda, K. and Shimizu, Y. 1996. Distribution and modification of North Pacific Intermediate Waterin the Kuroshio-Oyashio Interfrontal Zone. J. Phys. Oceano. 26 (4):448-65.

50

Table 1: Planned sample sizes for different whale species under investigation in JARPN, in the period 2000-2007.
*= JARPN II feasibility survey; **= feasibility surveys for coastal component
YearSpecies

CoastalSpring (Sanriku)
Fall (Kushiro)

2000*

Offshore

Common minke
100
Bryde
50
Sperm
10
2001*
Common minke
100
Bryde
50
Sperm
10
2002
Common minke
50**
100
Bryde
50
Sei
50
Sperm
10
2003
Common minke
50**
100
Bryde
50
Sei
50
Sperm
10
2004
Common minke
60
100
Bryde
50
Sei
100
Sperm
10
2005
Common minke
60
60
100
Bryde
50
Sei
100
Sperm
10
2006
Common minke
60
60
100
Bryde
50
Sei
100
Sperm
10
2007
Common minke
60
60
100
Bryde
50
Sei
100
Sperm
10
*See text for the rational used in the change of sample sizes in the cases of common minke and sei whales.

51

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the current and frontal systems in the western North Pacific(Yasuda et al., 1996; modified from Endo, 2000). SC: Soya Current, TW, O1: Oyashio first branch, O2:
Oyashio second branch, WCR: warm core ring, CCR: cold core ring, KF: Kuroshio Front.

12

11

Figure 2: The research area and strata for the full-scale JARPN II surveys.

52

Annex 4
Scientific Contribution of JARPN/JARPN II
The following is a list of scientific papers based on data and samples collected by JARPN and JARPN II (peerreviewed papers and unpublished documents submitted to the IWC/Scientific Committee). JARPN papers on
stock structure are incorporated into JARPN II’s Objective 3; JARPN papers on feeding ecology are incorporated
into JARPN II’ Objective 1. Asterisks indicate those papers published in peer reviewed journals.
Objective 1 (Feeding ecology and ecosystem studies)*Hatanaka, H. and Miyashita, T. 1997. On the feeding migration of the Okhotsk Sea-West Pacific stock of minke
whales, estimates based on length composition data. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 47: 557-564.
*Lindstrøm, U., Fujise, Y., Haug, T. and Tamura, T. 1998. Feeding habits of western North Pacific minke
whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, as observed in July-September 1996. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 48:463-469.
*Tamura, T., Fujise, Y. and Shimazaki, K. 1998. Diet of minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata in the
Northwestern part of the North Pacific in Summer 1994 and 1995. Fisheries Science 64(1): 71-76.
Mitani, Y., Bando, T., Takai, N. and Sakamoto, W. 2000. Diet records and stock structure of minke whales
Balaenoptera acutorostrata around Japan examined by δ13 C and δ15 N analyses. Paper SC/F2K/J20 presented to
the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North PacificMinke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 12pp.
Tamura, T. and Fujise, Y. 2000. Geographical and seasonal changes of prey species in the western North Pacificminke whale. Paper SC/F2K/J22 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme
under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 26pp.
Tamura, T. and Fujise, Y. 2000. Diurnal change in feeding activity in the western North Pacific minke whale.
Paper SC/F2K/J23 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme underSpecial Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 16pp.
Tamura, T. and Fujise, Y. 2000. Daily and seasonal food consumption by the western North Pacific minke whale.
Paper SC/F2K/J24 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme underSpecial Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 18pp.
Tamura, T. and Fujise, Y. 2000. Brief review of the studies of feeding ecology in the minke whale Balaenoptera
acutorostrata from the western North Pacific prior to JARPN surveys. Paper SC/F2K/J31 presented to theWorkshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke
Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 6pp.
Tamura, T., Ohsumi, S. and Fujise Y. 2000. Some examinations on body fatness of the western North Pacificminke whales. Paper SC/F2K/J25 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research
Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 20pp.
Tamura, T. and Ohsumi, S. 2000. Regional assessments of prey consumption by marine cetaceans in the world.
Paper SC/52/E6 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2000 (unpublished). 42pp.
*Ohsumi, S. and Tamura, T. 2002. Dietary studies on baleen whales in the North Pacific. Fisheries Science 68(Supp.I): 260-263. (Proceedings of International Commemorative Symposium, 70th Anniversary of the JapaneseSociety of Fisheries Science).
*Tamura T. and Fujise Y. 2002. Geographical and seasonal changes of the prey species of minke whale in the
Northwestern Pacific. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59(3): 516-528.
Tamura, T. 2003. Regional Assessments of prey consumption and competition by Marine cetaceans in the world.
pp.143-170. In: Sinclair, M. and Valdimarsson, G. eds. Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem. 426pp.
CABI Publishing, Cambridge.

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Kawahara, S., Kishiro, T., Tamura, T., Murase, H., Kiwada, H. and Nishiwaki, S. 2004. Preliminary estimationof prey selection of minke whales based on JARPN II coastal survey off the southeastern Hokkaido in
September-October 2002. Paper SC/56/O18 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004
(unpublished). 16pp.
Kawahara, S. and Hosho, T. 2004. Improvement and test runs Multspec-type ecosystem model for the western
North Pacific. Paper SC/56/O24 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004 (unpublished). 8pp.
Tamura, T., Konishi, K. and Fujise, Y. 2004. Preliminary analyses of prey consumption of three baleen whales
and their interaction with fisheries in the western North Pacific. Paper SC/56/O15 presented to the IWC
Scientific Committee, June 2004 (unpublished). 13pp.
Tamura, T., Konishi, K., Hakamada, T., Matsuoka, K., Murase, H., Miyashita, T., Kishiro, T., Ohizumi, H., Kato,
H., Kawahara, S. and Fujise, Y. 2004. Preliminary analyses of interaction between common minke whales andfisheries off Kushiro region. Paper SC/56/O16 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004
(unpublished). 16pp.
Tamura, T., Konishi, K., Miyashita, T., Yoshida, H., Kato, H. and Kawahara, S. 2004. Preliminary analyses ofinteraction between common minke whales and sand lance fisheries off Sanriku region. Paper SC/56/O17
presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004 (unpublished). 9pp.
*Zharikov, K., Fujise, Y., Tamura, T., Kiwada, H., Bando, T., Konishi, K. and Isoda, T. 2004. Distribution andfeeding of large cetaceans based on the data of JARPN II - 2003 May, 17-July, 9. Marine Mammals of theHolarctic 2004: 207-210.
Tamura, T., Kubodera, T., Ohizumi, H., Konishi, K., Isoda, T. and Fujise, Y. 2005. Food habits of sperm whales
based on JARPN II (2000-03). Paper PE3 presented to the Cachalot Assessment Research Planning (CARP)
Workshop, March 2005 (unpublished). 10pp.
*Mitani, Y., Bando., T., Takai., N. and Sakamoto, W. 2006. Patterns of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in thebalees of common minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata from the western North Pacific. Fisheries Science72(1): 69-76.
Kawahara, H. and Hatanaka, H. 2007. Concept of the ecosystem models developed in JARPN II Program. Paper
SC/59/O11 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2007 (unpublished). 6pp.
Kawahara, H. 2007. Multspec-type ecosystem modelling in the JARPN II offshore survey area. Paper
SC/59/O12 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2007 (unpublished). 9pp.
*Konishi, K. and Tamura, T. 2007. Occurrence of the minimal armhook squids Berryteuthis anonychus(Cephalopoda: Gonatidae) in the stomachs of common minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata in the western
North Pacific. Fisheries Science 73: 1208-1210.
Mori, M. and Hakamada, T. 2007. Some initial progress on the ecosystem modelling of the JARPN II survey
area using Ecopath-with-Ecosim. Paper SC/59/O13 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2007
(unpublished). 11pp.
*Murase, H., Tamura, T., Kiwada, H., Fujise, Y., Watanabe, H., Ohizumi, H., Yonezaki, S., Okamura, H. and
Kawahara, S. 2007. Prey selection of common minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and Bryde's (Balaenoptera
edeni) whales in the western North Pacific in 2000 and 2001. Fish. Oceanogr. 16(2): 186-201.
Nagashima, H., Murase, H., Yonezaki, S., Matsukura, R., Minami, K., Nagaki, T., Kawahara, S. and Miyashita,
K. 2008. Species Identification of Prey Fish Schools for Minke Whale in Sendai Bay Using Acoustic Descriptors
and Environmental Information. Miyagi Pref.Rep. Fish. Sci. No.8: 15-25. (in Japanese).
Tojo, N., Shimizu, D., Yasuma, H., Kawahara, S., Watanabe, H., Yonezaki, S., Murase, H. and Miyashita, K.
2008. Quantitative analysis of isada krill (Euphausia pacifica) distribution in the western North Pacific. Bull. Jpn.
Soc. Fish. Oceanogr. 72(3): 165-173. (in Japanese).

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Objective 2 (Monitoring environmental pollutants in cetaceans and marine ecosystem)
Fujise, Y. 1995. Preliminary analysis of heavy metals and organochlorines in minke whales taken from thecoastal Japan (sub-area 7) and offshore area (sub-area 9) in the western North Pacific. Paper SC/47/NP5
presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 1995 (unpublished). 9pp.
Aono, S., Tanabe, S., Fujise, Y. and Tatsukawa, R. 1996. Specific accumulation of persistent organochlorines inminke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and their prey species from the Antarctic and the North Pacific. Paper
SC/48/O22 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 1996 (unpublished). 10pp.
Fujise, Y. 1996. Heavy metal concentrations in minke whales from the Pacific coast of Japan and an offshore
area in the western North Pacific. Paper SC/48/NP22 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 1996
(unpublished). 7pp.
*Aono, S., Tanabe, S., Fujise, Y., Kato, H. and Tatsukawa, R. 1997. Persistent organochlorines in minke whale(Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and their prey species from the Antarctic and the North Pacific. Environmental
Pollution 98: 81-89.
Fujise, Y., Tanabe, S., Aono, S. and Tatsukawa, R. 1997. Use of organochlorines and heavy metals as chemical
tracers for elucidating the ecology of western North Pacific minke whale. IBI Reports. 7: 109-120 (in Japanese).
*Le, T.H.L., Takahashi, S., Saeki, K., Nakatani, N., Tanabe, S., Miyazaki, N. and Fujise, Y. 1999. High
percentage of butyltin residues in total tin in the livers of cetaceans from Japanese coastal waters. Environmental
Science & Technology 33(11): 1781-1786.
*Ohishi, K., Zenitani, R., Bando, T., Goto, Y., Uchida, K., Maruyama, T., Yamamoto, S., Miyazaki, N. andFujise, Y. 2003. Pathological and serological evidence of Brucella-infection in baleen whales (Mysticeti) in thewestern North Pacific. Comparative Immunology Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 26: 125-136.
*Kim, E.Y., Iwata, H., Fujise, Y. and Tanabe, S. 2004. Searching for novel CYP members using cDNA libraryfrom a minke whale liver. Mar. Environ. Res. 58: 495-498.
*Ohishi. K., Takishita, K., Kawato, M., Zenitani, R., Bando, T., Fujise, Y., Goto, Y., Yamamoto, S. andMaruyama, T. 2004. Molecular evidence of new variant Brucella in North Pacific common minke whales.
Microbes and Infection 6: 1199-1204.
*Ohishi, K., Takishita, K., Kawato, M., Maruyama, T., Zenitani, R., Bando, T., Fujise, Y., Goto, Y. andYamamoto, S. 2004. Molecular Characterization of Brucella from North Pacific common minke whale.
Oceans'04: 499-504. (Proceedings of International Conference "Oceans'04 MTS/IEE Techno-Oceans'04").
*Niimi, S., Watanabe, M.X., Kim, E.Y., Iwata, H., Yasunaga, G., Fujise, Y. and Tanabe, S. 2005. Molecularcloning and mRNA expression of cytochrome P4501A1 and 1A2 in the liver of common minke whales(Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Marine Pollution Bulletin 51(2005): 784-793.
*Ohishi, K., Takishita, K., Kawato, M., Zenitani, R., Bamdo, T., Fujise, Y., Goto, Y., Yamamoto, S. andMaruyama, T. 2005. Chimeric structure of omp2 of Brucella from North Pacific common minke whales(Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Microbiol. Immunol. 49(8): 789-793.
*Ohishi, K., Maruyama, T., Ninomiya, A., Kida, H., Zenitani, R., Bando, T., Fujise, Y., Nakamatsu, K.,
Miyazaki, N. and Boltunov, A. N. 2006. Serologic investigation of influenza a virus infection in cetaceans fromthe western North Pacific and the Southern Oceans. Marine Mammal Science 22(1): 214-221.
*Niimi, S., Kim, E.Y., Iwata, H., Watanabe, M.X., Yasunaga, G., Fujise, Y. and Tanabe, S. 2007. Identificationand hepatic expression profiles of cytochrome P450 1-4 isozymes in common minke whales (Balaenoptera
acutorostrata). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 147 (2007): 667-681.

55

Objective 3 (Stock structure)Fujise, Y. and Kato, H. 1995. Preliminary report of morphological differences of minke whales between coastal
Japan (sub-area 7) and offshore area (sub-area 9) of western North Pacific. Paper SC/47/NP6 presented to the
IWC Scientific Committee, May 1995 (unpublished). 9pp.
Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 1995. Populations differentiation in the western North Pacific minke whale asrevealed by RFLP analysis of mitochondrial D-loop DNA. Paper SC/47/NP4 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, May 1995 (unpublished). 15pp.
Wada, S. 1995. Comparison of allele frequencies between minke whale samples from Japanese coastal waters
and pelagic waters (subarea 9). Paper SC/47/NP7 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 1995
(unpublished). 4pp.
*Butterworth, D.S., Geromont H.F. and Wada S. 1996. Further analysis of allele frequency data to provide
estimates of the extent of mixing between the various North Pacific minke whale stocks, and their implications
for the status of the “O”stock. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 46: 443-451.
Fujise, Y. and Kato, H. 1996. Some Morphological Aspects of the Western North Pacific Minke Whales:
Preliminary Analyses of Materials from the JARPN Surveys in 1994-5. Paper SC/48/NP11 presented to the IWC
Scientific Committee, June 1996 (unpublished). 10pp.
Wada, S. 1996. Results of allozyme analysis on minke whale samples from JARPN in 1995. Paper SC/48/NP21
presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 1996 (unpublished). 4pp.
Abe, H., Goto, M., Palsbøll, P.J. and Pastene, L.A. 1997. Preliminary microsatellite analyses of western North
Pacific minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Paper SC/49/NP12 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, September 1997 (unpublished). 11pp.
*Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 1997. Population structure of western North Pacific minke whale based on an RFLP
analysis of mtDNA control region. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 47: 531-537.
Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 1997. RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region in minke whales
sampled during the 1996 JARPN. Paper SC/49/NP10 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, September
1997 (unpublished). 10pp.
*Hatanaka, H. 1997. A short review of Hypotheses on minke whale stock structure in the Northwestern part of
the North Pacific. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 47: 553-555.
Wada, S. 1997. Results of allozyme analysis on minke whale samples from JARPN in 1996. Paper SC/49/NP14
presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, September 1997 (unpublished). 2pp.
Abe, H., Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 1998. Further microsatellite analysis in the western North Pacific minke
whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Paper SC/50/RMP8 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, April 1998
(unpublished). 10pp.
Fujise, Y., Zenitani, R. and Kato, H. 1998. An examination of the W-stock hypothesis for North Pacific minke
whales, with special reference to some biological parameters using data collected from JARPN surveys from1994 to 1997. Paper SC/50/RMP12 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, April 1998 (unpublished). 14pp.
Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 1998. Population structure in the North Pacific minke whale as revealed by RFLP
and sequencing analyses of the mtDNA control region. Paper SC/50/RMP7 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, April 1998 (unpublished). 15pp.
*Pastene, L.A., Goto, M. and Kishino, H. 1998. An estimate of mixing proportion of ‘J’ and ‘O’ stocks minke
whales in sub-area 11 based on mitochondrial DNA haplotype data. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 48: 471-474.
Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 1999. Genetic population structure in the western North Pacific minke whale
examined by mtDNA control region sequencing analysis. Paper SC/51/RMP8 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, May 1999 (unpublished). 12pp.

56

*Martinez, I. and Pastene, L.A. 1999. RAPD-typing of Central and Eastern North Atlantic and Western North
Pacific minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. ICES Journal of Marine Science 56: 640-651.
Pastene, L.A., Goto, M. and Fujise Y. 1999. Review of the studies on stock identity in the minke whale
Balaenoptera acutorostrata from the North Pacific. Paper SC/51/RMP15 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, May 1999 (unpublished). 28pp.
Abe, H., Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 2000. Population structure in the western North Pacific minke whale
inferred from microsatellite analysis. Paper SC/F2K/J10 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese
Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000
(unpublished). 14pp.
Fujise, Y., Hakamada, T., Aoki, M., Niimi, S., Nakata, H., Honda, K. and Tanabe, S. 2000. An attempt toidentify stocks in the western North Pacific minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) using the accumulationlevels of heavy metals and organochlorines as ecological tracers. Paper SC/F2K/J18 presented to the Workshop
to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales(JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 18pp.
Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 2000. Population structure in the western North Pacific minke whale based on RFLP
and sequencing analyses of mtDNA control region, using data from the 1994-1999 JARPN surveys. Paper
SC/F2K/J11 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special
Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 15pp. + Appendix 1pp.
Goto, M., Abe, H. and Pastene, L.A. 2000. Estimation of the mixing proportion of the ‘J’ and ‘O’ stocks in subarea 11 using uni- and bi-parental genetic markers. Paper SC/F2K/J27 presented to the Workshop to Review theJapanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February
2000 (unpublished). 10pp. + Appendix 8pp.
Goto, M., Abe, H. and Pastene, L.A. 2000. Additional analyses of mtDNA control region sequences in thewestern North Pacific minke whales using JARPN samples. Paper SC/F2K/J32 presented to the Workshop to
Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales(JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 5pp.
Goto, M., Kim, Z.G., Abe, H. and Pastene, L.A. 2000. A note on the possibility of identifying individual J stock
animals from a mixed assemblage based on mitochondrial DNA analysis. Paper SC/F2K/J28 presented to theWorkshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke
Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 9pp.
Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 2000. Re-estimation of the mixing proportion of the‘J’and‘O’stocks using alternative
stratification. Paper SC/52/RMP6 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2000 (unpublished). 9pp.
Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 2000. A note on additional mtDNA analysis on western North Pacific minke whale
using JARPN samples. Paper SC/52/RMP7 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2000 (unpublished).
12pp.
Hakamada, T. and Fujise, Y. 2000. Preliminary examination of the heterogeneity of external measurements ofminke whales in the western part of the North Pacific, using data collected during 1994-1999 JARPN surveys.
Paper SC/F2K/J15 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme underSpecial Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 12pp.
Hakamada, T. and Fujise, Y. 2000. Further examination of morphological heterogeneity in North Pacific minke
whales collected during the JARPN surveys. Paper SC/52/RMP16 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee,
June 2000 (unpublished). 5pp.
Hatanaka, H. 2000. Comprehensive summary on W stock hypothesis of minke whale through JARPN program.
Paper SC/F2K/J21 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme underSpecial Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 8pp.

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Kuramochi, T., Araki, J., Uchida, A., Moriyama, N., Takeda, Y., Hayashi, N., Wakao, H., Machida, M. andNagasawa, K. 2000. Summary of parasite and epizoit investigations during JARPN surveys 1994-1999, withreference to stock structure analysis for the western North Pacific minke whales. Paper SC/F2K/J19 presented to
the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North PacificMinke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 22pp.
Martien, K.K. and Taylor, B.L. 2000. The limitations of hypothesis testing as a means of demographicallydelineating independent units. Paper SC/F2K/J3 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale
Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000
(unpublished). 32pp.
Matsuoka, K., Hakamada, T., Fujise, Y. and Miyashita, T. 2000. Distribution pattern of minke whales based onsighting data during the JARPN 1994-1999. Paper SC/F2K/J16 presented to the Workshop to Review theJapanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February
2000 (unpublished). 17pp.
Nakata, H., Tanabe, S., Niimi, S., Minh, T.B., Sakakibara, A., Fujita, K. and Fujise, Y. 2000. Population
structure in minke whale from the North Pacific examined by the persistent organic pollutants as chemical
tracers. Paper SC/F2K/J17 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme
under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 9pp.
Okamura, H. and Goto, M. 2000. The statistical power of the hypothesis testing for the elucidation of genetic
population structure in the North Pacific minke whales using allele frequency data. Paper SC/F2K/J30 presented
to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North PacificMinke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 7pp.
Okamura, H., Zenitani, R., Hiramatsu, K. and Kato, H. 2000. Some analyses on the possibility of the existence ofW-stock minke whale in sub-area 9 using the information on conception dates. Paper SC/F2K/J14 presented to
the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North PacificMinke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 9pp.
Pastene, L.A., Goto, M. and Fujise, Y. 2000. Review of the studies on stock identity in the minke whale
Balaenoptera acutorostrata from the North Pacific. Paper SC/F2K/J1 presented to the Workshop to Review theJapanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February
2000 (unpublished). 22pp. + Appendix 4pp.
Punt, A.E., Butterworth, D.S. and Wada, S. 2000. On the use of allele frequency data within a Bayesianframework to evaluate the relative probabilities of alternative stock structure hypotheses for the North Pacificminke whales. Paper SC/F2K/J2 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme
under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 12pp.
*Punt, A.E., Butterworth, D.S. and Wada, S. 2000. On the use of allele frequency data within a Bayesianframework: evaluation of relative probabilities of alternative stock structure hypotheses for North Pacific minke
whales. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 2(2): 151-158.
Taylor, B.L., Chivers, S.J. and Dizon, A.E. 2000. Estimating the statistical power to detect population
subdivision using mitochondrial DNA. Paper SC/F2K/J4 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese
Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000
(unpublished). 13pp.
Taylor, B.L. and Chivers, S.J. 2000. Evaluating the performance of different statistics to detect population
subdivision. Paper SC/F2K/J5 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme
under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 10pp.
Taylor, B.L. 2000. Genetic population structure in the western North Pacific minke whale: an analysis of
mtDNA data. Paper SC/F2K/J6 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme
under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 4pp.
Taylor, B.L. and Chivers, S.J. 2000. An example of the calculation of the statistical power to detect population
sub-division in North Pacific minke whales. Paper SC/F2K/J7 presented to the Workshop to Review the58

Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February
2000 (unpublished). 12pp.
Taylor, L.B. 2000. Relating stock depletion to dispersal: The western North Pacific minke whale example. Paper
SC/52/SD10 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2000 (unpublished). 5pp.
Wada, S. 2000. Stock structure of the western North Pacific minke whales based on the allozyme analyses. Paper
SC/F2K/J12 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special
Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 4pp.
Zenitani, R., Kato, H and Fujise, Y. 2000. Some analyses on biological parameters of western North Pacificminke whales, from a view point of stock identification. Paper SC/F2K/J13 presented to the Workshop to
Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales(JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 18pp.
Cui, G., Punt, A.E., Pastene, L.A. and Goto, M. 2001. A bayesian approach to addressing stock structure
questions using mtDNA data, with an illustrative application to the North Pacific minke whales. Paper
SC/53/RMP1 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, July 2001 (unpublished). 19pp.
Fujise, Y., Zenitani, R. and Goto, M. 2001. Utility of non-genetic information for stock identification - The caseof the western North Pacific minke whale -. Paper SC/53/SD5 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, July
2001 (unpublished). 9pp.
Goto, M., Kanda, N. and Pastene, L.A. 2001. Genetic examination of western North Pacific minke whales
including samples from JARPN II. Paper SC/53/RMP11 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, July 2001
(unpublished). 11pp.
Goto, M., Kim, Z.G. and Pastene, L.A. 2001. Genetic analysis of additional samples from the ‘J’ stock andimplications for the estimation of mixing proportion of ‘J’ and ‘O’ stocks in sub-area 11. Paper SC/53/RMP12
presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, July 2001 (unpublished). 12pp.
Pastene, L.A., Goto, M. and Kanda, N. 2001. Comments on the estimations of the J and O stocks mixing
proportion and level of by-catches of common minke whale using mitochondrial DNA data from the retailmarket surveys. Paper SC/53/RMP13 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, July 2001 (unpublished). 13pp.
+ Revised version (Table 3).
*Abe, H. and Goto, M. 2002. The Application of Microsatellite DNA for Determining Population Structure of
Minke Whale. pp. 109-113. In: Nishimura, A. ed. Technical Reports of the Hokkaido National Fisheries
Research Institute No.5. pp.113. Hokkaido National Fisheries research Institute, Hokkaido.
Cui, G., Punt, A., Pastene, L.A. and Goto, M. 2002. Bayes and Empirical Bayes Approaches to Addressing Stock
Structure Questions using mtDNA data, with an Illustrative Application to the North Pacific Minke Whales.
Paper SC/JO2/NP4 presented to the IWC/SC North Pacific minke whale RMP/IST meeting, January 2002
(unpublished). 13pp. + Appendix 1pp.
*Cui, G., Punt, A. E., Pastene, L. A., and Goto, M. 2002. Bayes and Empirical Bayes approaches to addressing
stock structure questions using mtDNA data, with an illustrative application to North Pacific minke whales. J.
Cetacean Res. Manage. 4(2): 123-134.
Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 2002. Re-estimations of the mixing proportion of O and J Stocks in sub-areas 2, 11
and 7 following the guidelines offered in Appendix 15 of Annex D (RMP Sub-Committee Report). Paper
SC/JO2/NP9 presented to the IWC/SC North Pacific minke whale RMP/IST meeting, January 2002
(unpublished). 3pp.
Goto, M., Kanda, N. and Pastene, L.A. 2002. Further mtDNA analysis on North Pacific minke whales including
JARPN and JARPN II samples from 1994 to 2001. Paper SC/JO2/NP10 presented to the IWC/SC North Pacificminke whale RMP/IST meeting, January 2002 (unpublished). 9pp.

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Goto, M., Kanda, N. and Pastene, L.A. 2002. An Additional genetic analysis to investigate the plausibility ofdifferent stock scenarios in North Pacific minke whale IST. Paper SC/54/RMP15 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, May 2002 (unpublished). 8pp.
Kanda, N., Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 2002. Further microsatellite analysis on North Pacific minke whales
including JARPN and JARPN II samples from 1994 to 2001. Paper SC/JO2/NP11 presented to the IWC/SC
North Pacific minke whale RMP/IST meeting, January 2002 (unpublished). 4pp.
Kanda, N., Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 2002. Considerations on stock structure of minke whales in western
North Pacific. Paper SC/54/SD3 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2002 (unpublished). 3pp.
Pastene, L.A., Goto, M. and Kanda, N. 2002. Proposal on an update to the defaults on stock structure in section 3of Appendix 15 of Annex D (RMP Sub-Committee Report). Paper SC/JO2/NP7 presented to the IWC/SC North
Pacific minke whale RMP/IST meeting, January 2002 (unpublished). 2pp.
Pastene, L.A. Goto, M. and Kanda, N. 2002. Scientific background supporting the stock scenarios proposed in
SC/JO2/NP7. Paper SC/JO2/NP8 presented to the IWC/SC North Pacific minke whale RMP/IST meeting,January 2002 (unpublished). 2pp.
Okamura, H., Goto, M., Kitakado, T., Kanda, N. and Pastene, L.A. 2003. Investigation of the plausibility ofwestern North Pacific minke whale IST’s baseline stock scenario D based on mixing rate estimates from mtDNA
data. Paper SC/55/IST3 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2003 (unpublished). 4pp.
Pastene, L.A. 2003. On the different criteria used by the IWC/Scientific Committee for defining stocks inbowhead and western North Pacific minke whales. Paper SC/55/RMP9 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, May 2003 (unpublished). 7pp.
*Pastene, L.A., Goto, M. and Kanda, N. 2002. The utility of DNA analysis for the management and conservationof large whales. Fisheries Science 68(Supp.I): 286-289. (Proceedings of International Commemorative
Symposium, 70th Anniversary of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Science).
Pastene, L.A., Goto, M., Kanda, N., Zenitani, R. and Kato, H. 2003. Additional genetic analyses on theplausibility of the baseline stock scenarios adopted for North Pacific minke whale ISTs. Paper SC/55/IST2
presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2003 (unpublished). 13pp.
Goto, M., Kanda, N. and Pastene, L.A. 2004. Analysis of mtDNA sequences in Bryde’s whales from the central
western North Pacific and Baja California Peninsula. Paper SC/56/PFI5 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, June 2004 (unpublished). 9pp.
Pastene, L.A., Goto, M. and Kanda, N. 2004. An update of the mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses inwestern North Pacific Bryde’s whale. Paper SC/56/PFI4 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004
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*Kanda, N., Goto, M. and Pastene, L. A. 2005. Genetic Characteristics of Western North Pacific Sei Whales,
Balaenoptera borealis, as Revealed by Microsatellites. Marine Biotechnology 8: 86-93.
Kitakado, T., Kanda, N. and Pastene, L.A. 2005a. A prospective evaluation of statistifal power for populationindentification under Island models. Paper SC/M05/BR3 presented to the Intersessional Workshop For North
Pacific Bryde’s Whales, March 2005 (unpublished). 14pp.
Kitakado, T., Kanda, N. and Pastene, L.A. 2005b. A retrospective evaluation of statistical power for population
identification in western North Pacific Bryde's whales. Paper SC/M05/BR4 presented to the Intersessional
Workshop For North Pacific Bryde’s Whales, March 2005 (unpublished). 8pp.
Kitakado, T., Kanda, N. and Pastene, L.A. 2005c. Preliminary bayesian analyses for population identification
using mtDNA data in western North Pacific Bryde's whales. Paper SC/M05/BR5 presented to the Intersessional
Workshop For North Pacific Bryde’s Whales, March 2005 (unpublished). 5pp.

60

Pastene, L.A. 2005. Relationship between Bryde's whales to be surveyed and harvested in the western North
Pacific and those in Southern Hemisphere stock. Paper SC/M05/BR6 presented to the Intersessional Workshop
For North Pacific Bryde’s Whales, March 2005 (unpublished). 2pp.
Pastene, L.A. 2005. Comments on the hypotheses on stock structure presented at the pre-implementationassessment of western North Pacific Bryde's whale. Paper SC/O05/BWI3 presented to the First Intersessional
Workshop of Western North Pacific Bryde’s Whale Implementation, October 2005 (unpublished). 12pp.
Pastene, L.A. 2006. An examination of the plausibility of different stock structure hypotheses of North PacificBryde’s whale based on the available information. Paper SC/58/PFI2 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee,
May-June 2006 (unpublished). 5pp.
*Kanda, N., Goto, M., Kato, H., McPhee, M.V. and Pastene, L.A. 2007. Population genetic structure of Bryde’s
whales (Balaenoptera brydei) at the inter-oceanic and trans-equatorial levels. Conservation Genetics 8(4): 853864.
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structure of minke whales deduced from mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. Paper SC/46/SH14
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Fujise, Y., Kishiro, T., Zenitani, R., Matsuoka, K., Kawasaki, M. and Shimamoto, K. 1995. Cruise report of theJapanese Whale Research Program under a Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales in 1994. Paper
SC/47/NP3 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 1995 (unpublished). 29pp.
Fujise, Y., Iwasaki, T., Zenitani, R., Araki, J., Matsuoka, K., Tamura, T., Aono, S., Yoshida, T., Hidaka, H.,
Nibe, T. and Tohyama, D. 1996. Cruise report of the Japanese Whale Research Program under a Special Permit
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Iwasaki. T. 1996. Constituents of the urine in the North Pacific minke whales with some notes on urinary
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*Kuramochi, T., Machida, M., Araki, J., Uchida, A., Kishiro, T. and Nagasawa, K. 1996. Minke whales(Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are one of the major final hosts of Anisakis simplex (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in the
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Miyashita, T. and Fujise, Y. 1996. Abundance estimate of the western North Pacific minke whale using sighting
data of the Japanese Whale Program under a Special Permit in sub-area 9 and notes on the results of dedicatedsighting surveys. Paper SC/48/NP7 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 1996 (unpublished). 10pp.
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Research Program under a Special Permit in the North Pacific (JARPN) in 1996 with some preliminary analysesof data collected during the 1994-1996 JARPN surveys. Paper SC/49/NP8 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, September 1997 (unpublished). 38pp.
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61

*Uchida, A., Kawakami, Y., Yuzu, S., Kishikawa, S., Kuramochi, T., Araki, J., Machida, M. and Nagasawa, K.
1998. Prevalence of parasites and histopathology of parasitisation in minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)from the western North Pacific Ocean and Southern Sea of Okhotsk. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 48: 475-479.
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Taguchi F., Kinoshita, T., Mori, M., Watanabe, M., Ichinomiya, D., Nakamura, M., Sakai, K., Matsuzaka, K.,
Kamei, H. and Tohyama, D. 1999. Cruise report of the Japanese Whale Research Program under a Special
Permit in the North Pacific in 1998. Paper SC/51/RMP7 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 1999
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Fujise, Y. 2000. Outline of the research activities of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit
in the North Pacific (JARPN) from 1994 to 1999. Paper SC/F2K/J8 presented to the Workshop to Review theJapanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales (JARPN), February
2000 (unpublished). 30pp.
Fujise, Y., Zenitani, R., Tamura, T., Bando, T., Ohtani, S., Takeda, S., Kitajima, A., Kimura, T., Masaki, T. andTohyama, D. 2000. Cruise Report of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the North
Pacific (JARPN) in 1999. Paper SC/F2K/J9 presented to the Workshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research
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Goto, M. and Pastene, L.A. 2000. Results of molecular genetic analyses of whale products collected from theJapanese retail markets in 1996 and 1999/2000 surveys. Paper SC/52/SD7 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, June 2000 (unpublished). 21pp.+ Appendix 11pp.
Nishiwaki, S. 2000. Performance of biopsy skin sampling for minke whales during the JARPN and JARPA
surveys using ICR air gun. Paper SC/52/O5 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2000 (unpublished).
8pp.
Ohsumi, S., Hatanaka, H. and Fujise, Y. 2000. Review on the objectives of Japanese Whale Research Program
under Special Permit in the north-western North Pacific (JARPN). Paper SC/F2K/J29 presented to the Workshop
to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke Whales(JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 7pp.
Okamura, H., Matsuoka, K., Hakamada, T., Okazaki, M. and Miyashita, T. 2000. The GAM-based analyses on
the density index of minke whales in the JARPN survey. Paper SC/52/RMP3 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, June 2000 (unpublished). 10pp.
*Uchida, A. and Araki, J. 2000. The ectoparasites and endoparasites in the minke whale, Balaenoptera
acutorostrata from the western North Pacific Ocean. J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc. 53(2): 85-88 (in Japanese).
Watanabe, T., Matsuoka, K., Tamura, T. and Fujise Y. 2000. Oceanographic conditions of the Western Subarctic
Gyre region based on oceanographic data during the JARPN 1994-1999. Paper SC/F2K/J26 presented to theWorkshop to Review the Japanese Whale Research Programme under Special Permit for North Pacific Minke
Whales (JARPN), February 2000 (unpublished). 18pp.
Zenitani, R., Fujise, Y., Okamura, H. and Kato, H. 2000. Further examination of the distribution of western
North Pacific minke whales applying a logistic regression analysis for reproductive data collected by the JARPN
surveys. Paper SC/52/RMP17 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2000 (unpublished). 8pp.
Fujise, Y., Pastene, L.A., Tamura, T., Bando, T., Murase, H., Kawahara, S., Watanabe, H., Ohizumi, H., Mogoe,T., Kiwada, H., Nemoto, K. and Narita, H. 2001. Progress report of the feasibility study of the Japanese Whale
Research Program under Special Permit in the western North Pacific - Phase II (JARPN II) in 2000. Paper
SC/53/O10 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, July 2001 (unpublished). 77pp.
*Okamura, H., Matsuoka, K., Hakamada, T., Okazaki, M. and Miyashita, T. 2001. Spatial and temporal structureof the western North Pacific minke whale distribution inferred from JARPN sightings data. J. Cetacean Res.
Manage. 3(2): 193-200.
Fujise, Y., Tamura, T., Bando, T., Watanabe, H., Kiwada, H., Otani, S., Kanda, N., Yasunaga, G., Mogoe, T.,
Konishi, K., Inamori, M., Shigemune, H. and Tohyama, D. 2002. Cruise report of the Feasibility Study of the62

Japanese Whale Research program under Special Permit in the western North Pacific-Phase II (JARPN II) in
2001. Paper SC/54/O16 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2002 (unpublished). 51pp.
Government of Japan (Edited by Fujise, Y., Kawahara, S., Pastene, L.A. and Hatanaka, H.). 2002. Report of2000 and 2001 feasibility study of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the western
North Pacific-Phase II (JARPN II). Paper SC/54/O17 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2002
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Miyashita, T., Matsuoka, K., Nishiwaki, S. and Hakamada, T. 2002. Information on track line and sightings ofcommon minke whales during the recent JARPN/JARPN II. Paper SC/54/RMP11 presented to the IWC
Scientific Committee, May 2002 (unpublished). 4pp.
Zenitani, R., Fujise, Y., Kawahara, S. and Kato, H. 2002. Examination of the distribution and reproductive statusof western North Pacific minke whales collected in sub-areas 7, 8 and 9 during JARPN and JARPN II from 1994
to 2001. Paper SC/JO2/NP12 presented to the IWC/SC North Pacific minke whale RMP/IST meeting, January
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Fujise, Y., Tamura, T., Bando, T., Yasunaga, G., Konishi, K., Murase, H., Yoshida, T., Ito, S., Ogawa, R., Oka,T., Sasaki, T., Fukutome, K., Isoda, T., Birukawa, N., Horii, N., Zharikov, K.A., Park, K.J., Tohyama, D. and
Kawahara, S. 2003. Cruise Report of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the western
North Pacific-Phase II (JARPN II) in 2002 (part I) – Offshore component -. Paper SC/55/O7 presented to the
IWC Scientific Committee, May 2003 (unpublished). 41pp.
Goto, M., Berube, M., Kanda, N., Ishikawa, H., Nishiwaki, S. and Pastene, L.A. 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of
fin whale mtDNA control region sequences world-wide. Paper SC/55/SD6 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, May 2003 (unpublished). 8pp.
*Hayashi, K., Nishida, S., Yoshida, H., Goto, M., Pastene, L.A. and Koike, H. 2003. Sequence variation of the
DQB allele in the cetacean MHC. Mammal Study 28: 89-96.
Kishiro, T., Kato, H., Ohizumi, H., Yoshida, H., Saito, T., Isoda, T., Tabata, S., Sakakibara, M., Saino, S., Hara,
T., Hayashi, T., Miyashita, T., Fukutome, K., Kiwada, H. and Kawahara, S. 2003. Report of the 2002 JARPN II
survey in the western North Pacific. Part II: Coastal component – Coastal Survey off Kushiro, northeast Japan.
Paper SC/55/O8 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2003 (unpublished). 26pp.
Nikaido, M., Goto, M., Kanda, N., Pastene, L.A. and Okada, N. 2003. A new SINE procedure for species
identification of baleen whales. Paper SC/55/SD7 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2003
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*Nishida, S., Hayashi, K., Pastene, L.A., Goto, M., Kanda, N. and Koike, H. 2003. Polymorphic analysis of
cetacean MHC - A case study on the minke whales -. Mammalian Science 3: 75-78. (in Japanese).
*Nishida, S., Pastene, L.A., Goto, M. and Kanda, N. 2003. SRY gene structure and phylogeny in the cetacean
species. Mammal Study 28: 57-66.
Hakamada, T., Matsuoka, K. and Nishiwaki, S. 2004. Increasing trend and abundance estimate of sei whales in
the western North Pacific. Paper SC/56/O19 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004
(unpublished). 9pp.
Shimada, H. 2004. Abundance estimate of the western North Pacific stock of Bryde’s whale using sighting datafrom 1998 to 2002. Paper SC/56/PFI6 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004 (unpublished). 8pp.
Tamura, T., Fujise, Y., Bando, T., Yasunaga, G., Konishi, K., Kiwada, H., Isoda, T., Itoh, S., Machida, S.,
Tsunekawa, M., Konagai, T., Takamatsu, T., Ohshima, T., Honjo, K., Matsuoka, T., Zharikov, K.A., An, Y.R.,
Tohyama, D. and Kawahara, S. 2004. Cruise Report of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special
Permit in the western North Pacific –Phase II (JARPN II) in 2003 (part I) – Offshore component – Paper
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Kawahara, S. 2004. Report of the coastal survey on common minke whales off Sanriku coast, northeast Japan:
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(part II) –Coastal component. Paper SC/56/O14 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2004
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Bando, T., Hakamada, T. and Ohsumi, S. 2005. Estimation of pregnancy rate of the western North PacificBryde’s whale. Paper SC/O05/BWI5 presented to the First Intersessional Workshop for Western North PacificBryde’s Whale Implementation, October 2005 (unpublished). 5pp.
Bando, T., Kishiro, T., Ohsumi, S., Zenitani, R. and Kato, H. 2005. Estimation of some biological parameters ofwestern North Pacific Bryde’s whale by age distribution. Paper SC/O05/BWI7 presented to the FirstIntersessional Workshop for Western North Pacific Bryde’s Whale Implementation, October 2005 (unpublished).
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Plasma and Urine Levels of Electrolytes, Urea and Steroid Hormones Involved in Osmoregulation of Cetaceans.
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Hatanaka, H. and Kawahara, S. 2005. An examination of the catch history of Western North Pacific Stock ofBryde's whale. Paper SC/M05/BR2 presented to the Intersessional Workshop for North Pacific Bryde’s Whales,
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Kishiro, T., Kato, H., Yoshida, H., Miyashita, T., Ryono, T., Tabata, S., Okamoto, R., Yasui, K., Sato, H., Morita,
Y., Saino, S., Hara, T., Ebisui, T., Kuroishi, H., Nishiwaki, S. and Kawahara, S. 2005. Cruise report of thecoastal survey on common minke whales off Kushiro, northeast Japan: the 2004 JARPN II survey (Part II) –coastal component. Paper SC/57/O4 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May-June 2005 (unpublished).
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*Nikaido, M., Sasaki, T., Makino, H., Goto, M., Kanda, N., Pastene, L.A. and Okada, N. 2005. Phylogenetic
reconstruction of baleen whales and detection of their past extensive radiation event by the SINE insertion
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*Sasaki, T., Nikaido, M., Hamilton, H., Goto, M., Kato, H., Kanda, N., Pastene, L.A., Cao, Y., Fordyce, R.E.,
Hasegawa, M. and Okada, N. 2005. Mitochondrial Phylogenetics and Evolution of Mysticete Whales. Systematic
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component. Paper SC/57/O3 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May-June 2005 (unpublished). 33pp.
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control region sequencing analysis of by-caught J-stock minke whale from Korea and Japan. Paper SC/58/NPM3
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Yoshida, H., Kato, H., Kishiro, T., Iwasaki, T., Miyashita, T., Saito, T., Tabata, S., Morita, Y., Sato, H., Okada,A., Tomizawa, Y., Saino, S., Kuroishi, H., Ebisui, T., Nakai, K., Nishiwaki, S. and Kawahara, S. 2006. Cruise
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M., Hochi, S., Kato, H. and Ohsumi, S. 2007. Attempt at Intracytoplasmic sperm injection of in vitro matured
oocytes in common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) captured during the Kushiro coast survey.
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transporters from the kidneys of baleen and toothed whales. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B
149 (2008): 227-235.
Kishiro, T., Kato, H., Yoshida, H., Miyashita, T., Iwasaki, T., Kanaji, Y., Ryono, T., Tabata, S., Morita, Y.,
Okamoto, R., Maeda, H., Nagatsuka, S., Ogawa, N., Nakai, K., Ebisui, T., Matsumoto, A., Gokita, A., Kiwada,
H. and Kawahara, S. 2008. Cruise report of the second phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program underSpecial Permit in the Western North Pacific (JARPN II) in 2007 – coastal component off Kushiro. Paper
SC/60/O7 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2008 (unpublished). 33pp.
Matsuoka, K., Otani, H., Isoda, T., Wada, A., Kumagai, S., Ohshima, T., Yoshimura, I., Sugiyama, K., Aki, M.,
Kato, K., Bhuiyan, M.M.U., Funasaka, N., Suzuki, Y., Sudo, R., Motohashi, Y., Mori, M., Tsunekawa, M.,
Inagake, D., Murase, H. and Ogawa, T. 2008. Cruise report of the Second Phase of the Japanese Whale Research
Program under Special Permit in the Western North Pacific (JARPN II) in 2007 (Part I) – offshore component.
Papr SC/60/O5. presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2008 (unpublished). 40pp.

66

Annex 5

Protocol for access to samples/data from the Institute of Cetacean Research (ICR), Tokyo, Japan underProcedure B (JCRM 6 (suppl.): in press
INTRODUCTION
This protocol has been developed in the context of Procedure B of the IWC Scientific Committee's rules for data
availability adopted at the 55th Annual Meeting (Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 6 (suppl.): inpress). Procedure B applies to data required for analyses deemed important in providing advice to the Committee
other than catch limits. Conditions for data recipients (repeated below) as specified in the rules for data
availability are applicable.
It was agreed that the Committee shall specify the nature of the work and the data required during the meeting at
which the recommendation is made, to the fullest extent possible in the time available at the meeting and inaccord with the published protocol. Requests to the ICR for data under Procedure B of the Scientific Committee's
rules for data availability shall be submitted by the Data Availability Group assisted by a nominated member of
ICR.
It was also agreed that if the correct process is followed, the data owners will normally approve the applications
within a ‘specified time period’; in this case ICR agrees that it will respond within XXX weeks of receiving anapplication.

FORMAT OF THE APPLICATION
The format for the application is based on the revised application for catch-at-age analyses agreed by all
members of the Scientific Committee at the end of the Scientific Committee meeting in 2003 (Annex G,
Appendix 11).
(a) Title of the proposal, giving the broad subject of the proposed analyses.
(b) Investigators: the full name and affiliation of the principal investigator(s) and co-investigator(s) should
be provided. This should include at least one scientist from ICR.
(c) Objectives and rationale of the study as specified by the by the Scientific Committee along with theappropriate reference to the report(s) of the Scientific Committee. This will include the reasons why the
proposed analyses are important and how they fit into previous work.
(d) Data to be used will include a general description of all data to be used as well as data held by ICR. For
the ICR-held data, the precise requirements will be given, including the level of disaggregation.
(e) Description of the methods likely to be used. The level of detail must be in accordance with the level ofnovelty of the proposed methods and the particular research questions they will address. References tosimilar analyses should be included where available.
(f) Schedule of the work: this should include estimated times for the various analyses to be carried out andan indication of which investigators will collaborate on individual components. If the project is a longterm project, annual progress reports will be required by ICR and the Scientific Committee.
(g) Output of the research: this will follow the rules for publication agreed at the Scientific Committee
meeting and given below. ICR may consider requests for less stringent conditions (e.g. presentations at
non-IWC scientific meetings, publications, etc.). Such requests should be detailed here.
CONSIDERATION OF THE PROPOSAL
If an application has been approved by the whole Scientific Committee at an annual meeting, it will normally beapproved by ICR. However, the final decision will always remain the prerogative of ICR. ICR may request
reviews by an internal review group and/or external experts. The following factors will be taken in to account by
ICR when considering applications.
(a) Priority: highest priority for analysis/research of samples/data produced by Japan's Whale Research
Programs under Special Permit, will be for the scientists that collected and obtained the data in any
particular field.

67

(b) Suitability of the requested data in the context of the proposed methods and the objectives of theresearch.
(c) Level of co-operation with ICR scientists.
The response to an application for data will be communicated by the ICR's Director General to the Data
Availability Group and may include requests for further information. If the research proposal is accepted, ICR
will nominate a scientist, (normally one of the co-investigators) who shall be responsible for making thenecessary arrangements to provide the required samples/data.

Agreed Scientific Committee conditions for data recipients
Applications deemed suitable under Procedure A or Procedure B below are granted under the following
conditions:(1) Data shall not be transmitted to third parties.
(2) Papers may only be submitted to a Committee meeting in accordance with the time restrictions given
below. Such papers must not include the raw data or the data in a form in more detail than is necessary
to understand the analysis.
(3) Papers must carry a restriction on citation except in the context of IWC meetings.
(4) Data owners are offered co-authorship.
(5) Publication rights remain strictly with the data owner.
(6) Data shall be returned, to the Secretariat or the data owner as appropriate, immediately after the meetingat which the paper is submitted and any copies destroyed, unless an extension is granted.
(7) Data requesters sign a form agreeing to the above conditions. Such forms will be held by the data ownerand the Secretariat. In the case of Procedure B, the Data Availability Group will sign the agreement on
the Committee’s behalf and ensure that the conditions of any agreement are met by any individual
scientists involved in the analysis.
(8) In the event of a breach of the conditions in (6), serious sanctions [to be determined] will apply.

68Annex 6
Coefficient of Variation (CV) of stomach content weight
Offshore component1) Common minke whales
2000
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
9.09
40.90
13.25
69.20
0.73
0.39
4
19

Saury
Mackerel
4.45
1.90
2.95
3.16
0.33
0.74
4
5

Pollock
40.37
64.95
0.54
9

Squid

SardineOthers

2001
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
29.25
24.84
44.29
21.40
0.38
0.16
16
30

Saury
Mackerel
24.15
21.61
0.14
43

Pollock
40.68
50.69
0.39
10

Squid

SardineOthers

2002
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
14.50
16.21
16.13
18.24
0.24
0.25
22
21

Saury
Mackerel
34.86
47.58
0.19
50

Pollock
20.80

Squid

SardineOthers

2003
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
1.55
22.30
1.86
29.96
0.49
0.19
6
49

Saury
Mackerel
23.10
28.79
0.20
39

Pollock

Squid

SardineOthers

2004
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
0.10
13.54
12.13
0.22
1
17

Saury
Mackerel
29.62
28.25
0.12
63

Pollock
0.40

Squid

SardineOthers

2005
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda
2.49
2.00
0.46
3

Krill
Anchovy
21.42
24.27
25.72
34.10
0.26
0.28
22
26

Saury
Mackerel
23.78
9.82
20.63
0.17
25
1

Pollock
2.45
3.11
0.45
8

Squid

SardineOthers

2006
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
5.40
19.89
7.30
28.97
0.51
0.21
7
48

Saury
Mackerel
18.97
30.27
23.41
0.21
35
1

Pollock
11.53
7.21
0.44
2

Squid

SardineOthers

2007
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda
15.07
19.54
0.75
3

Krill
Anchovy
20.61
27.57
29.14
28.05
0.38
0.13
14
66

Saury
Mackerel
17.90
4.52
15.59
5.95
0.25
0.76
12
3

Pollock
310.85544.40
0.78
5

Squid

SardineOthers11692) Sei whales
2002
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill

Copepoda Anchovy
31.53
163.8846.37
284.76
0.42
0.71
12
6

Saury
Mackerel
13.46
18.62
0.80
3

2003
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill
9.05
10.08
0.56
4

Copepoda Anchovy
22.51
70.76
22.79
122.95
0.23
0.43
19
16

Saury
Mackerel
5.28
4.71
0.45
4

2004
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill
62.15
53.26
0.61
2

Copepoda Anchovy
20.64
265.5837.43
372.26
0.44
0.25
17
31

Saury
Mackerel
64.16
51.98
74.94
91.22
0.41
0.58
8
9

2005
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill
Copepoda Anchovy
167.15100.08154.65
128.60
0.14
0.22
41
34

Saury
Mackerel
52.06
64.50
0.41
9

2006
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill

Copepoda Anchovy
20.91
235.1027.72
442.97
0.34
0.33
15
33

Saury
Mackerel
9.41
11.15
0.36
11

2007
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill
Copepoda Anchovy
109.71
32.05
65.07
54.41
33.72
142.03
0.35
0.17
0.49
2
39
20

Saury
Mackerel
6.96
138.6814.79
177.94
0.61
0.29
12
20

71.17
126.68
0.49
13

91.71
106.41
0.32
1370

3) Bryde’s whales
2000
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill
Anchovy Mackerel
93.71
355.4862.24
308.68
0.25
0.20
0
7
19

2001
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill
Anchovy Mackerel
74.88
6.35
107.15
91.15
4.81
0.23
0.44
1
29
3

2002
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill

2003
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill
Anchovy Mackerel
86.07
114.04123.19113.37102.75
0.27
0.28
23
10
1

2004
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill
Anchovy Mackerel
50.63
163.5474.83
44.67
173.75
97.62
0.62
0.19
0.36
2
32
13

2005
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill
Anchovy Mackerel
52.29
379.30150.91
51.20
312.28242.01
0.25
0.34
0.39
15
6
17

2006
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill
Anchovy Mackerel
89.73
23.63
102.14
28.03
0.27
0.40
18
9
0

2007
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Krill
Anchovy Mackerel
38.45
115.42
1.13
32.00
174.74
0.59
0.26
2
35
1

Anchovy Mackerel
181.85218.840.18
4371

Coastal component1) Common minke whale (Kushiro)
2002
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
42.42
13.08
38.61
8.95
0.46
0.15
4
21

Saury
Mackerel
47.57
35.58
0.33
5

Pollock
27.77
22.29
0.24
11

Squid
87.10
36.87
0.17
6

SardineOthers

2004
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
26.89
20.55
14.61
0.12
1
37

Saury
Mackerel
31.64
27.50
0.20
18

Pollock
30.21
25.20
0.59
2

Squid

SardineOthers

2005
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
22.42
9.62
17.09
5.04
0.20
0.11
14
22

Saury
Mackerel
24.32

Pollock
130.33241.33
0.46
16

Squid
126.14

SardineOthers

2006
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
3.32
13.87
14.89
0.21
1
26

Saury
Mackerel
15.67
6.02
0.22
3

Pollock
50.09
71.80
0.83
3

Squid
36.42

SardineOthers

2007
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
9.26
48.79
7.01
54.64
0.34
0.29
5
15

Saury
Mackerel
36.09
47.97
0.54
6

Pollock
39.26
26.21
0.21
10

Squid
192.15

SardineOthers

1

72

1

1

1

2) Common minke whale (Sanriku)
2003
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
48.78
40.48
0.24
12

Saury

Mackerel

Pollock

Squid

Sand lance
35.20
46.92
0.26
26

Others

2005
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
52.39
43.29
34.95
27.89
0.47
0.32
2
4

Saury

Mackerel

Pollock

Squid

Sand lance
35.21
32.78
0.14
44

Others

2006
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill
Anchovy
1.24
17.35
19.63
0.34
1
11

Saury

Mackerel

Pollock

Squid

Sand lance
28.20
27.40
0.17
32

Others

2007
Avg.
Std.
C.V.
N

Copepoda

Krill

Saury

Mackerel

Pollock

Squid

Sand lance
16.48
21.78
0.26
26

OthersAnchovy
21.24
21.80
0.28
13

73