Literature Review on "Fairness" for its
Conceptual Understanding of the Japanese

March 2015
(FY2014)
Copyright©JAPAN Anti-Doping Agency | All Rights Reserved.

Table of contents
1． Overview ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Survey Objectives.................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Survey method and collection results ....................................................................
1.3 Researches and surveys on developmental anti-doping and the value ofsport ..............................................................................................................................
2． Simple calculation .........................................................................................................
2.1 College athlete ............................................................................................................
2.2 Coach of national team .............................................................................................
2.3 Youth athlete (scouting talents) ..............................................................................
2.4 Top-level athlete (athlete granted by JSC) / cross analysis by age ................
3． Comparison between attributions ..........................................................................
3.1 By attributions (top-level athlete (athlete granted by JSC) / nationalcoaches / college athlete / youth (scouting talents) / general public ............
4． Analysis .............................................................................................................................
4.1 Preconditions of analysis...........................................................................................
4.2 Comparative analysis on the recognition of “fairness” by top-level athlete
and the general pubic ................................................................................................
4.3 Comparative analysis on “fair” recognized by top-level athlete and nontop-level athlete ..........................................................................................................
4.4 Comparative analysis on “fair” recognized by elite athlete and non-elite
athlete ...........................................................................................................................
4.5 Athlete’s and the general public’s perspectives of “fair” ...................................
4.6 Analysis on the recognition of qualifications and conditions required for
top-level athlete ..........................................................................................................
4.7 Analysis on intervention points of “fair” and anti-doping education ..............
4.8 General considerations and implications for promoting education in thefuture .............................................................................................................................
5． Reference ..........................................................................................................................
5.1 Questionnaire sheet ...................................................................................................

1． Overview
1.1

Survey Objectives

Since the establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency (hereafter referredto as “WADA” in 1999), anti-doping activities have been globally extended.
Meanwhile, the Japan Anti-Doping Agency (hereinafter referred to as “JADA”),
established in 2001, has been implementing the international activities along with
the Government of Japan representing Asia in the WADA Executive Committee,
as well as promoting anti-doping activities in Japan.
The World Anti-Doping Code (World Anti-Doping Code, hereinafter referred toas “Code”) is the requirement for sport participation across the world and in all
sport as the unified rule of sport. The Code has become the entry into force from
2004, and on January 1, 2015, a third revised 2015 version of Code has enteredinto force. In the Code, the "intrinsic value of sport", which aims to nurture toprotect the "spirit of sport", is expressed as the possibility of making the antidoping activities as the movement. In the 2015 Code, the role and responsibilitiesof the athletes, athlete support personnel and the sports associations arerespectively expected not only to proactively protect "clean athlete, clean sport"
but also to play an important role for the society to utilize the power and valuesof sport. This has been expressed as a strong message from WADA, theInternational Olympic Committee (IOC) and the UNESCO, and the like. In
addition, in the 2015 Code, both a long-term "education”, which is based on sport
values aiming to influence a day-to-day life and lifelong values, is distinguishedfrom the rules-based “information” activity, which aimed for a short-term action,
are clearly distinguished as the mandatory anti-doping programme. For theformer (information programme), the efficient and effective program for athletes
and support staff are required to develop by identifying the appropriate
intervention person (deliverer), methods or means of appropriate intervention
with appropriate timing. As for the latter (education programme), from a
medium- to long-term point of view, the evidence-based "educational activities"
are required grounded on the research and the research and education activities
are organically intertwined.
JADA, over three consecutive fiscal years of 2009, 2010, and 2011, conducted
the survey and research in order to promote anti-doping education. These
research aimed to identify the corelationship between the athletes’ understanding,consciousness, and action towards anti-doping, and emphasized the importanceof relating anti-doping with their daily life. In addition, 2011 survey and research
was conducted on the general public regarding their expectations towards sportand elite athletes and it has been found that the general public values ethics andfair play of top athletes as a very important element.
Considering the intake of supplements has become common in general andthere has been increasing the case in Japan and the worldwide a prohibited
substance contained therein has also been ingested at the same time, resulting
in anti-doping rule violation, the research and study of 2012 was aimed to identify

the extent of actual supplement use by athletes (college students) and theirconsciousness and attitudes towards the use of supplements.
September 7, 2013, the IOC General Assembly, held in Buenos Aires, Argentina,
has awarded the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2020 to Tokyo. One of thebig factors is said to be the commitment and clean sport of Japan through theanti-doping activities. Towards 2020, providing not only the information andawareness-raising activities for the athletes, but also the sport value-based
educational activities from youth should be promoted to the world from Japan,and contribute to the world.
Based on such background, 2013 research and study, the general public’s view
and attitudes towards sport value, fairness (unfairness) in sport and doping andthe like were researched. Based on the evidence, the education and awarenessas well as information and dissemination programmes have been reviewed.
Grounded on 2013 research study, the 2014 research and survey wasconducted further in aim of p developing of the efficient and effective activities
system based on the evidence and values-based "education program". The
research was targeted the Japanese trop-level of athletes (senior, youth included),
the athletes at the levels of the international competition and nationalchampionships belonging to the university, coaches with 3,400 respondents (325athletes, 168 youth athletes, 2,848 university students athletes, 32 coaches, 27parents). The research objective was to identify athletes’ attitude towards valuesof sport (especially fairness in sport) and to understand their influencers both in
sport and as human being depending on age as well as desired figure as topathlete. A questionnaire was distributed to collect for analysis. Since 2013 study
carried out the same study on the general public of 4,800 people, the results
between the public and top athletes are compared for analysis. In addition, forthe purpose of arranging the concept of "fair,” on a comprehensive literature
review was made (in a separate report).