The 2nd International Forum on the Decommissioning of theFukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station2017.07.02
Kinugasa Research Organization
Ritusmeikan University
Associate Professor
Hiroshi Kainuma
1For the real Sharing of the D&D Situation• From “D&D Implementer =>Local People”
to “Local People=>D&D Implementer”○ Intensive Prior Interviews with local People while local People
poses Questions directly• Pre-Research with local people on their concerns, questions, suspicions etc.
• Meetings with 5 Groups living at Fukushima + Interviews with 5 Figures known locally=> Booklet “Voice from Fukushima”• Mini Workshop among the Participants=>Today after this Lecture• All the Concerns, Dissatisfactions, Questions, Wishes etc. being
sorted out and Research Session (Local People will research)=>Scheduled this afternoon

Questions to be directly addressed to Representative, METI, NDF,TEPCO with definite Responsibility on the Stage• （More detail information to be provided at the 2nd day session of this Forum)2

Brief Introduction of
1F D&D Situation
Now start Main Topics of Today!

3Structure ofFukushimaIssue• “Fukushima Issue”?

Fukushima(Pref.)• Two storied Structure• Fukushima=Well visible from thedistance• D&D Site=Visible only by comingcloser• Collapse of 1st Floor leads toCollapse of 2nd Fllor• Stable 1st Floor assures 2nd Floor

D&D Site
On-site & Off-site(12 municipalities)• Mixture results in enlarged secondary damages• “Everywhere in Fukushima is contaminated”• Direct Image at the time of Accidents externally imprinted• More Routine of 2nd Floor, Erosion of “Reconstruction”• Start to launch on 1st Floor?

• Then, what are the issues of 1st Floor = D&D site?
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What is an Issue of D&D?
Critical Difficulty =>“We don’t know what is unknown”• Is it “Contaminated Water”, “Dose rateto the labor”, “Fuel debris (moltenfuel) ・・・・・?
• Fundamental question relative to 1F D&D is;

Nature of “Unknown unknowns”

5Two Unknowns

1) Inside of Ｒeactors＝No definite Information yet2) Ourselves＝Not knowing yet what to know
•Through Pre-Research; “Beyond understanding”, “Nounderstanding on public outreach materials”, No idea what goes onand what will come next”, “No understanding even on languages”•Despite no idea what is done for what, media delivers news of“incidents or troubles”. This is the source of concerns, dissatisfaction,questions etc.
•Focal point now is; moving from on-site to off-site, from “scienceand mathematics” to “social issue and liberal arts” by lifting ofevacuation order and/or increase of waste= Local people should take a lead in decision by knowing more.

 Target of Today’ Forum: “To solve theDifficulties of Unknown Unknowns” relative to1F D&D6

Let’s start withFukushima Pref.

7

Population

Q1．How much out-flow ofevacuated People?
How many %?
Out of the people living in Fukushima Pref. before
3.11, how many people are forced to evacuate outof Fukushima Pre.?

8•2.024 Million People（2011/3/1）•35 Thousands People （2017/1/16）
9•Change of Population : same as
before 3.11
Uneven Concentration of People:
Iwaki, Koriyama etc. with land price rise
2200000

0.015

2150000

0.01

2100000

0.005

2050000

02000000-0.0051950000-0.01

1900000-0.0151850000-0.02

1800000-0.0251975

197919831987

1991

1995

1999

2003

2007

2011

増減率

人

Changeof increase/decrease of福島県人口・増減率推移
population at Fukushima Pref.

人口（年頭）
Rare
増減率
Population (BOY)2015

年
10Agriculture

Q2．Change of Rice Yield?
Ranking among all Japanese
Prefecturesand recent Recovery

11No.4 in 2010
→No.7 in 2011
（rice acreage：ha）
福島県 コメ作付面積
85000

80000

作付面積（ｈａ）

2010 80600
2011 64400
2012 66200
2013 68200
2014 68200
2015 65600
2016 64200

75000

70000

65000

60000
2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

年

12

2016

Food contamination

Q3．How many rice bags
exceed regal limit (100Bq/kg) after all bag
inspection over 10M bags
in a year?

13

2016： 0 bags•2012 ： 71
•2013： 28•2014： 2•2015： 014

・Do you accept the low risk which cannot be confirmed to affect thehealth due to the irradiation?
・Not accept worrying about increase risk of cancer though within the limit
・Accept due to lower risk in comparison with other cancer (smoking, heavy drinks etc.)
・No concern since even non-radioactive materials could cause cancer
・Others･No chance to access risk due to limited information

15

FisheryQ4．How much amount oflanding recovered?
(2015)

16•Territorial•Common in Gross

22%60.7% (2016)2015: Territorial 15.5%, Common in Gross 57.5%
2014: Territorial 14.6%, Common in Gross 75.9%
2013: Territorial 8.9%, Common in Gross 57.2%• Landing at Fukushima Prof; Territorial• Business entities at Fukushima Prof; Common in Gross17

Cs Monitor (over100bq/kg)
2015: 4 samples out of 8577 exceeded(180 kinds of fish)（Tomioka Rockfish 3, Iwaki Stone Flounder 1)
2011：785 out of 1972=>2012：921 out of 5580=>2013：280 out of 7641=>2014: 75 out of 8722

• Nearly no discharge of radioactive materials• Too limited selection of fish kinds• Change of Fish Generation: Decrease of Fishliving in 2011 Spring• Half life: Cs 134 2Years
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Tourism

Q7．How much ofrecovery (2015)?

19

87.9%(2014: 82%)
2013: 84.5%
・School Excursion (Educational tour by school)・Foreigners

20Challenges for Fukushima
1. Generic Issues to Whole of Japan
Declining Birthrate and Aging Population、Medical Welfare、Decaying of existing Industry

2. Challenges at the time of post-Recovery
Civil Construction Industry, Medical Welfare Services etc.

3. Reputational Damage
Economic Damage, False Information,Biased Rumor

4. Reconstruction of 1F Site Periphery
12 Municipalities, Life of 30,000 People

5. Social Consensus Making
Contaminated Water, Decontamination of Debris, 1F
D&D・・・

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Challenges for Fukushima
1. Generic Issues to Whole of Japan
Declining Birthrate and Aging Population、Medical Welfare、Decaying of existing Industry

2. Challenges at the time of post-Recovery
Civil Construction Industry, Medical Welfare Services etc.

3. Reputational Damage
Economic Damage, False Information,Biased Rumor

4. Reconstruction of 1F Site Periphery
12 Municipalities, Life of 30,000 People

5. Social Consensus Making
Contaminated Water, Decontamination of Debris, 1F
D&D・・・

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NEXTSituation of 1F D&D

23

Time

Q1．How much Time will
be needed until theCompletion of 1F D&D?

24

25-35 Years
Current Schedule;
2041-2051 to be completed

What are needed to meet thisSchedule?

Three Major technical Challenges
to be overcome individually25

Three Major technical Challenges for 1F D&D(1) Contaminated Water(2) Fuel Retrieval/Removal
2 kinds of Fuel Storage in the Reactor; “Pool” and “Pressure Cooker”
・Spent Fuel, intact:@Poor・Fuel Debris, molten: @Pressure Cooker(3) Dismantling and Disposal (D&D)“Normal Reactor” D&D(3) only
Removal ofNuclear
Materials“AccidentReactor” D&D
All of (1) to (3)Difficult Access toFuelRadioactive Cs
scattered inReactor

Difficult toremove not only
SF but also
damaged Fuels
Fuel Debris scattered• Road Map 2011/12
・1st Period; Preparation for SF Removal from the Pool→Within 2 Years・2nd Period; Preparation of Fuel Debris Retrieval Within 10 Years・3rd Period: Completion of D&D →30-40 Years

Challenge：•How successfully Contaminated Water and Fuel Debris could be dealt with in26 thefuture?

Contaminated Water

Q2．How much Underwater flew
into Unit 1-4 of 1F Reactor
Building of in a day before thecompletion of Frozen Soil Wall(Ice Wall)?

27

130-140 ㎥/day (2017/5)
One LoopThree Wells
Two Walls28

29

Contaminated Water

Q3．How much Bq/1L of thehighest Level of Cs 137 iscontained at the Harbor near
Unit 1-4?

30

1.2 Bq/L(2017.06.12 official data)(Baby)

31

http://www.kantei.go.jp/saigai/pdf/g31_siryou2.pdf

2. Sea water analysis data (1F Harbor inside)2017.06.12 TEPCO Holding Co.

Unit: Bq/L, ND: Not Detectable( ): Detectable Limit

2. Sea water analysis data (Seawater intake)data

date ofsamplingCs 134
Cs 137All βtritium
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Cooling of FuelQ4． How many m of coolingwater is injected to reactors ofUnit 1-3 at 2016.02?
333

3
Less than 9 m /h for

Total of Unit 1-3（Decreased from approx. 15 m3of last years)

Telephone Booth＝approx. ２m3
Swimming Pool for Olympic= approx. 2,500 m334

• Water Injection：9 ton/hour• Temperature around Reactor? Approx. 20℃(peripheral)（2017/6/12 18:00）

Unit 1

Unit 2

Unit 3Temperature（℃）

21.1～21.3

27.1～27.4

22.7～24.6

Water Injected （㎥/h）
H2 Concentration
（％）

3.0

2.9

3.0

0.00

0.04～0.05

0.02～0.03

35How Fuel Derbis Retrieval will proceed?
• Objectives：Debris, sticking molten fuel, metal and concrete, will be removed as muchas thoroughly• Method：Grinding and cutting by robots
１）Vertical or horizontal ： Merit and demerit2）Flooding or In-air ： Work under water preferred due to high dose rate3) Dust and chip : High dose & Unknown =>Characterization needed & Effort to identify the technical method• Way forward
No information yet where debris is located=>Intensive measurement of temperature, dose rate and placement etc.
Only 1-% attained?
Timing and methods to pull out contaminated water and stagnant watere

Submersion- Top Entry

Partial Submersion Top Entry

Partial Submersion Side Entry

Full Submersion method

Submersion method

Partial Submersion method

Dry Method

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Contaminated Water

Q5. How many people areworking at 1F in a day?

37

Number and Age of Workers• Total：approx. ６０００（between 5,500 and 7.500
recently)• Age: Mostly 40’s and 50’s
10’s 0.3%, 20’s 12.2%, 30’s 20.4%, 40’s 29.7%, 50’s 25.5%, 60’s 9.5%,Answer 2.4%
（2016.12 7th Survey on Working Environment)

No38

Working Environment, Local Employment,
Assurance of Human Resources• Working Environment
Unit 1-4/Tank area/Auto Mobile Surveillance/Entry Control Building (2013/06
completed) /Large scale rest house/ Office Building/Canteen/Convenience
shop・・・=>New building ready, dose rate reduction easier clothes• Local Employment : 50% (Resident Card basis)• How to secure workforce?
• Secure and foster young resources (in view of 30-40 yeeas future)• Stable local work place on spot (dose rate, work description, salary)39

Dose for workers

Q7．What is the monthly
average dose rate for worker
for 1F D&D?

40

0.46 mSv
（Average dose rate in 2017.02)
Equivalent to 2.5 times flights between NY and Tokyo

41

Monthly dose rate
• ca. 0.3-06 mSv/month（cf．Chest X Ray 0.05 mSv. Narita-NY 0.1 mSv, Stock X Ray 5mSv, CT Scan 10mSv)• At early stage TEPCO＞Contractors, after several months TEPCO ＜Contractors• After half a year, 1mSv level

M Do on st eh/ RA av te e.

TEPCOContractormSv• Who are out of standards?＝Maximum?
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Max. Monthly Dose Rate2017.01• Less than 20mSv / month• Intensive Dose Rate Management• Decontamination・Facing
Effective Dose Rate by external Radiation (Past three months average)

2017.01
TEPCO

Contractor

2017.02
TEPCOContractor

2017.03
TEPCOContractor

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Peak time for workers

Q8．What is the peak timefor workers staying in a
day at 1F site?

44

AM 9-1045

Peak time of worker on site
• 9:00 AM• Preparedness for Heat Attack• Improved Working Conditions• New Large Rest House• Fukushima Food Catering (2015 Spring)• Convenience Shop (2016.03)• Enlarged Parking Space(500 now→800)• New Office Building• Shower
Number of Heat Attack @1F

Heat attack rate/1000 workers (April to October)

Forced to be off
Keep on duty
Miscellaneous (no medical treatment)46

Who is doing what?
• Major Players• Government METI：D&D MOE：Decontamination、Office of Cabinet：Zoning etc.
• TEPCO D&D Company, Fukushima Revitalization Headquarters：Compensation・
Decontamination・Support to Revitalization• BDF & Public/Industry Team

Organizations involved in D&D of Fukushima Daiichi
Gov’t Reconstruction Agency MEXT

Job support/Extensive Evaluation Monitoring Health Management

METI/ANRE
Develop decommissioning/
contaminated water management
policyMAFF

MILT

Decontam./
Reputational damage

Infrastructure

MHLW

Cabinet Office

NRAMOE

Implement safety regulation

Carry out decontamination

Decommissioning office added toTEPCO

NDF in August 2014

Others

Office for Nuclear Emergency Preparedness
Team in Charge of Assisting theLives of Disaster Victims

Govt/private sector joint team for reconstructionof Fukushima/Soma/Futaba areas established onAugust 24, 2015

Project Planning Dept.
1F D&D Engineering
Company established April2014

IRID
JAEA
Universities andresearch
institutions

Fukushima

Farmers

Local response headquarters

10,000households

Established in January 2013

onsiteR&D

Fukushima Revitalization HQ
Revitalization activities (compensation, etc)

DecommissioningGroup
companies
Heavy industry
companies
Subcontractors
Etc.

Residents

Cities/towns/villagesRelocateReturnRefugeNewresidents

12 evacuatedcities/towns/villages

Local enterprises
8,000companies
off-siteConclusion• 1F D&D is the cutting-edge challenge in the world. To proceed 1F
D&D will change the world• Change the communication method of “To listen to the local
Voice”, “To disseminate the information” and “To share theinformation of D&D”
From “Governement and TEPCO → Local Community”
To “ Local Community → Government and TEPCO”
THIS FORUM SEIRVES FOR THIS CHANGE• Fukushima Problem should shift the focus to D&D Site Issue,
though not forgetting Reputational Rumor etc. as a Whole
Fukushima Issue• D&D Issue is an issue of Unknown Unknowns• Pivotal change from contaminated water to fuel debris retrieval• New challenge to create better working conditions andinfrastructure for 6000 workers• New challenge like the disposal of the waste has to be taken up
by ourselves.
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Thank you for your Attention

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