SC/63/O1

Cruise Report of the Second Phase of the Japanese Whale
Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic(JARPAII) in 2010/2011
Hajime Ishikawa1), Koji Matsuoka1), Kenji Konishi1), Tatsuya Isoda1), Kazuyoshi Nakai1), Hidenori Kasai2), Masataka
Shiozaki2), Shinya Kawabe2), Masahiro Yamazaki2), Tomoyuki Ogawa2), Masatoshi Miyazaki2), Masaomi Tsunekawa2),
and Takashi Yoshida1).
1) The Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055 Japan.
2) Kyodo Senpaku Kaisya, Ltd., 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055 Japan.
Contact e-mail:ishikawa@cetacean.jp

ABSTRACTThe 2010/11 Second Phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under the Special Permit in the Antarctic(JARPA II) was conducted during austral summer season. A dedicated sighting vessel (SV), two sighting andsampling vessels (SSVs) and one research base ship engaged in the research. Although the original plan was
designed to research Area VI West (145°W - 170°W) and Area V (130°E - 145°W), the research activity wasinterrupted several times by violent action of an anti-whaling group. The Government of Japan decided towithdraw the research fleet for the safety of crew in the middle of research period, which shortened research
period and the research of western part of the Area V was cancelled. The SV and one of the SSVs had to dedicate
to security task to deal with obstructive activity of the anti-whaling group for a long time therefore research was
conducted only 31 days of 52 days from 29 December 2010 to 18 February 2011. The results of the sighting
survey showed that the sighting number of Antarctic minke whales overwhelmed those of other species. Sighting
number of humpback whales and fin whales followed those of Antarctic minke whales. Most of the sightings ofAntarctic minke whales were located in the Ross Sea where ice-free extent was much larger than that of previous
surveys. On the contrary, humpback whales distributed north of the Ross Sea, which concentrated even at the iceedge in mouth of the Ross Sea. Fin whales were found off the ice edge north of the Ross Sea. Distribution of thesethree rorquals around the Ross Sea was clearly separated. Biological sample from Antarctic minke whales showedthat immature animals and matured male distributed north of the Ross Sea, whereas pregnant female concentrated
in the Ross Sea. These results showed that segregative distribution of Antarctic minke whales by sex and sexual
maturity in and out of the Ross Sea. It seems that early and wide melting of sea ice of the Ross Sea in this season
produced large polynya (ice free area) in the Ross Sea area and most of matured female Antarctic minke whales
entered in the closed Ross Sea earlier than usual years.
KEYWORDS: JARPAII, ANTARCTIC MINKE WHALES, HUMPBACK WHALES, ROSS SEA, SCIENTIFICPERMITS.

1

INTRODUCTION
The Japanese Whale Research Program under the Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) was conducted
between 1987/88 and 2004/05 austral summer seasons, under Article VIII of the International Convention for the
Regulation of Whaling. The IWC Scientific Committee (SC) conducted an interim review of JARPA results in1997 and the final review in 2006. In 2005, another JARPA review meeting called by the Government of Japan
was also held. JARPA provided a wide variety of information on biological parameters of Antarctic minke whale(Balaenoptera bonaerensis) such as the natural mortality coefficient and changes over time in the age at sexual
maturity as well as narrowing down the parameters of relevance for stock management. IWC recognized theseresults from JARPA have the potential to improve management of minke whales in the Southern Hemisphere(IWC, 1998, 2007). JARPA data also demonstrated that there were at least two Antarctic minke whale stocks in
the research area, and that their geographical boundaries were different from those used by the IWC, i.e. 150°E-165°E was suggested (IWC, 2007). The review meeting in 2005 agreed that results from JARPA were consistent
with the behavior to be expected for baleen whale populations competing for a dominant single food resource,
krill. The meeting also agreed that the JARPA results provided clear support for the need to takespecies-interaction effects into account in understanding the dynamics of the baleen whale species in the
Antarctic ecosystem, and predicting future trends in their abundance and population structure (Government ofJapan, 2005).
Based on these considerations, the Government of Japan launched a new comprehensive study, the Second
Phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA II), which
combined lethal and non-lethal methods, starting from the 2005/06 austral summer season.
The 2010/11 season was the sixth survey of JARPA II. JARPA II is a long-term research program with thefollowing objectives; 1) monitoring of the Antarctic ecosystem, 2) modeling interaction among whale species anddeveloping future management objectives, 3) elucidation of temporal and spatial changes in stock structure and4) improving the management procedure for the Antarctic minke whale stocks. JARPA II focuses on Antarctic
minke whale, humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), fin whale (B. physalus) and possibly other species in
the Antarctic ecosystem that are major predators of Antarctic krill.
This is a cruise report of the 2010/11 JARPA II. In this season, the survey area could not be covered
completely and the number of whale sample was restricted because of violent obstruction from an anti-whaling
group. The Government of Japan decided to withdraw the research fleet for the safety of crew on board at 18
February 2011, which shortened research period and the research of western part of the Area V was cancelled.

RESEARCH METHODS
Research vessels
The research fleet was composed of one dedicated sighting vessels, two sighting and sampling vessels and one
research base ship. Following vessels were used.
Dedicated sighting vessels (SV)Yushin-Maru No. 3 (YS3; 742 tons)
Sighting and sampling vessels (SSVs)
Yushin-Maru(YS1; 720 tons)
Yushin-Maru No. 2 (YS2; 747 tons)
Research base ship
Nisshin-Maru(NM; 8,044 tons)

2

Although the SV was planned to conduct independent sighting survey, oceanographic survey and some
non-lethal experiments, it had to dedicate to security task to deal with obstructive activity of the anti-whaling
group most of all research period. One of the SSVs was also dedicated to the security task for long time, which
resulted limited research activity.
Research area
The area to be covered by JARPA II is basically same as former JARPA; the eastern part of Area III, Areas IV
and V and the western part of Area VI (Area VIW), 35°E - 145°W south of 60°S. The research area for 2010/11
JARPA II was eastern side of the whole research area, i.e. Area V (130°E - 170°W) and Area VIW (170°W 145°W). Area V (130°E - 170°W) was divided into western part (Area VW: 130°E - 165°E) and eastern part
(Area VE: 165°E - 170°W). Area VE was further divided into East-north stratum and Ross Sea (East-south
stratum). The Ross Sea was defined as south of 69°S. In this season, the Ross Sea area included a part of Area
VIW because it was widely opened in the mid summer. Fig.1 shows geographic location of the research area forthe 2010/11 JARPAII survey.
Survey track line design
In the Area VIW, East-north stratum of Area V and Area VW, the survey track line consisted of a zigzag coursechanging direction at 1°40’ longitudinal degree intervals. Two parallel track lines were set at 7 n. miles apart.
Two legs of track line for the northern stratum were set every six legs for southern stratum, in principle. Theinterval of legs and number of legs for the northern stratum could be changed by sub-area according to progressof the survey. In these areas, the southern stratum was defined from ice edge to 45 n. miles north in principle. The
ice edge line was estimated by DMSP SSM/I daily polar griddled sea ice concentration data set available fromthe National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC, Cavalieri et al, 1999).
In the Ross Sea, the survey track line consisted of a mesh designed zigzag course changing direction at 1°30’
latitudinal and 10° longitudinal degree intervals.
Sighting method
Sighting procedures followed the previous JARPA surveys (e.g. Nishiwaki et al. 2007) in principle. The sighting
survey using SSVs was conducted under limited closing mode (when a sighting of target species was made on thepredetermined track line, the vessel approached the whales and species and school size were confirmed). Two
SSVs advanced along parallel track lines at a standard speed of 11.5 knots.
The survey was operated under optimal research conditions (when the wind speed was below 25 knots in thesouth strata or 20 knots in the north strata and visibility was over 2 n. miles).
In addition to the sightings of Antarctic minke whales and fin whales or whales suspected to be these species, theSV and SSVs approached blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) and southern right whales (Eubalaena australis)for conducting experiments. Humpback whales and other whales were also approached for conducting
experiments.
Low and middle latitudinal sighting survey
During transit cruises, sighting surveys were conducted in the area between 30°S and 60°S outside of national
EEZs. The results of these surveys are not shown in this report.
Non-lethal research and experiments3

Sighting distance and angle experimentThis experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the accuracy of sighting distance and sighting angle given byobservers on the SV and SSV in this cruise. Observers on each vessel were required to assess eight sets of angles
and distance from two platforms (barrel and upper bridge). All trials were conducted under good sighting
condition.
Photo-identification
The following species were targeted for photographic record of natural markings during the surveys conductedfrom the SV; blue whales, humpback whales and southern right whales. Photographic records of these species werealso occasionally taken from the SSVs.
Biopsy sampling
In addition to the species targeted for the photo-identification experiment, pygmy right whale (Caperea
marginata), fin whale, sei whale (B.borealis), Antarctic minke whale, sperm whale (Physeter macrocehpalus),
killer whale (Orcinus orca), long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) and southern bottlenose whale(Hyperoodon planifrons) were targeted for biopsy skin sampling by the SV and SSVs using acompound-crossbow. All samples collected were preserved at –80°C.
Oceanographic survey
SV conducted the following oceanographic survey; 1) consecutive measuring of vertical water temperature
profile by Temperature and Depth Recorder (TDR), and 2) marine debris recording in the research area. All
marine debris found in the stomach of whales taken was also recorded on the NM.
Sampling and biological survey for whales (lethal research)
Two SSVs were engaged in the whale sampling survey. 850 Antarctic minke whales (with 10 % allowance) and
50 fin whales were planned to be taken in the research area south of 62°S. Although the original plan included 50
humpback whales (Government of Japan, 2005), Government of Japan decided to suspend the sampling of
humpback whales.
One or two Antarctic minke whales were targeted randomly for sampling from each primary sighted school
within 3 n. miles of each track line. The dwarf minke whale was not a target for sampling. The fin whale was also
targeted randomly from each primary sighted school within 3 n. miles of each track line. However, target of fin
whales was restricted to an estimated body length less than ca. 20 meter due to a limitation of the research baseship facility for dissection. Biological research on all sampled whales was conducted on the NM.

RESULTS
Outline of the research activities
Table 1 shows an outline of the research activities. Although the research in the 2010/11 JARPAII was planned tocontinue by middle of March with a SV and two SSVs, it was shortened and the research activity was restrictedbecause of the obstruction of the violent anti-whaling group. Research vessels were frequently attacked by theanti-whaling group and the survey was interrupted. SV (YS3) and one of the SSVs (YS2) were dedicated tosearch and monitor the anti-whaling group vessels most of research period.
On 9 February, NM encountered the anti-whaling group vessels and the survey was interrupted again. The
4

Government of Japan decided to withdraw the research fleet for the safety of crew on board at 18 February 2011.
Total research period was 52 days from 29 December 2010 to 18 February 2011, however, 21 of 52 days wereunable to survey to avoid obstruction. Therefore the research of western part of the Area V had to be cancelled.
Results of non-lethal survey
Sighting survey
Although the sighting survey of SV was planned to operate independently, it was cancelled because of
obstruction from the anti-whaling group. On the other hand, dedicated sighting survey was conducted in the Ross
Sea by two SSVs (YS1 and YS2) for eight days during the interruption of the sighting and sampling survey(Table 1).
The searching distances of the research vessels are shown in Table 2. The total searching distance was 1,877.2
n. miles consisting of 687.5 n. miles for dedicated sighting survey and 1,189.7 n. miles for sighting and sampling
survey. Compared to the 2008/09 survey in the same research area (Nishiwaki et al., 2009), the searching
distance of this season was noticeably low with 13.1 %. This is because the research vessels (SV and SSV) werereduced from five to three and research activity was interrupted for a prolonged period of time as describedabove.
Whale species sighted
Eight species including four baleen whales and four toothed whales were identified during the research period.
Table 3 shows the number of sightings for six large whale species and Figs 2, 3 and 4 show sighting position of
Antarctic minke whales, humpback and fin whales and blue whales, respectively. Antarctic minke whale was themost abundant species in the research area, followed by humpback whale. The number of sightings of minke
whales (530 schools and 1,576 individuals in total) was more than 10 times of that of humpback whales (44schools and 83 individuals) and most of them were sighted in the Ross Sea (469 schools and 1,491 individuals in
total, Fig 2). Humpback whales were distributed north of the Ross Sea. Most of them were found in northern
stratum of the area VE (33 schools and 53 individuals). In this area, they distributed even at ice edge during thesea ice remained north of the Ross Sea (Fig 3). Fin whales were also found north of the Ross Sea, however, they
distributed far of ice edge and most of them were separated from humpback whales (Fig 3). Although sightings ofblue whales were small, they were found in all of the research area even in the Ross Sea, ice edge and offshore(Fig. 4).
In the toothed whales, all sightings of sperm whales were made north of the Ross Sea (no figure). An adultmale killer whale in a school of 25 individuals was observed eating an Antarctic minke whale in the Ross Sea(73˚48’S, 148˚01’W).
Table 4 shows density indices (DI, the number of primary sighted schools per 100 n. miles) and mean school
size (MSS) of Antarctic minke, humpback and fin whales. The DI of Antarctic minke whale was the highest
among three species except for humpback whales in the northern stratum of the Area VE. The DI of Antarctic
minke whales in the Ross Sea was extremely high, but mean school size was relatively small with 2.94 and40.8 % of schools sighted was solitary.
Photo-ID and biopsy sampling
As the SV was dedicated to security task to deal with the anti-whaling group most of all research period, theseexperimental activity were restricted. Natural markings of four individuals of humpback whales were recorded byphotograph and one biopsy sample was collected from a killer whale in the Ross Sea. A skin sample for DNA
5analysis was collected from a minke whale that was predated by killer whales in the Ross Sea.
Oceanographic survey
SV conducted the oceanographic survey to observe the vertical water temperature profile in 20 points using TDR.
The marine debris survey was also carried out by SV in the research area. A total of three debris items wasrecorded and all of them were fishing buoys.
Sighting distance and angle experiment
A sighting distance and angle experiment was performed on 11 February by SSVs and on 17 February 2011 by
SV, respectively. The results of this experiment will be used in calculation of abundance estimates.
Results of lethal survey
Sampling for Antarctic minke whales
Out of 333 schools (935 individuals) in the primary sightings of Antarctic minke whales, 170 schools (402individuals) were targeted for sampling. A total of 170 individuals were sampled (9 from Area VIW, 20 from
northern stratum of Area VE and 141 from the Ross Sea. Sampling efficiency (the rate of successful sampling fortargeted individuals) was 89.7 % for solitary schools, 96.4 % for the first targeted individual from multitudeschools. 24 individuals were sampled as the second targeted individual from the multitude schools. An explosive
harpoon was used as the primary killing method for all whales collected. When the animal was not killed
instantaneously, a large caliber rifle and/or the second harpoon was used immediately as the secondary killing
method. One struck and lost case occurred because the harpoon was pulled out just after hitting.
Sampling for fin whales
SSVs made seven primary sightings of fin whales. Two individuals were sampled from eight individuals of two
schools. The explosive harpoon was used as both the primary and the secondary killing method for all whales
collected.
Biological research
Biological research was conducted on the research base ship for all whales sampled. Of 170 Antarctic minke
whales, 62 were male (36.5 %) and 108 were female (63.5 %). Both of two fin whales were male.
Biological information of sampled whales
Table 5 shows the sex and reproductive status of sampled Antarctic minke whales by stratum. Fig. 5 shows
distribution of sighting position of sampled Antarctic minke whales by sex and sexually mature status. Samplingof Antarctic minke whales in the Ross Sea was biased eastern part of the Ross Sea because of interruption by theanti-whaling group. Most of mature females (86.1 %) were sampled in the Ross Sea. While maturity rate of both
females and males was high (93.9 % in female and 71.4 % in male) in the Ross Sea, those in other areas were loweven animals caught near the ice edge (Fig. 5). No lactating female was sampled. Neither suckling calf was
sampled nor observed by the sighting survey in the research area.
Fig. 6 shows body length distribution of Antarctic minke whales sampled during the 2010/11 JARPA II survey.
Maximum length of the sample was 9.67 m for females and 8.89 m for males. Minimum length was 4.82 m and5.24 m for female and male, respectively. Maximum body length of immature animals was 8.47 m and 8.77 m forfemale and male, whereas minimum body length of mature animals was 7.70 m and 7.65 m for female and male,6

respectively. Table 6 shows some biological data of the collected fin whales.

DISCUSSIONS
Because of obstruction by the violent anti-whaling group, Sea Shepherd (SSCS), the research was canceled in a
middle stage of Austral summer season by the decision of the Government of Japan. It was the first time to quit
the research by so-called “eco-terrorism” during 24 years JARPA program.
JARPAII is a perfectly legal activity carried out under the International Convention for the Regulation of
Whaling. The Institute of Cetacean Research strongly condemns the SSCS and its continued dangerous andviolent actions against Japan’s whale research vessels in the Antarctic. The IWC has also condemned Sea
Shepherd’s tactics against Japan’s whale research vessels. In 2008 the IWC member countries adopted byconsensus a statement which calls on SSCS “to refrain from dangerous actions that jeopardize safety at sea”
regardless of different positions of countries on whaling (IWC 2008). International Maritime Organization (IMO)
also adopted the resolution that seriously concerned safety and security of vessels, human life and marine
environment caused by unlawful protests or confrontations on the high seas (IMO 2010).
It never happen again therefore we request that all of member nations of IWC that related to SSCS and theirvessels should behave earnestly and according to their obligations as members of the international society andfulfill their duties under international law to deal with SSCS criminal actions in a strict and objective manner.
Although the sampling of Antarctic minke whales was biased eastern area of the Ross Sea, it was the first time
to collect biological samples in the Area VI part of the Ross Sea (Fig. 7). In spite of shorted research period andlow sample number, results of 2010/11 research shows some unique aspects of the Antarctic Areas VE and VI.
In this austral summer season, it is characteristic that the sea ice covering the Ross Sea was melted earlier andwider than usual and eastern edge of the Ross Sea was disappeared by the end of January. According to thesatellite photographs and information from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), US., a large ice-freearea (polynya) in the Ross Sea was developed from the end of November 2010 to January 2011 until the sea ice
covering the mouth of the Ross Sea was melted.
Distribution of Antarctic minke whales was relatively low in the northern stratum of Area VE and Area VIW in
January even near the ice edge covering the north of the Ross Sea, however, it was very high in the Ross Sea inFebruary. Results of past JARPA/JARPAII surveys strongly suggested that Antarctic minke whales, especiallymature females tend to concentrate in the ice free area beyond the ice edge where research vessels could not enter(Ishikawa et al, 1998, 2008, Ishikawa, 2003). It was also suggested that recent drastic expansion of humpback
whale distribution in the Areas IIIE and IV may force Antarctic minke whales to move in the pack ice (Ishikawa
et al., 2004, Fujise et al., 2006).
In fact, biological survey on the sampled Antarctic whales in this season revealed extensively high ratio of
matured females in the Ross Sea, whereas low ratio of matured female north of the Ross Sea, even near the iceedge in mid summer season. On the other hand, distribution of humpback whales was observed near the ice edge
north of the Ross Sea. These results suggested that early development of the ice free area in the Ross Sea caused
low density and low maturity rate of females of the Antarctic minke whales near the ice edge north of the Ross
Sea.
In addition, the segregative distribution of three major rorquals, Antractic minke, humpback and fin whales wasobserved. As described above, many Antarctic minke whales were distributed in the Ross Sea, whereas
humpback whales were not found in the Ross Sea even it was widely opened. Fin whales also not enter the Ross
7

Sea and observed north of ice edge. Distribution of blue whales were not separated from those three rorquals andfound both in and out of the Ross Sea. These observations were almost same as past JARPA/JARPAII surveys(Nishiwaki et al. 2009) and seems to assure accuracy of the results of the 2010/11 JARPAII.

ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS
We are indebted to Dr. Yoshihiro Fujise, Director-General of the ICR and Mr. Hideki Takaya of the Government ofJapan for implementation of the research. We thank research technicians, Messrs. Tatsuo Sasaki, Tadayoshi
Sirogane and Takaaki Murakami from Kyodo Senpaku Kaisya Ltd., for their contribution. Messrs. Mikio
Mizoguchi, Masao Shimizu, Hideo Koizumi and Yoshihiro Shimotsuma of the Government of Japan, served as
onboard inspector. We are also indebted to all the crew, colleagues of the ICR and other related institutions who
participated in the research for their contributions. We would like to express our appreciation to the Government ofJapan for providing financial support for this research.

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griddled sea ice concentrations. Edited by J. Maslanik and J. Stroeve. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice
Data Center. Digital media.
Fujise, Y., Hatanaka, H. and Ohsumi, S. 2006. What has happened to the Antarctic Minke Whale Stocks? -Aninterpretation of results from JARPA-. Paper SC/D06/J26 presented to the IWC JARPA Review Meeting,
December 2006 (unpublished).15pp.
Government of Japan. 2005. Plan for the Second Phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special
Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA II) -Monitoring of the Antarctic Ecosystem and Development of New
Management Objectives for Whale Resources. Paper SC/57/O1 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee,
June 2005 (unpublished). 99pp.
IMO, 2010. Assuring Safety during Demonstrations, Protests or Confrontations on the High Seas. Resolution
MSC.303(87).
Ishikawa, H. 2003. Relationship between ice condition and number of sightings of Antarctic minke whales–comparison between 1997/98 and 2001/2002JARPA surveys in Area IIIE and IV. Report of the ScientificCommittee, Annex G, Appendix 6, J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 5(SUPPL.):278-282.
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in 1997/98. Paper SC/50/CAWS8 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, September 1998 (unpublished).
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Ishikawa, H., Otani, S., Kiwada, K., Isoda, T., Tohyama, D., Honjo, K., Hasegawa, A., Terao, T., Kushimoto, T.,
Ohshima, T., Sugiyama, K., Sasaki, T., Itoh, S., Takamatsu, T. and Yoshida, T. 2004. Cruise Report of theJapanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) Area IV and Eastern Part ofArea III in 2003/2004. Paper SC/56/O12 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, July 2004 (unpublished).
18pp.
Ishikawa, H., Goto, M., Ogawa, T., Bando, T., Kiwada, H., Isoda, T., Kumagai, S., Mori, M., Ohsawa, T.,
Fukutome, K., Koyanagi, T., Kandabashi, S., Kawabe, S., Sotomura, N., Matsukura, R., Kato, K., Matsumoto,8A., Nakai, K., Hasegawa, M., Mori, T., Yoshioka, S. and Yoshida, T., Cruise Report of the Second Phase of
the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in

the Antarctic (JARPA II) in 2007/2008.

Paper SC/60/O4 submitted to the IWC Scientific Committee, 2008 (unpublished). 19pp.
IWC. 1998. Report of the Intersessional Working Group to Review Data and Results from Special Permit
Research on Minke Whales in the Antarctic, Tokyo, 12-16 May 1997. REP. INT. WHAL. COMMN, 48,
p377-412.
IWC, 2007. Report of Intersessional Workshop to Review Data and Results from Special Permit Research on
Minke Whales in the Antarctic, Tokyo 4-8 December 2006. SC/59/REP1 presented to the IWC ScientificCommittee, June 2007 (unpublished). 48pp.
IWC, 2008. STATEMENT ON SAFETY AT SEA. http://www.iwcoffice.org/meetings/intersession08.htm#safety
Kato, H. 1986. Year to year changes in biological parameters and population dynamics of southern minke whales.
Doctoral Thesis, Hokkaido University. 145pp.
Nishiwaki, S., Ishikawa, H., and Fujise, Y. 2007. Review of general methodology and survey procedure under the JARPA.
IWC Paper SC/D06/J2 presented to the JARPA Review meeting, December 2006.
Nishiwaki S., Ogawa, T., Matsuoka, K., Bando, T., Mogoe, T., Otani, S., Konishi, K., Sato, H., Nakai, K., Nomura, I.,
Tanaka, H., Kiwada, H., Mori, M., Tsunekawa, M., Wada, A., Yoshimura, I., Yonezaki, S., Nagamine, M., Yoshida,K., Fukutome, K., Tamahashi, K., Morine, G. and Yoshida, T. 2009. Cruise report of the second phase of theJapanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA II) in 2008/09. SC/61/O3

presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2009 (unpublished). 18pp.
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Table1. Outline of the research activities. NM was operated with SSV in principle. Double circles and single circles
represent sighting survey and sighting/sampling survey, respectively.
EVENT
Departure from Japan
Low and middle latitudinal sighting survey
Survey in the Antarctic Area VIWSurvey in the Antarctic Area VEN
Survey in the Antarctic Area VES (Ross Sea)
Avoidence from the anti-whaling group *7
Sighting distance and angle experiment
Sighting survey in the Ross Sea
Termination of the research *8
Low and middle latitudinal sighting survey
Arrival to JapanDATE
2 Dec. 201022 Dec. ～ 28 Dec. 201029 Dec. 2010 ～ 4 Jan. 2011
5 Jan. ～ 22 Jan. 201123 Jan. ～ 9 Feb. 2011
10 Feb.～ 18 Feb. 201111 Feb. 201112 Feb.～ 18 Feb. 201118 Feb. 201121 Feb.～ 1 March 2011
21 March. 2011

SV (YS3)
－
◎
*1
*1
*1
*1
*1
*1
－
◎
－

SSV (YS1)
－
◎
○*2
○*4
○*5
－
○
◎
－
◎
－

1) All survey was canncelled because the vessel was dedicated to search and monitor the violent anti-whaling group2) Survey of YS1 was canncelled 2days because of the obstruction of the violent anti-whaling group3) Survey of YS2 was canncelled 4days because the vessel was dedicated to search and monitor the violent anti-whaling group4) Survey of YS1 was canncelled 7days because of the obstruction of the violent anti-whaling group5) Survey of YS1 was canncelled 3days because of the obstruction of the violent anti-whaling group6) Survey of YS2 was canncelled 11days because the vessel was dedicated to search and monitor the violent anti-whaling group
7) Sampling survey was canncelled because NM was attacked by the violent anti-whaling group8) Government of Japan decided to withdraw the research fleet because of safety of the crew

9

SSV (YS2)
－
◎
○*3
*1
○*6
－
○
◎
－
◎
－

Table 2. Searching distances (n. miles) of the two sighting / sampling vessels (SSVs) in each research area. ASP mode
represents dedicated sighting survey and NSC mode represents sighting and sampling survey.
Area / Mode

ASP

NSC

VI WestV East-South (Ross Sea)
V East-North
Total

0.0
687.5
0.0
687.5

413.8
401.4
374.5
1189.7

Ｔｏｔａｌ
413.8
1088.9374.5
1877.2]
Table 3. Summary of whale sightings conducted by SV and SSVs in each research area.

SpeciesBlue whale
Fin whale
Antarctic minke whale
Like Antarctic minke whale
Humpback whale
Unidentified baleen whales
Sperm whale
Southern bottlenose whale

VI WestPrimary
Secondarysch. ind. sch. ind.
1
2
2
4
3
8
1
1
10
17
5
6
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
0
1
2

V East-North
Primary
Secondarysch. ind. sch. ind.
2
3
1
1
4
12
6
23
19
23
5
10
0
0
0
0
33
53
0
0
0
0
1
13
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0

V East-South
Primary
Secondarysch. ind. sch. ind.
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
304 895 165 596
6
6
7
40
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

TransitSecondaryPrimarysch. ind. sch. ind.
3
7
3
5
20
76
7
20
22
29 333 935
3
251
6
6
8
27
36
56
1
5
0
0
2
2
8
8
2
4
0
0

Total
Secondary
sch.
ind.
7
14
27
100
197
641
10
291
8
27
2
18
2
2
3
6

Total
sch.
10
34
530
16
44
2
10
3

ind.
19
120
1,576
297
83
18
10
6

Table 4. Density indices (DI, the number of primary sighted schools per 100 n. miles) and mean school size (MSS) of
Antarctic minke whale, humpback whale and fin whale.

Species / Area

Fin whale
Antarctic minke whale
Humpback whale

VI West
DI
0.72
2.42
0.72

MSS
2.67
1.70
1.00

V East-North
DI
1.07
5.07
8.81

MSS
3.00
1.21
1.61

10

V East-South(Ross Sea)
DI
27.92
-

MSS
2.94
-

Total
DI
0.37
17.74
1.92

MSS
2.86
2.81
1.56

Table 5. Reproductive status of Antarctic minke whales sampled in 2010/11 JARPAII. Numbers in percentage represent
ratio of samples in whole research area. Maturity of males was tentatively defined by testis weight according to
Kato (1986). “Ovulating” represents non-pregnant mature female with corpus luteum. "Resting" represents
non-pregnant mature female without corpus luteum.
Male
Area

Sector &Stratum
East-North

V

East-South(Ross Sea)

VI

West
Total

Immature
Immature
7
4.1%
12
7.1%
2
1.2%
21
12.4%

Mature
7
4.1%
30
17.6%
4
2.4%
41
24.1%

Total
14
8.2%
42
24.7%
6
3.5%
62
36.5%

Ovulating
0
1
0.6%
0
1
0.6%

6
3.5%
6
3.5%
2
1.2%
14
8.2%

FemaleMatureResting Pregnant Unknown
0
0
0
5
85
2
2.9%
50.0%
1.2%
0
1
0
0.6%
5
86
2
2.9%
50.6%
1.2%

All combined
Total
6
3.5%
99
58.2%
3
1.8%
108
63.5%

20
11.8%
141
82.9%
9
5.3%
170
100.0%

Table 6. Some biological information on fin whales sampled in 2010/11 JARPAII.

No.

Body

Body

lengthweight*Weight of testis

Sex

(L/R)

Stomach content

F-001

19.05m

39.63tM

4.26 / 4.49 kg

Euphausiacea

F-002

18.99m

43.78tM

4.00 / 3.76 kg

Euphausiacea* Body weight was represented by total weight of body parts.

Fig. 1. Geographic location of the research area of 2010/11 JARPAII. A strait solid line represents a border of eachstratum.
11

Fig. 2. Distribution of sightings of Antarctic minke whales in 2010/11 JARPAII.

Fig. 3. Distribution of sightings of humpback and fin whales in 2010/11 JARPAII.
12

Fig. 4. Distribution of sightings of blue whales in 2010/11 JARPAII.

Fig. 5. Distribution of sampled Antarctic minke whales by sex and sexual maturity status in 2010/11 JARPAII.

13

30

20

Male

FemaleMatureImmature

MatureImmatureFrequency

Frequency

20

10

10

Body length (m)

-11.0

-10.0

-9.0

-8.0

-7.0

-6.0

-5.0

-4.0

-11.0

-9.0

-8.0

-7.0

-6.0

-5.0

-4.0

-10.0

0

0

Body length (m)Fig. 6. Body length distribution of Antarctic minke whales sampled during 2010/11 JARPAII.

Fig. 7. Sampling position of Antarctic minke whales around the Ross Sea during JARPAII surveys. Mesh area
represents a continental shelf of the Ross Sea which depth of water is less than 1000 m.

14