5/18/2011

14th Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering- After two months
JGS(Japan Geotechnical Society)
Motoki Kazama, Tohoku University

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1` Introduction` Earthquake` Tsunami` Nuclear power plant` Damage to infrastructural facilities` Features of disaster` Problems with Geotechnical Engineering` Conclusions and remarks

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2

1

5/18/2011` Outline of damage(Victims and building damage）` Scale, geography and affected places` Difficulty of returninghome in metropolitan areas

2011/5/24

3

Extensive damage
In a large area

Everyone was a
victimVery large
TsunamiMany victims

Unexpected
accident in the
nuclear plants

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Progressive

Distribution
Delay of supplies

Rescue of survivors
Search for bodies

Chain damage

Delay of recovery efforts,
Prolongment

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Scale
Tohoku Region

Source Region
500 X 200km

Japan Sea

Pacific Ocean

1000km
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6

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7

Name of prefectures
Iwate pref.

Miyagi pref.

Fukushima pref.

200km
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Most Affected Areas
Iwate pref.

Sanriku
Rias coast

Miyagi pref.

Sendai Basin （仙台湾）
Nuclear power plant(原子力発電所）

Fukushima pref.

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Death toll:15,037, Missing: 9,487
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0

70000

Death toll
Missing

60000
50000
Totally
Partially

40000
30000
20000
10000

Iwate

Miyagi

Fukushima

0

Iwate

Miyagi

FukushimaTotally damaged houses: 90,042 buildings
Partially damaged houses:36,072 buildings
Total damage cost (From world bank)$236 billion（Kobe earthquake was $124 billion）

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Most Affected Areas(2) Kesen-numa Cityin Miyagi pref.
Osaki plain

Sanriku Rias Coast

Onagawa Town
Ishinomaki City
Sendai City
Sendai plain

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Eurasian Plate
0.9 cm/y

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2011/5/24` Date`Pacific Plate
8.5cm/y12[全国地質調査業協会連合会：豊かで安全な国土のマネジメントのために，1998年，p.20]

2011/3/11/14:26

Southeast distance off Oshika Peninsula 130 km` Depth` Magnitude` Fault

lengthwidth

24 km
Mw=9.0
about 450 km
about 200 km` Duration of principal slip

3 min

◦ There were three main asperity ruptures
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Epicenter

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From JMA

15

Japanese strong motion
observation agencies
z NIED(National Research Institutefor Earth Science and Disaster
Prevention)（K-NET, KiK-net）About 1,600 points
z JMA(Japan meteorological agency)
about 600 points
z Earthquake information network ofeach prefecture : 3,800 points• Port and airport research institute• Public works research institute• Building research institute• Highway companies• Japan Rail companies• Universities• Municipalities• Gas companies• Councils
Etc.
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Measureed seismic intensity by KNET and KiK-net

1
6

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http://www.jma.go.jp/jp/quake/

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Intensity 6-strong• People can only moveby crawling and may
bounce on the floor• Not fixed furniture only
moves and may fall
• Buildings with low
earthquake resistancetilt or fall
• Huge cracks in theland appear and landslides occur.

JMA（Japan Meteorological Agency） 気象庁
http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/know/shindo/shindokai.html

8

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気象庁：報道発表資料「平成23年（2011年)東北地方
太平洋地震」について(第28報)，平成23年3月25日
http://www.kyoshin.bosai.go.jp/kyoshin/topics/TohokuTa
iheiyo_20110311/nied_kyoshin1j.pdf
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http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/press/1105/06a/kaisetsu20110506170
0.pdf

Aftershocks

2011 The Great East Japan Earthquake
400

M>5

Cumulated
number300

200
1994 east-Hokkaido
Earthquake （M8.2）

100
5 aftershocks over M.7

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60days from main earthquake

21

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Comparison of the acceleration records (seismic
intensity 7) of past earthquakes
Acceleration records

Response velocity spectra

1995 Kobe earthquake

2004 Nigataken Chuetsu earthquake2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku
Earthquake

1~2 seconds amplitude which
determine the damage was small
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25

Influence from the three main ruptures at the source region
9 North of Miyagi Pref. Main rupture at Miyagi coast was
predominant
9 Fukushima Pref. Both Miyagi coast and Ibaraki coast ruptures had
an influence
9 South of Fukushima Pref. Ibaraki coast rupture was predominantArea with intensity over 6-strong was widespread.
` Earthquake motion features
9 Duration was long
9 Period content of 1～2 s was less than the 1995 Kobe
earthquake
`

`

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The generation of many aftershocks exacerbated the damage

2011/5/24

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Sea plateContinental plate
Earthquake between
plates

Subsidence

upliftPlate subduction

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In horizontal plane

Up-down

Oshika: 580cm

Oshika: 120cm

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2011/5/24

30①②

BeforeAfter

Before(before)(2011.3.12)

After(2011.3.12)(before)③①(before)②(2011.3.12)(2011.3.12)

Index

④

Altitude (m)③(2008)(2011)

BeforeAfter

The area under average sea level(T.P. ±0m)

3km2

16km2

Growth rate

The area under flood tide level(T.P. +0.7m)

32km2

56km2

1.8 times

The area under largest recorded(T.P.
+1.6m)(before)
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83km2

111km2

1.3 times

5.3 times(2011.3.12)④(2008)(2011)(Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)31

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Port & Harbour Res. Inst.
http://www.pari.go.jp/info/tohokueq/20110328mlit.html

日立造船HPより
http://www.hitachizosen.co.jp/other/hitz-tech.html

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6.7 m

55㎝

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Run-up Height of Tsunami

Run-up height

Maximum height:
38.9m at Omoe
Peninsula in Miyakocity.
The highest record
ever before in Japanwas of 38.2 m at
Ryori bay.
.

東北地方太平洋沖地震津波合同調査グループ
http://www.coastal.jp/ttjt/
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気象庁HPよりhttp://www.jma.go.jp/jma/kishou/know/faq/faq26.html

Tsunami height

Tide measurement
stationRun-up height
Inundation
depth

Inundation
heightTide level under normal
condition

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36

JAXA ALOS AVNIR-2画像(3/14撮影)

災害制御研究センター，千葉工大，関西大，防衛大，
大阪市立大ほか11機関の合同調査結果を表示

2011年5月2日

復興構想会議資料3715

5/18/2011

JAXA ALOS AVNIR-2画像(3/14撮
影)

Tsunami flood depth displayedusing space interpolation

East Sendai
Expressway

左図※仙台河川国道事務所および災害制御研究センターの調査結果を表示

復興構想会議資料

2011年5月2日

38

Number of houses
in flooded areas（Estimated）

Reported damaged
housesDamage rate
（Totally and partially）

Iwate Pref.

46,90016,07734%

Miyagi Pref.（North of Tagajoshi）

107,700

Miyagi Pref.（South of Sendai）

46,50040,02726%

Fukushima Pref.

17,300

2,417

14%

Total

218,400

58,521

27%

Number of damaged houses(Totally and partially) at
Hanshin・Awaji earthquake : 249,180

Relational expression of the house damage
and flood for the great Indian ocean
tsunami(relationship of tsunami damage)
Koshimura et al. (2009)

Depending on flood depth
At 2 m about 20% of houses are washed out
At 4 m about 80% of houses are washed out
by Prof. Koshimura (Tohoku Univ.)

40

16

5/18/2011` Sanriku Rias Shore Onagawa bay（after 1 month）

Kesenuma
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfLEKTRToiI&feature=related` Center of the city
Ishinomaki（1 month after）` Sendai plain・low-land area（youtube)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RM3HDODpieY
Natori Yuriage area

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41

Even RC buildings fell

Onagawa town

17

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Damage caused by scouring behind the slope toeof the coast embankment
by Prof. Tanaka (Tohoku Univ.)
Tide prevention
forest damage
Non damaged pine

Scour hole

Washed out
Embankment

Yamamoto
shore

Scour Hole

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47

Washout at discontinuous coast embankment
by Prof. Tanaka

Only back side
washout(Tohoku Univ.)
Embankment totally damaged-Sandy shore erosion
Higashi Matsushima Suzaki-Tide prevention forest
coast
destruction

Rubble embankment

Before disastergentle slope
embankment

Geographical Survey Institute March 12, 2011
Before disaster

Before disaster (Google street view)After disaster
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49

20

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６６０m

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by Prof. Mano (Tohoku Univ.) 50

by Prof. Mano (Tohoku Univ.)

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Houses behind standing coast trees were flooded only 1 floor.
This is 1/3~ 1/4 of flood depth at houses behind collapsed coast trees.
The house at the red circle was moved from its original place. 51

21

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Not the subject of this report.

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HydrogenHydrogenHydrogen

explosion

explosion

explosion

water

explosion

water

water

Melted fuel rod

Meltdown ?

Meltdown ?

Obviousrupturesdue toexplosion

Building
remained intact

Obviousrupturesdue toexplosion

No fuel in thecore, because ofregular check
Obviousrupturesdue toexplosion

Injection of nitrogento container
Injection of freshwater to fuel storing pool
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2011/5/24

56「 http://www.tohoku-epco.co.jp/information/1182212_821.html 」の情報を図化

Number 停電戸数（戸）of blackout houses

5,000,000

3/11 14:46 off the pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake
About 4.40 million houses were power failure

4,500,000

4/7 aftershock

4,000,000
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Elapsed地震発生からの経過時間（日）time from the main shock (days)23

5/18/2011

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60

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Port & Harbour Res. Inst.
http://www.pari.go.jp/info/tohoku-eq/20110328mlit.html

North part (990m)

South part (670m)

http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/
20110402-OYT1T00753.htm

Depth -63m to +6m
The deepest break waterin the world

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2011/5/24

61

General design of Break Water stability

Hydrostatic pressure
In outside of port

Hydrostatic pressure
In inside of port

Support pressure acting on the mound25

5/18/2011

Failure mechanism of breakwater②Huge horizontal force
loaded to Caisson①Large difference of sea
level between the front andbehind of the breakwater.

＋10.8mWater level difference:
8.2m

Tsunami Flow

＋2.6m

④Mound Scouring③Strong flow in the
joint part of the Caisson` Sanriku rias coast（Kamaishi port office）

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64

26

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destroyed revetment ( at least 6 berths were destroyed and 4 ofthose were next to each other.)
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65

Natori City, Yuriage fisherman’s port

Wharf anchorage exposure（Tie road is not broken）
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27

5/18/2011

Sendai airport was swallowed by the tsunami（March 11 4 p.m.）
毎日jp HPより（手塚耕一郎氏撮影）
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2011/5/24

68

Sendai airport swallowed by the tsunami
South treatment center

Sendai
airport

Iwanuma city, swallowed by the tsunami（March 11 3:56P.M）
毎日jp HPより（手塚耕一郎撮影）28

5/18/2011

Sendai Airport

In-situ survey（3/29）of Runway

Runway status immediately after damage
毎日jp HPより（佐々木順一氏撮影）

Cars were recollected by US army

Countermeasures before the Earthquake
Restoration after the Earthquake
Repaired cracks

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By JR-east

Kagami-ishi～Sukagawa

Izumizaki～Yabuki

Shinden～Ishigoe

Umegasawa～Shinden
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2011/5/24
By14ARC
JR-east

78

79

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5/18/2011

Around Shinchi station, Jo-ban Linestation and train, stricken by the tsunami

Damage to bridge (Railway, JR-east)
Structural damage to the Shinkansen: Sendai, Miyagi Pref.
Shiroishizao～Sendai south Nagamachi・Nagamachi viaduct bridge

Old design code

New design code

9 Left: Moment crack was confirmed in columns of old viaduct bridges.
9 Right: Parallel viaduct bridges of local lines were designed based on new
seismic design criteria and spiral reinforcement was arranged in column
hinges.
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2011/5/24

土木学会東日本大震災特別委員会総合調査団

調査速報会

資料より

81

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Damage status by earthquake motion(Tohoku Shinkansen line)
Structural damage of Shinkansen (1)- Nakasone viaduct Num.1

Structural form : Viaduct bridge with RC beam-slab frame

Photo by JR east

Column failure after earthquake

Jack-up and restoration using
sectional repairTokyo
direction

Moriokadirection
Repair points

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2011/5/24

土木学会東日本大震災特別委員会総合調査団

調査速報会

資料より

82

Damage by earthquake motion
Structural damage of Shinkansen: Electrification pillars – Sendai, Miyagi

It was confirmed that at 540 sites electrification pillars were tilted,
cracked or broken (At April 4, 2011)
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土木学会東日本大震災特別委員会総合調査団

調査速報会

資料より

83

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JR kesen-numa line

Koizumi bridge L=182m

国土交通省東北地方整備局提供

Pier washed away

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2011/5/24

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87

35

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Damaged sites【北上川、旧北上川、鳴瀬川（Miyagi）】

平成23年4月19日現在

北上川、旧北上川、鳴瀬川
大崎市

6

27
7

5

19

Inland damaged sites

18

登米市

17

11
10

26

3

29
4

涌谷町

9
22
21

20

松島町

Damaged sites at river mouth

8

25 1
北上川 →

2 24

石巻市
東松島市

Pacific ocean
Damaged sites

鳴瀬川

28

→

Pacific ocean（The number indicates the order in the restoration process）

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88

東北地方整備局によるRiver mouth sites
Catastrophic destruction
The tsunami overflowed the embankments→ washout failure and erosion
・Ishinomaki(石巻市月浜地区、釜谷地区)
・Higashi-matsushima(東松島市野蒜)・Watari(亘理町荒浜)

Inland areas
Crack due to earthquake and settlement→ liquefaction of base ground and embankment material
was the major cause of damage
・Ohsaki(大崎市), Kakuta(角田市)・Wakuya(涌谷町、美里町)・
Marumori(丸森町)・Date(伊達市)

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東北地方整備局による

2

River mouth of New-kitakami

Damage status

Restoration work

北上大橋

北上川

津波による堤防の
流出

断面図

富士沼

Failure portion
L=1,100m
北上川

北
上
大
橋

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宮城県石巻市釜谷地先（北上川水系 北上川下流右岸3.8k～4.6k+16m

延長1,100m）

90

東北地方整備局による

23

River mouth of Abukuma

Damage condition
Embankment cross-section
before earthquake

Tsunami overflowed the embankment andit is thought that water dig the soil.
Bank erosion caused by
the tsunami was greaterthan a person’s height

Restoration works

断面図

宮城県亘理郡亘理町荒浜地先
阿武隈川水系 阿武隈川下流
14ARC 2011/5/24
270m）

Removal of damaged revetment

右岸0.0k-170m～0.0k+100m

延長
92

37

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東北地方整備局による

Inland, Naruse river

11

Restoration works

Damage status
鳴瀬川

They continued therestoration by night

Embankment cross-section
before earthquake

鳴瀬川

The embankment was so badly destroyed it isdifficult to guess the original shape

For restoration works a road was made to employ
double closing construction using steel sheet
piles

断面図

Restoration works using sheets
to prevent rain flooding
14ARC

宮城県大崎市下中ノ目地先（鳴瀬川水系 鳴瀬川 左岸30.0k～30.5k+37 延長320m）

2011/5/24

93

東北地方整備局による

14

Inland, Abukuma River

Damage status

Restoration works

Embankment destroyed in river direction

断面図

Since the embankment wasdestroyed it is difficult to guess theoriginal shape

Pounded steel sheet piles

14ARC 2011/5/24

宮城県角田市枝野地先（阿武隈川水系 阿武隈川下流右岸30.6k+34m～31.4k+160延長800m）

94

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96` Liquefaction damage is remarkable, especiallyaround Tokyo Bay and the Tone river in the
Kanto region.
` The total area of liquefaction is more than 42
km2. This is more than the 34 km2 generated at
the time of the Christchurch (New Zealand)
earthquake.
` In the Tohoku region there is no visibleliquefaction damage. Liquefaction did occur, but
the tsunami erased the evidence.
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Evidence of Liquefaction
can be seen before thetsunami struck

Natori, Miyagi Prefecture From Kyodo
News Helicopter（4/19 Same place）
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98

国土交通省東北地方整備局

98

99

40

5/18/2011

Inner embankment near Eai and Kyu-kitakami rivers’ intersection at Kitawabuchi, Kanancho, Ishinomaki

上図は「地図閲覧サービス（ウォッちず）」および「カシミール3D」
を用いて国土地理院発行の電子国土基本図（地図情報）による2万5千分の1地形図を引用し，それに加筆したものである．

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2011/5/24

Osaki City（Furukawa Station）

In front of
Furukawa
StationFurukawa
Nakazato

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10
1

41

5/18/2011by Prof. Yasuda

Tokyo Bay：Sand covers thickly an extensive area

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103

by Prof. Towhata

Liquefaction damagearound Tokyo Bay

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104

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5/18/2011

Scouring around building (Water treatment center at South of the pref.)
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2011/5/24

Road Num.45 Nami-ita Bridge（Iwate prefecture Ohtsuchicho）

国土交通省東北地方整備局提供

復建技術コンサルタント提供

9 The soil behind the abutment of the road bridge was washed away. Restoration wascompleted by March 17.
9 The upper parts of the superstructure and pier of a pedestrian bridge at river mouth
10
were washed upstream.
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Land development sites
擁壁
Large scale fill

Valley fill

Natural ground

Boundary
Different motion
causes large
strains

Cut

Rigid
Small motion
Small strains

Soft
Large motion
Large strains

108

Distribution of damage due to earthquake in landdevelopment sites
FillBoundary
Cut
Totally dest.
Partially dest.
One part dest.
Ground failure
Road crack
Fence damage
Settlement

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5/18/2011

LegendLarge cracks
Small cracks
Sliding direction

F
A
E
D

B
C

Damaged places and cracks in land development sites confirmed by in-situ survey.
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110

Red color：Fill

Blue color：Cut

map received originally from Fukken gijutsu consultant Co. (Fill and cut survey were not included.)
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1

45

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2

11
3

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The treatment status ofhousehold waste in Sendai.
(Tsunami waste is notincluded)

Google Maps

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11
4

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5

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5/18/2011

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11
6¾ Refine the design code of liquefaction damage assessment
against long duration earthquakes.
¾ Ensure the ductility of the earth structure when the seismic
load is greater than the design load.
¾ Develop risk assessment and earthquake-resistant design
methods at land development sites.
¾ Provide earthworks anti-tsunami and anti-scouring measures.
¾ Apply methods for effective use of earthquake waste,especially how to improve the characteristics of depositedsoil.
¾ Treatment of the soil contaminated by radiation.

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7

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5/18/2011

It was confirmed that there was liquefaction phenomenon from
Aomori to Kanagawa region for intensities over 5-strong.
Do the coastal metropolitan area and Tohoku region havedifferent liquefaction level due to their earthquake history?
We have to recognize that there are large areas with highpotential risk of liquefaction in newly developed area.
Regarding deformation of earthworks and liquefaction,
earthquakes of 2-3 minutes in duration are fatal.

`

`

`

`

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118

The places damaged during the 1978
Miyagi earthquake were damaged again.
Also, new places were damaged.
` We need to assess the countermeasures and define thedifference between the damaged and non damaged places.
` Regarding land development sites: the damage was larger atfill sites, but there are also many fill sites not damaged.
`

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2011/5/24

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9

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5/18/2011`

Anti-scouring of earthworks.

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Washout prevention of embankments.

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Foundation structure of tsunami shelterbuildings.

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Estimation of mound bearing capacity
breakwaters against tsunami.

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The soils (beach sand and clay from the seabed andriverbed) washed away by the tsunami were depositedinlandWhen soils get dry and are scattered, they can be acause of infection.
Geotechnical engineering technologies for treating
dredged mud ponds and lakes can be used.

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5/18/2011` First, the failure mode should be controlled` To accomplish this, it is necessary to know the

behavior after failure` This method can improve the toughness ofearthworks` This is the same as for resistance toliquefaction

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We are presently evacuating to other building.
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