SC/58/O7

Cruise Report of the Second Phase of the Japanese Whale Research
Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA Ⅱ ) in
2005/2006 -Feasibility studyShigetoshi Nishiwaki1), Daisuke Tohyama2), Hajime Ishikawa1), Seiji Otani1), Takeharu Bando1), Hiroto Murase1), Genta
Yasunaga1), Tatsuya Isoda1), Katsuo Nemoto2),Masakatsu Mori2), Masaomi Tsunekawa2) Kazuki Fukutome2), Masataka
Shiozaki2), Masahiko Nagamine2),Takahiro Konagai2),Tohru Takamatsu2), Saeko Kumagai1), Takahiro Kage1), Konomi Ito3),
Hiroki Nagai4) and Waka Komatsu5)
Contact e-mail: nisiwaki@cetacean.jp
1) The Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055 Japan.
2) Kyodo Senpaku Kaisya, Ltd., 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055 Japan.
3) Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193Japan
4) Department of Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro-city,
Hokkaido, 080-0833 Japan.
5) Department of fisheries, Faculty of Oceanography, Tokai University, 3-20-1 Orido, Shimizu ward, Shimizu-city Shizuoka,
424-0902 Japan

ABSTRACTThe research plan for the Second Phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic(JARPA II) was presented to the 2005 meeting of the International Whaling Commission’s Scientific Committee (IWC/SC).
The research program involves both non-lethal and lethal research techniques. The first two JARPA II surveys, to be
conducted in the 2005/06 and 2006/07 austral summer seasons, were planned as feasibility studies with the following
objectives: 1) to examine the practicability and appropriateness of sighting methods considering the enlarged research area,2) to examine the practicability and appropriateness of sampling procedure considering the increased sample size for
Antarctic minke whale and 3) to examine the practicability of methods of hunting, hauling, flensing and biologicalsampling of large-sized whales. For the feasibility surveys a total of 850+/-10% Antarctic minke whales and 10 fin whales
were planned for sampling. The first feasibility survey of the JARPA II was carried out between 3 December 2005 and 20
March 2006 (108 days) in Areas IIIE, IV and part of Area V. The total searching distance was 16,372.7n.miles(8,836.2n.miles covered by the two dedicated Sighting Vessels (SVs) and 7,536.5n.miles covered by the three Sighting andSampling Vessels (SSVs). The following species managed by the IWC were sighted: Antarctic minke, blue, fin, sei,
humpback, southern right, sperm and southern bottlenose whales. The Antarctic minke and humpback whales were thedominant species. Out of 821 schools (1,959 individuals) in the primary sightings of Antarctic minke whales by SSVs, 779
schools (1,879 individuals) were targeted for sampling. A total of 853 individuals were sampled. Out of 37 schools (245individuals) in the primary sightings of fin whales by SSVs, 11 schools (112 individuals) were targeted for sampling. A
total of 10 animals were sampled. The maximum body length for the sampled fin whales was 20.22m (female, 61.52tons).
Photo-id experiments were conducted on blue, humpback and southern right whales and a total of 85 animals were
photographed. A total of 46 skin biopsy samples were collected from seven species. CTD, XCTD and XBT castings wereconducted at 86, 123 and 22 locations, respectively. EPCS (Electric Particle Counting and Sizing System) survey was
conducted for 94 and 99 days by each SV, respectively. One of SV conducted the quantitative echo sounder survey for 94
days in the whole research area. The main results of this feasibility survey were as follows: 1) Antarctic minke and the
humpback whales were the dominant species observed in similar numbers in the research area, 2) fin whales were widelydistributed in the south strata from 80°E to 135°E, 3) large baleen whales intermingled in the south strata throughout thewhole research area. Regarding the objectives of the feasibility survey, the following results were obtained: 1) the sighting
methods used were practical and appropriate for the enlarged research area, 2) sampling procedures were appropriate forcovering the increased sample size of the Antarctic minke whales of 850+/- 10%, 3) method of hunting, hauling, flensing
and biological sampling of large-sized whales was checked and found to be adequately done. Therefore it can be concluded
that the first feasibility survey of JARPA II was conducted satisfactorily and that the objectives of the survey had been
covered adequately.
KEYWORDS: ANTARCTIC MINKE WHALES; FIN WHALES;HUMPBACK WHALES; BALEEN WHALES; ANTARCTIC; SOUTHERNHEMISPHERE; SCIENTIFIC PERMITS

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INTRODUCTION
The Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) was conducted between 1987/88
and 2004/05 austral summer seasons, under Article VIII of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling.
The IWC Scientific Committee conducted an interim review of JARPA results in 1997. In January 2005, a JARPA review
meeting called by the Government of Japan was held.
JARPA provided a wide variety of information on biological parameters of Antarctic minke whale such as the natural
mortality coefficient and changes over time in the age at maturity as well as narrowing down the parameters of relevancefor stock management. JARPA also elucidated that there were two stocks in the research area but their geographicalboundaries were different from those used by the IWC (Pastene et al.2005). Further, JARPA found that pollutant
concentration in whale’s tissues, such as heavy metals and PCBs, was extremely low (Yasunaga et al, 2005). JARPA has
thus successfully obtained data related to the initially proposed objectives. The review meeting conducted in January 2005
agreed that results from JARPA were consistent with the behavior to be expected of baleen whale populations competingfor a dominant single food resource, krill. The meeting also agreed that the results obtained provide clear support for theneed to take species-interaction (ecosystem) effects into account in understanding the dynamics of the baleen whale species
in the Antarctic ecosystem, and predicting future trends in their abundance and population structure (Government of Japan.
2005).
Based on these considerations, the Government of Japan launched a new comprehensive study, the Second Phase of theJapanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA II), combining lethal and non-lethal
methods, starting from the 2005/06 austral summer season. The first two seasons (2005/06 and 2006/07) are dedicated tofeasibility studies.
The full-scale JARPA II will start from the 2007/08 season. It will be a long-term research program with the following
objectives 1) Monitoring of the Antarctic ecosystem, 2) Modeling competition among whale species and developing future
management objectives, 3) Elucidation of temporal and spatial changes in stock structure and 4) Improving themanagement procedure for the Antarctic minke whale stocks. JARPA II will focus on Antarctic minke, humpback and fin
whales and possibly other species in the Antarctic ecosystem that are major predators of Antarctic krill. Annual sample
sizes for the full-scale research (lethal sampling) are 850 (with 10% of allowance) Antarctic minke whales (Eastern Indian
Ocean and Western South Pacific Stocks), 50 humpback whales (D and E-Stocks) and 50 fin whales (Indian Ocean and theWestern South Pacific Stocks). During the feasibility study, a maximum annual sample size of 850+-10% Antarctic minke
whales will be sampled. A maximum of ten fin whales will be sampled in each season. Humpback whales will not be taken
during the feasibility study.
The research methods for the JARPA II are basically the same as the previous JARPA with some modifications. The
program involves both non-lethal research techniques such as sighting surveys, biopsy sampling, acoustic surveys for preyspecies and the collection of oceanographic data and lethal sampling since collection of certain information, of vital
importance to the overall study, requires examination of internal organs such as ovaries, earplugs and stomachs. A
comprehensive review will be conducted following completion of the first 6 years of the research (Government of Japan.
2005).
This is the first cruise report in JARPA II. This season was dedicated to feasibility studies. The practicability andappropriateness of sighting methods in the enlarged area and sampling procedures for the increased sample size were
examined. Methods for catching, flensing and taking biological measurements of large body-sized fin whales were also
tested.
RESEARCH METHODS
Research vessels
The whale research unit was composed of two dedicated sighting vessels (Kyoshin Maru No.2: KS2 and Kaikoh Maru
No.1:KK1), three sighting and sampling vessels (Yushin Maru No.2: YS2, Yushin Maru: YS1, and Kyo Maru No.1: KO1)
and one research base vessel (Nisshin Maru: NM).
Two sighting vessels (SVs) were dedicated to sighting survey and most of the experiments were conducted by thesevessels. Three sighting and sampling vessels（SSVs）vessels were engaged in sighting and sampling surveys. NM served asa research base on which all biological examinations of collected samples were conducted.
Research area
JARPA began with surveys in Areas IV (70°-130°E) and V (130°E-170°W). From the austral summer season 1995/96.
the research area was extended to include the eastern part of Area III (35°-70°E) and the western part of Area VI(170°-145°W). The stock structure of Antarctic minke whales was therefore investigated in an area spanning 180 degrees inlongitude.
With regard to the Antarctic minke whales, it was found that there were two independent stocks in the research area anda soft boundary at 165°E (middle of Area V) was proposed for management purposes (Pastene et al., 2005a). To the westof this boundary line, but especially in Area IV, humpback whales have shown a rapid increase in recent years, and havesurpassed the Antarctic minke whales in biomass. Fin whales have also shown a rapid increase with an abundance estimate
of about 9,000 animals in Area IV+IIIE. On the other hand, there has been significant decrease in blubber thickness of the2minke whales and a reversal in the trend of age at maturity toward younger ages (Bando et al., 2005; Konishi and Tamura,
2005; Zenitani and Kato, 2005), which strongly indicates competition among the whale species in the area. Comparative
studies of both areas will be useful to understand the pattern of competition among whale species.
The area to be covered by JARPA II is basically same as JARPA: the eastern part of Area III, Areas IV and V, and thewestern part of Area VI (35°E - 145°W). In the first year, JARPA II surveyed the East Indian Ocean Stock of Antarctic
minke whales in a longitudinal span of 140° on the western side of the research area (35°E - 175°E). Fig.1 shows
geographic location of the research area for the 2005/2006 JARPAII surveys
Survey track line design
The minimum unit of the longitudinal width is 10 degrees in principle. The number of units was allocated to correspondwith the longitudinal width of each stratum. However, the width of the units was changed based on the planed researchdays within the stratum. Track lines were constructed for SVs and SSVs, separately. Vessels made sightings alternately inthe north and south strata. In the case of SV, two vessels crossed each other. Three SSVs conducted sighting and samplings
simultaneously in the interval of 7 n.miles. The schematic figures are shown in Fig. 2 for SVs and Fig. 3 for SSVs,
respectively.
The survey track line is systematically designed in the 10 degree longitudinal width interval in principle from thesurvey starting point. The survey starting point was randomly selected on the longitudinal border of the research area.
Details are shown under the heading “The longitudinal interval and number of the survey track line in the sub-researcharea” on pages 4 and 5.
Sighting method
Sighting procedures were the same as in the previous JARPA surveys (Nishiwaki et al. 1999, Ishikawa et al. 2000). The
sighting survey using SSVs was conducted under limited closing mode (when a sighting of Antarctic minke whales wasmade on the predetermined track line, the vessel approached the whales and species and school size confirmed). Three
SSVs advanced along parallel track lines 7 n.miles apart, at a standard speed of 11.5 knots. The sighting survey by SV wasconducted under limited closing mode and passing mode (even if sighting was made on the predetermined track line, thevessel did not approach the whales directly and searching from the barrel was uninterrupted).
The survey was operated under optimal research conditions (when the wind speed was below 25 knots in the south strata
and 20 knots in the north strata and visibility was more than two n.miles). In addition to the sighting of Antarctic minke andfin whales or whales suspected to be those species, the SV approached blue (B. musculus), humpback (Megaptera
novaeangliae), southern right (Eubalaena australis), pigmy right (Caperea marginata), sei (B.borealis), sperm (Physeter
macrocehpalus) and southern bottlenose (Hyperoodon planifrons) whales for conducting some experiments. The SSVs also
approached the same whale species as experiments in SV while they engaged in the sighting survey.
Sampling method
Three sampling/sighting vessels were engaged in the sampling survey. 850 Antarctic minke whales (with 10 % Allowance)
and ten fin whales were planned to be taken in the research area south of 62°S.
One or two Antarctic minke whale was sampled randomly from each primary sighted school within 3n.miles of the trackline. The dwarf form minke whales were not a target for sampling. Sampling of fin whales was restricted to an estimatedbody length less than 20m, because of limitation of the research base ship (NM) facility for dissection.
Low and middle latitudinal sighting survey
During transit cruises, sighting surveys were conducted in the area between 30°S and 60°S except for Areas within national
EEZs. The results of these surveys are not shown in this report.
Biological researchNon-lethal means are not satisfactory to address all objectives of the planned in JARPA II. For example, age of whale,
nutrition condition of the whale, food consumption, and heavy metal load can not be obtained by the current non-lethal
methods. As well as the former JARPA, JARPA II will be conducted as a comprehensive research plan using lethal andnon-lethal methods allocated properly for each research objective. Most of the research methods used in JARPA II were
established through a research period of 18 years in JARPA.
Biological research on all sampled whales were conducted on the NM
Experiments
Sighting distance and angle experimentThis experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the accuracy of the information on sighting distance and sighting angle
given by observers of the SV and SSVs.
Photo-identification experiment
The following species were targeted for photographic record of natural markings by SV and SSVs: blue, humpback and3

southern right whales.
Biopsy sampling
In addition to the species targeted for the photo-identification experiment, pygmy right, fin, sei, sperm, southern bottlenose
whales were targeted for biopsy skin sampling by the SV and SSVs using compound-crossbow. All collected sample were
preserved at –80°C.
Oceanographic and acoustic survey
SVs conducted the following oceanographic survey.
1) Consecutive measuring of water surface temperature, conductivity, surface chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, surface
particle and surface flow by Electric Particle Counting and Sizing System (EPCS)
2) XCTD and CTD survey3) Marine debris recording in the research area by KK1 and KS2. All marine debris found in the stomach of Antarctic
minke whales was recorded and collected on NM.
4) Hydro-acoustic survey using a scientific echo sounder (EK500 with operating frequencies at 38kHz, 120kHz, 200kHz,SIMRAD, Norway) to elucidate distribution and abundance of prey species of baleen whales. Hydro-acoustic survey
was conducted by KS2.This survey was conducted with sighting survey throughout the whole research area.
In addition to these surveys mentioned above, SVs deployed Argo profiling floats (profiling devices), whichcollected high quality oceanographic data of upper and middle layers of the world ocean almost simultaneouslywith very high space-time resolution, during this cruise in cooperation with Japan Marine Science and Technology
Center (JAMSTEC) (See http://w3.jamstec.go.jp/ARGO/J_ARGOe.html).
During the 57th SC, three concerns were raised (IWC/57/Rep1, P58-59),
1) The level of details in proposed survey and sampling designs is insufficient to adequately review the proposal.
2) As noted in the proposal, krill plays a central role in the Antarctic ecosystem. However, the proposal appears torecognize this but contains no commitment or specific survey plans for such work.
3) Substantial numbers of Antarctic minke whales appear to occur within the pack ice and the pack ice is a potentially
important habitat for this species. JARPA II contains no plans to surveys within the pack ice.
For sighting and sampling design, we considered the discussions and established a new design of track line in Figs. 2
and 3. These designs could assure the randomness and representativeness of sighting and sampling of whales.
With respect to krill survey, acoustic krill abundance survey using a scientific echo sounder (EK500) was planed. KS2
conducted this survey in the whole research area.
The survey of whales within the pack ice is very important. However, it is difficult and dangerous for the research unit
NM. We conducted a survey using the Shirase (Ice-breaker vessel) in 2004/05 season and will make efforts to continue
such surveys within pack ice.
RESULTS
Outline of the research activities
Table 1 shows an outline of the research activities. The research period in the 2005/06 JARPAII was 108 days from 3
December 2005 to 20 March 2006. The whale research unit (WRU) encountered a Greenpeace (GP) vessel during the
research activity on 21 December 2005 and, the Sea Shepherd (SS) vessel together with GP on 25 December 2005. The
WRU interrupted research activities from 25 December 2005 to 2 January 2006 to ensure safe refueling. The attempted
obstruction and violent activities of GP occurred from 21 December 2005 to19 January 2006.
The longitudinal interval and number of the survey track lines in the sub-research area
The track lines by the SVs and the SSVs are shown in figures 4 and 5. The longitudinal interval and number in the unit ofsurvey track line in each sub research area were as follows:
1) The eastern part of Area V
The research area in the eastern part of Area V is a range from 60°S to 69°S and from 175°E to 165°E. The researchstarting point of SVs and SSVs were provided on the 175°E longitudinal line. The survey track line was set zigzag innorth and south to westward. The longitudinal interval of each tooth of the survey track line was 1° 15’ for SSVs in both
north and south strata, and 2°30’ in north stratum and 1° 15’of south stratum for SVs. Allocated survey track line of theresearch area is one tooth in the north stratum and 3 teeth in the south stratum for SSVs. SVs surveyed two teeth in thenorth stratum and four teeth in the south stratum. The pack ice line was estimated based on the latest ice-edge
information from near real time DMSP SSM/I daily polar griddled sea ice concentration data set available from the
National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC, Cavalieri et al.1999). However, the actual pack ice line projected
remarkably to the north because of the developed low atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the northern boundary of south
4stratum in the research area ranged from 175°E to 165°E was fixed at the 62°S and SSVs only surveyed the south
stratum.

2) The western part of Area V
The research area in the western part of Area V was south of 60°S and from 165°E to 130°E. The research starting pointsof SVs and SSVs were the 165°E. The survey track line was set zigzag in north and south to westward. The survey trackline was continued from that of the eastern part of Area V. SSVs surveyed 3 teeth in the north stratum and 9 teeth in thesouth stratum. SVs surveyed six teeth in the north stratum and twelve teeth in the south stratum. The research activity
was planned from 9 to 28 December for the convenience of refueling. The entire research activities were interrupted on
23 December to evade interference by the GP and SS. The range surveyed in this period was from 165°E to 139°E.
Un-surveyed range in the research area from 130°E to 139°E was covered later (in March). The research starting point of
SVs and SSVs were set on the 130°E. The survey track line was set zigzag in north and south to eastward. The same
design of survey track line was continued from that of the eastern part of Area IV again. For the longitudinal interval of
one tooth of the survey track line, the SSVs made 3° 20’in the north and south strata, the SVs adopted 5° in the northstratum and 2.5° in the south stratum. Because of limitation of research period due to the harassment by GP and SS,
survey effort of SSVs was concentrated in the south stratum and the north stratum in this area was not surveyed.

3) The eastern part of Area IV
The range of the eastern part of Area IV is south of 60°S and from 100°E to 130°E. The same design of survey track line
was continued from the western part of Area IV. The research starting point of SVs and SSVs was on the 100°E
latitudinal line. The track line of the SSVs was set zigzag in north and south to eastward. In the case of SVs, the researcharea was divided into two areas at 117° 38’. The survey was implemented zigzag in north and south to westward inwestern half and to eastward on eastern half from this longitude. For the longitudinal interval of one tooth of the survey
track line, the SSVs had 3° 20’ in both north and south strata, the SVs adopted 5° in the north stratum and 2°30’ in thesouth stratum. The teeth in the survey track line of this area were composed of four and a half teeth in the south stratumin SSVs and three teeth in the north stratum and six teeth in the south stratum in SVs. Because of limitation of research
period due to the harassment by GP and SS, survey effort of SSVs was concentrated the south stratum and the northstratum in this area was not surveyed.
4) The western part of Area IV
The range of the western part of Area IV is south of 60°S and from 70°E to 100°E. The research starting point of SVs
and SSVs was on the 70°E longitude line. The track line was surveyed zigzag in north and south to eastward except towestward from west of 75°east longitude. For the longitudinal interval of one tooth of survey track line, the SSVs had
1°40’ in both north and south strata, the SVs adopted 5° of the north stratum and 2 °30’ in the south stratum. The survey
track line in this area for the SSVs was composed of two and half teeth in the north stratum and eight and half units in thesouth stratum. SV track lines were composed of three teeth in the north stratum and five and half teeth in the south
stratum. In east of 95E, because of limitation of research period due to the harassment by GP and SS, survey effort of
SSVs was concentrated the south stratum and the north stratum in this area was not surveyed.
5) The Prydz Bay (the western part of Area IV)
The range of the Prydz Bay is from south of 66°S from 70°E to 80°E. A tongue-shape ice field projected to the west sidefrom 66°S to 67°S and from 80°E to 73°E. The entrance to the bay was blockaded in the neighborhood of 73°E and 67°S.
The research area was divided into north and south at the 67°S. The research starting point of SVs and SSVs was on the
80°E. For the longitudinal interval of one tooth of survey track line, the SSVs had 3°20’and the 2°30’ for the SVs. The
survey track line of the research area was composed one and half teeth for the SSVs and two teeth for the SVs.
6) The eastern part of Area III
The research area in the eastern part of Area III is a range from south of 60° and from 55°E to 70°E. The research starting
point of SVs and SSVs provided on the 55°E. The survey track line was set zigzag in north and south to eastward. For
the longitudinal interval of one tooth of the track line, the SSVs had 1°40’ in both north and south strata. The SVs had 5°of the north stratum and 2°30’ of the south stratum. The survey track line of the research area was composed of one and ahalf teeth in the north stratum and three and a half teeth in the south stratum for SSVs and one and a half teeth for thenorth stratum and three teeth in the south stratum for the SVs.
Searching distance
The searching distances of the SVs and the SSVs were shown in table 2. The research period was 108 days but 9days were
not surveyed because of harassment of GP and SS. The total searching distance was 16,372.7 n.miles consist of 8,836.2
n.miles in the two SVs and 7,536.5 n.miles in the three SSVs.
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Whale species sighted
Fourteen species were identified during the research period. Table 3 shows eight whale species number of sightings by SV
and SSVs. The following six species of baleen whales were confirmed; Antarctic minke, blue, fin, sei, humpback andsouthern right whales, and two toothed whales were confirmed; sperm and southern bottlenose whales.
The number of the primary sightings was; humpback whales (1702 schools and 3200 individuals), Antarctic minke
whales (1658 schools and 4383 individuals) and fin whales (188 schools and 748 individuals). These account for 76.2% in
the sighting composition with 36.6% for the humpback, 35.6% for the Antarctic minke and 4.0% for the fin whales inschools. The Antarctic minke and the humpback whales were equally dominant species. When considering biomass, it issuggested that the humpback whales exceeds that of fin whales which were the same as Antarctic minke whales.
Distributions of confirmed whale species in the research areas
1) Antarctic minke whales
The distribution of sightings of the Antarctic minke whales by SVs is shown in figure 6 and SSVs in figure 7. The
Antarctic minke whales were widely distributed throughout the research areas. The density and distribution of sightings
seemed to be different between east and west of 115 degrees of east longitude. In the east of this line, high density area
was found only near the ice-edge, and density was low in the north strata and offshore in the south strata. In the west sideof the line, high density and concentrated areas were observed from east of 55°E to the Prydz Bay and around the
Drygarsky Island in the south strata of the Area IVW. Antarctic minke whales were low density in the north stratum butwere widely distributed.
2) Humpback whales
The distribution of sightings of the humpback whales by SVs is shown in figure 8 and SSVs in figure 9.The humpback
whales were widely distributed throughout the research areas. The density and distribution of sightings seemed to bedifferent between east and west of 130 °E. In the east of this latitudinal line, humpback whales were concentrated near
the ice-edge. In the west of 130°E latitudinal line, high concentrated areas were conformed in the south strata of Area
IV except the Prydz Bay and around the Drygarsky Island where Antarctic minke whales were dominant. They were
medium density in the north strata and offshore in the south strata.
3) Fin whales
The distribution of sightings of the fin whales by SVs is shown in figure 10 and SSVs in figure 11. Fin whales were
widely distributed in the research areas throughout the research periods. High concentrated areas were confirmed in thesouth strata of Area IV, while they were rare in the Prydz Bay and around the Drygarsky Island. Sightings of fin whales
in Areas IIIE and IV in the north strata were low.
3) Blue, sei and southern right whales
The distribution of sightings of blue, sei and southern right whales by SVs is shown in figure 12 and SSVs in figure 13.
Sightings of blue whales were widely spread in the entire research area. Southern right whales were concentrated in thelimited area in the south strata of the Area IV. Sei whales were sighted in the north stratum in the eastern part of Area IV.
Density index and mean school size
1) Antarctic minke whales
Table 4 shows density indices (DI; number of schools sighted/100 n.miles searching distance) and mean school size
(MSS) of primary sightings of Antarctic minke whales by vessels and stratum. For the whole research area the DI was
12.7 schools and the MSS was 2.8 individuals for the SVs. For the SSVs, DI was 10.9 schools and MSS was 2.4
individuals.
In the case of the SVs, there is no difference in the DI within south and the north strata of the Areas VW (18.1 on northand 18.4 on south strata) and IIIE (15.0 on north and 11.7 on south strata). MSS was also nearly same (2.8 in the northand 2.3 in the south strata in Area VW and 2.3 in the north and 2.1 in the south strata in the Area IIIE). There is nodifference in the DI and MSS within the south stratum of Area IIIE (DI 11.7 and MSS 2.1 ) and the Prydz Bay (DI 12.3
and MSS 1.9). However, there was a large difference of DI between north and south strata in the Area IV. These were
1.4 in eastern to 7.1 in western in the north stratum and 10.7 in eastern to 29.0 in western in the south stratum. The MSS
also showed a similar tendency. These were 1.5 in eastern to 3.8 in western in the north stratum and 2.4 in eastern to 4.4
in western in the south stratum. The MSS for the south and north strata in the Area IVW was a maximum through thewhole research area.
2) Humpback whales
Table 5 shows DI and MSS of primary sightings of humpback whales by vessels and stratum. In the whole research area,
DO was 17.8 schools and the MSS was 1.9 individuals for the SVs. For the SSVs DI was 8.2 schools and MSS was 1.9
individuals. The MSS was the same level through the whole research areas.
In the case of the SVs, the DI was remarkably high in the south stratum of eastern and western part of Area IV. The south
6

stratum of Area IVE (50.0) was a maximum through the whole research area and was remarkable high density comparedwith other strata. There is not a difference in the DI within south and the north strata in the western part of Area VW(22.2 on north and 22.6 on south strata).
3) Fin whales
Table 6 shows DI and MSS of primary sightings of fin whales by vessels and stratum. In the whole research area DI was
2.7 schools and MSS was 3.1 individuals for the SVs. For the SSVs DI was 0.5 schools and MSS was 6.6 individuals.
In the case of the SVs, the DI in the north was remarkably lower than in the south stratum in the Area VE (0.5 in thenorth and 8.4 in the south strata) and in the Area IV (1.2 in the north and 8.9 in the south strata of eastern part, 1.8 in thenorth and 4.2 in the south strata of western part) except for the Prydz Bay. The range of the MSS was from 2.3 to 4.8 andthere was no remarkable fluctuation by the research strata.

Sampling of Antarctic minke whales and fin whales
1) Antarctic minke whales
Out of 821 schools (1959 individuals) in the primary sightings of Antarctic minke whales by SSVs, 779 schools (1,879
individuals) were targeted for sampling. A total of 853 individuals were sampled (2 from Area VE, 148 from Area VW,
74 from Area IVE, 499 from Area IVW and 130 from Area IIIE).Sampling efficiency (the rate of successful sampling
for targeted individuals) was 95.6%. This value was the highest level during the previous JARPA surveys. Struck andlost occurred in only three cases.
2) Fin whales
Out of 37 schools (245 individuals) in the primary sightings of fin whales by SSVs, 11 schools and 112 individuals (6schools and 90 individuals in the south stratum of Area IVW, 5 schools and 22 individuals in the south stratum of Area
IVE) were targeted for sampling. A total of 10 individuals were sampled (6 from Area IVW-S and 4 from Area IVE-S).
Sampling efficiency was 90.16%. No struck and lost occurred.
Biological research
Biological research was conducted on the research base ship for all whales sampled. Table 6 summarizes biological dataand samples collected from the Antarctic minke whales. Table 7 summarizes biological data and samples collected from thefin whales.
Preliminary analyses of biological information
1) Antarctic minke whales
Table8 shows the reproductive status of samples by stratum in Antarctic minke whales. Mature females were dominant inPrydz Bay, whereas mature males were dominant in most of other strata. In the south stratum of Area IVE, both
immature males and females were dominant. Pregnancy rate in mature females was 93.8% (227 individuals) in the whole
research areas and two twins were observed.
Table 10 shows mean body length of Antarctic minke whales collected in each stratum. Maximum length of the sample
was 9.58m for males and 10.47m for females. Minimum length was 4.85m and 4.73m, respectively.
2) Fin whales
The biological data of the collected fin whales is shown in Table 9. The maximum body length was 20.22 m with bodyweight of a 61.52t for a female. The minimum body length of the mature female was 19.47 m with weight of 51.80 t.
Experiments
1) Sighting distance and angle experiment
A sighting distance and angle experiment was preformed on 30 December 2005 by SSVs, 3 and 4 January 2006 by theKS2 and 6 January 2006 by KK1. The results of this experiment will be used in calculation of abundance estimates.
2) The results of photo-ID
Table 10 summarizes the results of photo-ID. The photo-ID experiment was conducted within the entire research area. A
total of 85 targeted individuals were photographed (13 blue, 34 humpback and 38 southern right whales).
3) The results of biopsy sampling
Table 11 summarizes the results of biopsy sampling. A total of 46 skin biopsy samples were collected from blue whales(n=5), fin whales (n=9), sei whales (n=1), humpback whales (n=13), southern right whales (n=15), carcass of sperm
whale (n=1), carcass of southern bottlenose whale (n=1) and long-finned pilot whale (n=1).
4）The attachment of the satellite tags
7

YS1 tried to attach satellite tags to two individuals of one school of Antarctic minke whales on 14 February 2006. The
body lengths were estimated at 8.2 m and 8.5 m. Both tags hit but one was omitted from the body because of trouble withthe discharge. The other was attached to the body in the position behind the dorsal fin. However, the transmission
antenna was ineffective and did not operate.
5) The Oceanographic and acoustic surveys
Table 12 shows the summary of oceanographic and acoustic surveys. CTD, XCTD and XBT castings which wereconducted at 86, 123 and 22 locations, respectively. EPCS survey was conducted for 94 days by KS2 and 99 days by
YS2 in total. KS2 conducted the quantitative echo sounder survey which ranged over 94 days in the whole research area.

6) The marine debris
The marine debris survey was carried out concomitant with the sighting survey of the SVs in all research areas. A total of
fifteen debris (thirteen buoys, one wad of fishing net and one lump of styrol were confirmed. Eight sheets feathers as
alien substances from the stomach content were confirmed in eight of the collected Antarctic minke whales.
Products
All the whales collected were processed on NM after biological sampling was completed, according to the provisions ofArticle VIII of the Convention. A total of 3441.4 tons (268.9 tons of fin and 3171.5 tons of Antarctic minke whales) of meat,
blubber, viscera, etc. was produced.
DISCUSSION
This paper describes research methods and reports results from the first feasibility survey of the JARPA II. The objectivesof this feasibility survey were the following: 1) to examine the practicability and appropriateness of sighting methods
considering the enlarged research area, 2) to examine the practicability and appropriateness of sampling procedure
considering the increased sample size for Antarctic minke whale and 3) to examine the practicability of methods of hunting,hauling, flensing and biological sampling of large-sized whales. For the feasibility surveys a total of 850+/-10% Antarctic
minke whales and 10 fin whales were planned for sampling, and this target was met in this first feasibility survey.
The main results of the first feasibility survey can be summarized as follows:
1) Antarctic minke and humpback whales were the dominant species observed in similar numbers in the research area.
Both species were highly concentrated in the south strata. However, some segregation was observed as high density for
one species did not coincide with the high density of the other species in a same stratum. Antarctic minke whale wasdominant in the western part of Area IVW while the humpback whale was dominant in the eastern part of Area IVE. In
terms of biomass it can be suggested that the humpback whale is the dominant species in the research area.
2) Fin whales were widely distributed in the south strata from 80°E to 135°E. In the past it was suggested that fin whales
do not distribute in large number in the south strata compared with Antarctic minke and humpback whales. However, it
was observed during this survey that fin whales distributed in the south strata presenting large mean school sizes (MSS)
compared with that of other baleen whale species. It is clear that the biomass of fin whales is similar to that of Antarctic
minke whales.
3) Large baleen whales intermingled in the south strata through whole research area.
Blue whales were widely observed in the entire research area. Southern right whales were concentrated in the south strata
of Area IV. Sightings of both species were few compared with those of Antarctic minke, humpback and fin whales.
However increasing in sighting composition of large baleen whales is important for studies of inter-species relationshipsof whales.
Regarding the objectives of the first feasibility survey, the following results were obtained:
1) The practicability and appropriateness of sighting methods in the enlarged area
This cruise was planned to cover a longitudinal span of 140° from 35°E to 175°E through early December to late March.
It was planned that the search effort would be distributed mainly in Area IV, in the peak feeding season of baleen whales.
The only un-surveyed areas were those from 35°E to 55°E and 135°E to 139°E, due to external disturbances. Despite
these disturbances, sighting was conducted in the peak season from early January to early March in the main researcharea from 55°E to 130°E which included Area IV. The practicability and appropriateness of the planned sighting
methods were confirmed.

82) Sampling procedures given the increased sample size and additional species.
A total of 779 schools (1,879) individuals of Antarctic minke whales were targeted for sampling. A total of 853
individuals were sampled from 4 December to 20 March. Sampling efficiency was 95.6%. A total of 11 schools (112
individuals) of the fin whales were targeted for sampling. A total of 10 individuals were sampled from 3 February to 13
March. Sampling efficiency was 90.16%. These results showed that sampling procedure were appropriate for theincreased sample size of Antarctic minke whale and for additional species.
3) Methods for catching, flensing and taking biological measurements of large body-sized fin whales
Although it took more time to catch, transport, measure and dissect the fin whales than is the case for the Antarctic
minke whales, the process from catching to biological sampling of fin whales was successfully conducted. Therefore themethod of hunting, hauling, flensing and biological sampling of large-sized whales was checked and confirmed asadequate for whales of body length of at least 20.22m.
Therefore it can be concluded that the first feasibility survey of JARPA II was conducted satisfactorily and that theobjectives of the feasibility survey were covered adequately.
ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS
We are indebted to Dr. Hiroshi Hatanaka, director-general of the ICR and Mr. Hideki Moronuki, the Government of Japan for
implementation of the research. We thank research technicians, Messrs. Yasuhiro Murai, Chinori Asahina, Akio Kuji andFukuo Oyama, Kyodo Senpaku Kaisya Ltd., for their contribution. Mr. Takashi Takaoka from the Government of Japan,
served as onboard inspector. We are also indebted to all the crew, colleagues of the ICR and other related institutions who
participated in the research for their contributions. We would like to express our appreciation to the Government of Japan forproviding financial support for this research.
REFERENCES
Bando, T., Zenitani, R., Fujise, Y. and Kato, H. 2005. Biological parameters of Antarctic minke whale based on materials
collected by the JARPA survey in 1987/88 to 2003/04. Paper JA/J05/JR5 presented to the JARPA Review meeting,January 2005. 37pp.
Cavalieri, D., P. Gloerson and J. Zwally. 1999, updated regularly. Near real-time DMSP SSM/I daily polar griddled sea ice
concentrations. Edited by J. Maslanik and J. Stroeve. Boulder, CO: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media.
Government of Japan. 2005. Plan for the Second Phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in
the Antarctic (JARPA II) -Monitoring of the Antarctic Ecosystem and Development of New Management Objectives for
Whale Resources. Paper SC/57/O1 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, Jun 2005 (unpublished). 99pp.
Ishikawa, H. Murase, H., Tohyama, D., Yuzu, S., Otani, S., Mogoe, T., Masaki, T., Kimura, N., Ohshima, T., Konagai, T.,
Asada, M., Takeuchi, J., and Kinoshita, T. 2000. Cruise Report of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special
Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) Area IV and Eastern Part of Area III in 1999/2000. Paper SC/52/O20 presented to the
IWC Scientific Committee, July 2000 (unpublished). 25pp.
Konishi, K. and Tamura, T. 2005. Yearly trend of blubber thickness in the Antarctic minke whale Balaenoptera
bonaerensis in Areas IV and V. Paper JA/J05/JR9 presented to the JARPA Review meeting, January 2005. 9pp.
Nishiwaki, S., Tohyama, D., Yuzu, S., Bando, T., Watanabe, M., Kitajima, A., Takeda, S., Murase, H., Otose, S., OKubo,
J.,Tsutsui, S., Takatsuki, M. and Kinoshita, T.1999. Cruise Report of the Japanese Whale Research Program under
special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) Area V and Western Part of Area VI in 1998/1999. Paper SC/51/O20 presented
to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 1999 (unpublished). 20pp.
Pastene, L.A., Goto M., Kanda, N., Bando, T., Zenitani, R., Hakamada, T., Otani, S. and Fujise, Y. 2005a. A newinterpretation of the stock identity in the Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) based on analyses ofgenetics and non-genetics markers. Paper JA/J05/JR3 presented to the JARPA Review meeting, January 2005. 31pp.
Yasunaga, G., Fujise, Y., Zenitani, R., Honda, K. and Kato, H. 2005. Yearly trend of trace element accumulation in liver ofAntarctic minke whales, Balaenoptera bonaerensis. Paper JA/J05/JR13 presented to the JARPA Review meeting,January 2005. 27pp.
Zenitani, R. and Kato, H., 2005. Long- term trend of age at sexual maturity of Antarctic minke whales by counting
transition phase in earplugs. Paper JA/J05/JR7 presented to the JARPA Review meeting, January 2005. 12pp.

9

Table1. Outline of the research activities
Event

Date

Depature from Shimonoseki-city in Yamaguchi prefecture Japan
Low and middle latitudinal sighting survey in trasit area

8/ Nov./ 2005
24/ Nov./ 2005 〜

RBV

SSVs

○
2/ Dec./ 2005

KS2

○

○

○

○

○
○

○
○

3/ Dec./ 2005

Starting of the sighting and sampling survey in the Antarctic Ocean

○

○

○
○

○
○

○
○

○
○

12/ Dec./ 2005 〜 22/ Dec./ 2005
24/ Dec./ 2005
3/ Jan./ 2006 〜 6/ Jan./ 2006

○

○

○

○

○

○
○

○
○

3/ Jan./ 2006 〜 7/ Jan./ 2006
7/ Jan./ 2006
10/ Jan./ 2006 〜 20/ Jan./ 2006

○

○
○

○

○

○
○

○

Sighting and sampling survey in the eastern part of Area V from 175E to 165E

4/ Dec./ 2005
3/ Dec./ 2005 〜

Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area V from 165E to 155E

9/ Dec./ 2005 〜 11/ Dec./ 2005

Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area V from 155E to 145E
Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area V on west of 139E
Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area IV from 75E to 70E
Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area IV from 75E to 70E
Sighting and sampling survey in the Eastern part of Area III from 70E to 55E
Sighting and sampling survey in the Eastern part of Area III from 70E to 55E

8/ Dec./ 2005

Sighting and sampling survey on the Prydz Bay in the Western part of Area IV

10/ Jan./ 2006 〜
14/ Jan./ 2006 〜
14/ Jan./ 2006 〜
20/ Jan./ 2006 〜

Sighting and sampling survey on the Prydz Bay in the Western part of Area IV
Sighting and sampling survey on the Prydz Bay in the Western part of Area IV

21/ Jan./ 2006 〜 3/ Feb./ 2006
21/ Jan./ 2006 〜 30/ Jan./ 2006

Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area IV from 75E to 100E

1/ Feb./ 2006 〜 14/ Feb./ 2006

Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area IV from 80E to 100E
Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area IV from 75E to 80E

1/ Feb./ 2006 〜 15/ Feb./ 2006
3/ Feb./ 2006 〜 4/ Feb./ 2006○○

Sighting and sampling survey on the Prydz Bay in the Western part of Area IV

5/ Feb./ 2006 〜

6/ Feb./ 2006○○

Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area IV from 80E to 100E
Sighting and sampling survey in the Eastern part of Area IV from 117-38E to 100E

7/ Feb./ 2006 〜 4/ Mar./ 2006
17/ Feb./ 2006 〜 24/ Feb./ 2006○○

Sighting and sampling survey in the Eastern part of Area IV from 117-38E to 100E

18/ Feb./ 2006 〜 24/ Feb./ 2006

Sighting and sampling survey in the Eastern part of Area IV from 100E to 130E
Sighting and sampling survey in the Eastern part of Area IV from 117-38E to 130E

4/ Mar./ 2006 〜 16/ Mar./ 2006
5/ Mar./ 2006 〜 11/ Mar./ 2006

Sighting and sampling survey in the Eastern part of Area IV from 117-38E to 130E

5/ Mar./ 2006 〜 12/ Mar./ 2006

Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area V from 130E to 135E
Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area V from 130E to 132-38E

17/ Mar./ 2006 〜 20/ Mar./ 2006
11/ Mar./ 2006 〜 13/ Mar./ 2006

Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area V on east of 130E

12/ Mar./ 2006

Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area V from 131E to 135E

17/ Mar./ 2006 〜 20/ Mar./ 2006
20/ Mar./ 2006

Sighting and sampling survey in the Eastern part of Area III from 70E to 55E
Sighting and sampling survey in the Eastern part of Area III from 70E to 55E
Sighting and sampling survey in the Western part of Area IV from 75E to 80E

Ending of the sighting and sampling survey in the Antarctic Ocean
Low and middle latitudinal sighting survey in trasit area

13/ Jan./ 2006○

19/ Jan./ 2006
20/ Jan./ 2006○○

31/ Jan./ 2006○

Arrive on Shimonoseki-city in Yamaguchi prefecture Japan
Arrive on Kanazawa-city in Ishikawa prefecture Japan

13/ Apr./ 2006
14/ Apr./ 2006

Arrive on Ohi in Tokyo Japan

15/ Apr./ 2006

Arrive on Shiogama-city in Miyagi prefecture Japan

16/ Apr./ 2006

○
○
○
○

○
○
○

○
○
○

○

○
○
○

○

23/ Mar./ 2006 〜 29/ Mar./ 2006

○
○

○

○

○
○

○
○

○
○

RBV:Resarch Base Vessel(Nisshin Maru) . SSVs:Sighting and Sampling Vessels.Sighting Vessel(KK1;Kaikoh Maru. KS2;Kyoushin Maru No.2)

10

SV
KK1

○
○

Table2. Searching distances (n.miles) of two sighting vessel (SVs) and three sighting / sampling
vessels (SSVs) in each stratum.
Area

Stratum
East

V
West

East

IV

West

Prydz Bay

III

East

North-North
North-South
North
South

Closing
21.8
50.3
202.5
156.5

SVs
Passing
75.1
103.5
411.3
496.2

Sub total
96.9
153.8
613.8
652.7

Closing
0.0
803.8
808.9
1195.6

SSVs
Passing
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Sub total
0.0
803.8
808.9
1195.6Sub-total

431.1

1086.21517.22808.40.0

2808.44325.6

North
North (Transit-KS2)
SouthSouth (Special-KS2)
South (Ice edge-KK1)
North
North (Transit-KS2)
South
Transit-KS2
Special-KS2
Ice-edge-KK1

462.7
0.0
189.6
0.0
0.0
297.5
0.0
227.8
95.1
0.0
0.0
0.0

987.6
134.6
675.9
80.3
407.1
827.8
143.3
637.8
285.9
53.5
31.9
431.5

1450.3
134.6
865.5
80.3
407.1
1125.3
143.3
865.6
381.1
53.5
31.9
431.5

0.0
0.0
1707.2
0.0
0.0
706.9
0.0
608.4
672.2
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
1707.2
0.0
0.0
706.9
0.0
608.4
672.2
0.0
0.0
0.0

1450.3134.6
2572.780.3
407.1
1832.2143.31474.01053.3
53.5
31.9
431.5

Sub-total

1272.74697.25969.83694.80.03694.89664.6

North
South

149.8
238.7

524.5
436.3

322.6
664.0

0.0
46.8

Sub-total

388.4

960.8

674.2
675.0
1349.2

986.5

46.8

322.6
710.8
1033.4996.8
1385.82382.6Grand total

2092.26744.18836.27489.746.8

7536.516372.7

BlockGrand total
96.9
957.7
1422.71848.3

Table 3. Summary of whale sightings conducted by SV and SSVs in whole research areas.
VesslsType of the sightingsSpecies
Antarctic minke whales
Liked minkewhales
Blue whales
Fin whales
Sei whales
Humpback whales
Southern right whales
Baleen whales
Sperm whales
Southern bottlenose whales

Sighting vessls
Primary
Secondly
Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.

Sighting and sampling vessels
Primary
Secondly
Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.

837 2,424
85 1381829
151 5032
3
1,085 2,02433
44
226 456
138 139
71 150821 1,95912136937 24500617 1,176
20
29
8
8
43
43
17
29

170
8
2
12
0
99
4
25
12
3

470
14
3
40
0
161
4
71
12
6

11

20
0
5
24
0
47
4
11
6
0

Total
Primary
Secondly
Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.

64 1,658 4,383
0
97 151724
38
148 188 748
02
3
93 1,702 3,200
553
73
72 234 464
6 181 182
0
88 179

190
8
7
36
0
146
8
36
18
3

534
14
10
188
0
254
9
143
18
6

Table 4. Density indices (DI, number of schools per 100 n.miles) and mean school size (MSS) of
Antarctic minke whale primary sightings by SV and SSVs.

Area

Part

East
V
West

East

IV

West

Prydz Bay

III

East

Stratum
North-North
North-South
North
South
Sub-total
North
North (Transit-KS2)
SouthSouth (Special-KS2)
South (Ice edge-KK1)
North
North (Transit-KS2)
South
Transit-KS2
Special-KS2
Ice-edge-KK1
Sub-total
North
South
Sub-total
Grand Total

SVs
Searching Antarctic minke whale(primary
distancesighting)(n.mile)
Sch.
Ind.
DI
MSS
96.9
0
0
0.0
0.0
153.8
0
0
0.0
0.0
613.8
111
311
18.1
2.8
652.7
120
280
18.4
2.3
1517.2
231
591
15.2
2.6
1450.3
20
30
1.4
1.5
134.6
11
12
8.2
1.1
865.5
93
224
10.7
2.4
80.3
1
1
1.2
1.0
407.1
28
52
6.9
1.9
1125.3
80
307
7.1
3.8
143.3
3
3
2.1
1.0
865.6
251
1096
29.0
4.4
381.1
47
89
12.3
1.9
53.5
20
33
37.4
1.7
31.9
2
3
6.3
1.5
431.5
156
280
36.2
1.8
5969.8
712
2130
11.9
3.0
674.2
101
236
15.0
2.3
675.0
79
169
11.7
2.1
1349.2
180
405
13.3
2.3
8836.2
1123
3126
12.7
2.8

Searching
distance(n.mile)
803.8
808.9
1195.62808.41707.2
706.9
608.4
672.2
3694.8322.6
710.8
1033.47536.5

SSVs
Antarctic minke whale(primary sighting)
Sch.
Ind.
DI
MSS
2
2
0.2
1.0
41
78
5.1
1.9
85
165
7.1
1.9
128
245
4.6
1.9
70
126
4.1
1.8
112
238
15.8
2.1
214
752
35.2
3.5
155
344
23.1
2.2
551
1460
14.9
2.6
20
34
6.2
1.7
122
220
17.2
1.8
142
254
13.7
1.8
821
1959
10.9
2.4

Table5 . Density indices (DI, number of schools per 100 n.miles) and mean school size (MSS) of
humpback whale primary sightings by SV and SSVs.

Area

Part

East
V
West

East

IV

West

Prydz Bay

III

East

Stratum
North-North
North-South
North
South
Sub-total
North
North (Transit-KS2)
SouthSouth (Special-KS2)
South (Ice edge-KK1)
North
North (Transit-KS2)
South
Transit-KS2
Special-KS2
Ice-edge-KK1
Sub-total
North
South
Sub-total
Grand Total

Searching
distance(n.mile)
96.9
153.8
613.8
652.7
1517.21450.3
134.6
865.5
80.3
407.1
1125.3
143.3
865.6
381.1
53.5
31.9
431.5
5969.8674.2
675.0
1349.28836.2

Sch.
2
3
31
87
123
118
96
433
0
182
250
88
196
0
0
0
2
1365
77
6
83
1571

SVs
Humpback whale(primary sighting)
Ind.
DI
3
2.1
3
2.0
58
5.1
154
13.3
218
8.1
234
8.1
189
71.3
791
50.0
0
0.0
298
44.7
460
22.2
171
61.4
381
22.6
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
4
0.5
2528
22.9
159
11.4
12
0.9
171
6.2
2917
17.8

12

MSS
1.5
1.0
1.9
1.8
1.8
2.0
0.0
1.8
0.0
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.0
2.1
1.9

Searching
distance(n.mile)
803.8
808.9
1195.62808.41707.2
706.9
608.4
672.2
3694.8322.6
710.8
1033.47536.5

Sch.
18
42
45
105
293
72
129
5
499
6
7
13
617

SSVs
Humpback whale(primary sighting)
Ind.
DI
28
2.2
68
5.2
67
3.8
163
3.7
569
17.2
155
10.2
255
21.2
8
0.7
987
13.5
9
1.9
17
1.0
26
1.3
1176
8.2

MSS
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.0
1.6
2.0
1.5
2.4
2.0
1.9

Table6 . Density indices (DI, number of schools per 100 n.miles) and mean school size (MSS) of
fin whale primary sightings by SV and SSVs.

Area

Part

East
V
West

East

IV

West

Prydz Bay

III

East

Stratum
North-North
North-South
North
South
Sub-total
North
North (Transit-KS2)
SouthSouth (Special-KS2)
South (Ice edge-KK1)
North
North (Transit-KS2)
South
Transit-KS2
Special-KS2
Ice-edge-KK1
Sub-total
North
South
Sub-total
Grand Total

Searching
distance(n.mile)
96.9
153.8
613.8
652.7
1517.21450.3
134.6
865.5
80.3
407.1
1125.3
143.3
865.6
381.1
53.5
31.9
431.5
5969.8674.2
675.0
1349.28836.2

Sch.
0
0
3
55
58
18
0
77
1
10
20
1
36
0
0
0
0
163
16
0
16
237

SVs
Fin whale(primary sighting)
Ind.
DI
0
0.0
0
0.0
14
0.5
154
8.4
168
3.8
35
1.2
0
0.0
177
8.9
25
1.2
30
2.5
56
1.8
1
0.7
172
4.2
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
496
2.7
75
2.4
0
0.0
75
1.2
739
2.7

13

MSS
0.0
0.0
4.7
2.8
2.9
1.9
0.0
2.3
25.0
3.0
2.8
1.0
4.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.0
4.7
0.0
4.7
3.1

Searching
distance(n.mile)
803.8
808.9
1195.62808.41707.2
706.9
608.4
672.2
3694.8322.6
710.8
1033.47536.5

Sch.
0
3
1
4
17
0
10
1
28
2
3
5
37

SSVs
Fin whale(primary sighting)
Ind.
DI
0
0.0
7
0.4
3
0.1
10
0.1
108
1.0
0
0.0
116
1.6
2
0.1
226
0.8
4
0.6
5
0.4
9
0.5
245
0.5

MSS
0.0
2.3
3.0
2.5
6.4
0.0
11.6
2.0
8.1
2.0
1.7
1.8
6.6

Table 7. Summary of biological data and samples collected from Antarctic minke whales.
Samples and data
Photographic record of external character
Body length and sex identification
Measurement of external body proportion
Body weight
Body weight by total weight of parts
Skull measurement (length and breadth)Standard measurement of blubber thickness (twopoints)Lactation status
Measurement of mammary gland
Testis weight
Weight of stomach content
Diatom film observation
Blood plasma for physiological study
Earplug for age determination
Ocular lens for age determination
Tympanic bone for chemical analysis
Largest baleen plate for chemical analysis
Vertebral epiphyses sample
Ovary
Histological sample of endometrium
Histological sample of mammary gland
Milk sample for chemical analysis
Histological sample of testis
Skin and liver tissues for genetic study
Blubber, muscle and liver tissues for environmental
monitoring
Lung tissue for air monitoring
Macro pathological observation (thyroid, lung,stomach, liver and gonad)
Tissues for histopathological study
Stomach contents for food and feeding study
Stomach contents for environmental monitoring
External parasites
Internal parasites
Photographic record of fetus
Fetal length and weightCollection of small fetus
Fetal ocular lens for age determination
Fetal skin for genetic study

Male
461
462
462
12
5
437

Number of whales
Female
Total
389
850
391
853
391
853
11
23
6
11
360
797

462

391

853

462
440
462
459
462
107
48
462
401
462
462

391
391
378
391
389
391
107
27
390
308
391
15
391
2
391

391
391
462
818
853
848
853
214
75
852
709
391
15
391
2
462
853

462

391

853

21

16

37

462

391

853

110
38
15
9
1
126
126
0
16
126

98
24
10
9
5
93
93
0
11
93

208
62
25
18
6
227*
227*
8*
27
227*

-

132
5

132
5

1

-

1

-

16

16

Oocyte for in-vitro fertilization (IVF)
Oviductal fluids for in-vitro culture (IVC)
Spermatogenic cell for round spermatid injection(ROSI)
Fetal ovary for in-vitro fertilization (IVF)
Uterus and placenta tissues for histomorphologicalstudy
Blubber for sphingolipid analysis
Tissues for organogenic study of bone
Fetal tissues for organogenic study of bone

-

40

40

10
5
4

10
0
1

20
5
5

Fetal tissues for organogenic study of olfactory system

9

3

12

Fetal head for organogenic study
Various organ tissues for histological study
Baleen plates for educational exhibition

1
17
0

2
20
1

3
37
1

* : including a fetus of sex unidentified.

14

Table 8. Summary of biological data and samples collected from fin whales.
Samples and data
Photographic record of external character
Body length and sex identification
Measurement of external body proportion
Body weight by total weight of parts
Skull measurement (length and breadth)
Detailed measurement of blubber thickness (fourteen
points)Lactation status
Measurement of mammary gland
Breadth measurement of uterine horn
Testis weight
Epididymis weight
Weight of stomach content
Number of ribs
Diatom film observation
Diatom film sample
Blood plasma for physiological study
Earplug for age determination
Ocular lens for age determination
Tympanic bone for chemical analysis
Largest baleen plate for chemical analysis
Vertebral epiphyses sample
Ovary
Histological sample of endometrium
Histological sample of mammary gland
Milk sample for chemical analysis
Histological sample of testis
Histological sample of epididymis
Skin and liver tissues for genetic study
Blubber, muscle and liver tissues for environmental
monitoring
Lung tissue for air monitoring
Macro pathological observation (thyroid, lung, stomach,liver and gonad)
Tissues for histopathological study
Muscle, liver, kidney, lumbar and blubber tissues for lipid
analysis

Male
4
4
4
3
4

Number of whales
Female
Total
6
10
6
10
6
10
6
9
4
8

4

6

10

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
3
4

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
0
6

6
6
6
4
4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
10
6
6
6
0
4
3
10

4

6

10

4

6

10

4

6

10

4

3

7

4

6

10

Muscle, liver and blubber tissues for chemical analysis

4

6

10

Muscle and blubber tissues for nutritional analysis
Stomach contents for food and feeding study
Stomach contents for environmental monitoring
Stomach contents for lipid analysis
External parasites
Internal parasites
Photographic record of fetus
Fetal length and weight
External measurements of fetus
Collection of whole fetus
Fetal ocular lens for age determination
Fetal skin for genetic study
Baleen plates for educational exhibition

4
4
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1

6
5
3
4
2
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0

10
9
5
6
5
1
2
2
2
0
2
2
1

15

Table 9. Reproductive status of Antarctic minke whales sampled in 2005/2006 JARPAII.
Numbers in parenthesis represent ratio of samples in each stratum (%). Maturity of males wastentatively defined by testis weight according to Kato (1986). "Resting" represents non-pregnant
mature female without corpus luteum and "Ovulating" represents female that had corpus luteum
but fetus was not observed.
Male

FemaleMatureStratum
AreaV East-North(Northern part)
AreaV West-North
AreaIV East-North
AreaIV West-North
AreaIII East-North
Northern Strata(Total)AreaV East-North(Southern part)
AreaV West-South(First period)
AreaV West-South(Second period)
AreaV West-South(Total)AreaIV East-SouthAreaIV West-SouthAreaIV Prydz Bay
AreaIV West-South+ Prydz Bay
AreaIII East-SouthSouthern Strata(Total)Combined

Immature

Mature

Total

Immature

0
0.0%
2
3.9%
0
18
14.5%
1
4.5%
21
10.6%
0
7
8.9%
7
38.9%
14
14.4%
12
16.2%
28
12.3%
8
5.4%
36
9.6%
15
13.9%
77
11.8%
98
11.5%

0
0.0%
36
70.6%
0
53
42.7%
11
50.0%
100
50.3%
0
30
38.0%
7
38.9%
37
38.1%
27
36.5%
108
47.4%
55
37.4%
163
43.5%
37
34.3%
264
40.4%
364
42.7%

0
0.0%
38
74.5%
0
71
57.3%
12
54.5%
121
60.8%
0
37
46.8%
14
77.8%
51
52.6%
39
52.7%
136
59.6%
63
42.9%
199
53.1%
52
48.1%
341
52.1%
462
54.2%

1
50.0%
7
13.7%
0
29
23.4%
6
27.3%
43
21.6%
0
13
16.5%
1
5.6%
14
14.4%
22
29.7%
33
14.5%
14
9.5%
47
12.5%
23
21.3%
106
16.2%
149
17.5%

No-pregnant
Ovulating Resting
0
0
0.0%
0.0%
0
0
0.0%
0.0%
0
0
1
1
0.8%
0.8%
0
0
0.0%
0.0%
1
1
0.5%
0.5%
0
0
0
1
0.0%
1.3%
0
0
0.0%
0.0%
0
1
0.0%
1.0%
0
3
0.0%
4.1%
1
4
0.4%
1.8%
2
1
1.4%
0.7%
3
5
0.8%
1.3%
0
1
0.0%
0.9%
3
10
0.5%
1.5%
4
11
0.5%
1.3%

Pregnant
Pregnant Lactating
1
0
50.0%
0.0%
6
0
11.8%
0.0%
0
0
22
0
17.7%
0.0%
3
1
13.6%
4.5%
32
1
16.1%
0.5%
0
0
28
0
35.4%
0.0%
3
0
16.7%
0.0%
31
0
32.0%
0.0%
10
0
13.5%
0.0%
54
0
23.7%
0.0%
66
1
44.9%
0.7%
120
1
32.0%
0.3%
31
1
28.7%
0.9%
192
2
29.4%
0.3%
224
3
26.3%
0.4%

Combined

Total
2
100.0%
13
25.5%
0
53
42.7%
10
45.5%
78
39.2%
0
42
53.2%
4
22.2%
46
47.4%
35
47.3%
92
40.4%
84
57.1%
176
46.9%
56
51.9%
313
47.9%
391
45.8%

2
51
0
124
22
199
0
79
18
97
74
228
147
375
108
654
853

Table 10. Some biological information on fin whales sampled in 2005/2006 JARPAII.

F-001

Date of Body
Body
Sex
capture length
weight*060203 19.17m
M
−

F-002

060208 20.05m 53.48t

F−

Pregnant

F-003

060209 19.47m 52.05t

F−

Pregnant

F-004

060210 18.73m 41.87t

M

5.36/5.54kg

F-005060213 19.14m 47.28t

M

10.10/10.60kg

F-006
F-007
F-008
F-009
F-010

060214060307060309060310060313

F
F
F
M
F

−
−
−
1.65/1.91kg−

No.

19.15m20.22m18.22m18.30m19.35m

47.04t61.52t41.06t42.27t47.24tWeight oftestis (L/R)
1.84/2.19kg

Reproductive
information* Body weight was represented by total weight of body parts.
16

Remarks
Fetal length
127.5cm
Fetal length
280.7cm
Spondylosis
deformans

Immature
Mature/Resting
Immature
ImmatureTable 11. Average body length (m) with standard deviation (S.D.) and body length range ofAntarctic minke whales sampled in each stratum. Maturity of males was defined as
Table 8.
AverageS.D.

Stratum
AreaV East-North(Northern part)
AreaV West-North
AreaIV East-North
AreaIV West-North
AreaIII East-North
AreaV East-North(Southern part)
AreaV West-South(First period)
AreaV West-South(Second period)
AreaIV East-SouthAreaIV West-SouthAreaIV Prydz Bay
AreaIII East-South

Max
Min

N

Average
S.D.

Max
Min

N

−

−

−

−

−

−

8.32
0.42
−

9.37
7.58
−

36

7.52
0.46
−

7.84
7.19
−

2

8.40
0.36
8.36
0.39
−

9.12
7.76
9.13
7.72
−

53

6.40
0.85
6.68

8.29
0.32
8.40
0.38
8.55
0.32
8.44
0.38
8.37
0.39
8.39
0.30

9.00
7.75
9.06
8.00
9.03
7.92
9.58
7.54
9.35
7.36
8.98
7.70

−

−

−

7.88
5.13
6.68
6.68
−

30

6.92
0.52
6.86
1.04
6.04
0.75
6.67
0.97
7.04
0.71
6.49
0.88

7.61
6.17
7.72
4.85
7.47
5.02
8.43
5.02
7.79
5.60
7.81
5.16

11

7
27
108
55
37

−
18
1
−
7
7
12
28
8
15

Average
S.D.
8.98
−
8.75
0.48
−

Max
Min
8.98
8.98
9.41
8.18
−

9.01
0.35
8.98
0.43
−

9.75
8.38
9.53
8.49
−

8.79
0.38
8.92
0.33
8.92
0.39
8.90
0.34
8.94
0.42
8.92
0.40

9.41
8.19
9.14
8.54
9.70
8.28
9.54
8.08
10.47
8.15
9.71
7.96

N
1
6
−

Average
S.D.
6.77
−
6.22
1.11
−

Max
Min
6.77
6.77
8.12
4.95
−

6.60
0.86
7.23
0.94
−

8.00
4.99
8.77
6.31
−

29

6.91
1.01
5.55

8.30
5.16
5.55
5.55
8.22
4.73
8.58
5.31
8.80
5.82
8.32
5.40

13

24
4
−
29
3

6.39
0.91
7.14
0.82
7.67
0.77
7.43
0.83

13
59
70
33

N
1
7
−

6
−

1
22
33
14
23

Table12.Summary of photo-ID
Stratum
Area III
East
Species3

1

6

Humpback whale

3
9

22

13

28

0

West

West

Prydz Bay

North South North SouthSouthern right whale
Total

Area V

East

North SouthBlue whale

Area IV

3

Total

North South

1

2

13

11

20

34

7

38

12

29

0

0

0

85

Table13.Summary of biopsy sampling
Stratum
Area III
East
Species

Area IV

Area V

West

West

East

North SouthBlue whale

1

1

Fin whale

1

1

Sei whale

Prydz Bay

North South North South

5
1

9

1

Humpback whale

1

1

2

Southern right whale

2

Sperm whale (Carcass)

1

4
10

6

13

3

15
1

Southern bottlenose whale (Carcass)

1

Long-finned pilot whale
Total

North South

2
7

1

1
0

1

Total

7

12

17

5

1
18

2

0

0

46

Table14 . Summary of oceanographic and acoustic survey.

VesselArea III

East

North
South

North
South
Area IV
North
West
South
Stratum
Prydz Bay
East

East
Area V
West
Total

North
South
North
South

North
South

Quantitiveecho sounder(days)
KS2
7
7

CTD(stations)

XCTD(stations)

XBT(stations)

EPCS(days)

KS2 KK171
5
2

KS2 KK1
5
2
1

KS2 KK1
2

KS2 YS2
7
3
7
8

10
3
5
8
3

2
4
5
4
4

13
6
9
5
18

10
7
14
1

4
2
3

14
8
7
11
9

13
11
24
14

1

1
2

1

2
2

3
4

6

5
7

5
2

11
5

7
4

2
1

1
1

12
12

6
14

3
4
0
12
12

54

32

75

48

14

8

94

99

94

4
1
1

Fig. 1. Geographic location of research area of the 2005/2006 JARPAII surveys.

Fig2. The design of survey track line of SVs based on the minimum unit.
18

14
8
7
11
9

Fig3. The design of survey track line of SSVs from the minimum unit.

Fig. 4. Survey track line of SVs in 2005/2006 JARPAII. Pack ice lines are estimated byobservation of research vessels and the information from Near real time DMSP SSM / I
daily polar griddled sea ice concentration data set available from the National Snow andCenter (NSIDC, Cavalieri et al. 1999), US.

Fig. 5. Survey track line of SSVs in 2005/2006 JARPAII. Pack ice lines are estimated byobservation of research vessels and the information from Near real time DMSP SSM / I
daily polar griddled sea ice concentration data set available from the National Snow
and Center (NSIDC, Cavalieri et al. 1999), US. Because of limitation of research period
due to the harassment by GP and SS, survey effort of SSVs was concentrated the south
stratum and un-surveyed the north stratum from 95°E to 135°E.
19

Fig. 6. Distribution of all sightings of Antarctic minke whales sighted by SVs in 2005/2006
JARPAII

Fig. 7. Distribution of all sightings of Antarctic minke whales sighted by SSVs in 2005/2006
JARPAII

Fig.8. Distribution of all sightings of humpback whales sighted by SVs in 2005/2006 JARPAII.

Fig. 9. Distribution of all sightings of humpback whales sighted by SSVs in 2005/2006 JARPAII
20

Fig.10. Distribution of all sightings of fin whales sighted by SVs in 2005/2006 JARPAII

Fig.11. Distribution of all sightings of fin whales sighted by SSVs in 2005/2006 JARPAII

Fig.12. Distribution of all sightings of blue, sei and southern right whales sighted by SVs in
2005/2006 JARPAII

Fig.13. Distribution of all sightings of blue and southern right whales sighted by SSVs in
2005/2006 JARPAII
21