Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. A, 42(3), pp. 133–141, August 22, 2016

Comments on Puffers of the Genus Takifugu from Russian Waters with
the First Record of Yellowﬁn Puffer, Takifugu xanthopterus(Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae) from Sakhalin Island
Yury V. Dyldin1, Keiichi Matsuura2 and Sergey S. Makeev3
1
Tomsk State University,
Lenin Avenue 36, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
E-mail: yurydyldin@gmail.com
2
National Museum of Nature and Science,
4–1–1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0005, Japan
E-mail: matsuura@kahaku.go.jp
3
FGBI Sakhalinrybvod, ul. Emelyanova,
43A, 693000 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia
E-mail: smak02@mail.ru(Received 31 March 2016; accepted 22 June 2016)

Abstract In August 2015 a single specimen of Takifugu xanthopterus was collected at the mouthof the Lyutoga River in Aniva Bay, southern Sakhalin Island in the southern Sea of Okhotsk. Thisis the ﬁrst discovery of this species from Sakhalin Island, and represents the northernmost record
for the species. Also we report eight species of Takifugu from Russia based on newly collected
specimens, our survey of literature and the ﬁsh collection of the Zoological Institute, Russian
Academy of Sciences.
Key words : Puffers, Takifugu, taxonomy, Sakhalin, new record

Introduction
Sakhalin Island is the largest island of the Russian Federation and surrounded by the Seas ofJapan and Okhotsk (Fig. 1). The west coast of
Sakhalin is washed by the warm Tsushima Current and the east coast by the cold East Sakhalin
Current. Puffers of the family Tetraodontidae in
the Far East of Russia are transported fromsouthern warm waters, and most species haverarely been recorded around the end of summer
and the beginning of autumn, when the water isrelatively warm (Lindberg et al., 1997; Parin,
2003; Sokolovsky et al., 2011; Parin et al.,2014). However, some species of the genus
Takifugu seem to spawn in summer along thecoast of southern Primorsky Krai in Peter theGreat Bay (Fig. 1), because juveniles of Takifugu
niphobles (Jordan and Snyder, 1901), T. por-phyreus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) and T.
rubripes (Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) havebeen collected in this area (see Schmidt, 1904;
Lindberg et al., 1997; Sokolovsky et al., 2011).
During the course of study on the ﬁsh fauna of
Sakhalin Island by the ﬁrst author, specimens of
the genus Takifugu have become available forour study on taxonomy of puffers of Sakhalin
Island. We herein report puffers found in the Far
East of Russia with the ﬁrst record of T. xanthopterus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) from
Sakhalin Island.
Materials and Methods
Measurements and counts follow Dekkers(1975) with some additions by Lindberg et al.
(1997). Standard, total and head lengths areabbreviated as SL, TL and HL, respectively.

134

Yury V. Dyldin, Keiichi Matsuura and Sergey S. Makeev

Fig. 1.

Map of Sakhalin Island and surrounding areas.

Specimens of Takifugu poecilonotus (Temminck
and Schlegel, 1850) deposited at the Laboratoryof Ichthyology, Zoological Institute, Russian
Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (ZIN RAN)
are examined. Newly collected specimens of T.
rubripes and T. xanthopterus are provisionallystored in Federal Government Budget Institution(FGBI), Sakhalinrybvod, but in the near future,these specimens will be transferred for permanent storage to the Sakhalin Regional Museum,located at Kommunisticheskiy prospekt, 29,
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia.
Puffers of the Genus Takifugu Recorded
from Russia Including Sakhalin Island
Our survey of literature and the ﬁsh collectionof the ZIN has revealed that the following eightspecies of the genus Takifugu occur in the Far
East of Russia: Takifugu niphobles (Jordan and
Snyder, 1901), T. pardalis (Temminck and Schle-gel, 1850), T. poecilonotus (Temminck andSchlegel, 1850), T. porphyreus (Temminck andSchlegel, 1850), T. rubripes (Temminck andSchlegel, 1850), T. stictonotus (Temminck andSchlegel, 1850), T. vermicularis (Temminck andSchlegel, 1850) and T. xanthopterus (Temminck
and Schlegel, 1850). In addition, we obtained
specimens of Takifugu porphyreus, T. rubripes
and T. xanthopterus from the southern coast of
Sakhalin (Fig. 2).
Kottelat (2013) has recently showed that thegenus Takifugu is a synonym of the genus Gastrophysus, because the type species of the twogenera is Tetrodon oblongus Bloch, 1786. Thus
Takifugu is an objective junior synonym of Gastrophysus. However, it is important to note that
there are a number of problems if we accept Kottelatʼs proposal, because the generic nameTakifugu has long been used in many papers andbooks, particularly in Japan, Korea, China, andTaiwan, where puffers of Takifugu are commer-

Russian Puffers of Takifugu

135

Fig. 3. Takifugu poecilonotus collected from
Sakhalin Island: ZIN 31566 (one of 6 specimens.), ZIN 31567 (one of 20 specimens). Photographed by B. A. Sheiko.

Takifugu for puffers of the Far East of Russia.

Fig. 2. The distribution records of Takifugu
poecilonotus, T. porphyreus, T. rubripes andT. xanthopterus at Sakhalin Island.

cially important. In addition to this, Gastrophysus has frequently been applied to puffers of thegenus Lagocephalus, which contains about 10
species, including edible species (at least muscle
is edible in L. inermis, L. gloveri, and L. spadiceus) and strongly toxic species such as L. lunaris and L. sceleratus. In Chinese publications thegeneric name Gastrophysus is still applied to
species of Lagocephalus. Thus, if Gastrophysus
is applied to species of Takifugu, it would resultin major confusion in the classiﬁcation of puffers
in East Asia. When considering food security andﬁshery industry sustainability we should be careful about the use of generic names of puffers.
Matsuura (2015) has stated that he would request
the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature to suppress Gastrophysus. Considering this situation, we use generic nameTakifugu niphobles (Jordan and Snyder, 1901) –Grass Puffer
In Russian waters this species is rarely seenfrom the continental coast of Sea of Japan,
including Peter the Great Bay and Primorsky
Krai (Taranets, 1937; Lindberg et al., 1997;
Sokolovskaya et al., 1998; Parin, 2003; Kolpakov, 2003; Sokolovsky et al., 2007, 2011; Ivanov
and Sukhanov, 2008). It occurs mainly in coastal
areas, but is also found in brackish waters andenters the lower reaches of rivers (Kato et al.,2005, 2010). Although this species was recorded
from Aniva Bay, Sakhalin Island by Lindberg etal. (1997), an examination of the specimens usedin their study (ZIN 31566 and ZIN 31567) has
revealed that they are not T. niphobles but T. poecilonotus (Fig. 3). The white spots of the photographed specimens are much larger than those of
T. niphobles in which the spots are equal to or
smaller than the pupil.
Takifugu pardalis (Temminck and Schlegel,1850) – Panther PufferThis species has rarely been recorded in Russia from Peter the Great Bay (Taranets, 1937;
Lindberg et al., 1997; Sokolovskaya et al., 1998;
Parin, 2003; Shelekhov, 2005; Sokolovsky et al.,

136

Yury V. Dyldin, Keiichi Matsuura and Sergey S. Makeev

Fig. 4. Takifugu rubripes (242 mm SL) collected around the mouth of Lyutoga River in Aniva Bay, Sakhalin
Island. Photographed by S. S. Makeev.

2007, 2011), although it is commonly found in
the waters of Japan and Korea (Amaoka et al.,
1989; Kim et al., 2009).
Takifugu poecilonotus (Temminck and Schlegel,1850) – Fine Patterned Puffer, Fig. 3.
In Russian waters Nikolskii (1903) recorded itfrom Vladivostok without voucher specimens.
Poltev (2012) reported that this species was captured at the mouth of Mereya River (Fig. 2),
Aniva Bay, Sakhalin Island in early October2010. His brief morphological descriptions andphotographs do not allow us to conﬁrm his identiﬁcation. However, as stated above in the sectionof T. niphobles, we conﬁrmed that T. poecilonotus occurs in Aniva Bay.
Takifugu porphyreus (Temminck and Schlegel,1850) – Purple Puffer.
In Russian waters, it is known from Sakhalin
Island, the coast of Primorsky Krai, and southern
Kurils (Lindberg et al., 1997; Sokolovskaya etal., 1998; Ivanov and Sukhanov, 2002, 2008;
Shelekhov, 2005; Velikanov, 2006, 2008;
Velikanov and Stominok, 2006; Sokolovsky etal., 2007, 2011; Gudkov, 2010; Poltev andKoynov, 2011; Velikanov et al., 2016). In thewaters around Sakhalin Island this species isquite common and distributed from southwestern(up to the central part of the island) and northeastern parts (at estuary of the Langeri River)including Aniva Bay. It is known from coastal
areas, but can be found in brackish waters. In

summer, it is quite common along the coast of
Primorsky Krai (Sokolovsky et al., 2007, 2011).
Takifugu rubripes (Temminck and Schlegel,1850) – Tiger Puffer, Fig. 4, Table 1.
In the waters of Sakhalin Island this species
has been recorded from the southern area as
mentioned in the papers by Rass (1983) and
Lindberg et al. (1997) without voucher specimens. A 242 mm SL specimen of T. rubripescaught in February 2005 in the estuary of Lyutoga River in Aniva Bay (Fig. 4, Table 1) represents the ﬁrst specimen-based record of this species from Sakhalin. This species occurs usuallyin coastal areas, but also enters the lower reachesof rivers. According to genetic studies by Song etal. (2001) and Reza et al. (2008, 2011) Takifugu
chinensis and Takifugu pseudommus are synonyms of Takifugu rubripes.
Takifugu snyderi (Abe, 1988) – Vermiculated
Puffer, Fig. 5B.
In Russian waters this species has rarely beenrecorded under the name of Takifugu vermicularis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) from thecoast of Primorsky Krai, Olga Bay and Peter theGreat Bay (Lindberg et al., 1997; Parin, 2003;
Shelekhov, 2005; Sokolovsky et al., 2007, 2011;
Ivanov and Sukhanov, 2008). However, Abe(1947) stated that a pufferﬁsh found in Japan andthe adjacent waters including Far East Russia is
not Takifugu vermicularis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) but another subspecies, Fugu vermicu-

Russian Puffers of Takifugu

137

Table 1. Counts and proportional measurements of Takifugu xanthopterus and T. rubripes caught in Aniva Bay,
Sakhalin Island.
Fin ray counts
Dorsal-ﬁn rays
Anal-ﬁn rays
Pectoral-ﬁn rays

T. xanthopterus

T. rubripes

15
12
15

14
13
14

175
210
30.9
16.0
2.9
31.4
28.0
64.6
62.9
20.6
20.0
9.7

242
294
28.9
14.5
4.1
28.1
26.0
62.8
57.8
18.6
20.7
8.3

48.1
59.3
16.7
11.1
27.8
13.0
31.5
7.4
40.7
40.7
18.5

51.4
57.1
14.3
11.4
25.7
15.7
32.9
7.1
42.9
42.9
21.4

As % of SL
SL (mm)TL (mm)Head length
Length of longest dorsal-ﬁn ray
Length of shortest dorsal-ﬁn ray
Maximum body depth
Body width at pectoral-ﬁn baseDistance from snout to dorsal-ﬁn origin
Distance from snout to anal-ﬁn origin
Caudal ﬁn length
Caudal peduncle length
Caudal peduncle depth
As % of HL
Snout lengthInterorbital distanceEye diameter
Nasal organ length
Tip of snout to nasal organ
Eye to nasal organ
Mouth width
Upper-lip depth
Dorsal-ﬁn base length
Anal-ﬁn base length
Caudal peduncle width

laris radiatus (Abe, 1947) (Fig. 5A in thispaper). However Abe (1988) pointed out that F.
vermicularis radiatus is a junior synonym of thetrue T. vermicularis (Temminck and Schlegel,1850). This means that the pufferﬁsh, which had
long been recognized as T. vermicularis (Fig. 5B)
in Japan, Korea and Russia, lost the scientiﬁcname. This led Abe (1988) give this pufferﬁsh a
new name, Fugu vermicularis snyderi. However,Fugu is a junior synonym of Takifugu (Matsuura,
1990) and Abeʼs subspecies differs clearly at the
species level from other species of Takifugu.
Therefore, it has been identiﬁed as Takifugu snyderi by many authors (Matsuura, 1997; Yamada
et al., 2007; Yamada and Yagishita, 2013; Ikeda
and Nakabo, 2015).

Takifugu stictonotus (Temminck and Schlegel,1850) – Spottyback Puffer
In Russian waters it has rarely been recorded
from the coast of Primorsky Krai, including Olga
Bay (Taranets, 1937; Lindberg et al., 1997;
Parin, 2003; Sokolovsky et al., 2007, 2011).
Takifugu xanthopterus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1850) – Yellowﬁn Puffer. Fig. 6, Table 1.
In Russian waters this species has been known
from the Sea of Japan, the coast of Primorsky
Krai, Rynda Bay and Peter the Great Bay(Taranets, 1937; Lindberg et al., 1997; Sokolovskaya et al., 1998; Kolpakov and Kolpakov, 2002;
Kolpakov, 2003; Parin, 2003; Sokolovsky et al.,2007, 2011; Ivanov and Sukhanov, 2010); it wasalso recorded from Samarga River in the northeastern Primorye at the southern part of Tatar
Strait (Orlov, 2013). Although it is usually rare in138

Yury V. Dyldin, Keiichi Matsuura and Sergey S. Makeev

Fig. 5. A, Takifugu vermicularis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1850), FAKU 139922, 222 mm SL, Maizuru, Sea ofJapan, photographed by F. Tashiro; B, Takifugu snyderi (Abe, 1988), KAUM-I. 27764, 166 mm SL, Satsuma
Peninsula, Kyushu, Japan, photograph courtesy by KAUM.

Russian waters, sometimes many individuals
were captured in Peter the Great Bay (e.g., 1 ton
catch in August 2001, see Orlov, 2013).
A young specimen (175 mm SL, 219 g inweight) of this species was collected from
Sakhalin waters for the ﬁrst time on 25 August
2015. Water temperatures according to the satellite monitoring in this period reached to 20°C
(see online: http://www.sakhniro.ru/news/467/).
The specimen was captured by set net placed 350
meters off the coast, (according to the ﬁsherman
V.A. Molokov; 46°42′00″N, 142°37′30″E, 1.5 km
east of the mouth Lyutoga River, Aniva Bay).
The specimen has three oblique broad bluishblack stripes on the light bluish dorsolateral partof the body. All ﬁns are yellow. A black spot islocated on the pectoral-ﬁn base. Spinules are dis-tributed on the dorsal surface of the head andbody from the nasal organs to the dorsal-ﬁn origin. A longitudinal skin fold runs along the ventrolateral side of the body from the region justbehind the mouth to the caudal-ﬁn base. A lateralline courses along the mid-lateral body from thecaudal-ﬁn base to above the pectoral-ﬁn basewhere it branches into two lines, one crossing
over the nape to meet the opposite element andthe other encircling the eye.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to A. V. Balushkin and B. A.
Sheiko (ZIN RAN, St. Petersburg, Russia) for
taking photographs of Takifugu poecilonotus andproviding us with information of the specimens.

Russian Puffers of Takifugu

139

Fig. 6. Takifugu xanthopterus (175 mm SL) collected around the mouth of Lyutoga River in Aniva Bay, Sakhalin
Island. Photographed by S. S. Makeev.

Our special thanks go to A. M. Orlov (RussianFederal Research Institute of Fisheries andOceanography / A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow) for his valuableadvice and comments, as well as help in obtaining the rare literature. Photographs of Takifugu
snyderi and T. vermicularis were provided by
Hiroyuki Motomura (Kagoshima University
Museum, Kagoshima) and Fumihito Tashiro(Maizuru Fisheries Research Station of Kyoto
University, Maizuru). Mark McGrouther (Australian Museum, Sydney) and Buffy L. Heslin(Director of Operations, Senior Helpers, Tampa)
reviewed the manuscript.
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