ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONMARMOLEUM 2.0 AND 2.5 MM
FORBO FLOORING SYSTEMSRESILIENT LINOLEUM FLOOR COVERING
Marmoleum Splash “Salsa Verde” 3430

Marmoleum is the world market
leader in biobased linoleum flooringthat has been manufactured by
Forbo for more than 150 years.
Marmoleum is produced having low
environmental impacts as a result of
the combination of natural
renewable materials and highrecycled content.
Forbo was the first flooring
manufacturer to publish a complete
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) reportverified by CML in 2000 to create
full transparency that is
independently evaluated. To offer
further transparency this EPD isalso including additional information
to show the impacts on humanhealth and eco-toxicity.
For more information visit;www.forbo-flooring.com
Eco friendly linoleum flooring |Forbo Flooring Systems

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

This declaration is an environmental product declaration (EPD) in accordance with ISO 14025. EPDs rely
on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to provide information on a number of environmental impacts of products
over their life cycle. Exclusions: EPDs do not indicate that any environmental or social performancebenchmarks are met, and there may be impacts that they do not encompass. LCAs do not typically address
the site-specific environmental impacts of raw material extraction, nor are they meant to assess human healthtoxicity. EPDs can complement but cannot replace tools and certifications that are designed to address these impacts
and/or set performance thresholds – e.g. Type 1 certifications, health assessments and declarations, environmental
impact assessments, etc. Accuracy of Results: EPDs regularly rely on estimations of impacts, and the level of accuracy
in estimation of effect differs for any particular product line and reported impact. Comparability: EPDs are notcomparative assertions and are either not comparable or have limited comparability when they cover different life cycle
stages, are based on different product category rules or are missing relevant environmental impacts. EPDs from different
programs may not be comparable.
PROGRAM OPERATORDECLARATION HOLDERDECLARATION NUMBER
DECLARED PRODUCTREFERENCE PCRDATE OF ISSUEPERIOD OF VALIDITY

CONTENTS OF THE
DECLARATIONUL Environment
333 Pfingsten Road
Northbrook, IL 60611
Forbo Flooring B.V.
Industrieweg 12
P.O. Box 13
NL-1560 AA Krommenie
4790690881.101.1
Marmoleum sheet 2.0 & 2.5 mm
EN 15804+A2: Sustainability of construction works — Environmental ProductDeclarations — Core rules for the product category of construction products
April 1, 2023
5 Years
Product definition and information about building physics
Information about basic material and the material’s origin
Description of the product’s manufacture
Indication of product processing
Information about the in-use conditions
Life cycle assessment results
Testing results and verifications

The PCR review was conducted by:

European Standards
CSN EN 15804+A2

info@en-standard.eu
This declaration was independently verified in accordance with ISO
14025 by Underwriters Laboratories

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering☐ INTERNAL☒ EXTERNALThis life cycle assessment was independently verified inaccordance with ISO 14044 and the reference PCR by:

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Cooper McCollum, UL Environment

Thomas P. Gloria, Industrial Ecology Consultants
This EPD conforms with EN 15804

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

1 Product Definition
1.1 Description of Company/Organization
Forbo Flooring Systems has mastered the craft of manufacturing linoleum over the last 150 years and has been driving
this development experience through in its Marmoleum brand. Marmoleum is made in two plants. In Assendelft in The
Netherlands and Kirkcaldy in Scotland. The manufacturing locations are state-of the art production sites that are making
sheet, tiles and planks in hundreds of different designs and colours.
Making Marmoleum has always been done in a way to achieve the lowest carbon footprint; the starting point for
innovation and development. The Forbo organization has key environmental focus areas to displaying a carbonnegative product portfolio, using renewable electricity, becoming a zero-waste company and actively contributing to thecircular economy.
For its complete manufacturing of Marmoleum, Forbo holds all the main certifications. For environmental performance
ISO 14001, for quality ISO 9001, SA8000 for social accountability and ISO 45001 for Occupational Health and Safety
Management Systems. In addition, Marmoleum has been awarded with various independent environmental products
labels such as Nordic SWAN, Umwelt Zeichen, Der Blaue Engel and Declare.
1.2 Product Classification and description
Marmoleum is a resilient floor covering complying with all the requirements of EN-ISO 24011: Specification for plain anddecorative linoleum. Marmoleum is made from natural raw materials making it a preferable ecological and durable floor
covering with a beautiful stylish and colorful design. The key raw materials include linseed oil, which comes from the flax
plant seeds, gum rosin from pine trees, recycled wood waste of wood from controlled forests, limestone and jute from thejute plant which is used for the backing.
Linoleum is produced by Forbo Flooring for more than 150 years and our well-known brand Marmoleum is sold worldwide.
This declaration refers to Marmoleum sheet of 2.0 and
2.5 mm nominal thickness covering a broad range ofdesigns and colors :Real, Vivace, Fresco, Walton cirrus, Piano, Cacoa,
Concrete, Slate
Marmoleum is build up in 3 layers as illustrated in figure
1. These three layers form one homogeneous product by
the crosslinking bonding formed during the oxidative
curing process :Figure 1: Illustration of Marmoleum
1. Surface layer: This layer gives Marmoleum its design and color. After finishing the product at the trimming departmenta factory finish Topshield pro is applied to protect the surface layer.
2. Intermediate layer: This layer is calendared on the jute backing and contains reused and recycled Linoleum.
3. Backing: The backing is woven jute.

The declaration refers to the declared/functional unit of 1m² installed flooring product.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

1.3 Range of application
Marmoleum is classified in accordance with EN-ISO 24011 to be installed in the following use areas defined in EN–ISO
10874:
Area of application

2.0 mm thickness

2.5 mm thickness

Class 23Class 23Class 32Class 34Class 41Class 43

Domestic

Commercial

Industrial

Examples of use areas

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

1.4 Product Standard
The products considered in this EPD have the following technical specifications:o Meets or exceeds all technical requirements in EN-ISO 24011 Specification for plain and decorative Linoleum.
o Meets or exceeds all technical requirements in ASTM F 2034 Standard Specification for Linoleum Sheet
Flooring.
Marmoleum meets the requirements of EN 14041 and BS EN 14041

EN 13501-1

Reaction to fire

EN 13893

Slip resistanceEN 1815

Body voltage

EN 12524

Thermal conductivity

0.17 W/mK

Fire Testing :o Class 1 when tested in accordance with ASTM E 648/NFPA 253, Standard Test Method for Critical RadiantFlux.
o Meets 450 or less when tested in accordance with ASTM E 662/NFPA 258, Standard Test Method for Smoke
Density.
o Class C when tested in accordance to ASTM E 84/NFPA 255, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning
Characteristics.
o FSC1-150; SD-160 when tested in accordance to CAN/ULC S102.2, Standard Test Method for Flame Spread
Rating and Smoke Development.
Emission testing :o AgBB requirements following EN ISO 16000-9 Indoor Air Emissions : TVOC at 28 dayso French act Grenelle: A+o Compliant with CHPS 01350 requirements for VOC emissions and indoor air quality.
o M1: Finnish voluntary emission classification of building materials

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

1.5 Accreditation
All Forbo Flooring Systems’ manufacturing operations have certified Management System in accordance with:o
ISO 9001 Quality Management Systemo
ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systemo
ISO 45001 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systemso
SA 8000 Social Accountability standard
Forbo’s Marmoleum has been awarded a large array of international environmental certificates such as:oNordic Ecolabel SWANo
Umwelt zeicheno
Der Blaue Engelo
Declare LBC Red List Freeo
USDA certified biobased producto
UK Allergy seal

In addition Marmoleum floor covering improves the environmental and well-being score in building rating schemes suchas LEED, Breeam and the Well building standard.
1.6 Delivery Status
Characteristics
Product thickness
Product Weight
2.5 mm
2.0 mmRolls Width
LengthTable 1: Specification of delivered productNominal Value
2.5
2.0

Unit
mm
mm

3000
2400
2.00
< 32

g/m2
meter

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

2 Material Content
2.1 Material Content of the ProductComponent

BinderTable 2: Composition of Marmoleum
Availability

Material

Renewable

Origin20

Canada/Europe

Gum rosin

Bio based crop

3

Indonesia

7

USA

22

Germany

22

Germany

14Internal/External

Bio based waste
product from paper
Industry
Bio based waste
product from woodprocessing

Calcium carbonate
Reused & Recycled
Marmoleum

BackingFinishIn Marmoleum
Cocoa top
layer*

Amount[%]Bio based crop

Wood flour

Pigment

NonRenewable

Linseed oil

Tall oilFillerRecycled

AbundantmineralPre- and postconsumer waste

Titanium dioxide

Limitedmineral2

GlobalOther pigments

Limitedmineral1

Global

Bio based waste
product from cocoa
Industry

8
1

India/Bangladesh
Netherlands

1.5

Netherlands

Wood flour

Calcium Carbonate

Jute
Lacquer

Bio based crop

Cocoa husks

Flax plant

Gum Rosin

Production/Installation waste

Jute plantMarmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

2.2 Production of Main Materials
Linseed oil : Linseed oil is obtained by pressing the seeds of the flax plant. After filtering a clear golden yellow liquidremains. (the residues of the pressing process are re-used as cattle food)Gum rosin : Rosin is obtained by wounding pine trees. The crude gum is collected and is separated into turpentine androsin by distillation.
Tall oil : Tall oil is a post industrial waste product coming from the paper industry and is consisting of vegetable oil androsin.
Wood flour : Postindustrial bio based soft wood waste from the wood industry, which is milled into flour.
Calcium carbonate : An abundant mineral found in all parts of the world as the chief substance in rocks (i.e., marble
and limestone). It can be ground to varying particle sizes and is widely used as filler.
Reused and recycled Marmoleum : Scrap material coming from the Marmoleum production which is reused and postconsumer recycled Marmoleum scrap, grinded and processed as raw material into new flooring.
Titanium dioxide : A white pigment produced from the mineral rutile, a naturally occurring form of titanium dioxide. The
production of the pigment is a large-scale chemical process
Other pigments : The vast majority of the used color pigments are iron oxide based.
Jute : Jute fiber is extracted from the stem of the jute plant by floating it in water. For yarn production fiber bands are
obtained by carding, stretching, spinning, warping and sizing. Finally the yarn is woven.
Lacquer : The factory applied lacquer – Topshield Pro – is a double layer factory finish based on a mixture of highquality polymers, acrylate functional mono- and copolymers, partly waterborne.
* Cocoa husks : The tough cocoa husks are the rest product of cocoa production, these are collected and grinded to be
spread onto the Marmoleum. This recycled product is only used in the Marmoleum Cocoa product line.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

3 Production of the Floor Covering
3.1 Manufacturing

Figure 2: Illustration of the Production process

Marmoleum is a biobased flooring product, with natural ingredients crafted into a climate positive, long lasting
floorcovering.
Marmoleum is produced in several stages starting with the oxidation of linseed oil mixed with tall oil and rosin. With the
influence of oxygen from the atmosphere a tough sticky and chewy material is obtained.
The linoleum base material is stored in containers for a few days for further aging and after this it is mixed with woodflour, calcium carbonate, reused & recycled waste, titanium dioxide and pigments.
This mixture is calendared on a jute substrate and stored in drying rooms, to cure till the required hardness is reached.
After approximately 14 days the material is taken out from the drying room to the trimming department where the factory
finish is applied on the surface of the product and the end inspection is done. Finally the edges are trimmed and the
sheet is cut to length into rolls of approximately 32 meter. The trimmings and the rejected product are reused into new
Marmoleum floors.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

The recycling plant on our factory site, processes both pre- and post-consumer waste into a new raw material, that is
added to the linoleum base material, replacing a significant part of virgin material.
For the manufacturing of Marmoleum sustainable green electricity is being used, solar panels on the warehouses
generate the electricity needed for our for the internal transport by truck and forklifts.
The drying rooms operate with an eco-control system and frequency controlled fans to reduce the energy usage and to
improve operating efficiency.
During the manufacturing of Marmoleum no process water is being used or disposed.
3.2 Production Waste
Rejected material and the cuttings of the trimming stage are being reused in the manufacturing process.
Packaging materials are being collected separately and externally recycled.

4 Delivery and Installation of the Floor Covering
4.1 Delivery
A worldwide distribution by truck and container ship is considered. On average every square meter of Marmoleum istransported as follows:o Transport distance 40 t truck
408 kmo Transport distance 7.5t truck (Fine distribution)
190 kmo Capacity utilization trucks (including empty runs)
100%o Transport distance Ocean ship
4976 kmo Capacity utilization Ocean ship100%
4.2 Installation

Because of the specific techniques used during the installation of Marmoleum an average of 6% of the material is cut off
as installation waste. For installation of Marmoleum on the floor an average scenario has been modeled (assuming
0.280 kg/m2 of adhesive is required). Forbo Flooring recommends to use a low emission EC1 adhesive for installing
Marmoleum.
Cardboard tubes and packaging paper can be collected separately and should be used in a local recycling process. In
the calculation model 100% incineration is taken into account for which there is a credit received.
Waste during the installation process may be recycled as floor covering through the manufacturers’ facility. Forbo
Flooring has a Back to The Floor program in which both post-installation and end of life flooring can be recycled.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

5 Use stage
The service lifetime of a floor covering for a certain application on a floor is too widespread to give one common
number. For this EPD model the reference service lifetime (RSL) is set to one year. This means that all impacts for theuse phase are based on the cleaning and maintenance model for one year. Depending on the area of use, the technicallifetime advised by the manufacturer and the estimated time on the floor by the customer, the service lifetime can be
determined. The use phase impacts should be multiplied with the foreseen service life to calculate the total
environmental impact.
5.1 Cleaning and Maintenance
Level of use

Cleaning Process

Cleaning Frequency

Commercial/Residential/Industrial

Dust mopping
Damp mopping

Daily
Once a week

Consumption ofenergy and resources
Hot water
Neutral detergent

For the calculations the following cleaning regime is considered:- Dry cleaning with a dust mop- Once a week wet cleaning with 0.062 l/m2 water and 0.0008 kg/m2 detergent. This result in the use of 3.224
l/m2*year water and 0.04 kg/m2*year detergent. The wet cleaning takes place without power machine usage.
Waste water treatment of the arising waste water from cleaning is considered.
The cleaning regime that is recommended in practice will be highly dependent on the use of the premises where thefloor covering is installed. In high traffic areas more frequent cleaning will be needed compared to areas where there is
low traffic. The use of an entrance mat of at least four steps will reduce the cleaning frequency.
5.2 Prevention of Structural Damage
All newly laid floor covering should be covered and protected with a suitable non-staining protective covering if otherbuilding activities are still in progress. Use protective feet on chairs and tables to reduce scratching. Castor wheels
should be suitable for resilient floor coverings.

6 End of LifeFor recycling purposes both the subfloor and the floor covering need to remain as intact as possible at the End of Life
stage and contamination of the material needs to be avoided. Therefore the deconstruction of installed Marmoleum fromthe floor is done mechanically with a special floor stripper.
The electrical energy needed for this is estimated to be 0.03 kWh/sqm, this amount of energy is taken into account forthe calculations, although currently circularity has not yet been achieved on a large scale for floor coverings.
For the end of life stage two scenarios have been calculated assuming that the flooring is either 100% incinerated or
100% landfilled.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

7 Life Cycle Assessment
A full Life Cycle Assessment has been carried out according to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.
The following Life Cycle Stages are assessed :A1-3 : Product Stage (Raw material acquisition, transportation to Manufacturing and Manufacturing)A4-5 : Construction process stage (Transport Gate to User, installation flooring)B2 :Use Stage (Maintenance of the floor). For floor coverings the modules B1, B3 to B7 are not relevantto the environmental performance of a product.
C1-4 : End of Life Stage (Deconstruction, transport, waste processing, Disposal). Two different End of Life scenarios
are declared and the results are indicated separately in module C. Each scenario is calculated as a 100%
scenario:
Scenario 1: 100% Municipal Waste Incineration (MWI) with R1 > 60%
Scenario 2: 100% landfill disposal
D:
Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary (Reuse, recovery, recycling potential)
Product stage(A1-3)

A1 : Raw
Material
Extraction andProcessing

A2 : Transport

Construction process stage(A4-5)

Benefits andloads beyond thesystem boundary(D)End-of Life stage(C1-4)

A3 :Manufacturing
Coating,

A3 :Manufacturing
Energies with
regionalreference

Use stage(B2)

Calendaring,
Drying,

A4 : Transport

A5 :Construction or
installation
process

B2 :Maintenance
Cleaning
regimeC1 : Deconstruction
demolition

C2 :Transport

C3 : Waste
processing

C4 :DisposalD:
Reuse,
recovery,recycling
potential

Trimming

Figure 3: Flow chart of the Life Cycle Assessment

Comparisons of different floor coverings are only allowed, where EN 15804 consistent and/or preverified backgrounddata and EN 15804 consistent calculation methods and database versions are used and when the building context istaken into account, i.e. on the basis of the same use-classification (EN ISO 10874), same service life and comparable
assumptions for the end of life.
7.1 Description of the Declared Functional Unit
The functional unit is one square meter of installed product and the use stage is considered for one year of service life.
7.2 Cut off Criteria
The cut-off criteria shall be 1% of renewable and non-renewable primary energy usage and 1% of the total mass of theunit process. The total neglected input flows per module shall be a maximum of 5% of energy usage and mass.
In practice, in this assessment, all data from the production data acquisition are considered, i.e. all raw materials usedas per formulation, use of water, electricity and other fuels, the required packaging materials, and all direct productionwaste. Transport data on all considered inputs and output material are also considered.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

7.3 Allocations
In the present study some allocations have been made. Detailed explanations can be found in the chapters below.
7.4 Co-product allocation
No co-product allocation occurs in the product system.
7.5 Allocation of multi-input processes
The Production and End of Life stage include incineration plants. In these processes different products are treated
together within a process. The allocation procedures followed in these cases are based on a physical classification of
the mass flows or calorific values.
Credits from energy substitution are allocated to the production stage, because the gained energy from energy
substitution is lower than the energy input in this stage. The same quality of energy is considered.
7.6 Allocation procedure of reuse, recycling and recovery
The installation waste and end of life waste is fed into incineration processes. Incineration processes include
cogeneration processes which give thermal and power energy as outputs. It is assumed that this recovered energy
offsets that produced by the European average grid mix and thermal energy generation from natural gas. The gainedenergy is declared in module D as avoided environmental burden. Generated electricity and steam due to theincineration of installation and end of life waste are listed in the result table as exported energy.
7.7 Description of the allocation processes in the LCA report
The description of allocation rules in of this LCA report meets the requirements of the PCR.
7.8 LCA Data
As a general rule, specific data derived from specific production processes or average data derived from specificproduction processes have been used as the first choice as a basis for calculating an EPD.
For life cycle modeling of the considered products, the GaBi 10 Software System for Life Cycle Engineering, developedby Sphera has been used. All relevant LCA datasets are taken from the GaBi 10 software database. The datasets fromthe database GaBi are documented in the online documentation. To ensure comparability of results in the LCA, thebasic data of GaBi database were used for energy, transportation and auxiliary materials.
7.9 Data Quality
The requirements for data quality and LCA data correspond to the specifications of the PCR.
Foreground data are based on 1 year averaged data (year 2022). The reference ages of LCA datasets vary but are
given in the table in the Appendix. The time period over which inputs to and outputs from the system is accounted for isMarmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

100 years from the year for which the data set is deemed representative. The technological LCA of the collected data
reflects the physical reality of the declared product. The datasets are complete, conform to the system boundaries andthe criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs and are geographical representative for the supply chain of Forboflooring.
For life cycle modeling of the considered products the GaBi 10 Software System for Life Cycle Engineering, developedby Sphera, is used. All relevant LCA datasets are taken from the GaBi 10 software database. The last revision of theused data sets took place within the last 10 years.
7.10 System Boundaries
Production Stage includes provision of all materials, products and energy, packaging processing and its transport, as
well as waste processing up to the end-of waste state or disposal of final residues during the product stage.
Transport and Installation Stage includes provision of all materials, products and energy, as well as waste processing
up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during the construction stage. These information modules also
include all impacts and aspects related to any losses during this construction stage (i.e. production, transport, and waste
processing and disposal of the lost products and materials). For the transportation a worldwide distribution isconsidered.
Use Stage includes provision and transport of all materials, products and related energy and water use, as well as
waste processing up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during this part of the use stage. These
information modules also include all impacts and aspects related to the losses during this part of the use stage (i.e.
production, transport, and waste processing and disposal of the lost products and materials).
End of Life Stage includes provision and all transports, provision of all materials, products and related energy and wateruse. It also includes any declared benefits and loads from net flows leaving the product system that have not been
allocated as co-products and that have passed the end-of-waste state in the form of reuse, recovery and/or recycling
potentials.
7.11 Power mix
The selection of LCA data for the electricity generation is in line with the PCR.
The products are manufactured in Assendelft, the Netherlands. The GaBi 10 Hydropower dataset has therefore beenused (reference year 2022). The energy supplier is providing Forbo with a certificate every year.
7.12 CO2-Certificates
No CO2-certificates are considered in this study as the Marmoleum manufacturing is realized without offsetting.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

7.13 Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
In the tables 3 and 4 the environmental impacts are presented for all the lifecycle stages with two End of Life scenarios:• Scenario 1: 100% Municipal Waste Incineration (MWI) with R1 > 60%• Scenario 2: 100% landfill disposal.
Table 3: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
Parameter
GWP – total
GWP – fossil
GWP – biogenic
GWP - luluc
ODP
AP
EP – freshwater
EP – marine
EP – terrestrial
POCP
ADPF
ADPE
WDP

A1-A3
-4,46E-01
3,73E+00-4,17E+00
4,44E-03
4,08E-09
2,32E-02
9,88E-04
1,45E-02
7,97E-02
1,57E-02
4,95E+01
2,14E-06
5,36E-01

A4
2,37E-01
2,33E-01
4,30E-03
5,51E-04
8,71E-15
2,34E-03
3,05E-07
7,06E-04
7,78E-03
1,77E-03
1,91E+00
1,00E-08
9,72E-04

A5
9,08E-02
1,44E-01-5,35E-02
6,12E-04
5,92E-13
3,68E-04
2,25E-06
1,26E-04
1,40E-03
3,27E-04
3,48E+00
3,37E-08
2,45E-02

B2
6,35E-02
6,09E-02
2,57E-03
5,58E-07
1,58E-09
1,16E-04
2,09E-06
4,01E-05
2,30E-04
9,12E-05
1,22E+00
3,65E-10
1,37E-01

C1
3,09E-03
3,06E-03
2,76E-05
6,47E-07
4,48E-14
6,72E-06
8,93E-09
1,51E-06
1,58E-05
4,08E-06
5,55E-02
8,34E-10
6,98E-04

C2
1,87E-02
1,87E-02-2,56E-05
1,03E-04
1,11E-15
5,86E-05
5,54E-08
2,70E-05
3,02E-04
5,29E-05
2,48E-01
1,55E-09
1,66E-04

C3/1
2,03E+00
1,51E-01
1,88E+00
0,00E+00
7,43E-09
1,85E-03
2,87E-08
7,44E-04
8,53E-03
1,94E-03
1,95E+00
1,56E-12
4,20E-01

C4/2
4,40E-02
4,52E-02-1,31E-03
1,33E-04
1,75E-16
3,22E-04
7,58E-08
8,35E-05
9,18E-04
2,53E-04
5,99E-01
4,26E-09
4,85E-03

D/1-2,43E-01-2,42E-01-1,09E-03-2,27E-05-1,34E-12-2,85E-04-2,75E-07-8,11E-05-8,73E-04-2,29E-04-4,07E+00-3,19E-08-2,12E-02

D/2-1,02E-02-1,02E-02-5,18E-05-1,11E-06-6,84E-14-1,33E-05-1,39E-08-3,62E-06-3,88E-05-1,01E-05-1,73E-01-1,53E-09-1,08E-03

C3/1
1,63E+00
1,22E-01
1,51E+00
0,00E+00
5,96E-09
1,49E-03
2,31E-08
5,98E-04
6,85E-03
1,56E-03
1,56E+00
1,25E-12
3,38E-01

C4/2
3,53E-02
3,63E-02-1,05E-03
1,07E-04
1,41E-16
2,59E-04
6,09E-08
6,71E-05
7,37E-04
2,03E-04
4,81E-01
3,42E-09
3,89E-03

D/1-1,95E-01-1,94E-01-8,75E-04-1,83E-05-1,07E-12-2,29E-04-2,20E-07-6,52E-05-7,01E-04-1,84E-04-3,27E+00-2,56E-08-1,70E-02

D/2-8,20E-03-8,16E-03-4,16E-05-8,94E-07-5,49E-14-1,07E-05-1,12E-08-2,91E-06-3,11E-05-8,14E-06-1,39E-01-1,23E-09-8,65E-04

Caption: GWP - total = global warming potential; GWP - fossil = global warming potential (fossil fuel only); GWP - biogenic = global warming potential (biogenic); GWP - luluc = global warming potential(land use only); ODP = ozone depletion; AP = acidification terrestrial and freshwater; EP - freshwater = eutrophication potential (freshwater); EP - marine = eutrophication potential (marine); EPterrestrial = eutrophication potential (terrestrial); POCP = photochemical ozone formation; ADPE = abiotic depletion potential (element), ADPF = abiotic depletion potential (fossil) WDP = water scarcity

Table 4: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)
Parameter
GWP – total
GWP – fossil
GWP – biogenic
GWP - luluc
ODP
AP
EP – freshwater
EP – marine
EP – terrestrial
POCP
ADPF
ADPE
WDP

A1-A3
-1,11E-01
2,62E+00-2,73E+00
3,05E-03
2,55E-09
1,57E-02
6,39E-04
9,43E-03
5,28E-02
1,05E-02
3,50E+01
1,36E-06
3,73E-01

A4
1,91E-01
1,87E-01
3,46E-03
4,42E-04
7,00E-15
1,88E-03
2,45E-07
5,67E-04
6,25E-03
1,42E-03
1,53E+00
8,06E-09
7,81E-04

A5
7,30E-02
1,15E-01-4,30E-02
4,92E-04
4,76E-13
2,96E-04
1,81E-06
1,01E-04
1,12E-03
2,63E-04
2,80E+00
2,71E-08
1,97E-02

B2
6,35E-02
6,09E-02
2,57E-03
5,58E-07
1,58E-09
1,16E-04
2,09E-06
4,01E-05
2,30E-04
9,12E-05
1,22E+00
3,65E-10
1,37E-01

C1
2,48E-03
2,46E-03
2,21E-05
5,20E-07
3,60E-14
5,40E-06
7,17E-09
1,21E-06
1,27E-05
3,27E-06
4,46E-02
6,70E-10
5,61E-04

C2
1,50E-02
1,50E-02-2,06E-05
8,31E-05
8,93E-16
4,70E-05
4,45E-08
2,17E-05
2,42E-04
4,25E-05
1,99E-01
1,25E-09
1,34E-04

Caption: GWP - total = global warming potential; GWP - fossil = global warming potential (fossil fuel only); GWP - biogenic = global warming potential (biogenic); GWP - luluc = global warming potential(land use only); ODP = ozone depletion; AP = acidification terrestrial and freshwater; EP - freshwater = eutrophication potential (freshwater); EP - marine = eutrophication potential (marine); EPterrestrial = eutrophication potential (terrestrial); POCP = photochemical ozone formation; ADPE = abiotic depletion potential (element), ADPF = abiotic depletion potential (fossil) WDP = water scarcity

7.14 Interpretation
The interpretation of the results has been carried out considering the assumptions and limitations declared in the EPD,
both methodology- and data-related for a one year usage.
The LCA for GWP reflects the use of renewable raw materials for the production of Marmoleum (linseed oil, gum rosinand jute). Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is locked in from the atmosphere in the course of the plant growth via
photosynthesis and stored during the use stage.
For the production stage (A1-A3) the uptake of CO2 is higher than the emission of greenhouse gasses resulting in aMarmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

negative life cycle stage.
Within the first EOL-scenario when the Marmoleum is incinerated the carbon dioxide will be released, this process
accounts for the greatest emission of greenhouse gases in the life cycle of the product.
In case of the second EOL-scenario when the Marmoleum is landfilled the carbon dioxide will not be released andtherefore the CO2 emission is enormously reduced resulting in a carbon neutral floor for one year of use.
Table 5: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for one lifecycle (one year)

GWP-Total

Marmoleum 2.5 mm(Incineration)
2.00

Marmoleum 2.5 mm(Landfill)0.01

Marmoleum 2.0 mm(Incineration)
1.86

Marmoleum 2.0 mm(Landfill)
0.27

In general the production stage has the main contribution to the overall impact for all of the other environmental impact
categories. For these categories the main contributor in the production stage is the raw material extraction andprocessing.
Forbo declares in the EPD a worldwide distribution by truck and container ship. For this scenario the transport has a
relevance of 0%-11% in the environmental impact categories.
In general the impact of the installation of the flooring is not very significant, except for GWP-luluc as a consequence ofthe biobased materials used in the low emission adhesive.
In the use stage which is calculated for one year of service life time only ODP has a significant contribution of 12%. This
contribution is caused by the detergent used to wet clean the floor once a week.
7.15 Resource use
In the tables 6 and 7 the parameters describing resource use are presented for all the lifecycle stages for a one year
usage.
Table 6: Results of the LCA – Resource use for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
A1-A3

A4

A5

B2

C1

C2

C3/1

C4/2

D/1

D/2

PERE [MJ]

2,39E+01

7,73E-02

1,60E+00

1,74E-02

3,08E-02

1,41E-02

3,88E-02

8,07E-02-9,26E-01-4,72E-02

PERM [MJ]

4,41E+01

-

-

-

-

-

-

PERT [MJ]

6,80E+01

7,73E-02

1,60E+00

1,74E-02

3,08E-02

1,41E-02

3,88E-02

8,07E-02-9,26E-01-4,72E-02

PENRE [MJ]

5,52E+00

1,91E+00

3,49E+00

1,22E+00

5,56E-02

2,49E-01

1,95E+00

6,00E-01-4,07E+00-1,73E-01-1,73E-01

PENRM [MJ]

4,43E+01

-

-

-

-

-

-

PENRT [MJ]

4,98E+01

1,91E+00

3,49E+00

1,22E+00

5,56E-02

2,49E-01

1,95E+00

6,00E-01-4,07E+00

SM [kg]

1,05E+00

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

RSF [MJ]

1,90E-08-

3,41E-09

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

NRSF [MJ]

2,23E-07-

4,00E-08

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

FW [m3]
5,52E-02
8,83E-05
8,70E-04
4,84E-05
2,94E-05
1,59E-05
9,78E-03
1,48E-04-8,93E-04-4,54E-05
Caption: PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewableprimary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primaryenergy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as
raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary
fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh waterMarmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Table 7: Results of the LCA – Resource use for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)
A1-A3

A4

A5

B2

C1

C2

C3/1

C4/2

D/1

D/2

PERE [MJ]

2,63E+00

6,21E-02

1,29E+00

1,74E-02

2,48E-02

1,13E-02

3,12E-02

6,48E-02-7,43E-01-3,79E-02

PERM [MJ]

4,38E+01

PERT [MJ]

4,64E+01

6,21E-02

1,29E+00

1,74E-02

2,48E-02

1,13E-02

3,12E-02

6,48E-02-7,43E-01-3,79E-02

PENRE [MJ]

-8,85E+00

1,54E+00

2,80E+00

1,22E+00

4,46E-02

2,00E-01

1,56E+00

4,82E-01-3,27E+00-1,39E-01

PENRM [MJ]

4,40E+01

PENRT [MJ]

3,52E+01

1,54E+00

2,80E+00

1,22E+00

4,46E-02

2,00E-01

1,56E+00

4,82E-01-3,27E+00-1,39E-01

SM [kg]6,31E-01

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

RSF [MJ]

1,47E-08-

2,74E-09

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

NRSF [MJ]

1,72E-07-

3,22E-08

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

FW [m3]
4,10E-02
7,09E-05
6,99E-04
4,84E-05
2,36E-05
1,28E-05
7,86E-03
1,19E-04-7,17E-04-3,65E-05
Caption: PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewableprimary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primaryenergy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as
raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary
fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water

7.16 Waste categories and output flows
In the tables 8 and 9 other environmental information describing different waste categories and output flows are presented for all the
lifecycle stages.
Table 8: Results of the LCA – Output flows and Waste categories for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
A1-A3

A4

A5

B2

C1

C2

C3/1

C4/2

D/1

D/2

HWD [kg]

2,23E-07

8,73E-12

1,50E-08

1,89E-12

4,81E-12

1,19E-12

NHWD [kg]

3,22E-01

2,45E-04

3,49E-03

3,52E-03

4,19E-05

3,56E-05-

6,37E-11-5,84E-10-2,34E-11-

2,99E+00-1,89E-03

RWD [kg]

9,09E-04-8,71E-05

2,30E-06

5,00E-05

2,57E-05

8,88E-06

CRU [kg]

-

-

-

-

-

3,06E-07

1,16E-04

6,28E-06-2,65E-04-1,35E-05

-

-

-

-

MFR [kg]--

1,91E-01

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

MER [kg]---

EEE [MJ]--

5,11E-02

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

1,48E+00--

EET [MJ]--

9,27E-02

-

-

-

-

3,82E+00---

Caption: HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed; CRU = Components for re-use; MFR =Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energyMarmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Table 9: Results of the LCA – Output flows and Waste categories for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)
A1-A3

A4

A5

B2

C1

C2

C3/1

C4/2

D/1

D/2

HWD [kg]

1,53E-07

7,01E-12

1,21E-08

1,89E-12

3,86E-12

9,56E-13

NHWD [kg]2,10E-01

1,97E-04

2,81E-03

3,52E-03

3,36E-05

2,86E-05-

5,11E-11-4,69E-10-1,88E-11-

2,40E+00-1,51E-03

RWD [kg]

1,85E-06

4,02E-05

2,57E-05

7,13E-06

CRU [kg]

5,88E-04--7,00E-05

2,46E-07

9,33E-05

5,05E-06-2,13E-04----1,09E-05

-

-

-

-

-

MFR [kg]---

1,53E-01

MER [kg]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

EEE [MJ]---

4,10E-02---

1,19E+00--

EET [MJ]---

7,44E-02---

3,06E+00---

Caption: HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed; CRU = Components for re-use; MFR =Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy

7.17 Biogenic Carbon content

Table 10: Information describing the biogenic carbon content at the factory gate
Unit (kg C/m2)
Biogenic carbon content
Biogenic carbon content in product Marmoleum 2.0 mm
2.60
Biogenic carbon content in accompanying packaging Marmoleum 2.0 mm
0.14
Biogenic carbon content in product Marmoleum 2.5 mm
4.04
Biogenic carbon content in accompanying packaging Marmoleum 2.5 mm
0.14
Note: 1 kg of biogenic carbon is equivalent to 44/12 kg of CO2

8 Additional Environmental Impact Indicators
To be fully transparent Forbo Flooring does not only want to declare the environmental impacts required in the PCR, butalso the additional environmental impact indicators according to the European Standard EN15804 + A2.
Table 11: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
PM [Disease incidences]

A1-A3

A4

A5

B2

C1

C2

C3/1

C4/2

D/1

D/2

3,30E-07

3,36E-08

3,46E-09

7,74E-10

5,57E-11

3,26E-10

7,79E-09

4,00E-09-2,36E-09-1,10E-10

IR [kBq U235 eq.]

4,79E-01

3,37E-04

9,00E-03

2,53E-03

1,50E-03

4,49E-05

1,84E-03

6,60E-04-4,49E-02-2,29E-03

ETF-fw [CTUe]

2,92E+01

1,32E+00

1,51E+00

2,93E-01

2,43E-02

1,72E-01

3,15E+00

3,42E-01-7,44E-01-3,78E-02

HTP-c [CTUh]

1,65E-09

2,60E-11

1,09E-10

7,09E-12

6,99E-13

3,47E-12

2,29E-11

5,04E-11-3,93E-11-1,74E-12

HTP-nc [CTUh]

8,94E-08

1,56E-09

9,07E-09

2,22E-10

2,56E-11

2,07E-10

1,25E-09

5,56E-09-1,53E-09-6,69E-11

SQP [Pt]
4,19E+02 4,55E-01 1,04E+01 5,85E-03 2,00E-02 8,53E-02 0,00E+00 1,21E-01 -6,01E-01 -3,07E-02
Caption: PM = Particulate matter emissions; IR = Ionizing radiation, human health; ETF-fw = Eco-toxicity (freshwater); HTP-c = Human toxicity, cancer
effects; HTP-nc = Human toxicity, non-cancer effects, SQP = Soil quality potential/ Land use related impacts

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

Table 12: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)
A1-A3

A4

A5

B2

C1

C2

C3/1

C4/2

D/1

D/2

PM [Disease incidences]
IR [kBq U235 eq.]

2,23E-07
3,02E-01

2,70E-08
2,71E-04

2,78E-09
7,23E-03

7,74E-10
2,53E-03

4,47E-11
1,21E-03

2,62E-10
3,60E-05

6,26E-09
1,48E-03

3,21E-09
5,30E-04-1,89E-09-3,60E-02-8,87E-11-1,84E-03

ETF-fw [CTUe]

1,87E+01

1,06E+00

1,21E+00

2,93E-01

1,95E-02

1,38E-01

2,53E+00

2,74E-01-5,98E-01-3,03E-02

HTP-c [CTUh]
HTP-nc [CTUh]

1,15E-09
5,71E-08

2,09E-11
1,25E-09

8,73E-11
7,29E-09

7,09E-12
2,22E-10

5,61E-13
2,05E-11

2,79E-12
1,66E-10

1,84E-11
1,00E-09

4,05E-11
4,47E-09-3,16E-11-1,23E-09-1,40E-12-5,37E-11

SQP [Pt]

2,78E+02

3,66E-01

8,36E+00

5,85E-03

1,61E-02

6,85E-02

0,00E+00

9,72E-02-4,83E-01-2,46E-02

Caption: PM = Particulate matter emissions; IR = Ionizing radiation, human health; ETF-fw = Eco-toxicity (freshwater); HTP-c = Human toxicity, cancer
effects; HTP-nc = Human toxicity, non-cancer effects, SQP = Soil quality potential/ Land use related impacts

8.1 Interpretation
The interpretation of the results has been carried out considering the assumptions and limitations declared in the EPD,
both methodology- and data-related for a one year usage.
As with the mandatory environmental impact categories, the production phase is dominant in the contribution of the total
lifespan of the additional environmental impact indicators. This is largely due to the production of the raw materials.
A much smaller impact is coming from the thermal energy used to manufacture the Marmoleum product.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

8.2 Disclaimers to the declaration of core and additional environmental impact indicators
According to the "ILCD Handbook: Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context" therecommended characterization models and associated characterization factors are classified according to their quality
into three levels:o Type 1 (recommended and satisfactory),o Type 2 (recommended but in need of some improvements)o Type 3 (recommended, but to be applied with caution).
Table 13: Classification of disclaimers to the declaration of core and additional environmental impact indicators

ILCD classification

Indicator
Disclaimer
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
None
Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer (ODP)
None
ILCD Type 1
Potential incidence of disease due to PM emissions (PM)None
Acidification potential, Accumulated Exceedance (AP)None
Eutrophication potential, Fraction of nutrients reaching freshwater end
Nonecompartment (EP-freshwater)
Eutrophication potential, Fraction of nutrients reaching marine end
None
ILCD Type 2
compartment (EP-marine)
Eutrophication potential, Accumulated Exceedance (EP-terrestrial)
None
Formation potential of tropospheric ozone (POCP)
None
Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to U235 (IRP)1
Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil resources (ADP-minerals &2
metals)Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources (ADP-fossil)
2
Water (user)deprivation potential, deprivation-weighted water2
consumption (WDP)
ILCD Type 2
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (ETP-fw)
2
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans HTP-c)2
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for humans HTP-nc)
2
Potential Soil quality index (SQP)
2Disclaimer 1 – This impact category deals mainly with the eventual impact of low dose ionizing radiation onhuman health of the nuclear fuel cycle. It does not consider effects due to possible nuclear accidents,
occupational exposure nor due to radioactive waste disposal in underground facilities. Potential ionizing
radiation from the soil, from radon and from some construction materials is also not measured by thisindicator
Disclaimer 2 – The results of this environmental impact indicator shall be used with care as the uncertainties
on these results are high or as there is limited experience with the indicator.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 and EN 15804

9 References
GABI 10 2012

Sphera; GaBi 10: Software-System and Database for Life Cycle Engineering.
Copyright, TM. Stuttgart, Echterdingen, 1992-2017.

GABI 10 2012D

GaBi 10: Documentation of GaBi 10: Software-System and Database for Life Cycle
Engineering. Copyright, TM. Stuttgart, Echterdingen, 1992-2017.
http://documentation.gabi-software.com/

UL ENVIRONMENTUL Environment’s Program Operator Rules

PE 2012

Description of Selected Impact Categories, Sphera, 2012

ILCD Handbook: General guidefor Life Cycle Assessment Detailed guidance
STANDARDS AND LAWS

European Commission-Joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment andSustainability: International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) HandbookRecommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context. First
edition November 2011. EUR 24571 EN. Luxemburg. Publications Office of theEuropean Union; 2011

DIN EN ISO 14044

Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines(ISO 14044:2006); English version EN ISO 14044

ISO 14025 2006

EN ISO 14025: Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental
declarations — Principles and procedures

ISO 14040 2006

Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework (ISO14040); English version EN ISO 14040

CEN/TR 15941

Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations Methodology for selection and use of generic data; German version CEN/TR 15941

EN 15804 + A2
ISO 24011

EN 15804+A2: Sustainability of construction works — Environmental ProductDeclarations — Core rules for the product category of construction products
Resilient floor coverings - Specification for plain and decorative linoleum

CPR

REGULATION (EU) No 305/2011 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL of 9 March 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of
construction products and repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC

EN-ISO 10874

Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings – Classification