ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATIONMARMOLEUM 2.0 AND 2.5MM
FORBO FLOORING SYSTEMSRESILIENT LINOLEUM FLOOR COVERING

Marmoleum the most globallyused brand of linoleum has been
manufactured by Forbo for morethan 150 years. Marmoleum
is produced having low
environmental impacts as a resultof the combination of natural
renewable materials and highrecycle content.
Forbo was the first flooring
manufacturer to publish acomplete Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) report verified by CML in
2000.In addition Forbo is now topublish Environmental ProductDeclarations (EPD) for all products
including full LCA reports. This EPD
is using all recognized flooring
Product Category Rules and isincluding additional information
to show the impacts on humanhealth and eco-toxicity. By offering
the complete story we hope that
our stakeholders will be able touse this document as a tool thatwill translate the environmental
performance of Marmoleum into
the true value and benefits to all
our customers and stakeholders
alike.
For more information visit:www.forbo-flooring.com

Page 1 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

This declaration is an environmental product declaration in accordance with ISO 14025
and EN15804 that describes the environmental characteristics of the aforementioned
product. It promotes the development of sustainable products. This is a certified
declaration and all relevant environmental information is disclosed. This EPD may not
be comparable to other declarations if they do not comply with ISO 14025, EN 15804 and thereference PCR.

DECLARATION NUMBER
DECLARED PRODUCTUL Environment
333 Pfingsten Road
Northbrook, IL 60611
Forbo Flooring B.V.
Industrieweg 12
P.O. Box 13
NL-1560 AA Krommenie
12CA64879.101.1
Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5mm Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

REFERENCE PCR

Flooring: Carpet, Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic, and Wood (NSF 2012)

DATE OF ISSUEPERIOD OF VALIDITY

November 12 , 2012
5 Years

PROGRAM OPERATORDECLARATION HOLDER

th

Product definition and information about building physics

CONTENTS OF THE
DECLARATION

Information about basic material and the material’s origin
Description of the product’s manufacture
Indication of product processing
Information about the in-use conditions
Life cycle assessment results
Testing results and verifications

The PCR review was conducted by:This declaration was independently verified in accordance with ISO
14025 and EN 15804 by Underwriters Laboratories☐ INTERNAL☒ EXTERNALNSF International
Accepted by PCR Review Panelncss@nsf.org

Loretta Tam, ULE EPD Program Manager

This life cycle assessment was independently verified inaccordance with ISO 14044, EN 15804 and the reference PCR by:
Trisha Montalbo, PE International

Page 2 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Product Definition
Product Classification and description
This declaration covers a broad range of designs and colors. Marmoleum is a resilient floor covering complying with all
the requirements of EN-ISO 24011: Specification for plain and decorative linoleum. Marmoleum is made from natural
raw materials making it preferable ecological floor covering with a beautiful and colorful design. The key raw materials
include linseed oil, which comes from the flax plant seeds, gum rosin from pine trees, recycled wood waste of woodfrom controlled forests, limestone and jute from the jute plant which isused for the backing. Because of the use of natural raw materials
Marmoleum is biodegradable.
Linoleum is produced by Forbo Flooring for more than 150 years and ourwell known brand Marmoleum is sold worldwide. This declaration refers to
Marmoleum sheet of 2.0 and 2.5 mm nominal thickness.
Marmoleum is build up in 3 layers as illustrated in the figure 1.These threelayers form one homogeneous product by the cross linking bondings
formed during the oxidative curing process :Figure 1: Illustration of Marmoleum
1. Surface layer: This layer gives Marmoleum its design and color. After finishing the product at the trimming
department a factory finish is applied to protect the surface layer.
2. Intermediate layer: This layer is calendared on the jute.
3. Backing: The backing is woven jute.
Range of application
Marmoleum is classified in accordance with EN-ISO 24011 to be installed in the following use areas defined in EN–
ISO 10874:
Area of application

2.0 mm thickness

2.5 mm thickness

Class 23Class 23Class 32Class 34Class 41Class 43

Domestic

Commercial

Industrial

Page 3 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Product Standard
The products considered in this EPD have the following technical specifications:o Meets or exceeds all technical requirements in ASTM F 2034 Standard Specification for Linoleum Sheet
Flooring.
o Meets or exceeds all technical requirements in EN-ISO 24011 Specification for plain and decorative Linoleum.

Marmoleum meets the requirements of EN 14041
EN 13501-1
Reaction to fire
Cfl - s1
EN 13893
Slip resistance
DS: ≥ 0.30
EN 1815
Body voltage< 2 kVEN 12524
Thermal conductivity 0.17 W/mK
Fire Testing:o Class 1 when tested in accordance with ASTM E 648/NFPA 253, Standard Test Method for Critical RadiantFlux.
o Meets 450 or less when tested in accordance with ASTM E 662/NFPA 258, Standard Test Method for Smoke
Density.
o Class C when tested in accordance to ASTM E 84/NFPA 255, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning
Characteristics.
o FSC1-150; SD-160 when tested in accordance to CAN/ULC S102.2, Standard Test Method for Flame Spread
Rating and Smoke Development.
o Compliant with CHPS 01350 requirements for VOC emissions and indoor air quality.
Accreditation

o
o
o
o
o
o
o

ISO 9001 Quality Management System
ISO 14001 Environmental Management System
OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management
SMART
SWAN
Nature Plus
Good Environmental Choice Australia

Systems

Page 4 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Delivery Status
Table 1: Specification of delivered productCharacteristics
Product thickness

Nominal Value
2.5
2.0

Unit
mm
mm

3000
2400
2.00
< 32

g/m

Product Weight
2.5 mm
2.0 mmRolls Width
Length2

meter

Material Content
Material Content of the ProductComponent
BinderMaterial
Linseed oil
Gum rosin
Tall oil
Wood flour

FillerPigment
BackingFinishCalcium carbonate
Reused Marmoleum
Titanium dioxide
Various other pigments
Jute
LacquerTable 2: Composition of Marmoleum
Availability
Bio based crop
Bio based crop
Bio based waste product from paper
Industry
Bio based waste product from woodprocessing
Abundant mineral
Limited mineral
Limited mineral
Bio based crop

Amount [%]19
2
11

OriginUSA/Canada/Europe
Indonesia/China
USA

22

Germany

24
10
2
1
8
1

Germany
Internal
GlobalGlobalIndia/Bangladesh
Netherlands

Production of Main Materials
Linseed oil : Linseed oil is obtained by pressing the seeds of the flax plant. After filtering a clear golden yellow liquidremains.
Gum rosin : Rosin is obtained by wounding pine trees. The crude gum is collected and is separated into turpentine
and rosin by distillation.
Tall oil : Tall oil is a post industrial waste product coming from the paper industry and is consisting of vegetable oil androsin.
Wood flour : Post industrial bio based soft wood waste from the wood industry, which is milled into flour.
Calcium carbonate : An abundant mineral found in all parts of the world as the chief substance in rocks (i.e., marble
and limestone). It can be ground to varying particle sizes and is widely used as filler.
Reused Marmoleum : Waste material coming from the Marmoleum production which is reused.
Titanium dioxide : A white pigment produced from the mineral rutile, a naturally occurring form of titanium dioxide.
The production of the pigment is a large-scale chemical process
Various other pigments : The vast majority of the used color pigments are iron oxide based.
Jute : Jute fiber is extracted from the stem of the jute plant by floating it in water. For yarn production fiber bands are
obtained by carding, stretching, spinning, warping and sizing. Finally the yarn is woven.
Lacquer : The factory applied lacquer – Topshield 2 – is a waterborne UV cured urethane – acrylate hybrid dispersion.

Page 5 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Production of the Floor Covering

Figure 2: Illustration of the Production process

Marmoleum is produced in several stages starting with the oxidation of linseed oil mixed with tall oil and rosin. With the
influence of oxygen from the atmosphere a tough sticky material is obtained called linoleum cement. The linoleum
cement is stored in containers for a few days for further reaction and after this it is mixed with wood flour, calcium
carbonate, reused waste (if applicable), titanium dioxide and pigments. This mixture is calendared on a jute substrateand stored in drying rooms, to cure till the required hardness is reached. After approximately 14 days the material istaken out from the drying room to the trimming department where the factory finish is applied on the surface of the
product and the end inspection is done. Finally the edges are trimmed and the sheet is cut to length into rolls of
approximately 32 meter. The trimmings and the rejected product are reused.
Health, Safety and Environmental Aspects during Productiono ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systemo OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems

Page 6 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Production Waste
Rejected material and the cuttings of the trimming stage are being reused in the manufacturing process.
Packaging materials are being collected separately and externally recycled.

Delivery and Installation of the Floor Covering
DeliveryA worldwide distribution by truck and container ship is considered. On average every square meter ofMarmoleum is transported as follows:o Transport distance 40 t truck
694 kmo Transport distance 7.5t truck (Fine distribution)
257 kmo Capacity utilization trucks (including empty runs) 85 %o Transport distance Ocean ship
4916 kmo Capacity utilization Ocean ship48%
Installation
Because of the specific techniques used during the installation of Marmoleum 6% of the material is cut off as
installation waste. For installation of Marmoleum on the floor a worst case scenario has been modeled (assuming
20.435 kg/m of adhesive is required). In practice this amount will almost always be lower. Waste during the installation
process may be recycled as floor covering through the manufacturers’ facilities or thermally recycled in a waste
incineration plant. Since the major part of Marmoleum is sold in Europe the European electricity grid mix is used in thecalculations for the energy recovery during incineration.

Health, Safety and Environmental Aspects during Installation
Forbo flooring recommends to use (low) zero emission adhesives for installing Marmoleum.
Waste
Waste during the installation process may be recycled as floor covering through the manufacturers’ facilities orthermally recycled in a waste incineration plant. Since the major part of Marmoleum is sold in Europe the European
electricity grid mix is used in the calculations for the energy recovery during incineration.
Packaging
Cardboard tubes and packaging paper can be collected separately and should be used in a local recycling process. In
the calculation model 100% incineration is taken into account for which there is a credit received.

Use stage
The service lifetime of a floor covering for a certain application on a floor is too widespread to give one common
number. For this EPD model the reference service lifetime (RSL) is set to one year. This means that all impacts for theuse phase are based on the cleaning and maintenance model for one year. Depending on the area of use, thetechnical lifetime advised by the manufacturer and the estimated time on the floor by the customer, the service lifetime

Page 7 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

can be determined. The use phase impacts should be calculated with the foreseen service life to arrive at the total
environmental impact.
Cleaning and Maintenance
Level of use

Cleaning Process

Cleaning Frequency

Commercial/Residential/Industrial

Vacuuming
Damp mopping

Twice a week
Once a week

Consumption ofenergy and resources
Electricity
Hot water
Neutral detergent

For the calculations the following cleaning regime is considered:2- Dry cleaning with a 1.5 kW vacuum cleaner for 0.21 min/m , twice a week. This equates to 0.55
2kWh/m *year.
22- Once a week wet cleaning with 0.062 l/m water and 0.0008 kg/m detergent. This result in the use of22
3.224 l/m *year water and 0.04 kg/m *year detergent. The wet cleaning takes place without powermachine usage. Waste water treatment of the arising waste water from cleaning is considered.
The cleaning regime that is recommended in practice will be highly dependent on the use of the premises where thefloor covering is installed. In high traffic areas more frequent cleaning will be needed compared to areas where there is
low traffic. The use of an entrance mat of at least four steps will reduce the cleaning frequency.
The cleaning regime used in the calculations is suitable for high traffic areas.
Prevention of Structural Damage
All newly laid floor covering should be covered and protected with a suitable non-staining protective covering if otherbuilding activities are still in progress. Use protective feet on chairs and tables to reduce scratching. Castor wheels
should be suitable for resilient floor coverings

Health Aspects during Usage
Marmoleum is complying with:o AgBB requirementso French act Grenelle: A+
o CHPS section 01350

End of LifeThe deconstruction of installed Marmoleum from the floor is done mechanically and the electrical energy needed forthis is estimated to be 0.03 kWh/sqm. This amount of energy is taken into account for the calculations.
For the end of life stage no landfilling is taken into account, since the vast majority of the countries in which
Marmoleum is sold are having a non landfill policy. Because of the high calorific value of Marmoleum the incineration isvery profitable as a waste to energy conversion.

Page 8 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Life Cycle Assessment
A full Life Cycle Assessment has bee carried out according to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.
The following Life Cycle Stages are assessed :o Production Stage (Raw material acquisition, transportation to Manufacturing and Manufacturing)o Transport Gate to Usero Installation Stageo Use Stageo End of Life Stage
Production

Raw Material
Extraction andProcessing

Transport

Transport

Installation

Installation
loss

Coating,
Calendaring,Transport&

Drying,Energies with
regionalreference

End-of Life

Use

Trimming

Cleaning
regimeTransport

Incineration

Adhesive atlayingFigure 3: Flow chart of the Life Cycle Assessment

Description of the Declared Functional Unit
The functional unit is one square meter of installed product and the use stage is considered for one year of service life.

Cut off Criteria
The cut-off criteria shall be 1% of renewable and non-renewable primary energy usage and 1% of the total mass of theunit process. The total neglected input flows per module shall be a maximum of 5% of energy usage and mass.
In practice, in this assessment, all data from the production data acquisition are considered, i.e. all raw materials usedas per formulation, use of water, electricity and other fuels, the required packaging materials, and all direct productionwaste. Transport data on all considered inputs and output material are also considered.
Allocations
In the present study some allocations have been made. Detailed explanations can be found in the chapters below.
Co-product allocation
No co-product allocation occurs in the product system.

Page 9 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Allocation of multi-input processes
The Production and End of Life stage include incineration plants. In these processes different products are treated
together within a process. The allocation procedures followed in these cases are based on a physical classification of
the mass flows or calorific values.
Credits from energy substitution are allocated to the production stage, because the gained energy from energy
substitution is lower than the energy input in this stage. The same quality of energy is considered.
Allocation procedure of reuse, recycling and recovery
The installation waste and end of life waste is fed into incineration processes. Incineration processes include
cogeneration processes which give thermal and power energy as outputs. It is assumed that this recovered energy
offsets that produced by the European average grid mix and thermal energy generation from natural gas.
The LCA dataset used to model the incineration of Marmoleum is based on data developed by European Resilient
Flooring Manufacturers’ Institute (ERFMI) and is specific to linoleum flooring products. This indicates that 250
kWh/tonne electricity and 9744 MJ/tonne thermal energy is recovered during incineration. This model is part of the
ERFMI 2008 LCA study on resilient floorings; critical reviewed by Dr ir Jeroen Guinée (Institute of Environmental
Sciences CML) /ERFMI 2008/.
Description of the allocation processes in the LCA report
The description of allocation rules in of this LCA report meets the requirements of the PCR.

LCA Data
As a general rule, specific data derived from specific production processes or average data derived from specificproduction processes have been used as the first choice as a basis for calculating an EPD.
For life cycle modeling of the considered products, the GaBi 5 Software System for Life Cycle Engineering, developedby PE INTERNATIONAL AG has been used. All relevant LCA datasets are taken from the GaBi 5 software database.
The datasets from the database GaBi are documented in the online documentation. To ensure comparability of resultsin the LCA, the basic data of GaBi database were used for energy, transportation and auxiliary materials.

Data Quality
The requirements for data quality and LCA data correspond to the specifications of the PCR.
Foreground data are based on 1 year averaged data (year 2011). The reference ages of LCA datasets vary but are
given in the table in the Appendix. The time period over which inputs to and outputs from the system is accounted foris 100 years from the year for which the data set is deemed representative. The technological LCA of the collected
data reflects the physical reality of the declared product. The datasets are complete, conform to the system boundaries
and the criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs and are geographical representative for the supply chain ofForbo flooring.

Page 10 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

For life cycle modeling of the considered products the GaBi 5 Software System for Life Cycle Engineering, developedby PE INTERNATIONAL AG, is used. All relevant LCA datasets are taken from the GaBi 5 software database. The last
revision of the used data sets took place within the last 10 years.

System Boundaries
Production Stage includes provision of all materials, products and energy, packaging processing and its transport, as
well as waste processing up to the end-of waste state or disposal of final residues during the product stage.
Transport and Installation Stage includes provision of all materials, products and energy, as well as waste processing
up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during the construction stage. These information modules
also include all impacts and aspects related to any losses during this construction stage (i.e. production, transport, andwaste processing and disposal of the lost products and materials). For the transportation a worldwide distribution isconsidered.
Use Stage includes provision and transport of all materials, products and related energy and water use, as well as
waste processing up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during this part of the use stage. These
information modules also include all impacts and aspects related to the losses during this part of the use stage (i.e.
production, transport, and waste processing and disposal of the lost products and materials).
End of Life Stage includes provision and all transports, provision of all materials, products and related energy andwater use. It also includes any declared benefits and loads from net flows leaving the product system that have notbeen allocated as co-products and that have passed the end-of-waste state in the form of reuse, recovery and/or
recycling potentials.
Power mix
The selection of LCA data for the electricity generation is in line with the PCR.
The products are manufactured in Assendelft, the Netherlands. The GaBi 5 Hydropower dataset has therefore beenused (reference year 2008). The energy supplier is providing Forbo with a certificate every year.
CO2-Certificates
No CO2-certificates are considered in this study.
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
The total primary energy for one square meter installed Marmoleum 2.0 mm and 2.5 mm are presented in table 3 and4 with their specific energy resources.

Table 3: Primary energy for all life cycle stages for Marmoleum 2.0 mm for one year
Non-renewable primary energy by
Unit
Total Life
Production Transport Installation
resources
cycle
Total non renewable primary energy
MJ
55,91
53,23
3,95
15,91
Crude oil
MJ
28,7
16,98
3,58
6,88
Hard coal
MJ
6,43
5,9
0,03
0,33
Lignite
MJ
2,45
1,95
0,01
0,38
Natural gas
MJ
15,01
25,59
0,29
8,09
Uranium
MJ
3,3
2,81
0,04
0,24

Use
(1 yr)
6,12
0,72
1,09
0,68
1,89
1,72

End of
Life
-23,3
0,54
-0,91
-0,57
-20,85-1,5

Page 11 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering
Renewable primary energy byresources
Total renewable primary energy
Geothermical
Hydro power
Solar energy
Wind power

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Unit
MJ
MJ
MJ
MJ
MJ

Total Life
cycle
57,61
0,02
9,69
47,24
0,59

Production

Transport

Installation

57,24
0,02
9,66
47,02
0,48

0,08
0
0,01
0,07
0

0,2
0
0
0,11
0,09

Table 4: Primary energy for all life cycle stages for Marmoleum 2.5 mm for one year
non renewable primary energy
Unit
Total Life
Production
Transport
Installation
by resources
cycle
Total non renewable primary
MJ
59,78
62,37
4,91
15,53
energyCrude oil
MJ
33,85
21,12
4,45
6,89
Hard coal
MJ
7,62
7,34
0,03
0,31
Lignite
MJ
2,76
2,42
0,02
0,37
Natural gas
MJ
12
28,02
0,37
7,76
Uranium
MJ
3,55
3,47
0,05
0,21
Renewable primary energy by
Unit
Total Life
Production
Transport
Installation
resources
cycle
Total renewable primary energy
MJ
69,39
69,18
0,1
0,19
Geothermical
MJ
0,02
0,02
0
0
Hydro power
MJ
9,74
9,78
0,01
0
Solar energy
MJ
58,9
58,7
0,08
0,11
Wind power
MJ
0,66
0,6
0,01
0,09

Use
(1 yr)
0,71
0,02
0,31
0,18
0,2

End of
Life
-0,62
-0,02
-0,29
-0,14
-0,18

Use
(1 yr)
6,12

End ofLife-29,15

0,72
1,09
0,68
1,89
1,72
Use
(1 yr)
0,71
0,02
0,31
0,18
0,2

0,68
-1,15
-0,72
-26,05-1,9End of
Life
-0,78
-0,02
-0,36
-0,17
-0,23

The renewable primary energy is mainly determined by the raw materials from renewable resources (linseed oil, jutehessian, tall oil).
The non renewable primary energy is mainly determined by the production stage for a one year usage; within the
production stage the main contributors are the raw material production and energy generation. Installation is also asignificant contributor due to the use of adhesive. Energy substitution in the End of Life stage results to a credit in the
total non renewable primary energy.
Due to the fact that Forbo Flooring B.V. is producing with 100% renewable electricity the total amount of primaryenergy is reduced by approximately 6% for the total lifecycle for a one year usage.
Waste and non-renewable resource consumption
In the tables 5 and 6 the non renewable resource consumption and waste production are shown for all life cycle stages
for a one year usage.
Table 5: Waste categories and non renewable resources for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)
Wastes
Unit
Total Life cycle
Production
Transport
Installation Use (1yr)
Hazardous waste
[kg]
0
0
0
0
0
Non-hazardous waste
[kg]
5,20
4,47
0,03
0,76
1,11
Radioactive waste[kg]
1,31E-03
1,12E-03
1,49E-05
2,46E-04
7,03E-04
Resources
Unit
Total Life cycle
Production
Transport
Installation Use (1yr)
Non renewable resources
[kg]
6,89
6,01
0,03
0,66
1,12

End of Life
0-1,17-7,73E-04
End of Life
-0,93

Page 12 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Table 6: Waste categories and non renewable resources for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
Unit
Total Life cycle
Production
Transport
Installation
Use (1yr)
Hazardous waste
[kg]
0
0
0
0
0
Non-hazardous waste
[kg]
6,01
5,53
0,03
0,76
1,11
Radioactive waste[kg]
1,41E-03
1,39E-03
1,85E-05
2,46E-04
7,03E-04
Resources
Unit
Total Life cycle
Production
Transport
Installation
Use (1yr)
Non renewable resources
[kg]
8,07
7,45
0,03
0,65
1,12

End of Life0-1,43-9,46E-04
End of Life
-1,18

Life Cycle Assessment
In table 7 the environmental impacts for one lifecycle are presented for Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm. In the tables 8
and 9 the environmental impacts are presented for all the lifecycle stages.
Table 7: Results of the LCA – Environmental impacts one lifecycle (one year) – Marmoleum 2.0 mm & 2.5 mm
Marmoleum
Marmoleum
Impact Category : CML 2001 – Nov. 2010
Unit
2.0 mm
2.5 mmGlobal Warming Potential (GWP 100 years)
5.45
6.16
kg CO2-Equiv.
Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP. steady state)
2.59E-08
2.63E-08
kg R11-Equiv.
Acidification Potential (AP)
3.93E-02
4.81E-02
kg SO2-Equiv.
Eutrophication Potential (EP)9.29E-03
1.15E-02
kg Phosphate-Equiv.
Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
1.82E-03
2.12E-03
kg Ethene-Equiv.
Abiotic Depletion Potential Elements (ADPE)
2.87E-06
3.34E-06
kg Sb-Equiv.
Abiotic Depletion Potential Fossil (ADPF)
52.19
55.74
[MJ]
Table 8: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
Impact Category :Unit
Production Transport Installation Use (1yr)
CML 2001 – Nov. 2010
Global Warming Potential
kg CO2-Equiv.
0.022
0.51
1.48
0.36
Ozone Layer Depletion Potential
kg R11-Equiv.
2.75E-08
4.43E-10-2.16E-09
1.97E-08
Acidification Potential
kg SO2-Equiv.
3.88E-02
7.54E-03
1.90E-03
1.29E-03
Eutrophication Potential
kg PSO4-Equiv.
1.02E-02
8.44E-04
2.53E-04
1.08E-04
Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential
kg Ethene-Equiv.
1.77E-03
1.87E-04
3.85E-04
9.51E-05
Abiotic Depletion Elements
kg Sb-Equiv.
2.99E-06
1.24E-08
2.66E-07
5.90E-08
Abiotic Depletion Fossil
MJ
58.70
4.86
15.29
4.35

End of Life
3.78
-1.92E-08-1.44E-03
6.65E-05-3.21E-04
6.32E-09-27.46

Table 9: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)
Impact Category : CML 2001 – Nov. 2010
Unit
Production Transport
Installation Use (1yr) End of Life
Global Warming Potential
kg CO2-Equiv.
0.20
0.41
1.44
0.36
3.03
Ozone Layer Depletion Potential
kg R11-Equiv.
2.30E-08
3.56E-10-1.91E-09
1.97E-08 -1.52E-08
Acidification Potential
kg SO2-Equiv.
3.12E-02
6.06E-03
1.92E-03
1.29E-03 -1.14E-03
Eutrophication Potential
kg PSO4-Equiv.
8.20E-03
6.78E-04
2.52E-04
1.08E-04
5.41E-05
Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential
kg Ethene-Equiv. 1.44E-03
1.50E-04
3.89E-04
9.51E-05 -2.56E-04
Abiotic Depletion Elements
kg Sb-Equiv.
2.53E-06
9.99E-09
2.66E-07
5.90E-08
5.30E-09
Abiotic Depletion Fossil
MJ
50.26
3.91
15.64
4.35
-21.96

The relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum 2.0 mm and 2.5 mm is shownin the figures 4 and 5.

Page 13 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Figure 4: relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum 2.0 mm for a one year usage.
Marmoleum 2,0 mm LCA and LCI - 1 year usage
120,00%100,00%80,00%
60,00%
40,00%
20,00%
0,00%-20,00%-40,00%GlobalWarming
Potential

Ozone Layer
Photochem.
Acidification Eutrophicatio
Depletion
Ozone
Potentialn Potential
Potential
Creation

Abiotic
Depletion(Elements)

Abiotic
Depletion(Fossil)

Ecotoxicity

Humantoxicity,
cancerHumantoxicity, noncanc.
-1,27%End of Life

55,68%-25,28%-2,74%

0,58%-11,01%

0,18%-22,85%-10,54%-29,96%

Use

6,66%

32,70%

3,11%

1,16%

4,09%

2,06%

4,52%

4,42%

4,49%

0,55%

Installation

26,38%-3,17%

4,61%

2,71%

16,72%

9,28%

16,27%

24,53%

5,31%

87,73%

Transport

7,56%

0,59%

14,57%

7,30%

6,45%

0,35%

4,07%

3,44%

0,18%

0,17%

Production

3,72%

38,26%

74,97%

88,25%

61,74%

88,13%

52,29%

57,07%

60,05%

10,28%

Figure 5: relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum 2.5 mm for a one year usage.
Marmoleum 2,5 mm LCA and LCI - 1 year usage
120,00%100,00%80,00%
60,00%
40,00%
20,00%
0,00%-20,00%-40,00%GlobalWarming
Potential

Ozone Layer
Photochem.
Acidification Eutrophicatio
Depletion
Ozone
Potentialn Potential
Potential
Creation

Abiotic
Depletion(Elements)

Abiotic
Depletion(Fossil)

Ecotoxicity

Humantoxicity,
cancerHumantoxicity, noncanc.
-1,57%End of Life

61,35%-27,84%-2,82%

0,58%-11,62%0,19%-24,81%-11,56%-33,01%

Use

5,89%

28,49%

2,54%

0,94%

3,44%

1,77%

3,93%

3,88%

3,96%

0,55%

Installation

24,08%-3,13%

3,72%

2,20%

13,94%

7,98%

13,82%

21,35%

4,26%

86,59%

Transport

8,31%

0,64%

14,79%

7,35%

6,76%

0,37%

4,40%

3,75%

0,20%

0,21%

Production

0,36%

39,90%

76,13%

88,93%

64,23%

89,69%

53,05%

59,46%

58,57%

11,08%

Page 14 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Interpretation
The interpretation of the results has been carried out considering the assumptions and limitations declared in the EPD,
both methodology- and data-related for a one year usage.
In most impact categories (AP, EP, POCP, ADPE, ADPF) the production stage has the main contribution to the overall
impact. For these categories the main contributor in the production stage is the Raw material supply with a share of
65-92% of total impacts from the production stage.
For GWP, POCP, and ADPF the adhesive for the flooring installation has a significant impact. The LCA for the
installation is based on a conservative assumption of 435g/m² adhesive. In practice this amount will almost always belower.
Forbo declares in the EPD a worldwide distribution by truck (951km) and container ship (4916 km). For this scenario
the transport has a relevance of 7%-16% in the impact categories GWP, AP, EP, POCP and ADPF.
The LCA profile for the results of ODP is different. After the production stage (89-105%) the use stage accounts for themain contribution to ODP (76%). For the production stage the raw materials are responsible for most of the impact (7882%) while for the use stage the contribution is mainly due to the consumption of electricity (EU power grid mix) for
cleaning. The third main impact on ODP comes from the End Of Life stage.
The LCA for GWP reflects the use of renewable raw materials for the production of Marmoleum (linseed oil and jute).
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is locked in from the atmosphere in the course of the plant growth via
photosynthesis and stored during the use stage. This carbon dioxide is not released until the end of life when it isincinerated with energy recovery – this process accounts for the greatest emission of greenhouse gases in the life
cycle of the product.
Energy recovery from incineration and the respective energy substitution at the end of life results in a credit for all
impact categories as reported in the End of Life stage.

Additional Environmental Information
To be fully transparant Forbo Flooring does not only want to declare the environmental impacts
required in the PCR, but also the impacts on human health and eco-toxicity. Furthermore theoutcome of the calculations according to the european Standard EN15804 are published in thissection.
Toxicity
For this calculations the USEtoxTM model is used as being the globally recommended preferred model forcharacterization modelling of human and eco-toxic impacts in LCIA by the United Nations Environment Programme
SETAC Life Cycle Initiative.
According to the "ILCD Handbook: Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context" therecommended characterization models and associated characterization factors are classified according to their quality
into three levels:

Page 15 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor CoveringoooAccording to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Level I (recommended and satisfactory),level II (recommended but in need of some improvements)
level III (recommended, but to be applied with caution).

A mixed classification sometimes is related to the application of the classified method to different types of substances.
USEtoxTM is classified as Level II / III, unlike for example the CML impact categories which are classified as Level I.
Table 10: Results of the LCA – Environmental impacts one lifecycle (one year) – Marmoleum 2.0 mm & 2.5 mm
Marmoleum
Marmoleum
Impact Category : USEtox
Unit
2.0 mm
2.5 mmEcotoxicity
1.55E-03
1.72E-03
PAF m3.day
Human toxicity, cancer
1.21E-10
1.17E-10
Cases
Human toxicity, non-canc.
1.32E-10
1.32E-10
Cases

In the following two tables the impacts are subdivided into the lifecycle stages.
Table 11: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
Impact Category : USEtox

Unit

Production

Transport

Installation

Use (1yr)

End of Life

Ecotoxicity

PAF m3.day

1.33E-03

8.40E-05

4.78E-04

8.69E-05-2.59E-04

Human toxicity, cancer

cases

2.02E-10

6.75E-13

1.47E-11

1.36E-11-1.14E-10

Human toxicity, non-canc.

cases

1.52E-11

2.90E-13

1.18E-10

7.45E-13-2.15E-12

Table 12: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.0 mm
Impact Category : USEtox
Unit
Production
Transport
Installation
Use (1yr)
Ecotoxicity
PAF m3.day
1.12E-03
6.75E-05
4.82E-04
8.69E-05
Human toxicity, cancer
cases
1.82E-10
5.36E-13
1.61E-11
1.36E-11
Human toxicity, non-canc.
cases
1.39E-11
2.31E-13
1.18E-10
7.45E-13

End of Life
-2.07E-04-9.08E-11-1.72E-12

Interpretation
The interpretation of the results has been carried out considering the assumptions and limitations declared in the EPD,
both methodology- and data-related for a one year usage.
The Eco-toxicity is predominated by the production stage in which the raw materials are having a big impact with ashare of around 78-84%. The other main contributor is the adhesive used for installing the floor.
In the Human toxicity (cancer) a huge benefit is coming from the incineration of the Marmoleum as energy recovery(EU27 Thermal energy from natural gas). The largest contribution in this impact category is coming from theproduction stage in which the raw materials and the Manufacturing (Thermal energy) equally share the impact.
The adhesive used for the installation of Marmoleum has by far the biggest impact on the Human toxicity (non-canc.),
this is calculated as a worst case and will in practice probably be lower.

Page 16 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

EN15804 Results
In this section the calculations have been conducted and verified according to the requirements of the European
Standard EN 15804. In addition, calculations followed the document “Part A: Calculation Rules for the Life Cycle
Assessment and Requirements on the Background Report”, however, Part A was not included as a part of theverification.
Table 13: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
Unit

Manufacturing
A1-3

Installation
A4

A5

Use (1yr)
B2C1

End of Life
C2

C3

Credits
D

Parameter
GWP[kg CO2-Äq.]

0.02

0.51

1.26

0.36

0.01

0.09

6.25

-2.34

ODP

[kg CFC11-Äq.]2.75E-08

4.43E-10

1.96E-09

1.97E-08

9.57E-10

4.69E-12

2.08E-09-2.64E-08

AP[kg SO2-Äq.]3.88E-02

7.54E-03

2.28E-03

1.29E-03

6.25E-05

3.50E-04

8.28E-04-3.06E-03

EP[kg PO43-- Äq.]1.02E-02

8.44E-04

2.68E-04

1.08E-04

3.35E-06

8.36E-05

2.57E-04-2.92E-04

POCP[kg Ethen Äq.]1.77E-03

1.87E-04

4.40E-04

9.51E-05

3.80E-06-1.21E-04

1.09E-04-3.68E-04

ADPE[kg Sb Äq.]2.99E-06

1.24E-08

2.73E-07

5.90E-08

1.20E-09

3.99E-09

9.86E-08-1.04E-07

ADPF
[MJ]
58.70
4.86
20.50
4.35
0.17
1.20
2.24
-36.20GWP = Global warming potential; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential of land and water; EP = Eutrophication
potential; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone photochemical oxidants; ADPE = Abiotic depletion potential for non fossil resources; ADPF = Abiotic
depletion potential for fossil resources

Table 14: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)
Unit

Manufacturing
A1-3

Installation
A4

A5

Use (1yr)
B2C1

End of Life
C2

C3

Credits
D

Parameter
GWP[kg CO2-Äq.]

0.20

0.41

1.18

0.36

0.01

0.07

5.12

-1.92

ODP

[kg CFC11-Äq.]2.30E-08

3.56E-10

1.94E-09

1.97E-08

9.57E-10

3.82E-12

1.71E-09-2.17E-08

AP[kg SO2-Äq.]3.12E-02

6.06E-03

2.26E-03

1.29E-03

6.25E-05

2.85E-04

6.78E-04-2.51E-03

EP[kg PO43-- Äq.]8.20E-03

6.78E-04

2.64E-04

1.08E-04

3.35E-06

6.82E-05

2.10E-04-2.40E-04

POCP[kg Ethen Äq.]1.44E-03

1.50E-04

4.40E-04

9.51E-05

3.80E-06-9.84E-05

8.95E-05-3.02E-04

ADPE[kg Sb Äq.]2.53E-06

9.99E-09

2.72E-07

5.90E-08

1.20E-09

3.25E-09

8.08E-08-8.54E-08

ADPF
[MJ]
50.30
3.91
20.40
4.35
0.17
0.98
1.83
-29.70GWP = Global warming potential; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential of land and water; EP = Eutrophication
potential; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone photochemical oxidants; ADPE = Abiotic depletion potential for non fossil resources; ADPF = Abiotic
depletion potential for fossil resources

Table 15: Results of the LCA – Resource use for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
Parameter
PERE

Unit

Manufacturing
A1-3

A4

Installation
A5

Use (1yr)
B2C1

End of Life
C2

C3

Credits
D

[MJ]

30.13

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

PERM

[MJ]

39.07

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

PERT

[MJ]

69.20

0.10

0.36

0.71

0.04

0.05

0.01

-1.04

PENRE

[MJ]

45.65

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

PENRM

[MJ]

16.75

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

PENRT

[MJ]

62.40

4.91

21.10

6.12

0.26

1.21

2.54

-38.70

SM

[kg]

0.81

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

RSF

[MJ]

2.64E-03

3.39E-05

2.74E-04

3.40E-04

3.41E-06

1.02E-05

0.00E+00-3.78E-04

NRSF

[MJ]
2.68E-02
3.56E-04
2.86E-03
3.56E-03
3.57E-05
1.07E-04
0.00E+00-3.96E-03
FW[kg]
4.93E+01
1.44E-01
3.79E+00
2.29E+00
1.14E-01
6.73E-02-3.01E-02-3.60E+00
PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources
used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non renewable primary energy excluding non renewable primaryenergy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non renewableprimary energy resources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of
net fresh water

Page 17 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Table 16: Results of the LCA – Resource use for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)
Parameter
PERE

Unit

Manufacturing
A1-3

A4

Installation
A5

Use (1yr)
B2C1

End of Life
C2

C3

Credits
D

[MJ]

25.90

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

PERM

[MJ]

31.30

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

PERT

[MJ]

57.20

0.0775

0.355

0.706

0.03740.03910.00759-0.854

PENRE

[MJ]

39.79

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

PENRM

[MJ]

13.41

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

PENRT

[MJ]

53.20

3.95

21

6.12

0.256

0.983

2.08

-31.7

SM

[kg]

0.65

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

RSF

[MJ]

2.39E-03

2.72E-05

2.74E-04

3.40E-04

3.41E-06

8.31E-06

0.00E+00-3.10E-04

NRSF

[MJ]
2.43E-02
2.86E-04
2.86E-03
3.56E-03
3.57E-05
8.72E-05
0.00E+00-3.25E-03
FW[kg]
4.13E+01
1.01E-01
3.79E+00
2.29E+00
1.14E-01
5.49E-02-2.47E-02-2.96E+00
PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy resources
used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non renewable primary energy excluding non renewable primaryenergy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non renewableprimary energy resources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of
net fresh water

Table 17: Results of the LCA – Output flows and Waste categories for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
Parameter
HWD

Unit

Manufacturing
A1-3

Transport
A4

Installation
A5

Use (1yr)
B2C1

End of Life/credits
C2
C3

[kg]

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

NHWD

[kg]

5.53

0.0315

0.763

1.11

0.05480.00637

0.0426

-1.53

RWD

[kg]

0.001390.0000185

0.000246

0.000703

0.0000366

0.0000017

0.0000253-0.00101

CRU

[kg]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0

MFR

[kg]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0

MER

[kg]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

3.30

D

EE Power

[MJ]
0.17
2.97
EE Thermal energy
[MJ]
1.87
32.20
HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed; CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials forrecycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EE = Exported energy per energy carrier

Table 18: Results of the LCA – Output flows and Waste categories for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)
Parameter
HWD

Unit

Manufacturing
A1-3

Transport
A4

Installation
A5

Use (1yr)
B2C1

End of Life/credits
C2
C3

[kg]

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

NHWD

[kg]

4.47

0.0253

0.762

1.11

0.05480.005190.0349

-1.26

RWD

[kg]

0.001120.0000149

0.000246

0.000703

0.0000366

0.00000139

0.0000208-0.000832

CRU

[kg]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0

MFR

[kg]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

0

MER

[kg]

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2.71

D

EE Power
[MJ]
0.138
2.44
EE Thermal energy
[MJ]
1.5
26.4
HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed; CRU = Components for re-use; MFR = Materials forrecycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EE = Exported energy per energy carrier

Interpretation
The interpretation of the environmental impacts are similar to the interpretation on pages 14. A more detailed
interpretation is published in the appendix.

Page 18 of 18

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

References
GABI 5 2012
GABI 5 2012D
NSF International
May 22, 2012
UL ENVIRONMENTERFMI 2008
IBU 2011
PE 2012ILCD Handbook: General guidefor Life Cycle Assessment Detailed guidance
STANDARDS AND LAWSDIN EN ISO 14044
ISO 14025 2006
ISO 14040 2006
CEN/TR 15941
EN 15804
ISO 24011
CPR

EN-ISO 10874

PE INTERNATIONAL AG; GaBi 5: Software-System and Database for Life Cycle
Engineering. Copyright, TM. Stuttgart, Echterdingen, 1992-2012.
GaBi 5: Documentation of GaBi 5: Software-System and Database for Life Cycle Engineering.
Copyright, TM. Stuttgart, Echterdingen, 1992-2012. http://documentation.gabi-software.com/
Product Category Rule for Environmental Product Declarations
Flooring: Carpet, Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic, WoodUL Environment’s Program Operator Rules
Final report: LCA, Environmental Information Sheet and Ecodesign Model of Resilient
Flooring by order of ERFMI, PE International, 2008
PCR - Part A: Calculation rules for the Life Cycle Assessment and Requirements on the
Background Report, Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.
Description of Selected Impact Categories, PE International AG, 2012
European Commission - Joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment and Sustainability:
International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook - General guide for Life
Cycle Assessment - Detailed guidance. First edition March 2010. EUR 24708 EN.
Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union; 2010
Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines (ISO14044:2006); German and English version EN ISO 14044
DIN EN ISO 14025: Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental
declarations — Principles and procedures
Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework (ISO 14040);
German and English version EN ISO 14040
Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations - Methodology forselection and use of generic data; German version CEN/TR 15941
EN 15804: Sustainability of construction works — Environmental Product Declarations —Core rules for the product category of construction products
Resilient floor coverings - Specification for plain and decorative linoleum
REGULATION (EU) No 305/2011 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE
COUNCIL of 9 March 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of
construction products and repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC
Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings - Classification

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Appendix
The following life cycle assessment study of the company Forbo Flooring, a manufacturer of resilient floor coverings,
has been performed by Forbo Flooring under support of PE International and has been conducted according to therequirements of the European Standard /EN 15804/ following the document “Part A: Calculation Rules for the Life
Cycle Assessment and Requirements on the Background Report” /IBU 2011/. The LCA report was sent to verification
on 10/17/12

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

LCA Report for Environmental Product Declarations (EPD)

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm

Forbo Flooring
Title of the study:
Environmental product declarations of Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Part of the project: Life Cycle assessment (LCA)

LCA study conducted by:
Forbo Flooring
Industrieweg 121566 JP Assendelft
The Netherlands
August 2012

Supported by:
PE INTERNATIONAL AG

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Authors:
Floris Zeitler, Forbo
Supported by Peter Shonfield, Julia Goerke

Forbo Flooring BV

Supported by:Industrieweg 121566 JP Assendelft, The NetherlandsTel.
+31 (0) 75 6477477
Fax+31 (0) 75 6477707
E-mailfloris.zeitler@forbo.com
Internet
www.forbo-flooring.com
PE INTERNATIONAL AG
Hauptstraße 111 – 115
D – 70771 Leinfelden – EchterdingenTel.
+49 (0) 711 34 18 17 – 0
Fax+49 (0) 711 34 18 17 – 25
E-mailinfo@pe-international.com
Internet
www.pe-international.com

Nomenclature
Abbreviation
ADP
AP
BLBSB
CRU
EE
EP
EPD
FW
GWP
HWD
LCA
MER
MFR
NRSF
ODP
PENRE
PENRM
PENRT
PERE
PERM
PERT
PCR
POCP
RSF
RSL
RWD
SM

Explanation
Abiotic Depletion Potential
Acidification Potential
Benefits and Loads Beyond the System Boundary
Components for re-use
Exported energy per energy carrier
Eutrophication Potential
Environmental Product Declaration
Use of net fresh water
Global Warming Potential
Hazardous waste disposed
Life Cycle Assessment
Materials for energy recovery
Materials for recycling
Use of non-renewable secondary fuels
Ozone Layer Depletion Potential
Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as
raw materials
Use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials
Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources
Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw
materials
Use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials
Total use of renewable primary energy resources
Product Category Rules
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
Use of renewable secondary fuels
Reference Service LifeRadioactive waste disposed
Use of secondary material

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

GeneralThe present LCA study of the company Forbo Flooring, a manufacturer of resilient floor coverings, has been
performed by Forbo Flooring under support of PE International and has been conducted according to therequirements of the European Standard EN15804 following the document “Part A: Calculation Rules for the Life Cycle
Assessment and Requirements on the Background Report”. The LCA report was sent to verification on 10/17/12

ScopeThis document is the LCA report for the “Environmental Product Declaration” (EPD) of "Marmoleum 2.0 & 2.5 mm".
The provision of an LCA report is required for each EPD of the EPD-program holder (UL Environment). This documentshows how the calculation rules were applied and describes additional LCA information on the Life Cycle Assessmentin accordance with the requirements of ISO 14040 series.

Content, structure and accessibility of the LCA report
The LCA report provides a systematic and comprehensive summary of the project documentation supporting theverification of an EPD. The report documents the information on which the Life Cycle Assessment is based, while also
ensuring the additional information contained within the EPD complies with the requirements of ISO 14040 series.
The LCA report contains all of the data and information of importance for the details published in the EPD. Care isbeen given to all explanations as to how the data and information declared in the EPD arises from the Life Cycle
Assessment. The verification of the EPD is aligned towards the structure of the rule document based on ISO 14025
and EN15804.

Goal of the study
The reason for performing this LCA study is to publish an EPD based on EN 15804 and ISO 14025.
This study contains the calculation and interpretation of the LCA results for Marmoleum complying with EN-ISO 24011
in two different thicknesses:- Marmoleum 2.5 mm- Marmoleum 2.0 mm
Manufactured by:
Forbo Flooring BV
Industrieweg 121566JP Assendelft
The Netherlands.
The following life cycle stages were considered:- Product stage- Transport stage- Installation stage- Use stage- End-of-life stage- Benefits and loads beyond the product system boundary
The main purpose of EPD is for use in business-to-business communication. As all EPD are publicly available on thewebsite of UL Environment and therefore are accessible to the end consumer they can also be used in business-toconsumer communication.
The intended use of the EPD is to communicate environmentally related information and LCA results to support theassessment of the sustainable use of resources and of the impact of construction works on the environment

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Scope of the study
Declared / functional unit
The declaration refers to the declared/functional unit of 1m² installed flooring product.

Declaration of construction products classes
The LCA report refers to a manufacturer declaration of type 1a): Declaration of a specific product from amanufacturer’s plant.
These products are also known under the following brand names:− Marmoleum− Artoleum− Striato− Walton
They are produced at the following manufacturing site:
Forbo Flooring BV
Industrieweg 121566JP Assendelft
The Netherlands

Product Definition
Product Classification and description
This declaration covers a broad range of designs and colors. Marmoleum is a resilient floor covering complying with all
the requirements of EN-ISO 24011: Specification for plain and decorative linoleum. Marmoleum is made from natural
raw materials making it preferable ecological floor covering with a beautiful and colorful design. The key raw materials
include linseed oil, which comes from the flax plant seeds, gum rosin from pine trees, recycled wood waste of woodfrom controlled forests, limestone and jute from the jute plant which is used for the backing. Because of the use ofnatural raw materials Marmoleum is biodegradable.
Linoleum is produced by Forbo Flooring for more than 150 years and our well known brand Marmoleum is soldworldwide. This declaration refers to Marmoleum sheet of 2.0 and 2.5 mm nominal thickness.
Marmoleum is build up in 3 layers as illustrated in the figure 1.These three layers form one homogeneous product by
the cross linking bondings formed during the oxidative curing process :1. Surface layer: This layer gives Marmoleum its design and color. After
finishing the product at the trimming department a factory finish is applied toprotect the surface layer.
2. Intermediate layer: This layer is calendared on the jute.
3. Backing: The backing is woven jute.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Range of application
Marmoleum is classified in accordance with EN-ISO 24011 to be installed in the following use areas defined in EN–ISO 10874:
Area ofapplication

2.0 mm thickness

2.5 mm thickness

Class 23Class 23Class 32Class 34Class 41Class 43

Domestic

Commercial

Industrial

Product Standard
The products considered in this EPD have the following technical specifications:o Meets or exceeds all technical requirements as set forth in ASTM F 2034 Standard Specification for Linoleum
Sheet Flooring.
o Compliant with CHPS 01350 requirements for VOC emissions and indoor air quality.
o Meets or exceeds all technical requirements as set in EN-ISO 24011 Specification for plain and decorative
Linoleum.

Marmoleum meets the requirements of EN 14041
EN 13501-1 Reaction to fire
Cfl - s1
EN 13893
Slip resistance
DS: ≥ 0.30
EN 1815
Body voltage< 2 kVEN 12524
Thermal conductivity 0.17 W/mK
Fire Testing:o Class 1 when tested in accordance with ASTM E 648/NFPA 253, Standard Test Method for Critical RadiantFlux.
o Meets 450 or less when tested in accordance with ASTM E 662/NFPA 258, Standard Test Method for Smoke
Density.
o Class C when tested in accordance to ASTM E 84/NFPA 255, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning
Characteristics.
o FSC1-150; SD-160 when tested in accordance to CAN/ULC S102.2, Standard Test Method for Flame Spread
Rating and Smoke Development.

Accreditation
o
o
o
o
o
o

ISO 9001 Quality Management System and ISO 14001 Environmental Management System
OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems
SMART
SWAN
Nature Plus
Good Environmental Choice Australia

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Delivery status
Characteristics
Product thickness
Product Weight
2.5 mm
2.0 mmRolls Width
LengthNominal Value
2.5
2.0

Unit
mm
mm

3000
2400
2.00
< 32

g/m

2

meter

Material Content
Component
BinderMaterial
Linseed oil
Gum rosin
Tall oil
Wood flour

FillerPigment
BackingFinishCalcium carbonate
Reused Marmoleum
Titanium dioxide
Various other pigments
Jute
Lacquer

Availability
Bio based crop
Bio based crop
Bio based waste product frompaper Industry
Bio based waste product fromwood processing
Abundant mineral
Limited mineral
Limited mineral
Bio based crop
Fossil limited

Amount [%]19
2
11

OriginUSA/Canada/Europe
Indonesia/China
USA

22

Germany

24
10
2
1
8
1

Germany
Internal
GlobalGlobalIndia/Bangladesh
Netherlands

Production of Main Materials− Linseed oil : Linseed oil is obtained by pressing the seeds of the flax plant. After filtering a clear golden
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−

yellow liquid remains.
Gum rosin : Rosin is obtained by wounding pine trees. The crude gum is collected and is separated into
turpentine and rosin by distillation.
Tall oil : Tall oil is a post industrial waste product coming from the paper industry and is consisting ofvegetable oil and rosin.
Wood flour : Post industrial bio based soft wood waste from the wood industry, which is milled into flour.
Calcium carbonate : An abundant mineral found in all parts of the world as the chief substance in rocks (i.e.,
marble and limestone). It can be ground to varying particle sizes and is widely used as filler.
Reused Marmoleum : Waste material coming from the Marmoleum production which is reused.
Titanium dioxide : A white pigment produced from the mineral rutile, a naturally occurring form of titanium
dioxide. The production of the pigment is a large-scale chemical process
Various other pigments : The vast majority of the used colour pigments are iron oxide based.
Jute : Jute fibre is extracted from the stem of the jute plant by floating it in water. For yarn production fibre
bands are obtained by carding, stretching, spinning, warping and sizing. Finally the yarn is woven.
Lacquer : The factory applied lacquer – Topshield 2 – is a waterborne UV cured urethane – acrylate hybrid
dispersion.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Production of the Floor Covering
Marmoleum is produced in several stages starting with theoxidation of linseed oil mixed with tall oil and rosin. With
the influence of oxygen from the atmosphere a tough sticky
material is obtained called linoleum cement. The linoleum
cement is stored in containers for a few days for further
reaction and after this it is mixed with wood flour, calcium
carbonate, reused waste (if applicable), titanium dioxideand pigments. This mixture is calendared on a jute
substrate and stored in drying rooms, to cure till therequired hardness is reached. After approximately 14 days
the material is taken out from the drying room to thetrimming department where the factory finish is applied on
the surface of the product and the end inspection is done.
Finally the edges are trimmed and the sheet is cut tolength into rolls of approximately 32 meter. The trimmings
and the rejected product are reused.
Figure 2 : Illustration of the Production process

Health, Safety and Environmental Aspects during ProductionooISO 14001 Environmental Management System
OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems

Production Waste
Rejected material and the cuttings of the trimming stage are being reused in the manufacturing process.
Packaging materials are being collected separately and externally recycled.

Delivery and Installation of the Floor Covering

DeliveryA worldwide distribution by truck and container ship is considered. On average every square meter of Marmoleum istransported as follows:o Transport distance 40 t truck
694 kmo Transport distance 7.5t truck (Fine distribution) 257 km
o Capacity utilization trucks (including empty runs)
85 %o Transport distance Ocean ship
4916 kmo Capacity utilization Ocean ship48%

Installation
Because of the specific techniques used during the installation of Marmoleum 6% of the material is cut off as
installation waste. For installation of Marmoleum on the floor a worst case scenario has been modeled (assuming
20.435 kg/m of adhesive is required). In practice this amount will almost always be lower.
Waste during the installation process may be recycled as floor covering through the manufacturers’ facilities orthermally recycled in a waste incineration plant. Since the major part of Marmoleum is sold in Europe the European
electricity grid mix is used in the calculations for the energy recovery during incineration.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Health, Safety and Environmental Aspects during Installation
Forbo flooring recommends using (low) zero emission adhesives for installing Marmoleum.

Waste
Waste during the installation process may be recycled as floor covering through the manufacturers’ facilities orthermally recycled in a waste incineration plant. Since the major part of Marmoleum is sold in Europe the European
electricity grid mix is used in the calculations for the energy recovery during incineration.

Packaging
Cardboard tubes and packaging paper can be collected separately and should be used in a local recycling process. In
the calculation model 100% incineration is taken into account for which there is a credit received.

Use stage
The service lifetime of a floor covering for a certain application on a floor is too widespread to give one common
number. For this EPD model the reference service lifetime (RSL) is set to one year. This means that all impacts for theuse phase are based on the cleaning and maintenance model for one year. Depending on the area of use, thetechnical lifetime advised by the manufacturer and the estimated time on the floor by the customer, the service lifetime
can be determined. The use phase impacts should be calculated with the foreseen service life to arrive at the total
environmental impact.

Cleaning and Maintenance
Level of use
Commercial/Residential/Industrial

Cleaning Process
Vacuuming
Damp mopping

Cleaning Frequency
Twice a week
Once a week

Consumption of energy
and resources
Electricity
Hot water
Neutral detergent

For the calculations the following cleaning regime is considered:2- Dry cleaning with a 1.5 kW vacuum cleaner for 0.21 min/m , twice a week. This equates to 0.55
2kWh/m *year.
22- Once a week wet cleaning with 0.062 l/m water and 0.0008 kg/m detergent. This result in the use of22
3.224 l/m *year water and 0.04 kg/m *year detergent. The wet cleaning takes place without powermachine usage. Waste water treatment of the arising waste water from cleaning is considered.
The cleaning regime that is recommended in practice will be highly dependent on the use of the premises where thefloor covering is installed. In high traffic areas more frequent cleaning will be needed compared to areas where there
is low traffic. The use of an entrance mat of at least four steps will reduce the cleaning frequency.
The cleaning regime used in the calculations is suitable for high traffic areas.

Prevention of Structural Damage
All newly laid floors should be covered and protected from with a suitable non-staining protective covering if otherbuilding activities are still in progress.
Use protective feet on chairs and tables to reduce scratching. Castor wheels should be suitable for resilient floor
coverings

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Health Aspects during Usage
Marmoleum is complying with:o AgBB requirementso French Act Grenelle: A+
o CHPS section 01350

End of LifeThe deconstruction of installed Marmoleum from the floor is done mechanically and the electrical energy needed forthis is estimated to be 0.03 kWh/sqm. This amount of energy is taken into account for the calculations.
For the end of life stage no landfilling is taken into account, since the vast majority of the countries in which
Marmoleum is sold are having a non landfill policy. Because of the high calorific value of Marmoleum the incinerationis very profitable as a waste to energy conversion.

Life Cycle Assessment
A full Life Cycle Assessment has bee carried out according to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.
The following Life Cycle Stages are assessed :o Production Stage (Raw material acquisition, transportation to Manufacturing and Manufacturing)o Transport Gate to Usero Installation Stageo Use Stageo End of Life Stage
Production

Raw Material
Extraction andProcessing

Transport

Transport

Installation

Installation
loss

Coating,
Calendaring,Transport&

Drying,Energies with
regionalreference

End-of Life

Use

Trimming

Cleaning
regimeTransport

Incineration

Adhesive atlayingFigure 3 : Flow chart of the Life Cycle Assessment

Description of the declared Functional Unit
The functional unit is one square meter of installed product and the use stage is considered for one year of service
life.

Cut off Criteria
The cut-off criteria shall be 1% of renewable and non-renewable primary energy usage and 1% of the total mass of
the unit process. The total neglected input flows per module shall be a maximum of 5% of energy usage and mass.
In practice, in this assessment, all data from the production data acquisition are considered, i.e. all raw materials usedas per formulation, use of water, electricity and other fuels, the required packaging materials, and all direct productionwaste. Transport data on all considered inputs and output material are also considered.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

LCA Data
As a general rule, specific data derived from specific production processes or average data derived from specificproduction processes have been used as the first choice as a basis for calculating an EPD.
For life cycle modeling of the considered products, the GaBi 5 Software System for Life Cycle Engineering, developedby PE INTERNATIONAL AG, has been used. All relevant LCA datasets are taken from the GaBi 5 software database.
The datasets from the database GaBi are documented in the online documentation. To ensure comparability of resultsin the LCA, the basic data of GaBi database were used for energy, transportation and auxiliary materials.

Data Quality
The requirements for data quality and LCA data correspond to the specifications of the PCR.
Foreground data are based on 1 year averaged data (year 2011). The reference ages of LCA datasets vary but are
given in the table in the Appendix. The time period over which inputs to and outputs from the system is accounted foris 100 years from the year for which the data set is deemed representative. The technological LCA of the collected
data reflects the physical reality of the declared product. The datasets are complete, conform to the systemboundaries and the criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs and are geographical representative for the supply
chain of Forbo flooring.
For life cycle modeling of the considered products the GaBi 5 Software System for Life Cycle Engineering, developedby PE INTERNATIONAL AG, is used. All relevant LCA datasets are taken from the GaBi 5 software database. The
last revision of the used data sets took place within the last 10 years.
Table 3: LCA datasets used in the LCA model

Data set
Linseed oil
Limestone flour
Tall oil
Iron oxide
Pigment
Titanium dioxide
Wood flour
Colophony
Jute
Urethane / acrylic hybrid dispersion
Water (desalinated; deionised)
Detergent (ammonia based)
Adhesive for resilient flooring
Waste incineration of linoleum
Electricity from Hydro power
Power grid mix
Thermal energy from natural gas
Thermal energy from natural gas
TrucksMunicipal waste water treatment (Sludge incineration).
Container ship
Diesel mix at refinery
Heavy fuel oil at refinery (1.0wt.% S)
Corrugated board
Kraftliner (paper)

RegionGermany
Germany
EuropeGermany
Germany
EuropeEuropeFranceIndia
EuropeGermany
Germany
Germany
EuropeGermany
EuropeNetherlands
EuropeGlobalGermany
GlobalEuropeEuropeEuropeEuropeThe documentation of the LCA data sets can be taken from the GaBi documentation.

Reference year
2010
2010
2010
2010
2007
2010
2006
2010
2010
2005
2010
2006
2010
2006
2008
2008
2008
2008
2010
2010
2010
2008
2008
2002
2006

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

System Boundaries
Production Stage includes provision of all materials, products and energy, packaging processing and its transport, as
well as waste processing up to the end-of waste state or disposal of final residues during the product stage.
Transport and Installation Stage includes provision of all materials, products and energy, as well as waste processing
up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during the construction stage. These information modules
also include all impacts and aspects related to any losses during this construction stage (i.e. production, transport, andwaste processing and disposal of the lost products and materials). For the transportation a worldwide distribution isconsidered.
Use Stage includes provision and transport of all materials, products and related energy and water use, as well as
waste processing up to the end-of-waste state or disposal of final residues during this part of the use stage. These
information modules also include all impacts and aspects related to the losses during this part of the use stage (i.e.
production, transport, and waste processing and disposal of the lost products and materials).
End of Life Stage includes provision and all transports, provision of all materials, products and related energy andwater use. It also includes any declared benefits and loads from net flows leaving the product system that have notbeen allocated as co-products and that have passed the end-of-waste state in the form of reuse, recovery and/or
recycling potentials.

Power mix
The selection of LCA data for the electricity generation is in line with the PCR.
The products are manufactured in Assendelft, the Netherlands. The GaBi 5 Hydropower dataset has therefore beenused (reference year 2008). The energy supplier is providing Forbo with a certificate every year.

CO2-Certificates
No CO2-certificates are considered in this study.

Allocations
In the present study some allocations have been made. Detailed explanations can be found in the chapters below.

Co-product allocation
No co-product allocation occurs in the product system.

Allocation of multi-Input processes
The Production and End of Life stage include incineration plants. In these processes different products are treated
together within a process. The allocation procedures followed in these cases are based on a physical classification of
the mass flows or calorific values.
Credits from energy substitution are allocated to the production stage, because the gained energy from energy
substitution is lower than the energy input in this stage. The same quality of energy is considered.

Allocation procedure of reuse, recycling and recovery
The installation waste and end of life waste is fed into incineration processes. Incineration processes include
cogeneration processes which give thermal and power energy as outputs. It is assumed that this recovered energy
offsets that produced by the European average grid mix and thermal energy generation from natural gas.
The LCA dataset used to model the incineration of Marmoleum is based on data developed by European Resilient
Flooring Manufacturers’ Institute (ERFMI) and is specific to linoleum flooring products. This indicates that 250
kWh/tonne electricity and 9744 MJ/tonne thermal energy is recovered during incineration. This model is part of the
ERFMI 2008 LCA study on resilient floorings; critical reviewed by Dr ir Jeroen Guinée (Institute of Environmental

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Sciences CML).

Description of the allocation processes in the LCA report
The description of allocation rules in of this LCA report meets the requirements of the PCR.

Description of the unit processes in the LCA report
The modeling of the unit processes reported for the LCA are documented in a transparent way, respecting theconfidentiality of the data present in the LCA report.
In the following tables the type and amount of the different input and output flows are listed for 1m² produced flooring;
installed flooring includes the material loss during installation (6%):
Table 4: Composition of linoleum surface layer

Process data

Unit

Limestone flour
Linseed oil
Iron oxide (Fe2O3)
Pigment
Colophony (rosin)
Tall oil (Bio based waste product from paper Industry)
Titanium dioxide
Wood flour (Bio based waste product from wood processing)

kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2

Marmoleum(2.0 mm)0.37880.32130.01080.00350.04700.18730.04320.5020Marmoleum(2.5 mm)0.48480.41110.01380.00440.0601
0.23970.05530.6424

Table 5: Composition of linoleum intermediate layer (same for both products)

Process data

Unit

Limestone
Linseed oil
Tall oil (Bio based waste product from paper Industry)
Wood flour (Bio based waste product from wood processing)
Linoleum for recycling

kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2
kg/m2

Marmoleum(2.0 mm)
0.20510.12680.05770.02600.2246

Marmoleum(2.5 mm)0.26250.16230.07380.03330.2874

Table 6: Composition of linoleum substrate layer (same for both products)

Process data
Jute

Unit
kg/m2

Marmoleum
0.240

Table 7: Composition of lacquer (same for both products)

Process data
Urethane / acrylic hybrid dispersion
Water (desalinated; demonized)

Unit
kg/m2
kg/m2

Marmoleum
0.012
0.018

Table 8: Production related inputs/outputs

Process data

Unit

Marmoleum
2.0 mmMarmoleum
2.5 mm

INPUTS
Linoleum surface layer
Linoleum intermediate layer
Linoleum substrate layer
Lacquer
Electricity
Thermal energy from natural gas
OUTPUTS

kg
kg
kg
kg
MJ
MJ

1.49380.6402
0.240
0.030
7.165
12.9751.91170.8193
0.240
0.030
7.165
12.975

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Process data

Unit

Marmoleum
Waste

kg
kg

Marmoleum
2.0 mm2.404
0.351

Marmoleum
2.5 mm
3.001
0.438

2

Table 9: Packaging requirements (per m manufactured product)

Process data

Unit

Corrugated board boxes
Kraftliner (paper)

kg
kg

Marmoleum
2.0 mm
0.0521
0.0217

Marmoleum
2.5 mm
0.0521
0.0217

Table 10: Transport distances (same for both products)

Process data
Limestone flour
Linseed oil
Iron oxide (Fe2O3)
Pigment
Colophony (rosin)
Tall oil
Titanium dioxide
Wood flour
Jute
Lacquer
Corrugated board boxes
Kraftliner (paper)
Transport to construction site :-Transport distance 40 t truck

Unit
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km
km

-Transport distance 7.5t truck (Fine
distribution)

Road
568
212
263
379
246
100
234
581
272
6
115
988
951
694

257

Waste transport to incineration
km

200

Truck size
14 - 20t grossweight / 11,4t
payload capacity

34 - 40 t grossweight / 27t
payload capacity
7,5 t - 12t grossweight / 5t payload
capacity
7,5 t - 12t grossweight / 5t payload
capacity

Ship
6330
15800
7060
14800
4916

-

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Table 11: Inputs/outputs from Installation

Process data
INPUTS
Marmoleum
Adhesive (30% water content)- Water- Acrylate co-polymer- Styrene Butadiene co-polymer- Limestone flour- SandOUTPUTS
Installed Marmoleum
Installation Waste

Unit

Marmoleum
2.0 mmMarmoleum
2.5 mm

kg
kg

2.404
0.435

3.001
0.435

kg
kg

2.260
0.144

2.821
0.180

2

Table 12: Inputs from use stage (per m .year of installed product)

Process data
Detergent
Electricity
Water

Unit
kg/yearkWh/yearkg/yearMarmoleum
0.04
0.55
3.224

Unit
%

Marmoleum
100

Table 13: Disposal

Process data
Post consumer Marmoleum to incineration

Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
In table 14 the environmental impacts for one lifecycle are presented for Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm. In the tables 15
and 16 the environmental impacts are presented for all the lifecycle stages.
Table 14: Results of the LCA – Environmental impacts one lifecycle (one year) – Marmoleum 2.0 mm & 2.5 mm

Marmoleum
2.0 mm
5.45

Marmoleum
2.5 mm6.16

kg CO2-Equiv.

Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP. steady state)
Acidification Potential (AP)
Eutrophication Potential (EP)2.59E-08
3.93E-02
9.29E-03

2.63E-08
4.81E-02
1.15E-02

kg R11-Equiv.
kg SO2-Equiv.
kg Phosphate-Equiv.

Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
Abiotic Depletion Potential Elements (ADPE)
Abiotic Depletion Potential Fossil (ADPF)

1.82E-03
2.87E-06
52.19

2.12E-03
3.34E-06
55.74

kg Ethene-Equiv.
kg Sb-Equiv.
[MJ]

Impact Category : CML 2001 – Nov. 2010
Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years)

UnitMarmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Table 15: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)

Impact Category : CML 2001 – Nov.
2010
Global Warming Potential

kg CO2-Equiv.

Ozone Layer Depletion Potential

kg R11-Equiv.

Acidification Potential

kg SO2-Equiv.

Eutrophication Potential
Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential

kg PSO4-Equiv.
kg EtheneEquiv.

Abiotic Depletion Elements
Abiotic Depletion Fossil

kg Sb-Equiv.
MJ

Unit

Production0.022

Transpor Installatio
t
n
0.51
1.48

2.75E-08

4.43E-10 -2.16E-09

3.88E-02

7.54E-03

1.90E-03

1.02E-02

8.44E-04

2.53E-04

1.77E-03

1.87E-04

3.85E-04

2.99E-06

1.24E-08

2.66E-07

58.70

4.86

15.29

Use
(1yr)
0.36
1.97E08
1.29E03
1.08E04
9.51E05
5.90E08
4.35

End ofLife
3.78-1.92E-08-1.44E-03
6.65E-05-3.21E-04
6.32E-09-27.46

Table 16: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)

Impact Category : CML 2001 – Nov.
2010
Global Warming Potential

kg CO2-Equiv.

Ozone Layer Depletion Potential

kg R11-Equiv.

Acidification Potential

kg SO2-Equiv.

Eutrophication Potential
Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential

kg PSO4-Equiv.
kg EtheneEquiv.

Abiotic Depletion Elements
Abiotic Depletion Fossil

kg Sb-Equiv.
MJ

Unit

Production0.20

Transpor Installatio
t
n
0.41
1.44

2.30E-08

3.56E-10 -1.91E-09

3.12E-02

6.06E-03

1.92E-03

8.20E-03

6.78E-04

2.52E-04

1.44E-03

1.50E-04

3.89E-04

2.99E-06

1.24E-08

2.66E-07

58.70

4.86

15.29

Use
(1yr)
0.36
1.97E08
1.29E03
1.08E04
9.51E05
5.90E08
4.35

End ofLife
3.03-1.52E-08-1.14E-03
5.41E-05-2.56E-04
6.32E-09-27.46

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

The relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum 2.0 mm and 2.5 mm is shownin the figures 4 and 5.
Figure 4: relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum 2.0 mm for a one year usage.
Marmoleum 2,0 mm LCA and LCI - 1 year usage
120,00%100,00%80,00%
60,00%
40,00%
20,00%
0,00%-20,00%-40,00%GlobalWarming
Potential

Ozone Layer
Depletion
Potential

Photochem.
Ozone
Creation

Abiotic
Depletion(Elements)

Abiotic
Depletion(Fossil)

Ecotoxicity

Humantoxicity,
cancerHumantoxicity, noncanc.

End of Life

55,68%-25,28%-2,74%

Use

6,66%

32,70%

3,11%

0,58%

-11,01%

0,18%-22,85%-10,54%-29,96%-1,27%

1,16%

4,09%

2,06%

4,52%

4,42%

4,49%

Installation

26,38%-3,17%

4,61%

0,55%

2,71%

16,72%

9,28%

16,27%

24,53%

5,31%

87,73%

Transport

7,56%

0,59%

14,57%

7,30%

6,45%

0,35%

4,07%

3,44%

0,18%

0,17%

Production

3,72%

38,26%

74,97%

88,25%

61,74%

88,13%

52,29%

57,07%

60,05%

10,28%

Acidification Eutrophicatio
Potentialn Potential

Figure 5: relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum 2.5 mm for a one year usage.
Marmoleum 2,5 mm LCA and LCI - 1 year usage
120,00%100,00%80,00%
60,00%
40,00%
20,00%
0,00%-20,00%-40,00%GlobalWarming
Potential

Ozone Layer
Photochem.
Acidification Eutrophicatio
Depletion
Ozone
Potentialn Potential
Potential
Creation

Abiotic
Depletion(Elements)

Abiotic
Depletion(Fossil)

Ecotoxicity

Humantoxicity,
cancerHumantoxicity, noncanc.
-1,57%End of Life

61,35%-27,84%-2,82%

0,58%-11,62%0,19%-24,81%-11,56%-33,01%

Use

5,89%

28,49%

2,54%

0,94%

3,44%

1,77%

3,93%

3,88%

3,96%

0,55%

Installation

24,08%-3,13%

3,72%

2,20%

13,94%

7,98%

13,82%

21,35%

4,26%

86,59%

Transport

8,31%

0,64%

14,79%

7,35%

6,76%

0,37%

4,40%

3,75%

0,20%

0,21%

Production

0,36%

39,90%

76,13%

88,93%

64,23%

89,69%

53,05%

59,46%

58,57%

11,08%

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Interpretation
The interpretation of the results has been carried out considering the assumptions and limitations declared in the EPD,
both methodology- and data-related for a one year usage.
In most impact categories (AP, EP, POCP, ADPE, ADPF) the production stage has the main contribution to the overall
impact. For these categories the main contributor in the production stage is the Raw material supply with a share of
65-92% of total impacts from the production stage.
For GWP, POCP, and ADPF the adhesive for the flooring installation has a significant impact. The LCA for the
installation is based on a conservative assumption of 435g/m² adhesive. In practice this amount will almost always belower.
Forbo declares in the EPD a worldwide distribution by truck (951km) and container ship (4916 km). For this scenario
the transport has a relevance of 7%-16% in the impact categories GWP, AP, EP, POCP and ADPF.
The LCA profile for the results of ODP is different. After the production stage (89-105%) the use stage accounts forthe main contribution to ODP (76%). For the production stage the raw materials are responsible for most of the impact(78-82%) while for the use stage the contribution is mainly due to the consumption of electricity (EU power grid mix)
for cleaning. The third main impact on ODP comes from the End Of Life stage.
The LCA for GWP reflects the use of renewable raw materials for the production of Marmoleum (linseed oil and jute).
Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is locked in from the atmosphere in the course of the plant growth via
photosynthesis and stored during the use stage. This carbon dioxide is not released until the end of life when it isincinerated with energy recovery – this process accounts for the greatest emission of greenhouse gases in the life
cycle of the product.
Energy recovery from incineration and the respective energy substitution at the end of life results in a credit for all
impact categories as reported in the End of Life stage.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Additional Environmental Information
To be fully transparant Forbo Flooring does not only want to declare the environmental impacts required in the PCR,
but also the impacts on human health and eco-toxicity. Furthermore the outcome of the calculations according to theeuropean Standard EN15804 are published in this section.

Toxicity
For this calculations the USEtoxTM model is used as being the globally recommended preferred model forcharacterization modelling of human and eco-toxic impacts in LCIA by the United Nations Environment Programme
SETAC Life Cycle Initiative.
According to the "ILCD Handbook: Recommendations for Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the European context" therecommended characterization models and associated characterization factors are classified according to their quality
into three levels:o Level I (recommended and satisfactory),olevel II (recommended but in need of some improvements)olevel III (recommended, but to be applied with caution).

A mixed classification sometimes is related to the application of the classified method to different types of substances.
USEtoxTM is classified as Level II / III, unlike for example the CML impact categories which are classified as Level I.
Table 17: Results of the LCA – Environmental impacts one lifecycle (one year) – Marmoleum 2.0 mm & 2.5 mm

Impact Category : USEtox
Ecotoxicity
Human toxicity, cancer
Human toxicity, non-canc.

Marmoleum 2.0 mm
1.55E-03
1.21E-10
1.32E-10

Marmoleum 2.5 mm
1.72E-03
1.17E-10
1.32E-10

Unit
PAF m3.day
Cases
Cases

In the following two tables the impacts are subdivided into the lifecycle stages.
Table 18: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)

Impact Category : USEtox
Ecotoxicity
Human toxicity, cancer
Human toxicity, non-canc.

Unit
PAF m3.day
cases
cases

Production Transport Installation
1.33E-03
8.40E-05
4.78E-04
2.02E-10
6.75E-13
1.47E-11
1.52E-11
2.90E-13
1.18E-10

Use (1yr) End of Life
8.69E-05-2.59E-04
1.36E-11-1.14E-10
7.45E-13-2.15E-12

Table 19: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.0 mm

Impact Category : USEtox
Ecotoxicity
Human toxicity, cancer
Human toxicity, non-canc.

Unit
PAF m3.day
cases
cases

Production
1.12E-03
1.82E-10
1.39E-11

Transport
6.75E-05
5.36E-13
2.31E-13

Installation
4.82E-04
1.61E-11
1.18E-10

Use (1yr)
8.69E-05
1.36E-11
7.45E-13

End of Life
-2.07E-04-9.08E-11-1.72E-12

Interpretation
The interpretation of the results has been carried out considering the assumptions and limitations declared in the EPD,
both methodology- and data-related for a one year usage.
The Eco-toxicity is predominated by the production stage in which the raw materials are having a big impact with ashare of around 78-84%. The other main contributor is the adhesive used for installing the floor
In the Human toxicity (cancer) a huge benefit is coming from the incineration of the Marmoleum as energy recovery(EU27 Thermal energy from natural gas). The largest contribution in this impact category is coming from theMarmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

production stage in which the raw materials and the Manufacturing (Thermal energy) equally share the impact
The adhesive used for the installation of Marmoleum has by far the biggest impact on the Human toxicity (non-canc.),
this is calculated as a worst case and will in practice probably be lower.

EN15804 results
In this section the calculations have been conducted according to the requirements of the European Standard EN
158024 following the document “Part A: Calculation Rules for the Life Cycle Assessment and Requirements on the
Background Report”.
Table 20: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
Manufacturing
Installation
Use (1yr)
End of Life
Credits
Parameter
Unit
A1-3
A4
A5
B2
C1
C2
C3
D
GWP
[kg CO2-Äq.]
0.02
0.51
1.26
0.36
0.01
0.09
6.25
-2.34
ODP
[kg CFC11-Äq.]2.75E-08
4.43E-10
1.96E-09
1.97E-08
9.57E-10
4.69E-12
2.08E-09-2.64E-08
AP[kg SO2-Äq.]3.88E-02
7.54E-03
2.28E-03
1.29E-03
6.25E-05
3.50E-04
8.28E-04-3.06E-03
EP[kg PO43-- Äq.]1.02E-02
8.44E-04
2.68E-04
1.08E-04
3.35E-06
8.36E-05
2.57E-04-2.92E-04
POCP[kg Ethen Äq.]1.77E-03
1.87E-04
4.40E-04
9.51E-05
3.80E-06-1.21E-04
1.09E-04-3.68E-04
ADPE[kg Sb Äq.]2.99E-06
1.24E-08
2.73E-07
5.90E-08
1.20E-09
3.99E-09
9.86E-08-1.04E-07
ADPF
[MJ]
58.70
4.86
20.50
4.35
0.17
1.20
2.24
-36.20GWP = Global warming potential; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential of land and water; EP =Eutrophication potential; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone photochemical oxidants; ADPE = Abiotic depletion potential for non
fossil resources; ADPF = Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources

Table 21: Results of the LCA – Environmental impact for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)
Use (1yr)
Manufacturing
Installation
End of Life
Credits
Parameter
Unit
A1-3
A4
A5
B2
C1
C2
C3
D
GWP
[kg CO2-Äq.]
0.20
0.41
1.18
0.36
0.01
0.07
5.12
-1.92
ODP
[kg CFC11-Äq.]2.30E-08
3.56E-10
1.94E-09
1.97E-08
9.57E-10
3.82E-12
1.71E-09-2.17E-08
AP[kg SO2-Äq.]3.12E-02
6.06E-03
2.26E-03
1.29E-03
6.25E-05
2.85E-04
6.78E-04-2.51E-03
EP[kg PO43-- Äq.]8.20E-03
6.78E-04
2.64E-04
1.08E-04
3.35E-06
6.82E-05
2.10E-04-2.40E-04
POCP[kg Ethen Äq.]1.44E-03
1.50E-04
4.40E-04
9.51E-05
3.80E-06-9.84E-05
8.95E-05-3.02E-04
ADPE[kg Sb Äq.]2.53E-06
9.99E-09
2.72E-07
5.90E-08
1.20E-09
3.25E-09
8.08E-08-8.54E-08
ADPF
[MJ]
50.30
3.91
20.40
4.35
0.17
0.98
1.83
-29.70GWP = Global warming potential; ODP = Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone layer; AP = Acidification potential of land and water; EP =Eutrophication potential; POCP = Formation potential of tropospheric ozone photochemical oxidants; ADPE = Abiotic depletion potential for non
fossil resources; ADPF = Abiotic depletion potential for fossil resources

Table 22: Results of the LCA – Resource use for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
Use (1yr)
Installation
End of Life
Credits
Parameter
Unit
A4
A5
B2
C1
C2
C3
D
PERE
[MJ]
30,13
PERM
[MJ]
39,07
PERT
[MJ]
69,20
0,10
0,36
0,71
0,04
0,05
0,01
-1,04
PENRE
[MJ]
45,65
PENRM
[MJ]
16,75
PENRT
[MJ]
62,40
4,91
21,10
6,12
0,26
1,21
2,54
-38,70
SM
[kg]
0,81
RSF
[MJ]
2,64E-03
3,39E-05
2,74E-04
3,40E-04
3,41E-06
1,02E-05
0,00E+00-3,78E-04
NRSF[MJ]
2,68E-02
3,56E-04
2,86E-03
3,56E-03
3,57E-05
1,07E-04
0,00E+00-3,96E-03
FW[kg]
4.93E+01
1.44E-01
3.79E+00
2.29E+00
1.14E-01
6.73E-02-3.01E-02-3.60E+00
PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewableprimary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non renewableprimary energy excluding non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non renewable primary energy
resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non renewable primary energy resources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use ofrenewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water
Manufacturing
A1-3

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Table 23: Results of the LCA – Resource use for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)
Use (1yr)
Installation
End of Life
Credits
Parameter
Unit
A4
A5
B2
C1
C2
C3
D
PERE
[MJ]
25.90
PERM
[MJ]
31.30
PERT
[MJ]
57.20
0.07750.355
0.706
0.03740.03910.00759-0.854
PENRE
[MJ]
39.79
PENRM
[MJ]
13.41
PENRT
[MJ]
53.20
3.95
21
6.12
0.256
0.983
2.08
-31.7
SM
[kg]
0.65
RSF
[MJ]
2.39E-03
2.72E-05
2.74E-04
3.40E-04
3.41E-06
8.31E-06
0.00E+00-3.10E-04
NRSF[MJ]
2.43E-02
2.86E-04
2.86E-03
3.56E-03
3.57E-05
8.72E-05
0.00E+00-3.25E-03
FW[kg]
4.13E+01
1.01E-01
3.79E+00
2.29E+00
1.14E-01
5.49E-02-2.47E-02-2.96E+00
PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewableprimary energy resources used as raw materials; PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non renewableprimary energy excluding non renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PENRM = Use of non renewable primary energy
resources used as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non renewable primary energy resources; SM = Use of secondary material; RSF = Use ofrenewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non renewable secondary fuels; FW = Use of net fresh water
Manufacturing
A1-3

Table 24: Results of the LCA – Output flows and Waste categories for Marmoleum 2.5 mm (one year)
Parameter
HWD

Unit
[kg]

Manufacturing
A1-3

Transport
A4

Installation
A5

Use (1yr)
B2

C1

0

0

0

0

0

End of Life/credits
C2
C3
0

0

D
0

NHWD
[kg]
5.53
0.03150.763
1.11
0.05480.00637
0.0426
-1.53
RWD
[kg]
0.001390.0000185
0.000246
0.000703
0.0000366
0.0000017
0.0000253-0.00101
CRU
[kg]
0
MFR
[kg]
0
MER
[kg]
3.30
EE Power
[MJ]
0.17
2.97
EE Thermalenergy
[MJ]
1.87
32.20
HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed; CRU = Components for re-use;
MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EE = Exported energy per energy carrier

Table 25: Results of the LCA – Output flows and Waste categories for Marmoleum 2.0 mm (one year)
Manufacturing
Transport
Installation
Use (1yr)
End of Life/credits
Parameter
Unit
A1-3
A4
A5
B2
C1
C2
C3
D
HWD
[kg]
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NHWD
[kg]
4.47
0.02530.762
1.11
0.05480.005190.0349
-1.26
RWD
[kg]
0.001120.0000149
0.000246
0.000703
0.0000366
0.00000139
0.0000208-0.000832
CRU
[kg]
0
MFR
[kg]
0
MER
[kg]
2.71
EE Power
[MJ]
0.138
2.44
EE Thermalenergy
[MJ]
1.5
26.4
HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed; CRU = Components for re-use;
MFR = Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EE = Exported energy per energy carrier

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Interpretation
The interpretation of the environmental impacts calculated according to EN 15804 are similar to the interpretation on
pages 49/50. A more detailed interpretation for a one year useage is presented in following figures and tables.
Figure 6: relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum 2.5 mm for a one year usage.

Marmoleum 2,5 mm LCA and LCI - 1 year usage
120,00%100,00%80,00%
60,00%
40,00%
20,00%
0,00%-20,00%-40,00%GlobalWarming
Potential

Ozone Layer
Photochem.
Acidification Eutrophicatio
Depletion
Ozone
Potentialn Potential
Potential
Creation

Abiotic
Depletion(Elements)

Abiotic
Depletion(Fossil)

Ecotoxicity

Humantoxicity,
cancerHumantoxicity, noncanc.
-1,57%End of Life

61,35%-27,84%-2,82%

0,58%-11,62%0,19%-24,81%-11,56%-33,01%

Use

5,89%

28,49%

2,54%

0,94%

3,44%

1,77%

3,93%

3,88%

3,96%

0,55%

Installation

24,08%-3,13%

3,72%

2,20%

13,94%

7,98%

13,82%

21,35%

4,26%

86,59%

Transport

8,31%

0,64%

14,79%

7,35%

6,76%

0,37%

4,40%

3,75%

0,20%

0,21%

Production

0,36%

39,90%

76,13%

88,93%

64,23%

89,69%

53,05%

59,46%

58,57%

11,08%

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Table 26: Main modules and flows contributing to the total impact in each impact category for Marmoleum 2.5 mm for a one year
usage
ImpactCategoryStage

ModuleRaw Material
Extraction

Production

Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing

GWP

Installation

Transport Gate
to User
Installation

Use

Use

Transport

EOL

Production

ODP

Transport of Raw
materials< 0.05%

Manufacturing

18%

Use

EOL

EOL

Production

Installation

Raw Material
Extraction
Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing
Transport Gate
to User
Installation

Use

Use

Installation
Use

Use

Transport

EOL

Production

83%
15%
2%

EOL
Raw Material
Extraction
Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing
Transport Gate
to User
Installation

Production

POCP

82%

Use

EOL

EP

Raw Material
Extraction

Installation

Transport
AP

EOL

Transport Gate
to User
Installation

Transport

Main contributor-1.25 kg
CO2equiv.
0.27 kg
CO2equiv.
1.00 kg
CO2equiv.

92%
6%
1%

EOL
Raw Material

86%

Linseed oil (-1.80 kg CO2 eq.)
Titanium dioxide (0.28 kg
CO2eq.)
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Main contributing flows

Production : Renewable resources, Carbon
dioxideProduction : Inorganic emissions to air,Carbon dioxide

83% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
66% Adhesive
74% Electricity
26% Detergent and waste water
treatment
Incineration of post consumer
linoleum flooring
Energy substitution fromincineration
31% Tall oil
17% Titanium dioxide
14% Colophony
14% Linseed oil
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
96% Paper and card packaging

Transport & Installation : Inorganic emissions
to air, Carbon dioxide
Use : Inorganic emissions to air, Carbon
dioxideEOL : Inorganic emissions to air, Carbon
dioxideProduction : Halogenated organic emissions
to air, R114 (Dichlorotetrafluorethane)

Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
92% Adhesive
89% Electricity
10% Detergent and waste water
treatment
Energy substitution fromincineration
48% Linseed oil
31% Titanium dioxide
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
68% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
96% Adhesive
88% Electricity
12% Detergent and waste water
treatment
Incineration of post consumer
linoleum flooring
Energy substitution fromincineration

Transport & Installation : Halogenatedorganic emissions to air, Halon (1301)

88% Linseed oil

Production : Inorganic emissions to air,Ammonia, NOx
Production : Inorganic emissions to fresh
water, Nitrate , Nitrogen organic bounded,
Phosphate

Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
66% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
92% Adhesive
57% Electricity
43% Detergent and waste water
treatment
Incineration of post consumer
linoleum flooring
Energy substitution fromincineration
49% Linseed oil

Use : Halogenated organic emissions to air,
R114 (Dichlorotetrafluorethane)
EOL: Halogenated organic emissions to air,
R114 (Dichlorotetrafluorethane)
Production : Inorganic emissions to air,Ammonia, NOx , Sulphur dioxide
Production : inorganic emissions to fresh
water, Hydrogen chloride
Transport & Installation : Inorganic emissions
to air, Ammonia, NOx , Sulphur dioxide
Use : Inorganic emissions to air, Ammonia,
NOx , Sulphur dioxide
EOL : Inorganic emissions to air, Ammonia,
NOx , Sulphur dioxide

Transport & Installation : Inorganic emissions
to air, NOx
Use : Inorganic emissions to air, NOx

EOL : Inorganic emissions to air, NOx
Production : Inorganic emissions to air,Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

ImpactCategory

Stage

Transport

4%

24% Titanium dioxide
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
68% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Use

Use

73% electricity
27% Detergent and waste water
treatment

EOL

Energy substitution fromincineration

Installation

Raw Material
Extraction
Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing
Transport Gate
to User
Installation

Use

Use

EOL

EOL

Production

Raw Material
Extraction

69%

Transport of Raw
materials

6%

Manufacturing

25%

Transport
Installation
Use
EOL
Production

Transport
Installation

79%
<0,5%
20%

42% Tall oil
28% Titanium dioxide
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
93% Electricity
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
97% Adhesive
37% Electricity
63% Detergent and waste water
treatment
Incineration of post consumer
linoleum flooring
Energy substitution fromincineration
40% Linseed oil
19% Jute hessian
16% Tall oil
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
96% Thermal energy

Transport Gate
to User

Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Installation

99% Adhesive

Use
EOL
Raw Material
Extraction
Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing
Transport Gate
to User

78%
5%
17%

71% electricity
29% Detergent and waste water
treatment
Energy substitution fromincineration
47% Linseed oil
17% Jute hessian
11% Titanium dioxide
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
89% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Installation

99% Adhesive

Use

Use

57% Detergent
37% Electricity

EOL

EOL

Production
Human toxicity,
cancer10%

100% Adhesive

Transport

Ecotoxicity

Extraction
Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing
Transport Gate
to User

Main contributor

Installation

Production

ADPf

ModuleInstallation

EOL

ADPe

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Raw Material
Extraction

51%

Transport of Raw
materials< 0.2%

Energy substitution fromincineration
18% Linseed oil
38% Jute hessian
18% Tall oil
11% Titanium dioxide
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Main contributing flows
Carbon monoxide, NOx , Sulphur dioxide
Production : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified)
Transport & Installation : Inorganic emissions
to air, NOx
Transport & Installation : Group NMVOC toair, NMVOC (unspecified)
Use : Inorganic emissions to air, Sulphur
dioxideEOL : Inorganic emissions to air, Carbon
monoxide , NOx, Sulphur dioxide
EOL : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified) , Methane
Production : Non renewable elements,
Chromium, Copper
Production : Non renewable resources,
Sodium chloride (Rock salt)
Transport & Installation : Non renewable
resources, Lead-zinc ore
Use : Non renewable resources, Sodium
chloride (Rock salt)
EOl : Magnesium Chloride leach (40%)
EOL : Non renewable elements, Chromium,
Copper, Lead
Production : Crude oil resource, Crude oil (inMJ)
Production : Hard coal resource, hard coal (inMJ)
Production : Natural gas (resource), Naturalgas (in MJ)
Transport & Installation : Crude oil resource,
Transport & Installation : Natural gas(resource),
Use : Hard coal resource, hard coal (in MJ),
Natural gas (in MJ)
EOL : Natural gas (resource), Natural gas (inMJ)
Production : Hydrocarbons to fresh water,
Methanol, Phenol
Production : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal)

Transport & installation : Hydrocarbons tofresh water, Phenol, Methanol
Use : Hydrocarbons to fresh water, Phenol,
Methanol
Use : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), formaldehyde (Methanal)
EOL : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal)

Production : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal)Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

ImpactCategory

Stage

Transport
Installation

Human toxicity,
non canc.

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

ModuleManufacturing
Transport Gate
to User

Main contributor
49%

98% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Installation

97% adhesive

Use

Use

82% Electricity

EOL

EOL

Production

Raw Material
Extraction
Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing
Transport Gate
to User

Transport
Installation
Use
EOL

Energy substitution fromincineration
54% Lacquer(Polymethylmethacrylate)
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
97% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

89%
1%
10%

Installation

100% adhesive

Use

73% electricity

EOL

Energy substitution fromincineration

Main contributing flows

Transport & Installation : Group NMVOC toair, NMVOC (unspecified), Formaldehyde(Methanal)
Use : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal)
EOL : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal)
Production : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)

Transport & Installation : Group NMVOC toair, NMVOC (unspecified), Hexane, Methyl
Methacrylate (MMA)
Use : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Xylene
EOL : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal)

Figure 7: relative contribution of each process stage to each impact category for Marmoleum 2.0 mm for a one year usage.

Marmoleum 2,0 mm LCA and LCI - 1 year usage
120,00%100,00%80,00%
60,00%
40,00%
20,00%
0,00%-20,00%-40,00%GlobalWarming
Potential

Ozone Layer
Photochem.
Acidification Eutrophicatio
Depletion
Ozone
Potentialn Potential
Potential
Creation

Abiotic
Depletion(Elements)

Abiotic
Depletion(Fossil)

Ecotoxicity

Humantoxicity,
cancerHumantoxicity, noncanc.
-1,27%End of Life

55,68%-25,28%-2,74%

0,58%-11,01%

0,18%-22,85%-10,54%-29,96%

Use

6,66%

32,70%

3,11%

1,16%

4,09%

2,06%

4,52%

4,42%

4,49%

0,55%

Installation

26,38%-3,17%

4,61%

2,71%

16,72%

9,28%

16,27%

24,53%

5,31%

87,73%

Transport

7,56%

0,59%

14,57%

7,30%

6,45%

0,35%

4,07%

3,44%

0,18%

0,17%

Production

3,72%

38,26%

74,97%

88,25%

61,74%

88,13%

52,29%

57,07%

60,05%

10,28%

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Table 27: Relevant modules and flows contributing to the impact in each impact category for Marmoleum 2.0 mm for a one year
usage
ImpactCategoryStage

ModuleRaw material
extraction

Production

Transport of Raw
material
Manufacturing

GWP

Transport

Main contributor-0.99 kg
CO2equiv.
0.22 kg
CO2equiv.
0.97 kg
CO2equiv.

Transport

Transport Gate to
User

Installation

Installation

97% Adhesive

Use

Use

EOL

EOL

Installation

Installation

Use

Use

EOL

EOL

Installation

Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing
Transport Gate to
User
Installation

Use

Use

EOL

EOL

Transport

Production

Raw Material
Extraction
Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing

Production

Raw Material
Extraction
Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing

EP

Installation

Transport Gate to
User
Installation

Use

Use

EOL

EOL

Transport

Production : Renewable resources,
Carbon dioxide
Production : Inorganic emissions to air,Carbon dioxide

86% Thermal energy

70% adhesive
30% Impact from Incineration of
installation waste andpackaging
74% Electricity
26% detergent and waste water
treatment
Energy substitution fromincineration
31% Tall oil
17% Titanium dioxide
14% Wood flour
14% Linseed oil
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
Paper and card production
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
94% Adhesive
89% Electricity
11% detergent and waste water
treatment
Energy substitution fromincineration
48% Linseed oil
31% Titanium dioxide
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
69% Thermal energy
26% Paper and card production
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels78%

ProductionAP

Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Main contributing flows

Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Transport Gate toUser

Raw Material
Extraction

ODP

Linseed oil (-1.48 kg CO2 eq.)
Titanium dioxide (0.22kg CO2
eq.)

<0,1%
22%

83%
15%
2%

88% Electricity
12% detergent and waste water
treatment
Incineration of post consumer
linoleum flooring
Energy substitution fromincineration
92%
6%
2%

88% Linseed oil
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
67% Thermal energy
27% Paper and card production
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
93% Adhesive
57% electricity
43% detergent and waste water
Truck and diesel to incineration
plant

Transport & Installation : Inorganic
emissions to air, Carbon dioxide

Use : Inorganic emissions to air, Carbon
dioxideEOL : Inorganic emissions to air, Carbon
dioxideProduction : Halogenated organic
emissions to air, R114
(Dichlorotetrafluorethane)

Transport & Installation : Halogenatedorganic emissions to air, Halon (1301)
Use : Halogenated organic emissions toair, R114 (Dichlorotetrafluorethane)
EOL: Halogenated organic emissions toair, R114 (Dichlorotetrafluorethane)
Production : Inorganic emissions to air,Ammonia, NOx , Sulphur dioxide
Production : inorganic emissions to fresh
water, Hydrogen chloride
Transport 7 Installation : Inorganic
emissions to air, Ammonia, NOx , Sulphur
dioxideUse : Inorganic emissions to air,Ammonia, NOx , Sulphur dioxide
EOL : Inorganic emissions to air,Ammonia, NOx, Sulphur dioxide
Production : Inorganic emissions to air,Ammonia, NOx
Production : Inorganic emissions to fresh
water, Nitrate , Nitrogen organic bounded,
Phosphate
Transport & Installation : Inorganic
emissions to air, NOx
Use : Inorganic emissions to air, NOx
EOL : Inorganic emissions to air, NOx

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

ImpactCategoryStage

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

ModuleTransport

Transport Gate toUser

Incineration of post consumer
linoleum flooring
Energy substitution fromincineration
49% Linseed oil
24% Titanium dioxide
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
69% Thermal energy
24% Paper and card production
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Installation

Installation

100% Adhesive

Use

Use

73% electricity
27% detergent and waste water

EOL

EOL

Energy substitution fromincineration

Production

Installation

Raw Material
Extraction
Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing
Transport Gate to
User
Installation

Use

Use

EOL

EOL

Production

Raw Material
Extraction
Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing

POCP

ADPe

Transport

Production

ADPf

10%
5%

76%
< 0.5
24%

42% Tall oil
28% Titanium dioxide
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
93% Electricity
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
98% Adhesive
37% Electricity
63% detergent and waste water

65%

Transport of Raw
materials

6%

Manufacturing

29%

Energy substitution fromincineration
39% Linseed oil
19% Jute Hessian
16% Tall oil
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
96% Thermal energy

Transport

Transport Gate to
User

Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Installation

Installation

99% Adhesive

Use

Use

EOL

EOL

Production

Transport
Installation

Use
EOL
Human
toxicity,
cancer85%

Raw Material
Extraction

Raw Material
Extraction

Ecotoxicity

Main contributor

Production

Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing

84%
3%
13%

Transport Gate to User

71% electricity
29% detergent and waste water
Energy substitution fromincineration
47% Linseed oil
17% Jute hessian
11% Titanium dioxide
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
90% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Installation

99% Adhesive

Use

57% Detergent
37% Electricity

EOL
Raw Material
Extraction

45%

Energy substitution fromincineration
18% Linseed oil
38% Jute hessian
18% Tall oil
10% Titanium dioxide

Main contributing flows

Production : Inorganic emissions to air,Carbon monoxide, NOx , Sulphur dioxide
Production: Group NMVOC to air,
NMVOC (unspecified)
Transport & In stallation : Inorganic
emissions to air, NOx
Transport & Installation : Group NMVOC
to air, NMVOC (unspecified)
Use : Inorganic emissions to air, Sulphur
dioxideEOL : Inorganic emissions to air, Carbon
monoxide , NOx, Sulphur dioxide
EOL : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified) , Methane
Production : Non renewable elements,
Chromium, Copper
Production : Non renewable resources,
Sodium chloride (Rock salt)
Transport & Installation : Non renewable
resources, Lead-zinc ore
Use : Non renewable resources, Sodium
chloride (Rock salt)
EOL : Non renewable elements,
Chromium, Copper, Lead
Production : Crude oil resource, Crude oil(in MJ)
Production : Hard coal resource, hardcoal (in MJ)
Production : Natural gas (resource),
Natural gas (in MJ)
Transport & Installation : Crude oil
resource,
Transport & Installation: Natural gas(resource),
Use : Hard coal resource, hard coal (inMJ), Natural gas (in MJ)
EOl : Natural gas (resource), Natural gas(in MJ)
Production : Hydrocarbons to fresh water,
Methanol, Phenol
Production : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal)

Transport & installation : Hydrocarbons tofresh water, Phenol, Methanol
Use : Hydrocarbons to fresh water, Phenol,
Methanol
Use : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), formaldehyde (Methanal)
EOL : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal)
Production : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal)Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

ImpactCategoryStage

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

ModuleTransport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing

Transport
Installation
Use
EOL

Human
toxicity, non
canc.

Main contributor
<
0.2%
55%

Transport Gate to User

Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
98% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels

Installation

98% adhesive

Use

82% Electricity

Production

Raw Material
Extraction
Transport of Raw
materials
Manufacturing

Transport

Transport Gate to User

Installation

Installation

Energy substitution fromincineration
59% Lacquer(Polymethylmethacrylate)
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
97% Thermal energy
Means of transport (truck,
container ship) and their fuels
100% adhesive

Use

Use

73% electricity

EOL

EOL

Energy substitution fromincineration

EOL
88%
1%
11%

Main contributing flows

Transport & Installation : Group NMVOC toair, NMVOC (unspecified), Formaldehyde(Methanal)
Use : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal)
EOL : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal)
Production : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)
Transport & Installation : Group NMVOC toair, NMVOC (unspecified), Hexane, Methyl
Methacrylate (MMA)
Use : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Xylene
EOL : Group NMVOC to air, NMVOC(unspecified), Formaldehyde (Methanal)

Description of Selected Impact Categories
Abiotic Depletion Potential
The abiotic depletion potential covers all natural resources such as metal containing ores, crude oil and mineral raw
materials. Abiotic resources include all raw materials from non-living resources that are non-renewable. This impact
category describes the reduction of the global amount of non-renewable raw materials. Non-renewable means a timeframe of at least 500 years. This impact category covers an evaluation of the availability of natural elements ingeneral, as well as the availability of fossil energy carriers.
ADP (elements) describes the quantity of non-energetic resources directly withdrawn from the geosphere. It reflects
the scarcity of the materials in the geosphere and is expressed in Antimony equivalents. The characterization factors
are published by the CML, Oers 2010.
Are fossil energy carriers included in the impact category, it is ADP (fossil). Fossil fuels are used similarly to theprimary energy consumption; the unit is therefore also MJ. In contrast to the primary fossil energy ADP fossil does ot
contain uranium, because this does not count as a fossil fuel.

Primary energy consumption
Primary energy demand is often difficult to determine due to the various types of energy source. Primary energy
demand is the quantity of energy directly withdrawn from the hydrosphere, atmosphere or geosphere or energy source
without any anthropogenic change. For fossil fuels and uranium, this would be the amount of resource withdrawn
expressed in its energy equivalent (i.e. the energy content of the raw material). For renewable resources, the energycharacterised amount of biomass consumed would be described. For hydropower, it would be based on the amount ofenergy that is gained from the change in the potential energy of water (i.e. from the height difference). As aggregatedvalues, the following primary energies are designated:
The total “Primary energy consumption non-renewable”, given in MJ, essentially characterises the gain from theenergy sources natural gas, crude oil, lignite, coal and uranium. Natural gas and crude oil will both be used for energyMarmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

production and as material constituents e.g. in plastics. Coal will primarily be used for energy production. Uranium will
only be used for electricity production in nuclear power stations.
The total “Primary energy consumption renewable”, given in MJ, is generally accounted separately and comprises
hydropower, wind power, solar energy and biomass. It is important that the end energy (e.g. 1 kWh of electricity) andthe primary energy used are not miscalculated with each other; otherwise the efficiency for production or supply of theend energy will not be accounted for. The energy content of the manufactured products will be considered as
feedstock energy content. It will be characterised by the net calorific value of the product. It represents the still usableenergy content.

Waste categories
There are various different qualities of waste. For example, waste can be classed according to German and European
waste directives. The modelling principles have changed with the last GaBi4 database update in October 2006. Now
all LCA data sets (electricity generation, raw material etc.) already contain the treatment of the waste with very low
waste output at the end of the stage. So the amount of waste is predominantly caused by foreground processes
during the production phase. This is important for the interpretation of waste amounts.
From a balancing point of view, it makes sense to divide waste into three categories. The categories
overburden/tailings, industrial waste for municipal disposal and hazardous waste will be used.
Overburden / tailings in kg: This category consists of the layer which must be removed in order to access raw
material extraction, ash and other raw material extraction conditional materials for disposal. Also included in thiscategory are tailings such as inert rock, slag, red mud etc.
Industrial waste for municipal disposal in kg: This term contains the aggregated values of industrial waste formunicipal waste according to 3. AbfVwV TA SiedlABf.
Hazardous waste in kg: This category includes materials that will be treated in a hazardous waste incinerator or
hazardous waste landfill, such as painting sludges, galvanic sludges, filter dusts or other solid or liquid hazardous
waste and radioactive waste from the operation of nuclear power plants and fuel rod production.

Global Warming Potential (GWP)
The mechanism of the greenhouse effect can be observed on a small scale, as the name suggests, in a greenhouse.
These effects are also occurring on a global scale. The occuring short-wave radiation from the sun comes into contact
with the earth’s surface and is partly absorbed (leading to direct warming) and partly reflected as infrared radiation.
The reflected part is absorbed by so-called greenhouse gases in the troposphere and is re-radiated in all directions,
including back to earth. This results in a warming effect on the earth’s surface.
In addition to the natural mechanism, the greenhouse effect is enhanced by human activites. Greenhouse gases thatare considered to be caused, or increased, anthropogenically are, for example, carbon dioxide, methane and CFCs.
Figure A1 shows the main processes of the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. An analysis of the greenhouse effectshould consider the possible long term global effects.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

Absorption
Reflection
UV - radiation
T

Infraredradiation

ra

ce

s
ga

CFCs

re
sphe
tmo

Figure A1:

CH4

a
he
nt

CO2

i
es

The global warming potential is calculated incarbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-Eq.). Thismeans that the greenhouse potential of anemission is given in relation to CO2. Since theresidence time of the gases in the atmosphere isincorporated into the calculation, a time range forthe assessment must also be specified. A periodof 100 years is customary.

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Greenhouse effect (KREISSIG 1999)

Acidification Potential (AP)The acidification of soils and waters predominantly occurs through the transformation of air pollutants into acids. This
leads to a decrease in the pH-value of rainwater and fog from 5.6 to 4 and below. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
and their respective acids (H2SO4 and HNO3) produce relevant contributions. This damages ecosystems, whereby
forest dieback is the most well-known impact.
Acidification has direct and indirect damaging effects (such as nutrients being elutriated from soils or an increased
solubility of metals into soils). But even buildings and building materials can be damaged. Examples include metals
and natural stones which are corroded or disintegrated at an increased rate.
When analysing acidification, it should be considered that although it is a global problem, the regional effects ofacidification can vary. Figure A2 displays the primary impact pathways of acidification.
The acidification potential is given in sulphur dioxide
equivalents (SO2-Eq.). The acidification potential isdescribed as the ability of certain substances tobuild and release H+ - ions. Certain emissions canalso be considered to have an acidification
potential, if the given S-, N- and halogen atoms are
set in proportion to the molecular mass of theemission. The reference substance is sulphur
dioxide.

NOX
SO2
H2SO44
HNO3

Figure A2: Acidification Potential (KREISSIG 1999)

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Eutrophication Potential (EP)
Eutrophication is the enrichment of nutrients in a certain place. Eutrophication can be aquatic or terrestrial. Air
pollutants, waste water and fertilization in agriculture all contribute to eutrophication.
The result in water is an accelerated algae growth, which in turn, prevents sunlight from reaching the lower depths.
This leads to a decrease in photosynthesis and less oxygen production. In addition, oxygen is needed for thedecomposition of dead algae. Both effects cause a decreased oxygen concentration in the water, which caneventually lead to fish dying and to anaerobic decomposition (decomposition without the presence of oxygen).
Hydrogen sulphide and methane are thereby produced. This can lead, among others, to the destruction of the ecosystem.
On eutrophicated soils, an increased susceptibility of plants to diseases and pests is often observed, as is adegradation of plant stability. If the nutrification level exceeds the amounts of nitrogen necessary for a maximum
harvest, it can lead to an enrichment of nitrate. This can cause, by means of leaching, increased nitrate content ingroundwater. Nitrate also ends up in drinking water.
Nitrate at low levels is harmless from a toxicologicalpoint of view. However, nitrite, a reaction product ofnitrate, is toxic to humans. The causes of
eutrophication are displayed in Figure A3. The
eutrophication potential is calculated in phosphate
equivalents (PO4-Eq). As with acidification potential,
it’s important to remember that the effects ofeutrophication potential differ regionally.

Air pollution
NOX

N2O
NH3

Fertilisation

NO3 -Waste water
Figure A3:

NH4+

PO4-3

Eutrophication Potential (KREISSIG 1999)

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
Despite playing a protective role in the stratosphere, at ground-level ozone is classified as a damaging trace gas.
Photochemical ozone production in the troposphere, also known as summer smog, is suspected to damage
vegetation and material. High concentrations of ozone are toxic to humans.
Radiation from the sun and the presence of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons incur complex chemical reactions,producing aggressive reaction products, one of which is ozone. Nitrogen oxides alone do not cause high ozone
concentration levels. Hydrocarbon emissions occur from incomplete combustion, in conjunction with petrol (storage,
turnover, refuelling etc.) or from solvents. High concentrations of ozone arise when the temperature is high, humidity islow, when air is relatively static and when there are high concentrations of hydrocarbons. Today it is assumed that theexistance of NO and CO reduces the accumulated ozone to NO2, CO2 and O2. This means, that high concentrations ofozone do not often occur near hydrocarbon emission sources. Higher ozone concentrations more commonly arise inareas of clean air, such as forests, where there is less NO and CO (Figure A4).

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

In Life Cycle Assessments, photochemical ozone
creation potential (POCP) is referred to in
ethylene-equivalents (C2H4-Äq.). When analyzing,
it’s important to remember that the actual ozone
concentration is strongly influenced by theweather and by the characterristics of the local
conditions.

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides

Ozone

Dry and warm
climateHydrocarbons

Nitrogen oxides

Figure A4:

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
Ozone is created in the stratosphere by the disassociation of oxygen atoms that are exposed to short-wave UV-light.
This leads to the formation of the so-called ozone layer in the stratosphere (15 - 50 km high). About 10 % of thisozone reaches the troposphere through mixing processes. In spite of its minimal concentration, the ozone layer isessential for life on earth. Ozone absorbs the short-wave UV-radiation and releases it in longer wavelengths. As aresult, only a small part of the UV-radiation reaches the earth.
Anthropogenic emissions deplete ozone. This is well-known from reports on the hole in the ozone layer. The hole iscurrently confined to the region above Antarctica, however another ozone depletion can be identified, albeit not to thesame extent, over the mid-latitudes (e.g. Europe). The substances which have a depleting effect on the ozone canessentially be divided into two groups; the fluorine-chlorine-hydrocarbons (CFCs) and the nitrogen oxides (NOX).
Figure A5 depicts the procedure of ozone depletion.
One effect of ozone depletion is the warming of the earth's surface. The sensitivity of humans, animals and plants to
UV-B and UV-A radiation is of particular importance. Possible effects are changes in growth or a decrease in harvest
crops (disruption of photosynthesis), indications of tumors (skin cancer and eye diseases) and decrease of sea
plankton, which would strongly affect the food chain. In calculating the ozone depletion potential, theanthropogenically released halogenated hydrocarbons, which can destroy many ozone molecules, are recorded first.
The so-called Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) results from the calculation of the potential of different ozone relevant
substances.

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

This is done by calculating, first of all, a scenario fora fixed quantity of emissions of a CFC reference(CFC 11). This results in an equilibrium state of totalozone reduction. The same scenario is considered
for each substance under study whereby CFC 11 is
replaced by the quantity of the substance. This
leads to the ozone depletion potential for each
respective substance, which is given in CFC 11
equivalents. An evaluation of the ozone depletion
potential should take the long term, global and partly
irreversible effects into consideration.

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

UV - radiation

Stratosphere15 - 50 km

Absorption

Absorption

CFCs
Nitrogen oxide

Figure A5:

Ozone Depletion Potential (KREISSIG 1999)

Marmoleum 2.0 and 2.5 mm
Resilient Linoleum Floor Covering

According to ISO 14025 & EN 15804

References
GABI 5 2012
GABI 5 2012D

NSF International May 22, 2012
UL ENVIRONMENTERFMI 2008
IBU 2011
PE 2012ILCD Handbook: General guidefor Life Cycle Assessment Detailed guidance

STANDARDS AND LAWSDIN EN ISO 14044
ISO 14025 2006
ISO 14040 2006
CEN/TR 15941

EN 15804
ISO 24011
CPR
EN-ISO 10874

PE INTERNATIONAL AG; GaBi 5: Software-System and Database for Life Cycle
Engineering. Copyright, TM. Stuttgart, Echterdingen, 1992-2012.
GaBi 5: Documentation of GaBi 5: Software-System and Database for Life Cycle
Engineering. Copyright, TM. Stuttgart, Echterdingen, 1992-2012.
http://documentation.gabi-software.com/
Product Category Rule for Environmental Product Declarations
Flooring: Carpet, Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic, WoodUL Environment’s Program Operator Rules
Final report: LCA, Environmental Information Sheet and Ecodesign Model ofResilient Flooring by order of ERFMI, PE International, 2008
PCR - Part A: Calculation rules for the Life Cycle Assessment and Requirementson the Background Report, Institut Bauen und Umwelt e.V.
Description of Selected Impact Categories, PE International AG, 2012
European Commission - Joint Research Centre - Institute for Environment andSustainability: International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Handbook- General guide for Life Cycle Assessment - Detailed guidance. First edition
March 2010. EUR 24708 EN. Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European
Union; 2010
Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements andguidelines (ISO 14044:2006); German and English version EN ISO 14044
DIN EN ISO 14025: Environmental labels and declarations — Type III
environmental declarations — Principles and procedures
Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework(ISO 14040); German and English version EN ISO 14040
Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product declarations Methodology for selection and use of generic data; German version CEN/TR
15941
EN 15804: Sustainability of construction works — Environmental ProductDeclarations — Core rules for the product category of construction products
Resilient floor coverings - Specification for plain and decorative linoleum
REGULATION (EU) No 305/2011 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF
THE COUNCIL of 9 March 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for themarketing of construction products and repealing Council Directive 89/106/EEC
Resilient, textile and laminate floor coverings - Classification