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BEAM INSTRUMENTATION PERFORMANCE DURING
COMMISSIONING OF THE ESS NORMAL CONDUCTING LINAC
I. Dolenc Kittelmann∗ , R. Baron, E. Bergman, E. Donegani, V. Grishin,
H. Hassanzadegan, H. Kocevar, N. Milas, R. Miyamoto, M. Mohammednezhad,
F. Nilen, D. Noll, K. Rosengren, T. Shea, R. Tarkeshian, C. Thomas
European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, Sweden
Abstract
Once constructed, the European Spallation Source (ESS)
will be a 5 MW pulsed neutron source based on a 2 GeV proton linac delivering 2.86 ms long pulses at a 14 Hz repetition
rate. This paper focuses on the beam instrumentation performance during the recent linac beam commissioning up to
drift tube linac (DTL) tank 4 with 74 MeV output energy. Instrumentation and measurement results will be presented forbeam parameters such as current, position, energy, emittanceand beam loss.

INTRODUCTION
The European Spallation Source (ESS) is a neutron-based
research facility, currently under construction and designed
to deliver the world’s brightest neutron beams [1, 2]. The
neutron production will be based on the bombardment of atungsten target with a proton beam generated by a pulsed
linac. The linac will accelerate and transport the protons
towards the target through a normal-conducting (NCL) andsuperconducting (SCL) linac (Fig. 1) resulting in a beamwith a peak current of 62.5 mA, 2.86 ms pulse length, 14 Hz
repetition rate, and energy of 2 GeV once the linac design
average power of 5 MW is reached.
For a high-power machine like the ESS linac, one of thebiggest challenges during its commissioning and operations
is to minimize beam losses and protect its components by adequately adjusting the electromagnetic elements and achieving ideal beam parameters. A comprehensive set of proton
beam instrumentation has been developed to provide detailed
beam property measurements throughout the linac and thus
to support achieving the required beam parameters. The set
comprises instruments for beam characterisation along thelinac to provide beam profile, position, energy, current andloss measurements [3].
The ESS linac commissioning is performed in phases.
Each commissioning phase is focused on the linac parts up
to the selected beam destination. In parallel, the linac installation downstream of the end-destination continues. Threecommissioning phases have been completed successfully
with low power beam and end-destinations in LEBT (20182019) [4, 5], in MEBT (2021-2022) [6] and at the end of
DTL1 reaching 21 MeV (2022) [7–9]. From April to July
2023, the commissioning has advanced to the fourth phase,reaching the end of the DTL4 tank with an output energy of
74 MeV. Towards the end of 2024, the beam commissioning∗ Irena.DolencKittelmann@ess.eu

will continue to the Dump, while the first beam on target isplanned to be achieved at the end of 2025 followed by thestart of the user program in 2026.
This paper focuses on ESS beam instrumentation deployed
for the DTL4 commissioning phase and highlights their key
features and contributions during this phase.

BEAM INSTRUMENTATION FOR THE
NCL COMMISSIONING
The ESS beam instrumentation is being deployed in astaged approach. Systems that are critical for meeting commissioning goals proceed through a formal verification process beginning with unit testing in the laboratory followed
by integrated system testing, and finally, formal testing withbeam to achieve operational status. Figure 1 summarises the
instrumentation systems installed for the DTL4 commissioning run. The Faraday Cups (FCs), Beam Current Monitor(BCM), and Beam Position Monitor (BPM) have all gone
through the aforementioned formal verification workflow. In
addition, several other systems, at an intermediate stage of
their development were deployed for diagnostic beam studies to gain early operational experience. The Wire Scanners(WSs) [10], Emittance Measurement Unit (EMU) [7] andtwo types of Beam Loss Monitors (BLMs) were deployedat this level. Beam studies with the neutron-sensitive BLM(nBLM) and horizontal EMU station offered valuable data
for system development as well as beam characterisationand the results are presented here together with results with
the FCs, BPM and BCM systems. In addition, some limited beam studies were performed with WSs, the vertical
EMU station and the Ionisation Chamber based BLM [11]system. Results from these systems will be covered in future
publications.

Faraday Cups
Three Faraday cups were operational during the DTL4
commissioning. Once inserted, each FC is a beam enddestination and measures the transported beam current at
the destination. The FC locations were in the LEBT [5, 12],in the MEBT [12, 13] and in a dedicated shielding at the(foreseen) position of DTL5 [12, 14] tank. All FCs are watercooled and rely on a pneumatic actuator to move in or outof the beamline.
The LEBT FC is designed to withstand full power at theion source exit, namely 75 keV proton beam pulses withup to 100 mA current, 6 ms pulse length at 14 Hz repetition
rate. However, MEBT and DTL4 FC can cope with only

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1 BCM

1 FC
1 Chopper
3 BCM, 1 FBCM
8 BPM, 2 FBPM
3 WS, 1 EMU
4 nBLM

1 BCM 1 BCM
1 FC
3 BPM 2 BPM
1 BCM
6 BPM 8 nBLM 8 nBLM
8 nBLM 1 ICBLM

1 FC
1 BCM
2 BPM
8 nBLM
1 ICBLM

A2T

Source LEBTRFQMEBT DTL1 DTL2 DTL3 DTL4 DTL5 Spokes

MBL

HBL

HEBT

DMPL

2.4m

4.6m

3.8m

77m

179m

130m

52m

75keV

3.6MeV

Target

109m

7.5m

7.3m

7.8m

7.7m

7.7m

56m

Dump

21MeV 40MeV 57MeV 74MeV 90MeV 216MeV 571MeV 2GeV
352.21MHz
704.42MHz

Figure 1: ESS linac: the normal-conducting linac (NCL, in red) is composed of an ion source, Radio Frequency Quadrupole(RFQ), Drift Tube Linac (DTL) with five tanks, Low Energy (LEBT) and Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) sections.
Spoke, Medium Beta (MBL) and High Beta (HBL) Linac constitute the Superconducting Linac (SCL, in dark blue). Beamtransport and delivery to Target and tuning Dump consist of High Energy Beam Transport (HEBT) line, Accelerator-to-Target(A2T) line and the dump line (DMPL). Beam instrumentation and choppers used in the 2023 commissioning run are
indicated.
reduced beam power. The MEBT FC supported commissioning activities with 3.6 MeV beam and current up to nominal
62.5 mA with up to 5 µs or 50 µs pulse length at 14 Hz or
1 Hz repetition rate, respectively. When the destination was
the DTL4 FC, the beam parameters envelop was set to allow
commissioning studies with low (up to 6 mA) beam current
up to 50 µs pulse length and up to 14 Hz repetition rate orhigh beam current (up to 62.5 mA) up to either 5 µs or 50 µs
pulse length and 1 Hz or 0.2 Hz repetition rate, respectively.
Restrictions were set on the allowed energy range at the
DTL4 FC location (i.e. required acceleration in consecutive tanks) depending on particular sets of beam parameter
limits.
At the end of the commissioning and after four weeks ofradioactive decay, the residual dose rate of approximately
1 mSv/h in the vicinity of the DTL4 FC allowed the removal
the DTL4 FC to leave space for installing the DTL5 tank.
During the next commissioning phase and the years to comeof operation of the ESS accelerator, there will be four FCs
permanently installed in the NCL: one in the LEBT, one in
the MEBT, one in the DTL2 intertank and one in the DTL4
intertank.

Beam Current Monitors
Nine Beam Current Monitors were successfully used during the DTL4 beam commissioning phase [15]. Most ofthese sensors are custom-designed by Bergoz to meet the
ESS requirements, including the beam pipe dimensions,magnetic shielding and protection for the BCM ceramic.
The analogue signal from each BCM sensor is firstbuffered and amplified in a wall-mount Front End (FE) unit
and then filtered and further processed in a custom-designed
Back End (BE) in the BCM rack. The signal is then converted to digital and FPGA processed to provide the required
beam monitoring and machine protection functions.
The BCMs allowed beam current measurement with
0.1 mA accuracy and with a noise level lower than 50 µA
peak-to-peak and bandwidth of 1 MHz. The measurements
included pulse profile, average beam current over a region ofinterest (ROI) and pulse charge with each BCM. These measurements also aided the machine operators in identifying
electrons from the cavities due to multipacting and RF/vac-uum breakdowns (Fig. 2) as well as the (expected) scattered
beam from the MEBT chopper dump (Fig. 3). Given that the
BCM is located directly after the MEBT chopper dump while
the other beam measurement devices, such as the BPMs andthe FCs, are located further downstream, the scattered beam
could only be measured by this BCM due to the geometricalconstraints.
The BCM system further provided a precise measurementof the width, repetition rate and arrival time of the beam
trigger for consistency checks, thus avoiding unexpectedbeams due to human errors and/or timing system-related
issues.
A post-mortem ring buffer was implemented in the BCM
firmware to capture BCM data upon a beam trip. It proved to
be a very effective tool for trip analysis and improvements inbeam availability. Furthermore, differential interlocks withseveral BCM pairs were verified with beam and used forbeam loss measurement and machine protection.
A BCM channel with a modified beam trigger was successfully tested and verified for 1-hour average beam current
measurements with accuracy better than 1 µA.
Figure 2 shows a low current beam pulse measured byseven BCMs from the LEBT to the DTL tank4. Figure 3
shows an example of the pulse width reduction and scatteredbeam, both caused by the MEBT chopper.
A complete suite of protection functions was used to detect whether, among others, the amplitude, width and repetition rate of the beam pulse were outside the allowed limits
and ensure their consistency with the selected beam mode.
It included several thresholds that were configured by the
BCM firmware based on the selected beam mode and destination. The thresholds were chosen to be consistent with thepredefined sets of envelopes. However, some adjustments
were made in the configuration of the protection functions
based on a beam damage assessment. These were mainly toaddress beam availability issues due to RF breakdowns andother disturbances originating from the cavities [15].

Beam Position and Phase Monitors
Beam position and phase monitors have been extensively
used in this commissioning to characterise the proton beam
properties. Beam studies including trajectory correction,
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1 FC
1 Chopper
1 BCM

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Figure 2: ESS beam pulse as measured with the LEBT, RFQ,
MEBT, DTL1 and DTL4 BCMs. The negative spikes on
the RFQ BCM readout (red) are due to multipacting, andthe small changes in the baseline level with the DTL2 BCM(blue) are due to the field emission from the cavities.

The RF system in NCL operates at 352.21 MHz while the
BPMs were designed to operate at the 704.4 MHz second
harmonic in order to minimise the interference across thesystems. The RF processing chain of the BPM signals anddata have been standardized for all the BPMs.
Eight MEBT BPMs were designed based on matchedstripline sensors [17] and installed in the machine.
Thirteen DTL BPMs were designed based on shorted
stripline sensors and commissioned in DTL tanks 1, 2, 3
and 4. Interference between BPMs and RF system wasmore strongly observed in the DTL1, but has been addressed
during the commissioning. In some locations inside the DTL
tanks, where the drift tubes are close to the RF ports, the RF
system couples strongly to the second harmonic, which thenleaks to the BPM sensors near the RF ports interfering withthe beam signal excited on the BPM striplines. Additional
RF high-pass filters were introduced on the BPM inputs tofilter the first harmonic that couples into the BPM striplines.
Reported BPM measurements during a typical phase scanare presented in Fig. 4. During the phase scan, the set-pointof the RF cavity phase under test is plotted together withthe phase of the signals measured by BPMs. The measured
amplitude of the BPM signals also changes as a function of
the cavity RF phase set-point since the bunch length varies
with the cavity RF phase and is also presented in the sameplot.

Figure 3: Beam pulses from the LEBT (black), RFQ (red)and MEBT BCM located in the middle of MEBT after the
chopper dump (violet). The none-zero floor of MEBT BCM
waveform is due to the scattered beam from the MEBT chopper dump.
RF phase scans, longitudinal pulse shape tuning and beamtiming characterisation, have been performed based on thedata provided by the 21 BPMs in operation during the DTL4
commissioning phase.
The ESS BPM system has several FPGA-based processing channels delivering data in EPICS Process Variables.
Data streams for individual antenna’s raw data, at approximately 20 MHz bandwidth and 88 MSa/s are available, as
well as near-IQ waveforms for positions, magnitudes andbeam phase measurements. Typical waveforms for positions
and phases are measured at a rate of approximately 5.8 MHz
with a bandwidth around 2 MHz [16]. Scalars for averaged
data are also calculated at a rate of 1 value per beam pulse
in a ROI determined by timing events. BPM waveforms
have proven crucial in understanding and adjusting the parameters of the machine to optimize uniformity in pulse
characteristics within a pulse and timing characterisationsof the beam.

Figure 4: Typical phase scan measurements performed by adownstream MEBT BPM during a phase scan. BPM amplitude and BPM phase are shown on the plot as a function of
the RF phase of MEBT buncher 1.
Beam studies slots during the DTL4 commissioning run
were assigned to long-term stability measurements of thebeam characteristics, and the BPM phase and amplitude
measurements are reported in Fig. 5.

Emittance Measurement Unit
The MEBT EMU is a slit-grid type with a grid located368 mm downstream of a slit with 100 µm aperture. The gridconsists of 24 tungsten wires of 35 µm diameter mountedwith a pitch of 0.5 mm. Signals are generated by secondary

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Figure 6: Emittance figure after baseline subtraction with
1 kV bias voltage applied.

Figure 5: Stability measurements of the beam phase andamplitude recorded with one of the BPMs in MEBT over 4
hours of operation with a 6 mA and 5 µs beam.
electron emission and acquired by configurable gain stages
followed by 5 MSa/s digitisers. The grid PCB is surroundedby bias plates that can be biased up to ±1.2 kV to control
the electric field experienced by the electrons. The tungsten
wires mounted on the bias plates enhance the field createdby the plates.
The instrument commissioning activities focused on signal quality investigations and some initial beam studies.
Measurements without bias show significant negative signals from secondary electrons picked up on wires adjacentto those exposed to the beam. When biased sufficiently(>500 V), these negative signals are suppressed. At the sametime, due to the effective emission of secondary electrons,
the positive signal on the exposed wires is enhanced by approximately a factor of 4.
Figure 6 shows an example of a scanning result in thehorizontal plane with 167 µm resolution, taking multiple
acquisitions of the grid signals with the grid position shiftedby 0/3, 1/3 and 2/3 of the wire pitch to improve angularresolution. The signal is integrated over the final 15 µs of the
30 µs long beam used for measurement. The first 15 µs shows
varying emittance, likely from space charge compensation in
the LEBT. The background extending across the entire rangeof measured 𝑥 ′ is a suspected result of beam scattering fromthe slit aperture. It was found to follow a Gaussian function
and can be subtracted. A preliminary analysis shows an
RMS emittance consistent with the beam physics model.

Beam Loss Monitors
Two types of BLM systems differing in detector technology have been conceived at ESS. The nBLM [18] is basedon 82 neutron detectors primarily covering the lower energy
part of the ESS linac. Conversely, the ICBLM [11] consistsof 266 ionisation chambers [19], located predominantly inthe high energy parts of the ESS linac.
The ESS nBLM system is based on neutron-sensitive Micromegas devices, specially designed for the lower energy

part of the ESS linac [20]. Two types of nBLM detectors
with complementary functionality have been developed. Fast
detectors (nBLM-F) are designed to detect fast losses in accidental scenarios when high particle fluxes are expected. On
the other hand, slow detectors (nBLM-S) primarily aim tomonitor losses with low particle fluxes. The nBLM system
is designed to discriminate beam loss–induced fast neutrons
from the background (RF-induced photons, background slow
neutrons) on an event-by-event basis. It is achieved by continuous real-time FPGA-based data processing of digitised
raw signal sampled at 250 MHz from each nBLM detector,
resulting in fully processed data streams for monitoring andmachine protection purposes. Additionally, detailed data atvarious stages of data processing are being buffered and canbe retrieved on demand.
During the previous two commissioning phases, thenBLM system underwent initial deployment and first studies
with ESS beam. In 2023, the system installation advanced
to take part in studies during the DTL4 commissioning run
with 36 nBLM detectors covering MEBT and the first four
DTL tanks. Detailed data holding information about interesting events (neutron, noise or background events) andmonitoring data have been continuously recorded for two
weeks. Furthermore, several dedicated experiments withstable beam conditions were performed where a selected setof beam parameters was kept unchanged for ≈30 min. Alldata taken during this commissioning period is currently
being analysed offline in order to study the system response,
explore the background and noise environment and develop
a procedure for setting the system configuration. An example of extracted information is shown in Fig. 7 representing
a distribution of neutron events over time in machine cycle recorded with one of the nBLM-F detectors. The plot
demonstrates a 50 µs and 5 µs beam pulse starting at ∼6.5 ms.
Figure 8 summarises preliminary results on the number ofneutron events (single neutron or pile-up) per beam pulse
recorded with nBLM detectors during a set of time periods
with different beam currents and pulse lengths. For the fast
detectors the observed peaks at end of DTL3 and DTL4 arefound to be consistent with the observations from activation
surveys. The peak at the end of DTL1 could be qualitatively
explained with the simulation results [21] indicating thatTU1I0201 Overview and Commissioning

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Figure 7: Distribution of neutron events over time in cycle
recorded with one of the nBLM-F detectors during a ∼2 hourand ∼2.5 hour time window with a 5 µs (left) and 50 µs (right)
long beam pulse, respectively.

tem characterised the reaction time of the complete interlock
chain. For this test, a fault was instigated by lowering the
maximum current threshold in the MEBT BCM system located just after the MEBT chopper. The full interlock chain
consists of the BCM system, signal transmission, FBIS processing, signal transmission to the choppers and the chopper
systems themselves. When the MEBT chopper was used, themeasured reaction time was approximately 2.3 µs (Fig. 9)
and when only the LEBT chopper was used, the measured
reaction time was approximately 3.2 µs. The reaction timedifference between the two cases is due to the beam propagation time between the LEBT chopper and MEBT chopper.

majority of particles outside of the DTL1 acceptance are
expected to be lost at this location. Note that, for slow detectors, the event rate differs from the actual neutron rate due
to pile-up. Further analysis is ongoing in order to accountfor that.

Figure 9: Full chain interlock reaction time measured by thefast BPM with both LEBT and MEBT chopper included in
the systems for inhibiting beam production.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Figure 8: Preliminary results of number of neutron events
recorded with fast (top) and slow (bottom) nBLM detectors
for different beam parameters.

Bunch-by-bunch Characterization
The Fast BPM (FBPM) and Fast BCM (FBCM) systems
provide high bandwidth and high sampling rate measurements for bunch-by-bunch characterisation of the beam. The
FBCM, with 700 MHz bandwidth is based on a Bergoz Fast
Current Transformer and a 20 GSa/s acquisition system. The
Fast BPM is based on two regular stripline BPMs, positioned 30.1 cm apart, with separate 20 GSa/s acquisition systems each incorporating 3 GHz analog front-end electronics.
Propagation delays between the FBPM channels are matched
to ±50 ps resulting in an energy measurement accuracy of±20 keV with a precision of ±100 keV [7]. The FBCM and
FBPM were both used to verify LEBT and MEBT chopper
rise and fall times and for precise timing alignment of thetwo choppers.
When a protection function identifies unacceptable beam
conditions, the Fast Beam Interlock System (FBIS) [22] utilizes several actuators to inhibit beam production. Theseactuators include the LEBT and MEBT choppers that dump
the beam that is already propagating through the front endof the linac. Under controlled test conditions, the FBPM sys-

The primary role of the NCL at this phase of the ESS
project is to provide an appropriate beam for the commissioning of the remaining accelerator. As evidenced in thepreceding sections, the NCL beam instrumentation systems
supported the NCL commissioning and are ready to support
the upcoming campaigns: 1. initial commissioning of theentire SCL and the beam transport line to the linac Dump
and 2. first beam on target by transporting beam through thedogleg and A2T beam delivery system.
In parallel with the NCL commissioning activities, thediagnostics team continued to install SCL and transport line
instrumentation. Downstream of DTL4, the instrumentation
suite will include an additional 10 BCMs, 77 BPMs, 46
nBLMs, 262 ICBLMs, 5 pairs of Ionisation Profile Monitors [23], 9 pairs of WSs in SCL and A2T, 3 pairs of Fast
Wire scanners in the HEBT, 3 Imaging systems [24, 25] and4 Aperture Monitors [26].

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank to all past and present colleagues from ESS and external institutes who contributed
to the ESS linac project. In particular, we appreciate thecritical support received during the design, development,
manufacturing, installation and testing of the BI systems.

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