Title :Characterization of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Wastewater
Treatment Plants in Indonesia.
Project members :Susi Sulistia1
Agus Sudaryanto1, Dwindrata B Aviantara1, Budi Kurniawan1, Setiyono1, Fuzi Suciati1
Tatsuya Kunisue2, Rumi Tanoue2
Affiliations :1ResearchCenter for Environment and Clean Technology, National Research andInnovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.
2Centerfor Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5,

Matsuyama, Ehime prefecture, Japan. 790-8577.
Purpose :To determine pharmaceutical and personal care products PPCPs in wastewaters
treatment plants particularly from sewage (domestic) waste water treatment plants andhospital where the treatment water enter to main river basin in Jakarta and West Java,
Indonesia such as Citarum River Basin, Ciliwung River Basin and Cisadane River Basin,in order to understand the occurrence and distribution of PPCPs in WWTPs. This study
will comprehensively provide information on large number of PPCPs parameters andserve to enrich the inventory of pharmaceutical pollution on a global scale and identify
potential PPCPs sources in the country, which will provide important data for decisionmakers.
Methods:
Sampling and Sample
The study was combined of sampling survey to acquire the samples and chemicals
analysis at laboratory. Samples are influent and effluent from domestic, hospital, andlandfill waste water treatment plants (WWTPs). The WWTPs was selected to thosewhich have effluent to the major river basin in Jakarta and West Java such as Citarum
River Basin, Ciliwung River Basin and Cisadane River Basin as source of drinking water.
Sample collection was implemented in April – June 2023. A total of 26 water samples
collected from influent and effluent of domestic WWTPs (5 samples, respectively),influent and effluent of hospital WWTPs (4 samples, respectively), influent and effluentof municipal dumpsite leachate WWTPs (4 samples, respectively). Sampling location
showed in table 1. Figure 1 shows the sampling activities in domestic, hospital, andmunicipal dumpsite leachate WWTPs.

5 / 10Table 1. Sampling locations
Sample ID

Location

GPS Coordinate

D-1 (In)

Depok City

D-WWTP Pondok Terong, Depok

S 6°26'53.02504"

E 106°48'4.31111"

D-1 (Out)

Depok CityD-WWTP Pondok Terong, Depok

S 6°26'53.02504"

E 106°48'4.31111"

D-2 (In)

Depok City

D-WWTP Pondok Terong, Depok

S 6°26'52.81282"

E 106°48'4.26031"

D-2 (Out)

Depok City

D-WWTP Pondok Terong, Depok

S 6°26'52.69902"

E 106°48'4.13597"

D-3 (In)

Tangerang City

D-WWTP Tanah Tinggi

S 6°10'28.62462"

E 106°38'51.80964"

D-3 (Out)

Tangerang City

D-WWTP Tanah Tinggi

S 6°10'40.62126"

E 106°38'18.82673"

D-4 (In)

Jakarta

D-WWTP Krukut

S 6°21'64.41085"

E 106°81'6.46917"

D-4 (Out)

Jakarta

D-WWTP Krukut

S 6°21'64.41085"

E 106°81'6.46917"

D-5 (In)

Jakarta

D-WWTP Setiabudi

S 6°20'47.18"

E 106°82'8.488"

D-5 (Out)

Jakarta

D-WWTP Setiabudi

S 6°20'47.18"

E 106°82'8.488"

TPA-1 (In)

Depok City

TPA-WWTP Rawa Kucing

S 6°8'6.42926"

E 106°37'11.52736"

TPA-1 (Out)

Depok City

TPA-WWTP Rawa Kucing

S 6°8'6.42926"

E 106°37'11.52736"

TPA-WWTP Tangerang Selatan

S 6°19'27.95117"

E 106°39'35.48948"

TPA-WWTP Tangerang Selatan

S 6°19'27.95117"

E 106°39'35.48948"

TPA-WWTP Tangerang Selatan

S 6°19'36.00246"

E 106°39'43.59298"

TPA-WWTP Tangerang Selatan

S 6°19'36.00246"

E 106°39'43.59298"

TPA-2 (In)

TPA-2 (Out)TPA-3 (In)

TPA-3 (Out)

Tangerang Selatan
Regency
Tangerang Selatan
Regency
Tangerang Selatan
Regency
Tangerang Selatan
Regency

TPA-4 (In)Jakarta

TPA-WWTP Bantar Gebang, Bekasi

S 6°34'77.90"

E 106°99'78.63"

TPA-4 (Out)Jakarta

TPA-WWTP Bantar Gebang, Bekasi

S 6°34'77.90"

E 106°99'78.63"

RS-1 (In)Jakarta

RS-WWTP Cawang

S 6°36'21.86"

E 107°11'80.19"

RS-1 (Out)Jakarta

RS-WWTP Cawang

S 6°36'21.86"

E 107°11'80.19"

RS-2 (In)Jakarta

RS-WWTP Kebayoran Lama

S 6°14'28.47"

E 106°47'33.43"

RS-2 (Out)Jakarta

RS-WWTP Kebayoran Lama

S 6°14'28.47"

E 106°47'33.43"

RS-3 (In)Yogyakarta City

RS-WWTP Yogyakarta

S 7°49'33.0"

E 110°22'40.6"

RS-3 (Out)Yogyakarta City

RS-WWTP Yogyakarta

S 7°49'33.0"

E 110°22'40.6"

RS-4 (In)Surabaya City

RS-WWTP Surabaya

S 7°16'05.4"

E 112°25'29.1"

RS-4 (Out)Surabaya City

RS-WWTP Surabaya

S 7°16'05.4"

E 112°25'29.1"

6 / 10Figure 1. Sampling activities
PPCPs Analysis
Analysis of samples was conducted at Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry andEcotoxicology, Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University,
Japan. PPCPs analysis using Prominence UFLC XR (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) withAsentis Express C18 (Supelco, Bellefonte, USA) column. The mobile phase used inanalysis

were0.1%

CH3COOH

inMilli-Q

water/methanol(95:5,v/v)

andacetonitrile/methanol (50:50, v/v).
Result of Laboratory Analysis
Results of the laboratory analysis on PPCPs in water samples collected from influent
and effluent of domestic, hospital, and municipal dumpsite leachate WWTP showed at
figure 2(a), 2(b), and 2(c) respectively.

7 / 10

(a)

(b)

(c)
Figure 2. PPCPs analysis of influent and effluent in domestic (a), hospital (b), and

8 / 10

The highest concentration of PPCPs compound in influent of domestic, hospital,and municipal dumpsite WWTPs were acetaminophen (105752 ng L-1), ibuprofen(108753 ng L-1), and BPA (6560000 ng L-1) respectively. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen
are effective and common anti-fever agents, which have been used for both adults andchildren as two over-the-counter drugs. Both ibuprofen and acetaminophen possess
different toxicities to organisms. The main sources of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in
the environment are derived from human excretions via urine or feces. Theoretically ifthey could be completely removed in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs),
their potential ecological risks to natural environment could be well controlled (Wu et al.,2023).
Previous study showed that ibuprofen and paracetamol are pharmaceuticals
compounds found in the wastewater (Li et al., 2020; Phong Vo et al., 2019). They arecommonly used to treat aches and pains (de Oliveira et al., 2019). Due to their
persistence or continuous environmental exposure, many micropollutants can passthrough wastewater treatment systems since most of the current WWTPs are notdesigned to remove micropollutants. Moreover, most WWTPs are also lack of wellestablished micropollutant precautions and performance monitoring (Ahmed et al., 2017;
Li et al., 2019). Thus understanding of current status of PPCPs in wastewater treatment
plant from developing countries is of concern for policy maker to better improvement of
the WWTPs facilities, in particular around sewage (domestic) treatment plants andhospitals in Indonesia.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is included among the chemicals identified as potential
endocrine disruptors (Carlisle et al. 2009). BPA is an organic compound used inindustrial applications to make hard and clear plastics in the primary production ofpolycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, flame-retardants, and other specialty products
worldwide. It can be found in many consumer products such as baby milk bottles,reusable beverage bottles, plates, mugs and food storage containers (Le et al. 2008). BPA
is released into the environment through air, land, and water during manufacturing,processing, and leaching from end of life treatment. In water environments, BPA isreleased through sewage treatment effluent (via human-ingested BPA being eliminatedinto sewage), landfill leachate (via hydrolysis of BPA from plastics), or naturaldegradation of polycarbonate plastics (Kang et al. 2006).
References
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cycle assessment of advanced wastewater treatment processes: Involving 126
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