SC/57/O5

Cruise Report of the Japanese Whale Research Program underSpecial Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) Area V and Western Part ofArea VI in 2004/2005
Shigetoshi Nishiwaki1), Daisuke Tohyama2), Mutsuo Goto1), Toshihiro Mogoe1), Tatsuya Isoda1), Masaomi Tsunekawa2),
Kiyokazu Yoshimura2), Hidenori Kasai1), Takuya Teraoka1), Takehisa Koyanagi1), Shin Ito1), Akihiro Kitajima1), Mitsuhito
Ogihara1), Atsushi Hasegawa1) and Takuma Fujihira3)
Contact e-mail: nisiwaki@cetacean.jp
1) The Institute of Cetacean Research, 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055 Japan.
2) Kyodo Senpaku Kaisya, Ltd., 4-5 Toyomi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0055 Japan.
3) Department of Animal Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro-city,
Hokkaido, 080-0833 Japan.
ABSTRACTThe eighteenth Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) was conducted in Area
V and western part of Area VI (VIW) from 7 December 2004 to 8 March 2005. One sighting vessel (SV), threesighting/sampling vessels (SSVs) and one research base ship were engaged in the research. Total searching distance of one
SV and three SSVs was 18,712.0 n.miles (Area VIW; 4,118.5 n.miles, Area V; 14,593.5 n.miles). The eight whale species
managed by International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling were conformed in this cruise. Antarctic minke
whales were the most dominant species observed in the whole research areas which except for the West-North stratum in
the Area V and widely distributed in the entire research area. The total sightings of the Antarctic minke whales by the four
research vessels were 4,400 individuals of 1,711schools. Many sightings occurred following the Antarctic minke whale inorder of the humpback whale, the sperm whale, the fin whale and the southern bottlenosed whale in whole research Area
except for the East-South stratum in the Area V. Out of 1,049 schools (3,045 individuals) in the primary sightings ofAntarctic minke whales by SSVs, 467 schools (1,167 individuals) were targeted for sampling. A total of 440 individuals
were sampled (110 from Area VIW, 330 from Area V). Sampling efficiency (the rate of succeeded sampling for targetedindividuals) was 94%. Two discovery marks attached at western part of Area V (66°16’S, 140°57’E) in 1981 werecollected from mature female captured in eastern part of Area V (72°59’ S, 172°12’E). Mature females were dominant in
the East-South stratum, whereas mature males were dominant in the North strata in Area V and Area VIW. Pregnant
females were most dominant in the East-South stratum and a few immature individual of both sexes were sampled in thesame stratum. Pregnant females were 182 individuals in the whole research areas and they had 182 fetuses. A total of 70
targeted individuals in the photo-ID experiment were photographed (five blue, 62 humpback and three southern rightwhales). A total of 42 biopsy skin samples were collected (one southern right, two fin, 38 humpback whales and one
carcass of Antarctic minke whale). Regarding to the oceanographic survey, CTD, XCTD and XBT castings wereconducted at 62, 100 and 12 locations, respectively, andEPCS survey was conducted for 90 days by KS2 and 93 days by
YS2. It conducted the quantitative echo sounder survey which ranges over 11,488.2n.miles in the whole research area by
KS2. Several features of this cruise are following; 1) East-South stratum in Area V (Ross Sea) opened most widelycompare to past cruises, 2) relatively warm surface water (from 1°C to 4°C) widely distributed in the western part of Area
V, and 3) cooperative survey with R/V Kaiyo Maru had conducted in the Eastern part of Area V for the elucidation of
Antarctic marine ecosystem.
KEYWORDS: ANTARCTIC MINKE WHALE; SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE; SCIENTIFIC PERMITS
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INTRODUCTION
The Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) was planed as long-term
program of eighteen years including two years of feasibility study in compliance with ArticleVIII of the International
Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW). After two seasons of feasibility survey in 1987/88 and 1988/89, thefull-scale research started in 1989/90. The program was designed to repeat surveys in the Antarctic Areas IV and V
alternatively in each of sixteen years of the research period. From 1995/96, the survey area was expanded into a part ofAreas III and VI to improve the stock structure study of Antarctic minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) (Governmentof Japan, 1987, 1989, 1995). The original objective of expansion to the eastern part of Area III and western part of Area VI
was a feasibility study on stock identity to examine the hypothesis of the occurrence of more than one stock in Areas IV and
V (Government of Japan, 1995; 1996) and to clarify the distribution pattern of hypothesized Core Stock.
The research plan of the 2004/2005 JARPA was submitted to the 56th Annual Meeting of the International Whaling
Commission and the Scientific Committee (IWC/SC) meeting (Government of Japan, 2004). The objectives of the researchwere as follows;
1) Elucidation of the stock structure of the Southern Hemisphere minke whales to improve the stock management,2) Estimation of biological parameters of the Southern Hemisphere minke whales to improve the stock management,3) Elucidation of the role of whales in the Antarctic marine ecosystem through studies of whale feeding ecology,4) Elucidation of the effect of environmental changes on cetaceans.
This cruise is the final one of eighteen years of JARPA program. This paper reports the eighteenth cruise of JARPA,
which was conducted from 7 December 2004 to 8 March 2005 in the Antarctic Area V and VIW. Furthermore the firstcooperative survey with R/V Kaiyo Maru had conducted in the Eastern part of Area V for the elucidation of Antarctic
marine ecosystem. Details of this cruise were reported in SC/57/O16.
RESEARCH METHODS
Research area
The research area for the present survey was composed of the western part of Area VI (Area VIW, 170°W-145°W) and theentire Area V (130°E-170°W) in the area between south of 60°S and the ice edge line (Fig.1).
Area V was divided into the eastern and western parts by longitudinal line of 165°E and then farther divided into
northern and southern strata. The western part was separated into northern and southern by a line of offshore between 60
and 100 n.miles from the ice edge line. For the eastern part, the area between 60°S and 69°S was designed as the northern
stratum, and south of 69°S (i.e. Ross Sea) as the southern stratum. Consequently, the entire research area in Area V was
divided into four strata (East-North, East-South, West-North and West-South). Area VIW was treated as one stratum.
Research vessels
Kyoshin Maru No.2 (KS2; 372GT) was dedicated to sighting survey and most of all experiments were conducted by thisship (sighting vessel; SV). Three vessels, Yushin Maru (YS1; 720GT), Yushin Maru No.2 (YS2; 747GT) and Kyo Maru
No.1 (K01; 812.08GT) were engaged in sighting and sampling surveys (sighting / sampling vessels; SSVs). Nisshin Maru
(NM; 7,575GT) served as a research base on which all biological examinations of collected samples were conducted.
Cruise track line, sighting and sampling method
Fig. 2 shows the track line of the main course. The method for establishment of the cruise track line in Area V was same as
the previous JARPA surveys (Nishiwaki et al. 1997 and 1999). A zigzag line was used both the western part of Area VI andall strata in entire Area V. The sighting information was collected during steaming on the set track lines as well as duringtransit and experiments. Pack ice lines were estimated by the direct observation of research vessels and the informationfrom Near real-time DMSP SSM / I daily polar griddled sea ice concentrations data set available from the National Snowand Ice Center (NSIDC, Cavalieri et al., 1999), US.
Sighting and sampling procedures were same as in the previous JARPA surveys (Nishiwaki et al. 1999, Ishikawa et al.
2

2000). The sighting survey using SSVs was conducted under limited closing mode (when a sighting of Antarctic minke
whale was made on the predetermined track line, the vessel approached the whale and species and school size wereconfirmed). One Antarctic minke whale was sampled randomly from each primary sighted school within 3n.miles of the
track line. The dwarf form minke whale was not a target for sampling. Three SSVs advanced along parallel track lines 7
n.miles apart, at a standard speed of 11.5 knots.
The sighting survey by SV was conducted under limited closing mode and passing mode (even if sighting was made on
the predetermined track line, the vessel did not approach the whale directly and searching from the barrel was
uninterrupted).
The survey was operated under optimal research conditions (when the wind speed was below 25 knot in the south strata
and 20 knot in the north strata and visibility was over two n.miles). In addition to the sighting of Antarctic minke whales or
whales suspected to be Antarctic minke whales, the SV approached blue (B. musculus), humpback (Megaptera
novaeangliae), southern right (Eubalaena australis), pigmy right (Caperea marginata), fin (B. physalus), sei (B. borealis),
sperm (Physeter macrocehpalus) and southern bottlenose (Hyperoodon planifrons) whales for conducting someexperiments. The SSVs also approached the same whale species as experiments in SV while they engaged in sighting
survey.
Low and middle latitudinal sighting survey
During transit cruises, sighting surveys were conducted in the area between 30°S and 60°S except for Areas within national
EEZs. The results of these surveys are not shown in this report.
Experiments
Sighting distance and angle experimentThis experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the accuracy of the information on sighting distance and sighting angle
given by observers of the SV and SSVs.
Photo-identification experiment
The following species were targeted for photographic record of natural markings by SV and SSVs: blue, humpback andsouthern right whales.
Biopsy sampling
In addition to the species targeted for the photo-identification experiment, pygmy right, fin, sei, sperm, southern bottlenose
whales were targeted for biopsy skin sampling by the SV and SSVs using compound-crossbow. All collected sample were
preserved at –80°C.
Oceanographic and acoustic survey
SV conducted the following oceanographic survey.
1) Hydro-acoustic survey using a scientific echo sounder (EK500 with operating frequencies at 38kHz, 120kHz,
200kHz, SIMRAD, Norway) to elucidate distribution and abundance of prey species of Antarctic whales
2) Consecutive measuring of water surface temperature, conductivity, surface chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, surface
particle and surface flow by Electric Particle Counting and Sizing System (EPCS)
3) XCTD and CTD survey4) Marine debris recording in the research area.
In addition to these surveys mentioned above, SV deployed Argo profiling floats (profiling devices), which collectedhigh quality oceanographic data of upper and middle layers of the world ocean almost simultaneously with very highspace-time resolution, during this cruise in cooperation with Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC)(See http://w3.jamstec.go.jp/ARGO/J_ARGOe.html).
SSV (YS2) also conducted EPCS survey. All marine debris found in the stomach of Antarctic minke whales was3

recorded and collected on NM.
Biological research
Biological researches on all sampled whales were conducted on the research base ship (NM).
RESULTS
Outline of the research activities
Table 1 shows an outline of the research activities. The research period in the Antarctic Area V and VIW was 92 days
between 7 December 2004 and 8 March 2005.
Searching effort
Table 2 shows the searching distance (n.miles) by each stratum. The SV covered 5,878.9n.miles and three SSVs covered
12,833.1 n.miles. Total searching distance of one SV and three SSVs was 18,712.0 n.miles (Area VIW; 4,118.5 n.miles,
Area V; 14,593.5 n.miles). Total searching efforts during this cruise was similar to the past JARPA cruises. For eachstratum, however, searching effort of all strata except for the western part of Area VI and East-South stratum in Area V
was low compare with past JARPA cruises because of the stormy weather continued through the whole research period byinfluence of developing low pressures. On the other hand, the searching effort of the East-South stratum (Ross Sea)
during this cruise was 9,182.1 n.miles which was the longest searching distance through the past JARPA cruises because
sea ice in this stratum opened most widely compare to past cruises. For comparison, this stratum was the narrowest in the
2002/03 JARPA and searching effort of this stratum was 2,111.9 n.miles.
Whale species sighted
Table 3a through 3c show the summary of whale species and number of sightings by SV and SSVs. The eight whale
species managed by International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling were conformed in this cruise. Baleen whale
were confirmed following six species; Antarctic minke, blue, fin, sei, humpback and southern right whales, and two
toothed whales; sperm and southern bottlenose whales.
Antarctic minke whale was the most dominant species in the whole research areas and widely distributed in the entire
research area except for the West-North stratum in the Area V. The number of total sightings of Antarctic minke whales by
the four research vessels was 1,711 schools (4,400 individuals). For the other large whales, humpback whale(381individuals of 224 schools), the sperm whale (118individuals of 115 schools), the fin whale (126 individuals of 53
schools) and the southern bottlenosed whale (83 individuals of 47 schools) were observed.
Distributions of confirmed whale species in the research areas
Fig. 3 shows distribution of primary sightings of Antarctic minke whales in Areas VIW and V. Antarctic minke whales
widely distributed in the research areas throughout the research periods. High concentrated areas were conformed in thesouthern part of Areas VIW and V. The distribution of Antarctic minke whales in northern part of the whole research area
was few compared with the southern part in the whole research area. In addition to the bad weather described above, such
distribution might be caused by warm surface water from the Antarctic convergence projected to the southward through thesurvey period.
Fig. 4 shows distribution of sightings of fin, sei and humpback whales in research areas. Fin whales and humpback
whales widely distributed in the entire research area except for the East-South stratum of Area V. These sightings
overlapped to those of Antarctic minke whale in northern strata but were very few in the East-South stratum of Area V
where Antarctic minke whales were highly concentrated.
Fig. 5 shows distribution of sightings of blue and southern right whales. Sightings of blue whales were widely dispersedin the entire research area, although they were observed at limited areas in the past research cruises. Southern right whales
were sighted in the limited area in southern part of the West-South stratum in Area V.
Fig. 6 shows distribution of sightings of sperm and southern bottlenose whales. They were widely distributed in theentire research areas except the southern part of the East-South stratum in Area V.
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Mean school size and density index of Antarctic minke whale
Table 4 shows density indices (DI; number of schools sighted/100 n.miles searching distance) and mean school size (MSS)
of primary sightings of Antarctic minke whale by vessels and stratum. MSS of SV and SSVs in Area VI were comparable
to the past surveys and the DI of SV and SSVs was relatively higher than the past cruises. The DI of northern strata in the
Area V showed the relatively lower than previous JARPA surveys. Regarding to the southern strata in Area V, DI of
East-South stratum and West-South stratum are relatively low and high in comparison with past cruises, respectively. The
MSS of West-South stratum by SSVs shows the highest value compare with past cruises and other strata/vessels showedsame values with previous surveys.
Sampling of Antarctic minke whale
Out of 1,049 schools (3,045 individuals) in the primary sightings of Antarctic minke whales by SSVs, 467 schools (1,167
individuals) were targeted for sampling. A total of 440 individuals were sampled (110 from Area VIW, 330 from Area V).
Sampling efficiency (the rate of succeeded sampling for targeted individuals) was 94%. This value was highest among theprevious JARPA surveys.
Of targeted individuals, 27 individuals could not be sampled. Among those, seventeen individuals were missed becauseof their swimming activity (fast speed, long diving or quick mobility). Five individuals were canceled to take because ofbad chasing condition (foggy or sunset). Sampling was abandoned for four individuals because they escaped into the packice. One individual was the cases of struck and lost.
Experiments
A sighting distance and angle experiment was preformed on 8 January 2005 by the SV and SSVs. The results of thisexperiment will be used in calculation of abundance estimates.
Table 5a summarizes the results of photo-ID and biopsy sampling. The photo-ID experiment was conducted within theentire research areas. A total of 70 targeted individuals were photographed (5 on blue, 62 on humpback and 3 on southern
right whales). A total of 42 skin biopsy samples were collected from humpback whales (n=38), fin (n=2), southern right(n=1) and carcass of Antarctic minke whales (n=1).
Table 5b shows the summary of oceanographic and acoustic surveys. CTD, XCTD and XBT castings were conducted at
62, 100 and 12 locations, respectively. EPCS survey was conducted for 90 days by KS2 and 93 days by YS2 in total. KS2
conducted the quantitative echo sounder survey which ranges over 11,488.2n.miles in the whole research area.
The marine debris survey was carried out concomitant with the sighting survey of the SV in all research areas. A total offour debris (four buoys） were confirmed. Seven cases of alien substances from the stomach content of the collected
whale were confirmed; one case of pebbles from the western part of Area VI, a piece of wood from the East-Southstratum and two and three sheets of feather from West-North stratum and West-South stratum of Area V, respectively.
Biological research
Biological research was conducted on the research base ship for all whales sampled (177 males, 263 females). Table 5summarizes biological data and samples collected.
Mark recapture
Two discovery marks (39128 of UK, 39130 of UK) were collected from mature female with the 8.87 m body length. This
animal was captured at the 72°59’ S, 172°12’E on 5th February in 2005. These discovery marks were attached at 66 °16’S,140°57’E on 4th January in 1981 by the IDCR cruise and the estimated body length was 29 ft (8.84 m).
It was fourth case detected during JARPA research program started from 1987/88. The other discovery marks weredetected from animals taken in Area IV in 1991/1992 (Fujise et al., 1993a) in Area V, in 1992/1993 (Fujise et al., 1993b)
in Area IV and in 2001/ 2002 (Ishikawa et al., 2002) during JARPA cruises. All cases including present study animals
were captured at same Area with attached position.

5

Products
All the whales collected were processed on NM after biological survey was completed, according to the provisions ofArticle VIII of the Convention. A total of 1,892 tons of meat, blubber, viscera, etc. was produced.
Preliminary analyses of biological information
Sex ratio and reproductive status
Table7 and Fig.7 show the reproductive status of all samples by each stratum. Because histological examination has notbeen done yet, maturity of males was tentatively determined by testis weight according to Kato (1986), i.e., testis over than
400g were determined to be mature while others were classified as immature. Maturity of female was determined byexistence of corpus luteum or albicans in ovaries.
The composition of reproductive status of collected Antarctic minke whales is shown in Fig. 8. Mature females were
dominant in the East-South stratum (74.3%), whereas mature males were dominant in the North strata (41.38% in East and
75.0% in West) in Area V and Area VIW (47.3%). Pregnant females were most dominant in the East-South stratum (65.1%)
and a few immature individual of both sexes was sampled in the same stratum (1.1% in male, 7.0% in female). Pregnant
females were 182 individuals in the whole research areas and they had 182 fetuses.
Length composition
Table 8 shows mean body length of Antarctic minke whales collected in each stratum. Maximum length of the sample was
9.26m for male and 9.91ｍ for female, minimum length was 4.50m and 4.73m, respectively.
DISCUSSION
The eighteenth JARPA survey was conducted in Area V and western part of Area VI (VIW) from 7 December 2004 to 8
March 2005 for 142days. Characteristic results of this research cruise were as follows,
1) East-South stratum in Area V (Ross Sea) opened most widely compare to past research cruises,
2) relatively warm surface sea water (from 1°C to 4°C) widely distributed in the western part of Area V, and3) cooperative survey with R/V Kaiyo Maru had conducted in the Eastern part of Area V for the elucidation of
Antarctic marine ecosystem.
Regarding to 1), the searching distance in the East-South stratum in the Area V (Ross Sea) was 9,182.1 n.miles and it
was 4.3 times longer than the same stratum in 2002/03 research cruise (2,111.9 n.miles) (Nishiwaki et al., 2003). Reason
for such a large searching effort on this stratum was to be made the most widely open sea compare with previous JARPA
cruises and it was relatively good weather condition during this cruise. Consequently, we could allocate the largest effort
on this stratum during 32 days compare to past JARPA cruises. On the other hand, the sighting density index of Antarctic
minke whale in this stratum was approximately 5 times lower than the same stratum in 2002/03 research cruise. Ross Sea
opened very narrowly in 2002/03 cruise and Antarctic minke whales were highly concentrated in this stratum. These
results mean that reason for low density of Antarctic minke whale in present cruise was due to disperse of animals in thewide open sea. This situation is resembled to that of 1996/97 research cruise which was widely opened following present
cruise (Nishiwaki et al., 1997).
In relation to 2), the sighted composition of whales during this research cruise resembles closely between eastern andwestern parts of Area V except southern two strata. The whale species composition in the western sector of Area V isdifferent from the other strata. The widely distributed relatively warm surface water may be influenced for such a
difference of whale species composition. This warm surface sea water condition of this cruise is resembled to that of
2000/01 research cruise (Nishiwaki et al., 2001). In the West-North stratum, the humpback whale became a dominant
species instead of the Antarctic mink whale, although sighting effort was low compare with other strata. Relatively manysightings of the whale species such as the fin and southern bottlenosed whales which appear to the warm surface waterarea were observed in this stratum. Antarctic minke whales might be forced to concentrate in the southward of the6

West-South stratum because warm surface water was invaded to southward. Humpback and the fin whales were also
distributed near the ice-edge in this stratum. Sampling effort and the number of samples in the West-North stratum werelimited due to terrible bad weather and the low number of Antarctic minke whale sightings.
With regard to 3), the first cooperative survey with R/V Kaiyo Maru had conducted in the Eastern part of Area V for
65 days between 25th December 2004 and 27th February 2005 to collect data simultaneously on Antarctic krill, otherzooplanktons and its predator whales to relate their distribution and abundance in relation with physical and biologicalenvironment in a meso-scale in the Ross Sea and its adjacent waters (Naganobu et al. this meeting). Such a cooperative
study will be useful for the elucidation of Antarctic marine ecosystem. In relation to this survey, Fig. 9 shows thepreliminary analysis on stomach contents of Antarctic minke whale in the East-South stratum in Area V. The average ofnet weight of first stomach contents of 186 individuals taken in this stratum was 13.08Kg±2.09 and this value was thelowest compare with past four surveys. This value would be influenced by higher rate (41.4%) of empty stomach contents
than past cruises (1996/97; 35.2%, 2000/01; 15.9%, 2002/03; 11.4%). Such a situation might be related to the ice packcondition in the Ross Sea. The largest average value was detected in 2002/03 cruise and sea ice was not melt in theeastern part of longitude 180° in same year. On the other hand, sea ice melted and made open sea in the eastern part oflongitude 180° in greater or lesser degree in another years. These results suggested that prey species (mainly krill) would
concentrate when the open sea was narrow and consequently the average of the weight of stomach contents was high, andthat would disperse when the sea was widely opened, the average was low. Therefore average of the weight of stomach
contents might be depended on the density of krill distribution in relation to size of open sea. Detailed analyses on thefeeding ecology will be presented in the future.
These results would indicate that the feeding migration and segregation pattern of cetaceans were strongly influenced
by yearly change of oceanic environmental condition such as sea water temperature and ice-pack distribution. Therefore
long-term monitoring for the elucidation of Antarctic marine ecosystem should be necessary.
ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS
We are indebted to Dr. Hiroshi Hatanaka, director-general of the ICR and Mr. Hideki Moronuki, the government of Japanfor implementation of the research. We thank research technicians, Messrs. Yasuhiro Murai, Chinori Asahina and Chihiro
Naganuma, Kyodo Senpaku Kaisya Ltd., for their contribution. Mr. Takashi Takaoka from the Government of Japan,
served as onboard inspector. We are also indebted to all the crew, colleagues of the ICR and other related institutions who
participated in the research for their contributions. We would like to express the Government of Japan while provided
financial support for this research.
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Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) Area V and Western Part of Area VI in 2000/2001. Paper SC/53/O11 presented to the
IWC Scientific Committee, May 2001 (unpublished). 24pp.
S. Nishiwaki, D. Tohyama, T. Mogoe, H. Murase, G. Yasunaga, M. Mori, T. Yoshida, K. Fukutome, S. Machida, R. Ogawa,R. Oka, S. Ito, T. Konagai, T. Isoda, Y. Mori H. Iwayama and N.Horii,2003. Cruise Report of the Japanese Whale
Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA) Area V and Western Part of Area VI in 2002/2003.
Paper SC/55/O6 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 2003 (unpublished). 20pp.
Pastene and Goto, 1998. Further RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA in Antarctic minke whales from Areas III and VI.
Paper SC/50/CAWS4 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, April 1998 (unpublished). 16pp.
Pastene and Goto, 2000. Mitochondrial DNA analysis in minke whales from Antarctic Areas V and VI. Paper SC/52/IA3
presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, Jun 2000 (unpublished). 12pp.

8

Table1. Outline of the research activities
Date

Vessels

12/Nov./2004

NM,SV,SSVs

Low and middle latitudinal sighting survey
in transit area

29/Nov./2004 to 5/Dec./2004

NM,SV,SSVs

Sighting and sampling survey
in Area VIW

7/Dec./2004 to 25/Dec./2004

NM,SV,SSVs

Event
Departure from Japan

Sighting and sampling survey in East-north stratum 26/Dec./2004/ to 13/Jan./2005
SV
14/Feb./2005/ and 15/Feb./2005
in Area V
27//Dec./2004/ to 13/Jan./2005 NM and SSVs
Sighting and sampling survey in East-south stratum 14/Jan./2005 to 13/Feb./2005
14/Jan./2005 to 15/Feb./2005
in Area V

SV
NM and SSVs

Sighting and sampling survey in West-north stratum17/Feb./2005 to 23/Feb./2005
7/Mar./2005 and 8/Mar./2005
in Area V
19/Feb./2005 to 24/Feb./2005

NM and SSVs

Sighting and sampling survey in West-south stratum 23/Feb./2005 to 7/Mar./2005
25/Feb./2005 to 8/Mar./2005
in Area V

SV
NM and SSVs

Low and middle latitudinal sighting survey
in transit area

10/Mar./2005 to 16/Mar./2005

NM,SV,SSVs

31/Mar./2005

NM,SV,SSVs

Arrive in JapanSV

SV:Sighting Vessel, NM:Nisshin-Maru (Research base vessel), SSVs:Sighting and Sampling Vessels

Table2. Searching distances (n.miles) of one sighting vessel (SV) and three sighting / sampling vessels (SSVs) in eachstratum.

Area

Stratum

Block

West

East North

V
East SouthGrand Total

Sub Total

Closing

Passing

Sub Total

248.6
636.6
36.2

333.7

1146.01479.7794.5
57.1

1680.5
106.7

0.0
0.0
0.0

1146.0Transit

85.1
157.9
20.9

1680.5106.7

2475.0163.8

Sub Total

263.9

921.4

1185.32933.20.0

2933.24118.5

North

92.7

287.5

380.2

1160.90.0

1160.91541.1

Middle

120.5

303.6

424.1

832.4

86.9

919.3

1343.4

South

84.3

147.8

111.5
132.6

2.7
48.9

114.2
181.5

346.3
354.0

South

Transit

0.0

172.5

232.1
172.5

Sub Total

297.5

911.4

1208.92237.4138.5

2375.93584.8

East

192.7

719.8

912.5

1720.70.0

1720.72633.2

West

196.6

509.1

705.7

1405.10.0

1405.12110.8

0.0

North

325.0

672.7

Transit

0.0

226.2

997.7
226.2

2297.5
114.5

802.2

2297.5916.7

3295.21142.9Sub Total

714.3

2127.82842.15537.8802.2

6340.09182.1

69.7

202.1

271.8

698.2

0.0

698.2

970.0

313.1
4475.8

370.8

485.8

856.6

5878.911892.4

0.0
940.7

485.8
12833.1

18712.0West NorthWest South
Total

SSVs

Passing

North

ＶＩ

SV
Closing

57.7
1403.1

9

Table 3-a. Summary of whale sightings conducted by SV and SSVs in western part of Area VI.
Vessel type
Prim./Sec.

SV
SSVs
Prim.
Sec.
Total
Prim.
Sec.
Total
Species Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind.
Antarctic minke whale
46
81
1
1
47
82 133 216
4
4 137 220
Like minke whale
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
Blue whale
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
Fin whale
11
29
0
0
11
29
12
22
1
2
13
24
Humpback whale
29
45
1
2
30
47
29
43
2
2
31
45
Unidentified baleen whale
21
29
3
5
24
34
2
3
0
0
2
3
Sperm whale
9
9
1
1
10
10
22
22
1
1
23
23
Southern bottlenose whale
7
14
0
0
7
14
8
17
1
1
9
18
Unidentified cetaceans
6
6
0
0
6
6
25
25
0
0
25
25
Total
133 2176
9 139 226 235 352
9
10 244 362

Table 3-b. Summary of whale sightings conducted by SV and SSVs in eastern part of Area V.
North stratum
Vessel type
Prim./Sec.

SV
SSVs
Prim.
Sec.
Total
Prim.
Sec.
Total
Species Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind.
Antarctic minke whale
61
81
3
3
64
84
93 1431
1
94 144
Like minke whale
3
3
0
0
3
3
1
1
0
0
1
1
Blue whale
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
Fin whale
4
13
1
2
5
15
9
12
0
0
9
12
Humpback whale
42
78
3
3
45
81
63
99
4
7
67 106
Unidentified baleen whale
20
29
1
2
21
31
6
7
0
0
6
7
Sperm whale
15
15
0
0
15
15
16
16
2
2
18
18
Southern bottlenose whale
10
17
0
0
10
17
11
16
1
3
12
19
Unidentified cetaceans
3
3
0
0
3
3
35
35
0
0
35
35
Total
158 2399
11 167 250 235 330
8
13 243 343

South stratum
Vessel type
Prim./Sec.

SV
SSVs
Prim.
Sec.
Total
Prim.
Sec.
Total
Species Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind. Sch. Ind.
Antarctic minke whale
395 8191030 405 849 690 1601
1627 706 1628
Like minke whale
4
6
0
0
4
6
17
17
0
0
17
17
Blue whale
1
2
0
0
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
3
Fin whale
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
Humpback whale
1
2
0
0
1
2
9
17
0
0
9
17
Unidentified baleen whale
25
33
0
0
25
33
4
8
3
4
7
12
Sperm whale
13
15
0
0
13
15
23
23
2
2
25
25
Southern bottlenose whale
1
2
0
0
1
2
4
5
0
0
4
5
Unidentified cetaceans
8 107
0
0
8 107
39
42
0
0
39
42
Total
448 9861030 458 1016 788 1716
22
34 810 1750

10

Table 3-c. Summary of whale sightings conducted by SV and SSVs in western part of Area V.
North stratum
SV
SSVs
Prim.
Sec.
Total
Prim.
Sec.
Total
Species Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.
Antarctic minke whale
5
5
0
0
5
5
5
11
0
0
5
11
Blue whale
2
3
0
0
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fin whale
1
1
0
0
1
1
9
24
0
0
9
24
Sei whale
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
Humpback whale
11
21
0
0
11
21
10
22
2
5
12
27
Southern right whale
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Unidentified baleen whale
5
8
0
0
5
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sperm whale
3
4
0
0
3
4
7
7
1
1
8
8
Southern bottlenose whale
1
2
0
0
1
2
2
4
0
0
2
4
Unidentified cetaceans
1
1
0
0
1
1
5
5
0
0
5
5
Total
30
46
0
0
30
46
39
74
3
6
42
80
Vessel type
Prim./Sec.

South stratum
SV
SSVs
Prim.
Sec.
Total
Prim.
Sec.
Total
Species Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.
Sch.
Ind.
Antarctic minke whale
111
251
3
8
114
259
128 10746
44
134 1118
Like minke whale
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
1
2
4
5
Blue whale
3
4
0
0
3
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fin whale
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
18
1
2
4
20
Humpback whale
2
4
0
0
2
4
15
29
1
2
16
31
Souyhern right whale
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
Unidentified baleen whale
10
14
0
0
10
14
1
3
1
3
2
6
Southern bottlenose whale
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
2
Unidentified cetaceans
1
1
0
0
1
1
12
12
0
0
12
12
Total
128
275
3
8
131
283
164 11421053
174 1195
Vessel type
Prim./Sec.

11

Table 4. Density indices (DI, number of schools per 100 n.miles) and mean school size (MSS) of
Antarctic minke whale primary sightings by SV and SSVs.
Area

ＶＩ

StratumWest

East North

V
East South

Block
North
South
Transit
Sub Total
North
MiddleSouthTransit
Sub Total
East
West
North
Transit
Sub Total

West NorthWest South
Total

Ser. Dist.
(n.mile)
333.7
794.5
57.1
1185.3

SV
Antarctic minke primary sighting
Sch.
Ind.
DI
MSS
1
45

1
80

380.2
424.1
232.1
172.5
1208.9

0
46
1
23
15
22
61

912.5
705.7
997.7
226.2
2842.1

Ser. Dist.
(n.mile)

0
81
1
33
21
26
81

0.3
5.7
0.0
3.9

1.0
1.8
0.0
1.8

1146.01680.5106.72933.2

0.3
5.4
6.5
12.8
5.0

1.0
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.3

1160.9
919.3
114.2
181.5
2375.9

223
45
93
34
395

526
49
187
57
819

24.4
6.4
9.3
15.0
13.9

2.4
1.1
2.0
1.7
2.1

271.8
370.8

5
111

5
251

1.8
29.9

5878.9

618

1237

10.5

SSVs
Antarctic minke primary sighting
Sch.
Ind.
DI
MSS
14
117

14
200

1.2
7.0
1.9
4.5

1.0
1.7
1.0
1.6

1720.71405.12297.5916.7
6340.0

2
133
9
55
26
3
93
302
113
224
51
690

2
216
10
71
58
4
143
979
125
428
69
1601

0.8
6.0
22.8
1.7
3.9

1.1
1.3
2.2
1.3
1.5

17.6
8.0
9.7
5.6
10.9

3.2
1.1
1.9
1.4
2.3

1.0
2.3

698.2
485.8

5
128

11
1074

0.7
26.3

2.2
8.4

2.0

12833.1

1049

3045

8.2

2.9

Table 5a.Summary of photo-ID and biopsy sampling.
Photo ID
SpeciesSouthern right whale
Blue whale
Humpback whale

Stratum
Area V
Total
Area VI
East-North
West-North
East-South
West-South
West
3
3
1
4
5
13
27
13
9
62

Biopsy samples
Stratum
Area V

SpeciesSouthern right whale
Fin whale
Humpback whale
Antarctic minke whale (Carcass)

Total
Area VIWest East-North West-North East-South West-South
1
1
2
2
7
18
5
8
38
1
1

Table 5b. Summary of oceanographic and acoustic survey.
S tr a tu m

CTD

XCTD

XBT

S ta tio n s

S ta tio n s

S ta tio n s

K S2
D ays

Y S2
D ays

A rea V I W est
A rea V

22

0

0

19

20

2 ,3 0 1 .0

E a s t- N o r th

9

40

8

22

22

2 ,8 1 4 .8

E a s t- S o u th

27

21

4

31

33

4 ,5 3 3 .5

W e s t- N o r th

2

17

0

8

6

8 0 7 .6

W e s t- S o u th

2

22

0

10

12

1 ,0 3 1 .3

T o ta l

62

100

12

90

93

1 1 , 4 8 8 .2

12

EPCS

Q u n a tia itiv eech o so u n d er
n .m ile sTable 6. Summary of biological data and samples collected
Samples and data
Male

Number of whales
FemaleTotal-DataPhotographic record of external character
Body length and sex identification
Measurement of external body proportion
Body weight
Body weight by total weight of parts
Skull measurement (length and breadth)Standard measurement of blubber thickness (five points)
Detailed measurement of blubber thickness (fourteen points)
Mammary gland; lactation status and measurement
Breadth measurement of uterine horn
Testis and epididymis weight
Weight of stomach content in each compartment
Photographic record of fetus
Fetal length and weight
External measurements of fetus
Number of ribs

177
177
177
177
26
165
177
26
177
177
83
83
83
177

263
263
263
263
39
245
263
39
263
263
263
87
86
87
263

440
440
440
440
65
410
440
65
263
263
177
440
185*
170**
170
440

-SampleDiatom film record and samplingSerum sample for physiological study
Earplug for age determination
Earplug for chemical analysis (one of the pair)
Tympanic bone for age determination
Largest baleen plate for age determination
Largest baleen plate for morphologic study
Vertebral epiphyses sample
Ovary
Histological sample of endometrium
Histological sample of mammary gland
Milk sample for chemical analysis
Histological sample of testis
Histological sample of epididymis
Testis and epididymis stamp smear for sperm detection
Skin, blubber, muscle, liver, kidney and heart tissues for genetic study
Muscle, liver and kidney tissues for heavy metal analysis
Blubber and liver tissues for organochlorine analysis
Muscle, liver and blubber tissues for lipid analysis
Stomach contents for food and feeding study
Stomach contents for heavy metal analysis
Stomach contents for organochlorine analysis
Stomach contents for lipid analysis
External parasites
Internal parasites
Fetus
Fetal skin, blubber, muscle, liver, kidney and heart tissues for genetic stu
Oocyte for in-vitro fertilization (IVF)
Fetal serum for culture
Skin sample
Placenta for histological study
Placenta for immunohistochemical study
Fetal humeres for histological study
Liver, kidney, spleen, testis, brain for histological study
Fetal brain and upper jaw for histological study
Marine debris

177
176
176
12
57
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
26
52
10
12
9
39
56
83
12
5
1
3

263
263
263
8
76
263
263
263
263
263
263
7
263
263
263
39
64
12
8
16
72
70
87***
206
9
13
82
6
6
1
17
3

440
439
440
20
133
440
440
440
263
263
263
7
177
177
177
440
440
440
65
116
22
20
25
111
126
9
170
206
9
25
82
11
6
1
17
6

* : including a fetus of sex unidentified.
** : Since a fetus was broken by harpoon, external measurement was partly done.
*** : including a partly broken fetus whose skin, blubber, muscle, kidney and heart.

13

Table 7. Reproductive status of Antarctic minke whales collected. Numbers in parenthesis represent
ratio of samples in each stratum (%). Maturity of males was tentatively defined by testis weightaccording to Kato (1986). “Resting” represents non-pregnant mature female without corpus luteum.
“Preg+Lac” represents pregnant and lactating female and “Ovulating” represents female, which had
corpus luteum, but fetus was not observed.
Stratum
Area VI west
Area V
East-North
East-South
West-North
West-South
Combined
Grand total

Male
Immature Mature
1552(13.6)(47.3)
15(23.8)
2
(1.1)
0
(0.0)
2
(2.6)
19
(5.8)
34
(7.7)

26
(41.3)
32(17.2)
3(75.0)
30(39.0)
91(27.6)
143(32.5)

Total
67(60.9)

Immature25(22.7)

Pregnant
17(15.5)

Resting1(0.9)

FemalePreg+Lac0(0.0)

Ovulating0(0.0)

Unknown
0
(0.0)

Total
43
(9.9)

41
(65.1)
34(18.3)
3(75.0)
32(41.6)
110(33.3)
177(40.2)

17(27.0)
13
(7.0)
0
(0.0)
4
(5.2)
34
(10.3)
59(13.4)

4(6.4)
121(65.1)
1(25.0)
39(50.7)
165(50.0)
182(41.4)

0
(0.0)
12
(6.5)
0
(0.0)
2
(2.6)
14
(4.2)
15
(3.4)

1
(1.6)
2
(1.1)
0
(0.0)
0
(0.0)
3
(0.9)
3
(0.7)

0
(0.0)
3
(1.6)
0
(0.0)
0
(0.0)
3
(0.9)
3
(0.7)

0
(0.0)
1
(0.5)
0
(0.0)
0
(0.0)
1
(0.3)
1
(0.2)

22
(5.0)
152
(34.5)
1(0.2)
45(10.2)
220(50.0)
263(59.8)

Table 8. Mean body length (m) with standard deviation and body length range of Antarctic minke
whales collected in each stratum. Maturity of males was defined as Table 7.
Stratum

Area VI West

Male

FemaleImmature

Mature

Total

Immature

MatureTotal

6.42 ± 0.97

8.24 ± 0.36

7.83 ± 0.94

6.26 ± 1.02

8.60 ± 0.48

7.24 ± 1.43

(4.50 - 7.82) (7.02 - 9.23) (4.50 - 9.23)(4.73 - 7.77) (7.52 - 9.53) (4.73 - 9.53)

6.04 ± 0.86

6.42 ± 1.04

Area V
East-North
East-South
West-North
West-South
Combined

Grand total

8.39 ± 0.39

7.53 ± 1.29

8.74 ± 0.78

6.95 ± 1.39

(4.80 - 7.40) (7.59 - 9.26) (4.80 - 9.26)(5.04 - 7.91) (7.84 - 9.62) (5.04 - 9.62)

7.48 ± 1.07

7.70 ± 0.58

8.32 ± 0.25

8.27 ± 0.36

(6.72 - 8.23) (7.64 - 8.85) (6.72 - 8.85)

8.89 ± 0.37

8.79 ± 0.52

(6.52 - 8.36) (8.00 - 9.91) (6.52 - 9.91)-

8.68 ± 0.11

8.68 ± 0.11

-

8.46

8.46

-

(8.55 - 8.77) (8.55 - 8.77)

-

-

-

8.06 ± 0.70

8.86 ± 0.37

8.79 ± 0.46

6.85 ± 0.12

8.40 ± 0.35

8.30 ± 0.51

(6.76 - 6.93) (7.36 - 8.90) (6.76 - 8.90)(7.04 - 8.61) (8.01 - 9.76) (7.04 - 9.76)

6.72 ± 0.94

7.10 ± 1.09

8.38 ± 0.33

8.02 ± 0.93

8.88 ± 0.39

8.60 ± 0.85

(4.80 - 8.23) (7.36 - 9.26) (4.80 - 9.26)(5.04 - 8.61) (7.84 - 9.91) (5.04 - 9.91)

6.34 ± 0.94

6.74 ± 1.13

8.33 ± 0.35

7.95 ± 0.94

(4.50 - 8.23) (7.02 - 9.26) (4.50 - 9.26)

14

8.85 ± 0.40

8.38 ± 1.09

(4.73 - 8.61) (7.52 - 9.91) (4.73 - 9.91)

Fig. 1. Geographic location of research area of the 2004/2005 JARPA surveys.

15

16

Fig. 2. Cruise track line of sighting vessel and sighting / sampling vessels in 2004/2005 JARPA. Pack ice lines are estimated by observation ofresearch vessels and the information from Near real-time DMSP SSM / I daily polar griddled sea ice concentrations data set available from the
National Snow and Ice Center (NSIDC, Cavalieri et al. 1999), US.

17Fig. 3. Distribution of primary sightings of Antarctic minke whales sighted by SV and SSVs in 2004/2005 JARPA

Fig. 4.

18

Distribution of primary sightings of fin, sei and humpback whales sighted by SV and SSVs in 2004/2005 JARPA

19

Fig. 5. Distribution of sighting of blue and southern right whales sighted by SV and SSVs in 2004/2005 JARPA

20

Fig. 6. Distribution of primary sightings of toothed whales sighted by SV and SSVs in 2004/2005 JARPA.

21

Fig. 7. Sighted position of sampled Antarctic minke whales by sex and reproductive status in 2004/2005 JARPA.

N. of individuals
50 100 150

39
2
4

17
1
25
52
15

5
0
17
26
15

−60

33
2
fema

nt
gna t
pre gnanprenon ureatimmure
mat ure
at
imm

124
15
13
32
2

−70

le

male

−80

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

Fig. 8. The composition of reproductive status of Antarctic minke whales collected

Fig. 9. The composition of net weight of first stomach contents ofAntarctic minke whales collected in the East-South stratum by year22