On the Publication of Defense of Japan 2022

KISHI Nobuo

Minister of Defense

The international community is currently facing its greatest trial since WWII. It is not an exaggeration
to say that we have entered a new period of crisis in the twenty-first century. Russia’s aggression
against Ukraine has shocked the world, with the loss of countless innocent civilians’ lives giving
rise to deep indignation and grief. Such unilateral changes to the status quo by force should never betolerated, as they shake the very foundation of the international order based on universal values thathas supported the peace and prosperity of the international community.
This defiance of international order is not just Europe’s problem. As strategic competition between
nations becomes more apparent against the backdrop of changes to the global power balance, theexisting order is being exposed to serious challenges, especially in the Indo-Pacific region, which isat the center of this competition.
In particular, China continues to unilaterally change or attempt to change the status quo by
coercion in the East China Sea and South China Sea. The country’s ties with Russia, an aggressor
nation, have deepened in recent years, with joint navigations and flights being conducted in the areas
surrounding Japan by both Chinese and Russian vessels and aircraft. Furthermore, China has madeclear that it would not hesitate to unify Taiwan by force, further increasing tensions in the region.
North Korea has repeatedly carried out ballistic missile launches well into 2022, thereby
unilaterally escalating its provocations towards the international community. It has also defended
Russia in respect of the latter’s aggression against Ukraine, asserting that the fault for this situation
lies with the United States and other Western countries.

Fortunately, Japan has many likeminded partners. In the face of unprecedented challenges,
the ties between the partners are further strengthened. Among these, the bond of the Japan–U.S.
Alliance remains unshakeable, and trilateral cooperation among Japan, the U.S., and Australia, andquadrilateral cooperation among Japan, the U.S., Australia, and India, are further deepening. Also,
as symbolized by vessels making port calls to Japan one after another last year, Japan continues towork together with European nations to ensure that the region is free and open.
As a way of defending against any such changes to the international order based on universal
values, Japan must not delay in bringing together its knowledge and technology and putting all its
collective efforts into strengthening its national defense capabilities.
Japan is currently working on drawing up a new National Security Strategy, etc. under the orderof Prime Minister Kishida, and the Government will establish these new strategies boldly andcreatively, thinking flexibly beyond existing paradigms in order to preemptively deter changes to thestatus quo by force and to also be fully prepared for modern warfare, including information warfare
and cyber warfare, both seen during Russia’s aggression against Ukraine.
Right now, a large gray cloud hangs over the path towards world peace and security, and theoutlook is seemingly obscure. However, one thing for certain is that creating the international orderof tomorrow rests on the choices and actions of the people of today. Standing firm in its policies
as a peace-loving nation, Japan resolutely continues to oppose any parties who attempt to forciblychange the world order. Japan also intends to continue demonstrating the strength of freedom anddemocracy and the significance of human rights and laws to the world through its unwaveringconviction and tireless efforts.
To constantly defend Japan in a resolute manner and ensure continued regional and international
peace and prosperity, as well as international order based on universal values, which has come tosupport this peace and prosperity thus far, the Ministry of Defense (MOD) and the Self-Defense
Forces (SDF) will continue to decisively deal with any and all difficulties to push through this timeof trial.
We hope that this white paper clearly explains to Japanese and international readers that the MOD
and the SDF have the will and capability to achieve the above, in addition to helping further increase
understanding of the environment surrounding Japan and the efforts of the MOD and the SDF.

CUS 1F

Current

China’s Civil-Military Fusion (CMF) and military“intelligentization” China
China is ramping up “Civil-Military Fusion” (CMF;◆

the fusion of military and civilian resources), andintelligentization (use of AI, etc.), with the aim ofbuilding a “world-class military.”**Although China has not defined what it means by “world-class military,”
it has been pointed out that China may be trying to develop militaryforces that are equal to—or in some cases superior to—the U.S. force.

Accelerating the development
and deployment of UAVs

Accelerating the developmentof hypersonic glide vehicles
Ballistic missiles believed to be capable of carrying a hypersonic glide vehicle [Avalon/Jiji Press Photo]▶ Comparison with China’s defense expenditures (past 10 years)(100 million yuan)
16,000

Defense budget continues to rise（％）
25

Defense budget (in 100 million yuan)
Year-on-year growth rate (%)

14,000Chinese combat UAV TB-001 in flight between
the main island of Okinawa and Miyakojima Island

20
12,00010,000

Improving maritime
force capability

15

8,000
10

6,000
4,000

0

5

Japan’s defense-related
expenditures in
FY2022: 5.1788 trillion yen

2,000
89

91

93

95

97

99

01

03

05

07

09

11

13

15

17

19

21 22

0
(FY)

（注）「国防費」は、「中央一般公共予算支出」（2014年以前は「中央財政支出」と呼ばれたもの）における「国防予算」額。
「伸び率」
は、対前年
度当初予算比。ただし、2002年度の国防費については対前年度増加額・伸び率のみが公表されたため、これらを前年度の執行実績からの増加分として予算額を算出。また、16年度及び18 〜 22年度は「中央一般公共予算支出」の一部である「中央本級支出」における国防予算のみが公表されたため、
その数値を
「国防費」
として使用。伸び率の数値は中国公表値を含む。

For over 30 years, China has been growing its defense budget at a high level
and rapidly improving its military power in qualitative and quantitative
terms with focus on nuclear, missile, naval and air forces, which is raisingstrong concerns.

China’s indigenous aircraft carrier “Shandong”[Avalon/Jiji Press Photo]

Russia’s aggression against Ukraine◆ Unilateral
Unilateral changes to the status quo by force shakethe foundation of the entire international order,
including Asia

Russia’s continuing aggression against Ukraine since February 2022 is aserious violation of international law prohibiting the use of force. There areconcerns that the effects of such unilateral changes to the status quo by force
may extend to the Indo-Pacific region.
Russia’s armored vehicles in Ukraine [SPUTNIK/Jiji Press Photo]

In addition to the use of military forces, Russia is believed to have used so-called “hybrid warfare” methods in its aggression against Ukraine,
including cyber attacks on internet networks and disinformation campaigns. As for Ukraine, it is reported that political leaders are disseminating
information and UAV operations are being conducted using satellite internet provided by U.S. companies.

Booklet －01

DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2022

Security Issues
Intensifying strategic competition
between states

Countries increase
investment in defense R&D◆ Responding to challenges to the international

order has become a global issue

Strategic competition between states is intensifying in the context of the changing
global balance of power. Such strategic competition is further complicated by factors
such as China’s broad and rapid military build-up, Russia’s aggression against Ukraine,and cooperation between China and Russia, making the struggle for international
order a global issue.

The U.S. has positioned economic
security as a part of national security

Enactment of the Economic
Security Promotion Act[CNP/Jiji Press Photo]◆S cope of national security is rapidly

expanding to economic and technological fields

Technological advancements are changing the features of warfare as AI-equipped drones conduct attacks andreconnaissance activities, and influence operations such as disinformation campaigns and information diffusion
become more sophisticated.
The development, utilization, and management of various technologies, etc. have become policy focal points, basedon the recognition that countries that gain an edge in emerging technologies critical to the economy and security will
have an advantage in inter-state competition.

[Jiji]

What will the future security environment
be like in the Indo-Pacific region?
◆ ChinaChina is relentlessly continuing unilateral attempts to change the status quo by

coercion near the Senkaku Islands. China is also pursuing unilateral changes tothe status quo and the creation of faits accomplis in the South China Sea.

China abstained from voting on a UN resolution condemning Russia’s aggression
against Ukraine and has been strengthening coordination with Russia in recent years
Joint naval patrol by Chinese and Russian warships (October 2021)▶Intrusions into the territorial waters surrounding
the Senkaku Islands by China Coast Guard and other vessels(days and number of vessels) (as of March 28, 2022)(Days)
60(Vessels)200

54 188
Number of days

50

Total vessels

40
32
30

88
23

108

32

29

95

73

19

20

150

40

126

36 121

35

110
29

100

88

70
50

10
0

0
0
2010

1

4

14

2

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

North Korea defends Russia.
Throughout the aggression
against Ukraine, North Korea has
intensified provocations by repeatedly
launching ballistic missiles,
including ICBM-class missiles

2021

2022

0
(Year)<January to March>

Image published by the
Korean Central News
Agency announcing thelaunch of the “Hwasong-17”
ICBM-class ballistic missile
[EPA/Jiji]
DEFENSE OF JAPAN

Booklet －02

F

CUS 2 “Deterrence”

Given the severe security environment described in FOCUS 1,
“Deterrence
Deterrence”” is critical for both defending Japan and creating peace

Missile interception◆ Deterrence:

The ability to discourage another country from aggression.

Deterrence is essential in preventingchanges to the status quo backed by force.
● It is essential for inter-state and regional stability to have the necessary defense capabilities toStrong JapanU.S. Alliancediscourage aggression and make other states understand that they cannot invade one’s country.
● A strong alliance can bilaterally prevent aggression from other countries.
● 
Providing one country’s deterrence capabilities to its allies and others is called “extended
deterrence.” For example, the U.S. provides Japan with extended deterrence through its various
capabilities.
● A system of collective opposition (economic sanctions, military sanctions, etc.) to aggressor nations
based on treaties, etc., can also serve as deterrence, and NATO is an example of this.

Examples of Japan’s deterrence efforts

Aerial maneuvers training conducted by V-22 Osprey

In order to fully exert Japan’s defense capabilities, JSDF must
continuously maintain and improve its tactical skills andresponse capabilities from peacetime, and training andexercise comprise one of the important elements in this regard.
This will help to clearly demonstrate Japan’s strong defense
posture and firm intentions to defend itself, and will serve as
deterrence to discourage other countries from aggression.

Booklet －03

DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2022

MSDF Exercise 2021 (ANNUALEX-21)

Bilateral training with
U.S. Air Force bombers

Fosters PeaceStrengthening Japan’s Own Architecture for
National Defense◆ Defense capabilities deter threats from reaching Japan by making opponents realize thatdoing harm to Japan would be difficult and consequential.

Air-to-air missile AIM-120
launched from an F-35

In order to significantly reinforce its defense capabilities, Japan has prepared the FY2022 initial budget andthe FY2021 supplementary budget together as one integrated “Defense Strengthening Acceleration Package.”▶Deployment
Deployment of units to the southwestern area(conceptual map)

Establishment of GSDF Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade
in 2018 (Ainoura)
Establishment of GSDF electronic warfare unit in 2022 (Ainoura)
Establishment of GSDF surface-to-air guided missile
unit in 2022 (Takematsu)

Type 12 surface-to-ship
guided missile

Establishment of GSDF electronic warfare unit in 2021 (Kengun)
Establishment of GSDF surface-to-ship guided missile unit in
2022 (Kengun)(To be established) GSDF electronic warfare unit (Sendai)

Amami Oshima Island
Okinoerabujima Island
Main island of Okinawa
Kumejima Island
Senkaku Islands

Yonagunijima
IslandEstablishment of GSDF Yonaguni Coast Observation Unit
in 2016 (Yonaguni)
Deployment of part of the ASDF 53rd Warning Squadronin 2022

Ishigakijima Miyakojima Island
IslandEstablishment of GSDF Amami Area Security Force, surface-to-ship
guided missile unit and surface-to-air guided missile unit (Amami,
Setouchi) in 2019
Establishment of GSDF electronic warfare unit in 2022 (Amami)
Establishment of ASDF 9th Air Wing in 2016 (Naha)
Establishment of ASDF Southwestern Air Defense Force in 2017 (Naha)
Establishment of Southwestern Aircraft Control and Warning Wing in2017 (Naha)
Establishment of GSDF electronic warfare unit in 2022 (Naha, Chinen)

Establishment of GSDF Miyako Area Security Force in 2019 (Miyakojima Island)
Transfer of GSDF 7th Antiaircraft Artillery Group in 2020 (Miyakojima Island)
Establishment of GSDF 302nd Surface-to-Ship Missile Defense Battery in 2020
(Miyakojima Island)(To be established) GSDF Area Security Force unit (Ishigaki)(To be transferred) GSDF surface-to-ship guided missile unit
(Kengun to Ishigaki)
GSDF surface-to-air guided missile unit (Takematsu to Ishigaki)(As of April 1, 2022)[Legend]
GSDF Units

MSDF UnitsASDF Units

Strengthening the Japan-U.S. Alliance◆W hile Japan continues to actively and autonomously reinforce its defense capabilities, it isalso strengthening cooperation in a wide range of domains, including space and cyberspace,to enhance the Japan-U.S. Alliance capabilities to deter and respond.

U.S. Marine F-35B landing on the MSDF destroyer JS “Izumo”

Japan-U.S. Defense Ministerial Meeting(May 2022)

DEFENSE OF JAPAN

Booklet －

04

F

CUS 3

Efforts inEfforts in the space domain◆ JapanJapan is fundamentally enhancing its capabilities in the space domain by reinforcing its

space domain mission units, deepening cooperation with JAXA and the U.S., and promoting
initiatives related to satellite constellations.

Establishment of the Space
Operations GroupSpace Situational Awareness(SSA) System to begin
operations

Study on utilization ofsatellite constellations
for missile defense
HGV / China’s DF-17 [AFP/Jiji]

Demonstration
satellite
JAXA optical telescope “Bisei” (coordination with JAXA)

Promotion of training and equipment
acquisition for the start of space
situational awareness missions

MOD Space Situational Awareness Radar(image; planned to begin operating in FY2023)*Satellite constellation: Method of operating a large number of small satellites together as a system to perform
various functions*HGV: Hypersonic glide vehicle; a hypersonic glide weapon that glides and maneuvers through the air at
hypersonic speeds (Mach 5 or faster) to reach its target

Efforts in the cyber domain◆J apan is fundamentally enhancing its cyber defense

capabilities by reinforcing specialized units,
participating in practical cyber defense exercises,
and conducting personnel training.

Establishment of the SDF Cyber Defense Command

Mimic target
Demonstrative satellite device for HGV detection and satellite tracking (image)Training of future personnel for systemand cyber operations

Establishment of
the System/Cyber
Specialized course
at the GSDF HighTechnical School[CCDCOE]

Participation in the Locked Shields
exercise organized by the NATO
Cooperative Cyber Defence Centreof Excellence (CCDCOE)
Booklet －05

DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2022

Holding a cyber security competition(organized by the GSDF) to strengthen
cooperation with participating
nations, including the U.S., France,
and Australia

New Domains and Fields
Efforts in the electromagnetic domain◆ J apan conducts collection and analysis of informationfrom the electromagnetic spectrum under normal
circumstances. Japan has established a system thatcan neutralize an opponent’s use of the electromagnetic
spectrum to gain an advantage in various types ofoperations in case of contingency.

GSDF Camp Tsushima
Establishment of electronic
warfare unit (2023 or later)

GSDF Camp Kengun
Establishment of electronic
warfare unit (2020-)

GSDF Camp Ainoura
Establishment of electronic
warfare unit (2021)

Establishment of electronic
warfare unit (2022)(GSDF Camp Sendai)

Japan will build electronic warfare
units in the southwest region toenhance its electronic warfare
capabilities.
GSDF Camp Amami

Establishment of electronic
warfare unit (2021)

Establishment of
the Electronic Warfare
Operations Unit

GSDF Camp Yonaguni
Establishment of electronic
warfare unit (2023 or later)

GSDF Camp Naha
Establishment of electronic
warfare unit (2021)
Vice-Camp Chinen
Establishment of electronic
warfare unit (2021)

Electronic warfare
unit in operation

0

Efforts in the field ofleading-edge technologies

Future UAV (image)
Air threat
F-X (image)◆ The MOD is promoting various initiatives to gain an

Information-sharing
in real timeedge in advanced technologies and to link them to
new styles of warfare.

In order to counter threats such as hypersoniccruise missiles, the MOD is promoting research on
railguns that can launch projectiles at high muzzle
velocity in rapid succession using electromagnetic
force.

100km

The MOD is promoting research on teaming highly autonomous UAVs that apply
artificial intelligence (AI) technology with manned aircraft such as F-X.

Search anddetection
Drone saturation
attackThe MOD is promoting demonstrations of highpower microwave (HPM) related technologies
for responding to saturation attacks using
drones, etc.

High-power microwave(HPM)

High-speed beam

DEFENSE OF JAPAN

Booklet －

06

F

CUS 4

Creation of a“Free and Open Indo-Pacific”◆ JapanJapan is promoting security cooperation with other countries

See informationon the MOD’s
initiatives related
to the FOIP innine languages.

in order to create a desirable security environment for Japan.
United Kingdom
FranceCanadaOther European
countries

Middle East
& Africa

United States

Japan
India

South
Asia

Southeast
Asia

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Latin America

Pacific Island
Countries

Australia
New Zealand

Major sea lane

*Maps, etc., are for illustration purposes only.

The Indo-Pacific region is the core of the world’s vitality, and home to half the world’s population. Major sea lanes pass through the region. The “Freeand Open Indo-Pacific” (FOIP) vision is based on the concept of ensuring the peace and prosperity of the entire Indo-Pacific region and consequently
the world by realizing a free and open order based on the rule of law in the region. The FOIP is an inclusive vision. Any country can cooperate as longas it endorses the concept.

Cooperation with Partners towards
Upholding and Reinforcing the FOIP

Towards upholding and reinforcing FOIP with the Japan-U.S. Alliance as its cornerstone, MOD actively cooperates with many
countries that share the FOIP vision and have connections to the Indo-Pacific region, including Australia, India, European
countries such as the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, as well as Canada and New Zealand.

Meeting between the Chief of Staff,
Joint Staff and Germany’s Inspector
General of the Bundeswehr

Japan-Germany 2+2 Meeting(video conference)

Telephone discussion between the Chief of Staff,
GSDF, and Germany’s Inspector of the Army

Meeting between the Chief of Staff, MSDF
and Germany’s Inspector of the NavyThe German navy frigate “Bayern” made a port call in JapanThe Chief of Staff, Joint Staff; Chief of Staff, GSDF; Chief of Staff,
MSDF; and Chief of Staff, ASDF met successively with theirrespective German counterparts

Meeting between the Chief of Staff, ASDF, andGermany’s Inspector of the Air ForceCountries and Regions Enhancing
Cooperation towards Upholding andReinforcing FOIP

With respect to countries and regions of the Indo-Pacific that key sea lanes pass through, such as Southeast Asian and South
Asian countries, including ASEAN, and Pacific Island countries, as well as the Middle East, Africa and Latin America, which areimportant for ensuring energy security, Japan is bolstering cooperation towards upholding and reinforcing FOIP, while utilizing
wide-ranging means of defense cooperation and exchanges.

First ministerial-level multilateral international conference held at the MOD

First-ever Japan Pacific Islands Defense Dialogue (JPIDD)
Booklet －07

DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2022

Commander of the Royal Cambodian Army visited Japan

Desirable Security Environment
Capacity building in the Indo-Pacific region
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, capacity building was conducted using a hybrid approach, both in-person and online

Capacity building for the Philippines
using ODA-donated equipment (lifesaving
equipment) (HA/DR)

Participated in the “Hari’i Hamutuk” capacity building
exercise for Timor-Leste organized by Australia

Provided advice and practical support to
UNISFA participating troops on the packingof various goods

Capacity building for ASEAN nations
conducted online (cybersecurity)

Major exercises in the Indo-Pacific region
Large-Scale Global Exercise 2021
(LSGE21) hosted by the U.S.

IPD21

Departure of JS “Kaga,”
flagship of IPD21

Training with
the People’s Army of Vietnam* The map is forillustrative purposes.

Conducted various exercises on the occasion of
the U.K. aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth’s
visit to Japan

GSDF AH-64D (foreground) and
U.S. Marine Corps’ MV-22B onboard JS “Ise”
U.K. aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth (Jiji Press Photo)

IMED21

Pacific Crown 21

Japan-U.S.-U.K.-Netherlands-CanadaNew Zealand Multilateral Exercise

Goodwill exercise with the Sri Lanka Navy

Bay of Bengal

Philippine Sea
South China Sea

Arabian Sea
Indian Ocean

Three U.S. and U.K. aircraft carriers and JS “Ise”

Kamandag 21
La Pérouse 21

Malabar 21

Multilateral training by the French Navy andthe four countries of Japan, the U.S.,
Australia, and India

Deepening cooperation between Japan,
the U.S., Australia, and India

Bilateral training on disaster relief activities
with the Philippine Marine Corps

Bilateral Training on Humanitarian
Assistance and Disaster Relief (HA/DR)
with the Philippine
Air Force (PAF)

First bilateral training between
the ASDF and the PAF

DEFENSE OF JAPAN

Booklet －

08

Ⅰ

Part

Security Environment Surrounding

Overview

Chapter1

Intensifying Inter-state Competition and Challenges to the Existing OrderAs the balance of power changes, inter-state competition is becoming prominent across political, economic,
military, and other realms. Foremost among these is the intensifying strategic competition between the U.S. andChina, as well as the global issue of responding to challenges to the existing order, such as Russia’s aggression
against Ukraine. Such inter-state competition is constantly occurring through a variety of means, including social
networks (SNS), and sometimes even through “hybrid warfare” that combines military and non-military measures.
In addition, technological advances are fundamentally changing the nature of security. Countries are focusing
on developing and utilizing so-called game-changing technologies—cutting-edge technologies such as artificial
intelligence (AI) and hypersonic technology—while at the same time recognizing the importance of economic
security, such as preventing the outflow of such technologies. Science, technology, and innovation are at the coreof intensifying inter-state competition.

U.S.-China virtual summit in September 2021 [AFP/Jiji]

Various Security Challenges Facing
the Indo-Pacific Region
The Indo-Pacific region in which Japan is situated has been significantly affected by changes to the global
balance of power and faces various security challenges. In particular, the tension between the U.S. and China isbecoming more pronounced in Taiwan and the South China Sea.
In addition, in the Korean Peninsula, people have remained divided for more than half a century. In recent
years, so called gray-zone situations have tended to persist for extended periods of time as a part of wars
between nations, and have the risk of rapidly developing into more serious situations without any obvious signs.

Russia’s aggression against Ukraine

A U.S. 7th Fleet destroyer transits through the Taiwan
Strait [US NAVY]

Chapter2

Unilateral Changes to the Status Quo by Force Shakethe Foundation of the International Order, including Asia
Russia’s aggression against Ukraine that began in February 2022 infringes upon the sovereignty and territorial
integrity of Ukraine. It is a serious violation of international law prohibiting the use of force and of the UN Charter.
Such unilateral changes to the status quo by force have shaken the very foundation of the whole international
order, not only in Europe, but in Asia as well.
This is an unprecedented situation in which a permanent member of the UN Security Council, whose primary
responsibility is maintaining international peace and security, is engaging in military actions that conflict withinternational law and order and is claiming the lives of innocent people. The international community, including
Japan, must not tolerate this, since tolerating Russia’s aggression may imply that unilateral changes to the status
quo by force are acceptable in Asia and other regions.
As a result of the current aggression, it is possible that Russia’s national power in the medium- to longterm may decline, and the military balance within the region and military cooperation with China may change.
Furthermore, since the international situation could also be affected across the world, including developments instrategic competition between the U.S. and China and repercussions in Asia, it will be important to closely monitor
related trends with intense interest.
Booklet －09

DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2022

Russian armored vehicles march in Ukraine[SPUTNIK/Jiji Press Photo]JapanDefenseWhite Paper

2022
DEFENSE OF JAPANDIGEST

Defense Policies of Countries

Chapter

3

U.S. Emphasis on Reinforced Competitiveness and Cooperation with Allies and Partners
The Biden administration has focused on reestablishing U.S. dominance and prevailingin strategic competition with China. In the National Defense Strategy Fact Sheet releasedin March 2022, the administration identified China as its most consequential strategiccompetitor and pacing challenge, to be addressed with the highest priority, followed by the
Russia challenge.
The administration also outlined policies for reinforcing cooperation with allies andpartners. In September 2021, the first face-to-face Leaders’ Summit of the “Quad,”consisting of Japan, the U.S., Australia, and India, was held, and AUKUS, a new security
cooperation framework between Australia, the U.K., and the U.S. was established. In
February 2022, the Biden administration also released its first regional strategy: the IndoPacific Strategy of the United States.
The FY2023 budget request announced in March 2022 emphasizes investments in
integrated deterrence and other areas, while prioritizing investments in innovation including
space, cyber, and AI, and modernization.

Japan-Australia-India-U.S. Summit Meeting (September 2021)[Cabinet Public Affairs Office]China Aims to Become a “World-Class Military” by Accelerating “Intelligentization”
through Civil-Military Fusion (CMF), etc.
China is aiming to build a “world-class military” by the mid-21st century. For over 30 years,
it has been growing its defense budget at high levels, engaging in rapid improvement of
its military power in qualitative and quantitative terms with focus on nuclear, missile, naval
and air forces. In summer 2021, China reportedly conducted a test launch of a hypersonicglide vehicle, which is considered more difficult to intercept, into low-Earth orbit. Related
developments are being closely watched.
China is also believed to be aiming to build a “world-class military” by enabling“intelligentized warfare” through the use of AI and other means, by advancing as national
strategy a Civil-Military Fusion (CMF) development strategy that aims to accelerate twoway transfer of military and civilian resources.
China is relentlessly continuing unilateral attempts to change the status quo by
coercion near the Senkaku Islands, leading to a matter of grave concern. In October 2021,
Chinese and Russian warships conducted joint sails that circled around Japan. This exercise
seemed to have been intended as a show of force against Japan.
Chinese military trends, combined with insufficient transparency about China’s defense
policies and military affairs, have become a matter of grave concern to the region including
Japan and the international community, and these trends have been intensifying in recent
years.

General Secretary Xi Jinping delivers a speech during
the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the foundingof the Chinese Communist Party in July 2021
[China News Service/Jiji Press Photo]

Chinese navy warships (right), Russian navy warships (left),and a Z-9 helicopter onboard a Chinese navy Renhai-class destroyer(October 22, 2021)

DEFENSE OF JAPAN

Booklet －

10

Ⅰ

Part

Security Environment Surrounding

Strategic Competition between the U.S. and China and Conflict over Taiwan
The Biden administration has positioned China as the “most serious competitor” challenging U.S. prosperity, security,and democratic values, and has made clear its stance to check China through cooperation with allies and partnercountries. In addition, it has positioned economic security as national security, and is further bolstering its efforts toprevent the diversion of critical and sensitive technologies to strengthen China’s military power. In response, China
has enacted a series of countermeasure laws and regulations. Such strategic competition between the U.S. and China
is having far-reaching international repercussions.
Meanwhile, the conflict between the two countries is also becoming prominent over Taiwan. In April 2021,
the U.S. issued “New Guidelines” to encourage interaction with Taiwanese officials, demonstrating that the U.S. iscommitted to accelerating U.S. involvement in Taiwan. The U.S. continues to conduct U.S. warship transits through the
Taiwan Strait and arms sales to Taiwan. On the other hand, in 2021, China further increased the number of Chinese
military aircraft entering the airspace southwest of Taiwan and has announced that it is conducting field training inthe sea and airspace around Taiwan.
In this situation, besides the U.S., countries in Europe and elsewhere have expressed their interest and concern
in peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait. Taiwan is an extremely important partner for Japan, sharing the same
fundamental values such as freedom and democracy. The stability of the situation surrounding Taiwan is also criticalfor Japan’s security and must be closely monitored with a sense of urgency while cooperating with the international
community, based on the recognition that changes to the status quo by coercion are globally shared challenges.

An F-16V (upgraded from A/B variant) fighter soldto Taiwan by the U.S. [Taiwanese Air Force]

President Tsai Ing-wen meets withvisiting EU Parliament delegation[Taiwanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs]

North Korea Escalates Provocations against the International Community
North Korea is believed to already have the capability to attack Japan with ballistic missiles carrying nuclear weapons,
and it continues to develop ballistic missiles at an extremely rapid pace. North Korea has launched a series of ballistic
missiles with irregular trajectories and missiles that it calls “hypersonic missiles,” while diversifying its capabilities
to include rail-launched and submarine-launched missiles. Therefore, North Korea is believed to be focusing on
improving its capability to breach missile defense networks. In addition, especially since the beginning of 2022, while
the international community has been responding to the aggression against Ukraine, North Korea has repeatedly
launched ICBM-class missiles and others at an extremely high frequency, unilaterally escalating provocations against
the international community.
Such military activities in North Korea pose grave and imminent threats to Japan’s security and significantly
undermine the peace and security of the region and the international community. This pattern has only intensified inrecent years, and may potentially lead to further provocative actions.

Image publicly released by North Korea when it
announced the launch of short-range ballistic missiles
from a rail-mobile launcher (September 2021)[Korea News Service/Jiji]

Russia’s Adoption of a “Strong State” Model,
and the China-Russia “Strategic Alliance”
Russia, which has adopted a “strong state” model, recognizes NATO’s military and other activities in the vicinity ofRussia as a threat. Having ensured that its nuclear capability rivals that of the U.S., the country has been accelerating
the deployment of new weapons, such as planning the mass production and deployment of hypersonic cruise missile“Zircon” from 2022, and improving its asymmetric warfare capabilities through electronic warfare equipment andother measures. Russia had deployed Russian military forces in and around Ukraine since fall 2021, after assertingthat it would not allow Ukraine and other former Soviet Union countries to become NATO members. Then, in February2022, it launched a full-scale aggression against Ukraine.
In the vicinity of Japan, Russia has made moves to strengthen cooperation with China, such as through joint
bomber flights and joint warship sails involving the Russian and Chinese militaries, as well as moves to portray
such military cooperation as “strategic coordination.” These trends warrant concern and must continue to be closely
watched in the future.
Booklet －11

DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2022

China-Russia summit held in February 2022 [AFP/Jiji]

2022

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Trends Concerning New Domains including Space, Cyberspace, and Electromagnetic
Spectrum, and Challenges Facing the International Community

Chapter

4

Science and Technology Developments and Their Impact on Security
As technologies rapidly develop, especially those originating in the non-military sector,
their impact on security is attracting attention. For example, the use of technologies suchas AI will further enable unmanned combat and armed forces with fewer personnel, andmay also revolutionize the accuracy and speed of decision-making. Furthermore, there are
already examples of methods for disrupting other countries through diverse means otherthan those relying on traditional military force, such as cyber attacks. In this regard, there
is a possibility that gray-zone situations will increase and expand.
Given these trends, countries are increasing their investments in research anddevelopment (R&D) to secure a technological advantage, and are focusing on developing
and utilizing technologies that could become namely game-changing technologies. In
addition, they are taking measures from the perspective of so-called “economic security,”such as increasing their self-sufficiency in technological development and production andmaking supply chains more resilient.

GJ-11 stealth unmanned combat aerial vehicle(China’s 70th anniversary military parade)[SPUTNIK/Jiji Press Photo]

Increasing Importance of Space, Cyberspace, and Electromagnetic Domains
Space-based technologies and information and communication networks have becomecore infrastructures in people’s everyday lives and for the military. On the other hand,
China, Russia, and other countries are enhancing their capability to interfere with othercountries’ use of space, and these countries and their militaries are reportedly involved incyber attacks. Thus, stable use of space and cyberspace has become an important issue
for each country.
In addition, countries are working to improve their capabilities in space and cyberspace,along with their capabilities in the electromagnetic domain, under the recognition that thesecapabilities are methods of warfare that effectively deter enemies from demonstrating theirwar potential.
Russia’s “Palantin” electronic warfare system[Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation]

Climate Change Requires Response from the International Community
In recent years, there has been a recognition of the various effects of climate change on
security. For example, it has been pointed out that climate change could undermine thestability of politically and economically vulnerable nations, which would increase the needfor international assistance, including military operations, for these destabilized nations.
Climate change, which is also described as a “threat multiplier,” thus requires acollective response from the international community.

Leaders Summit on Climate hosted by the U.S. (April 2021) [NATO]

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Japan’s Security and Defense Policy

Basic Concepts of Japan’s Security and Defense

Chapter

1

Defense Capabilities Protect Japan’s Independence, Peace, and Security
Peace and security are essential for Japanese people to live with a sense of safety and forJapan to continue to prosper, but simply wishing for these things is not enough to guarantee
them.
Therefore, Japan ensures its peace and security by strengthening the Japan-U.S.
alliance as well as its own defense capabilities, and by developing a seamless defense
posture. Moreover, from the perspective of preventing the emergence of threats to Japan,
the importance of the role played by defense capabilities is increasing in cooperative efforts
in the Indo-Pacific region.
Recognizing the role of such defense capabilities, Japan ensures its peace and security
by exerting efforts in a variety of fields, including diplomacy and the economy.
In addition, based on its Constitution, Japan has efficiently built a highly effective,
integrated defense force in line with the basic principles of maintaining an exclusively
defense-oriented policy and not becoming a military power that poses a threat to othercountries, while firmly maintaining the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements, adhering to theprinciple of civilian control of the military, and observing the Three Non-Nuclear Principles.

Prime Minister Kishida reviewing units at the FY2021 Troop Review for theAnniversary of the Establishment of the Self-Defense Forces

Japan’s Security and Defense Policy

Chapter2

Discussion of All Options for the Development of a New National Security Policy, etc.
The main documents pertaining to Japan’s national security are the National Security
Strategy (NSS), the National Defense Program Guidelines (NDPG), and the Medium Term
Defense Program (MTDP).
In January 2022, Prime Minister Kishida Fumio announced that these documents
were going to be newly formulated over the year, and they are currently under discussion
among the relevant ministers. The Ministry of Defense (the MOD) established the Defense
Strengthening Acceleration Council, chaired by the Minister of Defense. The Council
discusses all manners of options to protect Japan’s territory, territorial waters, territorial
airspace, and the lives and property of its people.
The current NDPG and MTDP, which were formulated in 2018, call for the establishmentof a “Multi-Domain Defense Force” that will enable cross-domain operations, including
space, cyber and electromagnetic spectrum, as well as flexible and strategic operations at
all stages ranging from peacetime to contingencies.

Defense Minister Kishi chairing a “Defense Strengthening Acceleration Council”

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Organizations Responsible for Japan’s Security and Defense

Chapter3

Chapter

4

The MOD and the Self-Defense Forces (the SDF) develop policies and execute missions
based on the fundamental stance discussed at the National Security Council, which is apart of the Cabinet.
In addition, the MOD and the SDF employ an integrated operation system that operates
the Ground, Maritime, and Air Self-Defense Forces in an integrated manner, and are working
to build a system that can implement cross-domain operations, including operations in new
domains such as space, cyber, and electromagnetic spectrum.

Build-up of Defense Capability, etc.
Accelerating the Reinforcement of Defense Capability
Given a situation in which the security environment around Japan is growing increasingly
severe at an unprecedented pace, Japan needs to dramatically reinforce its defense
capabilities. In order to do so, it has prepared the FY2022 annual budget and the FY2021
supplementary budget together as one integrated “Defense-Strengthening Acceleration
Package.” In addition, in order to secure technological superiority, Japan has decided
to significantly increase investment in potentially game-changing technologies, and has
increased R&D expenditure to a record high. The FY2022 annual budget is 5.1788 trillion
yen, up 55.3 billion yen (1.1%) from the previous year, or 5.4005 trillion yen if funds related
to the realignment of U.S. forces are included. Japan’s defense expenditures have set a
record for ten consecutive years.
It is not possible to accurately compare the amounts of defense expenditures ofcountries due to a number of factors: there is no internationally unified definition of defense
expenditures in the first place; even if defense expenditures were publicly disclosed, theiroverall amount or their breakdown is sometimes unclear; and the budget system varies
by country. On such basis, if Japan’s defense-related expenditures are compared to thedefense expenditures officially published by other countries, Japan has the lowest ratio
of defense expenditures to GDP when compared to the G7 countries, Australia, and theRepublic of Korea (ROK). In addition, Australia, the ROK, the U.K., France, and Germany
all spend about two to three times as much on defense expenditure per person as Japan.

Defense expenditures (100 million dollars)

Defense expenditures as % of GDP (%)

8,000

6.0

7,000

Defense expenditures
Defense expenditures as % of GDP

6,000

5.0
4.0

5,000

3.0

4,000
3,000

2.0

2,000
1.0

1,000
0

Japan

U.S.

Defenseexpenditures

China Russia

530

7,176 3,242 1,356

654

304

689

668

642

Defense expenditures
as % of GDP

0.95

3.12

2.73

2.57

2.05

1.99

1.92

1.31

(Reference) The percentage ofGDP based on defense
expenditures published by NATODefense expenditures
per person(US$)
Defense expenditures
per person(ten thousands yen)

‒

3.57

‒

−

‒

‒

2.25

1.93

1.49

420

2,156

225

929

1,274 1,180 1,010 1,022

765

4

21

2

9

12

10

7

1.20

ROK

Australia U.K.

11

10

France Germany

0.0

（注）
1

国防費については、
各国発表の国防費を基に、2021年購買力平価（OECD発表値：2022年4月現在）
を用いてドル換算。
U.S.
「1ドル＝96.759441円＝4.18元＝26.37ルーブル＝808.46233(2.9 times) 74.1
64ウォン＝1.464075豪ドル＝0.667865ポンド＝0.713551仏ユーChina(10.7 times)
34.7
ロ＝0.731457独ユーロ」
32
2 中国が国防費として公表している額は、実際に軍事目的に支出しRussia
16(5.3 times)
13.3ている額の一部に過ぎないとみられ、米国防省の分析によれば、
ROK
8
2021年の実際の国防支出は公表国防予算よりも1.1~2倍多いと(3.6 times)
6.8
5.4
される。
Japan
4
3.3
3 対GDP比については、
各国発表の国防費（現地通貨）
を基に、IMF(1.8 times)
Australia
2
発表のGDP値（現地通貨）を用いて試算。
(4.3 times)
4 NATO公表国防費（退役軍人への年金などが含まれる。
）は各国発
1
表の国防費と異なることがあるため、NATO公表値（2022年3月
0.5
発表）
による対GDP比は、
各国発表の国防費を基に試算したGDP
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022比とは必ずしも一致しない。
U.S.
Japan
ROK
RussiaAustralia
China
5 1人当たりの国防費については、
UNFPA（State of World Population（注 1） 国防費については、各国発表の国防費を基に、2021
年の購買力平価（OECD 発表値：2022 年 4 月現在）を用いてドル換算。なお、2021）
発表の人口を用いて試算。
2022 年の値については、2021 年の購買力平価を用いてドル換算。
6 SIPRIファクトシート（2022年4月公表）によると、「1 ドル＝96.759441
円＝4.18 元＝26.37 ルーブル＝808.46233
ウォン＝1.464075
豪ドル」 2021年の世界（注 2） 日本の防衛関係費については、当初予算（SACO 関係経費、米軍再編関係経費のうち地元負担軽減分、国土強靭化のための 3 か年緊急対のGDPに占める世界の国防費の割合は、2.2%となっており、
日本策にかかる経費などを除く。
）。
（注 3） 各国の 1998-2022
年度の伸び率（小数点第 2 位を四捨五入）を記載。
のGDPに占める防衛関係費の割合は、1.1％となっている。
なお、世界銀行によると、2020年のOECD加盟国のGDPに占めるその国防費の割合は、2.5%となっている。
(Unit: $ 10 billion)
128

Framework for Activities of the SDF and Others

Chapter5

The 2015 Legislation for Peace and Security defined new situations to be addressed, such as “Survival-Threatening Situations” and “Situations that Will Have an
Important Influence,” enabling seamless response to any situation. The Government of Japan will continue to take all possible measures to respond to such situations.
In addition, based on experiences such as the evacuation of Japanese nationals from Afghanistan in August 2021, the Self Defense Forces law was amended in
2022 to remove the limitation that, in principle, the means of transportation must be a government aircraft, to change the safety requirements, and to expand the scopeof evacuees.

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Three Pillars of Japan’s Defense (Methods

Japan’s Own Architecture for National Defense
Irreplaceable Role of Defense Capability

Chapter1

Japan’s Own Architecture
for National Defense

Defense capability is the ultimate guarantor of Japan’s national security. Defense capability
represents Japan’s will and ability: to deter threat from reaching Japan; to eliminate athreat should the threat reach Japan; and to defend to the end Japanese nationals’ lives,
persons and property as well as territorial land, waters and airspace as a sovereign nation,
by exerting efforts on its own accord and initiative. In this sense, defense capability is not
something that can be replaced by any other means.
In light of the increasingly severe and uncertain security environment surrounding
Japan, Japan will build a Multi-Domain Defense Force as a truly effective defense capability.
The Multi-Domain Defense Force will ensure the defense of the nation through crossdomain operations that organically integrate capabilities in all domains, including space,cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum, generating synergy and amplifying overallcapabilities, while at the same time enabling sustained conduct of flexible and strategic
activities during all phases from peacetime to contingencies.
In addition, joint operations are extremely important for the SDF to coordinate
organically and carry out its missions quickly and effectively.
Japan-U.S. Alliance

Security Cooperation

Defense architecture (three pillars)

Response from Peacetime toGray Zone Situations
In order to protect the peace and independence of Japan, the SDF has always beencalmly dealing with acts that infringe Japan’s sovereignty. As part of these efforts, the SDF
conducts constant and continuous intelligence gathering, surveillance, and reconnaissanceactivities across the broad area surrounding Japan while striving to prevent the occurrenceor escalation of situations by flexibly selecting deterrence measures and other approaches.
During peacetime, the SDF conducts intelligence gathering and surveillance in Japan’s
territorial waters and airspace, as well as scrambles.

Defense of Japan including
its Remote Islands

Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) patrol aircraft
conducting surveillance missions

Japan possesses numerous remote islands, and it must position SDF units that suit
the security environment and deploy them according to the situation in order to defend
Japanese nationals’ lives and property, as well as its territory, and other various resources.
If signs of a threat are detected, the SDF will maneuver and deploy units to areas expected
to be invaded to block access and landing of invading forces.
Should any part of our territory be occupied, the SDF will retake it by employing allnecessary measures to suppress the enemy with attacks from aircraft and vessels, andthen the landing of GSDF forces.
Training for the defense of remote islands
Booklet －15

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2022
DEFENSE OF JAPANof Achieving Defense Objectives)

DefenseWhite Paper

DIGEST

Responses in the Domains of Space, Cyberspaceand Electromagnetic Spectrum
The SDF will prevent interference with its activities in the space, cyberspace, andelectromagnetic domains and promptly limit the extent of damage when such situations
occur. In case of armed attack against Japan, the SDF will block and eliminate the attackby leveraging capabilities in space, cyber and electromagnetic domains.
With regard to the space domain, the MOD/SDF is building a space situational awarenesssystem to ensure stable use of space and is improving its capability to gather information
using the space domain. In the cyber domain, the SDF is implementing measures such as
ensuring the safety of information systems and dealing with cyber attacks via specialized
units. In the electromagnetic domain, the SDF is working to reinforce management,
coordination, and information-gathering functions related to the electromagnetic spectrum.
SDF personnel engaging in space-related training

Response to Large-Scale Disasters
When disasters occur, the SDF works in collaboration with local governments, engaging
in various activities such as the search and rescue of disaster victims, ships, or aircraft
in distress, and medical treatment. In addition, the SDF carries out missions to evacuate
Japanese nationals and others overseas.

SDF Activities since Enforcement ofLegislation for Peace and Security
Since the enforcement of Legislation for Peace and Security in 2016, various forms ofpreparation and trainings related to this legislation have been implemented. As an exampleof actual missions related to this, the SDF has provided asset protection for the U.S. Forces
and other units in accordance with Article 95-2 of the Self-Defense Forces Law. In 2021, theSDF provided asset protection for the Australian Defence Force for the first time.

SDF personnel engaging in life-saving activities

Japan-U.S. Alliance

Chapter2

Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements as a Cornerstone for Japan’s Security
The Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements based on the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, together
with Japan’s own national defense architecture, constitute a cornerstone for Japan’snational security. The Japan-U.S. Alliance, with the Japan-U.S. Security Arrangements as
its core, plays a significant role for peace, stability and prosperity of not only Japan but also
the Indo-Pacific region and the international community.
In order to ensure Japan’s peace, security, and sovereignty within the current
international community, Japan has maintained its peace and security, centered on the
security arrangements with the world’s dominant military power, the United States, withwhich it has strong economic ties and shares basic values such as democracy, respect forhuman rights, the rule of law, and a capitalist economy, as well as interests in maintaining
the peace and security of the world.

Japan-U.S. Defense Ministerial Meeting (May 2022)
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Three Pillars of Japan’s Defense (Methods

The NDPG states that, in order to enhance the ability of the Japan-U.S. Alliancecapabilities to deter and respond, Japan will take all necessary measures to ensure
Japan’s peace and security in all stages from peacetime to contingencies as well as during
disasters. For these purposes, Japan will further enhance various operational cooperationand policy coordination with the United States.
In particular, Japan will expand and deepen cooperation in: space and cyber domains;
comprehensive air and missile defense; bilateral training and exercises; bilateral ISR
activities; and bilateral flexible deterrent options. Japan will also promote the development
and update of bilateral plans and deepen the Extended Deterrence Dialogue.
Furthermore, in order to create a desirable security environment including maintaining
and enhancing a free and open maritime order, and with an eye on increasing the Japaneseand U.S. presence in the Indo-Pacific region, Japan and the United States are conducting
Japan-U.S. bilateral activities, such as defense equipment and technology cooperation,
expansion of joint/shared use of U.S. and Japanese facilities and areas, and during thisfiscal year, verification of F-35B take-off and landing to the MSDF’s destroyer JS “Izumo.”
While the presence of USFJ serves as deterrence, it is necessary to consider impacts ofthe stationing of the USFJ on living environments of the local residents and to make efforts
in mitigating impacts in a way that applies to the circumstances of each region. In particular,
the realignment of the USFJ is an extremely important initiative to mitigate the impacts on
local communities, including those in Okinawa, while maintaining the deterrent capabilitiesof the U.S. Forces. Therefore, the MOD is advancing the realignment and making continued
efforts to gain the understanding and cooperation of the local communities which host USFJ
facilities and areas.

Japan-U.S. bilateral joint exercise (Keen Edge 22)

Verification of F-35B take-off and landing on the MSDF Destroyer JS “Izumo”

Security Cooperation

Chapter3

Strategic Promotion of Multi-Faceted and Multi-Layered Defense Cooperation
The MOD/SDF are promoting bilateral and multilateral defense cooperation and exchanges
under the vision of a Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP). The MOD has shared serious
concern about the situations in the East and South China Seas with these countries, issuing
clear messages to strongly oppose unilateral changes to the status quo by coercion andsuch attempts to create faits accomplis.
With respect to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Pacific Island countries, the Middle East,
Africa, and Latin American countries, the MOD/SDF will enhance cooperation to uphold andreinforce FOIP, utilizing a wide range of means for defense cooperation and exchanges,
including cooperation and exchange of personnel, cooperation and exchange of troops,
capacity building cooperation, and defense equipment and technology cooperation.
The United States, Japan’s ally, and Australia, India, as well as the United Kingdom,France, Germany, and other European countries, Canada, and New Zealand, are countries
that not only share fundamental values with Japan, but also have geographic and historicalties to the Indo-Pacific region. The MOD/SDF has been encouraging these countries toBooklet －17

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High-level exchange (Japan-U.K. Defense Ministerial Meeting)2022

of Achieving Defense Objectives)

DEFENSE OF JAPANDefenseWhite Paper

DIGEST

become more involved in the Indo-Pacific region while promoting defense cooperation andexchanges, so that greater impact can be achieved when working together as partners in
the region than could be achieved through unilateral efforts by Japan.
In the space and cyber domains, the MOD/SDF is also reinforcing coordination andcooperation with concerned countries through information-sharing, discussions, exercises,
and capacity-building, in order to quickly gain superiority and establish international norms
in these domains.

Ensuring Maritime SecurityEnsuring the safety of maritime traffic is fundamental to the peace and prosperity ofJapan. The SDF has been dispatching the Deployment Surface Force for Counter Piracy
Enforcement and the Deployment Air Force for Counter Piracy Enforcement since 2009 inorder to protect vessels from acts of piracy in the waters off the coast of Somalia and in
the Gulf of Aden.

Capacity building (Papua New Guinea)

Initiatives for Arms Control,
Disarmament and Non-Proliferation
Japan also actively participates in international initiatives for arms control, disarmament,
and non-proliferation pertaining to WMDs, missiles that can deliver them, conventionalarms, and goods and sensitive technologies that can be delivered to military use.

Efforts to Support International Peace
Cooperation Activities
The MOD/SDF has been proactively undertaking international peace cooperation activities
working in tandem with diplomatic initiatives, including the use of the Official Development
Assistance (ODA) for resolving the fundamental causes of conflicts, terrorism and otherproblems. It has been 30 years since the International Peace Act was enacted.
As a part of its international peace cooperation, the MOD/SDF has dispatchedheadquarters personnel to Multinational Force and Observers Mission (MFO; Sinai
Peninsula, Egypt) and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). In addition,
SDF personnel and civilians have been continually dispatched to the UN Secretariat.
The MOD/SDF has also been carrying out international disaster relief operations fromthe perspectives of making humanitarian contributions and improving the global security
environment. In January 2022, the SDF transported disaster relief supplies to the Kingdomof Tonga, which had been suffering from the damage of a large-scale volcanic eruption.

SDF personnel engaging in operations of UNMISSInternational disaster relief for Tonga

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Ⅳ

Core Elements Comprising Defense

Measures Relating to Training and Exercises

Chapter1

Training to Enhance the Deterrence and Response Capability
In order to fulfill its severe mission of defending Japan, the SDF has been continuously
conducting joint training and various types of training involving the GSDF, MSDF, and ASDF
from peacetime. These exercises range over not only traditional domains, but also new
domains including space, cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum. The SDF has been
making efforts to improve cross-domain operations in order to successfully utilize these
domains and enhance defense capabilities.
In addition, in order to enhance the deterrence and response capabilities of theJapan-U.S. Alliance, each service of the SDF conducts bilateral/multilateral training withthe corresponding U.S. military branch, as well as Japan-U.S. bilateral joint exercises,
deepening the content year after year.
Furthermore, in order to strategically promote multi-faceted and multi-layered defense
cooperation based on the vision of a Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP), the SDF is actively
engaged in bilateral training and exercises with allies and friendly nations in the broad
Indo-Pacific region.
In order to protect Japan’s peace and sovereignty in an increasingly severe security
environment, the SDF must become more powerful on its own while improving its ability tocoordinate with allies and partners. For this reason, the SDF is not content with its current
deterrence and response capabilities and is working to acquire further deterrence andresponse capabilities.

A GSDF amphibious vehicle departs from the MSDF Landing Ship JS “Osumi”(SDF joint exercise)

Training to Strengthen Partnerships
The MOD/SDF recognize that it is indispensable for our eternal peace to stabilize thesecurity environment surrounding Japan while reinforcing its deterrence and response
capabilities. Based on such recognition, the MOD/SDF is actively promoting bilateral/
multilateral training with allies and partners in the broad Indo-Pacific region. Throughstrengthening such partnerships, the MOD/SDF is working to enhance cooperation in orderto respond to global security challenges and destabilizing factors, which are difficult for one
nation to overcome individually.

Flight training by Japanese, U.S., and Australian fighters(multilateral exercise Cope North 22)
Booklet －19

DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2022

Japanese and U.S. commanders converse at the start of an exercise(Japan-U.S. Bilateral Regional Army command post exercise (YS-81))

Three U.S. and U.K. aircraft carriers with the MSDF destroyer JS “Ise”(Japan-U.S.-U.K.-Netherlands-Canada-New Zealand multilateral exercise)Capability, etc.

2022
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Reinforcing the Human Resource Base and Intellectual Base

Chapter2

Self-Defense Forces Personnel Are a Core Element of Defense
Capability (Reinforcing the Human Resource Base)
The core element of defense capability is Self-Defense Forces (SDF) personnel, and securing human resources
for SDF personnel and improving their ability and morale are essential to strengthen defense capability. This has
become an imminent challenge in the face of Japan’s shrinking and aging population with a declining birthrate.
From the perspective of the sustainability and resilience of defense capability, the MOD/SDF is working on
measures to recruit/employ, train and effectively utilize existing human resources of the SDF personnel. The
MOD/SDF is also actively promoting work-life balance and the participation of women.
Active participation of female SDF personnel(in the midst of basic amphibious vehicle training)

Powering Future Defense Policy(Reinforcing Intellectual Infrastructure)
In order to promote public understanding of security and crisis management, the MOD’s research and educational
institutes are further improving research quality on a day-to-day basis and are reflecting the results in Japan’s
policymaking.
Based on the results of such research, further promoting public understanding of knowledge and information
about Japan’s national security policies has become critical. For this reason, the MOD is reinforcing the researchteams at the National Institute for Defense Studies (NIDS) and other research institutes.
National Institute for Defense Studies

Enhancement of Medical Functions

Chapter3

Protecting the Lives of Self-Defense Forces Personnel as
Much as PossibleFor the MOD/SDF to perform its mission, it is necessary to appropriately manage the health of their personnel
and ensure they remain in good health. The MOD/SDF is working steadfastly to enhance and strengthen theircapabilities in military medicine to maximize the protection of the lives of personnel who respond to a variety
of situations.
For this reason, the MOD/SDF has decided to strengthen the medical treatment and evacuation posture,
which operates seamlessly from the frontline to final evacuation destination, and is working on developing SDF
hospitals into medical hubs and enhancing their functionality. In FY2021, the SDF Iruma Hospital opened as partof these efforts.
As the SDF’s missions become more diverse and internationalized, the SDF aims to appropriately meet theneeds of various medical activities, such as medical support in disaster relief and international peacekeeping
activities, and capacity building in the medical field. In order to strengthen the human infrastructure that forms
the foundation of SDF medical services, the SDF is reinforcing the functions of the National Defense Medical
College and securing and training medical and nursing personnel.
Meanwhile, as part of measures against the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Japan, the SDF not only
accepted patients at SDF hospitals, but also set up and managed SDF large-scale vaccination centers in Tokyo
and Osaka from May to November 2021 and has opened SDF vaccination sites from January 2022, in order toaccelerate COVID-19 vaccinations.

SDF Iruma Hospital

Personnel working at a SDF large-scale vaccination center

DEFENSE OF JAPAN

Booklet －

20

Part

Ⅳ

Core Elements Comprising Defense

Measures on Defense Equipment and Technology

Chapter

4

Advances in Technology That Are Changing the Future Combat Landscape
Military technologies in recent years are showing remarkable advances. Against the backdropof such technological advances, contemporary warfare increasingly features capabilities
combined across all domains: not only land, sea and air but also new domains, such as space,cyberspace and electromagnetic spectrum. Aiming to improve overall military capability, states
are seeking to gain superiority in technologies that undergird capabilities in these new domains.
Countries are expending large amounts of R&D funds to develop and research weapons thatutilize potentially game-changing, cutting-edge technologies such as AI (artificial intelligence),
and are working on their early operationalization. Further technological innovations in quantum
technology and information and communications technology (ICT) , including the 5th generation
mobile communication system (5G), will make it even more difficult to forecast future warfare.

(100mn yen)
90,000Changes in Defense-Related Research &Development Expenditure of Major Countries

80,000U.S.

70,000Japan

60,000Germany

50,000

U.K.

5,000

France

4,000

Italy

3,000

ROK

2,000
1,000
0

Australia

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

2021

Source: “OECD: Main Science and Technology Indicators”
Notes: 1. For the calculation of Defense-Related Research & Development Expenditure of Major Countries, theratio of research & development expenditure to defense expenditure of major countries from the “OECD:
Main Science and Technology Indicators” data was used. However Chinese data was not published.
2. The figures are from statistics of the OECD. Special attention is needed when comparing various
countries only with this data, because their definitions may vary in each country.

Status of Research & Development in Japan and Future Focus
Imports of foreign-made equipment remain at a high level as equipment has become moresophisticated and complex. In addition, introducing equipment whose unit costs have skyrocketed
as a result of increasingly sophisticated technology has led to a decline in procurement volume from

Search anddetection

domestic companies, despite the increased spending on domestic procurement in recent years. For
these reasons, Japan’s defense industry and technology infrastructure are under severe pressure.
Under these circumstances, in order to secure “quality” and “quantity” of defense capabilities
necessary and sufficient for building a Multi-Domain Defense capability, it is essential to 1) effectively
and rationally review the equipment structure from the perspective of integrated operations,
including manpower saving and automation; 2) strengthen the technology base through strategic

Drone saturation
attackHigh-power microwave(HPM)

High-speed beam

initiatives, promotion of R&D, and active utilization of civilian technologies, in order to ensure Japan’s
technological edge; 3) optimize equipment procurement to contribute to more efficient acquisitionof equipment and a structured management system, in response to the trend of rising costs due
to increasingly sophisticated and complex equipment; 4) increase the resilience of the industrial
base to ensure production of high-performance equipment and high operational availability; and5) engage in defense equipment and technology cooperation based on the Three Principles on
Transfer of Defense Equipment and Technology.

R&D involving cutting-edge technology (HPM irradiation technology)

In tandem with efforts 1) through 5), it is extremely important for the MOD to actively cooperatein 6) economic security that the Japanese government as a whole is intensively promoting withsecurity expertise from the perspective of enhancing the autonomy of Japan’s economy, thesuperiority of Japan’s technologies over other countries, and eventually the indispensability to theinternational community.

Provision of Equipment and Goods to UkraineIn response to the Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, and based on a request from the
Ukrainian government, Japan provided non-lethal equipment and goods to Ukraine basedon the Self-Defense Forces Law and within the scope of the Three Principles on Transfer ofDefense Equipment and Technology.

Booklet －21

DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2022

Development of Type 12 Surface-to-Ship Missile (Upgraded) [Nagoya
Guidance & Propulsion Systems Works, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.]2022

Capability, etc.

DEFENSE OF JAPANDefenseWhite Paper

DIGEST

Enhancing Intelligence Capabilities

Chapter5

Chapter

6

Efforts to Promptly Gather Various Types of Intelligence, etc.
For formulating defense policy accurately in response to the changes in the situation and for
operating defense capabilities effectively in dealing with various situations, it is essential
to grasp medium- to long-term military trends in the neighboring countries of Japan anddetect the indications of various situations promptly.
To achieve this, the MOD is gathering the following types of intelligence.
(1) Collecting, processing, and analyzing military communication radio waves,electronic weapons, and other radio waves transmitted in the airspace overJapan(2) Collecting, processing, and analyzing of image data from various satellites(3) Warning and surveillance by warships and aircraft(4) Collection and organization of various types of published information(5) Information exchange with defense agencies and other organizations in various
countries(6) Intelligence-gathering by defense attachés
As of April 1, 2022, 73 defense attachés have been dispatched to 86 embassies and 6
missions and delegations.

Defense attaché working in Ukraine

Initiatives to Live in Harmony with Regional Society and the Environment
Harmony with Regional Society
The various activities of the MOD/SDF are hard to implement without the understanding andcooperation of each and every person, as well as local governments and other organizations.
Based on this idea, the MOD/SDF will continue to promote various measures necessary inorder to further deepen the trust between regional society and people, and the SDF.

Efforts to Address Environmental Issues
The MOD/SDF have consistently complied with environmental laws and regulations andhave made efforts to thoroughly protect the environment and reduce environmental impact,
and are promoting further environmental initiatives. In May 2021, the MOD established the
MOD Climate Change Taskforce, chaired by the State Minister of Defense, to evaluate andanalyze the impact of climate change on Japan’s security and extensively study how theMOD can fulfill its assigned missions and roles. Going forward, the Taskforce will compile astrategy document for the MOD.

MOD emblem symbolizing cooperation between the MOD and regional society

Public Relations Activities
In order to gain the trust and the cooperation from the Japanese people and other countries,
the MOD/SDF strives to be proactive in undertaking easily comprehensible public relations
activities regarding its operations in various ways.
A discussion by the Climate Change Taskforce

DEFENSE OF JAPAN

Booklet －22

Reference■ Organizational Diagram of the Self-Defense Forces
Minister of Defense
Chief of Staff, Joint Staff
Joint Staff

Ground Component
Command

Northern Army

Northeastern Army

Eastern Army

Middle Army

Western Army

Chief of Staff, GSDF

Chief of Staff, MSDF

Chief of Staff, ASDF

Ground Staff Office

Maritime Staff Office

Air Staff Office

Ground Component Command Headquarters (Asaka)
1st Airborne Brigade (Narashino)
Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade (Ainoura)
1st Helicopter Brigade (Kisarazu)
System and Signal Brigade (Ichigaya)
Central Readiness Force Regiment (Utsunomiya)Special Forces Group (Narashino)
Electronic Warfare Operations Unit (Asaka)
Other units

Self-Defense Fleet

1st Division (Nerima)
12th Brigade (Somagahara)
2nd Antiaircraft Artillery Group (Matsudo)
1st Engineer Brigade (Koga)
Eastern Army Combined Brigade (Takeyama)
Eastern Army Aviation Group (Tachikawa)
Other units and organizations
3rd Division (Senzo)
10th Division (Moriyama)
13th Brigade (Kaitaichi)
14th Brigade (Zentsuji)
8th Antiaircraft Artillery Group (Aonogahara)
4th Engineer Brigade (Okubo)
Middle Army Combined Brigade (Otsu)
Middle Army Artillery Unit (Matsuyama)
Middle Army Aviation Group (Yao)
Other units and organizations

Escort Flotilla 3 (Maizuru)

Air Defense Command

Northern Air Defense Force

Northern Air Defense Force Headquarters (Misawa)
2nd Air Wing (Chitose)
3rd Air Wing (Misawa)
Northern Aircraft Control and Warning Wing (Misawa)
3rd Air Defense Missile Group (Chitose)
6th Air Defense Missile Group (Misawa)
Northern Air Civil Engineering Group (Misawa, Chitose)
Other units

Central Air Defense ForceCentral Air Defense Force Headquarters (Iruma)
6th Air Wing (Komatsu)
7th Air Wing (Hyakuri)
Central Aircraft Control and Warning Wing (Iruma)
1st Air Defense Missile Group (Iruma)
4th Air Defense Missile Group (Gifu)
Central Air Civil Engineering Group (Iruma, Each region)
Other units

Western Air Defense Force

Western Air Defense Force Headquarters (Kasuga)
5th Air Wing (Nyutabaru)
8th Air Wing (Tsuiki)
Western Aircraft Control and Warning Wing (Kasuga)
2nd Air Defense Missile Group (Kasuga)
Western Air Civil Engineering Group (Ashiya, Each region)
Other units

Southwestern
Air Defense ForceSouthwestern Air Defense Force Headquarters (Naha)
9th Air Wing (Naha)
Southwestern Aircraft Control and Warning Wing (Naha)
5th Air Defense Missile Group (Naha)
Southwestern Air Civil Engineering Group (Naha)
Other units

Air Defense Command
Headquarters (Yokota)

Escort Flotilla 4 (Kure)
Fleet Training Command (Yokosuka)
Other units
Fleet Air Force

Fleet Air Wing 1 (Kanoya)
Fleet Air Wing 2 (Hachinohe)
Fleet Air Wing 4 (Atsugi)
Fleet Air Wing 5 (Naha)
Fleet Air Wing 21 (Tateyama)
Fleet Air Wing 22 (Omura)
Fleet Air Wing 31 (Iwakuni)
Other units

Fleet Submarine Force

Submarine Flotilla 1 (Kure)
Submarine Flotilla 2 (Yokosuka)
Other units
Minesweeper Squadron (Yokosuka)
Fleet Intelligence Command (Yokosuka)
Oceanography ASW Support
Command (Yokosuka)
Fleet Research and Development
Command (Yokosuka)

Yokosuka District
Kure District

Airborne Warning and Control Wing
(Hamamatsu, Each region)
Air Rescue Wing (Iruma, Each region)
Air Tactics Development Wing (Yokota, Each region)
Temporal Reconnaissance Group (Misawa)
Other units

Sasebo District
Maizuru District
Ominato District
Air Training Command

Air Training Group Shimofusa (Shimofusa)

Air Support Command

Air Training Group Tokushima(Tokushima)
Air Training Group Ozuki (Ozuki)
Other units
Training Squadron

4th Division (Fukuoka)
8th Division (Kita Kumamoto)15th Brigade (Naha)
Western Army Artillery Unit (Yufuin)
2nd Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade (Iizuka)
5th Engineer Brigade (Ogori)
Western Army Combined Brigade (Kurume)
Western Army Tank Unit (Kusu)
Western Army Aviation Group (Takayubaru)
Other units
Training Evaluation Research andDevelopment Command (Meguro)
Ground Material Control Command (Jujo)
Other units and organizations

Escort Flotilla 1 (Yokosuka)
Escort Flotilla 2 (Sasebo)

2nd Division (Asahikawa)
5th Brigade (Obihiro)
7th Division (Higashi Chitose)
11th Brigade (Makomanai)
1st Artillery Brigade (Kita Chitose)
1st Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade (Higashi Chitose)
3rd Engineer Brigade (Minami Eniwa)
Northern Army Combined Brigade (Higashi Chitose)
Northern Army Aviation Group (Okadama)
Other units and organizations
6th Division (Jinmachi)
9th Division (Aomori)Northeastern Army Artillery Unit (Sendai)
2nd Engineer Brigade (Funaoka)
Northeastern Army Combined Brigade (Sendai)
Northeastern Army Aviation Group (Kasuminome)
Other units and organizations

Fleet Escort Force

Communications Command (Ichigaya)
Maritime Materiel Command (Jujo)
Other units/organizations

Air Training Command

Air Development andTest Command

Air Support Command Headquarters (Fuchu)
1st Tactical Airlift Wing (Komaki)
2nd Tactical Airlift Group (Iruma)
3rd Tactical Airlift Wing (Miho)
Air Traffic Control Group (Fuchu, Each region)
Air Weather Group (Fuchu, Each region)
Flight Check Group (Iruma)
Special Airlift Group (Chitose)
Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron (Komaki)
Air Training Command Headquarters (Hamamatsu)
1st Air Wing (Hamamatsu)
4th Air Wing (Matsushima)
11th Flying Training Wing (Shizuhama)
12th Flying Training Wing (Hofu-kita)
13th Flying Training Wing (Ashiya)
Air Basic Training Wing (Hofu-minami, Kumagaya)
Fighter Training Group (Nyutabaru)
Other units and organizations
Air Development and Test Command Headquarters (Fuchu)
Air Development and Test Wing (Gifu)
Electronics Development and Test Group (Fuchu)
Aeromedical Laboratory (Iruma, Tachikawa)Space Operations Group (Fuchu)
Air Communications and Systems Wing (Ichigaya, Each region)
Aero Safety Service Group (Tachikawa)
Air Materiel Command (Jujo, Each region)
Other units and organizations

Booklet －23

DEFENSE OF JAPAN 2022

■ Location of Principal SDF Units [for illustrative purposes] [As of March 31, 2022]
Ministry of Defense; Joint Staff Office;Ground, Maritime and Air Staff Office
Ground SelfDefense Force

Northern Air
Defense Force

Rebuntou
Wakkanai

Ground Component Command Headquarters (and Eastern Army Headquarters)
Army Headquarters

2nd Division

Division Headquarters / Brigade Headquarters

Abashiri

AsahikawaTobetsu

Airborne Brigade

Northern 5th Brigade Nemuro
Army

SapporoObihiroMakomanai
Chitose Higashi Chitose

Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade
Helicopter Brigade

7th Division

Maritime SelfDefense Force

Erimo

11th Brigade

Okushiritou

Self-Defense Fleet Headquarters

Ominato District

Headquarters District

OminatoPrincipal Naval Bases

MisawaAomori

Principal Air Bases (Fixed-wing Aircraft Units)

Hachinohe

Principal Air Bases (Helicopter Units)

Northeastern Army

Kamo

Air SelfDefense Force

Yamada9th Division

Air Defense Command Headquarters

Jinmachi

Air Defense Force Headquarters

SendaiFighter Units

Sado

Surface-to Air Guided Missile Units

Eastern Army
Maizuru District

Western Air
Defense ForceKomatsu

Kaitaichi

Maizuru

Fukuoka
Sefuriyama
TsuikiAinouraKasugaFukuejima

SaseboKengunSenzo

Yokosuka District
Central Air Defense ForceIchigayaMoriyama

Kasatoriyama

Omaezaki

3rd Division

14th Brigade
Kushimoto4th Division

Omura

Itami

Middle Army

Kure
Zentsuji

Iwakuni

1st Division

Gifu

13th Brigade
Unishima

Somagahara

Kyogamisaki 10th Division

Takaoyama

Mishima

Otakineyama

12th Brigade

Takeshima

SaseboDistrict

6th Division

WajimaAircraft Control and Warning Units (Radar Site)

Kure District

Kita Kumamoto

Western Army

8th Division Nyutabaru
Shimokoshikijima

Takahatayama
KanoyaSouthwestern
Air Defense Force
HyakuriSouthwestern
Air Defense Force

Iruma
Asaka
NerimaYokotaOkinoerabujima

Atsugi
Kisarazu

Funakoshi
Yokosuka

Kumejima
Senkaku Islands

Yozadake

Naha

Narashino

Ichigaya

Mineokayama

15th Brigade
Tateyama
Yonagunijima
Miyakojima

DEFENSE OF JAPAN

Booklet －24