International Workshop on “Inventory, Modeling and Climate Impacts of Greenhouse
Gas emissions (GHGʼs) and Aerosols in the Asian Region, Jun26-28, 2013 @Tsukuba

Simulation of aerosol spatial distribution over Asia
using a global aerosol modelDaisuke GOTO1 (goto.daisuke@nies.go.jp)
1 NIES (National Institute for Environmental Studies), Japan.

Collaborating with Teruyuki Nakajima2, Toshihiko Takemura3, and Toshimasa Ohara1
2 Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI), University of Tokyo, Japan.
3 Kyusyu University, Japan1

Why do global aerosol models focus on Asia?
Annual	  mean	  AOT	  by	  MODIS/Terra	  in	  2006•

Asia is very polluted (US and EU are clean).

•Asian aerosols have impacts on global air pollution and climate change.

à Need to improve the simulation over Asia even in global models

2Relatively limited observation in Asia
(NH4)2SO4 by IMPROVE over US

SO4 by EMEP over Europe

SO4 by EANET (2011) over east Asia)LJXUH6 D ,03529(DQG&6130
DPPRQLXPVXOIDWH$6 ±DQQXDOPHDQPDVV[Hand et al.,
2011][EMEP, 2010]
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[EANET report, 2011]
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6$PPRQLXP1LWUDWH

in	  China	  and	  India

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[Koch et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2009])LJXUH6D 
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3

Motivation in/beyond the present study•Measurements of aerosol

UNEP/ABC-Asia Observatorycompounds were limited overAsia, therefore validation ofmodels are inadequate.
•To combine traditional network(e.g., IMPROVE, EMEP, EANET), own
measurements under speciﬁc
projects, new network like UNEP/AERONETSKYNETADNETCIMEL sun photometerin ARM project

PREDE skyradiometerin Tohoku Univ.

Lidar at NIES
(until 2000yr)

ABC-Asia observatory and column
burden of aerosol optical products
obtained by AERONET/NASA,SKYNET/Japan, and NIES-Lidar, westart to multi-compare results ofthe aerosol-transport models andtry to understand theirperformance.

4Description: SPRINTARS coupled to GCMs
•MIROC-SPRINTARS (e.g., Takemura et al., 2005)–GCM (CGCM and AGCM) is made in Japan by Watanabe et al. (2010) including CCSR (Now AORI) of The
University of Tokyo, NIES, FRCGC (Now JAMSTEC).

•–

Spectral transform method with the hydrostatic approximation for climate model–Many contributions to international projects; IPCC-TAR (2001), IPCC-AR4(2007), ACCMIP, AeroCom, …

NICAM-SPRINTARS (e.g., Suzuki et al., 2008)–

NICAM is developed by Tomita and Satoh (2004), Satoh et al. (2008), etc.

–Grid point method with the non-hydrostatic approximation for global cloud-resolving model (GCRM)–Produce MJO for the ﬁrst time with dx=3.5km (Miura et al., science 2007)(2002~)~100 Pﬂops
160nodes, NEC@JAMSTEC (Yokohama)

K-computer (2012~)>10 Pﬂops>80000nodes, Fujitsu@RIKEN (Kobe)

SX-8R (2007~2012)

4 Tﬂops
16nodes, NEC@NIES (Tsukuba)
5Description: SPRINTARS as a module• 3-dimensional Aerosol Radiation-Transport Model– Transport, deposition, emission, advection, vertical convection, sulfur chemistry– w/o aerosol dynamics such as coagulation and condensation• Tracers:– Sulfate, Carbonaceous (Mixed BC+OC, OC, BC), Dust, Seasalt• Output:– Aerosol mass/number concentrations– Aerosol optical thickness (AOT), Single scattering albedo (SSA), Radiative forcing byaerosol direct eﬀect (coupling with radiative transfer model, MSTRN-8, by Nakajima et al.,2000)
– Considering refractive index of each aerosol depending on wavelengths, size
distributions, and hygroscopic growth (Mie theory with volume-weighted mixing)– Radiative forcing by aerosol indirect eﬀect• References:– Modules:• Takemura et al. (JGR2000, JC2002, JGR2005, ACP2009)• Goto et al. (JGR2008, ACP2011, ACPD2012)– Validation: Goto et al. (AE2011, AG2011, GRL2011, AE2012)
6

SPRINTARS results under AeroCom project

Myhre et al. (2013)7

Start	  to	  validation	  of	  SPRINTARS	  especially	  over	  Asia

8

Comparison over India

D. Goto et al.
AtmosphericEnvironment
45 (2011) 3277e3285
D. /Gotoet al. / Atmospheric
Environment
45 (2011) 3277e3285

AeroCom Emission

Modiﬁed Emission
Based on Streets

Koch et al. (2009) under AeroCom study

Asian observations foruse of GCM validation
are very limited.
à We start to collectthe observation resultsfrom literature during
2000ʼs●: annual, O: dry, +:pre-monsoon,
X: monsoon, -:post-monsoon

Goto, Takemura, Nakajima, & Badarinath (Atmos. Environ., 2011)

9Fig. 1. Mean annual BC emissions for 2008 as used in the AeroCom
standard experiment.

Fig. 2. BC mass concentration in Hyderabad for the year 2008.
There are two simulations: SPRINTARS with the AeroCom emissions (solid line with white circles) and with the modified emissions
by scaling a factor of 20 around Hyderabad (solid line with blackcircle) and skyradiometer measurements (dashed line with crosses).

ßSimulation(CTL)s used in the AeroComEmission inventories of aerosols (primary OC and BC)
and its precursors (SO2 ) used in the model simulations
Fig. 2. BC mass concentration in Hyderabad for the year 2008.
are widely used in the AeroCom (AC) project. The
There are two simulations: SPRINTARS with the AeroCom emissions (solid line with white circles) and anthropogenic
with the modifiedprimaryemissionsorganic aerosol and BC emissions
arebased
Bond et al. (2004).
The spaby scaling a factor of 20 around Hyderabad (solid line withonblacktial
distribution
anthropogenic BC emission inventocircle) and skyradiometer measurements(dashedline withofcrosses).
ries in the AC emission inventory is shown in Fig. 1.
The anthropogenic SO2 emissions are based on EDGAR
32FT2000 database (http://www.pbl.nl/en/themasites/edgar/emission data/edgar 32ft2000/index.html). Biomass burning emissions in each month is based on the fire maps derived
from MODIS. The oxidant concentrations such as ozone
and hydroxyl radical, which are not predicted in SPRINTARS but are needed to calculate sulfate chemistry, are given
by a global chemical transport model, CHASER by Sudol Surface	  BC	  of	  CTL	  is	  quite	  underestimated,	  but	  istribution scheme,
AOD	  of	  CTL	  during	  May-­‐August	  is	  OK.	  	  n handle scattering,d cloud particles, as l Low	  SSA	  (0.8-­‐0.9)	  seen	  in	  observation	  during	  nts (Nakajima et al.,June-­‐July	  could	  NOT	  be	  found	  at	  simulation.	  
nal mixtures except

ry OC and 50 % BC
as externally mixed
es are treated as inC. For soil dust andated for various size2009). On the otherosols, the dry mode
pectively (Takemura
o the same values asoperties by Mie thewhere (Schutgens etimary OC and BC)
model simulationsAC) project. The
ol and BC emis2004).
The spaemission invento-àVertical	  distribution	  of	  BC	  and	  others	  (ﬁrstly	  use	  model	  with	  small	  dx)	  www.ann-geophys.net/29/955/2011/
àConsider	  BC+Dust	  internally	  mixture	  	  “Multiple	  comparison	  is	  important!”	  Fig. 3. As in Fig. 1, but for AOT except for MODIS/Terra observations (dashed line with black triangles).

Goto,	  Badarinath,	  et	  al.	  (ANGEO,	  2011)960

D. Goto et al.: Simulation of aerosol optical properties over a tropica

960

ßSimulation(CTL)
D. Goto etßMODIS/Terraal.: Simulation of aerosol optical properties over a tropica

ßSimulation(SEN)ßObservation

ßSimulation(CTL)ßSimulation(SEN)ßObservation

Fig. 3. As in Fig. 1, but for AOT except for MODIS/Terra observations (dashed line with black triangles).

Column	  AEßObservation
ßSimulation(SEN)et al. (2002), which also was implemented in the MIROC
AGCM. In addition to the standard AC emission inventory,Fig.
6. Monthly
in AEoffrom
twothemodel
simulationsinwith
we haveadded variations
scaling factor
20 toAC inventory
thethe AC emissions (solid line with white circles), modified AC emisgrid including the Hyderabad measurement site and genersions (solid line with black circles) and skyradiometer observations
ated modified AC emission inventory. This has been carried(dashed line with crosses) for the year 2008.
out to account for the higher BC concentrations over the measurement site compared to the standard AC emission inventory. Model simulations are carried out with the standard AC
emission inventory and the modified AC emission inventory.

Fig. 8. Scatter plot of AE vs SSA over Hyderabad incircles indicate simulations both with the AC and the mosions and crosses indicate observations. The lines are bdata points (thick line: black circles, dashed line: crossßObservation
Fig. 8. Scatter plot of AE vs SSA over Hyderabad inFig. 6. Monthly variations in AE from two model simulations withthe AC emissions (solid line with white circles), modified AC emisAnn. Geophys., 29, 955–963, 2011
sions (solid line with black circles) and skyradiometer observations(dashed line with crosses) for the year 2008.

Column	  SSA

957The radiation transfer with a k-distribution scheme,
MSTRN-8, in the MIROC AGCM can handle scattering,absorption, and emission by aerosol and cloud particles, aswell as absorption by gaseous constituents (Nakajima et al.,2000). The particles are treated as external mixtures except
for carbonaceous aerosols. The secondary OC and 50 % BC
mass from fossil fuel source are treated as externally mixed
particles, but other carbonaceous particles are treated as internal mixtures of BC and primary OC. For soil dust andsea salt aerosols, mixing ratios are calculated for various sizebins from 0.1 to 10 µm (Takemura et al., 2009). On the otherhand, for carbonaceous and sulfate aerosols, the dry mode
radii are set to 0.1 and 0.0695 µm, respectively (Takemuraet al., 2002). Aerosol densities are set to the same values as
Takemura et al. (2002). The scattering properties by Mie theory used in this study are described elsewhere (Schutgens etal., 2010).

Column	  AOD

The surface BC and column AOP @Hyderabad/INDIA

ical properties over a tropical urban site

circles indicate simulations both with the AC and the mosions and crosses indicate observations. The lines are bdata points (thick line: black circles, dashed line: crossßSimulation(CTL)ßSimulation(SEN)

Monthly	  average	  in	  2008Fig. 7. As in Fig. 6, but for SSA.

10Fig. 9. As in Fig. 8, but for a scatter plot of BC vs. SSABCAOT

AOT

Mass concentration [µg/m3]

The surface BC and column AOP @Phimai/Thailand

Day [July 2007 – June 2008]

SSA

SulfateSSA

Mass concentration [µg/m3]

Day [July 2007 – June 2008]

Day [July 2007 – June 2008]

Goto, Tsuruta, et al. (in prep. from 2011?)

Day [July 2007 – June 2008]11,$, (  '( '.%
''.%,$, (  ' (  ' "#"&!  "#"&!,$, "#"&!  "#"&!
,$,*)-+"'&
  * )-+"'&
            
                                                                     '+'

'+'                  





               

Multi-­‐comparison	  using	  SPRINTARS	  modules	  and	  measurements	  during	  April	  2006

Available sites in the present study over Asia during April 2006

Comparison
in monthly
mean
AOD550Comparison
in monthlymean
AOD550
AOT550
00Beijing

00.5 0.51
0.5
1

11.5 1.52
1.5
2

MIROC-T106
MIROC-­‐T106
MIROC-T106

Toyama
Fukue
CapeHedo

Only sulfate (EANET)
Sulfate and BC (Zhang et al., 2012)

MIROC+Goto11
MIROC+Goto11
MIROC-­‐G11

MIROC-­‐CTL
MIROCMIROC

Intensive sites in the present study

Sulfate	  mass	  concentration	  @surface

NICAMNICAM
NICAM-­‐CTL

MODISMODIS
Beijing Beijing
Fukue Fukue
CapeHedo
CapeHedoToyama Toyama

Observation
Observation

0

0.5

1
1.5
AOT5502

Observation	  represents	  AERONET	  @Beijing	  and	  SKYNET	  	  @Fukue,	  Cape	  Hedo,	  Toyama	  by	  Dr.	  Aoki

Goto, Dai, et al. (in prep., 2013a) by collaborating with ABC-Asia project122

Resolving heterogeneity of aerosol around megacity:
SPRINTARS with dx=10km using stretch-NICAM
Black carbon (BC) in unit of µg/m3

Global NICAM

Stretch grid system(Tomita, 2008a)
Sulfate in unit of µg/m3

Low computational cost
Use the common code

Easily change the centerGoto & MEXT/RECCA/SALSA project team (in prep., 2013b)

13

Summary•

To improve a global aerosol-transport model, SPRINTARS, we start to validate
the model performance over Asia where atmospheric aerosols have great
impacts on the global scale.

•Precise validation is requited by using multiple products including aerosol
composition at the surface and column burden at various sites (NOT one site)•To further develop the model, we will be comparing the simulation with multimeasurements around emission sources such as megacities.

•Collaboration of global model ‒ regional model ‒ in situ measurement ‒satellite (multi-comparison) is important more and more to share ourunderstanding from various aspects.

〜Thank you so much〜

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