Energy Saving in Society by IT Solutions
How to Quantify the Contribution of “Green by IT”

Practical Guide

February 2013

Survey and Estimation Committee
Green IT Promotion Council

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 3
OUTLINE ................................................................................................................................... 5
1. Potential of “Green by IT”...................................................................................................... 5
1.1 How IT contributes to CO2 reduction ............................................................................... 5
1.2 How to measure the CO2 emissions reduction by IT ........................................................ 7
1.3 Considerations in quantifying the effect of Green by IT ................................................ 14
DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................... 15
2. How to Calculate the Effects of Green by IT ....................................................................... 15
2.1 Outline ............................................................................................................................ 15
2.2 How to calculate energy saving (CO2 reduction) by IT solutions .................................. 16(1) Listing relevant components ....................................................................................... 16(2) Determining formulas to quantify changes in each component .................................. 17(3) Collecting data to be input........................................................................................... 17(4) Calculating effects ....................................................................................................... 18
2.3 Case study: teleworking .................................................................................................. 18
3. Considerations in Calculating Effects and Interpreting Results ........................................... 25
3.1 Pre-introduction scenario ................................................................................................ 25(1) Basic principle ............................................................................................................. 25(2) Example: pre-introduction scenario of teleworking .................................................... 26
3.2 Ranges influenced by IT solutions (temporal and spatial spread) .................................. 28(1) Concept of temporal and spatial spread....................................................................... 28(2) Example: temporal and spatial spread ......................................................................... 29(3) Actual and potential effects ......................................................................................... 31
3.3 Summary ......................................................................................................................... 33
4. Presenting the Results ........................................................................................................... 35
4.1 Basic data ........................................................................................................................ 35(1) Preconditions ............................................................................................................... 35(2) Calculation results ....................................................................................................... 36
4.2 Additional information ................................................................................................... 36(1) Calculation process and basic unit .............................................................................. 36(2) Analysis results of temporal and spatial spread........................................................... 37
5. Calculation Cases ................................................................................................................. 381

5.1 List of calculation cases .................................................................................................. 38
5.2 Introducing IT to business (NTT Data Corporation) ...................................................... 39
5.3 Introducing IT to business (Toshiba Solutions Corporation).......................................... 41
5.4 Introducing IT to business (Nomura Research Institute, Ltd.) ....................................... 42
5.5 Teleconferencing (Panasonic Corporation) .................................................................... 44
5.6 Teleconferencing (Hitachi, Ltd.)..................................................................................... 46
5.7 HEMS (NEC Corporation) ............................................................................................. 48
5.8 Improving transportation efficiency (Fujitsu Ltd.) ......................................................... 49
5.9 Cloud computing (Nihon Unisys, Ltd.) .......................................................................... 51
5.10 Other solutions through Green by IT ............................................................................ 53
6. To Enhance the Use of Evaluation Methods for Green by IT Solutions ............................... 56
Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 57
Appendix 1 Basic units (for Japan) ....................................................................................... 57
Appendix 2 Typical values used for calculating the effects of IT solutions ......................... 63
Appendix 3 Contribution potential of Green by IT .............................................................. 64

2

INTRODUCTION

Information technology (IT) is useful for making numerous processes more efficient,
manufacturing smaller, lighter, and thinner things, and replacing huge mechanisms with electronic
devices and software. Examples abound. IT saves energy in many types of transportation throughintelligent transport systems (ITS). Video conferencing, electronic music distribution, e-learning,and other electronic measures reduce the movement of people and wasteful use of natural resources,and effectively lower energy consumption. The building energy management system (BEMS),
home energy management system (HEMS), and factory energy management system (FEMS),
which measure, optimize, and control energy use in buildings, greatly reduce energy consumption.
Therefore, CO2 emissions across Japan will be greatly reduced by actively using all these IT
solutions in various sectors of society.

However, it is hard to quantify the energy-saving effect of IT solutions because they take various
forms. Thus, the Survey and Estimation Committee of the Green IT Promotion Council has long
discussed how to effectively quantify energy saving in society by IT solutions (“Green by IT”).

Based on these discussions, this document summarizes currently available methods for calculating
the effects of Green by IT. Chapter 1, as the opening part, outlines the concept of Green by IT. The
calculation methods and their examples with specific values are shown from Chapter 2.
Specifically, Chapter 2 explains basic calculation methods; Chapter 3, points to note incalculations; Chapter 4, how to show calculation results; Chapter 5, cases of actual calculations;and Chapter 6, issues to be discussed in the future.

We hope that this document will help readers understand the concept of Green by IT and calculate
its effects, thus encouraging the application of Green by IT and reduction of CO2 emissions.

3

Survey and Estimation Committee WG1

ChairMichinori Kutami

Fujitsu Ltd.

MemberSayaka Ryugai

NTT Data Corporation

Takashi Hara

Toshiba Corporation

Noriko Takata

NEC Corporation

Noriyuki Nakayama

NEC Corporation

Yoshiko Kondo

Nihon Unisys, Ltd.

Haruki Ogawa

Panasonic Corporation

Hitoshi Maekawa

Hitachi, Ltd.

Hidemi Murata

Fujitsu Ltd.

Mitsuru Odagiri

Fujitsu Ltd.

Kanji Ota

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation

ObserverMichio Ohara

Japan Information Service Technology Services
Industry Association (JISA)

Secretariat

Motoyoshi Yoshiki

NTT Data Institute of Management Consulting, Inc.

Toshiaki Ikeda

Japan Electronics and Information Technology
Industries Association (JEITA)Atsuko Agata

Japan Electronics and Information Technology
Industries Association (JEITA)

4OUTLINE

1. Potential of “Green by IT”
1.1 How IT contributes to CO2 reduction
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining economic strength is a tough goal. Thiscannot be achieved merely by following old ways or with mediocre efforts, but requires innovation
in a wide range of areas, such as technology development, social systems, and market mechanisms.
IT is expected to play a major role in this innovation.

What can the IT industry do to help curb global warming? The first task is, like all other industries,
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in its own production processes. However, this would
contribute little because the IT industry accounts for only 1.5% of the total emissions in Japan. In
contrast, making all kinds of widely-used IT and electronic equipment consume less power andraising energy efficiency throughout society by IT solutions will produce far greater spillover
effects (Figure 1-1). These are the two roles, i.e. energy saving of IT equipment (“Green of IT”)
and energy saving in society by IT (“Green by IT”) that the IT industry is expected to fulfill.
Especially in Green by IT, the IT industry is highly expected to help reduce greenhouse gas
emissions in all other sectors, which account for about 98% of total energy use in Japan.

Figure 1-1: IT’s contribution to energy saving in society

5

The main feature of IT is its ability to make numerous processes more efficient, manufacturesmaller, lighter, and thinner things, and replace huge mechanisms with electronic devices andsoftware. For example, IT saves energy in many types of transportation through intelligent
transport systems (ITS), which are mainly used to control traffic on roads. Video conferencing,
electronic music distribution, e-learning, and other electronic measures effectively curb energy
consumption by reducing the movement of people and wasteful use of natural resources. The
building energy management system (BEMS), home energy management system (HEMS), factory
energy management system (FEMS), which measure, optimize, and control energy use in buildings,
and optimum control of production processes to increase efficiency, all greatly contribute to the
reduction of energy consumption. Actively using all these IT solutions and services in various
sectors of society will greatly reduce energy use.

Take video conferencing as an example. Before its introduction, attendees had to travel to thevenue of a conference, or to communicate under limited conditions, for instance, over the phone.
Video conferencing can eliminate the business trip1. Thus, the introduction of video conferencing
reduces the energy consumption related to transportation used by attendees, although energy isconsumed by the IT equipment that is used for the conference. The net reduction of energy use is
the energy-saving effect, or CO2 emissions reduction by the introduction of video conferencing(Figure 1-2).

Figure 1-2: CO2 emissions before and after introducing video conferencing

1

The results of questionnaires show that the main purpose of introducing video conferencing is to “reduce travel
expenses,” which suggests that many conferences of less importance are held as video conferences. This response isfollowed by other reasons such as to “activate communication,” “make quick decisions and share information,” and“improve productivity.” Video conferencing may be regarded as a new means of highly-efficient communication,
not merely the replacement of conventional conferences. For details, visit Findings by Questionnaires on Web
Conference Systems.
(http://www.keyman.or.jp/info/images/sample_report.pdf)

6

As described so far, IT has great potential to make society more efficient. IT solutions expected tohelp reduce CO2 emissions are summarized below.

Table 1-1: IT solutions expected to help reduce CO2 emissions in society
Category
Industry

Subcategory
Production
process
Building, indoors

Business

HouseholdTransportation

Building, indoors
Infrastructure,
activity

IT solution
FEMS; achieving high efficiency in lighting, air conditioning,motors, generators; and raising efficiency in production processes
BEMS, electronic tags/logistics, paperless offices, IT for
businesses, teleworking, video conferencing, remote medicalcare/electronic medical charts, and electronic
bidding/applications
HEMS, electronic money, electronic publishing/paper,music/software distribution, and online shopping
Raising efficiency in transportation (railways, air and sea
transportation), ITS, and supply chain management (SCM)

1.2 How to measure the CO2 emissions reduction by IT
When introducing IT solutions, the expected reduction in CO2 emissions is crucial. To assess theintroduction and improve the results further, the effect of the introduction must be quantified.

The effect of introducing IT solutions on CO2 emissions reduction takes various forms. Therefore,
as the first step, all processes in society which will be affected by the introduction must be
identified. For example, video conferencing reduces energy consumption related to business trips
while increasing the energy consumption of IT equipment. Energy consumption in offices could
also be affected. Over the long term, the power consumption of network equipment could change
due to an increased burden on the communication network.

To quantify the CO2 emissions reduction, increases or decreases in CO2 emissions in each and allof the identified processes are calculated. The result of totaling or offsetting is the net CO2
emissions reduction by the introduction of IT solutions.

7

Figure 1-3: Net CO2 emissions reduction

Figure 1-3 illustrates the net CO2 emissions reduction by introducing video conferencing. CO2
emissions related to travel, energy consumption of IT equipment, and energy consumed in officeschange after the introduction. The total of all these differences is the net CO2 emissions reduction.
The same result can be obtained by calculating total CO2 emissions before and after introducing
video conferencing and comparing the two totals.

Table 1-2 lists process changes caused by ordinary IT solutions as components of CO2 emissions
reduction effects. The components are changes in the amount of 1) consumption of goods, 2)
movement of people, 3) transportation of goods, 4) office space, 5) warehouse space, 6)
power/energy consumption (IT/network (NW) equipment), and 7) the use of networks. Processes
not categorized into any of these seven items are included in Item 8) “Others” for convenience.

A classification like this makes it easier to identify changes necessary for calculating CO 2
emissions reduction. Table 1-3 shows how and in what form each component leads to the
reduction.

8

Table 1-2: Components and formulas of CO2 emissions reduction effect by IT solutions
TargetFormula to quantify changes in the component(see Chapter 2)

1) Consumption of
goods

Paper, audio CD, book,
etc.

Reduced consumption of goods × Basic unit ofconsumption of goods2) Movement of people

Airplane, automobile,train, etc.

Reduced travel distance of people × Basic unit oftravel3) Transportation of
goods

Truck, railway, cargo,etc.

4) Office space

Space occupied bypeople (including
efficiency at work),
space occupied by IT
equipment, etc.

5) Warehouse space

Warehouse, cold
storage warehouse, etc.

6) Power/energy
consumption (IT/NW
equipment)

Power consumption ofserver, PC, etc.

7) NW data
communication

NW datacommunication

Reduced travel distance of goods × Basic unit oftravelReduced space × Basic unit of energy
consumption per space* Reduced space = Reduced number of people ×Space occupied per person, or reduced numberof pieces of equipment × Space occupied per
piece
Reduced space × Basic unit of energy
consumption per space
Change in consumption × Basic unit of gridpower
* Converting power consumed to CO2 emissions* Showing energy consumption of IT equipment,
not including energy consumption related to
manufacturing and disposal
Change in data volume × Basic unit ofcommunication* NW communication refers to energy
consumption of Internet communication,
excluding intranet.

8) Others

Other activities

Component

Change in the amount of activity × Basic unit ofchange9

Table 1-3: CO2 emissions reduction effect for each component1) Consumption of goods
Applicable case

• IT solutions eliminate consumption of goods, such as paper andaudio CDs.

Change in CO2 emissions• Manufacturing consumes energy and emits CO2. Discontinuing the
production reduces CO2 emissions.

Example• Electronic distribution of music and books makes audio CDs andpaper books unnecessary, which reduces CO2 emissions during their
manufacturing and sales. (Music/software distribution)

Applicable solutions2Paperless offices, electronic medical charts, electronic
bidding/applications, electronic money, electronic publishing/paper,music/software distribution, online shopping, etc.

2) Movement of people
Applicable case

• IT solutions reduce the movement of people by car or public
transportation.

Change in CO2 emissions• Movement of people by car, public transportation, etc. consumes
energy. Cutting back on traveling reduces energy consumed intransportation, resulting in CO2 emissions reduction.
• A slight decline in the number of passengers is not quickly reflectedin the frequency of trains, etc. There is a time lag until the CO2
emissions reduction becomes obvious.

Example• Teleworking makes commuting unnecessary. This reduces energy
consumption related to commuting, resulting in CO2 emissions
reduction. (Teleworking)Applicable solutions

IT for businesses, teleworking, video conferencing, remote medicalcare/electronic medical charts, electronic bidding/applications, online
shopping, ITS, SCM, etc.

2

Applicable cases differ depending on solutions even in the same category.

103) Transportation of goods
Applicable case

• IT solutions reduce the transportation of goods by truck, railway, etc.

Change in CO2 emissions• Like movement of people, this reduces energy consumption related
to transportation of goods, resulting in CO2 emissions reduction.
• There can be a time lag until effects become obvious.

Example• The use of IT solutions and networks makes it unnecessary totransport paper documents, reducing CO2 emissions. (Paperlessoffices)

Applicable solutions

Electronic tags/logistics, paperless offices, IT for businesses,
electronic bidding/applications, electronic money, electronic
publishing/paper, music/software distribution, ITS, SCM, etc.

4) Office space
Applicable case

• IT solutions help reduce office space.
• IT solutions improve work efficiency, resulting in shorter hours ofuse of office space.

Change in CO2 emissions• Reduction in office space or working hours lowers energy
consumption of air-conditioners, lighting, etc., resulting in CO2emissions reduction.
• When addressing work efficiency, boundaries (to what extent IT
solutions are responsible) must be defined clearly.
• When the free-up time, a benefit of improved efficiency, is used foranother work, CO2 emissions do not reduce, but the ratio of CO2
emissions to total work (productivity) is improved. If the freed-up time
is idled away, the benefit of improved work efficiency is wasted.

Example• When teleworking reduces the number of workers in the office andtherefore some lights and air-conditioners are turned off, energy
consumption and CO2 emissions in the office are reduced.
(Teleworking)Applicable solutions

Paperless offices, IT for businesses, teleworking, electronic
bidding/applications, etc.

115) Warehouse space
Applicable case

• IT solutions eliminate the need for goods, reducing the storage space.

Change in CO2 emissions• If goods are stored near people, they use air-conditioners andlighting. Even if goods are stored in a warehouse, lighting and otherfacilities consume energy. Smaller storage space consumes lessenergy, leading to CO2 emissions reduction.

Example• When paper documents are digitized by IT solutions, the storage
space becomes unnecessary and CO2 emissions during storage are
reduced. (Paperless offices)• Digitizing books frees up the space to store them, promoting
effective use of the floor. (Electronic publishing/paper)

Applicable solutions

Electronic tags/logistics, paperless offices, IT for businesses, remote
medical care/electronic medical charts, electronic
bidding/applications, electronic money, electronic publishing/paper,music/software distribution, SCM, etc.

6) Power/energy consumption (IT/NW equipment)
Applicable case

• IT solutions change the energy consumption of equipment or
facilities.
• IT solutions change the use of IT equipment or network equipment.

Change in CO2 emissions• IT solutions reduce the energy consumption of equipment or
facilities, resulting in CO2 emissions reduction.
• The introduction of IT solutions increases the energy consumption ofequipment or facilities or requires additional equipment or facilities,
resulting in increased CO2 emissions.

Example• Implementing IT solutions increases the energy consumption of IT
equipment. (All categories)• Teleworking increases the energy consumption of air-conditioners
and lighting at home. (Teleworking)Applicable solutions

FEMS, achieving high efficiency inlighting/air-conditioners/motors/generators, raising efficiency in

12

production processes, BEMS, electronic tags/logistics, paperlessoffices, IT for businesses, teleworking, video conferencing, remote
medical care/electronic medical charts, electronic
bidding/applications, HEMS, electronic money, electronic
publishing/paper, music/software distribution, online shopping, raising
efficiency of transportation (railways, and air and sea transportation),
ITS, SCM, etc.

7) NW data communication
Applicable case

• The introduction of IT solutions changes the amount ofcommunication on public networks. Equipment of private networks iscovered in Item 6) “Power/energy consumption (IT/NW equipment).”

Change in CO2 emissions• The introduction of IT solutions increases the amount ofcommunication on public networks, which requires IT equipment tobe added to the networks, resulting in increased CO2 emissions.
• The performance and capability of network equipment are improving
year by year. This change should be reflected in the basic unit ofcommunication (CO2 emissions per unit of communication).
• An increased amount of communication on public networks does notnecessarily increase energy consumption of the network equipment
soon. For quantification, however, it is assumed that the increase inenergy consumption is proportional to the increase in communication.

Example• The use of networks increases due to the introduction of teleworking
and video conferencing. (Teleworking and video conferencing)

Applicable solutions

FEMS, BEMS, electronic tags/logistics, IT for businesses,
teleworking, video conferencing, remote medical care/electronic
medical charts, electronic bidding/applications, HEMS, electronicmoney, electronic publishing/paper, music/software distribution,
online shopping, ITS, SCM, etc.

8) Others• CO2 emissions reduction effects not covered in Items 1) through 7) are quantified likewise andincluded in Item 8) “Others.”

131.3 Considerations in quantifying the effect of Green by IT
Quantifying the effect of Green by IT on CO2 emissions reduction requires careful consideration.
Not only the IT solutions themselves but also their spillover effects across the whole of society
must be covered. Based on discussions by the Green IT Promotion Council so far, the requiredconsideration is outlined below.

First, note that the effect of Green by IT on CO2 emissions reduction occurs widely in time andspace. Take a company that introduces video conferencing. How can it calculate the effect of CO2
emissions reduction?

The introduction of video conferencing increases the energy which is consumed by IT equipmentthat would otherwise be left unused. This increase occurs just after the introduction. Meanwhile,even if several attendees stop using trains, the train schedule will not be changed and so there will
be no immediate change in CO2 emissions related to transportation. In this regard, the effect of
CO2 emissions reduction remains a potential until the introduction reaches a critical point(“temporal spread”). In contrast, immediate effects are produced if an attendee stops commuting bycar.

Deciding whether realized figures (CO2 emissions actually reduced) or potential figures (CO2emissions reduction achievable but not yet realized) should be used for the calculation depends on
the purpose of quantifying the effect of Green by IT. When the purpose is to assess changes
already obvious in society, realized figures should be used. To evaluate the potential of IT
solutions, potential figures are recommended. By calculating the difference between realized andpotential figures and analyzing the reasons behind the difference, more methods of reducing CO2
emissions may be discovered.

Note that IT solutions are usually introduced within a company but CO2 emissions are actually
reduced outside. Just focusing on changes in the company overlooks changes outside. To calculate
CO2 emissions reduction, it is necessary to encompass relevant changes in the whole of society(“spatial spread”).

There are more points to be considered: how theoretical pre-introduction situations should be
handled, whether default values or estimates can be used in calculations, and so on. Our current
proposals on these topics are shown in Chapter 3, though discussions are still in progress.

14

DISCUSSION

2. How to Calculate the Effects of Green by IT
2.1 Outline
As described in Chapter 1, CO2 emissions reduction by IT solutions is calculated by totaling
components (Table 2-1). Each CO2 emissions reduction can be obtained by quantifying the change
in CO2 emissions in a certain field before and after the introduction of IT solutions.

Table 2-1: Components and formulas of CO2 emissions reduction effect by IT solutions(Same as Table 1-2)
Component

TargetFormula to quantify changes in the component1) Consumption of
goods

Paper, audio CD, book,
etc.

Reduced consumption of goods × Basic unit ofconsumption of goods2) Movement of people

Airplane, automobile,train, etc.

Reduced travel distance of people × Basic unit oftravel3) Transportation of
goods

Truck, railway, cargo,etc.

4) Office space

Space occupied bypeople (including
efficiency at work),
space occupied by IT
equipment, etc.

5) Warehouse space

Warehouse, cold
storage warehouse, etc.

6) Power/energy
consumption (IT/NW
equipment)

Power consumption ofserver, PC, etc.

7) NW data
communication

NW datacommunication

Reduced travel distance of goods × Basic unit oftravelReduced space × Basic unit of energy
consumption per space* Reduced space = Reduced number of people ×Space occupied per person, or reduced numberof pieces of equipment × Space occupied per
piece
Reduced space × Basic unit of energy
consumption per space
Change in consumption × Basic unit of gridpower
* Converting power consumed to CO2 emissions* Showing energy consumption of IT equipment,
not including energy consumption related to
manufacturing and disposal
Change in data volume × Basic unit ofcommunication* NW communication refers to energy
consumption of Internet communication,
excluding intranet.

8) Others

Other activities

Change in the amount of activity × Basic unit ofchange15

For example, the introduction of teleworking eliminates the need for office workers to commuteand reduces the energy consumed for commuting. In addition, a reduction in the number ofworkers in an office is expected to lead to reduced office space. Reduced energy is the total of
reduction in people movement (Component 1) and office space (Component 2). Meanwhile, thepower consumption of electronic appliances and IT equipment at home, networks, etc. is expected
to increase (Component 3). As a result, the total energy reduction effect is calculated as:(Component 1) + (Component 2) – (Component 3).

The office space component reflects the reduction in energy consumption (of lighting,air-conditioners, etc.) in the office. This is achieved by the introduction (or use) of IT solutions,which improve work efficiency and thus reduce working hours in the office.

The CO2 emissions reduction effect by IT solutions is expressed by the combination of effects ofthe movement of people, transportation and use of goods, energy consumption in space (offices
and warehouses), and energy consumption of IT equipment and networks. Each effect is calculatedby the change in the amount of activities (reduced movement, consumption, etc.) multiplied by thebasic unit of CO2 emissions.

2.2 How to calculate energy saving (CO2 reduction) by IT solutions
The energy saving by IT solutions is calculated as follows.
Listing relevant components
Determining formulas to quantify
changes in each component

Collecting data to be input

Calculating effects
Figure 2-1: Flow of calculating the energy saving by IT solutions(1) Listing relevant components
First, clearly define situations (scenarios) before and after the introduction of IT solutions. Next,
identify which components in Table 2-1 are affected by the introduction, or which components are16

expected to change after the introduction3. In this step, make sure that all components in whichenergy consumption changes throughout society are listed.

Points to note:•

Not only the reduction in energy consumption (positive effect) but also the increase in IT
equipment, communication infrastructure, and so forth (negative effect) must be considered.
Although the introduction of IT solutions usually increases the power consumption of IT
equipment, the unification of servers, etc. can reduce power consumption.

•

Functionally interchangeable situations should be compared: scenarios before and after the
introduction of IT solutions may differ from each other in form but must serve the samefunction.

(2) Determining formulas to quantify changes in each component
Determine a formula to quantify CO2 emissions (or reduction) in kg-CO2 or other units for eachcomponent. Depending on data availability, each formula listed in Table 2-1 can be modified toenable the calculations to be made. Set the calculation period to one year to allow a comparison of
CO2 emissions in each component. Data availability must be considered before determining each
formula.

(3) Collecting data to be input
Collect data to be input into each formula. Two kinds of data are needed to measure the effect of
introducing IT solutions.
(i) Amount of activity
Amount of activity means an amount of change in energy or natural resource consumption.
In teleworking, this means the amount of fuel saved due to less driving for commuting; inpaperless offices, it means the reduction in amount of paper and other reductions.
(ii) Basic unit data
Basic unit data means coefficients to convert amounts of change in energy consumption
caused by IT solutions to the amount of CO2. The amount of saved fuel (teleworking) or
reduced paper consumption (paperless office) is converted into the amount of CO2.

If data cannot easily be obtained or measured, use available existing data such as average values,
typical values, or reference values. Appendix 1 shows typical basic units and Appendix 2 lists

3

If the change before and after the introduction cannot be estimated, quantify the CO2 emissions before and after
the introduction and then determine the difference.

17reference values.

When selecting basic units, the following points must be considered:•

When comparing CO2 emissions reduction effects by different IT solutions, a basic unit thatis generally common to these solutions should be selected.

•

Some basic units such as the CO2 emissions coefficient of grid power are subject to change.
Select an appropriate basic unit according to the timing and purpose of measurement. When
comparing effects by a solution at two different points in time, basic points at respective
points in time must be used.

(4) Calculating effects
Based on the collected data, calculate the effect of each component by using the formuladetermined in (2). Then, total all positive and negative effects.

2.3 Case study: teleworking
This section explains how to calculate the CO2 emissions reduction effect by teleworking, andsome important points.

Setting:
Once-a-week teleworking (52 days a year). The employee usually commutes by car (to and fromthe station: 6 km) and by train (to and from the office: 40 km). Teleworking at home is 8 hours aday.

Figure 2-2: Example of teleworking(1) Listing relevant components
The CO2 emissions reduction effect by teleworking is related to the six components listed in18

Table 2-2.

Table 2-2: Components related to teleworking
Component
TargetDescription
A Energy consumption in Teleworking reduces travel by car,commuting (by private lowering the related energy consumption.
vehicle)2) Movement of people
B Energy consumption in Teleworking reduces travel by public
commuting (by public
transportation such as trains and buses,
transportation)
lowering the related energy consumption.
C Energy consumption in Teleworking reduces energy4) Office space
officeconsumption in the office.
D Energy consumption of Energy consumption of IT equipment
IT equipmentused in teleworking6) Power/energy
consumption
E Energy consumption at Energy consumption of home applianceshomeused in association with teleworking
Example: air conditioners, lighting
7) NW data
F Energy consumption in Teleworking increases energy
communication
data communication
consumption in data communication.
For each target, Steps (2) to (4) are explained below.

A: Energy consumption in commuting (by private vehicle)
Target A indicates the amount of energy consumption of private vehicles. This will be reduced by
the introduction of teleworking. This positive factor can be calculated as follows.

A = (A1: Reduced travel distance of people) × (A2: Basic unit of travel of a person by private
vehicle)= (A1: Cumulative reduced distance of travel by private vehicle as a result of teleworking)× (A2: Basic unit of travel of a person by private vehicle)

A1 is the cumulative distance of travel by car which is reduced by teleworking. A2 is the amountof CO2 emissions for a person to travel 1 km by car (basic unit).

When determining a formula for each target, it may be necessary to modify the formula dependingon the availability of basic units and other input data. For example, data on teleworking hours per
week are usually available but the number of days is rarely available. In such a case, days ofteleworking must be estimated because the commuting frequency (the number of times people
commute by car) is one of the input data for Target A. The number of days for teleworking can be
estimated by dividing the teleworking hours per week by the assumed average daily teleworking

19hours. If the basic unit for a person to travel 1 km by car is not available, fuel mileage or othervalues should be used. In short, formulas should be modified to accommodate the input data
available.

As shown in Figure 2-2, when an employee who usually commutes by car for 6 km teleworks for
52 days in a year, the formula of the CO2 emissions reduction effect is as shown below. The basic
unit for a person to travel 1 km by car is 0.047 kg-CO2/person·km4. For details, see the Appendix.

A = (A1: Cumulative reduced distance of travel by private vehicle as a result of teleworking)× (A2: Basic unit of travel of a person by private vehicle)= (A1: (Frequency of teleworking) × (Reduced travel distance by car per day of teleworking))× (A2: Basic unit of travel of a person by private vehicle)= (52 days/year × 6 km/day) × (0.047 kg-CO2/person·km)= 14.7 kg-CO2/person·year

B: Energy consumption in commuting (by public transportation)
Target B indicates the amount of energy consumption of public transportation such as trains andbuses. Like Target A, this reflects the reduction of energy consumption and is regarded as apositive effect.
Even if one commuter stops using public transportation, it will not change the frequency of trains
or other public transportation. However, as the number of teleworkers increases, the frequency of
public transportation is likely to decrease gradually5. This kind of latent capacity of IT solutions
does not produce an immediate effect on CO2 emissions but is expected to do so over time. This isincluded in the potential of IT solutions.

When an employee who usually commutes 40 km by train teleworks for 52 days in a year, theformula of the CO2 emissions reduction effect is as shown below.

B = (Reduced travel distance of people) × (Basic unit of travel of a person by public transportation)= (B1: Cumulative reduced distance of travel by public transportation due to teleworking)× (B2: Basic unit of travel by public transportation)= (B1: (Frequency of teleworking) × (Reduced travel distance by public transportation per day

4

5

The Survey on Transport Energy (2001-2002); Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
For details, see Section 3.2.

20

of teleworking)) × (B2: Basic unit of travel by public transportation)= (52 days/year × 40 km/day) × (0.005 kg-CO2/person·km)= 10.4 kg-CO2/person·year
B2 is the basic unit of an office worker to travel 1 km by train (0.005 kg-CO2/person·km)6. The
frequency of trains (public transportation) is assumed to decrease.

C: Energy consumption in office
Teleworking reduces the number of workers in the office. Some lights, air-conditioners, and otherfacilities are turned off, and thus energy consumption is reduced. Target C indicates this reduction
and is categorized as a positive effect.
Although an increase in the number of teleworkers may not immediately reduce energy
consumption in the office, this increase is expected to help reduce energy consumption. Like
Target B, this is the potential of IT solutions. Assuming the office is used 260 days a year (5 days aweek, 52 weeks a year), the reduction of CO2 emissions for a teleworker can be calculated asfollows:
C = (Space occupied by a worker) × (Frequency of teleworking)× (Basic unit of energy consumption per space)= (C1: Space occupied by an office worker7) × (Frequency of teleworking)× (C2: Basic unit of energy consumption per office space7)= 13.1 m2/person × (52/260) × 76.0 kg-CO2/m2·year= 199.1 kg-CO2/person·year

D: Energy consumption of IT equipment
Target D indicates the amount of energy consumption of IT equipment. This value increases due toteleworking and thus is categorized as a negative effect.

In teleworking, teleworkers perform office work at home by using their PC or notebook PC fromthe company8. When a teleworker works at home using a notebook PC (power consumption for 8hours is 192.1 Wh/day = 0.192 kWh/day), the annual power consumption can be estimated to be

6

The Survey on Transport Energy (2001·2002); Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Report on ICT Policy for Addressing Global Warming (April 2008); Ministry of Internal Affairs andCommunications’ Study Group8
Teleworkers usually access the corporate server (or PC) from home. Therefore, it is assumed that the energy
consumption of IT equipment in the office remains unchanged.
7

21

18,734 Wh/year·unit9. If the teleworker lives in metropolitan Tokyo, power is supplied by Tokyo
Electric Power Company and thus the CO2 emissions coefficient is 0.425 kg-CO2/kWh10.

D = (Power consumption per piece of IT equipment) × (Basic unit of grid power)= (D1: Power consumption per notebook PC) × (D2: Basic unit of grid power)= (D1: Number of pieces of IT equipment × Power consumption per piece
× Time spent per piece) × (D2: Basic unit of grid power)= (1 × 0.192 kWh/day·piece × 52 days/year) × (0.425 kg-CO2/kWh)= 4.2 kg-CO2/year

E: Energy consumption at home
Teleworking increases the energy consumption of air-conditioners and other home appliances athome. This is a negative effect shown in Target E.
Unlike data on energy consumption in the office, the power consumption of air-conditioners is notavailable as data per unit area. To obtain the amount of CO2, calculate the power consumption of
the target home appliance based on its running hours in the home environment. Then, multiple thevalue by the CO2 emissions coefficient of the relevant grid power.
Assuming that an air-conditioner (with cooling capacity of 2.2 kW for an area of 6 to 9 tatamimats) and fluorescent lights (for an area of 6 to 8 tatami mats) are used during teleworking11, thepower consumption of these appliances is calculated as follows:
E = (Power consumption by teleworking at home) × (Basic unit of grid power)= {E1: ((Power consumption: air-conditioner) + (Power consumption: lighting))× (Days of teleworking)} × (E2: Basic unit of grid power)= {(1.15 kWh/day + 0.54 kWh/day) × 52 days/year} × (0.425 kg-CO2/kWh)= 37.3 kg CO2/year

F: Energy consumption in data communication
Although the Internet helps IT solutions dramatically improve office work and home life,
accessing the Internet increases the energy consumption of the relevant equipment. Thus Target F
is regarded as having a negative effect on energy consumption.

9

Data from the Energy Conservation Center, Japan; average power consumption of a model with a 14-inch or
larger LCD (in energy-saving mode). The annual amount assumes usage for 15 hours/week, 52 weeks/year.
10
Tokyo Electric Power Company, data of FY2007
11
The Energy Conservation Center Catalog (2008); Energy Conservation Center

22

Since the energy consumption in data communication changes depending on the increase or
decrease in the amount of data communication, the basic unit (0.0025 kg-CO2/MB12) of Internet
communication is used.

The latest basic unit values should be used to reflect the rapid improvement in the energy-saving
performance of IT equipment and communication infrastructure. The value above is the latest one
available at the time of this research.

When a teleworker receives or transmits 10,000 MB of data in a year, the increase in energy
consumption related to communication is calculated as follows.

F = (Amount of communication) × (Basic unit of communication)= (F1: Amount of communication) × (F2: Basic unit of communication)= 10,000 MB/year × 0.0025 kg-CO2/MB= 25 kg-CO2/year

The availability of the basic unit (CO2 emissions coefficient) per data communication is limited atpresent. Since the amount of network communication has been increasing in recent years, this lackof information can cause major uncertainty in measuring the effects of IT solutions.

To determine the total effect of introduced IT solutions, group the targets quantified so far into
positive effects and negative effects, and sum up all the values. The calculation results for theexample of teleworking (Figure 2-2) are summarized below (Table 2-3).

12Reports on the Results Regarding Samples and Calculation Standards of the Eco-efficiency of ICT Services (March
2004); Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry

23

Table 2-3: CO2 emissions reduction of each target in teleworking
Unit: kg-CO2/year·person
Item

TargetCO2 emissions reduction

Positive effects
A

Energy consumption in commuting (by private vehicle)

14.7

B

Energy consumption in commuting (by public transportation)

10.4

C

Energy consumption in office

199.1

Negative effects
D

Energy consumption of IT equipment

4.2

E

Energy consumption at home

37.3

F

Energy consumption in data communication25

Total (A+B+C−D−E−F)

157.7

24

3. Considerations in Calculating Effects and Interpreting Results
Chapter 2 described a framework for quantifying the effects of Green by IT. In the actual
calculation, however, there are several delicate issues, for example, setting scenarios before andafter introducing IT solutions, identifying boundaries, and estimating input data.

This chapter explains two important issues in calculating effects and interpreting results: (a) how to
set a pre-introduction scenario and (b) how to define the temporal and spatial spread.

3.1 Pre-introduction scenario(1) Basic principle
To quantify CO2 emissions reduction, scenarios before and after introducing IT solutions must be
set (see Sections 2.2 (1) and 2.3). A scenario after introduction is normally based on actual results,
whereas a pre-introduction scenario is often uncertain mainly due to the following two reasons:
1. A pre-introduction scenario is hypothetical and intangible.
2. Multiple scenarios are possible before introduction; the reason for selection must be clearly
noted.

The selection depends on the purpose of the calculation, and so the number of scenarios should notnecessarily be limited to one. If an inappropriate scenario is selected, the result of the calculation
may not suit the purpose, so the appropriateness of the selection must be assessed thoroughly. For
hypothetical scenarios in particular, the reason for selection must be clarified.

A hypothetical pre-introduction scenario is normally based on the practice applicable to a target
country where IT solutions are not yet introduced. For example, when calculating the effect ofteleworking in Japan, it is assumed that people in urban areas commute by train (see Section 2.3).
In some countries, however, commuting by car may be more common. If a pre-introduction
scenario is hypothetical, it must be both applicable to a real situation and plausible for the target of
IT solutions. Furthermore, the activities defined in the scenario must continue to exist even after
introducing IT solutions.

The difference between CO2 emissions before and after improving IT solutions can also becompared. For example, changes in the amount of CO2 emissions by replacing old IT systems withnew ones can be assessed. A comparison before and after gathering distributed IT equipment into a
data center by using cloud technology is another example. When assessing the reduction in CO2emissions for a special purpose, it must be explained as needed.

25

(2) Example: pre-introduction scenario of teleworking(i) Before and after introduction
Take teleworking as an example. Chapter 2 shows the CO2 emissions reduction. In that example,
changes in CO2 emissions related to commuting are calculated before and after introducing
teleworking. The pre-introduction scenario assumes that people commute by car or public
transportation, which is a common way of commuting at present (Figure 3-1).

Figure 3-1: Before and after introducing teleworking
Note that commuting methods vary; Chapter 2 assumes the common commuting method in urban
areas in Japan, but it may differ in other countries.

(ii) Replacing systems
A particular purpose may require a particular pre-introduction scenario. For example, assume thatthe purpose is to compare CO2 emissions in the current situation with those after replacing obsolete
teleworking systems with new ones (Figure 3-2). In this case, the major functions for teleworking
remain the same, but replacing the systems reduces energy consumption and thus reduces the total
CO2 emissions. Component 6 “Power/energy consumption (IT/NW equipment)” (Table 2-1) is
supposed to shrink after introduction.

The timing and IT systems to be compared should also be clearly defined. For example;• Timing: before and after new IT systems are installed• IT systems: the latest system rather than an existing general system is installed (hypotheticalscenario)

26

Figure 3-2: Introducing a new IT system for teleworking(iii) Cloud computing for teleworking
Cloud computing is another example of system replacement described in (ii). CO2 emissions canbe reduced by gathering IT equipment into a single data center by using cloud computing
technology. When calculating the effect of doing this, a pre-introduction scenario assumes thatmany IT devices (servers) are used for teleworking, and an after-introduction scenario assumes thatteleworking is supported by cloud computing (Figure 3-3). Again, Component 6 in Table 2-1 will
be reduced.

Figure 3-3: Cloud computing for teleworking
It may be possible to compare the situation before introducing teleworking and after introducing
cloud computing. In this case, all components in Table 2-1 must be taken into consideration.

27

3.2 Ranges influenced by IT solutions (temporal and spatial spread)
The reduction in CO2 emissions achieved by IT solutions is so complicated that the calculated
results can be interpreted differently and the amount of reduction can differ greatly. In thefollowing sections, the composite effects of Green by IT are analyzed, which will be useful for
calculating and interpreting the reduction in CO2 emissions achieved by IT solutions.

(1) Concept of temporal and spatial spread
If employees commute by car, introducing teleworking reduces the commuting distance and thus
CO2 emissions. Namely, these effects do not occur in the company that introduces teleworking but
among the employees. The effects of Green by IT are not limited to the company itself, but expand
to outside the company (Figure 3-4).

Figure 3-4: How the effects of teleworking spreadTo define a spatial boundary, “inside” and “outside” the company should be defined. “Inside” isdefined as sectors where energy (electricity, fuel, etc.) and goods (paper, etc.) are consumed, and“outside” is defined as other sectors.

The time lag in the effects should also be considered. Take office space as an example. The
required office space may be reduced immediately after introducing teleworking, or the reductionof energy consumption at the office may be delayed. The latter applies to companies which do notrelocate to a smaller place or do not introduce measures to save energy even after working hours at
the office have been reduced by introducing teleworking.

28

As in the case above, CO2 emissions may not be reduced immediately after introducing IT
solutions for some reasons. This is defined as “temporal spread,” or a time lag from theintroduction of IT solutions until the actual reduction of CO2 emissions. The temporal spread may
also occur when additional measures are necessary (relocation followed by the introduction of
teleworking). Considering the temporal spread, CO2 emissions reduction can be divided into two
categories: actual reduction and potential reduction.

(2) Example: temporal and spatial spread
The following sections describe the temporal and spatial spread in the case of teleworking.

(i) Scenarios of introducing teleworking and effects of Green by IT
Table 3-1 summarizes the effects of CO2 emissions reduction by introducing teleworking. The
calculations use the formula described in Chapter 2.

Table 3-1: CO2 emissions reduction by teleworking
Item

Component

CO2 emissions
reduction(kg-CO2/year·person)

FormulaPositive effects
A

B

C

Energy consumption in commuting(52 days/year × 6 km/day)(by private vehicle)

× 0.047 kg-CO2/person·km

Energy consumption in commuting(52 days/year × 40 km/day)(by public transportation)

× 0.005 kg-CO2/person·km

Energy consumption in office13.1 m2/person × (52/260)

14.7

10.4

199.1

2

× 76.0 kg-CO2/m ·year
Negative effects
D

Energy consumption of IT(1 unit × 0.192 kWh/day·pieceequipment

4.2

× 52 days/year)
× 0.425 kg-CO2/kWh

E

Energy consumption at home

(1.15 kWh/day + 0.54 kWh/day

37.3

× 52 days/year)
× 0.425 kg-CO2/kWh
F

Energy consumption in data

10,000 MB/year

communication

25.0

× 0.0025 kg-CO2/MB

Total

157.7

29

(ii) Process of CO2 emissions reduction in teleworking
To help understand the temporal and spatial spread, Figure 3-5 illustrates how and where
teleworking is introduced and how CO2 emissions are reduced for each component listed in Table
3-1.

The process is broken down into four major sub-processes: (a) reduced commuting by car(movement of people), (b) reduced commuting by train (movement of people), (c) reduced officespace, and (d) increased use of IT equipment and home appliances at home. In sub-processes (a)and (d), energy consumption is expected to decrease or increase at once. In contrast, the reduction
or increase in energy consumption is not clear in terms of reduced frequency of trains (km)(examined items A in Figure 3-5) and reduced office space (examined items B in Figure 3-5).
In the two sub-processes (a) and (d), CO2 emissions are reduced at employees’ homes. In
sub-process (b), CO2 emissions are reduced in the public transport sector. Other reductions takeplace within the company.

Figure 3-5: Example of process of CO2 emissions reduction in teleworking13(iii) Summary of spatial and temporal spread
We reviewed the items in areas (A) and (B) which need examining in terms of temporal spread14

13

Spatial boundaries usually spread in line with the expansion of temporal boundaries. Accordingly, both of them
are described along the horizontal axis in Figure 3-5. Note that Figure 3-4 shows the spatial and temporal spread
two-dimensionally.
14
For details, see the FY2010 report by the Survey and Estimation Committee of the Green IT Promotion Council.

30

and assumed that CO2 emissions can be reduced more easily by reducing the use of public
transportation than by reducing office space. While the public transport sector acts relatively more
quickly in response to a reduction of commuters (A), reducing office space requires additional
measures which may cause a delay (B). In the latter case, therefore, there may be a difference
between the potential and actual CO2 emissions reduction.

In terms of spatial spread, introducing teleworking reduces CO2 emissions at the office (positive
results in Components C, D and F in Table 3-1) while increasing CO2 emissions at employees’
homes (Component E). Furthermore, if the office space is not reduced in accordance with theworkload, CO2 emissions may increase at the office in some cases.

Figure 3-6 shows potential effects broken down in terms of temporal and spatial spread. The bar at
the far right indicates the potential CO2 emissions reduction. The effects (CO2 emissions reduction)
are divided into actions by the company (introducing the IT solution, additional measures) andthose by others. Each item can be further divided into sub-items (“inside” and “outside”) to show
the spatial spread. How much these sub-items contribute to the potential effect is indicated by thelengths of respective bars.

Figure 3-6: CO2 emissions reduction per sub-item(3) Actual and potential effects
Sections above examined the breakdown of CO2 emissions reduction, which is calculated by theformula described in Chapter 2.

Since CO2 emissions reduction through Green by IT spreads spatially, its contribution must be
evaluated across society. For temporal spread, two effects can be defined: actual effects (reduction31

of CO2 emissions in the short term) and potential effects (the maximum possible effect byintroducing IT solutions).
In Chapter 2, CO2 emissions reduction by each activity in the seven components (and “Others”)
was calculated by using the formula:
Change in quantity of activity × Basic unit
However, considering temporal spread, there may be a mixture of potential and actual CO2
emissions reduction depending on the data and formula used.

Figure 3-7: Formulas for calculating CO2 emissions reduction and their positions

Figure 3-7 shows whether the results of calculations for the seven components (see Table 2-1) areclose to actual or potential15. The results of Component 4 “Office space” show that CO2 emissions
reduction is close to actual when the calculations are based on the measurements by power meters
or actual reduction in office space. Meanwhile, the results are closer to potential when CO2emissions reduction is calculated based on reduction in working hours. In Component 2“Movement of people,” the difference between CO2 emissions reduction based on the reduced
travel distance of people and the reduced frequency of trains is expected to be small.

15

The FY2010 report by the Survey and Estimation Committee reviewed the effects of the paperless office andHEMS. Figure 3-7 includes these results.

32

As shown above, the purpose must be made clear before calculating the effects of Green by IT: toobtain potential effects or actual effects. To obtain actual effects, use a formula closer to the left in
Figure 3-7 and actually measured figures. To obtain potential effects, use a formula closer to theright in Figure 3-7 and possible maximum values. This approach will improve the accuracy of
calculated CO2 emissions reduction.

3.3 Summary(1) Pre-introduction scenario• If pre-introduction scenarios are inappropriate, the calculation results may not suit the purpose.
Thus, the appropriateness of selected scenarios must be assessed thoroughly. In particular, it
may be necessary to explain the details of a scenario based on a hypothetical situation.
• A hypothetical pre-introduction scenario is normally based on common practices in the target
country before the introduction.

• CO2 emissions before and after improving IT solutions can also be compared. For example,
changes in the amount of CO2 emissions after replacing old IT systems with new ones or aftergathering distributed IT equipment into a data center by using cloud technology can be targeted.
When assessing CO2 emissions reduction for a particular purpose, its framework should be
explained in detail.

(2) Temporal and spatial spread• With an understanding of the temporal and spatial spread of effects, the formula used to
calculate CO2 emissions reduction through Green by IT, the presentation of its results, and thus
the quality of the evaluation standard can be enhanced.
• In terms of temporal spread, there are two types of effects of Green by IT: actual effects (lefthalf of Figure 3-4) and potential effects (total of Figure 3-4).
• Actual effects are defined as CO2 emissions reduction achieved by introducing IT solutions inthe short term.
• A potential effect is defined as the maximum CO2 emissions reduction to be achieved byintroducing IT solutions.
• In terms of spatial spread, CO2 emissions reduction through Green by IT is achieved not only
within the company which has introduced IT solutions (lower part of Figure 3-4) but also
outside the company (upper part of Figure 3-4).
• The calculated CO2 emissions reduction should be clearly identified as actual or potential(Figure 3-7).
• The composition of CO2 emissions reduction can be analyzed based on the above considerations.
Figure 3-6 shows that the CO2 emissions reduction through Green by IT calculated by the33formula described in Chapter 2 can be broken down by actions relating to the temporal spreadand to places where the effect takes place. This analysis is useful for both calculating effects andinterpreting the results in a consistent manner, and is also useful for promoting Green by IT.

34

4. Presenting the Results
Based on the above description, the following sections offer some good examples of how topresent the results of CO2 emissions reduction through Green by IT.

4.1 Basic data
(1) Preconditions
As described earlier, the amount of CO2 emissions reduction through Green by IT depends on the
purposes and assumptions. Thus, it is necessary to show what preconditions and scenarios are used
for calculation, in addition to the calculation results (Figure 4-1).

The following must be included in the preconditions and scenarios:
1) Conditions for scenarios• Use quantitative data as much as possible to describe the situation before and after introducing
IT solutions. Clearly indicate whether a pre-introduction scenario is hypothetical or actual.
2) Input data
• Describe input data: measured or assumed, the source of data, etc.
3) Boundaries (range influenced by the introduction of IT solutions)• Indicate the temporal or spatial range that can be influenced by the introduction of IT solutions,thus clarifying the denominator when calculating the reduction ratio.
•

Figure 4-1: Example of presenting scenarios (TV conferencing)35

(2) Calculation results
To clarify CO2 emissions reduction rates, compare the amount of CO2 emissions before and after
introducing IT solutions. Indicating the effects of each component will help understand the featuresof IT solutions (Figure 4-2).

Figure 4-2: Example of presenting calculation results(introducing IT solutions into office work)

4.2 Additional information(1) Calculation process and basic unit
To make the calculation process traceable, show the formula and basic units used. This will help
readers to understand the results of the calculation (Figure 4-3).

36

Figure 4-3: Example of presenting the calculation process (TV conferencing)(2) Analysis results of temporal and spatial spread
Breaking down the effects in terms of temporal and spatial spread is helpful for understanding thefeatures of IT solutions (Figure 4-4).

Figure 4-4: Example of analyzing temporal and spatial spread37

5. Calculation Cases
5.1 List of calculation cases
The following sections 5.2 to 5.9 show how to calculate the amount of CO2 emissions
reduction by IT solutions in accordance with the methods described earlier. Table 5-1 lists
actual calculation cases.
Many other cases are listed in the FY2009 and FY2010 reports by the Survey and Estimation
Committee of the Green IT Promotion Council (see Section 5.10). More cases are also
introduced in the “Green IT Award” and “Green IT The Best Practices Collection16.
Table 5-1: List of calculation cases
Classification

Solution

Introducing company

Calculation

Optionresults
Introducing IT to

Online acceptance service forbusinessaccount debiting contracts
PQTMeister®
quality

NTT Data Corporation



Solutions

ResearchPanasonic Corporation

Hitachi, Ltd.

NEC Corporation



Fujitsu Ltd.



Nihon Unisys, Ltd.

safetyandToshibaframeworkfor

Corporation

ensuring quality & traceability
in the automobile industry
ASP-type
servicesharedsystemonlineNomuraretailInstitute, Ltd.

forsecurities brokerage firms
Teleconferencing

HD image communication
systemTeleconferencing system with
the

StarBoardelectronic

whiteboard
HEMS

Carbon Diet: a service forvisualizing power saving
efforts

Improving

Logistics support solution

transportation(digital tachograph)efficiency
Cloud computing

U-Cloud® IaaS (ICT hosting
service)16

Visit the website of the Green IT Promotion Council (http://www.greenit-pc.jp/).

38

5.2 Introducing IT to business (NTT Data Corporation)
Company name:Title:NTT Data Corporation Online acceptance service for account debiting contracts
Outline:An ASP service designed to conclude account debiting contracts on the Internet. This service
enables account holders to conclude an account debiting contract on the Internet (paperless, without
signature). Such a contract usually requires account holders to fill out and sign forms and bothcontracting companies and financial institutions to handle these forms.

Overview
Preconditions forevaluation:
The amounts of energy
consumption before
and after introducing
the service for 180,000
account debiting
applications annually
are compared. This
covers the process fromacceptance of accountdebiting to notificationof the results between
contracting companies
and financial
institutions.

Calculation results:
Reduction: 1,023 t-CO2/year

Rate: 82%

Source: http://www.nttdata.com/jp/ja/green_it/product/index.html

39Company name:Title:NTT Data Corporation

Online acceptance service for account debiting contracts

Process of CO2 emissions reduction

Temporal and spatial spread

Source: http://www.nttdata.com/jp/ja/green_it/product/index.html

40

5.3 Introducing IT to business (Toshiba Solutions Corporation)
Company name:Title: PQTMeister® safety and quality framework for ensuring
Toshiba Solutions Corporation quality & traceability in the automobile industry
Outline: As customers become increasingly concerned about security and safety with the spread of
digitalization of information, companies must quickly respond to defects and troubles in theirproducts. This solution is designed to integrally manage the trace information (paper, data, etc.) on
the safety of parts throughout the company, reduce the time required for investigating
non-conformance, clarify (minimize) the range of non-conformance to be handled, and reduce thecost of countermeasures or disposal. This is the first package product to provide a quality
framework for automobiles which require a high level of safety.
Details of the solution and CO2 emissions reduction effect:
This solution is the first package product that aims to reduce the development workload in the fieldof quality management traceability systems, whose framework is usually developed from scratch,and to improve the efficiency of traceability work where many tasks are still performed manually.
Improved efficiency will also help decrease the environmental burden during the development aswell as traceability work.
Figures 1 and 2 show business models before and after introducing the solution. The businessmodel before the introduction is assumed to be as follows: information was exchanged among
factories via physical media such as paper documents and CD-ROMs, and the traceability work
was performed by using pen and paper or spreadsheet software. Each factory manages productsystems, parts list, and the like by using systems and paper, and they are processed manually uponrequest. After introduction, the PQTMeister works together with the systems of each factory toautomatically obtain information and perform the traceability work. As a result, there is no needfor people to do traceability work in terms of data processing. This improved operational efficiency
will considerably reduce CO2 emissions.

Before the introduction
Preconditions for evaluation:
Target work: identifying defect lots
(trace-back) and estimating the rangeof adverse effects (trace-forward). The
series of tasks is performed when themaintenance department of a car
maker requests an investigation.
Number of requests: 900/year
Departments involved: maintenancedept. (1 person), quality assurance
dept. (2 persons), and manufacturing
dept. (5 persons)
The traceability work is performed at
the head office and a factory.
Range of target work: investigationand estimation only.
The effect of smaller recalls is notevaluated.
Source:After the introduction
Calculation results:

41

5.4 Introducing IT to business (Nomura Research Institute, Ltd.)
Company name:Title: ASP-type shared online service system for retail

Nomura Research Institute, Ltd.

securities brokerage firms

Outline:
A shared system to comprehensively support the back-office work (account management, orders,settlements, etc.) of retail securities brokerage firms. Individual firms do not build and operate asystem but share a system on a network, thus reducing CO2 emissions for system development andoperation.
Details of the solution and CO2 emissions reduction effect:
System configuration

Preconditions for evaluation:
With individual systems:
The assumed system uses 11 servers.
A system equivalent to the sharedsystem is built without using
package software. Man-hours
required for developing this systemare estimated to be about 80% of theshared system (the shared systemneeds to include the components forindividual user companies).

Calculation results:

With the shared system:
Data in NRI’s system is applied toboth software and hardware.
Source:42

Company name:Title: ASP-type shared online service system for retail

Nomura Research Institute, Ltd.

securities brokerage firms

Process of CO2 emissions reduction

Temporal and spatial spread

Source:43

5.5 Teleconferencing (Panasonic Corporation)
Company name:Title:
Panasonic Corporation
HD image communication system
Outline:Unlike conventional teleconferencing systems, this system offers a variety of communication
solutions with high-quality images and sound, so attendees feel like they are holding a usual
meeting. They no longer need to gather at one place, which considerably reduces CO2 emissions
related to transportation.
Details of the solution and CO2 emissions reduction effect:■ Example of system configuration■ How to calculate CO2 emissions reduction effects
The CO2 emissions related to the movement of people for a meeting and those by using the HD
image communication system are compared.
■ Calculation formula
The amount of CO2 emissions reduction by using IT equipment =(1) (CO2 emissions basic unit of a transportation means × travel distance × number of people) – (2)(Power consumption of IT equipment × operating time × number of units × CO2 emissions
coefficient)
Preconditions for evaluation:
Calculation results▪ CO2 emissions basic unit of a
Scenario: five people travel every week (50 times/year)*1transportation means
between Tokyo and Osaka (553 km) by train for two-hour
Railway: 19 kg-CO2/person·km
meetings▪ Power consumption and CO2(1) Business trip (movement of people)
emissions factor of IT equipment
5 people × 553 km × 2 times × 50 times × 0.019 kg/person·(1) Unit and power consumption
km = 5,253 kg(2 units are used each.)(2) HD image communication (power consumption of
HD image communication unit:
IT/NW equipment)
32 W/unit(0.032 kW + 0.0047 kW + 0.472 kW) × 2 units × 2 hours ×
Digital high-definition camcorder: 50 × 0.43 kg-CO2/kWh = 44 kg
4.7 W/unit
FactorCO2 emissions
50-inch full-resolution HD plasma
Movement of people (1)+ 5,253 kg
television:(Power consumption of IT/NW+ 44 kg
472 W/unit
equipment(2)(2) CO2 emissions coefficient *2:CO2 emissions reduction effect (1) – (2)5,209 kg
0.43 kg-CO2/kWh
Source:*1 Transportation, Traffic and the Environment (2009); Foundation for Promoting Personal
Mobility and Ecological Transportation*2 Household Eco-Account Book (revised on August 5, 2010); Ministry of the Environment

44

Company name:Title: HD image communication system

Panasonic Corporation
Process of CO2 emissions reduction

Temporal and spatial spread

Source:45

5.6 Teleconferencing (Hitachi, Ltd.)
Company name:Title:
Hitachi, Ltd.
Teleconferencing system with the StarBoard electronic
Hitachi Solutions, Ltd.
whiteboard
Outline:StarBoard is an interactive electronic whiteboard on which the PC screen is projected and the PC
itself can be operated. Combined with a teleconferencing system, it enables people to share sound,images, and data and hold an effective remote conference.

Preconditions forevaluation:
Introduction of IT
equipment and its
power consumption
increased CO2
emissions by 493
kg-CO2 while theelimination of the
movement ofpeople decreased
CO2 emissions by
26,416 kg-CO2.
A considerable
reduction effectwas confirmed.

Calculation results:
FactorConsumption of goods (A)Transportation of goods (B)Document space (D)Movement of people (D′)
Storage space (E)Power consumption of IT/NW equipment (G, H)
Total

Source: CV-BI02-001 (CFP certification number)
http://www.cfp-japan.jp/info/p_detail.php?id=24

46

Unit: kg-CO2
Effect00026,4160–493
25,923

Company name:
Hitachi, Ltd.
Hitachi Solutions, Ltd.

Title:
Teleconferencing
whiteboard

systemwith

theProcess of CO2 emissions reduction

Temporal and spatial spread

Source: http://hitachisoft.jp/products/starboard/support/environment.html

47

StarBoardelectronic

5.7 HEMS (NEC Corporation)
Company name:Title:NEC Corporation

Carbon Diet: a service for visualizing power saving efforts

Outline:“Carbon Diet” uses an easy-to-install, small unit to measure household power consumption andautomatically send the data via short-range wireless transmission to the server, where theconsumption is calculated. It enables users to find on the web how they have reduced CO2
emissions at home and encourages them to continue power-saving efforts while competing withother users.
Details of the solution and CO2 emissions reduction effect:
NEC and NEC Biglobe conducted a trial run of this service with about 100 households of NECgroup employees for three months and found that the average household reduced its power
consumption by about 10% (April to June 2009: year-on-year change).
Preconditions forevaluation:
The measurement
unit can be easily
installed byconnecting a current
sensor to thehouseholddistribution board.
No special work is
required. The
measured data is
automatically sent tothe server throughshort-range wirelesstransmission(IEEE802.15.4)
which is used in
ZigBee wirelessnetworks. Thus,
there is notroublesome workfor users toparticipate in thisCO2 reduction
activity.

Calculation results:
100 households participated in a three-month trial run of this service. The
year-on-year change showed a reduction of 9,233 kWh, or 9.5%.

Figure: Effect of the visualization service

Source: http://www.greenit-pc.jp/topics/release/pdf/green-it-award_091005.pdf

48

5.8 Improving transportation efficiency (Fujitsu Ltd.)
Company name:Title:

Fujitsu Ltd.

Logistics support solution (digital tachograph)

Outline:This operation control system reduces environmental load and costs through safe, economical
driving which is achieved by cooperation among drivers, operation controllers and distribution
centers.
Details of the solution and CO2 emissions reduction effect:
Fuel mileage improved and man-hours
for daily reports reduced thanks to
improved driving.

Poor fuel mileage.
Long time needed for daily reports.

Preconditions for evaluation:

Calculation results:

In case of a leading retail anddistribution company▪ 2000 trucks▪ 2000 drivers

Source: http://segroup.fujitsu.com/its/services/logistics/solution/

49

Company name:Title:

Fujitsu Ltd.

Logistics support solution (digital tachograph)

Process of CO2 emissions reduction

Temporal and spatial spread

Source: http://segroup.fujitsu.com/its/services/logistics/solution/50

5.9 Cloud computing (Nihon Unisys, Ltd.)
Company name:Title:
Nihon Unisys, Ltd.
U-Cloud® IaaS (ICT hosting service)
Outline:U-Cloud is an enterprise cloud service, which provides servers, storage, network resources, anddesktops as and when needed.

FeaturesThis enterprise cloud service is designed to enhance the migration from an on-premiseenvironment. The service has the following four features:• A public cloud that can be used like a private cloud• A one-stop cloud service, leveraging Nihon Unisys’s long experience and know-how gained as asystem integrator• A high-quality hybrid cloud is possible in combination with the U-Cloud® IPCP on-premise
private cloud package.
• An ICT environment including the client environment is available as a cloud service through thevirtual desktop service.
Preconditions forevaluation:
CO2 emissions of thecloud service and thatof the existing data
center (PUE=2.0) were
calculated as a modelcase. Power

Calculation results:
Contribution
FactorConsumption of goods (A)Transportation of goods (B)Document space (D)Movement of people (D′)
Storage space (E)Power consumption of
IT/NW equipment (G, H)
Total

consumption was
reduced by about 90%.
Source: CV-AX02-001 (CFP certification number)
http://www.cfp-japan.jp/info/p_detail.php?id=176

51

Effect760
67,012
16,50049,500DC

U-Cloud

Company name:Title:

Nihon Unisys, Ltd.

U-Cloud® IaaS (ICT hosting service)

Process of CO2 emissions reduction

Temporal and spatial spread

Source: http://www.unisys.co.jp/services/ict/iaas.html

52

5.10 Other solutions through Green by IT
In addition to those described up to Section 5.9, the Survey and Estimation Committee of theGreen IT Promotion Council has collected the solution cases listed in Table 5-2. Their details aredescribed in the previous reports of the committee and other publications.

Table 5-2: Solution cases through Green by IT
Classification

Solution

Introducing company

Improving the

DEMITASNX design assistance tool for

NEC Corporation

efficiency of

suppressing EMI

production
process
Air-conditioning control system prioritizing

Toshiba Corporation

comfortBEMS

Energy conservation system for distribution

Oki Electric Industry Co.,

outlets

Ltd.

Futuric facilities management system

Fujitsu Ltd.

ICT services for delivering direct mail online

NEC Biglobe, Ltd.

Working management system

Hitachi Systems andServices, Ltd.

Administrative information system

Fujitsu Ltd.

E-form system

Hitachi Software
Engineering Co., Ltd.

Prior notification service for utility charges

Corporation

PaperlessofficeNTT Data Billing Service

E-paycheck delivery service

Hitachi Software
Engineering Co., Ltd.

Internet Navigware e-learning system

Fujitsu Ltd.

POS system for mass merchandisers

Fujitsu Ltd.

Geographical information system (GIS) for

Fujitsu Ltd.

farmlandIntegrated internal information solution

Fujitsu Ltd.

Information leakage prevention measures andHitachi Software

PC management

Engineering Co., Ltd.

53

Eliminating paper stock through digitizing

PFU Ltd.

documents
Next-generation office

NTT Data Corporation

Online service for providing images from earth

Fujitsu Ltd.

observation satellites
Software for reducing the number of prints

Fujitsu Advanced
Engineering Ltd.

ASP business support service for helping

NTT Data Corporation

financial institutions to liquidize receivables andentrust accounts receivable in bulk
Reducing environmental loads using e-form

Daiwa Securities Co., Ltd.

systems (for customer use and in-house use)

(Daiwa Institute of
Research Ltd.)

Campusmate-J integrated business package for

Fujitsu Ltd.

universities
KOSMO communication web: a web system for

Daiwa Institute ofhealth insurance associations

Research Business
Innovation Ltd.

Introducing IT
to business

Teleworking

Automatic certificate issuing system

Fujitsu Ltd.

ExchangeUSE workflow system for humanFujitsu Ltd.

resources and general affairs
SaaS-type simple e-application system

NTT Data Corporation

Automatic certificate issuing machine

Fujitsu Ltd.

Teleworking (up to 3 days a week)

Fujitsu YFC Ltd.

Teleworking for reducing commuting and

Hitachi Softwarebalancing work and private life

Engineering Co., Ltd.

In-house meeting system

Hitachi Software
Engineering Co., Ltd.

Teleconferencing

Remotesensing andmanagement

Teleconferencing

NEC Corporation

Teleconferencing

Fujitsu Ltd.

Analyzing the growth of wheat and estimating

Hitachi Software

the optimum harvesting timeEngineering Co., Ltd.

TOREDAS traceable and operational resource

Fujitsu Ltd.

and environment data acquisition system

54

Home energy-saving technology using home

Toshiba Corporation

network
HEMS

OnlineLifinity ECO management system: home

Panasonic Electric Worksenergy management system

Co., Ltd.

“i. market” internet shopping system

Fujitsu Ltd.

Stockholm congestion charging system

IBM Japan, Ltd.

shopping
Improvingtransportation
efficiency

55

6. To Enhance the Use of Evaluation Methods for Green by IT Solutions
This document has described how to calculate energy saving in society by IT solutions (“Green byIT”), which is expected to help reduce CO2 emissions. We believe that Green by IT has great
potential in reducing CO2 emissions in society. According to one estimate, the energy saving of IT
equipment (“Green of IT”) in 2020 will be between 21.4 to 42.8 million t-CO2/year while Green by
IT will achieve 68 to 137 million t-CO2/year17. We hope that the methods described here arewidely used to quantify the effect of individual IT solutions, thus helping to promote Green by IT
and reduce CO2 emissions.

Meanwhile, many concerns still remain in evaluation methods and calculation tools because theeffects of Green by IT are highly diverse. For example, it is difficult to quantify the global effect ofGreen by IT because global scenarios for calculating the effect of Green by IT are not easily
available. In Japan, most business trips are by train while in some countries trips are mainly byplane. Average energy consumption in an office may differ by country. Thus, it is difficult to draw
up a scenario applicable to all regions worldwide. To globally promote Green by IT, we must
accumulate data on scenarios, representative values, and basic units which are necessary forcalculating CO2 emissions reduction effects.

We must strive to solve these challenges while continuing to accumulate data and cases of
evaluation and calculation.

17

FY2009 Report of the Survey and Estimation Committee of the Green IT Promotion Council

56

Appendix
Appendix 1 Basic units (for Japan)
The following tables (A 1-1 to A 1-8) list basic units frequently used for calculating the effect of IT
solutions on reducing energy consumption. These tables summarize reference values available
today18 . Some items have multiple reference values because they were defined by different
organizations at different times; applicable ranges are shown for such items.

Table A 1-1: List of basic units (energy consumption 1/2)
Item

Reference value

Target range for calculation

Source2.75 (kg-CO2/liter)

Production and consumption

12.75 (kg-CO2/liter)

Consumption only2

2.65 (kg-CO2/liter)

Production and consumption

12.50 (kg-CO2/liter)

Consumption only2

2.95 (kg-CO2/liter)

Production and consumption

12.60 (kg-CO2/liter)

Consumption only2

Heavy oil2.81 (kg-CO2/liter)

Production and consumption

1

City gas2.22 (kg-CO2/liter)

Production and consumption

1

2.10 (kg-CO2/liter)

Consumption only2

3.00 (kg-CO2/kg)

Consumption only2

6.50 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Consumption only

2

0.363 (kg-CO2/liter)

Production and consumption

3

0.425 (kg-CO2/liter)

Consumption only

40.555 (kg-CO2/liter)

Unclear50.386 (kg-CO2/liter)

Unclear6

Gasoline

Heating oil

EnergyLight oilconsumption

LPG

Electricity

Sources:
1) National Institute for Environmental Studies – Environmental load unit (2005)
2) Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures3) Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications – Global warming issues (April 2008)
4) Ministry of the Environment – Summary of reports from power companies
5) Revised Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures – Default values
6) Global Warming Countermeasure Plan of Tokyo Metropolitan Government (2007 Guidelines)

18

As of FY2009 when a working group of the Green IT Promotion Council conducted the survey

57

Table A 1-2: List of basic units (energy consumption 2/2)
Item

Reference value

Target range for calculation

Oil-fired

0.975 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Production and consumption

Coal-fired

0.742 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Production and consumption[Reference]

LNG-fired

0.608 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Production and consumption

Power

Solar power

0.053 (kg-CO2/kWh)Uncleargeneration

Wind power

0.029 (kg-CO2/kWh)UnclearmethodGeothermal energy

0.015 (kg-CO2/kWh)UnclearHydraulic power

0.011 (kg-CO2/kWh)Unclear

Nuclear power

0.022 (kg-CO2/kWh)Unclear

U.S.

0.679 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Consumption only

Germany

0.660 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Consumption only

U.K.

0.566 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Consumption onlyChina

1.020 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Consumption only

South Korea

0.535 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Consumption only

Thailand

0.595 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Consumption only

Philippines

0.566 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Consumption only

Vietnam

0.455 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Consumption onlyIndia

1.437 (kg-CO2/kWh)

Consumption only

World average

0.500 (kg-CO2/kWh)Unclear[Power]Source7

Amount ofenergyconsumption(overseas)

89Sources:
7) Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) – CRIEPI’s newsletter No. 338 (October 2000)
8) Japan Electrical Manufacturers’ Association (JEMA) – Investigative report on CO2 reduction activities by thepower sector by country (June 2006)
9) International Energy Agency (IEA)

58

Table A 1-3: List of basic units (energy consumption by goods and by IT)
Item
Paper

Reference value

Target range for calculation Source

1.28 (kg-CO2/kg) Production and consumption

3

CD-ROM: Rewritable

0.25 (kg-CO2/piece) Production and consumption

10

CD-ROM: Write-once

0.46 (kg-CO2/piece) Production and consumption

10

Office76.0 (kg-CO2/m2) Production and consumption

1

Warehouse

46.2 (kg-CO2/m2) Production and consumption

11

Data center

2.113 (kg-CO2/m2)

Unclear122

Unclear12

Consumption
by goods
Office building

657 (kWh/m )NW communication

0.002522 (kg-CO2/MB) Production and consumption

13

Fax communication

0.14 (kg-CO2/hour) Production and consumption

14

Desktop PC

71.4 (kg-CO2/piece)

Unclear

Notebook PC

27.8 (kg-CO2/piece)

Unclear

CRT display

67.5 (kg-CO2/piece

Unclear

LCD display

21.9 (kg-CO2/piece)

UnclearPrinter

74.7 (kg-CO2/piece)

UnclearServer (medium-size)

1,066.0 (kg-CO2/piece)

UnclearServer (workstation)

793.0 (kg-CO2/piece)

UnclearMobile communication

1.4 (kg-CO2/piece)

UnclearFixed-line phone

14.2 (kg-CO2/line)

UnclearFacsimile

12.2 (kg-CO2/line)

UnclearBroadband line

106.0 (kg-CO2/line)

UnclearConsumptionby IT
equipment

15

equipment

16

Sources:
1) National Institute for Environmental Studies – Environmental load units (December 2002)
3) Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications – Global warming issues (April 2008)
10) Yearbook of Machinery Statistics (2001)
11) Japan Statistical Yearbook (2005)
12) Energy Saving Chart of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (2005)
13) Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry – ICT services (2004)
14) WG3 data for environmental efficiency research (2003)
15) Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications – Research results on the impact of IT on the global
environment (2002)
16) Estimation of CO2 emissions by the broadband network

59

Table A 1-4: List of basic units (movement of people)
Item
Private car

Target range for calculation Source

0.0839 (kg-CO2/person·km) Production and consumption
0.0615 (kg-CO2/person·km) Production and consumption

Movement of Bus
peopleReference value

Airplane

0.1860 (kg-CO2/person·km) Production and consumption

Train

0.0329 (kg-CO2/person·km) Production and consumption

Private car

0.047 (kg-CO2/person·km)

UnclearPrivate light car

0.023 (kg-CO2/person·km)

UnclearBusiness vehicle

0.093 (kg-CO2/person·km)

UnclearRoute bus

0.027 (kg-CO2/person·km)

UnclearCharter bus

0.009 (kg-CO2/person·km)

Unclear

Airplane

0.030 (kg-CO2/person·km)

UnclearTrain

0.005 (kg-CO2/person·km)

Unclear

Subway0.004 (kg-CO2/person·km)

UnclearStreet car

0.008 (kg-CO2/person·km)

Unclear

New traffic system

0.007 (kg-CO2/person·km)

Unclear[Reference]
Movement ofpeople1117

Sources:11) Japan Statistical Yearbook (2005)17) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism – Handbook of transportation energy (2001-2002)

Table A 1-5: List of basic units (Transportation of goods)
Item

Reference value

Target range for calculation Source

Truck

0.205 (kg-CO2/ton·km) Production and consumption

Freight railway

0.0315 (kg-CO2/ton·km) Production and consumption

Air cargo

1.410 (kg-CO2/ton·km) Production and consumption

Cargo ship

0.027 (kg-CO2/ton·km) Production and consumption

Postal service (letters)

0.0973 (kg-CO2/ton·km) Production and consumption

Truck for business use

0.049 (kg-CO2/ton·km)

UnclearLight

0.226 (kg-CO2/ton·km)

UnclearPrivate truck

0.098 (kg-CO2/ton·km)

UnclearPrivate light truck

0.776 (kg-CO2/ton·km)

UnclearTrain

0.006 (kg-CO2/ton·km)

UnclearCoastal ship

0.011 (kg-CO2/ton·km)

Unclear

Airplane

0.398 (kg-CO2/ton·km)

Unclear

Transportationof goods

truck

for

11

business use[Reference]
Transportationof goods

60

17

Sources:
11) Japan Statistical Yearbook (2005)17) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism – Handbook of transportation energy (2001-2002)

Table A 1-6: List of basic units (Others)
Item

Reference value

Gasoline car

Target range for calculation Source

15.5 (km/liter)

Consumption only
18

Average of gasoline car
0.193 (kg-CO2/km)

Consumption only

0.146 (kg-CO2/km)

Consumption only

0.123 (kg-CO2/km)

Consumption onlyDiesel hybrid

0.089 (kg-CO2/km)

Consumption only

Fuel cell vehicle

0.087 (kg-CO2/km)

Consumption only

Compressed

0.148 (kg-CO2/km)

Consumption only

Electric vehicle

0.049 (kg-CO2/km)

Consumption only

Gasoline car

0.274 (kg-CO2/km)

Unclear0.290 (kg-CO2/km)

Unclear

Diesel car
Transportation Gasoline hybridof goods

19

natural gas vehicle[Cases]Fuel mileage Diesel car

20

Sources:18) Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism – List of fuel mileage (2008)19) Japan Automobile Research Institute – Report on JHFC Comprehensive Efficiency Research Results (March
2006) (*This is not a regular research.)
20) CDM Project of Bogota Transmilenio PDD

The basic units shown in Tables A 1-1 to A 1-6 indicate (a) the amount of CO2 emissions generated
in both the production and consumption processes (“production and consumption”) and (b) thatgenerated in the consumption process alone (“consumption only”). The former represents the sumof all loads (CO2 emissions) generated from the production stage to the consumption stage.
Meanwhile, the latter targets only the load in the consumption stage.

This document mainly lists numerical data in Japan. When estimating global values, global data
must be used. Table A 1-7 below shows the CO2 emissions coefficients of grid power in somecountries as a reference.

In Japan, data on the CO2 emissions coefficient of power companies is available, and is61periodically published by the Ministry of the Environment (Table A 1-8). This indicates how much
CO2 is emitted through electricity generation for supply to the power grid. Basic units differ in eachcompany because of their different ratios of power sources. In addition, the figures may havechanged due to the change in ratios following the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011.

Considering these factors, an adequate value must be chosen as the basic unit of grid power.

Table A 1-7: CO2 emissions coefficient of grid power by country
Unit: kg-CO2/kWh
Country

CO2 emissions
coefficient of grid
powerCountry

CO2 emissions
coefficient of grid
power

U.S.

0.679

Thailand

0.595

Germany

0.660

Philippines

0.566

U.K.

0.566

Vietnam

0.455

China

1.020

India

1.437

South Korea

0.535

Japan

0.425

Sources: Japan Electrical Manufacturers’ Association (JEMA) – Investigative report on the CO2 reduction activities
by the power sector by country, version 3 (June 2006)
Note: The value published by Tokyo Electric Power in 2008 is used for the value of Japan.

Table A 1-8: CO2 emissions coefficient by electric power company in Japan (2010)
Unit: kg-CO2/kWh
Company

CO2 emissions
coefficient of grid
power

Company

CO2 emissions
coefficient of grid
power

Hokkaido Electric Power

0.359

Kansai Electric Power

0.311

Tohoku Electric Power

0.429

Shikoku Electric Power

0.326

Tokyo Electric Power

0.375

Kyushu Electric Power

0.385

Default value of the
Chubu Electric Power

0.473

Ministry of the

0.559

Environment
Sources: Ministry of the Environment – Publication of CO2 emissions coefficient by electric power company(2010)

62

Appendix 2 Typical values used for calculating the effects of IT solutions
To determine the effects of IT solutions, data related to activities must be input as shown in Section
2.2.
Although it is preferable to use actual measurement values, they cannot be obtained in some cases,
such as when the target is not decided yet or when it is not possible to obtain the data. In such cases,
the values in the following table can be used for estimating the amount of activities.
Item

Reference value

Office space per person

13.1 m2/person

Power consumption of notebook PC for home use (with

18,734 kWh/year·piece, etc.

a 14-inch or larger LCD)Power consumption of notebook PC for office use (with33,876 kWh/year·piece, etc.

a 14-inch or larger LCD)Power consumption of desktop PC for home use (LCD

62,508 kWh/year·piece, etc.

included)
Power consumption of desktop PC for office use (LCD

113,568 kWh/year·piece, etc.

included)
Weight conversion coefficient of office paper

0.004 kg/piece (A4 size)

Power consumption of illumination (fluorescent lamp)

25.88 kWh (375 hours a year)

Power consumption of air-conditioners

56.25 kWh (375 hours a year)

Typical size of medical record paper

No. 2 cardboard medical record (270mm long × 384 mm wide, 220 g/m2)
2.5 piece/medical record (0.25m2/medical record)

Storage space for medical records

Cabinet area needed to accommodate
300 medical records: 0.288 m2

Weight conversion coefficient of tender documents

0.004 kg/piece (A4 size)

Weight conversion coefficient of office paper

0.004 kg/piece (A4 size)

63Appendix 3 Contribution potential of Green by IT
In 2009, the Survey and Estimation Committee of the Green IT Promotion Council estimated thepotential of Green by IT to reduce CO2 emissions (“contribution”). Table A 3-1 shows thecontribution by solution, and Table A 3-2 shows the estimated contribution by sector19.
The extent of contribution depends on the type of IT solution20. Due to limited space, the tableshows only a part of the contribution through Green by IT. The estimated contribution by sector in2020 is 70 – 149 million t-CO2 in Japan and 2.04 – 4.01 billion t-CO2 worldwide.

Table A 3-1: Potential of Green by IT to reduce CO2 emissions (major solutions)

Unit: 10,000 t-CO2/year
Japan

Global

IT solution
2005

2020

2025

2050

2005

2020

2025

2050

BEMS

57

546

650

630

549

6524

8,631

20,218Paperless office

1

14

17

14

10

179

224

340

TV conferencing

140

250

270

220

1,357

4928

5,913

8,970

SCM

34

178

222

410

188

1060

1,400

3,555

–

157

189

164

–

719

935

1,798

200

730

842

821

1,102

7510

9,491

17,989Teleworking

19

92

110

142

71

645

924

3,110

Electronic

22

27

28

28

124

392

457

556

(Jointdelivery)
HEMS
ITS(digitaltachograph)

medical records* The basic data for this estimation are from actual cases. Thus basic units used are notthose in respective years but those currently available.

19

FY2009 report of the Survey and Estimation Committee of the Green IT Promotion Council
Based on the result and estimation for 2005, 2025 and 2050. For details, see FY2009 report of the Survey andEstimation Committee of the Green IT Promotion Council
20

64

Table A 3-2: Estimated contribution through Green by IT (by sector)
Estimated contribution through Green by IT
SectorIndustry

Major solution

 High-performance boiler, energy-saving equipment

Unit: million t-CO2/year
GIT

GIT

introduction

introduction

effect in 2020

effect in 2020

(Japan)(global)7 to 14140 to 276

 Building and energy management system (BEMS)

9 to 18

122 to 239

 Teleworking, TV conferencing, paperless office

Including Energy management, energy-saving project, etc.
Businessother sectors
Household Home and energy management system (HEMS)

16 to 32

including digital home appliances

Including Online shopping, digital contents

other sectors

200 to 393

 Introducing renewable energy, smart gridTransport

 Improving fuel mileage of vehicles

36 to 73

 ITS (ETC, VICS), Eco-drive

Including Improving efficiency of logistics (improving SCM,

other sectors

1578 to 3101

loading ratio, etc.)
Total

68 to 13765

2041 to 4009

How to Quantify the Contribution of “Green by IT”© Green IT Promotion Council, 2013
All rights reserved.
Issued:February 2013

Published by:

Survey and Estimation Committee of the Green IT Promotion Council

Contact:

Green IT Promotion Council Management Office
5th floor, Ote Center Bldg.
1-1-3, Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
Tel: +81-3-5218-1055
http://www.greenit-pc.jp

66