-

,c

)>

(t)

V,

n
0

V,

'<

-· "C3Ql:::s :::s~- n 2·c.. 0:::s •.
3

(t)

"""
(t)

r+
(t)

c.. 3

= -0

0

"""
"""
'<
Ql

)>

"""

r+

~;.,,~~7.b. ,M~:7~7ffl.{-\:~1fiJ•1s-•

Symposium: "Asian Contemporary Art Reconsidered"
Report::.,:,,,,r-'-;·r;1' 1J:!}%-: 7-;' 7 l~ ft~1;f-rJ$&15''1=
1997i:J'-J0)-j I0Fl (~· flt) 14:00- 18:30• (J::) 13:00-18:30

1997"!'-I0f'! 11~JJil:11
11Jr-xim7ct
1- 7"'
1: flii: OOIIJr-~mEM~
7 '.-!7 -t;, IJ-

Symposium: "Asian Contemporary Art Reconsidered"
ReportOctober 10, 1997 (F ri.) 14:00- 18:30
October 11, 1997 (Sat.) 13:00-18:30
The Japan Found ation Forum
Organized by Th e Japan Foundation As ia Cen ter

Program
101'1IOR (i' · t\l)
14:00-14:10:!HUtHH\'!

14: 10- 18:30-\:•11/3/[

r18WlHll1,~:
ki~irulO)l)Vl,liJ•GJ
18:30-20:00

October I0, 1997 (Fri.)
14:00 - 14:10

Opening Address

14:10 - 18:30

Session I"Issues for the Museums"

18:30-20:00

Receptionl.,,-\:71/ 3 /October 11, I997(Sat.)
13:00- 13: IO Introdu ctory Remark s

10/111 R (J:)
13:00-13:10

211111mi's1:J;,tc -:,c

13:10-15:40-\:·11/ 3 / II

13:10-15:40

Sessionll"Issue~ for Cr iti cs and Artists"

15:40- 18: 15

Scssionlll

r1::1/l!lt:t,1£:lltin ulJJJI0)/ll)~iJ•c.,J"Plenary Session"

15:40-18:15

18:15-18:30-t-11/ 3 / IJI

18:30-20:00
rizfl-1,t,Jt,: r,ij/l!lt:il,1£1:-'.W:lt--CJ
18:15- 18:30

1':f*O);j;/::;I)

18:30-20:00

1'-'f,-

Concluding Session
PartyEl;j;: I Contents-t•11/3/11

r.,im:t!lf,tj;:
fJHf.iftllO}fJttJ)ln,G10

rp11H1m~:m:.w1::ti1J~O)JJlJ:l,ln,1:,62-t:'.·1 ;,," ;,111 ~{}1 {;t,Jt,:

r.,1JlfHJll,tj;i-~lt"-C;,,;,;r,1/".7t-Hlf;t--c(::1_1;,1-)

I IO

201
213

oo•~~~*71/7-t;,~-£M~~••-m

to:bVJ(:

218
221

Foreword
Session I: Issues forthe Museums

137

Session II: Issues for Critics and Artists

165

Session lll: Plenary Session

187

After the Symposium (Comments)

207

Panelists' Profiles

213

The Japan Foundation Asia Center Visual Arts Programs and Exhibitions

219

Conclusion221

llt~ IO~ 10B ·II B O)jjlij
B ,::bt.:IJ, )it}j(0)00~3'(mE7;t-'7L,.,::J\n•"t, 0017'1½0)~Hf>r~tf~~:tsif!!;tt.,--r,::.,:,;,t;1/71,.f¥f~:71/7.m~~vf>rJHlslHl1¥.l(t.,iU.:a1~~,:t/ii-::>t.:O)/i-t--r:·,:ffllffi
90~ft,:AIJ71/71Jl,fl;;~Ur,:'J, ,--r0)~,C,-n0)$~-Z:T o ::tt,i B ::,f,:t.:(tO)J'Jl,f§l-z:',i;g:<,::t-Ar7 1J7, ®'*l=:ts,,--rt~i~·i;g:)m~~~::.,:,;,t;1/'7 MJ 11fflf-lti~flQJ::-j,:;g:l'.);¼:L,t.:o it.:71/70)lli: · :EJl,fl;;~vf>Ht
1:lfH --r~t.:::ct, .l&lli:O)ffi/JrtJcG
8li~±:~;g:::11,,::7::.,3:,;cG --ri&:$-tQ~vtirfilln--rii § ~fliT o ::;hG71/70)lli: •-5[fl;;~vf,j~!&IJ~<l~t§ili~IJkc?£{~~L,"t:tslJ,
1&kO)ffiL,, ,r.,,Ji!!'lt.(t;l::70_A·7,;17"~;h--r~--r-'iT o
111~3'(ifit~ii-z:',i,71/7-1::,t?'-O)Jru Jll'·JiG7-i:7/:it{~-e:,t?'-~.:\I. ( I 990~) ~VJJ::IJ,71/7~vf,jO)/m~~HijMct.,"tlfflf-ltii"G::c/:J::IJ,-fO)*t11rl:~b6--r~;¼:L,f.:if.: I994{p,:/;i 1//;f;1/'7 L,.I71/7,'[',iv)jO);f;j'-:,t:,'1' Jf,,J lffl
ff L,,71/7~vfijO)lli:f-\;;O)J&:IJf;c90'¥1-tJW¥,::ts1t G;f}ciJlO)~~iEHlh-i t.,t.:o~@O)::.,:,;,t;1/'7L,.O) El(t-Jli, im~~~~Urimc, '-::>t.:, ,tJ~G~vfirO)ft1J/jf,:711/70)~vfirnfflh-~itt --r,,<:,~~--r:-O)r.,iJi!!'lt.i~flJIGiJ,,:-t
Q::c--r:·JJIJ,
9o~f-t1~¥,::tsltG71/7-5[f-l;;~vf,jO)J'Jl,:f:£~1-N~
Ji" G::c-z:U.:a ;tst;,1-f~i--r:·,ltOOHt*i"Q1 q, 1J.Ar13~c::1¾1=,200~,I<O);t7·-1f-1{-0)1fk,=::·~tm~, ,t.:t.:~,2
B rai3-e-;1::.,3:,;,::bt.:IJ,-f tl-f' ;h0))1'fi;g:ffi~cl! ;g:fI~,:~-j-, 'bff J&:~;g:J&:Jif.3(~c~~7!'/miffl~;hiL,t.:o::_O)fflf5~1i,~~O)::.,:,;,t;1/'71,.0)~~~ --r:-~
Qt.: ,t ,t,~1=-Nmt.,t.:'bO)--r:·-to0~filJO)~~~.ifilc--rtli!~~ttt.:J&:Jil.,i~lom,=~n~,=~utO)--r:·JJIJ,~1~0)71/7
lt00cO)fijM:(J'-.,;g:~vfir3'(ifrE~*b6G
1::.c·0)~~~1B!-cG--r,::··rtir1:i.
,t.:t.=,ttt,i'~- ,--r:·-to1, _,t,:::.,:,;,t;1/71,.0)~/i1li/:llit.,.liH~/:;g:l'.)iU.:iJ--r,::··thh1Jt ,t.:t.:~iU.:l~{,f-f;·O)f~t¥H=A,,J::IJ:ts
tL~• t., r.tf ii" aI 9981'F-3
JI

m:r,s1~moo~~mUihlZ71/7-l::/:$7- •f(~ffll!l:Foreword

The symposium"Asian Contemporary

Art Reconsidered"was held at the JapanFoundation Forum in Tokyo on October IO and 11, 1997. The art professionals fromJapan and other countries served as panelists.
As many people are aware, there has been a tremendous upsurge of interest in Asian
contemporary art during the nineties. This phenomenon has not been limited to Japan;
a wide variety of exhibitions and symposiums on Asian art have also been held inAustralia, the United States , and Europe. An especially significant recent trend is theincreasing number of museums that are acquiring examples of modem and contemporary
Asian art as valued additions to their collections. These rapid changes in the conditions
surrounding modern and contemporary Asian art have created many new issues thatneed to be addressed.
The Japan Foundation founded its ASEAN Culture Center (now reorganized as the
Asia Center) in 1990, using it to introduce the art of Asia through a series of exhibitions.
In 1994, we organized the symposium, "The Potential of Asian Thought ," to explore
the meaning of modernity in Asian art and investigate its condition in the first half ofthe nineties.
The purpose of the latest symposium was to investigate issues that had developed
during the process of incorporating Asian art into the art system of exhibitions andmuseums and to "reconsider" the current situation of Asian contemporary art in thelatter half of the nineties. Thirteen panelists represented a number of different countries,and some 200 observers participated in the three sessions held over the two days. The
resulting exchanges of opinion and debates, based on the panelists' extensive knowledge
and experience , were extremely meaningful.
This report is intended to reproduce the contents of the symposium discussions asfaithfully as possible. The opinions presented here have rich implications, and we hopethat it will be a useful reference for those involved in organizing artistic exchanges
with the nations of Asia in the future .
We would like to express our gratitude to the many people whose cooperation
contributed to the success of the symposium.
March 1998
Noro MasahikoManaging Director of The Japan Foundation Asia Center

fU?IJNo tes

1. OO!m?ZirrL!.l;::iz7:J7-t:,,:51-±f!~0),4>:;,,:,,;F,;;,;,

I. Thi s sy mp os ium w a s o rga ni zed by th e J a pan

h Ii, 199 7 ff'.IO fl IO IJ · I I 8 O)f;Jjji-1, [ Eli~ '..<:ml

Foundati on Asia Ce nte r on Octob er IO a nd 11, 1997

71"-:ihl::t:n

at th e Japan Fo undati o n Forum in T okyo. Th e

1--C,ll *:itl / ijf1,,'jO)[n]U#,li~cff

t.i::b-hil.Jc , ,li~liti 111iLA.1E][~?Zd,1-<t- t' 7. th!
is1::' lli "it 1 td:./Hltc ,simult aneou s inte rpr etation se rvice wa s pro vided by

the Internati onal Hos pitalit y & Conf erence Service
Associ ati on.

2. ;$:#l i§;!lli, ;,,;,,;f-:J,;,hO) P'J'i'i'.tJfi JJ\!ltctO)

2. Thi s re port is a reco rd o f 1he pr ese ntation s a nd

T, ;$:ffli§ -,),<
O)i4i!J,j, :t:;J;U'J't jfi :--:,UL, --CIi, [illdi scu ss io ns he ld durin g th e two days . Th e Japan, IB'-Xl -rt 1 6 fi,

Foundation As ia Ce nte r is res po ns ibl e for the final,',j\1,'.J:{1:--:>/!il --Cli, 1 lt- 1) 71-t,''--';, ;f,;J,;, h ",-t,;,,:51-1:&,6:/:'.tfH:l'il:lii'

editin g a nd publi shin g of thi s report. Th e photograph s

B f*ffi l tc 7. :i1FO) q,n•03ttAJ:.tO)c·-t , Uc,

ha ve bee n se lec ted from the s lides prese nted by the"J [jj]O);,,;, ;f-:J '7 hi: ,l:;}'.[-t;, i't1q, 1J7.rJ:1Jft _ifi
1~<t.¥/l.\ t 1 tdc''!!iltcn'.
t.i:1it:ic-t-ht 8,$:3/Hi:f1',,!if)f.lc-C-ffitl:;L,tc.iiiii>Ctl:;t,=·~ /Jljt 1 tct:.t ,tc:,t

7' -!f-1,-0)-JjJ:0)'3 tl l'ff-4/:'.l&l iltc()( ~10)··«-11---li,-'/:0),l,iii>Ctl\if,i l -Ct 1 ,t·t) ,paneli st s durin g th e ir pre sent a tion s. Prior to th esy mp os ium , th e pan e lists had submitt ed the ir pa pe rs
w hic h were edit ed and print ed in a bookle t to be readby ob se rve rs durin g th e sy mp os ium . (" Pap e r" or"Boo klet " in thi s report re fer s to thi s mate rial. )3. Identified names of the observers have bee n inc lude d

3. )( q, O)~#i;li' n ~i'-t!'--Ct 1 td:.!!iltc.

Uc, 1~

in the re port.

~ /;(Sel::tot ,-r, ;;j-7'-!f-; ,-O):t:;cjl', flijn<flJRJl-t6
4 . The nam e order of As ian names (famil y name/ givenJl)\,i\-li.-lc~l'.il:liltc

nam e or give n nam e/ famil y na me) arc not standard ize d du e to diff e re nt rul es used by eac h nati o na lity.

4.7:J7i't000)£U !.0)71~7r«-,r2<.lc1:

Jl(J1..,-r

Th e nam e ord e r use d durin g th e sy mp os ium by

Ii. i<.lc1f/Mt 1;1c1:1..,-rt ,,:.t ,:t-'?t'\-AO)M.~-1:

pa ne lists a nd obse rve rs ha ve bee n respec ted . Na mes

J:.,-r ,Hciit!/ 1\f.i:Ucli'l, 4s:ffl1'f._lfc·li, 'IH"(l,O)

of Jap anese pa ne lists and ob servers who parti c ipated

jf/jj -'/:O)iii/!Jt 1 6:'./:'./:'.l, &,;t --Cf/t- tl-r:toIJi-t!'/2,, fi:!l, ,4>:;,,;,;f,:J,;,h~/ JIJ,',c· i-J;$:Al:-:>l!il--Cli, 111,t, ]jl)O)JJIIH:~,-lc l --C&,IJi-t

5. Yl-i'E
J--C·
f,Hflt!<-htc~'I,' ~c·,:511
r ;~iJt D 4':~I\O)

JEi\Rntf.i:t,;JJil-.8 ,4s:,l8;it'.$t l::to/!il,. 7 1~ 7r"'., ri<Jc1: 1..,-r &ilJat-t--Cli-'/:0),tin thi s sy mp osi um a rc in famil y nam e/ g ive n na me
ord er.

Session I: Issues for the Museums

7:;7~U:ii--1:~1;J:::11.,71/3/ t-t i*!f.ir.ilO)~~t,Museum officials and curators will present reports reflecting their personalll½i!i:,~oo-r:-mlft
experiences on recent exhibitions of Asian contemporary art, how they were~:tit~7:; 7 W.f-1:~U:it=l}!li'l!L~;1/, t O)J:"J/;J:
j!J/lt.PG:i'f:ii!!i~nplanned and the kind of response received, and on the practices of museums
E O)J:"J/;J:&!/fc'J;,') tdJ'i-' /\!li.'&-t
im11t-t-.1 L,,- :,,,3:,,-t i :v}~fJ-GJ'lforming major collections of Asian art. Based on this information, thel*tf-Jt;J:>lJ~i-iL::t -nt!i!r-t i , f:O) 'P;1;,G:i'f:ii!!i-t
0W.t.J»;1;,c,O)r.,iflll!.':(tparticipant s will identify and examine the practical issues and problems~fll!H'Hi\-ti

involved in exhibiting and collecting the contemporary art of Asia,,

14:000pening Address:
Naro Masahiko (Managing Director, The Japan Foundation Asia Center)

14:00-± flli1attitt
J!Ff8~1%(00/m3'(im¥fii7:) 7,t;,, 9-:lJJ~illl:l~l
lfflflli@\"i
i!irtif!!l'f (00~3'(ii\t'!i!;fii7:J7-t:,,

9-~!,f,j::i--r

In Planning this Symposium:
Furuichi Yasuko (Exhibition Coordinator, The Japan Foundation Asia Center)
1 :t--9-)-t-1:,,,3:,,I 1#1/is(:J;,t~-:,--Cl'i]~: 71:'.T/'0;f,--!f'-\'-T/( T .1 7-0/:J/*~$f,(fjt)

I Jji§yfO)<pO)*fl' - 7-" ') ;h(:tslt 0 7 :)7 JJlf-\:~/,f,jO)mj)-J
7' 11/'I' jJ, N, -r-!f' 1 (71/ 7, ,'-If' .:i: T 1 - 4'-;,7 1)-lm*l2Hlfi¥1;J:0tll~1 ,J-t--;,071:,,, 9-t--(71-:,,;O:,,F -7 -1--'\'-;,"'7 1)-/ll l]/(g*)

3JJJ1f-l:~!,f,ji-:,i)IL,--CO)!J't~f~tO);'l\';/llj

Opening Remarks for Session I by the Chairman:
Apinan Poshyananda (Associate Director , Centers of Academic Resources,
Chulalongkorn University)
I ,"East in the West: Presentations of Contemporary Asian Art in the U,S,"Yi shakha N, Desai (Vice President for Cultural Programs/Director ofGalleries, Asia Society)2-"Enriching Encounters"
Caroline Turner (Deputy Director/Manager,

Exhibition

and Cultural

Development, Queensland Art Gallery)
3,"Cullural Encounters through Contemporary Art"
Graeme Murray (Director, The Fruitmarket Gallery)7,l-7' -t-.I./ , 7'3'7 (:,,,;,,jj;f,-Jt-l!)Jt~!,f,j/(glfil*)Interval
4,"SAM Is Not a Foreign Name"
Kwok Kian Chow (Director, Singapore Art Museum)
5, "Emergence of Asian Art Gallery"
Ushiroshoji Masahiro (Chief Curator, Asian Art Gallery Project, Fukuoka

5J7:)7~!,f,j/fgO)M/;tj:_A,rt)(t--C J

Art Museum)

7·1,,7 t.-?v-(7Jt--'17-7-1!--'\'-;,-'J'J-lfi!*l

f-t/i!',
4JSAM (Singapore Art Museum ) (;Hi-1!):g L'(i/;J:\ ,J!i1NIM'1ML(tliilllll$~!,f,jlfil7:J7~!,f,jfillmJ~l1!§illl!*)

17:35Discussion

17:35-

M~- -t-11/3/IO)ic!O

18:30Receplion

18:301,,,t:7":,,,3;,,

7 :) 7-tz:,,51- (t;'rnf~r ): {§'ti, :t: B ii I* FlO)c.::0, 3 /2/;f:)7 t.i:;Jo, 'C fj'.j
1U.::··~--\1ii" o .::tLJ:fJ,1/Y;f:)r)t.1P'f..!t:7:)7.ffl.f\'.:~/,lijji',t;.II)~
tit., --CitrilJI.J-1±--C\
if.:f.:!iT o-t•;/32/ I O)p]:§?---C-·i/fiQ
71::'.
-t-Y· ;f-'!f--t-t-Y~!v~.::··*P,fi't., iT o -'ftL-'f''fl,O)J {;;j'J)AJ,O)~ffil'/:--:Jtit.,--Cii,3 B ~;jqO)(j:7(:tij,lixL,--citrifJii"O)c·tR
if,0<li$L,i-tt !vl.J1, 71::'.°t-Y~/v/iJJ/.1:H·.1 7-0:,;::1:,;*")tO)ij,&~cL, --C
JU/JliHJi
71::•;-;,,.f- - ->t-t- ;-;,,
ApinanPoshyananda

GtLQ- 1:f,90~f\'.;/:A ---:,--Cfi'fci:"¥ffi7:,!70).ffl.f-l'.:
ftd,tr~ i:f:t{.-i::¥,!j;J1¥J1:~1t~

fr\ 1 , 00~l't-Ji:t 7:)70)*1f.T~~ ,7:)711!A..k:Bfi'i"MI: i~r,s~l=~~---:,--C\ 1 i
T o Pt~-=-.:i-3-?c·fjjsj /ffi~tLt.ii~/:~---:,t.:1Traditions/Tensions:Contemporary
Art in Asia (/:fr,t,Jc/ ~~j: 7:,!70)lJH-\'.:~/,f,j)
J /Rlitc'lf(:~L,Pc.::0 c·i"1.J1, -'fO)
7'°Ar· 4'-.:iv-7-H~.ll)GtliU.: o -'ftLc·/i, 71::'.°t-Y~!v,J:.:SL,<hW~\,, 1 t.:L,iTo'§']~ (?l::: :r:.-•~--ij--t'-:t0~~ltt.:\

1:.--): .::1,,1:-f::,/io ;;$.:B ii, i-f */,f,rifgO)lJ,!f~I.J,Gffli5

1 ~;{.Qro,~_¢.\
1 ii" o *1f.rm!I.J
c,li\;I,\~/1ll!JHllil:t<U.:r~~iTi"I.JI,U1-

ii 7 :)70):JJl f-1'.;*r,f,j/:~Jht.:.::c--c--iiitrilJi-ttlv o !J:7ii:e,IIJO)~ :g;~1i --?n'Gffi
15~~/t QO)c·, ~<O)Kf.~1.J,G$~i:~Q.::··~ ~\ 1 <--:JI.J,O)~Ui:~/i,J;{.QO)Tii
1 iT o fiiJ'n'm*~=cn~\ ,1.J,cWH~L,--C\

1.::tLn>GJc&fJJ:-.lfGtLQ,-'f7--C-·t~lttL

lffM.:-f::>th~--h~-1* B ~~J:-.t.,--C.::O)f!l;/:~i---:,--C/i\1 ~1 1 --C-·L,J:'J
o 4- B ii,*
1f.rim~H*~& rf4'-.:iv-7-1.Jl7:)70).ffl,

f-l'.;*1,f.1~Pl~T

U.:.11)(:~i---:,--Cl1 ii" o1-R~ JTQC\ ,7.::cii, 4-iT(:~.::---:,t.:.::c~4--/l.J;JiMTQ, Plrf~*TQ,
1 7.::c--c-·-t
iETQ, --:J.ll)lil[i"c1ofitl980it.f-l'.:1~-f-,
7:)70).IJi f-1'.;*r,f.Ui'fci:
B ;;$.:,~00, i:f:tlIIO).ffl.
f-1'.:*i'firiii/riQ;f!jl/l

OO~i't-J~i±§ ~~.11.)iU.:o -'ftLU*, 7:)7k:£itiii1,7··;1.,,l.)\RtG.,;..,~lliiHU.: oU•L,, -'fO)ra97:)70)JJlf-l'.;*f,tri:M-tQ~~U -f~,C,,/i(:l'<7?.\ct.,--C~\ 1 1.J\fU--c\ 1 i-tt lv o 12/r', 1Y li;J',1/7, Erl'i!lJ,
71 1)1::'.°Y,
7".:r.rt-t., 710)*1,f.rt*Bfi'~fLQJ:7/:~IJiU.: o 4-Tii.::tLGf.!il@:i/riQcJI!\htL--C\1 t.:00--?0)7--r 1 AJ--0):g;M~7
1 iT:)7 .l;,(yj-0)4'.:iv-7-I.J 1-l::,~!vc~1rc·!Q Pi'f,f-l'.;i:~---:,--C!--Cl0

7-T,jAr/i,-:tJmn1itriU.:ltTi1*1f.rO)ttJ:Wc·~!--C\1 <.::c(iT!~\1

c\ ,7.::

ciif.!ilffi0)$~c·i" o *1f.rim~, -t-.:iv-7-0)r,\l!J"ll§U~li!Jli4-ic·1:~t.,--ct~~i
1 iT
i:*fl.,;i.i}\ 1 ,m~(:~---:,l!l\0

1BZGii*1f.rWO)wr,*ct.,--c*1,trimt,·1r'7-?, cf"'7 1J-, :if:~, -r·1-7-,- Ji!~

0)~1\t~O) fi:pfi'f~H !U.:t.,--C\1 ii" o 8ffiffic~~*itlcTQ~ct., --C§7t0)~$1:i}
1 iT---:,f,:f'l=g~'jc
lji1JrTQ;{;l/j&;,jU3.;{_Gfl--C\
7:)70):JJl f-l'.;*j;f.J~fl~TQC\ 1 7.::0cliX 1tO)#frncx 1tO)fi:pm~~N~*t.,,-R~8ti" Qc\ ,7.::cc·i" o 7:)70):JJl

f-1'.;*j;f.
JO)/R~O)ffif~iiit.:i~\ 1 :hitTi"n•G, x ft O)*itlc~U.:ii8f fiffi~iR'.fET
QAt.:-f::,O).::c~pq
yj-1.J,t;,[P]Pt(:~ML,--C\ 1 <~,~;,jli/filJiT o --:Jil)7:)70)pq, &_rf7:)70) yj-T/ic:'O)J:7/:/R~~ tL--Cl1 Qn'o .EJtt!li~N/l~lll[t.,, *1f.rim,7--r 1

11

Ar, J!!,';tr1i·cO)~f*HJ.t::kl-c, vi:*O) .Mti-~.:tur-t::c,

irru ,~.:tn-'\"fl:$ni-1~.&-1J1-t:: u I m~-c-·-t ofl!~/J:7-7/i3-:).h1Ji-t o I-:) ElIi, ±.:rl:±iJftH .l.!00-tQJ~Jifr,-fl -cr,;70)0)f1

JJHt:~HlliH'Z!IL~~-t QJ~Jifrcl -CO)~f,fiifili
o 2-:) I=!Ii, ;,zfr,O)frpmifcl -CO)
1~1ilJHJJj.At::.·i:y!Jlf.'O)J:.'j/:
7 :,,70).fJlft ~f,f.j0)2)($1;-it::.(i.I-:,, .I./H:;IJ:l'.)'j
G7'.l'
o 3-:)§ Ii, ~/,l:iO)frpm13clJ:G.Ac7-T 1 ArcO)t.w\
1Jl~{;f,O)ffl,~;!cc-tO)r.,i:mF.'.\c·-t•;::0)7-?c~f;t,l-c, xfr..A~~1;-::.:r..-t,.A·.-71J7:;t-l"n'lf\,t::.~xi::··*;gfi'L-t::.\ 'C~,\ >iT o ;:O))(:~(i, iHfiic>C{r,iq,Z)ii&{r, (collectingcollectibles)l -C

1,<::c,:-:)\ ,-c:i:!:n,t::.tO)c·-tn,, J-5:f-\'.;O):,,
AT t,-0)i:r-c-•q-z1t,l-c1,<c 1,'5:t!tlttJ:
7°P-l::'.AO)fri&/:it m-t Gttt 1J:t/4~/:-:)\'-Cff,DJ¼:i--9-.:t-C<tLiT o /&'li4-:)0)~'*riflliB"-J/J:fNllh-i-n:~l-C\ >iT o I-:) IdIi' ~O)f~it (authenticmasterpiece) 2-:)ElIi, ~O){-p (authenticartifacts)o 3-:) ElIi, Min'c·/i/J: \ ,f~i-P( in-authentic
0

masterpiece)
o 4-:)I=!(i, ~Ji&O)/J:\'1-P~ (in-authenticartifacts)o f)Hfij6--/ili,ftH[~O)i':'h)j/-:.J:. ".)-c ;::0)4-:)0)fif!~O)c·::n,1:m-t::c/:/J:IJiT o 7 :,::7O)JJ'l{-\'.;~1,1:ii-Jlf~TGl:&it::.".)l, 7:,,70)~t,l:r1:::0)fifi~i- ~/Hli~G::ctPJ~c·-t• U#{-\'.;-'\"t~pfr(:J:.'?-C,::tLGO){-p~=~1ix-t-J7'-·,-7/J:4Jffi, $~,I.fil:llti-~TG (appropriate)tO)cl -C'l'l]!Mii':'hG7'.l''f;l;fl/J:\>l' i:'h/J:\ )7'./>fJlhi-tt lv o :::: c·\ '7 \ 77 °0-7 °1)
x-J, (appropriate)Jii, 77:,,r,gO)proprius, proper, propertyi-i\gi/Ji\clt::.
a w!i~
1 ,t-to§ 710):,tfr.O)i:r,=&>QtO)iq-z1t:-t QC\ ,7::ccfth1i'n 1f1rm1i'Hl1l -c &>G
xfr.

i iE~{t.-t Gc\ ,7::c1Hti1J10)~{,f,/:&>Gct§' .:ti T o ~~O)::,tfr.Mit::.li~t,1:r
di'ilic·O)J:.7/J:~i.Jit".) -C~~,hQ\ >/i*t1'Jt.::c~~1:iJi':'hGO)IJ'
o 7:,,70){'\c1'f.'Jc
1.hGO)IJ, c·0) J:.-5/J:-t-5c·/i/J: 1,tO)i 1R5J1J-t
G{rllifi!i~~1i
fthl:E O)J:.-5/J:tO)IJ
JI[
0.i~(tJ,hQ\>/ii&mi'tJR~H1h -CJ:.\>Jt/~t.,,t::.q-z*:,,AT t,.f.::c'flJl~-tQO)/J'off,, q-z:!k,fitt, ~'l'filli,~~-t

G1-P~lic'-:,\ ,7,At::.1:,IJ,f_'O)J:.-j/:i,)c~-C\'GO)IJ,o::-51,-5::x:fr.O)tf!
1,-=J=-1ic·O)J:.-jtJ:
w-ri*O)*•, 1-'7-?i-it ".)-cm!l!/Jl-c 1,QO)/J,0-fl -Cit::.,.tsli\ ,1:EO)J:.-:,/J:l~f,f-c·-'\"IJf&IJi-l-C\,QO)/J,o mlii·l-C\ 'GO)t.::6-5
1l'o c'-5-'\"".)-C§ 71/-:.c".)-C]f[~tJ:7°0:,:.:r..-71-iLE~{r.l -C\ 'QO)/J'o::O)J:.-51=~t,firtritiO)it~~,i~i'il/Z<lUft c· &>IJ
i-t o m1J~i'tJc· :1c~l t::.li.&~i oo-t M::.~1-:.tij!@jf<O)~i':'lv/J>':,~\,~r"9i TFJ:<::cHJH#l-C\ >iT o it::.1 { .:t-1JAr1J'-th/:HJ'JMl:@J~-t G::cHifH#l -C\ >iT o -t-5-thli'~f,!:j~f;f,O):,,:,,;f,:,::¢t,.c·
J:.<f,U~-tQ,,hO)l=I1:5\1.Hi:\,µm~i-f&IJ~i<::c/J1c·~M'c,i[I, \ >iT o -tt".)1J'<O)-mi~c·-t/J>G,~j;!:jflliO)Jj40)~ .:tni-.tslln~l, ~f,f.jfigfrl/[!/JO)]¼{RI](:i~U r,~/,!Ji/J:
c·1:t~!l!h-Cf~~t::.1,c~,\ ,t-t o -ttL c·/i, i<i~.:t, w1J~i'tJIJ:l:f-f~i~lh-l:,-t -,:,,3:,, I Hii~t::.\ ,c,1[1,\,t-t oif.l.iHJJO)n: ·-n-1i, 7:,::7 •'.I-it xj' 1 · 'f-\''7 1J-O)iw;~:#txfr. ·J~;t;111;.\1lf\*0)¢•·_,:,,""n · N. 7··-it1i':'1v-c-·-t• tctcli,

fiK&~flfii0)~1i't.:: ".)t::.T··-it1i':'lvii,

J&J-5:7:,,70)ffl.f-\'.;~t,f,jO)(i}fj'lc~ff,l:::k~tJ:j3~i'J-.:t-C\,1:,".)l'(>\,t-t o 1994
ip/: 1Asia/America:Identitiesin ContemporaryAsian AmericanArt(7:,,7 / 7 ;,/1)
jJ:

7:,,7lf;7;,IIJjJ_Affl.f-\'.;~t,f,j0)71T/T1T1)

J~H~ fllL ~*i-~@.li':'-tt,

1996-¥1:/HTraditions/Tensions:ContemporaryArt in Asia(/iK&/ ~~ft: 7:,,70)
JJlf-\'.;*t,fiil
J~H~fil,ml~lik:t-51"' ;;J-- AJ,71)7' -fl -C7:,,7i- ,i{£@]1flc'T o1-r--~QO)c·/j:ti:t
V-c:--:::>n\)({i::'1!tl1'f0).::..:,.
7'/ AC:[P)lls¥/::fli-~'i1'a:-(i;tG.::U'7.i'C:

J-ti:lf"lt.,,iU::oo\'.:i.v-51-iV-c:IJ/::k&:IJ,~lliln'G/i7F1, 1-tf-HJ.gc:\ ,-jffit:ilH1/nltii,
00'.litJO)f-j=*O)~fRJ:IJ,
mJt(1%'}11f=&
U:J'/-t:7°H::;lt,2H&:G.::c:n'c'~QC:\,-j~ ;t/::~-51 ,-r~IJ, , 992i1~1=m~~nt-=~ ~O).J'/ 1 ,-n,Gt'lffi\, stfflHij-r1 ,1L,
t:: m¾ff,{-j=gO)~~'a:~0~Jf3:i:\'.:c·fi'"'-jc:iJ3:/al"'ft1fi'i/j:
7.i'IJ/::"'':)-Cli-5.::c:n1!!'ff:~~tLt::n'':>-r·-to71::'.-t'/~lvULli:7''1-t0~-:,,:'.7/:::~{l::L,,
7·0-1'iJt,{1::-t
G71/70)t=p c•'1!t11'fO){i

Htc:rtJ~ih-C\ ,.gfi=*it::li:JJ-t'ftJt.,-rt ,.gft*1::k&:6-5c:1,-5.::c:-r·JHJJ-€',-~lilt::o /m~~0):5<'11-Jt,1Traditions/Tensions
JO)~A,t=pO)k7•:,,1/.:i.ii, = --:::>O)a ~'a:
5itJ40)§"~ c:l-rc·/i"'<,~tx1::t1cG-tGl~H*c:l-rtJE;t-r1 'iT o 71:::°-t'/~lvn1:h51t1:'.1··-r·aJl§"U::J:-5/::,::i'/-t:7°r'a:a!lG~m'.k&:':)-r,
llft- ~ = O),t{gf5!¥J"'tO)c·Ii"'<, 71/7/:: i:tJ"'~f,fijO)&llJ:tlifi;tG/h\'.h-c:l-Cm¾~~i:iElmiliU:: o H:
1U"l:5
7 _;1Jn-r·1i, s *O)ffl.f-\'.:~fif.rm¾O)/in,1::1i
71/70)ffl.f-\'.:~fil:rnr~tL -r1 ,1-tt
1
1
1v-r·u::n , s *O)mWiJrn~fif.rr,g"i.':t-Ar7
J70):'.71-'/ A··:,'/ F. 7-r •-t'.-v:,1J-r·1i5tfrl-rl!:ffi71/7"i.'l¥i71/7~ Jx.!!O)
m¾~~tlffl/tl -C\ >td::'6/J,fM::1::,"'IJ
1::~tJ~-r-?HJ':)t::$~~tl-rt1,1>O)c·/i"'\ 'n'c:t~;tiU:: o 71:::-t'/~A..,
7.i'':>'f;.::O)m¾~~/::--:::>\,-r, i~7.i'':>~~i57.i'a!J.gO)c·/j:"'\'7.i'C:,'i\:1,\ >iT o :/ltn111Ht1¥J
0"'k&'.IJ~h-c:"f-11/3'/ftlJt l i l t::o
7 .J1):hc·f]J'61J-CO)$~~c:\ ,-5.::c:-r·,71/7::k'fi'Mt!J))lH>GO)J-ti:lfM.::/tc·"'<7 .J 1J:hllill7'J7.i'':>'&J-ti:lf"l0)7°v•:,,1/-t-n17.i'"'IJm:<~l::O)l,7.)'7.i'IJiU::o it-Cim¾'fi~,::~IJ~u.::u,-r·~"'t,c::tJn,':)-r1,t::--:::>tl'J"'O)c·-tn\ 71/70).ffl.f\'.:~ f,f.ri:lJ.ht::{tB0)001~$c:/ii~ht::Jf3:i:1'.:t./")htd::'6/J/::,
g 4iJrt::"'jji;!ji~/::f!::l:mi-tt~-Gi;ti-tt Iv c·L,t::o Jl'f{-\'.:i5tl&IJUd::'6/J/::15'.tJ'U::,
c:fia/
tl'li~tLt::.::c:t&ilJiTo ,rL/;I:1-'f-j\,-j.::c:t.::':)t::c:~;tt::\iC:,[h-Ct >iT o ~-'\tlli!O)J:-j/::o\'.:,.v-51-"i.'"?-t"n'~$~~0)77",H::*R.m-ttf, i:pOO"i.'8 *c: - ;f'i/'l/::$:if,-tG«U.::c:a· ':)-r~t::.::c:t&ilJiU::o 'f-.:,.v-51-n 1511A c·a!J.g,c:\ ,-j.::c:-r-rJJ)m/::"'':)t::.::c:t&ilJiTo 511
Anl-1'/Fc·fiiJtL,-C\ i.g/,_,f,::'c:\ ,':)t::jj-t'ft]c·-ttl.o .::_O)J:-j"'fftti~tE-5-t tLii':fIJ~;t -r1 ,,t .gO)c·lJ:-5o~fiz:H,'l!
~-t G"""'::
t[P];J<JO)r'"i,m,::s--:::in,IJil t:: o fLO)~f,fijt,gli&i11J1eonn,
1~h':) lt:,0)1i!lf!J.J-fiz:/::Mf"lC'~"'7.)'':)t::O)c·'fM::1::,0)~ ;t"jj/::ili<' it:: -lU ::1::,n11i.glli!qbftJ~~-(,f,/::&iG
i OOn:i£~/::J{IHs'f
lt::O)c ·-tn , I&':Jl5t0)00c·Jf.l0Ell¥J
1&i,::r,,~Jmc:"'.gft di',Hfk':)t::m¾'i!r~"'-O)x~, ::1H,"'1J:Jlf:J'fcn':)t::J:-5-r·-to ~mi,~lo'm/::l!lliilt"'~;;'U;lc·~-fiz:~*il"'/ttL/i"'IJi-ttIv TU:: o 71/70).ffl. K ~ f;f,jO)
J:-5/:::ffit.,\'JJ"!f!rH:'O)J:-5/::::§'l:,tll:'6/J-C\,1,O)n'hn'':>"'\ >c:\>-5tki5lt&i ':)t::O)c·1/j:"'\ '7.i'C:,i[l,\>iT o W.wL71/7 lfi 7 .J ):h )\O)ffl,{-\'.:{1=*0)/R~~H~ (H!U::11-#li.::tL/ic'*~c·/ia!JIJi-tt Iv c·L,t:: tJJ", -'fO)IISf/i?
Jkf-:hJt,of-.:i.7 1)A··.t.,c:\>':)t~;J-;-:,,r"'lli!i!mH!k':)t::;;,1:,t.::c:,i[l,\'iT o -ttL/::J:~«-r~lill/i, 'l§'t-$t,H'l:l::"'':)-r1,
1iU:: o it::, 7 .J J:hO)ffl.{-\'.:~f,firim¾ff,-t.g* f;f,ji(gT/i,V-c:--:::>0)00,
U::/i/il,_,O)~AO)it*i - t.t1::m¾ff,-t.gO)n1-\W)mt.::':)t::O)c·, ~lilllim¾:ir,~tL.glIJO)~n-i
J@l!''.g"'C'C:jjt'Jcl]~:fLilJ::
o .::_/,_,"'/::f::<~A..,O)j!jiJ.llk:ir,l,-CkJ::~"'0)7.}' o t=p00
1c·~.gC:!~t.::-r\O)ffl,{-\'.:*iW.::':)t::Git.::"'lvC:7.i':§'tlt
Jt'6/JG.::c:n,t::J:-jc·-t o 7')70)ffl.{-\'.:~f;f,jHfk-511s¥/::/i~f;f,j~JiO)::i'/-r:'.7
Al,& UX{l::O)::i'/-r:'.7
Ar7.i'~F1il;i::m
0

fig.I

( U.~D 611\~t'.iJ::
l71/7 · 'J"+r.x :;-11ifi"~1/'.'f/· a ..177 x. 7-J lltA )1 :::11,.,71/ 3/
Buddha, late 6th century
Asia Socie1y's Mr.and Mr~.JohnD. Rockefeller 3rdCollection

Pho10: Lyn1onGardiner14

~/:/;J:-:,-r <QC\\7.:c-r-·-t;/Jo 7 ;,(IJ natt:J:
rpilmt:J:O);l;>'f,l ti. i-tt A,;1;,,
001;~
Et-J
t:J:

ti-r-·, u:1;:1:7:;7tt1J.1pxJ:JY!-O)tir1r-r--Y:;70).ffl.
f-t~f,f.rt~~-t Qat1:1;:1:,~i!t"
t:J::-5t:J:Fpi!ffit-H}a!tl.\\!'.-t
Q,_g,~;1;,iJiiQO)-C-·/it:J:t\1.l'ca!t.:t-rt \i-t o
1J-/i40-4'-Fei1/:ht:-:,7:;7 · 'J-+J.:r..
-r 1 · -4'-i''7-CMllif-tO)(L;f:1t~f,f.rH/11)--t
Q~ f,f,jnr,cL,'"[O)tf!lf:v:HiJLl-r~ilt: (fig.I ) J::<9;rJG;h.
'"[\\QC\\').:cw \ \ \.:c;t;J:0)1:'T1J',
1J';{.-:,'"[ffjl]*'')~;h.
'"[L,g;7;'~;h_;l;,iJiil'JiToO· 'J-+J.:r..
-r 1/i.:ti.t .J 1hrctJUilt:o :::..:i-3-?lli f-t~vf.rnr.~:7···117''/I\-{ i-~j;f.jnr,O)J::7/:_ljl./;J:Q~j;f.J~J\l''/j:t:J:<,
i&tfl*Ufi\'.~f*O),$:t/@'f,
fr ;t;J:-:,'"[\\Qf:
7:)7~, 7 .J 1Jn1::to1t
Q7:)70):X::f~0):3":'~t:::..17'/
7.~lim1'ft'l/:.&.bc.:;st-r-·.fJllfW
11:,t:J:ii~~Q=C1J 1l"~Q1J'I:,l"To ,:O)J::7/;J:;j<Jl~~M/i,- I,'\!.
gljy'¢Ef(J1:fjq.f~~;h.;1;

fig.2

7:;70).ffl.f-t*i*rt, ~1'f O)Xft1=ftnu:531J0)-1:-r"Jt.-HJ=1?1±Fr-5c
t \-:>Bth-1=1~
JL-=:ica!t.:tiU:o f.lt:"t:,'t,*j;f.JO).x;ft5/:(iiJ;1;,Jltwi~T~QO)T/it:J:t\1J',cFtht::0)--C-·-t (fig.2)
0

rf.cl,t/'l,\1JiJIM7)7· ·1-!J-ir; ·'l's·'>'J- c'OJIJi,1<1;.l;;t1996'1'·
f-:.r..·1/3/7 7 ( 77AT ,1"J'i·"l::;t.A ) 1995fj'.
Installation of "Traditionsff'em,iom,"exhibition al the A,;ia
SocietyGallery, 1996
ChoiJeongHwa, Plm:tic Happine.u, 1995
Photo:JamesPricel®!!UH':l'ta!t.:tt:J:/ttl./i't:J:Gt:J:;1;,-:,t:O)-C-·-t;1;,,-tti.i-C--0)7:)7 · 'J-+t.:r..-r11=*
itr.lt:At::1:,/i, 101:l!k:c-1'/FO)~~ftr.1;*1]~, 181:l!t:cO)
El:-$:1lfij/:,JJ!tHch-Ct\Q
At:-t;,T-t o mf-t* f,f.ri~~-t QO)-C-·iliinli'-tnt:J:IJl:Wf3'.0)t;J'J;GH~
OliMI:%·.:t-r, JittHHt:J:lttl./i't:J:l'Ji-tt
A,o -fO)t::11),
7:;7_& Lfl1§1'¢0).ffl.f-t1i=*HBt\-r ,mf-t~j;f.JO)lJ5~fifm:~vf.jcO)~;bl)-f\--(\;t;J:c'/:-:J\\'"[jj5L,-C't,G-5H»HlW,
IL;f:1c*f,f.r0).:r..-t-Ir
7.··t-t Ji!.
~l, 'VT
l 1\rJh'?:-r-·tJE.:tQ.:cc,:Jx.qO)*f,f.rittl1=mf-ti¥J
t:J:~~Hi-t;,J6t.J'J::-5/:lilt:o it:, :::..1-3-:7 tt!lJ-JJxO)*f,f,rfi11UZb:h-t Q.:c1:
L,g;L,t:o -fO)r.J-c-=:i,:::._1-3-:7::k$0):7''v-· 7-J, · -4'-i'71J-/j: /fr)'/ :7r'J'//:~
F.\H!i'.<*vf.rnr.(fig.3)--C-·,~att1llrd.:-:,t::!--t· 7.:7'7r'J
7.4-( 1992{f.1:MJi.lt~ti.t:~1=m~;1;,i;mml -r w,*,~~~O)wr,~~
fig.]

ffi.l:t/ 7MliJIM 7•1, 1 · 7-f· 4' s·'>'J- c'OJl1i,1<II\,;ll996~'-

ff7·h-'fd·1'( c;-,.t-OJr.'<7') 1995'1'- flMAi&

Installationof 'Traditions/Tcn,;ion," exhibition at the GreyArt Gallery, 1996
ChatchaiPuipia.Sitmie.~eSmile. 1995 Private Collection
Photo:JamesPrice~O).)'/ 1 ---cl -rtml!iil) 0)

thb:ht~-r ~.ffl.lilt: o 11!z;1;,t;i1t~t:J:~l,'\l.if!'l~, fi;f,!c~f,l:r1:~L,A,-C-·U:~nl'i0)7.:7•17l $<0).:ct"ltJ~.:c;1;11:·~tU: o t-5V-c-=:i,:71-'/ 7."· ~.i-:)7 t- · :t
7·· · 7-rO)thb:hi~Q.:c/:t:J:l'Jilt: o :::..1-3-:7/:fr<,f;'Ji~O)ifiiQJJ/i,:!£.:Jlc:71-'/ 7.··· ~.i-1/7 t-Hfin -rr ~t \ 0 c-rtrtiiBt \~fir.rnr.-r-·-to 4 .iv-:7-0):)x-'/. 77-r-)"7-,;:1:,,Nt~t:i:;1;1r:,J1c·rn1=rm
EI1>7:)70).ffl.f-t~wr1mt+ttt1t-ru:0)1:·,,:,,~;1;,-:,t::.:cc,:71-'/ 7.·c1\-5-t.tm:trLt<0)7:;7!f, 7 .J 1Jn A ~7:;7*1Wff¥§';;1;fiA, -C-·\\QO)-C-·,
f.lt:1:,0)~j;f.jnr,iTJE;l;\i!I!
«t:J:<-rtttlltJJx-C-·O)~
)JQ
;1;
1~
1

1:'~QC\)-:>F-\1:\:71-'/ 7i · ~.i -:)7 t-O)li!h:hli.J J·:.d'1!'$ \ \c~tilt:(fig.4)o,:O)J::-5/:fc?,'~O)JLti/:t:-:,-r, f.lt:1:,'t,t\0\ \0t:J:MEGt%·.:tt:h/t-C-·-to1it:, ~[j:i]O)f'J=£/it<O) A1:c-:, -rM~-rtclQt0)1J;1;,1Jt.:cr~tt11rnl-r1 \t:0)--C-·,
f'j=di',O)/W~w::·O)J::7/:-=:i/tQ0)1J>i,atre~t;1;,1t-rt#i~tlilt: o .ffl.f-t~f,f.j0)~~~0)- ~~att:i:~IJJJl=&:l -r,w~t-::i,t Q.:c1=ltU:;1;1_ 1\0( \0t:i:1FJ:i\O)'t,O)ifflli.:tQ.:c/:ltU: o f§tJ.:t/i'~i".it:J:¥.ll•*O)B~i':lIJfllt:IJ, 7--r 17.1-0)~~0)'t,O)-C-·iJii-:,t::IJ,4 .iv-'.7-0)7!:'. -r'/~h.,;l;,'11\ \'"[;flt.q0)7.:$'•y7;1;l'lf
~1JIJ
0

fig.4

rWl:t/ 'l,\•!Ji
JIJi 7 ;- :, :X • sJ.- ')7 t- · a-1'· 7 - f c'OJIM,RJtl.
j;t 1996l·
FX nJC'J J( Al{OJ1U/i!/UJl:J:-,-CM':tll~h<i)199411'lnstallationof "Traditions/Tension,;"exhibition at the Queen~
Museumof An, 1996
FX Harsono,The Voices are Controlled by rhe Powers, 1994
Photo:JamesPricec~ t t tt:i:JJ$-C-·
ifJl~;l;,f'J=£iJ::1Ji1'i<JJll(W-C-·~QJ::7/:~~ilt:o *lfila(Jt;J:'t,O)f.:/t;l;I
Jil..:tl, 7.:tt::tO)t.:-:,t::IJ, x"ltft£~ifrli!lllcti:c~f*-:5't-rm8lllt:IJ,

1t:i:1
T n~;1;-~~ l -r1 \Qx ftat :::..17 '/ 7.tffiQvf.r;1;\c 1\-5J::-5t:i:.:c;1;it:i:t \J::-51=,t:.,ttl'/Hlt: oM~lm:l'J,
n'.7r::Wtt \0\ \0c,~,~l, 1'1=£0)+x•y:71J7.H:~hGt:J:t\J::-5/:,00

5Jun·;,',f·lf-l=~~~O)=ct.:lt-C-·/j:t:J:<,
15:e-OOO)~j;f.j$•~1=-=:it\'"[Xf.'i:i'llt\'"[

tGt ,, c':G/:if.lH-::>lt--ClJ!Mc:G--C,c~U~i,0)/:~Q~-)l:{f:il!IJL,tU~ o '&--Jc:~hQ::b1\i-?t~t.PtGht-ttA,
1o -r--tc:IJJiJ.:t
fli,g_<O)/el.~l::blJ'-?l'&i:>.:tQ::c:IJlm~t.:c:-'J'.:UU~ o.JJ-UW*O)~ffiffi~-ilJ)!'O)Jx~li~~m1=00
s<, 7/'f-" 1- · 7,t-;tJl--P,;j'~O)fiJJJiX:
fiz:O)M~c-jl_./,t;;i't-)/:M'llitJt;f-frT
Q::c:111-r--~tt.,t~ o T.)7 · 'J-lf .:r.f- 1c:{iliO)bt~-::>O)~:tili~<J!:~QttlaO)'f.,O)c'JiJQC:\,-)::c:HJ?,8ijl.,--Ct,t~O)c', *M~lit,-?t~t ,c'0)~-)1:~t.:;t~0)1J,1J,~1=~1JtU~

o tM~-t:,0)1;~~1:&:G-C, 3:ff.M/:7::.,

7 if,_7 ;,ii) -JJ}\O))'J?_/-l;;*f,fif'a".JJ-tr
1Jl.,t~/Zk.x~ j;j:r'.&ilf#'.t~1:Jli~~j\'U=N/-\;;~f;f,f'a"M
1
Qiflvm11-r--~--ct,--c, f 7::.,71:1ifi,J@ttr-?t~::c:11'JiJQ0)1=,::.1t,~t0)11crrai" 7,ic:li~<~.:t tG~IJ,-?t~Jc:t ,-)~-)~~;f'J;\'a".:!f~9j;L,-Ct,~tU~o -'¥-~11,1:,JJ?.{-I;;*f;f,f'a"-Ct 'Qt'\'t ,)ilJ,Gt, f::.1t,~fici§j!,HU~::c:11'~t' o Y 1-t~·:17c-.:r..:;J',;l--cf1:iilill1::>--Ct'Qo ~A, -r--~tc·~t~::c:11

1-/;I.IJ'--Jt~A,t.:lS-)o.::..::z.-3-7c'lit!!W i:j:10)

1JiJIJiU~ o Ji)Q}\li, r~1=*~1J'-?t~'f.,O)'a"~t~c:.\l'.h--Ct,t~O)/: ! Jct ,-))xJ;eilJ

I:,, _:A,~/H :/,1Jl1'f-:f:£T
Q~/2.,--C~;t'f.,l.,/;I.IJ'-?f~JC:i§-?--C\>iT o 'E,1::,,S/2.,,
c' h'&

IJ,~IJ.::..::z.
-3-79",C,,i¥J~~;t1:fc'T ~tl. o -==-.1 -3-7/:~t,i,O)lil!t':i'\!O)c'::/:

t~t ,, c:t '-?t~~.:t1:f li o it~ /iMif-J*lif>iO)Mf'j'i;'a"G -Ct 'Q"Jt~O) ~<Ii, _:O)~-)t:I.~~~'a"~Qc:20iltkc*f,f,fHJf9'£L,/;I.t,:tJ1t1:1it ,IJ,~<~Q, c:tt'.GGtU~ o filiO)*f,j:f.1tg1J,1:,/i,
1fthl:E::c-lffl/ti" Qf'.A£c'T1l' o fli:,qO)-:\'.::z.v-:7-1:t TIJ~t'.:I='a"~.:t--CtGt,t~t ,O)f.:11',7::.,7*j;j,f0)-:\'.::z.v-:7-1:tfl§c':-\tQO)IJ,,.ffl.f-l;;*f;f,fO)-:\'.::z.v-:$7-/::ta§2:-\TQO)IJ>,:b1J,1:,t:I.<t:I.-?
--cu~ o ~~-?::u\O)c'' ![5(1'.)Jtilt:>/:L,~-)Jc:t ,-)::c:trl¼J~tt.,t~o tl.lJ,Gli, t'E*c:li-'i'it~Q1:f$ c-![5(1Jffi
tr::c:'a"~ ;t/;I.
Ith/it>/t~t \O)c'/i~t >1J',C:§-?l h-tU~ o "Jt~O)i:p1:1i"f:~1Jl2011tkc*flfir'a""lt-cft~t ,c:'!l!~J!it.,--cu~111, c'0)~-)1:-JJIJ-t.1 '7 hl:ffiA, -r--t,t ,1J,:tJ11,1:,~t,
G, ~Itl:lir)ltlit ,t ,1J,t:b1J,1:,~t,c:g/f;tQ}\i,t ,tU~ o _:O)~-)~}x~IJ
li1t*l:.~t,tU~t.,,

1Jii-?t~::c:'a"tl

1/H6ft/liJ-.0)$L,J6h-'a"G--CU~if~fi,JAIJ,O)*f;f,fimiut~IJ::c:t~f'm/:-)hL,<Jil'.',t,tl.,f~ o il!!Jlffii::l::$~0)i:p
1:/i, 7-f-1

Al'C:~~U~t >c:t,-)A t /:IH~iU~ o ;flt,qO){f:il!IJT ~IJ 1 ~ ,t*~:}}J5fJ:'a"~h-/:f:\
T ::c:::-t, ;flt-'?
IJl~A,C't ,t~::c:c''&JiJIJiTo /ik.x*f,f,j0)~1,t~O)i:pl:/i, :7·:$7"/'. 7 1)A?'/'~O) {ic
ai'i'a" --C-'f0)/ikm:if-J~~~1=~111-::><A
tt ,h/i,f ::.1t,~/=10ii¥Jc·~1thlit ,t,0)/:Jc:B"-?t~IJ, 1/ikm:*f;f,f0)~-)1:~l@i~~l:t.:-?t~Gti.Jc:~·7 A tt ,tT o rmi-¥~f;f,f'a"Wr,c:TQ11
U¥*0)/xJ;ei/it ,IJ,/;I.Q'E,O)IJ>b
1A:1icl.,-Ct ,t~O)c'T1J', ~<Ii~~~O)m~tE'a"~tJ/ijTQ - 1ic', ~¥filliHl:IG~b-Ct'Q~-)-r--u~ o ~-1
i:j:/:-'f0)/71J
Hci£GiGt~O)c',1- 1.IHht.,IJ,-?t~O)/i,.::..1{-0)::--~,=~-?-Cr c':t' o-3-7· ?'1 hA"ft0)7-~· 7/'[" · v1/"\'-~MJO)h7°o _:O)~/t\lli,7 ;,i 1J-JJO)*j;j,j':i'f0);,,(7''Jl--C:~-?-C\,

1:;flt,qO)~~~IJlfht~::c:c'T

Qi,O)c'T o ~c$0)i:pc-;t':7::.,,r· ::r-:;:7-li,:_x0)~-)1:J£«tu~ or 1/'r'O).ffl.f-l;;*f;f,f?1/'r'O).ffl.f-l;;*f;f,f~A,--CJiJQ/if~t ,t.:7:i-), c:~if.M, "lt~0):1,z}\l:B":bht~ o 7::.,7 c:- B"c-!,-:5/t--CGi-):tt!ltJlXO),"11<Jfil"O)>C{~ O)i:p1:,
Mflir*flfirt:I.c'1'f-:f:£t.,-)Qc'JiJlS-)IJ,
o JiJQc:G--Ct,t ,t ,i,O)c:/i!:St.:tt:I.t' o glj#if-J~~--Q,\ \~, 7::.,7if,}~~--Q Ji)Qt>/i, c'-i:,i:,IJ,IJl}EIJ~t>J
00::r-:;?'-/i, ~['.Iji:O)i:pc-::0)~-)~Ji~l=f.!m'a"ff-l.,~IJlG,
t ,1J,1:raii1-?-Ct>Q1J'
C:t,-)::c:H§' 1i'&Jl.,--Ct>iT o 7 _;,il)-JJ)\IJ\i,-?C:fil':i'\!O)_:c:'a""Jt/;f~/th/£~G~t,.:
C:,-'fl.,l fi'cai',/:JfT Q/lli!
~IJl~f l.,iiJtt,::c:'a"J£«-Ct >iT o l.,IJ>l.,,filJO).jjt~*/i16

f:&7.1cl-C7:P7iJ!if-tlk Lfr§1-'f-cO)!l::f~c\'7~l'l.!JiXHUG.::.c/J\'fi:/Ji-tt
A,TU-:: o~O)ffi~'l'it'Mli',1,11~tliU-::/J\ ,iO) i:p-r--tif/:ml: A-:if-::iti5i'i/:-:)\,-r:Jtt~f
TG.::.c/:@i".J, it-:, r§y-'f-O)~NHf!l-C~Gt0)/;f;1;,".)-r--U-::o f111.t/;C 1:::..:i-3'.7'1.''/:J:.,,(2/A?"v-:,,32//J 1mEfi--:i-C\,Gan,,t, 12/A?"v-:,,32//J 1 ~~if GJ t.:c;1;,, 11'2/r';z,:,,7-r--1:J:~~c,'i!.tbtlGO)/J,tL-tit;n ,;1;1, t7ti1,J, it-=IU~~~li.ft.ft::fi'IJ/;c~~H2l.t -C\ iGJ It±~l¥Jit-::/ii&Tt:1B\J/;c7-HiI990iJ=-i-tO):::._:i-3-'.7--z."/imEfi--:it-=:/ttlc:'-f::,J;--:,CP'fi-tx!tl
J , c\ i--:,t-::iJO)::J,/2/J,J;lil,".)iU-=:o .::_
G.::.cB~--:i-rL-t7J:7t;c, -r'1A:::i-AtOO!ixL-c~x.GO)'t'1ui:<11r1::,1:~'.ii:'.L-CL,i7J:7/;cv,d JL,,H~G=-cO)J:7/:t!"J;CGtL,.f tL.f' ;fl,O)tf
nli, iti5i'iH~<~*-t~~i&Tt:10):::12/7"'.7ArO)i:p't'-ffil(WL,-C\ ,<mtli9~"L,-CL-i--:i·n 'Gc~CiT

o 17.

7-t-O).ffl.f-t~i,f,fO)iHi'iHlbt-::~~~-r--ooEJ\ ,f*.~iL-iU-:: o 7:P7 · 'J-tt :r.-r
1-r--OO(fL-t-::f:Gi:,•~l.:rA--:117· l:'.'':r.2/1'-vl:t~lillU-::0)'1.''.::.':('HDO)ni,\'G--:il-'?

G/J,tL-tLi-tt A,o ~, 7l:'.-:::.0)( 1J2/ff •3:::.)c\ '7iti5i'ii-C, 12/l"':t,:,,70)iti5i'it.:c\ ,-j.::_c/::,,n'.7'a-~lt-C\ 'iU-=:o 12/J.;';z,:,,7,1kZf 1 A7-£-0)t!!'J\!'t''/i~~
1\ ,t-::1:tt{jjhGf, -IJU¥*/i-ftLt ~~L-, 112/A?"v-1/3/
cl- -C.f11l/WU-::A4/J/i~:l.;-O)i,O)t.:ltE, E7t 7:P7'1.''/i~/J 11rJGL,\,J , c\ i--:,f_::::J,/2/r/; 1~:hiU-=:ou ~ 1¥J,i&Tt:11¥J:::.
.:i72/ A\ '--:i/£1,O)iti'iM.:--:it-::0)-r--,-t n;1; tJ;1;,1:,1;c1'cit i5i'iH'l!
1!WTGO)twreL-<t;.Gblt't''To 11'r~'a°"0'?A,c-f'~L,-C;1;,t:,/:1:l;1;,1tG.::.co -f 7L,t;c
lttL/ill'J~/ih/J,".Ji-tt A,J:Jc '§'.t/£1 '\ iO)/:, E7MH .ll- -C\ 'GJ:7/;cDaffil/:t;c--:>-C\ 'Go ja-1::,/:
iti:'fi'1i'l'IJ~L,-CL,i70)'1.'''i,7 -}_H;!).;t,..~A,l''iti5i'ic1PJ~fct7.::.c
J;l~A:~;fl -CL,i--:,f_::0)--z."To l;c{f, gljy-'f-0):jj:t~f*/j:.::_O)J:7/;c
1JL,!;>'1.''~/;c\iO)/J'o .::.tL/:~iiL- -C, .'fi:>GV'c-:)0)(§1Jt~1f
il-J;7 o 1llt~f:li:
B ,$:O)IJl)j/tf~j;f,f(ScreamAgainst the Sky: Japanese Art since 1945)Jc\ '7 I 945iJ=-J.;./J,iO)
B ,$:O)Mf,r~flf.rt
f,&--:,f_::~~~/;J:,;;;:O)J:-j/:~fjffi~;fLiL,f_::o

1B ,$:O)Xil::O)J:-j/:r§1-'f-c/i~'lt;.Xi~c1P.l~tct7U'f,-'fO)'/J';'L,~/iti ,;j,:O)>(i~J;l:f.lt,;,O)>(i~l=Jli-51t/;f)li-5<lic'.l'i(/~li\T
Go :f.lt,;,O)lj-,tt-::Jjf_;~J;lJilj,;,
L,\ i}f_;ct;c--:,-C*htLM'G't''.'fi:>Go f11J,t/i, 1~ f;j;:JO)it #'.t-::-1::,0)
tlll~ ~, ;z,:t5'5'0)f±f.lt
iti, it i5i',0) 2- J;I X.f, -=ff:J:!J.:
i L,l'' .'fi:lGo it&', 0) fnJJ;l (w hat ), c:' 0) J: 7 /:(how),

1 , t;c{f(why) c\ i--:,f_::c\ ;7.::_c/i- 13l'';f)/J'GO)l''.'fi:JG/J
r'",\ iO)[fij~/ic:'.::.1:t~ -:)/J,t:,t;.1,Jo.::_O)>('a-mcUJi'/:,:Jtta¥*/i iti5i'iJ;\il:J\\
i/J>G"l:~/;c[i'i]~
L,J;,fijG:h/;c\'C § --:i-r
1, f&'.
11;c
1'Gf.fff;1;1J:<tJ;1;,Gc,'G1,
7tJ1t-r---t;1;
1::1~;1;11t;c-tfJ O)liiJ:'cFt,~.li)Gm-t'-'f1::,;1;\ iO)'t''/i/;c\ i/J>,r§y-'f-O)!Jif-t~Wrt.:--:it-=:Gfi::gjlO)'tiHRi*.lt)/;c\,-r--~IIJHml=iltfilli
TG.::.clit;.1 ,t.:67c~CGO)'t''T o ~/i".J, 7:P70)~i,i:fH itll~ JcL--rtJE.tG, i*t-::/i:r.'t J 1---;'.'.Jt;ctO)cL--r.f11lm-tG.::.c, 1{{-r--&>Gc
51-~-tG.::.cO)/J.
7;1;1~t;cO)'t''l-J;7o -'fL,l, fiTJiif-tO)'J'/70)~J/f.JO)/J.7J;l,U,&IJS(l,~T<, if_::j\l.\'S'L,~T\ ) 0

1il,GO)l''l-J;.::.tL/i;I.~\iff'fr.cf!Hl-CfiiJt~tLt-::fffil~~lilt~O)fNJ'l.;t,../:f/c~Je.§!;/ik:i'c~Wri.f11lWi1-t
GO)/i:k~c\ '7.A.4-r--ti"~/il-iT

o 6 l1tkc12/liO)f.L~~

flf.r-r--&itili"
f.L,l&O)~ll'MliL-iT o 61:l!kt.'.0)12/n:-:)\ '-C~'l!lli L--C, -'fO)jJJBf&iit,r,',/:S-:)itGblt't''T o L,/;>L,,
iti5i'i/J1 B m1¥J1=~'t~tLt-::tO)c/;c".J,/\47'' 1)-:;r't;ct0)/:t;.Gct--:ic:k~TTo r§f'r0):::12/-r'.7
ArO) i:pl."7 :P70)l)if-t~WrH\tGc\ '7.::.c/i, -'r7\ ,7.::.c't''To 1~t-::.::.U1&>G
o j;,J--:,-C\ 'G'E,0)/:ft(-C\ iG/J'G, '57\ i\ ' o17.;xi fil.-ch.J::7J c·/i7J:<, -t:,J;-:,cJti-:>-c:t: 1::JJ,J-c,,Q0);1;,E-j;1;,i:a1t.:C-fnJ@tfil.GJ::7/::
1±:t#itG,£,~;l;-~QO)c·/i7J:\'c·lJ:71!' 0 .ft-f::,11:i-:,-C:;if~G, c, ,-j::.c;1;,~<0)}v?/::c-:,-C/i~l\ ,::.clJ:O)c·To
21tttk:cH)!~G/::~t.:-:,-C,*~7J:~ll!JiHM.:-t:,/if2!~-c,'iT o t,-:,U~<liJf~i
T GJ::7/::~:tJl, 1 ,17··1JT·fr-,-(iUJ11!)O)ffil\ ''.tE~i~,,h-7J:it:hli7J:f'.>i-ti_lv o1--::>O)XitHi~lt'G,
tl<li#lli1=~~~-ti_-M.:1t-r-·1ilJ:,,, 1 ,17" 1J-:t1·"7J:.p.FJ'U
T:iJF!l§7J:~l'E:.O)~ra9HrH!f:l7J:it:hli7J:f'.>i-ti_lv o ~ll~ O)~ ra90)~~Hfilml, 001~
i'.t-JlJ:::1:,;71;17.J,if.:liXiti'.t-JJKIJrlii;1;,1:,r1_mTG,£,~;1J1~DiT o 7:.?70)*f,f.jlJ!ll~1-r-·O)>Citi'.t-J::1:,;71;17-1-i,
ffi!''J:!.i'.t-J::1:,;71;17-1-~J!ii~&
tfMJ!ii~0)::1:,;71;17.J,O)~t.ElliWll,fl¥l<:;lf~l-C, ,<,£,~;1;1~f'.>iTo h:,; · 1;17-1;1~1t,O)J::7/::::.0)-;t!J!fc·/i=:hNJfJ'lil-C\ 'GJ:f4/i\ 'iT o ffil, ,JiJf~5t!J!rilffl:tul,it§'/c(oO)~f,f.j~,
7:.?7O).J: .1if;fij/::~'f'.L,\'A -'?CiZh
1Jc·~GJ::77J'./t-rT-1/•:di~.fJll-C\ ,<::.ctm~c·
T o 40if.f~,soif.f~, 60if.f~,-fl -C20if.f~ct'-:,t.:ll~f~cll1JJ!if~c0)~f*,:&UJ!i1~DiT o -t-.:i.v-5'-tRf'.>i-t!_-lv o ::.
f~-'tdifircffl.
i~~ f;F,fcO)~f*trJl.lmTG1f~;1;10) 1oif.rJ11::- 1t1::1'-0\ '-07J:::.c;l;,@U::O)c·,IPJt:At.:-f::,;IJ, t!!Wi:pHf~U@]-:,-C, 'Ghitc·T o ~?Jc·lJ:-:,1:,1{))7~\'iT o c:·7L-f.:G't-:,c:ff\,"Jtct~iJrl, ,4 .:iv
-5'-inltc·~ QO)c· lJ:7 o c' 7 U.:G, 'f ~i ~-t:,lvc c·~ GJ::71::7J:QO)c· l J:7o
-fl l, V-c--::>O)~\':[~O)ji=#'.iT<··1::'i31JO)~\':[~c·Ifllf;J::.(fQC\
i-:,f.:t+rnlht~c'~GO)c·lJ:7 o 't,-:,c't'f\'7-T-, 7.l-ii,·:;r'7-J;/O)~p/::I[llf;;il,lv
c·\ '1!'7J:lt:h
li7J:f'.Ji-ti_lv o
1f~'f-f::,tl\'t~121*~lJ:71'/ 7.;1;-C\ 'Get ,7::.c1ira,~\ ilJ:\ iO)c'T o 7-T-, 7.J-;1;
t!!k:cO)wHx,
c:'O)J::77J:fHi']
ittt/:: LJ:'i-ti_-G1!'c,,-j::.cct~f* l iT o iT iT 1;1"u1~u,::--::>n, *•Hf'iO) ooi1m,l!IJ:J'tct~rnO)oo1~1t;1;
1J::<8t~1=7J:f'.>i'(Jt,,ft;1;T1!', ffil, ,filWt:.kffc,,7;1;,,11Wf9-;~
J 1±tW;1;\J1J;;1;,f;--::>--::>~f'.>iTo i~rnftO)~/v-1

t~7:.?70)ffl.f~~Wft-tt 7.47 · -tt-t-:,;0) ~ 7, 11iik~
i'.t-Jtt!lJ-.!l,xj/::*!1.h-0i:h-c,'<::.c/::7J:G
c·lJ:7 o -::>if'.>,11'.!fMc·;IJ,--::>J-t!lJ:g_xlj!lj~O)~ f,gt!!WO)~PL".t,\\ti\Jl§T
Qt~pJr~7 •u;; il;I J-O)~ffl. c·T o XitO)#l.Eiii=fflc, ,7:;!f~15;1;,1:,,
7:.?7t~ltc·/i7J:<,~log§'/c(oO)filWc·f.5w1JTGffl.f~~f;F,j0)7-T-,
7-r::.-f;l;\ffil\'~ 11'.]ffii'.t-J.fJl~/:::igi
lffl~Jn< «~ ~tttt=cmxtH~-:> -ciJrl, ,u~i~itfJ-j"<-:,-c, ,<t~6-jc!th-c, 'iTo'ii]~ (;f;°--if-\'7-j-:..,):\ 'i, 1Traditions/Tensions
J~O)/x~, &:r,/S/::--::>\,-c~18!
lJ:-Fe/f~i~fliL-f.:o iblOl JUT C, j§fj~/;j: ,JJI!$~ 7.;f,:,;-tj'-/::c:·O)J::7/::::_0)ffi

L-\ ' fii\h-ix :tiTGJ::7~f~TG1!', it.:7',/7· :1-tt:r..7-,0)-,f.><-:)~7;;7~t,r,f1::
xtT Qj,Fmfil.O)ru9!Hl,
7:.?7ffl.i~~f,f.fc g§l¢~f,l>Jc0)~~;1;17J:~J/&~--Q,'tl<liMJl.\l
i!'-C,'Ge\ '-:,t.:1Jtf1JO)ru9Jmitslli!il~:hiL-t.:o =-.:i.-3-J;!c·O)Jx/Z,/::--::>,,-c1i,
1-:,t.:0);1;,,:jjti1f*;1;1, ,;1;,1::11=gcft1~i'/-,', W!it:G::.ci::.h;1;
ct ,7::.cH'f'.l<ts8i!il~:hiL-t.: o ,t~D~-:,-Ch.-C,=-.:i-3-J;/O)fm~ii7',/7.fJif~~f,frii'1l:it A:h
Qi.iviiWc·~-c,,t.:c!~,,'iT1!' oif, -ffi:ffiiEJ;l;>-:,f.:0)/i, 8ftt::_O)~'i:[~H~tJtT G::.c/ic'~lJ:1)>-:,f.:c:
1I!llf'.>, ,7::.cc·T o :jjt8f-*0)1lM\ 1 , -fl -C~J.Htrl~f*O)mrn~iflJ,tO)c:':hM
1::./ft
Gi~7J:\ 'c\ ,7,,;..71::~t:t.:J::7c·To c·T;l;'G, ::.niim:'8!7J:~\':[~t:-:,f.:O)f~c:
r'-if1:, •-5:'.:ci:/Sl.Giibl'.l'--:,·-n•t::.o -ct,, f~L, -C,f'f!f~RJ::-5c~t.JU::.7'.i'C\•-5:'.:c/.::I~
L,-r, 'fr;t/H /- J-c-·-to fPI$Mr!J/tJ-CJc, •-5:'.:clii/iJQb/tc·Tl'.l'G,-tt/tJ-C1~i'i/tJ
1-C--U::.c,
QJ:'.:cl'.1•-5:'.:cc·fbl:tl'.l,t:i:vJMrf:iJ~/.::§'tit 11::/tJ-C,•iT o :'.:0)/m~:f?Hll/f L,-CJ:..U-!C, ;_xO)}Jlf~~ /ifijO)~'/;I~W nl'.l, Jc, •--:,t::.Pni,•ii-b-ttl'.l\.lfUiU::.
L,,~r,1:Uml'.I-GM!m~:f?i:l!£@L,-C/iU •Jc, •--:,t::.~ ~i!li§'l:ltQJ::-51.::t:i:vJiU::.
orJJ/tJO)!lii*vJ~;t QC, i/iJci:tl&fi:S-}~1.::t:i:QO)c·1:tt:i:,•c· L,J:-57'.I'0.:=.
;i -3-;JC/(,f-'ij"1"7-j-/):'i-c·O)Bz~'a° j:i:;"'("[, I i''/;7-J'i'/;7-/'i-c·(j:7-7" 17.r~/m'i'§'.O)&:~,:t~Fm,=~<,
i&il'.1-<lu-r<ht::.c, ,-51::n~i§'l:IHL,
1i/iJ--:,t::.7'.i'G
t::.o tt!Jjf:0)7-7" 17-1-c/m~:f?O)i'l:\,'fi!,fi=*7'.1'7iemET
QT-\''/ 7.7'.1
c·/;tt:i:

1, c·-5~L::GhiL,t::.7'.l', •7'.l'c'f.i~,-50)c·-t7'.1oT''if1: .:=.;i-3-;;tc·t 7-7" 17.rt::.1:>(i7(~/.::'lilv-c--,•t::.cR~!,t •iT o ·ili=~lf
L,-C\ •t::.O)/i7-7" 17.rc·L,J:-5o 1,'/;1-1 ,--c-·/;t, 7-7" nl·:f?~c\ •-57°P ;1··7 b.
1@2':h -r, ,-r, .tt!l5f:0)7-7"17.rc7:)70)7-7"
12A, tJI1.::t:i:7'.1
17.l·7'.1--:,-r~.'iL,f\--5
b •-5Jl;i\'.:t.:--:,t::.O)c·-t7'.J\::-5, >-5,llilii/ii,-J,J--:> :.dHi"i~T Q/.::/i~Ffrl;i.::t,, •/'J:h-t.:--:,t::.O)c·/;tt:i:,•7'.i'c!~CiU::. o .:::.;i -3-'.'.Jc ·/;t, ~le0:r:\t:i::'.i'cimiii/iJvJiL,
1 , 7' ri ;1··
1t:i:7'.I,--:,
t::.7'.1
7 b.O)i=J::i1.::~lh-0i ht::. il: :rl'.:t:i::'.i'cifiEO).r~7'.1
t::.t,O)c·-t 7'.i'Goi
11lt::.,11tlliJ'O)J1il1'ft1'/ 7.51v-1/3'/7'.1
eH~i!!h -5lv'dJ.lvc,•-5:'.:c-C--i:tt:i:<,-'4£mrt:i:t0)

li'l'.l'vJc·U::.o 1!ii~f~B :;$:O)lJ1fj//;j~f1f,j
J~O)J1tO).:::.
;i -3-'.'.7 c.Jf '/77'/1/ 7.-::JcO)
Bz/;f50);i!f;\>(.::tft(t::.JJl~
l''T o l-ff)Gl'.l-(.::.:=.;i-3-;Jq:i,C,,=t:fJ1:mJ/j!yO)j;lt~c\,-jO)

lii/iJQJ::-5-C--TtloJ1\t,0)?-;1 · 7.7",,-7 ·/ 7.0)".J
IJtlc·t' o Pli~f~Fl*

5"'-if1: 1.:::.;i-3-'.'.7· ?ti:)'/O)wJfrfi~fif.rJ/1lkO)j}tll'!'ii~F1,l;i.::$~/.::t:i:vJiU::.
o I LI:;$:0):'.:c/.::-:>t,-r*/.::~
5ffiU::.\ )0)tj: G, t:i:·l:f't~l'a-\¥Zl
ijt L,tj: \ ) 0) c· T 7'.I>;f; - c ·t
Qft- 'a°~It(t::. t 0)
O

'.)

-

1i/iJQ/2.,
ic '-jL,-C~Q-Q:,~7'.1
c·-tl'.l,Jc, •--:,t::.:'.:cifPJf51t!fi.::U::.7'.l'Gc·t"o -'c-5t•-5~m=~rliEf3V~lQ~7J7'.l

1JiJQC\•-5:'.:ci~<~;t-C\ ,tj:\ ,A, -C--t'tlo-'th -c·1:t,jry~~iL,-r, 2 :m:ti O):J.e-n-i::(,f-'if-t-f-::.,,):··u1:fr'u::., •c,~,, >it' o .tt!!J$0)&::x1m7··;7.«-'/7'.l'Gt •GL,-Ct•iT o 7:;7 x-'fit.tt!ltg~O)JJl.f~
1* fifiTHIOft,
3(.J'flt'M::./tJ/.::w:~t:i:r~;tf!JH!U::.L,-CU::.!Jc·t" o -t--\'P71'/ · 51-J-~lvii,:t-7.r7 1J70)'.'.7,,-'/ :J."7'/1'• 7-r •4'-i'7 1J-O)/ilrJmi.Rc~,7'cxft$~O)?;t--:::-i'-HHE~hc, •it' o 51-J--~lvii,
1993{f.JkU1996'.f•i.::~ff~
ht::.l!!liMtr:Jt:i:!Pk'J!;I:f?,
7:;7 •1 ,::,,,7,,--;;1 • r71 .:i:..:::.
7 Jl,O)? t--:::-1;,-'#t-::1-f,,
t-51-cL, -Ci'5f/ii1~h-C\ •iT o JJl:f:Eli2OOO~/.::jffljf7'JE0)
1Asian Modernism (7:;70);f::1f.:::.7.·b.) Jmk(l~Jm)0)$fim i=J::ic·t' o 'Je?i0)5111•
Jt,/;t, 1!H~t:i:Ql±lJi,,Jc·t' o1f.ffii~U::.~X:!t0)wJ~~c·, 7:;7-.zft 'k fiJf
I993~/.::fb7'.1::\=-i7D51::.,,•'.',7-j--:'Ii't//gO)'J'/ · jf'/9-Jl(:tiii,

19

1fbii, xftlili!lxftc7iemET Q:'.:c/.::J::--:,-r ~7'.1-(.::t;i:G'E,O)t.:cf!'lt.::-n'Go t.,,;6,t.,,,-fO);fi1)J!'l.::-::n•--Cli~/;f.jO):fjlj~:tJ~!~'t'Enlxt'if-ff'
iif"ffl.::~:m~tlGM:::'-5n'i.::n,n'-;,--Ci•GJc.ljH&l.::~A.,c'i •iT o~=--k,i:l1J-t.,,t.::'7/'i&~O)::i ;,1;,;Hi, 7,1-;,; _:;(7;,;f •7-r •-'¥-t'7'J-0)71/7• 1 ,:;,,,

7-1·:17· l,'71 x-=: 7 Jt, · 7°01/ .x.7r0)§ a9c-f0)7 °0-t.A-1.::t~1.::~1iiit'K
mn&i-9-.{-r<ttGtO)c-T o
71/7 • 1 ,:;,,,7,1,:;7 • r'71 x-=: 7 JHi, :t-

Ar'7'J7i~U71/7:k-'fi-¥ttll.lJiXO):e-00n1ffl7'f.l.::~m:T
Gl~{ii~~/.::U.::7--r
1 Ar, */iliJ8¥81ili*,~"1't,$Jt**O)Fs1
1.::$ul[1J::Miii5'a"~hi'i'iT.:ci§ a9cL,--C~~~tliU.:: o 71/7 k-'fi-'Mtll:t.!lXcU.::
1c-~Gh'G c-T o 4-U.::~iMHlit.,,--C:t0)/i, .:O)ttllt.!lXl.:::tAr'71J7i~u.:cn
Ar'71J7c71/70)-Xmiif)E)ffet.,,,X{tO)!Ji@ltlicld:G.:ci § mL,--Ci•iT olfilr'71x-=: 7 JL-li,:t- Ar7 1)70)1!]Jt~1HJt0)0i'f':J*f;f.jfigO)jJ.:-;,t.::~~~,
C.irolineTurner~ffi, i'i'i~N,~il'f:m!V10) ~~"=71/7:k-'f i-¥ttll:tJlXO).ffl.
1~*/if.rO)~m, rieii, liff'J.;,i'f'i~, ~~Wi!li/1Hflh0A.,c'i •<.:ci~Ma9~~-r--i&IJffltrtJJ.16--CO)llJ\hc'T o fbIi, -fO)i:p--C--7,1-;,;A--7;,;f•7-r •-'¥-t'7'J-fm~O)::St7'' • ;t;- JL-c#I.::,1,'71x-=7JL-O):::i;,;-t7°l'Ht=IJ,6i:J'-l.::bt.::-;,-rmitHt=IJ, U.::~m:::i;,;-t7°!,H/4~t.,,, 7°01/.x.7riff J~T Gld:c'O)fit';t/l
JHIU.::t.,,--C~iU.::o71/7:k-'f i-¥ttll.l:!l.xl.::
5'"7--· ;t;- JL-c#I.::~ bGJ:-51.::;>J:-;,t.::fHJJO)~ -;,n'ltli,
198O:¥{~/.::{i,:il!jjL,t.::~~~c-U.::o 1987itc 1989i:J'-l.:::tAr'7 1J7 c El_;fi:O).fflJt*f,j:j0)-X~7 °07-·7t-Hiit.:El~Jt)li1~*/if.jatlcf#lfit.,,it.,,t.::o .:O);j<J~n'G,J:IJ/Z<71/70).ffl.{~*fil:ri:M~cU.::7°07"7t-iffltr.:c1i-r--~1J:i •n',c~ .:tt.::b1t-r-T o :t-Ai''7'J7c71/70)>C{t-Xim/i,~i~l.::~i •-5i •--Ci•iT o .:ttlittllJllla9
ld:~{tj:/.::jfi•, ~/~71/7:k-'f i-¥ttllt.!lXO)~cl, --C~;b-;,--Ci•h'7J:ittllf7J:G7J:i,.:ci:t- Al'7 1)7 An 1llm~~<hGi\(iJ~/ftL,-::>-::><hGci,-j, ffiJ\f:O)~{tO)*;f);flC'
1
1
L,ct-5o 7,1-;,; A"'7;,;f· 7-r · -t'.-t'7J-h .ffl.{~*f;j;j/.::hi Afl~f:i.16t.::O)i,,~WJ:t- Ar7 1)7;61~/~71/7:k-'f i-¥tlllt.!lXcl~J;b-;,--Ci•<J:-r--,lfi.lttll.lJiXO)ti~O)~~'a"

JIil

WfTG.:cli::f Pf?i:c'<hGcliifi'JL,--Ci•t.::n'Gc'T o 1,'71x-=: 7 JL-/.::n,n'Gg;ln/0)~-ffli::l::U'l 7-r · -t'.-t'71J-O)-=
Mt:& U:t- Al''7'J7 c7,1-;,; f '7/'l-"fHO)jjljji&/ffO)
fil!WJ~niP.ti})l(U,-;,--Ci•iTn 1, i&/ff0)0;r:\'.;Jt1t-xm1$~c t.,,--c-r--1i1J:<,.il!ImO)*fil:r~'i![~-$~ct.,, --C7°01/.x.7!,1iii'§~tl--ci \iT o
I @]O)j,7,fx-=: 7 JL-(iI993i:J'-/.::~~
ff ~fl, 76{t=*O){t=6i',200Bh' I3fl00 :&U
i!~n'G~lf tl, ~:t~l.::li6n _A0)-!3H~-tfHHiU.:: a ~2lillli 1996i:J'-0)9
fl n'G! 997i:J'-O)
I fl 1.::n,(t--C
16fJ00J:IJI00AO){i=*i;if!!.:t --Cfi'7J:btl, :~U~~-t&li 1277
Al.::~t.,,iU.::oI ITIJO)r'71
x-=: 7 JL-li,tJ:tll¥*n'Gt /Wfrffi~tl,
71::°-t;,;~A.,O)§':t- Ai'7 ')7--C-'li.:O)J:-j;>J:~~~0)§¥:(t Iillh1141lfifln!iw,J
t.:-;, t.::c t~Ht/JGC'§' .:tGc-L,ct-5
o M~M .g-n1.:-5i,-5~~~H~-1:;~1t., c'i \f.::JcJ:<§' -;,t.::i,0)--C--To~2@.ltlfillt'H.::llHilli~tlit.,,t.::o:t- Ar'7')70017H't&~H-¥U,

m1~*/iliJ'a".il!IL,--C:tAl'7 1)7 _A0)71/7¼--Ci\iT o ll!/J 1&t2fti:(.::/1~1Gh,
1.::Jvi[6J~l.::§¥:1t.It.16Gtl--Ci\G.:cn 1tJn,IJiT o h;,; · ?71-"T JL-fRli, -tf· :;,,,f_::-'fi-¥tt!l.fliXl.:::MT
GJll.1Jn1~;b-;,t.::c§'btl

m- · .:r:--=:;,;7" · A-. '7Jt,F'ktl.::1996i:J'-O)r'71
x-=: 7 JL-li, 1 {~ *vf.r"'-O) {§"Jfi!'ii@.Iii

T G~'i:[~c-<hGJc5~iU.:: a -=-.:t-3-70);jj:tll¥*cli~1J:IJ, :t- Ar-'71)70);/j:t~¥*Ii, 71/70).ffl.{~*f;f.jl.::-::>i\--CO)ffiB~li+5}c-/i7J:i•cb~i.:t --Ci\GU~t.::i
1%~c-,hGc§-;, li 'GO)--C--li<hlJi-lt
T o t 'i:;6A.,:t-Al'7 1)71.::to/tG;jj:tll¥n
A.,o

20

1i/iil'),~000)7--r':J>!;J:<cM[-t:il=~f!H·J/t«,1lH1lliT
G::c/:/iWll/,i7'.1

1;q, & -cf:IJ-t

1 iT o1if*O)~~l=!f1r-ftJHtG~~l/il'/M~c·iliJ--Jt.:c,'Gf,\l--71;r__:::__7)L.,/;I:,:t-.:J.l--71)70).:W-F9*0)ffiBr&ctUJi'it-lHJ2/:l.,··n1 G:bltc·-t

1 , 7S:7::k-'f ¥¥1lll001=1~-t
7'.1
Gi •ll~~O)'.'Ji:j'~/ill?!.~f&L,·n 1 iT o l--"71:r..-=7 Jt.,/i, tgxpqO)~f*~c:1--n<c1 -5¥::tJ111~1=~-j·1,-r 1?:lllfi~,-1--t--/• :dH[lh-~~L,1

niT o 1996if.O)~~:aO)f\=iil',O)~Jj/:/i:t-1

1J7 c$/JIJ007'PG-€i-:b-tt"t40.:J.l--"7¥MlR "t#)lllO)r_,"-,S:
3:.,,{r-f'flJJ:
If' iU.: o 19'J7T~(-l!i~;ht.:IJl~~~O)-t-.:iv-9-:a~c·, ::O)~ '.:f'.
'ir-¥!il'5Gf.:c:::;s, -=-.2-3-::70)iliJG:J1t8f*O)~IJH~'.-5::c1:t;i:1JiU.:o -fO)U'f,17S:7:t:-'f il
1 \ •\ >O)f.::6-5
tt!JJ-JlxO)~f;f>j/:--::i\>"t1llfl'.lt!JUr'l'TG«~t;i:O)t.::6-5
o :t-.:J.l--"7'J7Al'.17'.i'o -=-.:i-3-::70)J}ta'l'*l'.I'\1 \ 1 0)f.::6-57'.l'Jc:\ '7"5H 1'fbO)~JlO)r:p1/r-J::~··1;tGt.: ot}t8fTG/:i/iJt.:--J"t,7°t:1S:.:i:::7Hi~f~L,, ~~L, "t, ,<:t,O)c·-tl'.l'G,U.::U.::$S::c:(i ~<iliJGC:~x., J)Jxp;]0)1}t8f*(=~x1t-'11t\'L tG-5::c:1/r-~
x.!;J:it;hi:f!;J:IJi-tt
1l,.,o f'l,iil',0)~~1:UgxpqO)-t,.:iv-9-/:$/J0L, "t'Eii:>--J'l\ iT o - tfrl:thh:hTG
1 7'.l'c:~x.
::c:c·:.J¾:::(=fO)r_,··.,h:.,,H:/,\'~c·U.:O)c·/i/;J:\"t\ >iT o l--"71:r..-=7 Jt.,/i~'/![~c·iliJGc:l,:,]a-;'jU)'c:--::i0)7"t:1-l:'..:J.Ti/iJIJ,:t- .:J.l--"7'J7AO).:J.9·')7/:c:--J"t/i6_if.O)i$?l..,\,~~O)fiKc:!;J:IJiU.:o J£i=pc'717' 171/r-~J!L,, U.:jjraJii~'t,L, "t~iU.: o l--"71:r..-=7 JHi, ::7-,-:.,,,;z.·7:.-,,f· 7-1--· :f-t-'7 1J-0)$~0)i:j 1c · (i:i-tG<:t1)70) r4
1 Tt) ~JUfO)*~~l'.1,1:,t.::ltc·/it;i:<,- .:J.l--"7)JJ(l(Jt;i:fHIJITii,-'cL,"t~fim, l\lt'§/;J:
1 iT o 1--"71c·O)~,r~iml'.l'G~-rt~tlIU!ffit;i:$~1:t;i:--Jt.:O)c·/it;i:11 1'.l'c:.'~,1:r...=.
7 Jt.,/i, 7··x:t<117 -1:::··:r..:.,,t--v/:f\;;~~;h,GJ::-j!;J:005.JIJO)f'f*~tllc:\ >-500~~~
O)- Jillt(l(Jt;i:jj$c·1;1:t;i:<,~OOHS.~ -t G'J\~/;J:-r-t-Hliii1tG, -fO),:pc·:t- .:J.1--"7
1J7 Ac:~000).:J.9•')77'.1
1f'fiil',O)~~'it-TGJJt.i&tb-r,>iT o rJi~O),t-.:iv-9-0)1 ,-J--f--:;.,,.')7°/:J::Gf'Fiil',)!l~c·-to Xf~(l(Jflttl~HJ~~ffsL,"t, Pia5fil!,g1/r-$@:/:
1, ::;h/i'ir~,=~.f.Jl!c·~G:bltc·/ii/iJIJi-tt~l.:'.GJ::-j/j:J~!J"t'it-ftG::U,§ i'l(Jc·-tl'.1
1,.,0 -'enc·'t,::0)7 °Cl-l:'.
.:J.l=l~J:f>--Jf-=
At.:-t:i/:c:--Jl /iJl ' 'M'i:1',@fi'l(Jc·w.i:t;i:tl.~
1 , wJ@JO)~
1iT o -'f--t-r7-::7c:-:J/:t;i:--Jt.:c,'Gf,\· -t-.:iv-9-/ •'J7°0)8;1;1/r-L,iU.:7'.1
1'i:[:ac·:t- .:J.l--"7J7HEI.~ U.:0)/i, 910)71:::°t-:.,,~;,.,c·U.: o :t- .:J.l--"7'J7A.:J.9·')
AUJ:0)-t- .:iv-9-7'.1 1$il!li, :h9P~l/:/i77

1
A7'.1

100*0)1-NJi
7/i~000).:W-F9*c:ta :h-t G:bltc·-tl'.lt, )1!~0)¥5*, f\=iil',O)ft\'lraJl'.1
h-/:tm:b;h "tL,i--Jtdii'i-, 00* ~71-r'/'T 1T 1J::l')'E,-:J/'7::7.:J.l--c-r-?{r-5!!ilif.ll

T G::c:/:J::--J"t5lm1-tGJ::-5/:L,"t~iL,t.: o f11U./:f,005.JIJO)~ffe/:-t
QO)c·/it;i:<-r-?5.JljO)~ffec·m~Hi\h-G:bltc·-to ~k,Jf (l(j/:li7--r-, .:J.1---AV'c:IJO)F11/r-~:li:-tG::c:7'.11:li:~c·-to 7--r-,.:J.H:/il--"71:r...=.
7 Jt.,O):a~~!&fi'7 °t:17""7t-.,..,__$!JOG"ttG, ,, m~/;J:f~ § 1t-*t.:G"ttG--J"t\ >iT o wJ@l/i56A0)7--r 1 .:J.H:$,/JO[..,'l'E,I:,\1 , :iJ~7'.ll~fJ'7 "p 7•·7t,/:~:f.)Q::c:/:/;J:l')il..,f_: ,fJH\;;0)7-7-, .:J.J-0/j:ffj:'J\'-{r-)N'(:7'.l,(t'lftSili}J{r-L,-r1 'iT o 1--"71:r...=.
7 Jt.,c•/i7S:7:t:-'f¥¥tt!ltgxc:\,-5100l~~t.::c:T Ge, 'fM.:-1:iO)JEiffiiii
ttllM/:~Jtn:G"t\ >iT o :;.,,f.=.--1:::··:r..:.,,t--vl'.l

tt!JM~/:/;J:G:bltc·-tl'.11 , -'(O)r:pc·'fM.:-t:itimi~~~OOc·O)j,_15c:\'--Jt.:\\:f.)~Q,,C,,O)tf!l!ZIJl:c'O)J::-jl:x-J-r,(5L,"t\ ><7'.l'c:\>-jf/cM!'it-f'F*O)~~O)jl;\'U:~
x.lG'it-X.
t;i:<t;i:--J"t\>iT o 1999if.O)J--"71:r..-=7 Jt.,c·/i::;hB'l:lt"t, 100!J"t1/r-il°JUG
J7--r 1.:J.I--O&IJ--1.tf'GT'n:c·-to'flii'i?,'--?l--71:r..-=7 )t.,O)J::-j!j:7"pS).:i:::71--0)t.'i*'ir-ril!UTQO)/j:::fPJ~c·iliJGC:.13~L,'l\ >iTl'.11, ::O)J::-j/;J:~,i\h-/i'.l,'/;J:<c:t
I Oif./imMi;~;h!;J:(t;h/J:bl'.l'i:>/;J:\'C'.

21