「シェンゲン協定以降のスロベニア語ーー言葉の国境もなくるのか」
Slovene language after Schengen agreement:
will the language borders also disappear
Andrej Bekeš, University of Ljubljana Faculty of Arts, andrej.bekes@guest.arnes.si

2010年7月15日 於スラブ研究センター
要旨スロベニア語は1991年のスロベニア共和国の独 立、2004年のEUへの加盟によって、一応、一つの限られた地域で行われる少数派の言語から、国際社会における主権国家語の地位に辿りつくことができ た。スロベニア共和国の国境の外、隣接しているイタリア、オーストリア、ハンガリーに残っているスロベニア系住民は19世紀後半、20世紀前半の間、多数 派側による迫害や同化を経験している。第二次世界大戦後もこれらの国々では少数民族を保護する律法が整ってきたが、現実に行われている目立って消極的な政 策とのずれは、EU加盟、シェンゲン協定加盟以降も依然として残っている。ただし、EUおよびシェンゲン協定という枠組みでは人物、情報、経済の交流が再 び自由に行えるようになったので、これらの国々の制度的な枠組みの外で、草の根のレベルでのスロベニア本国にいる市民との交流がより密接になっていくことにより、隣接諸国にいるスロベニア少数民族も自分の言語とアイデンティティを維持する可能性が与えられている。
1

0. Plan
1. Slovenia: historical background
2. Slovene after the independence
3. Slovene in neighbouring countries (“across the border”)
4. Present policies of neighbouring countries
5. Developments after Schengen
6. Conclusions2

1. Slovenia: historical background
1.1 Mediaeval beginnings:• Carantania (7th-9thc.) → March of Carinthia, March of Carniola(cf. P. Štih et. al. in Kordiš 2004, Luthar 2008)

1.2 Protestant linguistic activities 16th c.
On the fringe of empire (cf. P. Geary)• defining moment for Slovene language and ethnic identity• catholic suppression• deep impact: cripto protestants in Carinthia (cf. T. Delakorda, PC)3

1.3 A new start - towards “United Slovenia”• 18th c. revived interest in things Carniolan, later Slovene (Zoisʼs circle)• 19th c. - Revolution 1848:
Slovenia as political project: “United Slovenia”→ all Slovene lands united as one administrative unit within
the Habsburg empire.
→ actually achieved : local cultural, linguistic, educational autonomy• end of 19th c. - beginning of 20th c.:- thriving economic and cultural activities in cities(Trieste, Ljubljana, Celovec, ...)- maturing of Slovene literature- request for quality education(lyceums and universities with Slovene as teaching medium)4

1.4 Slovene after WW I
• SHS → Yugoslavia: Slovenes in Dravska banovina
results:- substantial part (about 1/3) left in Austria and Italy- linguistic, cultural and administrative autonomy within DB- Establishing of the University of Ljubljana,with Slovene as the teaching medium

51.5 Slovene in Prekmurje - a different strand of Slovene• Prekmurje - including Porabje:- historically Hungarian lands formerly Vendvidék, or Muravidék, part of
Vas County of H.,- Slovene Porabje streches partly also in A.
- Separate development of language→ Separate written language (sztári szlovenszki jezik):
Hungarian orthography → outside names for the language: tót (Hun.),vend (Sl./Prekm) < Windisch (Germ.)• Lively writing tradition in the language:- beginnings 16th c. (Protestant song books),- until first years in pre-war Yugoslavia (sacral and prophane publications).
- protestant and catholic traditions coexisting- bible translated in 18thc. (Mikloš Küzmič)

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7

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• Strong assimilatory pressure after establishment of Double Monarchy (1867)• After WW I (Saint Germain and Trianon Treaties)
present Prekmurje part ceded to SHS (Yugoslavia), becomes part of Slovenia.
• Opting of Prekmurje for joint Slovene identity:roots in 18th c. and 19th c. language activities.

9

1.6 Slovene after WW II• One of federal republics of Yugoslavia:- high degree of linguistic, cultural, administrative,
legal and economic autonomy- nominally equal status with other “narodi” (ethnic nations)
within Yugoslavia
Slovene - the official language of the republic of Slovenia
used in all areas where a “national” language is usually used
- developed bilingual policy in border areas with Italy and Hungary• Federal level: Serbo-Croat majority language (70%)→ direct and indirect pressure through:administration, media, economic immigration,
as the “de facto” working language in Federal organs of SFRY==> cf “jugoslovenski”, parallels with EU
10

11

2. Slovene after the independence
2.1 Slovene after independence 1991
- S.:the official language of the sovereign Republic of Slovenia in 1991
- continuation of all previous uses of Slovene under SFRY
- after accession to EU, one of the official languages of EU(lucky, compared to Catalan, Provansal, Friulan, …)
2.2 Pressures and contradictions of being independent- worries of being a “small” language among “big” ones
- servility towards EU,→ compensation:
discriminatory policies towards economic emigrants from ex-Yu(cf. “izbrisani” (erased ones): manipulation of resident records)

12

2.3 Slovene language management• Agency in charge of management: Ministry of Culture• Basic Laws governing Slovene language:◊ Council of Europe and EU legal framework (ratified parts)◊ Constitution◊ Zakon o javni rabi slovenščine (ZJRS) (Public Use of the Slovene LanguageAct) Ur.l. RS, No. 86/2004, with revisions(Ur.l. RS, No. 91/2008 Odl.US: U-I-380/06-11, 8/2010) ==> Implemented: 20.08.2004- Actual application policies of the law are governed by the “Resolution” below:- Official minority languages: Italian and Hungarian (histotrical, territorial)- Romani not recognised as autochtonous minority language
some support under existing Slovene and EU legislation
cf. critique by Amnesty International (POPTV “24 ur” 28 May 2009)◊ Resolucija o nacionalnem programu za jezikovno politiko 2007-2011(ReNPJP0711) (Resolution on National Programme for Language Policy
2007-2011) Ur.l. RS, št. 43/2007,==>Implemented: 02.06.2007. Revision 201013

2.4 Regulation of Slovene in post-Schengen• The relevant “law” and the “resolution” and several by-laws
govern the language use in post-Schengen period• Characteristics: (cf. M. Stabej, Mladina 19, 2007)- Drafted by conservatives(Janez Dular, a professor of Slovene turned politician),
as a conservative partner in center left coalition Drnovsek government
and later, in center right coalition government• Importance- defining Slovene and its functions as the Official Language of RS→ language of instruction→ language of media→ default language in public use(including communication in business organisations, located in RS)
14• Faults- utterly inadequate for the global age - just a “defense reflex”, i.e.:→ orientation from 19th c. (ethnic awakening!)→ strong orientation towards “protection”,→ fear of “foreign” elements, purism,==> by-product: “lektor” (professional copy correctors)(“correct language enforcers”in media and elswhere)==> problem and not a solution to improvement of language use- omitted support for creative approach towards language in modern use→ no mention of “non-autohtonous” minorities (economic emigration)→ active support for teaching Slovene as a second language mentioned,
limited mainly to diaspora,==> unfortunate effect for student exchange programs15• Unresolved problems:- use of foreign languages at universities under
ERASMUS-SOCRATES scheme
English lectures for students:
technically all universities breaching the law- declarative support for Slovene in immediate abroad(“zamejstvo” across the border)- specified goals:
to promote “the use of Slovene in toursim, business,
culture and other contacts...”("Raba slovenščine pri turističnih, trgovinskih, kulturnih,športnih in drugih stikih...”)

16• Root of the problem:- basically low awareness of the seriousness of issues involved- irresponsible coalition government bargaining with ministerial posts==> “less important” ones go to junior partners

17

3. Slovene in neighbouring countries (“across the border”)
3.1 Ethnic distribution under Austrian-Hungarian Double Monarchy (K&K)

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http://euroheritage.net/habsburgmaps.shtml

19

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34'>/&+$N'&!:O+$'(!/!=!CDDMF!""<!:P$'-!)$/*%!"<H!

3.2 Present distribution of Slovene in Slovenia and neighbouring countries!
Med Alpami in Jadranom: Slovenci v Evropski uniji (1996): Bruselj, Informacijski
center v%&,50$ #"$ %:);07450$ 50/70$ 4&'()*45,:$ ;0*19,*"$ <=,/6$ >)?$ @&80;,$ ,*$ 30?/0*';6$ %&'()*+,$ ($Bruslju, Evropski urad za manj razširjene jezike.)A(/'845,$ .*,1,$ <#BBCD6$ E/.4)&1F$ G*H'/;0+,145,$ +)*7)/$ ($ E/.4&1.F$ A(/'845,$ ./0?$ I0$ ;0*1$/0I9,/1)*)$1)I,5)"D$!

20

Source of data: Terence R. Carlton, Introduction to the Phonological History of the
Slavic Languages, Columbus: Slavica, 1990 (ISBN 0-89357-223-3), pp. 380-81.

21

3.3 Slovenes in Italy• Western political border of Slovenes:
where people stay and states come and go(cf. Austria, Illirian Kingdom, Austria, Italy, Yugoslavia, Slovenia)
step 1• 1866 - Beneška Slovenia (Slavia Veneta) → transfered to Italy
step 2• after WW I, Primorska and western part of Notranjska ceded to Italy
as a part of the secret London agreement.
• 1920-1943 (1945) intensive, often violent assimilatory policy- burning of Narodni dom 13 July 1920),- 1923 Slovene loses status of official language in JK (Venezia Giulia)- enforcement of Italian, Italian names(restauration of original name procedure possible only recently)- forced confinations and emigration,==> also open and covert resistance from Slovene side (TIGR)
step 3• after WW II, major part of Primorska assigned to Slovenia Yugoslavia,• Beneška Slovenia , Gorica (Gorizia) and Trst (Trieste) with surrounding territory
remain in Italy,
22

step 4

• STO (Free Trieste Territory) divided, Zone A ruled by Italy,- Zone B by Yugoslavia (actually Slovenia and Croatia)

Free Trieste Territory and its division• Memorandum of London (1954) recognizes de facto rule
- Border fixed by Osimo treaty in(signed 1975, ratified in 1977, succession of 1992)- Passably normalised relations, to some extent also for minorities→ Some minority protection given only in the Province of Trst (Trieste) ,→ Gorizia (Gorizia) partly and Videm (Udine) bering completely excluded.
23

Intermezzo- After 1991 - direct contacts regarding Slovene minority
Slovene position weakens compared with SFRY
step 5• Global protection of Slovenes in Italy Act(Zakon o globalni zaščiti Slovencev v Italiji, 2001), i.e., law 38/2001.
based on Osimo treaty (22-23 years after ratification!)(Regional bylaw to actually provide mesures of protection passed in 2007,•Deželni zakon št. 205, 16. 11. 2007 –- Deželne norme za zaščito slovenske jezikovne skupnosti(Norme regionali per la tutela della minoranza linguistica slovena)→ Supposed to cover all Slovenes
in their historicaly settled territory in Italy.
→ Actually being implemented in an extremely restricted way.
step 6- 2004 (May) Accession of Slovenia to EU- 2007 (January) Accession of Slovenia to EURO zone
- 2007 (December) Accession of Slovenia to Schengen treaty
24

3.4 Slovenes in Austria• After WW I
- 1919 Saint Germain Treaty: SE Carinthia ceded to SHS (later Yugoslavia)==> unsolved part left to Plebiscite of Carinthia (October 1920:
Zone A has Slovene majority (70%),
59% of total Zone A population opt for Austria!)- Smaller areas with Slovene population more to the East not recognised.
• After WW II- Austrian State Treaty (Art. 7)
Signed 1955, A. USA, USSR, UK, F., cosignatory Yugoslavia
Art 7. specifies extensive protection of minorities,
including C. Slovenes and Burgenland Croats- After 1991 - direct contacts regarding Slovene minority
Slovene position weakens compared with SFRY
- 2004 (May) Accession of Slovenia to EU- 2007 (January) Accession of Slovenia to EURO zone
- 2007 (December) Accession of Slovenia to Schengen treaty
25

3.5 Slovenes in Hungary (Slovensko Porabje)
Assimilatory pressure continues in Porabje:- 1918-1945:
pre-war Horty regime and regime during WW II- 1945-1958:
pro-Soviet ideological reasons(“Inform-bureau rift” - until 1958 -after that destalinization).
- from end of 1970ies on: relaxation of relations between H and SFRY
- after 1989 (H) and 1991 (RS): direct contacts regarding minorities- 2004 (May) Accession of Slovenia and Hungary to EU- 2007 (December) Accession of Slovenia and Hungary to Schengen treaty

3.6 Year 2007: the year when Slovenes live again in a borderless (almost) world26

4. Present policies of neighbouring countries
towards their ethnic minorities including
4.1 Council of Europe and EU framework and other legal obligations• Relatively low ineterrst for human and linguistic rights:
basically an economic group
After 1990 more positive about minority lingusitic and etnic rights(a number of resolutions passed)
Countries acceeding EU in 2004, 2007 did not have to fulfill the contition ofrespecting minority rights (many skeletons in the cupboard)• Treaty of Lisbon- more specific than previous treaties(cf. OSCE symposium in Oslo, 2008),- still vague on actual implementation of minority linguistic rights==> vague, difficult to enforce or, unenforcable27

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31

• Legal framework◊ Council of Europe and EU legal framework (ratified parts)◊ Constitution of RI (1947)
Article 3(1) All citizens possess an equal social status and are equal before thelaw, without distinction as to sex, race, language, religion, politicalopinions, and personal or social conditions.
Article 6
The Republic shall safeguard linguistic minorities by means of special
provisions.
- Statute of Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Part I. Linguistic protection of the Region. Chapter I.
Constitution of the Region.
3. In the region equal rights and treatment are recognized to all citizens,
whatever the linguistic group they belong to, with the protection of theethnic and cultural characteristics of each.

32◊ Relevant laws: (Mentioned above in Section 3.3 STEP 5)- Global protection of Slovenes in Italy Act(Zakon o globalni zaščiti Slovencev v Italiji, 2001), i.e.,Act 38/2001.
based on Osimo treaty (22-23 years after ratification!)(Regional bylaw to actually provide mesures of protection passed in 2007,- Deželni zakon št. 205, 16. 11. 2007 –- Deželne norme za zaščito slovenske jezikovne skupnosti(Norme regionali per la tutela della minoranza linguistica slovena)→ Supposed to cover all Slovenes
in their historicaly settled territory in Italy.
→ Actually being implemented in an extremely restricted way.

33• Policies of I. government
Unequal treatment of minorities“Zaščitni zakon” Norme a tutela della minoranza linguistica slovena dellaregione Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Predpisi za varstvo slovenske jezikovne
manjšine dežele Furlanije-Julijske Benečije)• Policies in the Regional Government of each “Province”, i.e. Trst, Gorica, Udine
and in the autonomous region Friuli-Venzia Giulia• Role played by Slovene minority
Political organization
Economic organization
Media in Slovene: Italy restricting support - due to “economic crisis”!"#$%&'(%)*&#+,-.,&*!
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35

• Invention of new categories and identities forcertain dialects (Windisch/Vindiš)• Legal framework◊ Council of Europe and EU legal framework (ratified parts) -- see Appendix◊ Austrian State Treaty (Art. 7 - protection of Minorities)◊ Constitution - relevant clauses◊ Relevant laws
• German nationalism in Carinthia- Roots- Policies of A. government- Policies of Regional Government (Heimat dienst, FPK, Nazi symathies)- Conflicts and solutions regarding the public use of Slovene
golden mine for political capital in local politics- Role played by Slovene minority

36• Slovene minority in Austrian Styria (W and E) receives no recognition- exposure to rough pressures in extremely conservative environment(continuation of Porabje and Prekmurje Slovenes in Austria)- Role of August Pavel, man with 3 fatherlands- Cultural activities - direct local crossborder contacts- easier under Schengen--> more contacts with peers across the border37

4.4 Hungary
Demography
TABLE 1
Minority Number
groups in of
Hungary citizens
who
undertake tousenativelanguage

Slovenian

Changein thenumberofcitizens
who
undertake tousenativelanguage in
%

1990

2001

2627

3187

21,32

Numberofcitizens
who
undertaketheirnationality
statusChangein thenumberofcitizens
who
undertaketheirnationality
status
%

1990

2001

1930

3040

57,51

Number Numberofof
citizens
citizens
who are who use
associate their own
d withlanguage
ethnics in theculturalfamilyvalues
and
and
among
traditions friends

2001

2001

3442

3119

All 3 Tables taken from: http://www.mercator-research.eu/minority-languages/Language-Factsheets/minority-languages-in-education-in-hungary

Shift - reflection of lesser pressures after the change of regime in 1989?
38

TABLE 2: Number of children in minority nursery-schools(1999/2000 school-year)

Slovenian

Number ofnurseryschools

Number ofchildren inminority
languagenurseryschools

Number ofchildren inbilingualnurseryschools

Total

5

0

112

112

TABLE 3: Number of pupils in minority primary schools(1999/2000 school-year)
Number of Number of Number of Number of Total
schools
pupils in pupils in pupils inminoritybilingual language
language schools
instruction
schools
schools
Slovenian 4

0

22

94

116

→ Numbers small compared with the declared minority population39

• Legal framework◊ Council of Europe and EU legal framework(ratified parts, the most diluted version)- European Charter for Regional and Minority languages.
signed (1992), ratified (1995) and implemented (1998) (Slovene,…)no legal binding in the case of non-action- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities.
signed (1995), ratified (1995) and implemented (1998)- bilateral agreements with neigbouring countries (include. Slovenia)◊ Constitution◊ Relevant domestic laws
• Policies of H. government:
Kept to minimum40• Conflicts and solutions:numerically small minorty in unsupportive political environment
what is to be done
reciprocity of support between minorities (TV programs, media,…)• Additional difficulty:
acceptance of Pofrabje dialect in Slovenia(compare with Italy - Rezija/Resia, Beneška Slovenija)→ strongert trend towards linguistic assimilation

41

4.5 Declining numbers of Slovene speaking population in all three countries• political reasons- Before WW II: fascism, nazism,- After WW II: East-West political and idelological division
Irony: in I and A: Slovenes were “East” danger
in H: “West” danger- Before and after: plain rabid nationalism of local majority- Political oportunism and populism mainly of local majority- Invention of “new” ethnic categories for parts of minority:
H.: Vends, A.: Vindiš, I.: Resians, Beneški Slovenci- Restricting public visibility (Italy, Austria, Hungary),cf. Gumperz and his research of biligualism in Carinthia in ʻ70.
- Restricting access to own language media (production and reception)42

• Social and economic factors- linguistic, social, economic marginalization:
Passive regionsResia, Porabje, E. Steiermark, slightly less Carinthia- limited range of oneʼs own language- lack of awareness of oneʼs identity- ideological and religious rifts among minority organisations (Italy ,Austria)….
- lack of adequate invovment from Slovenian authorities

cf. A comment of colleague from Trieste:“Is it really worth all the effort...”43

5. Developments after Schengen
5.1 2 1/2 years since accession of RS and H to Schengen treaty• Basically, pre-Schengen Daoist dynamics of 無為(wu wei) regarding duties,
and “positive engagement” regarding containment of minority, carried on,- but some new winds started blowing, too.
• More lively local exchange:
cultural events,
cooperation in after school educational events among local schools
at both sides of the border,
local level economic contacts, tourism,

44

5.2

• Easier direct across border cooperation - some results are showing:
example of good practices: Goriško and “Provincia di Gorizia”

5.3 Most recent news
• “eppur si muove!”

Steps ahead by glacial speed, and some steps back--------CASE 1--------a taboo in Italy finally broken==> visit of 3 presidents to Narodni dom and Momnument to Italian exiles from Istriaon the 90th anniversary of burning the Narodni dom (13 July 1920)
IL PICCOLO 13.7.2010
TRIESTE VOLTA PAGINA
I presidenti di Italia, Slovenia e Croazia insieme al concerto di Muti per l'amicizia
Il maestro Riccardo Muti dirigerà in piazza dellʼUnità il concerto ”Le vie dellʼamicizia”,
al quale assisteranno Giorgio Napolitano, Danilo Türk e Ivo Josipovic, per la prima
volta uno accanto allʼaltro. Prima, la visita allʼex Balkan* e al monumento allʼEsodo.
45

* ex Balkan
name for Narodni dom, after burning down and confiscation by Mussolini regime
Daily Corriere della sera does not mention even this much46

--------CASE 2--------Bilingual Place names in Carinthia
STAGE 1On the left, present, and on the right, former, governor of Carinthia (both FPK).
47

STAGE 2

Result of the legal fight of lawyer Rudi Vouk48

STAGE 3 (9 July 2010)

Picture goes with the article below in Kronen Zeitung49

Report in Kronen Zeitung 13 7 2010
Verfassungswidrige Ortstafeln wurden getauscht
Knalleffekt in der Kärntner Ortstafelfrage: Die vom Verfassungsgerichtshof als
verfassungswidrig erkannten Ortstafeln mit den hineinmontierten kleinen
Zusatzschildchen in slowenischer Sprache sind am Dienstag durch korrekte
zweisprachige Tafeln ersetzt worden. Landeshauptmann Gerhard Dörfler ließ die
Amtshandlung zähneknirschend durchführen - und verglich das VfGH-Urteil gar mit
den Schiedsrichter-Fehlpfiffen bei der Fußball-WM.

50--------CASE 3--------Closing of a Slovene Kindergarten in Porabje (one of the remaining few)
Ljubljana - MMC RTV SLO/STA 30. junij 2010 ob 21:44
Zaprli vrtec za slovenske otroke v Porabju
Možnosti za učenje slovenščine bo vse manj
V Porabju so zaprli enega izmed šestih slovenskih vrtcev. Za slovensko manjšino je toboleč udarec, saj je vrtec pomembno središče za ohranjanje slovenščine.

51

6. Conclusions
Global and regional (EU) integration•benefits for economy
for unhindered contacts of ethnic groups with their peers•at the same time:→ vigorous rabid populism based on xenophobia among majorities- force directed towards the perceived OTHER(NESS),- common denominator: targeted are always weak groups:“weaker” historical minorities(compare South Tyrol with Slovenes and Friulans in Italy)
recent immigrants==> post-Schengen regime of free flow:→ in light of the lack of institutional support- a hope for divided historical minorities (cf. DeSwaan 2001)(Slovenes, Slovaks, Hungarinas, Basks, Catalonians,...)- less hope for: indigeneous minorities (Friulans,nonteritorial minorities (Roma,...)
recent economic and political immigrants52

==> tasks before Slovenia, IAH and Council of Europe and EU are not trivial:• Slovenia - plenty of homework to be done regarding language
planning in the new circumstances.
• IAH: Time to reconsider policies towards minorities:
switching from containment to enabling(more access to education, media in minority language)• Council of Europe and EU:
present behaviour gives plenty of reason for worry
together with further integration must reconsider stricter
management of minority rights, in line with human rights.

53

謝辞
My sincere thanks to my colleague prof. Albina Nećak Lük from the University of Ljubljana, who took
her precious time to discuss main points concerning Slovene in immediate abroad with me this past
June. Any eventual misintepretations are due to my inadequate knowledge of the topic.
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Nationalism”, Verso.（白石隆・白石さや訳『想像の共同体――ナショナリズムの起源と流行』
リブロポート, 1987年; Zamišljene skupnosti. Ljubljana: SH, 1998,）
Belšak, Katja (2007) Jezikovne pravice slovenske manjšine na avstrijskem Koroškem. Graduation
thesis. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana - FDV. (http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/diplomska/pdfs/belsakkatja.pdf)
Benedetič, Ana (1999) Poti do univerze (大学設立までのたどった道), Zbirka Apes, Ljubljana: STUDIAHUMANITATIS .
Bourdieu, Pierre (1992) "Language as symbolic power", Cambridge: Polity Press（日本語版：『話すと言うこと』藤原書店、東京）.
Brezigar, Sara (2004) Politike promocije manjšinskih jezikov: primer slovenske jezikovne manjšine v
Italiji. Master thesis. University of Ljubljana - FDV. (http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/delamag/mag_brezigarsara.pdf).
Coluzzi, Paolo (2004) Regional and Minority Languages in Italy. A general introduction on the present
situation and a comparison of two case studies: language planning for Milanese (Western
Lombard) and Friulian. Working Papers 14. Barcelona: Ciemen. (http://www.ciemen.org/
mercator/pdf/wp14-def-ang.pdf). //omission of Slovene!!!//
54

Das, Alok Kumar (2004) Minority Language Laws in the EU: Process and Problem of Policy
Implementation. II Simposi Internacional Mercator: Europa 2004: Un nou marc per a totes lesllengües? 27-28 / 2 / 2004. (II Mercator International Symposium: Europe 2004: A new
framework for all languages?) Tarragona - Catalunya. (http://www.ciemen.cat/mercator/pdf/simpalok.pdf).
De Swaan, Abram (2001) Words of the World. Cambridge: Polity.
Doleschal, Ursula (2009) Infrastruktura in razvoj slovenščine in slovenistike na Koroškem.
Proceedings: simpozij Obdobja28, PP 97-101. (http://www.centerslo.net/files/file/simpozij/
simp28/doleschal.pdf)
Geary, Patrick (2005) Miti narodov (Europäische Völker in Mittelalter, Fischer Taschernbuch Verlag
2002). Ljubljana: SH.
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Greenberg, Robert D. (2000) 'Language Politics in the Federal Reoublic of Yugoslavia', "Slavic
Review" 59:3.
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Macmillan.
Kordiš, Ivan (編) (2004) Od držav na slovenskem do slovenske države （スロヴェニア地域における国家からスロヴェニア国家まで）. Kočevje: Pokrajinski muzej.
Luthar, Oto (ed.) (2008) The Land Between: A History of Slovenia. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Magrinyà I Domingo, Jordi (2006) Sociolinguistic Portrait Of The Slovenian-Speaking Area In Italy.
Working Papers 24. Barcelona: Ciemen.(Http://Www.Ciemen.Org/Mercator/Pdf/Wp24En.Pdf).
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Makoni, Sinfree & Pennycock Alastair (eds.) "Disinventing and Reconstituting Languages". Clevedon:
Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Meier, Viktor (1996) "Zakaj je razpadla Jugoslavija"（ユーゴはなぜ崩壊したか、原文ドイツ語、英語
訳もある）, Ljubljana: Znanstveno in publicistično središče
Melik, Vasilij ((2002) Slovenci "1848-1918: razprave in članki". Maribor: Litera.
Moguš, Milan (1995) "Povijest hrvatskoga književnoga jezika", Zagreb: Globus
Nećak Lük, Albina (ed.), Jesih, Boris (ed.) (1998) Nećak Lük, Albina, Albina. Medetnični odnosi inetnična identiteta v slovenskem etničnem prostoru. I, izsledki projekta. Ljubljana: Inštitut za
narodnostna vprašanja.
Nećak Lük, Albina (ed.), Jesih, Boris (ed.), Wakounig, Vladimir (ed.) (2002) Medetnični odnosi v
slovenskem etničnem prostoru. 3, Občina Železna Kapla - Bela/Eisenkappel - Vellach. Ljubljana:
Inštitut za narodnostna vprašanja.Pajnik, Mojca & Tonči Kuzmanić (eds.) (2005) "Nation States
and Xenophobias: in the Ruins of former Yugoslavia". Ljubljana: Peace Institute.
Peršič, Ana (2008) Položaj slovenske manjšine v Videmski pokrajini v Italiji po sprejemu zakona zazaščito slovenske jezikovne manjšine v deželi Furlaniji Julijski krajini. Graduation thesis.
Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana - FDV.(http://dk.fdv.uni-lj.si/diplomska/pdfs/persic-ana.pdf).
Prunk, Janko (1996) "A brief history of Slovenia". Ljubljana: Založba Grad.
斉藤厚 (2003) 「新ユーゴにおける１９９０年代のセルビア語論争」、JCAS Occasional Papers no.
20、帯谷知可・林忠行編『スラヴ・ユーラシア世界における国家とエスニシティII』pp.17-26.
Shulze, Hagen (2003) "Država in nacija v evropski zgodovini" (Staat un Nation in der europaeischen
Geschichte [欧州史における国家とネーション) 1994 C.H. Beck'sche Verlagbuchshandlung,
Muenchen, Series Making of Europe （日本では平凡社「叢書ヨーロッパ」シリーズ） のスロベ
ニア語訳], serija "Delajmo Evropo", Ljubljana: Založba *cf.
56

Stabej, Marko (1997) "Slovenski pesniški jezik med Prešernom in moderno". 博士論文. Univerza v
Ljubljani Filozofska fakulteta.
Špacapan, Mojca (2007) kulturna identiteta in čezmejno kulturno sodelovanje Goriške. Graduation
thesis. Ljubljana: University of Ljubljana - FDV.
Stabej, Marko ( 2007) Samopašne ovce, Mladina No. 19.
Urrutia Libarona, Iñigo (2004) The Juridical Regime of Languages and the Recognition of Linguistic
Diversity in the European Constitution. Working Paper 17. Barcelona: Ciemen.(http://
www.ciemen.cat/mercator/pdf/simp-urrutia-ang.pdf).
Useful HP etc:
Information about Slovene minority and diaspora abroad Office of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia for Slovenes Abroad
http://www.uszs.gov.si/si/slovenci_v_zamejstvu_in_po_svetu/slovenci_v_zamejstvu/
OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) and the Norwegian Centre for
Human Rights (NCHR), University of Oslo, 18-19 June 2008. Conference Report “Linguistic
Rights of National Minorities ten years after the Oslo Recommendations and beyond. Safeguarding
Linguistic Rights: Identity and Participation in Multilingual Societies” (http://www.osce.org/
documents/sg/2009/06/37946_en.pdf)
POPTV 24 ur 28.05.2009 13:26 Romi in izbrisani – črna pika Slovenije (posredovano mnenje
Amnesty International), (http://m.24ur.com/index.php?article_id=3169644&comments_page=8.)57

REPORTS ON MINORITY SITUATION
Minority languages in education in Hungary
http://www.mercator-research.eu/minority-languages/Language-Factsheets/minority-languages-ineducation-in-hungary

Appendix
A sampling of international conventions
The Charter of the United Nation. Sprejeta 26. 6. 1945, velja od 24. 10. 1945, http://www.un.org/
aboutun/charter/, 5. 11. 2005.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights .General Assembly resolution 217 A (III), confirmed 10. 12.
1948,( http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html), 4. 11. 2005.
UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. 78 U.N.T.S. 277,
confirmed 9. 12. 1948, valid od 12. 1. 1951, (http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/x1cppcg.htm),
5. 11. 2005. RA acceded 19. March 1958.
International Convent on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination. General Assembly
resolution 2106 (XX), confirmed 21. Dec. 1965, valid 4. Jan. 1969, (http://www.ohchr.org/english/
law/cerd.htm), 5. 11. 2005. RA signed 22 July 1969, ratified 9. May 1972.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI),
confirmed 16.Dec. 1966, valid 23. Mar. 1976, (http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm), 4. 11.
2005. RA signed 18.Dec. 1972, ratified 13. Aug. 1980.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. General Assembly resolution 2200A(XXI), confirmed 16.Dec.1966, valid od 3. Jan.1976,(http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_cescr.html), 4. 11. 2005. RA signed 10. Dec. 1973, ratified 10. Sep. 1978.
58

Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious or Linguistic
Minorities. General Assembly resolution 47/135, confirmed 18. Dec. 1992, (http://www.unhchr.ch/
html/menu3/b/d_minori.htm), 5. 11. 2005.
Convention on the Rights of the Child. General Assembly resolution 44/25, confirmed 20. Nov. 1989,
velja od 2. 9. 1990, (http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm), 5. 11. 2005. RA signed 26.
Aug. 1990, ratified 6. Aug. 1992.
Convention against Discrimination in Education. 429 U.N.T.S. 93,confirm,ed 14. Dec. 1960, valid 22.
May 1962, (http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/p1cde.html), 6. 11. 2005. RA not a signatory
ILO Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Persons in Independent Countries. 72 ILO Official
Bull. 59, Confirmed 27.June 1989, Valid 5. Sep. 1991, (http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/
r1citp.htm), 6. 11. 2005. RA not a signatory
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms amended. ETS No.005,
Signed 4. 11. 1950, valid 3. Sep. 1953, 2007. Republika AvstrijaSignatory 13. 1Dec. 1957, ratified
3.Sep.1958.
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms amended by Protocol
No. 11. ETS No.155, signed 4.Nov. 1950, Valid 3. 9. 1953, (http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/005.htm), 12. 9. 2007.
Europäische Charta der Regional- oder Minderheitensprachen. CETS No. 148, confirmed 25. June.
1992, valid od 1. 3. 1998,(http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Word/148.doc), 6. 12. 2005.
Parlament RA ratified 10.May 2001, valid 1.Oct. 2001.

59

INDEX
1. Slovenia: historical background
1.1 Regional beginnings:
1.2 Protestant linguistic activities 16th c.
1.3 A new start - towards “United Slovenia”
1.4 Slovene after WW I
1.5 Slovene in Prekmurje - a different strand of Slovene
1.6 Slovene after WW II
2. Slovene after the independence
2.1 Slovene after independence 1991
2.2 Pressures and contradictions of being independent
2.3 Slovene language management
3. Slovene in neighbouring countries (“across the border”)
3.1 Ethnic distribution under Austrian-Hungarian
Double Monarchy (K&K)
3.2 Present distribution of Slovene in Slovenia
and neighbouring countries
3.3 Slovenes in Italy
3.4 Slovenes in Austria
3.5 Slovenes in Hungary (Slovensko Porabje)
3.6 Year 2007: the year when Slovenes live again
in a borderless (almost) world
4. Present policies of neighbouring countries
towards their ethnic minorities including
4.1 Council of Erope and EU framework andother legal obligations
4.2 Italy
4.3 Austria
4.4 Hungary
5. Developments after Schengen
5.1 2 1/2 years since joining of RS and H
5.2 Most recent news
6. Conclusions

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