February 4, 2015
Pančevo, Serbia

Environmental Pollution Control
in Hyogo, JAPANYasuhiro KANDA
kanda-y@hies-hyogo.jp
Director, Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences
Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association
1

Contents
Introduction
AtmosphereAir pollution
HydrosphereWater pollution(River, Lake, Sea, Groundwater)
Geosphere
Soil contamination
Chemicals control
Specific issues
2Hyogo Prefecture in Japan

Kobe Port

Beach in Hanshin

Himeji castle

Oriental white stork

Tamba-no-mori

Awaji Hanasajiki

3

Policy Structure for Environmental Administration• Global Warming(mitigation of GHG, promotion of RE)• Biological Diversity(wildlife management, citizens tree planting)• Waste management & 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse andRecycle)Today’s presentation• Environmental Pollution Control(Air, Water, Soil, Noise, EIA etc.)• Groundwork(Environmental Education, promotion ofenvironmental business)
4

Environmental Quality Standards for Air
SO2
NO2
Measured hourly by
SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter)automatic machine
PM2.5
Photochemical Oxidants (O3)CO
BenzeneTrichloroethylene
Measured
severalTetrachloroethylene
times a year
Dichloromethane
Dioxins (PCDDs, PCDFs and coplanar PCBs)
 Environmental Conditions and Measuring method are posted in MOEJ homepage
5

Air Pollution Control Act (Structure)
Chapter 1: General Provisions (Article1, Article2)
Chapter 2: Regulation of Soot and Smoke Emissions(Article3～Article17-2)
Regulatory and voluntary measures
Chapter 2-2: Regulation of VOC Emissions (Article17-3～17-5)
Chapter 2-3: Regulations on Particles (Article18～18-19)
Chapter 2-4: Promotion of Countermeasures for Hazardous
voluntary
Air Pollutants(Article18-20～18-24) measures
Chapter 3: Maximum Permissible Limits for Automobile
Exhaust(Article19～21-2)
Chapter 4: Monitoring of Air Pollution Levels (Article22～24)
Chapter 4-2: Damages (Article25～Article25-6)
Chapter 5: Miscellaneous Provisions (Article26～Article32)
Chapter 6: Penal Provisions (Article33～Article37)
Supplementary Provisions
 For vehicle regulation, there is Automobile NOx/PM Law.
 Local governments can stipulate stricter regulation by ordinances.

6

Air Pollution Control Act (Article 1)
Article 1: Purpose• To protect citizens health and living
environment from air pollution• By controlling emissions of Soot and Smoke,
VOC(Volatile Organic Compounds), Particulates• By promoting measures against hazardous air
pollutants• By setting maximum permissible limits forautomobile exhaust• To protect victims
7

Air Pollution Control Act (Article 2)
Article2: Definitions• Soot and Smoke
SOx, Dust, Hazardous Materials (Cd, Cl2/HCl, F2/HF/SiF4, Pb, NOx)
• VOC (excluding CH4, HCFC, HFC)
• Particulates (among others, Asbestos is a “Specified Particulate”)• Specified Substances (Article17): 28 substances
NH3, HF, HCN, CO, HCOH, CHOH, H2S, PH3, HCl, NO2, acrolein, SO2, Cl2, CS2, benzen,
pyridine, phenol, H2SO4, SiF4, phosgene, SeO2, chlorosulfuric-acid, yellow white
phosphorus, phosphorous trichloride, bromine, nickel carbonyl, phosphorous
pentachloride, mercaptan
Accidents of these chemicals mightcause serious environmental problems.

• Hazardous Air Pollutants → next slide Facilities that generate the above pollutants are specified andregulated(registration, self-monitoring, etc.)8Hazardous Air Pollutants proposed by Central Environment Council
Candidatematerials (234)Prioritizedmaterials (23)Substances that might damage humanhealth if continually ingested.

Materials that have Environmental Quality Standards (4)benzene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene,
dichloromethane
Materials that have Environmental Guidelines (8)acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride monomer, mercury, nickel,
chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,3-butadiene, arsenic
acetaldehyde, methyl chloride, chrome & trivalent chrome,hexavalent chrome, ethylene oxide, toluene, beryllium,
benzo[a]pyrene, formaldehyde, manganese,dioxins and dioxin-like compounds
Others (226)9Air Pollution Control Act (Article 22, 23)
Article 22: Continuous Monitoring• Prefectural governor
shall continuously monitor the status of air
pollution, and report the results to the MinisterO3: 120 ppb is expected to continue,
considering weather conditions.

Article 23: Emergency Measures• When a situation arises as specified by a Cabinet Order
wherein serious air pollution is likely to harm humanhealth or living environment, …..Prefectural governor
shall order factories to reduce emissions andrequest Public Safety Commission to take Factories in the highconcentration area
measures against automobile emissions.
 Prefectural governor shall also notice the public through mass media
etc. that citizens refrain from going outside, etc.
10

Ambient Air Monitoring Stations in Hyogo

General station 59
Roadside station 32
total
91
Area
8,396km2
Population 5.5million
11

Ambient Air Monitoring Information System
Information exchange

Informationcollection

Watching andanalyzing air quality

Information
provision

12

Air Pollution Control Act (Article 25)
Article 25: Strict Liability
Where any person suffers fatal or bodily harm fromthe emission into the atmosphere (including
dispersal; hereinafter the same shall apply in this
Chapter) of any substance that is harmful to humanhealth (meaning Soot and Smoke, specified
substances, or Particulates, and excluding any
substance specified by Cabinet Order as posing a riskof damage only to the living environment;
hereinafter the same shall apply in this Chapter)
associated with business activities at a factory or
workplace, the business operator connected withsaid emissions shall be liable to compensate for any
resulting damages.
Victims do not have to prove
the intention or failure ofbusiness operator

13

Ambient Air Quality (SO2, NO2) in Japanppm
SO2
1970-2011
General station
Roadside station

2010

2000

1990

ppm

1980

1970

Reduced drastically

Pollution Diet washeld in 1970.

NO2
1970-2011
General station

2010

2000

1990

1980

1970

Roadside station

It took years to
reduceconcentration ofroadside stations. 14

Ambient Air Quality (O3) in Japan

Photochemical Smog 1970-2013■ Number of Alert Announce Days
○ Number of Victims

Although the number ofvictims decreased, alerts
are announced in wide
areas of Japan.

15

PM2.5 and O3 Generation Mechanisms

PM2.5 became an item of environmental quality standards in 2009.
Most stations exceed the environmental quality standard level.
Photochemical Smog (O3) and PM2.5 are major agendas of environmental administration.
16
Since both are generated by complex mechanisms, it is difficult to find effective measures.

PM2.5 Composition Analysis
Composition Analysis

 Sampling
PTFE & Quartz
Filters

 Measuring Mass
Concentration

 Ions（Ion chromatography）
Anion: Cl-, NO3-, SO42Cation: Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+
 Carbons（Thermal/optical reflectance method）
OC, EC(black carbon), OCPyro

Micro balance Inorganic elements（ICP-MS） Cutting filters

Na, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co,
Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Mo, Cd, Sb, Cs,
Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Hf, Ta, W, Pb, Th

Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences isconducting this analysis.

17

Analysis for emission sources by using models

Analysis by Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences18

Countermeasures against Environmental Pollution
1. To place pollution reduction equipment.
→ financial assistance
2. To conduct proper operation of production and pollution
reduction facilities.
→ inspection
3. To change over to better quality of materials. (fuels, rawmaterials, etc.)→ promotion of “Design for the Environment”
4. To conclude an agreement with local society.
→ promotion of public participation, information disclosure
5. To establish a pollution control organization (environmental
management system) in a factory.
→ ISO14001, Eco-Action21,
Pollution Control Manager System
Large factory has to have certified pollution managers.
19(Act on Improvement of Pollution Prevention Systems in Specified Factories)

State of the Inspection in Hyogo
There are three levelsof action.

Registered
Factory
Soot and
Smoke
Facility
Dust Facility

Inspections Administrative Action
conducted (Order, Recommendation,
Direction)
3,284
915
11

VOC Facility
FY2012 in Hyogo

358

146

2

61

41

1

The numbers of Administrative Action were all Direction.

20

Environmental Quality Standards for Public Water• EQS for Human Health→ Next Slide• EQS for Conservation of the Living Environment(1) Rivers
pH, BOD, SS, DO, Total coliform,
Total zinc, nonyl phenol, LAS(Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate)(2) Lakes
pH, COD, SS, DO, Total coliform,
Total nitrogen, Total Phosphorus,
Total zinc, nonyl phenol, LAS(Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate)(3) Coastal Waters
pH, COD, DO, Total coliform, N-hexane extract,
Total nitrogen, Total Phosphorus,
Total zinc, nonyl phenol, LAS(Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate) Water areas are divided and classified into several classes of quality.
21

Environmental Quality Standards for Public Water(Human Health)

27 items:
cadmium, total cyanogen, lead, chromium(Ⅵ),
arsenic, total mercury, alkyl mercury, PCB,
dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride,
1,2-dichloroethane,
1,1-dichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane,
trichlorethylene, tetrachlorethylene,
1,3-dichloropropene, thiuram, simazine, Thiobencarb,
benzene, selenium,
nitrate-nitrogen & nitrite-nitrogen, fluoride, boron,
1,4-dioxane
22Environmental Quality Standards for Groundwater
28 items:
cadmium, total cyanogen, lead, chromium(Ⅵ),
arsenic, total mercury, alkyl mercury, PCB,
dichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride,
vinyl chloride monomer, 1,2-dichloroethane,
1,1-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethylene,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane,
trichlorethylene, tetrachlorethylene,
1,3-dichloropropene, thiuram, simazine, Thiobencarb,
benzene, selenium,
nitrate-nitrogen & nitrite-nitrogen, fluoride, boron,
1,4-dioxane
23

Water Pollution Control Law (Structure)
Chapter 1: General Provisions
From factory or workplace
Chapter 2: Regulation of Discharge of Effluent, etc.
Chapter 2-2: Promotion of Measures for Domestic
Wastewater• stipulates citizens responsibility and municipality to make a comprehensive
plan: introduction of sewer (MLIT, MAFF, MOE), combined type septic tank

Chapter 3: Monitoring of the Conditions of Water
Pollution, etc.
Chapter 4: Compensation For Damages
Chapter 5: Miscellaneous Provisions
Chapter 6: Penal Provisions
Supplementary Provisions
 Regarding Seto Inland Sea catchment area, special measures law exists. Permission
system is introduced in the area.
24

Water Pollution Control Law (Article 1)
Article 1: Purpose• To prevent water pollution in the Public Water
Area
by regulating effluent discharges from factories
and by promoting measures for domestic
wastewater,
and to protect human health and to preserve
the living environment• To protect sufferers
25Water Pollution Control Act (Article 2)
Article 2: Definitions• Public Water Areas (including waterways connected to public wasterareas and excluding public sewers) Factory can treat its waste water with its
Example: Kitchen or bath of HotelBusiness is a specified facility.

own facility and discharge the treatedwater to public water, or can discharge
polluted water to sewer by paying money.

• Specified Facilities(facilities that discharges polluted water of harmful
substances or COD(Chemical Oxygen Demands), etc.)
Harmful Substances: 28 substances
Cd, CN, Pb, Cr(Ⅵ), As, Hg, PCB,
Added in order to strengthen
measures against accidents.

• Designated Facilities
Designated Substances: 56 substancestrichloroethylene, benzene…

formaldehyde, hydrazine, HCl,
NaOH, H2SO4, toluene, xylene…

• Oil Storage Facilities
26

Water Pollution Control Law (Article 15, 16)
Article 15: Continuous Monitoring
Prefectural governor shall continuously monitor theconditions of water pollution in Public Water Area andgroundwater, and report the results to the Minister ofthe Environment.
Article 16: Measurement Program
Prefectural governor shall after consulting with thechiefs of the local offices of national administrative
organs, establish - a program for the measurement ofwater quality in- the Public Water Area which belongs
to the prefecture.
 River is classified into 1st class, 2nd class, and small and medium rivers. Sear area isdivided into port area, fishing port area, coastal sea area. Each is under the jurisdiction
27
of different government organization.

Water Pollution Control Law (Article 19)
Article 19: Absolute Liability
In cases where human life or health is damaged by
the harmful substances in the polluted water orwastewater discharged (including undergroundpercolation; the same hereinafter in this Chapter)from factories or other establishments as a resultof industrial activities the enterpriser is liable forcompensating the damage caused thereby.

28

Major monitoring points (River, Lake, Sea) in Hyogo

29

Water Quality in Japan
BOD/COD Environmental Quality Standard
Achievement Rate 1974-2011
Number of measurement points that satisfy EQS
divided by Number of points measured
Achievement Rate

River
93.0%
Total
88.2%
Sea
78.4%

2010

2000

1990

1980

Lake
53.7%

30

Domestic Wastewater Treatment Rate
Hyogo is the 2nd highest prefecture after Tokyo
which is very much urbanized.

Hyogo

2012

2000

1993

Japan
average31

State of the Inspection in Hyogo
Registered Inspections
Factory or conductedWorkplace

Registered
Factory or
Workplace(permission)

9,741

Administrative Action
Improvement
Order

Suspension
Order

Direction

11

0

44

1,700

(485)
Hotel Business occupies
many of this.

FY2012 in Hyogo

32

Environmental Quality Standards for Soilis stipulated basically by
25 substances: EQSconcentration of sample solution
cadmium, total cyanide, organic phosphorus,
lead, chromium (Ⅵ), arsenic, total mercury,alkyl mercury, PCBs, copper, dichloromethane,carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane,
1,1-dochloroethylene, cis-1,2-dochloroethylene,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene,
1,3-dichloropropene, thiuram, simazine,
thiobencarb, benzene, selenium

33

Acts against Soil Contamination• Act to Prevent Soil Contamination on Agricultural Land
(enacted in 1970, background of Itai-Itai Disease,co-jurisdiction of Ministry of the Environment andMinistry of Agriculture Forestry &Fisheries)

Agricultural
land

Urban
land

• Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act(enacted in 2002, background of old factory site contamination,
jurisdiction of Ministry of the Environment) Characteristics of Soil Contamination
1. Land is owned by someone, who has property right.
2. Land price goes down if contamination is found.
3. It is difficult to take a sample while buildings exist.

34

Act to Prevent Soil Contamination for
Agricultural Land (Article 1)
Article 1: Objects
The Law aims at
the prevention of the production of agricultural crops andlivestock which are feared to be harmful to human healthor the prevention of the obstacle of the growth ofagricultural crops and others
to be helpful for the protection of national health or thepreservation of a good living environment,by establishment of necessary policies
which are useful for the prevention of agricultural landsoil pollution caused by specific harmful substances orthe elimination
3 substances: Cd, Cu, As
and which are useful for the rationalization of utilizationof polluted agricultural land.
35

Act to Prevent Soil Contamination for AgriculturalLand (Outline)
Investigation on conspicuous agricultural land (governor)
Contamination confirmed (governor)
Contaminated Area designated (governor)

3 items:
cadmium in rice,
cupper in soil,
arsenic in soilPlan making (governor)
Implementation of the Plan (removal of contaminated soil,
addition of non-contaminated soil, etc.) funded bypolluter, local governments, national government

Abolishment of designation (governor)

36

Designated Contaminated Agricultural Land
Major cause
was mining
industry.

5 areas in Hyogo.
All done.

37

Trends in contaminated area, etc. in Japan
Contaminated area
Designated area

Area treated

38

2013

2001

1970

Area to be treatedSoil Contamination Countermeasures Act (Article 1)
Article 1: Purpose
The purpose of this Act is to facilitate theimplementation of countermeasures against soil
Proactive measures are stipulated bycontamination
Water Pollution Control Law andWaste Management Law.

by formulating measures to grasp the situationof soil contamination by Designated Hazardous
Substances and measures to prevent harm to25
human health resulting from such
substances
contamination,and thereby to protect the health of the citizens.
39

Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act (Outline)
Landowner (/land manager/land user) have to conduct investigation,• When “specified facility” is abolished.
• When area (more than 3,000m2) is changed and governor
recognizes that there are threats of contamination.
• When governor recognizes that there are threats of healthdamage by land contamination• When landowner voluntarily conducts investigation
When contamination does not conform to the standards, and• When there is ingestion pathway and threat of health damage,governor designates the area as “Area which Requires Action.”→Governor instructs to take “Action for Removal, etc.” to polluter(/landowner, etc.)• When there is not ingestion pathway and no-threat of healthdamage, governor designates the area as “Area for which
Changes to Form or Nature Require Notification”→Landowner, etc. have to submit a notification when he/shechanges the land.
When contamination is removed, governor abolishes the designation.
40

Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act(Designated Hazardous Substances and Sampling Method)Classification

Designated Hazardous Substance (25 substances)

Sampling Method

Type 1(VOC)

carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane,
1,1-dichloroethylene, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene,
1,3-dichloropropene, dichloromethane,tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
1,1,2-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene,
Benzene“Gas” (80-100 cm
below ground)Type 2(HeavyMetals)cadmium, hexavalent chrome, cyanogen, mercury ,selenium, lead , arsenic, fluorine, boron“Elution amount” and“Contained amount”(soil between thedepth that might becontaminated and50cm below of that)Type 3(Agricultural
Chemicals)simazine, thiobencarb, thiuram, PCB,
organic phosphorus“Eluted amount”(same as above)41

Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act(Action for Removal, etc.)
No.

Contamination conditions

Action for Removal, etc.
that needs to be taken

1Elution amount exceeds thestandard , but groundwaterpollution is not occurring

groundwater monitoring

2

Type1 elution amount exceeds
the standard and groundwaterpollution is occurring“in-situ containment” or “containment by sealing”[prevention of groundwater pollution enlargement,
removal of soil contamination]

3

Type2 elution amount - - -“in-situ containment” or “containment by sealing”[containment by blocking, prevention ofgroundwater pollution enlargement, removal ofsoil contamination]

4

Type2 elution amount - - (highly contaminated) - - -“in-situ containment” or “containment by sealing”[insolubilization, containment by blocking,prevention of groundwater pollution enlargement ]5

Type3 elution amount - - -“containment by blocking”[prevention of groundwater pollution enlargement,
removal of soil contamination]
42

Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act(Action for Removal, etc.)
No.

Contamination conditions

Action for Removal, etc.
that needs to be taken

6

Type3 elution amount - - -(highly “in-situ containment” or “containment by sealing”
contaminated) - - [containment by blocking, prevention ofgroundwater pollution enlargement, removal ofsoil contamination]

7

Type2 contained amount (case1:
sand box) - - -“removal of contaminated soil”[pavement, exclusion zone]

8

Type2 contained amount (case2)---“replacement of soil”[pavement, exclusion zone, removal of soil
contamination]

9

Type2 contained amount (case3)---“filling”[pavement, exclusion zone, replacement of soil,
removal of soil contamination]

43

Image of the “Action for Removal, etc.” (1)In-situ containment

Impermeable layer

Containment by blocking

Containment by sealing

sealing

Removal of contaminated soil

Remove and fillin concretemade container
Bring to treatment
business company

44

Image of the “Action for Removal, etc.” (2)asphalt

Pavement

concrete

Replacement of soil (1)Fillingsands

Replacement of soil (2)Upside downUpper soil
replaced
45

Image of the “Action for Removal, etc.” (3)In-situ insolubilization

Insolubilization and Filling
Off-sitetreatment

Chemicaltreatment

In-situ cleanup (decomposition)

Exclusion Zone

Aquifer

Restrict people
from entering

Chemical46
treatmentImage of the “Action for Removal, etc.” (4)In-situ cleanup(groundwater pumping)Water
treatment

In-situ cleanup(gas aspiration)Gas
treatment

Vent
layer
Aquifer47

Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act(Enforcement status in Japan)
Number ofdesignation

Number ofabolishment ofdesignation
Area which Requires Action

Act wasrevisedArea for which Changes to For
or Nature Require Notification

Top5 substances that caused the designation
No.1: lead, No.2: fluorine, No.3: arsenic, No.4: hexavalent chrome,
No.5: tetrachloroethylene
Landowner likes to keep
Top5 actions that was taken (multiple answers allowed) his asset at high value
No.1: removal of contaminated soil (1,057), No.2: groundwater monitoring(161),
No.3: in-situ cleanup(93), No.4: pavement(71), No.5: exclusion zone(45)48Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act (business regulation)• Soil is not the “industrial waste” which is regulated by Waste
However, contaminated soil is close to Industrial Waste.
Management Law.
• So, the Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act regulates
business which carries out contaminated soilby posing technical standards, manifesto system,
business which processes contaminated soil
by introducing permission system.
There are 94 contaminated soil processcompanies in Japan. (8 companies in Hyogo)
kanden-geore.co.jp• In order to secure data quality, the law regulates
business which conducts “investigation”
by introducing registration system.
There are 699 registered companies in Japan. ( 20 companies in Hyogo:
Hyogo Environmental Advancement Association is one of them.)49

Laws/Acts for Chemicals Control

ChemicalSubstances
ChemicalControl Act

Substances
Control Act

50

Major Chemicals Control Laws forEnvironmental Administration

Chemical Substances Control Act• Regulates manufacturing of general usage
chemicals• Implements POPs convention• Enacted in 1973 with a background of PCB
incidents

PRTR Law (pollutant release and transfer register)• Regulates users of chemicals• Grasps the flow of chemicals• Stipulates MSDS (material safety data sheet) as well
• Enacted in 1999 in international context
51

Law Concerning Special Measures against Dioxins
The Law was enacted in response to big social
concerns in 1999, and stipulates the followings:• Tolerable Daily Intake: <4pg/kg of body
• Environmental Quality Standards (air, water,Air, Water, Noise…are stipulated based on
sediment, soil)
the Basic Environment Law• Emission Standards (emission gas, effluent formaterials are regulated by Air Pollution
specified facilities) Other
Control Act, Water Pollution Control Law, etc.
• Monitoring and Surveillance• Designation of controlled areas• and so on.
52Fact Finding Survey on Chemicals• Initial Environmental Risk Assessment
Assessment on the chemicals of which persistence in the environment is not clear.
Samples are taken from water, organisms, air.

• Detailed Environmental Risk Assessment
Assessment on the chemicals of which persistence in the environment is confirmed.
Samples are taken from water, sediment, organisms, air.

• Monitoring survey
Survey on POPs and its candidate chemicals.
Samples are taken from water, sediment, organisms, air.

Development of Chemicals Analysis Methods
The survey has been conducted every year since 1974.
Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Studies participates inthe survey.
53

Waste Management: Control Manifest System for Industrial Waste

Industrial
waste
discharger

Collection
and TransportCompany

Intermediate
Treatment
Company

Collection
and TransportCompany

Final Disposal
Company

The Control Manifest comprises of 7 sheets. Each generator or company needs to keepa set of the sheets in order to prove that each did its job in a proper manner.
54

Waste Management: Criteria for Permission on
Industrial Waste Collection and Transport Business Criteria on Facility• The applicant has vehicles, carrying containers, etc.
which, of a nature, shall not fly and flow out theindustrial waste, and shall not leak bad smell.
• As for transshipment facility, measures against fly, flowout and underground seepage of the industrial waste,and leak of bad smell need to be taken.

 Criteria on Appｌicant’s Ability• The applicant has knowledge and skills which ensure propercollection and transport of the industrial waste.
→ The applicant needs to submit a certificate of attendance of a
training course provided by a government affiliated organization.

• The applicant has financial base which ensure propercollection and transport of the industrial waste consecutively.
55

Waste Management: Procedures forconstructing a waste treatment facility
Preliminary Procedures

Ordinance Procedures

Law Procedures

Approach to Municipal
govt. & residents

Submit business plan &explanation plan

Submit business plan &explanation plan

Consult with Pref. govt.

Open business plan tothe public and holdexplanatory meetings

Submit permit
application to Pref. govt.

Conduct field investigation(including EIA )Submit preparatory
business plan to Pref. &Municipal govts.
Consult on procedures of
relevant laws/ordinances

Submit report on theopinions from residents
and appilcant’s response
Pref. govt. decides if
further coordination withresidents are necessary

Pref. govt. reviews theapplication throughpublic inspection, experts’
examination andobtaining Municipal
govt’s opinion
Construct the facility

Revise the business plan

Confirm the explanation
plan consulting withresidents

Pref. govt. confirms thefacility and gives
permission to theapplicant56

An Example of Remediation of Contaminated Canal- Amagasaki Canal Remediation Project (1) –Activity center in 2013

Water purification facility in 2012

Environmental Education
at the water purification facility

Relevant Projects• Sea blue project (2005-): various water quality improvement experiments including
micro-bubble aeration, application of aquatic organisms, etc.
• Beach corridor project: construction of walking trail, cycle road.
• Re-flesh port project: water amenity improvement projects.
• 21st Century Amagasaki Forest Project: tree planting projects.

57

An Example of Remediation of Contaminated Canal- Amagasaki Canal Remediation Project (2) -Bivalves

SeaweedTidal Flat

Water Intake
58

An Example of Remediation of Contaminated Canal- Amagasaki Canal Remediation Project (3) -100 years ago
clam digging at tidal flat

50 years ago
Citizens cannot access thewaterfront Waterfront is a highpotential amenity area.
 Public access is vital forenvironmental remediation.

citizens

canalgovernments

2014
Citizens, companies andgovernments together

companies59

60