REFERENCE DATA
1. Types of Illicit Drugs
Illicit drugs are classified into methamphetamine as prescribed in the Stimulants Control Act, cannabis asprescribed in the Cannabis Control Act, narcotics such as heroin, cocaine, MDMA and LSD, and psychotropic
substances, etc. as prescribed in the Narcotics and Psychotropics Control Act, and opium as prescribed in theOpium Control Act. In terms of pharmacological effect, methamphetamine, cocaine, and MDMA are classified
as excitatory drugs, cannabis and LSD as hallucinogenic drugs, and heroin and opium as sedative drugs.
Psychotropic substances generically refer to substances that act on the central nerve and affect psychic function(including medicines). They are regulated due to their risk of being abused.
Repeated use of illicit drugs leads to the following symptoms, although the intensity differs by type.
Tolerance
Reversetolerance

A situation where repeated use of drugs makes the body get used to them, anda higher dose comes to be required for generating the effect of the drugs
Contrary to tolerance, a situation where repeated use of drugs provokes anexcessive response, and hypersensitive mental symptoms are generated onlywith a low doseA situation where an illicit drug abuser becomes mentally or physically

Addiction

dependent on drugs; symptoms that emerge in an addict when the effect of an
illicit drug withdraws are called withdrawal symptoms.
A situation where an illicit drug abuser, who stopped using drugs for a long

Flashbackperiod of time, has a mental condition like one that occurred while abusing
drugs (hallucination or physical pain, etc.), triggered by a temporary use of an
illicit drug or drinking alcohol, etc.

Methods of using illicit drugs are as follows.
Oral intake
Subcutaneous

Method to take an illicit drug orally and absorb it from the stomach or thebowels
Method to inject an aqueous solution of an illicit drug into subcutaneous

injection

tissues and absorb it from the capillaries

Inhalation /Method to inhale an illicit drug directly from the nose or smoke a lit illicit

Smoking

drug from the mouth or nose, and absorb it into blood through the lungs

Intravenous
injection

Method to inject an illicit drug into a vein and absorb it into blood2. Production Methods and Pharmacological Effects, etc. of Major Illicit
Drugs
Production method, etc.

MethamphetamineType

Ephedrae herb, etc.
↓
Methamphetamine /Amphetamine

Chemicals↓

Ephedrine

Phenylacetone

Amphetamine

CannabisMethamphetamine

Dried cannabis /Cannabis resin /Liquid cannabis

Herbal cannabis (Main component: Tetrahydrocannabinol(THC))
Dried cannabis: Dried leaf and spike
Cannabis resin: Solidified sap
Liquid cannabis: Liquid or oil extracted from herbal cannabis
or cannabis resin
Opium poppy

These drugs have strong excitatory effects and cause psychological elation,
exhilarating feeling, and talkativeness, but a high dose causes an acute stateof confusion or other acute poisoning symptoms, and when the effectwithdraws, an abuser feels strong listlessness, fatigue, or discomfort.
Tolerance (a higher dose becomes necessary to have the same effect)
develops rapidly, and repeated use causes mental disorders, such as
hallucinations and delusions. For medical purposes, these drugs are used totreat narcolepsy (a chronic sleep disorder such as sudden attacks of sleep
during daytime) and various types of comas.
[Major dosage form: Injection, smoking, and oral intake]
Cannabis has hallucinogenic effects and causes changes in feelings, mood,sense and perception, etc. A high dose causes acute poisoning symptoms
often accompanying hallucinations and delusions. No strong withdrawal
symptoms are observed, but repeated use over a long period of time causes
mental disorders, such as hallucinations, delusions, and alteration of
consciousness.
[Major dosage form: Smoking]Opium, morphine, and heroin all have the same effects as morphine, which is
the main component of opium, although the intensity of the effects differs(heroin is chemically acetylated morphine, and has a strong, rapid effect).
These drugs have inhibitory effects and a low dose shows an analgesic
effect, while a high dose causes acute poisoning symptoms (respiratory
depression and coma, etc.). These drugs mitigate a feeling of pain, alleviate
worry and anxiety, and create euphoria. Repeated use develops addiction andtolerance, and suspension of use causes intense withdrawal symptoms.
For medical purposes, these drugs are used to mitigate pain in cancer
treatment, etc.

↓
Opium
Opium / Morphine /HeroinPharmacological effects, poisoning symptoms, withdrawal symptoms, etc.

↓

Morphine↓
Heroin[Major dosage form: Opium - Smoking; Morphine and heroin - Injection]

Narcotics

CocainePurified extract from coca leaves
Coca leaves → Coca paste →Cocaine

These drugs have similar chemical formulae as
MDMA (Commonly methamphetamine and are synthesized from chemicals.
called "Ecstasy") / MDMA: Scientific name "N,α-dimethyl-3,4MDA (Commonly (methylenedioxy)phenethylamine"
called "Love drugs") MDA: Scientific name "α-methy-3,4(methylenedioxy)phenethylamine"

Cocaine has similar excitatory effects as methamphetamine. When its
pharmacological effects withdraw, an abuser feels depressed. Repeated use
causes mental disorders, such as hallucinations and delusions. The
difference from methamphetamine is that cocaine has an effect to locallyparalyze limbs or other parts. For medical purposes, cocaine is used for local
anesthesia.
[Major dosage form: Nasal inhalation]
MDMA and MDA have similar pharmacological effects and they have similar
excitatory effects as methamphetamine, causing changes in visual andhearing senses. An abuser becomes cheerful but may feel anxiety or suffer
insomnia in some cases. The abuse causes hepatic damage, kidney damage,or memory disorder and may cause confusion.
[Major dosage form: Oral intake]

ＬＳＤ

Ergot fungus on rye→ Ergot alkaloid↓

LSD
Lysergic acid →LSD: Scientific name "Lysergic acid diethylamide"

Psychotropic

substances

Magic mushrooms(Mushrooms
containing psilocinor psilocybin)[Domestic mushrooms found to contain psilocin or
psilocybin]
Psilocybe argentipes, Psilocybe cubensis, Psilocybe fasciata,
Psilocybe lonchophor, Psilocybe subaeruginascens,
Psilocybe subcaerulipes, Psilocybe venenata, Panaeolus
cyanescens, Panaeolus papilionaceus, Panaeolus
sphinctrinus, Panaeolus cinctulus[Foreign mushrooms found to contain psilocin or psilocybin]
Psilocybe subcubensis Guzman, Psilocybe tampanensis
Guzman et Pollock

Methylphenidate / These have excitatory effects and are medically used for
Pipradrol / Pemoline narcolepsy, etc.
Buprenorphine /Pentazocine /Lefetamine

These have analgesic effects and are medically used for
mitigating pain or otherwise in cancer treatment or after
surgery.

Triazolam /Nitrazepam, etc.

These have sedative and hypnotic effects and are medicallyused for insomnia or before administering anesthetics.

Diazepam /Alprazolam, etc.

These have tranquilizing effects and are medically used for
mitigating neurotic patients' anxiety or tension, etc.

Phenobarbital, etc.

These have anticonvulsant effects and are medically used fortreating convulsive attacks.

LSD has strong hallucinogenic effects, causing various hallucinations mainlyin the perceptual domain, particularly in visual perception. LSD produces
euphoria and a cheerful mood, but may also produce anxiety and a depressed
mood. The abuse causes brain disorders. Symptoms of mental disorders may
remain, leading to suicidal tendencies.
[Major dosage form: Lick LSD placed on the tongue]
Magic mushrooms have similar hallucinogenic effects as LSD and cause
psychic dependence. They produce mental changes, such as strange
feelings, euphoria, difficulties in thinking, anxiety, hallucinations including
visual hallucinations, changes in body sensation or time sensation, and also
produce physical changes, such as mydriasis, temperature elevation,
excessive pulse, and respiration increase. The abuse or addiction intensifies
those mental and physical changes and causes violence, aggressive
behavior, or a murder or a suicide, and may cause schizophrenia-like
symptoms.
[Major dosage form: Oral intake]
Psychotropic substances are broadly used for medical purposes, but if aperson abuses them for a long term without being supervised by physicians,the person becomes unable to stop using them. Then, the person gets angry
easily or becomes emotionally unstable, and the suspension of use causes
hallucinations and delusions, etc.
Psychotropic substances are used for various medical purposes as indicatedin the left-hand columns.
[Major dosage form: Oral intake]3. Types of Firearms
Firearms are classified into pistols, rifles, machine guns, guns, hunting rifles, other loading guns with afunction to shoot metal bullets, and air guns (including those using compressed gas) prescribed in the Act forControlling the Possession of Firearms or Swords and Other Such Weapons. By form, pistols are classified into
revolvers (solid frame, hinge frame, and swing-out cylinder types) and autoloading pistols.
Firearms are classified as follows.
Pistols

Rifles

Machine guns

Guns

Hunting rifles

A pistol is a firearm without a shoulder strap that a user can hold, take aim
and shoot by a hand and is suited for killing or injuring humans.
A rifle is a firearm with a shoulder strap that a person can hold, take aim andshoot with both hands, which has rifling and is mainly suited for battles forfoot soldiers. Normally, a rifle has a device to fix a bayonet, gunsight for longrange fire, and a solid gunstock.
A machine gun is a firearm with a caliber smaller than 20 mm and a function
to automatically shoot bullets continuously while the trigger is being pulled,which enables shooting of a large number of bullets in a short time and issuited for battles.
Guns are firearms with a caliber of 20 mm or larger and are classified into
small-caliber guns (20 to 40 mm), medium artillery (over 40 to less than 90mm), heavy caliber guns (90 mm or larger), and artillery, depending on thecaliber size, and into antiaircraft guns and antitank guns, depending on use,
under the Ordnance Manufacturing Act.
Hunting rifles are shotguns and rifled weapons suited for hunting and target
shooting. They are distinguished from rifles, depending on the purpose of
manufacturing, functions, and other circumstances.

Other loading gunswith a function toshoot metal bullets

This category includes all loading guns that do not fall under any of pistols,
rifles, machine guns, guns, or hunting rifles, but have a function to shootmetal bullets sufficient to kill or injure humans and animals.

Air guns

Spring-type air guns, pump-type air guns, compressed gas guns, and air gunsthat shoot metal bullets with the expansive force of compressed air orcompressed carbon dioxide gas

Requirements for firearms are as follows.
(i) Having a function to shoot metal bullets
・ Metal bullets refer to bullets with a metallic nature. Even non-metal ones are included as long as they
have hardness, weight, and impulsive force equivalent to metal bullets.
・ Firearms "having a function to shoot" refer to items that can shoot metal bullets as they are, but also
include a firearm that temporarily has a functional disorder due to a failure but will recover its function
through ordinary maintenance or repair, and an article that was manufactured not as a firearm but can beprocessed or remodeled to shoot metal bullets.
・ Being loaded with gunpowder or using compressed air (compressed gas).
(ii) Having power to kill or injure humans and animals

4. Types of Pistols by Form
(1) Revolvers
Revolvers have a structure wherein the action of the magazine rotor rotates a cylindricalmagazine at the rear each time the hammer is cocked, and a bullet is loaded and shot one byone. They are classified into three categories based on structural characteristics.
(i) Solid frame typeA revolver with a magazine attached on asolid frame gunstock with a tie rod (often seen
in early-stage revolvers; at present, often
adopted in cheap ones)(ii) Hinge frame type

Barrel stator(iii) Swing-out cylinder typeA revolver whose magazine can swing out tothe left from a solid frame gunstock (Swing-out
cylinder revolvers mostly have this form.)(2) Auto-loading pistols
Auto-loading pistols or semi-automatic pistols are not fully automatic like machine gunsthat can shoot bullets continuously, but undergo a series of processes of shooting a bullet
each time the trigger is pulled, ejecting the empty cartridge by having the gunstock movebackward using the reaction of gas pressure that generates upon shooting, and loading thenext bullet at the same time.

5. Trends in Smuggling around the World(1) Trends in illicit drugs smuggling in 2019
Trends in illicit drugs smuggling surrounding Japan are outlined as follows in the "Illicit Trade Report
2019" (World Customs Organization [WCO]; publicized in July 2020).
・ In 2019, the WCO received reports of 40,017 drug trafficking cases from 119 countries. The number
decreased by 19.6% from the previous year. Of the total, 37.9% was accounted for by psychotropic
substances including methamphetamine, 25.4% by cannabis and cannabis products (hereinafter referred
to as "cannabis, etc."), 15.0% by cocaine, 9.3% by new psychoactive substances1 (hereinafter referred
to as "NPSs"), 1.8% by khat, and 10.6% by other substances. Cases involving cannabis, etc. andpsychotropic substances accounted for over 50%.
・ The seized amount of smuggled illicit drugs in 2019 was 1,105 tons worldwide, down by 9.5% from theprevious year. By type of drug, the seized amount of psychotropic substances, including
methamphetamine, and that of cannabis, etc. both decreased from the previous year to 115 tons and 540
tons, respectively. On the other hand, the seized amount of cocaine increased to 289 tons in 2019.
・ By area, North America, including the United States, accounted for the largest percentage, approx. 47%(18,828 cases), of the world total number of seizures, but the number decreased by approx. 34%
compared with that in 2018. In terms of the seized amount as well, approx. 400 tons, the largest amountin the world, were seized in North America, followed by Europe, South America, Africa, Asia andOceania.
・ Illicit drugs smuggling has been occurring in almost all countries around the world, irrespective of beinga source, destination or transit country. In particular, smuggling cases in the United States were the mostnumerous, and Saudi Arabia, Austria, UAE, Germany, Netherlands, Bahrain, Spain, Brazil, etc. also
reported a large number of cases.

(2) Trends in smuggling around the world of major illicit drugs in Japan(i) Methamphetamine, etc.
・ In 2019, the WCO received reports on seizures of psychotropic substances including methamphetamine from85 countries. The number of seizures was 15,177 cases and the seized amount was 115 tons, showing a 10.5%
decrease and a 28.7% decrease, respectively, compared with 2018.
・ The seized amount of psychotropic substances was the largest for methamphetamine, which is the major
illicit drug in Japan, followed by tramadol, MDMA, and amphetamine.
・ Comparing the seized amounts of these four types of drugs with those in 2018, MDMA and amphetamine
showed increases, while methamphetamine and tramadol showed decreases.
・ The largest amount of psychotropic substances was seized in the United States in 2019, followed by Austria,
Saudi Arabia, and UAE. Compared with 2018, seizures decreased in the United States, Austria and Saudi

1. New psychoactive substances (NPSs) are defined as "substances that are not controlled by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic
Drugs or the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, but which may pose a public health threat" in the "Challenge of New
Psychoactive Substances 2013" compiled by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Some NPSs fall under narcotics,
psychotropic substances, or designated substances or are used as dangerous drugs in Japan.

Arabia, but increased in UAE.
・ Smuggling routes of psychotropic substances from Mexico to the United States were the largest in number,
followed by those from Singapore to the United States.

(ii) Cannabis, etc.
・ Of all drugs, cannabis, etc. are most frequently abused around the world. In 2019, the WCO received
reports on seizures of cannabis, etc. from 92 countries. The number of seizures was 10,168 cases andthe seized amount was 541 tons, showing a 4.7% decrease and a 23.6% decrease, respectively, comparedwith 2018.
・ By type, dried cannabis accounted for the largest percentage of 65.4% of the total seized amount,followed by cannabis resin (20.8%). The number of seizures of dried cannabis showed a 15.1% decrease
from 2018.
・ The largest amount of cannabis, etc. was seized in the United States in 2019, followed by Bahrain, Spain,
UAE, Austria, and South Africa. Compared with the seized amounts in 2018, the United States showeda decrease, while Bahrain, Spain, UAE, Austria, and South Africa showed increases.
Among countries where a large amount of cannabis, etc. was seized, mainly dried cannabis was seizedin the United States and UAE, while mainly cannabis resin was seized in Bahrain.
・ As smuggling routes of cannabis, etc., it is pointed out that those from Mexico to the United States andthose from Saudi Arabia to Bahrain are increasing.
(iii) Cocaine
・ Cocaine is mainly abused in North America, South America, and Europe. In 2019, the number of
seizures was 6,005 cases and the seized amount was 289 tons. Compared with 2018, the number of
seizures decreased by 17.5%, while the seized amount increased by 52.6%.
・ Among cocaine seized in 2019, 90.9% was powdered cocaine and the rest was coca leaves and aqueous
solutions of cocaine.
・ The number of seizures of cocaine in 2019 was the largest in the United States, followed by Netherlands,
Brazil, Spain, Germany, and Austria.
・ Smuggling routes of cocaine from Suriname to Netherlands were the largest in number, followed bythose from Mexico to the United States.

(3) Topics (Other drugs [NPSs, Khat])(i) NPSs
・ The number of seizures of NPSs in 2019 was 3,716 cases and the seized amount was 10 tons, showing
a 21.8% increase and a 54.6% decrease, respectively, from 2018.
・ By type, pregabalin was the largest in terms of the seized amount, followed by synthetic cathinone.
・ The number of seizures was large in the United States, UAE, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, and Denmark.
・ Smuggling routes of NPSs from Mexico to the United States were the largest in number, followed bythose from Netherlands to the United States.

(ii) Khat・ Khat is a shrub of the family Celastraceae, native to Ethiopia. Khat came to be grown in the Arabian
Peninsula, centered on Yemen, in around 15th century. In the Arabian Peninsula, people chew khat
leaves to get similar stimulation and euphoria caused by amphetamine. Laws and regulations on khat
differ by country and region, but khat is under regulations in more than half the countries in Europe.
・ In 2019, the number of seizures of khat was 718 cases, down by 51.4% from 2018, and the seizedamount was 38 tons, up by 26.6% (id.).
・ The number of seizures was large in the United States, Norway, South Africa, Belgium, and Netherlands.
・ Smuggling routes of khat from Ethiopia to Norway were the largest in number, followed by those fromSouth Africa to the United States.

6. Seizures of Goods Harmful to Society
Year

2017

Type

2018

2019

2020

2021

YOY

1,000 tabs

151
1,159
171
131
115
117
56
13
170
82
2
6
70
24
10
48
0
2
92
1
0
17
0
4
275
8
784
1,380
6

169
1,159
218
156
128
143
90
13
225
161
32
8
1
58
153
59
5
32
100
2
1
38
0
26
221
17
871
1,493
58

425
2,587
242
82
110
61
132
21
209
656
61
5
17
52
638
67
0
61
85
0
0
6
0
165
14
1,047
3,339
61

72
811
204
126
86
49
118
76
167
822
90
2
0
27
820
74
2
90
64
1
0
2
1
300
169
745
1,928
91

95
912
199
153
94
22
105
132
1
4
230
51
130
34
14
81
27
127
115
11
3
6
0
1
302
17
833
1,138
132

(Reference) Estimated number
10,000 dosesof doses

4,638

4,427

10,957

5,530

3,237

7
19
6
18
3
4

8
10
7
9
1
1

-

3
3
3
3
-

Methamphetamine
Cannabis

cases
kg
cases
kg

HerbalCannabiscases

Cannabis
resin, etc.

cases

Opium

kg

kg
cases
kg
cases

Narcotics

kg
1,000 tabs

HeroinCocaine

cases
kg
cases
kg
cases

MDMA, etc.

kg
1,000 tabs
cases

Otherskg
1,000 tabs
cases

Psychotropic
Substanceskg
1,000 tabs

DesignatedSubstances

cases
kg
cases

Total

kg

Firearms
Of which,
pistols
Parts of Firearms

cases
guns
cases
guns
cases
items

132%
112%
98%
122%
109%
44%
89%
172%
All increased
All increased

138%
6%
145%
All decreased
All decreased

126%
2%
109%
16.2-fold

142%
180%
12.4-fold
20.5-fold300%
All increased

131%
101%
10%
112%
59%
144%
59%

1
33%
1
33%
1
33%
1
33%
1 All increased
1 All increased(Note) 1. These figures include seizures not only by Japan Customs but also by the police and other law enforcement agencies incollaboration with Japan Customs.
2. "Methamphetamine" includes methamphetamine and raw materials thereof.
3. "Cannabis resin" includes cannabis liquid, cannabis sweets and other cannabis products, in addition to cannabis resin.
4. "MDMA, etc." includes MDMA, MDA and MDE.
5. "Others" include ketamine, LSD, etc.
6. "Estimated number of doses" is calculated based on average dose of abusers as follows.
(Methamphetamine: 0.03 g; herbal cannabis: 0.5 g; cannabis resin: 0.1 g; heroin: 0.01 g; cocaine: 0.03 g; MDMA and psychotropic substances: 1 tablet)

7. Some figures may not be accurate due to rounding.
8. "0" means 500 g or 500 tablets or less, while "-" means nil.
9. Figures for 2021 are provisional.

7. Number of Seizures of Major Illicit Drugs by Mode of Transport(cases)
Year
2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

Mode

Composition

YOY

ratio

By air passengers

214

243

389

70

24

34%

3%

By the use of international mail

526

557

520

567

686

121%

82%

By the use of commercial cargo

36

58

127

108

123

114%

15%

Air cargo

32

46

121

95

108

114%

13%

Sea cargo

4

12

6

13

15

115%

2%

By ship crews

8

13

11

-

-

-

-

Total

784

871

1,047

745

833

112%

100%

(Note) "Air passengers" includes crew members, and "ship crews" includes passengers and cases of trafficking by sea.
"Commercial cargo" includes unaccompanied baggage.

8.1 Number of Seizures of Methamphetamine by Mode of Transport(upper: cases; lower: kg)
Year
2017

Mode
By air passengers
By the use of international mailBy the use of commercial cargo
Air cargo
Sea cargo
By ship crews
Total

2018

2019

2020

2021

Composition

YOY

ratio

99

91

229

23

5

22%

190

160

427

54

35

65%

4%

38

52

85

23

33

143%

35%

96

50

188

14

52

360%

6%

11

23

109

26

57

219%

60%

398

948

367

743

825

111%

91%

10

13

107

20

50

250%

53%

48

22

325

103

199

193%

22%

1

10

2

6

7

117%

7%

351

926

43

639

626

98%

69%
-

5%

3

3

2

-

-

-

475

0

1,605

-

-

-

-

151

169

425

72

95

132%

100%

1,159

1,159

2,587

811

912

112%

100%

(Note) 1. "Air passengers" includes crew members, and "ship crews" includes passengers and cases of trafficking by sea. "Commercial
cargo" includes unaccompanied baggage.
2. Some figures may not be accurate due to rounding.
3. "0" means 500g or less, while "-" means nil.

8-2. Number of Seizures of Methamphetamine by Source(upper: cases; lower: kg)

Year
2017

Source

2018

2019

2020

2021

Composition

Total

ratio

Asia
Malaysia
ThailandVienamChina (including Hong Kong and Macao)
China
Hong Kong
Macao
Philippines
Laos
PakistanSouth Korea
TaiwanCambodia
Middle East
TürkiyeUAE
IranAfricaSouth Africa
Ghana
Nigeria
EuropeUK
Netherlands
FranceGermany
Belgium
UkraineIreland
North America
USA
CanadaLatin America
MexicoOceania
Unknown
Total

75
925
14
21
21
27
2
0
20
853
10
835
10
19
1
0
11
7
2
5
7
12
6
11
1
0
16
72
3
22
3
7
22
26
1
2
9
3
7
9
19
111
12
96
7
15
6
14
6
14
1
0
5
0
151
1,159

(Note) 1. Some figures may not be accurate due to rounding.
2. Major countries and regions are listed.
3. "0" means 500 g or less, while "-" means nil.

85
1,031
22
63
18
174
4
3
11
404
6
157
5
247
1
2
3
3
4
8
9
345
7
21
4
4
2
3
1
1
7
54
2
4
1
15
28
18
5
11
10
0
7
4
5
0
34
43
26
37
8
5
9
9
9
9
2
0
169
1,159

204
283
69
107
87
87
4
4
4
3
1
0
2
1
1
2
10
16
9
36
4
5
6
0
4
10
24
109
11
15
9
23
4
70
19
70
7
14
9
47
43
47
14
9
3
0
3
4
7
12
1
2
111
336
61
126
50
209
22
138
22
138
2
1,605
425
2,587

29
153
4
14
7
120
8
3
4
11
1
2
3
9
1
2
4
1
7
28
2
6
2
16
2
4
5
259
4
258
10
14
3
8
2
0
1
0
1
6
12
245
9
1
3
244
9
111
9
111
72
811

30
531
11
65
7
13
4
4
3
445
1
15
2
430
2
0
1
3
1
1
6
54
3
6
2
45
1
3
8
28
6
12
1
10
1
6
24
27
9
13
5
0
4
2
2
10
2
1
1
0
1
19
81
14
75
5
6
8
192
8
192
95
912

32%
58%
12%
7%
7%
1%
4%
0%
3%
49%
1%
2%
2%
47%
2%
0%
1%
0%
1%
1%
6%
6%
3%
1%
2%
5%
1%
0%
8%
3%
6%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
25%
3%
9%
1%
5%
0%
4%
0%
2%
1%
2%
0%
1%
0%
1%
20%
9%
15%
8%
5%
1%
8%
21%
8%
21%
100%
100%

423
2,922
120
271
140
422
22
15
42
1,716
19
1,008
22
706
1
2
13
17
14
44
2
0
9
13
30
353
13
35
48
206
24
41
15
85
7
77
55
483
22
311
4
17
11
68
127
132
32
42
29
3
7
6
24
35
9
9
1
0
1
195
815
122
336
73
480
54
464
54
464
1
0
9
1,605
912
6,627

9-1. Number of Seizures of Cannabis by Mode of Transport(upper: cases; lower: kg)
Year
2017

Mode

2018
57
3
99
10
12
118
10
18
2
100
3
0
171
131

By air passengers
By the use of international mailBy the use of commercial cargo
Air cargo
Sea cargo
By ship crews
Total

2019
49
92
148
45
19
19
19
19
2
0
218
156

2020
60
28
167
49
11
5
10
5
1
0
4
0
242
82

2021
21
0
144
77
39
48
36
48
3
0
204
126

YOY
6
10
159
80
34
63
27
63
7
0
199
153

29%
39-fold
110%
103%
87%
131%
75%
131%
233%
16-fold98%
122%

Composition
ratio

3%
6%
80%
52%
17%
41%
14%
41%
4%
0%
100%
100%

(Note) 1. "Air passengers" includes crew members, and "ship crews" includes passengers and cases of trafficking by sea. "Commercial
cargo" includes unaccompanied baggage.
2. Some figures may not be accurate due to rounding.
3. "0" means 500g or less, while "-" means nil.

9-2. Number of Seizures of Herbal Cannabis by Source(upper: cases; lower: kg)
Year
2017

Source

2018

2019

2020

2021

Composition

Total

ratio

Asia
Middle East
AfricaSouth Africa
EuropeNorth America
USA
CanadaLatin America
Oceania
Unknown
Total

20
1
2
100
2
100
31
1
55
15
40
10
15
6
3
0
4
0
115
117

(Note) 1. " Some figures may not be accurate due to rounding.
2. "0" means 500g or less, while "-" means nil.

20
6
2
0
33
3
70
133
61
40
9
93
2
1
1
0
128
143

11
0
29
1
66
61
50
43
16
18
1
0
1
0
2
0
110
61

15
38
21
3
50
8
38
2
12
7
86
49

7
7
3
2
3
2
30
1
52
12
48
11
4
1
2
0
94
22

7%
32%
3%
9%
3%
9%
32%
3%
55%
56%
51%
49%
4%
6%
2%
0%
100%
100%

73
52
2
0
5
102
5
102
144
8
293
230
237
105
56
125
6
1
4
0
6
0
533
393

9-3. Number of Seizures of Cannabis Resin, etc. by Source(upper: cases; lower: kg)
Year
2017

Source

2018

2019

2020

2021

Total

Composition
ratio

12
11
1
0
17
0
24
2
21
2
2
0
56
13

Asia
AfricaEuropeNorth America
USA
Latin America
Oceania
Unknown
Total

6
0
17
1
67
12
65
12
90
13

13
9
31
2
87
10
80
10
1
0
132
21

1
0
8
0
108
76
101
66
1
0
118
76

3
0
10
1
89
131
86
125
2
0
1
105
132

3%
0%
10%
1%
85%
99%
82%
95%
2%
0%
1%
100%
100%

35
20
1
0
83
3
375
232
353
215
1
0
3
0
3
0
501
255

(Note) 1. Some figures may not be accurate due to rounding.
2. Major countries and regions are listed.
3. "0" means 500g or less, while "-" means nil.

(Reference) Number of Dispositions for Violations of the Customs Act*
by Mode of Offense[Accusation](cases)Mode of offense

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

YOY

Composition ratio

Import of banned goods

447

385

514

295

278

94%

97%

Duty tax evasion

1

3

1

2

1

50%

0%

Import or export without permission

28

46

25

14

4

29%

1%

False declaration for import or export

5

3

7

4

5

125%

2%

Others

-

3

-

-

-

-

-

Total

481

440

547

315

288

91%

100%

[Notification](cases)Mode of offense

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

YOY

Composition ratio

Import of banned goods

155

118

122

80

84

105%

51%

Duty tax evasion

62

53

45

21

19

90%

12%

Import or export without permission

919

929

545

129

56

43%

34%

False declaration for import or export

2

7

6

6

6

100%

4%

Others

4

7

1

15

-

All decreased

0%

Total

1,142

1,114

719

251

165

66%

100%

(Note) Including the Act on Temporary Special Provisions of the Customs Act, etc. Attendant upon the Enforcement of the Agreement
under Article VI of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between Japan and the United States of America regarding
Facilities and Areas and the Status of United States Armed Forces in Japan10. Outline of Intellectual Property Rights

Patent Act(Patent right)

Utility Model Act(Utility modelright)

Design Act(Design right)

Trademark Act(Trademark right)

Copyright Act(Copyright)

Object for protection

Object for protection

Object for protection

・ Invention (a highly advanced
creation of technical ideas
utilizing the laws of nature)(Art. 1, Art. 2)

・ Patent right arises uponregistrationof
its
establishment. (Art. 66)
・ 20 years after the filingdate of the patentapplication, in principle(Art. 67)

・Ink cartridge (Seiko Epson)・Toner cartridge (Ricoh)
・Grip stand for smartphones,
etc. (Pop Sockets Limited
Liability Company)

・Device in respect to the shapeor structure of an article or tothe combination of articles (thecreation of technical ideas
utilizing the laws of nature)(Art. 1, Art. 2)・Utility model right arises
upon registration of its
establishment. (Art. 14)
・ 10 years after the filingdate of the application fortheutilitymodel
registration (Art. 15)
・ Design right arises uponregistrationof
its
establishment. (Art. 20)
・ 25 years after the filingdate of the application for
design registration (Art.
21)
・ Trademark right arises
upon registration of its
establishment. (Art. 18)
・10 years after the date ofregistrationof
its
establishment (Art. 19)*Can be renewed

・Cleaning wiper (Kao)(* This is a past case. Utility
model right does not exist forthis product at present.)

・ Copyright arises at thetime the work is created.
(Art. 51 (1))
・70 years after the death of
the author, in principle(Art. 51 (2))
・70 years after the work is
madepublicforcinematographic works(Art. 54)

・Animation character goods,
etc.
・ Pirated DVDs (films,
dramas, exercise DVDs,etc.)

・Design (the shape, patterns orcolors, or any combination
thereof, of an article, which
creates an aesthetic impression
through the eyes) (Art. 1, Art.
2)
・Trademark (among those which
can be perceived by people,
any character, figure, sign or
three-dimensional shape orcolor, or any combination
thereof; sounds, or anythingelse specified by Cabinet Order(a mark) which is used by aperson in connection with agood which the person
produces, certifies or assigns as
its business, etc. (Art. 1, Art. 2)・ Work (a creatively produced
expression of thoughts or
sentiments that falls within theliterary, academic, artistic, ormusical domain) (Art. 1, Art. 2)・Beauty roller (MTG)
・Earphones (Apple)

・ Counterfeit brand-nameproducts, such as bags,
wallets, and clothes
・ Counterfeit versions of
medicines such as Viagra

(Neighboring right)

Act on the Circuit
Layout of
Semiconductor
Integrated Circuits(Layout-design
exploitation right)

Plant Variety
Protection and Seed
Act
(Breeder's right)

Object for protection

Object for protection

Object for protection・ Performing (giving a dramatic
performance of, dancing, giving a
musical performance of, singing,delivering, declaiming, or by any othermeans giving a performance of a work
[including similar actions not
involving the performance of a work
but having the nature of a performing
art])・Phonogram (the fixation of sounds ona material object such as a phonographdisc or recording tape [other than ofsounds that are intended to be played
exclusively alongside images])
・Broadcasting (the transmission to the
public of wireless communications
with the objective of allowing the
public to simultaneously receive
transmissions with the same content)
・Cablecasting (the transmission to the
public of wired telecommunications
with the objective of allowing the
public to simultaneously receive
transmissions with the same content)(Art. 1, Art. 2)・ Layout-design (a layout of circuitry
elements in semiconductor integrated
circuits and the lead wires connecting
such elements) (Art. 1, Art. 2)・ Neighboring rightarises at the time thatthe performance, etc.
takes place. (Art. 101(1))
・ 70 years or 50 years
counting from theyear after that in
which
the
performance,etc.
takes place (Art. 101(2))

・ CDs for overseas
distribution

・Layout-design
exploitation rightarises uponregistration of its
establishment. (Art.
10 (1))
・10 years after the dateof registration of its
establishment (Art.
10 (2))・ Breeder's right arises
uponavarietyregistration. (Art. 19(1))
・25 years (or 30 years
for perennial plant)
after the date ofvariety registration(Art. 19 (2))

・No seizure cases

・Variety (a plant grouping which can be
distinguished from any other plantgrouping by the expressions of at least
one of the important characteristics
and which can be propagated while
maintaining all its expressions ofcharacteristics without change) (Art. 1,
Art. 2 (2))

・Rush grass(Hinomidori)(Kumamoto)(* This is a past case.
Breeder's
rightdoes not exist forthis product atpresent.)

Outline of Goods Whose Import and Export are Regulated under the Unfair Competition Prevention Act
Details
Goods for which the same or similar

Goods creating confusion withwell-known indication(Art. 2 (1) (i))

Example・ A sign similar to that of a well-indication as another person's

known restaurant in Osaka (ex. An

indication well-known among certain

advertising display similar to theconsumers (well-known indication) is

well-known moving crab display

used, thereby creating confusionof the restaurant serving crab
dishes)Goods for which the same or similar

Goods using famous indication
without authorization(Art. 2 (1) (ii))

Goods imitating configuration(Art. 2 (1) (iii))

・ A vitamin tablet using a productindication as another person's

name similar to a famous vitaminindication broadly known nationwide

tablet (ex. "Alinabic 25" whose(famous indication) is used without

name is similar to famous

authorization (irrespective of whether"Alinamin A25")

or not to cause confusion)

Goods imitating the characteristic

・ A toy imitating the characteristic

configuration of another person's

configuration of a famous toy (ex.

goods (irrespective of whether or not"New Tamago Watch" imitating

to attach a label or other indication)

the configuration of"Tamagocchi")Goods produced through unauthorized・ A product produced by using

use of trade secret (limited to cases

production process-related

where a person who knows that facttechnology that was illegallyimports or exports relevant goods)

obtained (ex. A steel sheet

Goods infringing trade secret(Art. 2 (1) (x))

produced by using an illegallyobtained production process of
Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal
Corporation's sophisticated steel
sheet [grain-oriented electricalsteel sheet])
Devices to invalidate measures to

Devices to invalidate technologicalrestriction measures(Art. 2 (1) (xvii), (xviii))

・ A device to enable the use of aencrypt contents and restrict access togamemachineonly duly authorized persons (accessdownloaded

control)

Magicon)with
softwareillegally(ex.

・ A device to enable the editing ofdata of a computer game (ex.
Saveeditor)(Note) Regarding goods violating the Unfair Competition Prevention Act, who or what good is to be protected may be unclear in somecases. Therefore, in order to ensure proper enforcement by Customs, a person intending to request an injunction must obtain
opinions or approval of the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry as to whether there are materials that make a prima facie
showing of the fact of infringement, and submit a document containing such opinions or approval to the Directors-General ofa Customs House.