XVIII.-REPORT UPON THE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND AND THE ADJACENT WATERS, WITH
AN ACCOUNT OF THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF THE
REGION.

By A. E. Verribl.

A.—HABITS AND DISTRIBUTTOK OF THE INVEETEBKATEANIMALS.
I.

General remarks.

The iuvestigation of the invertebrate life of these waters, undertaken
at the request of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, was actively carried forward during the entire summer of 1871,
and the very extensive collections then made have been studied by Mr.
S. I. Smith, Mr. O. Harger, and myself, as thoroughly as possible during the time that has been at our disposal. The work upon the collections is by no means complete, but is sufficiently advanced to serve theimmediate purposes of the Fish Commission.
To Mr. Smith I am indebted for the identification of all the Crustacea
referred to in this report and the accompanying lists, except the Isopods, which have been determined mostly by Mr. Harger, to whom mythanks are also due for several excellent drawings of those animals.
To Professor A. Hyatt I am indebted for the identification of some of the
Bryozoa, and for most of the figures of that classf. I am also underobligations to Dr. A. S. Packard, Dr. G. H. Horn, and Dr. H. A. Hagen, who have identified the insects inhabiting salt water.
According to the i)lans adopted, these explorations had iu view several distinct i^urposes, all more or less connected with the investigationof the fisheries. The special subjects attended to by this section of the
Fish Commission party were chiefly the following:
1st. The exploration of the shores and shallow water for the purposeof making collections of all the marine animals and algse living betweentides, on every different kind of shore, including the numerous burrowing-worms and Crustacea, and to ascertain as much as possible concerning their habits, relative abundance, stations, &c.
2d. The extension of similar observations by means of the dredge?
trawl, tangles, and other instruments, into all depths down to the deepest waters which were accessible to us, and to make a systematic survey, as complete as possible, of all the smaller bays and harbors within

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

our reach, both to obtain complete collections of the animals and plants
and to ascertain the precise character of the bottom, special attention
being paid to the localities known to be the feeding-grounds of valuable
fishes, and to those animals upon which they are known to feed.
3d. The depth of the water and its temperature, both at the surface
and bottom, was to be observed and recorded in as many localities as
possible, and especially where dredging was to be done, and lists of theanimals and plants from special localities or depths were to be prepared,
so as to show the influence of temperature and other i)hysical features
upon animal and vegetable life. Many valuable observations of thiskind were made.
4th. The life of the surface-waters was to be investigated by meansof hand-nets and towiug-nets, on every possible occasion, and at all

hours.

To wing-nets of different

sizes,

made of strong embroidery-canvas, and attached to stout brass rings, were used with excellent results, but very many interesting things were obtained by hand-nets skill-

The surface collections are of great interest in themselves,and of special im])ortance i:>ractically, as they show the nature of the

fully used.

food of those fishes that feed at or near the surface.
5th. The collections obtained were to be preserved by the best methods: 1st, for the purpose of making amore thorough study of themthan could usually be done at tbe time, and for the purpose of insuring
accuracy in their identification and fullness in the special lists for theand, 2d, in order to supply the Smithsonian Institution,

final report;

Yale College museum, and a number of other public museums, both
American and foreign, with sets of the specimens collected. For thislast purpose large quantities of duplicates were collected and preserved,
and will be distributed at an early day.
6th. Those species of animals which cannot be preserved in goodcondition for study were to be examined with care and minutely described while liviu"g. The colors and appearance of the soft parts ofother species were to be described in the same way, and also the eggs
and young of all kinds.
7th. It was regarded as of great importance to secure accurate drawingsof the living animals, and especially of such as greatly change theirform and appearance when preserved, such as worms, naked mollusks,
Unfortunately the available funds were notascidians, polyps, &c.
sufficient to enable us to employ a special artist for this purpose during
the summer, but this deficiency has been partially remedied by the figuressubsequently drawn by Mr. J. H. Emertou, Mr. S. I. Smith, Mr. O. Harger, and the writer.
8th. In all these investigations the relations existing between thefishes and the lower animals which serve as food for them were to beconstantly borne in mind, and all information bearing directly upon thissubject that could be obtaiiu'd was to be recorded. To this end large
numbers of stomachs from fishes newly caught were examined, andINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

297

Most of those thus aslists of the species found in tliem were made.
certained to be their ordinary food were traced to their natural haunts
from whence the fishes obtain them.
9th. The parasites of fishes, both external and internal, were to becollected and preserved for future study.
large collection of such parasites was made, but the internal para-Asites,

which are very numerous, have not yet been studied.

The inter-

nal parasites were collected chiefly by Dr. Edward Palmer.
The map accompanying the present report serves to show the localities explored, and the extent of the labor in dredging and sounding.
The operations during the first six weeks were under the charge of Mr.
He was assisted by Dr. W.
S. I. Smith, who remained until July 25.

G. Farlow, who also investigated the algae. Professor J. E. Todd, ofTabor, Iowa, then took charge of the work for three weeks, until I wasable to join the party, on the 16th of August. During the remainderof the season, until September 20, the operations were under my immediate superintendence j but Professor A. Hyatt, of Boston; Dr. A. S.

Packard, of Salem Dr. Farlow, of Cambridge and Professor D. C. Eaton,of JS'ew Haven, gave very important aid in carrying out our investigations, and our thanks are due to all of these gentlemen for their assistSeveral other naturalists were present, from time to time, andance.
cooperated with our i)arty in various ways.
The dredging operations in the shallow waters of Vineyard Sound
and Buzzard's Bay were carried on at first by means of a sail-boat, butduring the greater part of the time by means of a steam-launch. The
dredgings outside of these waters, and off Martha's Yineyard, were alldone by means of a United States revenue-cutter, the steamer Moccasin, under command of Captain J. G. Baker.
Our thanks are due tothe officers of the Moccasin, who were very courteous, and gave us all
the facilities within their power for carrying out our investigations successfully.
Without this important assistance we should have remainedin complete ignorance of the temperature and peculiar fauna of thedeei)er waters off this shore, for the localities were too distant to bereached by means of the steam-launch or sail-boats.
The examination of the bottom was done by means of dredges ofvarious sizes, constructed much like those in general use for this purpose; by "rake-dredges" of novel construction, consisting of a heavy
A-shaped iron frame, to the arms of which bars of iron armed withlong, thin, and sharp teeth, arranged like those of a rake, are bolted,
back to back a rectangular frame of round iron, supporting a deep
and fine dredge-net, follows just behind the rake to receive and retain
the animals raked from the soft mud or sand by the rake a trawl-net?
with a beam about fourteen feet long, made of stout, iron gas-pipe, andhaving a net, fine toward the end, about forty feet deep, and provided
with numerous pockets; "tangles," consisting of an A-shaped ironframe, to which frayed-out hemp-ropes are attached. The best form
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

has several small chains of galvanized iron attached to the frame by
one end, so as to drag over the bottom, and the pieces of frayed-out
rope are attached along the sides of the chains.
The ordinary dredges can be used on all kinds of bottom, except
where there are rough rocks and ledges, but they generally merely
scrape the surface or sink into the bottom but slightly. The rakedredges are used only on bottoms of soft mud or sand, and are intended
to catch burrowing animals of all kinds, which are always numerous onsuch bottoms. The trawl is adapted for the capture of bottom-fishes,
as well as for crabs, lobsters, large shells, and all other animals of considerable size, which creep over or rest upon the bottom. It cannot be
used where the bottom is rocky or rough, and does not usually capture
many animals of small size, or those that burrow. It is, however, avery important instrument when used in connection with the ordinary
dredge, for it will capture those species which are too active to becaught by the dredge, and much greater quantities of the larger speThe ^^ tangles " arecies than can be obtained by the dredge alone.
particularly useful on rough, rocky, or ledgy bottoms, where the dredge
and trawl cannot be used, but they cannot be depended upon for obtaining all the small species, especially of shells and worms. They
capture mainly those kinds of animals which have rough or spiny surfaces, such as star-fishes, sea-urchins, corals, bryozoa, rough crabs, &c.,
and those kinds which are disposed to cling to foreign objects, such as
many of the small Crustacea, which are often taken in countless numbersby this means. Star-fishes and sea-urchins are especially adapted to becaught by this instrument, and are often brought up in great quantiThe tangles can be used on all kinds of bottoms, wherever thereties.
are any of those kinds of animals which they are adapted to capture.

The localities where dredgings were made by these various instruments were located on Coast Survey charts as accurately as possible,
and were sufficiently numerous to give a pretty satisfactory knowledgeof the nature of the bottom and its inhabitants throughout the region
explored. The total number of casts of the dredges made during thelarge part ofthree months devoted to this work was about 400.
these, including all the more important ones, have been located on theA

map accompanying this report.

The more important points where theobserved
have also been indicated on
was
water
temperature of the
figures
above two parallel lines
given,
theandtemperatures
map
the
the
indicating the surface temperature, those helow such lines indicating
the bottom temperature thus Jf
In prosecuting our explorations we soon found that there are, in thewaters of this region, three quite distinct assemblages of animal life,

—

:

.

which are dependent upon and limited by definite physical conditions of
the waters which they inhabit. The first of these includes all those kinds
which inhabit the bottom and shores of Vineyard Sound, lUizzard's
Bay, and the other similar bodies of shallow water along this coast from

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

299

Cape Cod westward and southward. These shallow waters consist ofnearly pure sea-water, which has a relatively high temperature, especially in summer, for it is warmed

up both by the direct heat of the sun,acting on the shallow waters spread over broad surfaces of sand, and bywater coming directly from the Gulf Stream, and bringing not only its

The temperature at thewas 66° to 72^ Fahrenheit. Owing to this influenceof the Gulf Stream these waters never become very cold in winter, forsome of the small, shallow harbors never freeze over. The greater partof the animals inhabiting these bays and sounds are southern forms.
The second assemblage is a very peculiar one, which inhabits theestuaries, ponds, lagoons, harbors, and other similar places, where thewater is shallow and more or less brackish, and very warm in summer,
but cold in the winter. The third group inhabits the shores of theouter islands and headlands and the bottoms in moderately deep water,
outside of the bays and sounds. These outer waters are comparatively
cold, even in summer, and are no doubt derived from an offshoot of theheat, but also its peculiar pelagic animals.

surface in August

arctic current, which drifts southward along our shores in deep waterand always has a tendency to crowd against and up its submarine
slopes, in which it is also aided in many cases by the tides.
In August,the temperature of the surface was 62^ to 65°, of the bottom 57^ to 62^
Fahrenheit. The animals inhabiting these cold waters are mostly
northern in character and much like those of the coast of Maine andBay of Fundy. The surface waters in the bays and sounds, althoughusually somewhat warmer in summer than those outside, differ less intemperature than the bottom waters. Consequently we find less difference in the surface animals. We have therefore found it most conveni-

ent to group all the surface animals together, as a special division of

those inhabiting the bays and sounds.

In each of the groups or assemblages we find that certain kinds are restricted to particular localities,

depending upon the character of the bottom or shore. Thus there willbe species, or even large groups of species, which inhabit only rocky
shores others which inhabit only sandy shores others which dwell inthe muddy places and still others that prefer the clean gravelly bottoms
where the water is several fathoms deep, &c.
I have found it desirable, therefore, in describing the character of themarine life of this region, to group the animals according to the localities which they inhabit, adopting the three primary divisions given
above, but, for greater convenience of reference, placing all the parasitic
species together in one group. The subdivisions of these groups will
be given under each, in the succeeding pages.
The primary groups will stand as follows
1. The fauna of the bays and sounds.
2. The fauna of the estuaries and other brackish waters.
3. The fauna of the cold waters of the ocean shores and outer banks
and channels.
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REPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

In clescribiDg the animals belonging in these different divisions andit lias not been found desirable to mention, in this part of
the report, all the species found in each, but only those that appear tobe the most abundant and important, and especially those that are
subdivisions

known to serve as the food of fishes.

But in the general systematic list,

which accompanies this report, all the species of the region, so far as
determined, will be enumerated.
II.

The fauna of the bays and sounds.

In Buzzard's Bay, Vineyard Sound, Nantucket Sound, and Muskeget
Channel, (see map,) the water is shallow, being generally less than 8
fathoms deep, and rarely exceeding 14 fathoms, even in the deepest
It will be seen by reference to the map, on which soundings havespots.
been given and contour lines drawn, representing the zones having
depths below 3, 10, 14, and 20 fathoms, respectively, that the greaterpart of Buzzard's Bay is less than 10 fathoms deep, and that the 3-fathom
curve is nearly parallel with the shore lines, and the same is true of the
6-fathom line, which has not been drawn. The 10-fathom curve is very
irregular and only extends a short distance within the mouth of the bay
but an irregular area, in which the water exceeds 10 fathoms in depth,
the central part over a limited area being about 15 fathoms, is situated to the west of Penikese, ll^ashawena, and Cuttyhunk Islands;
this is inclosed on all sides by shallower water.
The 14-fathom curve issituated from four to eight miles farther off and does not enter the bay
at all, showing only a very slight curvature in that direction yet it
extends far up Narragansett Bay, and to a considerable distance within
the mouth of Vineyard Sound, but, like the 10-fathom line, does notj;enter Muskeget Channel or Nantucket

Sound at any point, and shows

scarcely any curvature toward those waters, which are very shallow

throughotit their whole extent, and much obstructed by banks andbroad shoals of moving sands. The 20-fathom line at nearly all points issituated far off shore, and does not conform at all to the outline of thecoast.
There is, however, an area of water exceeding this depth off
Newport, in the mouth of Narragansett Bay.
Vineyard Sound is deeper and much more varied in its depth and in thecharacter of its bottom than Buzzard's Bay or Nantucket Sound, andtherefore its fauna is richer in species and the facilities for collecting aremuch greater. In Vineyard Sound the 3 fathom curve follows the outlines of the shore very closely, and the same is true of the G-fathom curve,
which has not been represented on the map. The 10-fathom line when
it enters the mouth of the sound incloses the greater part of its width andis approximately parallel with its shores, but after it passes the narrowest
part of tlie sound, between the northern end of Martha's Vineyard andWood's Hole, it rapidly narrows and is iinally interrupted by shallows andsand-bars after passing Holmes's Hole, but there are beyond this several isolated areas of water exceeding this depth and having their long

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301

axes nearly parallel with tlie central axis of the channel, or rather parallelwith the direction of the tidal currents. One of these areas, south ofOsterville, Massachusetts, is 15 fathoms deep, but of no great size.
These deeper depressions are surrounded by banks and ridges of sand,some of which rise nearly to the surface and form dangerous shoals the
shoals, like the deep channels, have their longer axes parallel with theprevailing tidal currents, but as they are mostly composed of loose
moving sands, they are liable to be altered in form and position by-,

severe storms.

These moving sands are generally very barren of life, and form true
submarine deserts. Included within and nearly inclosed by the 10fathom line, there is, between Martha's Vineyard and Xaushon Island, alarge area of shallower water, which is connected with the shallow
water of the shore at the northern end of Martha's Vineyard, off the" West Chop," near Holmes's Hole. In some places this shallow rises
nearly to the surface and forms the " middle ground,"' and other shoals
parallel with the current that sets through the channels on either side,
and consequently nearly parallel with the shore of Martha's Vineyard.
It is evident that this rather extensive bank is due to the action of thetidal current which sweeps around West Chop toward the mouth of
the sound, following the direction of the deeper channels, the projecting
point at West Chop furnishing a lee in which the movement of thewater is retarded and the sediment deposited; but this action is modified by the tidal current which enters the mouth of the sound and flows
in the opposite direction, for although this current is somewhat lessrapid, its duration is- longer, especially that branch of it which flows
between the Middle Ground Shoal and Martha's Vineyard, for this flows
eastward seven hours and twenty- six minutes, while the opposite current flows w^estward for only four hours and thirty-four minutes theeffect of the current flowing eastward would, therefore, be to keep thischannel from filling up by the sediments carried along by the westward,
currents. The same effect would be produced in the main channel, outside of this shoal, although the difference in the duration of the flowin the two directions is there less, the eastward flow lasting six hours
and fifteen minutes, while the westward tide lasts five hours and forty-,

five minutes.

Similar causes determine, without doubt, the position of all the othershoals and banks of sand in this region, as well as the existence of the

between them, but in many cases the direction of
the wind-waves produced by the more violent storms must betaken into

isolated deep areas

The 11-fathom line extends into the mouth of the sound, as
Nashawena Island and beyond this there areseveral isolated areas which are of this depth the most extensive of
these is opposite the southern half of IS'aushon Island and in a line withthe main channel at the mouth of the sound. Since the tides are greaterin Buzzard's Bay than in Vineyard Sound, and neither the times of low

account.

far as a point opposite;;

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

302

water and high water, nor the relative duration of the ebb and flow arecoincident, very powerful currents set through the passages, between

the Elizabeth Islands, connecting these two bodies of water. This ismost noticeable in the case of Wood's Hole, because there the channel
These channels
is narrow and shallow, and much obstructed by rocks.
are, therefore, excellent collecting grounds for obtaining such animals
as prefer rocky bottoms and rapidly flowing waters.
The shores of Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay are quite diversified
and present nearly all kind of stations usually found in corresponding
latitudes elsewhere, except that ledges of solid rock are of rare occur-

rence, but there are numerous prominent points where the shore consists of large rocks or boulders, which have been left by the denudation of deposits of glacial drift, forming the cliffs along the shores.
Sandy beaches are frequent, and gravelly and stony ones occasionally

Muddy shores are less common and usually of no great extent.
In Buzzard's Bay the bottom is generally muddy, except in very
shallow water about some of the islands, where patches of rocky bottom occur, and opposite some of the sandy beaches where it is sandy
over considerable areas. Tracts of harder bottom, of mud or sand,overgrown with algc^e, occasionally occur. In Vineyard Sound the bottom is more varied. It is sandy over large districts, especially where
the shoals occur, and in such places there are but few living animals,
though the sand is often filled with dead and broken shells, but inother localities the sand is more comj^act and is inhabited by a peculiar
Other extensive areas have a bottom of gravel andset of animals.
small stones and broken shells; on such bottoms animal life is abundant, and the entire bottom seems to be covered in some places by several kinds of compound ascidians, which form large masses of various
shapes, often as large as a man's head. In still other places, chiefly off
rocky points and in the channels between the islands, rock}" bottoms
occur, but they are usually of small extent. Muddy bottoms are only
occasionally met with. They occur in most of the deep areas which are
isolated, and sometimes in the deep channels, but are more common in
sheltered harbors and coves.
In Nantucket Sound and Muskeget Channel the bottom is almost
everywhere composed of sand, and the same is true of an extensive
area to the east and northeast of Nantucket Island, where shoals ofmoving sand are numerous and often of large size, but in the partiallysheltered area on the north side of Nantucket, there is more or less mud
mixed with the sand.
For greater convenience the following subdivisions have been adopted
in describing the animals of the bays and sounds
1. Rocky shores, between high-water and low-water marks.
occur.

.

2.

Sandy and gravelly shores.

3.

Muddy shores and flats.

4.

Piles of wharves, buoys, &:c.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
5.

Eocky bottoms below low-water mark.

6.

Stony, gravelly, and shelly bottoms.
Sandy bottoms.

7.

8.

Muddy bottoms.

9.

Free-swimming and surface animals.

303

10. Parasitic animals.

It must, however, be constantly borne inmind that very few kindsof animals are strictly confined to any one of these subdivisions, andthat the majority are found in two, three, or more of them, and often inequal abundance in several, though each species generally prefers onel^articular kind of locality.

In other cases the habits vary at different

seasons of the year, or at different hours of the day and night, andsuch species may be found in different situations according to the times

The more common and characteristic species

when they are sought.

however, pretty constant in their habits and may be easily foundin their respective stations at almost any time.
Since those animals that inhabit the shores, between tides, are mostfrequently seen and can be most easily obtained and studied by thoseare,

who are not professional naturalists, I have entered into more details
concerning their habits and appearances than in the case of those
Such species as have not been previously
named and described in other works will be more fully described in thesystematic list, to follow this report, and references will there be given
obtained only by dredging.

to descriptions of the others.

II.— 1. ANI3IALS INHABITING THE ROCKV SHORES OF THE BAYS AND
SOUNDS.

The principal localities where these animals were studied and collected are at j^obska Point, just east of Wood's Hole;

Parker's Point,

between Great Harbor and Little Harbor, near Wood's Hole the neckof land north of Wood's Hole Channel several localities on Naushon
and the adjacent islands and numerous localities on the shores of Long
Island Sound, as at Savin Eock and Light-House Point, near New
Haven Stony Creek Thimble Islands, &c.
In all these places the rocks, in a zone extending from near lowwater mark of ordinary tides to near half tide, are generally covered
with an abundance of ^' rock- weeds," {Fuciis nodosus and F. vesiculosus^)
which hang in great olive-brown clusters from the sides of the rocks
or lie flat upon their surfaces when left by the tide, but are floated up
by means of their abundant air-vessels when the tide rises. Mingledwith these are several other algse, among which the green " sea-cabbage "{TTlva latissima) is one of the most abundant.
Below this zone of
Fucus there is a narrow zone which is only exposed during spring-tides
in this the Ulva and many other more delicate green and red algieflourish.
Above the Fucus-zone there is another zone of considerable
width which is covered for a short time by every tide and still higher
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

up another zone which is ordinarily only washed by the waves and spray,
but is in part occasionally covered by unusually high tides. As thetides do not rise very high in this region these zones are all much narrower and less distinctly marked than on the coast further north, andespecially on the coast of Maine and in the Bay of Fundy, but yet they
can always be easily recognized and distinguished by their peculiar formsof animal and vegetable life. Pools of sea-w^ater left by the tide frequently occur in each of these zones, among the rocks, and afford
excellent opportunities for studying and collecting the animals.
The animals of rocky shores are to be sought for in a variety of ways.
A few occur quite exposed, clinging to the rocks or weeds, in defiance ofthe surf. These are chiefly univalve shells, barnacles, and such animals

as grow like plants, firmly attached to solid objects, among these are

the bryozoa, hydroids, and sponges.

A much larger number seek shel-on their lower sides, or in crevices and cavities
these must be sought by turning over the rocks and ex-

ter under the rocks, or

between them5ploring the crevices concealed by the Fuciis, &c.

Many other species

more effectually by burrowing in the mud,gravel, and sand beneath and between the rocks
these are often
uncovered in turning over the rocks, but must also be sought forby digging with a spade, stout trowel, or some other tool, in thedirt exposed when the rocks are removed.
The number of curious
species of annelids, holothurians, bivalve- shells, actiniae, &c., which

conceal themselves

still

;

can be unearthed in thisway is always very surprising to the inexpe-

Still other kinds can be found by
and discovering the smaller animals by
their motions, or by the shadows that they cast when the sun shines,or by noticing their burrows, or, if time will not admit of a more careful examination, by sweeping a fine hand-net through the weeds alongrienced in this kind of collecting.
carefully examining the pools

Many small Crustacea, shells, etc., may also be found clinging to the corallines and other algse growing in such pools, or evenamong the alg?e lying upon the rocks, and especially among masses ofdetached algae, thrown up by the waves.
In the uppermost zone the animals are of comparatively few kinds^
the edges.

but these usually occur in great abundance.

common " rock-barnacle^' or

The most conspicuous is,Balanus halby its base and can resist
the most violent surf, even on the outer ocean shores. When left byperhaps, the^'acorn-shell,"anoides, which adheres firmly to the rocks

the tide these dull white conical shells are not calculated to attract
vast numbers, for theymuch attention, except on account of theirsometimes completely whiten the rocks for long distances along thezone in which they flourish best, and even so crowd against each otherthat they cannot assume their normal form, but become greatly elongated. But when the tide comes in, each one lifts up the double-door
which closes the aperture at the summit of the shell and puts out anorgan, bearing a cluster of gracefully curved and fringed arms, which

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

305

sweeps forward witli a grasping motion and tUeu quickly
withdraws, as it' in searcli of food, and this motion will be repeated withgreat regularity for a long time, unless the creature be disturbed, when
No one who will
it instantly withdraws its net and closes its doors.
wheninanimal,littleactive operation
examinethistake the trouble toperfect
admireits
failadaptationtocantide-pools,
to itsin one of theit quickly

mode ofand the gracefulness

life

The movementof its motions.

referred to serves not only to obtain food, which, in the form of microscopic animals, is always abundant in the water, but also to supply
fresh currents of water for respiration.

This creature is also well worthyof mention here because it serves as food for the tautog, and probably
for other fishes that can obtain it at high w^ater.

Two species of small univalve shells (Littorina) are always to be foundamong the seaweeds, or creeping about in the tide-pools. These are often found quite
up to high-water mark, but the full-grown ones are more common lower
down among the ''rock-weeds." One of these (Plate XXIY, fig. 138)
is subglobular in form, the spire being depressed and the aperture wide.
This is the Litiorina palUata. It varies much in color the most common color is dark olive-brown, not unlike that of the Fiicus, but orangecolored and pale yellow specimens are not uncommon, while others aremottled or banded with yellow or orange and brown. The second species is more elongated and has a more elevated and somewhat pointedThis is Littorina rudis, and it has many varieties of form, color,spire.
in abundance clinging to the surface of the rocks, or;and sculpture one of its varieties is represented on Plate XXIY, fig. 137.
;

Some specimens are smT)oth, others are covered with revolving lines or
furrows in color it is most frequently dull gray, olive-green, or brown,
but it is often prettily banded, checked, or mottled with yellow or orange,
or even black, and sometimes with whitish. This species is viviparous.
These shells are both vegetarians and feed upon the algse among which
they live. Another allied shell, the Lacuna vinctaj (Plate XXIY, fig.
139,) is found clinging to the seaweeds at low- water mark and someThis is usually i)ale reddish or purplish
times in the tide-pools.
brown, or horn-colored, and most commonly- is encircled by two or moredarker, chestnut-colored bands. This also feeds upon the algae. Associated with the last, two or three other kinds of small shells are gener.
ally found.
One of the most abundant of these is the Bittium nigrum^;(PlateXXIY, fig. 154,) which is, as its name implies, generally black,

especially when young, but large specimens are often only dark brownor even yellowish brown below

5

itoccurs in great abundance, clinging

to the sea-weeds and eel-grass at and below low-water mark, and is also
to be found in the tide-pools and on the under sides of rocks.

Associatedwith the last, and resembling it in form and color as well as in habits,
another much less common species occurs, which is remarkable for hav
ing its whorls reversed, or coiled to the left, in the direction opposite tothat of most other shells.
S. Mis. 61
20

This

is

the

Triforis nigrocinctus^ (Plate

306

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

XXIV, fig. 152.) This species is more at hoo^e at the depth of a few
fathoms, among alg?e. Another still smaller and lighter colored species,
which often occurs abundantly in similar situations, both, on alg^and under stones, is the Rissoa aciilcus, (Plate XXIV, fig. 141,) but thisgenerally seeks more sheltered situations. All these shells feed upon
the alg£e. With them there can usually be found large numbers of sevThe most abundaut one is a small but pretty
eral carnivorous species.
shell, having a smooth surface and quite variable in color, though usually

reddish or purplish brown, and irregularly mottled or banded with yellowish or whitish, the light-colored spots often taking the form of crescents, and varying much in size and number.

(Plate

XXI,

fig.

110.)

It lives

among theThisisthe J-Sf?/m lunata,alg{?e,

and

also

among

hydroids, and may be found in almost all kinds of localities, both aboveand below low-water mark. It is usually abundant on the under sides

among hydroids, &c., and can nearly always be found in
Another allied species of larger size, and much lesscommon, the AnacMs avara, (Plate XXI, fig. 109,) often occurs with it.

of rocks

the tide-pools.

Clinging to the rocks, or sheltered in the crevices and on their under surfaces, a much larger, dull-white or grayish, rouglily-sculptured shell canusually be found in abundance.

This

is

the Urosalpinx cinerea, (Plate

XXI, fig. 116,) whicli the oyster men call " the drill," a name very suggestive of its habits, for it gets its living, like many other similar univalve
shells, by drilling a round hole, by means of the sharp, flinty teeth thatcover its tongue, through the shells of oysters and other bivalves andthen sucking out the contents at its leisure. It is usually very abun-dant on the oyster-beds, and often proves very destructive. Anothershell of about the same size, somewhat resembling the last, and having
similar habits, is often found associated with it on tbe more exposed
rocky points, as at Xobska Point, the Wepecket Islands, &c. This is,however, a very northern and arctic shell, which extends also aroundthe northern coasts of Europe, and is called Purpura lapillus, (Plate
XXI, figs. 118 and 119 ;) it is here near its southernmost limits, for it
is not not found in Long Island Sound or farther south while the former
is a southern shell, abundant on the whole southern coast as far as theGulf of Mexico, and rare north of Cape Cod, except in a few special
localities of sheltered and warm waters.
The Purpura is seldom foundliving much below low- water mark, and prefers the exposed rocky headlands on the ocean shores, where it flourishes in defiance of the breakers.
It lays its eggs in smooth, vase-shaped capsules, attached to thesides or under surfaces of stones by a short stalk, and usually arrangedin groups, (Plate XXI, fig. 120.) The eggs of ''the drill'' are laid in
similar places, but the capsules have very short stalks, or are almost
sessile, and are compressed, with an ovate outline, and angular ridges
pass down their sides. The " limpet," another northern and European;

shell, having a

low conical form, is occasionally found clinging to therocks at low-water in this region, but

is

far

more common north of

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

307

This shell is the Acnuva testudinaJis, (Plate XXIV, fi^'S.
159, 159^;) it is extremely variable in color, but is niostcommoDly radiated, checked, or tesselated with brown, pale greenish, and white. It
peculiar narrow
grows much larger on the coast of Maine than here.

Cape Cod.

A

form of this shell, (var. alveiis,) represented by fig. 159?), lives on the leavesof eel-grass. Beneath the rocks, and generally attached to their undersides,

among hydroids, bryozoa, &c., several species of small, slender,

pointed, aud generally whitish shells occur, which belong to the genus

Odostomia.
tig.

145,)

0.

The most common of these are
hlsutiiralis,(Plate0. trijida, (Plate

XXIV, tig. 146,) andXXI Y,

0. fusca, (Plate

XXIV, fig. 144,) but other similar species are often to be found.

These

spinning a thread of mucus by means ofwhich the}' can suspend themselves from any surface. In confinement
they will often creep along the surface of the water, using the bottom of
the foot as a float, in a manner similar to that of many fresh-watershells.
On the under sides of rocks are occasionally found some A'ery
beautiful and interesting naked moUusks but this group of animals is
far less abundant in this region than farther north.
The largest andfinest species observed here is the Boris bifida, (Plate XXV, fig. 176,)
all have the singular habit of;which grows to be about an inch long. Its body is deep purple, speckedwith white and bright yellow, and the beautiful wreath of gills is covered with bright golden specks the ends of the tentacles are also brightyellow. Its eggs are contained in convoluted gelatinous ribbons, which
are attached to the nnder sides of rocks or in crevices. Another rare
and curious species, the Doridella ohscura, (Plate xxv, fig. 173,) is occasionally found on the nnder side of stones. This is a small, oval, flattened species, of a dark browa or blackish color, with small, white retractile tentacles on the back, but the gills are very small and situatedunderneath, near the posterior end of the body, in the groove between
the mantle and foot. The eggs are inclosed in a delicate gelatinous
string, which is coiled up something like a watch-spring, and attachedto the under side of stones.
Of bivalve shells several species are common on roclcy shores, especially in the crevices and under the rocks.
Three kinds of muscles areusually met with. The species which lives at high-water mark, clustering about the small upper pools and in the crevices, and having its
shell ribbed with radiating ridges and furrows, is the Modiola plicatula,(Plate XXXI, fig. 238.) This species is far more abundant, however,along the borders of estuaries and on salt marshes and muddy shores,
always preferring the upper zone, where it is covered for a very shorttime by the tide. The most common species among the rocks, toward
low- water mark, and in the larger pools, is the Mytilus eduliSj (Plate
XXXI, fig. 234,) which is the " common muscle " all along our coastfrom Xorth Carolina to the Arctic Ocean. It is perfectly identical withthe common muscle of Europe, which there forms a very important article of food, and in many places, as on the coast of France, is exten:

308

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

sively cultivated for the market.
On our coast it is seldom used as
food, altliougli quite as good as on the European shores ; but it is collected on some parts of our coast in vast quantities to be used for fertilizing the soil.

It is most abundant in the shallow waters of bays andestuaries, where the water is a little brackish, but flourishes wellin almost
all kinds of situations where there is some mud, together with solid ob-

jects to which it can attach itself.

Along the coasts of Long Island andl^ew Jersey it is taken in almost incredible quantities from the shallow
sheltered bays and lagoons that skirt those shores. It grows very rapidly
and under favorable conditions becomes full grown in one season. Like allother kinds of true muscles, it has the power of spinning strong threads bymeans of the groove in its long, slender foot, and, by extending the foot,glues them firmly by one end to rocks, shells, or any other solid substances, while the other end is firmly attached to its body.
When they
attach their threads to their neighbors they form large clusters. Thus
a very firm and secure anchorage is effected, and they are generallyable to ride out the most violent storms, though, by the giving Avay of
the rocks or shells to which they are attached, many are always strandedon the beaches after severe storms. They are not confined to the shallow waters, for very large specimens were dredged by me, several years
ago, in 40 to 50 fathoms in the deep channels between Eastport, Maine,and Deer Island, where the tide runs with great force and it has since
been dredged by our parties in still deeper water in the same region,
showing that it can live and i)rosi)er equally well under the most diverse conditions. The specimens from sheltered localities and sandy
bottoms are, however, much more delicate in texture and more brilliant
Some of the thinner
in color than those from more exposed situations.
and more delicate specimens, from quiet and pure waters, are translucent and very beautifully colored with brown, olive, green, yellow, andindigoblue, alternating in radiating bands of different widths whileothers are nearly uniform pale yellow, or translucent horn-color. Thosefrom the exposed shores are generally thicker, opaque, and plain dull
brown, or bluish black, and not unfrequently they are very much distorted.
This species breeds earlj^ in the spring. I have found immense
numbers of the young, about as large as the head of a pin, which had just
attached themselves to algje, hydroids, &c., on the 12th of April. Theseshells are not destined to remain forever fixed, however, for they not
only swim free when first hatched, but even in after life they can, atwill, let go their anchor-threads, or " byssus," and creep about bymeans of their slender "foot," until they find another anchorage thatsuits them better, and they can even climb up the perpendicularsides of rocks or piles by means of the threads of the " byssus," which
they then stretchout and attach, one after another, in the direction
they wish to climb, each one being fasteiunl a little higher up thanthe last. Thus, little by little, the heavy shell is drawn up, much inthe manner employed by some spiders when moving or suspending an;;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

309

This cornmou muscle is not only useful to man
fertilizer, but it serves as an important articleaandas
directly as food,of food for many fishes, both in its young stages and when full grown.
The tautog makes many a hearty meal on the full-grown shells, as doseveral other kinds of fishes, while the '' scup " and others devour the
young. The common star-fishes feed largely upon muscles, as well as
A small parasitic
oysters, and they also have many other enemies.
crab, Finnotheres mactilatus. lives in their shells, between their gills,
in the same manner as the common Pinnotheres ostreum lives in the oysAnother larger muscle, sometimes called the " liorse-muscle,"ter.
which is the 2Iodiola modiolus^ (Plate XXXI, fig. 237,) lives at extreme
low-water mark in the crevices between the rocks, and usually nearlyburied in the gravel and firmly anchored in its place. Sometimes it occurs in the larger pools, well down toward low-water mark. It is, likethe last, a northern species, and extends to the Arctic Ocean and Northern Europe. It is much more abundant on the northern coasts thanhere, and, although it is almost entirely confined to rocky shores andbottoms, it extends to considerable depths, for we dredged it abundantly in the Bay of Fundy, at various depths, down to 70 fathoms.
Like the preceding, it is devoured by the tautog and other fishes. Its
thick shell, covered with a glossy, chestnut epidermis, and rudely hairy
toward the large end, are points by which it can easily be recognized,
and its shape is also peculiar. The common ''long clam," My a arena,ria^ (Plate XXTI, fig. 179) is very often met with buried in the sandand gravel beneath stones and rocks, but it is far more abundant on
sandy and muddy shores, and especially in estuaries, and will, therefore, be mentioned with more details in another place.
Another shell, somewhat resembling the "long clam," but nevergrowing so large, and more cylindrical in form though usually much
distorted, is occasionally- met with under the rocks or in crevices.
This
is the Saxicava arct'tca, (Plate XXTII, fig. 192.)
It is much moreabundant farther north, and has a very extensive range, being found on
most coasts, at least in the northern hemisphere. On those coasts
where limestone exists it has the habit of burrowing into the limestone,
after the manner of Lithodomus and many other shells.
The only localities on our coast where I have observed this habit are at AnticostiIsland, in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, where the soft limestones areabundantly perforated in this way. On the Xew England coast limestones rarely occur, and they have to be content with such cracks anduuiisually large victim.

crannies as they can fiad ready

made

;

consequently their shells, ingrowing to fit their i>laces, become very much distorted. This species canalso form a byssus, when needed, to hold its shell in position.
The
siphon-tube is long and much resembles that of Mya^ (see fig. 179,)
but is divided at the end for a short distance, and generally has a reddish color. The " bloody clams," Scapharca transversa^ (Plate XXX,
fig. 228,) and Argina pexata^ (Plate XXX, fig. 227,) are occasionally

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AXD FISHERIES.

310

met with at low water, under or among rocks, and generally attached
by a byssus, but their i^roper home is in the shallow waters off shore,
especially on muddy, shelly, and gravelly bottoms. The fishermen callthem "bloody clams," because the gills are red, and when opened they
discharge a red fluid like blood. The little shell called Kellia planulata(Plate

XXX, fig. 226) is also sometimes found under stones at low

water.

Attached to the sides and surfaces of rocks and ledges along

many parts of this coast, young oysters,

OstrcmVlrginiana,

often

occur in vast numbers, sometimes comi:>letely covering and concealinglarge siirfoces of rocks. But these generally live only through one
season and are killed by the cold of winter, so that they seldom become more than an inch or an inch and a half in diameter. They comefrom the spawn of the oysters in the beds along oar shores, which, during the breeding season, completely fill the waters with their free--

They are generally regarded as the young of " native'^
any specific differences between thenorthern and southern oysters, such differences as do exist being due
merely to the circumstances under which they grow, such as the character of the water, abundance or scarcity of food, kind of objects towhich they are attached, age, crowded condition, &c. All the forms
occur both among the northern and southern ones, for they var}^ frombroad and round to very long and narrow; from very thick to very
and in the character of the surface, some being regtdarly ribbed
thinand scolloped, others nearly smooth, and others yery rough and irregular,
When young and grown under favorable conditions,or scaly, &c.
with plenty of room, the form is generally round at first, then quite
regularly oval, with an undulated and scolloped edge and radiating
ridges, corresponding to the scollops, and often extending out intospine-like projections on tbe lower valve. The upper valve is flatter,,smooth at first, then with regular lamellie or scales, scolloped at theedges, showiug the stages of growth. Later in life, especially after the
first winter, the growth becomes more irregular, and the form less symmetrical and the irregularity increases with the age. Very old specimens, in crowded beds, usually become very much elongated, being
often more than a foot long, and perhaps two inches wide. In thenatural order of things this was probabU' the normal form attained by theswimming young.

oysters, but I am unable to find5;

adult individuals, for nearly all the oyster-shells composing the ancientIndian shell-heaps along our coast are of this much-elongated kind.
Nowadays the oysters seldom have a chance to grow to such a good old
age as to take this form, though such are occasionally met with in deep
water. The young specimens on the rocks are generally mottled or irregularly radiated with brown. They were not often met with on the
shores of Vineyard Sound, for oysters do not flourish well in that sandy
region, though there are extensive beds in some parts of- Buzzard's
Bay, and a few near Holmes's Hole, in a sheltered pond. The oysters
prefer quiet waters, somewhat brackish, with a bottom of soft mud

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

311

containing an abunclauce of minute living animal and vegetable organIn such places they grow very rapidly, and become fat and fine-isms.

flavored, if not interfered with by their numerous enemies. I shallhave occasion to speak of the oyster again, when discussing the faunaof the estuaries, &c.

Another shell, related to the oyster and like it attached by one valve
under sides and edges

to some solid object, is common, adhering to theofrocks near low-water mark.

This

XXXir, figs. 211, 212,) and it is often

isthe Anomia glabra,(Platecalled -'silver-shell" or "gold-

shell" on account of its golden or silvery color and shining luster;andsometimes "jingle-shell" from its metallic sound when rattling about on
the beach with pebbles, &c. This shell, however, does not grow firmly
to the rock like an oyster, but is attached by a sort of stem or peduncle,
which goes out through an opening in the side of the lower valve thisis soft and fleshy at first, but late in life often becomes ossified, or rather
calcified, and then forms a solid x^lug.
Of the lower classes of Mollusca, several Ascidians and Bryozoa
occur under and among the rocks. Among the former the MoJgula
ManJiatfensis (Plate XXXIII, fig. 250) is the most common. This
usually has a subglobular form, especially when its tubes are contracted, and is almost always completely covered over with foreign matters of all sorts, such as bits of eel-grass and sea-weeds, grains of sand,&c. When these are removed its color is dark or pale olive-green,
and the surface is a little rough. This species is often attached to theunderside of rocks, but is still more frequently attached to sea- weeds
and eel-grass, and is sometimes so crowded as to form large clusters.
Another species, having some resemblance to the last when contracted,
is the Cynthia partita, (Plate XXXIII, fig. 246,) but besides the great
difference in the tubes and apertures, this has a rougher and wrinkled
surface and a rusty color. The specimens that grow on the undersides of stones are often much flattened, as in the figure, but it grows
more abundantly attached to the piles of wharves and on shell}' bottoms in shallow waters, off shore, and in such places assumt^s its morenormal erect position, and a somewhat cylindrical form. Each aperture is marked with four alternating triangles of flake-white and purplish red.
This and the preceding are eaten by the tautog. Most of
the other ascidians are much more at home on the bottom, off shore,
although some of them sometimes occur at low-water on rocks or in;pools.

A delicate and elegantly branched bryozoan, the Bugula tiirrlta,(Plate XXXiy, figs. 258, 259,)

is often found attached to sea-weeds inthe pools, and it is also frequently thrown up in large quantities by the

A smaller kind, with slender, ivory-white, andbranches, the Crisia eburnea, (Plate XXXIV, figs. 260, 261,)
also occurs on the sea- weeds in pools.
And with this is a coarser species,
waves, after storms.
stellate

which forms calcareous crusts and tubercles, having the surface covered

312

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

with the prominent tips of the tubes;

this is the Cellei^ora ramulosa, andlike the Crisia it is a northern species, which inhabits also the shoresof northern Europe. Still other species of bryozoa occur in these situOne of the most abundant is Alcyonidium Jilspldum, whichations.
forms soft gelatinous incrustations around the stems of Fucus. On theunder sides of the stones several additional kinds occur, the most commonof which is the Uscliarella varicibilis^ (Plate XXXIII, fig. 256,) whichforms broad calcareous crusts, often several inches across, and of somethickness, composed of small perforated cells. While living this speciesisdark-red or brick-red, but

itturns green

when dried, and thenfades to yellow, and finally to white. It is far more abundant on shelly
bottoms, oft* shore, in 3 to 10 fathoms of water, and in such places often

covers every stone, pebble, and shell, over wide areas, and in somecases forms rounded coral-like masses two or three inches in diameterand more than an inch thick.
Crustacea in considerable numbers may also be found upon the
rocky shores. Of crabs four or five species are common, concealed
under the rocks and in crevices. The '' green crab," Carcinus granulatus, occurs quite frequently well up toward high-water mark, biding
under the loose stones, and nimbly running away when disturbed. It
may also be found, at times, in the larger tidal pools. Its bright green
color, varied with spots and blotches of yellow, makes this species quite
conspicuous. The common "rock-crab," Cancer irroratus, is generallycommon under the large rocks near low- water mark and often lies
nearly buried in the sand and gravel beneath them. This species isusually larger than the preceding, often becoming three or four inches
across the shell, and though less active

it uses its large claws freely
can be easily distinguished by having nine blunt
teeth along each side of the front edge of its shell or carapax, and byThis crab
its reddish color sprinkled over with darker brownish dots.
also occurs in the pools, where the comical combats of tbe males may
sometimes be witnessed. It is not confined to rocky shores, but is common also on sandy shores, as well as on rock}^ and gravelly bottoms off
shore. It is widely diffused along our coast, extending both nortli andsouth, and is common even on the coast of Labrador.
Like all theother species of crabs this is greedily devoured by many of the larger
fishes, such as cod, haddock, tautog, black-bass, and especially bysharks and sting-rays. Two smaller kinds of crabs are also very abundant under the stones, especially where there is some mud. These aredark oliv^e-brown and have the large claws broadly tipped with black.
They are often called mud-crabs on account of their fondness for muddy
One of these, the Panopeus depressus, (Plate I, fig. 3,) is decidplaces.
edly fiattcned above, and is usually a little smaller than the second,
the ranopeiis Sayi., which is somewhat convex above. They are usuallyfound together and have similar habits. A third small species of thesame genus is occasionally met with under stones, but lives rather

and with force.

It,INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

313

higher up toward high-water mark, and is comparatively rare.

This iscan be easily distinguished, for it lacks theblack on the ends of the big claws and has a groove along the edge ofthe front of the carapax, between the eyes. This last species is also
found in the salt marshes, and was originally discovered on the marshesof the Charles River, near Boston. All the species of Fanopeus are southern forms, extending to Florida, or to the gulf-coast of the Southern
States, but they are rare north of Cape Cod, and not found at all on
the coast of Maine. They contribute largely to the food of the tautog
and other fishes. The lobster, Homarus AmericanuSj is sometimes foundlurking under large rocks at low- water, but less commonly here thanfarther north, as, for instance, about the Bay of Fundy. In this region
it lives also on sandy and gravelly bottoms, off shore, but in rather
shallow water. It is an article of food for many fishes, as well as forman. Active and interesting little "hermit-crabs," Uupagiiriis longicarpus, are generally abundant in the pools near low-water, and concealed in wet places beneath rocks. In the pools they may be seen
activel3' running about, carrying upon their backs the dead shell ofsome small gastropod, most commonly AnacMs avara or Ilyanassa
ohsoJeta, though all the small spiral shells are used in this way.
They
are very pugnacious and nearly always ready for a fight when two
happen to meet, but they are also great cowards, and very likely each,the Fcuiopeus ffarrisii.

after theItfirst onset, will

instantly retreat into his shell, closing the

They use their long slenderorgans of feeling, and show great wariness
The hinder part of the body is soft, with a thin

aperture closely with the large claws.
antenUcTe very efficiently as

in all their actions.

skin, and one-sided in structure, so as to

fit

into the borrowed shells,

while near the end there are appendages which are formed into hooklike organs by which they hold themselves securely in their houses, forthem both for shields and dwellings. This
numbers among the eel-grass, both in theestuaries and in the sounds and bays, and is also frequent on nearly allthese spiral shells serve

species also occurs in vastother kinds of bottoms in the sounds.
for

It is a favorite article of foodmany of the fishes, for they swallow it

shell

and

all.

A muchlarger species, belonging to the same genus, but having much shorterand thicker claws, [Eupagurus polUcaris^) is also found occasionally under
the rocks "at low-water, but it is much more common on rocky and shelly
bottoms in the sounds and bays. Its habits are otherwise similar to thesmall one, but it occupies much larger shells, such as those of Lunatlalieros, Fulgur carica, &c.
This large species is devoured by the sharks

and sting-rays.
The Amphipods are also well represented on the rocky shores by
a considerable number of species, some of which usually occur invast numbers.

These small Crustacea are of great importance in connection with our fisheries, for we have found that they, together with the
shrimps, constitute a very large part of the food of most of our more valu-

314

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The Ampliipods, thougii
able edible fisheSy both of the fresh and salt waters.
mosth' of small size, occur in such immense numbers in their favorite
localities that they can nearly always be easily obtained by the fishes
that eat them, and no doubt they furnish excellent and nutritious food,for even the smallest of them are by no means despised or overlookedeven by large and powerful fishes, that could easily capture larger
game. Even the voracious blue-fish will feed upon these small Crustacea, where they can be easily obtained, even when menhaden and other
They are also the favorite
fishes are plenty in the same localities.
food of trout, lake white-fish, shad, flounders, scup, &c., as will be seenfrom the lists of the animals found in the stomachs of fishes. One
species, w^hich occurs in countless numbers beneath the masses of decaying sea- weeds, thrown up at high-water mark on all the shores by thewaves, is the Orchestia agilis Smith, (Plate IV, fig. 14,) which hasreceived this name in allusion to the extreme agility which it displays inleaping, when disturbed. The common name given to it is " beach-flea,"
which refers to the same habit. Its color is dark olive-green or brown,
and much resembles that of the decaying weeds among which it lives,and upon which it probably feeds. It also constructs burrows in thesand beneath the vegetable debris. It leaps by means of the appendages at the posterior end of the body.
A much larger species, and one of the largest of all the amphipods, isthe Gammariis ornatus, (Plate IV, fig. 15,) which occurs in great numbers beneath the stones and among the rock-weednear low-water mark.
The males are much larger than the females, and sometimes becomenearly an inch and a half long. They cannot leap like their cousinsthat live at high-w^ater mark, but skip actively about on their sides
among the stones and gravel, until they reach some shelter, or euter
the water, when they swim rapidly in a gyrating manner back downward, or sideways. But although they can swim they are seldom
met with away from the shore or much below low-water mark. Thezone of Fucus is their true home. This species is abundant on all ourshores, wherever rocks and Fucus occur, from Great Egg Harbor, New
Jersey, to Labrador.
Its color is generally olive-brown or reddishbrown, much like that of the Fucus among which it lives. The only
good English name that I have ever heard for these creatures is that of"scuds" given by a small boy, in reference to their rapid and peculiar
motions.

Another smaller species, Gammarus anmdatus Smith, frequently occurs under stones in similar places, but usually a little higher up.
is a pale species, having darker

Thisbands, with red spots on the sides of

the abdomen. Still higher up, G. marlnus often occurs.
With the Gammarus ornatus anotliei^ much smaller, light slate-coloredamphipod is generally to be found.

This is the Melita nitlda Smith. Its
Another small

habits appear to be similar to those of the Gammari.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
species, found in the same situations, is the

Moera levis Smith;

315
this iswhitish in color, with black ej'es.
Two species of the genus AmphltJioe also live under rocks at low water,

but these, like the other species of this genus, construct tubes in which
they dwell. The Amphifhoe macuJata (Plate IV, fig. IG) is much the larger,
and constructs large, coarse tubes of gravel, bits of sea-weed, &c., andThey often leave
attaxihes them in clusters to the under sides of stones.
their tube^, however, and may be found free among the weed or under
The color is generally dark green, though sometimes reddish,stones.
and there is often a series of light spots along the back, and the whole surface is covered with minute blackish specks the eyes are red. The
second species, AmpMthoe xalida Smith, is much smaller, being generIt is usually bright green in color, andally less than half an inch long.
has black eyes. It often lives among the bright green fronds of JJlva
j

Jatissima, and its color is nearly that of the Ulva.

Another amphipod, resembling a small Gammanis, about half an inch
long, and light olive-brown or yellowish brown in color, is sometimes

found in large numbers swimming actively about in the larger tidal
growing sea-weeds for rest orconcealment. This is the Ca.lliopius Iceviusculus. It also often occurs

pools, and occasionally darting into thein vast numbers swimming at the surface, far from land, not only in thesounds and bays, but out at sea, as for instance in the vicinity of St.
George's Bank and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where it is equallyabundant. It is devoured in large quantities by numerous fishes.
The Hyale littoralis occurs near high-water, among alg^e, and in pools.
The Isopods are also well represented on the rocky shores. Oneof the most common is the Sphceroma quadndentatci, (Plate Y, fig.
21,) which bears some resemblance, both in form and habits, to the" pill-bugs, which live upon the land. This species is found in abundance under stones and rocks, or creeping slowly about among the branches
and roots of sea- weeds, on their sides and upper surfaces, from lowwater mark nearly up to high-water mark: In color it is exceedingly
variable, for no two can be found that are alikebut the colors, consistingof irregular blotches and dashes of dark gray, light gray, slate, greenish,
and white, are so blended as to imitate very closely the colors of the barnacles and gray surfaces of the rocks where they live, and no doubt
they derive considerable protection from their enemies by these imitative colors.
When disturbed they curl themselves up in a ball and fall'-,to the bottom.

Another smaller and much more active species, which has a more
slender form, is found in vast numbers creeping actively about over therocks and barnacles, and especially beneath rocks and drift-wood.

Thisshadesof green, gray, and brown predominate, and cause it to imitate very ef-

is the Jwra copiosa.

It is also excessively variable in color, but

fectively the surfoces of the rocks covered with small green algjie, where

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

It is found nearly up to high- water mark, and has ato dwell.
wide range both nor tli ward and southward along the coast.
Another very common and much larger isopod is the Idotea irrorata, (Plate Y, fig. 23,) w^hich grows to be nearly an inch long.
Itscolors are extremely varied.
Often the general color is dark gray, lightgray, dull green, or brownish, thickly specked and blotched with darker,
but the colors are often brighter and the markings more definite .notit loves;

unfrequently a band of white, or yellowish, or greenish, runs along the

middle of the back, with perhaps another along each lateral border.
This species occurs creeping among the " rock-weeds" and other algfe
at low w^ater, in the pools, creeping on the under sides of stones, adhering to eel-grass, and also among floating sea-weeds, away from theshore, and in many other situations. Its colors are generally well
adapted for its concealment, by imitating, more or less perfectl}^, therocks and weeds among which it lives. Even those with bright green
markings are thus protected when living on eel- grass or Ulva ; the dark,
obscurely marked ones when on dead eel-grass or dark Fucus ; the graysand browns when on stones and among barnacles, &c. This protection
is not perfect, however, for they often fall victims to hungry fishes ofmany kinds.
Tlie Idotea phosphor ea Harger, is a closely allied species, which
grows even larger. It can easily be distinguished by the tail-piece,
which is acute in this, but tridentatc in the last, and by its rougher surface and more incised lateral borders. Its colors are similar and equallyvariable, though they are frequently in larger and more definite spots
and blotches, and the light spots are often bright yellow. It is, as its
name indicates, decidedly phosphorescent. It lives under the same circumstances as the preceding species, but is much less common in thisregion, though it is abundant in the Bay of Fund3\ It often occurs
among the crowded stems of Corallina o^^ciiiaZis in the larger tide-pools.
Another related species, the JErichsonia filiformis HARaER, (Plate
YI, fig. 26,) also occurs among the Corallina and other algie in the tidepools.
This is a smaller species than the two preceding, but is somewhat similar in its colors, which are equally variable and equally adapted
for its concealment in this the colors are more commonly various tintsof brown, or dull reddish, or light red, which are well adapted to blend;

with the colors of the GoraJlines. Quite a different looking creature is the
Epehjs montosus, which is occasionally found concealed beneath stones

where there is more or less mud.
bottoms, andisThis species also frequents muddy
by its rough-looking backpretty effectually concealed

and the coating of mud and dirt that always adheres to it.
Clinging to the hydroids and delicate alg\e on the under sides ofstones, and in tide-pools, curious slender-bodied Crustacea belonging to
the genus Caprella (simihir to fig. 20, Plate Y) may often be found inconsiderable numbers, but they are still more abundant on rocky bottoms oft' shore. They have the habit of holding on firmly by the pos-

INVERVEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

317

terior legs, and extending the body out at an angle, with the long, roughWhile in these attitudes
and at rest they often closely resemble the branches of the hydroids
and algse among which they live, especially as they also imitate them infront legs stretched out in various directions.

colors, for all these species are variable in color, being generally gray,with darker specks, when living among hydroids, but often bright red
when living among red algve. This habit of holding themselves stiffly
in such peculiar positions recalls the similar habits of many insects, especially some of the Orthoptera and the larvae of the geometrid moths,
and they also recall the larvae, just named, by their singular mode ofclimbing actively about among the branches of the hydroids and algge,
for they bend the slender body into a loop, bring the hind legs up to thefront ones, and taking hold with them stretch the body forward again,
just like those larva3, though their legs are long and slender and differ
widely in structure. These little creatures are very pugnacious and arealways ready to fight each other when they meet, or to repel any intruder similar in size to themselves. Their large claws are well adapted
for such purposes.
The marine worms or Annelids are verj^ numerous under the rocks between tides, and concealed beneath the surface of the gravel and mudthat accumulates between and beneath the stones and in crevices.
Many kinds also live in the pools, lurking among the roots of the algse,
burrowing in the bottom, or building tubes of their own in more exposed situations. Many of these annelids are very beautiful in formand brilliant in color when living, while most of them have curious habits and marvelous struetures.

Several species are of large size, growing to the length of one or two feet. Some are carnivorous, devouringother worms and any other small creatures that thej' can kill by their powerful weapons others are vegetarians
but many are mud-eaters, swallowing the mud and fine sand in great quantities, for the sake of thef5

animal and vegetable organisms that always exist in it, as is the casewith clams and most of the bivalve shells, and many other kinds ofmarine animals.
All these Annelids are greedily devoured by most kinds of marine fishes,
whenever they can get at them, and, since many of the annelids leave
their burrows in the night to swim at the surface, or do this constantly
at the breeding season, they make an important element in the diet ofmany fishes besides those that constantly root for them in the mud andgravel, like the tautog, scup, haddock, «&c. The young of nearly all
the annelids also swim free in the water for a considerable time, andin this state are doubtless devoured in immense numbers by all sorts ofyoung and small fishes.
One of the largest and most common Annelids found under rocks,
burrowing in the sand and gravel, is the Nereis vlrens, (Plate XI, figs.
47-50.) It lives both at low-water mark and at a considerable distancefarther up. It grows to the length of eighteen inches or more, and is

318

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

also quite stout in its proportions.

The color is dull greenisli, or bluishgreen, more or I'ess tinged with red, and the surface reflects bright iri.

descent hues; the large lamellae or gills (fig. 50) along the sides are greenish anteriorly, but farther back often become bright red, owing to thenumerous blood-vessels that they contain. It is a very active and voracious worm, and has a large, retractile proboscis, armed with two strong,
black, hook-like jaws at the end, and manj' smaller teeth on the sides,
It feeds on other worms and various kinds of marine(figs. 48, 49.)
animals. It captures its prey by suddenly thrusting out its proboscis
and seizing hold with the two terminal jaws then withdrawing theproboscis, the food is torn and masticated at leisure, the proboscis,
when withdrawn, acting somewhat like a gizzard. These large worms
are dug out of their burrows and devoured eagerly by the tautog, scup,and other fishes. But at certain times, especially at night, they leave
their own burrows and, coming to the surface, swim about like eels or
snakes, in vast numbers, and at such times fall an easy prey to many;kinds of fishes.

This habit appears to be connected with the season of

They were observed thus swimming at the surface in thedaytime, near IS'ewport, in April, 1872, by Messrs. T. M. Prudden and T.
H. Eussell, and I have often observed them in the evening, later in theseason. At Watch Hill, Ehode Island, April 12, 1 found great numbersof the males swimming in the pools among the rocks at low-water, andreproduction.

discljarging their milt.

This worm also occurs inmany other situa-

tions, and is abundant in most places along the sandy and muddy shores,

both of the sounds and estuaries, burrowing near low-water mark. It
all along the coast from JSTew York to the Arctic Ocean, and isalso common on the northern coasts of Europe.
With the last, in this region and southward, another similar species,
but of smaller size, is usually met with in large numbers. This is the
Nereis Umhata, (Plate XI, fig. 51, male.) It grows to the length of fiveor six inches, and can easily be distinguished by its slender, sharp,
light amber-colored jaws, and by the lateral lamella?, which are small
Its color, when fullanteriorly and narrow or ligulate posteriorly.
grown, is usually dull brown, or smoky brown or bronze-color anteriorly,
with oblique light lines on the sides, and often with a whitish border toeach ring, which form narrow, pale bands at the artfculations posteriorly the body and lateral appendages are pale red, and the longitudinal dorsal blood-vessel is conspicuous. The male, of which the anterior part is represented in fig. 51, differs greatly from the female inthe structure of the middle region of the body, which is brighter red incolor, and has the side appendages more complicated and better adapted
for swimming.
The females agree with the males very well in the formand structure of the head and anterior i)art of the body, but the middle
region does not become different from the anterior, as in the male.
Both sexes are often dug out of their burrows, under stones or in thesand, but in such places there are few males in proportion to the feoccurs;

INVERTEBRATE ANI^IALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
males.

319

The males, however, sometimes occur swimming' free at theThe}' swim witli an unduhating motion, andsurface in vast numbers.

are quite conspicuous on account of the bright red color of the middle

region of their bodies. Mr. S. I. Smith observed them swimming inthis wa}', in the daytime, in August, at Fire Island, on the southernside of Long Island, where they occurred in incredible numbers andwere eagerly pursued by the blue-fish, which at such times would nottake bait. We often caught them in Vineyard Sound, in the evening,at the surface, with towing-nets. These worms must, therefore, contribute largely to the food of mau^^ fishes. It is very common on ourthird species, Nereis
sandy shores as far south as South Carolina.
pelagica. (Plate XI, figs. 52-55,) is abundant under stones farther north,but in this region is chief}' found on shelly bottoms, in the deeper waThese three species of Nereis are called " clamters of the sounds.
worms "by the fishermen. Two large species of worms belonging to
the genus EhyncJwholus (formerly Glycera) are often met with in bur-Arows, in the rand beneath stones.

These are pale reddish, deep flesh-colored, or dull x)urplish red, and rather smooth-looking worms, thick-

est in the middle, and tapering to both ends.

They have a large pro-boscis, armed at the ends with four black, hook-like jaws, and are re-markable for their rapid spiral gyrations.

They belong more properly

to the muddy and sandy shores, and will, therefore, be mentioned moreparticularly in another place.

43-46.

They are represented on Plate X, figs.

Ophelia simplex occurs under stones at half-tide, and below.

The 3Iarpliysa Leidyi (Plate XII, fig. 64) is a large and handsome
worm, occasionally met Avith under stones at low-water mark, but ismore common ou shelly bottoms in shallow water off shore. It grows
to the length of six inches or more, and its body is flattened, except
toward the head, where it becomes much narrowed and nearly cylindrical.
It is yellowish or brownish red, and brilliantly iridescent.
The
branchiae are bright red, and commence at about the sixteenth segment
the first ones have only one or two branches, but farther back they become beautifully pectinated. There are six unequal caudal cirri, thelower lateral ones longest. It is furnished with powerful jaws, and is'jcarnivorous in its habits.
small but very active worm, Fodarlce ohscura Y., (Plate XII, fig. 61,)
is often found in large numbers beneath stones.
These are dark brownor blackish in color, sometimes with lighter bands. They come out atnight and swim at the surface in vast numbers. They are also often met
with at the surface among eel-grass, in the daytime, in large numbers.

A

A large and very singular worm, which burrows and constructs tubes
in themud and gravel beneath stones, is the Cirratulus grandis V.,(Plate XV, figs. 80, 81.)

This is usually yellowish brown, dull orange, orocher-colored, and is remarkable for the numerous long, flexible, reddish

or orange cirri that arise all along the sides. Another very large andinteresting worm, often associated with the last, both among and under320

REPORT OF- COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

rocks, and on muddy shores, is the Amphitrite ornata, (Plate

XYI, fig.

This worm constructs rather firm tubes out of the consolidated
mud and sand in which it resides, casting- cylinders of mud out of theorifice.
It grows to be twelve to fifteen inches in length.
Its color isflesh-color, reddish, and orange-brown to dark brown, and it has
three pairs of large plumose or arborescent gills, which are blood
The tentacles are flesh-colored, very numerous, and capable
red.
of great extension, even to the length of eight or ten inches, and are kept
in constant motion in gathering up the materials with which it con82.)

structs its tube.
filled with

Two species of worms, remarkable for their soft bodies

bright red blood, which is not contained in special blood-

vessels, are also found under stones w^here there is mud in which they

can burrow.
85.)

The smaller of these is Folycirrus eximius, (Plate XVI, fig.

Its tentacles are very numerous, and are extended in every direc-

tion by forcing the blood into them, which can be seen flowing along in

the form of irregular drops, distending the tubular tentacles as it passes
along. The second species is a much larger and undescribed species,

remarkable for its very elongated body and for having very singularbranching gills on the sides along the middle region the first and lastof these gills are simple or merely forked, but those in the middle are
divided into numerous branches and in either case each branch istipped by a cluster of seta3. In allusion to this remarkable feature I;;

have called it Chcetohranclius sanguineus. Its tentacles are like those of
the last species, but longer and more numerous; in full-grown specimens
they can be extended twelve to fifteen inches or more. Its color is bloodred anteriorly, but more or less yellowish at the slender posterior part.
It is very fragile and it is seldom that a large specimen can be obtained entire. It grows to be twelve to fifteen inches long. This, likethe three species last mentioned, feeds upon the minute organisms
contained in the mud, which it swallows in large quantities. Two
species of Lumbriconereis are, also, frequently found burrowing in the
mud and sand beneath stones, but they belong more properly to the
muddy shores. They are long, slender, reddish, and brilliantly' iridescent worms, readily distinguished by having a smooth, blunt-conicalhead, without tentacles. They are carnivorous and have complicatedjaws. The head and anterior part of the body of the larger species {L.
opcdina V.) is represented in Plate XIII, figs. GO, 70.

The other {L.tenuis

V.) is very slender, thread-like, nearly a foot long, and has no eyes.

There are several kinds of highly organized annelids which may befound adhering to the under side of stones or concealing themselves inAmong these are three species, which have the back covered
crevices.
with two rows of large scales. One of these, having twelve pairs ofnearly smooth scales, is the Lepidonotus suhlcvis Y., (Plate X, fig. 42 ;)the color is variable, but usually brown or grayish, with darker specks,
thus imitating the color of the stones. Another more common species
the Lipiilonotus squamatns^ (Plate X, figs. 40, 41,) which also hasisINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

321

twelve pairs of scales, but they are rougli, and covered with smallrounded or hemispherical tubercles this is usually dark brown. The
third species has sixteen pairs of smooth scales, and belongs to anothergenus. This is Harmothoe imbricata ^ it varies exceedingly in color, but;

is usually grayish or brownish, more or less specked, blotched, or stripedsometimes there is a black stripe along the middle ofsometimes the general color is dark reddish. These three
species of scaly worms all have a large proboscis with four i)owerfuljaws at the end, and a circle of papill?e, as in figs. 40 and 41 5 they arecarnivorous in their habits and rather sluggish in their movements.
When disturbed they curl themselves up into a ball. They are very
complicated in their appendages, and the spines and set?e of these appendages are very curious in structure, when examined with a microscope. Notwithstanding their numerous sharp spines they are often,
devoured by fishes, and they frequently also fall victims to their more
powerful companions belonging to the ]!:^ereis tribe, and are sometimes
destroyed even by the apparently inoffensive Kemerteans. Adhering to
the under sides of the rocks and stones there are several kinds of tubes
constructed by annelids. One of the most common and abundant kinds
with blackish

the back;;of these tube-dwelling worms is the Sabellaria vulgaris Y., (Plate XYII,This worm constructs firm and hard tubes out of fine sandsecreted by special glands. These tubes are bent andcementand atwisted in various directions and are generally united together into
masses or colonies, sometimes forming aggregations of considerable
thickness and perhaps several inches or a foot across. The tubes of thisworm are also common on the shells of oysters. Another very curious
and beautiful worm, the JScionopsis palmata Y., constructs much larger
and coarser tubes out of bits of sea-weeds and shells, sand, small i^ebbles,
and other similar materials these tubes are long and crooked andattached for their whole length to the under side of rocks. The wormthat constructs them has some general resemblance to the Ampliitrite
ornately but is seldom more than three or four inches long and is usuallydarker colored, the color being generally reddish brown or dark brown,
more or less speckled with white. There are only seventeen fascicles
of setse on each side. The gills are only three in number, viz an odd
median one, much larger than the others, placed just behind the tentacles
and a pair of smaller ones, but similar in form and just back of the first
all three gills have a stalk or peduncle, and branch toward the end in apalmate or digitate manner, each of the divisions again subdividing.
The gills can be retracted beneath a sort of collar which arises just behind them their color is greenish, specked with white. The gills of
this worm are very elegant in form, and quite unlike those of any otherknown species, both in position and form. Therefore it is necessary toestablish a new genus for this species. It has been found from YineyardSound to New Jersey both among eel-grass in shallow water, and under
The Nicolea simplex is a related species, with similar habits.
stones.
H. Mis. Gl
21
figs. 88, 88cx.)

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

322

The crooked, round, calcareous tubes made by Serpula dianthus V.,
are often to be found adhering to the under surfaces and sides of stones

near low-water mark, and also in the pools in more exposed situations
sometimes they are even aggregated together into masses. When disturbed the worm suddenly withdraws its beautiful wreath of gills into
its tube and closes the aperture closely by means of a curious plug or
operculum. This is placed at the end of a rather long pedicle, and isfunnel-shaped, the outside longitudinally striated and the edge borderedby about thirty sharx) denticles from the middle of the upper sideanother smaller, short, funnel-shaped process arises, the edge of which
is divided into twelve or thirteen, long, rather slender, rigid processes,
which are usually a little curved inward at the top, but may be spread
small, rudimentary, club-shaped operculum
apart in a stellate form.
exists on the other side.
When these tubes are placed in sea- water andleft undisturbed for a short time, the occupant will cautiously push out
its operculum and display its elegant wreath of branchiae, which varies
much in color in different specimens, but often recalls the varied hues
and forms of different kinds of pinks, {Dianthus.) The name which I havegiven to it alludes to this resemblance. Fine specimens of this Serpula
may often be found, also, in the pools near low-water mark, attached tothe upper surfaces or sides of rocks, and in such situation they display
their charms to great advantage. The wreath of branchiae is nearlycircular, consisting of two symmetrical parts, each of which is made up
of about eighteen pectinate branchiae 5 these are covered on their innersurfaces with slender filaments which extend nearly to the ends, but
leave the tips naked. Young specimens have fewer branchiae. In the
more common varieties these branchiae are purple at base, with narrow
bands of light red or pale yellowish green above this they are transversely banded or annulated with purplish brown, alternating with yellowish green, or with purple and white the pinnae usually correspondin color to the part from which they arise, but are sometimes all purple.
In other specimens the branchiae are yellowish white, or greenish white,
banded with brown. In one variety (citrina) they are bright lemonyellow, or orange-colored, throughout. The operculum, in all the varieties, is usually brownish green above, with the sides puri^lish brown,
lined with whitish near the edge, and with a greenish white baud at thebase the pedicle is usually purplish, with two or more bands of white.
The body is usually deep greenish yellow, with the back lemon-yellow
the collar is broad with an undulated border, and is pale green, veinedwith darker green blood-vessels. This species is also often met with indredging on shelly bottoms.
The Fotamilla oculifera (Plate XVII, fig. S6) is another beautiful
annelid, related somewhat to the Serpula, but its tubes are tough andflexible they are constructed out of fine sand and other foreign matters,
glued firmly together with the special secretions of the animal. Thesetubes are often found attached to the under sides of stones, but, passing
j

A

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5

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INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOU¥D, ETC.

323

around to the sides, open upward by a free extremity they also frequently occur in sheltered nooks in the tide-pools. The worm, when undisturbed, puts out a beautiful wreath of branchiae somewhat resemblingthat of the Serpida, but there is no operculum. The branchiae are always
beautifully colored, though the colors are quite variable. In one of thecommonest styles of coloration, the branchiae are surrounded at basewith reddish brown above this with a ring of white next by a bandj;of reddish brownjthen for the terminal half the color is yellowish gray,with indistinct blotches of brown on the outer sides of the branchiae
there are one to three dark red eyes. There are ten or more branchiaein each half of the wreath, and they are longer on one side than on the;;other.

Another related species, the Sahella microplithalma Y., also Occasionallyoccurs in the pools and on the under sides of stones, constructing tubes

very much like those of the last species. This is a much shorter andstouter worm, with the branchial wreath relatively much larger andnearly half as long as the body. The branchiae are pale yellowish,
greenish, or flesh- color, with numerous transverse bands of darker green
extending to the pinnae on the outer side of the branchiae there are
numerous minute eye-like spots of dark brown, arranged in two rows on
each. The body is usually dull olive-green. The Fahricia Leidyi Y., isanother member of this group of worms, but is of very minute size. It
constructs delicate, flexible tubes, free toward the end, which usually
stands upright. Its tubes may be found in the pools and on the underside of stones. The worm itself is very small, slender, and when undisturbed protrudes a wreath, composed of six branchiae, to a considerable distance above the mouth of the tube. The branchiae have five
to seven pinnae on each side, the lowest much the longest, so that when
expanded they all reach nearly to one level. At the base of the branchiae there are two pulsating vesicles, alternating in their beats
andjust back of these there are two minute brown eye-specks two similareyes exist at the posterior end. Eleven segments of the body bear fascicles of setae.
Color yellowish white, the blood-vessels red.
Two or more species of the minute but beautiful worms belonging to
the genus Spirorhis are found attached to the fronds of sea- weeds, toshells, stones, &c., especially in the pools.
These are related to the
Serpula^ and like it form solid calcareous tubes, but these are always
coiled up in a close spiral, and the coil is attached by one side.
Thelittle worms put out an elegant wreath of branchiie, and are furnishedwith an operculum. Another very interesting and beautifully coloredworm, sometimes found under and among the stones, where there ismud, is the Cistenides Goiddii Y., (Plate XYII, figs. 87, 87a.) This
constructs very remarkable, conical, free tubes, of grains of sand arranged in a single layer, like miniature masonry, and bound together by
a water-proof cement. This worm belongs more properly to the muddy
and sandy shores and will be mentioned again.
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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

324

Under stones and decaying sea- weeds, near high-water mark, two or
more kinds of small slender worms are usually found in great numbersthese differ widely from all those before mentioned, and are more nearly
related to the common earth-worms of the garden.

One of these is white,

slender, and about an inch long, tapering to both ends.

This is JSalodila new genus allied to Enchytrcciis,
Another is of about the same size, but rather longer and more slender,
and light red in color. It has a moniliform intestine, with a red bloodIt belongs apparently to thevessel attached to it above and below.
lus Uttoralis V., apparently forming

genus CUtelliOj (0. irroratus Y.)
In addition to all these setigerous Annelids which have been enumerated, there are quite a number of worms to be found on the rocky
shores which are destitute of all these external appendages, and havethe surface of the body smooth and ciliated. There are two tribes ofsuch worms in one of them the body is much elongated, and either
roundish, or flattened, and usually very changeable in form and capable of great extension and contraction. These are known as Neinerteans most of them have a proboscis which they can dart out to a great
length. In the other group, known as Flanarians, the body is broad^short, and depressed, and often quite flat, and their internal structure:;is quite different.

One of the largest of the Nemer teans, the Meclcelia Ingens^ (Plate XIX,.
figs. 96, 96a,) is met with understones where there is sand, but

longs properly to the sandy shores.

it

be-

It is an enormous, smooth, flat worm

yellowish, flesh-colored, or whitish, and sometimes grows to be ten or

twelve feet long and over an inch wide. The Meclielia rosea also occurs
This is similar in form, but is smaller, less
It is often covered by adhering
flattened, and decidedly red in color.
sand. Another species, belonging to the JSTemerteans, is often found ingreat abundance under stones from mid-tide to near high-water mark.
Many of them are often found coiled together in large clusters. This is
the emeries socialis ; it is very slender or filiform, and often five or six
inches long when extended. Its color is dark ash-brown or blackish, alittlelighter beneath, and it has three or four eyes in a longitudinalgroup on each side of the head. Another larger species, apparently
belonging to the genus Cerehratulus, but not sufficiently studied whileoccasionally in similar places.

N

It is much stouter and is usuallydark olive-green, brownish-green, or greenish-black in color, but a little
Several other small Nelighter below and at the borders of the head.
merteans occur under similar circumstances. In the pools, creeping over
and among the alga3 and hydroids, a yellowish or light orange-coloredThis species secretes
species, one or two inches long, is often met with.
an unusual amount of mucus, which is, perhaps, connected with its
climbing habits, and I have on this account named it Polinia ghitinosa V.,(Plate XIX, fig. 97.) It varies in the number of its eyes, according to
its age, but they are always grouped in oblique clusters as in the figure.

liviog, is also abundant under stones.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF ^^INEYARD SOUND

325

ETC.

The color is sometimess briglit orange anteriorly, but lighter ^posteriorly,
with a faint dusky or greenish line along the middle.
Another species, closely resembling the last in form, color, and size, isquite common under stones, and especially in dead tubes of Serpula^ nearlow- water mark.

This is the Cosmocepliala ocliracea V., (Plate XIX, figs.

95, 95a ',) it has numerous eyes on the sides of the head, three or fouron each side forming an anterior row parallel with the margin theothers forming two parallel oblique groups, usually with two or threeeyes in each, farther back. On the lower side of the head there is, oneach side, an obliquely transverse groove. The color is usually dull yel;lowish-white or grayish the anterior part is often tinged with orange
and the posterior with ash-gray there is generally a distinct paler me;;

dian line, most distinct anteriorly. It grows to be two or three inches
long, when extended.
Of the Planariaus several species are also found creeping over theunder side of stones and in the tide-pools. One of the most abundantis Procerodes frequensj which is a very small but lively species, foundcreeping on the under side of stones near high-water. It is usually
about an eighth of an inch long, dark brown or blackish above and graybelow, and it has two reniform eyes. The Monocelis agilis is still smaller,
its color is dark brown or blackish
elliptical, with only one median eye;

By some writers this genus is placed among the Nemerteans.

Twolarger species of this group are also occasionally found on the underside of stones.

One of these, the Flanocera nehulosa, (Plate XIX, fig.

100,) is usually about half an inch wide and three-fourths long, but may

become nearly circular, or may extend into a long elliptical form. It is
Its color is olive-green above, withflat and thin, with flexuous edges.
a lighter median stripe behind, and yellowish green below. The tentacles on the back are whitish and retractile.
The Sti/Jochopsis littoralis Y., (Plate XIX, fig. 99,) is also frequently
found on the under side of stones. It is remakable for having a cluster of eyes on each tentacle, other clusters in front of them, and two or
more rows of eye-spots around the margin, especially in front. Its color
isvariable, but usually greenish, greenish yellow, or brownish yellow,

there is generally a pale median streak
The eggs were laid July 12th in large clusters, coipposed ofmany small white eggs closely crowded together, side by side, and at-often reticulated with flesh-color;

posteriorly.

tached to the surface of the glass jar in which they were kept.
There are also representatives of the " round worms," or Nematodes,
to be found beneath the stones and among the roots of algae, hydroids,
The commonest of these is, perhaps, the Pontonema marinum (PlateSoG.
XVIII, fig. 91.) This is a small, very slender, smooth, white, round worm,
tapering to both ends, and very active in its movements, constantly coiling itself into a spiral and again uncoiling itself. Its head is furnishedwith about six minute cirri in the male the tail is short, narrow, nearlystraight, but one-sided, rapidly tapering, and subacute; in the female;

326

KEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the body is much longer, and the tail is long, slightly tai)ered, straight^
and obtuse. The Fontonema vacillatum also occurs in similar places inabundance. In this species the male has a short, obtuse, incurved tailthe female a straight, tapering, narrow, obtuse one. Both species areoviparous, and the female genital orifice is near the middle of the body.
These worms are from a quarter to half an inch or more in length.
Their complete history is not known they are closely allied to many ofthe parasitic worms, and it is possible that in some stages of their development these are also parasites.
Of the Eadiates there are also numerous species to be found on theserocky shores.
Although the purple '' sea-urchin," Arhacia punctulata, and the green^^ sea-urchin,"
Strongylocentrotus BrbhacMensis^ (Plate XXXY, fig. 268,)
are sometimes met with, their occurrence is irregular and uncertain at
low-water in this region. The former occurs in abundance on rockyand shelly bottoms in the sounds while the latter occurs chiefly on similar bottoms in the cold area, and at low-water on the outer rocky
shores, and still more abundantly farther north.
;;

The green star-fish, Asterias arenicolaj (Plate XXXY, fig. 269,) isfound in large numbers at low-water among the rocks at certain times,
but at other times is seldom met with, though a few young specimens
can almost always be found by careful search beneath the stones. The
adults were very abundant on the shore at Parker's Point, in the latterpart of June but by the middle of July very few could be found there.
Their habit of coming up to the shore may be connected with theirreproductive season. They are always abundant on shelly bottoms inthe bays and sounds, especially where there are beds of muscles oroysters, upon which they feed. They often prove exceedingly destructive of oysters planted in waters that are not too brackish for their com;

fort.

They manage to eat oysters that are

far too large forthem toswallow whole, by grasping the shell with their numerous adhesive feet,and then, after bending their five flexible rays around the shell so as
partly to inclose it, they protrude the lobes and folds of their enormous
saccular stomach from the distended mouth, and surrounding theoyster-shell more or less completely with the everted stomach they
proceed to digest the contents at leisure, and when the meal is finished they quietly withdraw the stomach and stow it away in its proper
In this way a large ^' school " of star-fishes will, in a short time?place.
destroy all the oysters on beds many acres in extent, unless their operation be interfered with by the w^atchful owners. In one instance,,
within a few years, at Westport, Connecticut, they thus destroyed about
2,000 bushels of oysters, occupying beds about 20 acres in extent, in a
few weeks, during the absence of the proi)rietor.
In order to stop their operations it is necessary to dredge over theoyster-grounds and destroy all the star-fishes thus brought up, by leaving them on shore above high- water mark for if simply torn in pieces>;327
and thrown overboard, as is sometimes done, eacli ray has the power ofreproducing all the lost parts, so that each fragment may, after a time,
become a perfect star-fish.
The color of this species is generally dark green or brownish green,with the madreporic plate bright orange; the males are more inclined
to brown, and sometimes have a reddish tint. It is found all along thecoast from Massachusetts Bay to Florida.

The eggs of this species, like those of most other star-fishes, produce
peculiar larvae, entirely unlike the parents, and x^rovided with vibrating
cilia by means of which they swim about in the water, or at the surface,

The young star-fish develops within the larva
and gradually absorbs the substance of the larva into its own organi-for a considerable time.

zation.

The development of this and our other common species has been very
fully described and illustrated by Mr. A. Agassiz.

Of the Hydroids many species occur in the pools, or attached to th^lower sides of overhanging rocks, or of stones that have an open space
beneath them, or growing upon the Fueiis and other sea- weeds at lowwater mark. The most abundant of all is the Sertularia pumila, (PlateXXXYII, fig. 279,) which grows in small tufts of delicate branches on
the stems and fronds of all the larger sea-weeds, and on the sides andlower surfaces of stones. Another beautiful species, the Ohelia commissuralis, (Plate XXXVII, fig. 281,) occurs at low- water mark and in tidepools, attached to stones and sea-weeds. It is very delicate and muchbranched, and sometimes grows five or six inches high, though usuallysmaller. At certain times it produces small medusae in its urn-shaped
reproductive capsules; these are discharged and swim free for sometime,
having sixteen tentacles when they become free. Several other species of this genus also occur attached to the sea- weeds at low-water.
The most common of these is 0. diapliana, which grows about an inch high,attached to the stems of Fuciis. The Cmnpamilaria flexuosa is anothersimilar hydroid, remarkable for its large reproductive capsules, in which
medusae are developed that never become free. This species occurs
in the pools at low-water, on weeds and stones, and also on the lower
sides of overhanging rocks or the timbers of wharves. It is much
more abundant farther north, as at Eastport, Maine, where it grows in
profusion on the timbers of the wharves, hanging down from theirlower sides, collapsed and dripping, while the tide is low. The Fennaria
tiarella (Plate XXXYII, figs. 277, 278) is a very conspicuous and beautiful species on account of its much-divided black branches and numerous bright red flower-like hydroids. It occurs occasionally in the pools,
and just below low-water mark, attached to stones, corallines, &c., but ismore common in somewhat deeper water on rocky and shelly bottoms.
The "file-fish" feeds on this species, and i)robably on other alliedhydroids, for its stomach was found full of the stems and branches,cut up in fine pieces. Its broad, sharp-edged jaws are admirably

328

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

adapted for browsing on hydroids, but yet tliis may not be its principal
food, for our observations were very few on this fish, owing to its rarity.

One of the most interesting of the hydroids, found in the rocky pools
at low- water, or in other shaded places, is the Hyhocodon proUfer, (PlateXXXYIII, tig. 282.)

This is one of the largest and most beautiful of
the tubularians, and is very conspicuous on account of its deep orangered color. It is by no means common, and grows only in those pools
where the water is pure and cool, or under the shade of overhanging
rocks. It usually grows singly or in groups of two or three clustered
together.

The delicate hydrarium of Bougainvillia superciliaris (PlateXXXVII, fig. 276) is also occasionally met with in the larger tide-pools
near low- water mark, and the small, free medusae, which are producedby budding from the hydrarium, are frequently found swimming in thewaters in spring. The Clava leptostyla is a beautiful and apparently
soft and tender species, but it grows in. clusters on the fronds of Fucus
at low-water mark, on the most exposed shores, and withstands themost powerful surf, unharmed. The colonies are bright light red incolor and consist of numerous hydroids arising from creeping stolonlike tubes, which interlace to form the base of the colony.
Each ofthe hydroids consists of a cylindrical stem, slender at base and about
a quarter of an inch high, at the end of which there is a thicker, clubshaped or fusiform '' head," covered with about fifteen to thirty, long,
slender tentacles, but the form both of the heads and tentacles is constantly changing, owing to their contractions. The small medusa-buds
are grouped in clusters below the tentacles and do not become free.
This species is also to be found in the pools and on the under sides oflarge stones close to low- water mark.
The Hydractinia polyclina is often met with covering the dead shells
inhabited by the hermit-crabs, whether in the pools or in deeper water
off shore, with a soft, velvet-like, reddish coating, which is made up of
hundreds of hydroids united together by their bases into a rather firm,
continuous layer, covered with conical points. This basal layer sometimes not only entirely covers the shell, but extends out considerably
beyond the borders of the aperture, so as to increase the capacity of
the interior. This is no doubt a great gain to the crab, because he will not
be so soon compelled to exchange his shell for a larger one. Each colony of these hydroids is either male or female ; the sexes differ in depthof color, the male colonies being palest. But in each colony there arealso many sterile individuals, w^ho have to do the eating and digesting for
the whole community, while the sexual individuals attend to the reproduction of the race. Farther north, as at Xahant, Massachusetts, thisspecies often incrusts broad surfaces of the rocks in the pools, but I
have not observed it growing in this way j^outh of Cape Cod yet in one
instance we dredged it growing on a rock.
The Ilalecium gracilc V. is frequently found growing in profusion on
the under side of stones, in tide-pools, and attached to oysters, dead;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

329

both of the sounds and estuaries. It
forms rather dense, pale, flexible tufts, three or four inches high, withvery numerous slender branches.
Of Polyps there are several species belonging- to the actinians, or"sea-anemones," and one species of genuine coral, [Astraiujia^) but thelatter is seldom found at low- water, though common in shallow water,
on rocky bottoms. The most common of the actinians is the " fringed
sea-anemone,'' Metridium marginatum. This may almost always befound on the under sides of large stones that have sufficient space beneath, in sheltered crevices near low- water mark, and adhering to therocks along the borders of the larger tide-pools, where they are shaded
and protected by the overhanging sea-weeds. In full expansion thisspecies has a very graceful form. From the expanded base the bodyrises in the form of a tall, smooth column, sometimes cylindrical, sometimes tapering slightly to the middle, and then enlarging to the sumToward the top the column is surrounded by a circular thickened
mit.
fold, above which the character of the surface suddenly changes, theshells, &c., in sliallovr waters,skin becoming thinner and translucent, so that the internal radiatingThis part expands upward and outward to the margin, which is folded into numerous deep undulations or
frills, and everywhere covered with very numerous, fine, short, crowded
The tentacles also cover the upper side of the disk, halftentacles.
way to the mouth, but are larger and less crowded in iKoportion to the
distance from the margin. The mouth is oval and the lips divided into
numerous folds. The largest specimens are sometimes five or six inches
high and three or font inches across the disk. The colors are extremely
variable. Most frequently the sides of the body are yellowish brownor orange-brown, but it may be of any shade from white, flesh-color,
partitions are visible through it.

pink, salmon, chestnut, orange, yellow, light brown, to dark umber-brown or it may be mottled and streaked with two or more of these colors.
The upper part of the body and tentacles are translucent, and havelighter colors, generally either white, pink, flesh-color, or pale salmon
the tentacles are also frequently banded with flake-white, and often
have dark tips. This species, when much irritated, throws out fromminute loop-holes along the sides large numbers of long, slender, white
threads, which are covered with microscopic stinging-organs, powerfulenough to defend them from the attacks of fishes and other enemies;

but they do not penetrate the human skin.

Another

species, the" white-armed anemone,"(Plate XXXYIII, fig. 281,) is also

Sagartia leucolena^common at low- water, especiallj' on

the under side of large stones, and sometimes nearly buried in sandand gravel.

This is more elongated and slender than the last, and has
a smaller, simple and plain disk, with the tentacles much longer andmore slender, and crowded together near the margin the surface ofthe body is smooth and uniform, without any thickened fold. The
color is usually pale salmon or flesh-color, and the skin is translucent,;330

REPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

SO as to show the interDal lamellae

the tentacles are paler and more
and usually whitish, but sometimes pale salmon. The
tentacles, in full expansion, are over an inch long. A second elongatedspecies of Sagartia {S. modesta) occurs buried up to its tentacles in thegravel and sand among rocks. This species is quite rare, and has amuch thicker and firmer skin, which is nearly opaque and dull yellowish in color the tentacles are shorter, with dark greenish markings at-,

translucentj;

the base.

The Halocampa producta (Plate XXXYIII, fig. 285) also occurs under
it may also be foundon sandy shores, slightly attached to a shell or i>ebble, perhaps a footbeneath the surface, but in expansion it stretches its body so as toexpand its tentacles at the surface, above its burrow, into which it
quickly withdraws when disturbed. This species is remarkable for thefor having
great length and slenderness of its body in fall extension
only twenty tentacles, with swollen tips and for the rows of suckers
along the sides, to which it fastens grains of sand, &c. It has no distinct disk at the base, which is bulbous and adapted for burrowing
Its color is whitish, flesh-color, or pale salmon, with the suckers whitish.
The tentacles usually have darker brown tips, but sometimes thetips are flake- white. In full expansion the length of large specimens
is about a foot, and the diameter about a third of an inch, but in contraction the body becomes much shorter and more swollen.
The Astrmigia Dance, which is the only true coral yet discovered on
the coast of New England, is occasionally found on the under side ofoverhanging rocks, or in pools where it is seldom or never left dry. The
coral forms incrusting patches, usually two or three inches across, andless than half an inch thick, composed of numerous crowded corallets,having stellate cells about an eighth of an inch in diameter. The living animals are white, and in expansion rise high above the cells andexpand a circle of long, slender, minutely warted tentacles, whichhave enlarged tips. These coral-polyps, when expanded, resemble clus-

the same circumstances with the last, though;;ters of small, white sea-anemones, and like them they will seize theirprey with their tentacles and transfer it to their mouths. They feedreadily, in confinement, upon fragments of mollusca or Crustacea.
Several species of sponges also occur in the rocky pools and on theunder sides of stones. The most conspicuous one is a bright red species, which forms irregular crusts, and rises up in the middle into
many small, irregular, lobe-like branches. Another species forms
broad, thin incrustations, of a sulphur-yellow color, on the under sidesmall, urnof stones. These species have not been identified.
shaped or oval species, with a large aperture at the summit, sur-Arounded by a circle of slender, projecting spicula, occurs iu the pools,
and is probably the same as the Grantia ciliata of Europe.
In addition to the numerous species already enumerated, most ofwhich belong to groups that are essentially marine animals, there are

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

331

a few species of marine insects that are frequently met with underAmong these a small lead-colstones, or among the small green algge.
ored insect belonging to the family of '' spring-tails," Aninida maritma jis
the most abundant. With it a spider, Bdella^ and several species of mites
ScTeral specimens of a "false scorpion,[Troiiibidium) are often found.
Cliernes ohiongus, were also found by Mr. Smith near low-water markunder stones. In the pools and on the rocks, among the green confervie
and other sea- weeds, the active green larvoe of a two-winged fly, Chironoimis oceanicuSj is often found in abundance. This larva we have detectedin the stomach of the " tom-cod," mixed with small Crustacea.
List of species inlidbiting the roclxy shores of the sounds and oays.

In the following list the species living in these situations are brought
together systematically, whether mentioned in the preceding pages or
The lists are not to be regarded as complete, but include mostnot.
of the species ordinarily met with.

The references are to the pages ofthis report, where remarks upon the species

may be found:

ARTICULATA.
Insects.

Page.

Chironomus oceanicus
Anurida maritima
Chernes oblongus

331
331
331

Page.

Bdella marina

331

Trombidium, several species

331

Crustacea.
Page.

Cancer irroratus
Panopeus depressus
P. SayiP. Harrisii

Carcinus granulatus

Eupagurus poUicaris
E. longicarpus

Homarus Americanus
Orchestia agilis

Hyale littoralis
Calliopius laeviusculus

Gammarus ornatus
G. annulatus
G. jMarinus

312
312
312
313
312
313
313
313
314
315
315
314
314
314

Page.

Moera levis
Melita nitida

Amphithoe maculata,

A. valida
Caprella, sp

Sphaeroma quadridentata .
Idotea irrorata
I. phosphorea

Erichsonia filiformis

315
314
315
315
316
315
316
316
316

Epelys montosus
Jsera copiosa

Balanus balanoides
Numerous small Entomostraca.

315
304

332

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Annelids, (Chwtopods.)

\

Page.

Lepidonotus squamatus .....
L. sublevis

Harmotlioe imbricata
Phyllodoce
Eulalia

Eumidia
Podarke obscura...„,

Nereis virens
N. limbata.
N. pelagica

320
320
321

OirrMuereis fragilis
Ophelia simplex

397
319

Sabellaria vulgaris

349
349
349
319

Cistenides Gouldii

321
323
321
320
321
320
320
322
323
323
322
322
325

317
318

Marphysa Leidyi
Lumbriconereis opalina
L. tenuis

Ehyncbobolus Americanus
R. dibranchiatus
Cirratulus grandis

.

319
319
320
320
319
319
319

Mcolea simplex
Ampbitrite ornata
Scionopsis palmata
Polycirrus eximius
Cbsetobranchus sanguineus
Potamilla oculifera
Sabella micropbtbalma
.

.

.

,

Fabricia Leidyi

Serpula dianthus
S. diantbus, var. citrina.

Spirorbis spirillum,

OUgochwta.
Page.

324

Halodrillus littoralis

324

Clitellio irroratus

Nemerteans.
Page.

Nemertes socialis
Meckelia ingens- .

M. rosea

324
324
324

Page.

Cerebratulus (?)
Oosmocepbala ocbracea.

Polinia glutinosa,

324
325
324

Flanarians.
Page.

Page.

Planocera nebulosa
Stylocbopsis littoralis

325
325

Procerodes frequens
Monocelis agilis.

325
325

Nematodes.
Page.

Page.

Pontonema marinum

325

Pontonema vacillatum

326

MOLLUSOA.
Gastropods, ( Univalves.)
Page.

Page.

Urosalpinx cinerea

Purpura lapillus
Euplcura caudata

30G
30G
371

Fulcfur carica

Sycotypus canaliculatus
Tritia trivittata

355
355
354

INYERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Page.

Anacliis avara

Odostomia producta
O. fusca
O. bisuturalis:

O. trifida
O. impressa

Page.

Eittium nigrum

306
306
307
307
307
307
307
306
383
305
305
305

Astyris lunata,

Eissoa aculeus

Skenea planorbis
Littorina palliata
L. rudis

Lacuna vincta

333
305
383
305
553
553
553
307
307
400
307

Cerithiopsis Greenii
Triforis nigrocinctus

Crepidula fornicata.

C. convexa
0. unguiformis

Acmrea testudinalis.

Doris bifida
Polj'cera Lessonii . .

Doridella obscura .

.

^olis, undetermined.

Lamellihranchs, (Bivalves.)
Page.

Page.

Mya arenaria
Saxicava arctica
Kellia planulata

Scapharca transversa
Argina pexata

My til us edulis

309
309

Modiola plicatula
M. modiolus

310
309
309

307
307

.

309
311

Anomia glabra
Ostr?ea Yirginiana,

Ascidians.
Page.
Molfifula Manhattensis

Page.

Cynthia partita

311

311

Bryozocij [or Folyzoa.)
Page.

Crisia eburnea

Tubulipora flabellaris

Alcyonidium ramosum
Alcyonidium hirsutum
A. hispidum
Yesicularia gracilis
Yesicularia cuscuta

V. dicbotoma
Buojula turrita

Page.

311
405
404
404
312
389
404
404
311

B. flabellata

Membranipora pilosa
M. lineata..
Escharella variabilis.

Discopora coccinea(?)
Lepralia, sp

Cellepora ramulosa
Pedicellina Americana

389
406
406
312
424
420
312
405

RADIATA.
Echinoderms.
Page.

Arbacia punctulata.

326

Page

1

I

Asterias arenicola

326

334

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
AcalepJis,
Page.

Obelia commissuralis
O. pyriformis
O. diaphanaO. geniculata
Clytia Johnstoni
Orthopyxis caliculata
Platypyxis cylindrica...

€ampanularia volubilis
C. flexuosa

Lafoea calcarata

Page.

Halecium gracile.

328

Sertularia argentea ...

408

S. pumila

327
328

327
390
327
407

Bougainvillia superciliaris

408
408
408
408
327
408

Margelis Carolinensis

Glava leptostyla
Pennaria tiarella

328
327
328
328

Hybocodon prolifer
Hydractinia polyclina

Polyps.
Page.

Metridiuin marginatum

329
329
330

Sagartia leucolena
S. modesta

Page.

Halocampa producta

330
329

Astrangia Danse

PROTOZOA,
Sponges.
Page.

Grantia ciliata
Leucosolenia botryoides (?)
Halichondria, sp

II.

. .

330
391
330

Page.

330
330

Tedania, sp
Eenieria, sp

FAUNA OF THE SANDY SHORES OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS.

These sandy shores vary considerably in character according to their
In the more exposed positions the beachesof fine loose sand differ but little in character from those that prevail
so extensively on the ocean shores, from Cape Cod to North Florida.
In more sheltered situations there is generally more or less mud mixed
with the sand, which often forms shores with a very gentle slope, running down to broad flats, bare at low- water such flats of sandy mud
are the favorite homes of large numbers of burrowing creatures but
even on the exposed beaches of loose siliceous sand, which are completely
torn up and remodeled by every storm, there are still to be found manykinds of animals perfectly adapted to suah conditions, finding there
their proper homes.
In other cases there is more or less gravel and
mixed
with
pebblesthe sand, which, under some conditions of exposure, produce a firm and compact deposit, admirably adapted to thetastes and habits of certain tube-dwelling and burrowing creatures. In
other places, especially in sandy coves or other sheltered situations, thesandy flats are partly covered by tufts and patches of eel-grass, andsituations and composition.

;;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

335

there are many animals that find congenial resorts on such flats.

Then

there will sometimes be pools or rivulets of sea-water on the sandy flats,in which certain creatures often spend the short time while thus impris-

oned by the tide.
The special localities where the sand-dwelling species of this region
were chiefly studied, are the beaches on Kaushon and adjacent islands^^Tobska Beach and several other beaches near Wood's Hole the extensive sand-beach between Falmouth and Waquoit the beach at Menemsha Bight, on Martha's Vineyard several beaches on the shores of
Buzzard's Bay the beaches at South End, Savin Eock, and other localthe beaches on Great South Bay, Long Island
ities near iN'ew Haven
;

-,

;

;

;

;

the beaches at the mouth of Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, &c., besides the outer beaches at various other points.
Along the upper part of the sand-beaches there is generally an almost

continuous belt of dead sea-weeds, broken shells, fragments of crabs,
Althoughlobsters, and various other debris cast up by the waves.
many of the dead shells, &c., which occur in this way, belong really tothe sandy shores near low-water, others have come, perhaps, from deeper
water and other kinds of bottom. Therefore, although such rubbishheaps may afford good collecting grounds for those who frequent theshores after storms, it would be useless to enumerate the species that
more or less frequently occur in them. Beneath such masses of decaying materials many insects and Crustacea occur, together with certain
genuine worms. Part of these are truly marine forms, and are neverfound away from the sea-shores, but many, especially of the insects, arein no sense marine, being found anywhere in the interior where decaying matters abound. The two-winged flies (Diptera,) of many kinds,
are especially abundant, and their larvae occur in immense numbers in
the decaying sea-weed. Some of these flies are, however, true marine
species, and live in the larval state in situations where they are submerged for a considerable time by the tide. 1 have often dug suchlarvoe from the sand near low- water mark, and have also dredged themat the depth of four or five fathoms off shore. During unusually hightides immense quantities of the fly-larvae will be carried away by theencroachment of the waters, and thus become food for fishes of manykinds, and especially for the young ones, which frequent the shallow waters
along the shores. There are also many species of beetles (Coleoptera)
which frequent these places, and several of them are genuine marine
insects, living both in the larval and adult conditions in burrows between tides. Among these are two or three species of Bledius,helonging to the Stapliylinidce ; several tiger-beetles {Cicindela^) and represen-

The ^^ tiger-beetles " are very active, carnivorous insects and frequent the dry sands just above high-watermark;when disturbed they rise quickly and fly away to the distance of sevtatives of other families.

They are so wary that it is difficult to catchthem without a net. Most of the species reflect bright, metallic, bronzy oreral yards before alighting.

336

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

green colors, and many of them have the elytra more or less marked with
Mr. S. I. Smith found the larva of our largest species (C generosa) at Fire Island, living in holes in the sand below high-water mark,associated with the species of Talorchestia.
Beneath the decaying sea-weeds on the sandy shores immense numbers of the lively little crustacean, Orchestia agilis, (p. 314, Plate lY,
fig. 14,) may always be found.
Two other related species, of larger sizeand paler colors, but having the same habit of leaping, though not insuch a high degree, occur among the weeds, or burrowing in the sand,or beneath drift-wood, &c., a little below high-water mark. In fact thesand is sometimes completely filled with their holes, of various sizes.
Both these species are stout in form, and become about an inch longwhen mature. One of them, Talorchestia longicornis, can be easily distinguished by its very long antennae the other, T. megalophthalma, by its
shorter antennai and very large eyes. Both these species are pale grayish, and imitate the color of the sand very perfectly.
When driven
from their burrows by unusually high tides or storms they are capableof swimming actively in the water. They make daiuty morsels for fishes
and many shore birds, as well as for certain crabs, especially Ocypoda
white.

;

arenaria.

On sandy beaches near high-water mark, especially where the sand israther compact and somewhat sheltered, one of the " fiddler-crabs,'^
Gelasimus pugilator, is frequently found in great numbers, either running actively about over the sand, er peering cautiously from their holes,
which are often thickly scattered over considerable areas. These holes
are mostly from half an inch to an inch in diameter, and a foot or morein depth, the upper part nearly perpendicular, becoming horizontal below, with a chamber at the end. Mr. Smith, by lying perfectly still forsome time on the sand, succeeded in witnessing their mode of digging. In doing this they drag up pellets of moist sand, which they
carry under the three anterior ambulatory legs that are on the rear side,
climbing out of their burrows by means of the legs of the side in front,
aided by the posterior leg of the other side. After arriving at themouth of their burrows and taking a cautious survey of the landscape,they run quickly to the distance often of four or five feet from the burrow before dropping their load, using the same legs as before and carrying the dirt in the same manner. They then take another careful survey of the surroundings, run nimbly back to the hole, and after again

turning their pedunculated eyes in every direction, suddenly disappear,soon to reappear with another load. They work in this way both in thenight and in the brightest sunshine, whenever the tide is out and the

In coming out or going into their burrows either
more commonly comes out withthe large claw forward. According to Mr. Smith's observations thisweather is suitable.

side may go in advance, but the malespecies is a vegetarian, feeding upon the minute alg:r- which

the moist sand.

grow upon

In feeding the males use only the small claw with which

INVEETEBRATE ANIMALjs OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

337

they pick up the bits of alg^e very daintily the females use iudiffereiitly
either of their small claws for this purpose. They always swallow moreor less sand with tlieir food. Mr. Smith also saw these crabs engagedin scraping up the surface of the saud where covered with their favorite
alg?e, which they formed into pellets and carried into their holes, in thesame way that they bring sand out, doubtless storing it until needed
for food, for he often found large quantities stored in the terminal
chamber. Mr. T. M. Prudden has since ascertained that one of the otherspecies of "fiddlers*' on our shores {G. minax) is also a vegetarian andfeeds upon similar algiB, which grow on the muddy salt-marshes.
The Ocypoda arenarla is a crab allied to the " fiddlers" and similar insome of its habits. It is a southern species, ranging as far as Brazil,
and adult specimens have not yet been observed on the coast of New
England, but Mr. Smith has observed the young in abundance at Fire
Island, and we have the young from Block Island it occurs at Great
Egg Harbor, New Jersej^, of larger size, and therefore it may be looked foron the beaches of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard. This crab lives on
the beaches at, and even far above, high -water mark. It digs large holes
like the fiddlers, often in the loose dry sand, back from the shore, yet
when disturbed it will sometimes take to the water in order to escape,though it soon returns to the shore. In digging its holes, according to
Mr. Smith's observations, it works in the same way as the ''fiddlercrabs," except that it is quicker in its motions, and often, instead of carrying the pellets of sand to a distance from the hole, it throws it awaywith a sudden and powerful jerk, scattering the sand in every direction,
It is even more cautiouain its movements, and is always on the alert, eventhe slightest movement on the part of one who is watching them issure to send them all into their holes instantly. In color this species
imitated the sand very perfectly, especially while young, when they
are irregularly mottled and speckled with lighter and darker shades ofgray. They also have the habit of crouching down closely upon or
into the sand, when suddenly frightened, and aided by their colors willoften thus escape observation. At other times they will trust to their
speed and scamper over the sand with such swiftness that they are not
This crab is carnivorous in its habits and, according
easily captured.
to Mr. Smith's observations, it lives largely upon the '' beach-fleas"{Talorcliestia) which inhabit the same localities.
It will lie in wait andsuddenly spring upon them, very much as a cat catches mice. It also
feeds upon dead fishes and other animals that are thrown on the shoreby the waves.
Another inhabitant of the upper part of tbe sand-beaches, just below
high-water mark, is the Sci/phacella arenicola Smith, which has, as yet,been found only on the coast of New Jersey, but probably occurs farther north. It is a small, sand-colored Isopod crustacean, which has nonear relatives, so far as known, except in New Zealand. It burrows in
the sand, making a little conical mound around the mouth of the holes.
;

5

S. Mis. 61

22

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

338

The only Annelid observed high up on the saud-beaches is the slenwhite Halodrillus littoralis^ referred to on page 324, which lives
under the decaying sea-weeds in great numbers.
On the lower parts of the sand-beaches, toward low-water raark, andespecially on the broad flats, which are barely uncovered by the lowest
der,tides,

a much larger number of species occurs.

Among the Crustacea of these sandy shores we frequently find thecommonCancer irroratus, (p. 312,) which is

verj^

cosmopolitan in its

Occasionally we meet with a specimen of Garcinus granulatus,
but this is not its favorite abode; but the " lady-crab " or '' sand-crab,"
habits.

Platyonichus ocellatuSj (Plate I, iig. 4,) is perfectly at home among theloose sands at low-water mark, even on the most exposed beaches.

This

species is also abundant on sandy-bottoms off shore, and as it is furnishedwith swimming organs on its posterior legs, it can swim rapidly in thewater and was taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound in several instances, and some of the specimens thus taken were of full size. Whenliving at low-water mark on the sand-beaches it generally buries itself
up to its eyes and antennsein the sand, watching for prey, or on the lookout for enemies. If disturbed it quickly glides backward and downward into the sand and disappears instantly. This power of quickly
burrowing deeply into the sand it possesses in common with all theother marine animals, of every class, which inhabit the exposed beachesof loose sand, for upon this habit their very existence depends duringstorms. By burying themselves sufficiently deep they are beyond thereach of the breakers. The means of effecting this rapid burrowing arevery diverse in the different classes. Thus one of the fishes {Ophidium
marginatum), which lives in these places, has a long acute tail and by
its peculiar uudulatory motions can instantl^^ bury itself tail-first in thesand. Others have acute heads and go in head-first.
The "lady-crab" is predacious in its habits, feeding upon various
smaller creatures, but like most of the crabs it is also fond of deadIn some localities they are so abunfishes or any other dead animals.
dant that a dead fish or shark will in a short time be completely covered
with them, but if a person should approach they will all suddenly slip oft*
backwards and quickly disappear in every direction beneath the sandafter a short time, if everything be quiet, immense numbers of eyes
and antennae will be gradually and cautiously protruded from beneaththe sand, and after their owners have satisfied themselves that all iswell, the army of crabs will soon appear above the sand again and continue their operations. The color of this crab is quite bright and does
not imitate the sand, probably owing to its mode of concealment.
The ground-color is white, but the back is covered with annular spots
formed by specks of red and purple. It is devoured in great numbers

by many of the larger fishes.
Another curious burrowing creature, living under the same circumstances as the last, is the Hijjpa talpoida, (Fate II, ^g. 5.) But thisETC.
species burrows like a mole, head-first, instead of backward.

339
It caualso swiui quite actively and is sometimes found swimming about in thepools left on the flats at low-water. It is occasionally dag out of the sandthrown up by the waves, on sandshallow water on sandy bottoms ingreat numbers, for in seining on one of the sand-beaches near Wood's
Hole for small fishes, a large quantity of this species was taken. Its
color is yellowish white, tinged with purple on the back. It is one ofat low-water mark,beaches, but

it

and

seems to

is

often

live

in

the favorite articles of food of many fishes. Mr. Smith found the
young abundant at Fire Island, near high-water, burrowing in the sand.
This species is still more abundant farther south.

The curious long-legged " spider-crab," Lihinia canal ieidata, is frequently met with at or just below low-w^ater mark on sandy shores, but
its proper

home is on muddy bottoms.

Creeping, or rapidly running, over the bottom in shallow water, or in
the tide-pools on the flats, the smaller " hermit-crab," JEupagunis longicarpits, (p. 313,)

may almost always be observed ensconced in some deadunivalve shell, most commonly that of Ilyanassa ohsoleta.
is still more abundantThis species

among eel-grass, and on muddy shores.

The common '' sand-shrimp," Crangon vulgaris, (Plate III, fig. 10,)always occurs in great numbers on the sandy flats and in the tide-pools
and rivulets, as well as on the sand}' bottoms in deeper water off shore.
Tills species is more or less si)%cked irregularly with gray, and imiWhen resting quietly on thetates the color of the sand very closely.
bottom, or when it buries itself partially and sometimes almost entirely,
except the eyes and long slender antennae, it cannot easily be distinguished by its enemies, and, therefore, gains great protection by it^
When left by the tide it buries itself to a considerable depth incolors.
moist sand. It needs all its powers of concealment, however, for it iseagerly hunted and captured by nearly all the larger fishes which frequent the same waters, and it constitutes the principal food of many ofthem, such as the weak-fish, king-fish, white perch, blue-fish, flounders,
striped bass, &c. Fortunately it is a very prolific species and is abundant along the entire coast, from Xorth Carolina to Labrador, w^herever
sandy shores occur. The young swim free for a considerable time after
hatching, and were taken at the surface in the evening, in large numbers. The common prawn, FaUemonetes mdgaris, (Plate II, fig. 9,)
often occurs, associated with the Crangon. but it is much more abundantamong the eel-grass, and especially in the estuaries where it has itsl)roper home. As this is one of the most abundant species and ofgreat importance as an article of fish-food, it will be mentioned again,
with more details, in connection with the fauna of the estuaries.
Several species of smaller Crustacea also burrow in the sand at lowwater mark. One of the most remarkable of these is an Amphipod, theLepidactyUs dytiscus, which by its external form reminds one of Hijypajwith w hich it agrees in habits, for it burrows in the sand like a mole.

340

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

It is also occasionally found under stones in sandy places.

Its color is

The Unciola irrorata (Plate IV, fig. 19) often
lives in tubes in the sand in abundance, but is by no means confined tosuch localities, for it occurs on all kinds of bottoms and at all depths
down to at least 430 fathoms (off St. George-s Bank,) and is abundantpale yellowish white.

all alongthe coast, from^ew Jersey to Labrador.

It is particularly

abundant on shelly and rocky bottoms, and although it habitually lives
in tubes, it does not always construct its own tube, but is ready andwilling to take possession of any empty worm-tube into which it canget, and having once taken possession it seems to be perfectly at home,
for it remains near the end of the tube protruding its stout claw-like
antennae, and looking out for its prey, in the most independent manner.
It will also frequently leave its tube and swim actively about for a time,
and then return to its former tube, or hunt up a new one. It seems,
however, to be capable of constructing a tube for itself, when it cannot find suitable ones ready-made. Its color is somewhat variable, but
it is generally irregularly specked with red and flake-white, and theantennae are banded with red. It contributes very largely to the foodof many fishes, such as scup, pollock, striped bass, &c.
On the moist sand-flats curious crooked trails made by the Idotea
cceca (Plate V, fig. 22) may generally

be seen.

This

littleIsopod bur-rows like a mole just beneath the surface of the sand, raising it up intoa little ridge as it goes along, and mi^iing a little mound at the end of
the burrow, w^here the creature can usually be found. This species is
whitish, irregularly specked with dark gray, so as to imitate the color
It is also capable of swimming quite rapidly.
The Idotea Tuftsii is another allied species, having the same habits andliving in similar places, but it is much more rare in this region. It hasof the sand very perfectl^^

sandy bottoms off shore. It is a smaller species
and darker colored, with dark brown markings. The Idotea irrorata(p. 316, Plate Y, fig. 23) also occurs on sandy shores wherever there is
eel-grass, among which it loves to dwell.
The well known *' horseshoe-crab" or ''king crab," Limulus FolypliemuSj is also an inhabitant of sandy shores, just below low-water mark,but it is more abundant on muddy bottoms and in estuaries, where it
burrows just beneath the surface and feeds upon various small animals.
At the breeding season, however, it comes up on the sandy shores toalso been dredged on

deposit the eggs, near high-water mark. According to the statementsof Eev. S. Lockwood, (in American Naturalist, vol. iv, p. 257,) the

spawning is done at the time of high tides, during May, June, and July
they come up in pairs, the males, which are smallest, riding on thebacks of the females and holding themselves in that position by theshort feet, provided with nipi)ers, which are peculiar to the males. The
female excavates a depression in the sand and deposits the eggs in it,
and the male casts the milt over them, when they again return todeeper water, leaving the eggs to be buried by the action of the waves.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

341

In aquaria, under favorable circumstances, the eggs hatch in about six
weeks, but in their natural conditions they probably hatch sooner thanthis; under unfavorable conditions the hatching may be delayed for a
The eggs are very numerous. In addition to the interestvrhole year.
ing observations of Mr. Lockwood, Dr. A. S. Packard has since given
more detailed accounts of the development of the embryos and young of
Limidus in the proceedings of the American Association for the Ad-

vancement of Science, 1870, p. 217, and in the Memoirs of the Boston
Society- of Natural History, vol. ii, p. 155, 1872.

Annelids are quite numerous on the sandy shores where the condiIt is evident that these soft-bodied creatures would
be quickly destroyed by the force of the waves and the agitation of thesand, were they not provided with suitable means for protecting themselves.
This is effected mainly in two ways the sand-dwelling species
either have the power of burrowing deeply into the sand with great
rapidity, or else they construct long durable tubes, which descend deeply
into the sand and afford a safe retreat. Many of the active burrowing
species also construct tubes, but they usually have but little coherence
and are not very permanent, nor do they appear to be much relied onby the owners. There is, however, great diversity both in the structure
and composition of the tubes of diff'erent species, and in the modes bywhich the rapid burrowing is effected.
The large green Xereis {N. I'irens^ p. 317) is found on the sandy
shores in places that are somewhat §heltered, especially if there be an
admixture of mud or gravel with the sand to give it firmness andsolidity.
This species^ burrows deeply beneath the surface and lines
the interior of its large irregular burrows with an abundant mucus-likesecretion, which gives smoothness and some coherency to the walls,
but does not form a solid tube. With this, and in greater numbers, thetions are favorable.

:

smaller species, Nereis limhata^(p.

318,) is also found,and its habitsappear to be essentially the same. Both this and the preceding canburrow rapidly, but much less so than some other worms, and consequently they are not well adapted to live on exposed beaches of movingsands, but prefer coves and harbors. The two large species of Rhijnchoholus are much better adapted for rapid burrowing. Their heads
are very small and acute, and destitute of all appendages, except four
minute tentacles at the end; the body is long, smooth, and tapers
gradually to both ends, and the muscular system is very powerful, andso arranged as to enable these worms to coil themselves up into the shapeof an open spiral, like a corkscrew, and then to rapidly rotate themselves on the axis of the spiral. When the sharp head is inserted into
the loose mud or sand and the body is thus rotated, it penetrates withgreat rapidity and disappears almost instantly. Both these species arefound on sandy as well as on muddy shores and flats near low-water
mark, and also in deeper water. The one usually most abundant is R.
dibmnchiatiiSj (Plate X, figs. 13, 41;) this is readily distinguished by hc>v-

342

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ing a simple gill both on the upper and lower sides of the lateral appendages. The other, R. Americanus, (Plate X, figs. 45, 46,) has gills thatare more or less branched on the upper side of the appendages, as shownin fig. 46, but none on the lower side; the appendages are also longer,
especially posteriorly, and differently shaped. The proboscis is remarkably long and large, and when fully protruded it shows four large, black,
sharp, fang-like jaws or hooks. Both these worms are destitute of true
blood-vessels, such as most of the allied worms possess, but have thegeneral cavity of the body filled, between the various organs, withbright red blood, which shows through the skin, giving a more or less
red or purple color to the whole body and proboscis.
The two species of Lumhriconereis alread^^ referred to (p. 320,) occur insimilar localities, and are usually associated with the two preceding species, but they are less rapid burrowers andrequire for their safety lo-

and mixed more or less with mud,or w^here it is somewhat sheltered from the force of the waves. In
sandy coves, and especially on the flats of sandy mud, close to lowwater mark, the smaller species, L. tenuis, is generally very abundant,
calities where the sand is compact

penetrating the sand, beneath the surface, in every direction.

It isoften a foot or more in length when extended, and not much larger thancoarse thread or small twine, and bright red in color.

When the sandin these localities is turned up with a spade, their drawn-out, red, threadlike bodies can usually be seen in large numbers, but they are so fragilethat it is difficult to obtain an entire specimen.

The head is obtusel}^conical, a little flattened, smooth, pale red, and iridescent, without eyes.

The other species, L. opalina Y., (Plate XIII, fig. 69,) is much larger, growing to the length of eighteen inches or more, and about .10 to .12 of aninch in diameter.

Its color is dark bronze, or reddish

brown, or pale

the surface reflecting the most brilliant opal-like colors. It iseasily distinguished from the L. tenuis by its four eyes in a row acrossred,Both these species, when removed from
The^^ burrow readil^^and deeply, but not so rapidly as many other worms, and do not seemto have permanent tubes. Another worm, found in similar places andthe back part of the head.

their burrows, coil themselves in a long spiral.

readily mistaken for L. tenuis on account of its long, slender, almost

and red color, is the Notomastus filiformis Y. buthead is very acute, the lateral appendages andset{ie are very different, and the color is paler red, with bands or rings

thread-like body;in this species theof bright red.

This species has, moreover, a smooth, subglobular pro-boscis, without jaws, while the former has a powerful set of compli-

cated jaws, without a distinct proboscis, and they are widely different in
The latter feeds upon the organic matter containedinternal anatomy.

in the mud that it swallows, while the species of Lumhrieonereis arecarnivorous, feeding upon other worms, &c.

A second and much larger

species of Notomastus occurs in similar places, though apparently preferring a greater proportion of mud.

This species, N. hiridus Y., grows

ETC.

and

343

Its color is a dark
and sometimes inclined
Its head is very acute, and it has a smooth, swollen, dark

to be about ten inches Joug

.10 indiameter.

l>urplish or lurid brown, specked with white,

to red.

blood-red proboscis.

It is a rapid

burrower, peuetratiug deeply into

the fine mud and sand. The Maldane elongata Y. is another worm allied
to the last, and usually associated with it, but this species constructs
rather firm, round tubes out of the fine sand and mud, which are very
long and descend deeply into the soil, and are often .20 to .25 of an inch
in diameter. TUis worm is six or eight inches long, with a round bodyof nearly uniform diameter, which looks as if obliquely truncated atboth ends, but the obliquely- placed upper surface of the head is bordered by a slight ridge or fold on each side and behind. The color
is dark umber-brown, or reddish brown, the swollen part of each ring
often lighter grayish or yellowish brown, but usually bright red, owing
to the blood-vessels showing through. The intestine is large and filled^vith sand.
Another worm, belonging to the same family with the lastand, like it, constructing long, round tubes of agglutinated sand, is the

Clymenella torquata, (Plate XiV, figs. 71, 72, 73,) but this species often
lives where the sand is more free from mud, or even in nearly pure, sili-

ceous sand, and sometimes considerably above low-water mark, thoughalso found in deep water. It generally constructs its long anduearl}' straight tubes very neatly, of fine white sand, without mud.
It loves, however, to dwell in sheltered spots, in coves, or in the leeof rocks and ledges, and is also partial to those spots on the sandy
shores where eel-grass grows, building its tubes among the roots. It is arather handsomely colored species, being usually pale red, with bright
red bands around the swollen parts of the rings, but it is sometimes
brownish red or dull brown. It can always be recognized by the peculiar collar on the fifth ring, and by the peculiar funnel-shaped caudal
appendage, surrounded by small papilhTe, and preceded by three seg-

it isments or rings that are destitute of setae.
The large and singular worm, Anthostoma rohustum Y., (Plate XIY
fig. 76,) lives like the last, with which it often occurs, in nearly pure
sand, where it is somewhat sheltered from the violence of the waves,
but is also fond of places where there is more or less gravel mixed withthe sand. It sometimes occurs some distance above low-water mark,and constructs a large, thick, somewhat firm tube by consolidating andcementing the sand around its burrow. These tubes descend nearly
perpendicularly to a great depth, and can usually be distinguished bya slightly elev^ated mound of dirt around the opening, which is usuallydifferent in color from the surrounding sandand sometimes there arerecently-ejected cylindrical masses of such earth on the summit of thelittle liillocks.
The worm itself, when full grown, is fifteen inches ormore in length, and nearly half an inch in diameter. The head is very
acute and the front part of the body is firm and muscular, with verysmall lateral appendages, and fascicles of setne in four rows but back
;

-,

344

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

of the twenty-fourth bocly-segmeut an appendage develops below thelower fascicles of setae, and farther back becomes broad, foliaceous, anddivided into several lobes; back of the twentj^-eighth segment thebranchiae appear in a row on each side of the back, and soon become
long and ligulate; at the same time other ligulate appendages develop
from the upper lateral appendages, which become dorsal, and these,with the gills, form four rows of processes along the back, outside ofwhich are the elongated setae and other appendages. The posterior
part of the body is more slender and much more delicate than the anterior part, and so fragile that an entire specimen can rarely be obtained,
and those that are obtained, when in confinement very soon detachfragment after fragment, until only the anterior part is left. In theirnatural habitations they would undoubtedly be able to reproduce their
The color of this worm is ocherlost parts, like many other annelids.
yellow, tinged with orange, or dark orange there are usually two rowsof dark-brown spots along the back the branchiae are blood-red ; andposteriorly there is a brownish red median dorsal line. The proboscis
is very singular, for it is divided into several long, flat, digitate processes, separate nearly to the base, and somewhat enlarged at the end.
Another species of this genus, of smaller size, A. fragile Y., often occurs in the sandy flats in great numbers, its small holes sometimes completely filling the sand over considerable areas and extending nearly
up to half-tide mark. This species grows to the length of four inches
or more, with a diameter of about .10. Its head is even more acutethan in the last species, with a very slender, translucent apex. The;;

body has the same form, but is more slender. The processes above andbelow the fascicles of setae begin to appear at the fourteenth segment,
and the setae begin to be decidedly elongated at the fifteenth. The
dorsal branchiae begin on the sixteenth segment, and become long and
The color is yellowish orange to orange-brownligulate at the twentieth.
the dorsal surface, posteriorly, and the branchiae are red. The bodyposteriorly is very slender and extremely fragile. The last or caudal
segment is smooth, oblong, with two long filiform cirri at the end. The
proboscis is large and broad, consisting of numerous, often convoluted,
lobes or folds, united by a thinner membrane or broad web.
The Aricia ornata V. is another related species, living in similarplaces with the last and having similar habits. The head is acute iu
this species, but the dorsal branchiae and lateral appendages commence much nearer the head, and the side appendages are developed
into crest-like, transverse series of papillae, which cover the lateral andventral surfaces of the body anteriorly.
;

Two species of Spio also occur in similar situations inhabiting smallround tubes or holes made in the sand near low-water, often occuring
They prefer localities that are notin great numbers in certain si)ots.
exposed to the full force of the storms. One of these, S.sctosa Y. (Plate
XIV, fig. 77,) is remarkable for the length of the seta' in the dorsal

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
bundles;345

tbe two large tentacles (of whicli only one is dra^Yn in the

backward between the red dorsal branchiae,
which form a row along the back on each side. The other,robustaY., is a stouter species, which has much shorter setae in the dorsal fascicles; the middle lobe of the head is emarginate in front and the laterallobes are convex. Both species have four small eyes on the top of thefignie) are usually foldedaS'.

head, those of the posterior pair nearest together.

and often associated with the two preceding

In similar i^laces,

species, anotheralliedworm often occurs in great abundance, completely filling the sand, in
its chosen abodes, with its round vertical holes, and throwing out cylin-ders of mud. It is so gregarious that in certain spots hundreds may befound within a square foot, but yet a few yards away, on the same kindof ground, none whatever may be found. This is Scolecolepis virldis
Y. This species, like the two preceeding, has a pair of large tentacles
on the back part of the head, which are usually recurved over the backbetween the rows of ligulate branchiae, and four eyes on the top of thehead the central lobe of the head is slightly bilobed in front, the lateralones convex; the branchiae are long, slender, ligulate, meeting over the
back, and exist only on about one hundred segments, or on about theanterior third part of the body. The body is rather slender, depressed,
and about three inches long when full grown. The color is usually darkgreen, or olive-green, but sometimes light green, or tinged with reddish,anteriorly the brancliiae are bright red; the large tentacles are lightgreen, usually with a row of black dots, and often crossed by narrow
flake-white lines or rings. This species has been found abundantly on
Naushon Island, and other localities in that region; at New Haven andat Somer's Point and Beesley's Point, New Jersey. With the last species
at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, another more slender species of thesame genus occurred, Scolecolepis tenuis Y. This was three or four
inches loug and very slender; the body was pale green; the tentacles
longer and more slender than in the last, whitish, with a red central
line the branchiae red, often tinged with green, shorter than in the last.
The head is relatively broad, with the central lobe rounded iu front.
The branchia) are confined to the anterior part of the body. The setae
ill the upper fascicles are much longer than in the last species, those of
the three anterior segments longer than the others and forming fanshaped fascicles, directed upward and somewhat forward.
;

;

;

;

Another singular Annelid, belonging to the same tribe and having
nearly the same habits, is represented in Plate XIY, fig. 78, this has
been found by Mr. A. Agassiz burrowing in sandy mud at about halftide, both at Naushon Island and at Nahant, Massachusetts, and he has
also described its development and metamorphoses, but I have not met
with the adult myself in this region, although the young were frequently
taken in the towing-nets in the evening. Mr. Agassiz regards it asperhaps identical with Polydora ciliatum of Europe. It occurred inlarge colonies, closely crowded together, building upright tubes in the346

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

mud.

The presence of a large group of peculiar stout setse on eacb sideof the fifth segment; will distinguish this from all the preceding species.

The young of this, like those of most of the annelids, swim free at thesome time, and are often taken in great numbers in thesurface fortowing-nets.

The Werliie ajills V., is still another representative of the group towhich the last five species belong, and like them it has two long andlarge tentacles on its head, but it is a far more active and hardy species
than any of them, and much better adapted for rapid burrowing. It
accordingly lives on exposed beaches even where the sand is loose, andcan also maintain itself on the exposed sandy beaches of the outer oceanshores, exposed to the full force of the surf, its extremely quick burrowing affording it the means of protecting itself against the action of theIt lives in small round boles near low-water mark unlike thesea.
related species, already mentioned, it has a very sharp conical head.
The two large tentacles are about half an inch long, and originate close
together on the upper side of the back of the head, and are usually recurved over the back when the worm is swimming in the water, as it iscapable of doing, but when it is wriggling about on tbe sand they are
twisted about in all directions and variousl3^ coiled and when in theirholes the tentacles are protruded from the opening. The eyes are four,
small, black, placed close together in front of the base of the tentacles.
Tbe upper lobe of the lateral appendages is large and foliaceous andconnected with tbe branchiae along the anterior part of tbe body, bub
partially free farther back. The body is two or three inches long andrather slendertbe color is reddish or brownish anteriorly, greenish
the branchiae,
wbite on tbe sides, except on tlie anterior third
whicb extend tbe wbole length of the body, are light red 5 tentacles
greenish wbite.
One of tbe largest and most beautiful Annelids of this region is
the Diopatra cuprea^ (Plate XIII, figs. 67 and QS.) This species grows
to be more than a foot long, with the body depressed and often nearly
half an incb broad. It constructs a very curious permanent tube inwhich it dwells very securel}^ The part of these tubes beneath tbe
surface of the sand is composed of a tough parchment-like material,
;

;

;

;

and often descends obliquely to tbe depth of two or three feet or more;
the upper end of the tube projects two or three inches from the surface
mud, and is thickly covered with bits of eel-grass andseaweeds, fragments of shells, and other similar things, all of whicb are
firmly attached to the tube, but project externally in all directions, giving this part of the tube a very rough and ragged appearance externally, but it is very smooth within, and often it has an opening half aninch in diameter, or large enough so that the worm can turn around,end for end, inside of it. When undisturbed the occupant thrusts its
bead and the anterior part of the body out of the tube to tbe distanceof the sand orof several inches in search of food, or materials to add toits

tube, ex-

IXYEETEBRATE AXIMALS OF VINE YARD SOUND, ETC.
posing tlie curious bright red

gills,

347

wliich are shaped something like

The central stem is long and tai^jering, ^yith a bloodvessel winding spirally up to its summit, and another winding in theniiuiature fir trees.

opposite direction down to its base the basal part is naked, but above
this slender branches are given off, forming spirals all along the stem;

and gradually decreasing in length to the tip; each of the branches conThese branchia3 commence at the fifth
tains two slender blood-vessels.
segment and do not extend to the end of the body, the last ones beingmuch smaller, with few branches. The first four setigerous segments
have an acute, conical, papilliform ventral cirrus at the base of the lateralappendages; on the fifth and following segments these become low,broad, rounded, whitish tubercles, with longitudinal wrinkles or grooves,
and with a dark spot in the middle these appear to contain the glands
which secrete the cement used in constructing the lining of the tube, for;when attaching any additional object at the end, after adjusting it in the desired position the worm constantlyrubs this part of the lower surface back-ward and forward over the edge of the tube and the object to be cemented
to it, until a perfect adherence is effected, and a smooth coating of firm
mucus is deposited, and this operation is repeated for every piece added
to the tube. It is very interesting to watch these worms, when in confinement in an aquarium, while engaged in constructing their tubes.

By placing bits of bright colored shells, tinsel, cloth, or even piecesof bright colored feathers, near the tubes, they can be induced to usethem, and thus some very curious looking tubes will be produced
but they evidently prefer the more rough and homely materials to which
they are accustomed, when they can be had. The iridescent, opaline
colors of this species are usuall3' very brilliant and beautiful, especially on
the back, head, and bases of the antennae. The general color of the bodyis reddish brown, or deep brown, thickly specked with, gray; the antennse are paler brown; the lateral appendages yellowish brown, finely
specked with white and dark brown the gills usually blood-red, butvarying from light red to dark brown. There are two, small, black eyes
between the bases of the odd median and upper lateral antennae. This
species is' often quite abundant on the sand-flats near low-water mark,especially where there is more or less mud mixed with the sand, but it
is still more abundant in the shallow or moderately deep waters off'
shore, on muddy and shelly bottoms. It is difiicult, however, to obtain
entire specimens with the dredge, for it usually merely cuts off the upper end of the tube, while the occupant retreats below; occasionallythe head of the worm is cut off in this way. On the shore, also, it is
not easj^ to obtain entire specimens unless the tubes be cautiously apl)roached and the retreat of the worm prevented by a sudden and deep
thrust of the spade below it, so as to cut off' the tube. This species iscarnivorous and has a very powerful set of black jaws, which are unequal on the two sides of the mouth, (fig. 68.)
The MarpJii/sa Le'uhji (p. 319, Plate XII, fig. 61) is allied to the pre;

348

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ceding species, and has somewhat similar habits, but does not construct
such perf ct tubes. It is occasionally dug out of the sand at low- water
but is much more common in deeper water.
The Staurocephalus palUdus Y. is also an inhabitant of these sandy
shores, burrowing in the sand at low-water. It is a slender species,
about two inches long and one-tenth broad. It is peculiar in having
four long, slender antennae or tentacles on the front of the head, arjanged in a cross-like manner, to which the generic name alludes.
There are also four, small, dark red eyes on the upper side of the head.
The color is pale yellowish, the red blood-vessels showing through anteriorly.
This worm is allied to the two preceding, and to Lunihriconereis, and like them it is predacious in its habits and has a very
complicated set of jaws, consisting of numerous sharp, fang-like pieces
of various shapes, arranged in seveial rows on both sides.
The Sthenelais picta Y. is another curious Annelid, which is sometimes found burrowing in the sand at low-watermark, but it also occurs
on shelly and muddy bottoms in deep water. It has a long, slenderbody, six inches or more in length, and the back is covered with tworow^s of thin, smooth scales, which are very numerous.
The head isusually brownish, with a whitish spot on each side there is generally
a dark brown band along the back the scales are translucent, andvary in their color-markings, but more commonly there is a border ofdark brown or blackish along the inner edge, which is usually connected with a similar border along the anterior edge, or with an anterior angular spot, and often with a dark border along the posterioredge, leaving more or less of the central part of each scale white and5;translucent.

The Nephthys picta (Plate XII, fig. 57) is also sometimes found burrowing in sandy mud at low-water mark, but it is much more frequentin the deeper waters of the sounds. It can be distinguished at oncefrom all the other species of Nephthys found in this region by its greater
slenderness, and by having the body whitish and variously marked or
mottled on the back, toward the head, with dark brown; it sometimes
has a dark brown median dorsal-line. The shape of the head and position of the tentacles are also peculiar.

In sheltered situations, where there is some mud with the sand, theis often met withburrowing beneath the surface. In similar places, and also in nearlypure, compact sand, and in sand mixed with gravel, the large tubes ofAmphitrite ornata (p. 320, Plate XVI, fig. 82) are often to be seen
these show a round opening-, a quarter of an inch or more in diameter,surrounded by a slightly raised mound of sand, often diiferent in color
from that of the surface, and sometimes there are cylinders of suchsand around the opening. These tubes are scarcely to be distinguishedfrom those of Antkostoma rohii,stum, described above, and are found in
Cirratulus grandis V., (p. 310, Plate XV, figs. 80, 81,);

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ET
similar places.

'.

349

But the worms are very unlike in appearance andstructure.

Several species of slender, greenish worms, belongiag to the genera, Phyllodoce^ Fumidia, JEulalia^ and JEteone, are occasionally dug out of

the sand. In all these the head is well-developed and provided withfour antemuE at the end, and in the three last with an odd median
one on its upper side, and they all have two well- developed eyes,
and oval or lanceolate, leaf-like branchiae along the sides of the back.

They are very active species, and most of them belong properly tothe shelly and rocky bottoms in deeper water, where they are oftenvery abundant.

In sheltered coves, where there is mud with the sand,

Cistenides Gouldii V., (p. 323, Plate

XVII, figs. 87, 87a,) often occurs,

but it is more partial to the muddy shores. On various dead shells, aswell as on certain living ones, and on the back of XimitZws, &c., themasses of hard, sandy tubes, built and occupied by the Sabellaria vulgaris v., (p. 321, Plate XVII, figs. 88, 88«,) often occur.

Of the Xemerteans the largest and most conspicuous is the Meckelia
This species lives in the(p. 324, Plate XIX, figs. 96, 96a.)
clear sand, near low-water mark, as weU as in places that are more orless muddy, and notwithstanding its softness and fragility, by its means

ingensof burrowing rapidly, it can maintain itself even on exposed shores,
where the sands are loose and constantly moved by the waves. The

young, several inches or even a foot in length, are quite common, but
the full-grown ones are only occasionally met with. The largest that I
have found were at least 15 feet long, when extended, and over an inch
broad, being quite flat; but they co ild contract to two or three feet inlength, and then became nearly cylindrical and about three-quartersof an inch in diameter the body was largest anteriorly, tapering very
gradually to the posterior end, which was flat and thin, terminated bya central, small, slender, acute, contractile process one-quarter of aninch or less in length. The proboscis of the largest one, when protruded, was fifteen inches long, and about one-fifth of an inch in diameter where thickest.
This proboscis, which is forcibly protruded from aterminal opening in the head, appears to be an organ of locomotion, atleast to a certain extent, for when it penetrates the loose sand in any
direction it makes an opening into which the head can be thrust, andthen, by enlarging the opening, it can easil}^ penetrate. But the proboscis is probably used, also, as an instrument for exploring the sandin various directions, either in search of food or to test its hardness or
fitness for burrowing, thus economizing time and labor.
At any rate,
the ways in which this remarkable instrument is used by these worms,
when kept in confinement with sand, suggest both these uses. But
the proboscis is by no means the principal organ of locomotion, for thehead itself is used for this purpose, urged forward by the undulatory
movements of the muscular body, and aided by the constantly changing bulbous expansions, both of the head and body, which both crowdj350

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

tbe sand aside, making the burrow larger, and furnish points of resist-ance toward which the parts behind can be drawn, or against which
the head and anterior parts can push in continuing the burrow.
The head, moreover, is extremely changeable in form, at one time
being spear-shaped, with a pointed tip and thin edges, and constricted at the neck; in the next minute broadly rounded; thenperhaps truncate or even deeply emarginate at the end then graduallylosing its distinctness and blending its outlines continuously^ withthose of the body; or perhaps shrinking down to a small oval form,
not more than one-third as wide as the body just back of it. All theseand many other changes can often be witnessed within a very few minutes, and are so effected as greatly to aid the creature in burrowing
This worm can also leave the bottom and swim rapidly in the water,
the body being usually kept up edgewise and impelled forward by the
undulations of the body, which thus become horizontal. When swimming in this way the motion reminds one of the swimming of a snake
or an eel. In addition to the terminal pore, for the proboscis, there
is a deep lateral slit or fossa on each side of the head, and a large venThe latter is very changeable in form, changing
tral orifice beneath.
from elliptical, long oval, oblong, or hour glass-shape, to circular in rapid
succession. There are no eyes. Along each side of the greater part or
the length of the bod}^, the voluminous, transversely-banded lateralorgans can be imperfectly distinguished through the translucent integument, as well as the median cavity, in which a dark pulsating tube cansometimes be seen. The lateral organs commence at about the anterior
fourth in small specimens, but in the larger ones relatively nearer thehead, for in the largest they originate only six or eight inches back of
The portion in front of the lateral organs is thicker and more cyit.
lindrical than the rest of the body.
The color of the largest specimens is generally light red or flesh-color,
with the lateral edges and central band translucent grayish white, thelateral organs showing through as dull yellowish transverse branches,with diverticula between them head yellowish. But one large sped-*
men was dull brownish yellow others are yellowish white, with the
The smalllateral organs deep chestnut-brown, crossed by white lines.
specimens are generally paler, usually pale flesh-color or yellowish
white and often milk-white. Some of the diversity in color may be
due to sexual differences. This species has also been dredged on sandyand shelly bottoms in six to eight fathoms in the sounds.
Dr. Leidy has also described another similar species, from Great Egg
Harbor, under the name of MecheUa lactea., which I have not been able
to distinguish, unless it be what I have regarded as the light-coloredyoung of M. ingens ; the white color seems to have been the principal
character by which it was distinguished from the latter.
Tlie MeclvGlia rosea is, however, a very distinct s[)ecies, but it lives insimilar i)laces and is often associated with the ilf. ingcns. It has very sim;;;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
ilar habits, but does not grow to a very large size.

351

The largest specimens
observed are only six or eight inches long, and about a fifth of an inch
broad. The body is also more cylindrical, the flattened part being relatively- thicker and narrower, and not thin at the edges
in contraction
The lateral fossie of the head are long and.
it becomes nearly cylindrical.
deep the ventral opening is relatively much smaller than in M. ingens
and usually round. The proboscis is very long, slender color, light
purplish red or rose-color. The integument is rather firm and secretes
a tenacious mucus to which a thin coating of sand often adheres when
the worms are taken from their burrows. This species seems to construct an imperfect tube by slightly cementing the sand with its mucus.
All these species of MeclceUa when caught and when kept in confinement generally break off portions from the posterior part of the body,one after another, until nothing but the head and a lot of short segments
remain. Under favorable conditions they wouM doubtless be able torestore the lost parts, for other Nemerteans, having the same habit, are
known to do so, and in some cases even the small fragments from thecentral parts have been known to again become entire worms. Various
fishes feed upon these Meckelice^ and it is probable that the habit of dismembering, or rather disarticulating- themselves, may serve an important purpose, by enabling them to escape, in part at least, when seizedby fishes or crabs, for if even half the body should be lost the remaining
half would be much better than nothing, for it could soon restore eithera head or a tail.
Another Ii^emertean, which lives in sand at low water, is the Tetrasfcmma arenicoJa Y., (Plate XIX, fig. 98.) This is slender, subcylindrical,
and four or five inches long when extended. The head is versatile inform, usually lanceolate or subconical, and has four eyes on the upper
side.
There is a deep fossa on each side of the head. The ventra
opening, which is behind the lateral fossae, is small, triangular. The
color is deep flesh-color or light purplish.
The Balanoglossus aurantiacus is a very remarkable worm, related to
the Nemerteans, which lives in the clear, siliceous sand near low-water
mark. It is gregarious in its habits and occurs abundantly in certain
spots, although not to be found in other similar places near by.
It
makes tubes or holes in the sand, twelve or fourteen inches deep, and.
lined with a thick and smooth layer of mucus. It throws out of the orificepeculiar elliptical coils of sand, by which the nature of the occupant
may be known. This species was found by our party on the shore of
Xaushon Island, but Mr. A. Agassiz has found it abundantly at Newport, and on the beach just beyond Nobska Light, and also at Beverly,
Massachusetts. Dr. Packard informs me that he has collected it at
Beaufort, Xorth Carolina, and I have received specimens found at Fort
Macon, from Dr. Yarrow. The specimens first discovered were found at
Charleston, South Carolina, by Dr. William Stimpson, twenty years ago,
but they were only briefly and imperfectly described by Mr. Girard, at
:

;

;

352

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

that time, under the name of Stimjpsonia aurantiaca. Mr. A. Agassiz
has recently described and illustrated this worm, very fully, under the
new name, B. KowalevsMi, in the Memoirs of the American Academyof Arts and Sciences, vol. ix, p. 421, and he has also given an account of
its remarkable development and metamorphoses, proving that the larva
is a free-swimming form, long known as Tornaria., and generally supposed to be the larva of a star-fish. This worm, when full grown, attains
a length of six inches or more and a diameter of about a quarter of aninch. The body is elongated, tapering gradually, with a long, slender
posterior portion. The body is somewhat flattened dorsally throughout
most of its length. At the anterior end it is furnished with a broad
thickened collar, in which large numbers of mucus-secreting glands are
situated the anterior border of the collar is undulated, and from within
the concavity, on the dorsal side arises a large muscular proboscis, which
has a distinct peduncle, or narrower basal stem, above which it swells
out into a somewhat flattened, long, pyriform, or elongated and subconical form, the shape constantly changing during life. The proboscis
is somewhat wrinkled longitudinally, and more strongly horizontally,
being furnished with muscles running in both these directions, and its
surface contains mucus-secreting glands. According to Mr. Agassiz
the cavity of the proboscis is not connected with the alimentary canal,
but opens externally by a pore at the end, and by a narrow slit on theventral side near the base, in advance of the mouth. The mouth islarge and situated at the base of the proboscis on the ventral side. For
some distance along each side of the back, behind the collar, is a rowof complex gills; these are remarkable on account of their structure
and position; they are formed from diverticula of the oesophagus andfinally communicate with a row of external orifices situated along eachside of the median dorsal-vessel. The gills are supported by a system;of solid supports, constituting a sort of internal skeleton; the base of
the proboscis is also connected with a firm internal frame-work. The
color of this species is somewhat variable in young specimens the body;was brownish yellow with lighter mottlings, the collar red, and the proboscis white ; in large specimens the proboscis is pale reddish yellow,

the collar darker colored, the body purplish or brownish, the sides mottled with greenish and whitish, owing to the lateral organs or liver
showing through. The x)roboscis of this worm, according to the observations of Mr. Agassiz, is the principal organ of locomotion, but thecollar also aids in the movements.
The proboscis appears to be usedmuch as certain bivalve mollusks, such as Solen^ Fetricola, &c., use theirfoot in burrowing the end being contracted to a point, is thrust forward into the sand water being then forced into it, by the muscles farther back, the end expands into a bulb, enlarging the hole and giving apoint of resistance toward which the rest of the body can be drawn;
the front part of the proboscis being again contracted and the water;;

INVERTEBEATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
expelled, the point can be again thrust forward

So3

and the movements

repeated.

Two species of Sipunculoid worms are also found living in the sand
The largest and most common of these is the Phascolos-

at low-water.

oma GouJdii, (Plate XYIlI, fig. 93.) This species grows to the length ofa foot or more, and is often nearly half an inch in diameter, thoughmore commonly about a quarter of an inch. The body is round andconstantly changing in size and shape, owing to its contractions andthe surface is smoothish, but longitudinally lined with muscular fibers anteriorly, and transversely wrinkled posteriorly. The in-expansions

5

tegument is firm and x>archment-like. The mouth is surrounded bynumerous short tentacles, which are partially connected together by athin web, and crowded together in several circles. The color is yellowish white, grayish white, or yellowish brown. It burrows deeply in thesand and gravel, using its body for this purpose very much as the
BalanoglossuSj just described, uses its proboscis.

Another much smaller species of the same genus occurs in sand at
low-water, and has similar habits, but it appears to be rather uncom-

mon and has not been satisfactorily identified.
Comparatively few species of Mollusks naturally inhabit sandy shores,
though the shells of many species may be found on the beaches. On
the more exposed beaches of loose siliceous sand none but those whichhave the power of burrowing quickly and deeply beneath the surface
can exist. We find, however, that quite a number of our species, bothof gastropods and bivalves, possess this power in a high degree and do
habitually live on the exposed beaches of loose sand.
Among the Gastropods one of the largest and most conspicuous is
the Liniatia heros, (Plate XXIII, figs. 133-136.) This species occurs allalong our coast, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Oaj)e Hatteras or beyond, wherever sandy shores and pure waters are to be found, and it
even seems to prefer the outer ocean beaches, where the waves break withfull force, for it is abundant and of very large size on the outer beachesof the coast of Xew Jersey. When in motion (Fig. 134) the white soft
parts are protruded from the shell to a remarkable extent and spread out
broadly on all sides, so as to nearly conceal the shell the foot is large, flat,and broadly expanded, with thin edges, and by means of it the animal
is able to burrow, like a mole, beneath the surface of the sand, both forprotection and in search of the bivalve shells upon which it preys. Thejfoot when well exjjanded is concave below and lubricatedby a very
abundant secretion of mucus, and therefore, when extended beneath thesurface of the moist sand, it acts like a great sucker, holding the animal
in place pretty firmly by theatmospheric pressure, thus serving as asort of anchor in the sand.

But nevertheless large numbers of thesemollusks are uncovered, overturned, and thrown high up on the beaches
by the storms, especially in winter and early spring. This species, likemany others of its tribe, drills round holes through the sides of various
S. Mis. 61

23

354

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

bivalve shells by means of the small flinty teeth on its lingual ribbon,
which acts like a rasp, and having thus made an opening it inserts its
proboscis and sucks out the contents. All sorts of burrowing bivalvesin this way fall victims to this aud the following species, nor do they

confine themselves to bivalves, for they will also drill any unfortunate

gastropods that they may happen to meet, not even sparing their own
young.
variety of this species (var. triseriata, Plate XXIII, figs. 135, 136)
has three revolving rows of chestnut or purplish spots, and has been
regarded by most writers as a distinct species, and sometimes as the
young; but both the plain and spotted shells occur of all sizes, from thethe youngest to the oldest, and they are nearly always found together.
In some cases, however, a shell that has the spots well defined until
half grown, afterwards loses its spots and becomes perfectly plain, showing that the difference is only a variation in the color, but each styleAvaries considerably in form.

Another allied shell, growing nearl^^ as large and generally' much
more abundant, except on the outer beaches, is the Neverita duplicaia^(Plate XXIII, fig. 130.) This species has the same habits as the preceding aud in this region they are often found together but this is amore southern species, extending to the Gulf of Mexico and even to
Texas, but it is not very common north of Cape Cod and does notextend to the eastern coast of Maine and Bay of Fundy.
The curious egg-cases of this aud the last species are often met withon the sandy and muddy flats at low-water. They consist of a broad,thin ribbon of sand, coiled up into a circle and shaped something like asaucer, but without a bottom the ribbon is comi^osed of innumerable
little cells, each containing one or more eggs and surrounded withgrains of fine sand cemented together by mucus. The cells can easily
be seen by holding one of these ribbons up to the light and looking
through it. The peculiar form of these egg-masses is due to the factthat they are molded into shape by being pressed against the body of theshell when they are being extruded, and while they are still soft andgelatinous they thus take the form and spiral curvature of that partof the shell, and when laid in the sand the fine grains at once adhere
to aud become imbedded in the tenacious mucus, which soon hardens.
;;;

The Tritia trivittata (Plate XXI, fig. 112) is also frequently found on
When left by the tide it creeps along the surface of the sand, leaving long crooked trails, and sometimes burrows beneath the surface, and when burrowing it moves with the aperture downward and the spire pointing obliquely upward, but when at rest in its
burrow it reverses its position and rests with the spire downward andsandy shores and flats.

the aperture toward the surface.
The Ihjanassa ohsoJcta (Plate XXI,

fig. 113) is also generally to befound in considerable numbers creeping over the Hats, and making trails

IXVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VIXEYARl) SOUND, ETC.

355

aud burrows like the last, but this species has its proper home on the
muddy shores and in estuaries, and will, therefore, be mentioned again.
At certain times, especially in the spring, multitudes of the youngshells of Bittium nigrum (p. 305, Plate XXIY, fig. 151) are foundcreeping on the surface of the moist sand in sheltered places, at lowwater, and generally associated with large numbers of the Astyris lunata^
But this is not the proper habitat of(p. 30G, Plate XXII, fig. 110.)

either of these species; the reason of this habit is not obvious, unlessthey may have been accidentally transported to such places. They may
be found, however, on the eel-grass growing on sandy shores. The
Lacuna vincta (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 139) also frequently occurs on
eel-grass and sea- weeds in such x)laces.

The Creindnla fornieata (Plate XXIII, figs. 129, 129ft) and C. unguiforniis (Plate XXIII, fig. 127) occur on shells inhabited by the hermit
crabs as well as on the living shells of oysters, Pecten, Limuliis, &c andthe smaller and darker species, C. convexa, (Plate XXIII, fig. 128) occurs
both on the eel-grass, and on the shells of Ilyanassa ohsoleta, especiallywhen occupied by the small hermit-crabs. Occasionally specimensof Fiilgur carica (Plate XXII, fig. 121) and of Sycotypus canaUcu;

found crawling on sandy flats or in the tide pools, especduring the spawning season, but they do not ordinarily live insuch situations, but in deeper water and on harder bottoms off shore.
The curious egg- cases of these two si)ecies are almost always to be foundthrown up by the waves on sandy beaches. They consist of a series of
disk-shaped, subcircular, or reniform, yellowish capsules, parchmentlike in texture, united hj one edge to a stout stem of the same kind of
The largest
material, often a foot and a half or two feet in length.
capsules, about an inch in diameter, are in the middle, the size decreasing toward each end. On the outer border is a small circular or oval
spot, of thinner material, which the young ones break througli when
they are ready to leave the capsules, each of which, when perfect, contains twenty to thirty, or more, eggs or young shells, according to thelatus areiallyseason.

Dr. Elliott Coues, who has observed F. carica forming its cases at
Fort Macon, Xorth Carolina, states that the females bury themselves a
few inches below the surface of the sand on the flats that are uncovered
at low- water, and remain stationary during the i)rocess. The string of
capsules is gradually thrust upward, as fast as formed, and finally protrudes from the surface of the sand, and when coinpleted lies exposedon its surface. The string begins as a simple shred, two or three inches
long, without well-formed cases
the first cases are small and imperfect in shape, but they rapidly increase in size and soon become perfect,
the largest being in the middle; the series ends more abruptly than it
begun, with a few smaller and less perfect cai)sules. The number ofcapsules varies considerably, but there are usually seventy-five to
one hundred or more. At Fort Macon Dr. Cones observed this species
;

,

^56

rp:pokt of commissioner of fish

and fisheries.

spawning in May, but at Kew Haven they spawn as early as March and
It is probable that the period of spawning extends over several
months. Mr. Sanderson Smith thinks that they also spawn in autumn,
on Long Island. It is not known how long a time each female requires
for the formation of her string of capsules.
There are two forms of thesecapsules, about equally abundant in this region. In one the sides of
the capsules are nearly smooth, but the edge is thick or truncate alongmost of the circumference, and crossed by numerous sharp transverse
ridges or partitions, dividing it into facets. Dr. Ooues states that thesebelong to F. carica. An examination of the young shells, ready to leave
the capsules, confirms this. The other kind has larger and thinner capsules, with a thin, sharp outer edge, while the sides have radiating
ridges or raised lines. Sometimes the sides are unlike, one being smoothand more or less concave, the other convex and crossed by ten or twelve
radiating, elevated ridges, extending to the edge. This kind was attrib-^
uted to F. carica by Dr. G. H. Perkins, and formerly by Mr. Sanderson
Smith, but a more careful examination of the young shells, within thecanaliculata.
capsules, shows that they belong toApril.

>S^.

Among the sand-dwelling bivalve shells we find quite a number of
species that burrow rapidly and deeply, some of them living in perma-

nent holes or perpendicular burrows, into which they can quickly descend for safety'', and others burrowing in the sand in all directions,,
without permanent holes.
The '' razor-shell,'' Fnsafella Americana. (Plate XXVI, fig. 182, andPlate XXXII, fig. 245,) is a common inhabitant of sand-flats and sandbars, where the w^ater is pure, generally living near low-water mark or
below, but sometimes found considerably above low-water mark, as on
the sand-bar at Savin Eock. This curious mollusk constructs a deep,
nearly round, somewhat permanent burrow, which descends nearly i^erpendicularly into the sand to the depth of two or three feet. Theseholes can generally be recognized, b^^ their large size and somewhat
Sometimes they are very abundant
elliptical form, when the tide is out.
in certain spots and not found elsewhere in the neighborhood. They
sometimes come to the top of the burrow, when left by the tide, and project an inch or two of the end of the shell above the surface of the sandat such times, if cautiously approached, many can easily be secured byl-)ulling them out with a sudden jerk, but if the sand be jarred the wholecolony will usually take the alarm and instantly disappear. When thus
warned it is generally useless to attempt to dig them out, for they quickly
descend beyond the reach of the spade. They will often hold themselves
so firmly in their holes by means of the expanded cud of the long muscular foot, that the bod3^ may be drawn entirely out of the shell before
they will let go. When not visible at the orifice tliey can often be secured by cutting off their retreat with a sudden oblique thrust of the
spade below them. Tliey are obliged to come up to the upper i)art ofthe burrow on account of the shortness of their siphons, or brenthing:INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

357

tubes, which can be protruded only about an inch in specimens of theordinary size, and as they depend upon one of these to bring them bothfood and oxygen, and on the other (dorsal) one to carry off the waste
water and excretions, it is essential for their happiness that the orificesof these tubes should be at or near the opening of the burrow most oflong clam," Mya arenaria, (fig.
the time. In this respect the common
179,) and many others that have very long and extensile tubes have a'•'great advantage. But the ''razor-shell" makes up for this' disadvantage by its much greater activity. Its foot, or locomotive organ, (seefig. 182,) is long and very muscular and T)rojects directly forward fromthe anterior end of the shell at the end it is obliquely beveled and;pointed, and it is capable of beingeximndedattheendintoa large bulb,

or even into a broad disk, when it wishes to hold itself firmly and securely in its burrow.

In excavating its burrows it contracts the end of

the foot to a point and then thrusts it beneath the surface of the sandthen, by forcing water into the terminal portion, it expands

it•into aswollen, bulbous form, and thus crowds the sand aside and enlarges theburrow then, by using the bulb as a hold-fast, the shell can be drawn
forward by the contraction of the foot the latter is then contracted intoa i^ointed form and the same operations are repeated. The burrow thus
started soon becomes deep enough so that the shell will maintain an up-,5

work becomes much easier and the burrow
The " razor-shell," like all other bivalves,depends upon the minute infusoria and other organic particles, animaland vegetable, brought in by the current of water that supplies the gills
with oxygen. It is preyed upon by several fishes that seem to be able

right i)osition, when the

rapidly increases in depth.

to root it out of the sand, or perhaps seizeitwhen at the surface. In
The latter

this region its principal enemies are the tautog and skates.

appear to eat only the foot, for in their stomachs there are sometimes
many specimens of this organ, but no shells or other i3arts.

The common ''long clam," Mya arenaria, (p. 309, Plate XXYI, fig.
found on sandy shores from low-water nearly up to highwater mark, but it prefers localities where there is more or less gravelor mud with the sand, so as to render it compact, and it has a decided
preference for sheltered localities, and especially abounds on the shoresof esj;uaries where there is a mixture of sand, mud, and gravel. It will,
therefore, be more particularly mentioned among the estuary species.
Yet it is often found even on the outer ocean- beaches, in favorable localities, but not in the loose sands.
It lives in permanent burrows, andon account of its extremely long siphon-tubes, which can be stretchedout to the length of a foot or more, it is always buried at a considerable
depth beneath the sand. The specimens of this shell that live on theouter sandy beaches are much thinner, whiter, and more regular in form
than those found in the estuaries they are often quite delicate in texture, and covered, even when full grown, with a thin, yellowish epidermis,and look so unlike the homely, rough, and mud-colored specimens usually179,) is also;

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

358

sold in the markets, that they might readily be mistaken for anotherspecies.

The^'

sea-clam"'or " surf-clam," Mactra soUdisslma, (Plate XXVIII,

fig. 202,) is a large species which belongs properly to the sandy shores,

is seldom foundand

It is common both in the sounds and on theelsewhere.

outer ocean-beaches, but is not verj often found above low-water of or-

dinary tides unless thrown up by the waves. Its proper home is on
sandy bottoms in shallow water, just beyond low- water mark and down
to the depth of four or five fathoms. It occurs all along our coast,
wherever there are sandy shores, from Korth Carolina to Labrador. Its
shells are extremely abundant and of .very large size on the outer sandbeaches of Xew Jersey and the southern side of Long Island. This
species grows very large, some of the shells being more than six inches
long and four or five broad and there is great variation in the form of
the shell, some being oval, others more oblong or elliptical, and others
nearly triangular some are very swollen, others quite comi^ressed but
all the intermediate grades occur.
The siphon-tubes are quite short andthe creature does not usually burrow very deeply, nor does it seem toconstruct any permanent burrows. But it has a very large muscular,
compressed foot, with which it can quickly burrow beneath the surfaceof the sand. Xevertheless large numbers are always thrown on thebeaches by violent storms, and once there they are very soon devoured
by crows, gulls, and other large birds that frequent the shores. This
species is not very largely used as food, and is seldom seen in our markets partly because it cannot usually be so easily obtained in large
quantities as the common '' long clam" and '-round clam," and partly
because it is generally inferior to those species as an article of food, for
j

;

;

;

the meat is usually tougher, especially in the largest specimens.

But

moderate-sized and young '• surf-clams" are by no means ill-flavored or
tough, and are quite equal in quality to any of the other clams, either" long" or ''round," that are ordinarily sold in the markets.

The Siliqua costata, (Plate XXXII, fig. 211,) Lyonsia hyalina, (Plate
XXVII, fig. 194,) and Lccvicardmm Mortoni, (Plate XXIX, fig. 208,) areusually to be found on sand}^ shores and beaches, often in considerable
numbers, but they do not naturally live above low-water mark, and,

when found higher up, have probably been carried there by the actionof the waves. Their proper homes are on sandy bottoms, in shallow
water oft' shore. They are all rapidly burrowing species, and can live,
for a time at least, in the loose sand above low- water mark.

The Angulus tener (Plate XXVI, fig. 180, animal, and Plate XXX, fig.
sandy bottoms and sandy
mud. It frequently occurs
living at low-water mark, but is more abundant in deeper water. It isa rapid burrower, and has remarkably long, slender, white siphons,
which are entirely separate, from the base, and very ilexible. On account223, shell) is a species that is partial toshores, though it is also often found in softof the length of these tubes

it

can renuiin buried to a considerable

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

359"

depth beneath the surface of the saud, merely projecting the tubes up-

ward to the surface. It is, nevertheless, like other bivalves, often rooted
out of its burrows and devoured by many fishes, especially, in this reThis species is found all along thegion, by the " scup" and flounders.
LawrenceSaint
to South Carolina.
Gulfofcoast, from the
XXX,
fig.
(Plate222) is a related species, also
MacomaThe
fusca
furnished with similar, very long, slender, separate tubes, and is, therefore,
able to live deeply buried beneath the surface. This species is much moreabundant than the preceding, between tides, but it most abounds onshores that are more or less muddy, and in estuaries. But when living on
the sandy shores, and where the water is pure, it becomes much smootherand more delicate, and is often of a beautiful pink-color and muchlarger than the specimen figured.

When living in the muddy estuaries

it generally has a rough or eroded surface, more or less irregular form,

and a dull white or muddy color, often stained with black, resemblingin color the Mya arenaria, with which it is sometimes associated.

dug up and eaten by the tautog and other fishes.
The pretty little Tottenia gemma (Plate XXX, fig.

220)

is

It is

a species

above and below low-water mark andit often occurs in immense numbers on the sandy flats laid bare by thetides, buried just beneath the surface of the sand.
Owing to its small
Size it is, however, liable to be overlooked, unless particularly soughtfor.
It is an active species and burrows quickly.
It is peculiar in being viviparous, as was first observed by Mr. G. H. Perkins, who found,in January, from thirty to thirty-six, well-formed young shdls, of nearly
uniform size, in each of the old ones. This shell has a lustrous, concentrically grooved surface
the color is yellowish white or rosy, withthe beaks and posterior end usually purple or amethyst-color. It occurs
all along the coast from Labrador to South Carolina.
The common*' round clam" or '' quahog-clam," Venus mercenaria,(Plate XXYI, fig.
181, animal,) is also common on sand}' shores, living chiefly on the
sandy ^nd muddy flats, just beyond low -water mark, but is often foundon the portion laid bare at low-water of spring-tides. It also inhabits
the estuaries, where it most abounds. It burrows a short distance below the surface, but is often found crawling at the surface, with the shell
partly exposed. It has short siphon-tubes, united from the base tonear the ends, and a large, muscular foot, with a broad, thin edge, bymeans of which it can easily burrow beneath the sand when necessary.
The lobes of the mantle are separate all around the front and A^entraledge of the shell, and their edges are thin, white, and folded into delicate frills, some of which, near the siphon-tubes, are elongated andmore prominent. Owing to the broad opening in the mantle, the footcan be protruded from any part of the ventral side, and has an extensive sweep, forward and backward. The foot and mantle edges
are white the tubes are yellowish or brownish orange toward the end,l^eculiar to sandy shores, both

-,

;

;

360

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

more or less mottled and streaked with dark brown, and sometimes with
opaque white.
This species is taken in large quantities for food, and may almost alThe small or moderatesized ones are generally preferred to the full-grown clams. Most of
those sold come from the muddy estuaries, in shallow water, and are
fished up chiefly by means of long tongs and rakes, such as are often used
Sometimes they are dredged, and occasionallyfor obtaining oysters.
they can be obtained by hand at or just below low-w^ater mark. Theseestuary specimens usually have rough, thick, dull- white, or mud-stained
shells, but those from the sandy shores outside have thinner and moredelicate shells, often with high, thin ribs, especially when young* andin some varieties the shell is handsomely marked with angular or zigzag lines or streaks of red or brown, (var. notata.) These varieties
often appear so different from the ordinary estuary shells that many
writers have described them as distinct species, but intermediate styles
also occur. This species is very abundant along the coast from Cape
Cod to Florida north of Cape Cod it is comparatively rare and localIt does not occur on the coast of Maine or in the Bay of Fundy, except
in a few special localities, in small, sheltered bays, where the water isshallow and warm, as at Quahog Bay, near Portland but in the southern parts of the Gulf of Saint LawTence, as about Prince Edward's
Island and the opposite coast of ^ova Scotia, where the water is shallow and much warmer than on the coast of Maine, this species again
occurs in S€)me abundance, associated, in the same waters, with theoyster and many other southern species that are also absent from thenorthern coasts of Kew England, and constituting a genuine southerncolony, surrounded on all sides, both north and south, by the boreal

ways be seen of various sizes in our markets.

j;fauna.

The curious and delicate shell called Solenomya velum (Plate XXIX,
burrowing in the pure, fine, siliceous sandnear low-water mark, about two inches below the surface, but its proper
home is in shallow water, beyond low-water mark, and it is, perhaps

fig. 210) is occasionally foundmost abundant where there is mud mixed with sand, and it also lives
Its shell is glossy and of a beautiful brown color, and isvery thin, flexible, and almost parchment-like in texture, especially atthe edges. It is a very active species, and has a very curious foot,which is protruded from the front end of the shell, and can be used inin soft mud.

burrowing, very much as the '' razor-shell," described above, uses its footj

but the Solenomya makes use of its foot in another way, for it can swim
quite rapidly through the water, leaving the bottom entirely, by meansof the same organ. The foot can be expanded into a concave disk orumbrella-like form at the end, and, by suddenly protruding the footand expanding it at the same time, a backward motion is obtained by
the reaction against the water or, by suddenly withdrawing the footiiiid allowing it to remain expanded during most of the stroke, a for;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD 80UND, ETC.
ward motion is obtained.
swiftly361

It is a singular sight to see this shellswim

many times around a vessel of water, at the surface, until,

becoming exhausted by its violent exertions, it sinks to thebottom for rest.

finally,

The common''

scollop,'' Pecten irracllans,(PlateXXXII, fig. 213,) isalso frequently found living on sandy shores and flats, or in the poolsy

but it belongs more properly to the sheltered waters of the ponds andIt will, therefore, beestuaries, where it lives among the eel-grass.
mentioned again in that connection
The '- common muscle,'' Mytilus echilis, (p. 307,) is frequently' found inlarge patches on sandy flats, fastened together by the threads of
byssus. Some of the most beautifully colored varieties, (fig. 231,) withradiating bands of blue and yellow, are often found in such places, but
the speciesismuch more abundant and larger in other situations,especially in the shallow and sheltered waters of the bays, where there
is more or less mud.

Ascidiaus are almost entirely wanting on the sandy shores, but MolManliattensis (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 250) is sometimes foundeven on sandy shores, attached to eel-grass.
Of Br^'ozoa only two species are usually met with, and even these do
not have their true stations on the sandy shores. The delicate andgracefully branched Bugula turrita (p. 311, Plate XXXIY, figs. 258,259) is occasionally found growing attached to the eel-grass, which
often grows in the sandy tide-pools, or at extreme low- water. It also
occurs in great abundance among the masses of sea-weeds thrown ui>
by the waves on the sandy beaches. Such specimens are often large
and luxuriant, in some cases being more than a foot in length theseare derived from the bottom in deeper water, off shore.
The Escliarella variaUUs (p. 312, Plate XXXIII, fig. 256) is often foundencrusting dead shells of various kinds, especially such as are inhabited by the larger "hermit-crabs.'' It is also cast up in abundance, onsome beaches, from deeper water.
The Eadiates are not numerous on sandy shores, yet several interesting species may be found.
Among the Echinoderms we find four
species of holothurians, one sea-urchin, one star-fish, and one ophiuran.
The most common holothurian is the Le;ptosyna^ta Girardii, (Plate
XXXY, figs. 265, 266.) This is a long, slender, very delicate and fragile
species, which burrows deeply in the sand or gravel near low-water
mark. The holes are round and go down almost perpendicularly
they are usually not more than a quarter of an inch in diameter. The
creature is not quick in its motions, and can usually be found in the

(jida

;

j

upper part of its burrow when the tide is out. The skin is thin andquite translucent, so that the white muscular bands that run lengthwiseof the body, on the inside, can be easily seen, as well as the large intestine, which is always quite full of sand and gives a dark appearance tothe body. The tentacles are almost alwavs in motion, and are used in

362

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

burrowing as well as for other purposes. The skin is filled with minuteperforated oval plates, to each of which there is attached, by the shank,a beautiful

little anchor, (fig. 266,) quite invisible to the naked eye.
The flukes of these anchors project from the skin and give it a roughfeeling when touched
they aflbrd the means of adhesion to various
foreign substances, having a rough surface, and are doubtless useful tothem when going up and down in the burrows. When kept in confinement this species will generally soon commence to constrict its body, atvarious points, by powerful muscular contractions, which often go so
far as to break the body in two, and after a few hours there will usually
be nothing left but a mass of fragments.
Another related species, L. roseola Y., also occurs in similar places
and has nearly the same habits, but this species is of alight rosy color,caused by numerous minute round or oval specks of light red pigment
scattered through the skin. The anchors are similar but much more
slender, with the shank much longer in proportion. The perforated-,

plates are also much smaller in proportion to the length of the anchors.

The Caudina arenata is much more rare in this region. It lives at
extreme low-water mark, or just below, buried in the sand. Its skin is
thicker and firmer than that of the preceding species, and its body isshorter and stouter, while the posterior part narrows to a long slendercaudal portion. Its skin is filled with immense numbers of small, round,wheel-like plates, with an uneven or undulated border, perforated near
the rim with ten to twelve roundish openings, and usually having
four quadrant-shaped openings in the middle; or they may be regarded
as having a large round opening in the middle, divided by cross-bars
into four parts. This species appears to be rare in this region, and was
met with only by Professor H. E. Webster, at Wood's Hole, but it isquite abundant in some parts of Massachusetts Bay, as at Chelsea
Beach and some of the islands in Boston Harbor. These and all otherholothurians are devoured by fishes.

The Thyoiie Briareus is a large purple species, often four or five inches
long and one inch or more in diameter. It is thickly covered over its
whole surface with prominent papilLT, by which it may easily be distinguished from any other found in this region. It is more common in
the shallow waters off shore, on shelly bottoms.
The '• sand-dollar,'' Ecliinaraclinius parma^ (Plate XXXY,
isthe only sea-urchin that

is

fig.

267,)

commonly met with on sandy shores infound living on the shore, except at
extreme low water of spring-tides, when it may sometimes be foundon flats or bars of fine siliceous sand in great numbers, buried justbeneath the surface, or even partially exposed. It creeps along beneaththe sand with a slow gliding motion, by means of the myriads of minuteextensile suckers with which it is furnished. It is fiir more abundanton sandy bottoms at various depths oft' shore. It has a very wide range,^or it is found all the way from New Jersey to Labrador, and also on
this region, and this is not often

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

363

the North Pacific coast ; and in depth it ranges from low-water mark to
430 fathoms, off Saint George's Bank, where it was dredged by Messrs.

Smith and Harger. When living its color is usually a rich purplish
brown, but it soon turns green when taken from the water. It gives adark green or blackish color to alcohol, which stains very injuriously
any other specimens put in with it. The fishermen on the coast ofMaine and ]S"ew Brunswick sometimes prepare an indelible marking-ink
from these ^'sand-dollars," by rubbing off the spines and skin and,after pulverizing, making the mass into a thin paste with water.
number of fishes have been found to swallow this unpromising creaturefor food, and the flounders consume large numbers of them.
The common green star-fish, Asferias arenicola, (p. 326, Plate XXXV,
fig. 269,) is sometimes met with on sandy shores, but is much less abundant than on rockj' shores. The curious " brittle star-fish,'' OpMura
oUvacea, is sometimes found among the eel-grass on sandy shores, especially in tide-pools, in sheltered localities.
It may be recognized by its
nearly circular, disk-like body, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter,with five round, rather slender, tapering, stiff-looking arms, about threeinches long. The color is bright green, much like that of the eel-grassamong which it lives. When at home in the water it moves about overthe sand quite rapidly by means of its arms. When taken from thewater it does not usually break itself up into numerous fragments,
as readily as most of its related species do. It is rather southern in its
distribution, and Yineyard Sound is perhaps its northern limit. It
extends southward at least to North Carolina.
Of acalephs there are no species known to me that properly belong
to the sandy shores, but Hydractinia polyclina (p. 328) is often foundon the shells carried about by the hermit-crabs, in such situations, andthere are species of Ohelia and other hydroids that sometimes grow on
the eel-grass in the tide-pools, but they are much more frequent in otherA

situations.

Among the Polyps we find several species proper to sandy shores andspecially adapted to this

these

is

mode of life.

the JEalocamjya iwoducta^

which has already been described.

(p.

One of the most interesting of
XXXYIII, fig. 285,)

330, Plate

This often occurs in the sand at

low- water mark, and makes round holes about a foot deep, which cansometimes be recognized by small cracks radiating from the hole when
the tide leaves them uncovered.

Th^ Sagartia modesia (p. 330) is also found buried in the sand at lowwater, especially where there is also some gravel with the sand. The
Sagartia leiicolena (p. 329, Plate XXXYIII, fig. 284) is sometimes foundin similar situations, but belongs properly to the rocky shores.

The Faractis rainformis is a species that is still little known. It lives
buried deeply in the sand at and below low-water mark. It appears to
be common on the coast of Xorth Carolina, at Fort Macon, where it isoften thrown up by storms, and it has also been found at Great Egg Har-364

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

bor and near New Haven light. The body is three or four inches long
AYhen extended, and au inch or more in diameter, and is very changeable
in form. The surface is nearly smooth, slightly sulcated lengthwise,
and the color is usually pink, or pale flesh-color, translucent. The

tentacles are numerous, short, tapering, pale greenish olive, with a darkband around the base, connected with a dark line radiating from themouth. Toward the upper part of the body the surface is somewhat
wrinkled and is capable of attaching grains of sand to itself. When
thrown up by the waves it contracts into a globular or pyriform shapeand '' somewhat resembles a boiled onion or turnip.''
List of the species ordinarily inliahiting the sandy shores.

AETICULATA.
Insects.

Pase.

Page.

Muscidjie, (larv?e)

Cicindela generosa (larva) . .
C.dorsalis
0. hirticollis

O.albohirta

335
336
335
335
335

Geopinus incrassatus
Phytosus littoralis

335
335
335
335
335

Bledius cordatus
B. pallipennis
Heterocera undatus

Crustacea.
Page,

Page.

Ocypoda arenaria
Gelasimus pugilator
Cancer irroratus
Oarcinus granulatus
Platyonichus ocellatus
Libinia canaliculata

Hippa talpoida
Eupagurus pollicaris
E. longicarpus

Crangon vulgaris
Pahiemonetes vulgaris

337
336
338
312
338
339
338
313
339
339
339

Orchestia agilis
Talorchestia longicornis
T. megalophthalma

Lepidactylis dytiscus.

.

Unciola irrorata
Idotea irrorata
I.

c?eca

I.

Tuftsii

Scyphacella arenicola. .

Limulus Polyphemus.

.

346
336
336
339
340
340
340
340
337
340

Annelids, ( Cha'topods.
Page.

Page.

Sthenelais picta

Nephthys picta
Eteone, sp
Nereis virens
N. limbata
Oirratulus grandis
Scolecolepis viridis
S. tenuis

348
348
349
341
341
348
345
345

I*olydora ciliatum

Diopatra cuprea
Marphysa Leidyi
Lumbriconereis opaliua
L. tenuisStaurocephalus pallidus

Khynchobolus Americanus
1\.

dibranchiatus

345
346
347
342
342
348
342
341

365
Page.

Spio robustaS.

setosaNerine agilis
Aricia ornata
Antliostoma robustuin
A. fragile

Maldane eloDS^ata

.

...

Page.

Clymenella torquata

345
344
346
344
343
344
343

343
342
342
349
349
348

!N"otomastus luridus^. filiformis
Sabellaria vulgaris .

Cistenides Gouldii.

Amphitrite ornata.

OUgoclmta,
Page.

Page.
1

Halodrillus littoralis

338

Clitellio irroratus

1

- - .

.

324

Xemerteans.
Page.

'Page.
,

Meckelia lactea
M. in gens

M. rosea

350
349
350

Cosmocepliala ocbracea

I

Tetrastemma arenicola
Balanoglossns anrantiacns.

325
351
351

Si;punculoids.
Page.

Pbasoolosoma Gouldii

353

Page.
I

Phascolosoma, sp.

353

IvIOLLUSCA.
Gastropods.
Page.

Fulgur carica
Sjcotypus caualiculatus

355

Astyris lunata

306
354
354
353
354

Ilyanassa obsoleta
Tritia trivittata

Lunatia lieros
L. heros, var. triseriata

355

Page.

Neverita duplicata
Crepidula foruicata

354
355

C. convexa

Bittium nigrum

355
355
355

Lacuna vincta

355

C. unguiformis

Lamellihranclis.
Page.

Ensatella Americana
Siliqua costata

Mya arenaria
Lyonsia byalina

Mactra solidissima

Macomafusca
Angulus tener

356
358
357
358
358
359
358

Page.

Yenus mercenaria
Totteniat gemma

Lievicardium Mortoni

359
359
358

Solenomya velum

360-

Mytilus edulis
Pecten irradians

361
361

366

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FiSH AND FISHERIES.
Bryozoa mid Asddians.

Moigula Manbattensis
Escliarella variabilis

Page
361

Paire.

Bugula tnrrita

361

361

RADIATA.
Echinoderms
Page.

Page.

Tbyoue Briareus
Caudina arenata

362
362

Ecbiuaracbnius parma

362

Asterias areuicola

Leptosyuapta Girardii ......

361

Opbiura olivacea

363
363

L. roseobi

362

.

.

,

Folyps.
Page.

Halocampa prodiicta
Saffartia

II. 3.

modesta

363
363

Page.

Sagartia leucolena
Paractis rapiforinis

363
363

—FAUNA OF THE MUDDY SHORES OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS.

Tbe muddy shores in this region grade almost insensibly into the sandyand shores that are entirely of mud, without any admixture of ffne
sand, rarely occur except in the estuaries and lagoons. Therefore we
find, as might have been anticipated, that it is difficult to draw a very
definite line between the animals living upon the sandy shores and those
Many of the species seem, also,
living upon the muddy shores and flats.
to be equally at home, whether living in mud or sand, and many others
prefer a mixture, although capable of living in either. But if we were
to compare the animals living in pure sand with those living in clear
mud, the two lists would be quite different, although a considerable
number would be common to both lists. Moreover, the eel-grass grows
in considerable quantities both upon sandy and muddy shores, in certain localities, and a large number of species which inhabit the eel-grassshores5

will, therefore, be found in both lists.

In discussing the species found on sandy shores, in the precedingpages, references have constantly been made to other stations inhabitedby many of the species, and especially in the case of those that are common to the sandy and mudd3^ shores. Therefore it will not be necessar^^to repeat the facts in this connection, but the species will be enumerated
in the list at the end of this section.

A considerable number of species have their place in this list chiefly
because they occur on beds of oysters planted on muddy shores, at andWithout these artificial stations some ofjust below low-water mark.
them would hardly be found on such shores, or at least but rarely. It
is evident that the shells of oysters, when in large (piantities, supply, toIXVERTEBKATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

367

a certain extent, conditions similar to tliose of rocky shores, and consequently it is natural that certain rocky-shore species should be found insuch situations. Only the more common and most important of thesehave been introduced into the list, however, for to include all the species
to be found among oysters would uselessly extend the catalogue.
Among the Crustacea we find a considerable number of species whichhave their proper homes on the muddy shores.

Of the true crabs there

are at least eleven species that constantly occur in these situations, butseveral of them, viz,

Cancer irroratus, (p. 312,) Fanopeus depressiis^ (p.
and Carchuis granulatus, (p. 312,) are found in312.) P. ^ayi, (p. 312,)

greater numbers elsewhere, and depend largely upon the oyster-beds for
The Carcinus granulatus, hov^'eyer, often
their safety on these shores.
resorts to the holes and cavernous places under the i)eaty banks of theshores, or along the small ditches and streams cutting through the peaty
marshes near the shore. The marsh "fiddler-crab,*' GeJasimxis pugnax^
is usually very abundant in the peaty banks and along the ditches andstreams at and just above high- water mark, where it excavates great
numbers of deep holes, often completely riddling the soil. This species
the borders of the estuaries andis, however, more at home along
lagoons and will be described more fully in that connection, as well as
the Sesarma reticulata., which often occurs with it in both situations.

The " oyster-crab," Fbinotlieres ostreimi, (Plate 1, fig. 2, male.) is found
The female lives, at least when mature, within
the shell of the oyster, in the gill cavity, and is well known to most consumers of oysters. The males (fig. 2) are seldom seen, and rarely, if ever,occur in the oyster. We found them, on several occasions, swimmingwherever oysters occur.

actively at the surface of the water in the middle of Vineyard Sound.

They are quite unlike the females in appearance, being smaller, with afirmer shell, and they differ widely in color, for the carapax is dark brownabove, with a central dorsal stripe and two conspicuous spots of whitish,as indicated in the figure the lower side and legs are whitish. The
female has the carapax thin and translucent, whitish, tinged with pink.
The Pinnixa cylindrica (Plate I, fig. 1) is a related species which isoccasionally met with on muddy shores. It lives in the tubes of certain
large Annelids in company with the rightful owner. The specimens
hitherto met with in this region w^ere either found free, or dug out of
the mud, and it is uncertain with what worm they associate, though it
is most likely to be the Nereis virens, but on the coast of Soutli Carolina;

itlives, according to

Stimpson.

Dr. Stim^ison, in the tubes of Arenicola cristata

It has been found in the stomach of the ocellated flounder.

The common edible-crab or blue-crab,'' Callinectes liastatus^ is a common inhabitant of muddy shores, especially in sheltered coves and bays.
''

It is a very active species

and can swim rapidly it is therefore often
The full-grown individuals gen5

seen swimming at or near the surface.

erally keep away from the shores, in shallow w^ater, frequenting muddy

bottoms, especially among the eel-grass, and are also found in large

368

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

numbers in the somewhat brackish waters of estuaries and the mouthsof rivers. The young specimens of all sizes, up to two or three inches
in breadth, are, however, very frequent along the muddy shores, hid-

ing in the grass and weeds or under the peaty banks at high- water, anddown when disturbed they swim away
They also have the habit of pushing themselves backward into and beneath the mud for concealment. They are
predacious in their habits, feeding upon small fishes and various otheranimal food. They are very pugnacious and have remarkable strength
in their claws, which they use with great dexterity. AVhen thej^ haverecently shed their shells they are caught in great numbers for themarkets, and thesesoft-shelled crabs" are much esteemed by many.
retreating as the tide goes5

quickly into deeper water.

'^

Those with hard shells are also sold in our markets, but are not valued
so highlj'. This crab can easil}^ be distingushed from all the otherspecies found in this region by the sharp spine on each side of the•carapax.

The common " spider-crab," Lihinla canalicnlata,, (p. 339,) is very com-

mon on muddy shores and flats. It hides beneath the surface of the
mud and decaying weeds or among the eel-grass, and is very sluggish
covered with hairs which entangle
and sometimes hydroids,
algtT, and even barnacles grow upon its shell, contributing to its more
ready concealment. The males are much larger than the females, andhave long and stout claw^s. They often spread a foot or more across theextended legs. The females have much smaller and shorter legs andin its motions.
particles of

Its whole surface is

mud and dirt of various kinds;

comparatively weak claws.

Another similar species, Llbinla duhla^ is also found on muddy shores
and has nearly the same habits. It has a much longer rostrum, moredeeply divided at the end.

The two common species of " hermit-crabs" are both found on muddy
shores, especially among eel-grass, but the larger one, Eupagiirus polli-

ccms, (p. 313,) is comparatively rare. The small one, U. lonf/icarpus^ (p.
313,) is very common and usually occupies the dead shells of llyanassa
ohsoleta, thoughmany may be found in other species of shells.

The Gehia affinis (Plate II, fig. 7) is a crustacean somewhat resembling ayoung lobster three or four inches in length. It lives on muddy shores
and digs deep burrows near low-water mark, in the tenacious mud or clay,
especially where there are decaying sea-w^eeds buried beneath the sur-

The burrows are roundish, half an inch to an inch in diameter,very smooth within, aiul go down obliquely for the distance of one or
two feet, and then run oft' laterally or downward, in almost any direction, to the depth of two or three feet, and are usually quite crooked
and winding. We have found them most abundant on the shore ofGreat Egg Harbor, New Jersey, near IJeesle.v's Point, but they also
face.

occur at New Haven and Wood's Hole, &c.
itThis species is quite active ;swims rapidly and jumps back energetically.

It is eagerly devoured

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
b3' such fislies as arequite elegaut.

able to capture

it.

3()9

When living the colors are

Along the back there is a broad baud of mottled, red-dish brown, which is contracted on the uext to the last segment; eachside of this band the mottlings are fewer, and the surface

somewhat
The last segment and the appendages of the preceding one arethickly specked with reddish brown: their edges are fringed with grayhairs.
The Calianassa Stimjysoni Smith, (Plate II, lig. 8, large claw,) isalso a burrowing species, but its habits are at present little known, owing
It has been found in the stomach of fishes, and is probato its rarity.
bly more common farther south.
The Sguilla emjmsa is a very interesting creature, whose habits are
It is often thrown on the beaches by thestill imperfectly known.
waves, and probably it usually burrows in the mud below low-water
hairy.

mark, but in certain localities it has been found burrowing at or near
low-water mark of spring-tides, forming large, irregular holes. The very
curious, free-swimming young (Plate YIII, fig. 36) were often taken in
the to wing-nets. Large specimens are eight or ten inches long and about
two broad. The body is not so stout built as that of the lobster, and thecarapax or shell is much smaller and softer, while the abdomen is muchlarger and longer in proportion. The legs and all the other organs arequite unlike those of the lobster, and the last joint of the great claw, instead of forming a pair of pincers with the next, is armed with a row
of six sharp, curved spines, which shut into corresponding sockets,arranged in a groove in the next joint, which also bears smaller spines.
By means of this singular organ they can hold their prey securely, andcan give a severe wound to the human hand, if handled incautiously. It
also uses the stout caudal appendages, which are armed with spines, very
efif'ectively.
The colors of this species are quite vivid, considering its
mud-dwelling habits. The body is usually pale green or yellowish green,each segment bordered i^osteriorly with darker green and edged withbright yellow; the tail is tinged with rose and mottled with yellow andblackish the outer caudal lamellfe have the base and spines white, thelast joint yellow, margined with black; the inner ones are black, j)ale
the inner antennie areat base; the eyes are bright emerald-green
dark, with a yellow band at the base of each joint and the flagellum
is annulated with black and white.
The common shrimp, Crangon vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10,) isfrequent on muddy shores, where it has a darker color than when living on sandy shores. The common prawn, Palwmonetes vulgaris, (p. 339,
Plate II, fig. 9,) is also common in such situations, especially' where
there is eel-grass, among which it finds its favorite resorts, but it isstill more abundant in the estuaries.
Another shrimp, the Ylrhius zostericoJa Smith, also occurs among the eel-grass, in similar places.
Jt isusually greenish in color.
Two other species of shrimp-like Crustacea, belonging to the genus
Mijsis, are also found on muddy shores, especially among eel-grass.
S. Mis. 61
21
;

;

;

370

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The Jllysis stenolepis Smith, (Plate III, fig. 12, female,) is often very
abimclant in sucli situations. The small young ones have been taken in
May, and the half-grown ones later in the season. In the early spring
the adult females, with eggs, occur in great numbers among the eelgrass, in estuaries and ponds. Mr. Yinal N. Edwards caught a large

number in a small pond at Wood^s Hole, April 1.

]^o males were foundat this time with the females; the only adult males observed were taken
in autumn. Possibly the males do not survive the winter. The adultfemales have not been observed in summer, and they probably die after
hatching their young in the spring. The whole body is translucent
each segment of the body has a stellate black spot and there is more;or less blackish j)igment on the caudal lamelkT, telson, anteunal scales,

and inner flagellum and peduncle of the antennulte. This species conThe other species, il/. Amcricana Smith, also lives among eel-grass, as well as in deeper water oft"
shore among algi^e. This has been found in large numbers m the stomachs of the shad and the spotted flounder.
Of Amphipods there are comparatively few species. The Unciola

tributes largely to the food of many fishes.

irrorata(p.

340, Plate lY, fig. 19) is pretty common here, as elsewhere.

The Am]}Mtlw(i valida S311TH (p. 315,) is often met with among eel- grass.
Another species, A. compta Smith, also occurs in the same places.
It differs from the preceding in many characters, but may easilj^ be dis-tinguished by its red eyes.

A third species of the genus, ^l. Jonglmana

Smith, is also found among eel-grass. It has black eyes. The Corapkiiini cylhidnctim and Gammarus mncro nat us oecuv among eel-grass andalgiie, often in great numbers.

Of Isopods there are several species.

The Idotea irrorata (p. 31G,
The Erichso-

Plate y, fig. 23) is common wherever eel-grass is found.

Harger, (Plate VI, fig. 27,) is also found clinging to
muddy situations. The Upelys trilobus (Plate VI, fig. 28)
is found creeping about over the bottom or among and beneath thenia attemiata

eel-grass indecaying vegetable matter and mud usually to be found in sheltered sitIt is usually so covered up with adhering dirt as readily" toescape observation. The Upelys montosus also occurs in similar situauations.

tions.

Whenever lumber or drift-wood has been left for some time on the

muddy shores it is found to be more or less eaten by the Limnoria lignorum, (Plate VI, fig. 25.) This small isopod gnaws its galleries in thewood to a depth of about half an inch from the surface, and after atime these galleries become so numerous that the superficial layer will
be completely honeycombed, and it will then scale off and another layer
will be attacked.
This little creature often does great damage to thepiles of wharves and other kinds of submerged wood-work in this region, and will be mentioned again in discussing the animals inhabiting
piles, &c.

The "horse-shoe crab,'' LUnidns rolyplicinus, (p. 310,) is also common

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

371

ou muddy shores, burrowing beneath the surface, at or just below lowwater mark.
Many of the Annelids found on muddy shores occur also on sandy
shores, especially where there is a mixture of mud with the sand, andconsequently they have been mentioned in the i)receding pages.
Among these are Nereis viyens (p. 317, Plate XI, figs. 47-50) and N.
Jimhata, (p. 318, Plate XI, fig. 51,) both of which are common on muddy
shores also Dioimira ciq)rea, (p. 320, Plate XIII, figs. G7 and GS :) Lum.
;hriconereis opalhia, (p. 312, Plate XIII, figs. 69, 70 5) L. tenuis, (p. 312 •)Maldane elongata^ (p. 313 5) Notomastus Juridus, (p. 312;) J^otomastus fillfonnis, (p. 312;) Cirratnlus grandis, (p. 319, Plate XY, figs. 80, 81;) Cis.
tenides GouJdii, (p. 323, Plate XVII, figs. 87, 87rt;) all of which arefound both in mud and sand, but prefer, perhaps, a mixture of the two.
X, figs. 45, IG) and E. dihrancJiiatus (p. 341, Plate X, figs. 43, 44) are also found in mud, though perhaps more common in fine sand, or sandy mud.
The " blood-drop,'' Fohjcirrus eximius, (p. 320, Plate XXI, fig. 85) is
however, a species that belongs properly to muddy localities, and it delights in the softest and stickiest mud of the shores, near low- water
mark. The larger blood-drop, Cluctoljyancluis sanguineus, (p. 320,) is also
found in similar situations, and the soft mud, filled with decaying vegetable matter, seems to be its most congenial home.
Of Mollusks there are comparatively few species that are peculiar to
muddy shores, but there are many that live almost equally- vrell in such
localities and on shores or bottoms of other kinds.
Among the Gastropods, the proper mud-dwelling species are few.
The Ilyanassa ohsoleta (p. 354, Plate XXI, fig. 113) is the most abundant, for it occurs everywhere over the mud-flats in great numbers, and,in cold weather, often crowds in large numbers into the pools left on
the flats. The Xassa vihex (Plate XXI, fig. Ill) has nearl^^ the same
It is more frequently found among
habits, but is comparatively rare.
the eel-grass, and is more common farther south.

BliyncholjoJus Amcricanus (p. 312, Plate

The FAipleura caudata (Plate XXI, fig. 117)isusually found rather

sparingly in this region, but in one locality, at Waquoit, it occurred inconsiderable numbers in the small streams and ditches in the muddy

marshes near the shore. It occurs occasiouallj^ at low-water, but ismore often met with on muddy and shelly bottoms in the shallow waterof the bays and sounds, and is much more common f^irther south. The
CrepiduJa convexa (p. 355, Plate XXIII, fig. 128) is very common on
the shells of Ilyanassa ohsoleta^ especially when they are inhabited by"hermit-crabs.'' It is also frequently found on the eel-grass, where, inAugust, it often deposits its bright yellow eggs inclosed in small, gelatinous masses, which are grouped in clusters.

The Bulla soUtaria (Plate XXV, fig. IGl) is a species restricted to

muddy shores and bottoms, in sheltered situations, and is found also in
muddy ponds and estuaries. The color of the animal of this species is

372

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES,

when it is fully exteuded it has a siugular appearThe general color is usually orange-browu. and it is thickly
speckled with darker brown. This shell is devoured in large numbersby the flounders, and doubtless by other fishes.
A number of species which habitually live clinging to eel-grass arequite peculiar, andance.

to be found in the localities wiiere this plant flourishes, either in thepools or at low-w^ater mark, but they are not peculiar to or characteristic of muddy shores.
Among these the most common are Astyris

lunata, (p. 306;) Blttium nigrum^ (p. 305;) Triforis nigrocinctus, (p. 305;)

and Lacuna

vincta, (p.

305.)

The

Littorina irrorataisoccasionallyfound in sheltered situations, but this region is north of its true range,and such specimens as are found may have been introduced from farther south with oysters. It is very abundant on the southern coast.
The Urosalj)lnx cinerea [X). 306) occurs wherever there are beds of oysters, upon which it feeds.
Most of the bivalve shells to be found on muddy shores have alreadybeen enumerated as living also on the sheltered sandy shores, and the
majority of them flourish equally on both kinds of shores, and on thoseof a mixed or intermediate character.
Among these. are Mya arenaria^
MacomaAnguliis309:)
tener, (p. 358;) Venus merce.
fuscaj
358;)
(p.
(p.
naria, (p. 359 ;) Argina jyexata, (p. 309 :) Mytihis edulis, (p. 307;) Fecten
irraclians, (p. 361.)
There are, however, other species that are almost
peculiar to muddy shores, and are highly characteristic of them. The
Pliolas truncata (Plate XXYII, fig, 200) excavates deep holes in deposits of tenacious clay at all elevations between tides, and is still more
frequently found living in holes in the borders of peat-bogs, or marsh
In such places
deposits, which have been encroached upon by the sea.
they sometimes occur nearly up to the ordinary high-water markTheir holes are round and nearly perpendicular, and increase in size
from the orifice downward. They vary in depth according to the sizeof the shell the deeper ones are often a foot or a foot and a half in
depth and often an inch in diameter. The shell remains near the bottom and stretches out its long siphon tubes, which are united together
quite to the end, until the tips reach the external orifice of the burrow
These tubes are generally yellowish white except at the end, where they
are blackish or brownish the orifices and papilla^ are also variousl^^
marked with purplish brown or dark brown. The dark coloration of
the end of the siphon tubes is doubtless for purposes of protection frompredacious fishes, crabs, &c. Its foot is short and stout, obliquely truncated, and bevelled at the end. The Fctricola pholadiformis (Plate
XXVII, fig. 199) is generally associated with the preceding species andIts habits are uearly the same, but it does not makeis more abundant.
it is more active in its motions, and can easilyso
deepburrows
its
climb up to the upper part of its hole by means of its long, thin, whiteThe
foot, which is tongue-shaped and very extensible ami flexible.
siphon-tubes are long and slender, tapering, and united for about a;;;INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

37o'quarter of their leiif^tli, beyond which they are separate and diver^i^'ent.
They are yellowish white, more or less spotted, especially toward theend, with orange, brownish, or blackish, which, in large specimens, forms
streaks near the ends or even becomes confluent, making the tips very
dark colored. The branchial orifice is surrounded by a circle of numer-

ous bipinnate papilla?, which usually alternate with smaller and more
simple ones the papillae of the dorsal tube are similar, but more simpleThe Tagelus gihhus (Plate XXYI, fig. 181, animal; Plate XXX, fig.
;

217, shell) is another inhabitant of muddy shores, which burrows deeplyThis species is confined, on the shores, chiefly to the zone

into the mud.

near low- water mark, but probably lives also in shallow water beyond
the reach of the tides. In this species the foot is large and muscular,
thick, tongue-shaped, and has a very wide range of motion, for the manThetle is open along the whole length of the ventral edge of the shell.
tubes are separate, from the base, and are round, white, and capable ofvery great extension, for a specimen of ordinary size, kept in confinement, extended the tubes to the length of nine inches. These tubes
are translucent, and at the end have small rounded lobes around theaperture, each lobe being furnished at its base, inside, with a small,orange, eye-like spot, which is probably an imi)erfect visual organ, andwith two others on the inside lower down. The branchial tube has sixof these lobes and ocelli
the dorsal one has eight. On each tube
there is a row of small, white, slender, obtuse papilla?, corresponding*to each terminal lobe, and runniug along the whole length of the tubes*
The color of the animal is white throughout. This bivalve makes deep;burrows in the tenacious mud, each of which has two orifices, not far
apart, for the two tubes. By this peculiarity their burrows may beat once recognized, whenever seen.
The ^luUnia lateralis (Plate XXVI, fig. 185, b, animal) is occasionallyfound living at extreme low-water mark, on muddy flats, but its true
home is on the soft muddy bottoms in shallow water, where t is often
excessively abundant. In this species the foot is relativeh' large andmuscular, more or less pointed at the end, and capable of assumingmany different forms and positions it has a wide sweep in its motions
and can be thrust forward or backward. The siphon-tubes are united
nearly to the end, but the separation is indicated by a groove between
them for nearly half the length. The branchial tube is the largest, andits orifice is surrounded by a circle of twelve to twenty-four, slender,
elongated, simx)le papillae, each of which usually has a small, black, eyelike spot at its basea little below this terminal circle there is another,composed of smaller, very short, blunt papilljTe. The dorsal tube also has
a subterminal circle of similar papilla^, above which the tip forms a retractile cone, with the small, simple orifice at the tip.
The animal isyellowish white, the tubes generally pale yellow. This species burrows
just beneath the surface of the mud, and it is eaten in large numbers by
the scup and other fishes.
;

;

374

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The Cumingia

tellinoides (Plate

XXX, fig. 221) aud KelUa plamdata(Plate XXX, fig. 22C) are sometimes found living in the mud at low-

water, but are rare in such situations.

They are more common at thedepth of a few fathoms on muddy and shelly bottoms.
The ribbed muscle, Modiola plicatnla, (p. 307, Plate XXXI, fig. 238,
is very abundant near and even above high-water mark, along the
muddy borders of the marshes and banks and among the roots of grass*
The Modiola Immatus is occasionally met with, especially on oysterbeds, adhering to the shells, where it is sometimes very abundant. It
has probably been introduced with the oysters, from the South, where
it is common.
It somewhat resembles the preceding spgcies, but it isshorter, broader, with strong radiating ribs, many of which are forked.
Its color is yellow or yellowish brown.

The common "scollop,'' Fecten irradianSj (p. 361, Plate XXXII, fig.
243.) occurs among the eel-grass on

muddy shores in great abundance,
The young shells may

in many localities, especially in sheltered places.

be found during the whole summer, but the adult specimens come up to
the shallow waters and shores in great numbers in the autumn. This
species is very active and can rise from the bottom and swim throughthe water with great rapidity by opening and energetically closing its
valves, thus expelling the water from the gill-cavity, the reaction sending the shell backward. It often remains up among the leaves of theeel-grass, resting upon them, where they are matted together, but if
alarmed the creature suddenly swims away in the manner described, andtakes to the bottom. It is very watchful and quickly perceives its
enemies.
The thickened outer edge of the mantle, both above andbelow, is fringed with rows of numerous tapering papillne or tentacles,
the inner ones largest, and among the bases of these there is a row ofvery bright silvery or bluish eyes, thirty to forty or more to each valve
the number increasing with the size of the shell j a short distance within

the outer fringe of tentacles there is a raised yellow or orange ridge,
which bears another series of smaller papilhie, aud the space between
these and the outer ones is radiately striated.

The central muscle whichcloses the valves of this shell is large and powerful.

This is the portion

which is sold in our markets in large quantities, and is highly esteemedby many as an article of food. Its decided sweetish taste is, however,
objectionable to some persons. To some, also, it proves actually injurious, sometimes producing nausea and even worse symptoms. After
storms this shell is sometimes found thrown upon the beaches in immense
quantities.

The oyster, Ostrcm

Virginiana,(p.

310,) is often

pkmted upon the

muddy shores at and below low- water mark, in many parts of Long Island
Sound and elsewhere, but for this purpose the muddy estuaries are preferred, where the water is more brackish and the bottom less disturbed

by the storms.

The mud, however, should not be too deep, and ought

to have a soHd substratum, a few inclies beneath.

INVERTEBEATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

375

The Ascidiaiis are generally imcoinmou on mudd}^ shores, but wlierever
the eel-grass flourislies, and especially in sheltered situations, the Molgida
Manhattensls (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 250) is usually to be found ad-hering to it. The BotryUus GouUVii (Plate XXXIII, figs. 252, 253) is alsofrequently found growing upon the eel-grass in such situations, as wellas upon the piles of wharves, bottoms of boats, &c. This species wasfound in great profusion upon the eel-grass in Little Harbor, at Wood's
Hole, and in Waquoit Pond. In both these localities the water is nearlypure and but slightly, if at all, brackish. But it has also been found byProfessor J). C. Eaton on the piles at Brooklyn, Xew York, where thewater is more brackish. This species when young forms thin, soft, circular or oval incrustations covered with stellate clusters of the minute animals, (fig. 253,) which are imbedded in it each of these has a small
circular orifice toward the outer end, opening into the gill cavity, andanother orifice opening into a larger cavity in the center of the cluster,which is common to all those in the cluster and it has a central external orifice, through which the waste water from the gills, the fieces,and the eggs are discharged. These young colonies begin to appear inJune and grow ver}' rapidly, new individuals being formed by buds thatoriginate from the first ones in rapid succession, so that in two or three
weeks the small colonies will increase from a quarter of an inch inbreadth up to three or four inches, if they be situated on a flat surface and have room to spread. If upon the stem or leaf of the eelgrass they will extend entirely around it, and perhaps several inches
along its length, if not opposed by other colonies. At the same time thecrusts increase very urach in thickness. Thus by the end of the summer,
the eel-grass, alga?, stems of hydroids, &c., often become completely
covered up by the luxuriant growth of this curious compound animal.
The colors of this species are extremely variable and often very elegant,and it is seldom that two colonies can be found with precisely the same];

pattern of color.

Growing upon the same leaf of eel-grass, many dif-ferent colonies may often be found, each showing a different arrange-

ment of the colors.
In one of the most common varieties the general color of the common
tissue between the stellate clusters is dull olive-green, thickly speckedwith small flake- white spots, which are formed by the enlarged terminal
portion of stolon-like processes, which bud out from the perfect individuals composing the clusters, and are arranged somewhat in circles aroundthe clusters; the lower portion of these stolons is usually yellow ororange, and the outer part deep purple, tipped with flake-white.

The

individual animals, or zooids, comi)osing the stellate clusters, are deep
purple, with the branchial orifice yellowish white, surrounded by a circleof orange;a short flake-white longitudinal line runs along the middle ofthe upper side, intermitted by the branchial opening, but this line isoften represented only by two white spots other flake-white spots areusually irregularly scattered over the outer end.
5

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

376v

In another variety the deep purple zooids have a circle of flake- whitearoimd the branchial orifice, a short white bar or spot beyond it on theouter end, a white spot on the middle between the orifices, and anotherwhite spot on the inner end near the anal orifice the stolons colored asjin the ijreceding-.

In another common variety (var. Mcolor) the colors are similar exceptthat the outer half of each zooid is almost entirely covered with flakewhite, sometimes tinged with orange, while thejjroximal half is deep pur-

Another has the purple zooids spotted and blotched witli flakewhite over the whole surface; sometimes the specks are so fine andnumerous as to give a uniform silvery or frosted appearance, (var. fari-ple.

nacea.)One i)eculiar variety {anmilata) has a small circle of w^hite around thethe branchial opening, surrounded by another large circle of flake-white,which incloses nearly the outer half of the zooid.

The variety atrox has

the zooids covered to a considerable extent with flake-wliite, so arrangedon each as to jDresent the appearance of a skull
formed by deep purple spots.

;

the two eyes being

The variety variegata is pale yellowish olive or orange-brown5

thezooids have a white ring around the branchial orifice, inclosed by a brown

and the latter is surrounded more orby flake-white, there is usually also a median bar of
the inner portion is deep i)urple, more or less mottled withring, which is often interrupted ;less completely
flake- white ;white, and there is a white spot at the inner end.

In the variety albida
nearly the whole upper surface of the zooids is flake- white.

In another very beautiful and distinct variety (var. stella) the common
tissue is translucent, pale olive, with white-tipped stolons , the zooids

are brown or purple, marked on the upper side with two parallel longitudinal bars of flake-white, which are separated by a narrow dark line,

which radiate from the center of the cluster, thus producing theappearance of a many-rayed star, with the rays alternately white anddark the white bars are sometimes interrupted near the inner ends,
and small specks of flake- w^hite are sometimes scattered over the outerend. In this form there are often ten to fifteen zooids in each cluster,and they appear longer and less swollen than in the other varieties, owing, perhaps, to the optical effect of the radiating lines.
This is the mostdistinctly marked variety that was observed, and was at first thought tobe a distinct species.
The Kadiates are not abundant on muddy shores. The Thyone
BriareuH (p. 3G2) is sometimes found on such shores, in sheltered situ-

all of;ations, amongeel-grass.

The common star-fish, Asfcrias arcnicola, (p. 326,

Plate XXXy, fig. 209,) is often altogether too abundant on mudd^' shores,on the oyster-beds, where it commits great havoc.
The ITy dr actinia poly cUna (p. 328) is often found on the shells occupied

by hermit-crabs." Several species of Ohclia grow upon the eelvgrass,where the water is sufficiently clear. The Jlalcciuni (jracile V. (p. 328,)*'

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
is freqiieutly found attacliecl to the shells of377

oysters, aud to other solid

objects.

List of species commonly found on the muddy shores of the hays and sounds.

ARTICULATA.
Crustacea.
Page.

Gelasinius pugnax

367

Sesarma reticulata

367
367

Pinnixa cylindrica
Pinnotheres ostreum
Cancer irroratus
Panopeus depressus
P. SayiCallinectes hastatus
Carcinus granulatus

Mysis stenolepis
M. Americana
Squilla empusa

Gammarus mucronatus

367
367

Libinia canaliculata
L. dubia

Eupagurus longicarpus ....
E. pollicaris
Callianassa Stimpsoni

Gebia affinis
Yirbius zostericola

Crangon vulgaris ...
Pali^emonetes vulgaris^

370
370
369
370
370
370

Amphithoe valida
A. compta

367
367
367
367
368
368
368
368
369
368
369
369
369

,

A. longimana.

Unciola irrorata
Corophium cylindricnm
Idotea irrorata
Erichsonia atteuuata
Epelys trilobus
E. monfcosus
Limnoria lignorum.

Limulus Polyphemus
Kumerous small Entomos-

370
370

370
370
370
370
370
370
370

traca, of many genera.

Annelids {Chcetopods.)
J

Pao-c.

Page.

Nereis virens

Cistenides Gouldii

371
371
371
371
371
371
371
371

N. limbata
Diopatra cuprea
Lumbriconereis opalina
L. tenuis

Maldane elongata
Xotomastus luridus
K. flliformis

Amphitrite ornata
Khynchobolus Americanus.
E. dibranchiatus
Cirratulus grandis

Polycirrus eximius

Gh?etobranchus sanguineus.

371
320
371
371
371

371
371

MOLLTJSCA.
Gastropods.
Page.

liyanassa obsoleta

„

371
371

Kassa vibex
Eupleura caudata

371

Urosalpinx cinerea
Astyris lunata ...... ......
Crepidula convexa

372
372
371

'

Littorina irrorata—

Lacuna vincta
Bittium nigrum

Page,

372

372

Triforis nigrocinctus

372
372

Bulla solitaria

371

378

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
LameUihranchs.
Page.

Pholas trnucata
Tagelus gibbus

Page.

372
373
372

Yenus mercenaria

My tilus edulis

Oumiugia tellinoides
Angulus teuer

373
372
374
372

Petricola plioladiformis

372

Ostr^ea Tirciniana

Mya areuaria
Mulinia lateralis

Macoma fiisca

Kellia plauulata

Argiua pexata
Modiola plicatula
M. hamatus.
Pecteii irradians

372
374
372
372
374
374
374
374

Ascidians.
Page.

age.
I

Molgala MauLattensis. ....

375

I

Botryllus Gouldii

375

RADIATA.
JEclimoderms,
Page.

Tbyone Briarens

376

Page.

Asterias areiiicola

376

AcaJephs.
Page.

Hydractinia polycliua

376

Page.

Halecium oracile

376—

ANIMALS INHABITINa THE PILES AND TIMBERS OF WHAEYES AND
BRIDGES, BOTTOMS OF VESSELS, BUOYS, AND OTHER SUBMERGED

II. 4.

WOOD-WORK.
In these situations a large number of species may be found, but the
majority of them are not peculiar to such stations. There are, however,quite a number of species that are nearly always found under these cir-

cumstances, and others are directly dependent for their very existence
upon submerged wood. Some of these, like the Teredo, for example, areof so great importance, owing to the injuries which they do to valuable
property, that it seems desirable to make a special division for the
animals ordinarily found in connection with wood-work of various kinds,
whether injurious or not.
On the piles of wharves and bridges various kinds of sea- weeds often
grow in abundance, each species having a particular zone to which it islimited but as these i)lants require light, thcj are found almost exclu5

sively upon the outer rowsof piles and timber, and are most abundant on

the outer side of the piles and on t\\G southern exposures, where they get
the most sunliglit. These alga', afford congenial homes to a considerable
number of animals, most of which occur also among alga^ on the rocky
shores and in tidc-imols. P>cneath the wharves, where the ])iles are con-

INVERTEBRATE AXIMALS OF YIXEYARD SOUXD, ETC.

D i\)stantly sbadeil, very few alga?, and those only of the smallest and simplest kinds, sueli as Ocillatoriiie

these shaded situations

and Diatoms, are to be fonnd.

But inmany animals, such as Tubularians and otherHydroids, some Ascidians, Bryozoa, &c.j delight to dwell.

Many ofthese adherent animals also live in abundance on the outermost piles of

the wharves, at or just below low-water mark, where they are more orless exposed to the sunlight.

The animals that are found among or attached to the seaweeds
growing on the i:)iles are, for the most part, identical with those thatare to be found in similar situations among the algi^ on rocks and inrocky tide-pools.
Among those that are nearly or quite peculiar to submerged wood-work
are several species of " ship-worms,'' {Teredo of several species, and the
Xylotrya fimhriata^) which are bivalve mollusks; the wood-eating Limnoria; several species of barnacles, which belong to the Crustacea;
some of the tubularians, and other hydroids, &c.
Of the salt-water Insects two species have been observed on the pilesof whar\'es.

One of these is a small, slender, green larva, with a dark,

firm head, and sharp jaws.

It is the larva of a small, two-winged fly,probably identical with the Cliironomus oceanicus of Packard.
On the piles of a wharf at Menemsha, Dr. Edward Palmer found, in
October, a very interesting insect-larva. It lived in a stout tube composed of grains of sand firmly cemented together, and attached by its
whole length to the piles; the single si)ecimen is broken at both ends.
The tube is flattened, and consists of a central, subcylindrical, tapering
portion, or i^roper tube, which is covered on all sides with a single layerof small grains of sand, neatly arranged along each side of this, andpartly covering its upper surface, and to fill the angle between it andthe surface to which it was attached, larger grains of sand are cemented.
The preserved portion of the tube is about three-quarters of an inchlong and nearly one-quarter wide, at the larger end, but not more thanhalf as wide at the small end. The larva is about a third of an inch
long, rather stout, and has a pair of long, sharp, curved jaws, and threepairs of rather long, hairy legs. It belongs to the Phryganid?e, among
the Xeuroptera, and somewhat resembles some of the well-known larva?
of the caddis-flies, common in fresh water, which make tubes or casesof various kinds. Dr. Hagen, who has examined this specimen, refers
it to the genus MoJanna, of which three iS'orth American species are
known, but only in the adult state. All the larvic of this genus, knownin Europe, live in fresh water, and no other species of the Phryganidi^.
has been observed in sea-water, although some live in water that is;slightly brackish.

Of Crustacea the most important species is the Limnoria lignorum,
This little creature is grayish in color, and(p. 370, Plate Tl, fig. 25.)

covered with minute hairs.

It

has the habit of eating burrows forabout half an inch. These bur-itself into solid wood to the depth of

380

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

rows are nearly round, and of all sizes up to al)out a sixteenth of aninch in diameter, and they go into the wood at all angles and areusually more or less crooked. They are often so numerous as to reduce
the wood to mere series of thin partitions between the holes. In thisstate the wood rapidly decays, or is washed away by the waves, andevery new surface exposed is immediately attacked, so that layer afterlayer is rapidly removed, and the timber thus wastes away and is entirely destroyed in a few years.
It destroys soft woods more rapidly
than hard ones, but all kinds are attacked except teak. It works
chiefly in the softer parts of the wood, between the hard, annual layers, and avoids the knots and lines of hard fiber connected with them,as well as rusted portions around nails that have been driven in, and,
consequently, as the timbers waste away under its attacks, these
harder portions stand out in bold relief.
Where abundant it will
destroy soft timber at the rate of half an inch or more every year, thus
diminishing the effective diameter of piles about an inch annually.
Generally, however, the amount is probably not more than half this, buteven at that rate, the largest timbers will soon be destroyed, especiallywhen, as often happens, the Teredos are aiding in this work of destruction.
It lives in a pretty narrow zone, extending a short distance aboveand below low-water mark. It occurs all along our shores, from LongIsland Sound to Nova Scotia. In the Bay of Fundy it often does
great damage to the timbers and other wood-work used in constructing
the brush fish- weirs, as well as to the wharves, &c. At Wood's Hole it
was formerly found to be very destructive to the piles of the wharves.
The piles of the new Government wharves have been protected bybroad bands of tin-plate, covering the zone which it chiefly affectsNorth of Cape Cod, where the tides are much greater, this zone isbroader, and this remedy is not so easily applied. It does great damage, also, to ship-timber floating in the docks, and great losses are
sometimes caused in this way. Complaints of such ravages in theifiavy-yard at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, have been made,\and thej^also occur at the Charlestown navy-yard, and in the piles of the wharvesat Boston. Probablj^ the wharves and other submerged wood-work in
all our sea-ports, from New York northward, are more or less injuredby this creature, and, if it could be accurately estimated, the damage
would be found surprisingly great.
Unlike the Teredo, this creature is a vegetarian, and eats the wood
which it excavates, so that its boring operations provide it Avith bothfood and shelter. The burrows are made by means of its stout mandibles or jaws. It is capable of swimming quite rapidly, and can leap
backward suddenly by means of its tail. It can creep both forward
and backward, its legs are short and better adapted for moving up
and down in its burrow^ than elsewhere, and its body is rounded, withpandlel sides, and well adapted to its mode of life. When disturbed
it will roll itself into a ball.
The female carries seven to nine eggs oryoung in the incubatory pouch at one time.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

381

The destructive habits of this species were first brought promiueutly
to notice, in 1811, by the celebrated

Eobert Stephenson, who found it

rapidly destroying the wood -work at the Bell Eock light-house, erectedby him on the coast of Scotland. Since that time it has been investigated and its ravages have been described by numerous European
writers.
It is very destructive on the coasts of Great Britain, where itisknown as the " gribble.*'The remedies used to check its ravages are chiefl\' copper or othermetallic sheathing

5

driving broad-headed iron nails, close together,

into the part of the piles subject to their attacks jtar, creosote, or verdigris-paint,

and applying coal-once a year or oftener.

Another singular crustacean, common on the piles at Wood's Hole,isthe Tanais fihim.

This

is

a very slender, whitish species, almost

thread-like in form, but has the first pair of legs much thickened, withvery peculiar, stout claws, ovate in form the rest of the anterior legs
are very slender. The antenna? are short and thick, the inner ones directed forward the outer ones more slender, and curved outward andbackward. This species lives among the adhering ascidians and hydroids on the piles, and has also been found in deeper water, in the Bayof Fundy. Its habits are little known, but some of the allied species
have been accused of boring in wood.
Two species of barnacles are very common on the piles of thewharves. The common barnacle of the rocky shores, BaJanus haJanokJes^;

5common on the piles of wharves and bridges, between
and also on the bottoms of vessels, &c. It never grows verylarge, although it mnj become so crowded together as to form a continuous crust. It is easily distinguished from the other species by its
membranous base, which never forms a solid plate, like that of theother species. The "ivory-barnacle," Balanus ehurneus, is also common
on all kinds of submerged wood-work, whether fixed or floating. It
is usually abundant on the piles and timbers of wharves, buoys, oysterIt is chiefly found below low-water
stakes, bottoms of vessels, &c.
mark if on fixed objects, and is even more common in the brackish
waters of estuaries than in the purer waters outside, and it is capableof living even in pure fresh water, for Professor Jeffreys Wyman has
sent me specimens collected, by himself, about sixty-five miles up the SaintJohn's Eiver, in Florida, where the water is not at all brackish. This
species is sometimes found adhering to the carapax of crabs, theshell of Limulus, and various moUusks.
It is easily distinguished frommost species on account of its low, broad form and its smooth white
exterior.
The B. crenatuSy common on shells andIt has a shelly base.
stones in deep water, also occurs on vessels. Other species are often
found on the bottoms of vessels that have come from warmer latitudes.
Some of them are of large size. One of the most frequent of these is(p. 305,) is also

tides,

Balcums tintinahulum.
Several species of " goose-barnacles,'' Lepas,

are frequently

found

6bZ

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

on the bottoms of vessels, and especially sncli as have recently
West Indies and other foreign countries. These
resemble, in general appearance, L. fascieularis, (Plate YII, fig. 33,)
which is a common indigenous species, usually found adhering to floatingsea- weeds and other small objects in early summer, in large numbers.
It is doubtful whether anj" of those found on the bottoms of vessels
can be regarded as true natives of this region. The most common ofthem is L. anatifera; the valves of its shell are bordered with orange.
The other common species are L. anserifera and L. ])ectinata. Speciesof the curious genus, Conchoderma^ also occur on the bottoms of vessels.
Among the Crustacea that commonly occur among the ascidians,
hydroids, and algcne on the piles of wharves, ave Panopeus Sayi, (p. 312,)
P. depressus^ (p. 312, Plate I, fig. 3,) Gammarus ornatus, (p. 314, Plate lY,
fig. 15,) AmpliWioe compta S., (p. 370,) Gorophium cylindricum^ (p. 370,)
Melita nit Ida, (p. 314,) Gaprella, sp., (p. 316,) and various small EntomosJwra copiosa (p. 315) often occurs abundantly near high-water
traca,
mark, on old piles and timber, living in the crevices and cracks, orunder loosened bark.
Of Annelids very few if anj' species occur that are peculiar to these sitalive

arrived from theuations.

The Fotamllla oculifera (p. 322, Plate XVII, fig. SQ) is quite

common on the piles of wharves where the water is inire.

P. micropli-

thalmaY. (p. 323) also occurs under the same circumstances, and also on
the piles in harbors, where the water is brackish.
The Leproia rubra Y. was found living in tubes among the ascidianson the piles of the wharves. This is a Terebelloid worm, somewhat
resembling the AmpMtrite ornata, (Plate ^\l, fig. 82,) but is much
There aresmaller, and there are fascicles of setie on all the segments.
three pairs of arborescently divided branchiae, which are pedunculated^
the last pair being quite small. The body is bright red, the tentacles
pale flesh-color.

The Nlcolea simplex Y. (p. 321,) was also found with the last in large
numbers, but mostly of small size. Both males and females of JS^ereis Jimhata (p. 318, Plate XI, fig. 51, male) were often found among the barnacles
and ascidians on the piles of the wharves at Wood's Hole, but the males
were the most abundant, while the reverse was the case with those dug'out of the sand and gravel on the shores.
Numerous other Annelids were occasionally met with among the ascidians and algic. Among these were Folycirrus exlmlus, (p. 320, Plate
XYI, fig. 85;) Fodarle ohscura Y., (p. 319, Plate XII, fig. 61;) a FJnjllodocdy &c.
Two Xemerteans were also common; one of these was anolive-green species, with alight dorsal stripe, belonging probably to thegenus GcrehratnlnSy but it was not carefully studied ; the second was
Folinia glutinosaj (p. 324, Plate XIX, fig 97.)

Of Gastropod moUusks quite a number of sjiecies occur on the pilesof wharves, and some of them in great abundance, especially the smaller

kinds which live among the hydroids and confervie.

The most abun-

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

d8ddaut species is generally theAstyris lunata, (p. 30G, Plate XXI, fig. 110,)
which generalh' occurs among the small algie and especially on theTiibulariaus, in countless numbers; AnacMs avara (p. 30G, Plate XXI,
Bittium nigrum (p. 305,
fig. 109) is often found in considerable number
Plate XXIY, fig. 151) and Triforis nigrocinctus (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig,152) are usually common and the former often is very abundant Ceritliiopsis Greenii (Plate XXIY, fig. 153) sometimes occurs, but is rare; Byanassa obsoJeta (p. 351, Plate XXI, fig. 113) and Tritia trivitiata (p. 351,
5;

Plate XXI,

fig.

112) arecommon, especially the former; rrosalpinx

cinerea (p. 306, Plate XXI, fig. IIG) is generally to be found at or below
low- water mark on the piles and buoys; BeJa pUcata (Plate XXI, fig.

sometimes met with, but is not common Odostomia hisuturalis
XXIV, fig. 116) and other species of the genus are often
found near low-water mark on the piles, especially where they are

107)

is

;

(p. 307, Plate

somewhat decayed. Littorina xxdliata (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 138)
and L. rudis (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 137) nearly always occur nearhigh-water mark, on the piles, where there are alga\ In the harbors,where the water is brackish, and less frequently in the purer waters,
the Alexia myosotis (Plate XXV, fig. 168) may be found on timbers andpiles near high-watermark, and sometimes, also, SlceneaplanorhiSj (Plate
XXIV, fig. 112,) Littorinella mimita, (Plate XXIV, fig. 110,) and Eissoa
Among and feeding npon theaculeus, (p. 306, Plate XXIV, fig. 111.)
Tubularians growing on the piles at and just below low-water mark, thebeautiful uEoUdia inlata (Plate XXV, fig. 171) may often be found, espe- »cially in the harbors where the water is more or less brackish.

Another related species, apparently the Carolina gymnota, was foundby Professor Todd, on an old wreck in the Wood's Hole passage, but it
differs in several x^oints from any form that has been described.
The
branchiae were arranged in six transverse simple rows, on each side,
those of the second and third longest in the anterior rows there werefour to six branchiae, the lower ones much shorter tban the upper ones.
In life the branchiae were dark green or blackish.
Several other Gastropods are occasionally met with in these situations, but the species above named are about all that ordinarily occur.
;

Among the Lamellibranchs, or " bivalve-shells," sve find the Teredo
tribe, nearly all of which are peculiar to submerged wood-work, either

fixed or floating, and most of them are capable of doing great damage,both to ships and to the timber and piles of wharves and bridges, orother similar structures. Although jDopularly known as the " shii)worm,'' these creatures are not at all related to the worms, but are true
mollusks, quite nearly allied, in many respects, to the common '^'longclam'^ {^Jya) and to the Pholas.
Like those shells the Teredo excavates
its holes or burrows merely for its own protection, and not for food; but
the Teredo selects wood in which to form its holes, and when these havebeen excavated it lines them with a tube of shelly material. The holes
are very small at the surface of the wood, where they were formed by

384

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the young Teredos but they gradually grow larger as tbey go deeper anddeeper iuto the wood, until they souietimes become ten inches or morein length and a quarter of an inch in diameter, but the size is generally

not more than half these dimensions. The holes penetrate the woodat first perpendicularly or obliquely, but if they enter the side of thetimbers or planks across the grain, the burrows generally turn horizontally in the direction of the grain a short distance beneath the surface,unless prevented by some obstruction, or by the presence of other
Teredo tubes, for they never cross the tubes of their companions orinterfere with each other in any way, and there is always a thin layeror partition of wood left between the adjacent tubes. It is, however,not necessary that they should follow the grain of the wood, for they
can and do penetrate it in everj^ direction, and sometimes not morethan half the tubes run in the direction of the grain, and they are oftenvery crooked or even tortuous. They rapidly form their burrows in all
kinds of our native woods, from the softest pine to the hardest oak, andalthough they usually turn aside and go around hard knots, they arealso able to penetrate through even the hardest knots in oak and otherhard woods. The Teredos grow very rapidly, apiDareutly attaining
maturity in one season, and therefore, when abundant, they may
greatly damage or completely destroy small timber in the course of fouror five months, and even the largest piles may be destroyed by them inthe course of two or three years.

The most abundant species in this region is the Teredo navalis (cutsland 2; Plate XXVI, fig. 183, animal Plate XXVI I, fig. 186, shell.)5

EXPLANATION OF THE CUTS.
Posterior or outer end of a living Teredo naralis, removed from its burrow
the muscular collar by which it adheres to the shelly linino- of its burrow p, theshelly "pallets" which close the aperture when the animal withdraws; t, the two
retractile siphon-tubes which project from the hole when the animal is active.
s, the front part of the shell
Fig. 2. Anterior end and shell' of the same/, thefoot or boring organ.
Fifj, I.

c,

;

;

;

This is the same species that has attracted so much attention in
Europe, during nearly two centuries, on account of the great damage that
Nevertheless no full
it has done, especially on the coast of Holland.
description of the animal of this species has yet been published, nor
any satisfactory figures of the soft parts.
When removed from its tube (see Plate XXVI, fig. 183) the animal isINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

385

found to have a very long, slender, smooth, soft, whitish body, taperingsomewhat toward the outer or posterior end, (fig. 1,) which has a muscular, circularly wrinkled collar, (c,) by which the animal is, when living,attached to the inside of the shelly lining of its tube. To the inside ofthis collar two shelly plates, known as the " pallets," (_p,) are attachedby their slender basal prolongations their outer portions are broad andThese areflat, and more or less emarginate or two-horned at the end.
;so connected with the muscles that when the animal withdraws its tubes

into its hole the free ends of these pallets are made to fold together andclose the opening, thus serving as an operculum to protect the soft tubes

against enemies of all kinds.

Between the bases of the pallets arise

the siphonal tubes, (^,) which are soft and retractile, united together forhalf their length or more, but separate and divergent beyond they are-,nearly equal, but the ventral or branchial tube
larger than the other, andisperhaps alittlewith a few small papillae at theend the tubes are white or yellowish, sometimes specked with reddishbrown. At the anterior end of the body and farthest from the external
opening of the hole, is seen the small, but elegantly sculptured, whitebivalve shell, (cut 2, s ; and Plate XXVI, fig. 183, s.) The shell covers theis fringed

5

mouth and palpi, liver, foot, and other important organs.

The foot (/)

is a short, stout, muscular organ, broadly truncate or rounded at the end,

and appears to be the organ by means of which the excavation of the burrow is effected. The shell is covered by a delicate epidermis, and probably does not assist in rasping off the wood, as many have supposed.
The gills are long and narrow, inclosed mostly in the naked part of thebody, and are reddish brown in color. The Teredos obtain their microscopic food in the same manner as other bivalve mollusks, viz., bymeans of a current of water constantly drawn into the branchial tube by
the action of vibrating cilia within the infusoria and other minute organisms are thus carried along to the mouth at the other end, while thegills are supplied with oxygen by the same current
the return current
passing out of the dorsal tube removes the waste water from thegills, together with the fseces and excretions of the animal, and also theparticles of wood which have been removed by the excavating i^rocess.
As the animal grows larger the burrows are deepened, the lining ofshelly matter increases in length and thickness, the shell itself and thel)allets increase in size, and the terminal tubes grow longer.
But as theorifices of the terminal tubes must necessarily be kept at the externalj;opening of the burrow, the muscular collar at the base of the tubes constantly recedes from the entrance, and withit the pallets; at the sametime imbricated layers of shelly matter are usually deposited in theupper end of the shelly tube, which are supposed to aid the pallets inclosing the aperture when the tubes are withdrawn. When the animal
has completed its growth, or when it has encountered the tubes of its
companions and cannot pass them, or when it approaches the exteriorof a thin piece of wood and cannot turn aside, it forms a rounded or
S. Mis. 61
25

386

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

cup-shaped layer of shelly matter, continuous with the lining of theand closing up the burrow in front of its shell sometimes it
retreats and forms a second partition of the same kind.
This species produces its young in May and probably through thegreater part or all of the summer. The eggs are exceedingly numerous,
probably amounting to millions, and they are retained in the gill-cavity,
where they are fertilized and undergo the first stages of their development.
The embryos pass through several curious phases during their growth.
In one of the early stages they are covered with fine vibrating cilia, bymeans of which they can swim like ciliated infusoria later they lose
these cilia and develop a rudimentary bivalve shell, which is at firstheart-shaped, and the mantle begins to appear and larger retractile
cilia develop upon its edge, which serve as organs for swimmingbutat this period the shell is large enough to cover the whole body whencontracted. In this stage they swim actively about in the Avater laterthe cilia become larger, a long, narrow, ligulate foot is developed, bymeans of w hich they can creep about and attach themselves temporarily
to solid objects the shells become rounder, a pair of eyes and organsof hearing are developed after this the little animal begins to elongate,
the locomotive cilia are lost, the eyes disappear, and the mature form is
gradually assumed. These young Teredos^ when they finally locate upon
the surface of wood- work and begin to make their burrows, are notlarger than the head of a pin, and consequently their holes are at firstvery minute, but owing to their rapid growth the holes quickly become
tubes,

5

;

5

j

5

;

larger and deeper.

This species is very abundant along the southern coast of New England,
from New York to Cape Ood, wherever submerged wood-work, sunken
wrecks, timberbuoys, or floating pieces of drift- wood occur.

It also infests

the bottoms of vessels not protected by sheathing. It is not confined topure sea-water, but occurs in the piles and timbers of our wharves in harI have found it abundant in the piles of Long
Wharf in New Haven Harbor, where the water is not only quite brackish, but also muddy and contaminated with sewerage and other impurities.
At Wood's Hole it was found to be very abundant in the cedar
buoys that had been taken up from various localities and placed on thewharves to dry and be cleaned. Captain B. J. Edwards informed me thatformerly, when the buoys were not taken up, they would not usually lastmore than two years, owing chiefly to the attacks of this Teredo, but
under the present system there are two sets of buoys, which are alternately taken uj) and put down everj^ six months. After a set has beentaken ui) and allowed to dry thoroughly they are scraped to remove thebarnacles, &c., and then receive a thorough coat of verdigris paint,
each time, before they are put down. With this treatment they will
last ten or twelve years, but they are more or less perforated and injured every year, until linally they become worthless. Inasmuch as the
Teredos produce their young all through the summer, and tiiey develop
bors that are quite brackish.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

387

to a very large size in one season, it is evident that the best time totake np the buoys wonlcl be in midsummer, before the early crop ofyoung have grown large, and leaving too little time for the later crop
to become large, in the buoys thus put down, before winter, when mostof them would probably be killed by the cold weather. In this way

the damage might be materially diminished, if not inconsistent withthe other duties of the officers of the vessels employed in this service.
There are, as yet, no means of estimating the extent of the damage
done to our wharves, shipping, &c.,by this and the various other speciesof Teredo found on our coast, but judging from their abundance along
the whole coast, it is much greater than is generally supposed.

The Teredo navalis is also abundant on the (ioast of Europe, from theMediterranean and Black Seas to Christiania, and the coasts of GreatBritain. Its habits have been quite thoroughly investigated by several
Dutch naturalists, owing to the great damage that it has done on theircoast, at times even threatening a general inundation of the country bydestroying the wood-work of the dikes. This Teredo occupies a zoneof considerable breadth, for it often lives considerably above low- watermark and extends several feet below it, even to the depth of fourteen
feet, according to some writers.
The best remedies in common use to resist or prevent its attacks arebroad-headed nails, closely
copper-sheathing, used chiefly on vessels
driven, used for piles and timbers; creosote an d coal-tar, frequently applied.
The various poisonous substances that have been applied to timber forthis purpose, however useful they may be in other respects, have little
or no effect on the Teredo^ for it does not depend upon the wood for its
food, and even protects its body externally with a layer of shell, liningThe only remedies that are likely to succeed are those calcuits holes.
lated to prevent the lodgment and entrance of the young ones beneaththe surface. Even creosote, thoroughly applied under pressure at therate of 10 pounds per square foot, has been found insufficient to prevent
their attacks, for piles thus treated at Christiania were found by Mr.
Jeffreys to be filled with the Teredo within two years after they were put
down.
Several other species of Teredo also occur on this coast. The Teredo
megotara (Plate XXVII, fig. 188) has been found in fl.oating pine wood atJS'ewport, lihode Island, and in cedar buoys, «&c., at New Bedford,
Massachusetts; as well as in Massachusetts Bay, at Provincetown andother places it is also found as far south as South Carolina at least.
This species sometimes grows to a large size, forming tubes at least
eighteen inches long. It sometimes occurs, also, in the piles of wharvesin this region.
The Teredo Thomsoui (Plate XXVII, fig. 187) has beenfound in great numbers in the marine railway and also in cedar buoys
at Xew Bedford. It has also been found at Provincetown in a whaling;j

ship that had cruised in the West Indies.

The Xijlotnja Jimbriata (Plate XXVII, fig. 189) is very similar to the388

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

common Teredo^ except that it has long, oar-sliaped pallets, with slender
stalks ; the blade

is flattened on

the inside and convex externally, andconsists of ten to twelve, or more, funnel-shaped segments which set

one into another their margins project at the sides, making the edgesof the blade appear serrated. This species appears to be indigenous
on this coast. It has been found living in a sunken wreck in LongIsland Sound, near New Haven, and I have also taken it from the oaktimbers of a vessel, the Peterhoff, employed in the blockading service,
during the late war, on the coast of the Southern States. It grows to arather large size, often forming holes a foot or more in length and aquarter of an inch in diameter, though usually smaller. The pallets are
sometimes half an inch long.
Among the kinds of bivalve shells that do not bore in wood, there are
but few species that commonly inhabit piles of wharves. The most frequent of these is the common muscle, Mytilus edulis, (p. 307, Plate XXXI,
fig. 234,) which sometimes adheres in large clusters. The common oyster,Ostrwa Virginiana., (p. 310,) often attaches itself to the piles, but in suchsituations seldom survives the winter.
Ascidians often occur in large quantities attached to the piles, at andjust below low- water mark, and also on the under side of floating timber.
They often completely cover large surfaces and spread over the barnaj

cles, hydroids, and algse,

which have previously located.

They growvery rapidly, attaining their full size during a few weeks in midsummer.
The most abundant species are usually MoJgula Manhattensis (p. 311,
Plate XXXIII, fig. 250) and Cyiithia partita, (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig.
At Wood's Hole, on the piles of the Government wharf, in August
246.)

and September, th.eFero])horaviridis V. was exceedingly abundant, creeping over and covering up the other ascidians as well as the barnacles,
hydroids, and algge. This is a compound or " social'^ Ascidian, in which
stolon-like tubular processes come out from the basal portion of the firstindividuals and run in every direction over the surfaces of objects towhich they are attached, producing buds at intervals, which rapidly
develop into little Ascidians like the old ones, and give out otherthus they will very soon cover large surfaces,though each individual Ascidian is quite small. The body is compressed, broad oval, or more or less rounded in outline, with a terminal
stolons in their turn;branchial, and lateral anal orifice, both slightly raised on short andbroad tubes. The body is attached to the stolons by a short narrowTliel^edicle, and is usually not more than an eighth of an inch high.
color is bright green or yellowish green, and the integument is soft andtranslucent.

On the piles of the same wharf, and associated with the last, wasanother compound Ascidian, Amaroecium consteUatnm ; this forms solid
gelatinous masses, with a smooth, convex surface, usually less than aninch in diameter and about half an inch high, but often larger. The
zooids, or individual animals, are quite small, long, and slender, and en-INVERTEBRATE AXIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

389

tirely imbedded in the gelatinous mass that unites them together.

They

are arranged in circular, oval, or stellate groups, with a common cloacal
orifice in the center of each cluster.

The masses are usually pale orangeThe stomach of each in-red, varying to yellowish and pale flesh-color.

dividualis bright

low, or orange;orange-redjthe branchial sac is flesh-color, pale yel-the tubes and upper part of the mantle bright orange orlemon-yellow.

The Botrijllus Gouldii (p. 375, Plate XXXIII, figs. 252, 253) also frequently' occurs on the piles of the wharves, creeping over the stems of

Tubularians, the surfaces of other ascidians, fronds of algie, or on thesurface of the wood itself.

It also frequently forms broad, soft incrusta-

tions on the bottoms of boats, floating timber, &c.

The Bryozoa are also usually quite abundant on the piles and timbersof wharves, &c.

The Bugida ^Jtrrifa (p. 311, Plate XXXIY, figs. 258, 259) is one of themost common as well as one of the most elegant of these.

It occurs attached to the adhering sea-weeds, &c., forming delicate white plumes.
The Escliarella variahilis (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 256) usually forms
firm, coral-like incrustations, but when attached to hydroids and seaweeds it spreads out into foliaceous or lichen-like, rigid, calcareous
fronds, which are dull red while living.
On the piles at Wood's Hole the Bugula flahellata was also very abundant. This forms elegant circular or fan-shaped fronds, consisting of
numerous repeatedly forked, flat, and rather narrow branches, on which
the cells are arranged iu about three longitudinal rows. This species,
like others of the genus, bears verj^ singular structures, known as avicularia, which, under the microscope, have the form and appearance of thestout, hooked beaks of certain birds, such as the hawk, owl, parrot,&c. These beaks are attached by flexible stems, and are provided internally with powerful muscles by means of which they are constantly
opened and closed, and can bite with considerable force. In thisspecies these are attached to the sides of the cells, along the edgesof the branches. Their office seems to be to defend the colony against
small parasites, and dirt of all kinds, which, unless thus removed, would
soon cover up the cells and destroy the animals. In addition to these,
various less conspicifoas species often occur in abundance, especially
Yesicularia gracilis ; V. clichotoma Y. ; and Y. cuscuta.
Of Radiata there are but few species iu such localities, with the exception of the Hydroids, which are usually very abundant.
The green star-fish, Xs-^erirts arenicola, (p. 3 JO, Plate XXXY, fig. 269,)
may occasionally occur adhering to the piles just below low- water mark,but it does not have this habit to such an extent as does the A. vulgaris,
north of Cape Cod, for the latter is almost always to be seen in abundance on the piles of the wharves of the northern seaports, as at Port-land, Eastport, &c., and less abundantly at Boston.

One of the most beautiful, as well as one of the most abundant, of390

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

tbe Hydroids that occur on the i)iles of wharves, and on the under sideof floating timber, is the Parypha erocea^ (Plate XXXVI, fig, 274.)This species grows in great luxuriance upon the i)iles, especially inthose harbors where the water is somewhat brackish.

Itforms large

clusters of branching stems, often six inches or more in height, each ofwhich is surmounted by a beautiful, flower-like, drooping head of a pink
These heads are often broken off, or even voluntarily cast off, when the animals are unhealthy, but new ones are soon
reproduced, and, therefore, this does not seem to be a very serious accident, though certainly a very inconvenient one, for the mouth, stomach,tentacles, and most other organs are all lost when these "heads"
drop off. This species does not produce free-swimming medusae, butor bright red color.

the buds, corresponding to those that develop into free medusae in manyother cases, in this remain attached to the heads in drooping clusters,looking like loose clusters of light red grapes, in miniature.
The buds produced by the hydroid-heads of one colony are either all
males or females, and, while attached to the hydroid-heads, eggs or
sperm ules are developed within them the eggs are fertilized and develop into young hydroids, which, when finally expelled, are provided
with a circle of slender tentacles, and need only to attach themselves;

to some solid substance by the basal end of the

body to become fixed,

tubularian hydroids, similar to the old ones in many respects, thoughstill very small and simple in structure.
These young tubularians swim
and crawl about for a time, and after attaching themselves they rapidly grow larger and i)roduce stolons from the base, from which buds
first oneother buds are produced from the sides of the sterns^ which also become like the others,
and in this way the large clusters of tubularians are rapidly formed.
Several species of Campanularians are also to be found attached tothe piles and timbers of wharves and bridges. At Wood's Hole themost abundant species was Ohelia pyriformis, which grew in great profusion on the piles just below low- water mark. It is a delicate and muchbranched species, with, elongated, pear-shaped, reproductive capsules,
and is beautifully phosphorescent. On the hull of an old wreck in
Wood's Hole passage, where the tide flows with great force, the Ohelia
flahellata was found in abundance, though it doesv not appear to havearise that dev^elop into forms like the5been noticed on this side of the Atlantic before. It has very elongated,
slender, simple, but crooked stems, with numerous, alternate, short,forking, fan-shaped branches these generally fork close to their origin,
the divisions diverging in opposite directions. The hydroid calicles(hydrotheca^.) are small, cup-shaped, or broad bell-shaped, with a smoothrim, and they are borne on slender pedicles that are of various lengths?
but mostly short and composed of only four to six rings. The reproductive capsules (gonotheciie) are urn-shaped, with a short, narrow necktliey are borne on short i)odicles, of few rings, arising from the axils of
the branches. Some of the specimens were eight or ten inches long.
;;INVEETEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

391

On the piles of Long Wharf, at New Haven, the Obelia gelatinosa ofEurope was found growino; in great hixuriauce in September. The
Avater at this locality was quite brackish, but it will probably be found,also, in pure sea- water, for on the coast of Europe it is common bothin brackish and pure ocean-water.
It is i)robable that this species has
not been observed before on our coast, for although the name occurs
in several local lists, these refer, according to Mr. A. Agassiz, to otherspecies, and he does not include the present species in his Catalogue ofNorth American Acalephsne. It is a large species, growing to the lengthof ten or twelve inches, and branches widely and very profusely. It
differs from most of our other species in having a thick, compound
stem, composed of many united tubes. The smaller branches are, however, profusely divided, and the hranchlets are simple, very slender,
white, and translucent, their delicacy contrasting strongly with thestout, dark-colored stems.

The larger branches mostly arise in pairs,

close together, but immediately diverge j the small branches and branchlets are alternate.

The hydrothecae are very small, deeply bell-shaped,

the rim divided into ten or twelve teeth, w^hich are squarish in form,and slightly emarginate at the end their pedicles vary in length, andare often rather long and slender, especially the terminal ones. The,•

gonothecse are elongated, urn-shaped, with a narrow, short, tubularneck.

I also found this species in Ai^ril, growing

on oysters, at Great

Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
Several other species of Ohelia occur in similar situations, together

with various related genera.

The SerMaria pumUa,(p.

327, PlateXXXVII, fig. 279) often oc-

curs attached to the Fucus and other sea- weeds growing on the piles.

The Ralecium gracUe Y., (p. 328,) often grows on the piles in greatabundance, especially where the water is somewhat brackish, and it
sometimes also occurs in great profusion on floating drift-wood.
Of Actinians the most frequent species is the Sagartia leiicoJena^(p. 329, Plate XXXYIII, fig. 284,) which can almost always be foundamong the adhering barnacles and ascidians not unfrequently it attaches itself within a dead barnacle, and, in fact, seems quite i)artial tosuch a location.
The Metridiiim marginatum (p. 329) also frequently occurs on thepiles, but is much less frequent, and generally of smaller size than it
is farther north, as about Boston and on the coast of Maine.
Several sponges occur frequently on the piles of the wharves, butthey have not been well determined. Among them the Grantia ciliaia^
or a closely allied species, is very common, and also another of the samegroup, which is tubular and branched, {Leucosolenia hotryoides f ).
The common, red branching sponge (p. 330) is frequent, and alsoa slender branching species of Chalina., near C. oculata. Two or more
species of Tedania, forming irregular, massive, pale-yellow sponges of a;brittle texture^ are common.

392

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

List of species commonly found on piles and timbers of loharves and bridges

on buoys bottoms of vessels, and other submerged wood-icorh.
^

ARTICULATA.
Insects,
Page.

Ohironomus oceanicus,

379

Page.

Molanna, sp

379

Crustacea.
Page.

Panopeus Sayi
P. depressus

382
382

Hyale littoralis

315

Gammarus ornatus

382
382
382
382

Melita nitida

Ampliithoe compta
Coropliium cylindriciim

Jsera copiosa

Tanais filum
Balanus eburneus
B. crenatus
B. balanoides
B. tintinabulum

Lepas anserifera

Limnoria lignorum

316
379

Idotea irrorata

31(iOonclioderma virgata

phosphorea

316

C. aurita

Caprella, sp

I.

L. anatifera
L. pectinata

Page
382

381
381
381
381

381
382
382
382
382
382

Annelids.
Page.

Lepidonotus squamatus.
Harmotlioe imbricata.
.

Eulalia, sp

Eumidia, sp
Podarke obscara
Autolytus cornutns
Nereis limbata
Sabellaria vulgaris

320
321
349
349
382
397
382
321

Page.

Mcolea simplex
Leprsea rubra
Poly cirrus eximius
Potauiilla oculifera

Sabella micropthalma
Euchone, sp

Serpula dianthus
Spirorbis spirillum

382
382
382
382
382
416
322
323

Nemerteans.
Page.

Page.
.

382

Ii^emertes socialis. .

324

Polinia glutinosa.

Oerebratulus, (?) sp.

382

MOLLXTSCA.
Gastropods.
Page.

Bela plicata
Urosalpinx cinerea.
Tritia .trivittata

Ilyauassa obsoleta

383 Astyris lunata
383 Anachis avara
383 Littoriiiella miiiuta
383 Kissoa aculeus

Page.

383
383
383
383

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Page.

Odostomia fusca

307
307
383

.

O. trifida

O. bisuturalis

Page.

Triforis uigrocinctus.

.

Cerithiopsis terebralis.

C. Greenii .

^olidia pilata
Gavolina gymnota (?)
383 Alexia myosotis

383
383

Littoriua pallia ta

L.radisBittiuin nigTiim

393

.

.

383
417
383
383
383
383

Lamellihranchs,
Page.

Page.

My tiliis edulis

T.

383
387
387
387

Ostrsea Yirginiana

Xylotrya fimbriata

Teredo navalis

Thomsoni
T. megotara"

Anomia glabra ...

388
311
388

Ascidians,
Page.

Cynthia partita
Molgula Manliattensis
Peropliora viridis

Page.

388
388
388

Botryllus Gouldii

389

Amarcecium constellatum

389

Bryozoa.

P age.
Crisia eburnea

Yesicularia, dichotoina . .

311
389

Y. gracilis
Y. cuscuta

389
389

Page.

Bugula turrita
B. flabellata

Escbarella variabilis

Membranipora ijilosa

389
389
389
406

RADIATA.
JEcJiinoderms.
Page.

Asterias arenicola

389
Acaleplis.
Page.

Page.

Obelia gelatinosa

391

Campanularia flexuosa

O. flabellata

Haleciuin gracile

O. pyritbrinis

390
327
390

Pennaria

O. genicnlata

407

Parypoa crocea

O. commisiiralis

Sertularia pumila
tiarella

327
391
391
327
390

Polyps.

Page

Pao;e.

Sargatia leucolena

391

1

Metridium marginatum

391

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

394

PROTOZOA.
Forifera^ [Sponges.)
Page.

Grantia ciliata (?)
Lencosolenia botry oides (?),

Chalina, sp

II. 5.

.

.

.

.

.

Page.

391

Halichondria, sp

391
391

Reuieria, sp.

Tedania, sp

330
330
391

—ANIMALS INIIABITINO THE ROCKY BOTTOMS OF THE BAYS AND
SOUNDS.

In this region

tlie

proportion of rocky bottomisrelatively quite

small, and mostly to be found only iu quite shallow water.

Therefore theanimal life is very similar to that of the rocky shores and tide-pools,
near low- water mark.
In Vineyard Sound and vicinity the rocky bottoms examined were
chiefly at the following localities, as indicated on the accompanying
chart, viz.: 1st. An area south of Parker's Point and occupying a partof the bottom of the passage between Parker's Point and Nonamesset
Island, on both sides of the channel, and extending somewhat south ofa line drawn from Nobska Point to the southeastern end of KonamesThe dredgiugs made in this area are, 9, «, &, c, d-; 2, a, h;
set Island.
2d. An area south
3, a, 1), c ; 4, «,; 5, c, d, e ; 8, a,; 18, a, 1).
and southwest of Nobska Point; dredgings, 21, ft, e; 22, a; andothers not recorded were made on this patch. 3d. In the Wood's Holepassage, between the north end of Nonamesset Island and the opposite
shores, there are numerous rocky patches, and the tides flow with great
force; dredgings, 14, a, &, c, d, e, /, g; 16, a, h ; 17, c, d, e; 15, a, h;and many others were made on this bottom. 4th.
small area between
Uncatena Island and Long Neck; dredgings, 11, e, /, and 71, c, wereon this patch. 5th.
small area, south of the Wepecket Islands, where
the dredging, 73, ^, was niade. 6th.
region of rocks and sand ofl"West Chop, north of Martha's Vineyard in the dredgings made here,
37, c, dj e, some very fine hydroids and ascidians were obtained. 7th.
In Quick's Hole, the passage between Nashawena and Pasque Islands,a rocky bottom, with abundant ascidians, hydroids, and sponges, wasfound, where dredgiugs 77, a and c, were made.
In addition to these localities numerous dredgiugs were made on
rocky bottoms off Gay Head and Devil's Bridge, and also between
Martha's Vineyard and No Man's Land, but these properly belong to the
1)

1)

A

A

A

;

cold outer region.

In the vicinity of New Haven, rocky bottoms, generally of small
extent, are found off the light-house, and off South End and Brauford

All these localities havealso among the Thimble Islands.
been examined by me in nunuuous dredging excursions made during
the past eight years. Nevertheless the fauna of the rocky bottoms of
Point,

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

395

this region is probably 'more imperfectly kuown than that of other kindsof bottom. This is mainly owing to the difQculties encountered in
dredging upon rough rocks.
Eocky bottoms are very favorable for many kinds of Crustacea, botli
for those that swim free and conceal themselves among the sea-weedsthat grow on rocks in shallow water, and for those that take refuge beneath the rocks. Consequently rocky bottoms are the favorite feedinggrounds for certain kinds of fish, especially tautog, striped bass, black

bass, cunners, &c., in this region.

The common crab, Cancer irroratus, (p. 312,) Fanopeus Sayi, (p. 312,)
P. dejyressus,(p. 312,)the larger hermit-crab, Fujmgurus pollicaris,(p.

313,) and the smaller hermit, JE. loyigicarpus,(^. 313,) are common specieson the rocky bottoms.
casionally occurs.

A small species of spider-crab, Felia mutica, oc-

The Cancer horealis has hitherto been a rare species,

and little is known concerning its habits or distribution it appears tofrequent rocky bottoms chiefly, but most of the specimens obtained in;this region were found thrown up by the weaves on the shores of Cutty-

hunk Island, 1^0 Man's Land, and near Gay Head.
The lobster, Somarus Americanus, frequents rocky bottoms, concealing
itself under and among the rocks while watching for its prey, but it ismuch less abundant in this region than on the coast of Maine and in the
Bay of Fundy, and does not usually grow to so large a size as in the
It also occurs on the sandy and gravelly bottoms ofVineyard Sound, where most of those sent to the markets from this region are obtained. The young, free-swimming larvae of the lobster, inthe stages represented in Plate IX, figs. 38, 39, were often taken at tbe
surface in great abundance, during June and July, in the to wing-nets
The young lobsters were also found swimming actively at the surface
by Mr. S. I. Smith, even after they had acquired the true lobster-likeform and structure, and were nearly three-quarters of an inch long. In
this stage they swim and act much like shrimp.
While young, therefore, the lobster must be devoured in immense numbers by many kindsof fishes, and even when of considerable size they are still preyed uponby the tautog and black bass, and especially by sharks, skates, and rays,and doubtless by other fishes. We found the lobsters very abundant
off Menemsha on a sandy and weedy bottom in shallow water.
At thisplace over one hundred were taken at a single haul, by the trawl. The
lobsters caught for the market are nearly all caught in " lobster-pots,"northern waters.

baited with refuse fish of various kinds.

In addition to thecommon shrimp, Crangon vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate

III, fig. 10,) another quite different species (Hippolyte pusiola) was often

met with on the rocky bottoms.

This is a smaller species, about an inch
long, of a pale gray, salmon, or flesh-color, often specked with red
there is usually a white stripe along the middle of the back, and sometimes transverse bands of red or white ; the antennae are annulatedwith flesh-color and light red, and the legs are sometimes specked with

396

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

browD, and often annulated with brown, or witli gray and white. It
differs from all the other American species in having a short, acute rostrum, scarcely projecting beyond tbe eyes, with three or four sharp teeth
on its upper edge and none below. In form and general appearance itsomewhat resembles the Virbitis represented in Plate III, fig. 11, but isstouter and quite different in color. It is a northern species, extending
to Greenland and Northern Europe, and is more common on the coastof Maine, where it is usually associated with several other larger speciesof the same genus, all of which are remarkable for their brilliant colors,
the various shades of red usually predominating. Their bright colors
are no doubt directly connected with their habit of living among thebright red algse, so abundant in the shallow waters on rocky bottoms.
beautiful little shrimp-like Crustacean, My sis Americana Smith,sometimes occurs in immense numbers among the algae growing on therocks just below low-water mark, especially in spring. This is an important species, as it is one of the principal kinds of food for the shadand other fishes. The full grown specimens are only about an inch long.
It is almost transparent, whitish, with conspicuous black eyes; there isa row of more or less conspicuous, dark stellate spots along the body, bothabove and below, and similar specks often occur on the tail a spot of
dark brown or blackish often occurs on each side of the carapax. The
intestine shows through as a greenish or brownish line.
Another small, shrimp-like species belonging to an interesting new
genus, the Heteromysis formosa Smith, often occurred in small colonies,
sometimes hid away in the dead shell of some large bivalve or gastropod. The females of this species are of a beautiful light rose color, but
the males have the pale color and translucency common to most of theA;

species of Mysis.

Numerous Amphipods also occur, most of which are also found in
the pools or under stones at low water, and have, consequently, been
mentioned on former pages.
One of the most curious Amphipods
was a small species, found living among the large compound ascidians,
This species constructs
which is probably Cerapus tubularis Say.
little,slender, free tube, w^hich it inhabits and carries about
upon its back when it travels, very much as the larvai of caddis-flies,acommon in fresh waters, carrj^ about their tubes.
nacle, the Balanus crejiatus,was

One species of bar-abundant, often completely covering

This has not been met with, as yet, at lowwater, although it occurs on the bottoms of vessels.
Of Annelids a large number inhabit rocky bottoms, but as most ofthem live beneath the rocks, or in tubes attached to rocks and stones,
Many of the
it is difficult to obtain an accurate knowledge of them.
species seem, however, to be found also in pools and beneath the stones
on rocky shores, and have already been mentioned.
Perhaps the most characteristic Annelids of rocky bottoms are thescaly worms, of which three species are common in this region, viz.:small stones and shells.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

397

(p. 320, Plate X, figs, 40, 41 ;) L. sublevis Y.,
Plate X, fig. 42 ;) and Harmothoe imhricata, all of which cling
close to the rough surfaces of the stones, or hide away in the cracks andLejridonofus sqiiamatus,(p. 320,

crevices, or conceal themselves in the interstices between the ascidians,barnacles, roots of algTe, or in the cavities of sponges, &c.

Severallong, slender, and active species, belonging to the genera Phyllodoce, Eu-

most of them are
Jalia, Eumidia, and Uteone, are of frequent occurrence
bright green or yellowish green in color, and all have small, leaf-like;branchine along the sides.

The Xcreis ])elagica (p. 319, Plate XI, figs. 52-55) is very common,
living beneath the stones, and especially in the interstices between thelobes of a large, sand-covered, compound ascidian, Amarcecium jyelluci-

dum^ in company with the species of Fhyllodoce, «&c., just named. This
species of Nereis is remarkable for its brilliant iridescence. It is anorthern species, extending to the Arctic Ocean and northern coast ofEurope. It is very abundant oil the coast of Maine, under stones
at low-water mark.
Associated with the preceding species among the sandy compound
ascidians, occurring both on rocky and gravelly bottoms, were large
numbers of the Lumhriconereis opalina, (p. 320, Plate XIII, figs. 69,
Several70,) conspicuous on account of the brilliant iridescent colors.
other Annelids also occurred among these ascidians. The Cirrinereis
fragilis,which,

isa small and delicate species, furnished with con-spicuous eyes, and related to the large Girratulus^ occurs beneath the

The singular Naraganseta coralii occurs burrowing in the coral,
Astrangia Dance, and in this respect is similar in its habits to the allied
genus Dodecacerea, which excavates its galleries in the solid shells ofstones.

Bay of Fundy. The
XYII, figs. ^%, 88a ;) Nicolea simplex,

Cyiirina Islandica, Pecten temncostahis, &c., in the
ISahellaria vulgaris, (p. 321, Plate(p. 321 ;)Scionopsis palmata, (p. 321;) Potamilla oculifera, (p. 322,) Plate

XYII, fig. 86 ;) Sahella microphthalma, (p. 323
Serpiila diantlius, (p 322 ;)and Fahricia Leidyi, (p. 323,) all occur in tubes attached to the rocks
and stones.
A species of SpirorMs, which forms a small, white, calcareous shell,coiled up in an open spiral, is commonly attached to the alga3 and hydroids.
The Autolytus cornutus (Plate XIII, tigs. 65, 66) constructs cylindricaltubes, which are attached to sea-weeds and the branches of hydroids.
This is a small flesh-colored species, with conspicuous brown eyes theends of the body are often tinged with green, and the dark, greenish,intestine shows through as a median line.
The males and females
are widely different in appearance and structure, and there are also
asexual individuals (fig. 65) very different from both. The asexual ones
construct the tubes referred to, but do not remain in them constantly,
for they are also often taken swimming at the surface.
The males and,*);females are also taken at the surface, especially in the evening, but theyalso occur creeping over and among the hydroids.
This worm is partic-

398

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ularly interesting on account of its remarkable mode of reproduction,
for, like several other marine annelids, it presents the phenomena of al-

Its history has been well given by Mr. A. Agassiz.*
The very numerous eggs of the female (fig. 66, e) are at first contained in
the general cavity of the body, between the intestine and the outer wall,along the whole length of the body afterwards they pass into a pouch

ternate generation.

;on the lower side of the hodj, extending from the twelfth to about thetwenty-sixth segment in the pouch they hatch into young worms, andsoon after the sac bursts and they escape into the water. The females
apparently die after discharging the young. The eggs do not develop
into males and females, but into the asexual or neuter individuals, (fig.
65,) which differ widely from the others in form and in the eyes and otherappendages of the head, as well as in the internal anatomy and lateralappendages. After these neuter individuals become nearly full-grown,
having forty to forty-five segments, a median dorsal swelling arises
at about the thirteenth or fourteenth segment, most commonly on thethirteenth, and soon after two others arise from the sides of the same
segment and develop rapidly these swellings finally become the threefront tentacles of a new head, {a, a, a, fig. 65 ;) soon a pair of eyes appearson the upper side of the segment, than a pair of tentacular cirri thenthe second pair of eyes then other appendages of the head, until finallya complete head is formed, having the structure belonging to the head ofa male or female, as the case may be. As the new head, with its appendages, becomes more completely organized, the segments posterior to it,which are to become the body of the new individual, become more highly
developed, and the lateral appendages more complicated, those back of
;

;

;

;

the fifth in the male, or the sixth in the female, acquire dorsal fascicles
of long setae, and the dorsal cirris becomes longer at the same time;some additional segments are developed;

and the ova in the female, orspermatazoa in the male, are formed. Finally the new sexual individual, thus formed out of the posterior segments of the original neuter,breaks its connection and swims ofi' by itself, and becomes a perfectly
developed male or female. The head of the female is rei)resented in
fig. (jG'y a male individual is represented as developing from an asexual
individual in fig. 65. The male can be easily distinguished from thefemale by the pair of large antennae, which are forked in the male, but
simple in the female. Farther details concerning this curious mode of
reproduction may be found in the memoir of Mr. Agassiz, together withnumerous excellent illustrations, in addition to those here copied.
Associated with the preceding species a few specimens were foundwhich probably belong to another species of AutoJytus. These were quite
slender, light-red in color, with paler annulations, but only the asexual
individuals were observed. Another species of larger size also occurs
among the hydroids, near New Haven, which belongs to Aiitoh/tus or*

On Alternate Gener.ation in Annehds, and the Embryology of Autolytus cornutus

Boston JoniiKil of Nalural History, Vol. VII, p. :}84, 180:?.

:

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND,. ETC.

399

some closely allied genus, but of this only the asexual form lias occurred,and it lias not yet been carefully studied. This becomes nearly an inchlong and quite slender. The body is white, with about fifty aunulationsof bright purplish red between the segments, but sometimes a red ringis absent, leaving wider white bands
the lateral appendages are simple,
and each has a dot of red on the anterior side the head is orange, withfour dark red eyes.
Of Mollusks there are but few species among the higher groups which
do not also occur on the rocky shores at low-water, but of the Ascidians and Bryozoa we find numerous additional species. The Gastropods are represented by the large Fulgur carica (p. 355, Plate XXII,
tig. 124) and Sycotypus ccmaUcuIatus, (p. 355 j) also by the " drill," Urosalplnx cinerea, (p. 306, Plate XXI, fig. 116,) which is usually abundant inshallow water Astyris lunata (p. 106, Plate XXI, fig. 110) is abundant on
the hydroids and algjB A. zonalis^ (Plate XXI, fig. Ill,) which is an allied
species, of larger size and with plainer colors, is sometimes met with, but
It takes its name from two narrow spiral zones ofis rare in this region.
;

j

;

;

The Cntclbidum striatum
white that usually surround the whorls.
(Plate XYIII, figs. 125, 126) is often met with clinging firmly to the rocks
and stones.
The Leptochiton apiculatus (Plate XXY, fig. 167) is one of the most.characteristic and common species on rocky and gravelly bottoms;
this also adheres firmly to the stones and dead shells, and its grayish or
dirty whitish shell, often more or less stained, blends its color withthat of its surroundings in a way that might deceive the fishes themThe back is covered with a series of movable plates, so thatselves.
when removed the animal can curl itself into a ball, like a "pill-bug,"(OniscuSj) or like an armadillo, a habit that it shares in common withthe scaly annelids, Lepidonotiis and Rarmothoe] which live in the sameplaces with it.

The flexibility of the shell also enables the chitons toadapt themselves more closely to the uneven surfaces of the rocks thanthey otherwise could. More rarely the Leptochiton ruber (Plate XXV,
fig. 166) is met with, though farther north, as in the Bay of Fuud^', thisis a very common species, while the apiculatus is quite unknown there,
being decidedly southern in its range. The ruber is, as its name implies,
a red species, and its colors are usually bright and beautifully variedwith lighter and darker. Its bright color would seem at first a fatal gift,
calculated to attract the attention of passing fishes, which are always
fond of such food, but when we examine its habits more closely we findthat it lives almost exclusively on and among rocks that are incrusted
by the curious stony algae, known as " nuUipores," {Lithothamnion polymorplmm^) which are red in color, but of various shades, and often completely cover the rocks with irregular red incrustations, over lar^e areasin shallow water, especially on the coasts farther north, so that thisshell and a larger species, (0. marmorei^s,) usually associated with it,
are admirably adapted by their colors for living and concealing them-

400

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

selves on such bottoms, while many other species, frequenting the same
localities, have a similar coloration,

though belonging to very different

As examples we may mention the beautifully variegated star-groups.

XXXY, fig. 270,) rare in this region, butvery abundant in the Bay of Fandy Crangon boreas, common on thesame bottoms in the Bay of Fnndy several species of shrimp belonging
to the genera Hippolyte^ Fandalus^ &c. The bright red colors of all theseanimals would certainly be very fatal to them were there no red algte
among which they could conceal themselves and thus escape, to a considerable extent, from the voracious fishes, which are nearly always
ready to pounce upon them whenever they expose themselves. One ortw^o handsome species oH JEolis (similar to fig. 174) were taken, but forlack of opportunity they were not identified while living, and these softand delicate creatures cannot be preserved in alcohol so as to be identified afti^rwards with certainty.
The handsome little Doto coronaia(Plate XXV, fig. 170) occurs occasionally on the hydroids, upon the
animals of which it feeds. This species is generally less than half aninch in length. The body is pale yellowish, or salmon -color, or rosy,
specked with pink, light red, or dark red, which often forms a mediandorsal line toward the head the curious papillose branchiae along theback are pale orange, the lateral and terminal papillae being tipped withbright purplish red, dark red, or carmine, with a ring of flake- white
below the tipj the head and tentacles are pale and translucent. The
eggs are laid upon the hydroids, in long, flattened, and convoluted gelatinous strings, at various times during the early summer.
Another curious and beautifully colored naked mollusk, the Folycera
Lessonii, also occurs occasionally on rocky bottoms, among hydroids andbryozoa. In this species the bod}^ is pale flesh-color, or sometimes paleorange, and thickly covered with bright, deep green specks, giving thewhole surface a green color along the back is a median line of tubercles or papillae, and there are two other rows on each side, which extend
as far as the gills or a little beyond all these tubercles are tipped withbright sulphur-yellow, except that the last ones of the lateral rows?
posterior to the gills, are usually tipped with flake- white, but these have
two or three irregular, lateral lobes, which are tipped with yellow
other smaller, yellow tubercles are scattered over the back, sides, head,
and tail the tentacles are also bright yellow, but sometimes speckedwith green and yellow, with yellow tips. The gills are three in number,in a cluster on the middle line of the back, posteriorly
each one isbipinnate and delicately plumose; they are colored similar to the back,generally more or less specked with bright yellow, and often with flakewhite ; the tips are usually bright yellow.
Another small but singular species, which also occurs among the hydroids, as well as among dead shells, is the DorUlella obscura, (Plate
XXV, fig. 173;) in this the colors are not conspicuous, but seem rather
intended for its concealment. The back is sometimes light, yellowish
fish, Opliiopliolis aculeata, (Plate

j

;

j

;

;

j

j

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

401

browD, finely mottled with white, and specked with darker brown
dorsal tentacles white and retractile; lower surface white or light yellowish, a three! obed yellowish or brownish internal organ showing
through iu the middle of the foot. Other speciDiens are very darkbrown or almost black above, finely mottled with whitish. The anterior angles of the head are prolonged into tentacle-like organs or palpi.
The gills are situated beneath, in the groove between the edge of thefoot and the mantle, on the left side, and near the posterior end of thefoot they consist of a tuft of slender filaments.
Of Lamellibranchs certain species occur on rocky bottoms, whichattach themselves firmly to the rocks, either by the side of one valve,like the oyster, Ostnea Virglnianay (p. 310,) and the Anomia glabra,(p. 311, Plate XXXII, figs. 211, 242;) or by threads of byssus, which
they spin and use as cables for anchoring themselves, like the common
muscle, Mytilus eduUs, (p. 307, Plate XXXI, fig. 234,) the "horsemuscle," Modiola modiolus, (p. 309, Plate XXXI, fig. 237,) the Argina
peocata, (Plate XXX, fig. 227,) and Scapharca transversa, (Plate XXX,
but certain otherfig. 228,) all of which are common in this region
species occur, which burrow beneath the stones, like the Saxicava arc;;,*

XXYII, fig. 192) and Mya arenaria
XXYI, fig. 179,) and several other less common species.
tlca (p. 309, Plate(p.

463, Plate

The Ascidians are usually very abundant on the rocks and stones at
The CyntMa partita (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 246,) is very
common, often forming large, rough clusters, much overgrown with hyThe specimens mostly belong to the erect
droids, bryozoa, and algfe.
variety, and in form are quite unlike the one figured. The body ismore or less cylindrical, oblong, or urn-shaped, about twice as high as
broad when expanded, and with a wide base the branchial orifice islargest, and situated at the summit of a broad, terminal tube, swollen
all depths.

;

at base; the anal orifice is smaller, on a short lateral or sub terminal

tube.

Both orifices are usually squarish, and open widely, but, when

fully expanded, they sometimes become nearly circular ;they are often
surrounded at the edge with a narrow circle of red, and each tube has
eight longitudinal stripes of white, narrowing downward to a point at
the base of the tubes, and alternating with purplish brown ones, which

The exterior of the test is more
and generally yellowish or rusty, often
tinged with deep purplish brown on the upper parts or throughout.
The tubes are usually roughened by small, wart-like papillae. Unpromising as this species looks, it is devoured by the tautog.
The Molgula
are usually specked with flake-white.

or less rough and wrinkled,(p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 250) is generally associatedwith the former. The Perophora viridis (p. 388) is often very abundant,
creeping over and covering up the two preceding, as well as other as-

Manhattensis

cidians, alg^e, hydroids, &c.

The most conspicuous species, however,are the massive compound ascidians, which sometimes completely cover

the bottom.
S.

One of the most abundant of these is the Amarcecium pel-Mis. 61

26

402

KEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

lucidum^ which forms hirge, hemispherical or irregular masses, often six
or eight inches, or even more, in diameter, with the surface

more orless completely covered by adhering sand.

These masses consist of alarge number of lobes or basal branches, which come out from a common base as elongated, stolon-like processes, and enlarge upward to theend, which is obtusely rounded, and variable in size, but usually froma quarter to half an inch, while the length may be from one to six
inches these lobes often coalesce, more or less completely, at the uppersurface, which is sometimes naked and smooth, translucent, and of a5gelatinous appearance.

Each of these lobes contains a central cloacal

around which a colony of minute ascidians, or zooids, aregrouped, in a manner analogous to the arrangement in ^o^ri/Z^i^s, alreadydescribed, (p. 389,) but in the present case the zooids are very long andslenderthe lower end of each, containing the ovaries, with the heart
at its extremity, extends down toward the base of the lobe in which they
are contained to various distances, varying according to the age andstate of development of each zooid, but the full-grown ones are often
nearly an inch long. Each zooid has its own branchial orifice opening at
orifice,;the surface, as in Botryllus, while all the anal tubes discharge the refuse
water, fieces, and eggs into the common cloacal ducts.

The Amaroecium stellatum is another related

species, which is nearly

as abundant as the last, and likewise grows to a very large size.

It

forms large, smooth, irregular plates, or crest-like lobes and masses,
which are attached by one edge to the stones and gravel. These plates
are sometimes one to two feet long, six inches high, and about an inch
thick, and, owing to their smooth surface and whitish color, look someseathing like great slices of salt-pork, and in fact it is often called
Other specimens will be four or five inchesl^ork" by the fishermen.
high, and only one or two inches broad at the base, and perhaps half'•'•

an inch in thickness, and the summit often divides into broad, flat,
blunt lobes various other shapes also occur, some of them very irregThe larger specimens of this species are generally of a pale-bluular.
ish or sea-green color by reflected light when first taken from the water,
but pale salmon or flesh-color by transmitted light. The zooids aremuch elongated and arranged in more or less regular circular groups
over the whole surface, with a small cloacal orifice in the center of eachIf kept in water, when they grow sickly the zooids will becircle.
forced partially or wholly out of their cavities by the contraction of
the tissues around them a peculiarity seen also in other species of thisgenus. These zooids have the branchial tube prominently six-lobed,
and of a bright orange-color, this color also extending over the upperor outer end of the body, between the tubes, and more or less over the
branchial sac, which is pale yellow or whitish below. The stomach is;—longitudinally sulcated, with bright orange-red ribs or glands;

intes-

tine bright orange or yellow.
This species is devoured l)y sharks, skates, and the tautog, although

ETC.
it
it.

403

would seem difficult for them to digest it, or get much nutriment from.

The supply is certainly sufficiently abundant.

A third species of this genus, and much more beautiful than eitherof the preceding, is also common on rocky bottoms. This is the Amarcecium constellatum Y. (p. 388,) which has already been described as
occurring on the piles of the wharves. In deeper water, attached torocks, it grows to a larger size, forming thick, hemispherical or cake-shaped masses or crusts, sometimes becoming somewhat mushroom-likeby the upper parts growing out beyond the central attached portion,
which then becomes a short and broad peduncle. It can be easily
distinguished from the last on account of its brighter colors, the generalcolor inclining to orange, and by the more irregular and complicatedclusters of zooids.

It is less abundant than either of the two preceding.

Two other species of compound Ascidians are also abundant in thisregion, as well as farther north.

These belong to the genus LeptocUnum ;they form thin, irregular, often broad, white, or salmon-colored incrustations over the surfaces of the rocks, shells, and other ascidians ; thesecrusts are of a firm, coriaceous or gritty texture, and have a finely
gra unions surface. Under the microscope they are seen to be filledwith small, nearly globular particles of carbonate of lime, from which
The zooids are very minute andare scattered over the surface in large and scarcely distinct groups,
which have, however, a common cloacal orifice in the middle, but theseveral cloacal tubes or channels leading to each central orifice arelong, with many crooked branches, reminding one of miniature rivers,
and the zooids are arranged along these ducts and their branches.
One of these species, the LeptocUnum alhidumjis easily distinguishedby its chalky white color the other, L. luteolum, is buff or salmoncolor.
It is possible that the last may even prove to be only a coloredvariety of the former, but the very numerous specimens that I havecollected and examined, in the living state, both in the Bay of Fundy
and Vineyard Sound, do no not warrant their union. In these localities both forms are about equally common, but near New Haven theL. luteolum has not yet been met with, though the other is not uncommon.
The Bryozoa are very abundant on rocky bottoms at all depths.
Some of these incrust the rocks directly, like the Escliarella variabilis^{\). 312,Plate 'XXXlll^fig.2oQ]) Alcyonidiumliirsutum ; Uscharipora punctata, &c.
but even these seem to prefer other locations, and by far thegreater number occur attached to algae, hydroids, ascidians, and deadshells.
large part of the species occur also in rocky pools at lowwater mark, or attached to the Fuci and other sea-weeds between tides,
or to the under sides of stones laid bare by low tides, and have, consequently, been previously mentioned. Others which have not yet been
detected on the shore will doubtless be found there by more thoroughpoints project in every direction.

-,

;

A

search.

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EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The Alcyonidium ramosum (Plate XXXIY, fig. 257) is one of the mostconspicuous species, and is often very abundant, attached to rocks inshallow water. In such situations we have often found arborescently
branched specimens, twelve to fifteen inches high, with smooth, cylindrical branches about a third of an inch in diameter.
The Alcyonidium hispidum (p. 312) does not appear to have beenrecorded as from our coast, by previous writers, but it is one of our mostcommon species, and may almost always be found incrusting the stemsof Fucus at low- water mark, as well as the under surfaces of rocks below
low-water mark it is less abundant, generally incrusting Fhylloplioray.
and other stout, palmate alga3. It is easily distinguished by the slender,
acute, reddish spines, of horn-like texture, which surround each of theIt forms soft crusts of moderate thickness, gradually extending
cells.
over the surface of the sea- weeds to which it becomes attached.
The A. liirsutum has also been hitherto overlooked on our coast, but
is common, living under the same circumstances as the last, and sometimes associated with it, both above and below low-water mark. I havefound it in the greatest abundance in some of the large, rocky tide-poolson the outermost of the Thimble Islands, east of New Haven. It was;there growing chiefly upon PliyllopJiora memhranifolia, in some cases entirely covering and concealing the plant, from the base of the stem to thetips of the fronds.

It also often grows on the

Irish moss," Chondrus
forms rather thin, soft
crusts, which have small, soft papillae scattered over the surface
fromthe summit of each of these papillsea zooid protrudes, when they expand, and displays an elegant little wreath of tentacles, much as in
A. ramosum, (see fig. 257.) The A. parasiticum is also a species hitherto
neglected on our coasts. It forms thin crusts on alg?e and hydroids,
which generally become coated with a layer of fine sand or dirt. I
have not observed it at low-water, but have found it at the depth of afew fathoms on rocky bottoms in Vineyard Sound.
The Vesicularia dichotoma V. is a very common species, both on
rocky shores, in pools and on the under side of stones and in shallow
water on rocky and shelly bottoms. It is also capable of living inbrackish water, and is frequent on the oyster-beds. It usually forms
csespitose clusters of many crowded, slender, white stems, each ofwhich is repeatedly forked, branching in a somewhat arborescent manThere is a little crowded cluster of small, dark-colored, oval or
ner.
pear-shaped cells just below each fork, the cells being sessile andarranged in two somewhat spiral rows in each cluster. It generally
grows about an inch high, but sometimes two or three inches. When
expanded each of the zooids protrudes from its cell-like body a delicate
wreath of eight slender tentacles.
The Vesicularia cuscuta is a delicate, creeping species, which resembles, in miniature, the "dodder-i)lai)t," (Cuscuta^) and creeps over otherbryozoa and hydroids, very much as the dodder creeps over othercrispus, on rocky bottoms in shallow water.

'*

It

;

j

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
plants.

405

The stein is very delicate, filiform, jointed, and at intervals

gives off two very slender, opposite branches, which diverge at rightangles, and in their turn branch at intervals in the same way. The

and oval or elliptical, mostly arranged in clusters at ornear the branchings of the stems, but some are often scattered on
the branches they are attached by a narrow base. It occurs both at
low-water in pools and in shallow water among rocks. The F. armata
is also a creeping species, but the cells are terminated by four conicalprominences, each of which bears a slender spine when perfect. This
also occurs both between tides and in shallow water, on hydroids andbryozoa.
With these species of Yesicularia^ and often attached to them andcreeping over them, as well as on other kinds of bryozoa, hydroids
and alg?e, a very curious little species often occurs, in which the cells
are small, campanulate, and raised on slender pedicels, which risefrom slender, white, creeping stems. This is the Fedicellina Americana.
The zooids, when expanded, display a wreath of twelve or more tentacles
in contraction and when young they are often clavate.
The ^tea anguinea has not been recorded as from our coast, but is very
common on rocky and shelly bottoms, creeping over various hydroids,
cells are small;;

algae, ascidians, broyozoa, &c. ; it also frequently occurs on floating eel-grass and algse, in company with many hydroids.

It consists of delicate,white, creei)ing, calcareous stolons, from which arise elongated, slender, clavate, white, rigid, erect cells, with the aperture at thenarrower, pedicel-like portion of thecell is

end

j

the

surrounded by fine, circu-

lar, punctate striae.

The JE Iterate chelata is also a slender, creeping species, and has somewhat similar habits, but is much less common, and has been met with
only in the deeper parts of Vineyard Sound on ascidians and hydroids.
In this species each cell arises from the back of the preceding one, near
the end, and bends upward and forward obliquely, the cell expanding
from a»narrow, pedicel-like, basal portion to a more or less oval upper
part, with the aperture oblique and subterminal.
This, also, is a new
addition to the fauna of our coast, although, like the last, long wellknown on the coast of Europe.
The Biastopora ][)atina grows attached to algae and eel-grass; it forms
little circular disks, with tubular cells arising from the upper surface,
those in the middle being longest.
The Tubulipora flahellaris frequently occurs attached to various kindsof slender-branched algae, such as Ahnfeltia pUeata, &c.
It forms small,blunt-lobed, coral -like masses, composed of long, crooked, tubular cells,
united by a porous mass at base. Toward the borders of the lobes thecells are crowded and polygonal.

In the central parts they are more
and form groups or radiating rows. Associated with thepreceding on the alg^, Crisia ehurnea, (p. 311 ;) Mollia hyalina, (Plate
XXXIV, fig. 264;) Cellepora ramulosa^ (p. 312;) and other species occylindricalREPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

406

cur. The Memhrani;pora pilvsa (Plate XXXIY, figs. 262, 263) is frequenton rocky bottoms, growing cliiefly upon Phyllopliora and other alg?e.
It may be known by the oval cells, bordered by erect, bristle-like processes, of which the one at the proximal end of the cell is much longer

than the rest.

Another

species, 3£. Uneattij is also

common, incrusting rocks andIn this the cells are oblong,
crowded, and separated only by the linear margins. In the most common variety there are eight or ten slender spinules on each side of thecells, which bend over so as to meet or interlock across the open cells.
The cells are much smaller as well as narrower than those of the preceding species.
Of Echinoderms only a few species occur in this region, on rocky bottoms, which causes this fauna to contrast very strongly with that of the
rocky bottoms farther north, as in the Bay of Fundy or on the coast ofMaine, where numerous other fine species of star-fishes and several additional Holothurians are common. The common green sea-urchin, Strorr
gylocentrotus Drohachiensis^ (Plate XXXY, fig. 268,) so very abundantfarther north, and especially in the Bay of Fundy, where it occurs inabundance at low-water mark, and on rocky bottoms at all depths
down to 110 fathoms, and off St. George's Bank even down to 450 fathoms, is comparatively rare in this region and chiefly confined to theoutside colder waters, as off Gay Head and Xo Man's Land, where it
was quite common. But a few specimens were dredged at several localities in Vineyard Sound.
The largest occured on the rocky bottoms off
West Chop, and off Menemsha. It has been found occasionally in Long
Island Sound, as off Xew Haven and Stratford, Connecticut, but isthere quite rare and small. It feeds partly on diatoms and other small
algae, &c., which it cuts from the rocks with the sharp points of its
teeth, but it is also fond of dead fishes, which are soon devoured, bones
and all, by it in the Bay of Fundy. In return it is swallowed whole inlarge quantities by the wolf-fish and by other large fishes. Tiie» purple
sea-urchin, Arhacia punctulata, is much more abundant in VineyardSound and similar waters, in this region. This is a southern species
which is here near its northern limit. It is easily distinguished by its
rather stout, unusually long, purple spines by its ambulacral pores in
two simple rows by the upper surface of the shell being partly destishells in broad, thin, radiating patches.

;jtute of spines ; and by the anal region, at the summit of the shell, whichisformed of only four rather large plates.

associated with the preceding species, offItoccurred of large size,

West Chop and Holmes's

Hole it was quite abundant in the passage at Wood's Hole, especifilly
on shelly and gravelly bottoms north of Xaushawena Island, and it was
met with at many other localities.
The common green star-fish, Astcrias arcnicola, (p. 326, Plate XXXV,
',

fig.

269,) is very common

on all the rocky bottoms in this region.

Asmaller and more beautiful northern star-fish was occasionally met with

ETC.

407

Wood's Hole passage aud several other localities on rocky or gravThis was the Crihrella sangidnolenta; it is much more common north of Cape Cod, and is abundant in the Bay of Fandy and northward to Greenland it is also found on the northern coasts of Europe.
It has not been found much south of Vineyard Sound on this coast.
It can easily be distinguished by its five round, tapering rays, covered
with small spiuules, and by having only two rows of locomotive suckers
in the grooves on the under side of the rays, instead of four rows, as inillelly bottoms.

;

the common star-fishes belonging to the genus Asterias. Its color is
It is often orange, or purple, or rose-color, or cream-quite variable.

color, and sometimes mottled with red and purple, &c.

Unlike the pre-ceding, and most other species of our star-fishes, this does not have free-swimming young.

Its

eggs are deposited around the mouth, and re-tained by the mother until they develop into little star-fishes cajDableof

taking care of themselves.
few species,
The Hydroids are very numerous on rocky bottoms.
like Sydractinia polyclina (p. 328) and the Thamnocnida tenella, attach
themselves directly to the rocks, but the greater number adhere to as-Acidians, algte, or to other hydroids. Many of the species are also to befound on the rocky shores in tide-pools, and have already been mentioned.
Among those not yet detected at low water is a delicate species of Flumiliar la, with slender, alternately pinnate branches, which was foundgrowing upon rocks in company with Hydractinia. The Thamnocnida
tenella is a Tubularian which grows in clusters, two or three inches high,consisting of long, slender, somewhat branched stems, which are more orless crooked, and usually irregularly and distantly annulated, with beautiful pink heads at the top.
The general appearance is like that of the
FarypMj (Plate XXXVI, fig. 274.
The Ohelia dicJiotoma was found growing upon ascidiaus {Cynthia partita, &c.) in 8 or 10 fathoms, among rocks.
It is a well-known European species, but has not hitherto been established
as an inhabitant of our coast. It has dark, horn-colored, slender stems,with pretty long and rather erect, slender, alternate branches, whichbranch again in the same way. The hydroid cells are deeply campanulate, with the margin slightly sinuous or scolloped, the slight notches
corresponding with faint angular ridges which run down on the upperparts of the cells, giving the upper half a slightly polygonal form. In
The
this respect this species closely resembles the Ohelia commisuralis.
reproducsive capsules are elongated, urn-shaped, with a narrow, raised,)

sub-conical neck.

The Ohelia genieiilata is often very abundant on the fronds of Laminaria and other alg^e having flat fronds. Its creeping tubular stolons
often thickly cover the surface with a complete net-work; from these
the erect stems rise to the height of about an inch. This species may
be known by the prominent geniculation at the origin of the hydroid
pedicels.
The Ohelia fusiform is has a similar mode of growth, but is408

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

much less common.

Its hydroid cells are comparatively small and theirpedicels very short.

Several very delicate and beautiful creeping hydroids, belonging to
the Campanularians, also occur attached to larger hydroids, and thealgae. Among these are ClytiaJohnstoni, having comparatively large, bellshaped cups, with a notched rim, each borne on a long, slender, generally

simple pedicel, ringed at each end, and arising from the creeping stems.
The reproductive capsules are urn-shaped and annulated. The C. inter-media is quite similar in its growth, but has smaller and deeper cups, withsmaller notches around the rim. The Orthojpyxis caUculata grows in thesame manner it has beautiful little bell-shaped or cup-shaped cells,with an even rim, each borne on a long, slender, annulated pedicel with
one of the rings, just below the cup, very prominent. Its reproductive
capsules are large, oblong, smooth, and obtuse at the end. The Platypyxis cylindrica has small, very deep somewhat cylindrical cups, withthe rim divided into sharp teeth or notches; each one is borne on a small,
slender pedicel, generally less than an eighth of an inch high, feebly
annulated at each end.
The reproductive capsules are elongated, compressed, flaring slightly at the end. The Campanularia volubilis^ is alsoa very small, but elegant species it has deep cylindrical cups, which havea regularly scolloped rim, the scollops being small and evenly rounded.
The pedicels are very slender, and are annulated spirally throughout
their whole length, so as to appear as if twisted just below the cui^there is one prominent rounded annulation, or bead, the whole resembling in miniature the stem of certain wine-glasses and glass vases.
The reproductive capsules are vase- shaped, attached by short pedicels,and have the neck elongated and gradually narrowed to the end,
which flares slightly.
The Lafoea calcarata is also a small creeping hydroid, belonging toanother family. It has curved tubular cells. It nearly always grows on
Sertularia cornicina, which is a small species, resembling S. pumila,
5

,

;

)

(Plate XXXVII, fig. 279.)

The Sertularia argentea (Plate XXXVII, fig.

280) is a large, profusely branched species, often growing to the lengthof a foot or more.

It is very abundant in this region.

S. cupressina ismuch less common. The Eydrallmania falcata isalso a large species very common on these bottoms.
It can be easilyclosely related, but

distinguished by the spiral arrangement of its branches and the unilateralarrangement of its jug-shaped cells along the branches.
The Eudendrium ramosum and JE. dispar are not uncommon on rocky
bottoms, and are both beautiful species, somewhat resembling thePennaria, (Plate XXXVII, fig. 277.)
The species of Polyps are the same as those found on rocky shores
at low-water mark. The coral, Astranyla Dana', (p. 321),) is much morecommon than on the shores, and grows larger, some of the specimens
becoming four or five inches across, and rising up in the middle intomVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND,

ETC.

409

lobes or irregular branches, sometimes nearly two inches high, making

very elegant specimens.
I^umerous sponges also occur, but they have not yet been carefullystudied. One of the most abundant is a species of Challnaj which grows
up in clusters of slender, soft, smooth branches, five or six inches
high, and from a quarter to half an inch in diameter, of a paleyellowish or buff-color while living. It makes very delicate, white, andbeautiful specimens when the animal matter has been thoroughly washed
out and the sponge dried in the sun, which can be best done by hanging them up in a reversed position, owing to the flexibility of the branches
when wet. This species is closely related to the Chalina oculata^ which
also occurs in this region, in the outside cold waters, as off Gay Head,and is abundant farther north and on the coast of Europe but the present species is much more delicate, with more slender and rounderbranches, and it seems to be a southern form, for it is common all along
our coast as far, at least, as ]S^orth Carolina.
The common, irregularly branched, red sponge is found in abundance,
and also several light yellow, irregular, soft, massive species of Tedania,,
and the firm, massive, sulphur-yellow Cliona sulplmrea.
j

List of species ordinarily found on the roclty bottoms of the hays andsounds.

ARTICULATA.
Insects.
Page.

Chironomus halophilus

415

Page.

I

i

Pallene, sp

421

Crustacea.
Page.

Cancer irroratus
C. borealis

Panopeus depressus
P. Sayi

PeUa mutica
Eupagurus pollicaris
E. longicarpus

Homarus' Americanus
Crangon vulgaris

395
395
395
395
395
395
395
395
395
395

Hippolyte pusiola
Mysis Americana
Heteromysis formosa ....

396
396

Lepidactylis dytiscus

339

Page.

Mcera levis
Autonoe, sp
Amphithoe maculata
A. longimana
Unciola irrorata
Cerapus tubularis (?)
Caprella geometrica
Caprella, sp

Idotea i)hosphorea
Erichsonia filiformis
Balanus crenatus
Numerous small Eutomostraca.

315
415
315
370
340
396
316
316
316
316
396

410

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Annelids,
Page.

Page.

Podarke obscura
Marphysa Leidyi

397
397
397
397
397
397
397
398
397
319
319

Lumbricouereis opaliDa

397

Lepidonotus squamatus
L. sublevis-

Harmotlioe imbricata
Pliyllodoce, sp
Eulalia, sp

Eumidia, sp
Autolytus cornutus
Autoly tus, sp...

,

iifereis pelagica

Ophelia simplex

319
397
397
397
397
397
320
397
397
397
397
397

Oirrhinereis fragilis

Naraganseta coralii
Sabellaria vulgaris

Mcolea simplex
Scionopsis palmata

.

-

.

Polycirrus eximius

Potamilla oculifera
Sabella microplitlialma
Fabricia Leidyi
Serpiila diantlius

Spirorbis, sp

Nemerteans.
Page.

Page.

Cosmocephala ocliracea.
Polinia glutinosa ....

.

.

.

325
324

Cerebratulas

"?

sp

....

324

MOLLUSCA.
Gast ropods.
Page.

Fulgur carica
Sycotypus canaliculatus.'

Tritia trivittata .

Urosalpinx cinerea
As^^ris luData
A. zonalis
Anachis avara,

Lacuna viucta
Bittium nigrum
Oeritbiopsis Greeuii
0. Emersonii

,

Page.

399

Triforis nigrocinctus

399
354
399
399
399
306
305
305
383
417

Orucibulum striatum
Crepidula fornicata
0. unguiformis
Leptochiton apiculatus
L. ruber
Doto coronata
Polycera Lessonii.Eolis, sp....
Doridella obscura
.

. .

*.

305
399
355
355
399
399
400
400
400
400

LamelUhranchs.
Page.

Page.

Mya arenaria
Saxicava arctica
Argina pexata
Scapharca transversa

401
401
401
401

Mytilus edulis
Modiola modiolus
Anomia glabra
Ostrava Yirgiuiana

401
401
401
401

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

411

Ascidians.
Page.

Page.

401
401
401
403

Oyiitliia partita ....

Molgula Manhattensis
Peropliora viridis

Leptoclinum albidum

L. luteolum

403
402
403
401

Amaroeciiim stellatum.
A. constellatum
A. pellucid am,

Bryozoa.
Page.

Alcyonidiuiii ramosum

Page.

Eucratea chelata^tea anguinea

404
404
404
404
389
404
404

A. liispidum
A. parasiticum
A. hirsutum
Yesicularia gracilis

Y. dichotoma
Y. cuscuta
Y. armataTubulipora flabellaris
Diastopora patina
Crisia eburnea, . .

Bugula turrita
B.flabellata

Membranipora pilosa
M. lineata
Escharipora punctata
Escharella variabilis.
Mollia hyalina
Cellepora ramulosa

405
405
405
405

.

405
405
405
389
406
406
403
403
405
405
405

.

.

.

Pedicellina Americana

RADIATA.
Echinoderms.
Page.

Page.

Arbacia punctulata
Strongylocentrotus
bachieusis

406

406
407

Asterias arenicola

Dro-

Cribrella sanguinolentt406
Acalephs.
Page.

Page,
j

Campanularia flexuosa

327

Sertularia cornicina

C. Tolubilis

S. argentea

Lafoea calcarata

408
408
408
408
408
407
407
407
327
408

riumularia, sp

407

Platypyxis cylindrica
Orthopyxis caliculata
Clytia Johnstoni
C. intermedia
Obelia fusiformis
O. geniculata
O. dicliotoma
O. commisuralis,.

S. cupressina

Hydrallmania falcata
Halecium gracile
Bougainvillia superciliaris

Eudendrium ramosum
E. dispar

Pennaria tiarella

Thamnocnida teoella
Hydractinia polyclina

-

408
408
408
408
328
328
408
408
327
407
407

412

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Foly^ps.

Page

Metridiam marginatum
Sagartia leucolena

329
329

Paore.

Astrangia Danse

408

PROTOZOA.
Sponges.
Page.

Grantia ciliata
Cliona sulphurea
Tedania
Sponge, red species

330
409
409
409

Page.

Ghalina oculata

409

Ohalina, slender species

409

Several other sponges.

409

Foraminifera,
Page.

Numerous species
6.

421

,

FAUNA OF THE GRAVELLY AND SHELLY BOTTOMS OF THE BAYS
AND SOUNDS.
Bottoms composed of gravel or pebbles, often with, small stones, andgenerally with a considerable proportion of dead and usually broken shells,

were of frequent occurence in Vineyard Sound, and a few such localities
were found in Buzzard's Bay. Similar bottoms of small extent havealso been examined in Long Island Sound, near New Haven. Thesebottoms are generally the most productive and agreeable for thedredger, for they are the favorite abodes of large numbers of animalsof all classes, and the contents of the dredge are often so clean thatthey require little if any washing in the sieves. They vary much,
however, in character, some of them consisting mostly of gravel, withpebbles and perhaps small scattered boulders others consist largelyof broken shells, especially those of Mactra solidissima and Crepidula
fornicata^ mixed with naore or less gravel, sand, and mud. Others
are so completely overgrown with the various large compound ascidians described above, that they might well be called ^'ascidian
bottoms." In many places, however, there are patches of mud or sand,scattered here and there over a bottom which is mostly of gravel andshells, so that the dredge will often bring up more or less mud or sand,with some of the animals i^eculiar to such patches, mixed with thosepeculiar to the gravelly bottoms, thus augmenting the number andvariety of animals. In other cases more or less mud and sand may bemixed with the gravel throughout, or the bottom may be in process ofchanging from mud or sand to gravel, or the contrary, owing to frequentchanges in the directions of the currents, i)roduced chieliy by the actionof storms upon the shoals and bars of sand. Hence it is often difUcult tojINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

413

distinguisli with certainty the animals properly inhabiting the gravellyand shelly bottoms from those that pertain to the muddy and sandy
bottoms, but for our present purposes it is not necessary to make a very
sharp distinction between tbe different lists, for many species are common to all, and the areas of the different kinds of bottom are generally
small in this region, and evidently may change their character fromtime to time.
After a single storm the character of the bottom, in some localities,
was found to be greatly altered over wide areas, sometimes several miles
in extent, at depths of two to ten fathoms, and the animal life at the bot-

tom was always found to have changed very quickly, when the physicalcharacter of the bottom had been modified. The most frequent causeof change was the accumulation of immense quantities of dead seaweeds and eel-grass over bottoms that, a few days before, had been perSuch accumulations must either kill the majority offectly free from it.
the animals inhabiting gravelly, sandy, or rocky bottoms, or else cause
them to migrate. In all probability the majority of them perish, atsuch times, beneath the accumulations. In other cases one or two
storms sufficed to change gravelly and shelly bottoms to sandy ones,
causing, undoubtedly, great destruction of life and a great change in its
character over particular areas. These changes in the character of thedeposits accumulating on the bottom, attended with extermination oflife and changes in its charactersmall scale similarin particular localities, illustrate on aphenomena that have constantly occurred on a

grander scale in the history of the past life of the globe, during all thegeological ages, from the first commencement of life.

Practically it was

found quite difficult to find, in this region, large areas of gravelly andshelly bottoms, without some admixture with mud or sand, and it very
seldom happened that a continuous series of dredgings could bemade on such bottoms without encountering patches of mud and sand.
Therefore the accompanying list of species undoubtedly contains many
that belong rather to muddy or sandy bottoms than to those now
under discussion, for species have not been excluded unless well known
from many observations, to be peculiar, or nearly so, to mnd or sandand rarely met with on true hard bottoms.
The following are the principal localities where this kind of bottom
was explored in Vineyard Sound and vicinity, but those belonging tothe outside cold area are not included
First. An extensive area extending from off Nobska Point eastward,
nearly parallel with the shore, with some interruptions of sandy hot.
tom, as far as Suconesset Shoal, mostly in three to eight fathoms ofwater; on this bottom were the dredgings of line 6, a, h, c, d, e,f; 21^a, 6, 0, d; 22, «, &, c, d; 23, a, &, e,f; 25, 1), c, d; 26, a, fc, c, d, e; 34^a, &, c, (7, e,/; 35, a, 6, c, d, e.
Second. Another similar region nearly parallel with the southeastern
shores of ^aushon and Xonamesset Island and extending out into mid:

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

414

channel 5 dredgings on line

5, a, b ; 7, hj c, d ; 8, c, d, e, /, g ; 42, «,&; 43, «., &, c, dj e, were made on the shallower portion of this ground,mostly in three to eight fathoms 38, a, Z>, c ; 39, «, h ; 40, a, h, c, f7
41, h ; 44, a, &, c, ^, e ; 46, e, were made in the deeper parts of the chan5nel, in eight tofifteen fathoms.

Third. Several areas, in the deeper waters of the sound, north andnortheast of Holme's Hole, and doubtless continuous with the last area;
dredgings, at line 28, a, &, c, d, e,f; 29, a, h, c ; 31, a, h, c, d, e ; 32?
Uj &, c ; 33, a, &, c, d^ were made on these bottoms.

Fourth.

A narrow strip of clean gravelly bottom, swept by the strong

currents passing around West Chop, and situated between the •' Middle

Ground" Shoals and Martha's Vineyard, and extending around to East
Chop, with an interruption of rocky bottom just opposite West Chop
dredgings on line 37, a, &, c, d, g, li ; 47, a, and 48, «, h, c, d^ were madeon this area.
Fifth. In the channel, at the entrance to Great Harbor, off Nonamesset
Island, and partially extending into the harbor, there is more or lessgravelly and shelly bottom, frequently alternating with rocks andoften composed chiefly of dead shells, (mainly Crejndtila fornicata.)
This place is swept by the powerful tidal currents running throughWood's Hole Passage; dredgings at line 3, d, e; 5, e^f^g ; 13, a, h
18, a^ hj €, d ; 19, a ; 20, a, b, and many others not indicated on the chart,
were made here.
Sixth. Another area at the other end of Wood's Hole Passage, northof Hadley Harbor, and extending out into Buzzard's Bay a short distance some parts of this region had a smooth hard bottom of finegravel and sand, or coarse sand in other places it was more or lessstony dredgings on line 10, e, /; 11, a, &, c, d, e, g ; 12, b, c ; 70, a,
,•

;

;

:

d ; 71, «, &, were on these gravelly bottoms.
shallow region off Cataumet Harbor, in Buzzard's Bay
the bottom here]was hard gravel and shells, much overgrown with algie
dredgings at line 65, a, b, and others not indicated, were made here.
Eighth. At Quick's Hole, in the channel between Nashawena andPasque Islands, good gravelly bottom was found dredgings at line
45, a, b; 76, a^ b, c ; 77, c, d, e,/, were on this area.
Similar bottoms of small extent were also met with in other places.
There are also gravelly bottoms in the southwestern part of VineyardSound, near its mouth, as off-Menemsha, but as these are inhabited by
the more northern species of animals, they will be grouped with those of
the outside waters.
The animals of gravelly and shelly bottoms may be burrowing or tubedwelling species, like many annelids, amphipods, bivalve-shells, &c.'y
they may be species that adhere directly to the shells and pebbles, like cerb, 0,Seventh.

A

;

;

;

tain hydroids, bryozoa, bivalve-shells, and the numerous ascidiaus ; thelatter are quite as numerous here as upon the rocky bottoms, and for themost part of the same species; they niay be species that hide among

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

415

the shells and pebbles or between the ascidians, &c., like many of thelarger annelids, some of the crabs, and other Crustacea, &c. they may
be species that live among or attached to the hydroids, bryozoa, ascidians, and algae which grow upon the shells and pebbles such are manyof the small Crustacea, some annelids, many small gastropod shells, andmost of the more delicate bryozoa and hydroids ; or they may be larger;;

kinds that creep or swim about over the bottom, in search of food, suchas the lobster, the larger crabs, hermit-crabs, large gastropod mollusks,
star-fishes, sea-urchins, holothurians, &c. Owing to the great abundanceof animal life on bottoms of this character they are the favorite feeding
grounds of many kinds of fishes, such as the tautog, scup, black
bass, haddock, and cod, together with many others that are less valuaMost of the "banks" and "fishiug-grounds" resorted to by theble.
line fishermen have either gravelly and shelly or else rocky bottoms,
and those banks most frequented by fishes are almost always found tobe rich dredging-grounds. The gravelly banks in this region are, in
winter and spring, fishing-grounds for cod and haddock, but these fishes
retreat to colder waters in the summer.
Among the Crustacea the most abundant and important species are
the lobster, Somariis Amerieanus, (p. 395,) the common shrimp, Cran-

gon vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10,) the common rock-crab. Cancer
irroratus, (p. 312,) Panopeus Sayi, (p. 312,) P. depressus, (p. 312, PlateI, fig. 3,) the larger hermit-crab, JEupagurus polUcaris, (p. 313,) the
smaller hermit-crab, U, longlcarpus (p. 313,) the Heteromysls formosa,(p. 396,) My sis Americana, (p. 396,) Unicola irrorata, (p. 310, Plate lY
fig. 19,) Ampliitlioe maculata, (p. 315, Plate IV. fig. 16,) Coropliium cylindricum, (p. 370,) which lives among the hydroids, and a species ofAutonoe\ which lives in the crevices among the lobes of the sandy
ascidians {Amaroecium pellucidum) in large numbers. The ba rnacle, Balanus crenatus, (p. 396,) is very abundant.
One of the most interesting of the Crustacea met with was the Heterocrypta granulata, which occurred off Falmouth and near Suconesset
light-ship.
This is one of the triangular crabs in which the carapax issmooth the chelipeds are long and triangular. It is a southern
species, occurring on the Florida coast, and is new to our fauna.
Another triangular crab, the Pelia mutica, also occurs on these bottoms, but this has a rough carapax, and resembles a small specimen of
the common spider-crabs, Lihinia.
Cliuging to and creeping over the hydroids and ascidians a singularlong-legged Pycnogonid is often met with on shelly bottoms. This is thePhoxicMlidium onaxillare, (Plate YII, fig. 35.)
It is most frequently
deep purple in color, but gray and brown specimens are often met with.
The larv?e of a fly, Chironomus lialopMluSj v^SiS diedged in Hyg fathoms.
The Annelids are quite numerous, and the majority of them are thesame as those found on the rocky bottoms, for the same species inhabit
the interstices of the massive ascidians, found equally on both kinds of;

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

416

bottom, and the same tube-dwelling species can attach themselves tostones and shells just as well as to rocks. Most of the additional species
are burrowing kinds, and some of them probably inhabited patches of
mud or sand. Among the more interesting species are Nephthys hucera,(Plate XII, fig, 58 5) Anthostoma acutinn Y., a new species Scolecolepis
cirrata^ new to the American coast
Scalihregma hrevlcauda Y., a very
Cirratulus tenuis Y., a new species AmpJiainteresting new species
Serpula dlanthus Y., (p. 322.) Several
rete setosa Y., also a new species
rare or undescribed species were also met with that have not yet been
Among these were a peculiar species of Nereis a large
fully identified.
Anthostoma; Si joxiJig Poly dor a ; an apparently undescribed species ofSamytha ; a species of Euclione^ perhaps identical with E. eler/ans Y.
the calcareous tubes of a small worm, i^erhaps a Vermilia, which have
two carina on the upper side.
Two species of Sipunculoids occurred, one of which is probably undescribed. The other is the Phascolosoma ccementarium, (Plate XYIII,
fig. 92,) a species very common on all the northern coasts of Xew England in deep water. This worm takes possession of a dead shell of somesmall Gastropod, like the hermit-crabs, but as the aperture is always
too large for the passage of its body, it fills up the space around it witha very hard and durable cement, composed of mud and sand united together by a secretion from the animal, leaving only a small, round opening, through which the worm can extend the anterior part of its body tothe distance of one or two inches, and into which it can entirely with;

5

;

5

;

;

;

draw at will. It thus lives i^ermanently in its borrowed shell, dragging it
about wherever it wishes to go, by the powerful contractions of its body,which can be extended in all directions and is very changeable in form.
When fully extended the forward or retractile part is long and slender,and furnished close to the end with a circle of small, slender tentacles,
which surround the mouth there is a band of minute spinules justback of the tentacles the anal orifice is at the base of the retractile
part the region posterior to this has a firmer and more granulous skin,and is furnished toward the posterior end with a broad band of scattered, blackish, acute, recurved spinules, more or less triangular inform, which evidently aid it in retaining its position in the shell. As it
grows too large for its habitation, instead of changing it for a larger
shell, as the hermit-crabs do, it gradually extends its tube outward beyond the aperture by adding new materials to it. Some of the fishes
often suddenly cut short this labor by swallowing the worm, shell and all.
In July the common squids, Loligo Fealll, (Plate XX, figs. 102-105,) weretaken in considerable numbers by means of the trawl, on gravelly andshelly bottoms off Falmouth, and with them large quantities of the eggs
contained in large bunches or groups of long, gelatinous capsules.
They were apparently spawning at that time.
Although the Gastropod mollusks are seldom very numerous at any
particular spot on these bottoms, yet a pretty large number of species;;]

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
occur,and they are quite generally

diffused.

Many

of

417

them havealready been enumerated as occurring on rocky bottoms. The Fulgur
carica, (p. 35o, Plate XX, fig. 124,) and the Sycoti/iyus canaUcuIatiis, (p.

and are often very abundant.
Over a barrel of living specimens were obtained on a single excursion.
The Lunatia lieros, (p. 351, Plate XXIIl, figs. 133-136,) though generally
found on the sandy bottoms, also occurred in great numbers and ofvery large size on some of the gravelly bottoms. The pretty little
Xatica x>usiUa (Plate XXIII, fig. 132) is often common on these bottoms

355,) are found chiefly on these bottoms,;

it is usuallydelicately painted with brown.

The CrepUhda foniicata (p. 355, Plate XXIII, figs. 129, 129rt) was oneof the most abundant si^ecies, often occurring adhering to each other ingreat clusters, the lowest ones In the group adhering in turn to deadbivalve shells, pebbles, shells of living Fulgur and Sycotypus, and still

more frequently to these shells when dead and occupied by the larger
The dead shells of this Crepidula
were often found in great accumulations, covering considerable areasof bottom, and with but little admixture, either with other shells or withsand and gravel.
The Crepidiila iingmformis, (p. 355, Plate XXIII, fig. 127,) though very
common, did not occur in such great quantities. Crucibulum striatum(p. 399, Plate XXIII, figs. 125, 126) is also common, adhering to various dead shells.
The Vermetus radicula (Plate XXIY, fig. 157) is a very curious shell,
looking, when full grown, very much like the tube of an Annelid, suchas Serpula or Frotulcij but the inhabitant is a genuine Gastropod, andhas a thin, spiral, horny operculum, for closing the aperture when it
withdraws. When young this shell often forms a very regular, closely
coiled, spiral shell, looking like that of a Turritella^ and sometimes does
not become irregular until the spire is more than an inch long, but sooner
or later it goes off on a tangent and becomes irregular and crooked.
Sometimes several of these shells interlock irregularly and thus form

hermit-crabs, {Eupagurus pollicaris.)large clusters.

The curious and minute Ccecum pulcliellum (Plate XXIY, fig. 158) is
occasionally met with in considerable numbers, though very liable to beoverlooked owing to its very small size.

Ccecum costatum Y. is of lessfrequent occurrence, and easily distinguished by the prominent ridges
or ribs that run lengthwise of the shell.
V\^herever alg?e occur in abundance on these bottoms, the Bittlum
nigrum (p. 305, XXIY, fig. 151) is found in immense numbers, and it isgenerally associated with Lacuna vincta (p. 305, Plate XXIY, fig. 139)
and with a few specimens of Triforis nigrocinctus, (p. 305, Plate XXIY,
fig. 152.) Ceritliiopsis

Greenii, (Plate

XXIY, fig. 153,) Astyris lunata,
On the(Plate XXI, fig. 110,) AiiacMs avara, (Plate XXI, fig. 109,) &c.
shelly bottoms Ceritliiopsis terehralis

they are not usually common.
S. Mis. 61-^—27

and

C. Fmersonii ofter occur, but

On similar bottoms, sometimes adhering to418

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Fecten and other shells, we cften met with the various species of Odostomia, among which 0. seminuda (Plate XXIY, fig. 148,) was much themost common;

but 0. prodiicta^ (Plate

XXIY, fig. 143,)0.

impressa,(Plate XXIY, fig. 147,) and 0. trifida, (Plate XXIY, fig. 145,) occurredin shallow water j

and also Turhonilla elegans, (Plate XXIY, fig. 155,)

which is a very handsome, glossy, brown shell and T. inierrupta^ which isa similar shell, but more slender, with less convex whorls. The Eulima
oleacea (Plate XXIY, fig. 149) is a very elegant, white, polished, andshining shell, and generally rare, but in two instances we found severalof them adhering to the skin of the large Holothurian, Thyone Briaretis,
upon which it seemed to live as a quasi parasite or '' commensal."
On shelly and muddy bottoms we occasionally found Scalar la lineata,(Plate XXI, fig. 123,) and S. multistriata, (Flate XXI, fig. 122,) both ofwhich are rare and elegant shells. The Pleurotoma hicarinafum (Plate;

XXI, fig. 106) occurred rarely.
The bivalve shells are also quite numerous on these bottoms. Amongthem the Maetra solidissima (p. 358, Plate XXYIII, fig. 203) is mostconspicuous on account of its great size and frequent occurrence its
dead shells were often very abundantly scattered over the bottom, andwere generally incrusted with numerous bryozoa and hydroids. The
Gouldia mactracea (Plate XXIX, figs. 206, 207) was quite common in many;

localities in a living state, while the dead shells were generally diffused.

Among the other species that are common or abundant are Scapharcatransversa, (Plate

XXX, fig. 228,) CUdiophora trilineata, (Plate XXYII,(Plate XXX, fig. 230,) Mytiliis eduUs, (Plate

fig. 193,) JSfucula proxima,

XXXI, fig. 234:,) Modiola modiolus, (Plate XXXI, fig. 237,) Crenella
XXXI, fig. 233,) Fecten irradians, (Plate XXXII, fig.

glandula, (Plate

243,) Anomia glahra, (Plate

XXXII, figs. 241, 242.)

The Modiolaria

nigra (Plate XXXI, fig. 236) occurred only in few localities in the deep

water of the middle of the Sound, associated with the common muscle.
The Cumingia telUnoides (Plate XXX, fig. 221) was found living occasionally, but its dead shells were quite common.
The same is true ofCorbula contracfa, (Plate XXYII, fig. 191,) which was perhaps a little morecommonly found living than the last. The Cyclas dentata (Plate XXIX)
fig. 211,) is a handsomely sculptured, pure white shell, which we met
with only a few times in the living state, though dead valves often occurred. The same remarks will apply to Coclodesma Leaniim, (Plate
XXYII, fig. 198,) of which the shells were much more common. The
Kellia planulata (p. 310,) and Montacuta elevata also occasionally occur
on shelly bottoms, but were seldom obtained alive.
The Cyclocardia
borealis (Plate XXIX, fig. 216) and C. NovangUoe (Plate XXIX, tig. 215)
were quite common in the deeper waters.
The Oastranella tumida Y., (Phite XXYII, fig. 190) is a siiuill andrare shell, recentl^^ discovered, and has, as yet, been found only on ashelly bottom among hydroids, near New Ilaven, in 4 or 5 fathoms.
The Angnlns modestatus Y. (Plate XXX, tig. 224) is a species recently

ETC.

419

described from speciineus dredged by us in Yiueyard Sound. It is often
handsomely banded with light red and pale yellow. It is still a rare
species, but has been dredged also near IS'ew Haven.
The AscidianSj with the exception of one or two additional species
seldom met with, are the same as those of the rocky bottoms, and theyoften occur in immense quantities, especially the massive sandy ones,
Amarcecium loellucidiim^ (p. 401,) and the '^ sea-pork," A. stellatum^ (p.
402,) which together often almost entirely cover the bottom over areas
many acres in extent. They furnish excellent hidingi^laces in the openings and crevices between their lobes for numerous Crustacea and Annelids, many of wliich can be easily secured by putting the masses ofthese ascidians into buckets of water and leaving them until the water

begins to get stale, when they will come out of their retreats in large
numbers and seek the surface or edges of the water for oxygen. Or
they may be i^ulled apart directly and the various creatures secured atonce.

The MolguJa arenata (Plate XXXIII, fig. 251) is a nearly globular,
but often somewhat flattened species, which covers itself over with closely
adherent grains of sand or gravel. It is most common on sandy bottoms
but is found also on gravelly ones.
The Ciona teneUa is an elongated, erect species, attached at base torocks, dead shells, &c.
It is remarkable for the transparency, whiteness,and softness of its integument, and for the bright orange ocelli around
its orifices.
It is rare in this region, but very common in the Bay of
Fundy.
The Bryozoa are very abundant, especially on the shelly bottoms.
Some of them grow on algae, hydroids, ascidians, &c. and many
form incrustations on the dead shells and pebbles. The two mostabundant and prominent species are Bugula turrita (p. 311, PlateXXXIY, figs. 258, 259) and Escharella variabilis, (p. 312, Plate XXXIII,
fig. 256.)
The former grows attached to the various sea-weeds in great5

quantities, forming delicate white plumes, often six inches to a foot inlength.

The latter mostly forms calcareous incrustations over the sur-faces of dead shells and pebbles, thin at first, but eventually becoming

thickened by the formation of layer over layer, until the crust may become half an inch to an inch in thickness, with a tabulated and vesicular structure in the interior.
The masses thus formed often closely
resemble genuine corals, especially some of the ancient fossil forms,
and they often occur in great quantities. When living the color is dull
red, but when recently dried they have a yellowish-green color, whicheasily bleaches out, however, by exposure to the sunlaria dicJiotoma, {^.4:04:,)fig.

257,) and Crisia eburnea (p. 311, Plate

usually abundant.

and air.

Veslcn-Alcyonidium m??i052tm, (p. 404, Plate XXXIV,XXXIY, figs. 260, 261) are

Most of the remaining species have also been men-tioned in the previous pages as inhabitants of rocky bottoms, or elseamong the shore species.

Among the species not previously mentioned aoee Cellepom scahra,

420

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

wliicb forms branching, coral-like masses on the slender red algse ;aspecies of Lepralia, found with the last, and also on shells, which is allied

to L. Pallasiana of Europe; Mollia liyaUna, which forms circular disks,with irregular, more or less oblique cells; and Memhranipora temiis,which is common on the pebbles, often covering their whole surface witha delicate lace-like incrustation, made up of very small, crowded, oval
or oblong cells, which have the inner part of the front partly closed over,
but with an irregular, mostly three-lobed aperture toward the outer end,
which is bordered by small, irregular spinules.
The Vesicularia fiisca was also found in a few instances, in deep water.
It had not been previously known on the American coast.
Good specimens of the Cciberea Ellisii were also dredged in the deeper parts of Yine5' ard Sound, attached to ascidians.
Of Echinoderms the number of species is not large. The common
green star-iish, Asterias arenicola (Plate XXXV, fig. 269) is very common; the Crihrella sanguinolenta^ (p. 407,) is comparatively rare andthe green sea-urchin, 8. DrohacMensis, (p. 406,) is quite infrequent.
The purple sea-urchin, Arhacia jnmctulata, (p. 326,) is, however, quite
common in many localities. The largest and finest specimens weretaken off Holmes' Hole, but it was quite abundant, though of moderate size, in Great Harbor and Wood's Hole passage. The Thyone Briareiis (p. 362) is not uncommon in shallow water, especially among weeds;
it has already been mentioned, (p. 418,) as carrying Uulima oleacea;

attached to its skin.
Another Holothurian, the Pentamera puJcliella, seems to be quite common, judging by the numerous specimens thrown on Xobska beach by
the storms, and preserved for us by Mr. Yinal 'N. Edwards, during thepast winter, but it was dredged only in one locality, off Holmes' Hole,by Messrs. T. M. Prudden and T. H. Russell. It is a southern species,
not previously known north of the Carolina coasts. It is easily distinguished from the i:)receding species by its light color, and by having
the locomotive-suckers arranged in five broad and very distinct longitudinal bands, with naked spaces between them.
very delicate little Ophiurian, the AmpliiplioUs eleyans, was occasionally met with on the shelly bottoms.
This is a northern species,
much more common in the Bay of Fundy, where it is found from lowwater mark to 80 fathoms, and it is found also on the northern coastsof Europe. It has a nearly circular disk, covered with smooth scales,
regularly arranged, and each of the scales, on the sides of the slenderrays, bears three short, blunt spines. Its color is usually light gray or
whitish, frequently more or less marked with dark gray or brown.
The Ilydroids are numerous on these bottoms, and nu^stly of the same
species that have been mentioned as occuring on rocky bottoms.
The Polyps are few and essentially the same as those on the rocky
bottoms. The only additional species was a small, slender, undescribedAINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
species of Udivardsia, E. Uneata Y.,

livingin tlie interstices

421
among

ascidians and the tubes of Sabella and Potamilla.

Sponges also occur in considerable numbers. Among them the mostconspicuous is the Cliona sulphur ea, a bright sulphur-yellow species, growing into hemispherical or irregular, massive forms, of firm texture, thesurface covered with scattered, low, wart-like, soft prominences, aboutan eighth of an inch in diameter, which contract when the sponge is
The sponge commences as a boring species,
dried, leaving shallow pits.
on various dead shells, and as it grows it penetrates the shells in every
direction, forming irregular holes and galleries, which continue to growlarger as more and more of the substance of the shell is absorbed, until
the shells are reduced to a completely honey-combed, brittle mass, or amere skeleton finally the sponge begins to protrude from the surface,and grows up into mammilliform masses, or small, rounded crusts,
which continue to grow and spread in every direction, until finally they
may form masses six or eight inches in diameter, with the base si)reading over and enveloping various dead shells, pebbles, and the coral,
Astrangia Dance, though it often hai)pens that living specimens of the
Owing to the remarkable boring habits
latter grow upon the sponge.
of this and other allied sponges, they are very important in the economy of the sea, for they are the principal agents in the disintegrationand decay of the shells that accumulate over the bottoms, thus performing the same function in the sea that fungi and insects perform on
the land the removal of dead organisms that otherwise would accumulate in vast quantities. In this work they are aided, in most regions,either by certain boring Annelids, {Dodecacerea, &c.,) or by various boring mollusks, {LithodomuSy PJiolas, Gastroehcena, &c.,) but the greaterpart of this work seems to be effected by the sponges.
Numerous species of Foraminifera were obtained on these and also on
5—

the rocky bottoms, but they have not yet been studied.

The most com-

mon kind occurs attached by one side to dead shells, algae, &c.

It con-sists of several chambers arranged in a spiral manner, and to the naked

eye resembles a minute depressed spiral shell.

List of species inhabiting gravelly and shelly bottoms of the bays
sounds.

and

ARTICULATA.
Insects.

Page.

Page.
I

Chironomus halophilus

115

Muscid?e, larva

335

Pycnogonids.
Page.

Page.

Phoxichilidium maxillare.

415

Pallene, sp

409

422

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Crustacea.
Page.

Caucer irroratus
Paiiopeus depressus
P. SayiPelia mutica

Heterocrypta granulata

Eupagurus pollicaris
E. lougicarpns

Homarus Ameiicanus
Crangon vulgaris
Hippolyte pusiola
Mysis Americana
Heteromysis formosa

-

415
415
415
415
415
415
415
415
415
395
415
415

Page.

Lepidactylis dytiscus

Moera levis
Autouoe, sp
Ampliithoe maculata
Unciola irrorata

Oorophium cylindricuin
Caprella, sp

Idotea phosphorea
Ericbsonia filiformis

Epelys trilobus
Balanus crenatus
Numerous Entomostraca.

339
315
415
415
415
415
316
316
316
370
415

Annelids.
Page.

Lepidonotus squamatus
L.sublevis

Harmothoe imbricata
Sthenelais picta.

Nephthys picta
Pbyllodoce, sp
Eulalia, sp
Eulalia, sp

Polydora, sp

416

320
321
348

Scalibregma brevicauda

416
416

348
416

]^. bucera, .

Eumidia, sp
Eteone, sp
Autolytus cornutusA., sp., banded
l!^ereis pelagica

N. limbata
NereiSj sp . . «Diopatra cuprea

Marphysa Leidyi
Lumbriconereis opalina
L. tenuis

Anthostoma acutuin
Autbostomaj sp
Scolecolepis cirrata

Page.

320

Cirratulus tenuis
C. grandis

Oirrhinereis fragilis ...-,...
i!^aragauseta coral ii

349
349
349

Dodecacerea, sp
Olymenella torquata

349
349

Oistenides Gouldii

397
398
319
318
416
346
319
320
320
416
416
416

Samytba, sp
Ampbitrite ornata
Mcolea simplex
Poly cirrus eximius
Potamilla oculifera
Sabella micropbtbalma
Eucbone, sp

Sabellaria vulgaris

Ampharete setosa

Eabricia Leidyi

Serpula diantbus
Yerinilia, sp

Spirorbis spirillum

319
397
397
397
343
349
349
416
416
320
321
320
322
323
416
323
416
416
323

Sipunciiloids.
Page.

Page.

Pbascolosoma Cfementarium

416

Pbascolosoma, sp.

416

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

423

Nemerteans.
Page.

324
324

Meckelia ingens
PoliDia glutinosa

Page.

Oosmocephala ocliracea.

325

MOLLUSCA.
Ceplialopods,
Page.

Loligo Pealii, eggs and adults

416
Gastropods.

Page.

Pleurotoma bicarinatum
Bela plicata
Fulgur carica
Sycotypus canaliculatus
Tritia trivittata

.

418
383
417
417

.

,

Eupleura caudata
Urosalpinx cinerea
Astyris lunata

A. zoDalis
Auachis avara
Odostoinia producta.
O. fusca ....

O. trifida.

.

O. seminuda
O. impressa
O. bisLitiiralis
Turbouilla interrupta..

354
371
306
417
399
417
417
307
417
417
417
307

T. elegans

418
418

Eulima oleacea
Lacuna viucta

418
417

.

.

Page.

Bittium nigrum

417
417

Triforis nigrocinctus

417
417

Cerithiopsis Greenii
0. terebrans
0. Emersonii

417

Yermetus radicula
Caecum pulchellum417

C. costatum

417
417
417
417
355
417
417
418
418
399
400
400
307

417

Orucibulum striatum
Orepidula fornicata
C. unguiformis
0. convexa
Natica pusilla
Lunatia heros

Scalaria lineata
S. multistriata

Leptocbiton apiculatus,
Polycera Lessonii
Doto coronata
Doridella obscura

Lamellibranchs.
Page.

Page.

Saxicava arctica
Mya areuaria, (young)
Corbula contracta

309
309
418

Clidiopbora triliueata

418
358
418
418
373
418
358

Lyonsia hyalina
Cocblodesma Leanum
Mactra sobdissima

MuUnia lateralis
Cumingia tellinoides
Angulus tenerA. modestus
Gastranella tumida
Cardium pinnulatum
Oyclas dentata
Kellia planulata

Montacuta elevata
Gouldia mactracea
Astarte castanea
Cyclocardia borealis
0. Novanglise
I

....

418
418
435
418
418
418
418
432
418
418

424

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Page.

Nucula proxinia
Argina pexata
Scapharca transversa

418

Page.

309
418

Modiolaria nigra
Crenella glandula
Pecten irradians

418
418
418

Mytilus edulis

418

Anomia glabra

418

Modiola modiolus

418

Ostrsea Yirginiana

310

Ascidians.
Page.

Ciena tenella
Cynthia partita
Molgnla Manhattensis

419
311
311
419
388

M. arenata
Peropbora viridis

Page.

Leptoclinum albidum
L. luteolum

403
403
419
419
403

Amaroecium stellatum—

A. pellucidum
A. constellatum.

Bryozoa.
Page.

Alcyonidium ramosum
A. hirsutiim
A. parasiticum
Yesicularia dichotoma
Y. cuscuta
Y. gracilis.
Y. armataY. ( Avenella) fasca
Tubulipora flabellaris
Crisia eburnea^tea angainea
Eucratea chelata
Caberea Ellisii

.

-

.

Page.

419

Bugula turrita

404

B. flabellata

404
419
404

Membranipora pilosa
M. tenuis
M. lineata

389
405

Escbarella variabilis

420
405
419

Lepralia, sp

405
405
420

Cellepora ramulosa

.

.

.....

Escharipora punctata (?)-.Mollia byalinaDis^copora coccinea {%)C. scabra

Pedicellina Americana

419
389
406
420
406
419
403
420
420

333
312
419
405

RADIATA.
EcMnoderms,
Page.

Page.

Pentamera pulchella
Thy one Briareus
Strongylocentrotus

420
420

Arbacia punctulata

420

Asterias arenicola
Cribrella sanguinolenta

420

Amphipholis elegans

420
420
420

Droba-

chiensis

Acalephs.
Page.

Campanularia volubilis
Platy pyxis cylindrica
Orthopyxis caliculata

408
408
408

Page.

408

Cly tia Johnstoni
Obelia fusiform is

40 7

O. geniculata407

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Page.

Page.

O. dichotoma

407

Haleciuin gracile

O. commissuralis

327

Eudendrium dispar

Lafoea calcarata
Sertiilaria argentea

408
408
408
408

Pennaria tiarella

S. cupressina

Hydrallmania falcata

425
328
408
327
407
328

Thamnocnida tenella
Hydractiuia polycliua

Folyps.
Page.

Page.
I

Sagartia modesta

Edwardsia lineata
Astrangia Danse

330
329

Metridiuin marginatum

421
421

I

PROTOZOA.
Sponges,Page.

Grantia ciliata

Page.

Chalina, sp

330
409

Halichondria, sp

C. oculata

409

Tedania, sp

Gliona sulpburea

421
330
409

Foraminifera.
Page.

Numerous species
II. V.

421—FAUNA OF TRE SANDY BOTTOMS OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS.

The sandy bottoms in Vineyard Sound are chiefly found in shallow
water, either along the shores or on the banks and shoals.

In Buzzard's

Bay they were met with only in few places, near the shore, and have nogreat extent. To the eastward of Vineyard Sound, throughout theMuskeget Channel, and the waters
south and southeast of Nantucket and Cape Cod, the bottom is generally sandy, sometimes passing into gravelly and shelly.
greater part of Nantucket Sound,

The true sandy bottoms are not favorable to many kinds of animals,
and where the sands are constantly changing, as on most of the shoals
in this region, the bottom is sometimes almost barren of life, thoughcertain burrowing species may occur.
The following are some of the special localities where dredgings weremade on sandy bottoms:

In Buzzard's Bay, at line 11, d, e,f; 64, «, h ;In Vineyard

06, a, 1) ; 67, a, h ; 68, a, 1) ; 71, a, ft, d ; 73, a, &, c, e, /.

Sound, at line 14, </, /^; 25, a, &; 27, a, &; 30, a, &; 37, /i, i;
46, c, d ; ^ly f7, e; 48, a, 1).

43, «, &;A large portion of the species occurring onthese bottoms have been mentioned before either as inhabitants of the

sandy shores at low water, or as living upon gravelly and shelly bottoms. With the exception of a few species living attached to scatteredshells or stones, nearly all the species are such as are adapted to bur-

426

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

rowing beneath the surface of the sand, though many of them may also
occur creeping on its surface.
The most abundant and characteristic species of Crustacea are the lobster, Homarus Americanus, (p. 313,) the common shrimp, Crangon vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate IIT, fig. 10,) the '' lady-crab," Platyoniehus ocellatus,(p.

338, Plate I, fig. 4,) the larger hermit-crab, Eupagurus pollicaris, (p.

313,) the smaller hermit-crab, Uupaguriis longicarpus, (p. 313,) Anthurahrunnea, Conilera concharum, Unciola irrorata, (p. 340, Plate lY, fig. 19.)

Of Annelids a considerable number of burrowing species occur, andalso a few tube-dwelling species, which attach their tubes to dead shells ;among these last are Sahellaria vulgaris (p. 321, Plate XVII, figs. 88, 88a,)and Serpiila diantlius, (p. 322.)
The Gastropods are not numerous, and but few are peculiar to sandy
bottoms the majority found have their proper homes on shelly or
muddy bottoms and live in much smaller numbers in sandy places;
others enumerated in the following list inhabit the patches of eel-grass
and algae that are often scattered over the sandy bottoms in shallow
water. A few species, however, have their proper homes on the sandy
bottoms. Among the most important of these are Lunatia heros, (p. 353,
Plate XXIII, figs. 133-136,) Neverita duplicata, (p. 354, Plate XXIII, fig.
130,) Natica piisilla, (p. 354, Plate XXIII, fig. 132,") Cylichna oryza,
5(PlateXX Y, fig. 164,) Utriculus cajialiculatus, (Plate XX Y,

fig.

160.)

The bivalve shells are more numerous, and most of them are species
that burrow beneath the surface. The most common and characteristic
species are Ensatella Americana, (p. 356, Plate XX YI, fig. 182, andPlate XXXII, fig. 245,) Siliqua costata, (p. 358, Plate XXXII, fig. 244,)

Mactra solidissima, (p. 358, Plate XXYIII, fig. 202,) Angulus tener, (p.
YI, fig. 180, and Plate XXX, 223, shell ;) Tottenia gemma,
358, PlateXX

XXX, fig. 220,) Lyonsia liyalina, (p. 358, Plate XXYII, fig^
In certain localities, where eel-grass grows, the scollop, Pecten
irradians, (p. 361, Plate XXXII, fig. 243,) occurs in considerable abun(p. 359, Plate

194.)

dance.

The common muscle, Mytilus edulis, (Plate XXI, fig. 234,) occa-

sionally occurs in patches or beds.

Lwvicarditmi Mortonl (p. 358, Plate

XXIX, fig. 208) IS sometimes abundant in sheltered localities. The
Ceronia arctata ai)pears to be abundant in some places, as it is sometimes thrown on the sandy beaches in large numbers, but it was seldom
The Thracia Conradi lives on sandy bottoms, buried six
dredged.
more
inches or
beneath the surface, but is seldom obtained alive. The

dead shells were occasionally dredged in Yineyard Sound.
Yery few Ascidians occur. The most frequent one is MoJgula arenata^(p. 419, Plate XXXIII, fig. 251,) which lives free in the sand and covers
itself with a coating of closely adherent grains of sand. Another species,
M.pellucida, is occasionally met with this also lives free in the sand, butdoes not attach the sand to itself. It has a clean translucent integument, a round body, and two tubes which are large and swollen at their;INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
bases.

427

Where eel-grass or algae afford opportanities for its attachment,

the M. ManJiattensis (p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 250) generally occurs.
The Bryozoa are not numerous, unless where dead shells are scatteredover the sand for their attachment, when many of the same species that
inhabit shelly bottoms may occur. The only species that are frequenton the true sandy bottoms are Bugula tiirrita, (Plate XXXIY, figs. 258,
259,) which occurs attached to eel-grass, &c., and JEscJiarella variabilis,(p. 311, Plate XXXIII, fig. 256,) which incrusts dead shells or other solid

objects ; with the last, Memhranipora lineafa, (p. 406,} and several otherspecies may sometimes be found.

The most
Several species of Echinoderms inhabit the sandy bottoms.
abundant one is the "sand-dollar," UcMnarachnius parma, (p. 362, Plate
XXXY, fig. 267,) which occurs in immense numbers on nearly all sandy
bottoms, except on the most exposed shoals. Another related species,
Melitta tesUidinaria, was dredged two or three times in Vineyard Sound,but the specimens were dead and broken. It is a very abundant species
south of Cape Hatteras, and may be distinguished by having five large
ohlong perforations near the edge.
At least three species of Holothurians live upon the sandy bottoms.
The most common one is the Thyone Briareus, (p. 362,) conspicuous on
account of its large size and dark purplish-brown color, as well as for thenumerous long papillse that cover its body. It was found on a sandy bot-

tom off Waquoit, with the Eulima oleacea (Plate XXIY, fig. 149) adhering to its surface, just as they occurred together on shelly bottoms, (see i3.
The Fentamera ptilcliella, (p. 420,) also inhabits sandy bottoms, in418.)
shallow water. During the past winter Mr. Yinal X. Edwards collectednumerous specimens of this and the preceding species on Xobsca beach,
They doubtless live in the sand, in shallow water, a shortdistance off the beach. In similar situations the Caudina arenata, (p. 362,)
occasionally occurs, but it is apparently rare in this region. It has a thick,yellowish white, harsh skin, without suckers, and its body tapers off' into
after storms.

a slender caudal portion.
(p. 326, Plate

The common star-fish, Asterias arenicola,

XXXY, fig. 269,) is not uncommon on sandy bottoms, thoughmore abundant in rocky and shelly localities.
(p. 363) lives

The Opliiura olivacea

among the patches of eel-grass in shallow water on the

sandy bottoms, and travels over the surface of the sand quite rapidly
by means of its slender, flexible rays.
Of Hydroids very few species ordinarily inhabit sandy bottoms, andthe only one that is usually met with is Sydr actinia poJycUna, (p. 328,)
which lives on the shells occupied by hermit-crabs. Others occasionally'grow on the eel-grass or on dead shells.
The Cliona sulphurea, (p. 421,) is the only large sponge that is commonly met with on sandy bottoms, but another bright yellow siliceoussponge, forming smooth, firm, crest-like lobes and plates, occurred on
Edgartown beach.

428

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

List of s;peci€s inhabiting the sandy hottoms of the hays and sounds,

ARTICULATA,
Crustacea.
Page.

Cancer irroratus
Oarcinus granulatus
Platyonichus ocellatus.,..

Hippa talpoida
Eupagurus pollicaris ...

=...

E. longicarpiis

Homarus Americanus
OraDgon vulgaris

Page.

312
312
436
338

339
426
340
370
426
426
340

Lepidactylis dytiscns

Unciola irrorata
Idotea cseca
Epelys trilobus
Conilera concharum
Antliura brunnea

426
426
426
426

Limulas Polyphemus

Annelids.
Page.

Sthenelais picta

Nephthys picta
Eteone, sp
Neresis pelagica

Lumbriconereis opalina

Ehynchobolus dibraucbiatus
E. Americanus
Anthostoma robustum

Page.

A. acutum

348
348
349
319
320
341
342

Scolecolepis cirrata

Polydora, sp
Olymenella torquata.
Sabellaria vulgaris

Oistenides Gouldii

Ampbitrite ornata
Serpula diantbus

343

. .

.

416
416
416
343
426
323
320
426

Nemerteans.
Page.

Page.
I

Meckelia ingens

349

M. rosea|

350

Sipunculoids.
Page.

Page.
I

Pbascolosoma Gouldii353

P. crementarium

416

MOLLUSCA.
Gastropods.
Pago.

Page.

Fulgur carica
Sycotypus canaliculatus
Eupleura caudata
Urosalpinx cinerea
Tritia trivittata

llyanassa obsoleta
Anacbis avara
Astyris lunata

355
355
371
306
354
354
306
300

Odostomia seniinuda
Turbonilla interrupta

Bittium nigrum
Triforis nigrocinctus

Oeritbiopsis Greeuii
C. terebrans
0. Emersonii

Cjucum pulcbellum

417
418
305
305
417
417
417
417

INVERTEBEATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

Page

Page.

C. costatiim

417

Crepidula fornicata

355
355
355
42G

C. convexa

0. unguiformis
l!^atica pusilla

429

Lunatia beros
Neverita duplicata
Oylichna oryza
Utriculus caualicLilatus .

.

.

426
426
426
426

LamelUbranelis.
Page.

Ensatella Americana

426
426
357
418
418
426
426
435
418

Page.

Tellina tenta

426

Astarte castanea

Muliuia lateralis
Ceronia arctata

373
426

Myti lus edulis
Pecten irradians

432
418
426
359
426
426
418
360
418
432
426
426

Macoma fusca

359

Anomia glabra

311.

Siliqua costata

Mya arenaria
Corbula coutracta
Clicliopbora triliueata

Lyoiisia byalina

Tbracia Conradi
Periploma papyracea

Oocblodesma Leanuin
Mactra solidissima.

Angalus modestus
A. tener

Venus mercenaria
Tottenia gemma
Loe^icardium Mortoni
Cyclas dentata

Solenomya velum
Gouldia mactracea.

Ascidians.
Page.

Molgula areuata
M. Manbattensis

r.

426
427

Page.

Molgula pellucida.

426

Bryozoa.
Page.

Bugula turrita
Membranipora lineata

427
427

Page.

Escbarella variat)ilis

427

EADIATA.
UcJiinoderms.
Pase.

Tbyone Briareus
Pentamera pulcbella
Caudina arenata
Ecbiuaracbuius parma

Page.

427

Melitta testudinaria

427

Aster ias arenicola
Opbiura olivacea

427

427
427
427

427
Acaleplis,
Page.

Obeliadiapbana.

327

Page.

Hydractinia polyclina

427

430

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Polyps.
Page.

Paractis rapiformis

363

PROTOZOA.
8po7iges,

Page.

427

ClioDa sulphurea

Page.

Massive siliceous sponge

427

Foraminifera,
Page.

421

Several species
II. 8.

—FAUNA OF THE MUDDY BOTTOMS OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS.

The muddy bottoms

number of
Most of theseA few creep or swim

are inhabited by a considerable

species, which find their true

homes in such localities.

are either burrowing or tube-dwelling kinds.

about over the surface or conceal themselves in the superticial layer of

mud and vegetable debris.
The character of the mud itself is quite various, and the different
kinds are often inhabited by different groups of animals. The mud may
be very thick, heavy, and tenacious, consisting chiefly of clay

mud is usually inhabited by few species of animals.

;

such

It may consist offinely comminuted sand, mixed with more or less clay;such bottoms are
In other places it consists partly of oneof the i)receding kinds intimately mixed with large quantities of decay-

more favorable to animal life.

ing vegetable debris, derived chiefly from eel-grass and algae; such mud,unless too fetid, is often full of animal life. In some cases, especiallyin well-sheltered localities, where the water is tolerably pure, the mud
may contain larg(5 quantities of living and dead microscopic organisms,
both animal and vegetable, and these may even constitute more than

one-half of the bulk of the mud, which, in such cases, is peculiarly softand floccnlent; such mud is extremely favorable to many kinds of aiiimals that feed on the microscopic organisms, especially the bivalve
shells, Holothurians, and many Annelids, and the " menhaden " among
The last variety of bottom, when it has a substratum of sandfishes.
or gravel a few inches below the surface, is the most favorable kind foroysters, which grow very rapidly and become very fat in such places.
In Vineyard Sound and Nantucket Sound muddy bottoms are notcommon, and are mostly of small extent, situated in coves, harbors, orin places where the tides form eddies around projecting points of laud,or in the lee of shoals.

In Buzzard's Bay the bottom is muddy over the greater part of its
area, except a region of sandy and shelly bottom in the central part.
In Long Island Sound the bottom is generally muddy throughout its

INVERTEBRATE AXIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUXD, ETC.

431

length, aucl breadth, thongli small areas of rocks, gravel, and saud occur

at various places.

The special localities, indicated on the chart, where dredgings weremade on muddy bettoms, not including the outside dredgings, are as
In Buzzard's Bay, at line 67, h ; 68, «, &, c : 74, a, ; 75, «, &,/; in Hadley Harbor, at 10, a, &, c, d ; in Great Harbor, at 17,; in Eobiuson's Hole, at 78, «, &, c; in Vineyard Sound, at
h, c ; 19,
Numerous other dredgings were made on muddy bottoms in
17, &, c.
this region that are not indicated on the chart.
In Long Island Sound numerous dredgings have been made by the
These exwriter, with Mr. S. I. Smith and others, during eight years.
tend from a few miles west of the entrance of Kew Haven Harbor to
the Thimble Islands and Faulkner's Island on the east and from the Connecticut shore nearly across the sound. The greater part of these dredgings were on muddy bottoms, and generally in 3 to 8 fathoms of water.
The following are some of the most common and important of the
Crustacea living on these muddy bottoms the spider crab, Lihinia canaliculata, (p. 368,) L. diibia^ (p. 368,) Fanopeus depressiis, (p. 312, PlateI, fig. 3,) P. Saiji, (p. 312,) the '^ blue-crab," CalUnectes hastatus, (p. 367,)
31ysis Americana^ (p. 396,) Ptilocheirus pinguis, (p. 131,) JJnciola IrroNumerrata, (p. 310, Plate lY, fig. 19,) Limulus Folyphemus, (p. 310.)
ous tube-dwelling Amphipods, including several species of Ampelisca
and genera belonging to the Li/sianassime occur, some of them in great
numbers, and also additional species of crabs and shrimps. All theseare of special importance, because they furnish great quantities of foodfor the fishes frequenting muddy bottoms.
Of Annelids numerous burrowing and tube-dwelling kinds are to befound, some of them in great abundance. One of the most abundantand conspicuous species is Xephthi/s ingens, (Plate XII, figs. 59, 60.) This
worm burrows in mud of all kinds, even in that which is so filled withdecaying vegetable debris as to be very fetid. It grows to the lengthof more than six inches, with a diameter of a quarter of an inch or more,though most of the specimens are about half this size. The body is
whitish, with a red median blood-vessel, but the lateral appendages aredark and the setie nearly black. It is very active, and wriggles about
energetically by undulating its body laterally, to the right and left thismotion enables it to burrow quickly, or to swim quite rapidly. T^hen

follows

1):

c, d, e,

1)

]

:

;

captured it is very apt to break off the posterior part of its body,
but can reproduce it.
The Diopatra cuprea (p. 316, Plate XIII, figs. 67, GS) is often abundant where the mud is somewhat firm the dredge often brings up large
quantities of the projecting ends of its large tubes, but the occupant
usually escapes by retreating below the surface. The two species of
Bhynchobolus are also quite common, but B. dibrancliiaUis (p. 311, Plate;

X, figs. 13, 11) is generally the most abundant. The curious Travisia
carnea Y. is seldom met with, and, like Brada setosa V., appears to be rare

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

432

in this region.

The TropJionia affinis (Plate XIY, fig. 75) is more com-

mon though found chiefly in the deeper waters, and more frequently in,the cold waters outside, as off Guttyhunk Island and off Block Island.
Amijliarete setosa Y. has been found only in Long Island Sound, near

New Haven. The Melinna cristata is a northern and European speciesit

was found in the deeper part of Vineyard Sound, inhabiting flexible

tubes covered with fine mud. Euclione elegans Y. (Plate XYI, fig. 84) was
found in the deeper parts of Yineyard Sound, living in small tubes of
mud it was much more abundant in the deeper waters outside. The
Meclcelia ingens (p. 349, Plate XIX, figs. 96, 96<i) occasionally occurs on
muddy bottoms, though more common on sandy ones.
Of Gastropod mollusks a comparatively small number of species occur that are characteristic of these bottoms. There are several species
that occur on eel-grass, when it grows on the muddy bottoms, which are
not included in the following list. They have been mentioned when
speaking of the fauna of muddy and sandy shores.
Among the species of special interest were Mangilia cerina, which isa rare and little-known species Bela pUcata (p. 383, Plate XXI, fig.
Turhonilla elegans, (p. 418, Plate XXIY, fig. 155), which was re107)
cently described from specimens obtained in Yineyard Sound by us
T. interrnpta, (p. 418 5) two species of Scalaria, (p. 418;) CyUchna oryza,
J;;(PlateXXY, fig. 164;) AmpMspMjra pellucida, (Plate XXY, fig. 162;)

and Utricuhis canalictdatus, (Plate XXY, fig. 160).
The bivalve shells are much more numerous and are mostly burrowing
kinds. Among the most abundant are Mulinia lateralis, (p. 373, Plate
XXYI, fig. 184 B,) which occurs in immense quantities, especially in soft
sticky mud ; Clidiopliora trilineata, (Plate XXYII, fig. 193 ;) Tellina tenia(Plate XXX, fig. 225,) which is often very abundant in soft mud, in shel-tered places, as in Hadley Harbor ; CalUsta convexa, (Plate XXX,

fig.

219 ;) Nuculaproxima, (Plate XXX, fig. 230 ;) Yoldia limatula, (Plate XXX,
232 ;) Astarte castanea, (Plate XXIX, fig. 204 ;) and Mytilus ediilis, (p. 307.)
The last-named shell, which is the common muscle, occurs in i)atches," beds," or "• banks,'' often of great extent. One of these muscle-beds, inwhich the animals were living, was found extending quite across themouth of Guttyhunk Harbor, at line 75, /, on the chart another at;

Quick's Hole, at line 76, c, and 45, a, &; others at 77, d, e,/; 46, &, c, d.
In several instances large beds of dead muscles were found, with few
living ones, and in all these cases there were on them large

numbers ofstar-fishes, either Asterlas arenicola, in case of those in Yineyard Soundand colder waters near theentrance of the Sound and off Gay Head ; and sometimes both kinds, atintermediate localities. These star-fishes had no doubt devoured theor Asterlas vulgaris on those in the deeper

muscles.

Among the localities of this kind are, 47, a,

56, &, c, d ; 55, a, ft, c ; 63, «, h ; 58, d ; 54, b.

Z>,

c,

d; ^)'3j h, c ;As this species of muscle

grows to full vsize, under favorable circumstances, in one year, it is probable that these muscle-beds vary greatly in size and position in ditterent

INYERTEBEATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

433

years. They afford babitations for various kinds of animals tbat belongproperly on shell}' or stony bottoms, such na Arhacia ])iinctulata (p. 326,)
Crihrella sanguinolenta, (p. iOT,) and various shells, ascidiaus, hydroids,

The Modiolaria nigra (Plate XXXI, fig. 236) was found in small
numbers, bat of o-ood size, associated with the common muscle, in the
deeper part of Vineyard Sound.
The oyster does not usually occur on true muddy bottoms in thisregion, unless placed there by human agency, but unless attacked by
the star-fishes or other enemies they will flourish well in such localities.
Beds of oysters on muddy bottoms always afford lodgment for large
numbers of animals that belong properly to the shelly and rocky bottoms these have mostly been omitted from the following list.
&c.

5

Among the shells of peculiar interest that live in the mud are thespecies of Fholas. The largest and finest species, P. costata, has beenfound living in Xew Bedford Harbor, according to Dr. Gould. It lived
buried in the mud two or three feet below the surface, and the specimens were dug out by the harbor-dredging machines. This is a southern species, found quite commonly on the coasts of South Carolina andFlorida, and in the Gulf of Mexico. With the last, P. truncata (p. 372,
Plate XXVII, fig. 200) was also obtained, but this is quite common in mudand peat-banks, above low-water mark. Of both the preceding species
we dredged dead shells at Wood's Hole and in Great Harbor, and withthem we found fragments of another, Zlrplicva crisxmta^ which is anorthern and European species. It is seldom that living adult specimens of such deep-burrowing shells can be obtained by the ordinary
dredge, and they are rarely thrown up b}' the waves.
Ascidiaus are not often found on the muddy bottoms, and most of
those that do occur adhere to the shells of oysters, muscles, &c., or to
eel-grass. Hydroids and Bryozoa are likewise nearly wanting on true
muddy bottoms, though a few may occur on the eel-grass and oysters.
Of Echinoderms there are but few species. The Thyoiie Briareus
The common(p. 362) sometimes occurs where there is growing eel-grass.
star-fish, Asterias arenicola, (p. 326,) has been mentioned above as inhabiting muscle-beds and oyster-beds. The AmpliiplioUs abdita V. is asingular Ophiuran, with a small body and very long, slender, flexible,
greenish arms, having three spines on each side arm-plate. The arms
are sometimes six inches long. The creature buries itself deeply beneaththe surface of the soft mud, and projects one or more of the long arms
partially above the surface of the inud.
On this account it is seldom
dredged entire; the projecting arms are usually cut off \)\ the dredge,
and the animal escapes; and as it has the power of restoring lost arms,
this is only a temx)orary inconvenience.
The same thing probably happens when a voracious fish seizes one of the arms.
S. Mis. 61

28

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

434

List of species inhaUting muddy hottoms of the hays and sounds.

ARTICULATA.
Crustacea.
Page.

Pinnotheres ostreum
P. maculatus

367
459

Cancer irroratus

312
431
431
312
431

Panopeus

depressiis

P. Sayi

Carcinus gTanulatus
Callinectes hastatus

431
431
313

Libinia caualiculata
L. dubia

Eupa gurus pollicaris

313
369
339
431

E. longicarpus
Callianassa Stimpsoni

Crangon vulgaris
AmericanajVI^^sis8qnilla empusa

Lysianassinai,

369
several

spe-

431

cies

Plioxus Kroyeri
Melita nitidaAmi)elisca, two species.

.

Ptiloelieirus pinguis

Ampliithoe compta ......

Corophium cylindricum.
Unciola irrorata
Epelys trilobus
E. montosus
Limuhis Polyphemus
Numerous Entomostraca.

314
431
431
370
415
431
370
370
431

Annelids.
Page.

Page.

Nephthys in gens

431

Travisia carnea.

.

Phyllodoce, sp

349
349
319
431
319
320
342
431

Trophonia affinis.

Eulalia, sp

Nereis pelagica
Diopatra cuprea

Marphysa Leidyi
Lumbriconereis opalina.

.

Ehynchobolus Americanus
R. dibranchiatus

Brada setosa
Oistenides Gouldii

Ampharete setosa
Melinna cristata.
Polycirrus eximius
Ch?etobranchus sanguineus.
.

Euchone elegans

431
432
431
323
432

432
320
320
432

Nemerteans.
Page.

Page.

Meckelia ingens.

432

Cerebratulus, sp.

324

Oosniocei)hala ochracea

325

Sipunculoids.
Pago.

416

Phascolosoma crementarinni
Nematodes.
Page

Pontonema mariiuim

325

I'ngo.

P. vacil latum326

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

435

MOLLUSCA.
Gastroiiods.
Page.

Page.

432

Crepidula foruicata

432

0. convexa
0. unguiformis

Ilyanassa obsoleta
Eupleiira caudata
Odostomia seniinuda

354
354
371
417

Utriculus canaliculatus

Mangilia cerina
Bela plicata.

Tritia trivittata

...

355
355
432
432
432
371
432
432

Scalaria lineata
S. multistriata

O. fusca

307

Bulla solitaria -..-,...

Tarbouilla interrupta

432

Amphispbyra pellucida

T. elegans

432

Cylicbna oryza

355

Lamellihranclis.
Page.

,

Pholas costata

Mya arenaria

433
433
309

Clidiopbora trilineata

432

Lyonsia byaUna
Periploma papyracea
Mulioia lateralis
Tagelus gibbus

358
429
432
373

P. truncata

T. divisus

OumiDgia tellinoides ..-..,,

418

Macoma fusca

359
358
432
432

Augulus tener.

Tellina teuta
Callista convexa

Yenus merceuaria
Petricola pholadiformis

359
372

Gardium piunulatum
Kellia plaoulata

Montacuta elevata
Solenomya velum
Astarte castanea
Cyclocardia borealis
0. NovaiigliieE^ucula proxima

Yoldia limatula
Argina pexata

My tilus edulis
Modiolaria nigra
Crenella glandula.

Anomia glabra.
Ostniea Yirginiana

=

- .

.

423
310
418
360
432
418
418
432
432
309
432
433
418
311
433

Ascidians.
Page.

Page.

Molgula Manhattensis

311

311

Cynthia partita

KADIATA.
UcJiinoderms.
Page.

Page.

Thyone Briareus
Asterias arenicola

433
433

Amphix)holis abdita

.

.

433

436

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
II. 9.

•—FREE SWIMMING AND SURFACE ANIMALS.

Under this liead I have included all the animals found swimming free,whether in the bays and sounds, or in the colder region outside. Norliave I, in this case, attempted to separate those of the estuaries andother brackish waters, although such a distinction might be useful had
we sufficient data to make it even tolerably complete. But hitherto
very little surface-collecting has been done in w^aters that are reallybrackish and, moreover, since every tide must bring in myriads of freeswimming creatures with the waters from outside, it will always be difficult to distinguish between those that are thus transported and thosethat properly belong to the brackish waters. A distinction between thefree-swimming animals of the bays or sounds and those of the open
coast has not been made, partly on account of the constant intermixtureof the waters and their inhabitants by the tides, and partly because theobservations that were made do not indicate any marked difference inthe life or in the average temperature of the surface waters, though thewaters of the shallow bays become more highly heated by the direct
heat of the sun in summer. The waters of the open coast are evidently
more or less warmed by the Gulf Stream, and in fact numerous speciesof animals that properly belong to the fauna of the Gulf Stream areconstantly brought into Vineyard and Nantucket Sounds by the currents, showing conclusively that a portion of the Gulf Stream watermust also take the same course.
In Vineyard Sound, during August and the first part of September,the temperature of the surface water in the middle of the day was genSeptember 9, off Tarpaulin Cove,erally from 680 to 71° Fahrenheit
the surface temperature was 6Q^; off to the west of Gay Head, in midchannel, it was 67^ Fahrenheit; but farther out, off No Man's Land, on
tbe same day, it was 62^, (bottom, in 18 fathoms, 62Jo ;) a short distancewest of No Man's Land it was 63°, (bottom, in 11 fathoms, 59^ ;) aboutsixteen miles off Newport, at the 29-fathom locality, it was 62° on September 14, (at the bottom 59^;) off Outtyhunk, in 25 fathoms, it was
640 at the surface on September 13, (bottom 62Jo.) According to therecord made by Captain B. J. Edwards, during the past winter, fromobservations taken at 9 a. m. every morning, at the end of the Government wharf at Wood's Hole, (where the temperature must be nearly
identical with that of Vineyard Sound,) the average temperature of thesurface water was 31^ Fahrenheit, from December 27 to February 28.
The average temperature for that hour during January was 31.42othe lowest was 29° on January 29, with the wind N. W. the highest
was 380 on January 17, with the wind S. AV. on the 18th, 19th, and
22d it was 35o. The average for February was 30.75o the coldest was
290, on February 24 and 25 the highest 33°, on February 8, 17, and
The temperature at the bottom (at the depth of nine feet) was
19.
also taken, but rarely differed more than one degree from that of the
5

;

;

;

;

;

437

ETC.

surface, being sometimes a little lower and sometimes higher than thatof the surface,but generally the same.

The higher temperatures

usually occurred with, or following, southerly or southeasterly winds,(from the direction of the Gulf Stream,) while the lowest ones generallyaccompanied or followed northerly winds.

The tides mustob-viousl^' also have some effect in modifying the temperature.
It must not be inferred from the preceding remarks that a distinct orconstant current flows into these waters from the region of the Gulf
Stream, for the facts do not warrant such a belief, nor is there any difAll that is necesficulty in explaining the phenomena in another way.
sary to account for the higher temperatures of this region, and the frequent occurrence of Gulf Stream animals, is to suppose that whensoutherly or southeasterly winds blow continuously for a considerable
time they cause a superficial flow or drift of warmer water from theGulf Stream region toward these shores, which may also be aided by
the tides; such a surface-drift will gradually lose its distinctness as
it approaches the coast and mingles more and more with the cooler
waters beneath, but the animals borne along by it will still serve toshow its direction and origin, even after its temperature becomes identical with that of the adjacent waters.
Such surface currents would
necessarily be intermittent in character and variable in direction andextent, as well as in duratiori and temperature. They would also be
more frequent in summer than in winter, according with the prevalentdirection of the winds.
So far as known to me all the facts are inharmony with this view. Accordingly the waters of Yineyard Sound
are quite cold in winter, and only occasionally receive a little heat fromthe Gulf Stream region, and that, probably, largely through the mediumof the air itself; but in summer these waters are very warm, for they
not only receive frequent accessions of warm water from the Gulf
Stream, but they are also favorably situated to be rapidly warmed by
the direct heat of the sun.
The fauna of the surface in this region is very rich and varied, especially insummer.

In winter, life

is

also

abundant in the surface

waters, but very different in character from that found in summer.

Had collections been made in spring and autumn, still other groups ofanimals would doubtless have been found. Our knowledge of the surface
animals of Vineyard Sound, in winter, is wholly based on aseriesof surfacedredgings made by Mr. Yinal N. Edwards in January, February, andMarch of the past winter.

A

separate list of the species contained inthese collections, so far as identified, has been x>repared to follow
the general list. The most noticeable feature of the winter collectionsisthe entire absence of the larval forms of crabs, shrimps, lobsters,

star-fishes, sea-urchins, annelids, &c.,

which so abound

in

the

same

waters in summer. On the other hand there is a great abundance ofEntomostraca, Sagitta, several northern Amphipods, species of Mijsis&c., together with eggs and young of certain fishes.

438

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

In the general list of surface species only those that have been acmust be remembered that thegreater part of the Crustacea, annelids, mollusks, and echinoderms arewell known to have free-swimming young, or larval forms, and that thelist might easily be doubled by the introduction of such species, on
tually observed are introduced, but it

theoretical grounds;

but, by omitting them, the list serves to indicate

how much yet remains to be done in this direction. There are large
numbers of common species of which neither the young nor the eggs
are known, and there are many others of which the eggs, or young, orboth, are known, but the time required for the hatching of the eggs andthe development of the young is not known.
lists refer only to the

The dates given in thetime of actual capture of the species, and it mustnot be inferred that at other seasons of the year any of the species so
designated are not to be found for, doubtless, many of those that swim
And possibly
free when adult may be found all the year round.
;some species may breed during every month of the year. But thebreeding season of most species is probably of short duration, andtherefore the larvse and young may occur only at particular seasons.
Mr. A. Agassiz has made a very large collection of the surface animals in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, and off Newport, and to hislabors we owe the knowledge of a large proportion of the jelly-fishes.
He has also described the larvae and young of several Annelids andIsemerteans, and has described and beautifully illustrated the larv?eand young of the common star-fishes, (Asterias.) and the green seaurchin, {Strongylocentrotus DrohacMensis.) The Salpa Cahotti (Plate
XXXIIT, figs. 254, 255) was also well described and illustrated by him
and also other species, but a large part of the collection has not yet
been elaborated.
Our surface collections were made both in the day and evening,at various hours, chiefly by means of towiug-nets and hand-nets. The
evening or night hours are generally more productive than the day-timein this kind of collecting, but we were unable, owing to lack of timeand superabundance of other specimens, to do as much night-collectingj

as we desired.

Among the Crustacea there are a considerable number of species thatswim at the surface when adult, and others till nearly half-grown, but
the majority are free-swimmers only when quite young, or even only
when in the zoea and megalops stages, through which they seem, from
Mr. S. I. Smith's observations on several of our species, to pass in ashort time. TLie males of the common oyster-crab, rhinotlieres oslrcnm,(p. 3G7, Plate I, fig. 2,) were often caught in the day-time swimming at
the surface in the middle of Vineyard Sound. Tiie huly-crab, natyonichus ocellatus^ (p. 338,) of full size, was also occasionally caught swim-

ming

actively at the surface.

The " blue-crab,'' or common ediblecrab, Callmectes hastatus, is well known to be an active swimmer, when
adult, but

most of those seen at the surface were young.

The larva'

ETC.
of Cancer irroratus,

(p.

439

312, Plate YlII, figs. 37, 37a,) and of Flaty-

onichus in the zoea and megalops stages, were taken in vast numbers,
especially inbright sunshine, together with similar larv« of manyother species.

The larvii? and young of the lobster {Plate IX, figs. 38,
The numerous specimens ob-39) were also abundant in mid-summer.

tained have enabled Mr. S. I. Smith to describe the interesting meta-morphoses of our lobster, which were entirely unknown before. The
young swim actively at the surface, like a shrimp, until mure than half
an inch long. The larviie and young of the various species of shrimps
are also abundant. The curious larvie of SquiUa emjmsa (Plate YIII,
fig. 36) were often met with.
Several species of Araphipods are also common at the surface. The
most abundant were Calliopius Iceviuscuhis^ of which Mr. Y. N. Edwards
Oammarus
also took numerous large specimens in February and Marchnatator, which was usually common, and occurred in immense numbers
August 10 and on several other occasions and a Hi/peria, which infests
several species of large jelly-fishes, and also swims free at will. The
Fhronima is a related genus, but is very remarkable for its extreme
transparency, which renders it almost invisible in water. Idotea irrorata (p. 316, Plate Y, fig. 23) and L rohusta, Plate Y, fig. 24) werevery common among masses of fl^oating eel-grass and sea- weeds, andthe latter Was also very often found swimming entirely free.
A species of SappMrina (Plate YII, fig. 33) was found in great numbers among iSaij^te, off Gay Head, on several occasions, early in September.
This is one of the most brilliant creatures inhabiting the sea. It
reflects the most gorgeous colors, blue, red, purple, and green, like fireopal, although when seen in some positions, by transmitted light, it
is colorless and almost transparent.
Under the microscope, w^hen
living, it is a splendid object, whether seen by transmitted or reflected*;

jlight, the colors constantly changing, as it istions.

turned in different posi-

AYhen seen beneath the surface of the sea, in large numbers,

the appearance is very singular, for each one as it turns in the right position reflects a bright gleam of light, of some brilliant color, and then
immediately becomes invisible, and these scintillations come from different directions and various depths, many of them being much farther
beneath the surface than any less brilliant object could be seen. In
some cases one or more were found in the branchial cavity of Salpce^
but whether this is normal or accidental was not determined.
The species of Argulus are parasitic on the exterior of fishes, but wefound at least three species swimming free at the surface. It is, therefore, probable that they are able to leave their hosts for a time, andthus to migrate from one fish to another. The species of Caligus are alsoparasites on fishes, to which they firmly adhere, but the half-grownyoung of one species was taken at the surface in the to wing-nets.
Numerous species of Annelids, in the larval and young stages, weretaken at the surface, but many of them have not yet been identified.

440

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

for owing to the great changes they undergOj this is often impossible,

unless the specimens can be raised, or at least connected with the

For a few this has been done.
Several species also swim at the surface in the adult state, especially inadults by a large series of specimens.

With some this seems to be a habit peculiar to thebreeding season, and sometimes only the males are met with.
Among the species most frequently taken in the adult state at thesurface, are Nereis vlrens^ (Plate XI, figs. 47-50,) chiefly males
Nereislimhata, (Plate XI, tig. 51,) mostly males, which occurred both in theevening and day-time Nectonereis megalops, (Plate XII, figs. 62, 63,)
which was quite common in the evening Autolytus cornutus, (Plate
XIII, figs. 65, (jG,) the males, females, and asexual forms Fodarlce
ohscura, (Plate XII, fig. 01,) which was extremely abundant in the evening; and several other species. The Sagitta elegans was taken at
Wood's Hole, July 1, and off Gay Head, among Saline, September 8It is a very small and delicate species, and so transparent as to benearly invisible in water.
larger and stouter species of Sagitta wastaken in large numbers at Wood's Hole, by Mr. V. X. Edwards, January
30, Febuary 10, and February 27, and at Savin Rock, near Xew Haven,
May 5. This species has a longer caudal portiou, with a small terminalfinsome of the specimens were nearly an inch long and many contained in the cavity of the body, ijosteriorly, a parasitic nematodeworm, about half as long as the body. This parasite is round, notvery slender j the head has three prominent angles tail with a small,acute, terminal mucro.
Many of the Mollusca swim free by means of vibrating cilia, for ashort time in the larval stages of growth, bcit as such larva3 are very
minute and the period often quite short, these young are not often taken
the evening.

;

;

;

;

A

;

;

in the nets.

The Cephalopods of this region are all free-swimming species, fromwhen the^^ leave the eggs through life, though they may rest
upon the bottom when depositing their spawn. Xumerous specimensof the " squid," Loligo Pealii, (Plate XX, figs. 102-101, embryos andyoung,) were thus taken by the trawl in July, together with large

the time

Later in the season the free-swimming 3'ouug offrom a quarter of an inch to an inch in length, (fig. 105,)
were often taken at the surface and were also found in the stomach of
the red jelly-fish, Cyanea arctiGci, in considerable numbers. The adults
were frequently taken during the whole summer in the pounds. Someof these were over a foot in length, but most of them were not morethan five or six inches long. The color when living is very changeable,
owing to the alternate contractions of the color- vesicles or spots, but
the spots of different colors are much crowded, especially on the back,and the red and brown predominate, so as to give a general reddish or
purplish brown color, and this is usually the color of preserved specimens. The clusters of gelatinous egg-capsules of this species wereclusters of their eggs.
this species,

ETC.

441

found in great aliundance off Falmouthj on a shelly and weedj^ bottom,
as already mentioned, (p. 416 ;) and near Xew Haven light-house large
clusters, apparently of the same species, were found bj^ Professer Todd,
Some of these masses were six or eight
earlier in the season, (June 19.)
incbes in diameter, consisting of hundreds of capsules, like fig. 102,
each of which is usually three or four inches long and contains numerous eggs. These last contained embryos in different stages of development, two of which are represented in Plate XX, figs. 103, 104. Evenat this early period some of the pigment vesicles are already developedin the mantle and arms, and during life, if examined under the microscope, these orange and purple vesicles may be seen to rapidly contractand expand and change colors, as in the adult, only the phenomena may
be more clearly seen, owing to the greater transparency of the skin in
the embryos. They are, therefore, beautiful objects to observe underthe microscope. At this stage of development the eyes were brown.
In these embryos the yolk is finally absorbed through the mouth, whichcorresponds, therefore, in this resi)ect, to an '^ umbilicus." The moreadvanced of these embryos (fig. 103) were capable of swimming about,when removed from the eggs, by means of the jets of water from thesiphon.

Another species, LoJigo pallida Y., (Plate XX, figs. 101, lOlrt,) occurs
abundantly, in autumn, in the western part of Long Island Sound,from whence Eobert Benner, esq., has sent me numerous specimens. This is a pale, translucent, gelatinous-looking species, with much
fewer spots than usual, even on the back, and is nearly white beneathIt is a stout species, commonly five or six inches long, exclusive of thearms, but grows considerably larger than that. It is often taken in theseines in large numbers with menhaden, upon which it probably feeds.
These squids are eagerly devoured, even when full grown, by many ofthe larger fishes, such as blue-fish, black-bass, striped-bass, &c. When
young they are preyed upon by a still larger variety of fishes, as well
as by the jelly-fishes, &c.

Another species of '* squid," Ommastrephes illecehrosa, has been recorded
from Greenport, Long Island, by Mr. Sanderson Smith, but I have not met
with it myself, south of Cape Cod. It is common in Massachusetts Bay
and very abundant in the Bay of Fundy. Messrs. S. I. Smith and Oscar
Harger observed it at Provincetown, Massachusetts, among the wharves,in large numbers, July 28, engaged in capturing and devouring theyoung mackerel, which were swimming about in " schools," and at thattime were about four or five inches long. In attacking the mackerel theywould suddenly dart backward among the fish Avith the velocity of anarrow, and as suddenly turn obliquely to tbe right or left and seize a fish,
which was almost instantly killed by a bite in the back of the neck withthe sharp beaks. The bite was always made in the same place, cutting out a triangular piece of flesh, and was deep enough to penetrate
to the S[)inal cord.
The attacks were not always successful, and were

442

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

sometimes repeated a dozen times before one of these active and wary
fishes could be caught.
Sometimes after making several unsuccessfulattempts one of the squids would suddenly drop to the bottom, and,resting upon the sand, would change its color to that of the sand so
perfectly as to be almost invisible. In this way it would wait until thefishes came back, and when they were swimming close to or over theambuscade, the squid, by a sudden dart, would be pretty sure to securea fish. Ordinarily when swimming they were thickly spotted with
red and brown, but when darting among the mackerel they appearedtranslucent and pale. The mackerel, however, seemed to have learned
that the shallow water is the safest for them and would hug the shore as
closely as possible, so that in pursuing them many of the squids became
stranded and perished by hundreds, for when they once touch the shore
they begin to pump water from their siphons with great energy, and thisusuall}^ forces them farther and farther up the beach.
At such times
they often discharge their ink in large quantities. The attacks on
the young mackerel were observed mostly at or near high-water, forat other times the mackerel were seldom seen, though the squids wereseen swimming about at all hours and these attacks were observed
both in the day and evening. But it is probable, from various observa5

tions, that this and the other species of squids are partially nocturnalin their habits, or at least are more active in the night than in the day.

Those that are caught in the pounds and weirs mostly enter in thenight, and evidently when swimming along the shores in '' schools."
They are often found in the morning strailded on the beaches in immense numbers, especially when there is a full moon, and it is thoughtby many of the fishermen that this is because, like many other nocturnal animals, they have the habit of turning toward and gazing at abright light, aud since they swim backwards they get ashore on thebeaches opposite the position of the moon. This habit is also sometimes taken advantage of by the fishermen who capture them for bait
for cod-fish; they go out in dark nights with torches in their boats andby advancing slowly toward a beach drive them ashore. They are also
sometimes taken on lines, adhering to the bait used for fishes.
The specimens observed catching young mackerel were mostly eightor ten inches long, and some of them were still larger. The length oftime required for these squids to become full grown is unknown, as wellas the duration of their lives, but as several distinct sizes were taken in
the pounds, and those of each school were of about the same size, it isA

probable that they are several years in attaining their full size.
specimen, recently caught at Eastport, Maine, was pale bluish white,with green, blue, and yellow iridescence on the sides and lower surface;
the whole body was more or less thickly covered with small, unequal, circular, orange-brown and dark brown spots, having crenulate margins; thesespots are continually changing in size from mere points, when they arenearly black, to spots 0.04 to 0.00 of an inch in diameter, when they are

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

443

pale orauge-brown, ijecoming lighter colored as they expand. On thelower side the spots are more scattered, but the intervals are generally
On the upper side the spots areless than the diameter of the spots.
planes,with the edges often overdifferentlieinmuch crowded andthetints.
thevarietyofAlong the middle
increasinglapping, and thusof the back the ground-color is pale iiesh-color, with a median dorsal

band, along which the spots are tinged with green, in fine specks. Aboveeach eye there is a broad lunate spot of light purplish red, with smallerbrown spots. The upper surface of the head is deeply colored by thebrown spots, which are here larger, darker, and more crowded than else-

The arms and tins are colored
The suckers
The eyes are dark blue-black, surrounded by an irides-

where, and situated in several strata.

like the body, except that the spots appear to be smaller.

are pure white.

cent border, and in this genus the eyes are provided with distinct lids.
In this respect, Ommastrephes differs from Loligo, for in the species of thelatter genus, the integument is continued directl}^ over the eye, the part
covering the eye being transparent.

Most of the higher Gastropods inclose their eggs in capsules, which
they attach to stones, alg?e, or shells, and within these the eggs hatch
and the young have a well formed shell before they eat their way out of
the capsules, and when free they crawl about by means of the "foot,''
like the adult.
But in the lower orders of Gastropods most of the young,when first hatched, are furnished with vibrating cilia and swim free, by
this means, for a short time.
These larvae are very different from theadults, and in case of the naked mollusks (^udibranchs) the larvse are
furnished with a beautiful, little, glossy, spiral shell, which they afterwards lose.
The Pteropods swim free in all stages. The young and adults swim bymeans of two wing-like appendages, developed on each side of the neck,which may be compared to the anterior lateral lobes of the foot, seen in
iEolis, (fig. 174,) and many other Gastropods, if we suppose these to
become enormously enlarged, while the rest of the foot remains in a rudimentary or undeveloped condition, often serving merely for the attachment of the operculum.
The Sti/Uola vltrea (Plate XXY, fig. 178) was taken in the day-timeat the surface, September 8, among Salpcc^ off Gay Head. Its shell
is a thin,white, transparent, glassj^ cone, about a third of an inch long?

toward the tip. The animal is also white. The
Spiriaus Gouldn has a delicate, white, transparent, spiral shell, when
adult having seven whorls, which turn to the left. The shell is marked

andslightly curved

by very fine revolving lines, visible only under the microscope. This
species is seldom met with at the surface in the day-time, but is often
abundant in the early evening. According to the observations of Mr.
A. Agassiz, in confinement they rarely left the bottom of the jars during the day, merely rising a few inches and then falling again to thebottom. After dark they became very active, swimming actively near

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

444

the surface of the water. ''During the day they often remain suspended for hours in the water simply by spreading their wing-like appendages, and then suddenly drop to the bottom on folding them." Mr.

Agassiz captured the specimens upon which his observations were made,at Nahant, Massachusetts, during the summer of 1869, and judging
from the figures in Binney's Gould they were probably specimens, notquite adult, of this species. He has also taken adult specimens at
Newport. Mr. S. I. Smith captured full grown specimens in the edgeof the Gulf Stream, off St. George's Bank, and we have specimens takenfrom the stomach of mackerel, caught twenty miles south of No Man's
Land.

The CavoUna tidentata (Plate XXV, fig. 177) is a beautiful and curious
species, with a singularly shaped, amber-colored, translucent shell, muchlarger than that of either of the preceding species.

We did not observe

it living in these waters, but the shells were twice dredged off Martha's

Vineyard, and one of them was perfectly fresh and glossy, as if justdead. It is a southern species which comes north in the Gulf Stream,
but it had not been found previously on the coast of New England.
Another Gulf Stream species, the Diacria trispinosa, is occasionallyfound at Nantucket, according to Dr. Stimpson, but whether it has been
observed there alive is uncertain eight or nine other species were takenin the Gulf Stream, off St. George's Bank, by Messrs. Smith and Harj

ger in 1872, all of which may, perhaps, occasionally occur about Martha's

Vineyard and Nantucket.
Another very interesting and beautiful Pteropod, the CUoiie papilionaceaj was taken in considerable numbers at Watch Hill, Ehode Island,
April 13, by Professor D. 0. Eaton and myself. They were swim-

ming at midday near the surface, associated with PleiirohracMa rhododactyla,

Edwards

and appeared to be common at that time. Mr. Vinal N.
obtained two specimens in Vineyard Sound, April 30.

This difiers from those named above, in being destitute of a shell, as
well as in many other characters. The body is stout, somewhat fusiform, tapering gradually to the pointed posterior end in the largest
specimens the length was about 1.5 inches. The head is rounded, with
two small conical processes in front, on the upper side. Six tentaclelike organs, or " arms," bearing minute suckers, can be protruded.
The
wings or fins are large and broad oval in outline.
The bod}^ and wdngs are pale, transparent bluish, with opalescenthues the mouth and parts around it, the " arms," and part of thehead, and some of the internal organs, are tinged with orange; theposterior part of the body is bright reddish orange, for nearly half an
inch.
Some of the internal organs are orange-brown and olive-brown,
and show through the transparent integuments as dark patches. This
species has seldom been observed on our coast. Dekay, in 1843, mentioned its occurrence in a single instance, off New York. In 18G0, it
was taken in considerable numbers at Portland, Maine, by Mr. C. B.
;

5

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Fuller.

445

It may, nevertheless, occur aDiiually in winter, and yet be sel-dom observed for very few naturalists go out to collect marine animals
in winter and early spring.
The bivalve sliells mostly produce minute young, or larv?e, which are
at first provided with vibrating cilia and swim free for several days, as
is well known to be the case with the oysters, clams, muscles, Teredo^ &c.
But a few species, like the Tottenia gemma, (p. 359,) produce well devel;

oped young, furnished at birth with a well formed shell.
The common fixed Ascidians, both simple and compound, mostly produce eggs that hatch into tadpole-shaped young, which swim about fora short time by the undulatory motions of the tail, but finally become
fixed by the head-end, and losing, or rather absorbing, the tail-portion,
rapidly develop into the ordinary forms of the ascidians. This process, although often very rapid, is a very interesting and complicated one
In Molgula Manhattensis there is, according to the observations of Dr.
Theodore A. Tellkampf, an alternation of generations. He states thatthe minute yellow ova were discharged July 18, invested in a viscidyellowish substance, which become attached to the exterior of many
specimens. In a few days the " viscid substance" had changed its appearance and became contractile; the ova became larger, round, and ofdifferent sizes; " after two or three days the largest protruded somewhat above the surface of the common envelope, and presented a circularor oval aggregation, like that of the Mammaria found a year ago ;" onthe 11th day, the round ova had increased in size, with a central roundor oval orifice through which the motion of the cilice of the branchialmeshes were visible. " The orifice had approached on the 1st of August
more or less to one apex; in some specimens, which were now oval, it
was terminal." In this stage he names it Mammaria Manhattensis^
regarding the Mammaria as a '' nurse ;*' within each of the Mammarice, atthe end opposite the branchial orifice, there was seen a mass of cells,
which ultimately developed into a tadpole-shaped larva, similar to that ofother ascidians. He observes that the Mammarice increase after thedischarge of the larva?, and that gemmation takes place within thecommon envelope.* These observations, if correct, are very interesting
ancf important, but they need farther confirmatiou. The developmentof the larv?e from the Mammarice into Molgula was not traced; neither
did he witness the actual discharge of the ova, which produced theMammarice^ from the Molgula. They may possibly have no relation with
one another.
Several kinds of Ascidians, however, swim free in the water during
their entire life. The most common Ascidian of this kind is the Salpa
Cahotti, (Plate. XXXIII, figs. 254, 255.)

This, like the other species,

exists under two different forms ; or, in other words, it is one of those an-imals having alternations of generations.

The sexual individuals (fig.

255) are united together into long chains by processes (c) from the sides* Annals of the

Lyceum of Natural History of New York, Vol. 10, p. 83, 1872.

446

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

of the brancliial sac;

these chains are often a foot or even a foot and ahalf longj and contain two rows of individuals, which are united to-gether in such a way that they stand obliquely to the axis of the chain,
the branchial openings being all on the upper side of the chain as it
floats in the water, while the posterior openings are all on the lower side

Each individual is connected both withof the chain, close to the edge.

its mate on the right or left side, and to those immediately in front and

The succeeding individuals in the chain overThe chains do not appear to break up spontaneously,
but when broken apart by accident the individuals are capable of living
separately for several days. The chains, when entire, swim about quite
rapidly by means of the streams of water passing out of all the cloacal
The individuals composing the chains, whenorifices in one direction.
They are transparent
full grown, are about three quarters of an inch long.
and white, or pale rose, often with the edges of the mantle and thenucleus bright Prussian blue, and with delicate reticulations of thesame blue over the surface of the mantle. Each of the individuals inbehind on the same side.
lap considerably.

the chains is hermaphrodite, and each produces a single egg, which de-velops into an embryo before it is discharged, and finally when it grows
to maturity produces an asexual individual, which is always solitary,(Plate XXXIII, fig. 254.) These are larger than those in the chains
and are quite different in form, but the color is the same. These whenmature produce, by a budding x^rocess in their interior, a series of mi-nute individuals united together along a tube into a small chain, (s, fig.
The chain con254,) which may be seen coiled up around the nucleus.
sists of three sections, those individuals in the section first formed being
largest and nearly equal in size those in the next much smaller while
new ones are just forming at the other end; as the chain grows longer,
and the comxjonent individuals larger, it projects more and more, andfinally the end protrudes from an opening in the tunic, and the little
chain becomes detached and is discharged into the sea. These chainsconsist of twenty to thirty pairs of individual zooids. This operation isfrequently repeated during the summer, and these chains of all sizes,
from those just liberated up to the full-grown ones, may be taken at thesame time. They appear to grow very rapidly. Thus by autumn these
Salpx became exceedingly abundant, at times completely filling thewater for miles in every direction, from the surface to the depth of several fathoms, and are so crowded that a bucket of water dipped up at
random will often contain several quarts of tSalpw. They were found in
wonderful abundance on September 8, off* Gay Head and throughout
the outer part of Vineyard Sound, and on several other occasions were
nearly as abundant.
Two species of Appendicularia and a species of DoJioIum were also
found in these waters by Mr. A. Agassiz, but we did not observe them.
Tliese are also free-swimming Ascidians, rohited to Salpa, but very dit^;

ferent in form.

;

ETC.

447

Amoug the Echinoclerms there are uo species that swim at the surface
when adult, but most of them produce e^^gs which hatch into very remarkable larva?, entirely unlike their parents in form and structure, andthese swim free in the water, often for a considerable period, by meansof vibrating cilia.

The young star-lish or sea-urchin develops gradually within the bodyof the larva, on the water-tubes, and as it grows larger it gradually absorbs the substance of the larva into its own body. The development of

the '[nYvx of Asterias vulgaris (A. pallida Ag.) and A. areni^ola {A. herylimts AGt.) has been described by Mr. A. Agassiz, from the time previous to hatching from the eggs till they become young star fishes, withthe essential characters of the adults. He has also described the youngof the common green sea-urchin (under the name of Toxopneustes Dr'6hachiensis) in thesame way.

The Crihrella saguinolenta, (p. 407,) likeseveral other star-fishes, does not have free swimming larvae, but retains

and protects the eggs by holding them by means of the suckers aroundthe mouth, curving the body around them at the same time. In, thisposition the eggs hatch and pass through a metamorphosis diflereut
from that of Asterias, though somewhat analogous to it. The development of this species was described by Professor M. Sars many years ago.
Some of the Ophiurans are viviparous, among them the AmpMpliolis
eJegans (p. 418) found in this region, but others have free-swimming
larvce, and pass through a metamorphosis similar to that of Asterias,
though the larvae are quite different. Some of the Holothurians are also
viviparous, while others have free-swimming larvae, but the young ofmost of the species of this region are still unknown.
The Acalephs all swim free in one stage or another of their existence.
Some of the Hydroids, like Sertularia and allied genera, are only free-swimmers while in the early embryonic stages, when they are covered by vibrating cilia but they soon become fixed and ever after remain attachedin one place.
Others, like the sx)ecies of Ohelia, swim free in the embryonic state, and then develop into attached hydroids, which by budding may i)roduce large branching colonies of similar hj^droids, but)ultimately they produce another kind of buds, which are developed

within capsules or gonothecae.
lar, and disk-shaped jelly-fishes,

free in the w^ater;

These soon become elegant, little, circuwhich are then discharged and swim

they soon grow larger, acquire more tentacles, andovaries or spermaries develop along the radiating tubes, the eggs areformed, discharged, and fertilized, and each egg may develop into aciliated embryo, which in its turn may become attached and start a newhydroid colony. Thus among these animals we find an alternation ofgenerations, comi)licated by different modes of budding.

In the case of the large red jelly-fish, Cyanea arctica, and the com-

mon whitish jelly-fish, Aurelia flavidula, (Plate XXXVI, fig. 271,) the
history is somewhat different. These jelly-fishes produce immense numbers of minute eggs, which are discharged into the water and develop

448

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

these soon become attached by one
end and grow up into broad-disked young, like hydroids with long,
into minute, oblong, ciliated larvse;

each of these after a time sends out stolon-like tubes
from the base, and from these tubes buds are developed, each of which
grows up into a ^' scyphostoma,"' or hydroid-form, like the first one allthese eventuall^^ become much elongated, then circular constrictions begin
to form along the body, which grow deeper and deeper until they separate the bod3» into a series of concave segments, which are held together
by a pedicle in the middle of each, their borders at the same time becoming divided into eight lobes, or four bilobed ones in the mean time
the long tentacles around the upper end or original disk of the '' scyphostoma" gradually grow shorter and are finally entirely absorbed; thenthe first or upper disk breaks off, and finally all the rest, one after
another, until a mere stump is left at the base after becoming detachedeach of the disks swims about in the water, and gradually develops its
mouth, stomach, tentacles, and other organs, and, turning right side up
and rapidly growing larger, eventually becomes a large and complicatedjelly-fish, like its grandparents or great-grandparents that produced
the egg from which the original ^' scyphostoma " was developed. The
stump of the hydroid produces another set of tentacles, even before theseparation of all the segments, and grows up again into the elongatedor ^' strobila" form, and again undergoes the same process of transverse
In these cases
division, thus producing successive crops of jelly-fishes.
there are alternations of generations, accompanied both by budding andfissiparity.
The young of this species in the " ephyra" stage were foundApril 17, and at several other times during April, in abundance, by
Mr. Yinal N. Edwards. These were less than a quarter of an inch indiameter, and must have become free only a short time before. On
April 30 he took young specimens from half an inch to about an inch
slender tentacles

;

;

;

;

in diameter.

The young of various sizes, up to nearly three inches in
All these young speci-

diameter, were common at New Haven May 5.

mens were taken in the day-time.
In some jelly-fishes buds may even be produced upon the proboscis of
the adult jelly-fish, which develop directly into free jelly-fishes, like theparent. This is the case with the Dysmorpliosa fidgurans^ found in thesewaters, and with Lizzia (jrata^ found farther north.

On the other hand there are many jelly-fishes that do not have aliydroid state, nor bud, nor pass throughany marked metamorphosis.

This is the case with our Fleiirohrachia rhododactyla, Idyia roseola, andother Ctenophorjc. In these the young, even before hatching, become
perfect little jelly-fishes, and swim round and round within the egg bymeans of tlie miniature paddles or flappers along tlieir sides. Tlie youngare, nevertheless, very different from the adults in form and structure.
It will be apparent, from the preceding remarks, that a complete
list of free-swimming animals would necessarily include all the Acalephs of the region, but, as this would uselessly swell the list, onlyINVERTEBRATE ANIMxiLS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

449

those that liave been actually taken at the surface will be liere included.
Quite a number of the species were not observed by us, but have beenrecorded by Mr. A. Agassiz, but in some cases he has given neither thetime nor date of capture.
fine large specimen of the beautiful jelly-fish, Tima formosa, hasbeen sent to me by Mr. V. N. Edwards, who captured it at Wood's
Hole, April 30. He states that the same species was very abundant in
February, 1872. It has not been previously recorded as fcfund south ofCape Cod. The specimen received differs from the description given
by Mr. A. Agassiz, in having thirty-six tentacles instead of thirty-two.
Among the most common of the larger species in summer were Mnemio2ms Leidyi, which occurred in abundance at nearly all hours of the
day and evening, and was very phosphorescent at night; Cyanea arctica, which ocurred chiefly in the day-time, and was here seldom morethan a foot in diameter; Aurelia flavidida^ (Plate XXXYI, fig. 271,)
which was not unfrequently seen in the day-time Dactylometra quinciuecirra, (Plate XXXYI, fig. 272,) which was quite common both by nightand day in August and September; and Zygodactyla Grcenlandioa, (PlateXXXVII, fig. 275,) which was common in July, both in the day andevening, but was seldom seen later in the season.
The two species last named, and also the Cyanea arctica^ were frequently found to be accompanied by several small fishes, of differentA;

sizes up to three inches long, which proved to be young " butter-fishes,'
Foronotus triacanthtis. These fishes swim beneath the broad disk ofthese jelly-fishes, surrounded on all sides by the numerous tentacles,

which probably serve as a protection from larger fishes that are theirenemies, for the tentacles of the jelly-fishes are capable of severely sting-As
many as ten or twelve of these fishes were oiten found under a single jelly-

ing the mouths of most fishes, evidently causing them great pain.

and in one case twenty-three were found under a Cyanea about ten
They do not appear to suffer at all from contact withthe stinging-organs of the tentacles, and are, perhaps, protected from themby the thick coating of tenacious mucus which constantly covers the skin,and gives them their common English name. Mr. A. Agassiz states*that he constantly observed a '' Clupeoid
fish under the Dactylometrain this region, which had essentially the same habits, according to his
account, as the species observed by us^ though, if a Clui)eoid, it musthave been a very different fish.
He says, however, that the fishes observed by him were occasionally
devoured by the jelly-fish ^' It is strange that the fish should go there
for shelter, for every once in a while one of them pays the penal t}' byfish,inches in diameter.

'":

being swallowed, without this disturbing the others in the least theyin their turn find food in the lobes of the actinostome, and even eat the;folds themselves, until their turnseen in this* Catalogue ofS.

comes to be used as food.

I

have

way three fishes eaten during the course of as many days.

Mis. 61

29

Nortli American Acalepliie, p. 49.

450

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The specimens measured about au inch in length." The fishes foundby us were from a quarter of au inch to three inches long, and wenever saw them swallowed, and never found them in the stomachs of
any among the several dozen jelly-fishes, of the different kinds that we
found accompanied by the fishes, although we found young squids andother kinds of marine animals in a half-digested condition.

It is pos-

Mr. Agassiz was made on them when
kept in confinement, and that the fishes devoured were not in a perfectly

sible that the observation ofhealthy and natural condition, so as to resist the stings of the nettling organs. But if his fish belonged to a family different from ours, thedifference may be peculiar to the respective fishes. Yet our observations afford only negative evidence, and it may be that this is one ofthe peculiarities of this remarkable companionship though, if so, weshould suppose that the race of Foronotus would soon become extinct,
The
for we never observed the young under any other circumstances.
;

adult fishes of this species, when five or six inches long, were often takenin the pounds in considerable numbers.

Among the mouth-folds and lobes of the ovaries, beneath the disk of
Cyanea^ we very often found large numbers of living specimens of adelicate little jelly-fish, nearly globular in form, the Margelis Carolinensis,

which we also frequently took in the to wing-nets in the evening.

In the winter season the Mnemiopsis Leidyi is often abundant in Long
Island Sound, and I have also observed it in New York harbor in February, in large numbers. At Wood's Hole Mr. Y. I^. Edwards foundthe PleurohracMa rhododactyla, both young and nearly full-grown, very
abundant in February and March; at Watch Hill, April 13, I foundboth adult specimens and young ones not more than an eighth of an
It probably occurs through the entire year, for wefrequently met with it in mid-summer in Yineyard Sound. Mr. S. I.
Smith also found it very abundant at Fire Island, on the south side ofLong Island, in September.
In July and August we obtained several large and perfect specimensof the curious " Portuguese man-of-war," Physalia Aretlmsa. This species
occurs as far west as Watch Hill, Ehode Island, where it Avas observedby Professor D. 0. Eaton. The boatmen at that place state that it isfrequent there in summer. The float of this species was generally deep,rich crimson or purple, and the h^^droids beneath it were commonlybright blue in the specimens observed by us. The float or air-bag is,however, sometimes blue and sometimes rose-color.
According to Professor Agass-iz, (Contributions, vol. lY, p. 335,) the
floating bag in windy weather always presents the same side to thewind, and it is upon the windward side that the bunches of very long
locomotive hydroids of the lower surface are situated, and these at suchtimes are stretched out to au enormous length, aiul thus act a« anchors
to retard the motion bj' friction in passing through the water. The
smaller locomotive hydroids, the feeding hydroids, and the reproductivehydroids, are on the lee side.
inch in diameter.

ETC.

451

This species is capable of stinging the hands very severely if they bebrought into contact with the hydroids attached to the lower surface ofthe floating air-bag.

The Idyia roseola^ so abundant on the coast of New England north ofCape Cod, was only occasionally met witb, and in small numbers, while the
Bolina alata, which is one of the most abundant species on the northerncoast of jSTew England, was not seen at all. The Aurelia flavidida isless common than north of Cape Cod, but was found in abundance in
Buzzard's Bay, in May, by V. N. Edwards.
Many of the Polyps have free-swimming, ciliated embryos, but others,
like many of the sea-anemones, are viviparous, discharging the young
ones through the mouth. These young are of different sizes, and furnished with a small but variable number of tentacles, but in mostother respects they are similar to their j)arents. Mr. A. Agassiz has,
however, recently ascertained that the young of a species of Udivardsia
swims free in the water for a considerable period, or until it develops atleast sixteen tentacles.
In this condition it has been described as a different genus and species, {Arachnactis hracMolata A. Aa.)
Whether theother species of this genus all have free-swimming young is still uncertain if so, these young must differ considerably among themselves, for
Edicardsia farinacea Y., of this coast, has but twelve tentacles when
adult, and U. elegans Y. has but sixteen, while others have as many as;

forty-eight tentacles, when full grown.

Among the Protozoa there are

great numbers of free-swimming forms included among those commonly

known as Ciliated Infusoria, but those of our coast have been studied
The germs^of sponges also swim free in the water, by means

but little.

Species of Polycystina would probably be found, if carefullysought for, but we have not yet met with any of them.

of cilia.

List of si)edes talcen at the surface of the ivater on the southern coast of

New England,
In this list no attempt has been made to enumerate the numerous
species of free Copepod Crustacea, which are very abundant, but havenot been carefully studied.

ARTICULATA.
Crustacea,

Pinnotheres ostreum, males and young, (438.)

Cancer irroratus, in the zoea and megalops stages June, July, (438.)
Platyonichus ocellatus, young and adult megalops June, July, (438.);jjCallinectes hastatus, young, (438.)

Many other species of Brachyurain the zoea and megalops stages.
Hippa talpoida, young, 5 or 6""^ in length;

early in September, (339.)

Eu[)agurus, several species in the larval stages;

July to September.

Gebia alhnis, young, 4^^"^ long early in September.
Homarus Americanus, larvine and young July, (395.)
Crangon vulgaris, larvae and young June and July.
;

;

;

452

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Virbius zostericola, larvae and youDg July to September.
Palsemonetes vulgaris, larvae and young j July to September.
Larval forms and young of other species of Macroura.
Squilla empusa, larvae in different stages 5 August, (439.);

Mysis Americana, young and adult; April, May, (396.)
Heteromysis formosa, young and adult.
Thysanopoda, sp. Vineyard Sound April 30, (Y.
Edwards.)
Cumacea, several species.
Lysianassinae, several species, young and adult.

K;

Urotboe, sp.
Monoculodes, sp.
Calliopius laeviusculus, adult and young;

summer and winter, (439.)

Pontogeneia inermis, full grown ; winter.

Gammarus natator, adult and young; summer and winter, (439.)
Moera levis.
Ampelisca, sp., young.
Ampbithoe maculata, young,A. longimana, young even 5 or 6'^™ long.
Hyperia, species summer, (439.)
Pbronima, sp. September 8, (439.);;

Idotea irrorata, (439.)
I.

robusta, (439.)I.

phosphorea.

Erich sonia filiformis.

Epelys trilobus.
Tanais filum.
Sapphirina, sp. September, (439.)
Free Oopepods of many genera and numerous species.
Argulus laticaudaj August, (439.)
A. latus; July.
A. megalops September 8.
Oaligus rapax September 8, (439.)
Balanus balanoides, larvae; April, May, June, (304.)
June and July, in Vineyard Sound, (382.)
Ijepas fascicularis
Limulus Polyphemus, young, (340.)
;

;

;

;

Worms.
Pliyllodoce, sp., adult; July 3; evening.

Phyllodoce, sp., young
Eulalia, sp., young;;evening.

September 3; evening.

Eulalia, sp., young; evening.

Eumidia, sp., young;p]teone, sp., young

evening.

;

September 8;evening.

Autolytus cornutus, male, female, and asexual forms; July 29 to August 18 evening. Watch Hill April 13, asexual form, (440.);;

Autol.ytus, sp., asexual individuals, (398.)

INYERTEBEATE ANIMALS OF AaNEYARD SOUND, ETC.
September 3 eveuing.
September 3 evening.
Ehynchobolus Americanus, young September 3
Gattiola, sp., young

453

;

-,

Syllis (?), sp., young j;evening.
Nereis virens, adult males April day-time, (440.)
SepN. limbata, adult males filled with milt, September 3, evening
tember 5, at Fire Island, day. Females, September 3, (few ;) young,
;

;

-,

-,

-,

common, August, September, evening, (440.)
N. pelagica, young August, September ev^ening.
Nectonereis megalops July 3, 11 September 3, 8 evening, (440.)
Podarke obscura, adult June 26 to August evening, (440.)
j

;

;

;

j

;

Spio setosa, young;-,

evening.

Scolecolepis viridis, young

Polydora ciliatum, young

evening.

;

September 3 evening.
Nicolea simplex, young August, September evening.
Amphitrite ornata, young evening.
Leprsea rubra, young evening.
Polycirrus eximins, young August, September evening.
Spirorbis, sp., young evening.
Tomopteris, sp., young evening.
Sagitta elegans, adult July 1, September 8 day-time, (440.)
Sagitta, sp., adult and young; January 30 to May 5; day, (440.)
j

;

;

j

5

;

;

;

;

5

',

;

Balanoglossus aurantiacus larvse in the " tornaria " state, (351.)
Meckelia ingens specimens up to ten inches long evening, (349.)
;

-,

;

Pontonema marinum, adultFebruary day-time.
Several other small I^ematodes with the last.
Slender round worm, up to six inches long June 29, July 13
;

-,

:

Young of many other worms

j;evening.

undetermined.

MOLLUSOA.
CepJialo2)ods.

Ommastrephes illecebrosa, adult; July, August, (441.)
June to September; young, July, August, (440.)

Loligo Pealii;

L. pallida, adult ; October, IsTovember, (441.)
Ptero])ods.

Clione papilionacea, adult; April 13, April 30, (444.)
September 8 day-time, (443.)

Styliola vitrea, adult ;;Spirialis Gouldii, adult;

August; evening, (443.)

Diacria trispinosa, (444.)

Cavolina tridentata, (444.)
LamelUhranchs.

Teredo navalis, larvae; May, June, (386.)
Mytilus edulis, larvae April, (308.);

Ostraea Virginiana, larvse

June, July, (310.)
Larvae of many other species, undetermined.
;

454

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Ascidians.

Salpa Oabotti, adults and young August and September, (445.)
Doliolum, sp. summer, (A. Agassiz,) (446.)
Appendicularia, sp., (like A. furcata ;) summer, (A. Agassiz,) (446.)
Appendicularia, sp., (like A. longicauda ;) summer, (A. Agassiz.);;

Larvae of fixed Ascidians, (445.)

radiata.
Ecliinoderms.

Strongylocentrotus DrobacMensis, larvae, (447.)
Asterias arenicola, larvse

A. vulgaris, larvae

evening, (447.)]

evening, (447.)

jAcaleplis.

Mnemiopsis Leidyi;

February, July to September;

day-time, (449.)

Lesueuria hyboptera, adult September; day-time.
Pleurobracbia rliododactyla, adult and young; January to May,
July to September day-time and evening, (448.);;

Idyia roseola, adult; September; day-time, (451.)

Cyanea arctica, adult; August, September; day-time. Young in the"eplayra" stages; April; young of all sizes up to four inches across;
May, (449.)
August, September day-time, young May, (449.)
Dactylometra quinquecirra, adult and young; July to September;day and evening, (449.)
Trachynema digitale, young; Wood's Hole, July 1; day-time.
Tiaropsis diademata; Wood's Hole; April 17, (Y. K. Edwards.)
Oceania languida, medusae June to September day-time.
Eucheilota ventricularis, young medusae; evening.
E. duodecimalis, medusa; July.
Obelia, several species, medusae evening chiefly, (447.)
Ehegmatodes tenuis, medusae September evening.
Zygodactyla Grcenlandica, medusae; June to September; day andAurelia flavidula

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

evening, (449.)^quorea albida. medusae September evening.
Tima formosa, adult; February, 1872; April 30, 1873, (449.)
Eutima limpida, medns{ie; September; evening.
;;

Lafoea calcarata, medusie September evening.
Nemopsis Bachei, medusae; June to September; evening.
;;

Bougainvillia superciliaris, medusie, April, May, June

Margelis Carolinensis, medusjc;:

evening.

August and September, chiefly in theevening, (450.)

Dysmorphosa fulgurans, medusae;

evening, (448.)

Modeeria, sp., medusjB.
Turritopsis nutricula, medusjxi; July to September;

IXYERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF YINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

455

Stomotoca apicata, medusae.
Willia oruata, young medasie;

last of September.

Dipurnea conica, medus?e July evening.
Gemmaria gemmosa, medusae; evening.
Pennaria tiarella, medusre August, September.
Ectopleura ocliracea, medusie September.
Xanomia cara, August, September evening.
Physalia Aretliusa, July to September day, (450.)
Yelella mutica, August day.
;

;

}

;

5

5

;

Folyps.

Edwardsia,

sp.,in tlie

larvae" Araclinactis " stage;

September;evening, (451.)

PROTOZOA.

Numerous kinds of ciliated infusoria, (451.)
List of species taken at the surface in winter, December to March.
Crustacea,

Crangon vulgaris, young.
Mysis Americana.

Anonyx, (?,) sp.
Calliopius lieviusculus, (439.)

Pontogeneia iuermis.

Gammarus natator.
Monoculodes, sj).
Several species and genera of Oopepods, very abundant.
Larvae of Balanus, December 21, January 7 and 8.
AnnelidSj &c,

Xereis virens, adult males.
Sagitta, sp., adult, abundant, (440.)

Pontonema marinum, adult.
Other Nematodes, undetermined.
Acalej^hs.

Pleurobrachia rbododactyla, young and adult, abundant, (450.)

Mnemiopsis Leidyi, adult, abundant, (450.)
Cyanea arctica, young March.
;

Tima formosa, adult, (449.)
11.

10.— ANIMALS PARASITIC ON FISHES, ETC.

Large numbers of fishes were examined, both internally and externally,for parasites, and a large collection of such parasites was made.

The in-REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

456

ternal parasites were collected mainly by Dr. Edward Palmer, and will
be of great interest when carefully studied and described. As yet, nothing more than a casual examination of them has been made. These
internal parasites were found in nearly all kinds of fishes, chiefly in thestomach and intestines, but also very frequently in the flesh, or among
the abdominal viscera, or in the air-bladder, or even in the eyes, &c.
The internal parasites were mostly worms, but these belong to four very
distinct orders.
1st.

The

'^

round-worms,'' Nematodes.

These are related to the round-worms so frequent in the intestines ofchildren, and also to the notorious Trichina of man and the hog. Oneor more species are found in the intestine and stomach of nearly every
kind of fish, and frequentlj', also, in tbe liver, peritoneum, eyes, andvarious other organs. One species, two or three inches long, is very frequently found coiled up spirally in the flesh of the cod. Another large
species is frequently found in the flesh of the tom-cod, or frost-fish.
Although these are not dangerous to man, they are very disagreeable
when found in fish intended for food.
A species belonging to this group is very frequently found in the bodycavity of one of our species of Sagitta (see page 440).

The flat- worms or flukes," Trematodes.
These are short, more or less broad, depressed worms, which are provided with one, two, or more suckers, for adhering firmly to the membranes. They pass through very remarkable transformations, as do
2d.

'^most of the other parasitic worms.

Species belonging to this group arecommon in the stomach, oesophagus, and intestine, and also encysted orin follicles in the mouth, liver, peritoneum, and various other parts ofthe body.
3d. The thorn-headed worms, Acantliocepliala.
These have an elongated roundish body, with a proboscis at the anThe proboscis andterior end, covered with hooks, or recurved spines.
front end of the body can be withdrawn and thrust out at pleasure.
Such worms are very common in the stomachs and intestines of fishes,
and are, perhaps, the worst parasites that torment them. The young oftlieseworms also occur quite frequently, encysted in the liver, peri-

toneum, throat, mouth, and other organs.
4th. The " tape- worms," or Cestodes.
These are long flat worms, divided into many distinct segments, andare very frequently found in the intestines of most fishes. There are
numerous species of them, ranging in size from less than an inch to

many feet in length.
Although parasitic worms are found in nearlj^ all kinds of fishes, thej^
are most frequent and in the greatest variety in the large and very vor-acious kinds, such as sharks, rays, the angler or goose-fish, salmon, blue
fisli,

cod, haddock, «S:c.

Nor are other uuirine animals free from these internal parasites.

Cer-IXYERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF YIA^EYAED SOUND, ETC.

457

tain species have been found in Crustacea, otliers in mollusks, &c. Mr.
A. Agassiz has briefly described, but not named, a remarkable wormthat he found very common in the jelly-fish, Mnemiopsis Leidyi, and the
young of this or a different species was observed by me in the same AcaIt was pale purple, withleph.
It appeared to be a species of Scolex.
I have i^reviously mentioned a roundlight 3'ellowish orauge stripes.
worm {Ascarisf) which frequently occurs in winter in one of our speciesof Sagitta.

Most of the species that, in the adult state, inhabit fishes, live while
young, or in the larval stages, in smaller fishes, or in other animals,
upon which the larger fishes feed, and from which they thus derive theirparasites.

Besides the parasitic worms there are also many internal parasites thatbelong to the Protozoa.
The external parasites of fishes are also numerous. They are chiefly
Crustacea and leeches.

Among the Crustacea there are a few species of Amphipods that are
One of these, Lapliystms sturioniSj lives upon the gills ofparasitic.

fishes and upon the surface of the body.

It was found on the gills ofVineyard Sound, and on the back ofskates at Eastport. It is remarkable in having large claws developedon the third and fourth pairs of legs, those of the first and second be-the" goose-fish," {Loplihis^) in

iug small.

Its color is light red.

Certain Isopod Crustacea, belonging to the genus Livoneca (Plate Yl
fig. 29) and allied genera, live in the mouths and on the gills of fishes,clinging firmly to the membrane of the roof of the mouth, or otherby means of their strong sharp claws. These are generally
unsymmetrical inform. The species of the genus Bopyrus live on thegills, under the carapax of shrimp and other Crustacea, x)roducing large
tumors.
species is common on species of Rippolyte in the Bay of
Fundy and a species has been found in this region. The genus Cepon
is allied to the last, and our species occurs under the carapax of theparts,

A;" fiddler-crabs " in this region.

Among the Entomostraca the number of parasitic species is still
greater, but most of these live on the external surface and gills of fishes,

though some of them occur also in thp mouth.
riis and allied genera adhere firmly to the skin,proboscis.
fishes.

The species of Pandaand are provided with a

They are very common on sharks, but occur also on othert e YII, fig. 31) Rud Nogagus LatreilUi {Finite

A laiHlari(

YII, fig. 32) were both f )uud on " Atwood's shark," the " man-eater" of
this region, associated also with Nogagus tenax.

The species of ^^Noga-

merely the males of other genera, for no one has yet determined both njales and females ot the various species. The young of
one species, CaUgiis rapax, were found swimming free at the surface.
The species of Argulus and allied genera are less strictly parasitic, orrather they adhere less closely, and apparently leave the fishes at pleas-gns^^ are458

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ure and migrate from oue to another. Three species belonging to thisgroup were taken at the surface with the to wing-nets. The Lerneans
are remarkable creatures. The females are generally very curious inform and very much larger than the more active and less abnormal males,
and they are very low in structure, the reproductive system being enormously developed at the expense of nearly all the other organs. They
live upon the exterior and gills of fishes, with the head deeply buriedin the flesh, and subsist by sucking- the blood of their victims.
The
Lernmonema radiatum (Plate YII, fig. 30) is very common on the menhaden, and is also found on the alewives.
There are many kinds of parasitic leeches. One of the most remarkable is the Branchiohdella Eaveneliiy (Plate XVIII, fig. 89.) This genus
is peculiar in having broad, foliaceous, lobed or scolloped gills along
the sides of the body. The large species figured was found several times
on the large " sting-rays,'' several of them usually occurring together,on a large spot which had become sore and much inflamed by their repeated bites. It is a very active species.
The Cystohranclms vividus is a much smaller and quite slender leech,
which has small, papilliform, whitish gills that alternately contract andexpand along the sides of the body, each surrounded by a semicircularwhite spot. The colors are brownish or purplish, with three rows ofsmall white spots on the back. This species is frequent on the common
minnow, {Fundulus pisciilentiis^) in autumn and winter, and lives bothin brackish water and fresh water.
With the last, on the minnows, isfound another slender leech, destitute of gills this is the IclitliyobdellaFundidi. It has, like the last, four ocelli. The color is pale green withdarker green and brown specks, often with whitish transv^erse bands
someanteriorly, and a white ring behind the head, at the constriction
times there is a narrow pale dorsal line.
A long, slender, sub-cylindrical leech, the Pontohdella rapaxY., (PlateXYIII, fig. 91,) is quite common on the upper side of the " summerflounder," {CJicenopsetta ocellaris.) It is a very active species, dark olive
or brown in color, with a row of square or oblong whitish spots along;5each side the suckers are pale greenish white. The young are reddish
brown, without spots.
species of Pontohdella was found adhering to Mysis Americana.,
near New Haven, May 5, in three instances, but whether this be its norjAmal habit is uncertain.
The MalacobdeUa ohesa Y. (Plate XVIII, fig. 90) is a large, stout,
yellowish white leech, often two inches long, which is quite common in
the branchial cavity of the "long clam," (Mya arenaria.)

The MalacobdeUa mercenaria V. is another similar species, but smaller
and more slender, which lives in the same way in the/' round clam"(Venus mercenaria.)
The Myzobdella InyHhris is a small leech, which lives on the " edible
CYiih^^ {CaUinectefi hastatHs,) adhering to the soft membranes between
the joints and at the base of the legs.

INVEETEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

459

List of external parasites ohserved on fishes and other marine animals ofSouthern Netv England,

In the following list I liave included all the determined species observed in these waters, whether living in the sounds, or in the outerwaters, or in the brackish waters of the estuaries, for most of these parasitic species are capable of living in as diverse conditions as do the ani-mals which they infest, and most of the fishes pass from time to time into
each of the divisions named, though some, like the cod, are chiefly foundin the colder outer waters, and' even there only in winter.
The list is undoubtedly very incomplete for it is based chiefly on collections made during two seasons, and mainly in the summer months.
In addition to the true parasites I have, for greater convenience, included in the list some that merely live on or with other animals,
either for the sake of shelter, or to feed upon their excretions, or toshare their food. Some of these would be properly classed as " commensals.*'

ARTICULATA.
Crustacea.

Pinnotheres ostreum, (p. 367,) in oysters.
P. maculatus, in Mytilus edulis.

Laphystius sturionis, on goose-fish and skate, (457.)
Hyperia, species, on jelly-fishes, (439.)
Nerocila munda, on file-fish.
Conilera concharum.^
Livoneca ovalis, on blue-fish, (457.)
Cepon distortus, in branchial cavity of Gelasimus, (457.)
Ergasilus labraces, on strii:)ed-bass.
Argulus catostomi, on the sucker, (Catostomus.)A. laticauda, (457.)
A. latus.
A. megalops.
A. alosge, on '' aletVives."
Caligus curtus, on cod-fish.
0. rapax, on sting-ray, (Trygon hastata.)
Lepeophtheirus, sp., on sting-ray.
Lepeophtheirus, sp., on flounder, (Ohsenopsetta ocellaris.)
Echthrogalus coleoptratus, on mackerel-shark, (LamnaiDunctata.)
E. denticulatus, on Atiwood's shark, (Carcharodon Atwoodi.)
Paudarus Cranchii, (?) on dusky shark, (Platypodon obscurus.)
Pandarus, sp., on Atwood's shark, (Carcharodon Atwoodi.)
Nogagus Latreillii, on Atwood's shark, (457.)
tenax, on Atwood's shark, (457.)
Pandarus sinuatus, on the '' dog-fish," (Mustelus canis.)
Cecrops Latreillii, on Othagoriscus mola.

K

460

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Anthosoma crassum, on mackerel- sliark.
Lernaea braucbialis, on cod-fish.
Penella plumosaj on Diodon pilosus and Ehombus, sp.
Anchorella uncinata, on cod-fish.

Lernaeonema radiatum, on menhaden, (458.)
Lernseonema, sp., on a species of Oarangus.
Coronula diadem a, on whales.
Leeches.

Branchiobdella Eavenelii, on sting-rays August, September, (458.)
Oystobranchus vividus, on minnows October to December 18, (458.)
Ichthyobdella Funduli, on minnows with last, (458.);jjIchthyobdella, sp., dredged off New London, April.

Pontobdella rapax, on flounders, (458.)

Malacobdella obesa, in long clams, (458.)

M. mercenaria, in round clams, (458.)
Myzobdella lugabris, on the edible crab, (458.)
Bdelloura Candida, on gills of Limulus.

MOLLUSOA.
Gastropods.
Stylifer Stimpsonii, on the green sea-urchin.
Eulima oleacea, on Thyone Briareus, (418.)

III.

Fauna of the estuaries, harbors, ponds, and marshes.

The region about Yineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, like that of the
England and the coast farther south, ischaracterized by large numbers of ponds, lagoons, and estuaries, haviug
a more or less interrupted communication with the sea. These areusually quite shallow, though often of great extent. The bottom isgenerally muddy, with occasional j^atches of sand, but at the surface
usually consists largely of decaying vegetable and animal dehris mixed
with mud.
The ''eel-grass" (Zostera marina) grows in the shallower waters inentire southern coast of New

great quantities, sometimes in small scattered patches, at other times

covering large areas.

Some of these ponds and estuaries receive con-siderable, though variable, quantities of fresh water from streams flow-

ing into them, while others receive but little, except the surtace drainage of the land immediately around them but in most of them the
fresh water is in sufficient quantities to give a " brackish " character tothe waters. Owing to the narrow and often shallow channels by which
the ponds communicate with the open waters, the tide is usually irregular, and its rise and fall often much less than outside, so that the waters have little tidal motion.
The shallowness of the water and the abun;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

461

daut eel-grass also impede the motion caused by tlie wind, so tliat thesebodies of water are comparatively quiet under ordinary circumstances.
The same causes allow the water to become liighly heated during thesummer. It is evident that the heat and quietness of the waters areunfavorable for the rapid absorbtion of oxygen from the air, while by
the rapid decay of the dead materials of the bottom large quautities ofcarbonic acid and other gases must be evolved, which would in somecases soon render the water fatal to all auimal life, were it not for thepresence of the eel-grass, Ulva, and other plants that flourish in such
waters, which, while absorbing the excess of carbonic acid, also help
to give the requisite amount of oxygen to the water. During storms

the mud of the bottom is quickly disturbed, causing the escape of noxious gases, and rendering the water turbid, while the eel-grass is torn

up in large quantities, thus adding to the decaying materials of the bottom and shores. Moreover, in case of rain-storms or spring- freshets, thesudden addition of large volumes of fresh water often causes greatchanges in the density and character of the water, sufficient to kill species not adapted to such varying and peculiar conditions.
We accordingly find that although animal life is usually very abundant, the nuDiber of species that habitually live and x3rosper in these impure and decidedly brackish waters is comparatively small. But suchas do occur are usually found in great quantities, and are reoiarkablefor their hardiness and ability to live under vridely varying conditions.
Many of them are strictly southern species, which do not extend much
farther north but there are some, like the long clam, muscle, &c., which
extend even to the Arciic Ocean and the coasts of Europe.
Many of the estuaries and harbors, and some of the ponds, have amuch freer communication with the sea, and then the water is lessbrackish and geueralh' less impure in other respects, and the numberof species of animals becomes much greater. In other cases the water
is so little brackish that the fauna is nearly identical with that of theouter bays. A few of these species are almost restricted to the brackish waters, but by far the greater number are able to live in pure seawater, and are according!}^ also found in the baj s and sounds. There;

are various degrees of preference shown by the different species

someand very seldom found outsidesome evidently prefer the estuaries but are also abundant in thesounds some flourish equally well in both situations many are common in the estuaries but much more abundant in the pure waters of thesounds and a large number which are occasionally found in the brackish
waters, especially where but little freshened, have their proper homes in;are very abundant in the brackish waters
;

;

j

5

the pure waters outside.
Most of our food-fishes frequent the ponds and estuaries, either forthe sake of food or for the purpose of spawning, and many spend theearlier part of their lives entirely in such waters.
fore, that

It is apparent, there-

among the few species of invertebrate animals living in thebrackish waters, there are some that are of great importance as food for

462

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

fishes.

It is true that many of the larger fishes frequent the estuaries

to prey upon smaller ones, some of which are extremely abundant inthese waters.

But the small fishes, like minnows, as well as the youngof the larger ones, feed chiefly upon the small Crustacea, worms, andshells that live in the waters that they inhabit.
Therefore the entire
value of the estuaries as feeding-grounds for the larger fishes depends

directly upon those species of Crustacea, &c., that naturally live inbrackish water.
In discussing the fauna of the estuaries I have found it most conven-ient to group the species under the following divisions

1. Those of sandy
Those of muddy shores and bottoms. 3. Thoseinhabiting oyster-beds. 4. Those inhabiting the eel-grass. 5. Those

shores and bottoms.

:

2.

attached to rocks, piles of wharves, floating timber, buoys, &c.
The lists could be greatly extended by including all the species to befound near the mouths of estuaries, or in those harbors and ponds thatare scarcely brackish, for in these localities the fauna is nearly identical with that of the bays and sounds, and the lists already given on
previous pages will also apply very well to such places.
As a general rule only those species that are abundant, or at least
frequent, in waters distinctly brackish, have been included in the lists.
Ill, 1.

Animals inhabiting the sandy shores and bottoms of
BRACKISH WATERS.

Sandy shores and bottoms are generally less common and less extensive than muddy ones, and occur chiefly toward the mouths of estuaries,

or on the more exposed borders of the larger ponds and harbors, where

the wave-action is greatest.

When such bottoms are covered with eel-grass, as often happens, theanimals are quite numerous, but when destitute of vegetation the species of animals are but few, and mostly of the kinds that burrow.
But
when there is a mixture of mud with the sand the variet}^ is muchgreater.

Near high-water mark, colonies of the ^' sand-fiddler," Gelasimus puIn thegilator, (p. 336,) often occur, as on the sandy beaches outside.
same situations the beach-fleas, Talorchestia longicornis and T. megalophthalma (p. 336,) also occur, burrowing in the sand while the OrcheS'
tia agilis Smith is abundant under the vegetable debris at high- water
mark.
Several species of salt-water insects also occur, burrowing in the
sandy beaches at and below high-water mark. Among these are several beetles, which live in such situations, both in the larval and adultconditions. Tiie Bledius cordatus is one of the most abundant of these.
This is a small, dark-colored, " rover-beetle," with very short elytra.
It makes small, perpendicular holes in the sand near high-water mark,larger spethrowing up a little mound of sand around the burrows.
cies, Bledins pallipennis, occurs lower down, at about half tide markand makes similar burrows, but they are larger and deeper. This spe;A

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

463

The lar\'a of a fly belonging to the Musgrowing to the length of three-quarters of an inch, occurs
beneath the sand at low-water mark, and was also dredged ofl-shore inthree or four fathoms of water.
In the shallow waters and on the flats the common shrimp, Crangon
vulgaris^ (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10,) is always to be found in abundance
where the water is not too much freshened by the rivers. The prawn,
PaUemonetes vulgaris^ (p. 339, Plate II, fig. 9,) is also frequent on the sandy
bottoms, though more abundant among the eel-grass, and this species
extends far up the estuaries into the mouths of rivers, where the wateris but little salt.
The most abundant Annelids are^^ems virens, (Plate XI, figs. 47-50,)
y. Umbataj (Plate XI, fig. 51,) Bhynclioholus dibrancMatus, (Plate X, figs
43, 44,) B. Americanus, (Plate X, figs. 45, 46,) and Scolecolepis mridis Y.,(p. 345,) all of which burrow in the sand at low-water mark in the same
way as on the shores of the sounds.
Under vegetable debris and stones, at high-water mark, the Halodrilhis UttoraUs (p. 324) and Clitellio irroratus (p. 324) occur in abundance. The Liimbriculus tenuis burrows among the roots of grass at
high-water mark.
The most abundant Gastropod shells are llyanassa obsoleta, (Platecies is yellowish brown in color.
cidse, andXXI, fig. 13,)

Tritia trivittata, (Plate

XXI, fig. 112,) Bittium nigrum^(Plate XXIV, fig. 154,) Astyris lunata, (Plate XXI, fig. 110,) which occur

on ther flats and on the bottom in shallow water, but all are more common among eel-grass. The Melamims bldentatus (Plate XXY, figs. 169,169a) is very abundant among the grass and weeds at and just above
high-water mark. It contributes largely to the food of the minnows
and other small fishes, as well as to that of many aquatic birds. The
Crepidula convexa (Plate XXIII, fig. 128) is frequent on the dead shells
occupied by the small hermit-crab, Eupagurus longicarpus^ (p. 313,)
which is abundant, running over the bottom in shallow water.
The most abundant bivalves are the long clam, Mya arenaria, (Plate
XXVI, fig. 179,) and 3Iacoma fusca, (Plate XXX, fig. 222.) These both
occur burrowing in the sand between tides, and both occur far up theestuaries, where the water is very brackish, but they are most abundant where there is a mixture of sand and mud. In the estuaries thelong clam is extremely abundant all along the coast from Xew Jersey
to the Arctic Ocean, as well as on all the northern coa sts of Europe
It also occurs south of Cax)e Hatteras, as at Beaufort, Xorth Carolina,
but in greatly diminished numbers. North of Xew York it is very extensively used as an article of food. North of Cape Cod it is the common " clam " of the fishermen and north of Boston it almost entirely
displaces, in the markets, the "round-clam,-' or " quahog," Venus mercenaria^ which is the common clam at Xew York and farther south.
Along the southern coast of Xew England both species are abundant,
and both are sold in large quantities in the markets. South of Xew;

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

464

York tbe loog clam is but little sought as au article of food, except for local

Ou the coast of New Jersey it is often called the " maniuose clam,"use.
from the Indian name (frequently corrupted to " nanny-nose.") It isalso sometimes called the '^soft-shelled clam," in distinction from the" quahog," which is called '' hard-shelled." The ''long clams" of certain
localities on Long Island Sound, as, for instance, those from Guilford,
Connecticut, are of very excellent quality, and are very highly esteemed.
The Guilford clams are assorted into regular sizes, and are bought fromthe fishermen on the spot by the hundred. Those of large size bringabout $3 per hundred these are retailed in the market at New Haven
Smaller sizes bring 48 cents and 36 cents perfor 60 cents per dozen.
dozen. During unusually low tides in winter clams of extraordinary size
are obtained at Guilford, below the zone ordinarily uncovered by thetide; these often weigh a pound or more, and sell for about $1.2.5 ]}ev
dozen occasionally the weight is as much as a pound and a half, and the;;shells become six or eight inches in length.

The ordinary long clams of small and moderate sizes bring 95 cents,$1.25, and $2 per bushel at wholesale ; these retail in ourmarkets at

50 cents to 75 cents per peck, the smallest sizes being cheapest, while
the reverse is the case with the round clams.

In New Haven the long clams are chiefly sold in winter, being " outof season" in summer, when the round clams supply the markets. But
in New York the long clams are sold during the whole year.
Large quantities of these clams are also collected on the northerncoasts of New England and put up for bait, to be used in the cod-fisheryat the banks of Newfoundland.
The total amount collected and used annually is probably not lessthan 1,000,000 bushels.
List of species inhabiting sandy shores and bottoms of estuaries.

ARTICULATA.
Insects.

Page.

Page.

462
462
335

Bembidium constrictum

Bledius cordatus
B. pallipennis
Heterocera undatus
Phaleria testacea.

B. contractum

Anurida nuiritima

331

Larvae of fly, (Muscid?e)

Ephydra, sp., larvae
Cicindela, larv?e

Phy tosus littoralis

.

.

463

466
335

.

.

335
Crustacea.
Page.

Page.

Gelasimus pugilator
Cancer irroratus
Carcinus granulatus

Eupagurus longicarpus
Paheuionetes vulgaris
Craiigon vulgaris

462
312
312
463
463
463

Orchestia agilis
Talorchestia longicornis.
T. megalophthalma

Epelys trilobus
Limulus Polyphemus

.

-

462
462

462
370
340

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

465

Annelids.
Page.

Page.

Iis^ereis vireus

463

Glymenella torquata]Sr.

limbata
Ehyncliobolus Americanus

463
463

Cisteuides Gouldii

E. dibrancliiatus

463

Sabellaria vulgaris
LumbricLilus tenuis

Spio robustus
Scolecolepis viriclis

345
463

Halodrillus littoralis

S. tenuis

345

...

Olitellio irroratus

343
323
321
463
463
463

Nemerteans.
Page.

Pa^e.

Meckelia ingens

349

Meckelia rosea

350

MOLLUSCA.
Gastropods.
Page.

Il^^anassa obsoleta
Tritia trivittata

Eupleura caudata
Astjris lunata

463
463
371
463

Page.

Odostomia trifida
Bittium nigrum
Crepidula convexa

307
463
463
463

Melampus bidentatus

LameUihrancJis.
Page.

Myaarenaria

Macoma fusca
Angulus tener
Tottenia gemma

Yenus mercQnaria

III. 2.

Page.

463
463
358

Liievicardium Mortoni

359
463

Modiola plicatula
Pecten irradians

Solenomya velum

My tilus edulis

„

358
360
307
307
361

Animals iNHABiTiNa the muddy Chores and bottoms of
BRACKISH WATERS.

The bottoms of the sheltered estuaries, ponds, and harbors, are almost
invariably muddy, throughout the greater part of their extent, from low-

water mark to their greatest depths, or, in other words, wherever thewaves do not act with considerable force. The shores between tides arealso muddy in the more protected localities, where the waves do nothave sufficient power to remove the fine sediments. The upper and narrower parts of nearly all the estuaries in this region are, on this account,muddy, for the rapidity of the tide is seldom sufficient to entirely remove the fine sediments brought down by the streams.
large part of the muddy bottoms is generally covered in summer byextensive patches of eel-grass. Over other portions large beds of oysS. Mis. 61^
30

A

466

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ters are always planted, thus greatly modifying the natural conditionsof such localities and introducing a large number of species not properly belonging to the true muddy bottoms.

The shores of the muddy estuaries and ponds, or lagoons, are usuallylow, flat, and bordered by more or less extensive salt-marshes, with thesurface generally just above high- water mark of ordinary tides, but liable to inundation by unusually high tides.

These marshes are always

traversed by winding and sluggish tidal streams of brackish water andby smaller ditches, and the surface is often diversified by small pools or
ponds of impure brackish water, in which there is generally a deep deposit of soft, slimy mud and decaying organic matter, which often becomes putrid, and exhales fetid gases. All such waters, whether iu theditches or pools, and however filthy they may be, are inhabited by certain kinds of invertebrate animals, and they are also frequented by multitudes of minnows and other small fishes, which undoubtedly findabundant food in such places.
In these brackish pools and ditches we find certain beetles, both in theadult and larval stages. Among these the most conspicuous is EydroIjliihis quadristriaUis Horn.; a large, black species, which ai^pears to becommon. The larva of the salt-marsh musquito (Cidex, sp.,) also lives insuch situations, and the adults in August, September, and October, so
swarm in these marshes as to render it extremely unpleasant to go on
or near them. The larvse of an Upliydra also occurs, and many otherinsects will doubtless be found in these places when carefully sought for.
One Amphipod, the Gammarus mucronatiis^ commonly lives in the mostbrackish pools and among the grass on the marshes. The prawn, Falcemonetes vulgaris, (Plate II, fig. 9,) is also very abundant in these pools
and ditches, even where the water is but little salt, and also occurs in
immense numbers on the muddy bottoms and among the eel-grass of the
In the pools there are also myriads of small Entomostraca
estuaries.
of many kinds, upon which the prawn and other species feed, while theEntomostraca find an abundance of ciliated Infusoria and other microscopic animals for food.

We find several species of crabs burrowing in muddy banks along theshores of the estuaries, as well as along banks of the streams and ditches
in the salt-marshes. The most abundant of these is the marsh fiddlercrab, Gelasimtis pugnax, whichisoften so abundant that the banks arecompletely honey-combed and undermined by them. These holes are ofvarious sizes up to about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, and descend more or less perpendicularly, often to the depth of two feet or
more. Occasionally in summer these crabs will leave their holes andscatter over the surface of the marshes, which at such times seem to be
perfectly alive with them, but when disturbed they will scamper awayin every direction and speedily retreat to their holes, but occasionally,at least, they do not find their own, for sometimes the rightful pwner
will be seen forcibly ejecting several intruders.

It is probable that at

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

467

such times of general retreat each one gets into the first hole that hecan find. Associated with this "fiddler" another related crab, the 8esarma reticulata^ is occasionally found in considerable numbers. Thisis a stout-looking, reddish brown crab, with a squarish carapax its large
claws are stout and nearly equal in both sexes, instead of being very
unequal, as in the male "fiddlers." It lives in holes like the "fiddlers,"
but its holes are usually much larger, often an inch or an inch and a halfin diameter. It is much less active tban the "fiddlers," but can pinchvery powerfully with its large claws, which are always promptly used
when an opportunity occurs.
The Carcinus (jranidatus (p. 312) of large size may often be found concealed in the cavities under the banks undermined by the two preceding
On thespecies, along the ditches and streams in the salt-marshes.
marshes farther up the estuaries, and along the mouths of rivers andbrooks, and extending up even to places where the water is quite fresh,
another and much larger species of "fiddler-crab" occurs, often in abundance; this is the Gelasimus minax. It can be easily distinguished byits much larger size and by having a patch of red at the joints of theIts habits have been carefully studied by Mr. T. M. Prudden oflegs.
New Haven, but his interesting account of them has not yet been pubHe has also investigated its anatomy. According to Mr. Prudlished.
;

den this species, like G. pugilatoj', (see p. 336,) is a vegetarian.

He oftensaw it engaged in scraping up and eating a minute green algoid plant,w^hich covers the surface of the mud. The male uses its small claw exclusively in obtaining its food and conveying it to the moufch. The
female uses either of her small ones indifferently. In enlarging its burrows Mr. Prudden observed that these crabs scraped off the mud fromthe inside of the burrow by means of the claws of the ambulatory legs,
and having formed the mud into a pellet, pushed it up out of the holeby means of the elbow-like joint at the base of 'the great claw, when

He also ascertained that this crab often constructs
a regular oven-like arch of mud over the mouth of its burrow. This
arch- way is horizontal, and large and long enough to contain the crab,
who quietly sits in this curious door-way on the lookout for his enemiesof all kinds.
This species can live out of water and without food for many days.
It can also live in perfectly fresh water.
One large male was kept in
my laboratory in a glass jar containing nothing but a little siliceous sand,moistened with pure fresh water, for over six months. During thiswhole period he seemed to be constantly in motion, walking round andround the jar and trying to climb out. He was nev^er observed to rest
or appear tired, and after months of confinement and starvation wasjust as pugnacious as ever.
this is folded down.

Although some of the colonies of this species live nearly or quite up
to fresh water, others are found farther down on the marshes, where thewater is quite brackish, and thus there is a middle ground where this

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

468

and Q. pugnax occur togetlier. This was found by Mr. Prudden to be
the case, both on the marshes bordering West Eiver and on those of

New Haven. They are abundant along both these
The holes made by this species are much larger than those ofSome of them are an inch and a half to two inches in
G. ptignax.

Mill Eiver nearstreams.

diameter.

The ''blue crab" or common edible crab, CalUnectes hastatus^ (p. 367,)
frequents the brackish streams and estuaries, where it is often taken in
These are usually brought to market
May, but the "soft- shelled" ones, which are more highly es-large quantities for the markets.
early inteemed, are taken later. These soft-shelled individuals are merely thosethat have recently shed their old shells, while the new shell has not had
time to harden. The period of shedding seems to be irregular and longcontinued, for soft-shelled crabs are taken nearly all summer. The young
and half-grown specimens of this crab may often be found in considerable numbers hiding in the holes and hollows beneath the banks during
the flood-tide. When disturbed, they swim away quietly into deeper
water. These small crabs are devoured by many of the larger fishes.
During flood-tide the large crabs swim up the streams like many fishes,and retreat again with the ebb. They feed largely on fishes, and often
do much damage by eating fishes caught in set-nets, frequently making
large holes in the nets at the same time.
The "mud-crabs," Fanopeus Sayi (p. 312) and P. depresstiSj (Plate I,
P.
fig. 3,) are very common in all the muddy estuaries and harbors.
Harrisii also occurs in similar places it is far less common, and apparently usually lives higher up toward high-water mark, under stones, &c.,
but it has been found on the salt-marshes at the mouth of Charles Eiver,according to Dr. A. A. Gould.
The Orcliestia palustris Smith, is found on the salt-marshes, where it
occurs under drift- \N'\)od, vegetable dehriSy &c., extending its range
nearly or quite up to fresh water, and at times living in places that arealmost dry, above high- water mark.
The Squilla empitsa (p. 369) burrows in muddy shores and bottoms at;or below low-water mark.

The Gehia affinis (p. 368, Plate II, fig. 7) also lives in similar places indeep burrows, as described on a previous page.
The "horseshoe-crab," iy/m?f?i(s Polyphemus (p. 310,) is also a common inhabitant of muddy bottoms, in estuaries, where it grows to greatsize.

The most' common Annelids are partly the same as those given
above for the sandy shores. The Nereis vlrens is generally very abundant the tNvo species of Khynclwholus are common; and also Lumhrlj

concreis opallna., (Plate XIII, figs. 69, 70;) Cirratidus (jrandis, (Plate XY.
figs. 80, 81 ;)rolycirrus eximivs,(p.

320, Plate

XYl^ fig. 85 ;) Chwto-

hrancJiKS sanfjnincnsy (p. .')20;) and several other less conspicuous species.

Among the Gastropods by far the most abundant species is the llya-

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

469

nassa obsoleta^ (p. 354, Plate XXI, Hg. 113,) which creeps over the flats
and muddy bottoms in countless multitudes, sometimes almost covering
the entire surface.

When left by the tide, on the flats, especially in cold

weather, they will creep into the small pools and depressions of the surface, w^here they often huddle together in great crowds, sometimes forming many layers, one above another. This is probably the most abundant
shell, ofany considerable size, on the coast of the United States.

Itoccurs abundantly from the Gulf of Mexico to Massachusetts Bay. It isessentiall}' a scavenger, and owing to its vast numbers its services inthat line must be of great value.

It occurs far up the estuaries, where

the water is decidedl3' brackish, but flourishes equally well on the outershores.

The LittorineUa minuta (Plate XXIV, fig. 140) also occurs in vast
numbers on the mud-flats, and in the pools and ditches of the saltmarshes, but it is a small and inconspicuous species. It is, however, notoverlooked by the small fishes and various aquatic birds, for they feedlargely upon it.
The MeJampus hidentat us (Plate XXY, figs. 169, 169«) is also extremely
abundant on the muddy salt-marshes, creeping over the general surface,or in the shallow pools and ditches, and among the grass, creeping up
the stalks. In shallow water, where not too brackish, the Bulla soUtaria(PlateXXY, fig. 161) is sometimes found in considerable numbers,

creeping over soft, muddy bottoms.

It is a favorite article of food withthe flounders.

Among the Lamellibranchs, one of the most common species is the
ModioJa plicattda, (Plate XXXI, fig. 258,) which occurs everywhere on
the muddy banks at and above high-water mark, and also over the salt-

marshes, along the borders of ditches and streams, and wherever there
is sufficient moisture, partially imbedding its shell in the

mud or among

the roots of grass, and anchoring itself by means of a stout byssus.
The long clam, Mya arenaria, (p. 463) and the Macoma fusca^ (Plate

XXX, fig. 222) are almost everywhere abundant on the shores betweentides.

The " round clam," Venus mercenaria, (p. 359, Plate XXYI, fig. 184,)
occurs on the muddy bottoms in shallow water, often in great abundance,
especially where the mud is somewhat firm, or where there is an admix-

ture of sand, and the water is not very much freshened. This clam is usuallytaken in such places by means of long-handled tongs, and sometimes
with the dredge. It is especially abundant in the estuaries and harbors
opening into Long Island Sound. The quantity of this clam taken
annually for food is enormous, but it is impossible, at present, to get reliable statistics, either for this or the long clam, for they are mostly taken
and sold, a few bushels at a time, by individual fishermen, and thetraffic is diffused along the whole coast, from Florida to Boston
but
it is probable that more than 1,500,000 bushels are annually consumed^.'
,•

470

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

In the New Haven markets the round clams retail at $2 to $3 per bushel
for the small ones^ and $1 to $2 per bushel for the large ones.
The common muscle, Mytilus edulis^ (p. 307, Plate XXXT, fig. 234,) isalso extremely abundant on the muddy bottoms, formiug immense beds
in many places.
It is taken in vast quantities for fertilizing the land,but is seldom used as food on our coast, although it is used extensively
in some parts of Europe.
The muddy bottoms of the estuaries, ponds, and harbors, especiallywhen composed largely of organic matter in a living state, afford thebest localities for ^'planting'' oysters, and they are extensively utilized
for this purpose.
The oysters thus planted are mostly brought fromfarther south, but youug " natives" are also trausplanted on a large
scale in some localities.
It is, however, very certain that the oysters did not originally growon muddy bottoms, for the young cannot maintain themselves during

early life unless attached to some solid substance.

Therefore, where large oyster-beds have been planted, the bottom
should no longer be classed as "muddy," but rather as a " shelly bottom," for a large number of animals, in addition to those of true muddy
bottoms, live among or attached to the oysters.
Along the peaty and clayey banks, especially where undermined by
the waves, even nearly up to high-water mark, the Petricola pholadiformis (p. 372, Plate XXYI, fig. 199,) and Pholas truncata, (Plate XXYII,
fig. 200,) are often found in their deep burrow^s in considerable numbers.
The Tagelus gibha (Plate XXYI, fig. 181, and Plate XXX, fig. 217,)
burrows at and below low- water mark on the muddy and argillaceous
shores of the estuaries, as well as on the shores of the bays. On muddy
bottoms, toward the outer parts of the estuaries and harbors, theMulinia lateralis (Plate XXYI, fig. 184, b) often occurs in great abundance. And in similar places, even where the bottom consists largely of
decaying vegetable matter, the Tellina tenia (Plate XXX, fig. 225) and
Solenomya velum (Plate XXIX, fig. 210) are sometimes found in considerable numbers. The CalUsta convexa (Plate XXX, fig. 219) also occurs
in similar places.

The Ascidians, Bryozoa, and Radiata are almost entirely wanting on
the muddy shores and bottoms of estuaries, unless in localities where
eel-grass or oyster-beds afford them suitable stations but such localities;

will be discussed farther on.

List of species inhahiting the muddy shores and bottoms of brackish waters.

ARTICULATA.
Insects.
Page.

Cicindela marginata

Ilydrophilus quadristriatus

335
406

Page.

Culex, sp

Ephydra, sp

466
466

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

471

Cruslacea*
Page.

Gelasimus pugnax
G. minax

Sesarma reticulata
Panopeus Sayi
P. depressus
P. Harrisii
Callinectes liastatus

Carcinus granulatus ....
Libinia canaliculata

Eupagurus longicarpus.
Gebia affinis
CraDgon Tulgaris
Palafmonetes vulgaris

.

Page.

466
467
467
468
468
468
468
467
368
313
468

Orcbestia agilis
O. palustris

Gammarus mucronatus..
Melita nitida
Arapelisca, sp

Ampbitboe valida
A. coinpta

Coropbium cylindricum.
Spbseroma quadridentata
Idotea irrorata
Epelys trilobus
E. montosus

339
466

.

Mysis stenolepis

Jgera copiosa

Limnoria lignorum
Limulus Polypbemus

370
468

Squilla empusa

314
468
466
314
431
315
370
370
315
316
370
370
315
370
468

Annelids,
Page.

Page.

Xepbtbys ingens
Podarke obscura

E. dibrancbiatus
Cirratulus grandis

Marpbysa Leidyi

431
319
349
468
319

Lumbriconereis opalimi
Ebyncbobolus Americanus.

468
342

Cbietobrancbus sanguineus

Eteone, spI^ereis virens

Kotomastus filiformis
Cistenides Gouldii
Polycirrus eximius

341
468
342
323
468
468

Nemerteans.
Page.

Page.

324

;N"emertes socialis|

Cosmocepbala ocbracea.

325

Nematodes.
Page.

Page.

Pontonema marinum

325

P. vacillatum

326

MOLLUSCA.
Gastropods.
Page.

Page.

Uyauassa obsoleta
Nassa vibex
Eupleura caudata
Urosalpinx cinerea
Astyris lunata
Bittium nigrum
Littorina rudis
L. palliata

....

468

Littorina irrorata

371
371
306
306
305
305
305

Littorinella minuta . .

Orepidula convexa
O. fornicata
C. unguiformis
Bulla solitaria
Melampus bideutatus

372
469
355
355
355
469
469

472

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Lamellihranclis.
Page.

Pholas ti'uncata.

470
433
469

P. costata

Mya arenaria
Macoma fusca

469
470
358
470
470
469

Tellina tenta

Angulustener
Tagelus gibba,

Petricola plioladiformis

Venus mercenaria
III.

..

Page.

Callista convexa

Mulinia lateralis

Solenomya velum
Nucula proxima
Argina pexata
Modiola plicatula
M. hamatus
Mytilus edulis
Ostroea Virginian a

470
470
470
432
309
469
374
470
310

-Animals iNHABiTiNa oyster-beds in brackish waters.

Although the oyster-beds are generally planted on bottoms that wereoriginally muddy, when covered wholly or partially with living oysters orwith dead oyster-shells, such bottomsmay properly be regarded as "shelly
bottoms" analogous to the natural shelly bottoms of the outer waters.
The shells of the oysters afford suitable attachment for various shells,bryozoa, ascidians, hydroids, sponges, «&c., which could not otherwise
maintain their existence on muddy bottoms, while other kinds of animals, such as crab s, annelids, &c., find shelter beneath the shells or in
their interstices.
Some species have apparently been introduced fromfarther south with the oysters among these are Modiola liamatus andFanopeus SerhstU, neither of which is positively known to be fully naturalized on our shores.
In planting the oysters they are more or less uniformly scattered overthe bottom, from somewhat above low- water mark to the depth of ten.
or twelve feet.
The oysters thus planted are brought mostly from thewaters of Virginia and Maryland in spring. During the summer theyusually increase greatly in size, and often become very fat and improve inflavor.
They are taken up in the fall, for if left exposed to the freezing
weather of our winters, at least all those in very shallow water would bekilled. They often double in bulk during the summer.
Besides the immense quantities of oysters thus brought from farther south to be '' plant;ed" in our waters, large quantities of young '^ natives" are also collectedfrom the localities where they naturally breed, and are planted on muddy
bottoms in the brackish waters, where they grow very rapidly, usuallyattaining a size suitable for the market in two or three years.
These " native oysters," although of the same species as those broughtfrom the south, are more hardy, and will live through the winter if covered by a depth of water sufficient to prevent them from freezing. The
young oysters that attach themselves to stones, ledges, «S:c., betweentides, often in great abundance, nearly all perish by freezing during thewinter. They mostly become an inch to an inch and a half in diameter
during tlie lirst summer. The period of spawning lasts for some time.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

473

but most of it seems to be done ia May, June, and July. The young,after swimming about for a short time, attach themselves to any suitable
hard object, such as rocks, shells, timber, brushy &c. On our coast very
few attempts have been made to raise the young oysters by artificial
means, because the young oysters, of a size suitable to plant, can generally be bought at a price less than the actual cost of raising them.
The time will doubtless come, however, when this will no longer be thecase, and then the metnods so successfully employed on the coast ofFrance may be resorted to with great advantage.
The young oysters must find some solid substance to which they can
attach themselves, before losing their locomotive organs, otherwise they
will fall to the bottom and perish in the mud.

It is evident, therefore,that although the oysters planted on muddy bottoms of the right kind
will grow most rapidly, owing to the great

scopic food in the mudand turbid waterjabundance of their micro-

yet such localities are unfa-

vorable for breeding-grounds, because the young,or '' spat," will find nosuitable objects to which they can attach themselves,unlesSj by chance,
to the shells of the old oysters.

Therefore, if it be desired to have theoysters in such localities iiroduce the young ones necessary to maintainthe bed permanently, it will be necessary to place hard objects on thebottom, to which they may adhere. Stones, broken bricks, «S:c., may be
used for this purpose, but nothing is better than old oyster- shells, andthey are generally cheaper than anything else.
On the coast of France bundles of twigs or fagots, prepared tiles,
and other objects have been used to catch the young, and the^^ are allowed to remain on suxih objects until they become large enough to be
removed and planted elsewhere.
It is obvious that the best breeding-grounds are on hard bottoms,

where there are large quantities of dead shells, pebbles, &c., to which
the young will be sure to adhere. But such bottoms are not the best
localities for the rapid growth and fattening of the oysters.
Therefore
it is always found profitable to transplant the young oysters, when large
enough, from hard bottoms to the muddy bottoms of the estuaries, where
their natural food most abounds.
All muddy bottoms are not equally adapted for this purpose. The great
differences to be found in the muddy bottoms of various localities havealready been mentioned on a previous page. (Seep. 430.) Those bottoms
that are composed mainly of tenacious clay are unsuitable, both because
the oysters become imbedded too deeply in the clay, and because such
mud contains but little organic matter. Those that consist of clay orsand mixed with decaying vegetable matter, and have a black, x)utrid
layer just beneath the surface are also unsuitable and should be avoided.
Those that consist of very deep, soft, pasty mud, though the mud itself
may be of good quality, are apt to allow the oysters to sink too deeply
beneath the surface and thus become smothered in the mud.
The most suitable localities are those sheltered places where there isa firm substratum of sand or gravel, overlaid with a few inches of soft,

474

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

mud, consisting largely of living microscopic animals andSuch localities are to be found in mostof our shallow estuaries, harbors, and brackish ponds, and on suchgrounds the oysters grow and become fat with surprising rapidity.
The character of such bottoms is very liable to be changed by storais,
especially in winter, either by the removal of the organic mud tosome other part of the bottom or shore, or by t^e washing in of silt or
clay in quantities sufficient to cover the bottom and destroy the livingorganisms. Thus it happens that a locality may be an excellent oyster-ground one year and comparatively worthless the next, or a poor
locality may in the next year become a good one.
And on this accountflocculent

plants, Infusoria, Diatoms, &c.

the great reputation that the oysters of a particular locality often acquire in a favorable year may not belong to them in subsequent years,
for the quality of the oysters changes with the character of the food andbottom where they grow. I have already mentioned several of the more
important enemies of the oysters on former pages. (See pp. 306, 326.)
The star-fishes, which are among the most destructive of these, do notflourish in brackish waters, and this is, therefore, a great advantage.
The quantity of oysters taken from our waters is far greater than isgenerally supposed by those not familiar with this important business.

The best statistics are necessarily very incomplete, but they are sufficient
to show the almost incredible magnitude of this industry, which is,moreover, rapidly increasing as the facilities for transporting the oysters
to all parts of the country, even to the Pacific coast, are multiplied.

According to the official report of Hunter Davidson, commissioner,
upon the oyster-fisheries, &c., of Maryland, January, 1872,* the quantityof oysters taken in Maryland waters in the year 1869-'70 was 11,233,475
bushels, which, at an average value of 35 cents per bushel, would amount
to $4,031,716. To catch and convey these to market 8,070 men were employed on the water 7,190,400 bushels were taken by 642 vessels (tonnage 14,436) engaged in dredging, and employing 4,060 hands. Thebalance, 2,043,075 bushels, were taken by 1,647 boats or '' canoes," using
tongs and rakes, and employing 3,410 hands.
In 1870-'71, 597 vessels, (tonnage 13,425,) engaged in dredging, andemploying 3,775 hands, took 6,686,400 bushels and 1,649 " canoes
took, with tongs, 2,261,403 bushels, employing 3,507 hands making thetotal amount for the year, 10,947,803 bushels, valued at $3,831,731.
;;;

Many of these oysters were sold at $1 to $1.50 per bushel, whileothers were sold for less than twenty-five cents, but it is probable thatthe estimated average value (thirty-five cents) is considerably below theactual value.

The quantity taken in the waters of Virginia is probably quite aslarge as that from Maryland.

Large quantities are also taken along the coast of New Jersey, Long
* Report on the Oj'stor-Fisheries, Potomac River Shad and Herring Fisheries, and
the Water- fowl of Mary hind, to his excellency the governor and other coniniissiouers.
of the State oyster-police force, January, 1872.

ETC.

475

It is, therefore, probable that the total amounttaken on the coast north of Cape Hatteras is not less than 30,000,000
bushels annually, having a value of more than $20,000,000. In making
this estimate we should allow for the great increase in bulk and valueof many of the Maryland and Virginia oysters that are transplanted tonorthern waters, and allowed to grow before using. The average valueof the northern oysters, both native and transplanted, is probably morethan seventy-five cents per bushel. It is, therefore, probable that theabove estimate is considerably too low.
The great oyster-markets of the country are Baltimore and New York.
In Baltimore immense quantities of oysters are put up in kegs andcans to supply the distant parts of our own country and also to ship
In 1867 it was estimated that more
to nearly all foreign countries.
than 10,000 persons were employed in this branch of the business.
There were then thirty packing-houses, employing 4,500 openers. In ad-

Island, and Connecticut.

dition to the packing business great quantities of oysters are sold at Baltimore and sent away in the shell. The total quantity sold at Baltimore
exceeded 7,000,000 bushels, of which about 5,000,000 bushels came from
Maryland waters, and the balance from Virginia. Of these over

1,000,000 bushels were sent to New York, 700,000 to Fair Haven, Connecticut,

where an extensive packing business is carried on, 450,000

to Philadelphia, 350,000 to Boston.

The oyster trade of New York, several years ago, was estimated atover $8,000,000, employing 2,500 vessels, and it has greatly increased
since that estimate was made.

Among the most common shells that are found attached to oysters
are Crepidula fornicata (Plate XXIII, figs. 129, 129a) and C.unguiformis,(Plate XXIII, fig. 127.)

They both occur together on the upper as wellas the under valves, and inallcases retain their ordinary characters,

more regular in form, and usually has theupper surface slightly convex, instead of being much distorted andwith a concave upper surface, as the larger specimens that live on
the inside of dead univalves usually are. Its color, when living on theoysters, is always white, while the C. fornicata is always more or lessmarked with brown.
The common muscle, Mytilus edtiUs, (p. 307) frequently occurs attached
to oysters, and when it accumulates on the oyster-beds in large quantities it is very injurious.
The Modiola hamatus (p. 374) is a very peculiar-looking muscle, having a broad, often hatchet-shaped, distorted
shell, covered with prominent radiating ribs, many of which are forked.
Its color is yellowish or brownish.
It somewhat resembles Modiola plicatula^ but is broader and has coarser ribs.
This muscle is sometimes
except that the latterisfound in New Haven Harbor, living on the oyster-beds in considerable
numbers, and of full size, attached to the oysters, either singly or inclusters, by the byssal threads.
It has been observed only in the summer and fall and it may not have survived the winters, for it is possible

476

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

tbat all the individuals may have been brought from the south, in thespring, when quite small, attached to the oysters. It may be, however,that it has really become naturalized on our shores. It is very common
in the Gulf of Mexico, and on other parts of the southern coast. The

Anomia glabra (p. 311, Plate XXII, figs. 241, 242, 2426t) is also very
commonly found adhering to oysters.
The hard sandy tubes of Sahellaria vulgaris (p. 321, Plate XYII, figs
88, S8a) and the calcareous tubes of Serjyula dianthus fp. 322) are very fre-quent upon oyster-shells, and occasionally those of Fotamilla oeulifera,(p 322, Plate XYII, fig. 86,) Scionopsis ][)almata^ (p. 321,) and other species

are met with.

Many other Annelids are to be found burrowing or hiding
The common green star-fish, Asterias arenicola, (p.

beneath the oysters.
326, Plate

XXXY, fig. 269,) occasionally occurs on the oyster-beds near

the mouths of estuaries, but is seldom sufficiently abundant in thebrackish waters to do serious damage to the oyster-beds.
In the brackish waters the " drill," JJrosalpinx clnerea, (p. 306, Plate

XXI, fig. 116,) is the worst enemy of the oyster, and is sometimes so
numerous as to do very serious damage.
Several species of Hydroids grow adhering to oysters. The mostabundant of these, in brackish water, is usually Saleclum gracile Y.,(p. 328,) but two or three species of Ohelia and some other forms occur.
Of Bryozoa, one of the most common species is the JEscharella variahiliSj (p. 312, Plate XXXIII, fig. 256,) which forms calcareous incrustations.
The Bugula turrita, (p. 311, Plate XXXIY, figs 258, 259,) andYesicularia dichotoma Y. (p. 404) are also common. The Alcyonidmm
Mrsutum, (p. 404,) which forms soft fleshy crusts over the surface ofthe shells, is quite frequently seen.
The common red sponge (p. 330) is often abundant on the oyster-beds

where the water is not much freshened.
List of species inliabiting oyster-beds in brachish waters.

ARTICULATA.
Insects.

Page.

Chironomus oceanicus

379
Crustacea.
Page.

Page.

Pinnotheres ostreum

367

E. longicarpus

Cancer irroratus
Panopeus Ilerbstii

Crangon vulgaris.
Mysis Americana

P. Sayi

312
472
312

P. depressus

312

Melita nitida
Ampclisca, sp

Libinia canaliculata

312
368

Uuciola irrorata
Oorophium cylindricum

Eupagurus pollicaris^)13Ei)elys trilobus

Carcinus granulatus

,

.

.

313
339
370
314
431

340
370
370

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

477

Annelids.
Page.

L. snblevis

Phyllodoce, sp
Eulalia, sp

Eteone, sp

Podarke obscura.

Page.

320
320
349
349

Lepiclouotus sqiiamatus

Cirratulus grandis
Sabellaria vulgaris

Cistenides Gouidii
IS'icolea,

Xereis virens
X. limbata

317
318

Marphysa Leidyi
Lumbricouereis opalina
Ehynchoboliis Americauus.
R. dibrancbiatus

319
320
319
319

simplexScionopsis palmata

349
319

Polycirrus eximius

Obsetobrancbus saDguiDeus
Potamilla oculifera
Sabella micropbtbalma
Fabricia Leidyi
Serpula diantbus
Spirorbis, sp

319
476
323
321
476
320
320
476
323
323
476
323

Nemerteans and Planarians.
Page.

Page.

Xemertes socialis
Cosmocepbala ocbracea

Monocelis agilis
Procerodes frequens

324
325
324

Polinia glutinosa

325
325

Nematodes.
Page.

Poutonema mariinim

325

Page.

I

I

326

P. vacillaturu

MOLLUSCA.
Gastrojwds.
Page.

Urosalpiux cinerea

Fulgur carica
Sycotypus canaliculatiis.

.

Ilyanassa obsoleta
Astyris liiuata

Eissoa aculeus
Littorinella minuta. ..
Bittium nigrum

476
355
355
354
306
306
469

Page.

Odostomia fusca

...

307

O. trifida

307.

O.bisuturalis

307
475
475
355
307

Crepidula fornicata
C. uDguiformis
0. convexa

Doridella obscura

305
Lamellibranclis.
Page.

Veuus mercenaria
Argiua pexata
Scapbarca transversa
Mvtilus edulis

.,

469
309
309
475

Page.

Modiola bamatus
Pecten irradians

.

.

. .

Anomia glabra
Ostr?ea Yirginiana.

475
361
476
472

478

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Ascidians.
Page.

Cynthia partita

311

Molgiila Manhatteusis

311

Bryozoa.
Page.

Bugula turrita
Escliarella variabilis

Membranipora lineata

Page.

476
476
406

Yesicularia dichotoma

Alcyonidium hirsutum
Pedicellina Americana

476
476
405

RADIATA.
JEcliinoderms.
Page.

476

Asterias arenicola
AcalepJis.

Page.

Page.

O. diapliana

391
327

O. pyriformis390

Obelia gelatinosa

Halecium gracile
Sertularia argentea

476
408

Folyps.
Page.

Metridium marginatum

329

Page.

(

Sagartia leucolena.

329

PROTOZOA.
Sponges.
Page.

Tedania, species
Halicbondria, sp
III. 4.

330
330

Page.

Eed branching sponge

476

Animals iNHABiTiNa eel-orass in brackish waters.

A large portion of the shallow parts of nearly all the harbors, estuaries, andponds is occupied by a dense growth of eel- grass, ZosteraThis plant flourishes both on sandy and muddy
bottoms. During the fall and winter it is mostly torn up and driftedaway by storms, but in the spring a new crop starts up and grows very
rapidly, the narrow, ribbon-like leaves often becoming six feet or morein length during the summer.
These tracts of eel-grass are the fiivorite resorts of a considerable
number of animals, which seek these places either for food or concealment and shelter, or for both combined. Other species, including certainhydroids, bryozoa, and ascidians, grow attached to the leaves of themarina^ in summer.

eel-grass.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

479

Many small fishes frequent the patches of eel-grass, and find there
abundance of food and unusual safety from their enemies.
Among the most common Crustacea found among the eel-grass are
the edible crab, Callinectes hastatus, (p. 367 ;) Panopeus Sayi, (p. 312 ;)P. depressiis, (Plate I, fig. 3 ;) Enpagurus longicarpiis, (p. 313 ;) the prawn,
FaJcemonetes vulgaris, (p. 369, Plate II, fig. 9 ;) the common shrimj), Crangon vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10 j) the green shrimp, YirUiis zoster ico?rt, (p.369,PlateIII, fig. 11;) Mysis stenolepis, (p. 370, Plate III, tig. 12;)
M. Americana, (p. 370;) Idotea irrorata, (p. 316, Plate V, fig. 23;) Melita

The common prawn (Plate II, fig. 9) has its true homeamong the eel-grass, and here it occurs in countless numbers. Its trans-

nitida, (p. 314.)

lucent body, marked with irregular, ill-defined, dark blotches and spots,
admirably adapts it for concealment among the discolored and deadleaves of the plant, at or near the bottom.

Where the eel-grass grows on sandy bottoms the common shrimi) is
scarcely less abundant.

The Yirhius is often abundant, associated withthe common prawn, and having similar habits. All these shrimps andX)rawns are eagerly devoured by the fishes. The Idotea irrorata is generally very abundant, and clings firmly to the leaves of the eel-grass
lengthwise. Its body is generally curiously and variously colored withgreen and brown, &c., and these colors are often so arranged as to imitate very perfectly the colors of the eel-grass when partially dead orSometimes the right or left half of the body will be bright
discolored.
green, while the opposite half will be dark brown. In other cases there
will be a dorsal bright green stripe, while the sides will be dark brown,
just like one of the leaves of the eel-grass that is discolored at theedges, but green in the middle. More commonly these colors are ir-

regularly disposed in blotches.

The Ericlisonia attenuata Haegee, is a remarkably slender species^
which also lives clinging to the eel-grass. Its colors are green andbrown, and quite variable.
Several species of Amphipods are also abundant among the eel- grass.
One of the most common of these is the Gammarusmucronatus, (p. 466,)
which is easily distinguished by the dorsal teeth on the abdominal segMicrodeutopus minax S^nxH, is a very small species, whichments.
sometimes occurs in great abundance in the small brackish ponds. It
is remarkable for its relatively large and very broad hands, armed
beneath with three prominent teeth. The hands are nearly as large as
the entire body.
Among the Mollusks several interesting species occur.

The Ilyanassa

ohsoleta, (p. 371, Plate XXI,fig.ll3;) Bittium nigrum, (p.30o,PlateXXIY,
fig.

151;) and Asiyris lunata, (p. 306, Plate XXI, fig. 110,) are generally

the most abundant species.
is met with
it is

The Kassa vihex (p. 371, Plate XXI, fig. Ill)occasionally, living on and about the roots of eel-grass, but

an uncommon

southern coasts.

shell in our waters, though quite abundant on the
The Crepidula convexa (p. 371, Plate XXIII, fig. 128)

480

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

may be found, both adhering to the leaves of eel-grass and attached toshells occupied by the smaller hermit-crabs.

The curious little naked mollusk, JElysiella catulus, (Plate XXY, lig.
171,) is often quite common on the leaves of eel-grass in

our harbors.

power of floating with the bottom of the foot at thesurface of the water. Its small size and bright green color, like thatof the growing leaves of the Zoster a, cause it to be easily overlooked.
The related species, Elysia cMorotica, (Plate XXY, fig. 172,) appears
Its color is also
to have similar habits, but is much less common.
green. The pretty Doto coronata (p. 400, Plate XXY, fig. 170) also
occasionally occurs on the leaves of eel-grass.
A green Planarian is frequent on the eel-grass, and also a bright red
It also has the

species.

List of siwcies inhahiting the eel-grass in hracliish tvaters.

ARTICULATA.
Insects.
Page.

Ohironomus oceanicus

379
Cr2istacea.
Page.

Panopeus depressus...

P. Sayi.....
Callinectes hastatus

Garcinus granulatus
Libinia canaliculata
L. dubia

Eupagurus longicarpus
Crangon vulgaris
Yirbius zostericola

PaUemonetes vulgaris
Mysis stenolepis
M. Americana
Gammarus mucronatus
,

.

.

Page.

479
479

Melita nitida

479
479
315
370
370
370
382
479
479
370
381
340

Microdeutopus minax

Amphithoe valida

479
312
368
368
479
479
479
479
479
479
479

A. longimana
A. compta

Corophium cylindricum
Caprella geometrica
Idotea irrorata
Erichsonia attenuata
Epelys trilobus
Balanus eburneus

Limulus Polyphemus

Annelids.
Page,

Lepidonotus squamatus

Podarke obsciira
Autolytus cornutus
Xereis limbata

320
319
397
318

Page.

j

\

Xicolea simplex

321
321
320
323

Scionopsis palmataj|

Polycinus eximius
Spirorbis,

S])jNcmerfeans andri<()i((ri((ns.

Page.

Polinia fflutinosa

Cerebratulus, sp

324
324

l\ige.

Planarian, (rod sp.)

Planariau, (dark green sp.)

.

480
480

INTEKTEBEATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND^ ETC.

481

MOLLUSCA.
Gastropods,
Page.

Page.

479
479
479
306
479
305

Illyanassa obsoleta

Nassa Yibex
Astyris limata
Anacbis avara

Bittium nigrum
Triforis niaTocinctus

Littorinella inimita

Orepidnla couvexa
Doto coronata
Elysia chlorotica
Elysiella catuUis

469
479

480
480
480

Lamellibranchs,
Page.

Page.

Argina pexata309

My tilus edulis

470

Pecten irradians
Ostrsea Yirginiana

361

472

Aseidians,
Page.

Page.

'

311

Molgula Manbattensis

Botryllus Gouldii.

375

Bryozoa.
Page.

Page.

Bugula turrita

311

Escbarella variabilis

Yesicularia dicbotoma

404

Membranipora, Mneata

312
406

RADIATA.
Acaleplis.
Page.

Page.

Obelia diapbana

327

Obelia, sp -

476

.,

Hydractinia polycliua ......

328

Polyps,Pa<xe.

Sagartia leucolena
III. 5.

,,329

Animaxs living on ok among piles of wharves, bhidoes,
FLOATING TIMBER, ROCKS, ETC., IN BRACKISH WATERS.

Tbe piles of wbarve^ in brackisb barbors are often inbabited by anabundance of animal life. Tbe same species are mostly to be found also
on piles of wbarves in tbe purer waters of tbe sounds, and many of tbem
bave, tberefore, already been mentioned in a previous place, (p. 378.)
Tbere are some of tbese species, bowever, tbat appear to flourisb bestin waters tbat are decidedly brackisb.

Among tbe most conspicuous of these is tbe beautiful Tubularian
S. Mis. 61

31

482

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Farypliacrocea^(\). 390, Plate, XXXVI, fig. 274,) which

grows in large

tufts, several inches in height, and often covers large surfaces of the piles

and timbers at and just below low- water mark.
Ohelia gelatinosa (p. 391)

Associated with this theoften occurs in large quantities.

This

is

a

large and very beautiful species, having a large dark colored stem, com-posed of numerous united tubes, but the terminal branches are whiteand delicate, and the cells have an elegant bell-shaped form, with atoothed margin. It grows to the length of a foot or more. This species
occurs on the piles of Long Wharf, in Xew Haven Harbor, in greatabundance, associated with the preceding at this place the water is not
only quite brackish, but is very impure, on account of sewerage, &c.
Other species of Ohelia also occur in similar places. The Balanus eburneus is a very abundant barnacle in brackish waters, growing upon piles,
timbers, oyster-stakes, and every other kind of fixed wood- work, andalso upon the bottoms of vessels and floating timber. As already remarked (p. 381) it is capable of living even in fresh water. The Balanus halanoides also occurs where the water is less brackish. The piles
and timbers of the wharves are often badly damaged by the perforations of Teredo navalis (p. 384, Plate XXYI, fig. 183) even where thewater is very brackish.*
The Limnoria lignorum (p. 379) also attacks wood-work in waters thatjare somewhat brackish.
Lists of species inliahiting piles of wharves ^ floating timhersj d'c., in hracJcish icaters.

ARTICULATA.
Insects.

Page.

Ghlronomus oceanicus

331

Page.

1

Anurida maritima

331

Crustacea.
Page.

Page.

Panopeus depressus
Microdeutopus minax
Amphithoe compta
Oorophium cylindricum
Caprella, sp

312

Jiera copiosa

479

Idotea irrorata

370
370
316

Limnoria lignorum
Balanus balanoides
B. eburneus

.

.

-

315
310
482
482
482

* Since the account of the Teredo navalis, on page 384, has been in type, I have learned
some ailclitional facts in regard to it from Mr, V. N. Edwards. The statement that thehuoys are taken up every six months does not apply to the spar-buoys, which aretaken up only once a year, in April and May. Mr. Edwards states that the Teredos
wonkl destroy fin uni)aintcd spar-buoy in one year, but when painted with verdigris
they will only work whore tlu^ paint becomes rubbed off. They grow to full size in
one year. They hrst attack buoys or piles just below the water's edge, but eventually
will destroy the entire submerged part of the spar-buoys.
He thinks that some ofthem li\e through the winter.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

483

Annelids,
Page.

Autolytus corriutiis
Sabellaria Yulgaris
Nicolea simplex
Poly cirrus eximius.

Potamilla oculifera

318
397
321
321
320

i^ereis limbata

«

322
323
323
322
323

Sabella microphthalma

Fabricia Leidyi

Serpnla clianthus
Spirorbis, sp . . .

=.

TnrheUarians.
Page.

325

Monocelis a2,ilis
Poliuia glutinosa

....

324

Page.

!

I^emertes socialis ...... .,..

1

324

1

Nematodes,
Page.

Pontonema marinum

. .

-

..

.

325

Page,
j

P. yacillatum

....

326

MOLLUSCA.
Gastropods,
Page.

Page.

Bela plicata
Ilyauassa obsoleta
Tritia trivittata

Urosalpinx cinerea
Astyris lunata
Anacliis avara

Kissoa aculeus

Skenea planorbis
Littorina rudis

r. ...

383
468
354
306

Cerithiopsis Greenii

306

Triforis nigrocinctus

306
306
383
305

Alexia myosotis
Melampus bidentatus^olidia pilata

L. palliata

Odostomiabisuturalis ......
Bittiiim

nigrum

305
307

305
383
305
383
469
383

Lamellibranchs,
Page.

Page.

Teredo navalis
Argina pexata
Mytilus edulis

482
309
307

Modiola plicatula

Anomia glabra
Ostrsea Yirginiana

307
311
310

Ascidians,
Page.

Molgula Manhattensis
Cynthia partita

311

Page.

Botryllus Gouldii

389

311
Bryozoa.
Pa^e.

Page.

Yesicularia dichotoma

Escbarella variabilis

389
312

Bugula turrita
Pedicellina Americana

311
405

484

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
EADIATA.
Hydroids.
Page.

Paae.

Obelia gelatiuosa

482

Halecium gracile

O. pyriformis

390
327

Paryplia crocea

O. diaphana

328
482

Polyps,Page.

Sasfartia leucoleua

IV.

329

Page.

Metridiiim marginatum

329

Fauna of the ocean shores and outer cold waters.

All along this coast, from Cape Cod to Stonington, Connecticut, thereor current of cold water which impinges directly against theis a belt

outer islands and the open coast, especially where there are points ofland projecting outward toward the deeper waters. This is especially
noticeable at Gay Head, on Martha's Vineyard, No Man's Land, Cuttyhunk Island, Montauk Point, Block Island, Point Judith, and Watch
Hill.
This cold water is undoubtedly derived from the Arctic current,
which passes slowly southward in deep water off our coast, but whether
an actual current, distinguishable from the tidal currents, exists in thewaters of moderate depth along the coast is still uncertain. The tidal
currents apparently have the effect of bringing the cold water of theoutside regions up into the shallower localities along the shores, and it
is probable that the presence of the cold water in moderate depths isdue to the joint action of the tides and the slow-moving Arctic current,
which impinges more or less against and upon the slope of the submerged eastern border of the continent. But the position, extent, andtemperature of this cold water along our shores varies greatly, according to the direction of the tidal currents and the surface currents
caused by the wind. We have shown, on a former page, that at times
these local winds and tidal currents are able even to bring Gulf Stream
water and its characteristic animals directly upon this coast, even as far
westward as Watch Hill, Ehode Island, where the Physalia is often castashore in summer. At such times the cold current must necessarily bewholly displaced, or disguised by intermixture with the warmer waters.
When the tide is flowing from Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, orother large bodies of warm water, the cold waters will also be displaced
and the temperature raised even at the distance of twenty or thirty miles
from the shore in summer. In winter there is comparatively little
effect from the Gulf Stream, owing to the prevalence of northerly winds,
and there is also far less effect from the warm waters of the shallow
bays and sounds carried by the tides. Therefore the full effect of thenorthern current is felt only in winter, and it doubtless adds to the cold
proper to the season and land climate.
In winter and early spring we accordingly find numerous species otnorthern animals and alg;e which disappear partially or wholly in many

ETC.

485

of these localities in summer. In April, May, and June, tbe cod andhaddock resort in large numbers to the banks and re^-fs off Stonington,
Watch Hill, No Man's Land, and other similar places, but are quite
unknown there later in the summer.
In consequence of the varying temperatures of the currents whichalternately pass over certain of these localities, there is a very i)eculiar

admixture of northern and southern species, side by side. This is particularly the case on the reefs between Watch tlill and Fisher's Island
where the southern Astrangia Dance is associated with the northern
Alcyonium carneum^ Crihrella sanguinolenta, and many other northern
forms.

The temperature of the bottom-water during the last of August and
September was found to vary from 57° F. to 63°, in sixteen to
twenty-nine fathoms off Martha's Vineyard and Buzzard's Bay, (seechart.) The surface temperatures were at the same time 62° to 61°, andoccasionally as high as 67^, when affected by warmer currents.
first oflY. 1.

Species iNHABiTiNa rocky shores of the open coast.

The principal localities under this head at which we have made colIsTo Man's Land, Cuttyhunk Island, Gay Head, and Watch
Hill, Ehode Island.
Dr. J. E. Leidy has published a partial list of thespecies found at Point Judith,* and we have more or less informationlections areconcerning the fauna of several other similar localities. In all theseanimals is nearly the same, and in general notvery different from what we find on the rocky shores of the sounds andI)laces the assemblage ofbays, (see p. 303.)
therefore, alreadyA large part of the species of these shores havebeen mentioned in connection with the fauna of thebays and sounds.
There are, however, many species that are characteristic of the latter,
which are found but rarely, or not at all, on the colder and more exposed outer shores and these are characterized by the abundance ofsome northern species which are rare or wanting on the inner shores, or
which occur there only in winter.
Among the most abundant species of shells are Purpura lapillus^ (p.
;306, Plate
fig.

XXI, figs. 118, 119 ;) Littorina imlliata, (p. 305, Plate XXIY,(p. 305, Plate XXIY, fig. 137;) Acinwa testudiuaUs^
XXIY, figs. 158, 159;) and Lacuna vincta^ (p. 305, Plate138;) L.rudis,(p. 307, Plate

XXIY, fig. 139,) all of which occur adhering to the rocks or algtie, evenin the most exposed situations.

These are all hardy northern species,
which extend their range to Greenland or beyond, and although all ofthem are to be found, more or less frequently, on the inner shores, they
are there less abundant and generally of smaller size. The Littorina
palUata is extremely abundant on the FuGus^2i\i(i individuals were foundat Watch Hill, copulating, April 12. The Lacuna vincta breeds still* Journal

1655.

of tlie

Academy of Natural Sciences of PhiladelpUia, 2d series, vol.

iii,

486

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

earlier in the season, for its eggs were found attaclied to algse and eel-

The eggs of this species are small, yellowish
imbedded in a gelatinous mass, having an annular form, but
showing a break or suture on one side. These annular egg-masses areattached by one side to the surfaces of flat algae or eel-grass in large
numbers they are from .12 to .20 of an inch in diameter.
The JEolis papillosa was found at Watch Hill, under stones, April
12, and with it were long, much convoluted, gelatinous cords, filled withminute pale red or salmon-colored eggs, which i)robably belong to this.species, which is a northern one, and has not hitherto been recorded asfrom south of Cape Cod. It is very abundant in the Bay of Fundy, andsimilar egg-clusters are found there under rocks during the entire sumgrass at the date named.
white,;

mer.

Among and between the stones the northern purple star-fish, Asteriasmclgaris(p.

432) is often found at low-water, and also the green sea-urchin, Strongylocentrotus Drohachiensis(p.

406, Plate

XXXV, fig. 268)

during the spring tides.
The Balanus hakmoides (p. 305) is quite as abundant on the most exposed rocks as elsewhere. The minute bivalve young of this species
were found just attaching themselves to the lower surfaces of rocks inimmense numbers at Watch Hill on the 12th of Aj)ril.
Beneath the stones the rock-crab. Cancer irroratuSj (p. 312,) is very
common, and occasionally the much rarer Cancer horealis is found deadon these shores. It was thus found at Gay Head and No Man's Land,but it is doubtful whether it lives above low-water mark. In thefower part of the fucus zone the large Gammarus ornatus (p. 311, Plate
IV, fig. 15) is always to be found in great abundance under stones, andin the upper half of the fucus zone the smaller species, Gammarus annulatas (p. 314) and Gammarus marinus often occur in great numbers,
associated with Jmra copiosa (p. 315) and Idotea irrorata (p. 316, PlateV, fig. 23.) The Gammarus marinus occurs higher up than either ofthe other species, and is sometimes abundant even near high-Avatermark, where the soil beneath the stones is barely moist at low-water.
The Ampliiilioe maculata (p. 315, Plate IV, fig. 16) is also a common
species under stones; and both green and reddish brown varieties
occur.

Another species of AmphWioe^ of smaller size, was found swimming
free in the rocky pools at W^atch Hill, April 12.

In this the general color

was red, or brownish red; the body was transversely banded with paleflesh-color or whitish, alternating with bands of dark red or brown, which
are made up of minute crowded specks; the antennne are annulated withpale red, and are thickly specked, on the bands and at the base, withdarker red. The Bt/ale littoraUs (p. 315) is a small but very active Ainphipod, which is often abundant near high-water mark on the rocky
shores, clinging to the Fucus and other alga', or swimming in the tidel)ools.

It is capable of leaping actively likethe beach-fleas, {Orchcstia

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC,
agilis,) which it somewhat resembles in form.
it is often bright yellowish

487

The color is very variablegreeu, but frequently dark green, brownish

green, or brown.

The Nereis virens (p. 317, PI. XI, figs. 47-49) is very abundant in burrows beneath the rocks. The males of this species, six to ten inches ormore in length, and of a dark green color, were found at Watch Hill,
April 12, in great numbers, swimming about in the pools of water among
the rocks, with an undulatory motion, and discharging their milt in large
quantities. Yarious other Annelids burrow or build tubes beneath thestones. A.iAanaria and Lej^tojylana folium creep over their lower surfaces.

Attached to the stems of Fiicus at low-water, several Hydroids may
usually be found, but the Sertularia pumila
279) is by far the most abundant.

The(p. 327, PI.

XXXVII, fig.

Obelia geniculata is also very

common, attached to Laminaria and other algse. Yarious Bryozoa occur
attached to stones and to Fiwus and other algae. The Alcyonidiiim
hispidum (p. 312) is one of the most abundant species, and usually invests the stems and fronds of Fucus vesiculosus, but also often covers
broad surfaces of the rocks. The A. Mrsutum is often associated withthe preceding species on the rocks; it forms broad, thin, soft crusts, covered with small soft prominences, but is without the spines or bristles
seen in the latter. The Zooids are also much smaller.

The Far rella familiar is is a singular and delicate species, which occurs
both on the under side of rocks and on alg?e. The body is small, fasiform, attached by a long and very slender, flexible pedicel. When it
surrounds the stems of small algae, the whitish pedicels project outward
in all directions, and thus produce the appearance of a delicate chenillecord. This is a northern and European species. It was also dredged onSaint George's bank in 1872.

List of species found on the outer roclcy shores.

ARTICULATA.
Crustacea,
Page.

Cancer irroratus
Cancer borealis

Panopeus depressus
Panopeus Sayi

Homarus Americanus.
Orchestia agilis

Hyale littoralis
Calliopius laeviusculus

Gammarus ornatus
Gammarus annnlatus

Page.

486

Gammarus marinus

486
312
312
492

Amphithoe maculata
Amphithoe, sp

315
486
315
486

Idotea irrorata

48"6Caprella, sp
Jaera copiosa

T.

.

,

phosphorea

Erichsonia filiformis
Balanus balanoides

...

486
486
486
316
486
486
316
316

486

488

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Annelids.
Page.

Lepidonotus sqiiamatus

Harmothoe imbricata.

Phyllodoce cantemila

.

320
321

494
349
397
487
319
319

, .

Eteoue robusta
Aiitolytiis cornutus

Nereis virens

N. pelagica.
Ophelia simplex=.

Cirrliinereis fragilis .

Clymenella torquata.
Polycirrus eximius.

Sabellaria vulgaris..

Potamilla oculifera..
Fabricia Leidyi

Serpula dianthus

.

.

<.

Si)irorbiSj sp . .

.

397
343
320
321
322
323
322
323

Turhellaria.
Page.

Plauaria, species.

Leptoplana folium
Procerodes frequens

, . .

Page.

487

I:*Jemertfissocialis,

487

NemerteSj sp
Monocelis agilis.

325

324
498
325

Nematodes.
Page.

Pontonema uiariniim

.

325

Page.

Pontonema vacillatum

326

MOLLTJSCA.
Gastropods,
Page.

Buccinum uudatum
Tritia trivittata

Urosalpiux cinerea

Purpura lapillus
Astyris lunata
Littorina palliata
L. rudis

Lacuna viucta

494
354
306
485
306
485
485
485

Page.

L. neritoidea

Bittium nigrum

Acm?ea testudinalis
Doris bifida
Polycera Lessonii

Dendronotus arborescens.
^olis papillosa
Tergipes despectus

495
305
485
307
400
495
486
495

LameWibranclis.
Page.

Page.

Saxicava arctica

Mya arenaria
Kellia planulata

309
309
310

Mytilus edulis
Modiola modiolus.
Anomia glabra
.

.

. .

307
309
311

Ascidians.
Page.

Pago.

Cynthia partita
Molgula Manhattensis

311
311

AmaroeciuDi pellucidum

401

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

489

Bryozoa,Page.

Alcyonidium Mrsutum
A. bispidum

487

Biigula flabellata

487

Membrauipora pilosa
M. lineata

389
404
420
487
405
311

Yesicularia gracilis

Y. cuscuta
Y.fusca
Farrella familiaris

Tubulipora flabellaris
Crisia ebiirnea

Escharella variabilis
Discopora cocciuea
Lepralia, sp,

Cellepora ramulosa
Pedicelliua Americana

311
406
406
312
333
420
312
405

RADIATA.
Ecliinoderms.
Page.

Strongylocentrotus Drobachi-

496

eusis

Page.

Asterias vulgaris,.,-..

Cribrella sangainolenta. ,

.

496
407

Acaleplis.
Page.

Obelia pyriformis
O. geniculata
O. flabellata,...

O. diapbana

Campannlaria flexuosa. .

390
487
390
327
327

Page.

Sertularia immila
S.

argentea

PeiiDaria tiarella

Glava leptostyla
Hydractinia polycliua

487
408
327
328
228

Polyps,
Page.

Page.

Metridium marginatum

329

Sagartia leueolena.

329

lY. 2.— Species iNHABiTiNa the sandy shores op the open coast.

Owing to tbe force of tbe waves the sand and gravel of the exposed
shores are kept in constant motion in stormy weather, and are often dis-turbed to a considerable depth, especially in winter. Therefore tbe conditions are very unfavorable for the existence of animal life. The faunaof such shores is, accordingly, xery meager, as comi)ared with that of
the more sheltered sai^dy shores of the bays and sounds.
It often happens that one

may examine these sandy beaches for a mileor more at low-water without finding more than half a dozen species ofanimals that actually live on them, though many may be found thrown
up by the waves from below low- water mark.
In coves or other localities that are somewhat sheltered, the number of
species is greater, and most of them are identical with those found on
the sandy shores of the sounds.

Toward high-water mark the Talorchestia longicornis (p. 336) and T.

490

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OP FISH AND FISHERIES.

megalophthalma (p. 336) are every where common, burrowing in the sand.
The Cancer irroratus (p. 338) and Flatyonichus ocellatus (p. 338) are rather
common at and just below low- water mark. The Hippa talpoida (p. 338,
Plate II, fig. 5) is occasionally found, and the young sometimes occur
in large numbers, burrowing in the sand at low- water mark.

The com-

mon shrimp, Crangon vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10,) is usually abundant where there are sheltered sandy flats.
The Annelids are less numerous than on the sandy shores of thesounds, but such as do occur are mostly of the same species. One of
the most interesting is the Nerine agilis, (p. 346,) which is very remarkable for the rapidity with which it burrows in the sand.
The MoUusks are few in number. One of the most abundant of the
Gastropods is the Lunatia lieros, (p. 353, Plate XXIII, figs. 133-136,)
which burrows just beneath the surface of the sand, at and below lowwater mark. The Neverita dupUcata (p. 351, Plate XXIII, fig. 130) is
also occasionally found, but is much less abundant than in the bays.
Of Lamellibranchs there are but few species that can maintain themselves in such situations. Among these the " long clam," Mya arenaria,(p. 463,) the ^' razor-shell," Ensatella Americana, (p. 356,) and the "surfclam," Mactra solidissima, (p. 358,) are the most common.
Very few, if any, Eadiates are to be found on the exposed sandy shores,
unless thrown up by the waves from deeper water. In places that are
somewhat protected from the violence of the surf, the Leptosynapta Girardii (p. 361, Plate XXXY, figs. 265, 266) is often found burrowing inthe sand at low- water mark. Sometimes, in similar places, the " sanddollar," Ecliinaraclmius parma, (p. 362, Plate XXXY, fig. 267,) is foundin large numbers at extreme low-water mark.
There are no Hydroids and Polyps that properly inhabit such shores.
List of species inliahiting the sandy shores of the open coast.

ARTICULATA.
Crustacea,
Page.

Pasre.

337
400

Crangon vulgaris

486
490

Talorchestia longicoruis

Platyonichus ocellatus

Hippa talpoida
Eupagurus polUcaris

490
313

Ocypoda arenaria, (young).

.

Cancer irroratus
Cancer borealis

490
336
489
489
340
340

Orchestia agilis
T. megalophthalma

Unciola irrorata
Idotea ca3ca

Annelids.
Page.

Nereis virens
N. limbata
IlhynchoboUis Americauus..

317
318
342

!Nerine agilis

490

Page.

Scolecolepis viridis'

Olymenelhi torquata
Aini)hitrite ornata
Polycirrus eximius

...

345
343
320
320

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

491

MOLLUSCA.
Gastrojjods,
Page.

Page.

Sycotvpiis canaliculatus

399

0. unguiformis

Tritia trivittata

354
355

Lunatia heros

Crepiduia foriiicata

354
490
490

•

I>[everita duplicata

Lmnellibrmiclis,
Page.

Ensatella Americana

490
426

Siliqua costataPage,

Mya arenaria

490
490

Mactra solidissima

EADIATA.
Echinoderms.
Page.

Leptosynapta Girardii
lY. 3.

490

Page,

EcMnaraclinius parma

490

Animals inhabiting rocky bottoms off the open coast.

The fauDa of tlie rocky bottoms in these outer waters is rich and interesting, and decidedly northern in character, though there is usuallyan admixture with southern species.
The principal localities where dredgings were made on this kind ofground are First, off Gay Head and DeviPs Bridge, at localities marked
on the chart, 53, a, &,d ^ 58^d ^ 55, «, &, c; 56, a, 1), c, d ^ 57, a, &,:(j,«, &, c; 59, a, &, c;<?,60, «, &, c; 61, <x, &, c; Q2^ a, b, c ; 63, a, h ; 83, a, &, c.

Second, between Gay Head and No Man's Land, and to the westward of
the latter island, at localities 82, a, h ; 84, a, &, c, d; at these localities cod
are caught in the spring.

Third, on and about the rocky reef extending
from Watch Hill, Ehode Island, to Fisher's Island, and forming, in part,the physical boundary of the eastern end of Long Island Sound thisis also a locality where cod and haddock are caught in spring.
The
dredgings at this place were made by Professor D. C. Eaton, Mr. O. A.
Burt, and myself, April 13, 1873. Fourth, a locality off Cuttyhunk Island,
where dredgings were made, April, 1872, by Mr. T. M. Prudden, Mr. T.
H. Eussell, and others.
-,The

four localities

named

are characterized

by asimilar fauna,but each one yielded some species not found in the others, thoughmore numerous dredgings might have revealed them. The reef off
Watch Hill is of peculiar interest on account of the singular blendingof the northern and southern faunae at that place, as mentioned above.
It seems to be nearly at the extreme western range of many northern
species, though some of them may occur sparingly in certain favorable
localities still farther westward, in Long Island Sound itself.
Manynorthern algae were also collected there by Professor Eaton, in abuud-

492

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ance, and some of them have not been found farther westward, and others
but rarely. Among these were Ptilota elegans and Delesseria sinuosa^ bothof which were abundant on the reef in four or five fathoms, associatedwith large quantities of FhyllopJiora Brodicei, and F. meiiibranifolia
Euthora cristata and Lithothamnion polymorphum also occurred. The'' dulse," Bhodymenia palmata, Laminaria
dujitata^ L. saccJiarina, andL. longicrura^ all of which are decidedly northern species, were large andabundant.
similar assemblage of algse was also found on the rocks, in shallow
water, off Gay Head, though some of the species just named were notfound there.
Among the Crustacea of these localities, the most important is thelobster, Homarus A^nericanus, (p. 395,) which finds its proper habitat insuch places. It is very abundant off Gay Head, and among the reefs
and rocks off Watch Hill and Stonington, Connecticut* It also occurs
plentifully in similar localities off New London, Connecticut, and still
farther west in Long Island Sound. At all these and many other localiThey are nearly allties large quantities are caught for the markets.
taken in '^lobster pots" baited with refuse fish, &c.
The lobster fishing begins in this region in the latter part of March or
early in April, according to the season. By the middle of April they
are usually taken in large quantities and shipped alive to New York,A

New Haven, and other cities.

The extent of this trade is enormous
even in this region, while north of Cape Cod, along the whole northerncoast of New England, and on the shores of Nova Scotia, the lobster istaken in still larger quantities. At present we have no reliable data for
estimating the number annually caught, but it probably amounts toseveral millions.

In winter the supply comes from the northern coasts of Massachusetts

and Maine, where they may be taken in moderately deep water at allseasons. According to Captain N. E. At wood* they do not come into
shallow water at Provincetown until June and remain there until October, when they disappear again. He also states that those that visit
that locality are nearly all females "they appear to come near the shore
for the purpose of depositing their young, after which they pass away
and others in turn take their places, as is indicated by the change thatis constantly taking place, for when the fishermen are catching great;

quantities of large, good hard-shell lobsters, and they are unusuallyabundant, perhaps the next day there will be a new kind, smaller andnot of so good quality, the former ones having passed away and others
come to take their places." " In Boston the number of lobsters soldannually cannot be much short of a million. The male lobster is preferred and is the most salable, as this city has always been supplied
from the northern shore of Massachusetts and coast of Maine, where the* Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 11, 18C6.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

493

It is a great advantage to the fishermen thatthe people prefer males. In Kew York it is very different in this particular, that city being supplied from Cape Cod after June, and thefemale lobster thus considered much the best. I have sold many lobsters in Xew York, and males sell at only about half i)rice
the male ismales are most plentifal.

;

Captain Atwood states, in theof Plymouth, ^lassachusetts
andeastward
northward
same place, that"three-quarters at least are males at all seasons of the year." Among
those that I have examined from Xew London, V\^aterford, and Stoniugton, Connecticut, in our markets, I have not noticed any marked inequality in the number of the sexes. Mr. Smith examined the lobsters in
the market at Provincctown on two occasions in August and Sei^tember,without finding any decided differences in the number of males andfemales.
He also repeatedly examined those in the fish-markets at
Eastport, Maine, in summer, with the same result. It is possible therefore, that the fishermen do not correctly distinguish the sexes, when thefemales are without eggs, and that an erroneous opinion has thus become current among them.
There is a great difference in the breeding season on different parts ofthe coast. The lobsters from Kew London and Stonington often lay
their eggs as early as the last of April or first of May Trhile at Halifax,
Mr. Smith found fem ales with recently laid eggs in September. At Eastport, Maine, the females carry their eggs in mid-su mmer. In the male thein the female
genital orifices are in the bases of the last pair of legs
they are at the bases of the middle pair. This will always serve to distinguish the sexes, but they also differ in the structure of the abdominal appendages.
The rock-crab, Cancer irroratus, (p. 312,) is very common on these bottoms, and C. horeaJis (p. 395) also inhabits them, judging from the large
dead specimens found on the adjacent beaches, but we only dredged a few
small living specimens. One of these was taken on the reef between
Watch Hill and Fisher's Island, in 4 or 5 fathoms, among algie. It is
more convex, and much more hairy than the preceding species, and theteeth along the sides of the carapax are quite different.
A large and handsomely colored shrimp, Pandalus anmdicornis (Plate
II, fig. 6,) often occurs in the deeper waters, outside, but is far morecommon farther north, as in the Bay of Eundy. The common shrimp,
Crangon vulgaris^ (p. 339, Plate III, fig. 10,) is common, especiallywhere there are spots of sand among the rocks. The little bright-coloredshrimp, Hippolyte pusiola, (p. 395,) is frequently met with among the redalg«. The Unciola irrorata, (p. 310, Plate lY, fig. 19,) and Ampliiihoe
maculata, (p. 315, Plate IT, fig. 16,) together with several other Amphi-

much poorer than the female in meat."j;pods, are common, especially among the red algie, and some of them arehandsomely marked with red and other bright colors.
Among these are Podocerus fucicola, which is a small species and quite
variable in color some of those from the reef at Watch Hill had a5

494

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

transverse dorsal band of red or orange on each segment, and similar
ones on the epimera, and were minntely specked with dark brown the;antennse and legs were annulated with white and light red or orange.
Another species of Fodocerns w^as still more abundant among the redalgse 5 in this the males and females differ greatly in size, form, and color.
The females are much smaller and stouter than the males their colors;

were generally red and white, in strong contrast,though some were purmost of the females have thelilish and more like the males in color
head and few anterior segments dark red then a band of white thenthree or four bands of dark red, on the middle of the body, which are;;;often confluent into a large dorsal spot of red or brown;these arefol-

lowed by a broad white band or spot the abdominal rings are alternately
banded with red and white part of the epimera are red. The antennae
and legs are more or less annulated and spotted with red. The eyes areblack. In the male the color is generally reddish or purplish brown,
but Irregularly specked with darker brown, and with the intervals
between the segments pale red.
Species of Caprella occur in considerable numbers, clinging, in grotesque attitudes, upon the delicate algse and hydroids.
The Idotea
irrorata, (p. 316, Plate Y, fig. 23,) is also very common, living among thealgse, and Ericlisonia filiformis (p. 316, Plate YI, fig. 26,) is often associated with it.
The Annelids living upon such bottoms are difficult to obtain, since
they mostly burrow beneath the stones or live in tubes attached to therocks. The few species obtained are, Avith few exceptions, not different
from those found in the sounds, on similar bottoms. The Autolytus cornutus, (p. 397, Plate XIII, figs. 65, 66,) and another species of the same
genus were found in abundance, living in tubes attached to the frondsof Laminaria among hydroids, (Obelia geniculata.) On the same fronds
were long, crooked tubes, formed of grains of sand and small bits of;jshells, belonging to Wicolea simplex, (p. 397.)

Burrowing in the corals of Astrangia Dance we found, on the reef oft'

Watch Hill, the singular Annelid named Isfaraganseta coralii by Dr. Leidy,
who obtained his specimens at Point Judith. The specimens found by
us were mostly very dark greenish brown or black, but some had dark,orange-colored branchise. The Lepidonotus angustus, Phyllodoce gracilis,
P. eatenula, and JEJumidia Americana are new and interesting species.
N^ereis fucata occurs rarely.

Of Gastropods many species already enumerated

as inhabitants of

the rocky shores occur also on the rocky bottoms in abundance, but there
are a number of additional species. One of the largest is the ^' whelk,"

Biiccinwn undatiim, (Plate XXI, fig. 121.) This is a decidedly northernand arctic shell, found also on all the northern coasts of Europe, thoughseveral authors believe that the American and European shells are distinct species.

One of the most interesting' of the northern shells that occur here is

INVEKTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

495

the Lepocliiton ruber, (p. 399, Plate XXY, fig. 166.) This adheres torocks and stones that are incrusted by the red nnllipore LithothamnionX^olymorplmm, with which its red color, of various shades, agrees very
closely.

It is a far moreabundant shell in the Bay of Fundy, where

Among the other less common
northern species, met with on these bottoms, are Eissoa exarata ; Lacuna
it also lives

among the same nnllipore.

neritoidea;and Astyris rosacea.

Several very interesting species of naked mollusks (Nudibra7ic7is) occur
on these bottoms, creeping over algae and hydroids, and feeding upon
the latter.

One of the most conspicuous of these is the Dendronotus

had not been found south ofCape Cod until this spring, when we dredged it on the reef off Watch
It can be easily distinguished by the twoHill, in four or five fathoms.
rows of large arborescentl^'-branched gills along the back by thebranched lobes of the tentacle-sheaths and the arborescently divided
branch on their outer side, near the base and by the very narrow andalmost linear foot, which is adapted for creeping over hydroids.
The Onchydoris pallida was dredged by Messrs. Prudden and Eussell
It has not been previously reoff Cutty hunk Island, in April, 1872.
corded from south of Cape Cod, but it is common in the Bay of Pundy.
It can easily be recognized by its pale yellow color, and the long, bluntarhorescens, which is a northern form, and;;conical papillae that cover its back.

The JEoUs papillosa and Tergipes despeetus were both found at Watch
new additions to the fauna of southern New England. The former was found, with its eggs, among theroots of Laminaria-j the latter was abundant in four or five fathoms,
creeping over Ohelia geniculata, which was abundant on the fronds ofHill this spring, April 13, and are

Laminaria. Its eggs, inclosed in small masses of gelatinous matter
were attached to the Ohelia in large numbers. The Boto coro7iata,(Plate XXY, fig. 170,) was associated with the Tergipes on the Ohelia.
An undetermined species of Molis, with bright red branchiae, wasdredged off Gay Head, on a rocky bottom.
The Lamellibranchs are not of much interest, and scarcely any are
peculiar to this kind of bottom. The Modiola modiolus (p. 309, Plate
XXXI, fig. 237) is one of the most common and characteristic species.

The northern scaly or spiny Anomia aculeata (Plate XXXII, figs. 239,
240) iscommon;itadheres to rocks, shells, and the roots and stemsof large algie.

Among the Ascidians there are several northern species, not before
found so far south. The Cyntli ia carnea (Plate XXXIII, figs. 247, 248) was
found off Gay Head in ten fathoms. The young specimens were numerous on the stones and shells. In contraction they are low and flat, witha thin margin; the color is light red, or flesh-color. With this a few
young specimens of Cynthia ecMnata were found. These are peculiar inbeing covered by stellate spines. The color of the young specimens ispink, the apertures rose-red. The Molgula papulosa also occurred spar-

496

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
This is also a northern species, common

ingly with the last two species.
in the Bay of Fundy.

Among the compound Ascidians the only species

found here that did not occur also in Yineyard Sound was Amarcecium
pallidum^ a small species, which forms small rounded or turbinatedwhitish masses, of a firm gelatinous appearance, but with fine grains ofsand imbedded in the substance. It is a common species in the Bay of

Fundy.
The Bryozoa are represented by numerous species, some of which
are very abundant. The Memhranipora pilosa (Plate XXXIV, figs. 262,
263) is one of the most abundant. It incrusts, and often entirely
covers, the fronds of various algse, especially of Phyllopliora Brodicei., P.

memhram/olia, Rhodymenia pahnata, Delesseria sinuosa, &c. On thereet oif Watch Hill it was particularly abundant on these and otheralgae, shells, &c.
It is easily distinguished by the single long spine at
the proximal end of the cell, and by the shorter ones along the sides.
With the preceding, Crisia ehurnea, (p. 311, Plate XXXIY, figs. 260, 261 ;)Tiibulipora JJahellaris ; Cellepora ramulosay (p. 312 j) and a species ofDiscopora^ allied to D. coccinea^ were very abundant, adhering to thespecies of Lepralia, of a reddish color, andmore slender red algae.
forming both incrusting and lichen-like corals, was common. In this theapertures of the cells are large, operculated, broadest proximally, andeach one has a short, stout, conical spine at its proximal border, whichis scarcely visible except in a profile view.
The Bugula Murrayana, which forms clusters of broad, thin, flexible
fronds nearly two inches high, was dredged several times. It is very
common in the Bay of Fundy. An incrusting species of Alcyonidium,
perhaps identical with A. gelatinosum of Europe, occurred on the redA

A species of Cellularia, allied to A. iernata^ was also obtained.
The Echinoderms are represented by the common green sea-urchin,algse.

8tro7igylocentrotus Brdbachiensis, (p. 406, Plate

XXXY, fig. 268,) which

common off Gay Head, and as far as off New London, though far lessabundant than in the Bay of Fundy by the common red or purple
star-fish, Asterias vulgaris, (p. 407,) which was abundant off Gay Headand on the reef oft' Watch Hill Crihrella sanguinolenta, (p. 407,) which is
not uncommon as far w6st as the Watch Hill reef, and off Xew London

is

;

;

j

and by the Ophiopholis acideata, (Plate XXXY, fig. 270,)which was only
once met with oft' Gay Head, but of which we dredged several specimenson the reef oft* Watch Hill.
The last-named species is extremely
abundant in the Bay of Fundy and northward, from low-water to thedepth of more than one hundred fathoms.
The Hydroids are very numerous on the rocky and stony bottoms,
attached to algm, stones, shells, ascidians, &c. One of the most abundant is Obelia genwulata, (p. 407,) which grows on the fronds of Laminaria, Bhodymenia, and other algfe
it often nearly covers one or both sidesof the broad fronds of Laminaria, for the distance of two or three feet,the creeping stems forming an intricate net-work from which the upright;INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

497

stems arise in great abiiDtlaiice to the height of an inch or more.

This

species was particnhirly abundant on the reef off Watch Hill, and thoseobtained on the 13th of April were loaded with the reproductive capsnles, (gonotheca?.)At the same place we obtained luxuriant specimens of 0. flahellata,some of which were eight or ten inches long and profusely
these also bore reproductive capsules at the same date.
The curious Antennularia anteanina was dredged off Gay Head ineight fathoms, where a number of large and fine specimens were obtained. This species had not been previously recorded from America,
but it is not uncommon in the Bay of Fundy.
The Alcyonoid Polyps are represented by the northern Alcyoniumc«rwe?(?w, (Plate XXXYIII, fig. -83,) which we dredged off Gay Head,This species grows up
off Cutty hunk, and on the reef at Watch Hill.
(p. 390,)

branched;

into lobed or arborescently branched forms, with the delicate, translu-

cent polyps mostly clustered toward the ends of the branches. The
general color is translucent, pale yellow, or salmon, sometimes more orless tinged with orange or red.

Among the Actinoids there is a speciesof Edwardsia, (E. Uneata Y.,) which is as yet uhdescribed.

It occurredin considerable numbers crowded into the openings and interstices be-

tween ascidians, worm-tubes, &c. It is peculiar in having no distinct
naked basal portion, at least in the numerous specimens hitherto seen,
for in all cases the rough epidermis extended entirely over the base*
The tentacles are long, slender, thirty or more, and each usually has aflake- white line down the center.
The disk is usually marked with radiating white lines. This^ species was dredged off Gay Head and also on
the reef off Watch Hill.

The Sponges are numerous on the outer rocky bottoms, and belong
to about a dozen species, most ofwhich are still undetermined
they are nearly all northern forms, common in the Bay of Fundy.

jbut

One of the most common is the Clialina oculata^ which forms thick,upright, more or less flattened stalks, which, as they grow larger, fork

and divide into more or less numerous, and often digitate branches,
which vary greatly in form and thickness scattered over the surface
are round orifices, about a tenth of an inch in diameter. The color isdull orange-red, when living, but the color disappears when the animal
matter is removed, leaving the sponge white. The texture is open and quitedelicate. Another very curious species, {Polymastia f) when young, forms
yellowish white incrustations over stones and shells; later, it rises at sev]

eral points into long, slender, round, tapering, finger-like prolongations,which do not branch, but are often so grouped as to give a digitate
appearance to the whole. This was dredged off Gay Head in 18 to 20
fathoms, and is also common in the Bay of Fundy. One of the mostabundant species of this region forms very irregularly shaped, uneven,pale yellow masses, attached to the stems and fronds of PhyllopJiora andother small algne, and often, as it grows larger, spreading over and
S. Mis. 61

32

498

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

entirely covering and destroying the algai.

The large openings (osciila)

are irregularly scattered over the surface and quite unequal in size,
varying from less than .05 to .10 of an inch or more in diameter. The

texture is rather close when dried, showing a finely reticulated texture
at the surface.

This appears to belong to the genus Tedania.

Another

species, apparently of the same genus, occurs with the last, and has thesame habits, but its color is pale buff, or yellowish white, and its textAnother species, occurring withthe last two on the FhyllopJiora, at Watch Hill, forms small, irregular,
deep yellow masses, of a soft and somewhat gelatinous consistency.
ure is much firmer and more compact.

Foraminifera of several species are abundant, attached to the frondsof the red algae, to the rough integument of Ascidians, to stones, shells,

worm-tubes, &c., but they have not yet been identified.
List of species inhahiting the stony and roclcy hottoms on the open coast.

ARTICULATA.
Crustacea.
Page.

Page.

Mcera levis

493
403
339
313

Cancer irroratus
O. borealis

Libinia canaliculata

Eupagurus longicarpus
E. Bernhardus
Homarus Americanus
Orangon vulgaris

Unciola irrorata

Oerapus rubricornis
Podocerus fucicola

501
492

Hippolyte pusiola
Pdndalus annulicornis
Lysianassinaj, (one species).

.

Podocerus, species

493

Caprella, species

493

Idotea irrorata

493
431

I.

phosphorea

Erichsonia filiformis ...
Balanus crenatus452

Pontoa'eneia inermis

315
493
493
565
493
494
494
494
316
494
396

Amphithoe maculata

Annelids.
Page.

Page.

N. fucata

320
494
321
494
494
494
494
494
319
494

Liimbriconereis frngilis

501

Lepidouotus squamatus.

.

L. Augustus

Harmothoe imbricata
Phyllodoce gracilis
P. catenula,

Eumidia Americana
Autoly tus cornutus
Autoly tus, species

.

-

-

-

Nereis pelagica

Glymenella torquata

343
494
321
320

Namganseta coralii
Sabellaria vulgaris

Polycirrus eximius

Nicolea simplex

Potamilla oculifera
Sabella microi)hthalma

.

494
322
323
323
504
322

.

Spirorbis spirillum
S. porrecta '?

Serpula dianthus

Nonerteans and riaMdrians.
Page.

r^>go.
[

KeiMi^rtes, vspecies

505:

Leptoplana folium.

4S7

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

499

MOLLUSCA.
Gastropods.
Page.

308
494
354
300
399
495
306
305
495
495
417
305

Urosalpiox cinerea

Bucciuum uadatum
Tritia trivittata

Astyris liiuata

A. zonalis
A. rosacea
Anacbis avara.

.

Lacuna viacta
L. neritoidea

Rissoa exarata
Ceritbiopsis terebralis
Bittiain nigrum

Page.

Crucibakun striatuui
Crepiduhi fornicata
0. unguiformis
Lunatia beros
Leptocbiton apiculatus
L. ruber

Oncbydoris pallida
Polycera Lessonii
Dendronotus arborescens
Tergipes despectus
JEolis papillosa

Doto coronata

417
355

355
426
399
495
495
400
495
495
495
495

LamelUbrancJis.
Page.

Page.

Saxicava arctica

309
472
310
309
309

Mya arenaria
Kellia planulata

Argina pexata
Scapbarca transversa

,

.

.

.

Mytilus edulis

Modiola modiolus
Modiolaria nigra
Anoraia aculeata

307
495
433
495

Ascidians"-

Cyntbia partita
0. carnea

Page.
,

.

.

311
495
495
311
495
388

,

,

O. ecbinata

Molgula Manbattensis
M. papillosa
Peropbora viridis

Page.

Amarcecium pellucidum
A. pallidum
A. coustellatum
Leptoclinum albidum
L. luteolum

401
496

388
408
403

Bryosoa
Page.

Page.

Crisia eburuea

Tubulipora flabellaris
Alcyonidium hirsutum
A. parasiticum
A. gelatinosum (?)
Yesicularia cuscuta
V. gracilis ...

V. fusca
Farrella familiaris^Etea anguina
Eucratea cbelata

C ell ul aria, species

.

.

496
496
404
404
496
404

389
420
487
405
405
496

Caberea Ellisii

Bugula turrita
B. Murrayaua
Membranipora pilosa
M. lineata
M. tenuis
Escharella variabilis
Lepralia, (species)

Discopora coccinea (?)
Mollia byalina
Cellepora ramulosa
C. scabra

420
311
496
496
406
420
312
496
496
420

496
419

500

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
RADIATES.
JEcMnoderms.
Page.

CDsis

49G
496

,

Asterias vulgaris

Pao:e.

A. arenicola

StroLgylocentrotus Drobachi-

326
496
496

Cribrella sanguinolenta

Ophiopbolis aculeata

Acaleplis.
Page.

Clytia Jobnstoni
C. iDtermedia

Ortbopyxis caliciilata
Platypyxis cylindrica

Campanularia voliibilis
C. flexuosa

Obelia geniciilata
O. dicbotoma
O. flabellata
O. diapbana

408
408
408
408
408

Page.

Sertularia argeiitea
S. cui^ressina

Hydrallmania falcata
riumularia, species

Antennularia antennina

Eadendrium ramosum

327
496
407
497

Pennaria tiarella
Tbamnocoidia tenella

3: yn

Hydractiiiia polyclina

E. dispar

408
408\.. 408
407
497
408
408
327
407
328

.

Page.

Page.

Alcyoniiim carnenm
Metridioin maraiuatoin

497

Edwardsia b'oeata

329

AstraDgia Daiiie

497
408

PROTOZOA.
Sponges.
Page.

Page.

Cbaliiia oculata

497

Tedania, two species

498
330
421

Eenieria, species

Cliona sulpburea

IV. 4.— Fauna of

Polymastia (!)
Grantia ciliata
Leiicosolenia botryoides (?)

.

.

497
330
391

the sandy and gravelly bottoms off theOPEN COAST.

Tbe bottom off tbe soutbern s-bores of I^an tucket and Martba's Tine
yard is sandy or gravellj^ over large areas, from low-water mark down
Tracts of similar bottom occur off Cuttybunk
to 25 fatboms or more.
Island and fartber west. In many of tbese places, especially in tbe
sballower waters, near sbore, tbe material of tbe bottom is nearly puresiliceous sand, varying in fineness from coarse gravel to tbe finest sand,and as tbese sands are generally loose and moved by tbe storm- waves,
In deeper water, atin sballow water, tbeir inbabitants are but few.
deptbs of 20 to 25 fatboms or more, tbe material is usually a very tinesand, often firmly compacted, and not infrequently mixed witb more orless fine mud.

Su(;b localities are favorable for a mucb greater variety

IN.VERTEBRATE AXIMALS OF VINEYAED SOUXD, ETC.

501

many burrowing annelids, Crustacea, andBottoms of this character pass by insensible gradations
into the true muddy bottoms, so that it is very difficult to make any
sharp distinction between them, or between the animals that inhabit
them. Several localities at which we dredged were quite intermediatein character, so that it is difficult to decide in which division they shouldbe put. Yet there is a very wide difference between the animals of thepure sandy and of the soft muddy bottoms. Most of the localities where
the bottom was of this mixed or intermediate character, and of very finematerial, have been classed with the muddy bottoms, because the animals inhabiting them agree more closely Avith those of the true muddy
bottoms than with those of the genuine sandy ones. But in each caseI shall endeavor to give an idea of the fauna of typical localities ofpure sand, of true mud, of muddy sand, and of sandy mud, so that themore general lists "given under the sandy and muddj^ bottoms, respectively, need not cause confusion.
The special localities where dredgings were made on sandy bottoms
of animals, and especially forbivalve shells.

h^ 18.J fathoms,
line SO, «, 16 J fathoms, siliceous sandsand 81, a, h, 16J fathoms, sand 85, a, &, 15 J fathoms, siliceous sand and gravel SQ^ «, &, 25 fathoms, sand and gravel, with someare as follows:

siliceous

;

;

5

;

mud and small stones
sand, with som.e stones.

jofi Watch Hill, 6 to 8 fathoms, loose siliceous
Besides these a few other dredgings were madeon similar bottoms, but not recorded.

Among the Crustacea that are characteristic of the true sandy bottoms are Platyonichus ocellatus, (p. 388, Plate I, fig. 4,) which is, however, more common in-^he sounds Eujyagurus BernMrdus, a decidedly
northern hermit crab: Crangon 'vulgaris^ (p. 339, Plate III, fig* 10^)
PUloclieirus pinguis ; Idotea Tuftsii.
Where the bottom is of loose;

siliceous sand, thecommon UncioJa irrorata (p. 310, Plate lY, fig. 19)

frequently occurs, usually associated with but few others, except a
species of Anonyx, orsome closely allied genus, which seems to live

exclusively on such bottoms.

This last speciesisrather stout, palegrayish or yellowish white, usually tinged with puri3le on the back The
posterior i^ortion is more decidedly purple, together with the caudal

appendages and some of the last epimera.

This was dredged off Watch

Hill.

Several interesting species occurred on the bottoms of fine compact

mud and sand, in 20-29 fathoms. Among these were PJioxiis Kroyeri,
which is a northern species;
cribed species;

Sij^honoeceies cuspidatus S^iith,

ByhJis serrata

an undes-Simith, another very interestingnewundetermined species of Ampelisca, &c.
Few Annelids are peculiar to true sandy bottoms. Among those of
most interest are Sthenelais picta Y., (p. 318;) Lumhriconereis fraglUs, anorthern and European species; Anthostoma cicutumY.-j a.nd Scolecolejns
cirrata.
The last is a northern species found in the Bay of Fundy andnorth to the Arctic Ocean, and also on the northern coasts of Europe.
species;502

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The color is chocolate-brown, with bright red, ligulate, dorsal branchiaeon the anterior third of the body. The two large tentacles exceed inlength three times the breadth of the body they are often coiled up, and;This worm is three or four inches long.
large purple Meckelia (M. lurida V.) was dredged in two localities.
Among the Mollusks there are but few species that are characteristicof these bottoms, and probably none that are peculiar to them, unlesssome of the Ascidians should prove to be so. The MoJgula arenata (p.
426, Plate XXXIII, fig. 251) is often common even on loose siliceoussand and gravel, with which it forms a coating over its body. The
Molgula producta was dredged in some numbers on a bottom of fine
The integument is thin, translucent, closely
sand, with some mud.
covered with a layer of fine sand the tubes are transparent, whitish or
flesh-color, sometimes pink at the ends; anal tube with four, and branchialwith six, flake-white, longitudinal stripes, and often with a circle of flakewhite spots at the base outside, and other spots within. The anal orifice is square, but the branchial is either subcircular or squarish, in
expansion, and destitute of distinct lobes or papillae, in this respect differing from all the other species of the genus. The branchial tube is
generally a little the longest, and both of them are somewhat tapered*with a swollen base.
The Glandula arenicola is another nearly globular Ascidian, which lives,
like the two preceding, free in the sand, and covers itself with a closelyadhefent coating of sand. This species grows to be about half an inch
in diameter, and can easily be distinguished from the last by its muchsmaller tubes, both of which have small square orifices, and by its thicker
and firmer integument, in w^hich the sand appears to be somewhat imbedded. At the base there are some slender fibers for anchoring it moresecurely in the sand. This was dredged by Mr. Prudden, oft' Guttyhuuk
Messrs. Smith and Harger dredged it in great abunIsland, in 1872.
dance last year on St. George's Bank, on a bottom of clear siliceous sand,in 28 fathoms. Dr. Dawson has also dredged it in Murray Bay, in the
It is, therefore, a decidedly northern species.
St. Lawrence Eiver.
Another species of Glandula also occurred on the true sandy bottoms.
The specimens of this were all small, mostly less than a fifth of an inch
in diameter, and the integument was densely covered by rather coarse
and very firmly adherent grains of sand, in several layers the sandcompletely concealed the tubes from view in all the specimens observed,
and it was not sufficiently studied while living to afi"ord an accurate

are greenish in color.

A

j

;

description.

The Bryozoa and Hydroids that are found on the sandy bottoms aremostly attached to dead shells and small stones that are scattered overthe surface.
Of Echinoderms several species occur on the hard bottoms of fine,compact sand, or sandy mnd, but most of tbese are more at home on
rocky bottoms.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

503

On the bottoms of loose siliceous saDcl tlie Uchinarachnius parma (p.

XXXV, fig. 267) is often very abundant. Several hundred aresometimes obtained at a single cast of the dredge. At locality 81, h,
off the south coast of Martha's Vineyard, in 21 fathoms, on a bottom ofclear siliceous sand. Dr. A. S. Packard dredged a fine specimen of arare and little known Holothurian, the Stereodernia unisemita. This has
not been found before, so far as known to me, since the two original
specimens were described twenty years ago. One of those was from theBanks of Newfoundland, and tbe other was supposed to have been fromoff Massachusetts Bay.
As both the original specimens appear to havebeen lost or destroyed, this rediscovery w^as of considerable interest.
This specimen was about three inches long, and half an inch in diameter, fusiform, tapering to each endj the body and suckers were paleflesh-color, and the integument is filled with a great abundance of small
302, Platecalcareous pl^rtes.

Most of the Polyps and Sponges that occur on these sandy bottoms are attached to the scattering dead shells and small stones orpebbles, and belong properly on the rocky and stony bottoms. One
large and fine sponge seems, however, to be peculiar to the sandy
bottoms. This is a firm, siliceous sponge, with a very compact and finetexture.
It is quite irregular in shape, but often grows in the form ofelongated, compressed masses, attached by one edge these masses areoften six inches or more in length and one or two in thickness, andperhaps two or three high. Some of the largest specimens consist of
two or three such crest-like plates or lobes attached together at base.
When living the colons bright sulphur-yellow or lemon-yellow, and thesurface is nearly smooth. One fine living specimen, of large size, wasdredged b^- Dr. Packard off the southern shore of Martha's Vineyard, at
locality 80, h, on a bottom of clear siliceous sand.
Numerous specimens
were also found thrown on Edgartown beach. These were mostly
bleached out white and more or less worn. This species has not yet
been identified. I have specimens of it from the coast of Virginia.
A very curious organism, of which the nature is still uncertain, butwhich was supposed, at the time it was taken, to belong to the sandy
Foraminifera, was often extremely abundant in the clear siliceous sand.
They were nearly circular, somewhat flattened or biscuit-sha[)ed, andentirely covered by adherent grains of sand, except that there wereseveral dark-colored, hook-like processes projecting from the circumference. The size was generally less than a fifth of an inch in diameter,
and more frequently not more than .12 to .15 of an inch. When dried they
became very friable, and the sand fell asunder at a slight touch,so that the}' then appeared like mere lumps of sand, but they retain
their firmness when preserved in alcohol. They were often so abundantin the fine sand that when a dredge-full was washed through a moderately fine sieve several hundreds or thousands would sometimes remain-,in the sieve.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

504

List of species inliahiting sandy and gravelly bottoms.

lu the following

list

I

have included nearlyall

the species that

ordinarily occurred on those bottoms in which sand predominated, eventhough some of them are more strictly muddy-bottom species. Others
belong more properly on rocky, stony, or shelly bottoms, but are introduced here because they occur attached to the scattered shells and stones
that are always liable to be met with on sandy bottoms.
In order to designate those species that are more strictly characteristic of the clear sandy bottoms, I have prefixed to them a dagger,(thus f.) To show the character of the fauna on the bottoms of mixed
or intermediate character, I have selected a single locality, 86, &, south"
west of Cuttyhunk Island and opposite the mouth of Buzzard's Bay,
where the depth was twenty-five fathoms, and the bottom consisted offine sand mixed with some mud and gravel, with a few small scatteredstones, and have prefixed an asterisk (thus *) to such species as occurredat that particular locality, though most of them occurred also at other::localities.

ARTICULATES.
Crustacea.
Page.

Page.

tCancer irroratus
0. borealis

Pan opens depressus
fPlatyonichus ocellatus

Hyas coarctatus
fEupagurus pollicaris
fE. Bernhardus
tHomarus Americanus*Pandalus anuQlicornis
t*Crangon vulgaris

312
493

*Phoxus Kroyeri

501* Ampelisca, sp

312
501
548
313
501
492
493
501

Byblis serrata

507
501

Moera levis*tCJnciola irrorata*Ptilocheirus iiinguistAnonyx ('?), sp* Siphon oecetes cuspidatus.

fldotea Tuftsii

Epelys montosus

315
501
501
501
501
501
370

*Diastylis quadrispinosa,and

other species of Cumacea.

507
Annelids.
Page.

Page.

Lepidonotus squamatus*Harmothoe imbricata
tSthenelais picta*Neplithys ingens
Phyllodoce eaten ula
Nereis plagica*Ninoe ni gripes
fLumbriconeris fragilis*lvhynchobolus dibrauchiatus

fAnthostoma acutiim

320
321
501
431
494
397
508
501
341
50 L

t*Scolecolepis cirrata*Ampharete gracilist*Clymenella torquata*Nicomache dispar* Ammochares, sp*Trophonia affinis
fi mbriata* Ammotrypane*Cistenides Gouldii*Potamilla oculifera*Euchone elegans*Spirorbis porrecta? ..

,

..

501
508
343
512
508
507
508
323
322
433
498

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF ^'INEYARD SOUND, ETC.

505

Nemerteans and Planarians.
Page.

Page.
I

502

*Meckelia lurida
Nemertes, (?) red sp

498!

*LeptoplaDa folium

487|

Sijfinicidoids.

Page.

416

*Phascolosooia cii^mentariuui

MOLLUSCA.
Gastropods.
Page.

*Xeptunea pygma^a
Bucciniim undatani
Astyris liinata
Anacliis avarat*Tritia

trivittata*Crucibulam striatum

508
494

306
306
354
417

Page.

Crepidula fornicata
C. unguiformistLunatia heros
Eissoa exarata
Margarita obscura

....
....

355
355
426
495
508

Lamellihranclis.
Page.

Page.

tMya arenaria, (young)472

t*Ensatella Americana

356
358
418
432
358
509
418
358
418
432
423

tSiligua costataCorbula contracta .... 7.
Clidiophora trilineata*LyoDsia hyalina*Periploma papyracea
Coclilodesma Leanumt Angulus tener*Cumingia tellinoides*Callista eonvexa*Cardium pinnulatum

Astarte castanea
t A. quadranst* A. undata

t*Oyclocardia borealis
t*0. Novangli?e*yoldia sapotilla*Nucula proxima
Scapharca transversa*Modiolaria corrugata

Pecten tenuicostatus

Anomia aculeata

432
509
508
418
418
509
432
309
509
509
495

Ascidians.
Page.

Page.
* Cynthia partita

tMolgula arenatat*M. producta*M. Manhattensis

311
502
502
311

tGlandula arenicolatGlaudula, sp* Amarceeium pallidum

502
502

496

Bryozoa.
Page.

Page.

*Crisia eburnea*Caberea Ellisii

311
420

Bugula Murray ana*Cellepora ramulosa

496
312

506

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
RADIATA.
Eclilnoderms.
Page.

tStereoderma uiiisemitat*EcliiDaraclinms par ma.
Strongyloceutrotus Drobach.

.

503
503

.

Page.

Asterias vulgaris*Oribrella sanguiuolenta.

.

.

Ophiopholis aciileata

496
407
496

406

iensisAealephs.
Page.

*Platypyxis c^iiodrica*01y tia JohDstoni

408
408
408

Eudendrium ramosum

Page.

*Pliimulariaj sp

Hydractinia polyclina. ....

407
328

Folyps.
Page.

Edwardsia lineata

497

Page.

Alcyoiiium caraeiim

497

PROTOZOA.
Sponges.
Page.

Ghalina oculata
Polymastia (?)
IV.

5.

497
497

Page.

fMassive siliceous sponge

.

.

503

Fauna of the muddy bottoms off the open coast.

Within the depths to which our dredgiugs extended, very few true
The deposits of mud on the open coast usually
begin to occur only at the depths of twenty five to thirty fathoms, andeven at these depths there is a considerable admixture with fine siliceoussand. The central and deeper portion of the depression in line with theaxis of Vineyard Sound is, however, occupied off to the west of Gay
Head and No Man's Land by a deposit of fine, soft, sticky mud, filledwith the tubes of Annelids and Amphipods, {Ampelisca, &c.) Dredgings
were made on this bottom at localities 85, c, in 18 fathoms d, 19 fathoms;e, 11 fathoms.
On September 9, the temperature at 85, c, was 58^ Fahrenheit at the bottom, and 62^ at the surface; at d, it was 57° at thebottom and 62° at the surface at e, it was 59° at the bottom and 63^ atthe surface. This muddy bottom abounded in Annelids, small Crustacea,
and bivalve shells.
In several other localities, where the bottom was a mixture of mud
and fine sand, the mud seemed to predominate and to determine thecharacter of the life, so that such localities have been classed with the
muddy bottomvS, though the fauna differed considerably from that of the
In the following list, however, I
soft muddy bottoms referred to above.
have specially designated the sj>ocii\s found in the typical localities of

muddy bottoms occur.

j;each kind.

ETC.

507

The i)riacipal localities where we dredged on the bottoms of fine sandy

mud are as follows: 80, c, south of Martha's Vineyard, in 21 fathoms;&, about fifteen
84, &, southwest of Gay Head, in IG fathoms; 87,«,,

miles east of Block Island, in 29 fathoms. At the last locality the temperature, on September 14, was 62^ F. at the surface, and 59^ at thebottom.

Among the Crustacea none was more abundant on the soft, muddy
bottoms than a small species of Ampelisca, which inhabits soft, flabby
When taken out of the water these tubes
tubes, covered with fine mud.
are always collapsed and flat, and they were so abundant in the mudthat it was almost impossible to wash it through the sieves, because
they soon became completely clogged up with the tubes. When a quantity of the mud was left in a bucket of water these Crustacea would
come out of the tubes and rise to the surface in large numbers. This
species is generally quite pale, or nearly white. Its body is much compressed.

Another variety, or perhaps a distinct species, found with the last, isl>ale flesh-color, with a row of bright

back

;

red spots along the middle of thethe antennae were specked with red eyes bright red ; epimera;

reticulated with red lines ;and the legs and caudal appendages are

more or less marked with red.
The Unciola irrorata, (p. 340,) Ftiloclieirus pinguls^ and other Amphipods, were associated with the precediug species.

The Biastylis quadrispinosa (Plate III, fig. 13) was very abundant on
muddy bottoms, together with other species of Cumacea, notthe soft

yet identified.

It is^ale flesh-color, with a reddish purple patch at theposterior part of the carapax, and two small spots of pink.

The Annelids were very numerous, both on the soft muddy bottoms
and in the sandy mud. One of the most conspicuous species is the
Aphrodita aculeata, which was common in the soft mud. This is a large,
stout Annelid, the largest specimen obtained measuring about 3 inches
in length, and about half as much in breadth.

It is remarkable for theexceedingly numerous and long setse of many kinds, which cover its sides
and back, except along a narrow dorsal space some of these setae arestout, and nearly an inch loug, with sharp points, and barbed near the;end, and they curve over the back much like the quills of a porcupine,

and are liable to inflict painful wounds, if the creatures are carelessly
haudled. These setae usually reflect bright, iridescent colors.
Several other northern European species, found also in the Bay of
Fundy and at Saint George's Banks, were also met with. Among thesewere Lumhriconereis fragilisj tScolecolepis cirrata, Melinna cristata^
TerebelUdes Stroemij and several more common species.
The NepMliys ingens (p. 431, Plate XII, figs. 59-60) is a very abundantspecies on these bottoms and grows to a large size.

The curious Sternaspis fossor (Plate XIV, fig. 74) is quite common
and the Trophonia affinis (Plate XIV, fig. 75) was dredged several times.
;

508

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Many otlier species were also common, or even abundant, in the various
localities, and quite

a number proved to be undescribed, and' tlierefore

their descriptions will be found in the systematic catalogue accompanj^-

Among these were Lycidice Americana^ Ninoe nigripeSj

ing this report.

Acutum, Ammotrypane fimhriata, Travisia carnea,
setosa, JSHcomaclie dis])ar, Rhodine attenuata^ aAmpharete gracilis, Eucho7ie elegans, and a
Ammochares^
species of
Anthostoma,

Eone

sp.,

gracilis,

Brada

species of JVematonereis.

Several species of Nemerteans also occur on these bottoms. The largest
and most interesting is a large species of MeclceUa, {M, lurida, Y.) This
grows to the length of 8 or 10 inches, and .25 broad its color is deep
chocolate-brown, with paler margins. It generally breaks up into numerous
fragments when caught. Another species, belonging, perhaps, to thegenus Cerehratulus, but not sufficiently studied while living, was 2 or 3
inches long in extension, and .05 to .08 of an inch broad. Its color was
dark olive-green, darkest anteriorly, the head with a white margin.
The lateral fossae of the head were long and deep the eyes incon;;

spicuous, perhaps wanting; proboscis emitted from a terminal pore; theventral orifice, or mouth, i^laced well forward.

Both this and the pre-ceding were found at the 29-fathom locality, in sandy mud, but theformer also occurred in soft mud, in 19 fathoms.
One of the most abundant Gastropods is Keptunea pygmcm^ (Plate
XXI, fig. 115,) which is a rather northern shell, very common in the
Bay of Fundy. The specimens from this region are, however, quite aslarge as any that I have seen from farther north. The small disk-shaped<3ggcapsules of this shell were found in great abundance early in September attached to various bivalve shells, as well as to the shells of the
JSfeptiinea itself.

Buccinum tindatum^ (Plate XXI, Fig. 12 L;) Bela Jiarpiilar ia^ {F\Q;te
Lunatia immaculata, (Plate XXIII, fig. 131;) Margarita
ohscura, (PlditQ XXIY, fig. 15G;) Astyrls rosacea; and Cylichna alba,(Plate XXV, fig. 163,) are all northern shells, which were met with insmall numbers on the muddy bottoms.
The Lamellibranchs were quite abundant. One of the most con-

XXI, fig. 108

spicuousis•,)the northern Cyprina Islandica, (Plate XXYIII,

fig.

201,)

which was quite common at several localities, especially in soft mud.
Many of the shells from the deeper dredgings in this region are northern and even arctic species, several of which have beenFig. 3.
Amongsupposed not to occur south of Cape Cod.
these northern forms are Macoma proxbna, of which\^ we dredged a few small specimens; Cyclocardia horcalis
nid C. KovangUw (p. 418,) both of which were common;
Astarte loidata, (Plate XXIX, fig. 203,) which was
dredged in considerable abundance at several localities.

Alarge proportion of the shells of this species,
obtained liure, were quite dilierent in ai)pearance from the varietiesthat occur in such nbundance in the Bay of Fundy. The latter,

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

509

although quite variable in form and sculpture, are generally compressed
those from this region are mostly rather swollen, and often decidedly
obese. These correspond with the type-specimen of A. lutea Perkins,from New Haven, (fig. 3,) which I have been able, through the kindnessof Dr. Perkins, to compare directly with our specimens. This form is,perhaps, snfl&ciently well marked to be designated a sa variety, f lutea,
but many specimens intermediate between this and the ordinary forms
occurred. This variety resembles the European A. sulcata more closelythan do any of the other varieties of our species, but in the characterof the hinge, lunule, beaks, and sculpture, it differs decidedly from any
European specimens that I have seen. The Astarte quadrans (Plate
XXIX, fig. 205) was rarely met with. Good-sized specimens of thelarge scollop, Pecten tenidcostatus, were dredged off Gay Head on hardbottoms, and also on the muddy bottom, in 29 fathoms, and in several
The northern Anomia aculeata (Plate XXXII, figs.
other localities.
The Modiolaria corrugata
239, 240) occurred adhering to dead shells.
(Plate XXXI, fig. 235) was dredged several times in the deepest localities, but 21. Iwvigata, recorded by Mr. Sanderson Smith, was not met
with by usj nor Leda temdsidcata, which has been found off Xewport,
Ehode Island. The ^umda deliMnodonta (Plate XXX, fig. 229) was
common on soft muddy bottoms. The Lucina filosa (Plate XXIX, fig.
212) appeared to be not uncommon on similar bottoms, but most of thespecimens obtained were less than an inch in diameter. Small specimens of Feriploma papyracea (Plate XXYII, fig. 197) were frequently
dredged. The specimens of Tliracia truncata (Plate XXVII, fig. 195)
were few and small. The Cryptodon ohesus T., (Plate XXIX, fig. 214,)
was first discovered in this region, but all the specimens were of large
I have since seen smaller
size and dead, though mostly quite fresh.
specimens from Labrador, &c. C. Gouldu (Plate xxix, fig. 213,) is morecommon. Yoldia sapotUla (Plate XXX, fig. 231) was generally abundant,
especially in the soft mud, but Y. ohesa was only met with once, andin small numbers, in 29 fathoms ; Y. tlwaci-formis we did not meet with,
but Dr. Simpson records it from off Long Island.
Of Ascidians very few species occur. The most abundant is Eugyra
pihdaris, (Plate XXXIII, fig. 219,) which, in contraction, looks like around ball of mud, for it completely covers itself with a thick coatingof fine sand or mud, which is held in place partly by delicate fibrous
processes from the integument, those from the base being longer, andserving to anchor the little creature in the sand by attaching a considerable quantity of sand to themselves.
When the sand is removed,
the integument is found to be thin and quite translncent, the tubes,

when extended, are long and transparent, close together, and inclosed
by a naked band whish surrounds the base of both. It is also very
Figure 3. Original figure of Astarte lutea, natural
the Boston Society of Natural History.

size.

From the Proceedings of510

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

common in the Bay of Funcly, &c. The Molgula producta (p. 502) also
occurred on the sand}^ mud at the 29-fathom locality.
The Echinoderms appear to be very scarce on these bottoms. The
only one of special interest was the Mol]9adia ooUtica, a small, round,rather slender species, about an inch and a half long, of a uniform fleshOf this only one specimen was dredged, at the 29-fathora locality,
color.
It had not been
fifteen miles east of Is'o Man's Land, by Dr. Packard.
observed alive before, the only specimeus previously known having
been taken from the stomachs of fishes.
The most interesting Hydroid that lives on the muddy bottoms is
This is a very beautiful
Corymorplia pendula, (Plate XXXYI, fig. 273.)
species, which grows singly, with the bulb like base of the stem inserted
into the mud.
Two interesting species of Polyps were found on the muddy bottoms.
t)ne of these, the Edwardsia farinacea, occurred only on the soft muddy
bottom off Gay Head, in 19 fathoms. It is a cylindrical species, about
an inch long, and .10 or .12 of an inch in diameter, remarkable for having
only 12 tentacles, which are equal, unusually short, thick, and blunt.
The coating of mud in the middle region is thin and easily removed.
The single specimen obtained here had only 10 tentacles, but in otherrespects it agrees essentially with those found on similar bottoms atseveral localities in the Bay of Fundy, all of which had 12 tentacles.
The body is whitish or flesh-color, the naked portion below the tentaclesin the specimen from off Gay Head, was striped with 10 longitudinallines or bands of brown, corresponding with the tentacles
thesebands were varied with flake-white specks and mottlings, the spots ofthese bands werewhite becoming more distinct near the tentacles
alternately lighter and darker. Tentacles translucent at tip, tranversely
barred on the inside, with about five brown bands and spots, the lower
ones often Y-shaped or W-shaped, and some of them extend aroundalternating with these brown bands wereto the outside of the tentacles
bars and spots of yellow and of white. The disk was pale yellow, variedwith small brown spots, mostly forming radiating rows from the mouth;j;to the bases of the tentacles, and there were two spots of brown between

mouth with ten lobes, which were also
brown, with a fine light line extending from between them to the intervals between the tentacles. The specimens from the Bay of Fundj^vary considerably in color, but the above is one of the more frequent
the bases of adjacent tentacles ;styles of coloration.

The Epizoanihus ^^«mc«w«/s (Plate XXXVIII, figs. 28G, 287) is a very
singular species, which either lives attached to stones, as in the deeper
parts of the Bay of Fundy and off Saint George's Bank, in 430 fathoms,

or else it attaches itself to univalve shells, inhabited by hermit-crabs.

All those obtained in this region had the latter habit, and were from the
20-fathom place, fifteen miles east of Block Island, on sandy mud.
After one original young polyp has found lodgment and attached itself tothe shell, its base begins to expand over the surface of the shell, and from

INVERTEBEATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

511

membrane buds arise, wbicli soon grow larger and become
polyp, while the basal membrane continues to extend
parentlike theitself and ne^Y bads to develop, until the whole shell becomes incrusted
by the membrane, inside and out, while a number of beautiful polyps
arise from the upper side of the shell, and turn their mouths in different
The number of the polyps in these colonies varies, accorddirections.
ing to the size of the shell, from three to ten or more. Finally-, by somechemical process, the polyps, or rather their basal membranes, dissolve
the shell entirely, and apparently absorb it into themselves. And yet
the membranes retain the spiral form of the shell very perfectly, and thethis basal

hermit crab eventually actually lives inside the membranes of the polyps,
which continue to grow and even to enlarge the chamber for the use of
the crab, so that it need not change its habitation for a larger one as it
grows older. When fully expanded these polyps are about an inch high,and are capable of changing their form considerably, but they are generally more or less cylindrical, or else hour-glass shaped. There are 38
or more tentacles, in full grown ones, and they are subequal, long,
slender, acute, arranged in two close circles, and usually held in arecurved position, (as in fig. 287,) with those of the outer circle morerecurved than those of the inner ones corresponding with the bases of
the alternate tentacles there is an outer circle of triangular points orlobes, covered externally, like the rest of the exterior of the body, withadherent and imbedded grains of fine sand. The mouth is bilabiate,
often somewhat raised on a conical protrusion of the disk, the lips manylobed, or jilicate. The integument of the body when fully expanded istranslucent, pale flesh-^olor, or salmon color disk and tentacles salmoncolor, or pale orange, sometimes white, the lips and inside of the mouth];brighter orange.
List of species inhabiting bottoms composed of soft mud and sandy mud off
the outer coast.

In the following list those species that were found on the soft, sticky
mud, in 11 to 19 fathoms, off Gay Head, are designated by the sign f, prefixed to their names. Those that occurred at 87, a, b, in 29 fathoms,
fine sandy mud, fifteen miles east of Block Island, are designated by anasterisk prefixed.

AKTICULATA.
Crtistacea.
Pa-^e.

X Libinia

Pao-e.

i

339
313
493

*

*

I Ptilocheirus

395
339
507

*

I Unciola irrorata

I Epelys

Phoxus Kroyeri

501

E. trilobus* Moera levis

315

Anthura brachiata

caualiculata

Eupagurus longicarpus* Pandalus annulicornis

Hippolyte pusiola,

Crangon vulgaris*

I Diastylis quadrisi)inosa.

f Ampelisca,sp* Byblis serratai)inguis ....

* Siphonoecetes cuspidatus.

montosus

507
501
507
507
501
370
370
573

512

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Annelids.
Page.

*

I Aphrodita aculeata* Harmotlioe imbricata
Lepidonotus squamatus*

I ]!^eplithys iDgens

N. buceratEumidia, sp.
Phyllodoce, sp* Nereis pelagica
J Lycidice Americana

*

.

..

I Lumbriconereis fragilis* Nematonereis, sp* Mnoe nigripes
J Eone gracilis
I Antliostoma

aciitum* Scolecolepis cirrata
J Amino try pane

fimbriata.

I Travisia carnea

321
320
507
416
397
397
397
508
507
508
508

Brada setosa

508
508
508
507
508

Anthostoma, sp
.

Page.

507

*

I Trophonia affinis

I Stern aspis

fossor* Oirrhinereis fragilis*

J Clymenella torquata* Ammocbares, sp* McomacUe dispar

Ehodine attenuata
Cistenides Gouldii* Ampbarete gracilis

Melinna cristata* Terebellides Stroemi
I Poly cirrus eximius,

Potamilla oculifera*

t Eucbone elegans* Spirorbis, sp

508
508
507
507
397
343
508
508
508
323
508
507
507
320
322
508
397

Nemerteans and Flanarians.
Page.
I Meckelia lurid a

CerebratuluSj (?) green sp

.

.

Page.

508

* Polinia glutinosa508* Leptoplana folium

324
487

SipuncuJoids.
Page.

Pbascolosoraa csementarium

41G

MOLLUSCA.
Gastropods.
Pac

Bela liarpularia
J Buccinum undatum* I Neptunea pygmsea* Tritia trivittata

Astyris lunata* Astyris rosacea* Crucibulum striatum

508
508
508

354
30G
508
399

Page.

Crepidula unguiformis
C. fornicata* Lunatia

355
355

beros, var. trise-

riata* L. immacnlata* Margarita

obscura* Cylicbna alba

354
508

508
508

LamelUbranchs.
Page.

Page.

Ensatella Americana* Siliqua costatai Corbulacontracta

35G
358
418

* fCbdiopbora trilineata
I Lyonsia byalina* { Periploma papyracea

*

432
358
509

IXYERTEBEATE

OF YIXEYARD SOUND, ETC.

AiS^IMALS

513
Page.

Page.

* Thracia truncata

....

.

....
Angulus tener....
*Macoma proxima
Cumingia telliuoicles....
i Callista couvexa*=*

Islandicat Oypriiia* t Cardium pinniilatum*

I Luciua filosa* Cryptodon Gouldii*tG. obesus*

I Astarte castanea

J A. quadrans*....,,.

t A. undata* Cyclocardia borealis* 0. NovanglicT* t Xncula

proxima

....

509
358

* i: X. delpliiiiodorrta

508
418
432
508
423
509
509
509

* t Y. sapotillat Yoldialimatula,

Y. thraciformis* Y. obesa

Leda tenuisulcata
Argina pexata
Scapliarca transversa
Mytilus edulis* Modiolaria nigra
M. corrugata
1:

432
509
508
508
508
432

.

=

M. laevigata* t Grenella glandula*

X Pecten tennicostatus ....

* Anomia aculeata

509
432
509
509
509
509
309
309
307
433
509
509
418
509
509

Ascidians.
Page.

Eugyra pilularis,

509

Molgula prodncta.

510

t

Page,

Cynthia partita

311

Bryozoa.
Page.
* Caberea

420

Ellisii.

Page.

(* Bugula jMurrayana

1

496

RADIATA.
Echinoderms.
Page.
* Molpadia oolitica

Strongylooentrotus

Page.

510

t Asterias vulgaris

Droba-I Cribrella

sanguinolenta

.

496
407

406

chiensis

AcaleplisPage.
* Clytia

Johnstoni

Page.
* Corymorpha pendula.

408* Eudendrium ramosum

510

408
Polyps.
Page.

Page.
I

JEdwardsia farinacea.
S. Mis. 61

33

5101.

* Epizoantlius Americauiis.

510

514

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

B.—LISTS OF SPECIES FOUND IK THE STOMACHS OFFISHES— FOOD OF FISHES.
In the following lists I have brought together the principal results ofthe various recorded examinations of stomachs of fishes in this region,
up to the present time, whether done in connection wilh the UnitedStates Fish Commission or independently. The sx)ecial dates and localities are given in each case.
The observations from June to September, 1871, were made in connection with the work of the commission.
1872, are based on collections

Those from

May to July,made at Wood's Hole by Mr. Yinal N.

Edwards, for Professor Baird. Those at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, April, 1871, were made by Mr. S. I. Smith and the writer while on
an independent visit to that place.* The observations made at Eastport, Maine, in 1872, are not included in this report.

The names of the fishes used in this list are those adopted by Profesand agree, for the most part, with those used by Professor

sor Baird,

Theodore Gill in his Catalogue of the Fishes of the Eastern Coast of
North America.

Striped Bass; Eock-Fish, or ^'Rook;" {Eoccus lineatus.)

At Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, April, 1871, several specimens,
freshly caught in seines, with menhaden, &c., contained Crangon vulgaris (shrimp) in large quantities.

A specimen caught at Wood's Hole, July 22, 1872, contained a large
mass of " sea-cabbage,"

Tllva latissimaj

and the remains of a small

fish.

Specimens taken at Wood's Hole, August, 1871, contained crabs, Canand lobsters, Homartis Americanus.

cer irroratus;

White Perch{Morone Americana.);

Numerous specimens caught with the preceding at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, contained Crangon vulgaris.

Black BASS; Sea-Bass;{Centropristis fusciis.)*

Specimens caught in Vineyard Sound, June 10, contained the common
cvsbb,

Cancer irroratus ; the miid-crsib Panojpeus Sayi; three species of,fishes.

Another caught May 25 contained a squid, Loligo imllida.

SCUP

;

PORGEE;{Stenotomus argyrops.)

Forty young specimens, one year old, taken at Wood's Hole in August,contained large numbers of Amphipod Crustacea, among which wereseveral small mud-crabs, Fanopeus
ZJnciola irrorata, Ampelisca, sp., &c.
depressus; Idotea irrorata; Nereis virens, and numerous other Annelids of;several species, too much digested for identification.

*The results of the observations made at Grroat Eg^ Harbor wore x>»bli.shccl by thewriter in the Aincrican ISaturalist, vol. v, p. 397, 1871.

ETC.

515

other specimens, opened at various times, show that this fish is a very
all kinds of small Crustacea, Annelids, bivalve

general feeder, eating

and univalve mollusks, &c.

Tautogj Black Fishj

(Tautoga onlUs.)

Specimens caught at Wood's Hole, May 23, contained the commonrock-crab, Cancer irroratus ; hevmit-CTnhs, Uupagurus longicarms; shells,
Tritia trivittatUj all crushed.

Others caught May 26 contained JEupagurus pollicaris ; U. longicarpiis ; the barnacle, Balanus crenatus ; the squid, Loligo Fealii ; Tritia
trivittata.
Others taken May 20 had Cancer irroratus ^ mud-crabs,
Fanopeus depressus : lady-crabs, PlatyonicJius ocellatus ; shells, Tritia
trivittata, Crepidula fornicata, Argina pexata, and the scollop, Pecten
irradians ; barnacles, Balanus crenatus, all well broken up.
Another taken ]May 31 contained Flatyoniclms ocellatus; Tritia trivit-

tata.

Others taken June 3 contained the mud-crab, Panopeus depressus; triangular crab, Pelia mutica; Crepidula imguiformis ; Triforis nigrocinctus ;the common muscle, Mytilus edulis ; and the "horse-muscle,-' Modiola
modiolus.

Another, on June 10, contained the common rock-crab. Cancer irroratus; mud-crab, Panopeus Sayi ;Nuculaproxima ; several ascidians, Cyn-thia partita and LeptocUnuni alhidum.

Two caught July 8 and 15 contained small lobsters, Homarus Americanus; Crepidula fornicata ; Blttium nigrum; abryozoan, Crisia eburnea ;sand-dollars, EcMnaraclinius parma.

A specimen caught in August contained long-clams, Mya arenaria ;muscles, Mytilus edulis ; Petricola pJioladiformis.

Weak-Fish; Squeteague; {Cynoscion regalis.)
Several caught in seines at Great Egg Harbor, isTew Jersey, April, 1871,
with menhaden, &c., contained large quantities of shrimp, Crangon vulgaris, unmixed with other food.
Specimens taken at Wood's Hole, in July, often contained sand-crabs,
Platyoniclius ocellatus ; and very frequently squids, Loligo Pealii.

KiNa-FiSH; (Menticirrus nehiilosus.)
Four specimens taken in seines at Great Egg Harbor, April, 1871, contained only shrimp, Crangon vulgaris.
Others taken at Wood's Hole, May 29, were filled with Crangon vulgaris.

Specimens taken in July contained rock-crabs. Cancer irroratus ;squids, Loligo Pealii.

RuDDER-FiSH;(Palinurichthys perciformis.)

A specimen caught at Wood's Hole, in August, contained a small
Squilla empusa; and young squids, Loligo Pealii.

516

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Mackerel(Scomber vernalis.)jSpecimens taken July 18, twenty miles south of Xo Mans Land, contained shrimps, Thysanopoda, sp. larval crabs in the zoea and megalops
stages of development young of hermit-crabs young of lady-crabs,
Platyoniclius ocellatiis ; young of two undetermined Macroura; numerous small Oopepod Crustacea numerous shells of a Pteropod, SpiriaUs
;

;

;

;

Gouldii.

Small Tunny; (Orcynus tliminina.)
One specimen caught at Wood's Hole, in August, contained elevensquids, Loligo Fealii.

BoNiTO;[Sarda pelamys.)Specimens taken at Wood's Hole, in August, contained an abundanceof shrimj), Crangon vulgaris.

Horse-Mackerel (Fomatomus saltatrix.)
Specimens caught at Wood's Hole, in August, frequently contained

Blue-Fish;;squids, Loligo Fealii ; also various fishes.
Oft' Fire Island,Long Island, August, 1870, Mr. S. I. Smith saw blue-

fishes feeding eagerly on the free-swimming males (heteronereis) of Nereis

limbata^ (p. 318,) which was then very abundant.

Sea-Eobin(Frionotus Carolinus.);

A specimen caught at Wood's Hole, May 27, contained shrimp, Crangon vulgaris ; and a small flounder.
Another caught May 29 contained Amphipod Crustacea, Anonyx (?),
and Crangon vulgaris.
sp.
Specimens dredged in Vineyard Sound, in August, contained mudcrabs, Fanopeus Sayi ; rock-crabs. Cancer irroratus ; and several small;

fishes.

Toad-Fish(Batraclms tau.)j

Several specimens examined at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, April,
1871, contained young edible crabs, Callinectes liastatus of various sizes

up to those with the carapax two inches broad; shrimp, Crangon vul.
garis ; prawn, Falwmonetes vulgaris ; llyanassa obsoleia ; various fishes,
especially the pipe-fish, Syngnathus PecManus ; and the anchovy, Engraulis vittatus,

A specimen caught at Wood's Hole, in July, contained the commonrock-crab. Cancer irroratus.

GoosE-FiSH;

Angler;(Lopliius Amerlcanus.)

A specimen caught in Vineyard Sound, in June, contained crabs,
Cancer irroratus ; and squids, Loligo Fealii.

CoD; {Gadus morrhuaj var.)
The cod-fishes devour a great variety of Crustacea, Annelids, Molhisks, star-fishes, &:c.
They swallow large bivalve shells, and afterdigesting the contents spit out the shells, which are often almost unin-INVERTEBRATE AXIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
7

517

They are also very fond of shrimps, aud of crabs, which they
when of large size. The brittle starI have taken large
fishes {Oplilurans) are also much relished by them.

jured.

frequently swallow whole, evenmasses of the OpMoplioUs aculeaia from their stomachs on the coasts ofMaine and Labrador and in some cases the stomach would be distended
with this one kind, unmixed with any other food.
In this region I have not been able to make any new observations on
the food of the cod. This deflcieucy is partially supplied, however, by
the observations made by me on the coast of Maine, &c., coupled withthe very numerous observations made at Stonington, Connecticut,
many years ago, by Mr. J. H. Trumbull, who examined large numbers of
the stomachs of cod and haddock, caught within a few miles of that;place, for the sake of the rare shells that they contained.

This collec-

tion of shells, thus made, was put into the hands of the Eev. J. H. Linsley, Avho incorporated the results into his " Catalogue of the Shells ofConnecticut," which was published after his death, and in a somewhat
unfinished state, in the American Journal of Science, Series I, vol.

In that list a large number of species are particularly
mentioned as from the stomachs of cod and haddock, at Stonington, allof which were collected by Mr. Trumbull, as he has informed me, fromfishes caught on the fishing-grounds near by, on the reefs off V\''atchHill, &c.
Many other northern shells, recorded by Mr. Linsley as from
Stonington, but without particulars, were doubtless also taken fromthe fish-stomachs by Mr. Trumbull. There was no record made of the
Crustacea, &c., found by him at the same time.
The following list includes the species mentioned by Mr. Linsley as
from the cod. For greater convenience the original names given by him
are added in ijarentheses, when differing from those used in this report:
xlviii, p. 271, 1845.

List of molluslcs, c&c, obtained by Mr. J. H. Trumbull, from cod-fish caught

near Stonington, Connecticut.

GASTROPODS.
Sipho Islandicus (?), young, (Fusus corneus.)
Ptychatractus ligatus, (Fasciolaria ligata.)
Turbonilla interrupta, (Turritella interrupta.)
Turritella erosa.

Eissoa exarata, (?), (Cingula arenaria.)
Lunatia immaculata, (Natica immaculata.)

Amphisphyra pellucida, (Bulla debilis.)
Chiton marmoreus, (?), (Chiton fulminatus.)

LAMELLTBRANCHS.
Martesia cuneiformis, (Pholas cuneiformis.)
Periploma papyracea, (Anatina papyracea.)
Thracia truncata.

518

REPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Tagelus di visas, (Solecurtus fragilis.)
Seinele equalis, (?), (Amphidesma sequalis.)

Ceronia arctata, (Mesodesma arctata.)
Montacuta elevata, (Montacuta bidentata.)
Oallista convexa, young, (Oytherea morrliuaiia.)
Cardium pinnulatam.
Cyprina Islandica.
Gouldia mactracea, (Astarte mactracea.)
Yoldia sapotilla, (Nucula sapotilla.)

Y. liniatula, (N, limatula.)
Nucula proxima.
]N".

tenuis.

Modiolaria nigra, (Modiola nexa.)
Crenella glandula, (M. glandula.)
Pecten tenuicostatus, young, (Pecten fuscus.)

ECHINODERMS.
EcMnaraclinius parma.

Haddock {Melanogrammus (jeglifinus.);

The haddock is not much unlike the cod in the character of its food.
It is, perhaps, still more omnivorous, or, at least, it generally contains agreater variety of species of shells, &c. many of the shells that itupon are burrowing species, and it probably roots;

habitually feeds

them out of the mud and sand.
^A complete list of the animals devoured by the haddock would
doubtless include nearly all the species belonging to this fauna. We have
had few opportunities for making observations on the food of the haddock
south of Cape Cod, but have examined many from farther north.
A specimen taken at Wood's Hole, November 6, 1872, contained alarge quantity of Gammarus natator, and a few specimens of Crangon
Another from Nantucket contained the same species.
vulgaris.
The following species of shells were mentioned by Mr. Linsley, in
his catalogue, as from the haddock:

List of mollus'ks ohtained from stomaclis of haddocl', at Stonington, Connecticut, 1)2/ Mr. J. S.

Trumhull.

Neptunea pygm<nea, (Fusus Trumbulli.)
Astyris zonalis, (Buccinum zonale.)
Bulbus flavus, (!), (Natica flava.)
Margarita obscura,Acta30u puncto-striata, (Tornatella puncto-striata.)
Cylichna alba, (Bulhi triticea.)
Serripes Gnenlandicus, (?), (Cardium Grcenlandicum.)

The above list doubtless contains only a small portion of the species
by Mr. Trumbull, l)ut thej' are all that are specially recorded.

collected

•519

As an illustration of the character and diversity of the haddock's food,I add a list of the species taken from the stomach of a single specimen,from the Boston market, and doubtless caught in Massachusetts Bay,
September, 1871,

GASTROPODS.
]N"atica clausa.

Margarita Groenlandica.

LAMELLIBRANCHS.
Leda tenuisulcata.
Nucula proxima.
N. tenuis.
Crenella glandula.

ECHINODERMS.
Psolus phantapus.
Lophothuria Fabricii.

In addition to these there were fragments of shrimp, probably Fandanumerous Annelids, too much digested for identi-

lus annuUcornis, andlication.

Tom-Cod;

Frost-Fish;[Microgadiis tom-codus.)

Several specimens from ]N"ew Haven Harbor, January 30, contained
numerous Amphipods, among which were Iloera levis ; Gammarus^ sp.
Ampelisca, sp. ; an undetermined Macrouran; numerous Entomostracaj

the larva of Cliironomiis oceanicus.
lot taken in a small pond at Wood's Hole, in March, by Mr. YinalA

Edwards, contained the common shrimp, Crangon vulgaris ; large
numbers of the green shrimp, Yirhius zoster icola ; the prawn, Palcemonetes vulgaris ; large quantities of Amphipods, especially of Oammarus
annulatus, O, natatory CalUopius Iceviusculaj ^ud Microdeutopus minax
and smaller numbers of Gammarus ornatus and G. mucronatus.
Another lot of twelve, taken in April at the same place, contained
most of the above, and in addition several other Amphipods, viz Moera
levis, Fontogeneia inermiSj Ftiloclieirus pinguis, and Caprella ; also Xereis
virens, and various small fishes.
I^.

:

OCELLATED FLOUNDER; SUMMER FLOUNDER;(CJicenopsetta ocellaris.)Several specimens taken in the seines, at Great

Egg Harbor, ^N'ew

Jersey, in April, contained large quantities of shrimp, Crangon vulgarisand Mysis Americana ; one contained a full-grown Gehia affinis.
One caught at Wood's Hole, June 6, contained twenty-six specimensof Yoldia Umatula; and numerous shells of Niicula proxima, Angulus
tener, and Tritia trivittata; and Amphipod Crustacea belonging to thegenus Ampelisca.

520

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Specimens caught at WoocVs Hole, in July, contained rock-crabs,
Cancer irroratus ; Pinnixa cylindrica ; Crangon vulgaris ^ squids, Xo%oFealii; Angulus tener ; Niicula proxima ;and many "sand-dollars,'^ Eclii-

narachnkis parma.

Winter Flounder; {Pseudopleuronectes Americanus.)

A specimen caught at Wood's Hole, in August, contained large numbers of Bulla soUtaria.

Spotted Flounder-,(Lo;pliopsetta maculata.)I^umerous specimens caught in seines at Great Egg Harbor, April,
1871, contained large quantities of shrimp, especially Mysis Americana
and Crangon vulgaris; the liTSiwn, Falwmonetes vulgaris ; numerous Amphipods, Gammarus mucronatus ; one contained a Oehia affinis.

Minnow;(Fundulus ])isculentus.)

Specimens caught in July, at Wood's Hole, contained large numbersof Melam][)us hidentatus^ unmixed with other food.

Sea-Herrino; {Clupea elongata.)
Specimens taken in Vineyard Sound, May 20, contained several
shrimp, Crangon vulgaris^ about 1.5 inches long ; Mysis Americana., andlarge numbers of an Amphipod, Gammarus natator ; also small fishes.

Shad; [Alosa tyrannus.)
Several specimens taken in the seines, at Great Egg Harbor, April,
1871, contained finely- divided fragments of numerous Crustacea, among

which were shrimp, Mysis Americana.
Several from the mouth of the Connecticut Eiver, May, 1872, contained
fragments of small Crustacea, (Mysis, &c.)

Hickory Shad-,{Pomolohus mediocris.)Several specimens taken in the seines at Great Egg Harbor, April^
1872, contained large quantities of fragmentary Crustacea; one con-tained recognizable fragments of shrimp, Crangon vulgaris.

Menhaden;[Brevoortia menhaden.)A large number of specimens freshly caught in seines at Great Egg
Harbor, April, 1871, were examined, and all were found to have theirstomachs filled with large quantities of darh mud. They undoubtedly
swallow this mud for the sake of the microscopic animal and vegetableorganisms that it contains. Their complicated and capacious digestive
apparatus seems well adapted for this crude and bulky food.
FiLE-Fisii; (Ceratacanthus aurantiacus.)

A specimen taken at Wood's Hole, in August, contained a quantity of
the finely-divided stems and branches of a Hydroid, Fcnnaria tiarella.

Dusky Shark; [Eulamia ohsciira.)
Several specimens caught at Wood's Hole, in July and August, contained lobsters, Ilomarus Americanus ; rock-crabs. Cancer irroratus.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

Blue Shark

521(Milamia Milberti.);

A large specimen caught at Wood's Hole, iu August, coutaiued aquantity of small bivalve-shells, Toldia sapotilla.

Tiger-Shark; {Galerocerdo tigrina.)
Specimens caught at Wood's Hole, in August, contained large univalve
shells, Buccinum undatum and Lunatia lieros.

DoG-FiSH;(Mustelus canis.)Several specimens caught at Wood's Hole, in August, contained lobsters, Homarus Americanus ; spider-crabs, Lihinia canaliculata ; rockcrabs, Cancer irroratus.

Sand-Shark;{EugompJiodus littoralis.)

Many specimens taken at Wood's Hole, in July and August, contained
lobsters,

Homarus Americanus, in abundance; Cancer irroratus ; andsquids, Loligo Pealii.

Co^EMON Skate; "Summer Skate;" {Raia diaphana.)
A specimen taken at Wood's Hole, May 14, contained rock-crabs,
Cancer irroratus; a young skate; a long slender fish, {Ammodytes f .)Another, caught in July, contained Cancer irroratus.

Peaked-nose Skate; {Baia Iwvisf.)
Specimens caught in Vineyard Sound, May 14, contained numerous
shrimps, Crangon vulgaris ; several Conileraconcliarum ; several Annelids?

among them Nejplithys ingens ; MecJcelia ingens; two specimens of PJiascolosoma Gouldii; razor-shells, Unsatella Americana^ (the "foot" only, ofmany specimens ;) a small fish, Ctenoladrus hurgall.

Specimens taken at

Menemsha, in July, contained large numbers of crabs, Cancer irroratus ;and of lobsters, Homarus Americanus.
Sting-Eay; {Trygon centroura.)Specimens caught at Wood's Hole, in July and August, containedlarge numbers of crabs. Cancer irroratus ; squids, Loligo Fealii ; clams,

Mya arenaria ; Lunatia lieros.
Long-tailed Sting-Eay; (Myliohatis Freminvillei.)
Specimens taken in Vineyard Sound, in July, contained an abundanceof lobsters, Homarus Americanus ; crabs, Cancer irroratus ; also clams,

Mya arenaria ; and Lunatia lieros.
" Rabbit-Fish."A specimen taken at Wood's Hole, in July, contained a lobster, Homarus Americanus.

" Fog-Fish."A specimen caught at Wood's Hole, July 1, contained hermit-crabs,
Eupagurus poUicaris.

522

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

C—THE METAMOEPHOSES OF THE LOBSTER, AND OTHER
CRUSTACEA.—BY S. I. SMITH.
Most of the larger crustaceans of our coast, whatever may be their
liabits when adult, are, in the early stages of their existence after hatch-

ing from the eggs, essentially free-swimming animals, living a large partof the time near the surface of the water.

In this stage they are con-stantly exposed to the attacks of other predaceous animals, and, as theyoccur in vast numbers, afford food for many valuable fishes.

They aremost abundant at the surface in calm, clear weather, and they especiallyresort, like the young of many other marine animals, to spots and streaksof smooth water where the tidal currents meet.
Very little has yet been written upon the forms or habits of the young
crustaceans of our own coast ; but, in connection with the investigations

Sound and Buzzard's Bay, a great amount ofwork was collected. This material has not yet
been fully studied, and only a sketch of some of the more important reDuring the few weeks in June andsults is presented in this report.
July, in which I was myself at Wood's Hole, the time was so fully occupied in collecting, that very little time was left for studying the animals
carried on in Vineyardmaterial for such

while alive; hence most of the observations which follow, except occasionally those on color, have been subsequently made from specimens
preserved in alcohol. While at Wood's Hole, I was much assisted in
obtaining these young animals by every one then associated there in thework of the commission; and I would especially acknowledge suchassistance from Dr. W. G. Farlow, Mr. V. N. Edwards, and Capt. John
B. Smith. After I left, the collectiug was kept up as before, and many
valuable notes were made by Professors Verrill and J. E. Todd.
Si^ecial attention was given to the early stages of the lobster, as perhaps the most important crustacean found on our coast, and I have gonemore fully into the account of its early history than that of any otherspecies.

As this will serve as an example to illustrate the developmentof most of the other Macrourans, it is presented first.

Numerous specimens of the free-swimming young of the lobster, inwere obtained in Vineyard Sound during
July, but it was too late for any observations upon the young within theegg. This deficiency was partially supplied by a few observations at
New Haven in 1872. Eggs taken May 2, from lobsters captured at New
London, Connecticut, had embryos well advanced, as represented in fig.

different stages of growth,

In this stage the eggs are slightly elongated spheroids, about 2.1"^'"in the longer diameter, and 1.9""" in the shorter.
One side is rendered4.

very opaque dark green by the unabsorbed yolk mass, while the othershows the eyes as two large black spots, and the red pigment spots on
the edge of the carapax, bases of the legs, &c., as irregular lines ofpink markings.
In a side view of the embryo, the lower edge of the carapax (6, figure)INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
is clearly523

and extends in a gentle curve from the middle of theThis margin of the cara-

definedeye to the posterior border of the embryo.

pax is marked Tvith dendritic spotsof red pigment. The whole dorsal

Fig. 4.*

portion, fully one-half the embryo,is still occupied by the unabsorbed

portion of the yolk, (a, a,) of which

the lower margin, represented in the
figure by a dotted line, extends fromclose above the eye in a curve nearly parallel with the lower

marginof thecarapax, but with a sharp in-dentation a

way behind thelittle

The eyes (c) are large, nearlyeye.

round, not entirely separated fromthe surrounding tissues, and with acentral portion of black pigment.

The antennulie {(1) are simple, sacklike appendages, arisingfrom just beneath the eyes, with the terminal

portion turned backward and marked with several large dendritic spots

The antennae {e) are but little larger than the autenand are sack-like and without articulations, but the scale andflagellum are separated and bent backward, the scale being represented
by the large and somewhat expanded lobe, and the flagellum by ashorter and slender lobe which arises from near the base of the scale.
The mandibles, both pairs of maxill?e, and the first and second pairs ofmaxillipeds are not sufficiently developed to be seen without removing theantennse and the edge of the carapax, and are only represented by several
small lobes, of which the anterior, apparently representing the mandiof red pigment.

nulsemuch smaller,bles, are distinctly defined, while those that follow are

The first and second maxillipeds are each represented by a small lobe divided at the extremity. The external maxillipeds (/) are well developed and almost exactly like the posterior
cephalothoracic legs. Both the branches are simple and sack-like, themain branch, or endognathus,t mnch larger and slightly longer than theouter branch, or exoguathus, which is quite slender. The five i^airs ofindistinct, and confused.

* Embryo, some time before liatchicg, removed from the external envelope andshown in a side view enlarged twenty diameters a, a, dark-green yolk mass still
nnabsorbed;
lateral margin of the carapax marked with many dendritic spots of red;

7),

pigment c, eye d, antennula e, antenna /, external maxilliped g, great chelipedwhich forms the big claw of the adult h, outer swimming branch or exopodus of thesame i, the four ambulatory legs with their exopodal branches k, intestine 1, heartm, bilobed tail seen edgewise. [Drawn by S. I. Smith.]t To prevent confusion, the terms here used are those proposed by Milne Edwards todesignate the different branches of the cei)halothoracic appendages: endopodus, for themain branch of a leg exopodus, for the accessory branch, (a in fig. D, Plate IX ;) epipodus, for the flabelliforra appendage, {h ;) and endognathus, exoguathus, and epignathus, for
;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

the corresponding branches of the mouth organs.

;

524

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ceplialothoracic legs (^, /t, i) are all similar and of aboat thesame size,

except the main branch of the first pair, ( <7,) which is much larger thanthat of the others, but is still sack lilie and entirely without articulaThe outer or exopodal branches of all the legs are slender, whollytions.
unarticulated, sack-like processes, while the inner or main (endopodal)

branches of the four posterior x)airs are similar, but much stouter andslightly longer i^rocesses arising from the same bases. The bases of all
the legs are marked with dendritic spots of red pigment like those uj)onthe lower margin of the carapax.
The abdomen (m) is curved round beneath the cephalothorax, theextremity extending between and considerably in front of the eyes.
The segments are scarcely distinguishable. The extremity, as seen frombeneath the embryo, is slightly expanded into a somewhat oval form,
and very deeply di voided by a narrow sinus, rounded at the extremity.
The lobes into which the tail is thus divided are narrow, and somewhat
approach each other toward the extremities, where they are each armed
along the inner edge with six small obtuse teeth.

The heart (l) is readily seen, while the embryo is alive, by its regularpulsations.

It appears asa slight enlargement in the dorsal vessel,

just under the posterior portion of the carapax.

The intestine (k) is

distinctly visible in the anterior portion of the abdomen as a well defined,

transj^arent tube, in which float little granular masses.

This material

within the intestine is constantly oscillating bacjk and forth as long as theembryo is alive.
The subsequent development of the embryo within the egg was notobserved. The following observations on the young larvae, after they
have left the eggs, have all been made upon specimens obtained in Vineyard Sound, or the adjacent waters, during July. These specimens were
mostly taken at the surface in the day-time, either with the towing or

hand net.

They represent three quite different stages in the true larvalThe
exact age of the larvse of the first stage was not ascertained, but wasprobably only a few days, and they had, most likely, molted not morethan once. Between the third stage, here described, and the last, there
condition, besides a later stage approaching closely the adult.

is probably an intermediate form wanting.

—First stage, In this stage, (Plate IX, Figs. A, B, 0, D,) the young arefree-swimming Schizopods about a third of an inch (7.8 to 8.0"'"^) inlength, without abdominal appendages, and with six pairs of pediforni
ceplialothoracic appendages, each with the exopodus developed intoa powerful swimming organ. The general appearance is represented

the anterior portion and thein the figures. The eyes are bright blue
lower margin of the carapax and the bases of the legs are speckled withorange the lower margin, the whole of the penultimate, and the basal
portion of the ultimate segment of the abdomen, are brilliant reddish;

5orange.

The antennuhe (Fig. (7.) are short and sack-like, with a single articii-

INVERTEBEATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
lation at the base, and three seta? at the tip.

525

The antennae have large

along the inner margin with longplumose hairs, but the ilagellum is shorter than the scale, not divided
into segments, and has three plumose setne at tip. The mandibles areunlike on the two sides; the inferior edges are armed with acute teeth,
except at the posterior angle, where there is a small molar area the palpi
are very small, with the three segments just indicated. The exognathus
in both i)airs of maxillie is composed of only one article, and is furnishedwith several set?e at tip. In the first maxillipeds the exognathus is anunarticulated process, furnished with short plumose hairs on the outer
The second maxillipeds have the principal branch cylindrical,
side.
not flattened and appressed to the inner mouth organs as in the adultthe exognathus is short, and as yet scarcely flabelliform and the epig.
nathus is a simple process, with not even the rudiment of a branchia.
The external maxillipeds are pediform, the endognathus as long as andmuch resembling the endopodi of the posterior legs, while the exognathus is like the exopodi of all the legs, being half as long as the endognathus, and the terminal portion furnished along the edges with longl^lumose hairs. The epignathus and the branchine are very rudimentary,
represented by minute sack-like processes. The anterior cephalothoracic
legs, (Fig. D,) which in the adult develop into the big claws, are exactly
alike, and no longer than the external maxiliii)eds. The pediform branchis, however, somewhat stouter than in the other legs, and subcheliform.
The legs of the second and third pairs are similar to the first, but not
as stout. The legs of the fourth and fifth pairs are still more slender,and styliform at the extremity, as in the adult.
The exopodal branches of all the legs and of the external maxillipeds
are quite similar, and differ very little in size. In life, while the animal ispoised at rest in the water, they are carried horizontally, as represented in
Figure B, or are curved up over the carapax, sometimes so as almost tocover it. The blood circulates rapidly in these appendages, and they
undoubtedly serve, to a certain extent, as respiratory organs, as well as
for locomotion.
By careful examination, small processes were foundrepresenting the normal number of branchiae to e^ch leg.* These rudimentary branchiae, however, differ somewhat in different specimens,
being very small, and scarcely distinguishable, in what appear to be
younger individuals, from the rudimentary epipodi, while in others, apparently older, they are further developed, being larger, more cellular in
structure than the epipodi, and even showing an approach to crenulationin the margins, as shown in Figure _D.
The abdomen is slender, the second to the fifth segments each armed
with a large dorsal spine, curved backward, and with the lateral angles
well developed scales, furnished

;

;

;

The number of branchiiB, or branchial pyramids, in the American lobster is twenty
a single small one upon the second maxilliped, three well developed ones
upon the external maxilliped, three upon the first cephalothoracic leg, four each upon
the second, third, and fourth, and one upon the fifth.
*

on each side

;

526

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

produced into long spines, and the sixth segment with two dorsal spines.
The proportional size and the outline of the last segment are shown in
Figure B ; its posterior margin is armed with a long and stout central
spine, and each side with fourteen or fifteen plumose spines or setae, which
are articulated to the margin.
In this stage the young were first taken July 1, when they were seen
swimming rapidly about at the surface of the water among great numbers of zoese, megalops, and copeopods. Their motions and habits recall at once the species of 3Iysis and Thysanopoda, but their motions
are not quite as rapid and are more irregular.

Their bright colors ren-der them conspicuous objects, and they must be readily seen and captured by fishes. They were frequently taken at the surface in different
parts of Vineyard Sound from July 1 to 7, and several were taken off
Kewport, Ehode Island, as late as July 15, and they would very likely
be found also in June, judging from the stage of development to which
the embryos had advanced early in May in Long Island Sound.

Besidesthe specimens taken in the open water of the Sound, a great number
were obtained July 6, from the well of a lobster-smack, where they were

swimming in great abundance near the surface of the water, having undoubtedly been recently hatched from the eggs carried by the female
lobsters confined in the well. Some of these specimens lived in vesselsof fresh sea-water for two days, but all efforts to keep them alive longenough to observe their molting failed. They appeared, while thus in
confinement, to feed principally upon very minute animals of different
kinds, but were several times seen to devour small zoe8e,and occasionallywhen much crowded, so that some of them became exhausted, they fed
upon each other, the stronger ones eating the weaker.
Second stage. In the next stage the young lobsters have increased
somewhat in size, and the abdominal legs of the second to the fifth segments have appeared. The rostrum is much broader, and there areseveral teeth along the edges. The basal segments of the antennuhie
have become defined, and the secondary flagellum has appeared, but is
not subdivided into segments. The antenuse and mouth organs haveundergone but slight (siianges. The first cephalothoracic legs are proportionally larger and stouter than in the first stage, and have become truly
cheliform. The succeeding legs have changed little. The epidodi of all
the legs and of the external maxillipeds have increased in size, and thebranchial processes are distinctly lobed along the edges, and have begun to assume the form of true branchiae. The segments of the abdomen
have the same number of spines, but they are relatively somewhat
smaller, and the last segment is relatively smaller and broader at base.
The appendages of the second to the fifth segments differ considerably—

but are nearly as long as the segments
themselves their terminal lamella3, however, are represented only bysimple sack-like appendages, without sign of segmentation, or clothingof hairs or setic. Tbe penultimate segment is still without appendages.
in size in difierent specimens,
;

.

ETC.

527

Specimens in this stage were taken only twice, July 1 and 15. They
have the same habits and general appearance as in the first stag^, but
are readily distinguished by the possession of rudimentary abdominallegs.

In color they are almost exactly the same, only the orange-coloredmarkings are perhaps a little less intense.
Third stage.

—In the third stage (Plate IX,

figs. U, F,(r,)

the larvue

are about half an inch (12 to 13"^'") in length, and the integument is of amuch firmer consistency than in the earlier stages.

The antennul?e are
and considerably shorter than the rostrum, although
the secondary flagellum has increased in length, and begins to show
division into numerous segments. The antennse retain the most marked
still rudimentary,feature of the early stagesis—the large size of the scale—but the flagellum

much longer than the scale, and begins to show division into segments.

The mandibles, maxilloe, and first and second maxillipeds have changed
very little, although in the second maxillipeds the extremit}^ of the exognathus begins to assume a flagelliform character, and the branchia isrepresented by a small process upon the side of the epignathus. The
external maxillipeds have begun to lose their pediform character. The
anterior legs have increased enormously in size, and those of the second
and third pairs have become truly chelate, while the swimming exopodal branches of all the legs, as well as of the external maxillipeds, arerelatively much smaller and more unimportant. The epipodi (fig. G)
are furnished with hairs along the edges, and begin to assume the characters of these appendages in the adult. The branchiae (fig. G) havedeveloped rapidly, and have a single series of well-marked lobes alongeach side. The abdomen still has the spines characteristic of the earlier stages, though, all of them are much reduced in size.
The appendages of the second to the fifth segments have become conspicuous, theirlamellae have more than doubled in length, and the margins of the terminal half are furnished with very short ciliated setae. The appendagesof the penultimate segment (fig. F) are well developed, although quite
The outer lamella w^ants wholly thedifferent from those in the adult.
transverse articulation near its extremity, and both are margined, except the outer edge of the outer lamella, with long plumose hairs. The
last segment is relatively smaller and more quadrangular in outline,
and the spines of the i)osterior margin are much smaller.
The only specimens procured in this stage were taken July 8 and 15.
In color they were less brilliant than in the earlier stages, the orange
markings being duller and whole animal slightly tinged wdth greenish
brown.
In the next stage observed, the animal, about three-fifths of an inch
(14 to 17'"™) long, has lost all its schizopodal characters, and has assumed
the more important features of the adult lobster. It still retains, however, the free-swimming habit of the true larval forms, and w^as frequently taken at the surface, both in the towing and hand net. Although
resembling the adult in many features, it differs so much that, were it

528

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

an adult form, it would uudoubtedly be regarded as a distinct genus.
The rostrum is bifid at tip, and armed with three or four teeth on each side
toward the base, and in some specimens with a minute additional spine,on one or both sides, close to the tip. The flagella of the antennulse extend scarcely beyond the tip of the rostrum. The antennal scale is verymuch reduced in size, but is still conspicuous and furnished with longplumose hairs along the inner margin, while the flagellum is as long as
The palpi of the mandibles have assumed the adultthe carapax.
character, but the mandibles themselves have not acquired the massive
molar character which they have in the older animal. The other monthorgans have nearly the adult form. The anterior legs, although quite
large, are still slender and just alike on the two sides, while all the
cephalothoracic legs retain a distinct process in place of the swimming•exopodi of the larva.

The lateral angles of the second to the fifth abdomi-

nal segments are prolonged downward into long spiniform teeth, the ap-

pendages of these segments are proportionately much longer than in theadult, and the margins of their terminal lamellae are furnished with very
long plumose hairs. The lamellae of the appendages of the penultimate
segment are oval, and margined with long plumose hairs. The terminal
segment is nearly quadrangular, as wide at the extremity as at thebase, the posterior margin arcuate, but not extending beyond the prominent lateral angles, and furnished with hairs like those on the marginsof the lamellae of the appendages of the penultimate segment.
In color they resemble closely the adult, but the green color of theback is lighter, and the yellowish markings upon the claws and bodyare proi^ortionately larger.

In this stage, the young lobsters swim very rapidly by means of theabdominal legs, and dart backward, when disturbed, with the caudal
appendages, frequently jumping out of the water in this way like shrimp,
which their movements in the water much resemble. They appear
to be truly surface animals, as in the earlier stages, and were often seen
swimming about among other surface animals. They were frequently
taken from the 8th to the 28th of July, and very likely occur muchlater.

From the dates at which the diifereut forms were taken, it is probablethat they pass through all the stages here described in the course of asingle season. How late the young, after reaching the lobster-like
form, retain their free-swimming habit was not ascertained.
The young of the different kinds of shrimp, Crangon vulgaris, Falccmonetes vulgaris, and Virhius zoster icola, when hatched from the egg, are free-SNvimming animals, similar in their habits to the young of the lobster.
In structure, however, they are quite unlike the larva^ of the lobster, andapproach more the zoea stages of the crabs, which are described farther
on. When they first leave the egg, they are without the five pairs of
cephalothoracic legs, the abdomen is without appendages, and muc^h as
it is in

the

first

stage of the young lobster, wliile tbe maxillipeds are

ETC.

529

developed iuto iong locomotive appendages, somewhat like the external
maxillipeds of the first stage of the yonng lobster. While yet in the free-swimming condition the cephalothoracic legs are developed, the maxillipeds assume the adnlt form, and the abdominal limbs appear. The
young of these shrimp are very much smaller than the young of thelobster, but they remain for a considerable time in this immature state,
and were very frequently taken at the surface in the towing-net.
The young of Crangon vulgaris are hatched in the neighborhood ofVineyard Sound, in May and June, and arrive at the adult form before
they are more than 4 or 5"'"^ long. Specimens of this size were taken at
Wood's Hole, at the surface, on the evening of July 3. Later in theseason much larger specimens were frequently taken at the surface
both in the evening and day-time.
The young of FaUemonetes vulgaris did not appear till near the middle

Soon after hatching, the young are 3™^ long. The cephalothorax is short and broad with a slender spiniform rostrum in front, an
enormous compound eye each side at the anterior margin, and a small
simple eye in the middle of the carapax. The antenuulse are quite rudimentary, being short and thick appendages projecting a little way infront of the head the peduncle bears at its extremity a very short obtuse segment representing thei3rimary flagellum, and inside, at the base of
The antennae are slightly longer,
this, a much longer plumose seta.
than the antennulse the short peduncle bears a stout appendage^ corresponding to the antennal scale, the terminal portion of which is articulated and furnished with long plumose setse, and on the inside at the baseof the scale, a slender process corresponding to the flagellum, and terminated by a long plumose seta. The first and second pairs of maxillae
are well formed and approach those of the adult. The three pairs ofmaxillipeds are all developed into powerful locomotive appendages theinner branches, or endognathi, being slender pediform appendages terminated by long spines, while the outer branches, or epignathi, are longswimming appendages like the swimming branches of the legs of theyoung lobsters in the first stage. Both branches of the first maxillipeds
are considerably shorter than those of the following pairs, but otherwise
like them, and the inner branch of the second pair is somewhat shorter
than that of the third, but its outer branch is about as long as thatof the third i3air.
The five pairs of cephalothoracic legs are wanting
or only represented by a cluster of minute sack-like processes just behindthe outer maxillipeds. The abdomen is long and slender, wholly without appendages beneath, and the last segment is expanded into a shortand very broad caudal lamina, the posterior margin of which is truncate
with the lateral angles rounded these angles each bear three, and theof July.

j

;

)

;

posterior margin itself eight

more stout plumose seta3, the setse of theposterior margin being longer than those upon the angles, and separated
by broader spaces in which the margin is armed with numerous verysmall seta^. They arrive at the adult form before they are more than 5™°^
S. Mis. 61

34

530

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

long, and they were often taken at the surface until 8 to 12"^ in length,

the larger ones being taken in the first part of September.

The young of VirUiis zostericola appear at about the same time as
those of Fahemonetes, or a very little later, and pass through quite similar changes.

The young attain the adult form when not more than 3"^°^in length, andwere frequently taken at the surface, both in the daytime and the evening, until they were 10°^"^ long, those 8 to 10™"^ long
being common in late August and early September.

The larval forms of several other Macrourans were taken at diiferent
times, but none of these were abundant, and I have not been able toconnect them with the adult forms of any of the common species of the
ISTew England coast.

The young of Gehia affinis, only 4^^^™ long, but with nearly the form of
the adult, was taken at the surface on the evening of September 3.
The young of CalUanassa Stimjysoni, about 4""^ long and with nearly all
the adult characters, was also taken at the surface early in September.
The hermit-crabs (species of Eu;pagurns) when first hatched have muchresemblance to the young of shrimp at the same period, and have similar habits.
The young of one of the species, after it has passed throughthe earlier stages, and when it is about 3*"^ long, and has all the
cephalothoracic appendages similar to those of the adult, has

still asymmetrical abdomen, like that of a shrimx>, with long swimming-legs
upon the second, third, fourth, and fifth segments, and broad laminatedappendages upon the penultimate segment.
earlier stages, were

Young, in this and thecommon at the surface in Yiueyard Sound during

the last of August and the first of September.
Sip2^a talpoida probably passes through a metamorphosis similar to

The young attain nearly the adult form before
they are more than 5 or 6'^"^ long, and specimens of this size weretaken at the surface in Yineyard Sound on the evening of September 3.
I have also found, early in September, the young a little larger
upon the outer shores of Fire Island Beach, where they were leftin large numbers by a high tide, and soon buried themselves in thethat of the hermit-crabs.

sand.
All, or at least nearly all, the species of Brachyura living on the coast

New England pass through very complete and remarkable metamorphoses. The most distinct stages through which they pass werelong ago described as two groups of crustaceans, far removed from theadult forms of which they were the young. The names zoea and meg.
ofalops, originally applied to these groups, are conveniently retained forthe two best marked stages in the development of the crabs.
The young of the common crab, {Cancer irroratus,) in the earlier orzoea stage, when first hatched from the egg, are somewhat like the form
figured on Thite YIII, (lig. 37, the latest stage of the zoea of Cancer
irr or atus, ^]uiit before it changes to the megalops,) but the spines upon

the carapax are all much longer in proportion, and there are no signs of

ETC.

5dl

the abdominal legs or of any of the future legs of the megalops andIn this stage they are very small, much smaller than in the stage

crab.

After they have increased very much in size, and have molted
probably several times, they appear as in the figure just referred to.
The terminal segment of the abdomen, seen only in a side-view in the
figure, is very broad and divided nearly to the base by a broad sinus,
each side the margins project in long, spiniform, diverging processes, atthe base of which the margin of tlie sinus is armed with six to eightspines on each side. When alive they are translucent, with deposits
of dark pigment forming spots at the articulations of the abdomen anda few upon the cephalothorax and its appendages. In this stage they
were taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound, in immense numbers, from
June 23 to late in August. They were most abundant in the early partof July, and appeared in the greatest numbers on calm, sunny days.
Several zoe^e of this stage were observed to change directly to themegalops form, (Plate YIII, fig. 38.) Shortly before the change took
place they were not quite as active as previously, but still continued toswim about until they appeared to be seized by violent convulsions, andafter a moment began to wriggle rapidly out of the old zoea skin, andThe new integument seems
at once appeared in the full megalops form.
to stiffen at once, for in a very few moments after freeing itself from theold skin the new megalops was swimming about as actively as the oldest
figured.

individuals.

In this megalops stage the animal begins to resemble the adult.

The five pairs of cephalothoracic legs are much like those of the adult^
and the mouth-organs Jiave assumed nearly their final form. The eyes,
however, are still enormous in size, the carapax is elongated and has aslender rostrum and a long spine projecting from the cardiac region far
over the posterior border, and the abdomen is carried extended, and isfurnished with powerful swimming-legs as in the Macroura.

In colorand habits they are quite similar to the later stage of the zoete fromwhich they came their motions appear, however, to be more regularand not so rapid, although they swim with great facility. In this megalops the dactyli of the posterior cephalothoracic legs are styliform, and5

are each furnished at the tip with three peculiar setiie of different lengths

and with strongly curved extremities, the longest one simple and about aslong as the dactylus itself, while the one next in length is armed along
the inner side of the curved extremity with what appear to be minuteteeth, and the shortest one is again simple.
According to the observations made at Wood's Hole, the young ofCancer Irroratus remain in the megalops stage only a very short time,and at the first molt change to a form very near that of the adult.
Notwithstanding this, they occurred in vast numbers, and were taken in
the towing-nets in greater quantities even than in the zoea stage. Theirtime of occurrence seemed nearly simultaneous with that of the zoeje,

and the two forms were almost always associated.

The exact time any

532

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

particular individual remained in this stage was observed onl^^ a few
times.

One full-grown zoea (like tLe specimen figured) obtained June

23, and placed in a vessel by itself, changed to amegalops between 9
and 11 J a. m. of June 24, and did not molt again till the forenoon ofJune 27, when it became a young crab of the form described farther on.
Of two other zoe?e obtained at the same time, and placed together in adish, one changed to a megalops between 9 and 11^ a. m. of June 24,
the other during the following night; these both changed to crabs dur
ing the night of June 26 and 27.
The following memorandum on a large number of the same lot of bothstages of the young, kept together in a vessel of fresh sea-water, also

In the columns "'zoea^' andmegalops " the total number of individuals in each of these stages isgiven; under ''crabs" the number which had appeared since the last
observation, and under "dead" the number which, had died since theindicates the rapidity of these changes.
^'

last observation:

Time of observation.
June 23, 7p.m...
June 24, 5 a. m...
June 24, 9 a. m...
June 24, 11^ a. m.
June 24, 7 p. m...

Zoea.

Megalops.

Crabs.

Dead.

22
23

22
22
22

20

June 25, 2 p. m..
June 26, 6 a. m.
June 27, 6 a. m..
June 27, 2| p. m.
June 27, 7 p. m.
June 28, 7 a. m.
June 28, 4 p. m.
June 29, 7 a. m.

19

16
14
12
11

9
4

2

In the two or three instances in which the change from the megalops
to the young crab was actually observed, the megalops sank to the bot-

tom of the dish and remained quiet for some time before the molting
took place. The muscular movements seemed to be much less violent
than in the molting at the close of the zoea stage, and the little crab
worked himself out of the megalops skin quite slowly. For a short timeafter their appearance the young crabs were soft and inactive, but the
integument very soon stiffened, and in the course of two or three hours
they acquired all the pugnacity of the adult. They swam about withease and were constantly attacking each other and their companions in

Many of the deaths recorded in the above memorandum were due to them, and on this account they were removed fromthe vessel at each observation. In this early stage the young crabs are
the earlier stages.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOU^
The carapax is about 3"'"^ loug and
The front is much more prominent than in
the adult, but still has the same number of lobes and the same generalform. The anterolateral margin is much more longitudinal than in theadult, and is armed with the five normal teeth, which are long andquite different from the adult.
slightly less in breadth.

acute, andfour verymuch smaller secondary teeth alternating with

The antenD?e and ambulatory legs are proportionallylonger than in the adult. The young crabs in this stage were once or
the normal ones.

twice taken in the towing-net, but they were not common at the surface,although a large number were found, with a few in the megalops stage,

among hydroids upon a floating barrel in Vineyard Sound, July 7.
The young of PlatyonicJius ocellatus in the zoea and megalops stages
were frequently taken in the towing-net from the last of June till August,
but they were much less abundant than the young of Cancer irroratus.
On June 29, however, they occurred in great numbers. Twenty-two
out of forty of those in the zoea state changed to the megalops during
the first twenty-four hours, and in the same time ten out of fifty in themegalops stage changed to the adult form, so that they probably do not
remain in the megalops state longer than the young of Cancer irroratus.
They apparently do not molt during the megalops stage.
The megalops of the Flatyonklius is about the size of that of Cancer
irroratus, and resembles it much in general appearance, but the carapax
is much broader in proportion, the rostrum is a little longer, and there
is a marked jDrominence at the anterior margin of the orbit, representing
the lateral tooth of the front of the adult, and a similar prominence, representing the stout postorbital tooth, at the iDosterior angle of the orbit.

The spine upon the cardiac region is rather more slender than in themegalops of the Cancer. The chelipeds are more elongated, and much
like those of the adult Plafi/oniclius, except that they want the stout
spines of the latter. The dactyli of the posterior legs already approachin form those of the adult, being expanded into narrow oval plates afourth as broad as long. The tips of each of these dactyli are furnishedwith four peculiar setse of different lengths and with strongly curved extremities, the longest and two shortest of which are simi:)le, while next
to the longest one is furnished along the inner side of the curved extremity with little, closely set, sack-like appendages.

Another megalops, belonging apparently to some swimming-crab, wasseveral times taken in the towing-net, in Vineyard Sound, from August

11 to September 3, and was also taken by Mr. Harger and myself, eastof George's Bank, latitude 41^ 25' north, longitude 03° 55^ east, September 14. It would fall in the genus Cyllene of Dana, and is closely allied
to his Cyllene furciger (Crust. U. S. Expl. Expd., p. 494, Platefrom the Sooloo Sea.

XXXI,

In one specimen the carapax, including
the rostrum, is 2.0"^°^ long, excluding rostrum, 1.6'-""^, breadth, l.l"^'". The
front is quite narrow between the bases of the ocular peduncles, andhas a long and slender rostrum. There are no prominences either side

fig. 8)534

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

of tiie orbit and no dorsal spine upon tlie carapax.

The fourth segmentof the sternum is armed each side^ just within the bases of the legs, witha long and broad spine projecting backward and slightly outward, as in
Oyllenefurciger. The chelipeds and ambulatory legs are Ion g and slender,
and the dactyli of the posterior pair of legs are expanded and lamellar,
as in the megalops of PlafyonicJius. The abdomen is about as long as
the carapax excluding the rostrum, and the fifth segment is armed witha stout spine each side of the x)ostero-lateral angles.
very large megalops, quite different in structure from those alreadyA

mentioned, is occasionally found thrown upon outer beaches on thesouthern coast of Kew England and Long Island, but is apparently much
more common upon the coast of the Southern States. This is undoubtedly the young of Ocypoda arenaria, and was long ago described by Say(Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. i, ]). 157, 1817) as Monolepis
inennis, and it is partially figured by Dana, (Crust. U. S. Expl. Exp.,
Plate XXXI, fig. 0.) The carapax is very convex above, broader behind,and has no dorsal spine. The front is deflexed sharply downward anda little backward, and the extremity is tricuspidate, the median tooth
being long and narrowly triangular, while the lateral teeth are small
and obtuse. The sides are high and imi^ressed so as to receive the three
anterior pairs of ambulatory legs. The third pair of ambulatory legs
are closely appressed along the upper edge of the carapax and extend
forward over the eyes, their dactyli being curved down over the eyes
and along each side of the front. The posterior legs are small andweak, and each is folded up and lies in a groove on the latero-posterior
surface of the carapax. The external maxillipeds have almost exactly
the same structure as in the adult Ocypodct, and, as in the adult Ocypoda,
there is a tuft of peculiar hairs between the bases of the second andthird ambulatory legs. I have specimens of this megalops from Block
Island, and have myself collected it, late in August, at Fire Island
Beach, Jiong Island. In the largest specimen from the last locality thecarapax is 6.4"™^ long and 5.6""" broad.
large number of young specimens of the Ocypoda. collected at Fire
Island Beach, indicate plainly' that they had only recently changed fromthis megalops.
The smallest of these specimens, in which the carapax
is 5.6 to 6.0'"'" long and 6.1 to 6.5™"^ broad, differ from the adult somuch that they might very easily be mistaken for a different species.
The carapax is very slightly broader than long, and very convex above.
The front is broad, not narrowed between the bases of the ocular
The margin of the orbit isl)eduncles, and triangular at the extremity.
not transverse but inclines obliquely backward. Tiie ambulatory legs
are nearly naked, and those of the posterior pair are proportionately
much smaller than in the adult.
The adult Ocypoda is terrestrial in its habits, living in deep holes
above high-water mark on sandy beaches, but the young in the zoea
state are undoubtedly deposited in the water, where they lead a free-

A

535

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

swimming existence like true pelagic animals, until they become fullgrown in the megalops state. Say mentions that his specimens were
found cast upon the beach by the reliuent tide and " appeared desirous
to protect themselves

by burrowing in the sand, in order to wait thereturn of the tide," but they were more likely awaiting the final change
The tufts of peculiar hairs between the bases
to the terrestrial state.

and third ambulatory legs, and, in the adult, connectedwith the respiration, are present in the full-grown megalops, and are
undoubtedly provided to fit the animal for its terrestrial existence assoon as it is thrown upon the shore. The young in the magalops stage
occur on the shore of Long Island, in August, and perhaps earlier. At
Fire Island Beach in 1870 no specimens of Oci/poda were discovered till
the last of August, and those first found were the smallest ones obtainedby the middle of September, however, they vrere common on the outerbeach, and many of them were twice as large as those first obtained.
Although careful search was made along the beach for several miles,
not a specimen of the adult or half-grown crab could be found every
individual there had evidently landed and developed during the season.
Probably all those living the year before had perished during the winter, and it is possible that this species never survives long enough toattain its full growth, so far north.
small megalops, taken in the towing-nets in considerable numbers
at Wood's Hole on the evening of September 3, resembles in several
characters the megalops of Ocypoda. and is probably the young of oneof the species of Gelasimiis. The carapax is 1.0™™ long and 0.7
broad. The front is narrowly triangular, deflexed perpendicularly,
somewhat excavated between the eyes, and terminates in a long, slender, and acute tip. The sides are high and impressed for the receptionof the three anterior ambulatory legs as in the megalops of Ocypoda^
although in the alcoholic specimens examined the legs are not closed
against the sides. The posterior ambulatory legs are small, and lodged
in grooves on the surface of the carapax, much as in the megalops ofOcypoda. The external maxillipeds are very much like those of themegalops of Ocypoda.
peculiar megalops, belonging apparently to some Grapsoid groupof crabs, was several times taken in the to wing-net in Vineyard Sound
from August 5 to September 3, on the latter date in the evening.
Inthese the carapax is 1.2 to 1.3™™ in length and 0.9 to 1.0™™ in
breadth. The front is broad, concave above between the eyesthemiddle portion projects obliquely downward and terminates in a short,obtuse rostrum while the lateral angles project forward into a prominent tooth above each eye, so that, when seen from above, the frontal
margin appears transverse and tridentate, the teeth being separated byconsiderable spaces. There are no dorsal spines or tubercles upon the
carapax. The sides are high, and are apparently impressed for the
reception of the anterior ambulatory legs. The posterior ambulatoryof the second

;

5

A

A

;

;

536

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONEE OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

legs are subequal with the others

and have styliform

ischial and meral segments of the external maxillipeds

dactyli.

The

are shortandbroad.

Another megalops^ of which several specimens were takenin thetowing-net, in Yinej-ard Sound, August 5, has a remarkable, elongated

and tuberculated carapax. The carapax, including the rostrum, is
1.3^'™ long and 0.84™™ broad, is armed above with several large
tubercles, and the posterior margin is arcuate and armed with a mediantubercular prominence. The front is somewhat excavated above andexpanded each side in front of the eyes, the anterior margin being transverse, as seen from above, with a short and spiniform rostrum curved
obliquely downward. The chelipeds have slender hands and the ambulatory legs are long and slender, the posterior i)air being subequalwith the others, and all having the dactyli styliform. The abdominal
legs are very long.

Several other forms of zoea and megalops were taken in YineyardSound and vicinity, but, as they were not traced to the adult forms andwere none of them very abundant, they are not here described.
Sqiiilla empusa passes through a remarkable metamorphosis, but noneof the earliest stages were observed.

Specimens in one of the later

larval stages (Plate YIII, hg. 36) were taken at the surface in Yine-

yard Sound, August 11.

These are nearly 6™™ long.

The carapax is

proportionally much larger than in the adult, covering completely thewhole cephalothorax, has a long slender rostrum projecting far in frontof the eyes, and the lateral angles projecting backward in two slender
processes as long as the rostrum. There is also on each side, just behindthe eye, a small tooth on the margin of the carapax, and another similar
one on the posterior margin just beneath each of the posterior processes.
The eyes are very large and almost spherical. The antennuhie are short,projecting scarcely beyond the eyes, and biramous, one of the flagellabeing short and unsegmented, the other longer and composed of threesegments. The antenuie are still without flagella, and the scale isquite small. The first pair of legs (the appendages corresponding to
the first pair of maxillipeds in the Macroura, &c.) are well developed,
long, and slender, like those of the adult.

The great claws are propor-

tionally largerthan in the adult, and have very much the same structure.

Of the six succeeding pairs of cephalothoracic legs, only the three antesubcheliform ones are as yet developed, and these are quite small,those of the third pair being smaller than the others, and projecting but

rior,

slightly beyond the carapax ; the three posterior, styliform legs are entirely wanting, or represented only by slight sack-like protuberances.

The abdomen is not quite as long as the cephalothorax, including the rostrum and posterior processes, and tbe five anterior segments are subequalin length, smoothly rounded above, and furnished with well developed
swimming-legs, much like those of many macrouranas. The sixth segment is much shorter than the others, and has rudimentary appendages

INl^ERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

537

scarcely loDger tlian the segment itself. In these appendages the spiniform process from the base is long and simple, not biramous, as in theadult, and the lamelLne are small, much shorter than this process, andthe outer one has no articulated terminal portion. The terminal segment is as long as the four preceding segments, about as broad as long,
the lateral margins slightly convex in outline, and each armed with two
sharp teeth, while the posterior margin is concave in outline, with thelateral angles projecting into sharp teeth, between which the edge isarmed with about twenty small and equal slender spines.

D.— CATALOGUE OF THE MAKmE IXVETEBEATE ANIMALSOF THE SOUTHER:^^ COAST OF NEW ENGLAND, AND AD-

JACENT WATERS.— BY A. E. YERRILL, S. I. SMITH, AND•
OSCAR HARGER.
In the following catalogue nearly all the marine invertebrates which
are known to inhabit the coast between Cape Cod and New York are included, except those belonging to certain groups which have not yet
been studied by any one, sufficiently for their identification. Such arechiefly minute or microscopic species, belonging to the Entomostraca,
Foraminifera, Ciliated Infusoria, &c., together with the intestinal worms
of fishes and other animals.

Our sponges, also, have hitherto received

very little attention, and it has not yet been possible to identify but asmall number of the species. It is not to be supposed, however, thatthe list is comi)lete in any group, for every season in the past has served
to greatly increase the number of species in almost every class andorder, and this will doubtless be the case for many years to come. But
as no attempt has hitherto been made to enumerate the marine animals of this region, excepting the shells and radiates, it is hoped that
this catalogue will prove useful, both to show what is already known
concerning this fauna, and to serve as a basis for future work in thesame direction.
In some instances species that have not actually been found on thepart of the coast mentioned, but which occur on the shores of Long
Island and New Jersey, under such circumstances as to render it pretty
certain that they will also be found farther north, have been included in
the catalogue, but the special localities have always been given in suchcases.

In order not to make the list too long, only those synonyms are given
which are really necessary to make apparent the origin of the names,
and to refer the student to some of the best descriptions and figures in
the works that are generallj'^ most accessible, and in which more complete synonymy may be found.
For the same reason, in describing the new species, the descriptions
have been made as brief as seemed consistent with the purpose in view,
viz: to enable students and others who may not be experienced natu-

538

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ralists to identify the species thatthey may meet with.

To this eud,the portions of the descriptions relating to strictly microscopic parts
have frequently been omitted, when more obvious characters, sufficient
to distinguish the species, could be found.

Eeferences to the plates at the end of this volume have been inserted,and also to the pages in the first part of the report where brief descriptions, remarks on the habits, or other information may be found.
The catalogue of the Crustacea was prepared by Mr. S. I. Smith and
Mr. Oscar Harger. The rest of the catalogue is by Professor A. E. Yerrill, with the exception of the descriptions of the insects, which havebeen furnished by Dr. A. S. Packard and Dr. G. H. Horn; the Pycnogonids, which have been determined by Mr. S. I. Smith; and a few
of the Bryozoa, which were identified by Professor A. Hyatt, who also
furnished most of the figures of the species belonging to that class.
Hitherto there has been no attempt to enumerate the marine invertebrates of the entire southern coast of ]N"ew England.
lists have been published, however,

Several partial

and these have been of considera-

ble use in the i^reparation of the following catalogue.

In the Eeport on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, by Dr. A. A.
Gould, 1841, numerous localities for shells on the southern coast of
Massachusetts are mentioned.
A catalogue of the shells of Connecticut, by James H. Linsley, waspublished in the American Journal of Science, vol. 18, 1815. In '^ Shellsof l^ew England," 1851, Dr. William Stimpson gave much accurate information concerning the distribution of our MoUusca. In 18(39 Dr.
G. H. Perkins published a very useful catalogue, in the Proceedings ofthe Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xiii, j). 109, entitled " Molluscan Fauna of New Haven."
The ^' Report on the Mollusca of Long Island, New York, and of its
Dependencies,*' by Sanderson Smith and Temple Prime, in the Annalsof the Lyceum of Natural History, vol. ix, p. 377, 1870, also contains

much useful information.

A paper by Dr. Joseph Leidy, entitled " Contributions toward a
Knowledge ef the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of the Coasts of Ehode
Island and New Jersey," in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy,
vol.

iii,

1855, although very incomplete, contains the only publishedlists of the Annelids and Crustacea of this region.

In his "Catalogue

of North American Acaleph?e," 18C5, Mr. A. Agassiz has enumerated
all the species discovered on this coast up to that time.
Other papers
will also be referred to in the synonymy.

INVERTEBRATE AISHMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

539

AMTICtlJLATA.
INSEOTA.
The insects included in tlie following catalogue have mostly been determined by A. S. Packard, jr., M. D., and by George H. Horn, M. D.,
TTho have also kindly- furnished descriptions of the new species. Our
thanks are also due to Dr. H. A. Hagen, who has identified some of the
Tlie Pycnogonids have been determined by Mr. S. I. Smith.
species.
DIPTERA.

Chironomus halophilus Packard, sp. nov.

(p 415.)Full-grown larvae were dredged in 10 fathoms in Vineyard Sound,several miles from land, among compound Ascidians, (A. E. Y. ;) andseveral young larvie were dredged in 8 to 10 fathoms in Wood's
Hole Passage, September 10, (A. S. P.)^'This is a true CJilro)iomiis, the body being long and slender, withthe usual respiratory filaments at the end of the body. Head red as
usual, chitinous antennae slender, ending in two unequal spines; eyes
black, forming conspicuous dots mandibles acute, three-toothed.
From lower side of antepenultimate segment arise two pairs of longfleshy filaments, twice^as long as the diameter of body, not containing
tracheae, so far as I can see; and from the end of penultimate segment a
dorsal minute tubercle, forming >a cylindrical papilla, giving rise to eight
respiratory hairs about as long as the segment is thick; anal legs longand slender, with a crown of about twelve spines. Two prothoracic
feet, as usual.
In one larva the semi-pupa was forming length, 11™^^
j;;(.45 inch.)This species belongs in the same section of the genus with Chironoonus 2)hnnosus, figured

by Reaumer, (vol. iv, PL 14, figs. 11 and 12; andvol. V.)"— A. S. P.

CHIR0N03IUS ocEANicus Packard,(p. 331.)

Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. vi, p. 42, figs. 1-4, 1869.

Specimens apparently belonging to this species have been obtainednear IS'ew Haven, atlow-w^atermark, among confervse. It occurs at Salem, Massachusetts; Casco Bay; and the Bay of Fundy, from low-watermark to 20 fathoms.

CuLEX, species undetermined,(p. 466.)*

A species of mosquito is excessively abundant on the salt-marshes inautumn, and the larviie inhabit the brackish waters of the ditches andpools.

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

540

MUSOIDJE.

—Larvae of an uudetermiuedfly.

(p. 415.)This larva was found living beneath the surface of the sand, at lowwater mark, on the shore of Great Egg Harbor, at Beesley's Point, ^ew
Jersey, April 28, 1871. (A. E. V.) The same larva, or an allied species, was found May 5, under stones below high- water mark. " Specimens
were brought to me from New Jersey, and kept living in sea-water forsome time. The following description is from the living specimens
Body white, long, slender, cylindrical, tapering gradually from the peuulpenultimate segment toward the head thirteen segments, counting thehead as one. Segments smooth, thickened at the hinder edge, the sutures being distinct; tegument verj' thin and transparent, allowing theviscera to be easily distinguished. The terminal segment of the body isconical; seen from beneath it is nearly a fourth longer than broad, theend subacute and deex)ly cleft by a furrow which diminishes in size anddepth to beyond the middle of the segment, where it fades out. This
conical extension is flattened vertically above from the middle of thesame ring project the supra-anal, conical, fleshy tubercles, one-fourth thelength of the entire ring, which give rise to two main trachene runningto the head, and which separate and close together at the will of theanimal. When extended the prothoracic ring is considerably longer
than the others. Head one- third as large as pro thorax, and a little
more than half as wide. Length, 9™"\
I cannot detect any spiracles on either of the thoracic rings. The
tracheae are not nearly so regular as in the larvae of the Antliomyia ce2Mrum, with living specimens of which I placed it side by side headmuch the same, showing it may be of this family. Minute antennae
present no traces of them in Anthomyia^ and their presence throws
a doubt whether it be a muscid.'" A. S. P.
;

;

;

;

—

Eristalis, species undetermined.
One large-sized larva was found in Vineyard Sound among algae in
April, by Mr. Yinal N. Edwards.

Ephydra, species undetermined,(p. 466.)
Packard, ProceediDgs Essex Institute, vol. vi, p, 50.

Shores of Narragansett Bay, puparium found under sea-weeds by
Dr. T. d'Orexmieul. According to Dr. Packard, " scarcely distinguishable from E. MlopMla Packard, which lives in salt brine at the salt-

works

in

GaUatin County, Illinois."

coleoptera.*

A number of species of tiger-beetles (Cicindela) are common on the
sandy shores and beaches just above high-water mark, and some ofthem are seldom found away.from the sea-shore, while others are also
found far inland. The larvie of some of these, and i)erhaps of all, live
below high water, but this has not yet been observed in the case of several*

The Coleoptcia were mostly determined by Dr. George J I. Horn.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

541

in the following list, which includes those most characteristic of the seashores.

CiciNDELA GENEROSA Dejean.

(p. 336.)

Species General des Coleopteres, vol. x, p. 231, (teste Lee.;) Gould.

BostouPL 3, fig. 2.
Adult common on sandy beaches at high- water mark larvse burrowing in sand below high- water mark, in company with the species of
Journal Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 42.

;

Talorchestia.

OlCINDELA DORSALIS Say.

(p.

364)

Journal Academy Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 20;

Gould, op. cit., p. 47.

Martha's Vineyard, on the sandy beaches.

OiCiNDELA MARGIN ATA Fabricius.

(p. 470.)

Systema Eleutheratorum, vol. i, p. 241;

Gould, op.

cit.,

p. 48.

Barren spots in salt marshes that are occasionally covered by thetides.

CiciNDELA REPANDA Dejean.

(p, 364.)

Species Gen. des Coleopteres, vol. i, p. 74.

With the last, and on sandy beaches at Martha's Vineyard, &c.
CiciNDELA HiRTicoLLis Say.

(p. 364.)

Trans. Amer. Phil. Society, new series, vol. i, p. 411, PL 13, fig. 2.

With last, also at a distance from the coast.
CiciNDELA DUODECIMGUTTATA Dejean.
Spec. Gen. des Coleop., vol. i, p. 73;

Gould, op. cit., p. 51.

Sandy beaches near the salt water; appears both in spriug and autumn.

Geopinus incrassatus (Dej.)(p. 364.)

Species Gen. des Coleoperes, vol. iv, p. 21.

Several specimens were found on the outer beach of Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, burrowing in sand between tides.

This species is notconfined to the coast, but occurs even west of the Mississippi in sandy
places, (Horn.)

BE3IBIDIU3I C0NSTRICTU3I LeCOUtC.

(p. 464.)

Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., N. Y., vol. iv, p. 36?.

Between tides at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
B. CONTR ACTUM Say.

(p. 464.)

Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, vol. ii, p. 85.

Between tides at Great Egg Harbor.

This and the preceding occur

also along the margins of streams emptying into the ocean.

Hydrophilus (Tropisternus) quadristriatus Horn.

(Horn.)(p. 466.)

Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc, 1871, p.- 331.

In brackish pools, near Beesley's Point, New Jersey, associated with
Pakemonetes vulgaris and other brackish-water species.

542

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

" Elongate oval, more attenuate in front, black, with slight olivaceous

Head with asigmoid row of coarse punctures on each side^ meeting at the vertex.
Antennae and palpi testaceous. Thorax with a small fovea on each side,
near the anterior margin, behind and within the eyes, and an angulate
row of punctures on each side near the middle, and a few coarse punctures very irregularly disposed. Elytra with four stri?e of moderatepunctures, the first two sutural and extending nearly from base to apex,
inclosing at base a short scutellar row the outer two rows subhumeral,
obliterated at base, extending nearly to apex, and becoming confused,
extending toward the inner rows. Body beneath black, opaque, andpubescent, abdomen with a row of brownish patches at the sides ofeach segment. Legs pale testaceous, femora at base and tarsi black.
Length, .38 inch; (9.5™^.)
Eesembies lateralis in form, but more narrowed in front than behind.
The elytra are evenly punctured, and the body along the median line
moderately convex. It differs from all our species by the four distinct
The outer two correspond in posistrife of punctures on each elytron.
tion with the eighth and ninth, and traces of a third, fourth, and fifth
are visible at base.^' Horn.
tinge j surface densely, finely, and equally punctured.

;—

Philhydrus reflexipennis Zimmermann.
Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc, 1869, p. 250.

Great Egg Harbor, between tides.
This and the next occur also inland.

(Horn.)

P. PERPLEXUS, Leconte.
Proc. Philacl. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1855, p. 371.

Great Egg Harbor, between tides.

Phytosus LiTTORALis Horn.

(p. 464.)

Traus. Amer. Entomol. Soc, 1871, p. 331.

"Head brownish testaceous, moderately shining, sparsely clothed withyellowish hairs, front feebly concave; parts of mouth and antenna? testaceous, the latter darker at tip.

Thorax paler than the head, as broadas long, disk depressed, sides strongly rounded in front, behind the

middle sinuate base truncate, feebly emarginate at middle, and but
slightly broader than half the width of thorax at middle; surface
sparsely punctured and i)ubescent. Elytra pale testaceous, sparsely
punctured and pubescent, short, sides strongly divergent behind body
apterous. Abdomen elongate oval^ broader behind the middle, piceous,Legs pale testaceous. Last
shining, and very sparsely pubescent.
segment of abdomen ^ slightly prolonged at middle and sinuate on each
Length, .08 inch, (2""".)
side.
The male resembles in its several characters P. Baltlcus Kraatz, ofEurope, but the median prolongation of the last abdominal segment isbroader. The penultimate segment is subcarinate along the median
Tlie mandibles in the present species are much more exsert
line behind.
tlian in the species from California.
;;

INVERTEBKATE ANIMALS OF YIXEYARD SOUND, ETC.

543

au interesting addition to our insect fauna. Its occurrence
lookedhas been
for on the ground of the occurrence of a species on the
This

is

Pacific Coast, for, as a rule, (rapidly losing its exceptions,) any genus
represented in Europe and on the Pacific Coast will have a representation in the Atlantic faunal region.'^ Horn.
This species was found burrowing in sand, between tides, at Beesley's—

Point,^ew Jersey.

Bledius coedatus (Say.)(p. 462.)

Traus. Amer. Phil. Soc, vol. iv, p. 461.

This small species occurred in considerable abundance near Beesley^s
It forms its small burrows in the loose sand at and just below
high-water mark, in company with Talorcliestia Jongicornis. Sci/phaceUa
arenicola S311TH, &c. It throws nj) a small heap of sand around theopening of its burrows, which are much smaller than those of the
Point.

following species.

This species is somewhat variable in the form of the elytral dark
The elytra are pale testaceous or nearly white in color, and normally with a cordate space of brownish color, and with the apex in front.
This spot may become a narrow median fusiform space, or be divided
so that the suture is pale the spot frequently becomes larger by the
apex of the cordate spot, extending to the scutellum and along the basal
'•

spot.

5

Bledius pallipennis (Say.)(p. 462.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. iii, p. 155.

Shores of Great Egg Harbor, near Beesley's Point, common, burrowing perpendicularly in moist sand considerably below high-water mark.
The holes are round, with a small heap of sand around the orifice. This
species is also found far inland.

(Horn.)

Heteeocerus undatus Melsheimer.

(p. 464.)

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 98.

Beesley's Point, burrowing in sand, between tides.

occurs also on the margins of inland streams.

This species(Horn.)

Phaleria testacea Say.
LoDg's Expedition, vol. ii, p. 280.

Somer's Point, on the shore of Great Egg Harbor, between tides.

neuroptera.

MoLANNA, species undetermined,(p. 379.)

This larva was found in a firm, straight, flattened, tapering tube^
made of grains of sand, and attached to the piles of a wharf, below
high-water mark, at Menemsha Bight, on Martha's Vineyard, October^
1871, by Dr. Edward Palmer.

544

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Anurida maritima (Guerin.)

(x).

331.)

This Poduricl is very abundant on the under surfaces of large stones
from high-water mark to about half tide, New Haven, Wood's Hole,

Nantucket; also on the coasts of Europe and Greenland.

(Fabricius.)

ARAOHNIDA.
Ohernes oblongus Say.

(p. 331.)

Hagen, Record of American Entomology for 1868, p. 51.

Under stones near low-water mark, at Wood's Hole, (S. I. S.,) several
This species is recorded from Florida
specimens were found together.
and Georgia. I am not aware that it has been observed below highwater mark before. These specimens were identified by Dr. Hagen.
Trombidium, species,(p. 331.)

Several species of mites belonging to this or allied genera are foundbeneath stones near high-water mark, or even running over thefiici androcks near low-water mark, but it is uncertain whether they become
submerged by the rising tide or rise on its surface.

Bdella marina Packard, sp. nov.

(p. 331.)

Savin Eock, near New Haven, under stones between tides.
''
Elongated pyriform, of the usual form of the genus, the body beingthickest at the insertion of the third pair of legs. Body with a few scattered hairs, especially toward the end. Palpi twice as long as labium,
hairy toward the tip, four-jointed, basal joint not so long as second,
third, and fourth conjointly; second a third shorter than third.
Mandibles very acutely conical, projecting one-fourth their length beyond thebeak, with about four hairs on the outer side tips very slender acute,corneous. Legs rather hairy; fourth pair but little longer than the
Glaws consisting of two portions, the basal much compressed,
others.
subovate, with about six hairs on the under edge, and carrying a stout
curved claw. Beak half as long as the body is wide. Length 2.5'"™.
"It differs from Say's Bdella ohlonga (' from Georgia, under bark oftrees,' &c.) in its pyriform shape, the shorter first joint of the palpi,
and much shorter beak." A. S. P.
;—

PYGNOGONIDEA.
Phoxiciiilidium maxillare Stimpson.

Plate YII, fig. 35.

(p. 115.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 37, 1853.

Common in Vineyard Sound and the Bay of Fundy.
Pallene, species,(p. 421.)A small species, perhaps young, found upon piles of the wharf at
Wood's Hole, and dredged in Vineyard Sound, in 11 fathoms, off Taralso offX)aulin Cove on Ascidians, and off Holmes's Hole on Ilydroids
Watch Hill, Ehode Ishind, and New Haven.
;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

545

CRUSTACEA.
The foUowiDg catalogue of the Crustacea has been prepared by Mr. S.
I.

Smith, exceptiug the portion relating to the Isopoda, which has been

The list is by no means complete, even forthe higher groups which are treated, and no attempt has been made to
written by Mr. O. Harger.*enumerate the Ostracoids and free-swimming Copepods. Among theAmphipods, the difficult group of Lysianassin?e has not been studied,as the species require careful comparison with those of our northerncoast and of Europe.

The same is true of the species of Ampelisca, andpartially of some other genera.

In several cases species are omitted
which are as yet only represented in our collections by imperfect, young,or too few specimens. The catalogue is intended, however, to include
every species which has been mentioned, on good authority, in any published work as inhabiting the southern coast of New England.

BRACHYUEA.

Gelasoius minax Leconte.

(p. 467.)

Proceedings Acad. Nat, Sci., Philadelphia, vol. vii, 1855, p. 403; Smith, Trans*
Conn. Acad., vol. ii, p. 123, PL 2, fig. 4, PL 4, fig. 1, 1870.

Southern coast of Kew England to Florida.

This species, the largestof our "fiddler-crabs," lives upon salt marshes, usually farther from thesea than the others, and frequently where the water is most of the timenearly fresh.

G-ELASIMUS PUG-NAX Smith,(p. 466.)

PL 2, fig. 1, PL 4, fig. 2. G. vocans, var. Aj.
De Kay, Nat. Hist, of New York, p. 14, PL 6, fig. 10, 1844, (not Cancer vocans

Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. ii, p. 131,
Linne.)

G. pugilator Lecoute, loc. cit., p. 403, (not of Bosc.)

From Cape Cod to Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the West Indies.
It makes its burrows only upon salt marshes, but is often seen in greatcompanies wandering out upon muddy or sandy flats, or even upon thebeaches of the bays and sounds.

Gelasoius pugilator Latreille.

(p. 336.)

Nouveau Dictiounaire d'Hist. nat., 2e edit., tome xii, p. 520, 1817"^Conn. Acad., vol. ii, p. 136, PL 4, fig. 7, 1870.

des Crust., tome i, p. 167, 1820.

;

Smith, Trans.

Ocypode pugilator Bosc, Hist. nat.

Gelasinuis vocans DeKay, oj). cit., p. 14, PL 6,

fig. 9.

Cape Cod to Florida, upon muddy and sandy flats and beaches.

OCYPODA AEENARIA Say.

(pp. 337, 534.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. i, p.
des Crust., tome ii, i). 44, PL 19, figs. 13, 14.
,69,1317; Edwards, Hist. nat.

This species, which is common upon the sandy beaches from New Jersey southward, and which I have found upon] Fire Island Beach, Long*

The description of Scyphacella arenicola and the reference of Idotea triloba ta Epelys

are taken from Mr. Smith's unpublished manuscript, and his name, therefore, appears
as authority in these cases.

S. Mis. 61

35

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

546

Island, will very likely be found rarely upon the beaches at Nantucket,

and on the southern part of Cape Cod.

It lives in deep burrows, above

the reach of tides, upon sandy beaches.

It is readily distinguished fromthe "fiddlers" by the nearly equal claws or hands, which are alike inboth sexes, and by its color, which is almost exactly like the sand uponwhich it lives. Ifc is carnivorous and very active, running with great
rapidity when pursued.

The synonymy of this species is in much confusion, and I have notattempted to rectify it here, although there are apparently several
names w^hich antedate that of JSay. The Brazilian species, usuallycalled rliomhea appears to be identical with ours, and if it is really therliomhea of Fabricius, his name should undoubtedly be retained.

SeSARMA RETICULATA Say.

(p. 467.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. i, pp. 73, 76, PL 4, fig. 6, 1817
1818 Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. ii, p. 156.

;

p. 442,;

From Long Island Sound to Florida, usually upon salt marshes andassociated with Gelasimus ^ugnax.

PiNNixA CYLiNDRiCA Say.

Plate I, fig. 1.

(p. 307.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 452, 1818.

Vineyard Sound and Long Island Sound to South Carolina.

Pinnotheres ostreum Say.

Plate I, fig. 2, male.

Loc. cit., p. 67, PL 4, fig. 5, 1817

(p. 367.)

DeKay, op. cit., p. 12, PL 7, fig. 16.

,•

Massachusetts to South Carolina.

Pinnotheres maculatus Say.

(p. 431.)

Loc. cit. p. 450, 1818.

It lives in Mytilus edulis on the Xew England coast, and is found from

Cape Cod to South Carolina.

Cancer irroratus Say.

(pp. 312, 530.)

Loc. cit., p. 59, PL 4, fig. 2, 1817
vol. vii, p. 50, 1859.

;

Stimpson, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York,Flafycarciiius irroratus Edwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., tome

DeKay, op. cit., PL 2, fig. 2. Cancer Sayi Gould, Report on thep. 414, 1834
Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 1st edit., p. 323, 1841. Flatycarcinus Sayl DeKay,
Cancer dorealis Packard, Memoirs Boston Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. i,
op. cit., p. 7.

i,;

p. 303, 1867.

Labrador to South Carolina.

Cancer borealis Stimpson.
Loc. cit., p. 50, 1859.

(pp. 48G, 493.)

Cancer irroratus Gould, op. cit., p. 322.

Nova Scotia to Vineyard Sound and No Plan's Land.

It very likely
occurs both north and south of these limits, as it seems to be rare or
local, and is often, perhaps, confounded with the far more common C-

irrorafns^ although it is a perfectly distinct species.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

Panopeus Herbstii Edwards,
Op. cit., vol. i, 403, 1834547

(p. 472.)

Smith, Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, p.

;

276, 1859.

Long Island Sound to Brazil, but not couimon north of Xew Jersey.
It is readily distinguished from the following species, by the tubercle on

the subhepatic region, just below the first lobe of the antero-lateralborder of the carapax by the postorbital tooth being separated from thesecond tooth of the antero-lateral margin by a rounded sinus and by;j

the dactylus of the larger cheliped having a stout tooth near the basewithin.

Panopeus depressus Smith.

Plate I, fig. 3.

(p. 312.)

Loc. cit., p. 283, 1859.

From Cape Cod to Florida, and often carried with oysters much
farther north.

It is, perhaps, native in Massachusetts Bay.

Panopius Sayi Smith,(p. 312.)

Loc. cit., p. 284, 1859.

Associated with the last, and having the same range. It is easily distinguished from the last species by its narrower, more convex, andswollen carapax, and by the more projecting and arcuate front. The
terminal segment of the abdomen of the male is also quite different in
the two species; in P. Sayi it is broader than the preceding segment,
about two-thirds as long as broad, the edges slightly concave, and thetip abruptly triangular, while in P. depressus it is narrower than thepreceding segment, about three-fourths as long as broad, the edges convex, and the tip broadly rounded.

Panopeus Harrisii Stimpson.

(p. 313.)

Pilumnus Harrisii Gould, op. cit., p. 326, 1841.

Loc. cit., p. 55, 1859.

Massachusetts Bay to Florida.

Carcinus granulatus (Say, sp.)Cancer granulatus Say, loc.

cit., p. 61,(p. 312.)1817.

321 ; DeKay, op. cit., p. 8, PL 5, figs. 5, 6.

Carcinus mcenas Gould, op.
(?)

cit., p.

Carcinus mcenas Leach, Edwards,&c.

Cape Cod to

Xew Jersey, and perhaps much farther south. Our

species may, very likely, be the same as the Carcinus mamas of Europe,

but its not extending north on our own coast throws some doubt uponthis until there has been a careful comparison of specimens from thetwo sides of the Atlantic.

Platyonichus ocellatus Latreille.

Plate I, fig. 4.

5, fig. 7.

(pp. 338, 533.)

DeKay, op. cit., p. 9, PL 1, fig. 1, PL
Cancer ocellatus Herbst, Krabben und Krebse, Band iii, erstes Heft,

Encyclopedie metliodiqne, tome xvi, p. 1.52
p. 61, PI. 49, fig.

4,

1817.

Cape Cod to Florida.

1799.

;

Portunus jjictus Say,

loc.

cit.,

p. 62, PI. 4, fig. 4,

548

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Callinectes hastatus Ordway.

(pp. 367, 468.)

Lupa hastata Say, loc. cit., p.
Lupa diacantha DeKay, o^. cit., p. 10, PL 3, fig. 3.

Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. yU, p. 568, 1863.
65, 1817.

Cape Cod to Florida, and occasionally in Massachusetts Bay.
LiBINIA OANALICULATA Say.
Loc. cit., p. 77, PL 4, fig.

i,(p. 368.)

1817;

DeKay, op. cit., p. 2, PL 4, fig. 4;Streets,

Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., Pliiladelpliia, 1870, p. 105, 1871.

Found as far north as Casco Bay, on the coast of Maine, and common
from Massachusetts Bay southward, at least as far as Florida.
LiBiNiA DUBIA Edwards, (p. 368.)
Op. cit., tome i, p. 300, PL 14 his, fig. 2, 1834;

Streets, loc. cit., pf 104.

Cape Cod to Florida.

Pelia mutica Stimpson.

(p. 415)

Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, voL vii, p. 177, 1860. Fisa mutica Gibbes,
Proceedings Amer. Association Adv. Sci., 3d meeting, p. 171, 1850.

Yineyard Sound to Florida.

Hyas coarctatus Leach,(p. 504.)

Trans. Linn. Soc, Loudon, voL xi, p. 329, 1815.

Regne animal de Cuvier, 3"^«

PL 32, fig. 3. Lissa Jissirostra Say, loc. cit., p. 79, 1817.
Leidy mentions this species as having been found on the coast of New
Jersey, and Say mentions it from the coast of Long Island, but it seems
to be rare south of Cape Cod. It lives in deep water from Cape Cod
northward, and on the European coast, and is frequently found in thestomachs of the cod-fish.
6dit.,

Heteeocrypta granulata Stimpson.

(p. 315.)

Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. x, p. 102, 1871. Cryptopodia granulata
Gibbes, loc. cit., p. 173; and Proceedings Elliott Soc, Charleston, vol. i, p. 35,

wood cut.
This species, dredged several times in Yineyard Sound, was before
known only from North Carolina to Florida and the West Indies.

ANOMOURA.

Hipp A talpoida Say.

Plate II, fig.

(pp. 338, 530.)5.

Loc. cit., -p. 160, 1817.

Cape Cod to Florida.

EUPAGURUS POLLICARS Stimpson.

(p. 313.)

Annals Lyceum Nat. Hi;st., Now York, vol.
Say, loc. cit., p. 162, 1817; Gould, op.

vii,cit., p.

\),

329;

92, 1859.

Pagiinis polUcaris

DeKay, op. cit., p. 19, PL 8,

fig. 21.

Massachusetts to Florida.

EuPAGURUS Bernhardus stimpson.
Loc.

cit.,

p. 89,1859.

(p. 501.)

Pagnrits Bcrnhavdut< (Linm5 sp.,) Fabricius, Eutonioljgia

systematica, vol. ii, p. 469, 1793; Gould, op. cit., p. 329j DeKay, op. cit., p. 20.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

549

Vineyard Sound, &c., in deep water, more abundant nortli of Cape
Cod, and extending to Northern Europe on one side, and to Puget
Sound on tlie other.

EuPAauRUS PUBESCENS Stiuipson.
and Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1858, p. 237,
Pagurus puiescens Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskrift, Bind ii, p. 251, 1838.

Loc. cit., p. 89, 1859
1859.

;

This species has been taken in deep water off the coast of New Jersey, and will, doubtless, be found off' Long Island and Vineyard Sounds.

It extends northward to Greenland and Northern Europe.

EuPAGURUS LONGICARPUS Stimpsou.

(p. 339.)

Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1858, p. 237, 1859. Pagurus Jongicarpus Say, loc. cit., p. 163, 1817 Gould, op. cit., p. 330 DeKay, op. cit., p. 20,;;

PI. £, fig. 22.

Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina.

MACROURA.

Gebia affinis Say.

Plate II, fig. 7.

(pp. 307, 530.)

Loc. cit., p. 195, 1817.

Long Island Sound to South Carolina.
Callianassa Stimpsoni Smith, sp. no v. Plate II, fig. 8. (p. 369.)
Carapax smooth and shining. Greater cheliped (fig. 8) about threetimes as long as the carapax carpus and hand convex on both sides;;

carpus sometimes considera>bly longer, sometimes not at all longer thanbroad ; both fingers of the same length, and about as long as the basal
portion of the dactylus the prehensile edge of the dactylus withouta strong tooth or tubercle at base. Smaller cheliped about half as long;as the greater; carpus and hand about equal in length; fingers equal,
slender, as long as the basal portion of the propodus. Abdomen smoothand shining above, gradually increasing in breadth to the fifth segment
second segment longest, much longer than broad third and fifth equalin length fourth shorter, and sixth a little longer than third or fifthtelson much broader than long, shorter than the fourth segment.
Length of a large specimen, 61™™; length of carapax, 15; length of;;larger cheliped, 44.

In the character of the chelipeds this species seems to be closely allied
to C. longimana Stimpsou, from Puget Sound.

Our species ranges from the coast of the Southern States north toLong Island Sound.

HoMABUS a:\iericanus Edwards,(pp. 395, 492, 522.)

Hist. nat. des. Crust., tome ii, p. 334, 1337.
1817, (not of Fahricius.)

Kew Jersev to Labrador.

Jstacus marinus Say, loc. cit.

,p. 165,REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

550

Crangon vulgaris Fabricius.

Plate III, fig. 10.

Supplementum Entomologiae system., p. 410, 1798.

(pp. 339, 529.)

Crangon septemspinosus Say,

loc. cit., p. 246, 1818.

North Carolina to Labrador and Europe. In depth it extends fromlow water to 60 or 70 fathoms, and probably much deeper.

HiPPOLYTE PUSIOLA Kroyer.

(p. 395.)

Monografisk Fremstlling Hippol., p. 319, PL 3, figs. 69-73, 1842.

Vineyard Sound and northward to Greenland and Europe.

ViRBius ZOSTERICOLA Smith, sp. nov. Plate III, fig. 11. (p. 369.)
Female Short and stout. Kostrum about as long as the carapax,
and reaching nearly, or quite, to the tip of the antennal scale the upperedge nearly straight and unarmed, except by two, or rarely three, teeth
at the base under edge with three (sometimes two or four) teeth on theanterior half. Carapax smooth and armed with a stout (supra-orbital)
spine on each side at the base of the rostrum and above and a little:;;

behind the base of the ocular peduncle, a small (antennal) spine on theanterior margin beneath the ocular peduncle, and a stout (hepatic) spine
behind the base of the antennse. Inner flagellum of the antennula extending very slightly beyond the tip of the antennal scale outer flagellum considerably shorter. Abdomen geniculated at the third segment
the posterior margin of the third segment prominent above, but not;acute.

The males differ from the females in being smaller, much more slender, and in having the rostrum narrower vertically.

The color in life is very variable.

Most frequently the entire animal

is bright green, sometimes j)ale, or even translucent, tinged with green.

Others were translucent, specked with reddish brown, and with a broad

median band of dark brown extending the whole length of the body.
Length of female, 20-26^^^ male 15-20. \It is at once distinguished from V. ])leuracanthus Stimpson, to which,in many characters, it is closely allied, by its very much longer rostrum.
Among eel-grass about Vineyard Sound, and probably common atother points on the coast.
;

Virhius ])leiiracantlius Stimpson, (Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., ^N'ew
York, vol. X, p. 127, 1871,) abundant upon the coast of New Jersey-, willvery likely be found farther north. In habit it is similar to the species just described.

Pandalus annulicornis Leach.

Plate II, fig. 6.

(p. 193.)

Malacostraca Podophthalmata Britannia, PI. 40, 1815.

Deep water in Vineyard Sound, ofi* Newport, &c.
North of Cape Cod it is common, and extends to Greenland and Europe.

In depth it extends down to 130 fathoms at least.

PALiEMONETES VULGARIS Stimpsoii.

Plate II, fig. 9.

(pp. 479, 529.)

Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., Now York, vol. x, p. V2d, 1871. PaJannon nihjans Say,
Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelpliia, vol. i, p. 2'i4, 181."S.

Mass.achusetts to South Carolina.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

551

Penjeus Brasiliensis Latreille.
Edwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., tome ii, p. 414 Gibbes, loc. cit., p. 198
8on, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. x, p. 132.
;;

Stimp-

According to Stimpson, this species has been found in the Croton
River at Sing Sing, New York, by Professor Baird. It will therefore bevery likely to occur in the rivers of Southern New England. It is common on the coast of the Southern States, and extends to Brazil.
SQUILLOIDEA.

Squilla empusa Say.
Loc. cit., p. 250, 1818;

(pp. 369, 536.)
Dekay, op. cit., p. 32, PI. 13, fig. 54;

Gibbes, Proceedings

Amer. Assoc, 3d meeting, p. 199.

Florida to Cape Cod.
The young of this species is figured on Plate YIII, fig. 36.

MYSIDEA.

Mysis stenolepis Smith, sp. nov. Plate III, fig. 12. (p. 370.)
Male Anterior margin of the carapax produced into a very short,:broad, and obtusely rounded rostrum, and each side at the inferior angle
into a prominent, acutely triangular tooth, between which and' the baseof the ocular peduncle there is a broad and deeply rounded sinus. Peduncle of the antennula about a third as long as the carapax along thedorsal line;

the sexual appendage slender, tapering, nearly as long as

the peduncle

inner flagellum half as long as the outer.

;

Antennal scalerather longer than the carapax along the dorsal line, narrow, about ten

times as long as broad, tapering to a slender and acute point, both edges
ciliated and nearly straight flagellum about as long as the rest of theanimal. Abdomen somewhat geniculated between the first and second;

segments sixth segment about twice as long as the fifth. Appendagesof the fourth segment reaching nearly to the distal extremity of the;sixth segment inner ramus slender, slightly longer than the base outerramus naked, composed of six segments the first, third, and fourth subequal in length, and together equaling about three-fourths of the entire
length; the second, fifth, and sixth subequal penultimate segment armed
with a stout spine on the outside at the distal extremity, and the last
segment terminated by a similar spine. Inner lamella of the appendages of the sixth segment extending slightly be^'ond the telson, narrow
and tapering to an obtuse tip outer lamella narrow, linear, about seven
;

j

;

;

;

times as long as broad, nearly a third longer than the inner, both edges
ciliated and nearly straight, and the tip narrow and somewhat truncated.

Telson considerably longer than the sixth segment, tapering slightly,
the sides nearly straight, and each armed with about twenty- four spines
the extremity cleft by a deep sinus rounded at bottom, and its margins

convex posteriorly and armed with very numerous slender spines.
Length of a male from tip of rostrum to extremity of telson, 23.2™"^;
length of carapax along the dorsal line, 6.5 length of antennal scale,
6.7
length of telson, 3.8. Length of female, 30"^°'.
;

;

552

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The females differ but little from the males except in the usual sexual
The figure, (Plate III, fig. 12,) made from a small female

characters.

specimen, does not properly represent the anterior margin of the carapax.

In life the young females are semi-translucent, a spot on each ocular
the peduncles and inner flagella of the autennulte, theantennal scale, the telson and caudal lamellae more or less blackishfrom deposits of black pigment, while each segment of the abdomen ismarked with a rudely stellate spot of black.
Large males of this species Avere found in the autumn among eelgrass, at New Haven, Connecticut, and the youug abundantly in thesame situation in May. Young females were collected
abundance
during June and July, among the eel-grass in the shallow bays andcoves about Vineyard Sound, while adult females, with the marsupialX)ouches filled with youug, were collected, at Wood's Hole, in abundance, April 1, by Mr. Y. JS". Edwards.

peduncle,m

Mysis Americana.

Smith, sp. no v.

(p. 396.)

Anterior margin distinctly rostrated, but only slightly projecting;evenly rounded, the inferior angle projecting into a sharp tooth. Antennulae, in the male, with the densely ciliated sexual appendage similar
to that in M. vulgaris of Europe the outer flagellum nearly as long as;

the body, the inner slightly shorter. Antennal scale about three-fourths
as long as the carapax, about nine times as long as broad, tapering
regularly from the base to a very long and acute tip;

both margins

Appendages of the fourth segment of the abdomen in themale similar to those in JIL vulgaris. The outer ramus is slender andnaked, and its pair of terminal stylets are equal in length, slender, curved
toward the tip, and the distal half armed with numerous short setfe
the ultimate segment of the ramus itself is little more than half as long as
ciliated.

•

the stylets, the penultimate segment four or five times as long as theterminal. Inner lamella of the appendages of the sixth segment about
as long as the telson, narrow, slightly broadened at the base, and tapering to a slender but obtuse point; outer lamella once and a half as longas the inner, and eight times as long as broad, slightly tapering, the extremity subtruncate. Telson triangular, broadened at base, the lateral

margins slightly convex posteriorly, and armed with stout spines alternating with intervals of several smaller ones; the tip very narrow,truncate, armed with a stout spine each side, and two small ones fillingthe space between their bases. Length 10 to 12""".
This species was found, in April, at Beesley's Point, New Jersey, insame locality the stomachs of the
spotted fioiinder were found- filled with them. Professor D. 0. Eaton
found it in great abundance among sea- weeds, &c., just below low- water
mark, at Kew Haven, Connecticut, May 5, 1873. It was also taken inpools, upon salt-marshes, and at thethe dredge, in 4 tofathoms, at

New Haven, Connecticut, and in 25

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

553

fathoms off Vineyard Souud, and has been found in the stomachs of theshad, mackerel, &c.

Heteromysis FOR:]kiosA Smith, gen. et sp, nov. (p. 396.)
Body rather short and stout. Carajiax -broad behind and taperingthe anterior margin produced into an obtusely triangularpcular peduncles short and thickened nearly to the base*Peduncle of the antennula stout, extending to the tip of the antennal
scale; the terminal segment in the male wanting the usual elongatedsexual process, but having in its place a very dense tuft of long hairs
inner flagelluui nearly as long as the carapax; outer flagellum stout atbase and more than twice as long as the inner. Antennal scale about
three and a half times as long as broad, not quite reaching to the extremity of the peduncle of the antennula, ovate, obtuse at the tip, external margin without a spine and ciliated like the inner; peduncle
elongated, i^enultimate segment considerably longer than the ultimate;llagellum nearly as long as the entire body. Mandibles, maxillae, firstand second maxillipeds, as in Mysis. The first pair of legs (second pairof gnathopoda) differ remarkably from those in all the described genera
of Mysidffi. The whole leg is stouter than in the succeeding pairs, andthe terminal portion, corresponding to the multiarticulate pof'tion of theinner branch (endopodus) in Mysis, &c., consists of only three segments
including the terminal claw; the first of these segments is stout, slightly
shorter than the preceding (meral) segment, and armed with stout
spines along the distal portion of the inner margin the second segment is very short, not longer than broad, and closely articulated to thepreceding segment so as to admit of very little motion the ultimate
article is a long, slightly curved claw, freely articulated to the preceding
segment. In the five posterior i)airs of legs the terminal portion of theinner branch is multiarticulate as in Mysis, in the first composed of fivesegments, besides a stout terminal claw like that in the preceding ]3air,and in the four remaining pairs of six segments and a slender terminal
claw. The exopodal branches of all the legs are well developed.
Abdomen a little more than twice as long as the carapax, the sixth
segment a little longer than the fifth. The appendages of the first fivesegments alike in both sexes; short, rudimentary, and like the same appendages in the female 2lysis. Inner lamella of the sixth segment projecting
very slightly beyond the extremity of the telson, broad, ovate; outerlamella only a little longer than the inner, about two-sevenths as longas broad, inner margin quite convex, outer very slightly, tip rounded.
Telson short, broad at base, and narrowed rapidly toward the extremity,
the width at base about two-thirds the length, at the extremity only athird as wide as at base the lateral margins each armed with twelve
to fourteen spines, which increase in size distally, and a very long terminal spine the posterior margins cleft by a sinus deeper than broad,,
and armed with numerous small spines.
anteriorly-,

rostrum,

;

;

;

;

554

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

In life the males are semitranslucent and nearly colorless, while in thefemales the antennulae, the flagella of the antennte, the ocular pedunxjles, the thorax with the marsupial pouch, and the articulations of thecaudal appendages are beautiful rose color.
Length of a male, 6.0™"™ carapax along the dorsal line, 1.8 ; antennal;

scale, 0.70; telson, 0.90.

tennal scale, 0.88;

Length of a female, 8.5°^°^; carapax, 2.5; an-telson, 1.16.

The absence of the sexual appendages from the antennulse of the male,the peculiar structure of the anterior legs, and the similarity of theabdominal appendages in the two sexes, at once separate the genus
Meteromysis from all known allied genera.

Thysanopoda, species. (452.)
A great number of small specimens were taken from the stomach ofmackerel caught twenty miles off No Man's Land, July 18, 1871.
Several were also caught swimming at the surface in Vineyard Sound,
April 30, 1873, by Y. N. Edwards.
A single specimen of a species apparently the same as this was taken
at New Haven, Connecticut, May 5, 1873, by Professor D. C. Eaton.

CUMACEA.
DiASTYLis QUADRiSPiNOSA, G. O. Sars.

Plate III, fig. 13.

(p. 507.)

Ofversiglit af Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forli., 1871, Stockliolm, p. 72.

Dredged in 23 fathoms of Martha's Vineyard and in 29 fathoms of
Buzzard's Bay. It is also found in the Bay of Fundy. Sars's specimens
were dredged by the Josephine expedition in 18 fathoms off Skinnecock
Bay, Long Island, and in 30 to 35 fathoms, latitude 39'^ 51' north, longitude 730 15' west, off the coast of Xew Jersey.
Our specimens agree well with Sars's description, except that the second segment of the inner ramus of the lateral caudal appendages has
but three, or rarely four, spines upon the inner margin, while in Sars's
specimens there were five.

DiASTYLis SCULPTA Sars.
Loc. cit., p. 71.

With the last species, in 18 fathoms, off Skinnecock Bay, according to
Sars.

DiASTYLIS ABBREVTATA Sars.
Loc. cit., 11. 74.

Bare in 30 to 35 fathoms,

off the coast of

New Jersey,

first species, (Sars.)

EUDORELLA PUSILLA Sars.
Loc. cit., p. 79.

Not infrequent in 18 fatlioms, off Skinnecock Bay, (Sars.)with theINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

555

EUDORELLA HISPIDA Sars.
Loc. cit., p. 80.

Eare in 30 to 35 fathoms, with the other species mentioned, off thecoast of New Jersey, (Sars.)

AMPHIPODA.

Orchestia agilis Smith, sp. nov. Plate lY, fig. 14.
Male(p. 314.)

Antennula not quite reaching the distal extremity of thepenultimate segment of the antenna second and third segments ofthe peduncle about equal in length, and each slightly longer than the
firstflagellum about as long as the two last segments of the j)eduncle.
Antenna less than half as long as the body segments of the peduncle
stout and swollen, the ultimate longer than the penultimate flagellum
stout, compressed vertically, much shorter than the peduncle, composedof twelve to fifteen segments. Propodus in the second i)air of legs
short and thickened laterally, the palmary margin with a small prominence on the outer edge of the posterior angle, behind which the tip ofthe dactylus closes, and along the inner edge, inside the dactylus, witha thin ridge, which is broken by a small notch near the posterior angle,
so that the margin when viewed laterally shows a broad lobe next thebase of the dactylus and two small, rounded lobes next the posterior
angle, the tip of the dactylus resting between the small lobes dactylus
slender, curved so as to fit closely the palmary margin, and furnishedwith very minute setae along the prehensile margin. Posterior thoracic
legs slightly longer than the preceding; carpus in full-grown specimens
short, much swollen, and thickened so as to be nearly cylindrical.
Female Carpus and hand in the second pair of legs unarmed propodus short, slightly spatulate in outline, with a pair of minute setae atthe base of the dactylus, which is very short, not reaching the extremity
:

j

;

;

j

;

:

j

of the propodus.

Length:male, 10-15^""^;female, 10-14.

Bay of Fundy to New Jersey.
Orchestia palustris Smith, sp. nov.

(p. 468.)

Male: Antennulae reaching slightly beyond the distal extremity ofthe penultimate segment of the peduncle of the antennae. Antennae
less than half as long as the bodypeduncle slender flagellum slender, longer than the peduncle, composed of eighteen to twenty-six segments. Propodus in the second pair of legs nearly oval in outline, thepalmary margin spinous, regularly curved to the posterior angle, which
projects on the outer edge in a slight, rounded prominence, within which
the tip of the dactylus closes dactylus slender, curved so as to nearly
fit the palmary margin, and furnished with minute setae along the pre.
•;;hensile margin.

Posterior thoracic legs slightly longer than the precarpus and propodus both long and slender.
The female differs from the male as in the last species.
Length, male, 15-22™°i female, 12-18"''".

ceding;•Cape Cod to New Jersey, and verv likelv farther north and south.

556

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Talorchestia longicornis Smith,Talitrus

Say, loc.

louf/icornis

cit., p,(p. 336.)

OrchesUa longicornis Edwards,

384, 1818.

His. nat. des. Crust., tome iii, p. 18, 1840;

De Kay, op. cit., p. 36, PI. 7, %. 19.

Cape Cod to Kew Jersey, aud probably farther south.

Talorchestia megalopiithalma Smith,(p. 336.)

Orcliestia megaloj}litlmlma Bate, Catalogue Ampliip. Crust,, British ^luseum, p. 22,

1862.

Cape Cod to ]Srew Jersey, and probably farther south.
Taliinis quaclrifidnSy De Kay, (op. cit., p. 36, PL 14, fig. 27,) may bebased on the female of one of the preceding si)ecies, but it so is badly
described and figured as to be indeterminable.

Hyale littoralis Smith,(p. 315.)

AUorcliestes littoralis Stimpson, Marine Invertebrata of Graud Manan, \). 49., PI. 3,
fig. 36,

1853;

Bate, Catalogue Ampbip. Crust., British Museum, p. 48, PI. 8, fig.

2,1862.

This species was found at New Haven, Connecticut., by Professor
May 5, 1873, and is one of the inhabitants of rocky shores, pilesof wharves, &c. I have found it at Provincetown, Massachusetts, and
it is abundant in the Bay of Fundy. It is undoubtedly abundant on thew^hole New England coast, but its station upon the shore is so high up
on the beach that it is likely to be overlooked.
Yerrill,

Lysianassa, species,(p. 431.)

A species of this genus, as restricted by Boeck, was several times
dredged in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay.
Several other species of Lyskinassince were taken in Vineyard Soundand the neighboring region, but they have not yet been sufficiently
studied to be enumerated. The species of this group are much lesscommon and the individuals smaller on the coast of Southern NewEngand than they are upon the coast of Maine and farther north.

Lepidactylis dytiscus Say.

(p. 339.)

Log. cit., p. 380, 1818.

Georgia to Cape Cod.

Phoxus Kroyeri Stimpson.

(p. 501.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 58, 1853.

Bare in Vineyard Sound and usually in deep water.

Common in the

Bay of Fundy.
IjROTHoii;, species,(p. 1512.)

A species with long, slender antenmi;' iind very large black ej'es,
and apparently belonging to this genus, was taken in great numbers at
the surface at ^Yood's Hole, on the evening of July 3, and on one or
two other occasions. In life it was whitish, slightly tinged with orangeyellow.

MoNOCULODES, spccics.

{p. 452.)

A single specimen taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound, December
21, by Mr. V. N. Edwards.

557

ETC.

Laphystius Sturionis Kroyer.

(p. 437.)Nat. Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 157, 1842. Dai'icinia comprcssa Bate, Rei^ort Brit. Assoc,
Bate
1855, p. 58 Catalogue Ampbip. Crust., Brit. Mus., p, 108, PL 17, fig. 7;

A;

and Westwood, Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust, vol. i, j). 184, wood cut.
parasitic amphipocl, apparently quite identical with this species ofEurope, was found in the mouth of a goose-fish {Lophius Americamis)
species, apparently the same, was also
taken in Yine^'ard Sound.
taken from the back of a skate (Uaia Icevis) in the Bay of Fundy thepast summer. It is readily distinguished by its broad depressed form,and by having the third to fifth pairs of legs very stout and their distalsegments forming powerful talon-like claws, while the first and secondApairs are small and slender.

Calliopius L^^YirscuLus l^eck.

(p. 315.)

Crust. Ampliipoda borealia et arctica, ]). 117, 1370. Ampliiilwe la'vinscula Kroyer

Groulands Amfipoder, p. 53, PL 3. fig. 13, 1838.

Calliope Icevinscida Bate, Cata-logue AmiDhip. Crust. Brit. Mus., p. 148, PL 28, fig. 2, 1862op.

cit., vol.

i,;

Bate and Westwood,p. 156, wood cut.

Vineyard Sound and northward to Greenland, Northern Europe, andSpitzbergen.

PONTOGEKEIA INERMIS Bocck.

(p. 452.)

Amphithoe inermis and cremdata, Kroyer, Gronlands Amfipoder, i^p. 47, 50, PL 3, figs. 11, 12, 1838. Iphimedia vulgaris Stimpson,
Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 53, 1853. Atylus inermis, crenulatus,
and i'»7^«m Bate, Catalogu'e Ampbip. Crust. Brit. Mus., pp. 138, 139, 142, PL 27,
figs. 5, 6, 1862.
Aiylus vulgaris Packard, Memoirs Boston Soc. Xat. Hist., vol.

Op. cit., p. 114, 1870.

i,p. 298, 1867.

(Not Atylus (Parampthitoe) inermis Packard, loc. cit., p. 298, PL

8, fig. 3.)

Taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound, in March, by Mr. V. K. Edwards. It is abundant, in companj^ with Calliopius Iceviusculus, about
the Bay of Fundy in pools left by the tide, and ranges north to Labrador and Greenland.

Gammarus oenatus Edwards.

Plate IV, fig. 15.

Annales des Sci. nat., tome xx, 1830,
Crust.,

tome iii, p. 47

Gould, op. cit., p. 334.

p. 387, PL(p. 314.)10, figs.

Bate, op. cit., p. 212, PL 37, fig.

1-10

;

Hist. nat. desGammarus locusta
Gammarus pulex Stimpson, Marine Invert. Grand Manau,;8.

p. 55.

New Jersey to Greenland.
GA^DiAErs AJs^xuLATUS Smith, sp. nov.

(p. 311.)Anterior margin of the head produced each side beneath the antennulse into a truncated lobe, which extends farther forward than in G.
ornatus; eyes scarcely reniform, less elongated than in G. ornatiis, andtheir lower margins not reaching, by considerable, the anterior borderof the truncated lobe. Antenna? longer than the antennul^e the ultimate segment of the peduncle longer than the penultimate the flagellum much more slender, the segments more elongated and with fewer
hairs, than in G. ornatus.
Hands of the first pair of legs more elongatedthan in G. ornatus, and the palmary margins very oblique. Propodus in
;

;

558

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the second pair very narrow andelongated, subcylindrical, slightly

flattened on the inner side, the palmary margin longitudinal, and scarcely

Fourth segment of the abdomen
distinct from the posterior margin.
with a median fascicle of two large and two small spines, but no lateral
Fifth and sixth segments with both median and lateral
fascicles.
fascicles of spines.

Color in life grayish white, the posterior margins of the segments
bordered with brown, giving the body an annulated appearance.
Length, 12-18"^™.
Kew Haven, Connecticut, and Eastport, Maine, and doubtless abundantat other points on the coast.
This species closely resembles the fresh- water G. fasciatus, but isdistinguished from it by the proportions of the segments of the peduncles of the antennae, and by wanting the lateral fascicles of spines upon
the fourth segment of the abdomen.

Gammarus natator Smith, sp. no v.

(p. 439.)

Eyes large, enlongated, but only slightly reniform. Antennula short and stout, about three-sevenths as long as the body flagellum
Male

:

j

but little longer than the i^eduncle; secondary flagellum nearly half as
long as the primary. Antenna considerably longer than the antennula^penultimate segment of the peduncle reaching to the extremity of thepeduncle of the antennula ultimate segment of the peduncle longer
than the penultimate; flagellum about two-thirds as long as the pedunBoth antennul?e and antennae are furnished with very long hairs,
cle.
of which many on the antennul?e are plumose. First, second, and third
epimera margined on the inferior edges with long cilia. First pair oflegs more slender than the second; propodus oval, twice as long as
broad, palmary margin continuous with the inferior, with a very narrow
lamellar edge, a stout obtuse spine in the middle, and two smaller onesat the inferior angle dactylus strongly curved. In the second pair the
propodus is more than half as broad as long, and somewhat rectangularin outline, except that the palmary margin is slightly oblique; the palmary margin has a narrow lamellar edge, with a slight emargination in
the middle, from which a stout obtuse spine arises, and at the inferior;;

angle there are two or three smaller spines, as in the first pair.

The

inferior edges of the carpi and propodi of both pairs of legs are thickly

clothed with long hairs.

Natatory [legs reaching to the tips of theSecond and third segments of the abdomen with the sides
produced backward, and the postero-inferior angle acute.
Fourthsegment with only a median fascicle of spines
fifth and sixth
segments with median and lateral fascicles.
Kami of the posterior
telson.

;caudal stylets lanceolate, five or six times as long as broad, the outerextending beyond the inner by the length of its terminal article, which
is very slender, almost spiniform, the edges of both rami clothed withlong plumose hairs. Each division of the telson nearly three times as'.
long as broad.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Iq the feaiale the hands of the

first

559'

and second pairs of legs are

smaller and slenderer, and the propodi somewhat oval and nearly alikein both pairs j otherwise the females do not differ from the males, exceptthat the rami of the posterior caudal stylets are, perhaps, a very little
shorter and broader in proportion.

Length, 10-12"'"\Vineyard Sound, in vast numbers at the surface of the water, usually
among floating sea-weeds and eel-grass. Also from stomach of mackerel^

May 20.
GAM3IARUS 3IARINUS Leach.

(p. 486.)

Trans. Linuean Soc, London, vol.

1815 Bate, Catalogue Amphip.
Bate and Westwood, Brit. Sessile-eyed

xi, p. 359,

Crust., Brit. Mus., p. 215, PI. 38, fig. 4 ;;Crust., vol. i, p. 370, wood-cut.

A species which I cannot distinguish, by the published figures anddescriptions, from this common species of Europe, was not uncommon,

associated with

AmpMtlwe macidata^ understones at the

WepecketIslands, Gull Island, Cuttyhunk Island, and at other places on Vine-

yard Sound and Buzzard's Bay. It has also been found at Watch Hill,.
Rhode Island, and at jSTew Haven, Connecticut, by Professor Verrill.
It is at once distinguished from all the other species of our coast by it&
slender form, slender antenuie, by having the sides of the second andthird segments of the abdomen narrow and not produced or acute at thepostero-inferior angle, and by having the outer rami of the posteriorcaudal stylets four or five times as long as the inner.

Ga^oiarus mucronatus Say.
Loc. cit., p, 376, 1818;(p. 479.)

De Kay, op. eit., p. 37.

Gammaracantlius mucronatus Bate,,

op. cit., p. 203.

Eeadily distinguished from the other species of the coast by having
the posterior margin of each of the anterior segments of the abdomen
XDroduced into a slender, spiniform, dorsal tooth. In life, it is translucent, tinged with green, or yellowish green, minutely specked with brownor black; these black or brown markings and the green color being fre-quently so arranged as to give the antennae and legs a banded appearance. Our species cannot be referred to Bate's genus Gammar acanthus
for the dorsal margin is not distinctly carinated, and the third, fourth^and fifth segments of the abdomen are furnished with fascicles of spines.
Usually in brackish water, Xorth Carolina to Cape Cod, and, according to Say, from Florida also.

MCERA LEVIS Smith, sp. nov.

(p. 315.)

Eyes nearly round; black in alcoholic specimens. Antennula twothirds as long as the body; first and second segments of the peduncleequal in length, third about two- thirds as long as the second;

flagellum

about as long as the peduncle. Antenna about as long as the peduncleof the antennula ultimate and penultimate segments equal in length,
antepenultimate very short flagellum much shorterthan the peduncle.
Legs of the first pair small carpus as broad as the propodus, but little
;

;

;

560

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

longer tban bfoad, the posterior raargiu straight and furnished with fascicles of stout hairs i^almary margin nearly transverse, slightly arcuate,
and armed with short seta^j dactylus slender and fitting closely the palmary margin. Legs of the second pair larger carpus short, as broadJ-,

as the base of the propodus, the posterior angle thickly clothed withstout hairs propodus in the male stout, broadest distally, the palmary;

margin expanded toward the inferior angle and excavated on the innerside to receive the long and strongly curved dactylus in the female,elongated, slightly narrowed distally, the posterior margin continuousand nearly parallel with the palmary, and furnished with fascicles of;stout hairs.

Fifth pair of legs but little longer than the third or fourth-,and seventh much longer than the fifth, subequal, stout, theirmeral and cardial segments considerably expanded, especially in the male.
Ultimate caudal stylets projecting a little beyond the preceding pairsrami short, broad, and with spinous tips the outer ramus slightly longer
and broader than the inner, and its outer margin armed with a very few.sixth;;fascicles of spinules.

Telson reaching to the bases of the rami of theposterior caudal stylets, nearly as broad as long, and cleft two-thirds ofthe way to the base.
Length, 5-7™"\

New Jersey, Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound.
Melita nitida Smith, sp. nov.

(p. 314.)

Eyes small, round, black. Antennula about two-thirds as long as
the body; first segment of the i)eduncle slightly shorter than the second,which is nearly twice as long as the last flagellum longer than the peduncle. Antenna shorter than the antennula, but the peduncle consid;

erably longer than the i^eduncle of the antennula, the penultimate segment being scarcely shorter than the penultimate segment of the antennula, while the ultimate segment is subequal with it.

First pair oflegs with the carpus longer and broader than the propodus

oblong, slightly curved;;

propodus

dactylus very small but stout, curved, and at-tached in a notch in the middle of the extremity of the propodus, notupon the extremity of the propodus but projecting inwardSecond pair of legs stout; carpus short, triangular; propodus some,what oval, the i^almary margin oblique, arcuate, continuous with theposterior margin, and armed with a series of minute spines and withnumerous stiff hairs, the clothing of hairs continuing round upon theposterior margin to the carpus; dactylus curved, tip resting within thel)almary margin. Third pair of legs slightly longer than the fourth.
Three posterior pairs slender, the fifth somewhat shorter than the sixthand seventh, which are subequal, and have the anterior margins of thebases armed with small spines and the posterior margins minutely serrate.
None of the dorsal margins of the segments of the abdomen serrate or emarginate, but the margin of the fifth segment armed withseveral slender si)ines on each side near the median line of the dorsum.
Penultimate caudal stylets not quite reaching the tip of the precedingclosingINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

561

The ultimate pair very long and armed with fascicles of spines
along the margins. Divisions of the telson slender, spinous at the tips.
In life dark greenish slate-color, changing in alcohol to dark slate.
Length, 7-9™°^.
^e\y Jersey to Cape Cod.

pair.

Ampelisca. Plate IT, fig. 17. (pp. 431, 507.)
The species of th-is genus found upon our coast have not yet been
At least two species were taken in Vineyard Sound
carefully studied.
and Buzzard's Bay. The genus is readily recognized, but the species
are difficult to distinguish.

Byblts serrata Smith, sp. no v. (p. 501.)
Female Dorsum rounded above, with no trace of a longitudinal carina
upon the abdomen third segment of the abdomen broadly rounded at
the postero-lateral angle. Antennula about as long as the peduncle of:;

the antenna
the fifth.

;

fourth segment of the peduncle of the antenna longer thanInferior margins of the epimera of the first and second pairs oflegs serrate, with slender and acute teeth alternating with the marginal

carpus in the first pair scarcely if any longer than the propodus j
carpus in the second pair very much longer than the propodus. In thethird and fourth pairs of legs the dactylus as long as the propodus. Basalsegment in the seventh pair of legs expanding distally, the posterior
margin nearly straight, the anterior and inferior margins evenly arcuated,
and reaching as far as the distal end of the carpus; carpus about as longas the ischium and merus together, a little less than twice as long as
broad, and armed with Long spines upon the anterior and distal margins,
but the posterior margin wholly unarmed
propodus almost as long as
the carpus, and nearly four times as long as broad, anterior margin unarmed, the posterior armed upon the outside with two transverse rowsof three or four spines, decreasing in size as they recede from the margin, the distal end with a spine each side the slender dactylus.
Kamiof the first pair of caudal stylets equal, as long as the base; outer ramiof the second pair shorter than the inner; rami of the posterior pairequal, longer than the bases, reaching to the tips of the rami of the firstpair.
Telson as long as the breadth at base, cleft rather more than half
its length, the lateral margins arcuate, and rapidly converging toward
the evenly rounded extremity.
Alcoholic specimens are pale yellowish, the epimera, bases of the posterior legs, and the sides of the abdomen specked and mottled withnumerous points of dark iMgment crowded irregularly together.
Length, 10-12'"'".
Deep water off Yineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay.
cilia 5;

Ptilocheieus PiNGris Stimpson.

(p. 431.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan,

p.

.56,

1853.

Catalogue Ampliip. Crust. Brit. Mus., p. 170, PI. 31,

Protomedia jnugus Bate,
fig. 2,

1862.

Common on the whole coast of Kew England upon muddy bottoms
S. Mis. 61

3G

562

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

and north to Labrador. In depth it extends down
and probably much farther.

MiCRODEUTOPUS MINAX Smith, sp. nov.

to 150 fathoms,(p. 479.)

Antennula about two-thirds as long as the body hrst segment of thepeduncle stout, about as long as the head second segment a little
longer and much more slender third segment nearly half as long as the;;;first jflagellum slender, about a third longer than th^ peduncle; second-ary flagellum very small, consisting usually of but one segment. Antenna about two-thirds as long as the antennula; ultimate and penultimate segments of the peduncle equal in length, and each fully twice aslong as the antepenultimate; flagellum scarcely as long as the last segment of the peduncle. Hands of the first pair of legs in the male greatly
developed carpus ver3^ large, scarcely longer than the breadth in the
middle superior margin strongly arcuate, the inferior angle produced
into a stout process opposed to the propodus, and the inferior margin
arcuate and armed distallj' with two teeth, a large and prominent one at
the base of the terminal process, the other small, obtuse, or even obsolete; propodus not more than half as long as the carpus, much longer
than broad, the inferior margin with two broad obtuse teeth; dactylus
stout, a little shorter fhan the propodus.
Legs of the second pair withthe basal segment broad and squamiform; carpus elongated propodus
as long as the carpus and as broad as its distal portion, rectangular,
about two and a half times as long as broad; dactylus short and hookedat the tip. In the female the hands of the first pair of legs are only
moderately developed carpus broad propodus scarcely as broad as
the carpus, rectangular, the palmary margin somewhat oblique, and theinferior margin armed with a spine at the obtusely rounded inferior
angle. In the second pair the basal segment is not expanded but narrow
the carpus and propodus much as in the male, except that they areclothed with numerous long, plumose hairs. The bases of the first andsecond pairs of caudal stylets are armed with a long, slender, spiniform
process, arising from the distal end just below the bases of the rami.
The outer rami of the posterior stylets are a little longer than the inner.
;

;

;

;

;

All the stylets extend to the same point.
Length, about 4™™.

Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound.
Another species of Microdeutojms was collected in Vineyard Sound,but it was not abundant.

AUTONOE, species,(p. 415.)

A species belonging apparently in this genus, as defined by Boeck,
was common in Vineyard Sound, living in tubes in masses of a compound
Ascidian {Ainouroncitim pcllucidum Verrill) in 3 to 8 fathoms. It is G or
7.1MU
ijj
length, and in life the antennuhe and antennae are obscurely
banded and si)ecked with pink; the body above, except upon the fifth
segment and the i)osterior part of the abdomen, is almost black, theINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

563

color extendiug down upou the epimera, wliile the legs and caudal appendages are semi-translucent. The eyes are large and black.

Amphithoe maculata Stimpson.

Plate lY, fig. 16.

(p. 315.)

Marine luvertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 53, 1853.

Vineyard Sound to the Bay of Fundy and Labrador.

AMPHiTHoi^ VALIDA Smith, sp. nov. (p. 315.)
Male: Eyes round, black: in alcoholic specimens.

Antennuhne andPeduncle of the antennula extending
scarcely beyond the distal extremity of penultimate segment of thepeduncle of the antenna; the second segment but little longer than the
Ultimate and penultimate
first; ultimate segment short and slender.
segments of the peduncle of the antenna subequal in length. First
pair of legs short, compressed carpu-s as broad as the propodus propodus broad, oval in outline, the posterior and palmary margins forming
antenuiie subequal in length.

;;a continuous, nearly semicircular curve; dactylus fitting closely the palmary margin. Second pair of legs very large; carpus small propodus
oblong, broadest at the distal extremity, very large and thickened, theouter surface convex, the inner flattened, palmary margin transverse,with a broad, low, median tooth, and a rounded prominence at the inferior angle, within which the tip of the very stout and strongly curved
dactylus closes.
The female differs in having the hands of the firstpair of legs slightly
more elongated, and those of the second pair smaller than in the male,;and the palmary margin slightly oblique.
Color in life, bright green.
Length, 10-13"^^^.

Xew Jersey and Long Island Sound.
Amphithoe longimana Smith, sp. nov.

(p. 370.)

Male
Eyes round, and, in specimens preserved in alcohol, black.
Antennula slender and as long as the body; second segment of thepeduncle a little longer tban the first; third segment about half as:

long as the second flagellum about twice as long as the peduncle. Antenna considerably stouter and slightly shorter than the antennula, thepeduncle about twice as long as the flagellum third segment of thepeduncle a little more than half as long as the first segment of the peduncle of the antennula; fourth segment nearly three times as long as
the third fifth considerably longer than the fourth
flagellum a little
;

;

;

;

longer, or sometimes only as long, as the fifth segment of the peduncle.

Hands of the first and second pairs of legs stout and much elongated.
Carpus in the first pair nearly as long as the first segment of the pedunpropodus much more than twice as longas broad, as wide and long as the carpus, of the same width throughout,slightly curved, and the very short palmary margin transverse; dactylus stout, very little curved, more than half as long as the propodus,
and projecting far beyond its inferior edge; the posterior margins ofcle of the antennula, narrow ;564

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

both propodus and carpus densely clotbed with long, stiff hairs. Carpus
in the second pair of legs short, with an angular prominence upon theposterior side propodus as long as in the first pair, and much broader,the palmary margin oblique, projecting at the inferior angle, just insideof which there is a deep sinus in the margin. Posterior edges of thebases of the sixth and seventh pairs of legs unarmed.
In the female the antennse are shorter and not quite as stout, and thehands of the first and second pairs of legs are very much shorter,
smaller, and much less hairy in the first i)air the carpus and propodus
are very much shorter and proportionally broader, and the palmary
margin of the propodus more oblique; in the second pair the propodus
is short and somewhat oval, with a slight prominence at the inferior
angle of the palmary margin.
Length, 6-9""^\New Jersey; Great South Bay, Long Island Vineyard Sound. Common among eel-grass in sheltered situations. The young, even 5 or 6'^^'^
long, were taken at the surface in Yineyard Sound several times.
-,

5

;

AMPHiTHoii COMPTA Smith, sp. nov. (p. 370.)
Eyes small, round, red in life, but fading in alcohol to whitish. Antennula slender, as long as the body first segment of the peduncle as;long as the head second slightly longer than the first last a third aslong as the second flagellum very slender, nearlj^ three times as long
There is a rudimentary secondary flagellum, notas the peduncle.
longer than the first two segments of the primary flagellum and very
Antenna a little shorter than the antennula the peduncle
slender.
very little shorter than that of the antennula last two segments about
equal in length, the penultimate reaching as far as the same segmentsof the antennula; flagellum about as long as the peduncle. First andsecond pairs of legs, in the male, about equal in size, as long as the head
and thorax together, and clothed on both margins with long, plumose
Carpus in the first pair longer than, and as broad as, the prohairs.
podus, the distal extremity truncate and right-angled at the inferior margin the propodus much longer than broad, the palmar}^ margin oblique,very nearly straight, and armed at the inferior angle upon the inner sidewith a stout spine. Carpus in the second pair narrower than in the first,
the distal extremity obliquely rounded at the inferior angle propodus
as long as the carpus and no broader, the palmary margin less obliquethan in the first pair, without any spine, and the inferior angle slightly
projecting dactylus, strongly curved and closing by the margin of the
propodus. In the female the legs of the first and second i^airs are nearly
alike in form, very much smaller and weaker than in the male, and only
sparsely clothed with mostly simple hairs, except upon the inferior marginof the carpus in the secoiul pair. In botli pairs the carpus is about as longand broad as the propodus the propodus is short, narrowed toward the
carpus, the palmary margin oblique, convex in outline, with the infeSecondrior angle rounded and armed with a stout spine on the inside.
;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

ETC.

565

and third segments of the abdomen produced into a slight angularprominence at the postero-inferior angle. The posterior edges of thebases of the sixth and seventh pairs of legs not serrated but armed with
two to four small spines. First and second pairs of caudal stylets extending scarcely beyond the posterior pair. In the first pair there is along, slender spine projecting from the distal extremity of the base beneath the rami.
Length of largest specimen examined, 13^^"^.
Xorth Carolina to Cape Cod. Common among eel-grass. Taken at
surface in Vineyard Sound.

PODOCERTJS FUCICOLA Smith,(p. 493.)

Cempns fitcicola Stimpson, Marine luvertebrata of Grand Manau, p. 48,
fig. 34,

PI. ?,

1853.

This species was dredged by Professor Yerrill, in 4 to 5 fathoms, off

Watch Hill, Ehode Island, in April, 1873.

It is common in the Bay of

Fundy.

PoDOCERUS, species,(p. 491.)

Another species of the same genus was taken in abundance with thelast.
It is a large and dark-colored species.

Cerapus rubricornis Stimpson.

Plate TV, fig. 18.

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 46, PI. 3, fig. 33, 1853
Amphip. Crnst. Brit. Mus., p. 256, PI. 45, fig. 4.

;Bate, Catalogue

Xot common south of Cape Cod, but very abundant in the Bay of
Fundy and north to the coast of Labrador. In depth it extends down
to 100 fathoms at least.

Cerapus 3iinax Smith, sp. nov.
Antennnlie and antennae about equal in length, rather more than half
Second i:)air of legs greatly developed in the male,the hand nearly half as long as the body; carpus elongated, narrow,nearly three times as long as the breadth in the middle, the posterior
angle projecting into a broad process about as long as the dactylus, andarmed on the inside with a tooth nearly as stout as the distal part ofthe process itself, but projecting only about half as far propodus about
half as long as the carpus, twice as long as broad; dactylus considerably shorter than the propodus, the tip in most of the larger specimens
furnished with a pencil of long hairs. In the female the hand in thesecond pair of legs is small the carpus produced into a long i)rocess on
the inferior edge of the propodus to the palmary margin propodus
short, broad, somewhat OA^al, the palmary margin arcuate and armed
with several short spines on the portion next the carpal process.
Length, about 4""^\
Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound.
as long as the body.

;

;

;

?

Cerapus tubularis Say.

(p. 39G.)

Loc. cit., p. 49, PI. 4, fig. 7-11, 1817.

Several specimens of a small amphipod, dredged, June 27, in Vineyard

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

566

Sound, among masses of a large compound Ascidian, {AmourQucium iwllucidum,) in eight to ten fathoms, oft' Nobska Point, are probably thisspecies, but unfortunately females only were obtained, while Say describes and figures the male alone. In our specimens, the antennulse
and antennae are spotted with very dark purplish-brown, the anteriorI)art of the body almost black, the middle and posterior portions spottedwith black, or very dark purplish brown. They are between 4 and 5^^^long and inhabit unattached tubes as described by Say. The tubes are
regularly cylindrical, quite thin and delicate, black, about 5^""^ long, andQ 4mm ly^ diameter, and are carried about by the animal very much as thelarvae of some of the Phryganeidse carry about their tubes in fresh water.
In the structure of the caudal appendages, our specimens are quite different from the species usually referred to Cerajms, but I have not thought
best to make any changes in nomenclature until the discovery of themale shall make it certain whether our specimens belong to the species
described by Say.

COROPHIUM CYLINDRICUM Smith,(p. 370.)

Podocerus cylindricus, Say loc. cit., p. 387, 1818, (not of Bate, Catalogue Aiuphip.
Crust. Brit. Mus., p. 256.)

New Jersey to Vineyard Sound. Yery abundant among weeds andhydroids about piles of wharves, and almost everywhere in shallow
water.

Length, about 4™"^.

SiPHONCECETES CUSPIDATUS Smith, Sp. UOV.

(p. 501.)

Male: Head produced into a long, slender, acute rostrum, and eachside between the antennula and antenna into a long lobe rounded at
the end where the eye is situated, and contracted toward tlie base.
Antennula reaching about to the middle of the fourth segment of thepeduncle of the antenna segments of the peduncle equal in length
flagellum scarcely longer than a segment of the peduncle, and composed
usually of five segments. Antenna a little longer than the body third
segment of the peduncle a little longer than any segment of the peduncleof the attennula fourth segment nearly twice as long as the third last
segment nearly one-half longer than the third flagellum a little shorter
than the last segment of the peduncle. Legs much like Kroyer's fig;

;

;

;

5

5

ures of 8. typicus, those of the first pair with the carpus twice as longas broad propodus slightly narrower and a little longer than the car;pus, the posterior edge furnished with long hairs and several stout spines.

Legs of the second pair much stouter.

Posterior caudal stylets withthe terminal process fully as long as the ramus itself, the ramus as broadas long, the extremity obtusely rounded and furnished with very long

Telson broader tlian long, transversely elliptical.
In the female the antennjc and second pair of legs are more slenderthan in the male.
In alcoliolic specimens the antennulie are marked with narrow bandsof black or dark brown upon each segment of the llagellum and athairs.

ETC.

567

both ends of the second and third se^'uients of the peduncle, and theanteunie are obscurely banded and tinged with a lighter color.

Length, about C'""^.
It inhabits tubes constructed of grains of sand.

In deep water off Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay.

Unciola irrorata Say. Plate TV, fig. 19.
Loc. cit., ]}. 389, 1818;

(p. 310.)

Stimpson, Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 45.

This species grows to a much larger size than described by Say, being
frequently 15""^ in length.

'New Jersey to the Bay of Fundy, and probably much farther north,and from low water to more than 400 fathoms in depth.

Hyperia, species,(p. 439.)

A large species of Hyperia was several times found upon, the large
The same species is comred jelly-fish ((7i/<xHm) in Yineyard Sound.
mon in the Bay of Fundy, but has not been identified with certainty.
Another species of Hyperia was taken at the surface, in company
with Salpa, in Vineyard Sound, early in September.

Phronima, species,(p. 439.)

A species of this peculiar genus was taken at the surface, in company
with SaJpa, off Gay Head, early in September. It is closely allied to
According to Professor VerrilPs notes it
is, in life, translucent, scarcely tinged with yellowish white, and nearlyinvisible in the water the eyes red.
Another form allied to the last was taken with it, and is possibly themale of the same species, but differs from it, and from the charactersusually assigned to the genus, in possessing well-developed antennulse.
In life, according to Professor Verrill, it was translucent whitish, thebody spotted with dark brown, and the eyes blackish.
the P. Atlantica of Guerin.

•

Thyropus, species.

A single specimen of a species of this genus was taken with the Fhronima and Salpa, off' Gay Head, early in September.
Caprella geometrica Say.
Loc. cit., p.
.56, fig.

.390,

1818

:

Plate V, fig. 20.

(p. 480.)

Bate, Catalogue Amphip. Crust. British Mus., p. 857, PI.

8.

a^Torth Carolina to Vineyard Sound, especially among eel-grass ;very

abundant in Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, April, 1871.

Caprella, species,(p. 316.)

A larger species of Caprella, which is common in the Bay of Fundy,
was frequently dredged in Vineyard Sound.
ISOPODA.

Scyphacella Smith, gen. nov.
Near Scyphax, Dana.** U. S.

Antenna composed of eight distinct segments,

Exploring Expedition, Crust., p. 734, PJ. 48, fig. 5.

568

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

with a geniculation at the articulation of the fourth with the fifth seg-

ment; terminal portion, corresponding to the flagellnm, composed ofthree closely articulated segments, besides a minute apical one; mandibles slender, without palpi; exposed portion of the maxillipeds formedof only two segments the basal one with a narrow, elongated portion,
which is abruptly narrowed at the articulation of the terminal segment,
and sends a slender process beneath it to the middle of its inner margin ;the terminal segment much narrower than the basal, and tapering
toward the extremity; legs subequal, the posterior not sliorter thanthe others terminal segment of the abdomen produced between theposterior caudal appendages, which are short and essentially as in the;;allied genera.

This genus differs from Scyphax most notably in the form of the maxillipeds, which in Scyphax have the terminal segment broad and serrately

lobed, while in our genus it is elongated, tapering, and has entire marIn Scyphax, also, the posterior pair of thoracic legs are muchgins.

smaller than the others, and weak the last segment of the abdomen istruncated at the apex, and the articulations between the segments ofthe terminal portion of the antenna are much more complete than in our
The general form and appearance of the genera are the same^
species.
and the known species agree remarkably in habits, the Scyphax, according to Dana, occurring on the beach of Parua Harbor, New Zealand,
and found in the sand by turning it over for the depth of a few inches.
;

SCYPIIACBLLA ARBNICOLA Smith, sp. nov. (p. 337.)
Body elliptical; abdomen not abruptly narrower than the thorax; thewhole dorsal surface, except the extremity of the abdomeo, covered withsmall, depressed tubercles, which giv^e rise to minute spinules eyes
prominent, round antenna a little longer than the breadth of the bodyfirst and second segments short, equal; third, fourth, and fifth succes;•;

sively longer, the fifth being rather longer than the terminal portion,

which is more slender than the fifth segment, tapers regularly to thetip, and is composed of three successively much shorter segments, anda very short, somewhat spiuiform, but obtuse, terminal one; all the segments, except the minute terminal one, scatteringly beset with spinules;
legs beset with small spines the ischial, meral, carpal, and propodal
segments subequal terminal process of the last segment of the abdomen narrow, triangular, with the apex slightly rounded, and the dorsal
surface a little concave; posterior caudal appendages much shorter than
the abdomen; rami slightly unequal, the outer stout, spinulose, the innera little shorter and much more slender.
Color, in life, nearly white, with chalky white spots and scattered,
blackish dots arranged irregularly. Eyes black.
;;

Length, 3-4""".
Found at Somers\s and Beesley's Points, on Great Egg Harbor, New
Jersey, in April, IcSTl, burrowing in the sand of the beaches, just above

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

569

ordiuary high-water mark, in company with several species of Staphylinidce^ and will Yer3' likely be found on Long Island and the southern coastof ^ew England.

Philoscia vittata Say.
Jour. Acad. Nat. Sol., Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 429, 1818.

Under rubbish below high-water mark, Connecticut and Xew Jersey.

Sph^ro3IA quadridentata Say. Plate Y, fig. 21.

(p. 315.)

Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 400, 1818.

Massachusetts to Florida.

IDOTEA c^CA Say. Plate Y, fig. 22.
Loc. cit., p. 424, 1818.

(p. 340.)

Gould, luvertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 337, 1841.

Massachusetts to Florida.

iDOTEA TuFTSii Stimpsou.

(p. 310.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 39, 1853.

Bay of Fundy and off: ^ew London, Connecticut.
Idotea irrorata Edwards. Plate Y, fig. 23.
Hist. nat. des Crust., vol. iii, p. 132, 1840.

(p. 316.)

Stenosoma Irrorata Say, loc. cit., p. 423,

1818; Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 338, 1841.

Bay of Fundy to Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
Idotea robusta Kroyer. Plate Y, fig. 24.
Naturhist. Tidssk., 2d R., Bind ii, p. 108, 1846
Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1862, p. 133.

(p. 439.);

Stimpsou, Proceedings Acad.

South shore of Long Island to the Arctic Ocean.

A pelagic species.

Idotea phosphorea Harger, sp. no v. (p. 316.)
Kesembling I. irrorata in size and shape, but easily distinguishedfrom that species by the pointed abdomen.
AntenucT less than half the length of the body, antennul?e attaining
Front slightly excavatedwith the lateral angles salient. Head about twice as broad as long,
turgid, and usually with a pair of tubercles on the vertex. Eyes placed
a little before the middle of the lateral margin, hemispherical, black.
First segment of thorax produced laterally around the back part of thehead nearly to the eyes, showing no epimeral sutures. Second segment
much longer on the median line, but shorter at the sides than the firstthe epimera occupy the anterior two-thirds of the lateral margin. Third
segment slightly longer than the second the epimera occupying still
more of the lateral margin. Fourth segment of about the same length
as third the epimera occupying nearly oi quite all the lateral margin.
The remaining three thoracic segments gradually decrease in size; theepimera occupy the whole lateral margin and increase in size posteriorly.
The first two abdominal segments are distinct and acute at thesides.
The third is similar to these at the sides, but is only separated
the end of the third segment of the antennae.

-,

;

570

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

from the last by an incision reaching about half way to the median line,
Last segment entire, ovate behind, and cuspidate. The style on thesecond pair of branchial plates in the male is slender, surpasses thelamiuie, and reaches the middle of the terminal cilia; it is obliquely
truncated at the end.

Many of the specimens, especially the smaller ones, are furnishedwith a row of prominent tubercles along the back, and sometimes withlateral rows.

Length, 10-25 ^""^; breadth, 3-7.5""^
Long Island Sound to Bay of Fundy.

Erichsonia filiformis Harger. Plate VI, fig. 26.
Slenosoma filiformis Say, loc.

cit., p.

(p. 316.)424, 1818.

Small, slender, and nearly linear in outline.

Antennulae not quiteattaining the fourth segment of the antennae, which are six-jointed, andmore than half as long as the body, with the first segment short, second
and third increasing in length, last three segments about equal; headelevated between the eyes, where it is surmounted by a bifid tubercle
first and second thoracic segments with a lateral salient angle behindthe evident an gulated epimera; third and fourth segments with theirlateral borders emarginate, and the epimera concealed or rarely visible
from above at the emargination last three thoracic segments angulated
in front of the epimera, which are also angular. This arrangement,;

especially in the smaller specimens, gives the appearance of fourteen

There is a row of tubercles
Abdominal segments consolidated into a

serrations on each side of the thorax.

along the medianline.

single piece, which is furnished with a divergent tooth on each side
near the base, and is expanded and obtusely triangular at the apex.
The style on the second i^air of branchial plates in the male is strong
and curved, surpasses the cilia, and is acute and sharply serrate near

the end.

Length, 5-9"'»\Vineyard Sound to Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.

Erichsonia attenuata Harger, sp. nov. Plate VI, fig. 27.

Body smooth, narrowly linear in outline.

(p. 370.)

Antennula^. slightly sur-passing the second segment of the antenna^, which are more than half
the length of the body, and have the last segment longest. Head excavated in front; ej^es small, black, prominent; first thoracic segment
short; second, third, and fourth segments about equal in length, twice
as long as the first; third segment broadest, last three segments gradually decreasing in length.
Ei)imera visible i'rom above only in the last
two or three segments, but the sutures are evident, except in the first
segment, and their ])Osition nu)ves gradually from the anterior portionof the segment in the second to the posterior in the seventh segment.
Abdominal segments consolidated into a single piece, which is slightly
dilated laterally near the base, and obtusely triangular at the tip. The

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
style

oil

the second pair of brancliial plates in tlie male

is

571

straight,

slighth' surpasses the cilia, and is acute at the end.

The color in life is usually uniform dark green, sometimes with an
obscure dorsal stripe of a lighter color.
Length, 15»"^\Abundant among eel- grass at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, andalso found at Xe\y Haven, Connecticut.

Epelys trilobus Smith.

Plate YI, fig. 28.

(p. 370.)

Idotea triJoha Say, loc. cit., p. 425, 1818.

Great Egg Harbor, 'New Jersey to Vineyard Sound.

Epelys montosus Harger.

(p. 370.)

Idotea montosa StimiDson, Marine Invert., Grand Manan, p. 40, 1853.

Bay of Fundy to Long Island Sound.

J^RA copiosA Stimpson.

(p. 315.)

Loc. cit., p. 40, PI. 3, fig. 29, 1853.

J. nivalis Packard, Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat.

Hist., vol, i, 296, (non Kroyer.)Long Island Sound to Labrador.

LiMNOEiA LiaNORUM White.

Plate YI, fig. 25.

(p. 379.)

Pop. Hist. Brit. Crust., p. 227, PI. 12, fig. 5. Cymotlioa lignorum Ratlike, Skrivt.
af Naturb. Selsk., vol. 101, t. 3, f. 14, 1799, (teste Bate and Westwood.) Limnoria terebrans Leacb, Trans. Linn. Soc, London, vol. xi, p. 371, 1815.
Invertebrata of Massacbusetts, p. 388, 1841.

Gould,

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to the Bay of Fundy and Europe.

Nerocila 3IUNDA Harger, sp. nov.

(p. 459.)

Elongated, oval, smooth, and polished. Antenniie and antennultne nearly
equal in length, about as long as the head. Head flattened, about onethird broader than long, slightl}^ narrowing anteriorly, produced andbroadly rounded in front, subequally trilobed behind, the middle lobe
largest.
Eyes black, consisting of an irregularly rounded patch ofrather indistinct ocelli visible both above and below. First thoracic
segment longer than the others, excavated in front for the three lobesof the head5

epimeral sutures of this segment iudistinct, but the

somewhat produced and
The next three segments have this angle i^roduced

posterior lateral angles of the segment arebroadly rounded.

so as to become a small tooth in the fourth thoracic segment in the last
three segments it is much produced, becoming a long acute tooth in thejseventh. The epimera of the second segment are rounded behind theremaining epimera are slightly angular behind, becoming more acuteposteriorly those of the second, third, and fourth segments extend
backward about as far as the segment to which they belong, but in thelast three segments the i)roduced angles of the segments surpass the
epimera, so that the angle of the sixth segment nearly attains the endof the seventh epimeron.
;;REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

572

The abdomen is composed of six segments, tiie first five short andabout equal in length the sixth equal in length to the other five, truncate in front and rounded behind. The spines beneath the abdomen, or"abdominal epimera," are acute, the second a little more slender than thefirst, and extending not quite to the posterior angle of the fourth abdominal segment. The internal plate of the caudal stylets is oval andobliquely truncate, shorter than the external, which is narrow, ovate,
acute behind, extending about half its length beyond the tip of the abdomen and longer than the preceding segment of the stylet. Claws of
the anterior feet strongly hooked, those of the posterior feet feebly so.
Color, in alcohol, brown, with two narrow dorsal bands of lighter;

color.

Length, 15™"^ breadth, 7""^\This species is allied to N. hivittata, but differs from that species as
figured by Milne Edwards, (Atlas du Eegne animal de Cuvier, Crust.,
Plate 6(j, fig. 5,) in the shortness of three posterior epimera, theregularly rounded terminal segment of the abdomen, and the shape ofthe caudal stylets.
single specimen was obtained on the dorsal fin of Ceratacanthus an;Arantiacus.

CoNiLERA CONCHARUM Harger.

(p. 459.).Mga concliarum Stiuipson, Marine Invert. Grand Manan, p. 42, 1853.

Vineyard SoundjCharleston, South Carolina.

LivoNECA ovALis Harger.
•

Plate YI, fig. 29.

(p. 457.)

Cymothoa ovalis Say loc. cit., p. 394, 1818.

These animals are usually distorted, and not, as represented

in tliefigure, symmetrical on the two sides.

The specimen figured was taken from a blue-fish near the gill.

Anthura brunnea Harger, sp. nov.

(p. 426.)

Nearly uniform in size throughout, bub slightly narrower anteriorly.
AntennuliB and antennae nearly equal in length, scarcely longer than thehead. Front projecting between and each side of the bases of the antennul?e into prominent angles. Eyes small and situated in the sides of thelateral prominences. Thoracic segments smooth and shining above thethird with a slight semicircular depression on the middle of the anterior
margin. This depression is still more strongly marked on the three following segments. First segment slightly longer and narrower than thesecond to fifth about equal sixth and seventh considerably
othersshorter; the seventh about three-fourths the length of the sixth; all
the segments carinated below. Dorsal surface of the basal portion of;;;

the abdomen similar to the posterior segment of the thorax, siiowing
no indication of segments. Terminal portion fiat, smooth, and narrowly
ovate at tip. Appendages of the penultimate segment lamelliform,
similar in form to the terminal plate but not (piite eipialing it.
pair of feet short and thickened. All the I'cot slightly hairy.

First

IXVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
lu life whitish mottled with dull, imrplish brown above.
Length, 14-15"^™.

573

Eyes black,retaining' their color in alcohol.

Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey, and Vineyard Sound.

Anthura brachiata Stimpson.

(p. 511.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 43, 1853.
This species is greatly constricted at the articulations of the second

thoracic segment, andby that character is easily distinguished fromA. brunnea.

Bay of Tandy to Vineyard Sound.
Tanais filum Stimpson.

(p. 381.)

Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 43, 1853.

Bay of Fandy to Vineyard Sound.

Cepon distortus Leidy.

(p. 557.)

Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. iii, p. 149, PI. 11, fiors. 26-32, 1855.

Branchial cavity of Gelasimus jnigilator, Atlsmtic City, Xew Jersey.

EXTOMOSTEACA.
The Ostracoda and the minute Copeopoda of our coast have not yet
been sufficiently studied by any one for us to attempt to enumerate eventhe more common species.

COPEOPODA.
Sapphirina, species.

Plate VII, fig. 33.

(p. 439.)

A beautiful species of this remarkable genus was taken off Gay Head,Martha's Vineyard^ September 2 and 8.

PHYLLOPODA.

Artemia gracilis Verrill.
Amer. Jour. Sci., 2d series, vol. xlviii, j). 248, 1869] Proceedings Amer. Assoc. Adv.
Sci., vol. xviii, p. 235, tigs. 1 and 2, 1870.

In tubs of concentrated sea-water at New Haven, Connecticut Charlestown, Massachusetts and in salt- vats at Falmouth, Massachusetts.
jj

SIPHONOSTOMA.

Ergasilus labraces Kroyer.
Nat.

(p. 159.)

Tidsskrift, 1863-'64, p. 303, PI. 11, iig.

2,

(teste Zoological

Record for

1865.)

According to Kroyer, found upon the striiDcd bass {Roccus Uneatus)
from Baltimore, and liable, therefore, to occur on the coast of Xew
England.

Argulus Catostomi Dana and Herrick.
Amer. Jour.

Sci., Ist series, vol. xxx, p.

(p. 459.)

383, 1836, and vol. xxxi, p. 297, plate,

1837.

Parasitic on the "sucker"

Haven, Connecticut.

{Catostomus) in Mill Kiver, near

New

574

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Argulus laticauda Smith, sp. nov.

(p. 452.)

Carapax orbicular, longer than broad; antero-lateral margin with adeep sinus from which a deep sulcus extends to the center of the carapax; sinus of the posterior margin about twice as deep as broad,extending a little less than a third of the length of the carapax. Eyes
large.
Body scarcely projecting beyond the posterior margin of thecarapax. Tail orbicular, slightly longer than broad, its posterior sinus
narrow, extending scarcely a fourth the length. Antennulse and antennae
much as in A. Catostomi, to which the species bears considerable resemblance. The squamiform appendage upon the base of the prehensile
legs expands into a broad posterior margin, which is divided into threebroad, closely approximated lobes, of which the extremities are broad,truncated, and slightly and irregularly excavated; the terminal portionof the leg is much as in J.. Catostomi, the ultimate segment longer thanthe penultimate and armed at the tip with two claws. Natatory legs
short, the anterior ones not j)rojecting beyond the carapax.
In alcoholic specimens most of the carapax is opaque and black witha thick deposit of pigment.
Length of entire animal, in the largest specimen, 5"^'"length ofcarapax, 3.7; breadth of carapax, 3.2; length of tail, 1.3; breadth of;tail, 1.1.

Found among algiie in Vineyard Sound.

A small specimen taken at surface early in September had the opaqueportions of the carapax darkbrown in life, and in alcohol it retains

about the same color.

ARauLUS LATUS Smith, sp. nov.

(p. 452.)

Carapax large, orbicular, broader than long; the antero-lateral borderwith a broad shallow sinus; the sinus of the posterior iiiargiu not
deeper than broad, its depth scarcely more than a fifth of the length ofthe carapax. Body projecting considerably beyond the posterior marginof the carapax. Tail a third as long as the carapax, about two-thirds
as broad as long, the lateral margins slightly curved and nearly parallel,
the sinus very broad and extending more than a third of the whole
length. Disks of the sucking legs about a fourth as wide as the carapax.
Squamiform appendage upon the base of the prehensile legs with a pappilose area upon the expanded distal portion, the posterior margin
without teeth or lobes, but the outer margin of the expanded portion
armed with numerous very small teeth ultimate segment longer than the
penultimate, and apparently without any hooks at the tip. Natatory
legs all long, even the anterior projecting beyond the sides of thecarapax.
Color of alcoholic specimens yellowish white.
Length, 3.0"""; length of carapax, 2.2; breadth of carapax, 2.5 lengthof tail, 0.7; breadth of tail, 0.45.
Taken at the surface, in Vineyard Sound, July 1.
;;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

Argulus 3iEaAL0PS Smitli, sp. nov.

575

(p. 452.)

Carapax subelliptical, longer than broad; the antero-lateral margin
with a deep sinus; the posterior lobes of the carapax, each side of theshallow and narrow sinus, broady rounded.
Eyes very large, theirdiameter a tenth as great as the breadth of the carapax. Body projecting much beyond the posterior margin of the carapax. Tail somewhat ovate, about two-thirds as broad as long, the sinus only a small
notch, extending not more than a tenth of thelen^h. Xatatory legs very
long, all projecting beyond the carapax. Squamiform appendages upon
the bases of the prehensile legs, with a pappilose area upon the expanded
portion, and the posterior margin armed with three rather slender
teeth, separated by broad spaces; the terminal segment of the leg
armed with two small hooks.
Color of alcoholic specimens, j-ellowish white.
Length, 2.2""^" length of carapax, 1.3; breadth of carapax, 1.0 lengthof tail, 0.7; breadth of tail, 0.47.
Vineyard Sound, taken at the surface, July 8.
;;

Argulus Alos^ Gould,(p. 459.)

Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 340, 1841.

Parasitic upon the alewife in Massachusetts Bay, according to Gould.

Caligus curtus Miiller.

(p. 459.)

Eutomostraca,p. 130, PL 21, figs. 1,2, 1785 Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskrift, vol. i, p. 619,
CaUgus M'dlleri Leach, Encycl. Brit., Snppl., vol. i, p. 405,
PI. 6, fig. 2, 1837.
PI. 20, figs. 1-8, 1816, (teste Baird et al. ;) Baird, British Entomostraca, p. 271,
PI. 32, figs. 4, 5.
CaUgus Americaniis Picliering and Dana, Amer. Jour. Sci,,
vol. xxxiv, p. 225^ PL 3-5, 1838
Dana, U. S. Expl. Expd., Crust., PL 93.
;;

Abundant upon the cod-fish of our coast and of Europe. It is probably the CaUgus ])iscinus of Gould and other American writers.
Caligus RAP ax Edwards,(p. 457.)

Hist. nat. des Crust., tome iii, p. 453, PL 38, fig. 9-12, 1840
pl. 32, figs. 2, 3 ;Baird, op. cit., p. 270,
Steenstrup and Liitken, Bidrag til Kundskab om det aabne;

Havs Snyltekrebse og Lernteer, p. 359, PI. 2, fig. 4, 1861.

Vineyard Sound, on the stingray, {Trygon centroura,) and small specimens, both male and female, taken at the surface at Wood's Hole, September 3, in the evening. These specimens from the surface, according
to Professor YerrilFs notes, were light ilesh color, thickly speckled withminute brown spots, the eyes bright red.

Lepeophtheirus, species,(p. 459.)

A species with a long tail, and somewhat like the L. gracilis (Van,

Benaden sp.,) was found upon the stingray {Trygon ceutroura) taken in
Vineyard Sound.

Lepeophtheirus, species,(p. 459.)

A species with a very short tail, and approaching Heller's genus Anuretes.
laris.)South shore of Long Island, upon a flounder, (Clucnopsetta ocel-

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONEK OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

576

The Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krojer, is found upon the salmon of thenorthern coast of New England.

ECHTHROGALEUS COLEOPTRATUS Steenstrup and Llitken.

(p. 459.)

Op. cit., 380. Dinematura coleoptrata Gu^rin, Icnograpbie du Regne animal, Crust.
PL 35, fig. 6. Dinemoiira alta Baird, British Entomostraca, p. 285, PL 33, tigs.
6,7.

Vineyard Sound, September 19, from the back fin of the mackerelsbark, {Lamna punctata.) It has been found upon the English coast andoff the Azores.

ECHTHROGALEUS DENTICULATUS Smith, Sp. nov.

(p. 459.)

Oarapax broader than long, with a very slight median emarginationin the outline of the front. Posterior i^ortion of the body scarcely longer
and not quite as wide as the carapax. Dorsal plates, or elytra, coveringmuch more than half the genital segment, their inner and posterior
margins armed with a regular series of small teeth. The posterior lobes oftbe genital segment somewhat triangular and each terminated by a stout
spine. Dorsal plate of the tail elongated, obtusely rounded at the extremity, and exposed from above by the very broad sinus in the genital
segment. The tail itself broad, somewhat rectangular, but narrowed disthe terminal lamellaetally and not projecting behind the dorsal plate;nearly as long as the tail, narrow, linear, nearly three times as long as
broad, and armed at the tip with several setae.
Length, 9"^™ breadth of carapax, 5.1 length of elytra along the inner
55

margin, 2.5.

Vineyard Sound, on Atwood's shark, {CarcJiarias Atwoodi.)?Pandarus Granchii Leach,(p. 459.)

Diet, des Sci. iiat.,tome xiv, p. 535, 1819, (teste Edwards et aL ;) Edwards, Regne

animal de Cuvier, 3™^ ed., Crust., PL 78, fig. 2; Steenstrup and Liltken, op.
cit.,

PL 11, fig. 22.

A number of specimens of a Pandarus, taken from a dusky shark{Eulamia ohscura) on the south side of Long Island in 1870, differ only
very slightly from the figures and descrii^tions of P. Crancliii quoted
above.

Pandarus, species.

Plate VII, fig. 31.

(p. 457.)

Vineyard Sound, on Atwood's shark, {Carcharias Atwoodi.) It is, perhaps, only a variety of the last species, but differs considerably from it,
wanting almost wholly the series of spines upon the posterior marginof the carapax, havingthe caudal appendages shorter and obtuse, besides
some slight differences in the natatory legs.

NoGAGUS Latreillii Leach.

Plate VII, fig. 32.

(p. 457.)

Diet. des. Sci. nat., tome xiv, p. 536, 1819, (teste Edwards et al. ;) R^gne animalde Cuvier, Crust., PL 79, fig. 3;Hist. nat. des Crust., tome iii, p. 459;

Steen-

strup and Llitken, op. cit., p. 384, PL 9, fig. 18.

Vineyard Sound, in company with the last species, on Atwood's shark.
All the species of Nogagtis are males of the allied genera, Paudarus,

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
JEchthrogaleus, &c.,

577

and are only provisionally retained in a separate

group, until it can be determined to wliicli of these genera the different
species really belong. This species is probably a Pandarus, and very
likely the male of the last species.

Our specimens differ slightly from the figures given by Steenstrup and
Llitken, the dentiform prominences on the sides of the genital segment inour specimens being much smaller than represented in their figures, thesegments of the tail somewhat shorter and broader, and the terminal
lamellie also shorter and broader, while in other respects they agree well.
Steenstrup and Liitken's specimens were taken from sharks caught inlatitude 31^ north, longitude 76^ west, (in the Gulf Stream, off the South
Carolina coast,) and in latitude 40^ south, longitude 31° west, while
Leach's came from latitude 1^ south, longitude 4° east.
ISToGAGUS TENAX Steenstrup and Llitken.

(p. 457.)

Op. cLt., pp. 3S4, 3SS, PI. 10, fig. 20, 1861.

Vineyard Sound, with the last species, upon Atwood's shark.

It hasnearly as extended a range as the last species.
It is very different from the last species, having the branches of theposterior pair of natatory legs each composed of a single segment, andthe tail also composed of a single segment, which is broader than long,and has the short, truncate caudal lamellae attached to its obliquely
truncated posterior angles. Length, 4.5"^^".
This species probably belongs to a different genus from the last, andis perhaps the male of Echthrogaleus dentlcidatus^ with which it was asso-

Both species of Kogagus^ the Pandarus and UcJithrogaleus denticiifound on the same specimen of the shark, sothat the association of males and females in one or two instances is notciated.

latus, were, however, nilvery good proof of their identity

Pandarus sinuatus Say.

(p. 459.)

Log. cit., p. 436, 1818.

This species is apparently, as far as can be judged from Say's description, allied to P. hicolor Leach, aEuropean

species, which isprobably

not congeneric with the species which we have i)reviously mentioned.

Cecrops Latreillii Leach,(p. 459.)

Encyl. Brit., SuppL, vol. i, p. 405, PI. 20, 1316, (teste Edwards et al. ;) Edwards,
Hist. nat. des Crust., tome iii, p. 475 Baird, op. cit., p. 293, PL 34, figs. 1, 2.
According to Gould, (op. cit., p. 341,) this species has been found upon
the san-fish {Orthagoriscus mola) taken on the coast of Massachusetts.
;

Anthosoma crassum Steenstrup and Llitken.

(p. 4G0.)
Op. cit., p. 367, PI. 12, fig. 24, 1861. Caligus cmssus Abildgaard, (teste Steenstrup and Lutken,) Naturh. Selsk. Skr., Bind iii, p. 49, pi. 5, [1794 ?] (teste

Kroyer.)

Antliosoma Smithii Leach, Encycl. Brit., Suppl., vol. i, p. 406, PI. 20,

Edwards et al. ;) Kroyer, Nat. Tidsskrift, vol. i, p. 295, PI. 2, fig.
Regne animal de Cuvier, Crust., PL 79, fig. 3 Baird, op. cit., p. 299, PI. .33, fig. 9.
According to Gould, (op. cit., p. 341,) Anthosoma Smithii has been
S. Mis. 01
37
1816, (teste

2,

1836

;

Edwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., tome iii, 493, PI. 39, fig. 5
;

;

578

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

found upon the mackerel-sliai'k (Lamna punctata) taken on the coast of
Massachusetts.

Lern^a branchialis Linn6.

(p. 4C0.)

Systema Naturae Edwards, Hist. uat. des Crust., tome iii, p. 528 Steeustrup
and Liitken, op. cit., p. 403, PI. 13, fig. 28.
Found attached to the gills of the cod in the Bay of Fundy, and,;;undoubtedly, extends as far south as that fish.
ern Europe.

Penella plumosa DeKay.

It is common in North-(p. 400.)

Op. cit., p. 60, 1844.

Foundj according to DeKny, upon Diodon pUosiis, and a species of
Bhomhus.

Anchorella uncinata Nordmanu.

(p. 460.)

Mikrograpliische Beitrage, Heft ii, p. 102, PL
Baird, op. cit., p. 337, PL 35, fig. 9.
vol. i,8, figs.

8-12, PI. 10, figs. 1-5, 1832;

Lermm uncinata Miiller, Zoologia Danica,

PL 33, fig. 2, 1788, (teste Norduiana el al. ;) Van Benaden, Poissous descotes de Belgiqne, Memoires Acad. Royale Belgiqne, tome xxxiii, PL 2, fig. 7,
1871.

Found upon cod-fish taken at Xew London, Connecticut.

It is a com-

mon European species.

Lerneonema radiata Stp. and Ltk.
Op. cit., p. 400, 1861.

Plate VII,

fig. 30.

(p. 458.)

Lerneocera radiata Lesenr, Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila-delphia, vol. iii, p. 288, PL 11, fig. 1, 1824.

At Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, and in A^ineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, very common upon the menhaden, [Brevoortia Menhaden.)

Lerneonema % species,(p. 460.)

A species belonging to this, or a closely-allied genus, was found upona species of Carangus taken in Vineyard Sound.

Accordiug to Gould, (op. cit., p. 341,) Fenella filosa Ouvier, (Guerin,
Edwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., tomeiii, p. 525,) has been found upon Orthagoriscus mola, and might, therefore, occasionally occur south of Cape Cod.
The same author also mentions (p. 341) C hand r acanthus cornutns Cuvier, (Xordmann, op. cit., p.
Ill, PI. 9, figs. 5-10; Edwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., tome iii, p. 500, PL
40, figs. 18-22,) and Branchiella Thynni Cuvier, (Edwards, op. cit., tomeiii, p. 512
Steeustrup and Liitke]!, op. cit., p. 420, PI. 15, fig. 36,) as
occurring upon the coast of Massachusetts.
op. cit.. Zoophytes, PI. 9. fig. 3^;

cirripedia.

Balanus Ampiiitrite Darwin,(p. 381.)

Monograph of the Cirripedia, pp. 240. (il4, PL
lig.
1854.
Found upon the bottoms of ships, but probablj' does not live long
r>,

'2,

It is found in all the tropical and warmer
after arriving upon our coast.
temperate seas.
Balanus tintinnabulum Linne, (Dm win, op. cit., pp. 194, 611, PI. 1, 2,

1>:

579^

VERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

fig. 1,) occurs with the last species, but has uot been noticed liviug.
has about the same range as the B. ampliitrite.

Balanus eburneus Goukl.

It(p. 381.)Op. cit., p. 15, PL 1, fig. 6, 1841, Darwin, op. cit., pp. 248, 614, PI. 5, fig. 4.
From Massachusetts Bay to Florida and the West Indies. It sometimes

occurs in brackish or even fresh water. Professor J. Wyman found it
living about 50 miles up the St. John's Eiver, Florida, where the water
was fresh enough to drink, and the specimens lived well when transferred to a vessel of perfectly fresh water.

Balanus improyisus Darwin.
Op. cit., pp. 250, 614, PI. 6, fig. 1.

Darwin gives this species as occurring in England, Nova Scotia, UnitedStates, West Indies, and South America, so that it undoubtedly occurs
upon the coast of Xew England.

Balanus crenatus Bruguiere.

(p. 381.)

Eucyclop. Method., 1793, (teste Darwin :) Darwin, op. cit., pp. 261, 615, PL 6, fi-g. 6.
Balanus rugosns Gould, op. cit., p. 16, PI. 1, fig. 10.

Dredged abundantly in Vineyard Sound.

It ranges from the arctic

regions of the Atlantic to the Cape of Good Hope and the West Indies.

Balanus balaxoides Stimpson.

(p. 305.)

Marine luvertebrata of Grand Mauan, p. 39, 1853 Darwin, op. cit., pp. 267, 615
PI. 7, tig. 2. Lepas halanoides Linne, Systema Naturse, 1767, (teste Darwin.)
Balanus ovularis and elongatus Gould, op. cit., pp. 17, 18, PI. 1, figs. 7, 8.
;

Extremely abundant betweentides.

It inhabits thewhole Xorth

Atlantic.

CoKONULA DIABE3IA De BlainviHe.

(p. 400.)

Diet, des Sci. nat., 1824, (teste, Darwin ;) Gould, op. cit., p. 12; Darwiu, op. cit.,

pp. 417, 623, PI. 15, fig. 3, PI. 13,
Naturie, 1767, (teste Darwin.)

figs. 1, 2, 7.

Lepas dladenia Linne, Systema

Attached to whales taken on the coast, both north and south of Cape
It is found throughout the whole North Atlantic.

Cod.

Lepas fascicularis Ellis and Solander. Plate YII, fig. 34.

(p. 382.)

Zoophytes, 1786, (teste Darwiu;) Darwin, op. cit., p. 92, PI. 1, fig. 6.

Found in vast numbers in Vineyard Sound, in June and July, andfrequently taken in the Bay of Fundy in August.

Lepas pectixata Spengler.

(p. 382.)

Darwin, op. cit., p. 8.5, PL 1, fig. 3. Anatifa dentafa Gould, op. cit., p. 21, PL 1, fig.
11.

Attached to ships' bottoms, but probably does not live long after
arriving on our coast. It lives throughout the warmer parts of theAtlantic.

580

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Lepas anatifera Linoe.

(p. 382.)

Sjstema Natura?, 1767, (teste Darwin ;) Darwin, op. cit., p. 73, PL 1, fig. 1.

Occurs iu the same way as the last species.

It iscommon to the

Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and the Mediterranean.

Lepas anserifera Linne.

(p. 382.)

Systema Naturse, 1767, (teste Darwin ;) Darwin, op. cit., p. 81, PI. 1, fig. 4. Anatifa
striata Gould, op. cit., p. 20.

This species probably occurs in the same way as the last.

Conchoderma aurita Olfers.

It has the(p. 392.)

Darwiu, op. cit., p. 141, PI. 3, fig. 4. Lejms aurita Linne, Systema Natural, 1767^
Otion Cuvieri Gould, op. cit., p. 23,(teste Darwiu.)

On ships' bottoms, &c.

It ranges through all the seas.

Conchoderma virgata Olfers.

(p. 392.)

Darwin, op. cit., p. 146, PI. 3, fi.g. 2.

Lejms virgata Speagler, 1790, (teste Darwin.

Cineras vittaia Gould, op. cit., p. 22.

Occurs iu the same waj', and lias the same range as the last species.

XIPHOSURA.

LiMULUS Polyphemus Latreille.

(p. 340.)

Hist, des Crust., (teste Edwards,) Hist. nat. des Crust., tome iii, p. 549; Say, loc.
cit.,

p.

433; Gould, op.

Packard, Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,cit., p. 339;

vol. ii, p. 155, PI. 3-5, 1872, (on the development ;) A. Milne Edwards, Annales

des Sci. nat., 5«^ ser., tome xvii, nos. 1 et 2, Dec, 1872, PL 5-16, (on the anatomy.)
Monocnlus PoIyphemusljmn6, Systema Natura^ Poli/pliemns occidenialis Lamark,Hist, des Anim. sans vert.; De Kay, op. cit., p. 55, PI. 11, fig. 50, Hmuln>i
australis Say, loc. cit., p. 436.
Xiphosnra Pohjplicmns White, List of Crust, in;

British Mus., p. 121, 1847.

Casco Bay, on the coast of Maine, to Florida.

ANNELIDA.
POLYCH.ETA.

Aphrodita aculeata Linn.

(p. 507.)

Systema Naturte, ed. xii, vol. i, p. 1084, 1767; Malnigrou, Ofvers. af Koug. Vet.Akad. Forhandlingar, 1865, p. 52 Johnston, Catalogue of British Non-Parasitical Worms, p. 101, PI. 9, 1865
Quatrefages, Histoire naturelle des Au;;

nelds, vol. i, !>. 191, 1865.

Off Gay Head in 15 to 10 f\ithoms, mudj

fathoms, mud
dor.

;

St.

Bay of Fundy, 10 to lOG
George's Bank, 50 fathoms; northward to Labra-

Northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain aiul Mediterranean.

INVERTEBRATE AXIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Lepidonotus SQUA3IATUS Leacli.

Plate X, figs. 40, 41.

581(p. 320.)squamaia Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 665; ed. xii, p. 1084. Folynoe
sqiiamata Savigny, Sysfc. Annel., 20 (t. Quatr.) Quatr., op. cit., p. 218. Aphrodita punctata Mlill., Zool. Dan. Prod., p. 218 (t. Malmgren).
Lepidonotus
squamatus Malmgren, op. cit., p. 56 Johnston, op. cit., p. 109, PI. 7, fig. 1
Lepidonote armadillo Leidy, Marine Invert, of Rhode Island and New Jersey,
Folynoe dasypus Quatr., op. cit., vol. i, -p. 226.
p. 16, PL 11, fig. 54.

Jj)1i)'odita;;

Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey;

Xew Haven Watch Hill, Ehodej

Island 5 Yineyard Sound, &c. Yery common north of Cape Cod toLabrador and Iceland; northern coasts of Europe; Great Britain;

France.

In the Bay of Fiindy it occurs abundantly from above low-watermark to the depth of SO fathoms.

Lepidonotus sublevis Yerrill, sp. no v. Plate X, tig. 42. (p. 320.)
Body oblong, somewhat narrowed toward each end, entirely coveredby twelve pairs of large scales, or " elytra,"' which, with the exceptionof the first and last pairs, are broad oval, evenly rounded posteriorly, theouter lateral edge with a fine fiinge; the posterior margin smooth. Theirsurface is iridescent and nearly smooth throughout, and destitute oftubercles, but has minute rounded granules, and appears punctate
under a lens. The scales of the last pair are elongated, with the inneredge curved inward, but without a distinct emargination, such as isseen in the preceding species.
Sette numerous, slender but stiff,
amber-yellow. Scales usually reddish or greenish brown, finely speckedwith dark brown. Length up to 30™™ breadth, 8™™.
This species is easily distinguished from the last by its nearly smoothscales, the form of the last pair, and the lighter-colored and more;

slender setie.

Savin Eock, near Xew Haven;

Yineyard Sound.

Lepidonotus anoustus Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 494.)
Body elongated, narrow, of nearly uniform Avidth throughout, convex
above. Twelve pairs of elytra, which are only slightly imbricated andhardly cover the back completely, there being often a narrow naked
dorsal space, but when the elytra are closely appressed the back isnearly covered. The elytra are rather small, regularly oval, except thoseof the terminal pairs outer edge irregularly fringed surface covered
with small, slightly prominent, roundish granules. Posterior elytra
with a deep emargination on the inner margin. Head larger and relatively broader than in L. squamatus, convex, with well-rounded sides,
eyes larger and farther apart. Antennie rather short. Seta^ shorter;;

than in either of the preceding species, of nearly uniform length, rather
rigid, light amber-colored, forming short dense fascicles.
Color variable; in one specimen the scales were yellowish gray and brownish,varied with dark specks, and with a central subcircular or somewhat
crescent-shaped white spot, surrounded by a circle of dark brown specks.

582

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

wliich form an irregular dark spot on the inner border of the pale central
spot.

Eeefs off Watch Hill, Khode Island, in 4 or 5 fathoms, among rocks

and alg?e.

Harmothoe imbricata Malmgren.

(p. 321.)

Nordiska Hafs-Aunulater, op. cit., p. 67, 1865, PI. 9, fig. 8, A-E.

Aplirodlta imhri-

cata Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1084, 1767.

Zool. Dan., No. 2644

(t.

ApTirodita cirrata Miiller, ProdrFabricius, Fauna Groenlandica, p. 308, PI.

Malmgren);

Lepidonote cirrata CErsted, Gron. Ann. Dorsib., 1843, p. ]4, PL 1, figs.

1, fig. 70.

Stimpsou, Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 36, 1853.

Pohjnbecirrata Sars, Arcb. filr. Naturg., vol. xi, 1845, p. 11, PI. 1, figs. 12-21(embry-1, 5, 6, 11, 14, 15;

ology).

i^ew Haven

Watch Hill, Ehode Island Vineyard Sound MassaBay of Fundy and northward to Greenland; Iceland;
and Spitzbergen. Northern coasts of Europe Scotland. In the Bayof Fundy it is common from above low-water mark to 60 fathoms in
Vineyard Sound, from low-water mark to 15 fathoms 25 fathoms off;;;

chusetts Bay;

;

;

;

Buzzard's Bay.

Sthenelais picta Verrill, sp. nov.

(p. 348.)(?) SigaUon Matliildoi Leidy, Marine Invert. Fauna of the Coasts of Ehode Island

and New Jersey, p. 16, PL 11, f. 53, from Journal Philadelphia Acad., series ii,
iii, 1855 {non And. and Edw.)(?) Silienelais Leidiji Quatr., op. cit., vol. i,

vol.

p. 278 (no description).

Body depressed, much elongated, nearly uniform in breadth throughThe whole dorsal surface ismore than
These, with the exception of the anterior and posterior pairs,

out; back convex; ventral surface

flat.

closely covered by the imbricated scales, of which there are

150 pairs.

are broadly lunate, with a deep emargination in the center of the anterior edge; the posterior and lateral

margins are broadly rounded thethe posterior edge is smooth
the whole surface of the anterior scales is covered with minute, slightly
elevated granules farther back, the exposed portion of the snrtace ofthe scales is smooth, and the microscopic granules are restricted to theanterior and inner portions. The scales of the anterior pair are oval, andhave their entire outer and anterior margins minutely but irregularly
outer lateral edge is laciniately fringed

;

;

;

;

denticulate.

The head is small, rounded, contracted behind the posterior eyes andthe eyes are near together, in a quadranthose in the anterior pair are a little farther apart, and lateral.

in front of the anterior ones
gle

;

;

The head is prolonged anteriorly into a narrow elliptical or oval portion,
which forms the base of the median antennic close to and below eachof the anterior eyes a prominent, membranous, ciliated process arises.
The feet of the first pair, which are directed forward, are elougated, and;bear a pair of slender, elongated, dorsal cirri, which are nearly as longas the antennre; a much shorter, slender cirrus from the lower lobe, witha small, thin, membraneous process below and a large fiiscicle of long,;INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
slender setie, as long as the median antennje.

longer than the antenna?
scales;-,583

The palpi are slender,,lateral feet prominent, projecting beyond thesetcne light yellow.

Color variable, generally light gray, with a dark brown median dorsal
band, each scale often bordered on the posterior and inner edges withbrown, which is connected with a blackish angular spot near the anterior margin, th€ rest of the scale being transparent and whitish headdark brown, with a red central spot and a round whitish spot on each;

Length up to 150""^ breadth usually about 4""".
Vineyard Sound, low-water mark to 14 fathoms off Martha's Yineyard, 21 fathoms, sand; off Kew Haven, 4 to 5 fathoms, shelly.
Great
Egg Harbor (Leidy).
This species differs considerably in the form of the head, antenuie,
His description is insufficient to«&c., from the figure given by Leidy.
determine whether he observed the same species.
side.

:

;

Kephthys ingens .Stimpson.

Plate XII, figs. 59, 60.

(p. 431.)

Marine luvertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 33, in Smithsonian Contributions, 1853.

Long Island Sound, off New Haven, 3 to 8 fathoms, mud, common
Bay of Fundy, 10 to 60 fathoms.
This species is readily distinguished by the form of the head andposition of the small antennas; by the large median dorsal papilla on theI)roboscis, and the smaller ventral one; by the very prominent and widely5

off Block Island, in 29 fathoms;

separated rami of the posterior feet;and the dark color of the setae.

It grows to the length of 130°^"* or more.

Kephthys picta Ehlers.

Plate XII, fig. 57.

(p. 348.)

Die Borstenwiirmer, yoI. i, p. 632, PI. 23, figs. 9, 35, 1868.

Vineyard Sound, low- water mark to 8 fathoms, muddy and
Xahant; Charleston (Ehlers).
:N'ephthy'S, bucera Ehlers.

Plate XII, fig. 5S.

shelly.

(p. 416.)

Die Borstenwiirmer, vol. i, p. 617, Pl. 23, fig. 8.

Vineyard Sound, 8 to 10 fathoms, shelly

Watch Hill, Ehode Island,;

4 to 5 fathoms, among rocks and sand. Massachusetts Bay (Ehlers).

This species is remarkable both for the form of the head and thelength of the setie, which often exceed the diameter of the body.

Xephthys ciliata Ptathke.
Beitriige zur
12,

tigs.

Fauna Norwegens, p. 170, 1843

17,

A-C, 1865; Quatrefages,op.

;

Maimgren,

Borstenwiirmer, vol. i, p. 629, PI. 23, fig. 36, 1868.

Danica, vol. iii, p.

17, PI. 89, figs.

p.

cit.,

op.

cit., p.

104, PI.

429 (Xejyhiys) ; Ehlers,

Nereis ciliata MuUer, Zoolog.

1-4 (t. Ehlers).

Neplithys horealis CErsted,

Annulat. Danicor. consp., p. 32, 1843 (t. Maimgren).

Ehlers gives Edgartown as a locality for this species. It is a northernform, found at Iceland, Greenland, Spitzbergen, and along the northerncoasts of Europe

and Great

Britain.

Stimpson records

itfrom theREPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

584

Bay of Fundy, in 40 fathoms^ mud. It was dredged near St. George's
Bank in 85, 110, and 150 fathoms, mud, by Dr. A. S. Packard, on the"Bache,'' 1872.

EuMiDiA Americana Yerrill, sp. no v.

Body long andHeadslender.

(p. 194.)

triangular, subcordate, broad

andslightly emarginate posteriorly, the sides rapidly converging, the front

end narrow and rounded, with four slender antennae, which are as longas the head odd median antenna long and slender, tapering, as long as
or longer than the head. Eyes moderately large, round, convex, near
the posterior margin of the head. Tentacular cirri long and slender
crowded. Proboscis elongated, subclavate, enlarging to the end, which
the basal two-thirds
is surrounded by about fourteen triangular papillae
covered with small, slender, prominent papillae, which are not crowded,
but arranged in longitudinal rows this part of the i^roboscis is, in thepreserved specimens, longitudinally ridged and transversely wrinkled
the terminal third is nearly smooth, but usually minutely granulous.
The lateral lamellae, or branchiae, are ovate-lanceolate, leaf-like, withcurved tips; posteriorly they are larger and more acute. Length up to
QOmm breadth, 1.5™^.
j

;

;

j

.

Vineyard Sound, 8 to 12 fathoms, among compound ascidiaus.

EUMIDIA VIVIDA Yerrill, sp. nov.
Head relatively a little longer than in the preceding species, with thesides more convex, and the front rounded antennae long and slender.
Eyes brownish, very large, about twice as large as in the precediug;

Proboscis long, slender, clavate, nearly smooth, but with a
species.
few minute, distant papillae the terminal orifice surrounded by about
eighteen very small papilliform denticulations. Branchiae of the anterior segments long and narrow lanceolateof the middle segments
ovate. Length up to 45"™ breadth, 1.5™^.
Yineyard Sound, 8 to 12 fathoms, among ascidians.
;

;

-,

EuMiDiA PAPILLOSA Yerrill, sp. nov.
Head short, rounded, convex, emarginate

posteriorly, thesides

convex; antennae not very slender; median odd one stout, tapering,
acute, as long as the head. Eyes large
brown. Tentacular cirri
rather stout, those of the two posterior pairs more than twice as long as
the others.
Proboscis long, clavate, densely covered with short,rounded papilhe, and with a circle of minute papilh\? at the orifice.
;Length up to 40""" breadth, 2'""\
Yineyard Sound, G to 10 fathoms, among compound ascidians.
;•

EuLALiA PISTACIA Yerrill, sp. nov.
Body moderately slender, depressed.
broad

;

Head convex,

shorter thanmarginmedian odd antenna small, slender, considerably

in preserved specimens, sides well rounded, posteriorslightly emarginate;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
shorter than the head.

Eyes large^ brown.

585

Tentacular cirri moder-ately long; the four i)osterior ones considerably longer than the others.

Branchiie narrow lanceolate anteriorly; ovate and leaf-like on the middle

segments;

longer and lanceolate posteriorly.

Proboscis long, more or

but often showing longitudinal striations, andsometimes with a few very minute scattered papillae toward the end
the orifice surrounded by a circle of numerous minute papillre. Colorbright yellowish green (epidote-green or pistachio- green), often with
obscure darker markings posteriorly, and at the base of the append-

less clavate, smooth,;

Length up to 40™°^ breadth, 1.5"^°^..
Vineyard Sound, 6 to 12 fathoms, among compound ascidians
Haven, 4 to 5 fathoms, among hydroids.

ages.

;

;

off ]S"ew

EuLALiA GRANULOSA Yerrill, sp. nov.
Body not very slender, considerably stouter than in the preceding
Head short cordate, decidedly

species, and less tapering anteriorly.

emarginate behind, broader than long; sides prominently rounded;
Antenre short; odd one slender, originating
between the eyes, more than half the length of the head. Eyes large,
round, convex, dark brown. Proboscis long, clavate, thickly covered
throughout with round, scarcely prominent, crowded, rather large
granules, each of which has a dark central spot orifice surrounded bya circle of small papillie. Tentacular cirri slender, acute, the two posterior pairs long, reaching the eighth segment.
Lateral appendages
large and prominent for the genus. Branchiae of upper ramus rather
large, ovate, leaf-like anteriorly; larger and obliquely ovate, withacuminate tips, farther back branchise of lower ramus similar in form
front small, rounded.

;;and nearly as large.

Color bright grass-green.

Length 55°^°^, or morebreadth, 2°^°^; length of proboscis, 6^^^.
Oft'

New Haven, 4 to 5 fathoms, among hydroids.

EULALIA ANNULATA Vcrrill, Sp. UOV.
Body moderately

slender, convex,

tapering to both ends.

Headlonger than broad, somewhat oblong, truncate behind, the sides but
little convex, narrowing but little to the obtusely rounded front.
Pro-

Eyes two, large, darkiDapillie.
brown or blackish, rather near together. Odd median antenna slender,
more than half as long as the head, placed far in advance of the eyes;
frontal antennae rather large, about the same in length, but muchstouter than the median one, with slender tips. Tentacular cirri very

boscis covered with small prominent

unequal, the two upper pairs much longer than the others, not very
slender, reaching to the seventh or eighth segment in preserved speci-

mens; the two lower imirs not more than one-third as long. Dorsal
branchiae narrow and acute throughout the anterior ones are narrow;lanceolate, with subacute tips; those farther

back become

still

more

elongated, narrow lanceolate, or almost linear lanceolate, with acuminate

586

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the diameter of the body posteriorly
they become somewhat wider, with acute, curved tips. Caudal cirri
small, narrow lanceolate, about as long as the posterior lateral lamelLne,
or branchiae. Color of preserved specimens pale greenish or bluishtips, and in length equal to half;gray, with narrow annulations of golden brown, and iridescent.
5()mm^ or more

Lengthbreadth about 1.25""-\
Vineyard Sound, 4 to 12 fathoms, among ascidians.
;

EuLALiA GRACILIS Yerrill, sp. nov.

Body very long and slender, with the segments deeply incised posHead small, elongated, truncate behind;terior segments elongated.

jposterior angles not prominent, oblong, tapering but little toward thefront, w^hich is obtusely rounded
size, brown, situated close to;sides not swollen.

Eyes of moderateThethe posterior margin of the head.

four frontal antennae are more than half as large as the head, rather
stout, tapering, and the head is slightly constricted behind themodd
median one, small, slender, inconspicuous, about one-third the length of
the head, placed considerably in advance of the eyes. Tentacular cirri
rather stout, the two upper ones longest, rather more than twice as longas the head the posterior pair, w^hen extended backward, reaches thefifth setigerous segment in preserved specimens
the two lower ones
are considerably stouter and smaller, nearly equal, and are somewhat
longer than the head in alcoholic specimens. Branchiae of the anterior
segments short, oval, obtuse at the tip posteriorly larger, elongatedoval, leaf-like.
Color light greenish brown or olive, with a row of darkbrown spots along each side of the dorsal surface of the body.
Length up to 65°^^^; breadth about 1"^^.
Vineyard Sound, 6 to 14 fathoms, among ascidians and hydroids.
;

;

-,

;

This species is very active in its motions. In general appearance it
resembles certain species of Fhyllodoce, for which it might easily be
mistaken, owing to the small size and translucency of the odd medianantenna, which is not easily observed, especially with living specimens.

The position of the tentacular cirri is, however, sufticient to distinguish
The form of the head is quite
peculiar, but somewhat resembles that of Phyllodoce gracilis, and also
the genus from Phyllodoce and JEumicUa.

the preceding species.

One specimen of the Eulalia gracilis was found in which fissiparity
was apparently about to take place. In this, one of the segments waslarger than the rest, and had developed a distinct pair of eyes. The
specimen unfortunately died before the separation took i)lace.

Phyllodoce gracilis Verrill, sp. nov.
(?) Phyllodoce
lig. 53,

PL XI, fig. 50.

(p. 404.)

macnlata A. Agassiz, Auuals Lyceum New York, vol. viii, p. ;?33,

186G {nan Miiller, ncc (Ersted).

Body very long and sh^nder.

Head longer than broad, decidedly

cordate behind, with the posterior angk'S well rounded; the sides swell-

IXVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VIXEYARD SOUND, ETC.

587

ing out opposite the eyes, tlieu naiTOwiDg to near the antennae, where
there is a slight coustriction^ and expanding slightly at the end, which
is obtusely rounded.

Eyes very large, brown, wide apart, and sub-lateral,connected by a curved baud of brown specks; antennae rather large andlong, about one-third as long as the head. Tentacular cirri large, the twoposterior much the longest, reaching to about the eighth setigerous segment. Branchioe of anterior segments broad oval or sub-circular, roundedat the end posterior ones larger, broad oval, narrowed to the end. Proboscis with a large, swollen, basal portion, on which are twelve longitudinal rows of large, prominent, obtuse papilhie, about seven in eachrow; and a terminal smooth portion, which is somewhat longer, andabout as broad at the end as the basal portion, but considerably narrower
at its commencement; the orifice is surrounded by a circle of large,
rounded papillre. Color greenish, with a median dorsal row of darkbrown spots, and another less conspicuous row along each side of theback, at the base of the lateral appendages.
Length up to 75"^°^; breadth, 1 to 1.25™^^.
Watch Hill, Eh ode Island, in 4 or 5 fathoms, rocky bottom.
The figure {56) copied from one of those given by Mr. Agassiz does
not agree perfectly with the specimens described, but probably represents
the same species. The head, as figured, is more oblong and the eyes
nearer together than in my specimens; the tentacular cirri are lesscrowded. The anterior ones, in the preserved specimens at least, appear
to arise from beneath the base of the head.
Some of these differences
may be due to the different states of extension and contraction for the
species in this family are all quite changeable in form during life, andusually contract very much in alcohol.
;;

Phyllodoce catenula Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 494.)
Head somewhat longer than broad, slightl}' cordate posteriorly, withthe posterior angles well rounded, and the sides full and convex

;

front

broadly rounded, and with a slight emargination iu the middle. Eyes
antennae
large, dark brown, placed on the dorsal surface of the headrather long, slender. Tentacular cirri long and slender, the two posteriormuch longer than the others. Branchiae of anterior segments broad;ovate, with rounded tips farther back larger and longer, ovate, leaf-like,with acuminate tips. Proboscis with twelve rows of papillae on thebasal portion, which are prominent, somewhat elongated, obtuse, sevenor eight in the lateral rows, those in each row close together. Color ofbody and branchiie pale green, with a median dorsal row of dark brownspots, one to each segment and two lateral rows, in which there is aspot at the base of each " foot ;" head pale, or greenish white.
Length up to T-j'"^"^; breadth about 1.5""^\;;Watch Hill, Ehode Island, in 4 to 6 fathoms, among rocks and algi^,
and in tide-pools; Wood's Hole, at surface, evening, July 3. Verycommon in the Bay of Fundy, from low-water to 50 fathoms.

588

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

This species is closely allied to P. pulcliella Malmgreo, from Northern
Europe, but differs somewhat in the form of the head, which is shorterand rounder in the latter the branchiae also differ in form. It is a very
active species, and secretes a large quantity of mucus.
;

Eteone robusta Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 488.)
Body large, stout, depressed, broadest in the middle, tapering gradually to each end.
Head small, about as long as wide, convex, with a median jlepressionj the sides rounded; front obtusely rounded.

The fourfrontal antennae are very small, short, obtuse, less than half the diameterof the head.

Eyes very small, black.

Tentacles very small and short?

tapering, their length about one-half the diameter of the head, the twopairs about equal.

Branchiae small, sessile, anteriorly very small, oval,

obtuse; in the middle region rounded, sub-oval.

Color dark green, withthe anterior portion somewhat paler, and with light green transverse

bands between the segments; lateral appendages pale green.
Length, 125™"^; breadth in middle, 5^^"^; length of head, 0.6^^^^.

Watch Hill, Bhode Island, under stones, between tides, April 12, 1873.

Eteone limicola Yerrill, sp. nov.

(p. 319.)

Body very long and slender, tapering gradually to both ends; depressed,
and with deeply incised, elongated segments posteriorly; less depressed
and with shorter and less distinct segments anteriorly. Head small,about as broad as long, the posterior angles well rounded, the sides witha slight constriction in advance of the eyes, narrowing rapidly; front
narrow, convex antennae slender, about half the length of the head.
Eyes minute, inconspicuous. Tentacular cirri about equal to the lengthof the head. Lateral appendages small on the anterior segments, becoming much more prominent farther back; anterior branchiae very small,ovate, sessile; those farther back much larger, and narrow ovate.
Color, when living, light green throughout.
Length about 80^""^ breadth, including appendages, 1.5™"\
Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey, in mud at low-water.
;;

Eteone setosa Verrill, sp. nov.
Body long and slender, resembling the preceding in form, bat somewhat less slender. Head shorter and broader, the posterior angles
prominently rounded;

twoslight notches

or emarginations on theposterior margin, the middle portion extending farther back than thelateral; sides rapidly tapering; front narrow.

Antennae less than half

the length of the head. Eyes small, but quite distinct. Tentacular
Lateral appendages a little promicirri scarcely as long as the head.

nent on the anterior segments, but much less so than farther back seta^
numerous. The branchiie are small, sessile, and inconspicuous anteriorly
larger and ovate farther back.
Length up to 75""" breadth about 2""".
Vineyard Sound, to 12 fathoms, among ascidians.
;;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

589

Eteone, species imdeter mined.
A small and slender species \Yas dredged oif Gay Head, in 19 fathoms,
soft mud.

Another very peculiar species of Eteone was obtained at Great Egg
Harbor, Xew Jersey. In this the head is depressed and elongated,tapering, with short antennae. The anterior part of the body is roundand with the lateral appendages very small, closely appressed, and not
at all prominent, giving to this j)art of the body a smooth apx)earance;on this part of the body the branchiiie are very small, lunate, sessile,closely appressed; farther back they become much larger, and roundedor ovate, while the setigerous lobe becomes prominent, and the setaemuch longer and more numerous.

PODARKE OBSCURA Yerrili, sp. nov.

PI. XII, fig. 61.

(p. 310.)

Body convex above, fi.at below, with the segments deeply incised at
the sides, moderately slender in full extension, but capable of great contraction, tapering gradually to the caudal extremity, and less toward thehead. Head small, broader than long, emarginate in front, sides forming
rounded angles; posterior margin nearly straight Antenna? five, subequal, the outer i)air articulated upon a short, thick basal segment; theodd median one is somewhat shorter, articulated upon a small basal
segment, which arises in front of the anterior pair of eyes. Tentacularcirri long, slender, six on each side, two arising from each of the first
three annulations, on each side; those on the middle are longest, thoseon the first shortest. Eyes four, small, red those on each side close.

;

together, but those of the anterior pair are farthest apart.

Probosciswith a large, swollen basal portion, and a smaller cylindrical terminal
portion, the surface nearly smooth.
Lateral appendages, or "feet,"elongated, biramous.
The upper branch is short, conical, bearing
at its extremity a long, slender dorsal cirrus, nearly as long as thebreadth of the body, or even exceeding it, and having a short basal
joint; the setiie of the upper ramus are very few and small.
The lower

branch is much larg'er and longer, thick at base, tapering somewhat tothe obtose end, from which a small, terminal, obtuse, i)apilliform j)rocessarises; the short, acute, ventral cirrus arises

from about the terminal

third, and is less than half as long as the dorsal cirrus ;the setse are

numerous and long, forming a broad, fan-shaped fascicle, in which, themiddle set?e are considerably longer than the ui^per and lower ones, andin length about equal to the setigerous lobe these setse are all compound,the middle ones having a very long, slender, acute terminal joint, andthe shorter ones beneath having a much shorter terminal joint. Lastsegment small, rounded, bearing two long, slender anal cirri, much longer
than the dorsal cirri. Color variable, most commonly very dark brownor blackish sometimes dark brown with transverse bands of light fieshcolor between the segments, and two intermediate transverse whitish;;

lines on each segment.

EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

590

Length up to 40""'^ when extended breadth, including setae, 3'^°^.
Wood's Hole, among eel-grass and at the surface, very abundant,
especially at night, in July and August
also under stones, between-,;tides.

AuTOLYTUS CORNUTUS A. Agassiz.

PI. XIII, figs. 65, 66.

(p. 397.)

JourDal Boston Society of Natural History, vol. vii, p. 392, Plates 9-11, 1863.

Great Egg Harbor, i^ew Jersey; E^ew Haven; Watch Hill; Vineyard
Eastport, Maine. Low-water mark to 15

Sound; Massachusetts Bay;

fathoms.

AuTOLYTUS, species undetermined,(p. 398.)

Oft New Haven, 4 to 6 fathoms, shelly, among hydroids.

AUTOLYTUS, species undetermined.
Females, filled with eggs, of a large species of this genus were taken
by Mr. V. N. Edwards.
These were about 40™"^ in length, as preserved in alcohol, and rjither
The head is small, short, rounded in front.
stout, tapering to each end.
The eyes are small, and the two pairs are near together. The odd
median antenna is more than twice as long as the breadth of the head;
the lateral ones are about half as long; the first six setigerous segments
have short setie; the following ones have a fascicle of long, slender ones,
equal to the breadth of the body.
at the surface of Vineyard Sound, April 30,

Syllis, species undetermined,(p. 453.)

A single specimen from Vineyard Sound.

The body is about 12'"'"

long; the antennse are not very long; the palpi short; the dorsal cirri
are rather long, and, like the antenuiie, regularly beaded the ventral;

cirri are small, tapering;

the seta3 are numerous, rather short.

Gattiola, species undetermined,(p. 453.)

Young specimens were taken several times in Vineyard Sound, at thesurface.

Adult specimens of a fine species of this genus were dredgedin the Bay of Fandy in 1872, in 80 fathoms.

Nereis virens Sars.

PI. XI, figs. 47-50.

(p. 317.)

Beskrivelser og lakttagelser, etc., p. 58, PL 10, iig. 27, a, b, c, 1835 (t. Maluigreu).
Nereis grandis Stimpson, lavertebrata of Graud Manau, p. 34, fig. 24, 1853.

YanUana Quatrefages, Hist, des Aunelds, i, p. 553, PI. 17, figs. 7, 8
1865; ^Zifto mrens Malmgren, op. cit.^ p. 183; Anuiilata polycluvta, p. 50, PI.
Nereis3, figs. 19,

A-E, 1867.

New Haven, at low water; Watch Hill
setts Bay; Eastport, Maine;

Vineyard Sound Massachunorthward to Labrador. Northern coasts;;of Europe to Great Britain.

Nereis limbata Ehlers.

PI. XI, fig. 51.

(p. 31S.)

Die Borstcnwiiimer, vol. 1, p. 567, 1868.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Massachusetts Bay; halt-tide mark toLong Island Sound.

4 to (] fathoms in

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Nereis pelagioa Liuu.

PI. XI, figs. 52-55.

(p.

591

319.)

Systema natHrie, ed. x, p. 654; ed. sii, p. 1086; Malmgien, Anuiilata polychieta
Ehlers, op. cit., p. 511, PI. 20, figs. 11-20, 1868]
p. 47, PI. 5, figs. 35, A-D, 1867
Heieronereis grandifolia Malmgren, Nordiska Hafs-Amiulater, p. 108, PI. 11, figs.
Ann. polychteta, p. 60, PI. 5, figs. 31, A-D Heieronereis arciica
15, 16, B, Bi, C;;;

CErsted, Greenland's Annul, dorsibr., p. 27, PI. 4, figs. 50*, 51, 60, PI. 5, figs. 65, 68
70*, male (t. Ehlers);Heieronereis assimilis QErsted, op.

54, 61, PI. 5, fig. 72, female

Off New Haven(t.

cit., p.

28, PI. 4, figs.

Ehlers).

Watch Hillj Yiueyard Sound northward to LabraGreenland Icehmd Spitzbergen northern coasts of Europe toGreat Britain. In the Bay of Fundy from low- water mark to lOG
dor.

j

;

;

;

;

fathoms, common.
^N^ereis

eucata And. and Edwards,(p. 494.)de la France, vol. ii, p. 188 (teste Malmgren) Lycoris fucata
Savigny, Syst. des Annelides, p. 31, 1820 (t. Ehlers) Descr. de I'JEgypte, 6d.

Histoire nat.

litt.

;

;

2, sxi, p. 357 (t. Malmgren);

Nereilepas fiicaia Malmgren, Annulata polychgeta,

18-18 E; Johnston, Catalogue, p. 158, fig. 30, 1865. Heieronereis glaucopis Malmgren, Nordiska Hafe-Annulater, Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet.

p. 53, PI. 3, figs.

Akad. Forh., 1865, p. 181, PI. 11, figs. 16, 16 A; Annulata polycha?.ta, p. 60, PL
Nereis fiicaia Ehlers, Borstenwiirmer, vol. i, p. 546, PL 21^
4, figs. 26, 27, 1867.
figs.

41-44.

A

specimen was dredged at Watch Hill, Khode Island, in 4 to 6 fathoms, among rocks and algiie, which agrees well with Malmgren's description and figure of Heieronereis glaucopis.
Ehlers regards the latter as
the heteronereis-form of N. fucata.

Nereis, species undetermined.

Head sub-conicalantennse small, slender palpi small, shorter, andtwo upper pairs of tentacular cirri moderatelj^ elongated, subequal, lower ones very small. Posterior eyes elongated and on the upperside of the headj anterior pair small, lateral.
Feet terminated by four
small papillie- dorsal and ventral cirri small, slender.
The only specimen observed is preserved in alcohol it is a female
filled with eggs.
Vineyard Sound, 6 to 8 fathoms.
thicker

j

;

;

5

Nectonereis Yerrill, genus nov.

Head prominent, depressed, oval, rounded in front, bearing two pairsof large eyes on the upper and lateral surfaces, and a pair of small
Tentacular cirri four on
Proboscis small, similar to that of Nereis., butmore simple; furnished with a pair of terminal hooks with two anteriorclusters of denticles on the upper side, and with five small clusters below, in a ring extending nearly half-way around it. Anterior part ofantennae beneath; palpi small or rudimentary.

each side, as in Nereis.

;

body fusiform, consisting of about fourteen segments, on which the feetare divided into small, rounded lobes, with small ventral cirri; and withlong dorsal cirri, those on the first seven segments swollen and gibbous
toward the end, with a small acute terminal portion.

Posterior part of

592

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the body composed of numerous short segments, on which the feet are
furnished with lamelliform appendages.

This remarkable annelid bears some resemblance, in the structure of
the body and '' feet," to Reteronereis, and there is probably another form
to which it bears the same relation that Heieronereis bears to Nereis but
the structure of the head is very unlike that of any known genus, and,;indeed, would not allow it to be placed in the family of Nereidce without
modifying the family-characters-. There are are no large palpi, correspondiug to those of Nereis, aud nothing to represent them, unless two
small lobes close to the mouth be considered rudimentary j^alpi.

Nectonereis MEaALOPS Yerrill, sp. nov.

Plate XII, figs. 02, 63.

(p.

440.)

Body slender, consisting of two parts; the anterior i>ortion, containing fourteen setigerous segments, is broadest in the middle, taperingboth ways, and separated from the posterior portion by a distinct conthe posterior portion is much longer and more slender, taper
striction
ing gradually to the end, and consists of very numerous short segments,
which are furnished with complex lateral appendages, with thin lamelloe
and compound bladed seta3. Head broad oval, somewhat convex, andvery smooth above the lateral margins a little convex the front
obtusely rounded. Eyes very large, convex the anterior ones largest,in contact with the posterior ones,
lateral and partially dorsal, oval
which are somewhat smaller and more dorsal. Two small decurved
antenucT, with swollen bases, are on the ventral side of the head two
small, rounded processes in front of the mouth. Tentacular cirri
the rather short lower pairslender, the upper pair much the longest
arising near the mouth,- the two intermediate pairs arise behind andall are slightly annulated.
The ''feet'' on theclose to the anterior eyes
first seven segments have a large dorsal cirrus, increasing in lengthfrom the first to the seventh, narrow at base, swollen and gibbous
toward the end, with a slender, oblique, terminal portion; on the sevenfollowing segments the dorsal cirri are smaller, slender, tapering;
the ventral cirri are small, with swollen bases on the first five segments, slender and tapering on the rest the intermediate lobes of thefeet are small and rounded, but more elongated on the first five segments. Setiie of difterent forms, many of them with a slender, often
curved, acute terminal piece.
The lateral appendages of the posterior region have, on the upperramus, a long, slender dorsal cirrus, strongly creuulate-lobed on thelower side; a small, rounded lamelliform process above its base; and along, lanceolate process arising just below it, and in length equaling"
the cirrus an ovate setigerous lobe, bearing a broad fan-shaped fascicleof compound seta>, extending about to the end of the dorsal cirrus
and a lower ovate-lanceolate lamelliform process, with the base expanded
aud extending backward, the tii) reaching to about the outer third of
5

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
the cirrus;

593

a single strong black spine supports the setigerous lobe.

The lower ramus has a rounded setigerous lobe, and a large broadlyrounded lamelliform process, nearly as long as the longest one of theupper ramus and much broader the setigerous lobe bears a broad fanshaped fascicle of compound setae, similar to those of the upper ramus,
but a little shorter, and a single black basal spine; the ventral cirrus
is slender, and there is a broad, rounded ventral lamella at its base.
j

The set?e are rather stout, with a broad, thin, blade-like, terminal piece,
which is generally lanceolate, with a rounded point, and often somewhat curved, but more commonly straight. A few setse have a slenderacute terminal piece. Anal segment with numerous small slender papilliform processes on each side, forming a circle.
Length up to 35^^ breadth about 2.5™^.
;

Vineyard Sound, swimming actively at the surface, both in the evening and in the brightest sunshine, in. the middle of the day
July 3 to;August 11.

DioPATRA CUPREA Claparede.

Plate XIII, figs. 67, 68.

(p. 346.)

Annflides cli^topocTes du golfe de Naples, in Memoires de la Society de Physiques
Xereis cuprea Bosc, Hist. nat.
et d'Hist. Nat. de Geneve, vol. xix, p. 4-32, 1863.
des Vers, vol. i, p. 143 (t. ClaparMe).

Long Island Sound and Yineyard

Charleston, South Carolina, toSound.

Marphysa Leidyi Quatrefages.
Histoire nat. des Anneles, vol.

Leidy, Mar. luv. Fauna of

Plate XII, fig. 6Li,p. 337,(p. 319.)

1865 {M. Leidii).

Eunice sanguinea

Rkode Island and New Jersey, p. 15, 1855 {nonMontagu).

Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey, to Long Island Sound and VineyardSound. Low-water mark to 10 fathoms.

Lycidice Americana Yerrill, sp. nov.

(p. 508.)

Body depressed, slender, narrowed toward each end; segments wellHead much depressed, oblong, narrowed somewhat toward
the front, which is truncate and somewhat emarginate in the middle
lower side bilobed, the lobes well rounded. The two eyes are lateral,just outside the bases of the lateral antennae. The three antennae aremarked.

subequal, nearly as long as the diameter of the head; the odd medianapparently a little longer than the lateral, and placed slightly
The dorsal cirri are long and slender, exceeding thediameter of the body in living specimens; they have a small lobe near
the base. Anal cirri four the two lower exceeding the diameter of the

one

is

farther back.

;

body

the two upper ones less than half as long. Color light red, witha bright red dorsal vessel and dark brown intestines, showing through in;the middle ; eyes dark red.
Length, while living, about 40"^"^ greatest diameter, 1.5""'^.
Off Gay Head, in 19 fathoms, soft mud.
;S. Mis. 61

38

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

594

Nematonereis, species undetermined,(p. 508.)

A species, apparently belonging to this genus, was dredged in 29
The specimens have been lost or misIn life the head was small, rounded, with one median dorsal
antenna, about as long as the diameter of the head. Eyes two, small
but conspicuous, dark brown. Dorsal cirri slender.
fathoms, east of Block Island.

laid.

LUMBRICONEREIS FRAaiLIS CErstcd.
Conspec. Ann. Dan., p.

15, figs.

1,

2,(p. 507.)

1843

(t.

Malmgren).

Liimhricus fragiUs

Miiller, Prod. Zool. Dau., p. 216; Zool. Dan., vol. i, p. 22, PL 22, figs. 1-3, 1788,(t.

Malmgren).

Lumhrinereis fragilis Malmgren, Annulata polychaeta, p. 63j

PI. 14, figs. 83-83, D.

Mouth of Vineyard Sound and deeper waters outside northward to
Nova Scotia and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Northern coasts of Europe.
From low-water mark, in the Bay of Fundy, to 430 fathoms, off Saint;George's Bank.

LUMBRICONEREIS OPALINA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XIII, figs. 69, 70.

(p.

342.)
Lwyibriconereis sijlendida Leidy., op. cit., p. 15 {non Blainville).

Body cylindrical, muchelongated, largest in the middle, tapering

gradually toward the head, which
well marked.

iscomparatively smalljsegments

Head conoidal, obtuse, changing much in form during

in extension considerably longer than broad, andmore acute thanEyes four, in a transverse row, the two middle ones
larger and a little in advance of the others. The lateral appendages, or" feet," consist of a short, obtusely-rounded basal papilla, which bears
the setae; from the posterior and ventral end of this a prominent elongated lobe arises, which is somewhot curved and obtuse. These appendages are longer in the middle of the body than anteriorly. Set?6 five tonine in each fascicle, and of several forms; one or two in each fascicle
usually have a long, slender, flexible capillar}^ point. Color reddish orlife;

in the figure.

brownish, with brilliant iridescence.
Length up to 400"^"^ diameter in middle, 3"^°^.
;New Haven to Vineyard Sound;

low- water mark to 14 fathoms.

LUMBRICONEREIS TENUIS Verrill, sp. nov.

(p. 342.)

Body very long, slender, filiform, of nearly uniform diameter throughout, capable of great extension ;segments very numerous, well marked.

Head a little narrower than buccal segment, depressed, obtusely pointed
or rounded in front, without eyes.

In the first to ninth pairs the late-

ral appendages have about six slender lanceolate setoe; those of the ninth

pair have two slender spatulate seta3, witli about six or seven lanceolate

ones at the sixteenth pair they begin to have recurved spatulate settle,
with two or three hook-like denticles at the end, while two or threelanceolate ones remain posterior to the twenty-third or twenty-fourthpair only one of the long, slender, acute setic remains, accompanied by;;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

595

two or three of the spatulate hooks; the latter are about half as long as
the former, slender toward the base, but gradually becomiug broader
toward the end, which is twice as broad, obtusely rounded, andcurved back from about the middle ; the hooks are nearly terminal on

one side, the thin margin projecting beyond them. The basal lobe ofthe "feet" is very small; the posterior lobe is small but prominent.
Color light red to dark red, somewhat iridescent.

Length up to 350^"^ diameter, 0.05^°^ to 1°^"^.
Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey, to New Haven and Vineyard Sound.
;

NmoE NianiPES Yerrill, sp. nov.

(p. 508.)

Body elongated, slender, broadest a short distance behind the head,at the middle of the branchiferous segments.

Head depressed, elongated,

The branchiae arerepresented on the first two setigerous segments by a short, flattened
conical, blunt at end, about twice as long as broad.

lobe, arising from the outer and posterior face of the setigerous lobe.

On the two following segments the lobe is divided into two or three
on the fifth there are usually three, more elongated, round, andmore slender branchiae, which increase in number and length on the succeeding segments until there are five, six, or more long, slender branchialfilaments, which arise from the posterior face of the setigerous lobe, anddiverge, forming a somewhat fan-shaped or digitate group about thetwenty-fourth segment the number rapidly diminishes, and after the
parts

;

;

twenty-seventh or twenty-eighth there remains but one small branchial
The setigerous lobe is prominent, obtuse, turned forward. The
set£e are numerous on the branchial segments, and rather long, of various
shapes, but mostly bent, with an acute lanceolate point posteriorly they
are shorter and fewer, and mostly slender, margined setae, with hooks at
the spatulate end. Body flesh-color; the setae dark, often blackish;branchiae bright red.
Length of broken specimens, 20"'"' breadth anteriorly, 2™".
Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, and waters outside; in 8 to 29
process.

;;

fathoms, mud.

Staurocephalus pallidus Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 348.)
Body rather slender, convex above, flattened below, largest in the
middle, tapering slightly toward each end, composed of about seventy seg-ments.

Head small, depressed, rounded in front; antennae four, slen-der, longer than the breadth of body, the two upper ones longer and more

slender than the lower ones, strongly annulated or beaded; lower ones
stouter, smooth, tapering.

Eyes four, dark red;

the posterior pair verysmall, placed between the bases of the upper antennae; the anterior pairfarther apart, j)laced between the bases of the upper and lower antennae.

Anal cirri four, the upper pair slender and about twice as long as the lower
ones. Dorsal cirri elongated, slender, more than twice as long as the
setigerous lobe, absent on the first setigerous segment, very small on the

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

596

second, but well developed on the third. Set?e rather long and slender.
Color pale yellow, with red blood-vessels showing through anteriorly.

Length, 50'"™

5breadth, 2""^.

This species moves like a JS^ereis.

Near New Haven light-house, in sand, at low-water mark.

Ehynchobolus Americanus Yerrill.

Plate X, figs. 45, 46.

(p. 342.)

Glycera Americana Leidy, op. cit., p. 15, PL 11, figs. 49,50, 1855; Ehlers, Borsten-wurmer, vol. i, p. 668, PL 23, figs. 43-46, 1868.

Long Island Sound and Vineyard

Charleston, South Carolina, toLow- water mark to 10 fathoms.

Sound.

I follow Claparede in adopting Bhynclioholus for those species of theold genus Glycera which have the proboscis armed at the end with four

hooks or fangs.

Ehynchobolus dibranchiatus Yerrill.

Plate X,

figs.

43, 44.

(p,341.)
Glycera dihrancMata Ehlers, op. cit., pp. 670-702, PL 24, figs. 10-28, 1868.

Great

Sound

;

Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Long Island Sound

Vineyard
Low- water mark to 8 fathoms.

and Massachusetts Bay.

;

Ehlers has given a very full anatomical description of this species.

EoNB GRACILIS Vcrrill, sp. nov.
Body very slender, terete;(p. 508.)

surface iridescent.

Head elongated,. acutely

conical, composed of eight distinct, rounded annulations, the basal one

with a pair of minute reddish eyes antennae four, slender. Feet prominent, elongated, more than equal to half the diameter of the body they
are uniramous on about thirty-two segments of the anterior part of thebody, and bilobed, with a small obtuse dorsal cirrus the upper lobe
is prominent, more elongated than the lower one, both cylindrical,obtusely;;;

pointed; setae compound, in two small fascicles^ long, the free part ex-

ceeding the entire length of the foot. On the posterior half of the body
is a small, slightly elevated, mammilliform upper ramus, above
the base of the lower ramus, and entirely separate from it, containing
two or more small, acute, dark setae, which project but slightly thelower ramus is deeply bilobed, the lobes elongated, round, the upper
one longest, the lower one acute; on the posterior side of the base of theupper lobe there is a minute, rounded setigerous lobe, and at the junction of the two lobes, on the posterior face, there is another small setigerous lobe the setae are long and slender, acute, many of them curved,
arranged in small fascicles.
Length, 20'"'" diameter less than 1'"'".
Off" Gay Head, 19 fathoms, in soft mud.
there

;

;

;

Aricia ornata Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 344.)
Body rather stout, composed of numerous very short segments, muchdepressed and flattened anteriorly, strongly convex beneath in the middle region, flattened above throughout; breadth nearly the same

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

597

through a large i)art of the length, narrowed slightly and gradually
toward the posterior end, and abruptly narrowed anteriorly close to thehead, which is very small, short, conical, and acute at the tip. On theanterior thirty-two setigerous segments the feet consist of a small upperramus, having a small, tapering dorsal cirrus and a minute setigerous
lobe, bearing a small fascicle of slender and short setae, and a lower ramus, separated by a narrow space, and consisting of a small upper
papilla, and a long transverse row of minute, rounded papillae, whichsurmount a narrow, somewhat elevated, crest-like ridge; the first twelveor thirteen segments having shorter rows, so as to leave a broad, naked
ventral space, but those farther back having rows of papilUie that nearlj^
meet beneath, and thus entirelj^ covering the sides and ventral surface
for a short distance; these crest-like ridges bear close rows of minute,hooked setse. The branchiae commence on the upper surface of the fifth
setigerous segment, in the form of elongated iDapillse, which become
more elongated and narrow ligulate farther back. Posterior to thethirty-second segment the papilliform crests of the lower ramus disappear, and the lower ramus consists of an elongated papilliform, and finallycirriform, upper process, with a minute setigerous lobe at its base,bearing fine inconspicuous setae and an elongated membranous basal
portion, decurrent down on the lateral surface of the segment; the upper ramus is connected at the base by a membranous web with the lower
one, and consists of an elongated dorsal cirrus, similar in size and shape
to the branchia, and a very small setigerous lobe, bearing a small fascicle of fine setae.
The branchiae are connected by a slight web-likebasal ridge with the dorsal cirri. Thus there are three parallel rows ofcirriform or slender ligulate processes along each side of the back, leaving a broad, central, naked space all along the back.
Length up to 60"^^^ or more; breadth, 4^^^.
Savin Rock, burrowing in sand at low-water mark, May, 1872.
;

ANTH0ST03IA EOBUSTUM YerriU, sp. nov.

Plate XIY, fig. 76.

(p. 313.)

Body large, long, stout, thickest and rounded, or but slightly depressed,
anteriorly; tapering rapidly to the head; posterior portion very long,narrowing gradually to the posterior end, flatter or concave above, wellrounded below, higher than wide, with three rows of long, erect, ligulate, or narrow lanceolate processes along each side of the back, the four
inner rows largest and a pair of foliaceous processes on the sides of;each segment. Head short, conical, acute. Proboscis large, broad, divided into about eighteen long, narrow, digitate, and sulcated lobes, with
couA^oluted margins, broadest at the end, and free for a large part oftheir length, but united at the base by a membranous web or it might bedescribed as divided into a lower, two lateral, and two upper main lobes,
each of which is again divided into three or four digitations. During
life these are all continually changing in form and length, and generally;

only a few of the processes are protruded at one time.

BranchiiB com-

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

5 98

meDce ou tlie twenty-sixth setigerous segment as minute papillse; on
the twenty-eighth they become prominent and acute-conical; farther
back they become long, lanceolate, thin, foliaceous, as long as the diameter of the body.

On the twenty- three anterior setigerous segments the " feet" are represented by two short, dense, fan-shaped fascicles of setae on each sideOn the twenty-fourth segment a small papilliform lobe, or ventral cirrus,
appears below the lower ramus, which rapidly becomes larger on the
succeeding segments, becoming quite conspicuous on the twenty-ninth
segment; at about the twenty-eighth it becomes broader, and divided
into three small lobes, the lowest broadest and thinnest, and a bilobed
setigerous lobe is developed.

At the thirtieth the ventral lobe becomes

broader, somewhat foliaceous, with a rounded outline; farther backthisbecomes still larger and more foliaceous, with a broadly-rounded

llexuoas outer border, and the upper branch of the setigerous lobe be-comes an elongated ligulate process, directed upward, and similar inform to the branchiae, though smaller and more slender, but the lower
branch remains small and rounded a small fascicle of long, slender
On the twenty-seventh segment ansetae arises from between them.
upper cirrus appears on both the upper and lower rami, in the form ofa small papilla, which becomes somewhat elongated and tapering at thetwenty-ninth that of the lower ramus continues small throughout, andmuch shorter than the setigerous or ventral lobes, but that of the upperramus becomes rapidly larger, longer, and more ligulate, corresponding
On thenearlj^ with the branchiae in size, form, and rate of increase.
middle and i30sterior regions the upper ramus consists of this long,thin, lanceolate cirrus and a fascicle of long, slender setae, arising fromthe anterior face of its base, and in length con siderably exceeding thecirrus; the setae are pale yellow.
Those of the upper ramus are shortanteriorly, and become decidedly longer at the twenty-eighth segment,
and on the thirty-second and subsequent segments they form a long,;;

divergent, fan-shaped fascicle; color, when living, ocher-yellow, orangeyellow, to yellowish brown, generally brighter yellow posteriorly.
ally there are two rows of brown spots alongUsu-

the back, and posteriorly

there is ai dorsal red or reddish brown line; branchiae blood-red.
Length of large specimens up to 375""" or more; breadth, 10"""; ordi-

nary specimens are about 300'""^ long and 7""" broad. Owing to thefacility with which it breaks up when disturbed, it is difficult to obtain
entire specimens of large size.
Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; New Haven; Wood's Hole; in sand,at low-water.

Antiiostoma fragile Verrill, sp. no v.

(p. 344.)

Body long and slender, composed of very numerous segments, very
and prone to divide spontaneously when disturbed thickest

fragile,;and sub-cylindrical anteriorly, tapering rapidly to the head posterior part;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

599

very long and slender, tapering gradually, flattened dorsally.

Head.

distinctly annulated, elongated conical, very acute, with the tip slenderand translucent proboscis short and broad, not extending far beyond
the tip of the head, with six or more broad, convoluted, changeable
lobes, which are united at the base by a broad membranous expansion.
;

The dorsal branchiiDe first appear on the sixteenth setigerous segment
as small papillae they become well developed and long ligulate at about
the twentieth, increasing somewhat in length on the segments farther;

back. On the first thirteen segments behind the buccal the " feet" arerepresented by a very small, slightly-elevated lobe, above and below,
each bearing a dense foscicle, that of the lower ramus widest, but theOn the fourteenth segment aon the sixteenth these become
elongated and somewhat cirriform, and the setse become considerably
longer on the fifteenth segment. At about the seventeenth segment thelower ramus becomes distinctly tri-lobed, and at the twentieth fourlobed, with the setigerous lobe bifid, and the two lower lateral lobes
while the npper ramus is longconical, acute, and swollen at the baseand ligulate, like the branchiae, and the set?e are long and slender, thelower fascicle smallest. Farther back the lobes of the lower ramus become still more developed, but keep their acute conical form, and theupper ramus and setce continue to elongate until, on the posterior partof the body, they exceed in length the diameter of the body. Anal segment oblong, sub-cylindrical, smooth, with two long filiform cirri on theupper side; color, when living, brownish orange, dull yellow, ocher,light reddish, or flesh-<iolor, with a red median dorsal line, and sometimes with the dorsal surface tinged with red posteriorly
a narrow,light ventral line, bordered with reddish.
Sometimes the upper surface
is maculate with fine polygonal, whitish spots, due, i)erhaps, to ova
contained within the body; there are sometimes two obscure brownish
spots on the upper side of the head.
Length up to 125™°i diameter, S'^^.
Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey; ISTew Haven; Watch Hill; Wood's
Hole in sand, between tides, and gregarious.
length of the setiie about equal in both.
small tub'ercle appears on both rami

;

;

:

;

;

Anthostoma acutum Yerrill, sp. nov.

(p. 501.)

Body long and quite slender, tapering most toward the head, andvery gradually posteriorly.
Head very acutely pointed, with tworather indistinct reddish spots above, resembling imperfect ocelli. The
branchiae commence at the eleventh setigerous segment as small dorsal
papillae, andbecome prominent on the thirteenth on the succeeding
segments they become long and ligulate. Anteriorly the feet are represented by an upper ramus, consisting of a very small tuft of setae,
with a very small papilliform lobe above it, and a lower ramus, consisting of a small prominent papilla, with a fascicle of slender setae, muchlarger than the upper one. On the fourteenth and succeeding segments;

600

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

the dorsal cirrus of the upper ramus becomes longer, more slender, andOn the fifteenth segment a small, short, rounded ventral cirrus

ligulate.

appears on the lower ramus, and farther back it becomes larger and more
prominent, and the setigerous lobe becomes bilobed. Anal segment
cirri long and slender.
Color light red.
Length up to ^O"^^"^ diameter, 2,5™^\
Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mudj also from the deeper parts of
Yineyard Sound.

rounded, obtuse;;

Anthostoma, species undetermined,(p. 508.)

Another species, not well studied, was dredged in the deeper waters
It differs from all the preceding in
off Gay Head and Buzzard's Bay.
having eighteen anterior segments without branchise.

Nerine AaiLis Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 346.)
Body long and rather slender, anteriorly flattened, posteriorly morerounded. Head long conical, with a slender acute tip mouth a trans;verse fissure beneath; eyes four, placed in front of the bases of thetwo large antennae, small, black, the anterior ones a little farther apartantennae long, slender, with thickened bases, placed on the dorsal
surface of the head, with their bases contiguous.

The branchiae are slender, ligulate, and exist on all the segments
except the first. On the first segment the "feet" are represented oneach side by two small rounded lobes, bearing very small set£e, andl)laced just below the bases of the antennae; on the succeeding twenty

segments the lower ramus consists of a larger, somewhat semicircularlobe, bearing a broad cluster of slender, acute setae, and separate fromthe upper ramus, which consists of a thin foliaceous process joined tothe branchial cirrus, but with a free terminal portion, and beariug abroad, comb-like cluster of long acute setae, nearly as long as the bran-

and much longer than those of the ventral ramus. On thesegment a small papilliform ventral cirrus appears on the lower ramus, and farther back it becomes more prominentand separate from the setigerous lobe. In the middle and posterior
region the free portion of the cirriform lobe of the upper ramus is longer.
Color reddish or brownish green anteriorly, light green on the sides
branchijie bright red.
Length up to GO'""^ breadth, 2°^^; length ofchiae,

twenty-first setigerous;

antennae, 12""^.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on the outer beach, burrowing insand, at low-water mark.

ScoLECOLEPiS viRiDis Verrill, sp. nov.

Body long, slender,(p. 345.)and lower surfaces
throughout most of the length,dei)ressed; both the upper

flattened, of nearly uniform breadth

abruptly narrowed at each end, and somewhat tapering and morerounded posteriorly. Head with the central plate longer than broad,

ETC.

601

forming an acute angle behind, anteriorly suddenly expanding into awide transverse frontal lobe, broadly rounded in front, with a slightemargination in the middle, the lateral angles prominent and slightly
auriculate or recurved. Eyes four, distant, the two pairs nearly parallel.
Proboscis small, smooth, rounded. Antennae slender, twice as long as
the breadth of the body. The branchiae are slender and ligulate anteriorly, and meet over the middle of the back but farther back they
gradually decrease in length, and disappear at about the anterior third.
The upper ramus of the feet consists of a broad, thin, foliaceous upperramus, rounded outwardly, connected, for most of its length, with thebranchia, the upper end a little prominent and a broad cluster of setae,
consisting of a small upper fascicle of slender aciculae, scarcely as longas the branchia, and a comb-like group of shorter and somewhat stouterbent and acute setae. The lower ramus consists of a small, thin, rounded
process, bearing a transverse row of acute bent setae, and a ventral tuft;;

of longer andmore slender ones.

Posteriorly the slender setae in thedorsal and ventral tufts are considerably longer ;and several stouter,recurved, two-hooked, uncinate setae appear in the transverse rows ofboth in the upper and lower rami. Anal segment short,the margin of the orifice
crenulated with small rounded lobes, and with four small conical papillaeon the upper side. Color olive-green or bright green, darker posteriorly
acutesetae,

truncate or suburceolate, somewhat bilobed;

branchiae bright red; antennae light green, with a row of black specks.

Length up to 100"^°^;breadth, 3"^™.

Great Egg Harbor; l^ew Haven; Watch Hill; Wood's Hole; burrowing in sand, at low-water.

ScoLECOLEPis TENUIS Yerrill, sp. nov.

(p. 345.)

Body very long and slender, depressed, especially anteriorly, graduallytapering posteriorly. Head short and broad, slightly three-lobed in
front, the central lobe broadly rounded, the lateralones also rounded,somewhat smaller. Antennae long and slender. The branchiae are small,ligulate, and exist only on the anterior segments.
The setae of the dorsal fascicle are long and slenderbut those of the first three segments;

are longer than the others, forming large fan-shaped fascicles directed

upward and forward those of the first segment longest, about twice aslong as the breadth of the head. Farther back the setae of the u^Dper;

ramus become shorter, the upper ones slender, capillary, the lower ones
stouter, somewhat bent, mostly acute, some uncinate.
Those of thelower ramus are shorter, setiform, forming large fascicles anteriorly.
Farther back the upper ones are jDartly stouter, somewhat bent, andacute, and partly uncinate, while a small ventral fascicle of slender ones
still remains.
Posteriorly the setigerous lobes of the feet become verysmall.

Color light green;

branchiae red, tinged with green ; antennae

whitish, with a red central line.

Length, 80'"^ breadth, 1.25"^°^.
Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; burrowing in sand, at low- water.
;

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

602

SCOLECOLEPIS CiRRATA Malmgren.

(p. 501.)

Annulata polychseta, p. 91, PI. 9, figs. 54 A-54 D.
vol. vi, -p. 207 (teste Malmgren).

Nerine cirrata Sars, Nyt. Mag.,

This is a larger and stouter species than either of the preceding.

The front of the head is broadly rounded, with prominent, rounded,lateral angles the foliaceous lateral appendages are larger and muchjwider.

Off Block Island, in 29 fathoms, and in the deepest parts of Vineyard Sound, near the mouth off Saint George's Bank, in 110 and 150
fathoms. Northern coasts of Europe; Spitzbergen; Greenland. In 205

250 fathoms.

(Malmgren).
Plate XIY, fig. 77.

Spio setosa Yerrill, sp. nov.
Nerine coniocephala fviii, p. 333, PI. x, figs.

A. Agassiz, Annals(p. 344.)

Lyceum of Nat. Hist, of New York, vol.

39-45, 1866, {non Johnston.)

Body long, moderately

slender,flattened dorsally, convex below,

obtuse anteriorly, slightly tapered toward the posterior end. Head witha prominent median lobe, which is sub-truncate and a little turned up
at the front end, with the corners a little prominent and rounded ; laterallobes shorter than the median*on the posterior part of the vertex
Eyes four, on the vertex,
the posterior pair nearest together; antennae long. Branchiae moderately long, slender, ligulate, largest on the anterior segments. On thefirst three or four segments the upper ramus of the feet has a slenderdorsal cirrus, which disappears farther back. The setae of the upperramus are long, acute, and form a broad fascicle, in which the upper
ones are much longer and more slender, divergent; the lower stouterand more or less bent; they are longest on the first four or fivesegments, the upper ones considerably exceeding the branchiae. The
lower ramus is small and but slightly elevated; on the anterior
segments it bears a small fascicle of short, acute, bent setae, much
shorter than those of the upper ramus, and closely crowded together
in two or more rows, with a small ventral tuft of longer and more
slender setae; farther back the acute bent sette begin to be replacedby uncinate setae, which, at about the tenth segment, form a complete
transverse row, parallel with a row of slightly longer, pointed setae,
while the small ventral tuft of longer acute setae still remains, and all
the setae in the broad fascicle of the upper ramus are acute and much
longer. In the middle region of the body, the uncini of the lower
ramus form a close row, containing fifteen to twenty; they are strongly
recurved near the end and margined.
Length up to 80»"»; diameter about 2.5""".
New Haven Wood's Hole and IS'aushon Island in sand, at lowthere is a small median, conical prominence.

:

;

;

water.

This species appears to be the same as the one studied by Mr. Agassiz,
though it differs sliglitly from his figures, one of which I have copied.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Spio robusta Verrillj sp. no v.

603(p. 345.)

Body stout, broadest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, but little depressed except anteriorly, very convex beneath, flattened above. Head
broad, somewhat angularginate in front;

5

the median lobe truncated and .slightly emar-

lateral lobes a little shorter, wide, obtuse in front,slightly an gulated laterally ; a small median, conical elevationon theAntennae long, rather stout. Branchiae
Upper ramus of the feet with a small, obtuse

posterior part of the head.
long, narrow, tapering.

setigerous lobe, bearing a small fascicle of short setae, considerably

shorter than the branchiae, even on the anterior segments, and afoli-aceous process arising behind the setigerous lobe, broadly rounded on
its thin outer edge
the upper end free and obtusely pointed; farther
back the setae are shorter and the foliaceous process smaller and lessprominent. The lower ramus on the anterior segments has a small,prominent, semicircular foliaceous process and a small, dense fascicle ofshort setae, crowded in several transverse rows on the eighth and sabsequent segments the foliaceous processes become larger and wider, and;;the setae more numerous, crowded, and partly uncinate ;stillfartherback the setae are nearly all uncinate, except a very small ventral tuftof slender ones, and form long, double, transverse rows, projecting but
little beyond the surface.
Color greenish.
Length, 50°^^, or more; breadth, 3™°^ to 3.5^^°^.
Wood's Hole and ^aushon Island; in sand, at low-water mark.

PoLTDORA ciLiATUM Claparede(?).

Plate XIY, fig. 78.

(p. 345.)

A. Agassiz, On the Young Stages of a Few Annelids, in Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist.

New York, vol. yiii, pp. 323-330, figs. 26-38, 1866 (embryology).
Naushon Island and Massachusetts Bay; in muddy sand, at about half.oftide (A. Agassiz).

The adults of this species were not found by us.

The young were

frequently taken in the towing-nets.

A young Folydora, belonging perhaps to a different species, wasdredged off Xew Haven, in 4 to 6 fathoms, shelly bottom. It was about
12™^ long. The color was pale yellow, with small black spots along
the sides between the fascicles of setae ; a red dorsal vessel ; antennae^hite.

Ophelia simplex Leidy.

(p. 319.)

Marine Invert. Fauna of Ehode Island and New Jersey, p. 16, 1855.

Body

short,

smooth, iridescent, well rounded above,

flat

below

usually found coiled up, so that the extremities meet, or nearly so, andresembling in general form the larvae of certain beetles and flies. Headvery acute conical the buccal segment suddenly enlarges mouth beneath, with thick evertile lips, the lower one generally protruded as a;large rounded lobe.

;

Posterior end terminated by about ten unequal,
round, blunt, fleshy, simple papillae, of which the two ventral ones

604

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

are considerably longest.

The setse commence opposite the mouth andextend to the posterior end they form two fan-shaped fascicles on eachside of each segment, closely approximate at their origin, but strongly
divergent, the upper ones directed upward, the lower ones downward
the setse are very long and slender on the middle segments, those of theupper fascicles longest, and exceeding half the diameter of the bodyanteriorly they are considerably shorter they are somewhat expanded
toward the base, but have long and very slender tips. Dorsal cirri
rather long and stout, transparent and wrinkled, blunt at tip, thickened
at base in length nearly equaling a third of the diameter of the body.
Color yellowish white, tinged with brownish on the sides.
Length, 8"^^ to 10^°^ diameter, 1.5^^.
Savin Eock, at half-tide. Point Judith, Ehode Island, below lowwater mark (Leidy).
The specimen above described was found under stones at Savin
Eock, near l!^ew Haven, May 5. Its body was completely filled, fromone end to the other, with comparatively large yellowish white eggs,
which show through the transparent integument of the dorsal side very
;

;

-,

;

distinctly.

Travisia carnea Yerill, sp. nov.

(p. 508.)

Body with twenty-four setigerous segments, oblong or fusiform, very
Head small,changeable, round, usually tapering abruptly to each end.
conical, acute j posterior

end terminated by a small, bluntly rounded,or slightly clavate papilla j setae small and slender.
slender,

Branchiae short,commencing on the third setigerous segment and ceasing at

the twentieth•longest about one-fourth as long as the diameter of theSegments of middle region tri-annulated.

Color light red ordeep flesh-color; branchiae bright red.
Length, in extension, about 25"^°^ 3^"^ to 4"^'^ in diameter. It cancontract to 12™^ or less in length.

body.

;

Off Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, in 19 fathoms, soft mud.

Ammotrypane fimbriata

Yerrill,

sp.

nov.

Plate

XV,

fig.

79.

(p. 508.)

Body elongated, slender, smooth, thickest in advance of the middle,
tapering gradually to both ends, convex, and well rounded above ;lower surface with a median sulcus and rounded margins, separated

Head very acute. Eyes
Proboscis small, sub-globular, smooth. BrauchiiB
Caudal appendage spoon-shaped, deeply concave,from the upper surface by a deep groove.
two, small, black.

long and slender.

transversely striated;the outer margin fringed with a row of small,

slender papillae; a pair of slender cirriform processes, about half its
length, arises at its ventral base, and a longer single median one

generally concealed in its cavity.

isSette of the anterior segments longand slender, more than half the diameter of the body, shorter farther
Color, when living, purplish llesh-color, shining and iridescentback.

IlSrVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
ou the dorsal surface;

605

a row of elongated dark spots on each side be-t\Yeen the fascicles of setse ; the setse dark gray.

Length, 75°^"^ diameter, 3"""^.
Off Buzzard's Bay, in 25 fathoms, mud; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 90
fathoms, mud; near Saint George's Bank, 110 and 150 fathoms, mud.
;

SCALiBREaiviA BREViCAUDA Yerrill, sp. nov.

(p. 41G.)

Body rather short, with a narrow, tapering anterior portion a swollen
middle region and a narrow, tapering caudal portion lower surface
with a very narrow, smooth median area, divided transversely into a
Head small,series of small rounded prominences by slight depressions.
transverse, truncate or slightly concave in front, the angles produced
and prominent. On the anterior region four segments bear short, tufted
branchiae, close to the base of the upper fascicles of set?e, which arerather long and slender; each of these segments also has a dorsaltransverse row of rather large and conspicuous blackish granules on its
posterior margin, and also a black spot on the sides below the branchiae.
The surface of all the anterior segments is regularly and rather finely
granulous, the granules in transverse rows. The middle region, comj)osed of about ten segments, is thicker, and sometimes much swollen,
and the feet are represented only by small fascicles of slender setae.
The caudal region is less than one-half the entire length in preserved
specimens, and is rather slender and tapering, composed of about sixteen
segments; the rami of the feet consist of a prominent, obtuse papilla,
both above and below, with a blackish spot at the end, and bearing afascicle of slender setae, in length rather exceeding half the diameter ofColor, when living, dark brownish red, tinged
this part of the body.
with yellow at both ends.
Length, 32°^^; diameter, 2.5°^^.
Off New Haven, 4 to 6 fathoms, shelly bottom.
;;;

Trophonia apeinis Verrill.

PL XIV, fig. 75.

(p. 507.)

Siphonostomiim affine Leidy, op. cit., p. 16 (143), 1855.

Body rather slender and elongated for the genus;

skin irregularly

rugose, granulous, anteriorly covered with small papillae.

The eight

branchiae are cylindrical, thick, blunt, unequal; two tentacles stouter

than the branchiae, sulcate beneath. On the four anterior segments theupper and lower fascicles of setae are much elongated and directed forward. On the fifth and following segments those in the upper fascicles
are capillary, divergent, six to ten in each fascicle in the lower fascicles
there are about three stout, slightly curved, acute, deep yellow setae.
On the third and fourth segments the setae of the upper fascicles are
longer and larger than those in the lower ones posteriorly the lower
setae become longer, stouter, and more curved at the tip, the lowest one
becoming hook-like.
Length, GO"""^ diameter, 3.5™°^.
;;;

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

606

Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms, mud.

Off Block Island, 29 ftithoins;
Great Egg Harbor (Leidy).

off

Brada setosa Yerrill, sp. nov.

(p. 508.)

Body short, oblong, sub-cylindrical, flattened below, tapering a little
composed of seventeen setigerous
Skin covered with small, prominent, acute papillae. Upperfascicles of setse long, slender, light colored; lower fascicles larger, composed of stouter, long, dark colored setse, surrounded at base by small
cirriform appendages. Ventral cirrus small.
Length of preserved specimen, 10™^; diameter, 2.5^™.
toward both ends, which are obtuse;

segments.

Off'Gay Head, 8_to 10 fathoms, among muscles, &c.

Sternaspis fossor Stimpson, Plate XIY, fig. 74.

(p. 507.)

Marine luvertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 29, fig. 19, 1853.

Off

Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; common in the Bay of Fundy
mud; near Saint George's Bank, 110 fathoms,
Oasco Bay, 20 fathoms.

in 10 to 90 fathoms,

sandy mud;OiRRATULUS aRANDis Yerrill, sp. nov. Plate XY, figs. 80, 81. (p. 319).
Body large and stout, anteriorly subcylindrical, somewhat flattened
and tapering slightly posteriorly, and rather abruptly tapered anteriorly.
Head small, acute, with obscure brownish spots above, but apparently
without distinct ocelli. Posterior end obtuse, the orifice surrounded bya thickened, slightly crenulated border. Posterior to the mouth there
are about seven rather indistinct annuli (perhaps four biannulated

segments) destitute of appendages;

the two next segments bear two

fascicles of small setse on each side, and two crowded dorsal clusters oflong slender branchial cirri;these clusters nearly meet on the dorsal

line, leaving only a narrow naked space, and contain a large numl^er ofFarthercirri, usually of various lengths, closely crowded together.
back the " feet'' consist of small and slightly prominent upper and lower
rami, connected by a slightly raised, transverse ridge each ramus bears
a small fascicle of short, slender, acute setae, in a transverse row anda few stouter curved spinules, which project but little from the surface
posteriorly the spinules are more numerous and the slender setse fewer
and a little longer, but they are scarcely equal to one- tenth of the diameter of the body. Along nearly the whole length of the body long
slender branchial cirri arise from above most of the upper rami, butmany of these are generally broken off in preserved specimens. In
alcohol the lower surface of the body is generally flat or concave the^'feet" occupy an elevated lateral ridge, often separated from both theventral and dorsal surface by a deep groove and the dorsal surface ismoderately convex. The annulations are short, very numerous, and
;

;

;

;

;

distinct.

Color, when living, dull yellow, yellowish green, yellowish

orange, greenish orange to orange-brown, darkest anteriorly, and often

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

607

sides often with dark brown specks; anterior
branchial cirri usually bright orange, with a red central line; lateral ones
darker yellow or orange, generally with a central line of bright red, due

iridescent beneath;to the blood-vessels showing through.

Length up to loO™'"; diameter, 5"^"^ to 7"^°^; length of branchial cirri,
GO"^"^ to 100^"^.

New Haven to Vineyard Sound; low- water to 6 fathoms, in sand and'gravel;common.

CiERATULUS TENUIS Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 416.)
Body slender, elongated, strongly annulated. Head conical, depressed, acute. The first four rings behind the moath are longer than
the rest, and destitute of appendages. The branchiae and setae commence at the fifth segment the branchise form a cluster on each side,
and are long and filiform farther back and on the middle region there;;

branchial cirri on each segment, but posteriorly they
become distant and irregular. Setse long and slender in each ramus, theupper ones exceeding in length the diameter of the body on the anterior
and middle regions, but becoming much shorter posteriorly. In alcohol
the integument is iridescent. No eyes were detected.
Length, 40^^ diameter, 1.25^""^.
Vineyard Sound, 6 to 12 fathoms, among compound ascidians 23

is usually a pair of;;fathoms off Martha's Vineyard.

GiRRHiNEREis FRAGMLis Quatrefagcs.

(p. 397.)

Histoire naturelle des Annel^s, vol. i, p. 464.

Cirrliatulus fragilis Leidy, op. cit.,p. 147 (15), Plate 11, figs. 39-43, 1855.

Point Judith, Ehode Island, under stones at low water (Leidy).
Specimens, apparently of this species, were dredged in Vineyard Sound.

Narag^anseta coralii Leidy.

(p. 494.)

Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 12 (144), PI.
11, figs. 46-48, 1855 ;IS'ew Haven ;Qnatrefages, op. cit., vol. i, p. 468.

Watch Hill;

Point Judith;

Our largest specimen had ten pairs of cirriin Astrangia Dance.
;

the first three pairs orig-

inate from one segment, the lowest being stouter and lighter coloredthan the rest.

DoDECACEREA, spccics Undetermined,(p. 422.)A species, belonging apparently to this genus, was dredged off Xew
Haven Harbor, in shallow water, but the specimens are too young for
accurate determination.

Clymenella Verrill, geu. nov.
Body elongated, composed of about twenty-two segments exclusive of
the cephalic and anal segments.

All the segments, except the buccal

and three anteanal, setigerous they bear fascicles of slender setse above;

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

608

The anterior margin of the fourth setigerprolonged into a thin membranous collar. Proboscis
swollen, longitudinally ribbed. Head with a prominent convex medianplate, and with a raised border on each side and behind, the lateral andposterior lobes separated by notches. Anal segment funnel-shaped, theedge surrounded by papilloe.
and series of hooks below.

ous segment

isClymenella. torquata Yerrill.

Plate XIY, figs. 71-73.

(p. 343).

Clymene torquatus Leidy, op. cit., p. 14 (146), 1855.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; New Haven; Vineyard Sound; Bay
Saint George's Bank, &c. Low- water to 60 fathoms.

of Fundy;

NicoMACHE DISPAR VerriU, sp. nov. (p. 512.)
Body elongated, with eighteen setigerous segments.

Head elongated,

sub-conical, with a small central plate, and a depressed point in front,

and with low, narrow, lateral and posterior marginal lobes, separated byon the anterior part of each lateral border there is acluster of small, reddish brown, ocelli-like specks. Buccal lobe coalescent with the cephalic above. Proboscis swollen and plicate. The firsttwo setigerous segments have small fascicles of slender, short setae above,
and a single uncinate seta or hook below on each side. The third segment has much longer setae in the upper fascicles and two hooks in thelower ones. The fourth has still longer, slender setae in the upper fasciIn the following
cles, and about eight hooks in each of the lower ones.
segments the hooks become much more numerous. There is one short,biannulated, anteanal segment, destitute of setae. Anal segment suburceolate, as long as broad, cylindrical toward its border, which is furnished on the ventral side with one long, slender cirrus, often as longas the diameter of the anal segment, and two short lateral ones theslight notches ;;rest of the border has a few, mostly very small, distant, unequal, obtuse
papillae or deuticulations.

The anal orifice is situated at the summit ofa small cone, which rises from the bottom of the funnel. The last setigerous segment is longer than the anteanal, and a little longer than anyof the ten that precede it, which are all short and subequal, broader thanlong, those toward the posterior end deeply incised at the intervals between them. The three anterior setigerous segments are shorter thanbroad the fourth is twice as long the fifth is three times as long the;;;

The color, when living, was light red, translucent, with conspicuous briglit red blood-vessels, and with a bright redband at about the anterior third. The largest specimen obtained wassixth is five times as long.

50""" long and 2.5"^"' in diameter after preservation in alcohol.

In thisspecimen the anal segment is long, funnel-shaped, flaring but little toward
the nuirgin, and with four or five slight transverse annulatious. The
buccal segment has two transverse reddish lines on each side.
Off Buzzard's Bay in 25 fathoms; fiiteen miles east of Block Island
It (orms rougii tubes of sand, which are notin 29 fathoms, sandy mud.

very firm.

INVERTEBEATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

Maldane elongata Yerrill, sp. no v.

G09(p. 343.)

Body large and much elongated, cylindrical, obliquely truncated atboth ends with nineteen setigeroas segments, those of the middle region
elongated head depressed, with its dorsal surftice very oblique medianlateral marginal lobes, orlobe low, convex, obtusely rounded in front
folds, low, rouuded, thickened, separated by a shallow emarginationfrom the posterior transverse fold, which is also thickened, little elevated,and divided into two parts by a slight sulcus from the notch between
5

;

;

;

;

the lateral and posterior lobes of the head, a lateral oblique sulcus
curves downward and backward, and joins the first of the two transverse sulci, which are strougly marked on the ventral side of the buccal
segment. Anterior setigerous segments strongly biannulatedj the firsttwo are short, the length about equal to the diameter the next twoare considerably longer and those farther back become* very muchelongated; the last setigerous segment is short. The segments are
considerably swollen where the setae arise, especially in the middle
region. The upper setae are long and slender, mostly about half thediameter of the body, and form rather large fascicles on most of thesegments. The last segment is obliquely truncated, its posterior bordersurrounding the base of the large anal process, which is obliquely placed,foliaceous, obovate, with the posterior edge broadly rounded, the uppersurface concave, and the margin entire. Color dark umber-brown, or
5;

reddish brown, iridescent;

the swollen parts of the rings are lighter

yellowish brown, or grayish brown, the dark red blood-vessels often

showing through near the bases of the setic there are usually small
dark colored specks head and buccal lobe thickly specked with dark;;brown or blackish.
Length of largest specimens, 300™™; diameter, 4™™ to 5™™; more frequently about half this size.
Savin Rock, near New Haven ; iu sandy mud at low- water mark, form-ing thick tubes composed of fine mud.

Ehodine attenuata Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 508.)
Body slender, elongated, with the segments strongly marked, and thefirst setigerous segment very long.
Head elongated, depressed, obtusely rounded in front;

median lobe, or ridge, broad and but little

elevated, except near the front of the head, where it becomes suddenly^

narrowed, more convex, with well marked fov^eae on each side lateralon the posterior part of the head
there is a prominent transverse elevation. Buccal lobe confluent withthe cephalic. First setigerous segment swollen anteriorly and about
as broad as the head at its anterior end where the setae arise, but narrowed and gradually attenuated backward, its total length being about
eight times its diameter second and third setigerous segments about
equal, nearly twice as long as broad, swollen in the middle, the front
margin of each prolonged into a sheath-like collar; the three next
S. Mis. 61
39;

lobes rudimentary, scarcely apparent;;

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

610

segments are short and rounded, about as long as broad, much narrowedat each end, and swollen in the middle next two about twice as long as
broad; succeediug segments more elongated. Anal segment wanting,in the specimens examined.
Length about 50""^ diameter about 1"^™.
Off Gay Head, 6 to 8 fathoms; fifteen miles east of Block Island, iu
29 fathoms, sandy mud.
The Clymene urceolata Leidy, from Great Egg Harbor, will probably
be found on the New England coast, but we have not met with it. Itis peculiar in having an urceolate anal segment, with a smooth margin.
;;

Ammochares, species undetermined,A(p. 508.)

species which constructs slender, flexible tubes, covered with grainsof sand, regularly and curiously attached by one end in an imbricatedmanner, was dredged fifteen miles east of Block Island, in 29 fathoms
sandy mud, and in 23 fathoms off Martha's Vineyard. The worm isvery slender, flesh-color, with a red dorsal vessel, and two small, red^
ocelli-like spots.

NOTOMASTUS LURIDUS VerriU, sp. nov.

(p. 342.)

Body long and rather large, composed of numerous segments, nearly
cylindrical when living, and tapering but little, except close to the
In preserved specimens the anterior region, including about ten
segments, is often a little swollen and slightly larger than the rest of
the body; at other times it is even more slender than the posterior
region. Head small, acute. Proboscis short and broad, swollen; infull expansion nearly twice the diameter of the body, nearly smooth,dark blood-red. The segments of the anterior region are longer thanbroad, in extension nearly twice as long, biannulated, and each of theannuli is again annulated with several transverse, more or less irregular sulci or furrows ten of these segments bear fascicles of slendersetse both above and below, the fascicles on the first two setigerous
segments being very small, and containing few setae. The segments
following the tenth setigerous one have a small transverse row of
slender uncinate setae above, and a longer lateral transverse row of
the same kind of setae on each side; the "feet," or setigerous lobes,
are but little prominent, the upper ones being dorsal and much smaller
than the lateral ones. The surface of the body is transversely wrinkled,
and covered with minute, irregular reticulations, giving it a slightly'
granulous appearance. Color, when living, dark purplish brown, witha bluish iridescence anteriorly, and a darker median dorsal line posends.

;

teriorly; minute, white, raised spots, or slight papilhr, arescatteredover the surface.
Ijength, 150""" or more; diameter, 2'"™.

Savin liock, near New Haven;inmuddy sand, at low-water mark.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

611

NoTOMASTUS FiLiFORMis Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 342.)
Body very long and slender, filiform, composed of very numerous
Head very changeable in form, usually long, conical,
sliort segments.
and very acutely pointed. Proboscis smooth, obovate, or trumpetshaped, when extended, and bright red. In the anterior region there
are eleven setigerous segments, which bear small fascicles of slender
setre in both rami, those in the first five longer and acutely pointed
these segments are short, biannulate; the lower fascicles of setae arelargest and fan-shaped. In the middle region the segments are about
as long as broad.

Color, pale red to bright red, often mottled withwhitish, and more or less yellowish posteriorly.

Length, 100"™; diameter, V'''^Great Egg Harbor, low-water to one fathom, in sandy mud; New
Haven; Watch Hill; Vineyard Sound.

Sabellaria vulgaris Yerrill,

sp. nov.

Plate XYII, figs. SS, SSa.

(p. 321.)

Body rather stout, thickest anteriorly, tapering backward to the baseof the long, slender caudal appendage.

Two slender, red, oral tentacles

mouth, between the bases of the operculigerous lobes,
singleand, when extended, reach beyond the bases of the opercula.
median lanceolate process also arises between the operculigerous lobes.
A deep emargination exists on the ventral side, back of the mouth; oneach side of this the front margin of the segment is prolonged into a
tridentate lobe, the teeth or lobes being unequal, tbe inner ones largest,the middle ones more slender and acute, the outer one smallest andshortest; beyond these, toward the sides, there is another small acuteprocess; two conical processes also project forward from ^the lateralarise near theAmargins, and also a fascicle of setoe. The ciliated prehensile cirri, or
tentacles, are long and slender when extended, and reach considerably
beyond the opercula. The set?e composing the opercula are golden yellow; the outer circle white at base.
row of small conical papillae
surrounds the bases of the opercula. Branchiae long, lanceolate, acute,
longer than the diameter of the body. Color of body yellowish fleshcolor, or pale reddisb, often with two rows of brown spots along theventral surface; operculigerous lobes whitish or grayish, specked withblackish; branchiae reddish or yellowish, with a red central line, oftenwith a greenish tinge, or red centered with green tentacles pale fleshcolor, sometimes i)urplish; opercula blackish or grayish on the anterior
surface, golden yellow on the sides, white at base caudal process pale
red or flesh-color.
Length about 25™"^, exclusive of caudal process; 2'"^^ to 2.5'^"^ in diam-

A

;

;

eter.

Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey, to Xew Haven and Vineyard Sound
low-water to ten fathoms very common. Eggs are laid in May and
June.
;

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

612

CiSTENiDES GouLDii Verrill, sp. nov.

Plate XYII,

figs.

87, 87a.

(p.

323).
Pectinaria Belgica Gould, Invertebrata of Massacliusetts, Isted., p. 7, Plate 1, fig.
1 (tube),1841 (not of European writers).

Pectinaria aurieoma Leidy, op. cit.,p. 14 (146), 1855 (not of European writers).

Body rather stout, little curved. Head with the dorsal surface
obliquely truncated, its posterior marginal fold with a smooth border.
Antennae long, tapering, acute; frontal membrane or veil semicircular,
divided into rather long, slender, acute papillae, about twentyeight in number. Cephalic setae in two broad groups, each containing
about fifteen light golden setae, which are somewhat curved upward,
with long, slender, very acute tips, those in the middle of each group muchits edge

the longest.

Tentacles stout, obtuse, flattened, and folded up so as toform a groove beneath. Color light red or flesh-color, handsomely mottled with dark red and blue.

Length up to 40°^™; diameter, 7"^°\
Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Cai)e Cod

low-water to 10
fathoms.
This species can easily be distinguished from C. cjranulatus, which is;common in the Bay of Fundy, by the cephalic setae or spines, which arefewer, much stouter, obtuse, and darker colored in the latter.

Ampharete gracilis Maimgren.

Plate XYl, fig. 83.

(p. 508).

Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, Ofvers. af kongl. vet. Akad. Forh., 1865, p. 365, Plate
26, figs. 75-75D.

Body flesh- colored, greenish posteriorly, with a conspicuous red medianvessel ; branchiae light sea-green.
Length, 25™°^ to 35"^°^; diameter, 2.5'"™ to3-"^'^;

length of branchiae,

6"^™ to 9"^^."Oft'

Gay Head, 10 fathomsjof Block Island in 29 fathoms j

off Martha's Vineyard, 23 fathoms; east

Bay of Fundy, 10 to 90 fathoms;

ern coasts of Europe, Bahusia, at Koster Island, in 130 fathoms.

north,

Our

specimens differ slightly from the description and figures of Dr. Maimgren, especially in usually having but twelve uncigerous segments inthe posterior region, instead of thirteen, found by him in the European
specimens. This may be due to' difference of age or sex. There are,however, thirteen in one of our specimens.

Ampharete setosa Verrill, sp. nov.

(p. 416.)

Body rather thick anteriorly, tapering rapidly backward.

Cephalic

lobe acute, with a much shorter, small, lateral lobe on each side. Brauin preserved specimens
chia3 eight, transversely wrinkled, rather short;about equal to the breadth of the body. Palmulae, or cephalic fascicles
of setae, short and broad, rounded, fan-shaped, the setae being nearly
equal, the ventral ones a little lourjer than the lateral. Fourteen segments bear small fascicles of long h 'ta^, supported by prominent lobes
at the base. Tlie posterior region consists of about ten uncigerous seg-

ETC.

613

meuts. Anal segments small, with two long slender cirri. Color ofbody translucent, light yellowish green the anterior part of the bodytinged with bright blood-red, due to the circulating fluid, showing;

through the integument branchiae greenish, with a central series ofwhite spots set^e of the palmulae, deep yellow.
Length about 20™"^; diameter, 2.5°^°^ to 3™^.
Off New Haven, low-water mark to 6 fathoms, shelly. It makes roughtubes about an inch long, covered with coarse sand and mud.
;;

Amage pusilla Verrill, sp. nov.
Head obtusely rounded in front

Body rather slender.

the middle
the lateral. Eight slenderbranchiae, about twice as long as the diameter of the body, arranged inlobe

small,

and but

little;larger thana crowded group two farther back than the rest and with no apparent
naked median space. Twelve of the setigerous segments bear long;;

fascicles of slender set*.

numerous and slender.

No palmulse," or cephalic setos.
Two small, slender anal cirri.

Tentacles••'

Length, 12'^™ diameter, 1.5™°^.
Off New Haven, 5 to 6 fathoms; shelly bottom.
;

Melinna cristata Malmgren.
Nordiska Hafs-Annulater,

loc.

(p. 432.)
cit.,

p.

371,

Plate 20,

figs.

50-50d.

Sahellides

cristata Sars, Fauna littoralis Norvegise, vol. ii, pp. 19, 24, PL 2, figs. 1-7, 1856.

Mouth of Vineyard Sound, on muddy bottoms, in the deepest water;
Bay of Fundy, on muddy bottoms, in 10 to 90 fathoms near Saint;George's Bank, in 110 and 150 fathoms, mud. Off the Scandinavian
coast in 40 to 200 fathoms Greenland Spitzbergen.
;;

The tube is soft, flexible, slender, and covered with fine mud.

Terebellides Stroemi Sars.

(p. 507.)

Beskriv, og lakttag., p. 48, Plate 13, figs. 31, a-d (teste Malmgren);

Malmgren,

Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, loc. cit., p. 398, Plate 4S-43d, 1865.

East of Block Island, in 29 fathoms, sandy mud Bay of Fundy,near Saint George's Bank, 85 to 150 fathoms.
Greenland, 10 to 250 fathoms Iceland; Spitzbergen; northern coastsof Europe
Adriatic Sea.
;

10 to 90 fathoms, muddy

;

;

;

Amphitrite ornata Yerrill.

PL XVI, fig. 82.

Terehella ornata Leidy, Marine Invertebrate(p. 320).

Fauna of Rhode Island and New

Jersey, loc. cit., p. 14 (146), Plate 11, figs. 44, 45 (set^e), 1855.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Ii^ew Haven and Vineyard Sound
common in sand and gravel at low- water mark.
^^[ICOLEA SIMPLEX Verrill, sp. nov.

(p. 321.)

Body elongated, swollen anteriorly, especially above, attenuatedposteriorly. Head with a rather large, well rounded, or nearly circular frontal membrane, which has a smooth margin ;mouth with a small

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

614

posterior fold. Tentacles very numerous, crowded, long, and slender.
Branchiae four, rather small those of the anterior pair somewhat thelarger those of both pairs are repeatedly dichotomously divided fromclose to the base. The divisions are short and not very numerous, and;;diverge at a wide angle.
setae, commencing

Fifteen segments bear small fascicles of slenderat the next behind the last branchiferous segment.

The third and fourth setigerous segments of the male bear small, slender
Ventral shields about thirteen

lateral cirri.

oblong, and nearly equal in width;;

the first six transversely

the last seven narrowing rapidly
Color, when living, light red,to the last, which is acutely triangular.

or flesh-color.

Length, 35"^"^;

diameter, S'"-" to 4^^^.

New Haven to Vineyard Sound, from low- water to 6 fathoms; oft"
Watch Hill, 4 to 6 fathoms, in tubes composed of bits of shells and grainsof sand, attached to Laminar ice.

SciONOPSis Verrill, gen. uov.

Body composed of numerous segments, of which 17, following thethird, bear fascicles of slender seta^, and the following ones have only

second and third segments bear branchiae,
and have their anterior margins prolonged into membranous, collar-likesmall uncigerous lobes;

expansions; that of the second forming broad, lateral lobes behind thethat of the third forming behind the branchiae a dorsal collar or sheath, beneath which they can be retracted.
Branchiae typicallyfour.
Those of the first pair usually larger, but generally one or moreare absent, and frequently the anterior ones are smallest, or those of thesame pair may be unequal, owing probably to the facility with which
they may break off and be reproduced they are palmately branchedand supported on elongated pedicels. Tentacles numerous and crowded.
This genus is allied more closely to Fista than to any other yet described, but differs in the structure of the branchiae and character ofthe collar formed by the third segment.
tentacles;;

SoiONOPSis PALMATA Vcrrill, sp. nov.

Body elongated;rather slender;(p. 321.)

thickened but not distinctly swollen

The setigerous feetcommence at the fourth segment, or next behind the branchial collar,
and are all quite prominent, the first three or four being a little smaller
than the rest the setae are rather long. The uncigerous feet commenceon the second setigerous segment. Behind the last setigerous segment
the uncigerous feet are smaller, somewhat prominent, and extend to theanteriorly, tapering gradually to the posterior end.

;

anal segment.

Ventral shields about 20 the most anterior ones are trans;versely oblong; the succeeding ones squarish, graduallj^ tapering to thelast, which

are very narrow.

a crenulated margin.

Anal segment tapering;

its orificewithBranchitB large, with numerous palmate divisions

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

615

arisiug from the sumiait of the stout and rather loDg pedicels.*There

are usually live or more main divisions in good-sized specimens, these
spread outward from one point, are recurved at the ends, and flexuous

and bipinnately branched, the lower pinnre being longest each time,
and the ultimate divisions very numerous, fine, slender, and acute.
The branchire of the posterior pair, in normal specimens, are considerably smaller, with the divisions less numerous, and the ramuli longer
and more delicate. The pedicels of the anterior branchiae are about aslong as the diameter of the body, and are very contractile, as well as thebranches, so that the gills can be contracted into a small compass andwithdrawn under the dorsal collar, beneath which the pedicels arise.
This branchial collar is formed by the prolongation of the margin of thethird segment; on each side of the median line above, it is divided into
two narrow, lanceolate processes directed forward exterior to these there
are two other wider and usually less prominent angles or lobes laterally,
the collar is prominent, with a broadly rounded, thin margin, whichforms another angle on each side beneath on the ventral side its edge
recedes and is but little raised. The tentacular collar, formed by thesecond segment, expands into a broad, rounded, prominent lobe on eachside; and on the ventral surface becomes narrower, though still prominent, and recedes in a broad, rounded sinus behind the posterior lobeof the mouth. The cephalic segment is bordered by a rather broad
frontal membrane, emarginate above, and broadly rounded laterally.
Tentacles very numerous, long, and slender. Color, light red, brownish
red to dark reddish brown the annulations often darker; the uppersurface is usually more or less specked with flake-white; along eachside, below, there is usually a row of squarish spots, brighter red than
the rest of the body, each pair connected by a narrow, transverse lineof red between the ventral shields, which are dull yellowish red thesegments along the sides are often bordered with red branchiae usuallygreen, specked on the outer sides of the branches with flake-white, andwith internal blood-red vessels, showing distinctly in all the divisions
;

;

;

;

;

;

;

the pedicel is usually bright red

Length up to 70™°^;

tentacles, flesh -color.
diameter, 3^'mm

Great Egg Harbor to;

Xew Haven and Vineyard Sound;

low- watermark to one fathom.
Leprjea RUBRA Yerrill, sp. no v. (p. 382.)
Body elongated, somewhat swollen anteriorly, rapidly tapering to thevery long, slender, posterior portion. All the segments posterior to thebranchiie bear small fascicles of slender setie, as well as uncini posterior to the twenty-fifth setigerous segment the uncigerous feet become;

meutiouiDg this species, on page 321, it was stated that it has but three gills,
Among the numerous examples examined, I have only recently found a specimen with both pairs of gills in their normal* In

and, in fact, this is the most frequent number.

condition.

'

616

EEPORT OB^ COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

much narrower and more prominent anteriorly tliey are very broad.
Ventral plates rather broad anteriorly, those posterior to the seventhor eighth suddenly narrowed. Branchiae in three pairs, small, finely
5

arborescently divided, the divisions numerous 5 posterior pair considerably smaller than the others. Cephalic lobe with a somewhat prolonged
frontal border, broadly rounded in front, with an entire margin.

bright red

;

Color

tentacles flesh-color.

Length, 50'^»> or more

Vineyard Sound
water mark.

;;diameter, 2.5™°^ to 3™'^\

Wood's Hole on i^iles of wharves just below low-

POLYCIRRUS EXiMius Verrill.

Plate XVI, fig. 85.

(p. 320).

Torquea ex'imia Leidy, op. cit, p. 14 (146), Plate 11, figs. 51, '52 (sete), 1855.

In this species there are twenty-five setigerous segments, bearing
about seventy posterior segments
bear uncini only anteriorly the uncini commence on the eighth setigerous segment. There are nine ventral shields, divided by a mediansmall fascicles of loug, slender setae;

5

The frontal lobe of the head is large, elongated oval
The posterior lobe of the mouth is large, rounded. Body
and tentacles bright blood-red the body is often more or less yellowish
ventral sulcus.

or elliptical.

5

posteriorly.

Great Egg Harbor to Ils'ew Haven and Vineyard Sound; low- waterto 10 fathoms.

A species of this genus was also dredged in 19 fathoms off Gay
Head, but its identity with the above is uncertain. Another species,
remarkable for its brilliant blue phosphorescence, is common in the
Bay of Fundy. The P. eximius does not appear to be phosphorescent.
Ch^tobranchus Verrill, genus nov.
Allied to Folycirrus and, like the latter, destitute of blood- vessels-

Body much elongated, composed of very numerous segments, nearly
all of which bear fascicles of setae.

Segments of the middle region bear

simple, or more or less branched, branchial cirri, each of their divisions

tipped with slender setae; these cirri are wanting on the anterior andposterior segments, the first and last ones being smaller and more simple
than the rest. The cephalic segment expands into a broad, tentacularor frontal lobe, which is rounded or emarginate anteriorly, and often
more or less scolloped laterally. Tentacles crowded, very numerous,

long and slender in extension, capable of being distended by the blood,
as in Polycirrus, &c.

Ch^tobranchus SANGUINEUS Verrill, sp. nov.

(p. 320.)

Body greatly elongated, much attenuated posteriorly, more or lessswollen anteriorly, but narrowed toward the head, the thickest portion
being usually between the tenth and fifteenth segments. The branchial
cirri commence at about the ninth soginont,

those of the first pair being

short, simple cirri ; those on th{^ nexl segment are once forked;

those on

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
the next have three or four branches

617

farther back they divide dichotom-;

ously above the base into numerous branches, all of which are supported

upon a short basal pedicel, which may be a little elongated in expansion,
the total length of the branchiae being then greater than the diameter ofthe body the branches are clustered, slender, delicate, and elongated,and each one is terminated by a small fascicle of slender, sharp, serrate;

setae two to four or more in a group, so that the entire appendage may
be regarded as a very remarkable enlargement and modification of the
setigerous lobes of the "feet."On the segments anterior to the ninth the setigerous lobes of the feetare short, conical, swollen at base, and bear a small fascicle of setae theventral surface of the anterior segment is somewhat raised, and divided bya series of sulci or wrinkles into several lobes or crenulations, which aresomewhat prominent and papilliform at the posterior margin of eachsegment, and have a granulous surface. There is a distinct median ven;

tral sulcus.

Between the adjacent branchial cirri anteriorly there are,on each side, four or more thickened, somewhat raised, squarish organs,with a granulous and apparently glandular structure farther back these
are reduced to two, then to one, and finally disappear on the segmentsof the posterior region, which is very long, slender, attenuated, composedof very numerous short segments, with only rudimentary appendages ;after the branchial cirri become reduced to simple processes they still continue, on about forty segments, gradually decreasing in length and size
beyond this small setae still exist on the segments, till near the end of the
body. Anal segment small and simple, the orifice with slightly crenu;

lated margins.

Frontal membrane large and broad, versatile in form,

often with a deep emargination in front, each lateral lobe divided inta

two or three subordinate lobes, or unequal scollops, the edges undulated ;at other times the front edge and sides are broadly rounded and entire.
The mouth is furnished with a large elongated ovate lobe, which isrounded, free, and prominent posteriorly. Tentacles very long, muchcrowded, and very numerous in extension usually as long as the body.
Color of body, anteriorly, deep blood-red posteriorly, more or less mottled or centered with yellow, owing to the internal organs showing
through the integument; tentacles and branchial cirri bright blood- red.
Length up to 350™" diameter 5™"^ to 7™" or more anteriorly lengthof tentacles, in extension, 400™™ or more.
Great Egg Harbor to Xew Haven and Vineyard Sound; common at
low-water mark, in mud.
;

;

;

;

POTAMILLA OCULIFERA Yerrill.

Plate XYII, fig. S6.

(p. 322).

SaheUa ocuUfera Leidy, op. cit., p. 13 (145), Plate 11, figs. 55-61, 1855.

Great Egg Harbor to Xew Haven Vineyard Sound, low-water markIn the Bay of Fundy from low-water;to 25 fathoms, off Buzzard's Bay.

mark to 60 fathoms.
Closely related to P. reniformis of Northern Europe, and possibly identicalwith it.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

618

Sabella microphthalma Yerrill, sp. no v.

(p. 323.)

Body rather short and stout, narrowed slightly anteriorly, tapering rapidly close to the posterior end, composed of about sixty segment, depressed, moderately convex above, flat below, especially when preserved
anterior region composed of eight setigerous segments, having moderately long fascicles of setse posterior region composed of about

in alcohol;;

anal segment
two very small ocelli-like spots ventral shields ofthe anterior segments short, transversely narrow, oblong median sulcus
fifty short segments, bearing very small fascicles of setae ;small, simple, with;;very distinct in the posterior region, dividing the ventral shields into
two nearly rectangular parts, which are broader than long. Branchiae
numerous and long, often half as long as the body, connected by aslight web close to the base; the stalks smooth, with numerous minuteocelli, in two irregular rows
pinnae numerous, long and slender tipsof the branchiae without pinnae. Collar broadly interrupted above, flaring and reflexed at the sides, with rounded upper angles, erect and sinuous at the latero-ventral margins, reflexed below, forming two short,rounded lobes, separated by a narrow but deep central sinus, within
which there is a short bilobed organ. Tentacles thin, lanceolate, acute,in preserved specimens not so long as the diameter of the body. The
anterior segment is divided by a deep dorsal sulcus, which is not conspicuous on the succeeding segments. Color of body greenish yellow,;;

dull olive-green, or greenish brown ; branchiae pale yellowish, greenish,

or flesh-color, often with numerous transverse bands of lighter

anddarker green, which extend to the pinnae, and sometimes blotched withbrown; collar translucent, specked with flake- white; ocelli dark reddish brown. Specimens, apparently belonging to this species, were takenfrom wood bored by Teredo, near New Hav^en. These had the body
olive-green, specked with flake-white anteriorly, on the ventral side,
especially on the first two segments branchiae mottled with greenish
brown and white and specked with flake- white ocelli brown, numerous.
Length, 30'"°^; diameter,' 2.5'"^^ to 3™'".
Preserved specimens areabout 20™'" long, 2.5™"^ broad.
New Haven to Yiueyard Sound low- water mark to 5 fathoms.
;;;

EUCHONE ELEGANS Yerrill, sp. nov.

Plate X.VI, fig. 84.

(p. 432).

Body rounded, slender, gradually tapered backward; the anterior
which forms about one-half of the entire length, consistsof eight setigerous segments; these are biannulated and divided byregion,a dorsal, longitudinal sulcus, and by a lateral sulcus on each side below the uncigerous lobes. The middle region consists of thirteen
shorter biannulated segments, which bear small fascicles of seta? on thelower rami;lateral ones.

these are divided by a ventral sulcus, and also by the
The caudal region consists of about ten very short seg-ments all of wiiich, except the last, bear small fascicles of seta\ Thesesegments are margined by a rather broad membrane, wider and rounded;INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

619

auterioiiy, narrowing to tbe end.

Collar broad, with a nearly evenmargin, often somewhat sinuous at the sides, divided above and below,
the lobes rounded at the angles. The collar is a little broader below
than above. Branchiae long, slender, recurved in expansion, connectedby a broad and very thin membrane, continued as thin borders of the

branchiae to their tips, which are destitute of pinnae for some distance.

Body pale flesh-color, with a darker median line, reddish Janteriorly,
darker greenish or brownish, posteriorly branchiae pale yellowish or
greenish, each with a flake- white spot near the base outside. Other
specimens were greenish gray, with ^reen branchiae. Some were flesh.
<3olor, with a bright-red dorsal vessel; the branchiae flesh-color, withoutjthe white spots at the base.

Length, in extension, about 20°^^^; diameter of body, 1.5™™.
Deep water oft' the mouth of Vineyard Sound; off Martha's Vineyard,
in 21 and 23 fathoms off Block Island, in 29 fathoms, sandy mud,abundant. Oosco Bay, 7 to 20 fathoms.
This species makes slender tubes, covered with flue sand.
;Fabricia Leidyi Verrill, sp. nov.

(p. 323.)

Body very small and slender, tapering a little to both ends, in extension considerably exsert from the slender tube; eleven segments bearfascicles of setae; the segments are about as long as broad, sliglitly con-stricted at the articulations, with the anterior

margin a little promi-

nent; anal segment small, tapered to a blunt point, bearing two small,dark ocelli. Branchiae six, subequal, forming three symmetrical pairs, each
one with five to seven slender pinnae on each side; the basal pinnae areabout as long as the main stem, the others successively shorter, so that
all reach to about the same level. Tentacles short, thick, bluntly roundedat the end, strong!}^ ciliated. At the base of the branchiae, on each side,justis a red, pulsating vesicle, the pulsations alternating in the twoback of these, on the first segment, are two brown ocelli; a little farther
back, and near together, on the dorsal side, are two auditory vesicles,
each with a round central corpuscle. The fourth and eleven succeeding
segments bear small fascicles of acute, bent setae, about as long as half
the diameter of the body on the middle segment there are about fouror five setae in a fascicle on the ninth, three on the tenth, two on theeleventh, one or two, in the specimens examined. Intestine rather
wide, but narrowed at the eighth setigerous segment, and after that
slender, bordered by a red blood-vessel on each side. In the fourth
setigerous segment there are three globular granulated organs, color,
;

;

;

;

;

yellowish white, tinged with red by the circulating fluid.

Length about 3'"™; diameter about 0.25™™; expanse of branchiae,
The specimens measured may be immature.
New Haven to Vineyard Sound, common at and below low- watermark Cisco Bay.

0.8™™.

;REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

620

Serpula dianthus Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 322.)
Body elongated, gradually attenuated to the posterior end

the poscovered withminute papillse and having a finely pubescent appearance under a lens.
terior region

considerably

flattened 5

dorsal;surfaceCollar broad and long, in living specimens sometimes one-third as longas the body; the posterior x)ortion free dorsally, and in expansion about aslong as the attached portion, extending backward and gradually narrow,ing to the end; the margins thin and undulated the anterior border is divided into a broad re volute dorsal lobe, with an undulated margin, andtwo narrower lateral lobes, which are broadly re volute laterally, with themargin, rounded and nearly even. Seven segments bear rather large
fascicles of long, acute set«. The first fascicle is remote from the next,
and directed downward and forward, with the setae longer than in theothers; the six following fascicles are broad, and are directed downward
and backward. The uncinate setae form long transverse rows anteriorly,
but toward the posterior end they form short rows. Operculum funnelshaped, longitudinally striated externally, with a long, slender pedicel
the upper surface is concave, with about thirty small, acute denticles
around the margin; an inner circle of about twelve long, slender
papillae, incurved at tips and united at base, arises from the uppersurface of the operculum. On the left side is a small rudimentary operculum, club-shaped at the end, with a short pedicel. Branchiae are longrather slender, united close to the base, about eighteen on each side, inmature specimens, those toward the ventral border considerably longer,
than the ux)per ones tips naked for a short distance, slender, and acutepinnae very numerous, slender. Colors quite variable, especially thoseof the branchiae; the branchiae are frequently purplish brown, transversely banded with flake- white, alternating with yellowish green, thepinnae usually having the same color as the portion from which theyarise on the exterior of the branchiae the purple bands are often divided
by a narrow longitudinal line of whitish operculum brownish green
on the outer surface, purplish on the sides, with white longitudinal lines
toward the margin, greenish white at base pedicel purplish, bandedwith white collar pale translucent greenish, veined with darker green
body deep greenish yellow, the dorsal surface light yellow. Many otherstyles of coloration occur, some of which are described on page 322.
Length up to 75'""^ diameter about 3""".
Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Cape Cod low- water mark to
8 fathoms.
The tubes are long, variously crooked, and often contorted, sometimes
solitary, frequently aggregated into masses four or five inches in diameTliey are nearly cylindrical, with irreguhir lines of growth, andter.
sometimes with faint carinations.
;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

Serpula dianthus, var. citrina Yerrill. (j). 322.)
I have applied this name to a very marked color-variety, \n which tlie

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

621

lemon -yellow or orange-yellow, without bands, but usuallywith a reddish ceutral line; the operculum is usually yellow collar andbase of brauchijne bright yellow body light yellow.
Found with the preceding, and often in the same cluster of tubes.
brancliitie are;;

YER3IILIA (?), species undetermined,(p. 416.)

The species thus indicated forms slender, more or less crooked, angular tubes, with two distinct carinations on theupper surface they areabout half an inch long, attached firmly by one side along their whole
length. The branchiae form a wreath, with about six on each side pinnae
long and slender two or more of the branchiae bear pink, sack-likeappendages. The branchiae are reddish brown, annulated with narrow
;

-,

;

bands of white.
Diameter of tubes, about 1.25™°^ of expanded branchiae, 4^°^.
The
specimens have been lost, and no observations were recorded concerning
the operculum, so that the genus is still uncertain.
Long Island Sound, off Isew Haven, in 4 to 6 fathoms, on shells.
;

Spirorbis borealis Daudin (!).
Rec. des m6m. de moUiisques, 1800.
ed. xii, p. 1265.

(?)

SerpuJa spirorh'is Linne, Systema Naturse,

SpirorMs sjnriUum Gould, Inrertebrata of Mass., ed. i, p. 8

1841; A. Agassiz, Annals Lyceum Nat. Historj^ of

New York, vol. viii, p.

318, Plate 7, figs. 20-25 (embryology), 18G6 (not of Linne and other

Europeanwriters).

^ew Haven to Cape Cod, the Bay of Fundy, and northward; abundant on FiiciiSj Chondrus cHspus, and other algae, at low- water mark.
Whether this, our most common species, be identical with the European species known by this name is still uncertain.
The animals of the various species of Spirorhis are still ver^' imperfectly known, and many species have been described from the tubes
alone. Accurate descriptions or figures of the animals are necessary
before the species can be determined satisfactorily.
This species has nine branchiae, five on one side and four on the other,with the operculum. The branchiae are large and broad with long pinnae,
the basal ones shorter, the distal ones increasing in length to near theend, so that each branchial plume is somewhat obovate in outline; theThe branchial wreath, in fulltips are naked only for a short distance.
expansion is about as broad as the entire shell. The operculum is obliqueand one-sided, and supported on a long clavate pedicel, which is transversely wrinkled, and expands gradually into the operculum at the end,
the enlargement being chiefly on one side; the outer surface is roughly
granulous and usually covered with adhering dirt. The collar is broad,and has three fascicles of setae on each side. The branchiae are palegreenish white, centered with brighter green, due to the circulating fluid.
This is the species mentioned in the early part of this report (p. 332)
spirillum.
The ixMOi spirillum of Linne as a transunder the name oflucent tube, and is found in deeper water, on hydroids, &c.
,;S^.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

622

Spirorbis lucldus Fleming.
Edinburgh Encyclop., vol. vii, p. 68; Johnston, Catalogue of British Non-Parasitical Worms, p. 349 Malmgreu, Annulata polychseta, p. 123. Serpula liicida Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 506 (t. Johnston). Serpula porrecta Fabricius, Fauna Granlandica, p. 378 {tion Miiller). SpirorUs sinistrorsa Montagu, op. cit., p. 504;;

Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, ed. i, p. 9, Plate 1, fig. 4, 1841.

Deeper parts of Yineyard Sound, near the mouth, in 10 to 12 fathoms, onhydroids and bryozoa off Gay Head, 10 fathoms off Buzzard's Bay, in
25 fathoms, on Caberea Ellisii ; off Block Island, in 29 fathoms, on Caherea; Casco Bay, 6 to 20 fathoms, on algse, &c. Bay of Fundy, 10 to 80fathoms, on hydroids; Saint George's Bank, 30 to 60 fathoms. Green;j;land northern coasts of Europe.
This species forms small, translucent, glossy, reversed spiral tubes?
coiled in an elevated spire, the last whorls usually turned up, or even;erect and free.

There are six branchiae, which are large and broad, with long, slender
pinnae, which do not decrease in length till near the end ; the naked.tips

The operculum is sub-circular, somewhat obliquely

are short and acute.

attached to the slender pedicel, which is about half as long as the ex-tended branchiae, and enlarges rather suddenly close to the operculum ;the outer surface of the operculum appears nearly flat, and is covered

The collar is broad, with undulated and revolute
The three fascicles of setae are long and slender. Ocelli two^
conspicuous. The animal, in expansion, is usually much exsert fromthe tube. Anterior part of the body bright red branchiae pale greenish
their bases and posterior part of the body bright epidote-green.
It is the species catalogued as S. porrecta (f) on pages 49S and 504.

with adherent dirt.
edges.

';',OLIGOCH.ETA.

Clitellio irrorata Yerrill, sp. nov.

(p. 324.)-

Body very slender, the largest about 60""" long, 0.75""" in diameter, disHead conical, a little elongated, subacute setne
tinctly annulated.
commencing on the first segment; those on the anterior segments in;fascicles of two or three, very short, small, in length not one-third thediameter of the body, more or less curved like an italic /, obtusely
pointed at the end; some of them are but slightly bent at the tip, others
are strongly hooked

farther back there are three or four set^ie in thethey are somewhat longer, and two or more in many of
the fascicles are forked, the others simple, spinous, more or less curved
in the upper fascicles posteriorly, and sometimes throughout the whole;

fascicles, andlength, there are two or three much longer, very slender, hair-like, flexible bristles, but these are often absent frommost of the segments,
voluminous, slightly constricted at the articulations; two bright red blood-vessels, distinctly
visible through the integuments, run along the intestine, one above
and one below, followiug its flexures, without contractile lacunar

perhaps

accidentally.

The

intestineisINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

623

New Haven to Wood's Hole and Casco Bay, under stones in theupper i)art of the fncus-zone, and nearly up to high-water mark.
The above description was made from living specimens taken at Savin
Eock, near New Haven.
Some of the specimens obtained at Wood's Hole appear to differ somewhat from this description, but the differences may be chiefly due toIn these the anterior fascia
their being taken in the breeding season.
cles consist of two short setie, which are slightly curved in the form of
an italic/, and are subacute, not biiid at tips. At the ninth to twelfth setigerous segments a thickening occurs, forming a clitellus; on the ninth
segment the setne are replaced by a small mammiform, bilobed organ;,on the tenth there is a pair of prominent obtuse papilke, swollen atbase. On the posterior segments only two setse were observed in eachof the four fascicles, but they were longer, more slender, and morecurved at the tip than the anterior ones. In each of the segments
slender CDecal tubes, forming about two loops on each side, were noLength, about 35'"™.
ticed.
LuMBRicuLUS TENUIS Leidy.
Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersej^, p. 16 (U5), Plate
11, fig. 64, 1855.

Point Judith, Ehode Island, abundant about the roots of grasses on
We did not obtain this species.

the shore of a sound (Leidy).

Halodrillus Yerrill, genus no v.
Body long and slender. Blood white or colorless. Setoe small, acute,.
in four fan-shaped fascicles on each segment. The alimentary canalconsists of a pyrlform pharynx, followed by a portion from wliich several (five to seven) rounded or pyriform csecal lobes, of different sizes,

arise on each side and project forward and outward these are followed
by a large two-lobed portion, beyond which the intestine is constricted
then thickened and convoluted, and covered with polygonal, greenish,
glandular cells, which become fewer farther back, where the intestine;

becomes a long, narrow, convoluted tube. In the anterior part of thebody, around the stomach and caecal lobes, there are numerous convolutions of slender tubes. The blood-vessels running along the intestine contain a colorless fluid.

Halodrillus littoralis Yerrill, sp. nov.

(p. 321.)

Bod3^ round, slender, moderately long, tapering to both ends, butthickest toward the anterior end, tapering more gradually posteriorly.

Head small, conical, moderately acute, or obtuse, according to the stateof contraction mouth a transverse, slightly sinuous slit beneath. The
setae commence with four fascicles on the first segment behind the buc-,cal;

the setfe are slightly curved, forming rounded, fan-shaped fascicles

of four to six setfe, the middle setae being longer than the upper

lower ones J posteriorly the set^e are less numerous.

Caudaland624

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

tapered, obtuse, or slightly emarginate at the end, with a simple orifice.

The blood contains minute, oblong
Length, 25"™ to ^O""'";

corpuscles.

Colormilk-white.

diameter, 0.5™"^ to 1""".

New Haven; Wood's Hole; Casco Bay, Maine; very common underdead sea- weeds and stones near high- water mark.
Enchytr^us triventralopectinatus Minor.
AmericaTi Journal of Science, vol. xxxv, p. 36, 1863.

In this species, according to Minor, there are three pairs of ventral
fascicles of setse before the dorsal ones commence ; the i)harynx extends

to the fourth pair of ventral fascicles, from which a narrow oesophagus

extends to a little back of the sixth pair;here a gradual enlargementof the alimentary canal occurs, ending abruptly just back of the eighth
in a narrow, twisted tube, and this gradually enlarges at the ninth ventral fascicle into a moderate sized alimentary canal.

IsTo

Length,eyes.

about 10™"\
New Haven, near high-water mark (Minor).

BDELLODEA.
Comparatively few leeches have hitherto been met with in this region.

Many additional species, parasitic on fishes, undoubtedly remain to bediscovered.

Branohigbdella Eavenelii Diesing. Plate XYIII, fig. 89.

(p. 458.)

Sitzungsbericlite der kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften, Wien, xxxiii, p. 482, 1859.
Fhylloiranchus Eavenelii Girard, Proceedings of the American Association for

the Advancement of Science for 1850, vol.
Orhiniensis Qnatrefages,

Annals desiv, p. 124, 1851.

(?)

Brancliellion

sci. natur., s6r. 3, vol. xviii, pp. 279-325,

Plate 6, figs. 1-13, PI. 7-8, 1852 (anatomy).

In describing this species Mr. Girard mistook the anterior for theposterior end, and described the large posterior sucker, or acetabulum,

The color is dark brown, purplish, or dark violaceous,specked with white.
Vineyard Sound, on a stingray (Myllohaiis Freminvillei), in several,
instances a number usually occurred together. Charleston, South
Carolina, on a " skate," species unknown (Girard). Atlantic Ocean, on
a torpedo (Qnatrefages).
as the head.

;

Cystoeranciius vividus Verrill.

(p. 458.)

American Journal of Science and Arts, ser. 3, vol. iii, p. 126, fig. 1, 1872.

New Haven, on the minnow {Funduliis inscxdentus)^ both in fresh andbrackish water ;November and December.

ICHTnYOBDELLA FUNDULI VcrrJll.

(p. 458.)

Amcric in Journal of Science and Arts, loc. cit., p. 12G.

New Haven, on Fundulus ))isculentus^ with the last.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

PONTOBDELLA RAP AX Yerrill, sp. nov.

Plate XVIII, fig. 91.

625(p. 458.)

Body, in extension, long and slender, rounded, thickest behind the

Acetabulum nearly circular, not muchwider than the body. Head small, obliquely truncated, rounded. Colordark olive, with a row of square or oblong white spots along each side
head and acetabulum whitish, tinged with green. The young are reddish brown.
Length, 30™°^ to 40^^^^ diameter, 1.5"^°^ to 2'"'".
Vineyard Sound, on the ocellated flounder, {Chccnojysetta ocellaris).
middle, attenuated anteriorly.

j;

PoNTOBDELLA, spccics Undetermined, (p. 458.)
Body slender, cylindrical, strongly annulated the largest seen was
about 12"^ long and 0.75°^^ in diameter when extended. Head obliquely
campanulate, attached by a narrow pedicel-like neck. Acetabulum-,

oblique, round, only a little wider than the body.

Color pale greenish

or greenish white, with scattered microscopic specks of blackish.

Xo

but there are several dark stellate pigment-spots on
the head, similar to those on the body. Perhaps all the specimens
are immature.
Savin Eock, Xew Haven, on My sis Americamis^ below low- watermark.
distinct

ocelli,Myzobdella LLTauBEis Leidy.

(p. 458.)

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 243,
1851 ; Diesing, op. cit., p. 489.

Parasitic on the edible crab {GalUnectes hastatus), attached about thebases of the legs.

We have not obtained this species on the coast of

New England, but it may be expected to occur here.
Malacobdella obesa Verrill, sp. nov.

Plate XVIII, fig. 90.

(p. 458.)

Body stout, broad, thick, convex above, flat below, broadest near theposterior end, narrowing somewhat anteriorly j the front broadly rounded,with a median vertical slit, in which the mouth is situated. Acetabulum large, rounded, about as broad as the body. Intestine convoluted
posteriorly, visible throug the integument. Between the intestine andlateral margins, especially posteriorly, the skin is covered with small
stellate spots, looking like openings, within and around which are large
numbers of small round bodies, like ova. Color yellowish white.
Length, 30"^^ to 40^"^ breadth, 12^"°^ to 15^°^.
Salem, Massachusetts Long Island Sound parasitic in the branchialcavity of the long clam (Mya arenaria).
;

;

-,

Malacobdella mercenaria Verrill, sp. nov.

(p. 458.)

MalacoMella grossa Leidy, Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
vol. V, p. 209 {non Blaiuville).

Body, in extension, f^longated, oblong, with nearly parallel sides, oranterior end broad, obtusely rounded,

tapering slightly anteriorly
40
S. Mis. 61;

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

626

emarginate in the center, but not deeply fissured. In contraction the
body is broader posteriorly. Dorsal surface a little convex lower side
side flat. Acetabulum round, rather small, about half the diameterof the body in the contracted state, but nearly as broad when the body
The intestine shows through the integument disis fully extended.
it is slender, and makes about seven turns or folds.
tinctlyColorpale yellow, with minute white specks beneath and on the upper surface anteriorly, giving it a hoary appearance middle of the dorsal
surface irregularly marked with flake-white laterally reticulated withfine white lines.
;

5

;

;

Length in extension, 25''^"'
18"^"^

5

breadth, 4™"^; in partial contraction,

long;^"^"^ to 6""^^ wide.

New Haven, parasitic in the branchial cavity of the round clam
mercenaria), October, 1871.

(

Venus

Philadelphia, in the same clam (Leidy).

GYMNOCOPA.

ToMOPTERis, species undetermined,(p. 453.)

Young specimens of a species of this genus were taken in the evening in Vineyard Sound. They are too immature for accurate identification.

A large and fine species of Tomopteris was taken by Mr. S. I. Smith,This was about 40™"' in length. An
excellent drawing of it was made by Mr. Emerton from the living
specimens.
It is, perhaps, the adult state of the Vineyard Soundin Eastport harbor, in July, 1872.

species.

CH^TOGNATHA.
Sagitta elegans Verrill, sp. no v.

(p. 440.)

Body slender, thickest in the middle, tapering slightly toward both
Head somewhat broader than the neck, and about equal to theends.

body where thickest, slightly oblong, a little longer than broad, obtuse,rounded in front or sub-truncate, sometimes with a slightly prominent
small central lobe or papilla the anterior part of the head rises into acrest-like median lobe considerably higher than the posterior part;
ocelli two, niinute, widely separated, on the posterior half of the head
the anterior lateral borders of the head are slightly crenulated. The
5?

fascicles of setne or spinules on the sides of the head each contain about

eight

setii3,

which are considerably curved, with acute tips, and reach
Caudal fin ovate; its poste.

as far as the anterior border of the head.
rior edge broadly rounded.

The posterior lateral fins commence justin advance of the ovaries, and extend back considerably beyond them,so as to leave a naked space somewhat less than their length between
their posterior ends and the caudal fin ; on this naked part, just in ad-vance of the caudal fin, are two small, low^, lateral papilhie connectedwith the male organs two other smaller papilhe are situated at about
the posterior third of the lateral fins. The median lateral fins are about
equal in length to the i)osterior ones, and separated from them by a;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

627

naked space less than their own length the distance from the anterior
end of the middle fius to the anterior border of the head is equal to;twice the length of the fins; the length of the latter is about one-sixth

The color is translucentof the entire length of the body.

whitish,nearly diaphanous.

Length, about 16'"'"; diameter, about 0.9'""\Wood's Hole and Vineyard Sound, at surface, Jnly 1-,

off Gay Head,among Saljxej September 8, in the day-time.
Sagitta, species undetermined,(p. 440.)

A much larger and stouter species than the preceding was taken inabundance by Mr. Yinal N. Edwards, in Vineyard Sound, at various
dates, from January to May.
Its length is generally 25'"'" to 30'"'".
I have not seen it living.

GEPHTREA or SIPUNCULOIDS.

Phascolosoma c^3iENTARiLT3r.

Vcrrill Plate XVIII, fig. 92.

S'qninculus cannentarius Quatrefages, op. cit., vol.

ii,

p. 628, 1865.

(p. 416.)

Phascolosoma

Bernliardas Pourtales, Proceediugs American Association for Adra ncement of

Science for 1851, p. 41, 185'2.

Sipuncuhis Bernliardus Stimpson, Inrertebrata ofGrand Manan, p. 28 {non Forbes.)

Deeper parts of Vineyard Sound, 10 to 15 fathoms off Block Island,
Bay of Fundy, 2 to 90 fathoms, abundant near Saint
29 fathoms
George's Bank, 45 to 430 fathoms.
;;j

PHASC0L0S03IA, specles undetermined,(p. 353.)

and form, with a thick integuAment, thickly covered throughout with small rounded papillae or granules,
but without the dark chitinous hooks seen on the posterior part of thespecies similar to the last in size

latter.

Vineyard Sound.

Phascolosoma Gouldii Diesing.
Revision der Rhyngodeen, op.

cit.,

Plate XVIII, fig. 93.
p. 764, 1859.

(p. 353.)

Sipunculus Gouldii Ponrtales,

Proceediugs of American Association for the Advancement of Science for
1851, vol. V, p. 40, 1852;

Keferstein, Zeitschrift

fiir -wissenschaftliche Zoologie,

vol. XV, p. 434, Plate 33, fig. 32, 1865, and vol. xvii, p. 54, 1867.

New Haven to Massachusetts Bay, at Chelsea Beachsand and gravel at low-water mark.

-,common in

SCOLECIDA.
TUEBELLAPvIA.
RHABDOCCELA or NEMERTEANS.

Balanoglossus alrantiacus Verrill.

(p. 351.)

Stimpsonia aurantiaea Girard, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences ot Philadelphia, vol. vi, p. 367, 1854. Balanoglossus KowalevsMi A. Agassiz, Memoirs

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. ix, p. 421, Plates 1-3, 1873.

Fort Macon, North Carolina, to Naushon Island.

Charleston, SouthEEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

628

Newport, Ehode Island, to Beverly, Massachusetts
In sand between tides.
reexamination of living specimens of the southern form will benecessary before their identity with the northern one can be positively
established. I am unable to separate them with preserved specimens.
See page 351 also American Journal of Science, ser. 3, vol. v, p. 235.)
Carolina (Girard).
(A. Agassiz).

A;

Kemertes socialis Leidy.

324.)

(p.

Marine Invert. Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 11 (143), 1855.

Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound.
mon under stones, between tides.

Very com-

Nemertes viridis Diesing.
Sitzungsberichte der kais.

Akad. der Wissernscbaften, vol. xlv, p. 305, 1862. Pla-waria mnfZisMuller,Zool. Dan. Prodromus, 2684, 1776 (t. Fab.) ; Fabricius, Fauna
Groenlandica, p. 324, 1780. JSfotospermus vwidis Diesing, Syst. Helminth, vol. i,p. 260, 1850.

Nemertes olivacea Johnston, Mag. of Zoology and Botany, vol. i,p. 536, PL 18, fig. 1.

Borlasia olivacea Johnston, Catalogue British Non-para-

sitical Worms, p. 21, PI. 2^, fig. 1, 1865.

Nemertes ohscura Desor, Boston Journalof Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 1 to 12, Plates 1 and 2, 1848.

Folia ohscura

Girard in Stimpson's Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 28, 1853.

Body very changeable in form-,in full extension longand slender,

sub-terete, tapering toward both ends, the length being sometimes 150^°^

2™™

3™™

in contraction the body
becomes much shorter and stouter, more or less flattened, and obtuse at
the ends, large specimens often being only 30™™ or 40™™ long and 4™™ to
5mm ijroad. The head is flattened, more or less bluntly rounded, and isfurnished with a row of small dark ocelli on each side, which vary innumber and size according to the age, the large specimens often having
six or eight on each side, while the small ones have but three or four, andthe very young ones have only a single pair. The lateral fossse of thehead are long and deep, in the form of slits, and extend well forward tonear the terminal pore. The latter in some states of contraction appears

to 200™™, while the diameter isto;like a slight vertical slit or notch, but at other times appears circular; theproboscis is long, slender toward the base, clavate toward the end, theterminal portion transversely wrinkled. The ventral opening or mouth
is situated opposite to or a little behind the posterior ends of the lateral
fossae it is ordinarily small and elliptical, with a distinct lighter colored',border, but is capable of great dilation when the creature is engaged inswallowing some annelid nearly as large as itself.

In alcoholic specimens the bodyisusually thickened and rounded

anteriorly, more slender and somewhat flattened farther back, often acutehead obtusely rounded or sub-truncate, with asmall terminal pore and two lateral fossa^>, which are short and extend
forward very near to the terminal pore; ventral opening or mouth

at the i^osterior end;

small and round, situated slightly behind the posterior ends of the lateral fossa' ocelli not apparent. Tlie color, wlu n living, is very variable,:

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

629

most commoDly dark olive-green or blackish green above, and somewhat
head margined with lighter frequently the color isdark liver-brown or reddish brown, and the back is usually crossed bylighter below, the;faint pale lines, placed at unequal distances.

Buzzard's Bay and Yiueyard Sound, under stones, between tides, andin 4 to 6 fathoms, rocky bottoms, very common ;Casco Bay and Bay of
Fundy and northward to Labrador and Greenland. Also on the northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain. Abundant under stones between;tides, and in shallow water.

The specimens referred to on page 324 as iDrobably belonging to Cerehratuliis, were most likely identical with this species.

Kemertes (!) species undetermined (a),Body elongated, moderately stout;(p. 498.)

head not distinct from the body.

Color uniform bright brownish red.
Length, 25"™.
Off'

Watch Hill, Bhode Island, among rocks, in 4 to 6 fathoms.

A

species, apparently the same, also occurred in 25 fathoms off Buzzard's

Bay.
This was red with two dark red spots anteriorly.

No ocelli weredetected.

JTe]mertes, (?), species undetermined (b).

Body slender, sub-terete;

head not distinct from body. Ocelli incon-

spicuous, apparently about three in a row on each side of front of head.

Color of head and body, above, brownish red, with a whitish ring aroundthe neck, which recedes in the middle, above.

Length, 8°^"^.
Off Watch Hill, with the preceding.
This is, perhaps, a species of Gosmocepliala.

Kemertes, species undetermined (c).
Body slender; head not separated by a constriction.

Ocelli very
numerous, arranged in a long cluster on each side of the head. Color
uniform olive- green above and below.
Length, 35"™ breadth, 1.3"^^ to 2"°^^.
New Haven Harbor, on the piles of a wharf, in brackish water.
;

Tetrastem:ha arenicola Yerrill, sp. nov. Plate XIX, fig. 98.

(p.

351.)

Body sub-terete, long, slender, slightly depressed, of nearly uniform
width

;

the headisvery versatile, usually sub-conical or lanceolate,becoming partially distinct from the body by aflattened, occasionallyslight constriction at the neck.
Ocelli four, those in the anterior pairnearer together. The lateral fossre are long and deep slits on the sidesof the head mouth or ventral pore small, often sub-triangular, situated;just back' of the posterior ends of the lateral fossiie. Body deep fleshcolor or pale purplish. Length, about 100™™, in extension.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

630

Savin Eock, near ]N'ew Haven, in sand at low-water mark.
This species is, perhaps, not a trne Tetrastemma. It is here only i)rovisionally referred to that genus.

Meckelia ingens Leidy.

Plate XIX, figs. 96, 96^1.

(p. 349.)

Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey,p. 11
Meckelia Pocohontas Girard, Proceedings of(143), 1855. (?)

Academy of Natural Sciences ofPhiladelpliia, vol. vi, p. 366, 1854.

Fort Macon, North Carolina Great Egg Harbor to Xew Haven andVineyard Sound. Low-water mark to 8 fathoms. Charleston, Southj

Carolina (Girard).

Meckelia lactea Leidy.

(p. 350.)

Proceedino's of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 243, 1851.

Great Egg Harbor to Xew Haven and Vineyard Sound. Low-water
Perhaps the young of the preceding species.

mark to 10 fathoms.

Meckelia rosea Leidy.

(p. 350.)

Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 244, 1851.

Great Egg Harbor to Xew Haven and Vineyard Sound.
sand at low-water mark.

Common in

Meckelia lurid a Verrill, sp. no v. (p. 508.)
Body long, large, stout, much depressed throughout, and thin posteHead changeable in form, oftenriorly, somewhat thickened anteriorly.
Ventral opening large, elongated. Proboscis
In some si^ecimens there wasa slender, acute, caudal papilla. Color deep chocolate-brown, with lighter
margins. Length, 150™"^ to 250™"^ breadth up to 10™"^ or more.
Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms j
acutelateral fossae long.

;

long, slender, emitted from a terminal pore.

;;

off Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy mud j Casco Bay, 10 to 68 fathoms.

Cerebratulus (I), species undetermined (a),(p. 508.)

This is a dark olive-green species, with paler margins, the anterior
part darkest.
Off Block Island, in 29 fathoms;

off

Gay Head, in 19 fathoms, soft

mud.

COSMOCEPIIALA ociiRACEA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XIX,

figs. 95,

95rt.

(p. 325.)

Body elongated, moderately slender, somewhat flattened but thick,
and with the margins rounded, obtuse at both ends or subacute posteriorly
broadest and often swollen anteriorly gradually and slightly
tapering posteriorly the integument is translucent and the internal
median organs show quite distinctly lateral organs voluminous, extending the whole length of the body along each side, and showing
;

;

;

;

through as dull yellowish white mottlings.

Head continuous with theINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

631

body, obtuse a slight groove, usually api)earing as a whitish line oneach side, runs obliquely across the ventral and lateral surface of thehead, diverging from the mouth and curving somewhat forward at thesides terminal pore small and inconspicuous mouth, or ventral pore,
Ocelli numerous, arranged as in the figure, but varying somesmall.
what in number. (See p. 325.) Color dull yellowish, or yellowish white,often tinged with deeper yellow or orange anteriorly, with the medianline lightera reddish internal organ shows through as an elongated
red spot between the posterior ocelli.
Length, 50"'"^ to 70""^ breadth, 2.5™^^ to 3^^™.
Xew Haven to Vineyard Sound under stones, between tides.
;

;

;

-,

;

-,

Plate XIX, fig. 97.

PoLiNA GLUTINOSA Verrill, sp. nov.

(p. 324.)

Body rather slender and elongated in extension, usually broadest in
the middle and tapering to both ends, but quite versatile in form head
posterior end narrower, usually obtuse or;

not distinct, usually obtuse

5

integument soft, secreting a large quantity of muOcelli numerous, variablein number, usually eight or ten on each side, arranged in three pairs ofterminal pore of theshort, oblique, divergent rows, two to four in eachhead moderately large no lateral fossiie could be detected. There appears to be a terminal opening at the posterior end. Color dull yellow
or pale orange yellow, sometimes brighter orange, especially anteriorly
posteriorly usually- lighter, with a faintly marked dusky or greenish
median line.
Length, 25"^^ to 30™°^ in extension breadth, 1.3'^^'^ to 2°^™.
Great Egg Harbor to Xew Haven and Vineyard Sound; low- waterslightly emarginate 5cusythe lateral organs extend to the head.

;

;

;

;

mark to 6 fathoms.

MoNOCELis AGiLis Leidy.

(p. 325.)

Marine Invert. Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 11 (143), 1855.
Monops (?) agilis Diesinsj, Sitzungsberichte der kais, Akad. der Wissenschaften, vol. xlv, p. 232, 1862 {non Monops agilis Scliultze, sp.)

New Haven;

Point Judith, Ehode Island, at low- water, creeping on

2Iytilus edulis (Leidy).

ACELIS CRENULATA Dieslng.
Op.

cit.

p,

206.

Acmostomum crennlatuni Scliniarda, Nene wirbell. Th., vol. i,

p.

1, 3,

PI.

I, lig.

2 (t. Diesing).

Hobokeu, Xew Jersey, in brackish water (Schmarda).

Genus undetermined.
Body very long and slender, almost filiform, slightly flattened, withrounded sides the flat sides are longitudinally striated, the narrower
rounded sides are marked with numerous short, distinct, separate, transverse lines or depressions, corresponding to opaque internal organs. In
one of the smaller specimens one end is acute conical, terminated by a;

632

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

slender incurved point the other end is obtusely rounded, depressed
and translucent at the end, apparently with a transverse orifice beneath.
The largest specimen, and one of the smaller, has one end correspond;

ing in form to that last described

the other is rounded, a little enlarged,
subtrancate, apparently with a terminal orifice.
yellowish internal;A

organ, with transverse divisions, runs along each side internally.

In lifethe color was grayish white, with four very slender double longitudinallines of dark slate-color.

Length of largest specimens, in alcohol, 80^^^^est ones,

40'^^°^
jdiameter,;diameter, 0.7^''^;

small-

0.5"^°^.

Wood's Hole, swimming very actively at the surface in the evening,
June 29 and July 13, 1871.
This species was taken by Mr. S. I. Smith, who recorded the color. I
did not observe it myself in the living state. The above description
was made from preserved specimens. Its characters cannot all be madeout satisfactorily with alcoholic specimens, and its generic and family
affinities are uncertain.
In general appearance, when living and moving,
it resembles Gordius and Rliampliogordius.

DENDROCCELA or PLANARIANS.
Stylochopsis LiTTORALis Yerrill, sp. nov. Plate XIX, fig. 99.

(p. 325.)

Body flat with thin margins, very changeable in form, broad oval,elliptical or oblong, rounded or sub- truncate at the ends, often with themargins undulated.

The tentacles are small, round, obtuse, translu-

cent, each containing an elongated group of about ten or twelve minute

The tentacles are situated at about

black ocelli on the anterior surface.

the anterior fourth of the body, and are separated by about one-fourthDorsal ocelli about eight, forming four groups of two
marginal ocelli numerous, small,
black, most conspicuous beneath, and most numerous on the anterior
portion, arranged in two or more irregular rows near the margm, extending back to the middle of the sides or beyond. Color pale greenish
or brownish yellow, veined or reticulated with lighter, and with a light
median stripe posteriorly; beneath flesh-color, with a median elongatedof its breadth.

each, in advance of the tentacles

jlight spot, narrowest in the middle, due to internal organs.

Length, S™'"; breadth, about 6""".
New Haven to Vineyard Sound under stones, between tides.
;rLANOCERA NEBULOSA Girard.

Plate XIX, fig. 100.

(p. 325.)

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Scieuces of Philadelpliia for 1853, vol.
vi, p. 367, 1854.

Savin Eock nearXew Haven, under stones at low- water. Charleston,
S. C. (Girard).

Leptoplana folium Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 487.)
Body very flat, with the margin thin and undulated
usually cordateor leaf-like,;outline versatile,

broadest and emarginate posteriorly, theINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

633

posterior borders well rounded, and tbe side a little convex, narrowing
to an obtuse point at tbe anterior end; sometimes oblong or elliptical,

and but little narrowed anteriorly tbe posterior emargination is usually
very distinct, often deep, and sometimes in contraction bas a small projecting angular point in tbe middle, but at times tbe emargination nearly
disappears. Ocelli in four groups, near tbe anterior end; tbe two posteriorclusters are smaller tban tbe anterior and wider apart tbe anteriorclusters are very near tbe otbers, and close togetber, almost blending
on tbe median line, and are composed of numerous very minute crowded
Color pale yelocelli, less distinct tban tbose of tbe otber clusters.
lowisb flesb-color, veined witb dentritic lines of darker flesbcolor, or
witb wbitisb; an indistinct pale reddisb spot bebind tbe anterior
ocelli; an interrupted longitudinal wbitisb stripe in tbe middle, due to;;

tbe internal organs, and a small median wbitisb stripe posteriorly.
Lengtb, 20'"™ to 25'""^; breadtb, 10'"'" to 15'""^.
Off Watcb Hill, 4 to 6 fathoms, among rocks and alg?e; off Block
Island, in 29 fatboins ; off Buzzard's Bay, in 25 fatboms.

Planaria grisea Yerrill, sp. nov.

(p. 487.)

Body elongated and usually oblong in extension, often long oval orsomewbat elliptical, obtusely pointed or rounded posteriorly bead sub;truncate in front, often a little prominent in tbe middle tbe angles
are somewbat prominent, but not elongated. Ocelli two, black, eacb sur;rounded by a reniform, wbite spot. Color yellowisb green or grayisb,
witb a central wbitisb stripe in tbe middle of tbe back, surroundedby darker; bead margiaed witb wbitisb.
Lengtb, in extension, 12'"'"; breadtb, 3'"™.
Watcb Hill, Ehode Island, under stones, between tides.

Procerodes Wheatlandii Girard.

(p. 325.)

Proceedings Boston Soc. Natural History, vol. iii, p. 251, 1351; Stimpsou, op.
cit., p. 6, 1857.
rianaria frequens Leidy, Marine Invert. Fauna of Rhode Island

and New Jersey, p. 11, 1855.

Procerodes frequens Stimpson, op. cit., p. 6 ; thisReport, p. 325.

Xew Haven to Casco Bay.

Point Juditb (Leidy).

Mancbester, Mas-

Abundant under stones, between tides.

sacbusetts (Girard).

FoviA Warrenii Girard.

(p. 480.)

Proceediugs of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. iv, p. 211, 1852
Stirapson, Prodromus, p. 6, 1857.
Vortex Warrenn Girard, op. cit., toI. iii, pp264 and 363, 1851 Diesing, op. cit., vol. xiv, p. 229, 1862.
;

A small, narrow, oblong, red Planarian, apparently belonging to tbis
species, was collected at Wood's Hole,

Casco Ba}'.

among

Clielsea, MavSsacbusetts (Girard).

eel-grass,

and also in

634

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Bdelloura CANDIDA Girard.

(p. 460.)

Proceedings Boston Society Natural History, vol. Iv, p. 211, 1852.
dida Girard, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 264, (for 1850), 1851.

Vortex Can-

Bdelloura parasiticalueidj,

Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of PhiladelpMa for 1851, vol. v, p. 242^
1852; Stimpson, Prodromus, p. 6, 1857.

Great Egg Harbor;

New Haven:

Massacliusetts Bay.

Parasitic on

the gills of the ^'horseshoe-crab'' (Limulus Folypliemus).

Bdelloura rustica Leidy.
Proceedings Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol.
Stimpson, Prodromus, p. 6, 1857.

v,

242,

p.

1852

Great Egg Harbor, on Ulva latisslma (Leidy).

NEMATODES.

PONTONEMA MARINUM Leidy.

Plate XVIII, fig. 94.

(p. 325.)

Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 12 (144), 1855.

Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Soundant from above low-water mark to 10 fathoms.

PoNTONEMA VACILLATUM Leidy.

very abund-;(p. 326.)

Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 12 (144), 1855.

Great Egg Harbor to Vineyard Sound, with the preceding.
Various other small, free Nematodes are frequently met with, butthey have not been carefully examined.
Numerous species are also parasitic in the stomach, intestine, muscles
and other organs of fishes, Crustacea, worms, &c. (See i^age 456.)

MOI.I.USC A.
CEPHALOPODA.
DIBRANCHIATA.

Ommastrephes ILLECEBROSA.

(p.

441.)

Loligo illecehrosa Lesueur, Journal Acad. Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii,

Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, ed. i, p. 318,

p. 95,

Plate

1841

Dekay, Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 4, 1843.

;

10,

1821

;

sagittatus Binney,* in Gould's Invertebrataof Mass., ed.

ii,

Ommasireplies

p. 510, 1870, but

not Plate 25, fig. 339 (ugh Lamarck, sp.)

A large specimen, taken at Eastport, Maine, was ten inches long, exclusive of the arms.

When preserved in alcohol the caudal-fin was

rather more than one-third of the length of the head and body together j
its width was equal to about three-fourthsof its length.

The colors ofspecimen were described on page 442. A small specimen from
Newport, E. I., agrees in color and most other respects with the larger
specimens, but differs somewhat in tlie proportions, especiall}' of thecaudal fin, probably owing to its immaturity. This specimen, in alcohol,

this

*

Binney's, Plate xxvi, Figs. 341-344, erroneously referred to LoUgopsis 2)avo, appar-

ently represents this species.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
is 84^"^ long, exclusive of the arms ;635

the body is 72™°^ long, 15'"°^ broad ;the caudal fin is 25°^"^ long and 36"^°^ broad.

A fresh specimen, caught in Casco Bay, had the following proportions:

Length of head and body, not including the arms, 221'""^

length;breadth of fin, 90"^"^diameter of body, 35"^"^ flength of upper arms, 80"^^ of second pair, 100"^^ of third pair, 100°^°^ 5of extensile arms, 182™"^ of the ventral pair, 90"^"\
Newport, Ehode Island ;Greenport, Long Island, (Sanderson Smith)
Provincetown, Massachusetts Casco Bay Mount Desert, Maine Bayof caudal fin,S6''''''

;

j

;

;

;

;

j

;

;

of Fundy.

Ommastrephes Bartrcunii (Lesueur, sp.) is found in the Gulf Stream off
our coasts, and may sometimes occur accidentally on our shores. It isa more slender and elongated species than the preceding, with a rela*
The figure given
tively shorter caudal fin.
It is also darker colored.

by Biuney in the last edition of Gould's Invertebrata of Massachusetts(Plate 25, fig. 310) does not represent this species.

LOLIGO Pealii Lesueur.

Plate XX, figs. 102-105.

(p. 440.)

Journal Acad. Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 92, PI. 8, 1821 Dekay,
Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 4, PL 38, fig. 354 (copied from
Lesueur)Binney, in Gould's Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 514 (PI.
25, fig. 340,) probably represents this species, certainly not 0. Bartrcunii.);;

South Carolina to Massachusetts Bay. Yery common in Long Island
Sound and Yineyard Sound.
The young, from an inch to two inches in length, were taken from the
middle of July to the last of August in great numbers, at the surface,in Yineyard Sound, by Mr. Yinal N. Edwards.

LoLiGO PUNCTATA Dekay,
Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 3, PL I, fig. 1, 1843;

Binney, in

Gould's Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 513.

This is probably identical with the preceding species.

The slightdifferences noticed are probably sexual, but as I have not been able tofully satisfy myself in regard to this, I

have not thought it proper tounite them at this time.

Long Island Sound.
LoLiGO PALLIDA Ycrrill, sp. nov. Plate XX, figs. 101, 101a. (p. 441.)
Body stout, tapering rapidly backward. Anterior border of mantle
with a prominent, obtusely rounded, median dorsal lobe, from which themargin recedes on each sideon the lower side the margin is concave
on each side. Caudal fin large,
about as broad as long, more than half as long as the body. Siphon
large and stout upper pair of arms considerably smaller and shorter
than the others, slender at tips, margined along the inner dorsal ridgewith a thin membrane. Second pair of arms stouter and longer, triquetral, slightly margined on the outer angle. Third pair much stouter andconsiderably longer, with a membranous fold along the middle of the;in the middle, with a projecting angle-,

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

636

membrane toward tbe end.
Tentacular arms long and slender, in extension longer than the body,the portion that bears suckers forming about one-third the whole
length; in the female the larger suckers on the middle of this portion
are not so large as the largest on the other arms, and are arranged inabout four rows; those near the tips of the arms are very small andcrowded. In the male the principal suckers of the tentacular arms arevery much larger than in the female, and considerably exceed those of
the other arms; they form two alternating rows along the middle of thearm, and external to them there is a row of smaller suckers on each side,alternating with them the suckers toward the tips are very numerous,
outer surface, wliicli expands into a tliin;

small, and crowded ; outside of the suckers, on each side, there is a mar-membranous fold runs
along the outer surface and expands into a broad membrane near theend the arms of the ventral pair are intermediate in length between
those of the second and third pairs. Ground-color of body, head, arms,
and fins pale, translucent, yellowish white entire ventral surface pale,with small, distant, brownish circular spots, which are nearly obsolete on
the siphon and arms; the upper surface is covered with pale brown,
unequal, circular spots which are not crowded, having spaces of whitish
between them the spots are more sparse on the head and arms, butsomewhat clustered above the eyes. The general appearance of theanimal when fresh is unusually pale and gelatinous. The "pen" ismedium-sizedbroad, quill-shaped, translucent, and amber-colored.
male specimen preserved in alcohol measures 145"'™ from the base of thedorsal arms to the posterior end of the body length of body, 120™™

ginal membrane with a scolloped edge; another

;

;

;

A

;

length of caudal fin, 70™™; breadth of fin, 75™™; length of first pair ofarms, 42™™ of second pair, 50™™ of third, 60™™ of tentacular arms,
150™™ of ventral pair, 53™™.
;

;

;

;

Long Island Sound.
The Spirula Peronii Lamarck, (Spirula fragiUs in Binney's Gould, p.
516, fig. 755), is occasionally cast up, on the outer beaches of jN'antucket,

but it probably does not occur alive in our waters.

GASTEOPODA.
PE CTINIBR ANCHIATA.

Bela iiarpularia Adams.

Plate XXI, tig. 108.

(p. 508.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Molhisca, vol. i, p. 92, 1858 Gonld's Invertobrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 352, fig. 191. Fusus harpuhuim Conthony, Boston;

Journal Natnral History, vol. ii, p. lOG, PI. 1, fig. 10, 1838; Gould's luvertebrata of Mass., ed. i, p. 291, fig. 191, 1841. MangeVm harpularia Stinipson, Shellsof New England, page 48, 1851.

Massachusetts Bay to Labrador and Greenland. Off Gay Head, 10
Fandy frequent in from 1 to 80 fathoms.
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene "Leda-clays" of Labrador (Packard); andto 19 fathoms ; in the Bay of

Canada (Dawson).

ETC.

637

Bela pleurotomaria Adams.
H. and A.Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 92, 1858 Gonld, Invert,of Mass., ed. ii, p. 355, fig. 625. Fiisus ]}leurotomarius Couthouy, Boston Journalof Natural History, vol. ii, p. 107, Plate 1, fig. 9, 1838. Fiisus rufus Gould, Invert,of Mass., ed. i, p. 190, fig. 192 (non Montagu). Buccinum pyramidale Strom, N.
A. Dan. iii, p. 296, fig. 22 (t. Loven). Defrancia Fa/iZii (Beck) Moller, 1842 (t.
Loveu). Mangelia pryamidaUs Stimpsou, Shells of New England, p. 49.
;

Off the coast of Long Island, in 46 fathoms (Stimpson).

Massachu-setts Bay to Labrador ; in Casco Bay and the Bay of Fandy not uncom-

monin 18 to 60 fathoms.

Greenland(Moller).

Finmark (Loven).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene deposits of Canada, Labrador, Great Britain,

and Scandinavia.
The identification of this species with the Buccinum pyramidale Strom,
if correct, the latter name has priority.
is somewhat uncertain;

Bela plicata Adams.

Plate XXI, fig. 107.

(p. 383.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 92, 1858. Fleiirotoma plicata C. B. Adams, Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. iii, p. 318, Plate 3,
fig. 6; Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 282, fig. 187; ed. ii, p. 350, fig. 612.
Pleurotoma plicosa C. B, Adams, Contributions to Conchology, vol. i, p. 54, 1850 |Jay, Catalogue, ed. iv, p. 327. Pleurotoma hrunnea Perkins, Proc. Boston Soc.

Nat. History, vol. xiii, p. 121, 1869.

Near New Haven, rare.
Huntington and Greenport, Long Island(Sanderson Smith).
New York (Dekay). Dartmouth, Massachusetts^and New Bedford Harbor, in mud, (0. B. Adams). Beaufort, N. G. (Dr.
E. Ooues). Indian Pass, Florida (E. Jewett).

Mangelia cerina.

(p. 432.)

American Journal of Science, vol. iii, p. 210, 1872. Pleurotoma cerinum
Kurtz and Stimpson, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,
Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 49, PL 2, fig. 2,1851.
vol. iv, p. 115, 1851

Verrill,;

Shell elongated, fusiform, rather acute at apex, composed of about

seven whorls;

apical whorls smooth, the others angulated in the middle

and decidedly flattened just below the suture; suture distinct, butshallow, undulated the body whorl has about eleven prominent, longitudinal, sub-acute plications or ribs, separated by wide, concave interspaces. The ribs are most prominent at the angulation above the middleof the lower whorl, and do not extend on the flattened sub-sutural band.
The whole surface is covered by fine, raised, revolving lines, often
alternately larger and smaller, separated by wider striae, and crossed byfine, distinct lines of growth, rendering them slightly nodulous.
The
revolving lines are most distinct on the sub-sutural band, and are often
nearly obsolete over the summits of the ribs.
Outer lip acute, with adecided angle at about the posterior fourth, where it recedes to form adecided, rounded notch, at and just above the angle; middle portion
nearly straight, gradually curving and receding toward the anterior end;
canal short, straight, and somewhat contracted.
Color whitish, or;slightly yellow

3mm.

length of;

inner surface light wax-yellow.
aperture, 3""".

Length, 6.5"''" breadth,;

638

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Yineyard Sound, 3 to 10 fathoms

near

;

New Haven. New Bedford,

Mass., and Charleston, S. 0. (Stimpson).

and Huntington,

Staten Island
Greenport
lyong Island, low water to 3 fathoms, (S. Smith).

Beaufort, N. 0. (Coues).

;

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina.

Pleurotoma bicarinatum Couthouy.

Plate XXr, fig. 106. (p. 418.)
Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. ii, p. 104, Plate 1, fig. 11, 1838; Gould?
Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 281, fig. 186 ed. ii, p. 349, fig. 618. Mangelia hicarinata
Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 49. Defrancia hicarinata H. and A. Adams,
Genera of Mollusca, vol. i, p. 95.
;

Stoningtou, Conn. (Linsley). Vineyard Sound, 6 to 12 fathoms, rare;This is a rare and imperfectly
Massachusetts Baj^; Bay of Ftindy.
known species. I have never had opportunities to examine the living
animal.

The generic relations of this and the two preceding shells are still
doubtful.

BUCCINUM TJNDATUM Linne.
Systema Naturae,

Plate XXI, fig. 121.

ed. xii, p. 1204.

(p. 494.)

Gould, luvertebrata of Massacliusetts, ed. i,

Buccinum undidatuni WoWer, in Kroyer's TidsStimpson).
Stimpson, Review of the Northern
Buccinums, in Canadian Naturalist, October, 1865. Buceinum Lahradorense
Reeve, Coucli. Icon., vol. iii, Buc. i, 5, 1846 (t. Stimpson).
p. 305; ed. ii, p. 366, fig. 634.
skrift, vol. iv, x>. 84, 1842(t.

Mouth of Vineyard Sound and off Gay Head, 6 to 19 fathoms.

OfT
40°,
longitude
73°,
in
32
fathoms,
latitude
west
north
New Jersey,
sandy bottom, (Captain Gedney).
Near Stonington, Conn. (Linsley) Montauk Point, Long Island,and Little Gull Island (S. Smith). Not common south of Cape Cod,
except on the outer islands and in deep water common in Massachusetts Bay and very abundant on the coast of Maine, and northward to
Greenland. On the European coast it occurs from Iceland and theNorth Cape to France, and from low water to 650 fathoms. In the Bayof Fundy it is abundant from above low- water mark to 100 fathoms.
As a fossil it is common in the Post-Pliocene deposits of Maine, Canada, Labrador, and Great Britain. Mr. Desor obtained it from the Post;;;

Pliocene formation of Nantucket Island.
The ordinary American specimens from shallow water differ considerably in form from the typical European specimens, but the species isquite variable on both coasts, and I have examined large specimensfrom Saint George's Bank and La Have Bank, dredged by Mr. S. I.
Smith, which differ very little from the common European form, and it
is easy to form series connectiug these with our common shore specimens. I am, therefore, unable to agree with Dr. Stimpson, who considered our shell distinct from the European, and adopted the nameundulatum for it.

Neptune A curt a Yerrill.
Fimis corncus Say, Amor. Couch., iii, Plate 29, 1831 (non Linnd, Pennant, etc.).
Fusus Jslaudicus Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 284; ed. ii, p. 371, lig. 638(non Chemnitz, Gmolin, etc.). Fhshs curlus JclVreys, British Couchology, vol.
iv, p. 336, 1867.

ETC.

639

Massachusetts Bay to Labrador. Casco Bay, 6 to 50 fathoms; common in the Bay of Fundy from low-water mark to 80 fathoms. Linsley
reports it, as F. corneusj from fish-stomachs at Stouingtou, Couuecticut.

In the Yale

Museum are dead shells of this species, which have been

occulted by Eupaguri^ found on Fire Island Beach, on the south side ofLong Island, by Mr. S. I. Smith. It probably inhabits the deep wateroff Block Island.

The dentition of this speciesisdecidedly buccinoid.

The central

plates are transversely oblong, deeply concave above, with the lateralangles produced below armed with three small, nearly equal, short teeth,
5

the central one largest, beyond which, on each side, it is concave, the outerangles being a little prominent. The lateral plates are large, with anouter, very strong, curved tooth, and two much smaller, slightly curved
ones near the inner end, the innermost being slightly the largest.

The dentition agrees very closely with that of j\'. antlqua, the typeboth of the genus Xeptunea, Bolton, 1798, and Chrysodomus, Swainson,
1840, but it is very different from that of Siplio Berniciensis {S. Islcuidicus Trosch.), which Troschel refers to the Faciolaridse.
The latter isevidently the type of a genus {Sipho) very distinct £r om Neptiinea ; but

among the European s])ecies, gracilis, propinqua, hiwcinafa, and the true
Islandica (as described by Jeffreys) are closely related to curta, and be-long to the genus Neptunea, in the family Buccinidse.

Neptunea {Xeptunella) pyg3I^A.

Plate XXI, fig. 115.

(p. 508.)

Fusus Islandicus, var. pygmmis, Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 284, fig. 199,
1841. Tritonium xjygmmim Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 46, 1351.
Fusus Trumbidlii Linsley, Amer. Journal Science, ser. 1, vol. xlviii, jj. 28, fig.
Fusus ])yg)iu(^us Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. ii,
1, 2, 1845 {non Gould, 1848).
Xeptunea (S'qyJio) i^ygmcea H. and A. Adams, Genera Eecent
p. 372, fig. 639.
Mollusca, vol. i, p. 81, 1858. Chrysodomus pygmcms Dail, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. siii, p. 242, 1870.

Deep water off Xew London and Stonington, Connecticut, northward to
the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. East of Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy mud
off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms ; off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, mud, abundant and large;
fathoms,

off Edgarton, 18 to

20 fathoms; Casco Bay, 10 to 40

common; Eastport, Maine, and Bay of Eandy, low water to

100 fathoms (A. E. T.). Xear Saint George's Bank, 40 to 150 fathoms
and off Halifax (S. I. Smith).
The odontophore in this species is long and slender the dentition is;east of Saint George's Bank, 430 fathoms;;

buccinoid.

The middle plateissmall, transversely oblong, concave

above, below convex, with one very small central tooth;lateral i)lates

and strong, with a large, curved outer tooth, and asmaller bifid inner tooth, widely separated from the outer one.
The peculiarities in the dentition of this species, in connection withthe singular wooly or velvety epidermis, indicate that this species
relatively large

should form the type of a sub-genus, or perhaps even a distinct genus.
For the group I would propose the name Xeptunella.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

640

FULGUR CARICA Conrad.

PI. XXII, fig. 127.

(p. 355.)

Proceedings of the Academy of Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. vi, p. 319,
1853 Gill, on the Genus Fulgur and its Allies, in American Journal of Con;

chology, vol. iii, p. 145, 1867. Murex carica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3545, 1788.
Fulgur eliceam {pars) Montfort, Conch. Syst., vol. ii, p. 503, 1810, fig. (t. Gill).

Pyrula carica Lamarck, Auim. sans Vert., ed. i, vol. vii, p. 138, 1822 Gould,
Busycon carica Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 383, fig.
646 Stimpson, in American Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p. 61, 1865.
;

Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 296.
;

Eastern coast of the United States northward to Cape Cod southward to northern Florida, and west Florida. Abundant in VineyardSound, in 1 to 10 fathoms
also in Long Island Sound, near New
Haven. Xantucket (Adams); St. Augustine, Florida (H. S. Williams)
west Florida (E. Jewett.) It occurs in the Miocene formation of Maryland and Virginia, and in the Post-Pliocene deposits of Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida,;;;

Sycotypus canaliculatus Gill.

(p. 355.)

American Journal of Conchology, vol. iii, p. 149, 1867. Murex canaliculatus Linn^,
Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1222. Pyrula canaliculata Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert.,
vol. vii, p. 137, 1822 ;BusyconGould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 294, fig. 206.

canaliculatum H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 151, 1858 ;Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. ii, p. 380, fig. 645. Fulgur canaliculata Say,
Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, 1822 Conrad, Proc. Phil.
;

Acad., vol. vi, p. 219, 1853.

Eastern coast of the United States northward to Cape Cod and Nantucket southward to Georgia and Northern Florida, Western Florida,
and northern shores of Gulf of Mexico. Abundant in Vineyard Sound,Long Island Sound, &c., in 1 to 8 fathoms. St. Augustine, Florida;;(H. S. Williams).

Found fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia, Northand South Carolina, and Northern Florida
Carolina and Miocene of Maryland.

-,in the Pliocene of South;

Nassa yibex Say.

Plate XXI, fig. 114.

(p. 371).

Journal Academy Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 231, 1822 Gould,
Invertehrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 365, fig. 633. Nassa fretensis Perkins, Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. xiii, p. 117, figure, 1869 (variety).
;

Eastern coast of the United States northward to Vineyard Sound
southward to Florida, and the Gulf of Mexico not abundant north ofCape Hatteras. In Vineyard Sound and Long Island Sound, foundsparingly in shallow water among eel-grass. New Bedford (Adams).
Lloyd's Harbor, Huntington, and Nortbport, Long Island (S. Smith)Egmont Key, Florida (Jewett). It has been found in the Pliocene andPost-Pliocene of South Carolina.
Some of Say's original specimens were from South Carolina, othersfrom Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. At tbe latter locality I have alsocollected among eel-grass, in shallow water, the variety described by
Dr. Perkins as If. fretensis, which is the most common form in all themore northern localities. Specimens intermediate between these and theordinary southern forms are, however, of frecpient occurrence, and thetypical form also occurred in Vineyard Sound, with the variety.
;

;

;

,•

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Plate XXI, fig. 112.

Tritia trivittata Adams.

641(p. 354.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 122, 1858. Nassa trivittata
Say, Journal Acad. Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 231 Gould, Invert,of Mass., ed. ii, p. 364, fig. 632. Buccinum trivittatum Adams, Boston Journal;of Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 265

Gould, op. cit., ed. i, p. 309, fig. 211.

;

Gulf of Saint Lawrence to IS^orthern Florida. Eastport, Maine, andBay of Fundy, 3 to 30 fathoms, not abundant Casco Bay, 1 to 40 fathoms,abundant Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, to 14 fathoms, abundant
off Block Island, 29 fathoms Long Island Sound, common.
Gasp6,
Canada (Dawson). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Point Shirley, Mass.,
Nantucket (Desor), Gull Island (Smith), Virginia, South Carolina, andNorth Carolina in the Pliocene of South Carolina and in the Mioceneof Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina.
;

J

j

j

;

Ilyanassa obsoleta Stimpson.

Place XXI, fig. 113.

(p. 468.)

American Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p. 61, Plate 9, figs. 11, 12, 1865.

Nassa

obsoleta Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 232, 1822 ; Bin-

Gould, Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 362, fig. 631 Bu^
cinum obsoletum Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 308^ fig. 210 Tritia obsoleta
H. and A. Adams, Genera, p. 122, 1858.

ney's Say, p. 77, 1858

;

;

;

Eastern and southern coasts of the United States; northward to
Oasco Bay, Maine, and the mouth of the Kennebeck River, and local in
the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence; southward to Florida
and the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Extremely abundanton the whole coast south of Cape Cod ; more local farther north, andmostly restricted to sheltered bays and harbors. It has not been foundon the eastern part of the coast of Maine nor in the Bay of Fundy. An
isolated colony of this species is found on the western and southernshores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Prince Edward's Island (Bell,
Dawson).
As a fossil it has been found in the Post-Pliocene deposits at Point
Shirley, in Chelsea, Massachusetts (Stimpson)
at Nantucket Island
Virginia; and South Carolina. It is also reported from the(Desor)Pliocene of South Carolina.
;;

Urosalpinx cinerea Stimpson.

Plate XXI, fig. 116.

(p. 306.)

American Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p. 58, Plate 8, figs. 6 and 7, 1865.
cinereus Say, Journal

Fusus

Academy Nat. Science, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 236, 1822

American Conchology, Plate 29, 1831. Buccinum plicosum Menke, Syn., ed. ii,
Gould, Invertebrata of Mass., ed. i, p. 303, fig. 213.
p. 69, 1830, (t. Gould)
Buccinum cinereum Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 370, fig. 637.
;

Eastern coast of the United States; northward to Massachusetts Bay,and local farther north, to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence southward to
Georgia and Northern Florida, and on the west coast of Florida, atTampa Bay. Abundant in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, Long
Island Sound, and along the coast of the Middle States, especially on
oyster-beds. In Vineyard Sound it occurs from above low-water markto 8 fathoms.
It occurs in some of the shallow and sheltered branches;

S. Mis. 61

41

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

642

of CascoBaj^, especially at the upper end of Quahog Bay, but has notbeen found on the islands, nor farther eastward along the coast ofMaine, nor in the Bay of Fundy. A colony exists, however, in thesouthern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, associated with the preceding and other southern species. It is found fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Point Shirley, Massachusetts, Nantucket, Gardiner's Island,
Yirginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in the Pliocene of South
Carolina; and in the Miocene of Maryland.
5

EuPLEURA GAUD ATA H. and A. Adams.

Plate XXI, fig. 117.

(p. 371.)

Stimpson, Amer. Journal ofConchology, vol. 1, p. 58, Plate 8, fig. 5 (dentition), 1885. Eanella caudata Say,
Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 236, 1822 ; Gould, Invert,of Mass., ed. i, p. 297, fig. 176 ed. ii, p. 386, fig. 648.

Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 107, 1858;;

Eastern coast of the United States northward to Nantucket and Cape
Cod southward to northern Florida, and western Florida, at Tampa
Bay. At Vineyard Sound it occurred living in considerable numbers inthe shallow ditches on the marshes, as well as in the sound itself, in 1
oii Kew Haven, in 1 to 5 fathoms, not abundantGreat
to 8 fathoms
Egg Harbor, frequent among eel-grass in shallow water. Egmont Key,
;

5

;

J

Florida (Jewett).
In the fossil state this species has been found in the Post-Pliocene of
Yirginia, North and South Carolina, and Florida; in the Pliocene ofSouth Carolina 3 and in the Miocene of Maryland and South Carolina.

Purpura lapillus Lamarck.
Anim. sans
Mass., ed.

Vert., ed.
i,p. 301 ;i,

Plate XXI, figs. 118 to 120.

vol. vi, 1822; ed.

ed.

ii,

ii,

p. 360, fig. 630.

(p. 306.)

Gould, Invert, of
Buccinum lapillus Liuu^, Sjst.

vol. x, p. 79;

NatursB, ed. xii, p. 1202, 1767.

Watch Hill, Ehode Island;

Montauk Point, Long Island;

Cuttyhunk

Island; shores of Vineyard Sound, at Nobsca Point; northward to theOn the European coast southward to Portugal.

NorthThis species is local southof Cape Cod, and has not been found to the eastward of Stouington, Con.
necticut, in Long Island Sound. It is extremely abundant along thenorthern coasts of New England and Nova Scotia, often nearly covering the surface of the rocks toward low-water mark, where they are en.
Arctic Ocean.

eastern coast of Asia.

Sitka (Middendorff).

crusted by Balanus balanoides, upon which it chiefl^^ feeds, inserting its
proboscis between the opercular valves of the barnacle.
This shell has been found in the Post-Pliocene deposits at Waterville,

Maine, and at Gardiner's Island, but is not a common fossil in thiscountry. In England it is found in the Red-Crag and all later formations it alsD occurs in the Post-Pliocene deposits of Scandinavia. The
fossils vshow the same variations that are seen in the recent shells.
;

PTYCnATRACTUS LIGATUS StimpSOU.
American Journal of Concliolo^y, vol. i, p, r)9, plate 8, f\g. 8 (d(Mitition), 1855.
Fasciolaria liyata Mighels and Adams, Boston Journal of Nat. History, vol. iv,
p. 51, Plate 4, fig. 17, 184 i;

Gould, Invert, of Mass., oJ. ii, p. 385, fig. 647.

Oasco Bay, Maine, to Labrador.

Stoniugton, Connecticut (Linsley).

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF ^TINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

643

Casco Bay, 20 to 40 fathoms Bay of Fundy, 15 to GO fathoms. Halifax(Willis); Gaspe (Whiteaves); Murray Bay (Dawson); Miugan (Foote).
This shell occurs sparingly at all these localities.
It has not beenrecorded from south of Cape Cod by any one except Linsley, and it
must be regarded as a very doubtful member of the fauna of Southern;

New England until rediscovered.
Dr. Dawson records one broken specimen from the Post-Pliocene ofMontreal.

Anachis avara Perkins,(p. 306.)

Proceedings, Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. siii, p. 113, 18(i9 (in part). Coliimhella avara Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, yoI. ii, p. 230, 1822(in part) Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 313;

ed. ii, p. 356 (in part).

Gape Cod to Northern Florida; Western Florida and the northern
to 10 fathoms;
shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Yiueyard Sound, fromLong Island Sound Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey IsTantucket (Adams) Fort Macon (Coues) ; South Carolina (Gibbes); Georgia (Couper)
;

;

;

;

Western Florida (Jewett).

North of Cape Cod, it islocal

and rare;

Massachusetts Bay (Stimpson).
Fossilin

the Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina, and in

the Pliocene of South Carolina.
Among the shells usually referred to this species there are great va-

and sculpture, and the color is quite inconstant. The
numerous specimens that I have examined from various localities can,however, be arranged in two groups, between which I have found no
specimens that can be regarded as truly intermediate, although most of
their distinctive characters are variable in each series.
For the present, therefore, I have with some hesitation followed Mr. Eavenel in regarding these two principal forms as distinct species. As these species(or varieties) have not been distinguished by most writers, it is probablethat some of the northern localities given above should properly gounder the next species, which is far more abundant in Vineyard Soundand Long Island Sound than the typical avara, while the latter predominates in the collections from Fort Macon, North Carolina, and southward. The figures given by Dr. Gould represent the ordinary northern
riations in form

form of the following species. In the first part of this report both forms
are included under avara.
From Fort Macon I have specimens that agree perfectly with Say^soriginal description of avara. These are less elongated than the next
species, and rather fusiform, the thickest part being but little below the
middle, with the spire acute. The mature shells have ten flattened
whorls the first three or nuclear whorls are smoothsome of the succeeding ones usually have numerous vertical costse the last whorl has
10 to 13 more or less i)rominent, smooth obtusely rounded, somewhat
curved costse, separated by wider concave intervals, and gradually disappearing below the middle; below the costse are numerous, well im;;;

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

644

pressed revolviDg grooves, of which 8 or 10 are wider and deeper than
the rest similar but finer grooves cross the spaces between the costse,;

but are mostly obsolete on the costse the middle whorls usually have asimilar number of costse, which are less prominent, and often more orless obsolete, while the spaces between are crossed by numerous fine',The canal is short, broad, and nearly straight theouter lip well rounded, not incurved anteriorly, but with a decided
emargination posteriorly. Length of mature shells, 13""" j diameter,revolving striae.

e'""',;

often smaller.

Specimens of the same size and form from Yineyard Sound and New
Haven agree closely with the above description in most respects, buthave 14 or 15 costse on the last whorl, and about 20 on the preceding
ones, where the costse are so crowded that the spaces between are often
narrower than the costse.

Anachis similis Yerrill.

Plate XXI, fig. 109.

Columbella similis Ravenel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1861, p. 41.
translirata Ravenel, op. cit., p. 42.

Columbella

Columbella avara (in part) Gould, Invert,

ed. i, p. 313, fig. 197 ; ed. ii, p. 356, fig. 726.

Massachusetts Bay to Georgia. Abundant in Yineyard Sound andLong Island Sound Great Egg Harbor. Fort Macon (Dr. Yarrow.)
This species is usually much more elongated than the preceding, with amore elevated spire, the broadest place being a little above the lower
third of the length. Whorls, 10 flattened the nuclear whorls smooth
The canal is longer, and usually distinctly excurved the outer lip ismore or less incurved anteriorly, so as to slightly narrow the canal the
body- whorl has 18 to 20 or more rather regular, obtuse costse, separated by spaces of about the same width, generally slightly nodular close
to the suture at some distance below the middle of the whorl they
gradually disappear, but sometimes there are also smaller intermediate
costse below the middle of the whorl (var. translirata)
the lower partof the whorl is covered with numerous well-impressed, revolving
grooves, which cross the lower ends of the costse, rendering them nodulous on the upper part of the whorls the revolving grooves are larger
and more distinct than in the preceding species, and usually continue
over the costse the one next below the suture is usually larger than
the rest, and thus produces the subsutural nodules the grooves are
generally least distinct in the middle of the lower whorl, which is sometimes slightly angulated. On the middle whorls there are numerous(usually more than 25) regular costse, like those of the last one, andcrossed by about 5 distinct revolving grooves, more conspicuous in thespaces between; the upper one largest, usually producing a distinct seriesof nodules on each whorl. Color exceedingly variable, generally dark
reddish brown, chestnut, or light yellowish brown, more or less mottled
and specked with whitish there is often a subsutural band of white,or the nodules are white, and also a band of white around the middle
;

;

-,

}

;

;

;

;

j

;

;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

645

Length of a rather
length of an average specimen,
length of a slender specimen, IS™'" breadth, 5™™

of the last whorl, but these are frequently absent.

large specimen, 17°^°^

13mm

.

breadth, S™'" 5;

breadth, 7™""AsTYRis LUNATA Dall.

;-,

Plate XXI, fig. 110.

(p. 306.)

Proceedings Boston Soc. Natural History, vol. xiii, p. 242, 1870. Nassa lunata Say,
Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 213, 1826. Buccinum
lunatuM Adams, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 226; Gould, Invert, ofMass., ed i., p. 312, fig. 198.
Colunibella lunata Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 359,
fig. 629.
Fusus TrumhulU Gould, Amer. Journ. Science, vol. vi, p. 235, fig. 7,
1848, (non Linsley). Buccinum Wheatleyi Dekay, Nat. Hist, of New York,
Mollusca, p. 132, Plate 7, fig. 162, 1843. Columhella Gouldiana Ag. MSS. Stimpson. Shells of New England, p. 48, 1851
Smith, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist,of New York, vol. viii, p. 398, fig. 5, 1865. Astyris ^' limata Say" andJf.
'^TurnhuUii Linsl.," H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 187 (typographical;;errors).

Massachusetts Bay to Northern Florida and the northern shores of
the Gulf of Mexico local and not abundant north of Cape Cod, at Prov,
incetown, Nahant, and Swampscott, Massachusetts. Yery abundant inVineyard Sound, from low-water to 10 fathoms and in Long Island
Sound J Great South Bay, Long Island and Great Egg Harbor, New
Jersey; Fort Macon, North Carolina, and southward. Estella Pass,
Florida (Jewett) Georgia (Oouper).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene deposits of South Carolina and at Gardiner^sIsland, New York (S. Smith) ; and in the Pliocene of South Carolina.
The color-variety, separated by several writers as G. Gotddiana, isidentical with the Wheatleyi of Dekay.
;

;

5

;

;

ASTYEis zoNALis Yerrill.
Buccinum

1845 (no description)
fig.

8,

Plate XXI, fig. 111.

(p. 399.)

zonalis Linsley, American Journal of Science, ser. i, vol. xlviii, p. 265,;

Gould, Amer. Journ. Science, series ii, vol. vi, p. 236,

Columhella dissimilis

1848.

History, vol. iv, p. 114, 1851;

Stirapson, Proceedings Boston

Shells of New England, p. 47, 1851;

Soc. Nat.
Gould, Invert,of Mass., ed. ii, p. 358, fig. 628.

Long Island Sound, near New Haven; Yineyard Sound Casco Bay
Eastport, Maine, 10 to 60 fathoms. Grand Menan, New Brunswick,;in 8 fathoms, sand, (Stimpson).

Stonington (Linsley).

Astyris rosacea H. and A. Adams,(p. 508.)

Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 187, 1858. Buccinum rosaceum Gould, American Journal of Science, xxxviii, p. 197, 1840; Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 311,
fig. 195, 1841.
Columhella rosacea Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 47,
1851;

Gonld, Invert, of Mass., ed. ii,

p.

257,

627.

fig.

MolholUi

C-)Fusiis

Moller, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 88, 1842.

East of Block Island, 29 fathoms, fine sandy mud; Stonington, Connecticut (Linsley) ; Massachusetts Bay to Gulf of Saint Lawrence Isles of;

Shoals, 20 fathoms, and West Isles, 10 fathoms (Stimpson)

10 to 20 fathoms
Scotia (Willis);;

Casco Bay,

Bay of Fundy, 8 to 60 fathoms Sable Island, Nova
Grand Menan, in deep water, (Stimpson).
;

;

646

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

The identity of A. RoJbdllU, from Greenland, with this species, is very
it was described as smooth, with a firm corneus, fusco-

doubtful, forluteus ei^idermis.

LUNATIA HERDS Adams.

Plate XXIII, figs. 133 to 136.

(p. 353.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera.of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 207^1858; Gould, Invert,
Natica heros Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 231. Natica triseriata
Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 233.
Say, op. cit., vol. v. p. 209 (color-variety)
Lunatia triseriata Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 340, fig. 610.

of Mass., ed.

ii,

p. 338, figs. 608, 609.

Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 248, 1822;;

Georgia to Gulf of Saint Lawrence and southern coast of Labrador.
Coast of New Jersey, near Great Egg Harbor, abundant and large,(A. E. Y.) ^southern side of Long Island, at Fire Island beach, abundant,Long Island Sound, at New Haven, not common; Vine(S. L Smith)yard Sound, abundant from low-water to 10 fathoms; Casco Bay, common; Bay of Fundy, common from low- water to 40 fathoms; Sain^
George's Bank, common, (S. I. Smith); Gaspe (Dawson); Georgia(Couper). The variety triseriata has the same distribution, and is themore common form in the deeper waters, but is also found on the sandflats at low-water.
It is common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, in
1 to 40 fathoms off Martha's Vineyard, 10 to 20 fathoms
and off New'
London, Connecticut, 10 fathoms.
This species has been found fossil in the Miocene of Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina
in the Pliocene of South Carolina
and inthe Post-Pliocene of Canada and South Carolina.
J

;

;

;

;

Lunatia immaculata Adams.

Plate XXIII, fig. 131.

(p. 508.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 207. Natica immaculata
Totteu, American Journal of Science, ser. i, vol. xxviii, p. 351, fig. 6, 1835
Gould, Invertebrata, ed. i, p. 234, fig. 168, 1841. Mamma (f) immaculata Gould;;

ed. ii, p. 344, fig. 614.

Stonington, Connecticut, and eastern end of Long Island, to Gulf ofSaint Lawrence.

Off Martha's Vineyard, 20 fathoms; east of Block

Island, 29 fathoms.

Stonington (Linsley);
Island (S. Smith); Newport, E,. I. (Totteu).

Off' Napeague

Point, Long

Massachusetts Bay, Casco
Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 5 to 80 ffithoms, common often found living
at low-water mark in the Bay of Fundy.
;iSTEVERiTA DUPLICATA Stimpsou.
Smithsonian Check -List, p.
615.

Plate XXIII, fig. 130.

(p. 351.)

1860; Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. ir, p. 345, fig.
Natica duplicata Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p.

247, 1822;

5,

Gould, Invert., ed.

i,p.

236, fig. 164, 1841.

Lunatia duplicata H.

and A. Adams, Genera Eeceut Mollusca, vol. i, p. 207, 1858.

Massachusetts Bay to Northern Florida; northwestern Florida to
Yucatan. Local and not common north of Cape Cod. Abundant at
Nantucket; Vineyard Sound; Long Island Sound; southern coast ofLong Island; New Jersey and southward. Saint Augustine, Florida(Williams). Tampa Bay, Florida, and Egmont Key, abundant, (Jew^Texas (Schott). Near Vera Cruz, Mexico (coll. T. Salt).
ett).
;

INVERTEBKATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

647

Fossil in the Miocene of Maryland, Virginia, Kortli

and South Caro.
and Post-Pliocene of Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Saint John's River, and Tampa Bay, Florida.

lina ; Pliocene of South Carolina;

Plate XXIII, fig. 13;^.

Natica pusilla Say.

(p. 417.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 257, 1822; Stimpson, Shellsof New England, p. 43, 1851 Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. ii, p. 344, fig. 613,
(not of ed. i)
Sanderson Smith, in Annals Lye. Nat. History, New York, vol.
;;is, p. 396, fig. 4, 1870.

In Vineyard Sound and Buz-

Vineyard Sound to Xorthern Florida.

Bay this species is common in 2 to 10 fothoms. Huntington
and Gardiner's Bay, Long Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, (S. Smith). Southzard'sFort Macon, Xorth Carolina

Carolina (Kurtz).

(Coues).

Georgia(Couper).

Acryhla flava H. and A. Adams,= Natica flava Gould, Invert., ed.

i,

p.

This
species was catalogued by Linsley (1845) as from the stomachs of haddock taken off Stonington, Connecticut. It has not been subsequently
recorded from south of Cape Cod by any one. It is not improbable that
there was some mistake, either in respect to the locality or the identityof the specimens referred to by Linsley. It is an arctic species, found in
the Bay of Fundy and at Saint George's Bank northward to Greenland(Moller, as N. nana).
239, fig. 162 ; Bulhus flavus Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 347, fig. 616.

;

Natica clausa Brod. and Sowerb}^, was erroneously given by Mr. Perkins (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vol. xiii,p. 162) as from '' Stonington,
It does not occur in Mr. Linsley's list, nor has
been found living, to my knowledge, south of Cape Cod. It occurs
in Massachusetts Bay and northward to the Arctic Ocean. It is notuncommon in the Bay of Fundy from 6 to 109 fathoms and in Casco
Bay from 9 to 60 fathoms. One small dead specimen was dredged by
us in 19 fathoms, off Gay Head.

Connecticut, Linsley."it-,

Ceeithiopsis Greenii Verrill.

Plate XXIV, fig. 153.

(p. 383.)

CeritMum Greenii C. B. Adams, Boston Jonrnal of Natural History, vol. ii, p.
287, Plate

4,

fig.

12,

1838

;

Gould, Invert., ed. i,

Greenii H. and A. Adams, Geuera, vol.

i,p. 287,

579,

p.

1858

;

fig.

184.

Bittium

Gould, Invert., ed.

ii,

p. 322, fig. 591.

Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's
Bay, 3 to 10 fathoms Long Island Sound, near Js^ew Haven. Dartmouth
Harbor (Adams) Boston Harbor (Stimpson) Long Island (S. Smith)Fort Macon, Xorth Carolina (Coues). Also reported from Bermuda.
Jeffreys (in Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1872, p. 244) regards
this as identical with the European G. tubercular is^ and gives it a northern distribution. Both opinions appear to be incorrect.
;

;

;

j

648

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Plate XXIY, fig. 151. (p. 417.)
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 387, fig. 649
H. and A. Adams, Genera, p. 240, 1858
Cerithium Emersonii C. B. Adams, op. cit., p. 284, Plate 4, fig. 10, 1838 Gould,

Cerithiopsis Emersonii Adams.

;;

Invert., ed.

i,p. 275, fig. 180.

Cape Cod to South Carolina. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 3
Nantucket (Adams) Huntington and Greenport,
Long Island (S. Smith). Fossil in the Miocene of North Carolina,
to 10 fathoms, shelly.

(Conrad).

;Conchology, vol. iv, p. 257) regards this

JeJBtreys (in British

species as identical with Ceritliium metula Loven, 1846, on the authority

This appears to be an erroneous identification.

of Danielssen.

Cerithiopsis terebralis Adams.

Plate XXIY, fig. 150.

(p. 417.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 241, 1858 Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 389, fig.
Cerithium terehraleC. B. Adams, Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p, 320,650.
;

Plate 3, fig. 7, 1840;

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 276, fig. 181.

Cerithium terehellum

C. B. Adams, Catalogue Genera and Species of Recent Sliells in Collection ofC. B. A., p. 13, 1847.

Cape Cod to South Carolina. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 2
New Bedford, Massachusetts (Adams).
to 12 fathoms, not uncommon.
Fort Macon^
Greenport and Huntington, Long Island (S. Smith).
North Carolina (Coues).
Triforis NiGROCmCTUS Stimpson.

Plate XXIY, fig. 152.

(p. 305.)

Smithsonian Check-List, p. 5, 1860 Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 323, fig. 592. Cerithium nigrodnctum C. B. Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 288, Plato;

4, fig. 11,

1838

;

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 277, fig. 182.

Cape Cod to South Carolina.

Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay,near New Haven and Great
Egg Harbor, New Jersey. Dartmouth, Massachusetts (Adams). Huntington and Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). Fort Macon (Coues)*

low- water to 10 fathoms, not uncommon

BiTTiUM NIGRUM Stimpson.

-,;

Plate XXIV, fig. 154.

(p. 305.)

Smithsonian Check -List, p. 5, 1860; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 321, fig. 590. Pasiihea nigra Totten, American Jour, of Science, vol. xxvi, p. 369, Plate 1, fig. 7»
1834.

Cerithium reticulatum Totten, op. cit., vol. xxviii, p. 352, fig. 8, 1835 (nonDa Costa).

Cerithium Sayi Menke(t. Gould);

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 278, fig.

183.

Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina; local north of Cape Cod, in
Boston Harbor (Totten), and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, at Pictou
and Prince Edward^s Island (Dawson). It is not found on the coastof Maine nor in the Bay of Fundy. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's
Bay, abundant, low-water to 8 fathoms, among algjie and eel-grass; Long
Island Sound and Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, abundant. Fort;

Macon (Coues).
The Bittium alternatum(

Turrifella alternata Say, 1822) is a very closely

related species, and probably identical with this.
Turritella erosa Couthouy, reconled, with aley, as from the stonuich of

mark of doubt, by Lin-a cod, olf Stonington, Conn., was perhaps

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
incorrectly identified.

649

may have been a worn Cerithiopsis terehralis.

It

The true T. erosa is a decidedly northern species, common in Oasco Bay
and the Bay of Fundy, and extending northward to the Arctic Ocean,and southward on the northern coasts of Europe, and on the North
Pacific coast of America. It has not been recorded from south of Cape
Cod by any one except Linsley.
Plate XXIY, fig. 157.

Yermetus radicula Stimpson.

(p. 417.)

Shells of New England, p. 37, 1851; Gould, Invert., ed ii, p. 316,
metiis lurnbricalis

Gould, ed.

1,

p. 246,

584.

fig.

Ver-

and various other American authors,{non Lamarck).

Cape Cod to Florida.
fathoms, notuncommonVineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 3 to 10
Long Island Sound. Fort Macon, Northj

Carolina, common, (Coues).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North Carolina.

C^CUM PULCHELLUM Stimpsou.

Plate XXIV, fig. 158.

(p. 417.)

Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. iv, p. 112, 1851 Shells of
New England, p. 36, Plate 2, fig. 3, 1851 Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 315, fig. 583.
;;

Vineyard Sound, 1 to 4 fathoms, and dead on shore at Nobsca Beach.

New Bedford (Stimpson).
(S.

Greenport, Long Island, 10 fathoms, sand,Smith).

Dead shells of this species readily lose the outer layer, in which theannulations are formed ) they then become white and smooth, without
any trace of annulations, and might be mistaken for a difterent species.

Cjecum Cooperi Smith.
Sanderson Smith, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. vii, p. 154, 1860
op. cit., vol. ix, p. 393, fig.

3,

1870, {non Carpenter, 1864).

Ccecum costatum

Verrill, American Journal of Science, vol. iii, p. 283, 1872; this Eeport, p. 417.

Vineyard Sound, 8 to 10 fathoms.

Gardiner's Bay, Long Island, 4 to

5 fathoms, sand, (Smith).

The first description of this species was formerly overlooked by me j
as it antedates the description of the Californian species to which Dr.

Carpenter gave the same name, the present species must be called
Cooperi.

In the adolescent stage of growth this species enlarges rather rapidly,
and has 12 or 13, distinct, elevated, rounded costse, narrower than theintervals between ; the circular grooves are numerous, unequal, inter-

rupted over the costse, and broader toward the aperture.

The apertureis rounded within j its margin is stellated externally by the costae.

Crepidula fornicata Lamarck.
Animaux sans Vert., vol vii, p. 641;

Plate XXIII, fig. 129.

phia, vol. ii, p. 225, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed.
fig.

532(?).

(p. 417.)

Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadel-i, p. 158, fig. 17; ed.
Patella fornicata Liun6, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1257.

ii,

p. 271,

Casco Bay, Maine, to Florida, and the northern shores of the Gulf of
Mexico. Local north of Massachusetts Bay in the southern part of;

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

650

the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, at Prince Edward's Island, &c. Halifax(Willis). Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).
It is common in the shal-

low and sheltered parts of Casco Bay, but has not been found east of the
Kennebeck Eiver, on the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundj^
Yery abundant in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, from low-waterto 12 fathoms; in Long Island Sound, near New Haven, low- water to 6
fathoms; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; and everywhere southward.
Egmont Key and Tampa Bay, Florida (E. Jewett).
Fossil in the Miocene of Maryland, North and South Carolina
Pliocene of South Carolina and Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina, Gardiner's Island, New York, and Nantucket Island.
The fornicata of Linne was described as a Mediterranean species, andmay not be identical with the American shell.
;;

Crepidula plana Say.

Plate XXIII, fig. 127.

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 226, 1822;
ed. i, p. 159, fig. 16; ed.

ii,

p. 272, fig. .533.

Shells of New England, p. 30, 1851 ;Gould, Invert.,

Crepidula ungiiiformis Stimpsou,this Report, pp. 355, 417 (non Lamarck,1822).

Massachusetts Bay to Florida and the northern shores of the Gulf of
Mexico. Local and less abundant farther north, in Casco Bay, Maine;
Nova Scotia (Willis) Gulf of Saint Lawrence (Bell, Dawson) andSaint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).
Not found on the eastern part cf
the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy. Yery common in Yiueyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, and Long Island Sound, from low-watermark to 12 fathoms, on the outside of oysters, Limuli, and various dead;;in allshells, as well as on the inside of various dead univalve shells
these situations frequently associated with the preceding species, but;

no intermediate forms have been observed.
Fossil in the Miocene of North and South Carolina Pliocene of South
Carolina; and in the Post-Pliocene of Gardiner's Island, New York,North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida.
The Mediterranean shell, C. unguiformis Lamarck, is a distinct species.
;

CiiEPiDULA CONVEXA Say.

Plate XXIII, fig. 128.

(p. 355.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 227, 1822
i,p. 160, fig. 15; ed. ii, p. 273, fig. .534.

Gould, Invert., ed.

ii,;

Gould, Invert., ed.

Crepiclnla glanea Say, op. cit., p. 226;

p. 274, fig. 535; ed. i, p. 151, fig. 14.

Crepidula acuta H.

C. Lea, American Jour. Science, ser. i, vol. xlii, p. 108, Plate 1, fig. 4, 1842.

Massachusetts Bay to Florida. Less abundant and local farther
and Gulf of Saintat Quahog Bay, Maine; Nova Scotia (Willis)
Lawrence. Yery common in Yineyard Sound, Buzzjird's Bay, Long-

north

;

;

Island Sound, shores of Long Island, and Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
Fort Macon, North Carolina (Cones). Georgia (Couper).
Fossil in th(^ l^ost-Pliocene of Yirginia and South Carolina.
The distribution of this species is probably identical with that of JE7/^
pagurus longicarpus and Ilyanassa obsoleta, with which it is nearly always

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

651

At Quahog Bay, Maine, this species occurs ou the back of
the dead shells of 1. obsoleta, which are occupied by the hermit-crab,
just as in the waters of Southern Xew England and these, with numerassociated.

;ous other southern forms associated with them, constitute a genuine
southern colony, occupying a warm, sheltered bay, surrounded on all
sides by the northern fauna.
The depressed variety {glauca) is found chiefly on broad and nearly
The very convex varieflat surfaces of large bivalv^e shells, stones, &c.
ties adhere mainly- to the surfaces of small convex univalves.

Crucibulum striatum Adams.

Plate XXIII, figs. 125, 126.

(p. 417.)

H. and A. AdamSj Genera of Recent Mollnsca, vol. i, p. 366; Gonld, Invert., ed. Li,
Cahjptra'a (Dispotcva) striata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences
p. 275, fig. 536.
Philadelphia, vol. t, p. 216, 1836. Criicibulnm {Dispotcca) striata H. and A.

Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 366, 1858.

Bay of Fundy to Xew Jersey. Eastport Harbor and Bay of Eundy,
low-water mark to 30 fathoms, common Frenchman's Bay and Mount
Desert, Maine, 3 to 10 fathoms, common Casco Bay, Maine, 6 to 40;;

fathoms; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 3 to 12 fathoms, not un-common.

Gardiner's Bay and Montauk Point,

Off Xew London, Conn,(S. I. Smith).

(coll."T.

M. Prudden).

Long Island (S. Smith).
Saint George's Bank

Xorthern Xew Jersey (Say).

LiTTORiNA IRRORATA Gray.

(p. 372.)

Zoology of Captain Beechey's Voyage, p. 138, Plate 38, fig. 1, 1839. Gould, Invert.,
ed. ii, p. 311, fig. 579.
Turbo irroratus Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 239, July, 1822; Binney's Say, p. 81. PhasianeUa sulcata

Lamarck, Animaux sans Vert., ed. i, vol. vii, p. 54, Aug., 1822; ed. ii, vol. ix,
Littorina sulcata Deshayes, in Lamarck, op. cit., vol. ix, p. 203, 1843.

p. 244.

Vineyard Sound to Florida and the northern shores of the Gulf ofVineyard Sound, sparingly,- Long Island Sound, near New
Haven, rare. Stratford, Connecticut, on high sedge (Linsley). Huntington, Long Island (S. Smith). Comparativ^ely rare and local north of Maryland very abundant farther south.
Many of the shells of this species found on our shores have undoubtedly been brought from Virginia and Maryland with the southern oysters planted in our waters, but it is probably indigenous in certain
Mexico.

;localities.

Littorina rl'dis.

Plate XXIV, fig. 137.

(p. 305.)

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 257, fig. 165, 1841 ed. ii, p. 304, fig. 575. Turbo rudis
Maton, Nat. Hist, and Antiq. West. Count., vol. i, p. 277, 1797, (t. Jetfreys)
Donovan, British Shells, vol. i, Plate 33, fig. 3, 1800, (t. Gould.) Turbo obligatus
Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 241, 1322. Turbo vestitus Say, op.
cit., p. 241, 1822 (variety tenebrosa).
Littorina Gronlandica Moller, in Kroyer's;

Tidsskrifr, vol. iv, p. 82, 1842.

Plate 20, fig. 4, 1803 (variety).

Turbo tenebrosus Montagu, Test.

Brit., p. 303,

Littorina tenebrosa Gould, ed. i, p. 259, fig. 166 ;ed. ii, p. 306, fig. 576.

Among the additional names that appear to have been applied to the various

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

652

states of this variable species are

L. saxatilis Johnson ; Turho sulcatus

:

Leach

;

Tiirhojugosus Montagu; L. patiila(var.) Jeffreys; L. negleota Bean ; T. ventricosus

Brown

L. marmorata Pfeiff'er
Nerita litiorea Fabricius {non Linn6)
Gronlandica MoUer, Lov6n, Morch L. rudissima Bean L. zonaria Beanneglecta Bean, etc.
;

;

;

;

;

;

L.

L.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, northward to the Arctic Ocean
Greenland Iceland Spitzbergen. Northern coasts of Europe to GreatBritain and Spain. Local south of Long Island Sound abundant on
all the rocky shores of Southern New England, from New York to Cape
Cod, and at the eastern end of Long Island local at Great Egg Harbor, among FncuSj on the stones of an old pier. Extremely abundanton all the northern shores of New England and northward. Fossil in
the Post-Pliocene of Canada, Great Britain, and Scandinavia.
j

;

5

;

LiTTORiNA PALLIATA.

Plate XXIY, fig. 138.

Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 260, fig. 167, 1841
palliatus Say, op. cit., p. 240, 1822.

(p. 305.);

Turho

ed. ii, p. 309, fig. 578.

Littorina neritoidea

Dekay, Mollusca New

York, p. 105, Plate 6, figs. 109-111 (non Turho neritoidea Linn6).
Littorina
Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 33, (non Forbes and Hanley

littoralis

non Nerita littoralis Linne).
402, 1780(non Linn6).

iv, p.

1842.

82,

Turho

(f) Littorina

Forbandlingar, vol.

iii,

littoralis Fabricius,

Littorina

Fauna Groenlandica,

Kroyer's Tidsskrift,

p.

vol.

limata Lov€n, Ofv^ersigt af Kongl. Vet.-Akad.

154,

p.

arctica Moller,

Littorina Peconica S. Smitb,

1846.

Annals

Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. vii, p. 155, 1860.

Great

Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to the Arctic Ocean;

Greenland,

Very abundant from New Yorknorthward,
Fiici grow on rocks between
andwherever
Cape
Cod
to
tides local and less abundant south of Loug Island Sound.
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Great Britain and Scandinavia.
Spitzbergen, Finmark, and Norway.

J

Should this species prove to be identical with L. ohtusata (Linne, sp.) ofEurope, as there is reason to anticipate, its range will be nearly coincident with that of L. rudis, with which it is always found associated on
our coast. Several writers have already united the two forms, but nosatisfactory comi)arisons of large series of specimens, from many localities on both coasts, have been made.

Lacuna vincta Turton.

Plate XXIY, fig. 139.

(p. 305.)

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 262, figs. 169, 178*, 1841 ed. ii, p. 302, fig. 573. Turho
Trochus divaricavincta Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 307, Plate 20, fig. 3, (t. Gould).
Lacuna divarieata
tus Fabricius, Fauna Gronlandica, p. 392, 1780 (non luinn6).
;

Lov6n, op. cit., p. 155, 1846;

Jeffreys, British Conchology, vol. iii, p. 346.

According to Jeffreys, the following are among the synonyms or variTurbo canalis Montagu; T. quad r ifasc lata ^lout.]
eties of this species
LaPhasianella fasciata^ P. hifasciata^ P. cornea, and P. striata Brown
cuna solidula Lov6n; L. lahiosa Loven L.frigida Loven.
New York to the Arctic Ocean Greenland, Icehmd, Laphmd, Scandinavia, Great Britain, France; on tlie Pacific coast of America southward to Puget Sound. Long Island Sound, common, but rather local
Watch nill, Ehode Island, among algjc, in 4 to 5 fathoms; Vineyard
:

;

;

;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Sound

653

Yery abundant north of Massachusetts Bay,
Fundy, Labrador, etc. Staten Island and Long

Buzzard's Bay.

J

in Casco Bay, Bay of

Island (S. Smith).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of northern Great Britain and Scandinavia.

Lacuna neritoidea Gould.
American Journ. of Science, vol. xxxviii, p. 197, 1840; Invert., ed. i, p. 263, fig170;

ed. ii, p. 303, fig. 574.

This species is a very doubtful inhabitant of this region, having beenrecorded by no one except Linsley, 1845, who reports it from Long
Island Sound (Oyster Eiver and Long Beach, Stratford, Connecticut).
I have never been able to find it in tbe same region, nor has any one else
had better success. Linsley's specimens may have been incorrectly
named. It occurs in Massachusetts Bay at Cape Elizabeth, Casco Bay
Grand Menan Island, etc. northward to Greenland and on the northernshore of Europe.
jjj

LiTTORiNELLA MINUTA Stimpson.

Plate XXIY, fig. 140.

(p. 469.)

Researches npon the Hydrobiinae and Allied Forms, p. 42, May, 1865, in theSmithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Tiirho minutus Totten, American Journ.
Cingula minuta Gould, Invert., ed. i,
Science, ser. i, vol. xxvi, p. 369, fig. 6, 1834.
Bissoa minuta Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 298, fig. 566. EcroMa
p. 265, fig. 171.
minuta (provisional name) Stimpson, op. cit., p. 42, 1865. f Cingula modesta
Lea, Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. v, p. 288, Plate 24, fig. 5.

The tentacles in this species are rather short, scarcely exceeding thebreadth of the head, slightly tapering, blunt the eyes are on low prom,
inences on the outer side of the bases of the tentacles rostrum large,
stout, transversely wrinkled, longer than the tentacles, tapering somewhat, but divided at the end by a deep emargination into two rounded
lobes, which are often somewhat expanded.
Foot short and broad, subtruncate anteriorly, with the angles broad and but little produced, posterior end broadly rounded.
New Jersey to Nova Scotia and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Abundantalong the brackish and muddy shores of Long Island Sound, Buzzard's
Bay, Yineyard Sound, Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of;jFundy.
It is not confined to brackish waters, but often occurs also on theocean shores, under stones between tides.

LITTORINELLA L^vis Yerrill.
Cingula Icevis Dekay, Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. Ill, Plate 6,
fig. 118 (poor), 1843.
Odostomia linmoidea (Dekay, MSS.), Linsley, Amer.
Journ. Science, ser. i, vol. xlviii, p. 284, 1845 (no description). {?)Ri88oa
Stimpsoni
fig. 2,S.

Smith, Annals

LyceumNat. Hist.,

New York, vol. ix, p. 393,

1870.

Long Island Sound, near New Haven. Stratford, Connecticut
near New York (Dekay)
Greenport, Long Island (S.

(Linsley) ;Smith).

;

654

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Plate XXIY, iSg. 141.

EiSSOA ACULEUS StimpsoD.

(p. 306.)

Shells of New Euglaud, p.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 15, 1851
Cingula aculeus Gould, Invert., ed.
34 Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 299, fig. 568.
;

;

i,

p. 266, fig. 172, 1841.

Linn6).

Trochus stnatellus Fabricius, Fauna Gronl., p. 393, (non(f)Ri8soa saxatiUs Moller,

skrift, vol. iv, p.

82, 1843.

Index Mollusca Gronl,, in Kroyer's Tids-(?)Eissoa arctica Lov6n, Ofversigt af Kougl., Vet.-

Akad. Forliandlingar, vol. iii, p. 156, 1846.

Long Island Sound to Greenland. New Haven, Connecticut, and vicinAVatcb Hill, Ehode Island Vineyard Sound Stratford,

ity, common.

j;

Connecticut (Liusley); Gull Island (Smith). Common on the shoresof Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy.
Loven's E. arctica was from Finmark, and, to judge from the deMr. Jeffreys regards
scriptions, may not be identical with our species.
He also unites the American
it as a variety of E. striata of Euroi)e.
" The variety arctica (under the specificshell with B. striata, thusname aculeus given to it by Professor Stimpson) inhabits the northernsea-board of the United States." (See British Conchology, vol. iv, p. 38).
It is natural to infer that a writer who does not appear to have seen
the accurate description and figure of this species published in thewell-known work of Dr. Gould, ten years previous to Dr. Stimpsoii's
earliest publications, cannot have devoted much time or attention to
the American shells, and therefore his opinions should not have toomuch weight in such cases.
In reality, our shell differs widely from B. striata. It agrees morenearly with the English B. proxima (Alder, Forbes and Hanley), but
apparently differs from it in the soft parts.
The foot in our shell isbroadly and slightly rounded anteriorly, with the angles only slightly
produced, and tapers backward to a bluntly-rounded posterior end.
The tentacles are long, slender, slightly tapering, with blunt tips. Theeyes are situated near their bases on the dorso lateral aspect, and arescarcely elevated above the general surface. The snout is rather long,often a little expanded at the end, and divided by a deep emargination
into two lobes, which often, in a dorsal view, show a slight emargination on their outer surface. No opercular cirrus was observed. This
The B,
species belongs to the genus Onoha of H. and A. Adams.
saxatiUs was described by Moller as having the whorls smooth, but herefers to T. siriatellus of Fabricius, which had spiral striations, as in our:

species.

RISSOA EX All AT A Stimpson.

(p. 495.)

Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 15, 1851; Shells of New England,
Gould, Invert., cd. ii, p. 301, lig. 571. Chignla
p. 34, Plate 1, lig. 3, 1851
arcnaria Mighds and Adams, Boston Joiir. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 49, Plate 4,
Ehsva M'ujhelm Stiuipsoii, Proc. Bost. Soc.
fig. 24, 1H42 {uon Montagu, sp.).
Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 15, 1851 Shells of New England, p. 34 Gould, Invert.,
ed. ii,p. 301, (but not figure 570, which is probably 1\. sulcosa).
;;

Stouii)gton,C()iniecti(uit, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

;

Watch Hill, Rhode

Island, 4 to 5 iathoms, among rocks and alga' (white variety);Casco Bay,

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
6 to 25 fathoms;655

Bay of Fundy, 4 to 20 fatboms.

Fossil in the PostThis species is usually brownish or chestnut-color,

Plioceue of Canada.

but is also frequently" white.
Eissoa ehiirnea Stimpson, has been recorded (as RissoeUa (f) eburnea)

by Dr. G. H. Perkins, from Long Island Sound, near New Haven, but
I have seen no undoubted shells of this species from any locality southof Massachusetts Bay. The shell referred to by Dr. Perkins was beachworn, and may have been some other species. The figure given in thesecond edition of Gould's Invertebrata (fig. 564, p. 297), does not repSee the figure in Stimpson's Shells of New England,
Plate 1, figs. 1, la. This shell appears to be a Jeffreysia.
From Huntington, Long Island, I have seen a shell closely resembling
Rissoa Jatior Stimpson, (M. and Adains, sp.), if not identical with it.
resent this species.

Skenea planoebis.

Plate XXIY, fig. 142.

(p. 383.)

Forbes and Hanley, British Mollusca, vol iii, p. 156, Plate 74, figs. 1-3, and Plate
G. G, figs. 1 and la (animal)
Invert., ed.
394, 1780.

ii,;

Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 35 Gould,
Turbo planorbis Fabricins, Fauna Gronl., p.
;p. 296, fig. 563.

Skenea serjauloides Gould, Invert., ed. i, 247, fig. 189.

Long Island Sound to Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Scandinavia;

and northern and eastern coasts of Europe generally, to England andFrance, ^ear ^New Haven, Connecticut, common; Watch Hill,Ehode
Island Cuttyhunk Island. Very common on all rocky shores in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy. Fossil in the Post-Plioceneof Scotland and Scandinavia.
;

Stylifek Stimpsonii Yerrill.

(p. 460.)

American Journal of Science, vol. iii, pp. 210 and 233, 1872.

Shell ^vhite, short, swollen, broad oval ; spire short, rapidly enlarging'.

Whorls four or five, the last one forming a large part of the shell; convex, rounded, with the suture impressed, surface smooth, or with very
faint strise of growth ; a slightly impressed revolving line just below

the suture.

Aperture large and broad.

Length about .15 of an inch:

breadth, .12.
Parasitic on the dorsal surface of Strongylocentrotus DrobacJiiensis,
from off New Jersey, in 35 fathoms (Captain Gedney); and Saint George's
Bank, north latitude 41o 25', west longitude 65° 50^, 3'^ in 60 fathoms,(S.

L Smith).

EuLiMA OLEACEA Kurtz and Stimpson.

Plate XXIV, fig. 119.

(p. 418.)

Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 115, 1851; Stimpson, Shells of New

England, p. 39, Plate 1, fig 6, 1851;

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 332, fig. 603.

Yiuevard Sound to Beaufort, Xorth Carolina. In Vineyard Sound it is
not uncommon on Thyone BriareuSj in 4 to 10 fathoms.
(Stimpson).

Buzzard's

Bay

656

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Odostomia producta Gould. Plate XXIY, fig. 143.
Invert., ed.

i,

1841

p. 270, jig. 175,

ed.

;

ii,

(p. 418.)

Jaminia producta

325, fig. 593.

p.

Adams, Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 322, Plate 3, fig. 8, 1840.

Vineyard Sound to New Jersey.

Odostomia fusca Gould. Plate XXIV, fig. 144.
Invert., ed. i, p. 270,
cit., vol ii, p.

fig.

176

ed.

;

(p. 307.)

Fyramis fusca Adams, op.

p. 325, fig. 594.

ii,

282, Plate 4, fig. 9, 1839.

Cape Cod to New Jersey.
This species is referred both to lurhonilla and Odostomia by H. and
A. Adams, in the same work (Genera Moll., pp. 231, 232).

Odostomia dealbata Stimpson.
Smithsonian Check-List,

p.

5,

1860;

Gould, Invert,,

ed.

ii,

p. 327, fig. 595.

Chemnitzia dealbata Stimpson, Proc, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 114,
1851 ; Shells of New England, p. 41.

Long Island Sound to Boston Harbor. New Haven, Connecticut(Perkins).

Boston (Stimpson).

Odostomia bisuturalis Gould,
Invert., ed.

ii,

p.

(p. 307.)327, (not fig. 597).

Tiirritella bisuturalis Say,

Journ. Acad.

Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 244, 1822. Chemnitzia bisuturalis Stimpson,
Shells of New England, p. 42. Jaminia exigua Couthouy, Boston Journ. Nat.

Nat.

Sci.,

Hist., vol. ii, Plate 1, fig. 7,

Odostomia exigua Gould, Invert., ed. i,

1838.

p.

272, fig. 177.

New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay. Boston (Say); Chelsea (Gouthouy)
Staten Island Greenport, and Huntington, Long Island (S. Smith).
Not uncommon in Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, and Buzzard's;

Bay.

The figure (597) in the second edition of Gould's Invertebrata does
not represent this species, but apparently a variety of 0. trifida.

Odostomia trifida Gould. Plate XXIV, figs. 145, 146.
Invert., ed. i, p. 274, fig. 179, 1841 ; ed.

ii,

p. 328, fig. 598.

(p. 307.)
Actmon trifidus Totten,

Amer. Journ. Science, ser. i, vol. xxvi, p. 368, Plate 1, figs. 4, a, b, 1834.

New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay. Staten Island (S. Smith) Lynn,
Massachusetts (Haskell). Common in Long Island Sound, Vineyard;Sound, and Buzzard's Bay.

Odostomia impressa Stimpson.
American Journ. Science,
330, fig. 600.

Plate XXIV, fig. 147.

(p. 418.)

xxiv, p. 444, 1860
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p.
Odostomia insculpta Dekay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., MoUnsca, p. 115,

Plato 31, fig. 297, 1843.

vol.

;

Turritell a impressa Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadel-

Chemnitzia impressa Stimpson,phia, vol. ii, p. 244, 1822; Biuuey's Say, p. 84.

Shells of New England, p. 42, 1851.

Long Island Sound to South Carolina. Near New Haven, Connecticut,
rare.

East River (Dekay)(Stimpson, Coues).

;

Maryland (Say);Beaulbrt, North CarolinaETC.

ODOST03IIA SE3IINUDA Gould.

Plate XXIT, fig. 148.

657

(p. 418.)

Jaminia semiunda C.
B. Adams, Boston Journal Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 280, Plate 4, fig. 13, 1839Chemnifzia seminuda Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 42, 1851. Ttirhonillaluvert., ed. i, p. 273, fig. 178, 1841; ed. ii, p. 329, fig. 599.

scmimtda H. and A. Adams, Genera Moll., vol. i, p. 231.

Common in Vineyard Sound
and Buzzard's Bay, in 2 to 10 fathoms Long Island Sound, less common.
Greenport and Huntington, Long
Massachnsetts Bay (Stimpson).
Island (S. Smith). Fort Macon, Xorth Carolina (Cones).
MiissacliLisetts Bay to South Carolina.
;

TURBONILLA INTERRUPTA Adams.

(p. 418.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 231, 1858 Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 231, fig.
601 (bad figure). Turritella infernqyta Totten, Amer. Jour. Science, ser. i, volxxviii, p. 352, fig. 7, 1835; Gould, Invert., ed. i, -g. 263, fig. 173 (incorrect).
;

Cape Cod to South Carolina. Quite common in Yineyard Sound andBuzzard's Bay, in 3 to 10 fathoms Long Island Sound, off Thimble
Islands and New Haven, 3 to 5 fathoms, rather rare. Huntington
and Greenport (S. Smith). Dartmouth, Massachusetts (Adams). ISTew;

Ehode Island (Totten). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues).
have received from Prof. E. S. Morse specimens of this shell obtained from mud in the harbor of Portland, Maine, but they are deadand bleached. I am not aware that it has been found living so far
north on our coast. Possil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina.
Lov^n records this species as from the coast of Norway, but possibly
his shell is a different species, or else a variety of T. rufa of Southern
Europe, which is certainly very closely related to our species, and is considered the same by Jeffreys. If so, the name given by Totten has precedence of rufa (Philipi^i, 1836). Farther and more extensive comparisons must be made before the identity of the two forms can be estabport,Ilished.

The figure given in the first edition of Gould's Invertebrata, and copiedin the second edition, does not correctly represent this shell, and was,perhaps, drawn from some other species, for it does not agree with
Gould's description, which is accurate. The spire, as represented, is tooacute and too rapidly tapered ) the last or body whorl is too large j theand the peculiar sculpture is not
aperture has not the right form;

brought out alall.

Totten's figure, though somewhat coarse, is char-acteristic.

TuRBONiLLA ELEGANS Yerrill. Plate XXIY, fig. 155.

(p. 418.)

American Journal of Science, ser. iii, vol. iii, pp. 210, 282, Plate 6, fig. 4, 1S72.

Shell light yellowish, elongated, moderately slender, acute.

Whorlsten or more, well rounded, not distinctly flattened
suture rather
deeply impressed ; surface somewhat lustrous, with numerous rounded;vertical cost?e, narrower than the concave interspaces, fading out
below the middle of the last whorl; and with numerous fine revolvS. Mis. 01

11

658

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ing grooves, wbicli are interrupted on the costse, but distinct in the intervals on the upper whorls there are about five and on the lower
half of the last whorl usuallj- five or six distinct and continuous ones.
;

J

Aperture broad oval, anteriorly rounded and slightly effuse; outer lip
thin, sharp j columella nearly straight at base within, slightly revolute

outwardly, regularly curved anteriorly where it joins the outer lip, andnot forming an angle with it. The epidermis is thin, light yellow,

sometimes with a darker, yellowish, revolving band on the middle of thelast whorls, and also with the revolving striae darker.

Yineyard Sound, 6 to 10 fathoms Long Island Sound, near New Haven?
5

5 fathoms.

TuRBONiLLA AREOLATA Yerrill, sp. nov.
Shell small,

slender, with eight or

more

v/horls, slightly obelisk-

shaped, owing to the more rapid narrowing of the upper whorls; apicalor nuclear whorl very small, reversed

the other whorls are moderately
convex, somewhat flattened in the middle, and crossed by numerous
rather crowded, narrow, transverse costse, of which there are twentyfive or more on the lower whorls
interstices interrupted by numerous
rather conspicuous, revolving, impressed lines, of which there are about
six on the upper whorls; these divide the interstices into series ofpretty regular, small, squarish pits, but do not cross the costse; the bodywhorl is subangulated below the middle, where the costse disappear,
below which the base is marked only by fine revolving lines; suture
impressed.
Aperture oval, acute posteriorly, rounded and slightly;;

spreading anteriorly outer lip sharp, thin, slightly angulated below
the middle, rounded and slightly effuse anteriorly; columella smooth,somewhat curved, scarcely forming an angle at its junction with theouter lip. Length, 4°^^; breadth, 1.5^™.
Long Island Sound, near New Haven.
;

The crowded costse and numerous spiral lines produce a closely cancellated appearance, which is sufficient to distinguish this from the two

preceding species. From the following it differs much in sculpture,form, shape of aperture, and columella, and especially in the minutesize of the apical whorl.
*

TuRBONiLLA COSTULATA Yerrill, sp. nov.
Shell small, long conical, translucent, glossy white, banded faintly
vnth pale brown, subacute, with a relatively large, smooth, reversed
apical w^horl
the other whorls are six or more, flattened, and but
slightly convex, enlarging regularly, crossed by numerous straight,
smooth, rounded, transverse cost jie, of which there are upward of twentyon the lower whorls interstices rather narrower than the costie, deep,
and interrupted by numerous very minute revolving lines, w^hich arescarcely visible under an ordinary pocket-lens, and do not cross thecoshe suture impressed. The body-whorl is subangulated below the;;;INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
middle, the cost?e vanishing at the angulation;659

the base is covered withnumerous microscopic revolving lines on the body-whorl there are tworevolving bands of pale brown, one above and one below the angulation.
;

Aperture long ovate, acute posteriorly, alittle angulated on the outer side,rounded and slightly prolonged anteriorly. Outer lip thin and sharp,
round and slightly effuse anteriorly columella smooth, nearly" straight,
but scarcely forming an angle where it joins the outer lip. Length,
4mm. breadth, 1.5""^\;

Somewhat resembles T. interrupta, but the costse are more crowded,
the spiral lines are very much finer and more numerous, and thenuclear-whorl is much larger.
Long Island Sound, near Kew Haven, Conn.

TuEBONiLLA STRICTA Ycrrill, sp. nov.
Shell white, subulate, very acute, with a very minute reversed apical

whorl

;

whorls ten, besides the nucleus, gradually and regularly enlarg-

ing, flattened or only very slightly convex, crossedby straight, obtuse,transverse costee, of which there are about sixteen or eighteen on thelower whorls the two upper whorls are nearly smooth suture im^pressed. Aperture irregularly oblong-ovate, acute posteriorly, rounded
anteriorly outer lip flattened, thickened internally, in mature shells,
and minutely crenulate withincolumella smooth, nearly straight,
thickened, forming an angle where it joins the outer lip. Length, 4.5"^™
breadth, 1'"°^.
Long Island Sound, off New Haven, Connecticut.
This is probably the shell recorded from this region as T. nivea (Stimpson, sp.) by Dr. G. H. Perkins.
It differs from the nivea in the form of
the aperture and lip, and in being smaller and much more acute, thoughhaving the same number of whorls.
;

;

;

;

;

TURBONILLA EQUALis YerriU.
Tarritella cequalis Say,

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences,vol.

v, p. 208,

1826

;

Biu-

ney's Say, p. 119.

" Shell subulate, white;

volutioas ten, each with about twenty-two,transverse, elevated,obtuse, equal lines, with interstitial grooves ofthe same diametersuture distinct, impressed

base,

5

;

and destitute of any distinct emargination.

nn inch.*'aperture rounded at

Length one-fifth of(Say.)My specimens agree well with the above description. The shell isvery slender and acute, with a small distinctly reversed apical whorl j theremaining nine whorls are somewhat flattened, and all are crossed byobtuse, transverse costse, which are a little oblique, especially at theupper ends, close to the sutures on the body-whorl there are about
twenty, but fewer on the upper ones; at the base of the body- whorl
they vanish, leaving it smooth the interstices between the costse are
deep and apparently smooth. The aperture is round ovate, well roundedor sub-circular anteriorly; the inner lip having a raised and thin
5;.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

660

margin.
Length, 4.5'^";
fathoms.

breadth, 1.2o'""\MenestJio albula Moller (Fabricius, sp.),

Vineyard Sound, 6

to 8

was recorded by Linslej' (asJPyramis striatula Coath.) from the stomachs of ducks at Bridgeport,
Connecticut. It has not been found south of Cape God by any one
else, and as it is a rare deep-water shell on our northern coast, it is nothave been obtained by ducks. It is found in Massachusetts
Bay, Oasco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and northward to Greenland. Linsley's
shell may have been Odostomia iyyipressa.

likely to

Plate XXI,SCALARIA LiNEATA Say.

fig.

123.

(p. 418.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 242, 1822; Binney's Say,
pp. 83, 180, Plate 27, lower left figure Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 250 ed. ii, p.
;;

312, fig. 580.

Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, and Long Island Sound southward
South Carolina and Georgia. Fossil in the Post- Pliocene of Northand South Carolina.
;

toPlate XXI, fig. 122.

SCALARIA MULTISTRIATA Say.

(p. 418.)

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 208, 1826 Amer. Conchology^iii, Plate 27
Biuney's Say, pp. 119, 180, Plate 27, lower right figure Gould,;;;

Invert., ed. ii, p. 313;, fig. 581.

A^ineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay and Long Island Sound; southward to
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina.

Florida.

SCALARIA ANGULATA Say.
American Conchology, iii, Plate 27, upper figures, 1831, as a variety of/S'.

clathrus ;Sowerby, Thes. Conch., part i v, p. 86, Plate 32, fig. 5, 1844. Scalaria Rumplireysil
Kiener, Iconographie des Coquilles Viv., p. 15, Plate 5, fig. 16, 1838-9.

Connecticut to Florida. Stonington(Linsley)j Greenport, Long Island
Outer beach at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey (A. E. Y.)(S. Smith).
Fort Macon and Beaufort, North Carolina, common, (Stimpson, Coues);
South Carolina (Kiener). Eare and perhaps accidental north of New
Jersey.

Scalaria Grgenlandiga Perry.
Conch., 1811,(t.

Morch) Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch., part iv, p. 101, Plate 34.
;

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 249, tig. 170* ed. ii, p. 314, fig,
582. Turlo clathrus Groenlaudicus Chemnitz, Conch., xi, t. 1878, 1879 (t. Gould).
Scalaria suhulcita Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 93, Plate 3, fig.
figs. 105, 106,

4,

1844

;

;

1838.

Cape Cod to the Arctic Ocean, and northern coasts of Europe, southward to Bergen. South Shoals, oft' Nantucket (Agassiz, t. Stimpson).
Common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from 10 to 109 fathoms.
Fossil in the Post-Plicoene of Nantucket, rare, (Desor) and in the
Eed-Crag, Norwich-Crag, and later deposits in Great Britain.
;

JantJiina fragilishiimarck; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 240; ed. ii, p. 277.
This has been found cast ashore at Nantucket, but probably does notoccur living so far north.

It inbabits the Gulf Stream farther south.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

661

RHIPIEOGLOSSA.
Plate XXIY, fig. 156.

Margaeita obscura Gould.
Invert., ed.

i,p. 253, fig. 171'', 1841; ed.

ii,

p. 283, fig. 545.

(p. 508.)

Cou-

Tiirho ohscunis

thouy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 100, Plate 3, fig. 2, 1838.

StoniDgton, Oonnecticat, to Labrador. Eare aud confined to the outerwaters south of Cape Cod off Martha's Vineyard, 20 to 25 fathoms.
Stoningtou, from haddock's stomach, (Linsley). Common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and in the Bay of Fundy, from extreme lowwater mark to 100 fathoms. East of Saint George's Bank, in 430 fathoms, (S. I. Smith).
;.

Margarita ornata Dekay, N. Y. Mollusca, p. 107, Plate 6, fig. 101, 1813,
was described as occurring in the vicinity of ISTew York, but I have not
met with it in Long Island Sound.

DOGOGLOSSA.

ACM^A TESTUDiNALis Forbes and Hanley,
159^.

Plate XXIY, figs. 159,

(p. 307.)

British Mollusca, vol.

ii,

p. 434, Plate 62, figs.

8, 9,

and Plate A A, fig. 2

penter, Report of British Association for 1856, pp. 219, 366, 1857 j

CarDall (sub;genus, Collisella Dall), American Journal of Couchology, vol. vi, p. 249,1871.
Lottiatestadinalis

Gould, Invert., erl.

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 267, fig. 529.

i,p. 153,fig.

Tectura testudinaUs

12.

Patella testudinaUs Miiller, Prodromus

Zool. Danica, p. 227, 1776.

Variety alveus. (fig. 159 a).

Patella alveus Conrad, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences,

Philadelphia, vol. vi, Plate 11, fig. 20, 1831.
p. 154, fig. 13.

Lottia alveus Gould, Invert., ed. 1,

Tectura alveus Gonld, Invert., ed. ii, p. 269, fig. 530.

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean circumpolar. It extends
southward on the European coasts to Southern Sweden, England, andIreland; in the Xorth Pacific, southward to Sitka and the Island of
Jesso, Japan. It is comparatively rare and local south of Cape Cod
at Xew Haven, very rare Watch Hill, Ehode Island Martha's Vineyard, Cuttyhunk, and adjacent islands. Huntington and Greenport,
Long Island (S. Smith). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Labrador (PackGreenland, Scandinavia, and Great Britain.
ard)
;

;

;

;

;

POLYPLACOPHORA.
Ch^i^topleura apiculata Carpenter.

Plate XXV,

fig.

Chiton apiculatus Say, Amer. Conch., part vii, appendix, (?) 1834
p.

231

;

Gould, Invert., ed.

ckiton apiculatns, this Report,

i,
x>.

p.

146, fig. 20

;

ed.

ii,

p.

167.
;

Binney's Say,

258, fig. 522.

Lepto-

399.

Cape Cod to Eastern and Western Florida. Common in Vineyard
Souud and Buzzard's Bay, in 3 to 12 fathoms, shelly. Off Xew Loudon, Connecticut (coll. T. M. Prudden).
Dr. P.P. Cari)enter informs me that tliis species belongs to the genus
Chwtopleura of Gray (non Adams).

662

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Trachydermon ruber Carpenter.

Plate XXY,

fig.

1G6.

Chiton ruber Lowe, Zool. Journ., vol. ii, p. 101, Plate 5, fig. 2 (t. Gonld)
Invert., ed. i, p. 149, fig. 24 ;ed. ii, p. 260, fig. 523.

A. Adams, Genera, vol i, p. 473

Off;

this Report,j).

;

Goulds

Leptochiton ruber H. and399.

New London, Connecticut, to tlie Arctic Ocean and northerncoasts of Europe.

Eare and local in the colder outer waters south of

Off New London, 8 fathoms

off Watch Hill, 5 fathoms^
Stonington (Linsley). Very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy^
from low- water mark to 40 fathoms.
Dr. Carpenter assures me that this species should be referred ta
Trachydermon.

Cape Cod.

;

Linsley records " Chiton fulminatus Couth."(= C. marmoreus Gould,

Invert., ed. ii, p. 261, fig. 524) as from cod-fish taken off Stonington, Con-necticut, but as it has not been confirmed from south of Cape Cod, thismust be regarded as a doubtful identification. This species is foundfrom Massachusetts Bay northward to the Arctic Ocean and northerncoasts of Europe. It is common in the Bay of Fundy, from low-watermark to 40 fathoms, on "nullipore" {Lithothamnion).
" Chiton albus^^ (= Trachydermon albus^ t. Carpenter) has been menWhite specimens
tioned as from this region, but probably erroneously.
of (7. apiculata are often mistaken for it, when superficially examined.
The genuine alhus is a northern species, with about the same distribution
as the i)receding. It is abundant in the Bay of Fundy, from low-waterto 80 fathoms.

PULMONATA.

Melampus BiDENTATUS Say.

Plate XXY, figs. 169, 169a.

(p. 463.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 245, 18-^-2 Gould, Invert., ed.
Auricula bidentata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 117, fig. 131. Meii, p. 467, fig. 721.
lampus corneus Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. -51, 1851.
;

Massachusetts Bay to Florida, and along the northern shores of the
Gulf of Mexico to Texas. Yery common on the shores of VineyardSound, Buzzard's Bay, Long Island, and Long Island Sound. Fossil in
the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina.

Alexia myosotis Pfeifi'er.
Pfeiffer,

Plate XXY, fig. 168.

(p. 383.)

Mon. Auric. Viv., p. 148, (t. Binney) Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 463, figs.

718, 719.

;

Auricula myosotis Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. Fr., p. 53.

Auricula dcn-

ticulata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 199, fig. 129 {non Moutfort).

New Jersey to Xova Scotia; also on the Atlantic and Mediterranean
common at Eastport, Maine Portland, Maine
and at the mouth of West Eiver, near Xew Haven, Connecticut; also
coasts of Europe.

It is

;

near New York City.

TECTIBRANCHIATA.

Bulla solitaria Say.

Plate XXY, fig. 161.

(p.

37L)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 245, 1822; Binney's Say, p.
84 Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 162, fig. 92; ed. ii, p. 222, fig. 513. Bulla insculpta
Totten, American Journ. Science, vol. xxviii, p. 350, fig. 4, 1835.
;

Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina.

Common in the muddy lagoons

INVERTEBRATE ANIxklALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

663

and salt-ponds along the shores of Vine^^ard Sound, Buzzard's Bay,and Long Island Sound. Abundant in a small pond near Holmes' Sole;in Kew Haven Harbor, in ditches near Fort Hale.

Cylichna oryza Sfcimpsoa.

Plato XXV, fi,^\ 161.

Smithsonian Check List, p. 4, 1860;

Gould,

Iiiv^ert., ed.

oryza Totten, Aiusr. Jonr. Science, vol. xsviii,

p.

(p. 132.)
ii,

350,

p. 221, fi^. 512.
fii;.

5,

1835

;

Bulla
Gould,

Invert., ed. 1, p. 163, fig. 93.

Oape Cod to South Carolina.

Xofc

unooinmju in Vineyard Sound,

Buzzard's Bay, and Long Island Sound. This species was recorded asfrom Casco Bay by Dr. Mighels, but as this habitat has not been confirmed subsequently, it was probably based on an erroneous identificaFossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada (Dawson).
tion.

Cylichna alba Loven.
Ofversigt af Kongl.
Invert., ed.
3, figs.

ii,

43,44.

Plate XXV, fig. 163.

(p. 508.)

Forhandlingar, vol.

Vet.-Akad.

iii, p.

142, 1843;

Gould,

Volvaria alba Brown, III. Conch. G. B., iii, p.

p. 220, fig. 511.

triticea Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 83,
Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 165, fig. 98.

Bulla

Plate 2, fig. 8, 1838;

Xear Block Island, northward to the Arctic Ocean northern coasts
and on the northwest coast of America, south toSitka. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada and Great Britain.
Most of the specimens of this shell dredged in the Bay of Fundy areopaque, yellowish brown or chestnut color, but those from Casco Bay
are nearly all clear white and translucent, although of equal size.
;of Earope to Bergen;

Uteioulus ganalictjlatus.

Plate XXV, fig. 160.

(p. 432.)

Stimpson, Smithsonian Check-List, p. 4, 1860; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 219, fig.
Volvaria canaliculata Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol.
510.
Bulla canaliculata Gould, Invert., ed. i,V, p. 211, 1826; Binney's Say, p. 121.
Tornatina canaliculata H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 13.
p. 166, fig. 97.

Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Common in Buzzard's Bay andVineyard Sound, in 2 to 8 fathoms less common in Long Island Sound.
Fort Macon, Xorth Carolina, abundant, (Dr. Yarrow). Fossil in the
Post-Pliocene of Xorth and South Carolina and the Pliocene of South;;

Carolina.

Plate XXV, fig. 162.

Amphisphyra debilis Verrill.

(p. 432.)

Bulla debilis Gould, Amer. Journ. Science, ser. i, vol. xxxviii, p. 196, 1840 InDiapliana debilis Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 216,
vert., ed. i, p. 164, fig. 95, 1841.
fig. 507.
Bulla ijellucida Brown, 1844. AmphispTiyra pellucida Lov6n, op. cit.,;p. 143,1846.

Bulla lyalina Turton, Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 353, 1834,(t-Jeffreys), {non Gmelin).

Cape Cod to the Arctic Ocean and on the northern coasts of Europe,
southward to Great Britain, Madeira, etc. Stonington, Connecticut,
from stomach of cod (Linsley). Xotuncommon inCascoBay and Bayof
Fundy, and northward, in 6 to 50 fathoms. Very rare south of Cape
Cod. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada, Great Britain, Xorway, andSweden.
;

664

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

ACT^EON PUNC^ro-STKiATA Stimpson.
Shells of New England, p. 51, 1851 ; H.
r.atella jonncto-stviam C.

Plate 3, fig. 9, 1840

;

Plate

XX

V^, fig.

165.

and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 5.

B. Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol.

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 245, fig. 188

;

ili,

Tor-

p.

323,

ed. ii, p. 224, fi'g. 515.

Cape Cod to South Carolina. Yiue^^ard Sound, and Buzzard's Bay,Long Island Sound, rare Hantington and Greenport,

not uncommon

5;Long Island (S. Smith).

DoRiDELLA Yerrill.
Body smooth, oval, convex. Dorsal tentacles retractile, without
sheaths. Head ]irominent, the lateral angles prolonged anteriorly as
short oral palpi or tentacles.

Foot broad, cordate.

Branchiae tufted,

situated near the posterior end, on the right side, in the groove between

the mantle and foot.

DoRiDELLA OESCURA Yerrill.

Plate XXY, figs. 173 a, 5.

(p. 400.)

American Journal of Science, vol. 1, p. 408, figs. 2, 3, November, 1870.

Body broad oval, 7.5™°^ loDg and 5™™ broad back convex, smooth.
Foot broad, cordate in front. Oral disk broad, emarginate or with concave outline in front the angles somewhat produced, forming short,obtusely pointed, tentacle-like organs, which in extension project beyond
the front edge of the mantle. Dorsal tentacles small, stout, retractile.
;j

The branchiae consist of a tuft of slender filaments, usually concealedby the edge of the foot. Color of body dark brown, lighter toward theedge, as if covered with nearly confluent blackish or brown spots, thewhitish ground-color showing between them; foot, oral disk, and dorsal
tentacles white ; the central part of the body, beneath, with a three-lobed

yellow spot due to the internal organs. Young specimens are fleshcolor or yellowish brown above, specked with darker brown.
Yiueyard Sound and Long Island Sound to Great Egg Harbor, Xew
Jersey.

Savin Eock, at low-water, under stones

;

ofl^

South End, 4 to 5

fathoms, shelly.

NUDIBRANCIIIATA.

Doris bifida Yerrill.

Plate XXY, fig. 176.

(page 307.)

American Journal of Science, vol. 1, p. 406, 1870.

Outline broad oval, widest anteriorly, about 25""^ long by 12""^^ broad,in extension ; back very convex, mantle covered withnumerous,

scat-

Tentacles rather long,thickest in the middle, the outer half strongly plicated with about twenty
folds, but with a smooth tip, the base surrounded by small papilhTe.

tered, small but prominent, pointed papilla3.

Gills retractile into a single cavity, united togetlier b^^ a partial web,deeply frilled, much subdivided, bipinnate, the subdivisions fine andFoot very broad, in extension projecting back beyond the
mantle about a quarter of an inch, slightly tapering, rounded andslightly notched at the end.
Oral disk or veil crescent-shaped, the front
slender.

G6d

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

a little prominent, tlie sides extended backward, and forming a curve
continuous with tliat of the foot.
Color purplish brown, sprinkled with white specks tentacles deepbrown, specked with white, tips yellowish gilis purplish at base, theedges and tips usually yellow foot similar in color to mantle, but;;;lighter.

Long Island Sound, at Savin Eock, near
Maine, under stones, at low-water mark.
Onchidoris pallida Yerrill.

New Haven, to Eastport,(p. 495.)

American Journal of Science, vol. 1, p. 403, 1870 vol. iii, p. 212, 1872. Doris
imllida Ag. MSS. Stimpson, Invert, of Grand Manau, p. 28, 1S53 Gould, In;;;vert., ed. ii, p. 229, Plate 20, figs. 234, 287, 288, 291.

Bay ofCasco Bay
Massachusetts Bay
Off Cuttyhunk Island
Fundy. In Eastport Harbor, not un.'.ommon, from low-water mark to;;;

30 fathoms.

PoLYCERA Lessonii D'Orbigiiy.

(p. 400.)

Magazine de ZooL, vol. vii, p. 5, Plate 105 (t. Gould) Alder and Hancock, Brit,
Nud. Moll., Fam. 1, Plate 24 Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 226, Plate 17, figs.
;;

Doris iUaminata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 4, 1841.

242—248.

Long Island Sound to Labrador; European coasts, from Sweden toFrance and Great Britain. Savin Eock, near j^ew Ha..ven, Connecticut,
at low-water, and off South End in 4 to 5 fathoms; Watch Hill, Ehode
Island, 3 to 6 fathoms. Common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, fromlow-water mark to 20 fathoms.

Dendronotus arborescens Aid. and Hancock,
British Nud. Moll., Fam. 3, Plate 3, 1850
figs. 311-313.

cius,(p. 495.)

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 234, Plate 22,

Doi'is arborescens Miiller, Zool.

Fauna Gronl., p. 348, 1780.

ed. i, p. 5.

;

Dan. Prod., p. 229, 1776;

Fabri-

Tritonia arborescens CavieT ; Gould, luvert.,

Tritonia Beynoldsii Couthouy, Boston Journ. Nat. 'Hist., vol. ii, p*

74, Plate 2, figs. 1-4, 1838.

Watch Hill, Ehode Island, in I to 5 fathoms, common on Laminaria
among Ohellce; northward to G-reenland; on the European coasts south
to Great Britain

and Francs; Sitka (Middendorff).

Yery common inmark to GO

the Bay of Fundy and Casco Bay, from above low-water

fathoms.

Eare and local south of Massachusetts Bay.
Plate XXY, fig. 170.

DoTO C0R0NxiTAL)v6n.

(p. 400.)

Arcb. Scaud. Nat., p. 151 (t. Stimpson); Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forhandliugar,

vol.

Plate 6;iii,

Gould,

p.

139, 1346

Invert., ed.

;

Alder and Hancock, Brit. Nud. Moll., Fam. 3,ii,

p. 236, Plate 16, figs. 233-237.

Doris coronaia

Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3105, 1790.

Xew Jersey to Labradoron the northern European coasts, southward
Great E gg Harbor, Xew Jersey-,
1 fathom, (A. E. Y. and S. I. Smith); Long Island Sound, near Xew
Haven off Gay Head, Martha's Yineyard off Watch Hill, Ehode Isl.
and, 4 to 5 fathoms, on Ohelia. Common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco
Bay, and Bay of Fundy, from low-water mark to 15 fothoms.
3

to Great Britain, Holland, and France.

;

;

666

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

JEoLis PAPILLOSA Loven.

(p. 495.)

Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forli., vol. iii, p. 139, 1846
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p,
238, fig. 518, and Plate 18, figs. 257-263. Limax pajyillosus Linu6, Syst. Nat., ed.
;

xii,

vol.

i,

p.

1082, 1767.

JiJoUs farbiacea Gould,

MSS.

;

Stimpson, Invert.

Grand Manan, p. 25, 1853.

Ehode Island to the Arctic Ocean nortlieru coasts of Europe toGreat Britain. Eare south of Cape Cod; Watch Hill, among roots of
Laminarice very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from above
low-water mark to 20 fathoms.
;;^OLis, OR MoNTAGUA. Species undetermined,

fp.

495.)

A species about an inch long, with bright red, fusiform branchiae, arranged in seven or eight transverse clusters on each side.
prominent and acute auricles anteriorly.
Off Gay Head, 4 to 5 fathoms, rocks.

MoNTAGUA PiLATA Yerrill.

Foot with(p. 383.)^olis pilata Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 243, Plate 19, fig^. 270, 277, 279, 231, 1870.
JEoUdia pilata, this Report, p. 383. (See errata.)

Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay.
Harbor, on piles of Long Wharf.

Abundant in New Haven

Montagu A vermifer a Yerrill.
^olis vermiferus S, Smith, Annals Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., vol. ix, p. 391, 1870.

Long Island (Smith).

Greenport,

Long Island Sound, off Thimble

Islands, 4 to 5 fathoms, among rocks.

The specimens from Thimble Islands differ somewhat from the original
They were about half an inch long; moderately stout;

description.

the foot lanceolate, rapidly tapered posteriorly to a point, but not produced far beyond the brauchipe, nor slender-pointed; anteriorly theangles are somewhat produced, triangular, and pointed, their length
equal to about half the breadth of the foot. Head rounded tentacles
rather stout, obtuse the oral longer than the dorsal ones the latterare transversely wrinkled. The branchial papillae are fusiform, moderately stout, obtuse, arranged in about twelve transverse rows on eachside, foroiing six clusters, the two rows forming each cluster separated;;;

b3^ a narrow elliptical naked space, narrower

than the spaces between
the clusters
in each anterior row there are six or seven papillse,
the upper ones larger, the lowest short and blunt. Foot translucent^w^hite, with a flake-white streak on the up])er side posteriorly
body paleyellowish, minutely specked with greenish and flake-white back of thedorsal tentacles there is, on each side, an orange patch, and there
are others along the back papilhr. dark brown internally, irregularly specked with flake-white externally, forming toward the end an
the extreme tips are white; tentacles simihir in
ill-defined white ring
;

;

;

;

;

color to the body.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

667

MONTAGUA GouLDii Yerrill, sp. iiov.
Body elongated, rather sleuder;

foot with the anterior angles only

slightly prominent, and obtusely rounded; posteriorly

it tapers graduTentacles long, slender, not serrate,
the dorsal ones a little longer than the oral eyes small, black branchial

ally to an elongated slender point.

;;

papillae fusiform, moderately stout, grouped in eight ormore tranversa

rows on each side, the rows being grouped two by two, so as to form
transverse clusters, with two rows each, the rows of the clusters being
separated by spaces narrower than those between the clusters. Colorof body lighfc yellow or tinged with pale orange; tentacles pale orange,
with a flake-white stripe on the posterior surface branchial papillae
dark brown or reddish brown internally, with a ring of opaque white;close to the tips.

Length about 20°^".
Off Thimble Island, in 4 to 5 fathoms, with the preceding species.
This is nearly allied to M. Mananensis Stimpson, but the angles of thefoot are less produced and not acute, and the proportions of the tentaDr. Gould seems to have confounded this species
cles are different.
with M, diversa {JEolis diversa Couth.), and one of his figures (Plate
19, fig. 280) apparently represents this species ;but certainly does not

represent M. diversa, which was originally described and figured as having the oral tentacles longer than the dorsals (See Gould's figs. 267, 268,

copied from Couthouy.)

CORYPHELLA GYMNOTA YcrriU.
Eolis ( Tergipes) gymnota Coutliouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 69, Plate 1.
fig. 3,

1838;

Gould, luvert., ed. i, p. 7; ed. ii, p. 249, Plate 16, figs. 233-241.
Cavoliiia gymnota,

Montagua gymnota H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 74.
this Report, p. 383.

(See errata.)

Wood's Hole to Boston, Massachusetts.

Tergipes despectus Adams,(p. 495.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 76, 1858. Eolidia despecta Johnston, Loud.
Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. viii. p. 378, fig. 35^. Eolis despecta Alder and Hancock,Brit. Nud. Moll., Fam. 3, Plate 37. ^olis {Tergipes) despecta Gould, Invert.,
ed. ii, p. 248, Plate 16, figs. 222-225.

Stonington, Connecticut, to Bay of Fundy and northward
coasts of Europe to Great Britain.

;

northern

Off Watch Hill, 4 to 5 fathoms, on

Laminaria^ among hydroids. abundant

Herm^a cruciata a. Agassiz, MSS.

;

Casco Bay;

Eastport Harbor.

Plate 25., fig. 175.

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 253, Plate 17, fig. 256.

J^aushon Island (A. Agassiz).

Elysia ohlorotica Gould.

Plate XXV, fig. 172.

(p. 480.)

Invert., ed. ii, p. 255, Plate 17, figs. 251-255, 1870.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, in pools on salt-marsh at low-water
Cambridge, Massachusetts (Agassiz).

(A. E. Y. and S. I. Smith).

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

668

Elysiella catulus Verrill.

Plate XXV^ fig. 171.

(p. 480.)

American Journ. Science, vol. iii, p. 284, Plate 7, figs. 6, 5% 1872. Flacohmnchus
catulus Agassiz, MSS.
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 256, Plate 17, figs. 249, 250,
;

J870.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Massacliusetts Bay.

New Haven

Harbor and Wood's Hole, among eel-grass, common.

PTEROPODA.
GYMNOSOMATA.

Olione papillonacea Pallas,(p. 444.)
Clio Umacina Pbipps, Voyage

Spicil. ZooL, X, p. 37, Plate 1, figs. 18, 19, (?) 1774.

to North Pole, p. 195, 1774 (t. Gould).

1776 {non Linnd)cellent).

;

Clio retusa Miiller, Prod. Zo51. Dan., 2742,

Fabricius, Fauna Gronlandica, p. 334, 1780 (description ex-

Clio horeaUs Brugiere, Eucyc. Metli., Vers., i, p. 502, 1792 (t. Gould).

Clione horealis Gray, Brit. Mus. Pteropoda, p. 36, 1850 ; Stimx^son, Shells of New

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 62, Plate 7, fig. 7.
Binney in Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 507, fig. 754 (poor).
Clio Miquelonensis Rang, Ann. Sci. Nat.,England, p. 27, 1851;

Clione Umacina Stimpson, Smithsonian Check-Lists, p. 4, 1860;ser. i, vol. v, p. 285, Plate 7, fig. 2, 1825.

New York to the Arctic Ocean on the northern coasts of Europe
south to Great Britain. Off Stonington, Connecticut {A. E. V. and I).
0. Eaton)
Vineyard Sound (Y. N. Edwards) Portland, Maine (0. B.
-,

-,

;

Fuller).

The synonymy of this species has been greatly and unnecessarily conThe Clio retusa of Linne was a southern Pteropod, having a tri-

fused.

In a footnote on page 1094 of the twelfth edition of the
Systema Naturae, he states that he had not seen the genus Clio, but
adopts it from Brown. He gives three species mentioned by Brown, allhaving shells.

quetral shell.

THECOSOMATA.

Styliola vitrea Yerrill.

Plate XXY, fig. 178.

(p. 443.)

American Journ. Science, vol. iii, p. 234, Plate C, fig. 7, 1872.
Shell smooth, polished, diaphanous, almost glassy, long conical, rather
slender, slightly curved toward the acute apex; animal whitetiveorgans obovate, with theend broadly rounded,;

locomo-and bearing

slender tapering tentacle-like processes near the middle of the anterioredge; intermediate lobe short, rounded in front.

Length of shell, 11.5"""; diameter, 2""".
Taken among ISalpcv, oif Gay Head, Martha's Yineyard, in the afternoon, September 1), 1871.
Several other species of this and other related genera were taken by
Messrs. S. I. Smith and Oscar Ilarger, of! Saint George's Baidv, in 1872,
on the United States steamer Bache.

Tiiesemay occasionally occur

also in the vicinity of Nantucket and Martini's Yineyard.

ETC.

Oavolina tridentata.

Plate XXY, fig. 177.

669

(p. 444.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 51, Plate 6, figs. 1, 1"; Verrill, oj). cit., p. 284.

Anomia tridentata Forskal, Fauna Arab., p. 124, 1775 Icon., Plate 40, fig. b,
HijaUm cornea Lamarck, Syst. des Auim., p. 140, 1801. Hyalcea(t. Lamarck).
tridentata Lamarck, Auim. sans Yert., ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 415.
;

Mediterraueau Sea aud the warmer i^arts of the Atlantic. The shells
were dredged off JMartha's Vineyard, at two localities, in 19 aud 22
fathoms.

DiACRiA TRISPINOSA Gray.
British Museum Pteropoda(p. 444.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, i, p. 52, Plate 6, fig. 2^;;

Hyalwa trisj^inosa Lesueur, in Blainville, Diet,des Sci. Nat., vol. xxii, p. 82, 1824 Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. ii, p.

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 504.

;

New England, p. 27.
ofthe Atlantic generally.
warmerparts
andGulf Stream
sionally cast ashore at Nantucket (Stimpson).
380, Plate 5, fig. 3 ; Stimpson, Shells of

Spirialis Gouldii Stimpson.

Occa-(p. 443.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. [iv, p. 8, 1851;

Shells of New England, p. 27,

Plate 1, fig. 4.

Seterofusus lalea and H. reiroversus Binney, in Gould, Invert.,

ed.

Plate 27,ii,

p. 505,figs.

345-349, (not of European writers).

Sjnrialis

Flemingii A. Agassiz, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 14, 1865, (not ofForbes).

Heterofusus Alexandri Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 281?

1872 (young).

Near Naushon Island and Nahant, Massachusetts (A. Agassiz).
Twenty miles off No Man's Land, in stomach of herring, (S. I. Smith).
Off Saint George's Bank, in Gulf Stream, (S. I. Smith and O. Harger).
The identity of this species with the Liniacina halea Moller, of Greenland, is very questionable. The description of the latter is brief, andno mention is made of the spiral sculpture, which is an iuiportant character of8.

Gouldii.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
DIMYARIA.

Teredo navalis Linne.
18G.

Plate XXVI,

fig.

183.

Plate

XXVII, fig.

(pp. 384, 482.)

Systema Naturae, ed. xii, p. 1287,1767; Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol.
xiv, p. 468, 1862; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 28, tig. 355; Jeffreys, Brit. Couch.,
vol. iii, p. 171.

Coast of United States, from Florida to Vineyard Sound coasts ofEurope, from Sweden (Christiania) and Great Britain to Sicily; Algeria
and the Black Sea (Jeffreys) Senegal. Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey \Xew Haven Harbor, in piles of wharvea; Wood's Hole, in piles ofwharf; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, in cedar buoys.
This is the most abundant species on our Atlantic coast, soutli of
Massachusetts Bay, where it also probably occurs.
;

)

'670

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Teredo megotara Hanley.

Plate XXVII, fig. 188.

(p. 387.)

Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Conch., vol. i,p. 77, Plate 1, figs. 1, 2; Plate 18, figs. 1,
2; vol. iv, p. 247; Tryon, op. cit., p. 466, 1862; Jefi'reys op. cit., p. 176;
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 30, fig. 357.

Common in floating driftMassachusetts Bay to South Carolina.
wood, in the North Atlantic north to Greenland, Iceland, and S^jitzbergen; coasts of Scandinavia and Great Britain. Fossil in the PostPliocene of Scandinavia.
;

Plate XXVII, fig. 187.

Teredo Thomsonii Tryon.
Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci.,

(p. 387.)

Philadelpliia, vol. sv, p. 28, Plate2,

figs. 3, 4, 5,

1863;

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 31, fig. 358.

Xew Bedford, Massachusetts, in cedar buoys (Tryon).

Provincetown,

Massachusetts, in whale-ship (Atwood).

Teredo dilatata Stimpson.
Shells of New England, p. 26
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 32, fig. 359.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 113, 1851

Tryon, op. cit., p. 464, 1832

;

;

;

Massachusetts to South Carolina (Tryon). Cape Ann, in buoys,
Provincetown, Massachusetts (Gould). Greenport, Long
Island (S. Smith). I have not met with this species south of Cape Cod.

{Stimpson).

Xylotrya fimbriata Jeftreys.
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.,

Plate XXVII, fig. 189.

(p. 387.)

Tryon, op. cit., p. 478>
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 34, fig. 361. Teredo liolnudata Forbes and1862
Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. i. p. 86, Plate 2, figs. 9-11, {non Lamarck). XylPerkins, Proc. Boston Soc.
otrya pahnulata Stimpson, Check-List, p. 3, 1860ser. iii, vol. vi, p. 126, 1860 ;;;Nat. Hist., vol. xii, p. 141, 1869.

Long Island Sound to Florida

Pacific coast, at the Straits of Fuca
In an old submerged wreck near Xew Haven. From the hullof the " Peterhoff," used in the blockade of the southern coast during the;;Europe.

late war.

Frequent in vessels from foreign ports.

Pholas truncata Say.

Plate XXYII.

fig.

200.

(p. 372.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelpliia, ser. i, vol. ii, p. 321, 1822 Binney's Say,
Hanley, Recent Shells, x^- 6, Plate 9, fig. 26 Tryon, op. cit., p. 202
p. 107;;;

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 38,

Yineyard Sound to Florida.

fig.

;

364.

Payta, Peru (Tryon).

shores of Long Island Sound, near Xew Haven.

Common on the

The large specimensfrom Sable Island (Gould), mentioned by Tryon, were not this species,
but Z. crispata.

PnoLAS COST AT A Liune.

(p. 433.)

Systema Naturae, od. xii, p. llll, 1762;

Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila-delphia, xiv, p. 201, 1802 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 37, fig. 363.

Caribbean Sea to Buzzard's Bay. Southern Europe (Linne). New
Bedford Harbor, living, (Goukl) Wood's Hole, Massachusetts, dead;

671Long Island Sound. Atlantic City, Kewshells dredged, (A. E. Y.)
Specimens Crom the east and west coasts of Florida;
Jersey (Tyrou).
and from near Yera Cruz, Mexico (coll., Mr. Salt), are also in themuseum of Yale College.
;

ZiRPHJEA. CRISPATA Morch, 1853.
H. and A. Adams, Genera,cit., p.

Gould, Invert., ed.
5,viii, p. 385, 1851

vol. ii,p. 327, Plate 89, figs. 5, 5a, 185S ;Tryon, op.

Fliolas erisjyata Lian^, Sjst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1111, 1767 ;211, 1862.

Plate 338, fig.

433.)

(p.

i,

Zirfcua crispaia Gray, Figures of Moll.

p. 27.

and 339, fig. 5, 1857;;

Ann. and Mag. Nat.

Anim.,

Hist., ser. ii, vol.

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 39, fig. 365.

Stonington, Connecticut, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence Iceland; northern coasts of Europe, south to France, and the southern coasts of Great;

west coast of North America, south to California. CharlesSouth Carolina (Stimpson, t. Gould). New Jersey (t. Gould).
Wood's Hole, dead shells dredged, (A. E. Y.). Common in Casco Bay,in 10 to 20 fathoms, perforating hard clay and sunken but sound wood
Mr. C. B.
also in the Bay of Fundy, in 8 to 70 fathoms, in hard clay.
Fuller has obtained fine large specimens in submerged tree-stumps at
extreme low-water mark on Jewell's Island, Casco Bay. Fossil in the
Post-Pliocene of Maine, Scandinavia and in the Coralline and Eed
Crags of Great Britain. Its occurrence at Charleston, South Carolina,
needs confirmation.
Britain

;

ton,

;

;

Martesia cuneiformis Gray, 1851; Tryon, op. cit., p. 219. Pholas cuneiformis Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 322, 1822.
This species was found by Mr. Perkins in oyster-shells, near New
Haven, but it was probably brought from farther south (Maryland or
Yirginia) in the oysters.

inhabits the coasts of Florida and theIt

West Indies.
JDiplotliyra Smithii Tryon, op. cit., p. 450, 1882.
This species was described from specimens found in oyster-shells at
Staten Island, where they were supposed to have lived. If really indigenous there, it may be expected to occur in Long Island Sound.

Plate XXYII, fig. 192.

Saxicava arctica Deshays.

Elem. Conch., Plate xii, figs. 8, 9 (t. Gould);(p. 309.)

Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol.

Mya arctica
p. 141, Plate 6, figs. 4-6; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 89, fig. 397.
Liun6, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1113, 1767. Mytiliis rugosm Linn 6, Syst. Nat.,ed. xii, p. 11.56.
Saxicava rw^osa Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. vi, p,
152; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 87 Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. iii, p. 81. Mytilusi,;pholadis Linn^, Mant. Plant., p. 548.
vi, p. 152. (?)

Saxicava plioladis Lamarck, op.

cit.,

vol,

Saxicava distortaSsiy, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 318,

1822; Gould, ed. i, p. 62.

Georgia and South Carolina to the Arctic Ocean northern coasts ofEurope to the Mediterranean Pacific Coast of America, south to Santa
Barbara, Cal ifornia. Yarious other parts of the world are given as localities by different authors.
On our coast this shell is very common from
Massachusetts Bay to Labrador, occurring from low-water mark to 50
;

:

672

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

fathoms or more. In Casco Bay it is extremely abundant in rocky, cavernous pools, among the ledges at low-water mark, and mostly attached
by a byssas, associated with Modiola modiolus. I also found specimens
in 10 to 15 fathoms, perforating recent and sound shells of Cyprina
Islandica. In the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, near Anticosti Island, wherelimestone abounds, I have found it burrowing in the limestone in large
numbers. South of Cape Cod it is far less abundant, though not uncommon in Long Island Sound. Yar. distorta (Say) is common from
Fort Macon to Georgia, and is possibly a distinct species. Fossil in the
Post-Pliocene of Maine, 'New Brunswick, Canada, Anticosti, Labrador,
Scandinavia, and Great Britain in the Coralline and Bed Crags of England, etc. Yar. distorta is found in the Miocene of Maryland.
;

Mya ARENARIA Linne.

Plate X.XYI, fig. 179.

(pp. 357, 163.)

Systema Naturae, ed. sii, p. 1112, 1767 Gould, Invert., ed. i, pp. 40, 359 ed. ii, j).
Mya mercenaria and M. acuta Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila55, fig. 375.
;;

delphia, vol. ii, p. 313, 1822.

South Carolina to the Arctic Ocean;

northern coasts of Europe, south

to England and France ; northeastern coast of Asia, south to China andJapan (Hakodadi). Sitka (Middendorff). South Carolina (Gibbs). Fort
Macon, l^orth Carolina (Dr. Yarrow). Comparatively scarce south ofCape Hatteras. Yery abundant from New Jersey northward, both inbrackish estuaries and on the open coasts. Particularly^ large and fine inLong Island Sound (see p. 163). Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from
Fossil in
half- tide mark to 10 fathoms, those dredged being all young.
the Post-Pliocene of Scandinavia, Greenland, Labrador, Canada, New
England, Yirginia, South Carolina, etc.; in the Red-Crag and all later

formations in Great Britain;

and in the Miocene of Yirginia.
Plate XXYII, fig. 191.

ConBULA CONTRACTA Say.

(p. 118.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 312, 1822; Gould, Invert.,
ed. i, p. 43, fig. 37;

ed. ii, p. 60, fig. 377.

Cape Cod to Florida.

Common, living, in Yineyard Sound and BuzLong Island Sound, near New Haven,zard's Bay, in 5 to 19 fathoms ;Fossil in the
not uncommon in shallow water. Georgia (Couper).
Post-Pliocene of Yirginia, North and South Carolina and in the Plioclosely related species occurs in the Miocene of South Carolina.
;Acene of Maryland.
Plate XXYII, fig. 191.

Lyonsia hyalina Conrad.

American Marino Conchology, p. 51, Plato 11, fig. 2, 183164, fig. 380.

;

(p. 358.)

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p.

Mya hyalina Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. vi,

p. 261, Plato 11, fig. 12, 1831.

Hist., vol. ii, p. 166, 1839;

Osteodesma hyalina Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat.

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 46, fig. 31.

Florida to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Long Island Sound,
Buzzard's Bay, Yineyard Sound, ]\[assachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, andBay of Fundy low-water mark to 30 fathoms Beaufort, North Carolina;(Coues).

jINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Plate XXYII, fig. 193.

Clidiophora trilineata Carpenter.
Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1864, p. 597 ;673(p. 418.)

MoUnsks of W. N. America, p. 226.

Pan-

dora trilineata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 261,

1822

;

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 44

ed. ii, p. 62, fig. 379.

;

Florida to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Long Island Sound;
Buzzard's Bay Yinevard Sound Casco

oif Block Island, 29 fathoms ;;;Bay; find Bay of Fundy; low water mark to 30 fathoms; Great Egg
Harbor, Xew Jersey, 1 fathom. Beaufort, Xorth Carolina (Coues, Yarrow). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Yirginia and South Carolina; and in

A closely-related form, C. era ssi dens

the Pliocene of South Carolina.

(Conrad, sp.), occurs in the Miocene of Yirginia.
Plate XXYII, fig. 197.

Periploma papyracea Yerrill.

(p. 509.)

Amer. Journal Science, vol. iii, pp. 213, 285, Plate 7, figs. 1, l^, 1^ (animal andhinge), 1872.

Anaiina jjapyratia Say, op. cit., p. 3l47l822.

Gould, Invert, ed.

i,p.

47, fig. 28; ed.

ii,

p.

66, fig.

Anaiina papijracea
Anaiina fragilis

382.

Totten (name provisional), Amer. Jour. Science, vol.xxviii,p. 347, fig. 1, 1835.

Xew Jersey to Labrador. Anticosti Island (A. E. Y.);

not uncommon

in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Faudy, 10 to 100 fathoms. Less frequent south of Cape Cod off Block Island, in 29 fathoms,{A..
S. Packard); Newport, Khocle Island (Totten); Greenport, Long
Island (S. Smith). Chateau Bay, Labrador (Packard).
This species, when young, is liable to be confounded with Thracia
myopsis Beck
T. Couthouyl Stimpsou (see Plate XXYII, fig. 196), butthey are easily distinguished by the structure of the hinge. The latteroccurs in Massachusetts Bay, Bay of Fundy, etc., northward to Greenland, but has not been recorded from south of Cape Cod.
;=

CociiLODESMA LEANU3I Couthouy.

Plate XXYII, fig. 193.

(p. 118.)

Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii,

p. 170, 1839; Stimpson, Shells of iNew England^
Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 49, figs. 29, 30 ed. ii, p. QS, fig. 333. Anaiina
Leana Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. vi, p. 233, Plate 11, fig. 11, 1831.

p. 22 ;;

Xorth Carolina to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Yineyard Sound andLong Island Sound, not uncommon in 3 to 10 fathoms; Casco Bay andEastport, Maine, rarel}' obtained alive; banks off Xova Scotia (Willis)
Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith and O. Harger). A related species,C.

antiqiiatum (PeripJoma antiquata Conrad), occurs in the Miocene of

Yirginia.

Thracia Co:sRADi Couthouy.
Boston Jour. Nat. Hist.,
ed.

i,

p.

vol.

(p. 426.)ii,p.

50; ed. ii, p. 69, fig. 384.

153, Plate 4, fig. 2, 1839; Gould, Invert.,
Thracia decJiris Conrad, Amer. Mar. Conch.,p. 44, Plate 9, fig. 2, 1831 (not of Pennant).

Long Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Yineyard Sound, 6 to 8 fathoms; Casco Baj', G to 15 fathoms; Frenchman's Bay, near Mount Desert, Maine, 3 to 8 fathoms. Eastport, Maine, in 6 fathoms, and Grand
Menan (Stimpson) Xahant, Massachusetts (Haskell) Ebode Island;;

S. Mis. 61

13

EEPORT OF COMMISSIOiNER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

674

and Buzzard's Bay (Gould)

Labrador (Packard). Fossil iu the PostPliocene (Leda-clay) at Saco, Maine (Fuller).
This species burrows so deeply in the mud or sand that it is seldomtaken alive with the dredge.
;

Thracia truncata Mighels and Adams.

Plate XXVII, fig. 195.

(p.

509.)

Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 38, Plate 4, fi-;. 1, 1842; Gould, Invert., eel. ii,
p. 72, fig. 386.

.

Long Island to Greenland. Off Block Island, 29 fathoms; Casco
Off Long Island, 37 fathoms,
Bay, 10 to 20 fathoms Bay of Fundy.
5(Gould).

Greenland, in 60 fathoms, (Morch).

Ensatella Americana Verrill.
filg.

245.

Plate XXVI, fig. 182;

Plate XXXII,(p. 350.)

American Jour. Science, vol. iii, pp. 212, 284, 1872. Soleii Americanns Gould, Invert.,
ed. ii, p. 42, 1870 (provisional name).

33, fig. 313.

Solen ensis Gould, op.

cit.,

ed.

i,

p. 28

;

Dekay, Nat. Hist. New York, Moll., p. 242, Plate
Ensis Americana H. aud A. Adams, Genera, vol ii, p. 342.

and ed. ii, p. 40 (non Linne);

Florida to Labrador. Common at Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey;
Long Island Sound Buzzard's Bay Vineyard Sound ]\Lassachusetts;;;

Bay; Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy; Gulf of Saint Lawrence; low-watermark to 20 fathoms, sandy. Fort Macon, Xorth Carolina, abundant,(Cones).

Georgia (Couper).

Labrador, rare (Packard).

Saint George's

Bank (S. I. Smith).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Portland, Maine Point Shirley, Massain the Pliocene
chusetts; Xantncket; Virginia; and South Carolina;;

of South Carolina;

and Miocene of Maryland North and South Caro;lina.

In this species the siphonal tubes, in mature shells, protrude about
35"'™, and are united together for about half their length, beyond which

they are round and divergent, subequal. Both orifi.ces are surrounded
by a similar circle of numerous papillae, of three sizes the larger ones;

are enlarged in the middle, acute at tips, with a large black spot oneach side of the base alternate with these are somewhat smaller onesof the same form and with similar basal spots alternating with theprimary and secondary ones are small tapering papillic, less than half
the length of the longest; numerous slender tapering papilhe are also
scattered irregularly over the sides of the free portions of both tubes
in some cases in irregular rows of four to six, while on the ventral side;;of the branchial tube two rows of alternating papilhe extend along thewhole length of the siphon. The mantle is closed ventrally for most ofthere is a posterior opening for the protrusion of the foot,its length
opening just in advance of it, and another opening near the
small
and a
middle of the ventral border the latter is fringed with small conicalFoot long; the end bulbous, obliquely truncated and beveled
papilhe.
;;laterally.

675

ETC.
Solen viridis Say.

This species has been recorded from the soutbern

coast of jSTew England by several writers (Stonington, Connecticut, Lins]ey:

Ebode Island, Conrad), but 1 bave myself met with no autbentic

New England specimens.

It may, however, occur rarely and

It is not uncommon

accidentally.

perhapson the outer beach at Great Egg

Harbor, New Jersey, and farther south, to Florida.
Plate XXXII, hg. 244.

SiLiQUA COSTATA Adams.
11.

and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 345, 1858.

(p. 358.)

Solen* costatus Say, Jour. Acad.

Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 315, 1822; Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 15, Plate 9, fig.
'28 (non Lejuminaria costata ^chnm., 1817 ^=: SlUqna radiataLtUine, s^p.). Solen
Sayii Gray, Griffith's Ciivier, xii, Plate 31, fig. 3 (t. Gould). Machcvra costata

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 34, and fig. on p. 24, 1841

ed. ii, p. 47, fig. 370.

;

Cape Hatteras to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Eare or local north of
Casco Bay. Not observed in the Bay of Eundy. Common in MassaVineyard Sound; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
chusetts Bay
Comparatively rare in Long Island Sound, near New Haven Fire
Coney Island, etc. (S.
Island Beach, Long Island (S. I. Smith).
Smith). Eimousld, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, common, (Bell). Banks off
Nova Scotia (Willis). The earliest name for this genus appears to be
Siliqna Muhlfeldt, 1811. It was named Leguminaria by Schumacher in
1817, and Machcura by Gould, in 1841. The latter name is, moreover,preoccupied by Maclicera Guvier, 1832.
55

Tagelus gibbus Gray.

^^Yl, fig. 181

Plate

;

Plate XXX, fig. 217.

(p. 373.)

Proc. Zool. Soc, London, xv, 1847
p. 251, 1870.
(t.

Gould).

1799.

;

Dall, Proc. Boston Soc. ISTat. Hist., vol. xiii,

Solen gihhus Spengler, Skrivt. Nat. Selks., vol.

iii,

p. 104, 1794

Solen Guineensis Chemnitz, Conch., xi, p. 202, Plate 198, fig. 1937,

Solen Carihwus

Lamarck, Anim. sans

Solecurtus Carilmus Gould, Invert., ed.

i,p.

Vert.,

30.

ed.

ii,

vol.

vi,

p.

58.

Solecurtus giljhus Forbes andHanley, Brit. Moll., vol. i, p. 267 Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 43, fig. 367. Siliqiiaria notata Schumacher, Essai d'un Nouv. Syst. des Habit, des Vers test., p.
Lamarck, 1801).
129, Plate 7, figs. 2, 3, 1817 (not the genus Slllquaria Brug.
SiUquaria gihla H. and A. Adams, Genera, j). 347, Plate 93, figs. 5, 5rt, 1858.
;;

Caribbean Sea, West Indies, and Gulf of Mexico to Gape Cod. Simifound on the Pacific coast of Central
America, and on the west coast of Africa. Yineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, not uncommon Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey, abundant.
Fort Macon, North Carolina, very common (Coues). Alabama (Mighels).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia, South Carolina, and Florida in
the Pliocene of South Carolina and in the Miocene of ]Srorth and Southlar if not identical species are

5

5

;

Carolina.
Tlie

name, SiUquaria Schumacher, 1817, adopted forthis genus by

several recent writers cannot be retained, because preoccupied by Brngiere, 1791,and by Lamarck(see Syst. des Anira., 1801, p. 98) for agenus of Vermetidcc.
This genus is widely different from the restricted genus Solecurtus

676

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Blaiiiv.j

1824:,=^MacJia Oken, 1835,

and undoubtedly belongs

to theTelUnidce, near Fsammobia, as shown by the structure of the soft parts.

(See page 373 and Plate xxvi, fig. 181).

Plate XXX, fig. 218.

TAaELiJS Divisus.

Dall, op. cit., 13. 251, 1870.

(p. 435.)

Solcn divisus Spengler, op. cit., p. 96, 1794 (t. Gould).

Solen hidens Chemnitz, op. cit., p. 203, Plate 198, fig. 1939, 1799.

Solen fragilis

Pulteney, Dorset Catal., p. 28, Plate 4, fig. .5, 1799 (t. Gould). Solen centralis
Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 316, 1822. Solecwtus hidens

Forbes and Hanley, op. cit., vol. i, -p. 266 Stimpson, Shells of New England,
Solecurtas divisus Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 44, fig. 368. Macha divisa
p. 22.
Gray, Catal. Brit. Moll., p. 160. Leguminaria Floridana Conrad, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. iv, x>. 121, 1848. Mesopleura bidentaia Conrad, Catal.
Solenidaj, Amer. Jour. Conch., vol. iii, Appendix, p. 23, 1867.
;

Gulf of Mexico and West Indies to Cape Cod.

Vineyard Sound andRhode Island, rather common, (Gould).
Fort Macon, Xorth Carolina, common, (Cones). Tampa Bay, Florida,

Buzzard's Bay, not common.
(Conrad, Jewett).

Macoma fragilis Adams.

Plate XXX, fig. 222.

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 400, 1858.

Yar,fusca == Macoma fusca Adams,(p. 359.)

400; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 93, fig. 400. Fsammobia fusca
Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. v, p. 220, 1825. Sang uinolaria fusca Conrad, Aiuer. Mar. Couch., p. 34, Plate 7, fig. 1, 1831 Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 66,

Genera, vol.

ii,

p.

;

fig. 42.

Yar. fragilis.
Venus fragilis O. Fabricius, Fauna Groulandica, p. 413, 1780. TelUna Grbnlandica Beck, Lyell, in Trans. Geol. Soc, London, vol. v, p. 137, Plate 16, fig. 8,
1841. Macoma Grmlandica Packard, Mem. Boston Soc, vol. i, pp. 235, 243, etc.
1866; Dawson, Notes on Post-Pliocene Geology of Canada, p. 72, from Canadian Naturalist, vol. vi, 1872. TelUna Fahricii Hanley; Sowerby, Thesaurus, p.
112, (t. Morch).

Yar. fusca is abundant on the entire coast ofGeorgia (Say, Couper).
Yar. fragilis is abundant from Long Island Sound and Massachusetts
Bay to Labrador. The two forms grade into one another insensibly.

Georgia to Greenland.

New England, Long Island, and New Jersey.

A closely related but apparently distinct species, 21. Baltliica (Linne,sp.), is abundant in the Baltic andelsewhere on the northern coasts ofEurope, and has been regarded as identical by several writers. Anothersimilar form, inconspicua (Sowerby), occurs on the northwest coast of
America, but is regarded as distinct by Dr. P. P. Carpenter and others.
As a fossil, var. fragilis is abundant in the Post-Pliocene deposits of
New England, New Brunswick, Canada, Labrador, and Greenland; var.
fusca occurs in the Post-Pliocene of New England, Yirginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

677

]Maoo3ia sabulosa Morch.
TeUlna (Macoma) sahulosa Morcb, in Naturh. Bidrag til Beskr. af Groulaud, p.
90, 1857.
TeUina sal)iilosa Speugler, Skrivt. Nat., vol. iv, part 2, 1798. Tellina

proxima Gray, Zool. Beecliey's Voyage, p. 154, Plate 44, fig. 4, 1839. Tellina
sordida Coutbouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. .59, Plate 3, fig. 11, 1839.
Sanguinolaria sordida Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 67, 1841.
Tellina lata Loven?
OfVers. af Kongl. Vet.-Akad., Forhaud., vol. xi, p. 195, 1846 (not Tellina lata

Gmelin,which is a Thracia,

1790,

Chemnitz, 1782

Trans., 1833 (notGould, ed.

p. 95, fig. 401

ii,

;

t.

Morch).

=ai/rtcfra,

Tellina calcarea Lyell, Phil.
t.

this Report, p. 50S.

Macoma proxima
Macoma calcarsa, Adams

Morch).

>

Dawson, op. cit., p. 73.
Couuecticiit to the Arctic Ocean;

northern coasts of Europe; North

Pacific; south on the coast of Asia to Hakodadi, Japan ; and, perhaps(as M. expansa, a doubtful variety), on the west coast of America south

to Paget Sound.

Off Block Island, in 29 fathoms, rare; Oasco Bay, 3

to 60 fathoms, not uncommon; Quahog Baj', Maine, 3 to 5 fathoms, soft

mud, large and abundant; Bay of Fund^^, 4 to 80 fathoms. Stonington
and Stratford, Connecticut (Linsley); Saint George's Bank (S. I.
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Maine, New Brunswick, Canada,
Labrador, Scandinavia, and Great Britain.
The TelUna teuera Leach, 1818 {no7i Say), has been regarded as aSmith).

synonym of this species by most writers; Morch considers it identicalwith M. fragilis.
Plate XXVI, fig. 180 ; Plate XXX, fig. 223.

Angulus tener.

(p. 358.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 398, 1858. Angulus tener Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 290, Plate 6, figs. 1, la,1872.
TeUina /ew em Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 303,1822;
Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 65, Plate 9, fig. 38 Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 68, fig. 44;

Tellina (Angulus) tenera;

ed. ii, p. 97, fig. 403.

Florida to Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

Common on the coast of New

Jersey, Long Island, Long Island Sound, Buzzard's Bay, Vineyard Sound,

Massachusetts Bay; less common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy.
Gaspe, Canada (Dawson). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues).
Tellina decUvis Conrad,
Journ. Acad.
closely-allied form [A decUvis
N. Sc, Phil,, vol. vii, p. 131) occurs in the Miocene of Virginia.

A=

AXGULUS TENELLUS Verrill.
Angidnsmodestns

6, figs. 2, 2a,Verrill,

1872;

Plate XXX, fig. 224.

Amer. Jour. Science, vol.

iii,

pp.

210, 285,

Plate

this Report, p. 418, Cnon Carpenter, 1864).

Shell smooth, shining, more or less iridescent, with very fine concen-

Form similar to that of A. tener^ but more oblong, and withthe anterior dorsal margin nearly straight, or even slightly concave
the beaks are at about the posterior third, and scarcely prominent; thetric stri.T.

posterior end slopes rai)idly, and is subtruncate at the end; the ventral margin is but slightly convex in the middle, and sub-parallel

the dorsal margin.

with

The shell is often a little thickened, and firmer thanin A. tener, but is sometimes as thin.

Color, i)ink, light straw-color, or

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

678

white; often banded concentrically with these colors. The hinge-margin is stouter and the teeth stronger than in A. tener^ and different inrelative size and proportions; the ligament-plate is also longer.

Long Island Sound and V^ineyard Sound

4 to 10 fathoms^ mud and

;

sand.

Tellina tenta Say.

Plate XXX, fig. 223.

(p. 432.)

American Coucbology, Part vii, Plate 65, fig. 3, 1837; Binney's Say, p. 228 Hanl^y, Receut Shells, p. 65, Plate 14, fig. 10 Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 68, fig. 43 ed.
ii,
Tellina {Per omm) /en^rt H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii,
p. 96, fig. 402.
;;;

p. 499, 1858.

Cape God to South Carolina. Yine3"ard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 2
to 10 fathoms, mud, common ; Long Island Sound

Great Egg Harbor.
Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith); i^'ort Macon, Xorth Carolina (Coues);
South Carolina (Say).
;

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina
Tellina versicolor Cozzens.
Jay, Catalogue Sbells, ed. ii, p. 12, 1833;

Dekay, Nat. Hist. Ncav York, Moll., p.

208, Plate 26, fig. 272.

Glass House Point, near Xew York (Cozzens); Stratford, Connecticut(Linsley).

I have met with no shells corresponding precisely with the descrip-tion of this species.

Gastranella Yerrill.
American Journal of Science, vol. iii, p. 286, 1872.
''

Shell oblong, more or less irregular, and sometimes with the ven-

tral margin inflexed; pallial sinus large;

ligament external, elongated.

Eight valve with two small cardinal teeth
the posterior one thin,
directed obliquely backward. Left valve with two cardinal teeth
thethe anterior one smaller. Xo distinct latX^osterior one stout, bilobed;;;

xVnimal with long, slender, separate siphonal tubes, with asimple circle of papillae at the ends mantle well open anteriorly footligulate.
The curious little shell for which this genus is constituted
eral teeth.

;;

apparently resembles Gastrana more than any other described genus."

Gastranella TUMiDA Yeirill.

Plate XXYII, fig. 190.

(p. 418.)

American Jour. Sci., vol. iii, pp. 210, 286, Plate 6, figs. 3, 3a, 1872.

Shell small, variable in form, swollen above, more or less elongatedoval, or oblong, with rounded ends, compressed posteriorly.

The beaks

are rounded, somewhat prominent, incurved but not approximate, anddirected somewhat forward the anterior dorsal margin is deeply concave;in front of the beaks, but withont a distinct Innule, at the anterior end

regularly rounded or alittleprolonged, compressed;ventral margin

slightly convex, or nearly straight and sub-parallel with the dorsal mar-posterior end broadly
gin, or incurved, in the different specimens
rounded m some, decidedly i)rolonged in others; dorsal posterior mar;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

679

gin usually uearly straight for at least lialf its length, sometimes a little

convex and gradually sloping throughout.

Surfiice with fine, somewhat

Color white, with theirregular, concentric striae, slightly iridescent.

umbos purple. Length, 4'"-^ height, 2.5'"'".
Long Island Sound, near New Haven, 4 to G fathoms, shelly and gravelly bottom, among hydroids and sponges (A. E. Y.).
;

Abra wqiialis Say.
American Concli, Part iii, Plate 28 outer figures, 1831 Binney's Say, p. 182,
Amjjludesma cu<2uaUs Say,same plate; Stimpson, Check-List, p. 3, 1860.
Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 307, 1822 American Conch., Part
SemeJe equaUs Verrill, Amer. Jour.
iii, Plate 28; Binney's Say, pp. 100,182.
;;;

Science, vol. iii, p. 210, 1872.

Florida and Gulf of Mexico to Cape Hatteras;

rare and local farther

Stonington, Connecticut, from cod-stomachs (Linsley). Fort
Macon, North Carolina, abundant (Coues, Yarrow). Texas (Roemer).
north.

Charleston, South Carolina (Say).

The occurrence of this southern species at Stonington needs confirmI have seen no specimens from north of Cape Hatteras.
Fossil in the Miocene of North and South Carolina.

ation.

CU3IINGIA TELLIN0IDE3 Conrad.
Journ. Acad. Nat.
fig.

Plate XXX, fig. 221.

(p. 418.)

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 56,
Mactra tclUnoidcs Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat.

Sci., Philad., vol. vii, p. 234,1837;36; ed. ii, p. 79,

fig.

390.

Sci., Philad., vol. vi, p. 258, Plate 9, figs. 2, 3, 1831.

Cape Cod to Florida. Common in Yineyard Sound and Buzzard's
Bay, 3 to 12 fathoms Long Lsland Sound, less common. Fort Macon,
North Carolina (Cones, Yarrow). Florida (Conrad). Fossil in the PostPliocene of Nantucket Island, South Carolina, and North Carolina in
the Pliocene of South Carolina and in the Miocene of Yirginia andSouth Carolina.
;

5;

Ceronia arctata Adams,(p. 426.)

H. and A, Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 414, 1858 Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 80, fig.
Macira arctata Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. vi, p. 257,
391.
Plate 11, fig. 1, 1831. Mesodesma arcfafa Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 57, fig. 39.
;

Long Island to Eiver Saint Lawrence. Stonington, Connecticut
East Hampton and Montauk, Long Island (S. Smith). Nan-

(Linsley).

tucket (Gould).

Common in Massachusetts Bay; Casco Bay, and East-

port, Maine, rare.

Nova Scotia (AYillis).

Donax fossor Say.
Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 306, 1822; Binney's Say, pp.
99, 226, Plate 61, fig. 2.

This species may possibly occur occasionally on the Southern New
England coast, but I am not aware of any authentic instances. I havefound it quite common living on the outer beach at Great Egg Harbor,
New Jersey, and it has been found as far north as the southern side of
LouGf Island.

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

680

Maotra SOLIDISSIMA Gliemuitz.

Plate XXYIII, fig. 202.

73, fig. 387.

(p. 358.)

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 51 ed. ii, p.
Mactra gigaiitea Lam., Auiiu. saus Vert., ed. ii, vol. vi, p. 97. Mac-

Conch., X, p. 350, Plate 170, fig. 1656, 1788;;

ira similis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 309, 1822; Binney's

Spisula solidissbna Gray, Cliarlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. i,
H. and A. Adams, vol. xi, x>. 378. Hemimactra solidissima Conrad,
Amer. Journ. Conch,, vol. iii, appendix, p. 32; Perkins, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.

Say, p. 101.

p. 373, 1837 ;Sjnsula Sayi Gray, op. cit., T). 373.

Hist., A^ol. xiii, p. 346, 1869.

Yery abuiidaut on the
XiOng Island; Long
Cape Cod Massachusetts Bay Casco

Florida and Gulf of Mexico to Labrador.
outer beacli at Great

Egg Harbor, New Jersey

jYineyard Sound
Bay; Bay of Fundy, low water-mark to 10 fathoms, sandy. Fort Macon,
Korth Carolina (Coues); Labrador (Packard); St. George's Bank (S.
West Florida (Jewctt),; Texas (Rcjemer).
I. Smith)
Fossil iii the Post-Pliocene at Point Shirley, Chelsea, Massachusetts(Stimpson) and apparently in the Miocene of North and South Carolina
Island Sound

;

;

;

;

;

;

(Conrad, as ''iff. similis f^^).

MULINIA LATERALIS Gray.

Plate XXVI, fig. 185, B.

(p. 373.)

Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 376, 1837 Meek, Smithsonian CheckMactra lateralis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad.,Lists, Miocene, p. 11, 1884.
;

vol.

389.

ii,

p. 309,1822;

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 54, figs.

34, 3.5; ed.

p. 77, fig.

ii,Standella lateralis H. and A. Adams, Genera., vol. ii, p. 382, 1858; Conrad,Proc. Philad. Acad., vol. xiv, p. 573, 1862.

Massachusetts Bay to Florida, and on the northern shores of the
Gulf of Mexico to Galveston, Texas. Very abundant in Long Island
Sound; common in Buzzard's Bay and Yineyard Sound, 1 to 15 fathoms, mud. Boston and near Lynn, Massachusetts (Gould). Fort Macon,l^orth Carolina (Coues). Georgia (Couper). Texas (Roemer).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia, Xorth Carolina, South Carolina?
and Florida (Saint John's Biver) in the Pliocene of South Carolina andin the Miocene of Virginia, North and South Carolina.
;;

Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck.

Phite

XXVII,

ed.

vol. vi, x)- 159; Say,

fig.

191).

(p.

372.)

Anim. sans Vert., ed. i, vol. v.. p. 505, 1818;

ii,

Amer.

Conch., Part vi, Plate 60, fig. 1, 1834; Binney's Say, p. 222 (same plate) HanGonld, Invert., ed. i,.p. 63
ed. ii, p.
ley, Recent Shells, p. 52, Plate 13, fig. 49;;;

90, figs. ,398, 399.

Fctricohi fornicata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia,

Petricola dactylm Say, Amor. Conch., Part
2 {uon Sowerhy, Ilanley, etc,}; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 65

vi, Plato 60,

vol. ii, p. 319, 1822.
fig.

;

ed. ii,p. 92^

local

and morefig. 41.

Florida and (Julf of Mexico to Massachusetts Bay;

rare farther north, at Quahog Bay, Maine; and in the southern part of

the Gulf of Saint LaAvrence, as at Prince Edward's Island (Dawson);

Very common in Long Island Sound, near New
Haven; Buzzard's Bay; Vineyard Sound (Lackey's Bay, etc.); andNova Scotia (Willis).

Massachusetts ]iay (Chelsea,

Xahanr,etc.).

Fort INlacon(Coues)INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Florida (Courad)
the Post-Pliocene

Texas

j

of

(Roemer)

;

Cuba

South

Virginia,(D'Orbigiiy).

Carolina,

681

Fossilinand Florida: andA similar form, if not identicalin the Pliocene of South Carolina.

(P. CaroUnensis Conrad), occurs in the Miocene of Sonth Carolina.

A species scarcely to be distinguished from this \\s.s sent to me inlarge numbers from La Faz, Gulf of California, by Captain Pedersen.

Venus mercenaria Linne.
Systema Natume,

Plate XXVI, fig. 184 (animal),(p. 359.)

Gould, Invert, ed. i, p. 85, fig. 67 ed.
ii,
Mercenaria violacea Scbnmaclier, Essai d'nn Nouveau
133, fig. 445.
x^Adams, Geuera, vol. ii,p. 419. Mercenaria
Syst., p. 135, Plate 10, fig. 3, 1817
ed. xii, p. 1131,1767

;

;

;

mercenaria Clienii, Man. Conch., vol. ii, p. 82, figs. 356-358, 1862.

Crassivenits

mercenaria Perkins, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 147, 1869.
votata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Piiiladelpliia,

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 87, fig. 67 ed. ii, p. 135,
Say, op. cit., p. 271, 1822 Binuey's Say, p. 95.
;

Venus

p. 271, 1822 (variety)a'oI. ii,

fig. 446.

Venus ijra'imrca;

Florida to Massachusetts Bay;

more rare and local farther north, at

Xova Scotia (Willis) and in the southern part of
the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, to the Bay of Chaleur. It is not found on
the coast of Maine, east of Kennebeck River, nor in the Bay of Fundy.
Very common in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, Long Island Sound,and southward.
Fort Macon (Cones)
South Carolina (Gibbes)
Quahog Bay, Elaine

5

5

;

Texas (Rosmer). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Point
Shirley, Xantucket Island, Gardiner's Island, Virginia, and South Carolina in the Pliocene of South Carolina
and in the Miocene of Maryland, Virginia, Xorth and South Carolina.
Georgia (Couper)

;

:

;

Callista convexa Adams.

Plate XXX, fig. 219.

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 425, 1858.

(p. 432.)

Cytherea convexa Say, Journ. Acad_

Nat. Sci., Phil., vol. iv, p. 149, Plate 12, fig. 3, 1824 (fossil) Gould, Invert., ed.
ed. ii, p. 131, fig. 444 (recent). Dione convexa Desliayes, Catal.
p. 84, fig. 49
;

i,

;

Concb. Biv., British Museum,p. 71, 1853.

Cytherea morrhuana Limslej, Amer.

Jour. Sci., vol. xlviii, p. 276, 1845 (no description)vi, p. '233,

xxiii, p. 345, 1833 (recent)7, fig. 3, 18.38 (fossil).

vol. xiii, p. 147, 1839.

;

Gould, op.

eit., ser. ii, vol.

Cytherea Sayana Conrad, Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. i, vol.

1848 (young).

Fossils of the Medial Tertiary of the U. S., p. 13, Plate;

Cytherea

ISayii

Perkins, Proc, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

Callista (Caryaiis) convexa

Romer

;

Yerrill, Amer. Jour.

Sci., vol. xlix, p. 277, March, 1870.

Xew Jersey to Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Fort iMacon, Xorth Carolina,
dead valves on the beach, plenty, but perhaps fossil, (Cones, Yarrow).
Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey Long Island Sound; Vineyard Sound,and Buzzard's Bay, 2 to 10 fathoms, mud, common Casco Bay, 3 to
8* fathoms, mud, adult, living
Eastport, Maine, rare. Xova Scotia(Willis); Prince Edward's Island (Dawson).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia and Xorth Carolina
in thePliocene of South Carolina and in the Miocene of Maryland, Xorth
and South Carolina.
The name Sayana given to this species in 1833 (loc. cit.) by Mr. Con;

;

;

;

;

682

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

rad, was accompanied by a sliort description of recent specimens

Rhode Island and Kew Jersey.

fromHe g'ave C. convexa Say as a synonym,

however, remarkiU;^" that it " appears not to differ from the C. convexa
of Say, but I have changed the name because Isl. Brogniart had previously applied it to a very dissimilar species." More recently, however, he has indicated his belief that the two are distinct (Gatal. Miocene
Shells, in Proc. Phil. Acad., vol. xiv, p. 575, 1862), although he recognizes the " 8ayana^' as a Miocene shell, but he has not pointed out thedifferences, if any exist, so far as known to Die.
Should the recent shell
prove to be distinct from the fossil one described by Say, it should
therefore bear the name GalUsta Say ana.
In this species the animal is white, or pale salmon-color. The borderof the mantle sometimes protrudes considerably beyond the edge of theshell, and is delicately undulated or frilled
the siphon tubes, in full
expansion, are smooth and rather longer than the shell, and are unitedquite to the ends; the orifices are simple, without apparent papilla,
and the branchial is considerably larger than the other; a well-marked
groove extends along the whole length of the siphon, indicating the5partition between the tubes.

TOTTENIA GEMMA Perkins.

Plate XXX, fig. 220.

(p. 359.)

Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, 1869 (in errata) by error, Totteniana
Verms gemma Totten, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. xxvi, p. 367, figs. 2a, d>1834.
Gemma gemma Deshayes, Catal. Concli. Biv., British Museum, p. 113,^
1853 H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 419, Plate 107, fig. 3. Gemma Totteni
Stimpsou, Check-List, p. 3, 1860.

Proc. Boston;(p. 148).

;.

South Carolina to Labrador. Very abundant in Long Island Sound,
Buzzard's Bay, Vineyard Sound, Nantucket, and Massachusetts Bay;

common in Oasco Bay, and at Grand Menan Island. Xova Scotia Willis).
(

Prince Edward's Island (Dawson). Indian Harbor, Labrador (Packard).
Fort Macon, Xorth Carolina (Cones).
An allied species {T.splimrica H. C. Lea, sp.) occurs in the Miocene of•

Virginia.

Totteni A Maniiattensis Verrill.
Venus Manliattensis Prime, in Jay's Catalogue of Shells, ed. iv, supplement, p.
Venus (Gemma) Manliattensis Prime, Annals Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.,
466,1852.
vol. vii, p. 482 (figure), 1862.
fig.

Gemma Manliattensis Cxouhl, Invert., ed. ii, p. 138,

449.

North Carolina to Vineyard Sound. Hell Gate (Prime). Greenportand Huntington, Long Island (S. Smith). Near New Haven, rare.^Fort Macon, Nortli Carolina (Yarrow).
I have seen but few specimens of this shell, and am not fully satisfied
that it is distinct from the preceding. Its color is not constant, somespecimens being pale straw-color, others purplish. Mr. Prime originallydescribed it as white.

INYEETEBR^TE A^vIMALS OF YIXEYARD SOUND, ETC.

Cyprina Islandica Lamarck.

Plate XXTIII, fig. 201.

683

(p. 508.)

Animaux sans Yert., eti. ii, vol. vi, p. 290 Gould, Invert., ed, i, p. S2;;

ed. ii, p. 443.

Venus Islandica Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1131.

Eastern end of Long Island to the Arctic Ocean on the northern
European coasts sonthYrard to Euglaud. Off Block Island, 29 fathoms,
sandy mud off Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, 19 fathoms, soft mud
common in Casco Bay, 10 to 80 fathoms; Bay of Fundy, G to 90 fathoms Saint George's Bank, 45 fathoms; and Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
Montauk, Long Island (S.Smith). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Scandinavia, Scotland, England, Sicily, and other parts of Europe. In
North America it appears not to have been found fossil hitherto, and it
;

j

;

;

must, therefore, be rare in our northern Post-Pliocene or glacial deposits, if not altogether absent.

CARD1U3I PINNULATU3I Courad.

Plate XXIX, fig. 209.

(p. 505.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Pliiladelpliia, ser. i, vol. vi, p. 260, Plate 11, fig. 8,
1831; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 90, fig. 57; ed. ii, p. 141, fig. 452.

Long Island Sound to Southern Labrador. Xear Xew Haven, Connecticut, rare ; Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound, 1 to 12 fathoms,

common;very common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, andGulf of Saint Lawrence, 2 to 80 fathoms. Labrador, south of Straits ofBelle Isle (Packard). Huntington, Gardiner's and Peconic Bays, LongIsland (S. Smith.) Off'Xew London, Connecticut, (coll. T. M. Prudden).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Xew Brunswick.

L^YiCARDiU3i MoRTONi.

Plate XXIX, fig. 208.

(p. 358.)

Perkins, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 150, 1869.
rad, op.

cit.,

Cardium Mortoni Con-vol. vi, p. 259, Plate 10, figs. 5,6,7; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 91;

Liocardium Mortoni Stimpson, Check-List, p. 2, 1850; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p.
143, fig. 453.

Florida and northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod
Common in Long Island Sound, Buzzard's
Bay, Vineyard Sound, and about Xan tucket. Dartmouth Lakes, Halrare and local farther north.

ifax, Xova Scotia (Willis, t. Gould).

(Coues).
'West Florida Jewett). Fort Macon(

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina.

Serripes Gronlandicus Beck [Aplirodite Gronlandica Stimpson;

Gould,

This species was recorded as from Stonington, Connecticut, by Linsley, but has not since been found south, of Cape
Cod, and must, therefore, be regarded as a doubtful inhabitant of ourwaters. It occurs from Massachusetts Bay to the Arctic Ocean, but israre south of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Labrador. Casco Bay
and Mount De.sert, Maine, 8 to 30 fathoms, rare, (A. E. Y.).
Invert., ed. ii,p. 114, fig. 454).

Cyclocaedia BOREALis Conrad.

Plate XXIX, fig. 210.

Amer. Journ. Conchology, vol. iii, ji. 191, 1867.
Mar. Conch., p. 39, Plate 8, fig. 1, 1831;

(p. 418.)

Cardita horealis Courad, Amer.

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 94, fig. 59

p. 146, fig. 455. AciinohoJns lorealis H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol.

;ed. n,

ii, p. 487, 1858.

684

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
(?)

Venericardia crihraria Say, Amer. Conoli., Part v, cover, 1832; Binney's Say,

1).

205.

(?)

Venericardia granulata Sa,j, J onr. A. Nat.

iv, p. 142, Plate 12, fig. 1.

Sci., Philadelphia, vol.

Cardita granulata Conrad, Fossils of Medial Tert.

of U. S., p. 13, Plate 7, fig. 1.

New Jersey to Labrador. Gommori in tlie deeper parts of VineyardSound, near its.moutli, and off Gay Head and Bnzzard-s Bay, 10 to 25
fathoms; off Block Island, 29 fathoms; very common in CascoBay, Bayof Fundy, and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 3 to 80 fathoms. Sandy Hook,and Montauk, Long Island (S. Smith). Off New London, Connecticut(T. M. Prudden).
Saint George's Bank, 25 to 65 fathoms, (S. L Smith).
Straits of Belle Isle, 50 fathoms; Chateau Bay, 50 fathoms Long Island,
species, regarded as identical by
Labrador, 15 fatboms, (Packard).
Dr. Carpenter, occurs on the North Pacific coast of America as far south
as Cataliua Island, and on the northeast coast of Asia.
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Gardiner's Island; Nantucket and Point
Shirley, Massachusetts and Labrador. The Miocene form, G. granulata (Say, sp.) is very closely allied to this, if not identical. It is foundin Virginia and Maryland.
;A;

Plate XXIX, fig. 215.

Cyclooardia Novang-li^ Morse.

Actinol)olus (Cijclocardia) Nova-angJiw Morse, First

of

Peabody Acad, of Science, Salera, p. 76,(p. 418.)

Annual Eeport of Trustees

cut, 1863.

Cyclocardia Norang-

liw Verrill, Amer. Journ. Science, vol. iii, x>. 211, 1872.

Mouth of Vineyard Sound
Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy,

Connecticut to Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

and off Gay Head, 10
3 to 40 fathoms, notto 25 fathoms

uncommon.

;

Off New London, Connecticut (T. M.

Prudden).

ASTARTE UNDATA Gould.

Plate XXIX, fig. 203.

Invert., ed. i, p. 80, fig. 46, 1841 (provisional(p. 508.)name); Philippi, Abbildungeu undBeschr. neuer oder wenig gek. Conch., vol. ii, p. 1, Plate 1, fig. 1, 1850

Amer. Jonr. Science, vol. iii, p. 213,
Shells, p. 87, Plate 14, fig. .35, 1843.

Astarte sulcata Gould, Invert., ed.

European writers)from an old, deformed shell).

fig.

46, 1841 (not of;;

Verrill,

Crasina latisulca Hanley, Eecent

1872.

ed.

ii,

p.

i,

p. 78,

119, fig. 432 (poor figure?

Var. lntea= Astarte lutca Perkins, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 150,
figure, 1869.

Long Island Sound to the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Off Gay Head and Buzzard's Bay, and in the deeper parts o^Vineyard Sound, 8 to 25 fatlioms, common otf Block Island, 29 fathoms: ver^^ common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, 5 to 100 fathoms;;

Oft' New London, Connecticut,
Southern part of Gulf of Saint Lawrence (Whitand more
eaves). Var. lutca occurs rarely near New Haven (Perkins)
frequently off Gay Head and in A^ineyard Sound, 8 to 19 fathoms, withthe ordinary varieties. It resembles the European sulcata more than thecommon or typical varieties do, but i)asses insensibly into the ordinary
forms.
The shells referred to undata, by Hawson and Whiteaves, fromSaint George's Bank, 20 to 85 fathoms.
(T. M. Prudden).

;INVERTEBRATi; ANIMALS

OE^

685

VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

Gaspe, Canada, are not this species, bat a short variety of A. elliptica.

The latter is a much more northern shell, and I have dredged but one
specimen on the Xew England coast (off Casco Bay, 65 fathoms).
Fossil at Point Shirley, Massachusetts, in the Post-Pliocene, (Stimpson, as A. sulcata);and at Gardiner's Island (S. Smith).

ASTARTE CASTANEA Say.

Plate XXIX, fig. 204.

American Conchology, Part i, 1830, Plate 1;(p. 432.)

Biuney's Say, p. 150, Plate 1

Gould,
Venus castanea Say, Journ.
Binney's Say, p. 96. Crassina;

Invert., ed. i, p. 76, fig. 45; ed. 11, p. 117, fig. 431.

Acad. Nat.
castanea

Sci.,

Philad., vol.

ii,

p. 273, 1822 ;Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed.

ii,vol. vi, p. 258;

Hanley, Recent

Shells, p. 88, Plate 9, fig. 27.

Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey, to Xova Scotia.

Common on the

shores of Long Island, Xantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and Cape Cod:

Long Island Sound, not very common; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's
Bay, 5 to 20 fathoms, frequent; Casco Bay and Bay of Eundy, 5 to 20
fathoms, not common. Massachusetts Bay, abundant, (t. Gould). Saint
Halifax and Sable
I. Smith).
Cape Sable, Xova Scotia (A. E. V.).
Fossil in the PostOff" Xew London, Connecticut (T. M. Prudden).
Pliocene at Xantucket and Point Shirley, Massachusetts.
George's Bank, 25 to 40 fathoms, (S.

Island, Xova Scotia (Willis).

Off'

ASTARTE QUADRAIN^S Gould.

Plate XXIX, fig. 205.

(p. 509.)

Invert., ed. i, j). 81, fig. 48, 1841; ed. ii, p. 123, fig. 434 ; Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci.,
vol.

iii,

p. 287, 1872.

Astarte Porflandica Mighels, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist.,

vol. iv, pp. 320, 345, Plate 16, fig. 2, 1843 (variety) ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p.
127, fig. 441.

Stonington, Connecticut, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

Mouth of Vine-

yard Sound, and off Martha's Vineyard, 19 to 25 fathoms, rare Massachusetts Bay; Casco Bay; Bay of Fund}^, in 6 to 40 fathoms, not uncommon. Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith). Gulf of Saint Lawrence;^Whiteaves).

Var. Fortlaridica occurs, with intermediate forms, in Casco

Bay and

Bay of Fundy, 10 to 25 fathoms, not common.
Plate XXIX, figs. 206, 207.

GOULDIA MACTRACEA Gould.

Invert., ed. ii, p. 128, fig. 442, 1870.

Gould, op. cit., ser. ii, vol. vi, p. 233, figs. 1.
Courad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol.

vol. xlviii, p. 275 (figure), 1845
2, 1643.

{f)Astarte

luniilatavii, p. 151, 1837 ; Fossils of
8,(p. 418.)

Astarte mactracea Linsley, Amer. Jour. Sci.,;

the Medial Tertiary of the U. S., p. 45, Plate 21, fig.

1S40; Gouldia lunulata Conrad, Catal. of Miocene

Shells, in Proc.

Acad.

Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. xiv, p. 578, 1862.

Florida and northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod.

Common, living, and of large size, in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's
Bay, especially at Wood's Hole, 3 to 10 fathoms. Stonington, in
stomach of cod (Linsley). Huntington and Greenport, Long Island
Oft' Xew London, Connecticut (coll. T. M. Prudden).
Fort(S. Smith).
Macon (Coues). South Carolina (Kurtz). AVest Florida (E. Jewett).

Tampa Bay (Conrad).

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

686

Fossil ((t. lunulata) in tlie Post-Pliocene of North arid South Carolina ;and in the Miocene of Maryland and
The fossil shell is probably identical with the recent one, buthave not had suitable specimens of the former for comparison; if

in the Pliocene of Sonth Carolina ;Virginia.
I

identical, the species should be called G. lunulata.

LuciNA FILOSA Stimpson.

Plate XXIX, fig-. 212.

Shells of New England, p. 17, 1851 ; Gould, Invert., ed.
chia radula Gould, Invert., ed.

i,p.

(p. 509.)li,

p. 98, fig.

69 (non Montagu, sp.).

404.

Lu-

^ Lucina contracta,

Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. iv, p. 145, Plate 10, fig. 8;

Conrad,Fossils of the Medial Tertiary of U. S., p. 40, Plate 20, fig. 5, 1840.

Stonington, Connecticut, to Maine. Off Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy

mud; off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; Casco Bay and Portland
Stonington (Linsley). Boston Harbor (Stimpson). Phillip's
Ehode Island (Conrad, as L. contracta).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Gardiner's Island (S. Smith). L. contracta occurs in the Miocene of Virginia it was formerly regarded byConrad as identical with the recent shell from l^hode Island, but isprobably a distinct, though closely-allied species. Mr. Jeffreys identified this species with L. horealls (Linne) of Europe; the latter is also
found on the Pacific coast at Vancouver Island and Catalina Island(Cooper and P. P. Carpenter).

Harbor.

Beach (Holder).

;Plate XXIX, fig. 211.

Cyclas dentata.

(p. 418.)

Luclna dentata Wood, General Conchology, p. 195, Plate 46, fig. 7, 1815 Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 99, fig. 45. Lucina divaricaia Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 70, (nonLinn6, sp). Lucina strigilJa Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 17, 1851.
;

Brazil and West Indies to Cape Cod. Xot uncommon, dead, but rarely
obtained living, in Vineyard Sound, 6 to 14 fathoms. Coney Island (S.
Smith). Nantucket (Gould). St. George's Bank (S. I. Smith). Fort Macon, North Carolina, abundant, (Coues, Yarrow). Georgia (Couper).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North Carolina, South Carolina, andFlorida; and in the Pliocene of South Carolina. The same, or a closelyrelated species, {.L. Conradi D'Orb., Prod., iii, p. 117, 2194, t. Conrad, inProc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 18G2, p. 517— L. divaricaia Conrad, Fossilsof Med. Tert., p. 38, Plate 20, fig. 3) occurs in the Miocene of Virginia.

Cryptodon Gouldii Adams.

Plate XXIX, fig. 213.

and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 470, 1858

(p. 509.)

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 100, fig.
Lucina Gouldii Philippi, Zeitscli. f. Malak., 1845, p. 74 (t. Gould).
406.
Thyasira Gouldii Stimpson, Shells of New Eug., p. 17, 1851. Lucina Jlejcuosa

IT.

;

Gould, Invert., cd. i, p. 71, fig. 52 (non Montagu, sp.).

Olf Block
Stonington, Connecticut, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
Buzzard's Bay, G iathoms, mud; common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 5 to CO fathoms, muddy

Island, 29 fatiioms

and sandy.

;

Nova Scotia (Willis).

ray Bay (Dawson).

Gasped, Canada (Whiteaves).

Mur-

GuW of Saint Lawrence, 20 to 300 fathoms (White-INVERTEBRATE AXIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

687

Greenland (Morcb). Labrador, 15 to 50 fathoms, (Packard). Fos.
Brunswick, IMaine
sil in the Post-Pliocene at Montreal, rare, (Dawson)aves).

;(Packard).

Possibly some of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence specimens ma^' belongto the following species.

Cryptodon obesus Yerrill.

Plate XXIX, fig. 214.

(p. 509.)

American Journ. Science, vol. iii, pp. 211, 237, Plate 7, fig. 2, 1872.

•

Shell white, irregularly and rather coarsely concentrically striated,much swollen iu the middle;

the transverse diameter nearly equal to

the length; the height considerably exceeding the length.
are prolonged and turned strongly to the anterior side.

The beaks
The lunulararea is rather large and sunken, somewhat flat, in some cases separated
by a slight ridge into an inner and an outer i)ortion. Anterior borderwith a prominent rounded angle ventral margin prolonged and rounded in the middle posterior side with two strongly-developed flexures,
separated by deep grooves. Interior of shell with radiating grooves,;;most conspicuous toward the ventral edge.
Length of the largest specimen, 15™™; height, 18™™; thickness, 13™™.
The smaller specimens have about the same proportions.
Six single valves, some of them quite fresh, were obtained off' Roman's Land at different localities. They were all right valves, and thesmallest was 12.5™™ of an inch in height. The specimen from Labrador
agrees nearly in form and structure, and is only 5.75™™ in height and
5™™ in length.
This species appears to be more nearly related to C. flexuosus of Europe than to C. Gouldii. The European species is nearly intermediate
between the two American shells in form; but judging from the specimens that I have had opportunities to examine, the three forms ought
C. Gouldii is a thinner and more delicate shell,
to be kept distinct.
more rounded, relatively much longer, and is seldom more than 6™™ to
7™™ in breadth.
Block Island to Labrador. East of Block Island, in 29 fathoms, finesandy mud off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, mud; Casco Bay, 60 fathoms,
mud. Labrador (Packard). East of Saint George's Bank, 430 fath;oms (S. I. Smith).
Turtonia minuta Stimpson.
Sbells of New England, p. 16, 1851 {non Alder, Forbes and Hanley, etc.); Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 85, fig. 395.
412, 1780.

Venus minuta Fabricins, Fauna Gronlandica, p.

Turtonia nitida Verrill, Anier. Journ. of Sci. vol. iii, p. 286, Plate 7,

figs. 4, 4a, 1872.

Massachusetts Bay to Greenland.

Common under stones and in rocky

Bay and Casco Bay. Althoughfound south of Cape Cod, so far as I amaware, it Avill probably be found hereafter on the more exposed rocky
shores, as at Point Judith, Watch Hill, or on some of the outer islands.

pools at low-water, in Massachusetts
this species has not yet been

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

688

The American specimens of this shell differ so widely in form, andespecially in the structure of the hinge, from all the European speci-

mens with which I have compared them, as well as from the descriptions and figures, that I cannot regard them as identical.

Dr. Gould has

well defined the form and external characters of our shell.

I have seenno European specimens so elongated in form as the American examples
seen by me invariably are, but depend less on the external form than on

the structure of the hinge for distinguishing them.

(See the greatly en-larged figure in the Amer. Journal of Science).

Having had opportunities to study northern specimens of this shell,
name nitida, I have become fully satisfied that thesince I gave it theoriginal shell described
species, rather

by Fabricius is identical with the American
His description corresponds

than with the European.

The European species, if, as I believe,
distinct from ours, should, therefore, retain the name T. jnirjmrea (Montagu, sp. ); and minuta should be restored to the American form.

well with our best specimens.

Kellia planulata Stimpson.

Plate XXX, fig. 22G.

Shells of New England, p. 17, 1851

(p. 310.)

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 83, fig-, 393.
rubra Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 60, (non Montagu, sp.).

Kellia;«Long Island Sound to Greenland. Xear x^ew Haven, Connecticut, rare
Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 1 to 8 fathoms, not common Casco
Bay; Eastport, Maine, 8 to 15 fathoms; Bay of Fundy. ^Montauk andGreenport, Long Island, low-w^ater to 6 fathoms, mud and Gull Island,
low-water, under stones, (S. Smith). Boston Harbor, 5 fathoms, shelly,(Stimpson). Sable Island, Xova Scotia (Willis). Greenland (Morch).
;;

MONTACUTA ELEVATA StimpSOU.
Shells of New England, p. 16, 1851
taciita hidcniata Gould, Invert., ed.

(p. 418.);

Mon-

Gould, Invert., ed. ii. p. 86, fig.' 39G,i, j).

59, 1841 {non Montagu, sp., 1803).

Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay. Savin Rock, near New
Haven, rare; Naushon Island, Yine};ard Souiul, rare. Greenport, Long
Island (S. Smith). Xew Bedford (Gould). Chelsea Beach (Stimpson).

Lepton eabagella Conrad.
Marine Oonchology, p. 53, Plate 11, fig. 3,1831; Dekay, Nat. History of New
York, Mollusca, p. 243, Plate 32, fig. 307, A, B.

Ehode Island (Conrad).
I have not seen specimens of this shell.
known.

It seems to be rareaiul little

A closely-related species {L. mactroidcs Conrad, Fossils Medial Tert.,
p. 19,

Plate X, fig. 5, 1839) is found in the Miocene of Maryland.

SOLENOMYA VELUM Say.

Plate XXIX, lig. L>1().

([>. 3()().)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Pliilad., vol. ii,p. 317, lS±2{Sol('in!/a); Gould, Invert.,
ed. i, p. 35:

ed. ii, p. 48, fig. 371.

North Carolina to Xova Scotia. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey

;

Long

Island Sound, near New Haven, low-water to G fathoms, not unconnnon

689

ETC.

very common in Biizzarcl's Bay and Vineyard Sound, 1 to 5 fathoms,
especially in softmnd, in coves; Chelsea Beach, etc., Massachusetts Bay,
common Gasco Bay, rare. ^N'ova Scotia (Willis). Huntiugton andOreenport, Long Island, rare, (S. Smith).
;

SOLENOMYA BOREALIS Totten.
Amer. Joiir. Science, vol. xxvi, p. 366, fig. 1, h, i, 1834 {Solemya borealis);

Gould,

Invert., cd. i, p. 36 ; ed. 11, p. 50, tig. 372.

Connecticut toNovaScotia. Newport, Rhode Island (Totten). Chelsea
and Nahant, Massachusetts (Gould). Gasco Bay and Portland Harbor
Tare; Yineyard Sound, at Guttyhunk Island, rare. Stoningtou, Connecticut (Linsley).

This species may prove to be only the mature state of the preceding,but I have never seen specimens intermediate in character.

YOLDIA LiMATULA Stimpsou.

Plate XXX, fig. 232.

Shells of New England, p. 9, 1851

(p. 432).

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 548,
Plate 126, figs. 5, 5&, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 154, fig. 462. micida
Gould, Invert.,
limatnla Say, Amer. Conch., ii, Plate 12, middle figures, 1831
Lecla limatula Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 10, ]851.
p. 98, fig. 62.
;;

Xorth Carolina to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Long Island
Sound; Buzzard's Bay; Yineyard Sound; Gasco Bay, in 2 to 12 fathoms,
soft mud less common in the Bay of Fundy, 4 to 30 fathoms. Beaufort,
North Carolina (Stimpson, Cones). Huntington and Greenport, Long
Island (S. Smith). Xova Scotia (Willis). The specimens from Long
Island Sound are as large and fine as the northern ones.
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada, Yirginia, North and South
Carolina; and in the Pliocene of South Carolina. An allied species (Yloivis Say, sp., Conrad) occurs in the Miocene of Maryland and South;

Carolina.

Yoldia myalls ^i\m]-i^ovL] Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. IGO, jSg. 467; Xucula
myalls Couthouy, 1838. This is often confounded with Y. limatula^t\\o\\ghquite distinct.

It is a more arctic species, ranging from

Massachusetts

Bay to the Arctic Ocean and Spitzbergen, but it has not been foundsouth of Cape Cod, so far as known to me. The shells reported as such,that I have seen, are Y. limatula. Gould reports the latter as from Nordland (McAndrew), but we suspect that Y. myalls or Y. sapotilla may
have been, in this case, mistaken for Y. limatula.

YoLDiA SAPOTILLA StimpsoD, 1851.

XXX,

fig. 231.
Plate(p. 509.)
H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 548; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 159, fig. 466.
Nucula sajpoUlla Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 100, fig. 61, 1841 Hanley, Eecent
Shells, p. 170, Plate 20, fig. 3.
Leda (Yoldia) sapotilla Stimpson, Shells of New
England, p. 10, 1851. Yoldia arctica Morch, op. cit., p. 93, 1857 ^(t. Dawson,from specimen non Y. arctica Sars).
;;Long Island to the Arctic Ocean, comparatively rare and local, chiefly
in deep water, south of Cape Cod.
Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud
off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms, sand ; east of Block Island, 29 fathoms,

S. Mis. 61

44

690

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

sandy mud; common in Oasco Bay and Bay of Fundy, 4 to 100
Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith).
Massachusetts
Bay (Gould). Nova Scotia (Willis). Labrador (Packard). Greenlandfinefathoms, mud.
(Morch).

This species seems to be unknown among our Post-Pliocene shells.
Having examined several hundred specimens from manj^ different local-

am satisfied that it is perfectly distinct from Y. limawith which certain writers are inclined to unite it.

ities and depths, I

tula,

Toldia Gouldii.
Niiciila

Gouldii

DeKay, Nat. Hist.

New York, Molluscaj p.

180,

Plate

1.3,

fig.

221, 1843.

I

This was originall}^ described by Dekay as from Long Island Sound.
have seen no specimens corresponding wdth the description in all

respects.

It is, perhaps, a short variety of T. sapotilla.

YoLDiA OBESA Stimpson, 1851.

(p. 509.)

H. and A. Adams, Geuera, vol. 11, p. 548, 18.58 Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p, 155, fig.
463. Leda oiesa Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 13, 1851
Shells of New England, p. 10, Plate 2, fig. 1, 1851. Niicula navicularis Mighels,
Boston Journal Nat. PJistory, p. 323, 1843 (non Couthouy, Gould).
;;

Block Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. East of Block Island, 29
Casco Bay and oft' Cape Elizabeth, 30 to 95 fathoms
Bay of Fundy, 40 to 100 fathoms, rare near Saint George's Bank, 110
and 150 fathoms (Packard). Massachusetts Bay (Stimpson).
fathoms, rare;;

YoLDiA THRACIFORMIS Stimpson, 1851.

(p. 509.)
Smithsonian Check-List, p. 2, 1860; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 548,
1858 (thraciceformis) Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 157, fig. 465; Morch, op. cit., p.
Nuciila thracio'formis Storer, Boston Jour. Nat. History, vol. ii, p. 122,
21, 1857.
figure, 1838; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 97, fig. 66. Leda thracioiformis Stimpson,
Shells of New England, p. 9, 1851. Nucula navicularis Couthouy, Boston Journ.
Nat. History, vol. ii, p. 178, Plate 4, fig. 4, 1839, (young) Gould, Invert., ed. i,
Yoldia angularis Moller, op. cit., p. 92, 1842 (t. Morch).
p. 103.
',;

Long Island to Greenland. Off Fire Island, south of Long Island, in
10 fathoms; and off:' Eace Point, Cape Cod, in 30 fathoms, (Stimpson).
Not uncommon, and of large size, in Casco Bay, 15 to 95 fathoms; andBay of Eundy, 10 to 100 fathoms; near Saint George's Bank, 85 fath-oms (Packard).

Leda tenuisulcata Stimpson.
Shells of New England, p. 10, 1851

(p. 509.);

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 161, fig. 468.

Xuculatenuisulcata Couthouy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 64, Phite 3, fig. 8, 1838.

Nucula minuta Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 101, 1841 (non Fabricius, sp).

Ehode Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Massachusetts
Nova Scotia
to 80 fathoms.
Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy,
Newport, Ehode Island (t. S. Snnth). Southern part of the(Willis).
Gulf of Saint Lawrence ( Whiteaves). Particularly abundant in Eastport
and vicinity, 10 to 150

Ilarbor, 10 to 30 fathoms ; Saint George's Bank

ETC.

and
Canada (Dawson, as L. pernula, var).

fathoms (Smith, Packard).

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene at Saco

Portland, Maine (Packard);?

NucuLA PROXIMA Say.

691

Plate XXX, fig. 230.

(p. 418.)

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. ii, p. 270, 18.22; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p.
103, tig. 63;

ed. ii, p. 150, fig. 458.

South Carolina to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Long Island
Sound, Buzzard's Bay, and Vineyard Sound, 2 to 19 fathoms; oft' Buzzard's Bay and Block Island, 25 to 29 fathoms; common in Massachu.
very abunsetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 4 to 80 fathoms
dant in Trenton Bay, Mount Desert, Maine, 10 fathoms, soft mud.
i^ova Scotia (Willis). Saint George's Bank (S. L Smith). Fort Macon,
North Carolina (Cones). Long Island, abundant, (S. Smith). Fossilin the Post Pliocene of Xortli and South Carolina; in the Pliocene ofSouth Carolina; and in the Miocene, of Maryland and South Carolina.
;

IsTucuLA DELPHINODONTA Mighels.

Plate XXX, fig. 229.

Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 40, Plate 4, fig. 5, 1842
p. 153, tig. 461.

ii,

p. 90, 1842.

?

corticata

JSfucula;(p. 509.)

Gould, Invert., ed.

Moller, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, vol. ivj

Nucida radiata Dekay, Nat. Hist. New York, Moll.,

p. 179,Plate

12, tig. 216, 1843.

Khode Island to Greenland. East of Block Island, 29 fathoms;

off

Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; Massachusetts Bay, common; Casco
Bay, 6 to 95 fathoms, common; Frenchman's Bay, Mount Desert, common; Bay of Fundy and Eastport Harbor, 10 to 100 fathoms, mud,common Xova Scotia (Willis) Gulf of St. Lawrence (Whiteaves);;

Xorthern Europe (t. Jeflreys),

Greenland (Moller, Morch).

Wucula tenuis Turton (Montagu, sp.)
Gould, Invert., ed. i., p. 105, fig. 64; ed. ii, p. 149, fig. 457.

This species was recorded as from cod-stomachs, at Stonington, ConIts occurrence south of Cape Cod
necticut, bat was not met with by us.
needs confirmation. It is an arctic species; common in Casco Bay and the
Bay of Fundy, in 10 to 100 fathoms, mud and northward to the Arctic
Ocean. Also on the northern coasts of Europe, south to Great Britain.
It is also found in the Post-Pliocene of Xew England and Canada.
;

Plate XXX, fig. 228.

SCAPHARCA TRANSVERSA.

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 538, 1858.
Nat.

Sci., Philad., vol.

ii,

p. 269,(p. 309.)

Area transversa Say, Jour. Acad

1822; Gould, Invert., ed.

i,p.

96; ed.

ii,

.

p.

148, fig. 456a.

Florida to Cape Cod.

Long Island Sound, near Xew Haven, low-waterto 8 fathoms; Buzzard's Bay

and Vineyard Sound, 2 to 10 fathoms;
Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, 1 fathom. Xantucket (Gould). Long
Island, abundant; Greenport, 3 to 10 fathoms (S. Smith). Fort Macon,I^orth Carolina (Cones). South Carolina (Kurtz). Georgia (Couper).

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

692

Fossil iu the Post-Pliocene of Ncin tucket, Gardiner's Island, Virginia,

and South Carolina and in the Miocene of Virginia and North
According to Gould, found fossil at Provincetown, Massachusetts, in an artesian boring, 120 to 200 feet beneath the surface,Is orth;Carolina.

(Post-Pliocene 1)

AnaiNA PEXATA Gray.
Pi'oc. Zool.

Plate XXX, fig. 227.

(p. 309.)

Soc, London, 1847 H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 540, Plate
Area pexata Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. ii;

125, figs. 7, 7a, 1858.
p. 268, 1822;

Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 95, tig. 60; ed. ii, p. 147, fig. 456.

Florida and northern shores of Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod rare
and local farther north, in Massachusetts Bay. Very common in Long
Buzzard's Bay; Vineyard
Island Sound, low-water to 10 fathoms
Sound Great Egg Harbor, Kew Jersey. On beach at Provincetown,
Massachusetts (S. 1. Smith). Staten Island and Long Island, abundant (S. Smitb). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Yarrow). Georgia(Couper). West Florida (Jewett). Texas (Roemer).
;

j

',

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Gardiner's Island (?) (S. Smith);in theMiocene of South Carolina.

Arca ponderosa Say.
Jouru. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 267, 1822; Biuney's Say, p. 92.

This species occurs on the beach at Edgartown, Martha's Vineyard,
associated with the other common sand-dwelling shells of that region.

The valves are apparently tolerably fresh, though worn, and no fossil
It occurs in the same way onshells have been found in that vicinity.
the southern side of Long Island, near Fire Island (S. I. Smith and S.
Smith). But I am not aware that it has been found living north ofCape Hatteras; nevertheless, it may occur locally in shallow water off
The specimens found may possibly have been washed out fromshore.
submerged Post-Pliocene deposits.
It is found living at Fort Macon, North Carolina, and southward to
the Gulf of Mexico.

HETEROMYAEIA.

Mytilus edulis Linn6.

Plate XXXI, fig. 234.

(pp. 307, 432.)

Systema Naturae, ed. xii, p. 1157, 1767; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 121, fig. 82; ed.
Mytilus horeaUs Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii,
ii, p. 183, figs. 483, 484.
Dekay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., Moll., p. 182, Plate 13, fig. 222, Plate
vol. vii, p. 46;

Mytilus pelliicidiisFenn?kX\t, Brit. Zool., vol. iv, p. 237, Plate 66, fig.
variety i>e/Z«c'i<?Jt8 Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 184, fig. 484. Mytilus
3, (t. Gould)
24, fig. 256.

=

notatus Dekay, op. cit., p. 182, Plate 13, fig. 223, 1843.

Circumpolar:

Arctic Ocean south to North Carolina, on the American

coast; south to Great Britain, France, and the Mediterranean andBlack Seas, on the European coast j south to Monterey and San Francisco,on the North Pacific coast; south to China and Japan, on the
Very abundant in Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, Long

Asiatic coast.

INVEETEBRATE ANIMALS OF YINEYAED SOUXD, ETC.

693

Island Sound, Buzzard's Bay, Yineyard Sound, Massachusetts Bay,
Casco Bay, Bay of Fuudy (littoral to 50 fathoms), and, northward. Fort

Macon, North Carolina (Cones).

Lake

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Greenland, Labrador, Canada,

Maine, Xew Brunswick, Point Shirley, Massachusetts,
and Saint John's River, Florida in the Post-Pliocene of Scandinavia,
Eussia, and Great Britain; in the Bed Crag and all later formations in
England.

Cham plain,;

Plate XXXI, fig. 237.

MODIOLA MODIOLUS Turtou.

(p. 309.^

British Bivalves, p. 199, Plate 15, Hg. 3, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 123;

ed.

Dekay, op. cit., p. 185, Plate 24, fig. 257. Mytilus modiolus
Liaue, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1158. {f)Modiola pajmana Lamarck, Anim.saus
Vert., ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 17
Say, Amer. Conch., Plate 45.
ii,

p. 186, fig. 435;;

Circumpolar Greenland southward to Xew Jersey on the Euro])ean
coast from Spitzbergen southward to Great Britain and France in the
North Pacific southward to Monterey, California, on the American
coast; and southward to Northern Japan on the Asiatic coast. LongIsland Sound, not very common Yineyard Sound and Bozzard's Bay,not abundant common in Massachusetts Bay abundant in Casco Bay
and Bay of Fundy, low- water to 80 fathoms. Staten Island and Long
Island (S. Smith). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Point Shirley, Massachusetts, Montreal, Canada, Scotland, Ireland, Sicily, etc. ; in the Coraline Crag, Bed Crag, and later formations in England.
:

-,

;

:

5

j

MODIOLA PLICATULA Lamarck.

Plate XXXI, fig. 238.

(p. 307.)

Anim. sans Vert., ed. i, 1819 ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 22 Gould, ed. i, p. 125, fig. 81 ed. ii,
Dekay, op. cit., p. 184, Plate 14, fig. 258 Hauley, Recent Shells,
p. 188, fig. 486
;

;

;

;

;

Mytilus plicatus Deshayes, Encyclop. Meth., Plate 220, fig. 5

p. 240.

Shells of New England, p. 12.

Stimpson,
Modiola semicosta Conrad, Jonr. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Philad., vol. vii, p. 244, Plate 20,

fig.

7, (t.

Catal. Recent Shells, vol. i, p. 314 (t. Gould).

A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 517

Georgia, to Casco Bay, Maine;;

Gould).

;

Mi/tilus demissus Billy n,

Brachydontes plicatidus H. andPerkins, op. cit., p. 156.

more rare and local farther north;in the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and on the coast cf

Xova Scotia

nor observed on the coast of Maine east of the Kennebeck
Yery abuudant at Egg Harbor, Xew
Jersey, Long Island Sound, Buzzard's Bay, and Yineyard Sound lessabundant in Massachusetts Bay, near Salem, Massachusetts, etc.; local in
sheltered muddy coves about Casco Bay and Quahog Bay, Maine. Mouthof the Kennebeck Eiver (C. B. Fuller). Prince Edward's Island (Dawson).
Xova Scotia (Willis). Fort Macon, Xorth Carolina (Coues).
Georgia (Coux^er).
;

Eiver, nor in the Bay of Fundy.

j]\roDiOLA HA3IATUS Yerrill.

(pp. 374, 475.)

American Journ. Science, vol. iii, p. 211, Plate 7, fig. 3, 1872.
Say, Jouru. Acad. Nat.

Sci,, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 265, 1822;

Mytilus hamatus

American Con-

chology, Plate 50; Binney's Say, pp. 91, 204, Plate 50. Aulacomya hamatus
Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 513. Brachydontes hamatus Perkins, op. cit., p. 156, 1869.

Long Island Sound to Florida, and the shores of the Gulf of Mexico

B94

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

New Haven, common on oysters, living, but perliapsintrodnced from Virginia. New York Harbor, on oysters, (S. Smith). Fort
Macon, North Carolina (.Yarrow). Georgia (Oouper). Tampa Bay, Florida (Conrad, Jewett). Texas (Roemer). Near Vera Cruz (coll. T. Salt, in
Yale museum).
to YeraCriiz.

MoDiOLARiA NIGRA Loveu. Plate XXXI, fig. 236.

(p. 433.)

OlVers. af Kongl. Vet.-Akad., Forhandl., vol. iii, p. 187, 1846

Morch, NatiirLisfc.
H. aud A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 515, 1858
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 190, figs. 487, 488. Modiola nigra Gray, Appendix toParry's Voyage, p. 244, 1824 Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 242. Mijtilus discrepans
Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 12, 1851 (not of European authors).
Modiola nexa Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 128, fig. 86 (young).
Bidrag, Gronland, p. 93, 1857

;

;

;

;

Circumpolar: Greenland, southward to Long Island
Spitzbergen,southward to Great Britain and Holland; Behriug's Straits, southward
to Okhotsk. Not uncommon and of good size in Yineyard Sound, 10
to. 15 fathoms, oft' Gay Head, etc.
common in Casco Bay and Bay of
Fundy, of large size, low-water to 60 fathoms Stonington, Connecticut,in stomach of cod, (Linsley).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Maine, Canada, Labrador, and Northern
Europe.
;;;MODIOLARIA DISCORS Beck.
Lov6n, Ofvers. afKongl.Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., val. iii, p. 187, 1846; Gould, Invert.,
Mytilus discorsluinnS, Syst. Nat., ed. xii,p. 1159;

ed. ii, p. 83, figs. 489, 490.

Stimpson, Shells of

New England, p. 12, (r?ow Gould, ed.i). Mijtilus discrepans

il/odio^a tZiscrepans Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed.
Modiola laevigata Gray,
Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 129, fig. 83.
Appendix to Parry's Second Voyage, p. 245. Mytilus levigatus Stimpson, Shells

Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 169.

ii,

vol. vii,p. 23;

of New England, p. 12.

Modiolaria Icevigata Lov6n, op. cit., p. 187, 1846

son, Check-List, p. 2, 1860;;

Stimp-

this Report, p. 509.

Circumpolar: Greenland, southward to Long Island; Finraark,
southward to Great Britain; Behring's Straits, southward to Puget
Sound. Very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to
100 fathoms; not uncommon in Massachusetts Bay; rare and local
south of Cape Cod. Saint George's Bank and vicinity, common, (S. I.
Smith, Packard). Gardiner's Bay, Long Island, rare, (S. Smith). Northof Hebrides, in 530 fathoms, (t. Jeffreys).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada, Greenland, and ]S"orthern
Europe. I am unable to separate M, Icevigata^ as a species, from theordinary New England form, usually referred to M. discors^ the differences being due chiefly to age. The common European form of discorsshows more differences, but is probably only a dwarf variety of thesame species.

Modiolaria corrugata Morch.

Plate XXXI, fig. 235.

(p. 509.)

Stimpson, Check-List, Smithsonian Inst., p. 2, 1860; Gould,
Mytilus corrugatus Stimpson, Shells of New
Invert., ed. ii,p. 193, lig. 491.
Mytilus discors Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 130, fig. 84 (nonEn«2;land, p. 12, 1851.

Op. cit., p. 94, 1857;

Linnd, sp.).

Long Island to Greenland and Northern Europe.

Off Martha's Vine-INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

695

yard and Buzzard's Bay, 20 to 25 fathoms, rare; Gasco Bay, 15 to 95
fathoms, Dot common Bay of Fandy, 10 to 100 fathoms, frequent.
Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith, A. S. Packard). Gardiner's Bay, 5;

fathoms, one specimen, (S. Smith). Off New London, Connecticut (T.
M. Prudden). Gulf of Saiut Lawrence (Whiteaves). Murray Bay(Dawson). Nova Scotia (Willis). Labrador (Packard). Arctic*Ocean,fathoms, (Stimpson, N.

near Behriug's Straits, 30t.

P.

Expl. Exp.,

Gould).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada (Dawson).

Plate XXXI, fig. 233.

Crenella aLANDULA Adams.

(p. 418.)

H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 515, 1858; Gonld, Invert,, ed. ii, p. 194, fig.
492.
Modiola (/Jandida Totten, American Journal Science, ser. i, vol. xxvi,
Mytilusp. 367, figs. 3, e, f, g, 1834; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 131, fig. 87 (j^ars).
decnssaius Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 11, 1851, (non Montagu, sp.)
Dekay, op. cit., p. 186, Plate 22, fig. 248.
;

Connecticut to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Buzzard's Bay and YiueyardSound, 5 to 15 fathoms, not uncommon off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft
mud; off Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy mud; common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 3 to 60 fathoms. Halifax(Willis).
Gulf of Saint Lawrence, at Gaspe (Whiteaves). Gardiner's
Bay, Long Island (S. Smith). Stonington (Linsley). Off New London,
Connecticut (T. M. Prndden). Sandy Hook, Xew Jersey (Ferguson).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene at Montreal, Canada (Dawson). A;

related species, C. cequilaterata Conrad (H. C. Lea, sp.) occurs in the

Miocene of Virginia.
This species was undoubtedly confounded with G. decussata (Montagu,sp.) b}^ both Gould and Stimpson.
The genuine decussata is quite common in Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and isusually associated in those waters with C. glandula.

It is a northern,

and common European species, and is also recorded from the North
Pacific coast of America by Dr. P. P. Carpenter. It also occurs inGreenland (Morch).

MONOMYARIA.

Pecten mn&DiANS Lamarck.
Anira. sans Vert., ed. i, 1819 ;fig. 496.

Plate XXXII, fig. 238.
ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 143;

Pecten conceniricus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat.

'259,1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 134, fig. 88;(p. 374.)

Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 199,
Sci.,

Philad., vol.

ii, p.

Dekay, op. cit., p. 172, f>late 9,

fig. 205.

Florida and the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Codrare and local farther north in Massachusetts Bay ;;and Kova Scotia(Willis).
Yery common in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard's Bay, shores ofLong Island and Connecticut, Kew Jersey, and southward. Tampa

Bay, Florida (Conrad, E. Jewett).

Texas (Eoemer).

Carolina and Tampa Bay,
Florida; in the Pliocene of South Carolina; and in the Miocene of
Fossilin the Post-Plioceneof North696

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Maryland. Dag up from beneath the mud in the harbor of Portland,
Maine, in a semi fossil state by the mud-dredging machines (Fuller).

Pecten Islandicus Chemnitz.
Conch., vii, p. 304, Plate 65, figs. 615, 616, 1784, (t. Gould) ; Lamarck, op. cit., ed.
ii, vol. vii, p. 145
Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 133, fig. 87 ed. ii, p. 198, fig. 495.
;;

Ostrea Islandica Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prod., No. 2990, 1776; Fabricius,

Fauna,

Pecten Pealii Conrad, Amer. Mar. Conch., p. 12, Plate 2,Groul.,p. 415, 1780.
fig. 2, 1831.

Arctic Ocean south to Cape Cod, local and rare farther south on thenorthern European coasts, south to Bergen, Norway, and Great Britain.
Not uncommon and of good size in Casco Bay, 20 to 70 fathoms com;;

mon in the Bay of Fandy, low-water to 100 fathoms. Saint George's
Bauk, 40 to 65 fathoms, (S. I. Smith). More common farther north.
Stonington, Connecticut, in an eel-pot, (Linsley). I am not aware thatany one except Linsley has recorded it from the southern coast of New
England.
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Maine (abundant), New Brunswick,
Canada, Labrador, Greenland, Scandinavia, Denmark, Scotland, etc
Naples (Jeffreys). Mr. Sanderson Smith reports fragments from Gard.
iuer's Lsland.

PECTEisr TENUioosTATUS Mighels.

(p. 509.)

Mighels and Adams, Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 49, 1841 Boston
Journal of Natural History, vol. iv, p. 41, Plate 4, fig. 7, 1842 (young); Gould,
Invert., ed. ii, p. 196, fig. 494. Pecten Magellanicus Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed.
ii, vol. vii, p. 134 (? non Gmelin, sp.)
Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 274 Gould, In;;vert., ed. i, p. 132.

;

Pecten fuscus Linsley, Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. i, vol. xlviii, p.

278, 1845; Gould, ser. ii,vol. vi, p. 235, fig. 6,1848 (young).

Pecten hrunneus

Stimpson, Shells of New England, in errata^ 1851.

New Jersey to Labrador. Eare and local south of Cape Cod. Not
uncommon in Massachusetts Bay and Casco Bay, 4 to 80 fathoms;abundant in Frenchman's Bay, Mount Desert, Maine, in 3 to 10 fathoms;
common in Passamaquoddy Bay and Bay of Fandy, 1 to 109 ftithoms.
Saint George's Bank, 45 fathoms, (S. I. Smith). Nova Scotia (Willis).
Labrador, 2 to 15 fathoms, (Packard). Olf Block Island (Gould). Stonington, Connecticut, in cod stomachs, (Linsley, as P. fuscus). Coney
Island and Sandy Hook, New York (S. Smith).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene near Saint John, New Brunswick, andclosely related species occurs in the
Gardiner's Island, New York.

A

Miocene of Virginia.

Anomia GLABRA Yerrill.

Plate XXXII, figs. 241, 242, 242\

American Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 213, 1872.

(p. 311.)

Anomia ephl2)i)imn (pars) Liun6,

Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1150; Gould, Invert, ed. i, p. 138; ed.

ii,

p. 204, lig. 497.

Anomia electrica Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 140; ed. ii, p. 205, fig. 49i), adult, {nonLinnd.) Anomia squamuJa Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 140; ed. ii, p. 200, young,{non Linn6.)

Florida to Cape Codrare and local farther north, in Massachusetts
Bay, Casco Bay, and on the southern coast of Nova Scotia, off Cape;INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD

S V ND,

G97

ETC.

Sable, 8 fathoms. Not observed on the eastern part of the coast ofMaine, nor in the Bay of Fundy. Very common in Loug Ishiud Sound,
Buzzard's Bay, Yineyard Souud along both shores of Long Island;
Xew Jersey, and southward low-water to 12 fathoms. Southern partof Saiut George's Bank, 20 fathoms, (S. I. Smith).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina; and in the
Pliocene of South Oaroliua.
Linne gave •' Pennsylvania" as one of the localities for his A. epMppium^ and, therefore, probably confounded our shell with the European
species, as most subsequent writers have done. Gould has well described
our species in its different states, under the names quoted above, figures 499 of the second edition (our figures 241, 242), represent the ordinary adult form, which is every where abundant on the southern shores
of New England. The specimens from Eastport, Maine, referred to A.
ephippium by Gould, were undoubtedly the smooth or squamose variety;;of the following species.

AN03riA ACULEATA Gmeliu.

Plate XXXII,

figs.

239, 240, 240^

(p.

495.)
Syst. Nat., p. 3346, 1790;

Gould, Invert.,

eel. i,p. 139, fig. 90 ; ed. ii, p. 204, fig.

498.

Long Island to Labrador, and northern coasts of Europe.

Off Ston-

ington, Connecticut, 4 to 5 fathoms rocky; off Gay Head, 10 fathoms,

very common in Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and northward, lowwater to 80 fathoms. Greenport andMontauk, Long Island (S. Smith).
Varieties of this species occur frequently in the Bay of Fundy andCasco Bay, in which the aculeate scales are more or less abortive, oreven entirely absent, leaving the surface either nearly smooth or irregularly squamose, but such varieties are easily distinguished from theyoung of the preceding species.
This may possibly be a variety of the true epliipplum of Europe, as
supposed by man^' writers, but 1 believe it to be perfectly distinct from
A. glabra.
scarce;OsTREA ViRGiNiANA Lister,(pp. 310, 472.)

Favanne, Conch., Plate 41, fig C 2, 1780 (t. Gould) Gould, luvert., ed. i, p. 136
ed. ii, p. 202; Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 213, 1872.
Ostrea Virginica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. .3336, 1790 Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed, ii, vol. vii,
Ostrea horealis Lamarck, op. cit., p. 220 Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 137
p. 225.
ed. ii, p. 203; Dekay, op. cit., p. 169, Plate 10, figs. 203, 204.
Ostrea Canadensis
Bruguiere, Encycl. Meth., Plate 180, figs. 1-3 Lamarck, op. cit., p. 226 Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 299.
;

;

;

;

;

;

Florida and the northen shores of the Gulf of Mexico to MassachuBay; local farther north, off Damariscotta, Maine, aud iu thesetts

Lawrence, at Priuce Edward
Bay of Chaleur. Not foundalong the eastern shores of Maiue, nor in the Bay of Fundy. Abundantsouthernpart of the Gulf of SaintIsland, in

Xorthumberland

Straits, andEEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

698

in the ancient Indian shell-heaps on the coast of Massachusetts, on theislands in Casco Bay, and at Damariscotta.
state, have been

The shells, in a semi-fossil
dag up from deep beneath the mud in tlie harbor ofPortland, Maine, in large quantities, but native oysters appear to be
entirely extinct in Oasco Bay. Very abundant in Long Island Sound;in the upper part of Buzzard's Bay;

rare and local in Vineyard Sound;very abundant on the shores of Maryland and Virginia. Mouth ofSaint John's Eiver, and in Tampa Bay, Florida (Oonrad). Texas(Roemer).
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene at Point Shirley, Massachusetts, Nantucket Island (abundant), Gardiner's Island in the Pliocene of South
Carolina and in the Miocene of Virginia and South Carolina.
;;

The occurrence of large quantities of oyster-shells beneath the harbor mud at Portland, associated with Venus mercenaria, Pecten irradians,
Turbonilla interrn/pta, and other southern species, now extinct in that
locality, and the occurrence of the first two species in the ancient Indian shell-heaps, on some of the islands in Casco Bay, though not now
found living among the islands, indicates that the temperature of thosewaters was higher at a former period than at present. These facts also
point to the most satisfactory explanation of the existence of numerous
southern shells, associated with the oyster and Venus mercenaria in thesouthern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, though not now found in
the intermediate waters, along the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of
Fundy.
All the various forms of this species, upon which the several nominal

been based by Lamarck and others, often
occur together in the same beds in Long Island Sound, and may easily
species, united above, havebe connected together by all sorts of intermediate forms. Even thesame specimen will often have the form of horealis in one stage of its
growth, and then will suddenly change to the Virglniana style, and,perhaps, later still, will return to the form of borealis. Or these different forms may be assumed in reverse order. Great variations in thenumber and size of the costse and undulations of the lower valve occur,
both in different specimens from the same locality, and even in thesame specimen, at different stages of growth. All these variations
occur in precisely the same way in the shells taken from the ancient Indian shell-heaps along our entire coast, from Florida to Maine.

TUN OATA.
SACCOBRANCHIA.

Cigna tenella. Verrill.

(p. 419.)

American Journal Science, ser. iii, vol. i, p. 99, figs.

12, 13, 1871.

Ascidia tvnella

Inv. of Grand JSIanan, p.
Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 228, 1853'/^O, 1853; Binney, in
Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 24,1870. fAscidia oceUata Ag.,
Proc. Anier. Assoc, for Adv. Sci., ii, p. 159, 1850 (description insutticient) Bin;;ney, in Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 24, Plate 24, fi«;. 332, 1870.

Cape Cod to Gulf of Saint Lawrence; rare and local south of CapeINVERTEBEATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

699

Common iu Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 100^ew Bedford, Massachusetts (L. Agassiz).

Cod.

fathoms,

MoLGULA Manhattensis Yerrill.

Plate XXXIII, fig. 250.

(pp. 311,

445.)

Am er. Jour. Science, vol.

i,p. 54, Jan., 1871;

Te^lkampf, Annals Lye. Nat. Hist.,

New York, vol. x, p. 83, 1872. Ascldia Manhattensis Dekay, Report on the Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 259, 1843 Binney, in Gould's luverte;

Massachusetts, ed. ii, p. 25, 1870 (coi^ied from Dekay).
amplwra Ag., MSS. Binney, op. c ., p. 25, Plate 24, fig. 333.

brata ofAscidia';

Xorth Carolina to Casco Bay, Maine. Yery common in Great Egg
Harbor, Xew Jersey, Long Island Sonnd, Buzzard's Bay, VineyardSound, and Massachusetts Baj^ Less common in Casco Bay. GreatSouth Bay, Long Island, abundant, (S. I. Smith).

MoLauLA PELLUCID A Yerrill.

(p. 426.)

Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii. p. 289, Plate 8, fig. 2, 1872.

Body subglobular with a smooth, thin, pellucid test.

Tubes termi-

nal, contiguous, much swollen at base, long, divergent, tai^ering, reticu-

lated within by longitudinal and circular white lines (muscular fibers).

Branchial aperture with six papillae.
Intestine conspicuously visible
through the test stomach covered by deep orange-colored hepatic
glands. Ovaries large, whitish. Color of test, pale hyaline bluishtubes toward the ends, dull neutral tint.
Diameter of the largest specimens about 25™™.
Korth Carolina to Massachusetts Bay. Massachusetts Bay (L. Agassiz).
Long Island (Coll. Peabody Academy of Science). Bird Shoal
near Beaufort, North Carolina (Dr. H. C. Yarrow).
Mr. Binney has published (Plate 22, figs. 315, 316) characteristic colored figures of this species under the name of M. jjroducta (Stimpson),which is a very different, sand-covered species.
]

MOLGULA PRODUCTA Stimpson.

(p. 502.)

Proc. Boston Society Natural Hisci)ry, vol. iv, p. 229, 1852

Plate

8,

fig.

6,

;

Yerrill, op. cit., p. 289,

1872; Binney, in Gould, p. 21 (not the figures, which are

M. pellucida).

Off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms, sand3^

Massachusetts Bay, low- waterto 6 fathoms, (Stimpson).

MoLGULA ARENATA Stimpson.

Plate XXXIII, fig. 251.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 230, 1852ii,;

(p. 419.)Binney, in Gould, luvert., ed.

p. 21 ; Verrill, Araer. Jour. Sci., vol. iii, Plate 8, fig. 5, 1872.

Long Island Sound, near I^ew Haven, 3 fathoms, sand VineyardSound and Buzzard's Bay, 5 to 15 fathoms, sand and gravel. Nan;tucket (Stimpson).

MoLGULA PAPILLOSA Yerrill.

(p. 495.)

Amer. Jour. Science, vol. i, p. 57, fig. 4, h, 1871
4,;

op. cit., vol. iii, p. 211, Plate 8, fig.

1872.

Body free, nearly globular, or transversely suboval, usually slightly

700

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

compressed laterally. Integument rather thin, translucent, the surtace,
both of the tubes and body, entirely covered by particles of sand,broken shells, foraminifera, etc., which adhere firmly. When cleaned
the whole surface is thickly covered with prominent granule-like papillae
and numerous slender fibrous processes; the granules are most conspicuous on the tubes, where they usually have a rusty color. The
tubes are long, subequal, and their bases are separated by a space usually
greater than their diameters they are quite divergent, both of themcurving outward, the anal tube most abruptly. The branchial tube is
cylindrical, somewhat longer than the anal, equal to or exceeding thediameter of the body, the orifice surrounded by six rather long andslender, conical, divergent papillae. The anal tube often bends suddenly
outward, tapers slightly, and has a small square aperture, surrounded
by a circle of dull reddish brown. In contraction the tubes are not retracted, but are usually shortened to about one-half their length. In
life the body, when cleaned, is pale grayish, with an almost transparent
integument, through which the convolutions of the dark intestine are;conspicuous.

The largest specimens are about 10™"^ in diameter.
Oif Martha's

Vineyard, 10 fathoms, stony; Casco Bay and Bay of

Fundy, 10 to 20 fathoms.

EuaYRA PiLULARis Yerrill.

Plate XXXIII, fig. 219.

Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 211, Plate 8, tig. 3, 1872.

(p. 509.)

Molgula pilidaris Verrill,

op. cit., vol. i, p. 56, fig. 4, c, 1871.

Body unattached, globular, covered with a thin layer of mud, and,
when the tubes are retracted, looking like a small soft ball. Integument of the body, when cleaned, very thin, soft, nearly transparent,
thickly covered with minutegranules, and minutely fibrous, usuallyconcealed by the adhering particles of mud and fine sand, but this canbe easily removed. The tubes are naked, smooth, nearly transparent,
subcouical, slender, as long as the diameter of the body, originatingclose together, and but slightly divergent, both of them nearly straight;
they can be wholly retracted, and their bases are surrounded and connected by a narrow, naked, oval or oblong band, which is usually conspicuous when the tubes are withdrawn: in partial contraction, theThetubes are conical, subpellucid, reticulated with white lines.
branchial tube is a little shorter than the anal, the aperture surroundedby six acute, conical papillae, and twelve small, dark, brownish spots.
Anal tube a little smaller, slightly longer, a little tapering, with a small

square aperture, surrounded by four small lobes and four small, reddish

brown eye -spots.
In life the body, when cleaned, is transparent grayish, the dark intubes greenish at base.
Diameter usually about 5""", seldom more than C'"'" or 8'"'".
Oft' Gay Ilead, Martha's Vineyard, 19 fathoms, soft mud; Casco Bay,

testine showing through very distinctly;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

701

Bay of Fandy, off Grand Menan, Eastport Harbor,and South Bay, 6 to 20 fathoms, soft mad. Gulf of Saint Lawrence

10 to 20 fathoms;(Whiteaves).

Glandula AiiENicoLA YerriU.

(p. 502.)

Araer. Jonr. Science, ser. iii, vol. iii, pp. 211, 283, 1S72.

Body subglobuhir, rather higher than broad, the whole surface covered with grains of sand, forming a continuous layer. When tlie sandis removed the surface of the test is reticulately wrinkled and pitted,

not furnished withfibers, except at base, where there are a few long,

slender, thread-like white ones.

Tubes terminal, near together, in thealcoholic specimens short, forming low verructe, swollen at base, theApertures square, with four small
ends a little prominent and naked.
The test is tough and opaque. Height, about 12'^^'" breadth,lobes.

;

10^'^ ; often larger.

Murray Bay, Gulf of Saint Lawrence (Dr. J. W. Dawson). SaintGeorge's Bank, 28 fathoms, sand, abundant, (S. L Smith). Oft* Cuttyhunk Island and Buzzard's Bay (T. H. Pruddeu).

Glandula.

Species undetermined,(p. 502.)

Vineyard Sound and off Martha's Vineyard, 10 to 20 fathoms, sand.

Cynthia partita Stimpson.

Plate XXXHI, fig. 246.

(p. 311.)

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. History, vol. iv, p. 231, 1852; Binney, op. cit., p. IS;

Verrill,Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 213, 1872.
(?) Cynthia rugosa Agassiz, Proc.
Amer. Assoc, vol. ii,p. 159, 1850 (description inadequate) Binney, op. cit., p.
20 (copied from tlie preceding). Cynthia sfeZZZ/era Verrill (var.), Amer. Jour.
;

Science, vol. i, p. 93, figs. 5, 6, a, b, 1871.

Xorth Carolina to Massachusetts Bay. Common in Long Island
Sound, Vineyard Sound, and Buzzard's Bay, low-water to 15 fathoms.
Boston Harbor, 4 fathoms (Stimpson). Off INew London, Connecticut(T. M. Pruddeu).
Plate XXXI [I, figs. 247, 248.

Cynthia carnea Verrill.

(p. 495.)

American Jour. Science, ser. iii, vol. i, p. 94, figs. 7,8,9,1871. Ascidia carnea
Agassiz, Proc. American Assoc, for Adv. Sci., ii, p. 159, 1850 (description insuffiBinney, in Gould's Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 25^ Plate 24, figs. 334,(f) Cynthia gutta Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., voliv, p. 231, 1852 (young)
Cynthia placenta (pars)
Binney, op. cit., p. 19, 1870.

cient);

335, 1870 (young),;

Packard, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 277, 1867 Binney, op. cit., p. 19,
Plate 23, figs. 322, 1870 Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xlix, p. 424, 1870.
;;

Martha's Vineyard to Labrador. Off Gay Head, 10 fathoms, stony
Eastport Harbor and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 109
fathoms; Casco Bay, less common, 10 to 40 fathoms. Massachusetts;common in

Bay (Stimpson).

Labrador (Packard).
This species is closely allied to C. rust tea (Linne,
and may eventually prove to be identical.

sp.)from Iceland,

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONEE OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

702

Cynthia echinata Stimpson.

(p. 495.)

Invert, of Grand Menan, p. 20, 1854; Bioney, op. cit, p. 18, Plate 23,
Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol.

fig.

326;

1871; vol. iii, p. 213, 1872. Cynthia
Tiirsuta (young) Agassiz, op. cit., 1850; Binney, in Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 20,
Plate 24, fig. 336.
Ascidia echinata Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1087, 1767.
i,p. 96,

Ascidia echinata Fabr., Fauna Grcenl., p. 331, 1780
vol. iv, p. 10, Plate 130, fig. i, 1806;;

Rathke, Zoologica Danica,

Moller, Index Mollusc. GroeuL, in Kroyer'sNat. Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 95.

Martha's Yineyard to Greenland, Iceland, and northern coasts ofEurope. Off Martha's Vineyard, 10 fathoms, stony, rarej common in
Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 109 fathoms, attached toSaint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).
stones, shells, and other ascidians.

Banks of IsTewfoundland (T. M. Ooffii).
BoLTENiA.

Labrador (Packard).

Species undetermined.

Boltenia reniformis Dekay, Nat. Hist. New York, Mollusca, p. 260, Plate 34, fig. 324{non Macleay).

New York Harbor (t. Dekay.)
The description and figure of the single poor specimen seen by Dekay
I have not met with the genus
south of Cape Cod, and the locality given may possibly be incorrect.

are insufficient for its determination.

Perophora yieidis Yerrill.

(p. 388.)

American Jour. Science, ser. iii, vol. ii, p. 359, 1871.

Colonies composed of numerous nearly sessile individuals, which areabout 2.5™'^ to 3'"°^ high, connected by slender stolons, andthickly covering the surfaces over which they creep. Test compressed,
seen from the side, scarcely higher than broad, oval, elliptical, or subcircular, often one-sided or distorted, with a short pedicle, or subsessile
anal lateral or subterminal,
at base. Branchial orifice large, terminal
both a little prominent, with about 16 angular lobes, alternately larger
and smaller. Test transparent mantle beautifully reticulated withsmall,;

jbright yellowish green; intestine yellow.

Yineyard Sound, 2 to 12 fathoms, on algse and ascidians, common
Wood's Hole, on piles of wharves, at and below lowwater mark, very abundant.

Little Harbor,

BOTRYLLUS GouLDii Yerrill.

Plate XXXIII, figs. 252, 253.

(p. 375.)

Amer. Jour. Science, ser. iii, vol. i, figs. 14, 19, 1871. Botryllus stellatus Gould,
Rep. on Inv. of Mass., Ist ed., p. 320,1841 (non Pallas). Botryllus Schlosseri Binney, in Gould, Inv. Mass., ed. ii, p. 3, Plate 23, fig. 319, 1870 (non Pallas)
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xiii, p. 255,1870.

;

Dall,

This species commonly forms thick, flesh 3^, translucent incrnstatious
on sea- weeds and zoophytes, the form which it assumes depending upon
the shape of the object. The masses are often several inches in lengthand half an inch or more in width. The animals are short oval, as seenat the surface, and form circular or elliptical groups, of from five to sixteen or more, surrounding circular or elliptical cloacal orifices.
The'' marginal tubes" orbuds are numerous in all parts ot* the common

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
tissue, tbe

703

enlarged ends appeariiig as oval or pyriform spots, lighter
The brauchial opeuiugs are small and circular,

tliau tlie grouud-.'olor.

surrounded by a light halo. The animals differ considerably in form,
according to the state of contraction.
The color is extremely variable; several of the color- varieties havebeen named and described on pages 375, 376.
Brooklyn, 'New York, to Boston, Massachusetts. Yery abundant at
Wood's H )le, Waquoit Pond, and other similar localities along theshores of Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay abundant at the mouthof Charles Eiver, near Boston. Watch Hill, Ehode Island, and Brook;lyn, :N"e\v York (D. 0. Eaton).

A3iAR(ECiUM PELLUCLDIBI Ycrrill.

(p. 401.)

Amourouc'mm pellucidnm Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, ser. iii, vol. i, p. 290, 1871
vol. iii, p. 211. Alcyomdium ? jpelluddum Leidy, Jour. Acad. Nat. Science,
Pbilad., ser. ii, vol. iii, 1855, p. 142, Plate 10, fig. 25, (mutilated zooid).

Colonies large, complex, consisting of a large number of small, elongated, clavate colonies, arising from a common base,separate laterally and at summit, thus

and more or lessforming large aggregated hemi-

spherical or irregular masses, often six inches in diameter, the surface

generally covered thickly with adhering sand, but frequently naked

over the summits of the colonies, or even over large surfaces of themasses, when, as often happens, the central colonies coalesce when;

naked, the tissue is smooth, translucent, gelatinous-looking, and soft.
The small side-colonies are long, with a slender stolon-like base, curving outward and ascending, enlarging gradually to the summit, which ismore or less convex, usually with a single central cloacal orifice, surrounded by an irregular circle of individual zooids, varying in number
according to the size or age of the colony to which they belong. The
zooids, when mature, are long and slender, varying greatly in length ineach colony, according to the state of development of the post-abdomen;
the largest are often 20™™ to 25'"'" in length. The stomach is brightorange-red, and quite conspicuous; the slender post-abdomen exceeds
iu length the rest of the body, but is not more than half the diameterof the thorax, and is slightly constricted at base. In young individuals,
not half grown, the post-abdomen forms nearly half the whole length,
and is very slender. The branchial aperture has six, short, round papillae
the anal is situated a short distance from the end of the body, andhas short inconspicuous lower lobes, with an elongated, pointed lobe
above. The brauchial sac is oblong, with numerous longitudinal andtransverse vessels and a broad ventral duct. The stomach is about as;broad as long, subglobular, with the ends truncated and the surface
covered wi^h numerous, interrupted, longitudinal, glandular ridges.
The post-abdomen is nearly filled by the large, elongated ovary, which
extends nearly to the posterior end on the dorsal or atrial side, and contains numerous closely-packed ovules of comparatively large size, andREPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

704

the conspicuous male organs, extending tliroogli the whole length on
the ventral or branchial side, in the form of a slightly-convoluted duct.

The posterior end terminates in a small, obtuse papilla. The atrium, or
cloacal cavity, often contain eggs in which the embr^'os are well developed, and, in some cases, the free, tadpole-shaped larvae. The tunic is
specked with numerous, minute, purplish brown pigment-cells.
One of the zooids measured 7.5™"Mn length thorax, 2™™; abdomen,
1.5"'"^
post-abdomen, 4'""^; diameter of thorax, .8"™ to .9^^^^^ of abdomen,
about the same of post-abdomen, .STo"'"" to .5™"'.
North Carolina to Vineyard Sound. Very abundant in Vineyard
55;Sound, in 6 to 12 fathoms.

Amarceoium stellatum Verrill.

(p. 402.)

Amouroucium stdlaiiim Verrill, Amer. Journal of Science, ser. iii, vol. i, p. 291,
1871.

Masseslarge, variable in form, often in theplates, or erect

crest-like lobes, frequently

smooth, naked

tissue firm

form of thick verticalirregular; surface nearlysomewhatby transmitted light.
The fronds are often six inches or more in breadth and height, and fromhalf an inch to an inch thick. The zooids are grouped in more or lessregular, and generally simple, circular, stellate clusters, scattered over
the whole surface, and usually containing from six to twenty individuals,arranged around a central, sub-circular cloacal orifice; in contraction
the position of each individual is indicated by an oval spot, more transX)arent than the common tissue, with a small flake-white spot aroundthe branchial orifice. The individual zooids are elongated and slender
the post-abdomen more slender, usually considerably exceeding in length
the rest of the body, and but slightly constricted proximally the thorax
and abdomen are shorter and stouter than in the preceding species
branchial sac with about twelve transverse vessels stomach oblongoval, with numerous longitudinal glandular folds, which are bright;andcartilage-like externally,translucent, generally pale yellow or flesh-color

;

;

;

intestine large, light orange or yellow. Branchialorange-red in life
tube elongated, bright orange; the orifice with six prominent rounded
Anal orifice subterminal, with a prominent ligulate process
lobes.
above, and several small lobes below.
North Carolina to Cape Cod. Very abundant in Vineyard Sound, in
5 to 15 fathoms, on gravelly and shelly bottoms. Fort Macon, North
Carolina (Dr. Yarrow).
;

Amarcecium constellatum Verrill.

(pp. 388, 403.)

American Journal of Science, ser. iii, vol. ii, p. 359, 1871 (Amoiirouciion).

Masses thick, turbinate, often incrusting, surface usually convex,
smooth substance firm, gelatinous, translucent, but softer than in A,
Grou[)s stellate, circular, oval or elliptical, often narrow andstellatum.
elongated, or irregular and complex; zooids much elongated, slender
the branchial tube short, with six rounded lobes. Branchial sac elong;INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

705

Color of the masses usually light orange-red, varjiug to 3 ellowish
ated.
and pale flesh-color the branchial orifices with six radiating white
Anal orifices often surrounded by a pale or whitish borderlines.
zooids generally orange-yellow the orifices and tubes with upper part5;of the mantle bright orange, or lemon-yellow

5branchial sac usually flesh-color or pale yellow, sometimes bright orange;

stomach with brightorange-red longitudinal glandular ribs j Intestine light orange; mantle
with minute opaque white specks. In some specimens the cloacal chamber or " atrium " contained three or four bright purple tadpole-shaped
larvae.

Vineyard Sound, 4 to 12 fathoms, frequent Wood's Hole, on piles ofwharf; ofl' Stonington, Connecticut, 4-5 fathoms.
;

Amargecium pallidum Yerrill.

(p. 496.)

American Journal of Science, ser. iii, vol. i, p. 289, 1871 (Amouroucium).

Masses sessile, hemispherical or sub-globular, usually attached by a
Surface generally evenly rounded, sometimes irregular iu

large base.

large specimens, gmoothish, but thinly covered with minute, firmly ad-

herent particles of fine sand, which are imbedded iu the surface of thecommon tissue and scattered throughout its substance. The cloacal
openings are few in number and irregularly placed, except in small
specimens, which usually have but one large central opening. The animals are much smaller and more numerous than in the preceding species,
often forming somewhat circular groups of six or eight Individuals
around the cloacal openings outside of the circular groups thej areusually irregularly scattered, but sometimes form linear series of eightor ten, and in young specimens with but one central opening they often
form a larger outer circle, w^hich is near the margin, more or less irreguThe post-abdomen, in alllar, and composed of numerous individuals.
the numerous examples examined, was small, thick, obtuse, and decidedly shorter than the abdomen and thorax taken together it often terminates in two slender papillae. Color of the masses pale yellowish or;;

stomacli dull orange-yellow ovaries yellowish white.
species are IS"'^' to 25^"™ in diameterthe largest zooids are S™"' to 4^'^ long, by .To™'" to 1.23™™ in diameter;

grayish;;The larger specimens of thisbut many are much smaller.
Martha's Vineyard to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Off Buzzard's Bay,
25 fathoms, gravel south of Gay Head, 10 fathoms, stony CascoBay,
8 to 40 fathoms Eastport Harbor and Bay of Fundy, low- water to SO;;;

fathoms.

LEPTOCLiNxni ALBIDU3I Yerrill.

(p. 403.)

American Journal of Science, ser. ill, vol. i, p. 446, 1872.

Colonies incrusting stones, dead shells, ascidians, etc., forming broad,thin, irregular, coriaceous crusts,

with an uneven surface, filled withminute, white, spherical, calcareous grains or corpuscles, which, uuder
45
S. MisEEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

706

tlie miscroscope, have the surface covered with projecting points.
Surjace of the crusts covered with small, irregular, scattered prominences,in which the branchial orifices are situated.

Cloacal orifices few and
Systems irregular, the zooids scattered, but often
arranged in rather indistinct concentric groups around the cloacal openings, and connected with them by cloacal ducts, which are variously
branched, often showing through the integument as dark dendritic lines,
converging toward the cloacal orifices from different directions.
distantly scattered.

Color white, the zooids light yellowish.

The colonies often become 200"^°* to aOOmm across; thickness seldom
more than 2.5""% commonly about 1.25 ™"^ zooids .5^"^" to .75"^'" long;

diameter .25"°°^ to .SO'""^Long Island Sound to Labrador. Thimble Islands, near l^ew Haven,
4to Gfathoms, rocky off' Stonington, 4 fathoms, rocky common in Vineyard Sound, 8 to 15 fathoms abundant in Casco Bay, 6 to 40 fathoms
j

-,

;

abundant in the Bay of Fuudy, low-water to 80 fathoms. Banks of
Newfoundland (T. M. Coffin). Mingan Islands, 10 fathoms (A. E. Y.).
Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).

Leptoclinum luteolum Verrill.

(p. 403.)

Americau Jour. Science, loc. cit., p. 446, 1872.

This species forms thin, coriaceous crusts, like the preceding, filled in
the same way with similar spherical corpuscles. The branchial orifices

open at the summits of low verrucae. The cloacal orifices are small,with four to six lobes, and distantly scattered. Color deep salmon, or

somewhat rosy.
The crusts are of all sizes up to 300™"" or more in diameter, and areusually somewhat thicker than in the preceding species, with larger anddarker colored zooids.
Connecticut to Bay of Fundy off Stonington, Connecticut, 4 fathoms,
rocky Vineyard Sound, 6 to 14 fathoms, common Casco Bay, 10 to 40
fathoms, common^ Bay of Fundy, low-water to 80 fathoms, common.
;;;T^NIOBRANCHIA.

Salpa Caboti Desor.

Plate XXXIII, figs. 254, 255.

(p. 445.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. iii, p. 75, 1848 (not described);

A. Agassiz,

Binney, in Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 6,
figs. 350 to 354, 1870 (description and figures copied from A. Agassiz).
op. cit., vol. xi, p. 17, figs. 1 to 5, 1866;

In the typical variety, as described by Mr. Agassiz, the color is pale
pink or rosy; the nucleus deep chestnut. Long Island Sound to SaintGeorge's Bank. Common in Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound. OffSaint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).

Var. cyaned,(p. 446.)

Nucleus and the borders of the mantle are bright Prussian-blue
fiice of the latter delicately reticulated with fine blue lines.
Vineyard Sound, especially off Gay Headly in September.

;

sur-

INVERTEBKATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

DoLiOLUM (species undetermined),707(p. 4iG.)

Vineyard Sound (A. Agassiz).
LARVALIA.

Appendicularia (species undetermined,(p. 446.)**).

Allied to A. Jongicauda (t. A. Agassiz), op. cit., p. 23, 1866; Biniiey, op.cit.,p. 13(copied from A. Agassiz).

Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz).

Appendicularia (species undetermined, ^).
Allied to A. furcata(t.

(p. 446.)

A. Agassiz), op. cit., p. 23, 1866 ; Binney, op. cit., p. 13(copied).

Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz).

BEYOZOA OR POLYZOA.
PHYLACTOL^MATA.
Pedicellina Americana Leidy.

(p. 405.)

Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, ser. ii, vol. iii, p. 143, Plate X, fig. 25,
1855.

Kew Haven, Connecticut, to Yineyard Sound.

Point Judith, Rhode

Island (Leidy).

gymnol^mata.
CYCLOSTOMATA.

Crista eburnea Lamouroux.
Polyp,

flex., p. 138,

1816

;

Plate XXXIY, figs. 260, 261.

Exp. methodique, p. 6;

(p. 311,)

Johnston, British Zoophytes,i, p. 262, Plate 30, figs. 3, 4
ed. ii, p. 283, fig. 62, and Plate 50, figs. 3, 4 ;Smitt, Kritisk fort, ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoer, in Ofvers. af Kongl.

ed.

;

Vet.-Akad. ForhandL, 1865, p. 117, Plate 16, figs. 7 to 19.
Liune, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 810 ed. xii, p. 1316.

Sertularia ehurnea;

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean

Spitzbergen to the Mediter-;

Common nearXew Haven,and at Thimble Islands, 1 to 6 fathoms, rocky, and in tide-pools off
Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, on algse common in Vineyard Sound, 4 to 15 fathoms; very common in Casco Bay and Bay of
Fundy, low-water to 80 fathoms.
ranean (t. Smitt); California (t. Johnston).

;;

DiASTOPORA patina Smitt.

(p. 405.)

Smitt, op. cit., p. 397, Plate 8, figs. 13 to 15.

TuiuUpora patina Lamarck, Aniraaux

sp.ns Vert., ed. i, vol. ii, p. 163; ed. ii, vol. ii, p. 244;

Johnston, Brit. Zoiiph.,ed ii, p. 266, Plate 47, figs. 1 to 3.

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean northern coast of Europe,
from Finmark to Great Britain. Near New Haven, at Thimble Islands,
1 to 5 fathoms
Watch Hill, Khode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms YineyardSound, off' Holmes' Hole, 3 to 4 fathoms; very common in Casco Bay,
Bay of Fundy, and northward.
:;;

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

708

TUBULIPORA FLABELLARIS Slllitt.

(p. 405.)

Op. cit., p. 401, Plate 9, figs. 6 to 8. TaUpora flabellaris Fabricius, Fauna Grcenl.,
TuhuKpora phalangea Johnston, Brit. Zooph.,
p. 430, 1780 {non Johnston, sp.).
ed. ii, p. 273, Plate 46, tigs. 1, 2.

Long Island Sound to Greenland
Britain.
etc.;

northern coasts of Europe to Great-,

Common at Thimble Islands, 1 to 5 fathoms, on algse, hydroids,

Watch Hill, Ehode Island; Vineyard Sound; Casco Bay

Bay of;Fundy, and northward.
CTENOSTOMATA.

Plate XXXIY, fig. 257.

Alcyonidium ramosum Verrill.

(p. 404.)

American Journal of Science, vol. iii, p. 289, Plate 8, fig. 10, 1872.

Much branched, when full-grown; the branches round, irregularly
dichotomus, usually crooked. Surface glabrous, smooth, or nearly so,
the cells rather small and crowded, their margins not elevatedzooidswith sixteen slender tentacles. Color ashy brown, or dull rusty brown.
Diameter of branches, mostly 5"^^°^ to QM"^"^. Height, .250™'^^ to .375™™.
Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Vineyard Sound common in Long
island Sound, near New Haven, in 1 to 5 fathoms; Thimble Islands;;;

Watch Hill, Rhode Island, etc.
Alcyonidium hirsutum Johnston,(p. 404.)

British Zooph., ed. i, p. 303, Plate 42, figs. 1, 2

Smitt, op. cit., p. 496, Plate 12, figs. 3 to 8.

ed. ii, p. 360, Plate 69, figs. 1,2;
Alcyonium hirsutum Fleming, Brit.

;

Anim., p. 517.

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean

Spitzbergen
northern
Savin Eock, near New Haven, lowThimble Islands, in tide-pools, on Fuciis, Fhyllophoraj etc.
water
Vineyard Sound; and Casco Bay.
;;.coasts of Europe to Great Britain.
;

Alcyonidium hispidum Smitt.

(p. 404.)

Op. cit., p. 499, Plate 12, figs. 22 to 27, 1866. Flustra Msplda Fabricius, Fauna
GroenL, p. 438, 1780 Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii., p. 363, Plate 66, fig. 5.
Flustrella hispida Gray, Brit. Mus. Catal., part i, p. 108.
;Long Island Sound to Greenland;

Finmark to Great Britain.

Yerycommon at Savin Kock, near New Haven, at low water, encrustingstones, FucuSy etc. Thimble Islands Watch Hill, Rhode Island Vineyard Sound Casco Bay Bay of Fundy, etc.
;

;

;

;

;

Alcyonidium parasiticum Johnston,(p. 404.)

British Zoiiph., ed. i, p. 304, Plate 41, figs. 4, 5

Smitt, op.

cit.,

p. 499,Plate 12, figs. 14-19.

;

ed. ii, p. 362, Plate 68, figs. 4, 5;

Alcyonium parasiticum Fleming,

Brit. Anim., p. 518.

Rhode Island to Arctic Ocean
Britain.

;northern coasts of Europe to Great

Vineyard Sound, on Fhyllophom,INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
(?)

Alcyonidium gelatinosum JohnstoD.

(p. 496.)

Brit. Zooph., ed. i, p. 300, Plate 41, figs. 1-3; ed.

Smitt, op.

cit., p.

;ii,

p. 358,

Alcyonium

497, Plate 12, figs. 9-13.

Fauna Suec, ed. ii, p. 538

709

Plate 68,

figs.

gelatinosum

1-3;

Linn6,

Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1295.

A

few small
Gulf of Saint Lawrence Spitzbergen to Great Britain.
specimens, apparently belonging to this species, w^ere dredged in tbe
deeper parts of Vineyard Sound.
]

Yesicularia cuscuta Thompson,
Zool. Res., mem. v, p. 97, Plate
28, 34, 35.

2, figs.

(p. 404.)

1-4;

Smitt, op. cit., p. 501, Plate 13, figs.

Sertularia cuscuta Linne, ed. xii, p. 1311.

ing, Brit. Anim., p. 550;

VaR-eria cuscuta Flem-

Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. i, p. 252;

ed. ii, p. 374.

New Jersey, northward northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain.
In Vineyard Sound it was found on hydroids attached to floating eel-grass,
and was also dredged in 6 to 8 fathoms, on algae, Sertularia argentea,
and other hydroids Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, low water, on Ser
tiilaria pumila ; <3asco Bay, on piles of wharf.
;;

Vesicularia gracilis Verrill.

(p. 389.)

BoicerbanMa gracilis Leidy, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., ser. ii, vol. iii
p. 142, Plate 11, fig. 38, 1855.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Vineyard Sound. Point Judith,Ehode Island (Leidy). Vineyard Sound, 6 to 8 fathoms, on hydroids.

Vesicularia dichotoma Verrill, new sp.

(p. 404.)

Stems clustered, caespitose, usually one or two inches high, slender,and repeatedly forking. The branches stand in differ-flexible, white,ent planes, so as often to produce miniature tree-like or shrub-like forms,

many of which generally arise close together, forming crowded tufts
upon rocks, oyster-shells, or algse. When the stem or a branch divides,
there is a joint formed at the base of each of the forks, by the interposition of a very short segment of a dark brownish, opaque substance,
which contrasts strongly with the white translucent substance of therest of the stem.
Zooids arranged closely in two subspiral rows of six
to twelve each, just below each fork of the stem and branches, and not
occupying half the length of the internodes, which are naked andsmooth below the crowded clusters of the zooids these are smooth,;greenish brown, broad oval or obovate in contraction, subcylindrical or
elliptical in expansion, entirely sessile, and but little narrowed at thebase, and so crowded as to appear imbricated.

The tentacles are eight,

long and slender, in expansion usually more than half the length of thecell.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on oysters; Savin Eock, at lowwater off Is^ew Haven Light, 4 to 6 fathoms, shelly and rocky Thimble Islands, in rocky tide-pools; l^orwalk, Connecticut, on oysters.
This is probably the species recorded by Dr. Leidy from Great Egg
Harbor under the name of Valkeria pustulosa, which is an allied European species.
;

;

710

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Yesicularia arm at a Yerrill, new sp.

(p. 405.)

Cells stout, oval, broad at base, with a short and narrow pedicel, attached either singly or in pairs along slender, filiform, creeping stems,
which often anastomose, the branches being mostly opposite. Distal
end of cells prolonged into four conical processes, each of which, whenperfect, supports a long slender spinule, nearly half as long as the cell.
Tentacles not seen.
Cells yellowish horn-color, with an oval, darkbrown internal organ, visible in most of the cells.
Vineyard Sound, on floating sea-weeds attached to Sertulariw, Halecium graeile, etc. also in 6 to 10 fathoms, rocky, on Sertiilaria argentea,
5Vesictjlaria fusca Smitt.

(p. 420.)

Op. cit., p. 502, Plate 13, figs. 37-39, 1866. Avenella fusca (?) Dalyell, Rare andRem. Anirn. of Scotland, vol. ii, p. 65 ; vol. i, Plate 12, fig. 11, (t. Smitt).

Long Island Sound northward;

northern coasts of Europe to Great

Off South End, near New Haven, 3 to 5 fathoms, on Alcyon-

Britain.

idium ramosum.

Farrella familiaris.

(p. 487.)

Vesioularia (Farrella) familiaris Smitt, op.

cit., p. 502, Plate 13, fig. 36, 1866.
Plumafella familiaris Gros, Bulletin Soc. Imp. Mascou, vol. xxii, p. 567, Plate 6,

G. figs. 1-10 (t. Smitt).

1-3;

Farrella pedicellata Alder, Catal., p. 68, Plate 6, figs.

Quart. Jour. Miscrosc. Soc., vol. v, p. 24, Plate 14, figs. 1-3.

Long Island Sound to Vineyard Sound and northward coasts ofScandinavia and Great Britain. Thimble Islands, near New Haven, in
Casco Bay. Saint George's Bank (S. 1. Smith).
tide-pools, on algse;-,

CHILOSTOMATA.
Cellularina,^TEA ANGUINA Lamouroux.

(p. 405.)

Phil., 1812, p. 184 (t. Smitt) ;Soc.

Polyp,

flex., p. 153,

Plate 3, fig. 6

Expos.

;

Methodique, p. 9, Plate 65, fig. 15 Smitt, op. cit., p. 280, Plate 16, figs. 2-4,
Angidnaria sjpat1867. Sertiilaria angaina Liune, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p, 1317.
ulata Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 290, Plate 50, figs. 7, 8.
;Long Island Sound, northward coasts of Scandinavia and GreatIn Vineyard Sound it was common at low-water mark and in;

Britain.

6 to 14 fathoms, on Phyllophora and hydroids.

Off New Haven, 4 to 6

fathoms, on Ralecium gracile.

EuCRATEA OHELATA Lamouroux.

(p. 405.)

Polyp. Corall. flex., p. 149, Plate 3, fig. 5, 1816
10;

Smitt, op.

cit.,

1865, Plate 5, fig. 3

ton, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 288, fig. 64.
ed. X, p. 816.

;;

Expos. Meth., p. 8, Plate, 65, fig.
Johns-

1857, p. 281, Plate 16, figs. 7-9;

Sertularia chelata Linn<5, Systema Nat.,

Cellularia chelata Pallas, Elench. Zociph:, p. 25, 1766.

Martha's Yineyard northward northern coasts of Europe to GreatBritain. Off Gay Head, 10 fathoms, on hydroids and ascidians. Our
specimens differ somewhat from the figures of the European form the;;INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

711

cells are simple, more slender, and more elongated ;cells somewhat bilabiate ; of lateral cells

aperture of primary
simple and scarcely raised;

no processes were observed on the front of any of the cells the primarycells taper below into a slender, often crooked pedicel, which is about;

one-third as long as the cell.
(?)

Cellulauia ternata Johnston,(p. 496.)

cit., 1867, p. 282, Platoii, p. 335, Plate 59, 1848; Smitt, op.
CeUaria ternata Ellis and Solander, Zooph., p. 30. Menipea(f) Celhtlaria densa Desor,
ternata Busk, op. cit., p. 21, Plate 20, figs. 3 to 5.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 66, 1848 (description inadequate).

British Zoopb., ed.
16, figs. 10 to 26.

Cape Cod to the Arctic Ocean; northern coasts of Europe to GreatBritain.

Off Gay Head, 10 to 20 fathoms;

common in Oasco Bay, Bayof Fuudy, and at Saint George's Bank, 6 to 100 fathoms.

South Shoals,

22 fathoms, (Desor).

Caberea Ellisii Smitt.

(p. 420.)

Flustra Ellisii Fleming, Mem. Wern.
Op. cit., 1867, p. 237, Plate 17, figs. 55, 56.
Flustra setacea Fleming,
Soc, vol. ii, p. 251, Plate 17, figs. 1 to 3 (t. Smitfc).
Brit. Anim., p. 536
Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 346. Cellularia Hoolceri
Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 338, Plate 60, figs. 1, 2. Caherea HooTceri
Busk, op. cit., p. 39, Plate 37, fig. 2.
;

Martha^s Vineyard, northward to the Arctic Ocean northern coasts
Finmark to Great Britain.
Mouth of VineyardSound, off Gay Head, 8 to 12 fathoms off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms
very common in Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and Saint George's Bank, 6
to 100 fathoms. Labrador (Packard).
;of Europe, from;

BuaULA MURRAYANA Busk.

(p. 496.)

Catal. Mar. Polyzoa, Brit. Mus., part i, p. 46, Plate 59

Plate 18, figs. 19 to 27.

;;

Smitt, op. cit., 1867, p. 292,

Flustra Murrayana Bean Mss., Johnston, Brit. Zooph.,

Flustra truncata Desor, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.

ed. i, p. 347, Plate 63, figs, 5, 6.
Hist., vol. iii, p. 66 {non Linn^).

Martha's Vineyard to Spitzbergen; northern coasts of Europe toGreat Britain. Off Gay Head, 10 to 20 fathoms; very common in
Gasco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 1 to 100
fathoms. Saint George's Bank, 20 to 65 fathoms, (S. I Smith). Labrador (Packard).

BUGULA FLABELLATA Busk.

(p. 389.)

Catal. Marine Polyzoa, Brit. Mas., part i, p. 43, Plates 51, 52.

Bugula avicularia,

formsb flahellata, Smitt, op. cit., 1867, p. 290, Plate 18, fig. 11.

Flustra avicularia

Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. i, p. 286, Plate 36, figs. 3, 4;

ed. ii, p. 346, Plate 63,

figs. 3, 4.

Vineyard Sound, 6 to 8 fathoms Wood's Hole, abundant on the piles
Coasts of Great Britain and Belgium.
;of wharves.

712

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Plate XXXIY, figs. 258, 259.

BuauLA TURRiTA Verrill.

(p. 311.)

Boston Soo. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 66, 1848.

Cellularia turrita Desor, Proc.

Cel-lularia fastigiata Leidy, op. cit., p. 142 (non Limi€, sp.).

Yery abundant in Great Egg Harbor,

North Oaroliua to Casco Bay.

New Jersey Long Island Sound; Buzzard's Bay; and Vineyard Sound,5

low- water to 15 fathoms;

Portland, Maine, on piles of wharf.
Flustrina,

Plate XXXIY, figs. 262, 263.

Membranipora pilosa Farre.

(p. 496.)

Phil. Trans., 1837, p. 412, Plate 27, figs. 1 to 5 ; Johnston, Brit. Zo6ph.,ed. i, p. 280,

Plate 34, figs. 10, 12, 1838;ed.

1867, p. 368, Plate 2(>, fig. 49.
(t.

Smitt).

ii, p. 327, Plate 56, fig. 6, 1847
Smitt, op. cit.,
Flustra pilosa Linn6, Fauna Suec, ed. ii, p. 531);

Escliara pilosa Pallas, Elench, Zooph., p. 50, 1766.

Sippothoa

Manan p. 18 (variety catenularia).

Tubiporarugosa Stimpson, Invert. Grandcatenularia Jameson, Wern. Mem., vol. i, p. 561 (t. Smitt).

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean
rauean.

;Yery abundant near New Haven,

Finmark to the MediterSavin Eock, ThimbleatIslands, etc., in 1 to 6 fathoms, and in tide-pools, on Chondrus crispus,

Fhyllophora and other algse, stones, etc. ;Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4

to 5 fathoms, on algse, abundant ; Yineyard Sound ; Massachusetts Bay

Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy, and northward. The variety catenularia iscommon in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from above low-water markIt occurs on the coasts of Northern Europe at various
depths down to 300 fathoms. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada andLabrador (Dawson).

to 50 fathoms.

Membranipora lineata Busk.

(p. 406.)

Catal. Mar. Polyzoa, part ii, p. 58, Plate 61, fig. 1

Plate 20, figs. 23 to 31.

;

Smitt, op. cit., 1867, p. 363,

Flustra lineata LinncS, Systema Nat., ed.

xii, p. 1301

Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 349, Plate 66, fig. 4. Escharina lineata Leidy,
Jonrn. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., ser. ii, vol. iii, p. 141, Plate 10, fig. 22,
1855.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to the Arctic Ocean; Spitzbergen to
Great Britain, low-water mark to 50 fathoms. Common near New Haven,from low-water mark to 6 fathoms, on stones, oysters, algic, etc.; Watch
Hill; Ehode Island; Yineyard Sound; Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy, andnorthward.
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada.

Membranipora TENUIS Desor.

(p. 420.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 66, 1848.

Long Island Sound to Cape Cod. Common near New Haven and in
Yineyard Sound, low-water to 10 fathoms. Muskeget Channel, in 5
fathoms, (Desor).

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

713

Escliarina.

ESCHAEIPORA PUNCTATA Siuitt.

(p. 424.)

Op. cit., for 1867, Appendix, p. 4, (separate copies, p. 4), Plate 24, figs. 4-7, 186S.
LepraVia punctata Hassal, Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 368. Plate 9, tig. 7
p. 407 ;;vol. ix,

Johnstou, Brit. Zoiipli., ed. ii, pp. 312 and 478, Plate 55, fig. 1.

Yiueyard Sound, northward;

northern coasts of Europe to Southern

Norway and Great Britain. Yineyard Sound, 6 to 12 fathoms, onSaint George's Bank (S. I. Smith). (?) Fossil inshells, etc., common.
the Post-Pliocene of Canada (Dawson).

EscHARELLA VARIABILIS Yerrill.

Plate XXXIII, fig. 256.

(p. 419.)

Esdiarina variahilis Leidy, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, ser. ii, vol. iii, p.
Lepmlia variolosa Desor, op. cit., p. 66, 1848 {not of
142, Plate 11, fig. 37.

Johnston).

South Carolina to Cape Cod and Massachusetts Bay. Yery abundantLong Island Sound Buzzard's Bay Yineyardin Great Egg Harbor
Sound Nantucket Harbor low- water to 25 fathoms. Saint George's
Bank, 20 fathoms, (S. I. Smith). Fort Macon, l!^orth Carolina (coll. Dr.
Yarrow).
;

;

;

;

j

Plate XXXIY, fig. 264.

MOLLIA HYALiNA Smitt.

(p. 420.)

Op. cit., for 1867, Ap., p. 16, (separate copies, p. 16), Plate 25, figs. 84-87, 1868. Cellepora hyalina Linn€, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1286. Lepralia hyalina Johnston,Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 301, Plate 54, fig. 1.
Cellepora niticla Fabricius, Fauna
Giffinl., p. 435, 1780.

Long Island Sound to Greenland Spitzbergen to Great Britain.
Common near New Haven and at Thimble Island, in tide-pools and from
1 to 6 fathoms, on algse Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms;
Buzzard's Bay and Yineyard Sound, abundant; Casco Bay; Bay of
Fundy, and northward. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada (Hawj

j

son).
(?)

Lepralia Pallasiana Busk.

(p. 496.)

Catal. Mar. Polyzoa, Brit. Mus., part ii, p. 81, Plate 83, figs. 1, 2; Smitt, op. cit.,for 1867, Ap., p. 19, (separate copies, p. 19), Plate 26, fig. 93, 1868.

lasiaiiaMoW, die Seerinde, p. 64, Plate 3, fig. 13 (t. Smitt).

•

Eschara Pal-

Lepralia pediostoma

Hassal, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 368, Plate 9, fig. 4 vol. ix, p. 407 ;Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 315, Plate 55, fig. 7. Escliarina pediostoma
Leidy, op. cit., p. 141, Plate 10, fig. 23, 1855.
;

Ehode Island, northward
l!Torway and Great Britain.

;

northern coasts of Europe to Southern

Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms,

on algge; Yineyard Sound, 6 to 14 fathoms, on Fhyllophora and otheralgse, shells, etc.

Our specimens do not agree perfectly with the European form.
to the proximal border of the aperture thereClosea large, but not very
prominent, broad-based spine, or subconical process, which is notconspicuous in a view from above, but is prominent in a side-view.
In
isEEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

714

some specimens a few of the cells have several slender spines aroundthe margin of the aperture.

may prove to be a species distinct from S. Pallasiana, but atThis

present I regard it as a variety.
(?)

DiSCOPORA OOCCINEA Smitt.

(p. 496.)

Op. cit., for 1867, Ap., p. 26, (separate copies, p. 26), Plate 27, figs. 162-176. (?) CeUepora coGcinea Abildgard, Zool. Dau., vol. iv, p. 30, Plate 146, figs. 1, 2 (t. Smitt).
Lepralia Peacliii Johnston, Brit. Zooph., eel. ii, p. 315, Plate 55, figs. 5, 6.

Long Island Sound, northward; northern coasts of Europe to Great
Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, on red algae Vineyard Sound and Quick's Hole, on algse, etc., in 4 to 12 fathoms.
Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada (Dawson as L. Peacliii),
The specimens from our coast, referred to the above species, differ
Britain.

-,considerably from the typical European forms, andmay eventually

prove to be a distinct species when a careful direct comparison with alarge series of European specimens can be made.
The aperture is usually surrounded by a circle of stout, conical or
elongated spinules, variable in number, the one nearest the angle of theaperture, on each side, often stouter; but the spines are often absent.
small semicircular avicularium is often seen near one side of the cell,and distant from the aperture. The tooth or spine at the proximal edgeof the cell is elongated and more or less bifid at the end.

A

Celleporina.

Oellepora soabra Smitt.

(p. 419.)

Op. cit., for 1867, Ap., p. 30, (separate copies, p. 30), Plate 28, figs. 183 to 197, 1868.
Eschara scdbra Fabricius, Nye Zool. Bidr., Vid. Selsk. Phys. Skr., HaaniiC,
vol. i, p. 29 (t. Smitt). Mlllepora retioidata Fabricius, Fauna Groenl., p. 433,
1780 (non Linn6).

Spitzbergen
northern coasts ofVineyard Sound to Greenland
Europe. Vineyard Sound and Qaick's Hole, 5 to 10 fathoms, on Fhyllophora, etc., not uncommon.
;;

Cellepora ramulosa Linn6.

(p. 312.)

Syst. Naturae, ed. xii, p. 1285, 1767 ; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed.

ii,

p. 296, Plate

52, figs. 4, 5 ; Smitt, op. cit., for 1867, Ap., p. 31, (separate copies, p. 31), Plate 28,
figs.

198-210.

Fauna Grroul., p. 434 (variety)

Cellepora verrucosa Fabricius,

Cellepora pumicosa {pars) lA\ivi6, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1286; (?) Johnston, Brit.

Zooph., ed. ii, p. 295, Plate 52, figs. 1-3 (variety).

Long Island Sound to Greenland;

Spitzbergen; northern coasts ofEurope to Great Britain. Very common near New Haven, off SouthEnd, at Thimble Islands, and Faulkner's Island, in large tide-pools,
low-water to 8 fathoms, chiefly on Sertulariw and other hydroids, andslender red algfe, (mostly the variety fuherosa^ or verrucosa)

;

Watch

Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard
lUiode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms
Sound, 1 to 15 fathoms, on hydroids, common abundant in Casco Bay;

Hill,

;

;

Bay of Fiindy and at Saint George's Bank low water to 115 fathoms.
;;

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

715

RADIATA.

EOHINODERMATA.
HOLOTHURIOIDEA.

Thyone Briareus Selenka.

(p. 362.)

Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, vol. xvii, p. 353, 1867. Holothuria^riareus Lesueur,Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, ser. i, vol. iv, p. 161,

Zeitschrift

1824.

fiir

Sclerodactyla Briareus Ayres, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, pp. 6,

7, 101-3,

1851;

Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 342, 1866.

Ana-

perus Bryareus Pourtales, Proceedings American Assoc, for Adv. of Science, for
1851, p. 10, 1852. Anaperus CaroUnus Troschel, Muller's Arch, fiir Anat., 1846, p.

62 ; Pourtales, op. cit., p. 10.

Texas to Cape Cod. Long Island Sound, at West Haven, ConnectiVineyard Sound and Buzzard's
cut, Thimble Islands, etc., not common
Bay, 1 to 10 fathoms, not uncommon; Gardiner's Bay, Long Island;
Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; Fort Macon, North. Carolina, common(coll. Dr. Yarrow)
West Florida (coll. E. Jewett).
;;

Stereoderma unisemita Ayres.

(p. 503.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 46, 1851 ; Selenka, op. cit., p. 344, Plate
19, figs. 96, 97.

Anaperus unisemita Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.
Cucumaria fusiformis Desor,

iv, p. 8, 1851 ; Verrill, op. cit., vol. x, p. 357, 1866.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 67 (non Forbes).

Off Martha's Vineyard, 22 fathoms, sand ; Banks of ;N"ewfoundland(Stimpson).

South Shoals of Nantucket, 22 fathoms, (Desor).

Pentamera pulcherrima Ayres.

(p. 420.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 207, 1852;

Selenka, op. cit., p. 346.

South Carolina to Vineyard Sound. Off Holmes's Hole, 4 to 5 fathoms
Kobsca Beach, after storms, abundant Fort Macon, North Carolina
Fort Johnson, South Carolina (Stimpson).
(coll. Dr. Yarrow).
;?

MoLPADiA OOLITICA Selenka.
Op. cit., p. 257 (in part), 1867.
for 1851, p. 13, 1852.

(p. 510.)Chirodota oolitica Pourtales, Proc. Amer. Assoc.

Embolus pauper Selenka, op. cit., p. 359, Plate 20, fig. 1.32

1867.

Off Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy mud

muddy, (A. S. Packard).
tales).

off Boon Island, 95 fathoms,
Massachusetts Bay, in fish stomachs, (Pour;

Selenka gives " Cape Palmas (!) " as the locality for his " Em-

hoUis xmuper^^'' which was based on specimens sent from the Museum of

Comparative Zoology—perhaps the original ones described by Pour-tales ; the locality given is evidently erroneous.

The single specimen from off Block Island is small and imperfect, andmay not be this species.
Caudina arenata Stimpson.

(p. 362.)

Marine Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 17, 1853
figs. 129-131 ;;Selenka, op. cit., p. 358, Plate 20,

Clark, Mind in Nature, p. 187, figs. 114-116;

A. and E. C. Agassiz.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

716

Sea-Side Studies, p. 97, fig. 126.

Chirodota arenata Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed.

Pourtales, op. cit., p. 13. Caudina(Molpadia) arenata Yerrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 345, 1866.
i, p.

346, (figure), 1841 ; Ayres, op. cit., p. 143;

Yineyard Sound to Chelsea, Massachusetts. Sometimes abundant on
Chelsea Beach, after storms. Wood's Hole (H.E.Webster). Selenka
gives '' Grand Manan " (1 from specimens in Mus. Comp. ZooL), but
after very careful search during several excursions to that island, I havenever been able to find it there, and believe this to be an error. Stimpson knew it only from Massachusetts Bay.

Leptosynapta Girardii Yerrill.

Plate

XXXY, figs. 265, 266.

(p.

361.)
Synapta Girardii Pourtales, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, for 1851, p. 14.
Leptosynapta tenuis Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i, p. 325. Synapta tenuis
Ayres, op. cit., p. 11, 1851, (non Quoy and Gaimard) A. and E. C. Agassiz,;

Sea-Side Studies, p. 95, figs. 124, 125X, p. 342.

;

Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.

Synapta Ayresii Selenka, op.

cit., p.

362, 1867.

(f ) Synapta gracilis

Selenka, op. cit., p. 363, Plate 20, figs. 123, 124.

Kew Jersey to Massachusetts Bay. Common in Long Island Sound,
New Haven, in sand at low-at Savin Eock, and other localities nearabundant in Yineyard Sound, on Naushon Island, etc. Cape
Chelsea Beach, Massachusetts.
Sag Harbor, Long Island,(Ayres). Selenka erroneously gives " Cape Florida" as the locality for
8. Girardii.
It was based on Massachusetts specimens.
water

;

;

Cod;

Leptosynapta roseola Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 362.)
Body long, slender; integument translucent, filled with numerous
minute, scattered, opaque, light-red spots, oval or sub-circular in form ;perforated plates smaller than in the preceding species anchors relaGeneral
tively much longer, with a very slender, elongated shank.
;minute red spots. Length lOO'"'" todiameter about 5^^ to 6"°^.
Long Island Sound, at Savin Eock, near New Haven; YineyardSound, at Naushon Island in sand at low-water mark.

color, rosy or pale red, due to the150"^"^;;ECHINOIDEA.

Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis a.
figs. 368.

Agassiz.

Plate

XXXY,

(p. 406.)

Revision of the Echini, Parts I and II, pp. 162, 277, Plato 4", figs. 2-4, Plate 9,
Plate 10, 1872. Ecliinus Brobacliiensis Miiller, Zoiil. Dan. Prod., p. 235, 1776,
Toxopneusles DrohacMensis Agassiz, Catal. Rais., in Annal. des Sci. Nat., vol. vi.
Euryechinus Drobachiensis Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist,
p. 367, 1846.
vol. X, pp. 341, 352, 1866; Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i, p. 304, 1867; American,
Jour. Science, vol. xlix, p. 101. Echinus neglectus hMnnrck, Anini. sans vert., p.
Ecliinus granularis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. v, p.
49, 1816.
Echinus granuJatus Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 344,
225, 1827 {non Lamarck).
1841. Euryechinus granulatus Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc, vol. x, pp. 340, 352.
Strong ylocentrotus chJoroceuirotus Brandt, Prodr., p. 264, 1835.

Circumpolar; New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean; Spitzbergen to GreatINVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

717

Beliring Straits to Gulf of Georgia
Northern Siberia to
Okhotsk Sea aod De Oastrie's Bay. Very abundant in the Bay of Fundy
from low- water to 109 fathoms Casco Bay Massachusetts Bay mouthof Vineyard Sound and off Gay Head, 10 to 20 fathoms, common off
Britain

;

;

;

;

;

;

Holmes's Hole;common

;

off

off

Watch Hill, Khode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, not un-

Kew London, Connecticut, plenty, (coll. Pruddeu);

Faulk-

ner's Island, Thimble Islands, and near New Haven, 4 to 8 fathoms, un-

Off New Jersey, on a bank, in 32 fathouis, (Captain
Off Saint George's Bank, 430 fathoms, (S. I. Smith).

common and small.
Geduey).

Maine

Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Portland,-,

New Brunswick

5

Canada an d Labrador.
;

Arbacia punctulata Gray.

(p. 406.)

Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, 1835, p. 58 ; A. Agassiz, Revision of the Echini, Parts
I and II, pp. 91, 263, Plate

tulatus2, fig. 4,

Plate 5, figs. 1 to 18, 1872.

Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., p. 47, 1816.

moulin, Syn., p. 306, 1837.

Echimis punc-

Echinocidaris punetulata Des-Mus,

Echinocidaris Davisii A. Agassiz, BulletinComp. Zoology, vol. i, p. 20, 1863;

Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x,

p. 340, 1866.

Vineyard Sound to the West Indies and Gulf of Mexico. Common at
Wood's Hole, and in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 1 to 12 fathoms
off Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms
Long Island Sound, near
New Haven, and at Charles Island, not common Fort Macon, North.
;j

Carolina
tales).

(coll.

Dr. Yarrow).

Off Tortugas, 13 to 125 fathoms, (Pour-West Florida (E. Jewett).

EcHiNARACHNius PARMA Gray.
Ann. Phil., p. 6, 1825;

Plates 11^, figs. 4, 5,

Plate XXXV,"fig. 267.

(p. 362.)

A. Agassiz, Revision of Echini, Parts I and II, pp. 107, 316,
11^, figs. 4, 5, 12, figs. 1-13, 1872.

Scutellaparma Lamarck,

Anim. sans vert., p. 11, 1816.

New Jersey to Labrador. According to Mr. A. Agassiz, it occurs in the
North Pacific, on the west coast of America, from the Aleutian Islands
to Vancouver Island, and on the coast of Asia at Kamtchatka, 30 to 70
fathoms and also at New Holland India Indian Ocean Bed Sea
etc.
Common along the entire coast of New England and Long Island,
from low- water to 100 fathoms, sand. Off New Jersey, on a distant
Very abundant at Saintbank, in 32 fathoms, (Captain Gedney).
George's Bank and vicinity, 15 to 430 fathoms, (S. I. Smith).
;;

Mellita PENTAPORA Liitken.

;

;

.

Bidrag til Kundskab om Echiniderne, p. 107, in Vidensk. Middelelser, 1864 Verrill, Trans. Connecticut Academy, vol. 1, p. 345, 1867.
Echinus pentaporus
Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3189, 1788.
Encope pentapora Agassiz, Monog. Scut.,
Plate 3, 1841. Scutella quinquefora Lamarck, Anim. sans vert., p. 9, 1816. Mellita quinquefora Agassiz, Mon. Scut., p. 36, 1841
Catal. Rais., in Ann. Sci., vol.
vii, p. 138, 1847.
Mellita testudinaria Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1851, p. 36;;;

Verrill, this Report,

pp. 427, 429, (see errata). Mellita testndinata Agassiz,
Mon. Scut., p. 40, Plate 4% figs. 7-9, 1841 ; A. Agassiz, Revision of the Echini,

718

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
pp. 141, 322, Plate 11, figs. 13-22, Plate 12% Plate 12<=, figs. 1, 2, (name adopted
from Klein, 1734, accidentally binomial).

New Jersey to Brazil very abundant along the whole eastern coastof the United States, south of Cape Hatteras, and along the entire
coast of the Gulf of Mexico rare and local north of Cape Hatteras.
;;

Vineyard Sound, 5 to 8 fathoms, rare and dead outer beach at Great
Egg Harbor, New Jersey, dead. Nantucket (Agassiz).
;

ASTERIOIDEA.

ASTERIAS ARENICOLA Stimpson.

Plate XXY, fig. 269.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, p. 268, 1862;

(p. 326.)

Verrill, vol. x, p. 339, 1866.

Asleracanthion berylinus Ag. MSS., A. Agassiz, Embryology of Echinod., in Proc.

Amer. Acad., 1863
V, p. 3 ;;Embryology of the Starfish, in Agassiz Contributions, vol.

Sea-Side Studies, p. 108, figs. 141-145, 1865 (t. Agassiz).

Massachusetts Bay to Northern Florida and the northern shores ofrare and local, in sheltered localities, north of Massachusetts, as at Quahog Bay, east of Portland, Maine but not known
from the eastern part of the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy.
Yery common in Long Island Sound Buzzard's Bay ; VineyardSound; and along the shores of Long Island, from low- water to 15
fathoms. Not uncommon in Massachusetts Bay, at Nahant, Beverly,&c.
the Gulf of Mexico

;

-,

;

ASTERiAS FoRBESii Yerrill.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 345, 1866.

Asteracanthion Forhesii Desor,

Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. iii, p. 67, 1848.

Buzzard's Bay to Beverly, Massachusetts. Vineyard Sound and off
Gay Head, 6 to 14 fathoms Buzzard's Bay, 6 fathoms Chelsea and;Beverly, Massachusetts, low-water.

;

Vineyard Sound, 8 fathoms, (De-sor).

This is probably identical with the preceding species, the differences
being, perhaps, chiefly sexual, but I have not yet had opportunities tothem,under separate names. Should they be united, thename Forhesii has the precedence over all others.
satisfy myself fully in regard to this point, and, therefore, leave

for the present,

ASTERIAS vuLaA-Bis Stimpson, MSS.

(p. 496.)

Packard, in Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, Dec, 1863 (no description)
AsteraVerrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 347, 1866 (description).
canthion iKdlidm Ag. MSS. A. Agassiz, Embryology, in Proc. Amer. Acad.,
1863 (no description); Embryology of the Starfish, in Agassiz' Contributions,vol. V, p. 3.
Asterias ruhens Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 345 (non Liund).
;Long Island Sound to Labrador, and (?) Greenland.

Very abundant

in Massachusetts Bay, Oasco Bay, Bay of Fundy, from above low- watermark to 40 fathoms in the deeper parts of Vineyard Sound and off
Gay Head, in 6 to 25 fathoms, not uncommon off Watch Hill, Khode
Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, common; Faulkner's Island, Connecticut, low;;

water, very rare.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

719

Leptasterias oompta Yerrill.
Proc. Boston Soc, vol. x, p. 850, 1886.

Asterias compta Stirapson, Proc. Boston

Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, p. 270, 1862 ; Verrill, op. cit., p. 340.

Off New Jersey, 32 fathoms, (Captain Geduey).
yard, 20 to 25 fathoms, rare

Off Martha's Yiue-

off Casco Bay, 30 to 50 fathoms.

;

Cribrella SANauiNOLENTA Liitken.

(p. 407.)

Grcenl. Echinod., p. 31, 1859 ; Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat Hist., vol. x, p. 345,
1866.

Asterias sanguinoJcnfa MUller, Zool.

Dan. Prod., 2836,

oculata Pennant, Brit. Zool., vol. iv, p. 61, Plate 30,

spongiosa Fabricius, Fauna Grcenl., p. 363, 1780.

Mem., vol. viii, p. 120, 1839.
(figure), 1841.

fig.

56,

1776.

Asterias

1777.

Asterias

Linkia oculata Forbes, VVern.

Crihella ocuJata Forbes, British Starfishes, p. 100,

Echinaster oculatus Mliller and Troschel, Syst. Asterid., p. 24, 1842.

Linkia oculata Stimpson, Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 14, 1853. Linkia pertusa
Stimpson, op. cit., p. 14. Ecldnaster sanguinolentus Sars, Fauna I^itt. Norveg., 1,
p. 47, Plate 8, figs. 3-6 ;Oversigt af Norges Echinodermer, p. 84, 1861.

northern coasts of Europe to GreatVery common in the Bay of Fiindy, Casco Bay,

Connecticut to the Arctic Ocean
Britain and France.

•and on the entire coast of Maine, from low- water to 100 fathoms Massachusetts Bay Yineyard Sound, 5 to 20 fathoms, not uncommon off"Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 3 to 5 fathoms off' New London, Connecticut (coll. T. H. Prudden).
;

;

j

j

OPHIUEOIDEA.

Ophiura olivacea Lyman,111.

(p. 363.)

Catal. Mus. Comp. Zoology, No. 1, Ophiuridse and Astrophytidse p. 23, 1865;,

Verrill, Proc.

Boston Soc. N. H., vol. x, p. 339.

Ophioderma olivaceum Ayres,

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 134, 1852.

Cape Cod to North Carolina.

Wood's Hole, Buzzard's Bay, and Yineyard Sound, not common
shores of Long Island, frequent
Fort
Macon, ]N^orth Carolina, common, (Dr. Yarrow).
jjOphiopholis aculeata Gray.

Plate XXXY, fig. 270.

(p. 496.)

List of British Animals in Coll. of Brit. Mus., Part I, Ead. Auim., p. 25, 1848;

Liitken Additamenta ad Hist. Ophiuridarum, p. 60, Plate 2, figs. 15,a. b, 16, a,b,
1858;

Verrill, op. cit., p. 344, 18.66.

p. 1101 ;Asterias aculeata

Retzius Vetersk.-Akad., vol. iv, p. 240, 1783

Zool. Dan., vol. iii, p. 29, Plate 99, 1789.
488, 1828.

Ophiocoma

fishes, p. 53, figure.

hellis;Linne {pars), Syst. Nat.,
Muller, Prod., 2841, 1776

Ophiura hellis Fleuiiug, Brit. Anim,, p.

Forbes, Wern. Mem., vol. viii, p. 226

Ophiopliolis lellis;

Brit. Star-

Lyman, op. cit., p. 96, Plate 1, figs. 4-6.

Ophiolepis scolopendrica Mliller and Troschel, Syst. Aster., p. 96, 1842.

Ophioph-olis scolopendrica Stimpson, Invert, of Grand Manan, p. 13, 1853.

Rhode Island and ISTew Jersey to the Arctic Ocean

Iceland Spitznorthern coasts of Europe, to the English Channel, Ireland,
Yery abundant in the Bay of Fundy, Casco Bay, and along theetc.
whole coast of Maine, from low- water to 100 fathoms Massachusetts

bergen

;

;

;

;

Bay

;

off Oay Head, 6 to 8 fathoms, rare ; off Watch Hill, Rhode Island,Off' New Jersey, 30 to 38 fathoms, N. lat. 39°
similar species,
73°
W. long.
15', (Josephine Exp., t. Ljungmann).

in 4 to 5 fathoms, rocky.
54' ;

A

perhaps identical, occurs on the northwestern coasts of America.

720

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Amphipholis ELEGANS Ljangniann.

(p. 420.)

Optiiuroidea viventia hue usque cognita, Ofvers. Kougl. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 1866,
p. 312.

Amphiura elegans

Ophiura elegans Leach, Zool. Miscell., iii, p. 57, 1815.

Normau, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xv, p. 109, 1835.
Forbes, Brit. Starfishes, p. 30, 1841.

OphioGoma neglecta
Opliiolepis tenuis Ayres, Proc. Boston Soc.

Amphiura tenuis Lyman, Proc. B. S. N. H., vol.
Amphipholis tenuis Ljungmaan, Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet.-Akad.

Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 133, 1852.
vii, p. 194, 1860.

Forh., 1871, p. 635.

Amphiura squamata Lyman, Catalogue Ophiur. andAstroph., p. 121, 1865 (non Delle Chiage, t. Ljungmann).

Off New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean northern coasts of Europe to theEnglish Channel. Common in Vineyard Sound, 4 to 15 fathoms Massachusetts Bay; Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy, low-water to 60 fathoms.
Greenland, 15 fathoms, (Ltitken, as A. neglecta). Off New Jersey, 36 to
38 fathoms, N. lat. 39° 54^, W. long. 73° 15', (Josephine Exp., t. Ljungmann).
Mr. Ljungmann, in his latest paper, regards this species as distinct
both from the Mediterranean species {Amphiura squamata), and the
Euglish and Norwegian species {AmpMpJioUs elegans). The former I
have here regarded as distinct, but consider the latter identical with
the American form, the differences mentioned being slight and appar;;

ently inconstant.

Amphiura abdita Yerrill.

(p. 433.)

Amphipholis abdita Verrill, Amer. Jour, of Science, ser. iii, vol. ii, p. 132, 1871
this Report, p. 433.
(See errata).

Body plump, pentagonal; the interradial margins concave, and theangles, at base of arms, incised ;margin thick, rounded;

upper surfaceof disk covered with very numerous, minute, crowded scales, which en-

croach more or less upon the radial shields and run up between them ina wedge-like area; lower surface thickly covered with still more minute,granule-like scales. Kadial shields elongated, three or more times
longer than wide, curved; the outer end geniculate or bent downward,
forming a prominent angle above; they are divergent, and separate for
their whole length, or barely touch at the outer ends, and are more orless concealed laterally and proximally by the encroachment of the smallArms or rays, 16 times as long as the diameter of the body,scales.
or even more, slender, flexible, gradually attenuated to the tips.
Six mouth-papillae in each angle of the mouth, and two to four additional small rounded papillce, or tentacle-scales, near the extreme outerangle. Two of the mouth -papillae, ou each side, are placed close together,at about the middle of the edge of the jaw ; the outer of these, which isabout twice as wide as the inner, is flat, scarcely longer than wide, withthe end obtusely rounded or truncate; the inner one is scarcely wider
than thick, oblong, rounded at the end in one case these two papillae
are united together. The third mouth-pa])illa is stout and rounded,
obtuse, larger and longer than either of the others, separated from themby a considerable interval, and brought close to the tooth at the end of
the jaw, beyond which it projects inwardly and downwardly.
;

ETC.

721

The moutli-shields are long-oval, or somewhat hexagonal, narrowed
outwardly, the outer part of the lateral edges being nearly straight,
the outer end rounded or sub-truncate, the inner end broadly rounded.
Side mouth-shields triangular with the three edges concave, the innerends not united, the surface finely granulated. The lower arm-plates
are separated by the side plates the first two are longer than broad,pentagonal, the inner end forming an obtuse angle, the outer edge
straight the next two are about as wide as long, squarish, with thecorners rounded or truncate the following ones are broader than long,somewhat octagonal, the outer and inner edges longest and nearlystraight beyond the middle of the arm they are again pentagonal, withan inner angle. On the first five joints of one specimen there is only asingle pair of tentacle-scales, which are small and rounded on the succeeding joints there are generally two pairs, one of them being considerably smaller than the other; the largest specimen has two pairs oftentacle scales on all the joints.
Arm-spines three, on each side of all the joints, except the first, which
has but two they are thickened at base, gradually tapering, blunt at
tip, sub-equal; the lower one a little curved downward; the upper one
stoutest, flattened, scarcely tapering, obtuse; the middle one a little
longer than the others, the length about equal to width of lower armjilates.
The upper arm-plates are transversely sub -elliptical, with theouter edge well rounded, the inner edge slightly prominent or angularin the middle, and a little concave to either side, so that the lateral portions are somewhat narrowed the plates generally touch each other.
Color, when living, brown above, the central area dark brown, aradiating band of the same extending to each interradial margin, andbordered like the central area with pale gray opposite the base ofeach arm is a squarish area or radial band of olive-brown radial plates
yellowish brown, the space between them bright blue. In the center ofthe disk is a small darker brown spot, and five similar ones, corresponding to the bases of the arms, form a circle around the center; fiveothers, more distant, correspond to the interradial spaces other more
minute dark spots are scattered over the disk. Upper arm-plates aremostly dark brown, edged with pale brown or whitish some of theplates are partially or wholly lighter, yellowish brown, and thus form
transverse light bands, or mottlings, consisting of one or more plates
toward the tips these light bands become more numerous, and wider;spines bright brown. Lower side of disk yellowish brown, with a tingeof greenish
plates around the mouth whitish each of the jaws withtwo brown spots; mouth- tentacles orange-yellow. Under arm-elates
yellowish brown, with the edges paler, and with a distal mediau spotof whitish lower arm-spines yellowish brown. In some specimens thearms are dull greenish above, instead of brown.
Diameter of the disk, of the largest specimen, 11™"^; length of arms?
;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

S. Mis. 61

46

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

722Long Island Sound off 'New Haven, in 4 to 6 fathoms, mud off
Thimble Islands, 3 to 8 fathoms, soft mud, rare.
This species is, in some respects, intermediate between AmpMpholisand Amphiura. With the former it agrees best in the number of thearm-spines and general appearance but in the structure of the mouthparts it agrees better with the latter. It will, however, not go into anyof the sections or sub-sections established by Ljungmann. It appears to
be more nearly allied to A. Uugenice Ljung., from La Plata, than to any;;;

other species hitherto described ; the latter has, however, four armspines instead of three.

ASTROPHYTON AaASSizii Stimpson.
Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 12, 1853;

Lyman, Catalogue, p. 186.

This species was first described from a specimen obtained " not far
from the shoals of Nantucket," by Governor John Winthrop, in 1670
and 1671 (Philosophical Transactions), under the name of "BasketCrab Ledge, off Chatham, Massachusetts, (V. N.
fish'" or "Net-fish."
Edwards.) It occurs on the banks east and north of Cape Cod, andon Saint George's Bank, and is very common in the Bay of Fundy,
low-water to 110 fathoms and is especially abundant in Eastport
According to Dr. Liitken it is also
Harbor, in 10 to 20 fathoms.
jfound at Greenland and Finmark.
CRINOIDEA.

Antedon dentatus Yerrill.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 339, 1866.

Aledo dentaia Say, Journ.

Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 153, 1825.

This species was described by Say, from a specimen obtained at Great

Egg Harbor, New Jersey. It may possibly occur on the southern coastof New England, but I am not aware that it has actually been found so
far north.

ACALEPH^.
CTENOPHOR^.

Mnemiopsis Leidyi a. Agassiz.
Illustr. Catal.

(p. 449.)

Mus. Comp. Zoology, North American Acaleph?e, p. 20, figa. 22-24,

1865.

Buzzard's Bay and Yineyard Sound j Long Island Sound, off New

Haven.
Lesuetjria hyboptera a. Agassiz.

(p.

454.)

Catal. North American AcalephiB, p. 23, figs. 25-28.

Nevti^ort, Khode Ishmd, to Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz).

Pleurobrachia rhododaotyla Agassiz.

(p. 448.)

Memoirs Amer. Academy, vol. iv, p. 314, Plates 1 to 5, 1849;

Contributions toNat. Hist. U. S., vol. iii, pp. 203, 294, Plate 2», 1860; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p.
30, figs. 38-51, 1865.

Southern side of Long Island, to Greenland. Not uncommon in LongIKYERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Island Sound, near New Haven ;723

common in Vineyard Sound and Massa-

chusetts Bay 5 very abundant in Casco Baj-, Bay of Fundy, and Gulf
of Saint Lawrence. Off Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).
Fire
Island, Long Island (S. I. Smith).

Idyia roseola Agassiz.

(p. 451.)

Contributions to Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. iii, pp. 270-296, Plates 1, 2, 1860; A.
Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 36, figs. 52-62, 1865.

Off Gay Head, not common

Vineyard Sound to Labrador.

in Massachusetts Bay and Casco Bay

and Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
?

;commonvery abundant in Bay of Fundy
Labrador (Packard).
;

Cestum Veneris Lesueur.
Nouv. Bull. Soc. Phil., 1813, p. 281, Plate 5, fig. 1;

Lesson, Zoophytes Acalephes,

p. 70, Plate 1, fig. 1.

Mr. S. I. Smith observed a species, apparently identical with this, atSaint George's Banks, and Mr. A. Agassiz has observed fragments of asimilar species near IsTewport, Ehode Island. This is properly a more

southern species, found in the warmer parts of the Atlantic and in the
Mediterranean Sea.

DISCOPHOR^.

AuRELiA FLAYiDULA Perou and Lesueur.

Plate XXXVI, fig. 271.

(p.

449.)

^un. Mus. Hist. Nat., vol. xiv, p. 47, 1809;

Lesson, op. cit., p. 376, 1843

Contributions to Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. iii, Plates 6-11^
Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 42,

figs.

65, 66.

Aurelia;;

Agassiz,vol. iv, pp. 10, 160

aiirita;A.

Stimpson, Invert., ofGrand Manan, p. 11, 1853.

Buzzard's Bay to Greenland. Common in the upper part of Buzzard' s^Bay, in spring; off Gay Head and in Vineyard Sound, in August;;

abundant in Massachusetts Bay; Casco Bay; Frenchman's Bay
and Gulf of Saint Lawrence.

of Fundy

;

Bay

;

Cyanea arctica Peron and Lesueur.
Aun. Mus., vol. xiv, p. 51, 1809
10, 10^ ; vol. iv, pp. 87,
telsii Gould,

162

;

;

(p. 449.)

Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iii, Plates 3, 4, 5, 5»^

A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 44, fig. 67.

Cyanea Pos-

Invert., ed. i, p. 347; Stimpson, op. cit., p. 11 (non Brandt j.

Long Island Sound to Greenland. Common near ^ew Haven ; inBuzzard's Bay Vineyard Sound; very abundant in Massachusetts Bay ;.
Casco Bay Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Fire Island^.
Long Island (S. I. Smith).
;;;

Cyanea fulva Agassiz.
Contributions, vol.

iv, pp. 119, 162,

1862

;

A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 46' (no de-scription).

Long Island Sound (L. Agassiz).

Vineyard Sound (A. Agassiz).
more than one species among the
Cyanece of our waters, although they vary considerably in color, just as
I have been unable to distinguish

724

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

they do farther north, as in the Bay of Fundy.
a color- variety of (7. arctica,

DactylometrA quinquectrra Agassiz.

This

Plate

is

probably only

XXXYI, fig. 272.

(p. 449.)

Contributions, vol.

iv,

pp. 125, 166, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 48, fig. 69.

Pelagia quinquecirrha Desor, Proc. Boston Soo. Nat. History, vol. iii, p. 76, 1848.

Bermudas to Cape Cod.

Long Island Sound, near New Haven

j

com-

mon in Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound.
Pelagia cyanella P^ron and Lesueur.
Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat., vol. xiv, p. 37, 1809; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iii,
Plates 12, 13, 13^ vol. iv, pp. 128, 164 A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 47, fig. 68.
;

Off Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).

This species inhabits the Gulf
Caribbean Sea; and coasts of Florida and North Carolina.
It is carried northward by the Gulf Stream to the vicinity of SaintGeorge's Bank, and is, therefore, like the two following, likely to occur
occasionally at Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard.
of Mexico5

Stomolophus meleagris Agassiz.
Contributions, vol.

iii,

Plate 14, 1860;

vol. iv, pp. 138, 151, 1862 ; A. Agassiz,

Catalogue, p. 40.

Off Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smith).

Coast of Georgia (Agassiz).
1

Gharyhdea periphylla Peron and Lesueur.
Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat., vol. xiv, p. 332, 1809
PI. 55, fig. 2 (fromLesueur);;

Edwards in Cuvier, Regne Anira.,

Lesson, op. cit., p. 265, 1843;

Agassiz, Contribu-

tions, vol. iv, p. 173.

This species was originally described and figured from mutilated
specimens taken under the equator in the Atlantic Ocean, and seems
not to have been seen by later writers. Mr. S. I. Smith has apparently
rediscovered this interesting species off Saint George's Bank.
The specimen obtained by him, while on the United States CoastSurvey steamer Bache, in 1872, is not quite perfect, but agrees pretty
nearly with the descriptions and figure cited.
The body in the alcoholic specimen is elevated, bell-shaped, rounded
above, with a marked constriction toward the border transparent, theinner cavity showing through as a large, conical, dark reddish brown
spot, with the apex slightly truncated. Border deeply divided into sixteen long, flat lobes, which are of nearly uuiform breadth throughout,and slightly rounded, or sub-truncate, at the end the edges and end
thin and more or less frilled; the inner side with two sub-marginalEyes inconspicuous, but small bright red specks are scatteredcarinfB.
over the marginal lobes. The intervals between the lobes are narrowand generally smoothly rounded, without distinct evidence of the existence of tentacles, except that, in one of these intervals, there is a smalland short papilliform process, with brown pigment at the base. The
;

;

725

INVEETEBEATE ANIMALS OF VINEYAED SOUND, ETC.

ovaries are mostly wanting, but portions are to be seen as slightly con-

Yoluted organs in the marginal region, opposite the intervals between
the lobes.

Teachynema digitals a. Agassiz.
Catalogue,

p. 57, figs.

81-86, 1865.

(p. 454.)

Medusa digitale Fabricius, Fauna Grceul., p.

366, 1780.

Vineyard Sound to Greenland. Wood's Hole, July 1, young specimens. Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz).

HYDEOIDEA.
Sertularina.

TiAEOPSIS DIADEMATA AgaSSiz.

(p. 454.)

Memoirs Amer. Acad., vol. ir, p. 289, Plate 6, 1849;

Contributions, vol. iii, p.

354, Plate 31, figs. 9-15; vol. iv, pp. 308, 311, figs. 45-48; A. Agassiz, Catalogue,
p. 69, figs. 91-93.

Vineyard Sound to Bay of Fundy. Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz).
Greenland (Morch). Wood^s Hole, April, 1873.

Oceania languid a A. Agassiz.
In Agassiz, Contributions, vol.

(p. 454.)iv, p. 353, 1862 ;Catalogue, p. 70, figs. 94-102,

1865.

Buzzard's Bay to Bay of Fundy.
uncommon in Eastport Harbor.

Common in Vineyard Sound

EucHEiLOTA VENTEicuLAEis McCready.

;not(p. 454.)

Gymnoplithalmata of Charleston Harbor, in Proc. of Elliott Society of Nat
History, vol. i, p. 187, Plates 11, figs. 1-3, 12, figs. 1, 2, 1857; Agassiz, Contrbutions, vol. iv, p. 353, 1862;

A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 74, figs. 104, 105, 1865.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound.

EUCHEILOTA DUODECIMALIS A. AgaSSiz.

(p. 454.)

In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 353, 1862;

Catalogue, p. 75, figs. 106-107*.

Buzzard's Bay, ^aushon Island (A. Agassiz).

Clytia Johnstoni Hincks.

(p. 4*08.)

Hist. British Hydroid Zo6i;ihytes, p. 143, Plate 24, fig. 1, 1868.
Campanularia
Johnstoni Alder, Nortbum. and Dur. Catal., in Trans. Tynes. F. C, vol. v,
p. 126,

Plate 4, fig. 8 (t. Hincks).

Zoiipb., p. 121, 1766.
107,

108,

fig.

Sertiilaria uniflora (^jars) Pallas, Elench.

Campanularia volubilis Johnston, Brit. Zoopb., ed. ii, pp.

18 (not of Linn6

and

Pallas).

Expos. Meth., p. 15, Plate 4, figs. E, f, F, 1821.

ClytiavoWnlis Lamouroux,

Clytia hicoplwra Agassiz, Con-tributions, vol. iv, pp. 304, 354, Plate 27, figs. 8, 9 ; Plate 29, figs. 6-9, 1862

A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 78, figs. 108-111.

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean
to Great Britain and France.

ble Islands, in tide-poolsjnorthern coasts of Europe

Common near Kew Haven and at Thim-and 2 to6 fathoms j

Watch Hill, EhodeEEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

726

Island, 3 to 5 fathoms; Buzzard's Bay; Vineyard Sound, 1 to 14
fathoms, common; off Block Island, 29 fathoms; abundant in Oasco

Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water
Bank (S. I. Smith).

to 40 fathoms.

Saint George's

This species is undoubtedly the one described by Pallas, and according to the strict rules of priority it should be called Clytia uniflora.

Clytia intermedia Agassiz.

(p. 408.)

Contributions, vol. iv, p. 305, Plate 29, figs. 10, 11, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue,
p. 77 (no description).

Vineyard Sound, 6

to8 fathoms, on Phyllophora.

Massachusetts

Bay (Agassiz).
Platypyxis cylindrica Agassiz.

(p. 408.)

Clytia (Platypyxis) cylindrica Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 306, 354, figs.

42-44{not 41, nor Plate 27, figs. 8, 9), 1862.

Catalogue, p. 80,

figs.

Platypyxis cylindrica A. Agassiz,

Campanularia voluhilis Leidy, Jour. Phil.

112-114.

Acad. Nat. Sciences, ser. ii, vol. iii, p. 138, 1855 (not Linn6, sp.).

Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay. Near New Haven, 4 to 6
fathoms, on Salecium ; Thimble Islands Watch Hill, Ehode Island
Vineyard Sound off Buzzard's Bay, 25 fathoms.
;;;

Okthopyxis calioulata Verrill.

(p. 408.)

Campanularia caliculata Hincks, in Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. ii, vol. xi, p.
178, Plate 5, B, 1853; Brit. Hydroid Zooph., p. 164, Plate 31, figs. 2-2*
Clytia (Orthopyxis) poterium Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 297, 302, fig. 40,

Orthopyxis poterium A. Agassiz, Catalogue,

Plate 28, Plate 29. figs. 1-5, 1862.
p. 81, 1865.

Vineyard Sound to Labrador northern coasts of Europe to GreatOff Gay Head and in Vineyard Sound, 4 to 15 fathoms common in Massachusetts Bay Oasco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low water;

Britain.

;

;

to

30

fathoms.

Mingan;Labrador, 6 fathoms, (A. E. V).
S. Packard, as Clytia

Islands,

Henley Harbor, Labrador, 20 to 30 fathoms (A.
voluhilis),

Campanularia volubilis Alder,(p. 408.)

Nortbnmb. and Durham, in Trans. Tynes. F. C, vol. iii, p. 125,
Plate 4, fig. 7, 1857 (not of Johnston) Hincks, Brit. Hyd. Zooph., p. 160, Plate
Sertnlaria vohtUUs Linn6 (pars), Syst. Nat., ed. x, sp. 19; ed. xii, p.
24, fig. 2.

Catal. Zooph.

;

1311

;

Pallas, Klench. Zooph., p. 122, 1766.

Clytia voluhilis A. Agassiz, Cata-logue, p. 77 {not of Lamouroux).

Vineyard Sound to Greenland and Iceland; northern coasts ofEurope to Great Britain low- water to 100 fathoms. Common in tbe
Bay of Fundy, low-water to 60 fathoms.
;

Campanularia flexuosa Hincks.
Brit. Hyd. Zoiiph., p. 168, Plato 1^3.

(p. 327.)

Laomcdeajlexuosa Hincks, Devon, and Corn-wall Catalogue, in Auu. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iii, vol. viii, p. 260, 1861.

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
Laomedea ampJwra Agassiz, Contributioos, vol. iv, pp. 311, 314, fig.
Plate 30, Plate 31, figs. 1-8, 1862;727

50, p. 352,

A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 93.

Long Island Sound to Gulf of Saint Lawrence; northern coasts ofEurope, Isle of Man. New Haven, on piles of Long Wharf; Thimble
Islands, near Xew Haven Vineyard Sound, off Gay Head abundant;;on tke timbers of the wharves at Eastport, Maine.

Obelia diaphana Yerrill.

(p. 327.)

Thaumantias diaphana Agassiz, Mem. Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p, 300, figs. 1, 2, 1849(? non Morch). Eucope diaphana (pars) Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, Plate
A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 83, figs. 115-125.
33, fig. 2, 1862;

Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay. Abundant in New Haven
Harbor and Vineyard Sound, on Zostera, Fucus, etc.

Obelia oeniculata Allman.

(p. 407.)

Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii. May, 1864 (t. Hincks)
Zoophytes, p. 149, Plate 25, fig. 1, 1868.
ed. xii, sp. 21, p. 1312
ed. X, sp. 23;;

Hincks, Brit. Hyd-

Sertularia geniculataljmne, Syst. Nat.,;Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 117, 1766.

Laomedea geniculaia Lamouroux, Pol. Flex., p. 203; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed.
Eucope diaphana {pars) Agassiz, Contributions,ii, p. 103, Plate 25, figs. 1, 2.
Eucope alternata A. Agassiz, Catalogue,
vol. iv, p. 322, Plate 34, figs. 1-9, 1862.
p. 86, 1865.

Long Island Soujid to Labrador.
to Great Britain.

jS'orthern Europe, from ^i^orth Cape

Common near l^ew Haven;atThimble Islands

Watch Hill, Ehode Island Vineyard Sound, 4 to 15 fathoms Massachusetts Bay; Casco Bay Bay of Fundy, and northward, low-water to;;;

40 fathoms, on Laminaria^ Eliodymenia, etc.

Obelia polygena Verrill.
Eucope polygena A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 86, fig. 126, 1865.

Off Gay Head, 4 to 5 fathoms, not common.

Nahant, Massachusetts(A. Agassiz).

Obelia divaricata Verrill.
Laomedea divaricata McCready, op. cit., p. 195, 1859.

Eucope ? divaricata A. Agassiz,

Catalogue, p. 91, 1865.

Charleston, South Carolina (McCready, Agassiz). A few specimens
were found on floating alg?e in Vineyard Sound, which appear to belong
to this species.

It is closely allied to 0. fusiformis (A. Agassiz, sp.).

Obelia pyriformis Verrill.

(p. 390.)

Catalogue, p. 83, figs. 127-129, 1865.

Laomedea gelatinosalueidy Journ. Acad. Nat.
,

Sci., Philad., ser. ii, vol. iii, p. 133, 1855 (not Pallas, sp.).

Long Island Sound to Bay of Fundy.

Very abundant on piles ofwharves, etc., at Wood's Hole.
This species is closely allied to the following
medustie;in the latter the young

have sixteen tentacles when set free, and the reproductive

capsules differ slightly in form.

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONEK OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

728

Obelia dichotoma Hincks.

(p. 407.)

Brit. Hydroid Zoophytes, p. 156, Plate 28, fig. 1, 1863.

Serttilaria dichotoma Linn6,

Syst. Nat., ed. x, sp. 24 ; ed. xii, sp. 22, p. 1312,

Laomedea dichotoma, var. a,

Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 102, Plate 26, figs. 1, 2.

Yineyard Sound, northward northern coasts of Europe to GreatBritain. Off Gay Head, 8 to 10 fathoms, on ascidians j Eastport,;

Maine.

Obelia longissima Hincks.
Brit. Hydroid Zooph., p. 154, Plate 27, 1868.

Sei^tuJaria longissima Pallas, Elench.
Zooph., p. 119, 1766 (excl. synonymy). Laomedea longissima Alder, Trans.
Tynes. F. C, vol. iii, p. 121 (t. Hincks). Laomedea dichotoma, var. b, Johnston,Brit. Zooph., ed. li, p. 102.

Campanularia gelatinosa Vau Beneden, Mem. siir leCampan., p. 33, Plates 1, 2 (t. Hincks).

Gay Head Cape Ann, Massachusetts
Belgium and Great Britain.
-,

Obelia flabellata Hincks.

Bay of Fundy.

5

Coasts of(p. 390.)

Brit. Hydroid Zooph., p. 157, Plate 29, 1868.

Campanularia flabellata Hincks,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iii, vol. xviii, p. 297.

Off Thimble Islands, 4 to 5 fathoms, on Astrangia ;Island, on Lmninaria ;Watch Hill, Khode

Wood's Hole, on old wreck,

in the passage.

Coasts of Great Britain.

The hydrarium of this species very closely resembles the Obelia commay prove to be identical with it. But the

missuralis of Agassiz, andoriginal 0. commissuralis of McCready, from Charleston, South Carolina,is,perhaps, distinct from that described by Agassiz.

Obelia commissuralis McCready.
Proc. Elliott Soc, vol.

i,

Plate XXXYII, fig. 281.

(p. 321.)

p. 197, Plate 11, figs. 5-7, 1859 ; (?) Agassiz, Contribu-•tions, vol. iv, pp. 315, 351, Plate 33 (except fig. 2), Plate 34, figs. 10-21, 1862 ;(?) A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 91, fig. 134.

138, Plate 11, fig. 36 (not Linnd, sp.).

Laomedea dichotoma Leidy, op. cit., p.

f Laomedea gelatinosa

Stimpson, Invert.

of Grand Manan, p. 8, 1853 {not Pallas, sp.).

New Jersey (Leidy). NewEhode Island, and Nahant, Massachusetts (A. Agassiz). New
Haven Harbor, on piles Yineyard Sound, on floating algae. GrandCharleston, South Carolina (McCready).

port,

;

Manan (Mills, t. A. Agassiz).
The northern specimens possibly belong to the preceding species.

Obelia gelatinosa Hincks.

(p. 391.)

Hydroid Zoophytes, p. 151, Plate 26, fig. 1, 1868. Sertularia gelatinosa
Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 116, 1766. Laomedea gelatinosa Lamouroux, Polyp

BritishFlex., p. 92 ; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed.

ii,

p.

104, Plate 27, fig. 1 (var. b),

Vamxmnularia gelatinosa Lamarck, Auim. sans Vert., ed. ii, p. 134 (t. Hincks).
Laomedea gigantea A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 86, 1865.

New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay; northern coasts of Europe, from
North Cape to Belgium and Great Britain; low-water to 20 fathoms.
Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on oysters New Haven, on piles ofLong Wharf, abundant. Mouth of Charles River, near Boston (H. J.
Clark, t. A. Agassiz).
;INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

RHEaMATODES TENUIS A. Agassiz.

729(p. 454.)

In Agassiz, Coutributions, vol. iv, p. 361, 1862;

Catalogue, p. 95, figs. 136-138.

Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound.
Plate XXXVII, fig. 275.

ZYaoDACTYLA Grgenlandica Agassiz.

(p.

449.)
Contributions, vol.

^qnorea(t.

iv, p. 360,

G-rcenlandica

1862

;

A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 103, figs. 153-156.

Peron and Lesueur, Ann. du Mus., vol. xiv, p. 27, 1809

A. Agassiz).

Common in Vineyard Sound, in June

Buzzard's Bay to Greenland.

and July.

J^QUOREA ALBIDA A. Agassiz.

(p. 454.)

In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 359, 1862;

Catalogue, p. 110, figs. 160-162.

Buzzard's Bay (A. Agassiz).

TiMA F0R310SA Agassiz.

(p. 449.)

Contributions, vol. iv, p. 362, 1862;

A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 113, figs. 164-172.

Massachusetts Bay

Vineyard Sound, February and April.

(A.

Agassiz).

EUTDIA LIMPIDA A. Agassiz.

(p. 454.)

In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 363, 1862-;

Catalogue, p. 116, figs. 173-178.

Buzzard's Bay, Naushon (A. Agassiz).

Lapoea calcarata a. Agassiz.

(p.

408.

184-194.

(7*0^ of Lamouroux).

Lafcea cornuta Agassiz, Contr., vol. iv, p. 351
Laodicea calcarata A. Agassiz, in Agassiz, Contributions,vol. iv, p. 350, 1862.

Campaniilaria dumosa Leidy, op. cit., p. 138, 1855 (not of

Catalogue, p. 122, figs.

Fleming).

South' Carolina to Vineyard Sound; Buzzard's Bay and VineyardSound. The hydrarium was abundant on floating Zostera and algne in
Vineyard Sound, creeping over Sertularia cornicina; also at low- water,
and in 6 to 8. fathoms on Fhyllophora ; Thimble Islands, in tide-pool, onCharleston, South Carolina (McCready, described as a
Yesicidaria.
constituent part of his JDynamena cornicina).

Haleciux gracile Verrill, sp. nov.

(p. 328.)

Stems slender, flexible, clustered, compound, consisting of many very
slender, united tubes, light brown or yellowish, pinnately much branchedbranches alternate, ascending, long, slender, tapering, similar to the main
stem, and usually similarly subdivided the branches and branchlets;

mostly arise from opposite sides of the stem, so that they stand nearly
in one plane ends of branches and the branchlets simple, very slender,translucent, whitish, divided into rather long segments; the articulations not very conspicuous, somewhat oblique each segment usuallywith a prominent cylindrical process, arising from near the upper end,
which, on the older branches, bears the hjdroid cell, but on the young
branchlets are themselves hydroid cells, furnished with a thin, slightly;;

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

730

expanded border, having a circle of dots near the edge the older orsecondary cells, arising from these, are rather elongated, narrow, cylindrical, with slightly expanded rim, more or less bent and crooked or
geniculate at base, and usually with one or two irregular constrictions.
Many of the older cells are much elongated, and have two or three oldrims below, separated by distances equal to two or three times thediameter. The hydroids are long, slender, with numerous long tentacles,much exsert from the cells. The branchlets and gonothecse (reproduct;ive capsules) arise in the axils of the hydroid cells, and, like the latter,
the gonothecse are often secund on the branchlets.
The male and female

capsules are different in form.

The male gonothecse are oblong, sub-fusiform, about three times as long as broad, obtusely rounded at theend, more gradually tapered to the base;the female gonothecse arebroader, somewhat flattened, usually a little shorter, gradually expand-ing from the narrow base to near the distal end, which is emarginate
the outer angle broadly rounded and slightly produced the inner angle
prolonged into a short cylindrical hydroid cell, with the edge slightly
everted, from which two hydroids usually protrude. Height, 75™°^ to
15Qmm cliameter of stems, seldom more than 1"^°^ length of female
gonothecse, about V"^', breadth, 0.40°^'^ to 0.45°^™; length of male gonoj;.

thecse, 1^"^ to 1.10"^'^5 breadth, 0.30^^°^ to 0.40™°^ j diameter of hydro-

thecse, about 0.12°^°^.

Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on oysters, just below low- watermark Long Island Sound, near New Haven, in 2 to 6 fathoms, abundant,
and also in brackish water on floating timber Thimble Islands, 2 to 6
fathoms Buzzard's Bay and Vineyard Sound.
This species is more nearly allied to H. halecinum of Europe andNorthern New England than to any other described species. It is amuch more slender and delicate species, with longer joints, and narrower
and more elongated hydrothecse and polyps. The female gonothecie,5j5although similar, differ in having the distal ends decidedly emarginate,with the outer angle somewhat produced, though much less so than inthose of H. BeaniL

Antennularia antennina Fleming,(p. 497.)

Anim., p. 546 Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 86, Plate 19, figs. 1-3
Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph. j). 280, Plate 61. Seriularia antennina Linn6, Syst.

Brit.

;

,

Nat., ed. x, 1758; ed. xii, p. 1310.

Antennularia incUvisa Lamarck, Anim. sans

Vert., ed. ii, vol. ii, p. 156.

Martha's Vineyard to Bay of Eundy northern coasts of Europe toGreat Britain and France. Off Gay Head, 8 fathoms Oasco Bay, 6 to30 fathoms Bay of Fundy, 10 to 60 fathoms, not uncommon.
;;;

Aglaopiienia arborea Verrill.
Plumularia arhorea Dosor, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 65, 1848; A.
Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 140.

The original specituen of this species is still preserved in the collection

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
of the Boston Society.

It consists of a large

731

number of long, mostly

simple, but occasionally forked stems, forming a dense plume-like cluster,

united at base by an intricate mass of creeping stolons, which coverwhat looks like the dead axis of a Gorgonia, but is most probably adried-up black alga, and is certainly not, as Desor supposed, a part of
The stems are mostly 4 to 6 inches long, more or less re-the hydroid.

curved, composed of short joints, and densely covered with the secund
pinnae, which increase in length from the basetoward the tips; thepinnae arise from every joint, and form two close alternating rows along

the inner side of the stems they are directed upward, and more or lesscurved inward, toward each other, near the tips, and mostly 5™°^ to 8"^'^in length, composed of short, stout, oblique joints, not twice as long as;

broad.

Hydra-cells deep, slightly flaring, rising at an angle of about

450, attached only at base, the upper side less than half as high as thelower, border strongly dentate ; one slender median denticle on the up-

per edge;

four lateral ones on each side, of which three are subequal,

triangular, rather wide, obtuse, with rounded intervals ; the lower orouter lateral one is twice as long, rather acute ; the single odd medianone, on the outer margin, is equally long and more slender, and usuallybent upward. A single large tubular median nematophore is attachedto the outer side of the cell, along most of its length, but separated at
the end, which is obliquely truncate, with the aperture on the innerside, its tip nor extending beyond the long lateral denticles of the hydracell.
Lateral nematophores small, sessile, not so long as the upper or
inner side of the cells. The large, closed, oblong corbulae are irregularly scattered among the other pinnae; they occupy the terminal part ofthe modified pinnae, but there are usually three or four unaltered hydracells on the basal portion, below the corbula
the pinnae bearing corbulae are somewhat shorter than the others.
Shoals of ^N^antucket, ten miles east of Sancati Head, 14 fathoms,;(Desor).

Plumulaeia tenella Yerrill, sp. nov.

(p. 407.)

Stems clustered, simple, slender, 1 to 2 inches high, horn -coloredbranches alternate, very slender, not very long, mostly unbranched,placed toward one face of the stem, inclining forward, and ascendingat an angle of about 45^, and originating from the alternate joints of thestem, the internodes being longer than the joints that bear branches
at one side of the base of each branch there is a hydro theca and accomlianying nematophores the internodes of the stem also bear one or two
nematophores. The basal segment of each branch is short the rest
are of three kinds every third one is usually stouter, and bears a hydrotheca just in front of each hydrotheca there is usually a very shortsegment, scarcely longer than broad, and sometimes indistinct, destituteof nematophores then follows a much longer, slender segment, five or
six times as long as broad, articulated by a very oblique joint at its dis;

;

;

;

;

5

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

732

tal end with the thicker and shorter polypiferous segment, and bearing

one or two nematophores on the median line, which may be either near
the middle or toward the proximal end.
Hydrothecae broad, subcylindrical, a little longer than broad, with a slightly flaring, even rim ;the axis forms an angle of about 45° with the branches; the freepart of the distal side is about half the length of the proximal side.

Nematophores relatively large, usually three with each hydrotheca: one oneach side, shorter than the hydrotheca, trumpet-shaped, with a round,cup-like opening, narrowed below, nearly sessile; another, similar inform, placed toward the proximal end of the segment, inclined forward,
and nearly reaching the base of the hydrotheca. Gonothecae not observed.

Off Gay Head, 8 to 10 fathoms, among ascidians; Vineyard Sound,
8 fathoms.

This species is related to P. Catharinw Johnston and P cornucopue
Hincks, from the English coast. The- former differs in having opposite
branches, smaller and more elongated nematophores, etc. the latter
agrees in having alternate branches, but the nematophores are smaller,
longer, and more slender, and the joints of the branches are different.
This is the first genuine species of Flumularia that has been discovered on the l^ew England coast.
;

Sertularia ARaENTEA Ellis and Solander.

Plate XXXYII, fig. 280.

(p. 408.)

Zoophytes, p. 38
figs.

1-3

;

;

Johnston, Brit. Zoojih., ed. ii, p. 79, Plate 14, fig. 3, Plate 15>

Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., p. 268, Plate 56;

A. Agassiz, Catalogue,

p. 144.

New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean

northern shores of Europe to Great
low-water to 110 fathoms. Great Egg Harbor,
New Jersey, in April common and of large size in Long Island Sound,near New Haven, Thimble Islands, and at Faulkner's Island, 1 to 8
fathoms Watch Hill, Ehode Island Yineyard Sound, 1 to 15 fathoms,
very common abundant in Oasco Bay Ba^^ of Fundy Nova Scotia
coast and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, low-water to 110 fathoms. SaintBritain and France

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

;

George's Bank (S. I. Smith).

Sertularia cupressina Linn6.

(p. 408.)

Syst. Natura3, ed. x, 1758; ed. xii, p. 1308; Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 142, 1766;

Johnston, op. cit.,p. 80,

Plate 16, figs. 1, 2; Hincks, op. cit., p. 270, Plate 57;

A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 143.

New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean

northern coasts of Europe to GreatGreat Egg Harbor, New Jersey, with reproductive
capsules, in April Vineyard Sound, not common Massachusetts Bay
Casco Bay Bay of Fuudy, in tide-pools and from 1 to 110 fathoms,
common. Saint George's Bank (S. I. Smitb). Absecom Beach, New
Jersey (Leidy).
;

Britain and France.
;

;

;

;

Sertularia pumila Linne.
Syst. Natuiic, ed. x, 1758
up.

cit., p.

ij(),;

PUne XXXVII, fig. 270.

ed. xii, p. 1306

I'late 11, figs. 3, 4 ;;(p. 327.)

Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 130;

Johnston,

Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zoiiph., p. 260, Plate 53,

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC

733

Dynamena pumila Lamouroux, Bulletin Soc. Phil., vol. iii, p. 184. 1812

fig. 1.

;

Agassiz, Contributious, vol. iv, pp. 326, 355, Plate 32, 1862 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 141, figs. 225, 226.

New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean Finmark to Great Britain andFrance. Great Egg Harbor, Xew Jersey, on Fiicus; abuudant on the
shores of Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, and northward, between
5tides.

Sertularia cornicina Yerrill.

(p. 408.)

Dijnamena cornicina {pars) McCready, op. cit., p. 204, 1859

A. Agassiz, Catalogue,;

p. 142, 1865.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound. Not uncommon in
Vineyard Sound, 1 to 8 fathoms, often on Halecium gracile ; also on floating Zostera, etc., and covered with Lafoea calcarata.
This species somewhat resembles the preceding, but the hydra-cells
are more distant, longer, more prominent, and freer, while the end isdistinctly bent outward, making the lower side concave in the middle;

aperture strongly bilabiate, ofteu appearing tridentate.

Hydrallmania falcata Hincks.

(p. 408.)

Brit. Hyd. Zooph., p. 273, Plate 53, 1863.

X, 1758

160;;

Sertularia falcata Linne, Syst. Nat., ed.

ed. xii, p. 1309 ; Plumularia falcata Lamarck, Auim. sans Vert., ed. ii, p.

Johuston, Brit. Zooph., p. 90, Plate 21, figs.

1, 2.

Sertularia ienerissima

Stimpsou, Mar. Invert. Grand Manan, p. 8, 1853.

Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean
to the British Channel.

northern shores of Europe;

Common near l^ew Haven, and off Thimble

Watch Hill, Ehode Island Vineyard Sound,and off Gay Head, 6 to 20 fathoms; Massachusetts Bay, abundant;
very abundant in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 110 fathoms; Mingan Islands, Labrador. Saint George's Bank, very abundant,
Islands, 4 to 8 fathoms ;;20 to 150 fathoms, (S. L Smith, A. S. Packard).
Tuhidarina.

NE3I0PSIS Bachei Agassiz. (p. 454.)
Mem. Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 289, figure, 1849
A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 149, figs. 227-231.

;

Contribntions, vol. iv, p. 345;

Xemo2?sis Gibhesi McCready, op. cit.

p. 58, Plate 10, figs. 1-7, 1859.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Nantucket.

BouGAiNViLLiA suPERCiLiARis Aggasiz.

Plate

XXXVII, fig. 276.

(p. 328.)

Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 239, 291, figs. 37-39, Plate 27, figs. 1-7, 1862

A. AgasCatalogue, p. 153, figs. 232-240. Hippocrene superciliaris Agassiz, Mem.
Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 250, Plates 1-3, 1849.
;

siz,

Newport, Rhode Island, to Bay of Fundy

Margelts Carolinensis Agassiz.
Contributions, vol. iv, p. 344, 18(i2

;

;

?

Greenland.

(p. 450.)

A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 156, figs. 241-248.

Hippocrene Carolinensis McCready, op. cit., p. 164 (separate copies, p. Q-l), Plate
10, figs. 8-10.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound.
surface, evening.

Wood's Hole, at

734

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

EUDENDKIUM DTSPAR Agassiz.

(p. 408.)

Coutribntions, vol. iv, pp. 285, 289, 342, fig. 36, Plate 27, figs. 10-21, 1862;
Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 159, fig. 249.

A

Vineyard Sound to Bay of Fundy j 1 to 20 fathoms.

EUDENDRIUM TENUE A. AgaSSiz.
Catalogue, p. 160, fig. 250, 1865.

Buzzard's Bay to Bay of Fundy, low-water to 15 fathoms. This is
closely allied to the English U. capillare Alder, but the latter seems to

be a smaller and more delicate species.

EUDENDRIUM RAMOSUM Ehrenberg.

(p. 408.)

Corall. roth. Meer, p. 72, 1834; Johnston, Brit. Zooph., ed. ii, p. 46, Plate 6,
figs. 1-3; Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., p. 82, Plate 13; ? A. Agassiz, Catalogue,
TubaJaria ramosa Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1302.
p. 160.

Martha's Vineyard to Labrador; northern coasts of Europe to GreatOff Gay Head, 8 to 20 fathoms Oasco Bay, 10 to 60 fathoms
Bay of Fundy, 6 to 100 fathoms. Off Saint George's Bank, 430 fathoms,
Britain.

(S. 1.

j

Smith).

Dysmorphosa fulgurans a. Agassiz.

(p. 448.)

Catalogue, p. 163, figs. 259, 260, 1865.

Buzzard's Bay, i^aushon, and Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz).

TuRRiTOPSis NUTRICULA McOrcady.

(p. 454.)

Op. cit., pp. 55, 86, 127, Plates 4, 5, 8, fig. 1, 1857-9 Agassiz, Contributions, vol.
iv, p. 347
A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 167, figs. 269, 270.
;;

Charleston, South Oaroliua, to Vineyard Sound.

Stomotoca apicata Agassiz.

(p. 455.)

Contributions, vol. iv, p. 347, 1862;

A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 168.

Saphenia

apicata McCready, op. cit., p. 129, Plate 8, figs. 2, 3, 1859.

Charleston, South Carolina (McCready) j Newport, Ehode Island (A.
Agassiz).

Clava leptostyla Agassiz.
Contributions, vol.

iv,

(p. 328.)

pp. 218, 222, fig. 32, Plate 20, figs. 11-16% Plate 21, figs.

1-10% 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 170, fig. 274; Hincks, op. cit., p. 6, Plate
1868.
Clava multicornis Stinipson, Invert. Grand Mauau, p. 11, 1853
Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. iii, p. 135, Plate 11, figs. 33, 34,2, fig. 1,;

1855 (not of Johuston).

Long Island Sound to Labrador; coasts of Great Britain. Near New
Haven Light; Tliimble Islands, in tide-pools; Beverly, Massachusetts;

Casco Bay, on rocks and Fucus, abundant Eastport, Maine, on piles.
Point Judith, Rhode Island (Leidy). Nahant, Massachusetts (Agassiz).
Morecouibe Bay (Hincks).
j

CoRDYLOPiiORA, species undetermined.
Syncorijna, sp., Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 339 (no description).

Newport Harbor, Rhode Island (Leidy, t. Agassiz).

In 1860 I ob-tained a species of this genus from the vicinity of Cambridge, Massa-

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
chusetts, in water that was fresh, or nearly so.

735

It grew to the heightof two inches or more, with long slender branches.

WiLLiA ORNATA McOready.

(p. 455.)

Op. cit., p. 149 (separate copies, p. 47), Plate 9, figs. 9-11, 1859 ( Willsia)

Agassiz,
Contributions, vol. iv, p. 346, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 171, figs. 274%;

275.

Buzzard's Bay (A. Agassiz).

Charleston, South Carolina (McCready).

CORYNE MIRABILIS AgaSSiz.
Contributions, vol. iii, Plate 11% figs. 14, 15, Plates 17-19
9-31, Plate 20, figs. 1-9, Plate 23% fig. 12;;

vol. iv, pp. 185-217, figs-

A. Agassiz, Catalogue,

p. 175, figs.

283-287. Sarsia mirabiUs Agassiz, Mem. Ainer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 224, Plates 4, 5,
1849.

?

Ttibularia steJUfcra

Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 56,

Coryne gravata Wright, Edinb. New Phil. Jour., Apr., 1858, Plate 7, fig.
5 (t. Hincks). Syncoryne gravata Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zooph., p. 53, Plate 10, fig. 1.
1839.

The species described by Couthouy may, possibly, have been thisbut his species was described as unbranched, and as it' it had two disMartha's Vineyard to Greenland. Common
tinct circles of tentacles.
in Massachusetts Bay; Casco Bay; and Bay of Fundy. Scotland-,(Hincks).

DiPURENA CONICA A. Agassiz.

(p. 455.)

In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 341, 1362; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 181, figs.
301-305.

Buzzard's Bay, Kaushon (A. Agassiz).

Gemmaria aEMMOSA McCready.
Op. cit.,p.

(p. 455.)

151, Plate 8, figs. 4, 5, 1859;

A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 184, fig. 306.

Zanclea gemmosa McCready, op. cit., p. 151, 1849;

Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv,

p. 344.

Charleston, South Carolina (McCready).

Pennaria tiarella McCready.

Plate

Buzzard's Bay (A. Agassiz).

XXXYII, figs. 277, 278.

(p.

327.)
Op. cit., p. 153, 1859 A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 187, figs. 311-315. Glohiceps tiaEucoryne elegans
rella Ayres, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 193, 1852.
Laidy, op. cit., p. 138, Plate 10, figs. 1-5, 1855. GloMceps tiarella Agassiz, Con;tributions, vol. iv, p. 344, 1862.

Charleston, South Carolina, to Massachusetts Bay.

Great Egg Har-bor, Xew Jersey ; near New Haven ; Vineyard Sound, common, low- waterto 10 fathoms, and on floating algae.

Ectopleura ochracea Agassiz.

(p. 455.)

In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 343, 1862; Catalogue, p. 191, figs. 320-323.

Buzzard's Bay, Naushon (A. Agassiz).

736

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.
Plate XXXVr, fig. 273.

OoRYMORPHA. PENDULA Agassiz.

Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 276, 343, Plate 26, figs. 7-17, 1862

(p. 510.)

A. Agassiz, Cata-;

Corymorpha nutans Stirapson, Invert, of Grand Manan,logue, p. 192, fig. 324.
p. 9, 1853.

Block Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Casco Bay andoff Block Island, 29 fathoms.'
Offj

Bay of Fundy, 8 to 30 fathoms
Cape Cod (A. S. Bickmore).

Hybocodon prolifer Agassiz.

Plate

XXXYIII, fig. 282.

(p. 328.)

Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 243, 343, Plate 23% figs. 10, 11, Plate 25, figs. 1-15,
1862 A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 193, figs. 325-328.
;

Vineyard Sound to Massachusetts Bay.

Parypha crooea Agassiz.

Plate XXXYI, fig. 274.

Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 249, 342, Plates 23, 23^, figs. 1-7, 1862
logue, p. 195.

?

(p. 390.);

A. Agassiz, Cata-

Tdhularia cristata McCready, op. cit., p. 156, 1859=Farj/2>/ia

cristata Ag., op. cit., p. 342.

Brooklyn, New York, to Boston, Massachusetts. Yery abundant near^ew Haven, on piles in harbor, and in 2 to 6 fathoms, off Thimble

Warren Bridge, Boston

Islands; Wood's Hole, on piles, abundant.
(Agassiz).

This is probably not distinct from P. cristata^ which

is abundant at

Charleston, South Carolina, and Fort Macon, Xorth Carolina.

Thamnocnidia tenella Agassiz.
Contributions, vol.

iv,

(p. 407.)

pp. 275, 342, Plate 22, figs. 21-30, 1862;

A. Agassiz, Cata-logue, p. 195.

Ehode Island to Bay of Fundy. Off Watch Hill, 4 to 5 fathoms
Yineyard Sound, 6 to 10 fathoms common in Casco Bay and Bay of
Fundy, low-water to 40 fathoms.
;

Hydractinia polyclina Agassiz.

(p. 407.)

Contributions, vol. iii, Plate 16; vol. iv, pp. 227,339, figs. 33-35, Plate 26, fig. 18,
1862 A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 198, figs. 329, 330. Hydmctinia ecliinata Leidy,;

op. cit., p. 135, Plate xi, fig. 35, 1855 (? not of Johnston).

New Jersey to Labrador. Yery abundant in Long Island Sound,
Yineyard Sound, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, low- water to 60 fatboms. Saint G-eorge's Bank (S. I. Smith). Labrador (Packard). Greenland (Morch). ? Charleston, South Carolina (McCready).
The identity of this with the European species is somewhat doubtful,
though united by Hincks and others. The latter extends southward on
the European coasts to Great Britain and France.
Physophorw.

Nanomia CARA a. Agassiz.

(p. 455.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. lliat., vol. ix, p. 181, 1863

Newport, Rhode Islandj;Catalogue, p. 200, figs. 332-350.

Massachusetts Bay

jNahaut (A. Agassiz).

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

737

Forpitw.

Physalia pelagica Lamarck,(p. 450.)

Syst. des Anim. sans Vert., p. 356, 1801;

Lesson, Acal^plies, p. 545, 1843.

pelagica Osbeck, Itin., p. 284, Plate 12,

fig.

1,

1757

(t.

Physalis

Holothuria

Lesson).

Medusa caravella Miiller, Besch.

physalis Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1090, 1767.

der Berl. Naturf., vol. ii, p. 190, Plate 9, fig. 2 (t. Lesson);

Gmelin, Syst. Nat.,

Physalia caravella Eschsclioltz Lesson, Hist. Nat. des Zoopli
Acal^plies, Plate 11 (explanation). Physalia arethusa Tilesius, in Krusensterns
p. 3139, 1789.

;

Reise, vol. iii, p. 91, Plate 23, figs. 1-6, 1813 (t. Lesson) ; Agassiz, Contributions ,vol. iv, pp. 335, 367, Plate 35, 1362 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 214, figs. 351-354 ;Physalia aurijera McCready, op. cit., p. 176, 1859.

this Report, p. 450.

Warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, coming northward in the Gulf Stream to the southern coast of New England andLong Island and off Saint George's Bank and Nova Scotia. Not uncommon, in good condition, in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay.
Watch Hill, Ehode Island (D. 0. Eaton). East of Saint George's Bank
(S. I. Smith).
Fort Macon, North Carolina (coll- Dr. Yarrow).
5

Yelella MUTICA Lamarck,(p. 455.)

Syst. des Anim. sans Vert., p. 355, 1801 ; Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers., vol. ii, p. 158;

Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, ZooL, vol. ii, pp. 2,52, Plate 6, figs. 1,2; Acalepbes, p. 571, Plate 12, figs. 1,2; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 216, figs. 355-357.

Medusa velella Linn6, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1098.
Tropical parts of the Atlanti-c and Gulf of Mexico, coming northward.

in the Gulf Stream as far as Nantucket and off Saint George's Bank.

Aspinwall (coll. F. H. Bradley)
land Sound (A. Agassiz).

;coasts of Florida (Agassiz);Long Is-POLYPI or ANTHOZOA.
ALCYONARIA.

Alcyonium carneum Agassiz.

Plate XXXVIII, fig. 283.

(p. 497.)

American Association for Adv. of Science, 1850, p. 209 Verrill, Revisionof Polyps of Eastern Coast U. S., in Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p.
Yerrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 343, 1866. Ralcyonium
4, 1864
carneum A. and E. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p. 19, figs. 21-23, 1865.

Proc.

;

;

Rhode Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Off Watch Hill, Ehode Island
4 to 5 fathoms; off' Cuttyhunk Island, 10 to 15 fathoms; off Gay Head, 8
to 10 fathoms;

common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy,

and coast of Nova Scotia, low- water to 80 fathoms.
rence (Whiteaves).

Gulf of Saint Law-

Saint George's Bank (S. 1. Smith).

Leptogorgia tenuis Yerrill.
Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i,p. 8,1864.

Gorgonia tenuis Verrill, Proc.

Boston Soc. N.H., vol. x, p. 339, 1866. Leptogorgia teres (error typ.) Verrill,
Amer. Jour. Science, vol. xlviii, p. 420, 1869.

"Bay of Xew York." Specimens in the museum of Yale College aresupposed to have come from Long Island Sound, but the exact locality
is not known.
5. Mis. Gl

17

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

738

ACTINARIA.

Meteidium MARaiNATUM Miliie-Edwards.
Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, vol.

i,(p. 329.)

254,1857; Verrill, Revision of Polyps., inp.

Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 22, 1864

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 252; Teuney, Natural
figs. 515-517, 1865;
A. and Mrs. E. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side;

vol. X, p. 337, 1866;

History, p. 523,
Studies, p. 7, figs. 2-7, 1865.

Actinia marginata Lesueur, Journal Acad. Nat.

Sciences, Philad., vol. i, p. 172,1817; Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. i, p. 349, 1841;

Leidy, Journ. Acad. N. S., Philad., ser. ii, vol. iii, p."140, 1355
butions, vol. iii, p. 39, fig.

8,

Actinia dianthus

1860.

Agassiz, Contri-

Dawson, Canadian Nat-uralist and Geologist, vol. iii, p. 402, figs. 1, 2, 1858.

New Jersey to Labrador. Common in Long Island Sound, Buzzard's
Bay, and Vineyard Sound, but mostly smaller than farther north;abundant in Massachusetts Bay, Oasco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, lowwater to 90 fathoms.
Sagartia leucolena Yerrill.

Plate XXXVIII, fig. 284.

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 336, 1866;

(p. 329.)

American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 261.

North Carolina to Cape Cod. Common in Long Island Sound, Buzand Vineyard Sound Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
Fort Macon, North Carolina (coll. Dr. Yarrow).
zard's Bay,;

Sagartia modest a Verrill.

(p. 330.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 337, 1866.

Long Island Sound to Vineyard Sound. Savin Kock, near New
Haven; Goose Island; Stony Creek; Naushon Island; low-water,
buried in sand or gravel.

Paractis rapiformis Milne-Edwards,
Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, vol.

i,(p. 363.)

p. 249, 1857; Verrill,

American Journal of

Science, vol. iii, p. 436, 1872; Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, p. 23, figure, (ined. i, as Sagartia modesta V.).

Actinia rapiformis Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat.

Sciences, Philad., vol. i, p. 171, 1817 ; Verrill, Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
vol. i, p. 35, 1864 ; Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. x, p. 338.

North Carolina to Long Island Sound.
row);

New Jersey (Lesueur);

Fort Macon (coll. Dr. Yar-

near New Haven (Dana).

Halocampa producta Stimpson, MSS.

Plate XXXVIII,

fig.

285.

(p. 330.)
Verrill, Revision, in Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 30, Plate 1, figs, 10, 11,1864.

Actinia producta Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v, p. 110,

1856.

Corynactis alhida Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 24, 1859.

Halcampa alhida Verrill, Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 29, 1864 A.
and E. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p. 16, fig. 15, 1865 Verrill, Proc. Bost.
;;

Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 338, 1870 (Halocampa).

South Carolina
Stony Creek, etc.

Cape Cod. Shores of Long Island Sound, atNaushon Island; Martha's Vineyard; Nantucket;

to;Cape Cod. Charleston, South Carolina (Stimpson).

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

Edwardsia farinacea Yerrill.

739(p. 510.)

American Journal of Science, vol. xlii, p. 118, 18o6.

Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms
Fundy, 8 to 90 tathoins.

;

Casco Bay, 10 to 70 fiithoms;

B.iy of

Edwardsia lineata Yerrill, sp. nov. (p. 497.)
Body cylindrical, elongated, covered over the base and sides with adirty, brownish, slightly rough and wrinkled epidermis, except anteriorly,
below the tentacles, where it is smooth, translucent, and usually witheight impressed, longitudinal, flake- white lines, showing through. Tentacles, 24 to 30, or more, in the larger specimens, slender, tapering, obtuse,
white or pale flesh-color, each with a flake-white, longitudinal line along
the inner side. Disk, with a \vhite circle around the mouth, and oftenwith 8, or more, radiating, white lines, extending to the base of theinner tentacles border of the mouth sometimes pale red naked partof column pale flesh-color, often with a circle of w^hite below the basesof the tentacles, and usually with eight oblong or fusiform flake-whitespots between the longitudinal impressed lines.
Length, 25^"" to 35°^™ diameter, 2.5™°^ to 3"^°^. A very young specimen had 18 slender, equal, long tentacles, each with a median longitudinal line of white on the inside; disk with 6 radiating lines ofwhite; naked part of the column with 6 impressed white lines, andwith 6 oblong, flake-white spots betw^een them. Breadth across the
expanded tentacles, 3™°\
This species is remarkable for not having, in any of the specimens
found, a naked basal area, nor any true disk for attachment, thus differing both from PJiellia and the other species of Edicardsia. This may be
due to its peculiar habit of nestling in the crevices and interstices
between rocks, ascidians, worm-tubes, etc.
;;j

Off Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4 to 5 fatlioms, in cavities in andbeneath Astrangia^ etc. Vineyard Sound and off Gay Head, 6 to 12
fathoms, among ascidians, annelid-tubes, etc., abimdant.
;

Arachnactis hrachiolata A. Agassiz.

(j).

451.)

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ix, p. 159, 1862
vol. vii, p. 525, 1863,'

Verrill,;

Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.,,Memoirs Boston Soc. N. H., p. 33;

Proceedings,

vol. X, p. 343.

Mr. A. Agassiz has recently ascertained that this is only a larval form
As it had already developed 16 tentacles, it must belong to one of the species having numerous tentaclesof some species of Edicardsia,

when adult.
Feacliia parasitica Yerrill.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 338, 1866; Bicidium parasittcum Agassiz,
Proc. Boston

S.

N. H., vol. vii, p. 24, 1859;

Yerrill, Revision of Polyps, inmoirs Boston S. N. H., vol. i, p. 31, Plate 1, figs. 14, 15, 1864
Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p. 15, fig. 14, 1865.

;

Me-

A. and Mrs. E. C.

Cape Cod to Bay of Fundy, on Cyanea arctica Eastport, Maine, buried;in gravel at low-water mark (two specimens, of very large size).

I am

740

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

Dot aware that tliis species has been found south of Cape Cod, but it
will probably be found hereafter, since the

Cyanea is common.

Plate XXXVIII, figs. 285, 287.

Epizoanthus A^iiERiOANUS Yerrill.
(p. 510.)Dana, Corals and Coral IslZoanthus parasiticus Verrill, Revision ofAmerican Journal of Science, vol. ii, p. 361, 1871
ands, ed.

i,

figs

p. 62,

1,

2,

1872.

;

Polyps, in Mem. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. i, p. 34, 1864, (not of Duch. and Mich.,

Zoanthus AmericanusYeTTill, op. cit., p. 45; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

1860.)

Gemmaria Americana Verrill, American Naturalist, vol. ii,

vol. X, p. 335, 1863.
p. 9, fig. 42.

Off New Jersej^ to Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in deep water.

Off Block

Island, 29 fathoms, on shells occupied by Uujp a gurus ; off Grand Manau,
in 40 to 50 fathoms, on shells covering Mqmgurus, and in 109 fathoms,

on rocks off Saint George's Bank, 430 fathoms, on rocks, (S. I. Smith
and O. Harger) Saint George's Bank, 60 fathoms, on shells occupied
by Eupagurus (Smith and Harger) Gulf of Saint Lawrence, on rocks,
•,

;

;

Massachusetts Bay (J. E. Gray). Off' New Jersey, N. lat.
40<^, W. long. 730, 32 fathoms, on shells inhabited by Uur>agurus imhescenSj(coll. Captain Gedney).
(Whiteaves);

MADREPORARIA.

ASTRANGIA Dan^ Agassiz.

(p. 408.)

American Assoc, vol. ii, p. 6S, 1849 (not of Edw. and Haime, 1850) Verrill, Revision Polyps, p. 40, 1864
A. and Mrs. E. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p.

Proc.

;

;

Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 335, 1866
16, figs. 16-20, 18G5
Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, p. 68, figures, 1372. Astrangia astrwiformis
Edw. and Haime, Ann. des. Sci. Nat., vol. xii, p. 181, 1850 Coralliaires, vol. ii,;;

p. 614,

1857;

Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. iii, p. 139, Plate

X, figs. 9-16, 1855 ; Verrill, Revision of Polyps, p. 39, 1364.

North Florida and west Florida to Oape Cod. Common in Long
New Haven, at Savin Eock, off Thimble Islands,
etc., 1 to 6 fathoms, rocks Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms
Yineyard Sound and Buzzard's Bay, 2 to 15 fathoms FortMacon, North
Carolina (coll. Dr. Yarrow).
Charleston, South Carolina (Agassiz).

Island Sound, nearj;West Florida (E. Jewett).

PKOTOZOA.
PORIFERA or SPONGLE.
CALCAREA.

Grantia ciliata Fleming,(p. 330.)

British Aniin., p, 325; Johnston, Brit. Spony^os and Litliopliytos, p. 176, Plate
Bowerbank, Monog. Britisli Spongiadio,
20, figs. 4, 5, Plate 21, figs. 6, 7, 1842
;

vol.

i,

Plate 26,

figs.

34.5,

346"; vol. ii, p. 10, 1866.

Spomjia ciliata Fabricius,

Fauna Gru'nlandica, p. 448, 1780. Sycandra ciliata lI;vcko], Die Kalkschwiinnne,

INVERTEBKATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
vol.

p. 296, [Plateii,

51, figs, l^-l*,Plate £8, fig.

9,

1872.

and Solander, ZoopLytes, p. 190, Plate 58, figs. 8, 9.
Hassall, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, p. 174.
Ellis

741

Siwngia coronata
Grantia coronata

Ehode Island to Greenland northern coasts of Enrope. Common in
Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 60 fathoms; VineyardSound, not uncommon. Point Judith, Ehode Island (Leidy).
-,?

Leucosolenia botryoides Boweibank.
Brit. Spong., vol.
p. 190,ii,

Plate 58,

Sxoongia loirijoides Ellis and Solander, Zoopb.,

p. 28, 1866.
figs.

(p. 500.)

1-4, 1786.

Grantia hotryoides Flemiug, Brit. Anim., p.

525; Jolinston, op. cit., p. 178, Plate 21, figs. 1-5.

Asoaltis hotryoides HtBckel,

op. cit., vol. ii, p. 65, Plate 9, fig. 10, Plate 10, figs. 7a-7e.

Martha's Vineyard to Gulf of Saint Lawrence;

northern coasts ofEuroi)e to England and France.
I refer some of our larger specimens to this species with considerable

They appear to be distinct from the following species, with which
they have formerly been confounded.
doubt.

AscoRTis PRAGiLis Hieckel.
Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 74, Plate 11, figs. 5-9, Plate
Clark, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol.

Plate

9,

figs.

pp. 334,391.

40-44, Plate 10,

fig. 64,i,

Leucosolenia

12, figs. .5^-5', 1872.

thamnoides Hteckel, Prodrom., p. 243, spec. 70.

Leucosolenia hotryoides H. J.

part 3, p. 323, (sep. copies, p. 19)

186S (not of Bowerbank);tbis Report^

Grantia hotryoides Leidy, op. cit., p. 135, 1855.

Long Island Sound to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Western coast of
Norway, at Bergen, etc. (Hseckel). Common in Long Island Sound, near
'New Haven, at Thimble Islands, etc.; Vv^atch Hill, Ehode Island Vineyard Sound Casco Bay, etc. Massachusetts Bay (H. J. Clark).
Hseckel names the form figured by Clark var. hifida.
;;

SILICEA.

Micro ciONA prolifera Verrill.
and Solander, Zoopbytes, p. 189, Plate 58, fig. 5, 1786;
Lamouroux, Expos. Metbodique, p. 31, Pkite 58, fig. 5. Red sponge, tbis Re-

Sponcjia prolifera Ellis

port, pp. 330, 409, 476.

This species, when young, forms broad, thin, bright red incrustations
over the surfaces of stones and shells. In this stage it agrees well with
the British species of Microciona described by Bowerbank, all of which
are said to be incrusting forms. Our species, at a later period, rises up
into irregular lobes and tubercular prominences, which eventually be-come elongated and subdivided into slender branches, until they often
form a profusely and intricately branched sponge, frequently six inches
high and as much in diameter. The branches are repeatedly dichotomous, more or less flattened, and often digitate or palmate at the ends.
They also frequently anastomose irregularly. The branches, when dry,are brittle and hispid. They consist of stout, horny fibers, which radiate
outward and upward from the axis to the periphery, terminating in

742

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

more or less irregular, slender, blunt papillae, each of which bears a tuft
of numerous slender, acute, more or less bent spicules, arising from its
lateral and terminal surfaces.
At the tips of the branches the papillae
are more slender and divergent, and the texture is more open and loose.
During life these papilhe are connected together by a thin dermal membrane, through which the spicules project but little. The oscules are
small and scattered over the surface. Color, when living, dark red toorange-red when dried, generally dark grayish brown or umber-colored,fading to dull yellowish brown and gray. Diameter of branches mostly;South Carolina to Cape Cod. Very abundant in Long Island Soundand Vineyard Sound, low-water to 10 fathoms, on oysters and othershells, stones, etc.
Great Egg Harbor, Kew Jersey Fort Macon, North;;

Carolina (coll. Dr. Yarrow).

IsoDiCTYA, species undetermined.
Watch Hill, Ehode Island Vineyard Sound and Nantucket, washedashore after storms in winter; Casco Bay Bay of Fundy.
The specimens from Watch Hill have few broad, thick, palmate
branches, with large oscules and an open texture, with multispiculose
fibers.
They resemble Isodictya palmata Bowerbank.
5jChalina oculata Bowerbank.

(p. 497.)

British SpongiacTas, vol. i, p. 203, Plate 13, fig. 25.2 ; vol. ii, p. 361. Spongia oculata

Linn^, Syst. Nat., ed. x, sp. 2; ed. xii, p. 1299
1766.

;

Pallas, Elench. Zoopb., p. 390,

Halichondria oculata Jolinston, op. cit., p. 94, Plate 3.

Ehode Island to Labrador northern coast of Europe to Great BritOff Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms off Gay Head, 4 to
15 fathoms; very common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bayof Fundy low- water to 80 fathoms.
;

ain.

;

;

Chalina aubuscula Verrill, sp. nov.

(p. 409.)

Sponge profusely branched, from close to the thick base;branches

repeatedly dichotomous, slender, round or somewhat compressed, seldom
broad or palmate. Oscules small, round, irregularly scattered. Texture

the surface finely reticulated when dry, with very delicate fibers,
which usually have but a single row of very slender fusiform spicules,
covered by a thin layer of horny matter the reticulations do not usu-

of;ally exceed the length of a single spicule.

Primary longitudinal fibersof the larger branches strong, horny, with several lines of spicules;
secondary fibers at right angles to the primary ones, mucli smaller,

The

with fewer spicules.

spicules are slender, fusiform('^

acerate"),much smaller and more slender than in the preceding species. Color,when living, dull gray Avhen dried, brownish, yellowish, or white. The;

largest specimens are about one foot high ;(150""" to 200"'"') ;more commonly 6 to 8 inches

breadth often nearly as much;diameter of branches,INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.
4°^^ to lO"""^, mostly about5^^'^

to 6"*^ j743

diameter of the oscules, in dry

specimens, about I"'"'.

North Carolina to Cape Cod. Very common in Long Island Soundand Yineyard Sound, 1 to 8 fathoms Watch Hill, Rhode Island Great;;

Egg Harbor, New Jersey.
This species has a much finer and more delicate texture than G. ociilata, due to the smaller fibers and spicules, as well as to the smaller
meshes of the skeleton. The branches are also smaller and much more
numerous than they usually are in that species.

Halichondria panicea Johnston.
Brit. Sponges, p. 114, Plate 10, Plate 11, fig. 5, 1842
vol. i, p. 195, Plate 19, figs. 300, 30.3

Elench. Zoopli., p. 383, 1768.

;;

Bo werbank, Britisli Spongiadse,

vol. ii, p. 229, 1836.

Simigia imnieea Pallas,

Tedania (?), this Report, p. 498.

Rhode Island to the Arctic Ocean northern coasts of Europe to Great
Abundant at Watch Hill, Rhode Island, on algse, in 4 to 8
fathoms otf Gay Head Casco Bay Bay of Fundy.
;

Britain.

;j)

Halichqndria, species undetermined, a.

Watch Hill, Rhode Island, associated with the preceding.
Grows in large tuberous masses, on algae, like the last, but has asmoother surface and finer and firmer texture. (See p. 498.)

Halichondria ?, species undetermioed, h. (p. 334.)
Long Island Sound near New Haven Yineyard Sound.
Forms broad, uneven incrustations on the under side of stones, at
low- water mark. Color when living, bright yellow. Oscules rather large,;

conspicuous.

Halichondria ?, species undetermined, c.
Vineyard Sound, on the under side of overhanging banks, on the salt
marshes near AYaquoit; on the piles of wharves at Wood's Hole.

Forms large, irregular, thick masses, often containing much foreign
surface uneven, rising into irregular prominences. Soft andmatter;brittle.

This is, perhaps, a species of Beniera Schmidt (Mymeniacidon Bowerbank).*

Reniera ?, species undetermined, a.
Yiueyard Sound, 1

to 10 fathoms.

(p. 334.)

Forms

large,

irregular,softmasses, 3 to 5 inches in diameter, of a light yellow color when living.

Reniera 1 species undetermined,J).

Yineyard Sound, 3 to 10 fathoms. Forms large, irregular, thickmasses, with numerous acute, irregular, often ragged, conical prominences, rising from its upper surface.
* It was not studied carefully wlien recent ; and I have no specimens of this and sev-

eral of the other species at hand, for most of the sponges were sent elsewhere for com-

parison with named types, and have not yet been returned.

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

744

Halisarca ?, Species undetermined, a.
Watch Hill, Ehode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms.
what gelatinous masses, on red algae.

Foims small, soft, some-(See p. 498.)

SuBERiTES COMPACT A Verrill, sp. nov.
This species is remarkable for the compactness of its tissues and thesmallness of the canals and pores permeating its substance, as well as
for the large size of the plates and crest-like lobes in which it grows.
transverse section of the dried sponge shows very numerous irregularAthem not larger than pin-holes (or less than 0.15°^°^The tissue is very compact throughout, but is more dense
close to the surface, which is nearly smooth, the oscules being small andinconspicuous. The spicules are very abundant, crowded, very slender,
mostly pin-shaped (spinulate), with the point very acute and the head'^but little enlarged, and often largest a slight distance from the end, so
canals, most of

in diameter).

'•'as to give the head a slightly ovate form.

Color, when living, brightyellow.

Off Martha's Vineyard, 10 fathoms, sand;NantucketjEastern Shore

of Virginia.

This is the species described as a " firm siliceous sponge," on page503. In general appearance it somewhat resembles Suberltes suherea
Gray (Hymeniacidon suherea Bowerbank).

Cliona sulphurea Verrill.

(p. 421.)Spongia sulphurea Desor, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 68, 1848.

South Carolina to Cape Cod local farther north. Great Egg Harbor,very abundant in Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound,on oysters and various other shells, 1 to 15 fathoms. Portland Harbor,j"N"ew Jersey ;Maine, in sheltered localities (C. B. Fuller).
?

Polymastia robusta Bowerbank.

(p. 497.)

Britisti SpongiadiTB, vol. i, p. 178, Plate 29, fig. 358 ; vol. ii, p. 62, 1866.

Off Gay Head, 18 to 20 fathoms; common in Casco Bay and Bay ofEundy, 8 to 70 fathoms. Coast of Great Britain (Bowerbank).
The American specimens do not agree in all respects with the description, and may prove to be distinct when a direct comparison can be
made. In our specimens the surface is finely hispid; the dermal tissue isfirm, andfiUed with small, slender, often curved, needle-shaped (" acuate"),and pin-shaped ("spinulate") spicules, which project from the surface.
The latter form is the predominant one, but the ''head" is very small,and they pass gradually iuto the former kind, in which the ''head " isobsolete, or not larger than the shaft. The spicules of the large, radiating fascicles in the body of the si)oiige are long and large, needleshaped, with the central portion thickest (" fusiformi-acuate "). The
large spicules in the longitudinal fascicles of the cloaca! fistuhie are of

the same form;

the secondary fascicles of the body and the transverse

secondary spicules of the fistuhc also have the same form, though much

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

745

smaller. The "cloacal fistulge" are numerous, and, when living, areround and tapering, but when dry become flat and bent, or curved to one
They are mostly 20°^°^ to 40°^^ long, and 4^^" to 6^^°^ in diameterside.

near the base.
Several other species of sponges were collected, which have not been
examined.
I have been unable to identify any of our specimens with the Spongia
urceolata of Desor (Proceedings Boston Soc. ^Xat. History, vol. iii, p. 67).
Possibly it was based on a peculiarly-shaped young specimen of Microciona prolifera.

FORAMINIFERA.

Numerous species were collected, especially in the deeper parts ofVineyard Sound and off Martha's Vineyard, but they have not been
identified.

ADDENDA.
Crustacea.

Cancer borealis Stimpson.

(p. 546.)

A small specimen of this species was dredged off Watch Hill, Ehode
Island, in 4 to 5 fathoms, among rocks and algse, in April.

It was foundand Pumkin Knob, inAugust, clinging to the sea-weeds, and in tide-in abundance, and of large size, at Peak's Island

Casco Bay, Maine, inpools, above low-water mark.

Ogypoda arenaria Say.

(Megalops stage.)(p. 337.)

The megalops of this species was found in large numbers, swimmingat the surface of Vineyard Sound in September, by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards.

HOMARUS AiLERiCANUS Edw.

(Lobster.)(p. 492.)

Subsequent observations have shown that the breeding-season of thelobster extends over a large part of the year. In Casco Bay female
lobsters ware found carrying eggs in August and September. Mr. Vinal^N". Edwards has forwarded two living females, of medium size, taken in
Vineyard Sound, December 12th, both carying an abundance of freshlylaid eggs. He states that he finds about " one in twenty " carrying eggs
at that season.

Themisto, sioecies undetermined.

A

species of this genus was taken in large quantities in VineyardSound, in September, by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards. It occurred swimmingat the surface in vast numbers, andwas thrown up by the waves inwindrows, extending several miles along the shores of Martha's Vineyard.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES.

746

CoNiLERA CONCHARUM Harder,(p. 572.)

This species, previously quite rare, was taken this year iu large num-

Vineyard Sound, both in spring and autumn, by Mr. Yinal I^.
Edwards.

bers, inAnnelida.

Progeria ornata Verrill, sp. no v.
Autolytus (?), banded species, this Report, p. 398.

Head short and broad, bluntly rounded or subtruncate above, slightly
bilobed or emarginate below.

Eyes moderately large the anterior pair;wider apart. Median antenna white, very long, slender, variously
curled, reaching to about the twelfth body-segment; posterior tentacles also very long and slender, reaching to about the ninth segment,
white at the tips
inner antennse about one-fourth as long as themedian one; the other two pairs of antennae and tentacles about onefourth as long as the median one; tentacular cirri of the second (post;

buccal) segment short, about equal to the diameter of the body.

Dorsalthe body

setiger-cirri short, about one-third as long as the breadth of;ous lobe short and broadly rounded setic short. Gizzard small, short,elliptical, situated at about the eighth segment.
Caudal cirri two, slender, tapering, their length about equal to the diameter of the body.
Color of the body white or pale yellowish, annulated with bands ofbright red at unequal distances. Length, about 15°^'^ breadth, 0.5°^™.
Long Island Sound, off New Haven and at Thimble Islands, 1 to 5
fathoms, among hydroids and bryozoa.
;;;

Eteone robusta Verrill. (p. 588.)
This species, previously known only from a single specimen, was taken
at Wood's Hole, in abundance, and of large size, in November, by Mr.

Vinal N. Edwards.
Turhellaria.

Ehynchoscolex papillosus Diesing.
Revision der Turbellarien, op. cit., vol. xlv., ]i. 245, 1862.
losus Sclimaida,

Neue vrirbell.

Thiere,i,Ehyuclioproholus papil-

p. 1, 11, Plate 2, fig. 25 (t. Diesing).

Hobokeu, New Jersey, in brackish water, (Scbmarda).
Polyoelis mutabilis Verrill, sp. nov.
Body much depressed, thin, changeable in form, often elliptical oroval, frequently broad and emarginate in front, and tapered posteriorly.

Marginal ocelli minute, black, forming several rows along the front
border, but only one row laterally. Dorsal ocelli larger, forming threepairs of rather ill-defined clusters ; the outer clusters are largest, con-vergent backward; a pair of smaller clusters are situated a little inadvance, and nearer together; the third pair is a little forther forward

INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC.

747

and closer together, often more or less confused with those next behindthem.

Color, yellowish

brown, darker centrally; or pale yellowish,
Length, about 7™"^ to 9™°',

thickly specked with yellowish brown.

breadth, 5°^°^ to 6^"^.

Thimble Islands, 1 to 2 fathoms, among alg?e.
Bryozoa.

Gemellaria loricata Busk.
Catal. Mar. Polyzoa, Brit. Mus., part i, p. 34
54.

;

Smitt, op, cit., p. 235, Plate 17, fig.

Sertularia loricata Liuu6, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 285 (t. Smitt),

Gemellaria

loriculata Jolinston, Brit. Zoopb., eel. ii, pp. 293, 477, Plate 47, figs. 12, 13.

Nantucket to the Arctic Ocean northern coasts of Europe to GreatVery common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to;

Britain.

110 fathoms.

The specimens from Kantucket differ somewhat from the ordinary
They consist of rather dense tufts of stout stems, two or threeinches high, and rather sparingly branched. The cells are larger thanform.

usual, elongated obovate, five or six times as long as broad j those of

the same pair are not exactly opposite. Aperture deeply crescentshaped, facing a little outward. Many of the cells, toward the base of
the stems, give rise to one or more curious processes from near the baseof the cell ; these are, at first, slender tubes, rising from a thin roundish

spot on the cell, but soon they divide at the tip into two, three, orfour forks, which are at

firstregularly recurved j later these

becomemuch elongated, and are converted into slender rootlets or stolons.

ERRa^TA.

Page 307, line 23, for cavajuted, read convoluted.
Page 310, line 8, page 401, line 12, and elsewhere, for OstrcBa, read Ostrea.
Page 383, line 23, for ^oZi(?ea, read Montagua.
Page 383, line 26, for CaroZtna, read CorypheUa.
Page 392, line 23, for micropthalma, read microphthalma.
Page 393, last line, for Sargatia, read Sagariia.
Page 399, line 2J,for L€ptocliiton,Tesid Clicetopleura.
Page 399, line 32, for Leptochiion, read TracJiydermon.
,
Page 405, line 27, for Eucrate, read Eucratea.
Page 407, line 38, for reproducsive, read reproductive.
Page 415 line 25, for Unicola, read Uneiola,
Page 427, line 15, and page 429, line 28, foi Melitta testud'maria, read Mellita pentapora.
Page 433, line 34, for Ampliipholis, read AmpTiiura.
Page 444, line 12, for tldentata, read tridentata.
Page 457, line 39, for Pandaru, read Pandarus.
Page 459, line 36, for Eclithrogalus, read EcMhrogaleus.
Page 487, line 10, for A. planaria, read A Planaria.
Page 483, line 4, for can/enit Za, read catenuJa.
Page 496, line 28, for A. ternata,Tead C. ternafa.
Page 498, line 5, for Tedania, resid. Ralichondria panicea.
Page 498, line 30, for Augustus, read angustus.
Page 504, line 41, for page 433, read 432.
Page 508, line 5, for Acutum, read A. acutum.
Page 509, line 18, for Tcevigata, read discors.
Page 509, line 32, for thraci-formis,Tesid tliraciformis.
Page 509, line 33, for Simpson, read Stimpsou.
Page 547, line 15, for Panopius, read Panopeus.
Page 561, line A'^, iov pingns, leoidi pinguis.
Page 619, line 16, for Cosco, read Casco.
Page 619, last line, for Cisco, read Casco.
Page 640, first line, for fig. 127, read fig. 124.
Page 666, line 15, after Montagua pilata, insert Plate XXV, fig. 124.
Page 680, line 18, for 185, B., read 184, B.
Page 695, line 34, for fig. 238, read 243.
Page 716, line 35, for fig. 368, read 268.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
.

Habits and distribution, (of tlie invertebrate animals)
General remarks
I.
II.
Fauna of the bays and sounds

295
295
300

—
—

1.

Animals of the rocky shores between high and low water marks
General remarks
Articulates

303
303

:

Insects

331

Crustacea

312

Annelids
Chaetopods

317
324
324

Oligochseta

Nemerteans
Planarians

325
325

Nematodes
Mollusks
Gastropods
Lamellibranchs
Ascidians and Bryozoa

305
307
311

Eadiates

Echinoderms

326
327

Acalephs
PolypsProtozoa

329
330

List of species
2.

331

Animals of the sandy shores of the bays and sounds
General remarks

,

334
334

Articulates
Insects

Crustacea

335

A

336

Annelids
Chaetopods

341

01igoch£eta

Nemerteans

338
349

Sipunculoides

353

Mollusks
Gastropods
Lamellibranchs
Bryozoa and Ascidians
Radiates

353
356
361

:

Echinoderms

361

363

PolypsList of species-

364

CONTENTS.

752

A. Habits and distribution of invertebrate animals
3.

— Continued.

Animals of the muddy shores along the bays and sounds
General remarks
Articulates

Page.

366
366

:

Crustacea
Annelids

367
371

Mollusks
Gastropods
Lamellibranchs

371

Ascidians

375

372

Radiates

Echinoderms
Acalephs376
376

List of species

377

4. Animals inhabiting the piles and timbers of wharves and bridges,
bottoms of vessels, buoys, and other submerged wood- work
General remarks

378
378

Articulates
Insects

Crustacea
Annelids and Nemerteans
Mollusks

Gastropods
Lamellibranchs
Ascidians
Bryozoa..-.

379

379
382
382
383
388
389

Eadiates

Echinoderms

389

Acalephs
Polyps391

List of species
5.

Animals inhabiting the rocky bottoms of the bays and sounds
General remarks

,

6.

8.

392
394
394

Articulates

395

Mollusks
Eadiates
Protozoa.399

List of species

409

Animals inhabiting gravelly and shelly bottoms
General remarks
Articulates

7.

389

406
409

412

412
415

Mollusks
Eadiates
Protozoa

416
420

List of species

421

Animals inhabiting sandy bottoms
General remarks

421

425
425

Articulates

426

Mollusks
Eadiates
Protozoa

426

List of apocios

428

Animals inhabiting: muddy bottoms

427

427

430

CONTENTS.

753
Page.

A. Habits and distribution of invertebrate animals— Continued.

General remarks

430

Articulatess

430
4o2
433

Mollusks
Radiates

434

List of species
9.

Animals swimming free in the water or floating at the surface
General remarks
Articulates

436
438

Mollusks
Radiates

440
447

List of species

451

10. Parasitic

animals

Internal parasites

External parasites
List of species
III.

— Fauna of the brackish waters of estuaries, harbors, &c
General remarks
1.

Animals inhabiting the sandy shores and bottoms

3.

462
463

464

Animals inhabiting the muddy shores and bottoms
General remarks

465
465

Articulates

466

Mollusks

463

List of species

470

Animals inhabiting oyster-bedsGeneral remarks

472
472

476
475

List of species

IV.

460

List of species

Mollusks
Radiates

5.

4(10Mollusks

Articulates

4.

45.5

455
457
459

462

Articulates

2.

43G

Animals inhabiting the eel-grass
General remarks

476
476
478
478

Articulates

479

Mollusks

479

List of species

480

Animals inhabiting piles of wharves, bridges, floating timbers, &c..
General remarks

481
4H1

Articulates

482

Mollusks
Radiates

482

List of species

482

481

—Fauna of the colder waters of the ocean shores and outer banks andchannels

484

General remarks
1.

Animals inhabiting the rocky shores
General remarks

484
485
485

Articulates

486

Mollusks
Radiates

485

S. Mis. 61

487

48

754

CONTENTS.
Page.

487

List of species
2.

Animals inhabiting the sandy shores
General remarks

489

Mollusks
Eadiates

490
490
490

Animals inhabiting rocky bottoms
General remarks

491
491

Articulates

492

Mollusks
Eadiates

496

494

498

List of species
4.

Animals inhabiting sandy bottoms
General remarks

,

500
500

Articulates

501

Mollusks
Eadiates
Protozoa

502

List of species
5.

489

Articulates

List of species
3.

489

Animals inhabiting muddy bottoms
General remarks

502
503
504

506
506

Articulates

507

Mollusks
Eadiates

508

List of species

511

510

B. Lists of species found in the stomachs of fishes

514

C. Habits and metamorphoses of the lobster and other Crustacea

522

D. Systematic Catalogue of the invertebrates of Southern New England and adjacent waters
Articulata

537

539

lusecta

539

Crustacea
Annelida

545

Scolecida

627

Mollusca

580

634

Cephalopoda
Gastropoda

634

Lamellibranchiata
Tunicata

6t-9

Bryozoa

707

Eadiata
Echinodermata
Acalcphic

Anthozoa, or Polypi

636
698

715
715
722
737

Protozoa

740

Addenda745

Errata755

Alphabetical index

757

ERRATA.
Page 10, for " tliere is no bottom, read "there is a bottom."Page 201,for " Sea-bass, 2,500 barrels," read " 2,500 pounds ;'- "flat-fish, 1,000 barrels," read " 1,000 pounds ;"" tautog, 500 barrels," read 500 pounds ;" " bass, 700 barrels," read " 700 pounds ;" " mackerel, 200 barrels" read " 200 pounds."

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO THE REPORT ON THE INVERTEBRATA
OF SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND.
[In the followinsr index the first reference, for the names of genera and species, is to the systematic
cataloocne, wliere the synonymy, desciiptions, and references to plates may be found. In many cases

references to the nominal lists have beea omitted.]

Page.

Page.

Abra requalis

679

AcalephjB

722

Alosa tyrannus
Aniage pusilla

Acanthocepliala

456

Amarcecium constellatum

631

Acelis crenulata

Acmostomiim creuulatum

631

304

Acorn-shell

Actfeon puncto-striata

613
704, 388, 393,

403,411,424
pallidum..705,496
pellucidum .703, 397, 401, 411,

661, 307, 333, 485

Acmffia testudinalis

520

415, 419, 424
stellatum . . .704, 402, 411, 419,

664,518656

trifidusActinaria

424

738

Ammocbares, sp

610, 508

738

Ammody tes, sp

marginataprodacta

738

Ammotrypane fimbriata
Amouroucium pellucidum

rapiformis

738

Actinia dian thus

738
683

Actinobolus borealis
Novangliae

684
745

AddendaJEga coucbarum

572

Ji:olidia pilata^Eolis farinacea'

papulosa

660,383,393,749
666
666, 486 495

521

704
Ampelisca, species. .561, 431, 434, 452, 514,
519
Ampharete gracilis
612, 508
setosa .... 612, 416, 422, 432, 434

Amphidesma sequalis

720, 433, 435, 749

elegans

720, 420, 424, 447

tenuis^Equorea albida

729

Ampbipoda

729

Ampbisphyra debilis-

Aglaopbeuia arborea

730

405

Alcyonaria

737

Alcyonidium gelatinosum

720

555
663

pellucida710,405,411, 424

Ahnfeltia plicata

679, 518

Ampbipbolis abdita

666

Groenlandica

703, 562

stellatum

pilata^Etea anguinea

604, 508. .

603, 432, 435, 517

Ampbitboe conipta. .564, 370, 377, 382, 392,
434

crenulata

557

inermis557

hirsu turn. ..708, 333, 403, 411,

Ireviuscula

557

424, 476, 487

louginuina

700, 496

liispidum...708, 312, 333, 404

411,487703

ramosum.- .708, 333, 404, 411,
737, 485, 497

gelatinosum...

709

hirsutumparasiticum

563, 315, 331, 370, 377

Ampbitrite ornata.

.613, 320, 321, 332, 348,.

365, 377, 382, 422, 428, 453

Ampbiura abdita

720

722

708

EugeniiB
elegans708

squaraata

720

Alecto dentata

722

Alexia myosotis

662, 383, 393

Alitta virens

590

Allorcliestes littoralls

556

I

563, 315, 331, 409,
415, 422, 452, 486, 493

valida419, 424

Alcyoniuni carnenm.563, 370, 377, 40!^,452

maculata

parasiticum.708, 404, 411, 424

pellucidum. .

Anacbis avara.

.

720.643, 306, 313, 333, 383, 392,

410, 417, 423, 428

similisAnaperus Bryaieus

,

644

715

758

INDEX.
Page.

Anapenis Carolinus

Page,575, 459

715

Argnlus Alos?eCatostomi

579

laticauda

574, 452, 459

striata

580

latus

574, 452, 459

Anatina fragilis

673

megalops

575, 452, 459

715

unisemita
Anatifa dentata

Leana

673

papyracea
papyratia
Ancborella uncinata
AnglerAnguinaria spatulata
Angulus modestus

673,517673
578, 460

573, 459

species

439, 457

Aricia ornata

596,344,365
573

Artemia gracilis
Ascaltis botryoides

741

516

Ascaris457

710

Ascidia

amphora699

677

carneaecbinata

170702

tener . . 677, 358, 365, 372, 378, 423
426, 429, 435, 519, 520

Manbattensis
ocellata

699
698

677, 418, 423, 429

tenellus

Annelida

580

Anomia aculeata

697

electrica

696

Ascortis fragilis

741

ephippium

696

Astacus marious
Astarte castanea

549

glabra. .696, 311, 333, 393, 401, 410,
418, 424, 429, 435, 476, 495, 509

squamula698

tenellaAscidians, larvae of

454

685, 423, 429, 432, 435

Innulata

685

696

lutea

684,509685, 518

669

mactracea

Anomoura

548

Portlandica

Antedou dentatus722

quadrans

685, 509

730, 491

sulcata

730

uudata684,509684, 508

tridentata

Autenuularia antennina
indivisa685

Anthosoma crassum

577, 460

Smithii

577

Forbesii

718

Anthostoraa acutum-599, 416, 422, 428, 501,
508

pallidus

718
716

598, 344, 365

fragilerobustum.

Asteracantbion berylinus

Asterias aculeata

718

arenicola . ..718, 326, 333, 363, 366,..597, 343, 348, 365,

376, 378, 389, 393, 406, 411, 420,

428

447, 454, 476, 429, 432, 433, 435,

species

600, 416, 422, 508

Antbozoa
Anthura bracbiata
brunneaAnurida maritima

737

berylinus

438, 424, 427

447

573

compta719

572, 426, 428

Forbesii

718

544, 331, 464, 482

oculata719

Apbrodita aculeata580, 507

pallida447'718

cirrata582

imbricatapunctata

582
581

rubeussauguiuoleuta
spongiosasquamata

581

vulgaris

Appendicularia, species
Aracbnactis bracbiolata

ArachnidaArbacia puuctulata.

739, 451

544
717, 326, 333, 406,

^^^
692

691
transversa
367
Aronicola cristata
Argina pexata. .692, 309, 333, 372, 378, 401,
410, 424, 435, 515

719.718, 389, 432, 447, 454,

486, 496

707, 446, 454

411,420,424,433

Area pexata
ponderosa

. .

719

Asterioidea

Astraugia astrjeiformis

Dante

718
740

740, 330, 334, 397, 408,

412,421,425,485,494
722
Astropby ton Agassizii
645
Astyris liniata
luuata.. .645, 305, 333, 355, 365, 372
377, 383, 392, 399, 410, 417, 423,
428, 463, 479

rosacea

645, 495, 508

I

759

INDEX.

Page.

Page,

645

Astyi"is Tarnbullii

645, 396, 410, 423, 518

zonalis457

Atwood's shark
Atylus crenulatus

557

inermis557

vulgaris

557

Aulacomya bamatus

693
723

Aiirelia aurita

flavidula

723, 447, 449, 451,

454
662

Auricula bidentata

662

denticulata

662
myosotis
Autolytus cornutus- 590, 392, 397, 410, 422.

440, 452, 494

species.. -.590, 746, 410, 422, 452

Autonoe

562, 409, 415, 422

Bays and sounds, list of species of

muddy shores
piles, timbers, buoys, vessels

Balaaoislossus aurantiacus. 627,351,365,453

Ko walevskii

627, 352

rocky shores

surfacecreuatus. . . 579, 381, 392, 396, 409,
415, 422, 515

eburueus
elongatus
improvisus

579, 381, 392, 482

579
579
579

ovuiaris

rugosustintinnabulum
larva?

579

surface in winterBays and sounds, founa of piles, timber, vessels, buoys
Bays and sounds, fauna of rocky.

bottoms
Bays and sounds, fauna of rocky
shoresBays and sounds, fauna of sandy
bottoms
Bays and sounds, fauna of sandy
shoresBays and sounds, fauna of surface..
Bays and sounds, list of species ofgravelly and shelly bottoms
Bays and sounds, list of species of
muddy bottoms

455

Bdella marina

544,331

oblonga544

Bdellodea
Bdelloura Candida

624
634, 460

parasitica

634

rustica

634

Bela harpularia
pleurotomaria

636, 508

637

637, 383, 392, 423, 432, 435

plicata

Bembidium constrictum

541,464

contractum
541, 464
Bicidium parasiticum
739
Bittium Greenii
647
nigrum 648, 305, 333, 355, 365, 372,.

377, 383, 393, 410, 417, 423, 428,
463, 479, 515

516Black bass

300

Blackrish

514
515

Bledius cordatus

412

543, 364, 462, 464

pallipennis

543, 364, 462, 464

species

335

430

Blood-drop
Bloody-clams

366

Blue-crab

378

Blue-shark

394

Bolina alata
Boitenia reuiformis

Bonito516

303

Bopy rus

457

Borlasiaolivacea

628

425

BotryllusGouldii..702, 375, 375, 378, 389,

Bays and sounds, -fauna of muddy
shores364
451

578,381,392
455

Batrachus tan
Bays and sounds, fauna ofBays and soimds, fauna of gravellyand shelly bottoms
Bays and sounds, fauna of muddy
bottoms

428

Bays and sounds, list of species ofbalauoides..579, 304, 331, 381, 392,
452, 482, 486

409
331

Bays and sounds, list of species ofsandy bottoms
Bays and sounds, list of species ofsandy shores
Bays and sounds, list of species of578

Balanus amphitrite

392

Bays and sounds, list of species ofrocky bottoms
Bays and sounds, list of species of710

Avenella fnsca

377

Bays and sounds, list of species of

371

309

Blue-fish'

367,468
516,339
521
451
702

393, 483

334

var. albida

376

436

var. annulata

376

var. atrox

376

var. bicolor

376

var. farinacea

376

var. Stella

376

421

434

760

INDEX.
Page.

Pajie.

376

Botry llus var. variegata
Schlosseri702

stellatus

702

Bougaiuvillia superciliaris .. .733, 328, 334,

411,454709

Bo werbankia gracilis
Brachy dontes b amatiis

693

Bugula flabellata- -424, 489

turrita.

.

debilishyalinainsculpta

465
472

462
480

Brackish waters, list of species of
muddy shores and bottoms
Brackish waters, list of species ofoyster-beds

470

Brackish waters, list of species ofpiles of wharves, bridges, floating

Brachyura
Brada setosa

464

545
606, 431, 434, 508

Branchellion Orbinieusis

663

pellucida

663
663, 518

triticea

Busycon canaliculatum

640

carica640

Byblis serrata

561, 501, 511

Caberea Ellisii
HookeriCsecum Cooperi
costatum
pulchellum

711,420,424
711

649, 417, 423, 428

Calcareous sponges

740

649
649, 417, 423, 428

575

curtus575,459

crassus

577

575

Miilleri

575, 452, 457, 459

rapax
482

Brackish waters, list of species ofsandy shores and bottoms

662

or^^zaCaligus Americanus

476

timber, &c

517,663
663

solitaria. . .662, 371, 377, 435, 469, 520

481

eel-grass

647,518
663

Bulla canaliculata

460

Brackish waters, fauna of sandy
shores and bottoms
Brackish waters, list of species of712, 311, 333, 361. 366, 389,

Bulbusflavus

693

(fee

711,496393, 411, 419, 424, 427, 429, 476

plicatulus

460.711, 333, 389, 393, 411,

MurrayanaBrackisb waters, fanna ofBrackish waters, fauna of eel-grass.
Brackish waters, fauna of estuaries
and harbors
Brackish waters, fauna of muddy
shores and bottoms
Brackish waters, fauna of oysterbeds
Brackish waters, fauna of piles ofwharves, bridges, floating timber,

478

.

624

Branchiella Thynni

species439

Callianassa longimana

549

Stimpsoni- . . 549, 369, 377, 434,
530
557

Caliope heviuscula

Calliopius liTeviusculus.. .557, 315, 331, 439,
452, 455, 519

578
Branchiobdella Raveuellii.. . 624,458,460
Brevoortia menhaden
520

Callista couvexa

Brittle star-fish

363

Caly ptrtea striata

Bryozoa

707

Campauularia caliculata

Buccinum cinereum

Callinectes hastatus-548, 367, 377, 431, 434,
438, 451, 458, 468, 479, 516
681, 432, 435, 470, 518

651

.'
. .

726

641

duniosa

729

Labradorense

638

flabellata

728

lapillus642

flexuosa

lunatura645

obsoletum. .

726, 327, 334, 393,

411

641

gelatin osa

728I)licosum

641

Johustoni

725

py ramidale
rosaceum637

volubilis. . 726, 334, 408, 411,

645

424

trivittatum

641

Cancer boreal is.. 546, 745, 395, 409, 486, 493

undatum
undulatum

638, 494, 508, 521

Wbeutkiyi

645
645,518/onaleBugula avicularia

,

638

711

grauulatus

547

irroratus.-.546, 312, 331, 338, 364,
3()7,377, 395, 409, 415, 422, 428,

434, 439, 451,

4(54,486, 490, 493,

514,515,516,520,521,530

761

INDEX.
Page.

547

Cerithium Sayi

Sayi

546

vocansCaprella geometrica

545

648
Ceronia arctata
679, 426, 429, 518
Cestodes456
Cestum Veneris
723
ChcBuopsetta ocellatus
458; 519
Chtetobranchus sanguineus 616, 320, 332,
371, 377, 434, 468
Chfetognatha
626
Ch?etopleura apiculata
661
Clialina arbuscula
742

Cancer ocellatus

567, 409

species -519, 316, 382, 392, 409, 422,

494

Carcinus granulatu8-547, 312, 331, 338, 364,
367,377,464,428,434,467
547
iDienas683
Cardita borealis

grauulata

684

Carrlium Grceulandicum....

518

683
Mortouipiunulatum .... 683, 423, 435, 518

Caudina arenata. .

oculata- .742, 391, 409, 412, 425, 497

Charybdea periphylla724

Chemnitzia bisuturalis

656
656
656
657

dealbata

715, 362, 366, 427, 429

Cavoliua gymnota

667, 383, 749

trideutata

669, 393, 444, 453

Cecrops Latreillii
Cellaria ternata
Celleporina
Cellepora coccinea
hyalina

577, 459

711

impressa
seniinuda
Chernes oblongus

710

714
714

oolitica

715

713

661
517, 399

nitida713

puniicosa

714

marmoreus

ramulosa. 714, 312, 333, 405, 411,

verrucosa

544, 331

Chilostomata
Chirodota arenata

Chiton apiculatus
fulminatus

scabra648

terebrale

716

517

ruber

662

424, 496

Chironomus halophilus.. .539, 409, 415, 421

714,419,424
714

oceanicus.. . . 539, 331, 379, 392,

519

Cellularia chelata

710

densa . .

711

fastigiata

712

Chondracanthus cornutus
Chondrus crispus
Cliry sodomus pygmseus

Hookeri

711

Cicindela albohirta

ternata

711, 496

turrita

712
710

Ceilnlarina

578
404

639
364

dorsalis541, 364

duodecimguttata
generosa- -541
541, 336, 364

Centropristis fuscns

514

hirticollis

Cephalopoda
Cepon distortus
Cerapus fucicola
minax

634

larvag464

margiuata
repanda541.-.

573, 459

565
565
565, 396, 409

rnbricornis

Ceratacanthus aurantiacns

520

Cerebratulus, species.630, 324, 332, 382, 392,
410, 434

Ceritliiopsis

Emersonii . 648, 410, 417, 423,.

428
Greenii. 647, 333, 363, 393, 410,

Cineras vittata.

.

654, 517:

minutamodesta

653
653
653

Ciona tenella

698, 419, 424

Cirratulus fragilis

607
grandis . .606, 319, 332, 348, 364,
371, 377, 422, 468

648, 393, 417, 423,

428

Cerithium Emersonii

654

arenaria
Isevis541
580

Cingula aculeus

417, 423

terebrans.

541, 364

tenuis607, 416, 422

648

Cirripedia

Greeuli

647

Cirrhiuereis fragilis. .607, 332, 397, 410, 422

nigrocinctnm
reticulatum

648

Cistenides Gouldii

848

578

. .

612, 323, 332, 349, 365,
371, 377, 422, 428, 434

762

INDEX.
Page.

Clam, bloody
long

309

,

463,357,309
464

iiiaiiinose

qnahog
round
sea

-

surf

573,455
451, 452
316
672, 418, 423, 429
734

Copepods, free
Coralliua officinalis

359

Corbula contracta
Cordylophora, species

358
464

Coronuladiadema
579,460
Corophiumcylindricum. .566, 392, 382, 377,

358
319

Corymorpha nutans

359

soft-shell

Page.

Copeopoda

Clam-wornis
Clava leptostyla

734, 328, 334

ninlticornis

734

Clidiopbora trilineata. . .673, 418, 423, 429,
432, 435
668
Clio borealis

370, 434, 422, 415

736

peudula736, 510

Corynactis albida
Cory ue gravata

738

mirabilis

735

735

Coryphella gymnota

667

668
668

Cosmocephala ochracea. .630, 325, 332, 365,

Cliona retusa

668

Crab,b]ue

Clioue borealis

668

edible367,458

668

fiddler

336,367
312

liniacina

Miquelonensis

litnacina

668,444, 453

410, 423, 434

367

Clitellio irrorata

623, 324, 332, 365, 463

Clupea elougata
Clytia bicophora

520

greeu
hermithorseshoe
lady
land

725

mud

cylindrica

726

oysterintermedia

726,408,411

Jobnstoni
poterium

725,334,408,411
726

papillonacea

sulpburea

744, 430, 409, 412, 421,
425, 427

uniflora

726

volubilis

726,725
607

Clyraeuella

torquata

Clymenetorqnatus-

/.

608

.608, 343, 365, 422, 428

313, 339, 368, 415

340,370
338
337

312
367

rock

312,415
338

sand

368

soft-shelled

339,368,395
400

spiderCrangon boreas
septemspiuosus
vulgaris-

.

. .

550

550, 339, 364, 369, 377,

395, 400, 409, 415, 422, 428, 434,610

451, 455, 463, 464, 479, 490, 493,

Cocblodesma Leauum. .. .673, 418, 423, 429

501, 514, 515, 516, 518, 519, 520»

urceolata

Cod

516

Cod-tisb, mollusks found in

517

Crassiua castanea

Cold waters of the ocean shores,
484
fauna of
540,335
Coleoptera

latisulca

Collisella Dalli

661

Columbella avara

643

dissimilis*

645

521, 529

685
684

Crassivenus mercenaria

6"''lCrenella ghindula. -.695, 418, 424, 435, 51H.

519

Crepidula acuta
con vexa.

650
.

.

650, 333, 355, 365, 371

Gouldiana

645

377, 423, 429, 435, 463, 479

Innatarosacea645

fornicata..649, 333, 355, 3K5, 410,

645

412, 414, 417, 423, 429, 435, 475,translirata

644

Common muscle
Common prawn('ommon skate
Conchoderma aurita
virgata

307,361

515
650

339

glaucaplana

521

unguiformis.

580, 392

580,392

Couilera concharum.572, 746, 426, 428, 459,
521

650
.

.()50, 333, 355, 3(55,410, 417, 423, 429, 435, 475, 515

Cribella oculata

719

Cribrella sanguiuolcnta.719, 407, 411, 420,
424, 433, 447, 485, 496

763

INDEX.

Page.

Page.

722
Crinoidea
Ciisia eburnea. .707, 311, 333, 393, 405, 411,
419, 424, 496, 515

Diapbana debilis

quadrispiuosa

obesus686, 509

Dibrancbiata

687, 509

Dinematura coleoptrata
Dinemoura alta
Dimyaria
Diodon pilosus
Dione convexa

543

Cryptopodia grauulata
Ctenophorae
Ctenolabrus burgall
Ctenostomata

708

Cucumaria fusiformis

715

722
521

Dog-fisb435

Cyaueaarctica ..723, 440, 447, 449, 450, 454,
455, 739

686, 418, 423, 429

Cyclocardia borealis..683, 418, 423, 435, 503
Cyclocardia Novangli8e..68l, 418, 423, 435,
508
707
Cy clostomata
Cyliclma alba
663, 508, 518

oryza

681

723

452, 554

Cumiugiatelliuoides-679, 374, 378, 418, 423,

Cyclas deutata

460, 578

723

539, 466

Cumacea

Postelsii

ri76

669

Diopatra cuprea-593, 346, 364, 371, 377, 422,
431,434
Diptera539,335
Dipurnea conica
735, 455
DiscopborsB
723
Discopora coccinea
714, 333, 424, 496
661
Docoglossa
Dodecacerea, species
607,397,422

Culex, species

fulva

554,511,507
554
634
576

sculpta

545

Cryptodon Gouldii

707,405,411
554

Diastylis abbreviata

Cmcibulum striatum. 651, 399, 410, 417, 423
Crustacea

663

Diastopora patina

707, 446, 454

Donax fossor

6 79

Doridella obscura .. .664, 307, 333, 409, 410,

423

Doris arborescens

665
664,307,333
665
685

bifida663, 426, 429, 432, 435

coronata
illuminata.

533

Cyllene furciger

521

Doliolum, species

ligaorum

571

Cymothoa ovalis

572

Doto coronata .. .665, 400, 410, 423, 480, 495

515

Drill

Cynoscion regalis
Cyutbia carnea
ecbinata
gutta

701, 495
702, 495

701

701

Ecbinocidaris Davisii

411,424,435,515
701

rugosastellifera

Cyprina Islandica
Cystobrancbns vividus
Cy therea convexa

morrbuaua
Sayana633, 397, 508, 518
624, 458, 460

681
681, 518

Sayii

granulatus

557

638
637

716
-

716
716

neglectus

716

pentaporus
punctulatus
Ecbtbrogaleus coleoptratus

717

denticulatns

717
. .

576, 459, 749
576, 459

735, 455

665

Ecrobia min uta
Ectopleura ocbracea
Edible crab

669, 444 453

Edwardsia elegaus

451

492, 496

632

Dendroccela

Dendronotus arborescens
Diacria trispiuosa

715
716

Ecbiuoidea
Ecbiuus Drobacbieusis

681

Defraucia bicarinata
Vablii

717

Ecbinodermata

granularis

Darwinia compressa717

punctulata

681

Dactyloruetra quinquecirra ..724.449, 454,
495

Delesseriasiuuosa

733,729733
734, 448, 454

puraila701

partita .701, 311, 333, 388, 393, 401,

placenta

306,399520

Dusky sbark
Dynamena cornicina

Dysmorpbosa fulgurans
Echinarachnius parma.. .717, 352. 356, 427,
429, 490, 503, 515, 578, 520
719
Ecbinaster oculatus
sanguinolentus
719

702

birsuta

655

pallida,653
357, 458

INDEX.

764

Page.

Page.

739, 451, 510

Edwardsia farinacea

739, 421, 425, 497

lineata460

Eel-grass

Eudendrium ramosum

734, 408, 411

734

teuue
Eudorella hispida

555

554

pusillain brackish water, animals

478

Euc^omphodus littoralis
Eugyra pilularis

700,509the480

Eulalia annulata..

Elysia chlorotica
Elysiella catulus

667, 480

gracilis

586

668, 480

granTilosa

585

inhabiting
list

of

species inhabiting

Embolus pauper
Enchy trseus triventralopectinatus

715
. .

521

species . .452, 332, 349, 392, 397, 410,

624

516
Engraulis vittatus
Ensatella Americana.674, 356, 365, 426, 429,
490, 521

674
Ensis Americana
Eutomostraca. ..422, 434, 573, 331, 337, 409
667
Eolidia despecta
667
Eolis despecta

422, 434

Eulamia Milberti

521

obscura520, 576

Eulima oleacea 655, 418, 420, 423, 427, 460
Eumidia Americana
584, 494.

.

.

papillosa584

pistacia584

species452, 332, 349, 392, 397,

667

gymuota

410, 422, 452

596

Eone gracilis

Epelys montosus-571, 316, 331, 370, 377, 434
trilobus -.571, 370, 377, 422, 428, 434,

vivida584

Eunice sanguinea
Eupagurus Bernhardus

593

452, 464

Ephydra, species
Epizoanthus Americanus

585

548, 501

larvsB

451,

540, 464, 466

lougicarpus . 549, 313, 331, 339,

740, 510

364, 368, 395, 377, 409, 415, 422,.

573, 459

426, 428, 434, 463, 464, 479, 515,

570, 370, 377, 479

pollicaris.548, 313, 331, 364, 368,

filiformis.570, 316, 331, 409, 422,

377, 395, 409, 415, 417, 422, 426,

Ergasilns lab races
Erichsonia attenuata452, 494

428, 434, 515, 521

Eristalis, species

540

EscharaPallasiana

713

pubescens
549
Eupleura caudata.. .642, 332, 371, 377, 423,

pilosa712

scabra714

Escharella variabilis 713, 312, 333, 361, 366,
389, 393, 403, 411, 419, 424, 427, 429, 476

428, 435

Euryechiuus Drobachiensis^

granulatus

716

716

713

Euthora cristata
Eutimalimpida

lineata

712

Fabricia Leidyi..619, 323, 332, 397, 410, 422

pediostoma

713

False scorpion

variabilis

713

Farrella familiaris

Escharina

Escharipora punctata
Eteone limicola

713, 403, 411, 424

588

robusta

588,746
588

setosaspecies. . .589, 349, 364, 397, 428, 452

Eucheilota dnodeciraalis
ventricularis

Euchone elcgans
species

Eucope altcrnata
diaphana„

725, 454

492
729, 454

331
710, 4S7

pedicellata

Fasciolaria ligata

Fiddler crabs

710

642,517336, 457, 467

520,327

File-fish

Fishes, food of514

list of external parasites ob-

725, 454

served on

459

618, 432, 434, 508

parasites of455

422, 392, 416

Flounder, ocellated, or summer. ..519, 339

727

siwtted520

727

winter520

pentapora

717

Flnstra avicularia

711])()lygena

727

Ellisii

711

Encory ne clegaiis
Encratea chelata

735

hispida708

710, 405. 411, 424, 749

lineata712

Murrayana

711

Eudendrium dispar

734, 408, 411, 425

765

INDEX.
Page.

Flustra pilosa
setacea

Page.

712

Gemma Manhattensis

682

711

740

735

tnmcata711

Gemmaria Americana
gemmosa

Flustrella bispida

708

Geoi^inus incrassatus

541,364

Flustriua

712

Glandula arenicola

Fog-lisli

521

Globiceps tiarella

Food of fishes

514

Glycera Americana

701,502735
596

ForauiiQifera

745, 425, 430, 412

dibranchiata

596

Fovia Warreuii
Free swimming and surface animals
Fringed sea-anemone

633

Goose-barnacles

436

Goose-fish

329

Frost-fish

519
303, 487

Gorgonia tenuis
685
Gouldia lunulata
mactracea . . .685, 418, 423, 429, 518
741
Grantia botryoides

640

ciliata. . 740, 330, 334, 391, 394, 412,

Fucus nodosu»s

303

vesiculosus

Fulgur canaliculata

381

516
737, 457

425

carica.. .640, 313, 332, 355, 365, 399,

640

eliceans

741

coronata

410, 417, 423, 428

Gravelly and sandy bottoms off theFundulus pisculentus
Fusus cinereus

520, 458

open coast, list of species inhabit-

641

corneuscurtus638, 517

504

638

ing
Gravelly and shelly bottoms of bays
and sounds, fauna of the

harpularius

636

Gravelly bottoms off" the open coast,

Holbolli

645

fauna ofIslaudicus

638

Green-crab

312

pleurotomarius

637

Gribble381

639

Gymnocopa
Gy mnosomata

626

Gymnolsemata
Haddock, mollusks

707

pygmsBus€37
639, 645, 518
516

rufus

Trumbullii

Gadus morrhua
Galerocerdo tigrina

521

Gammaracanthus mucronatus559

Gammarus annulatus

553, 314, 331, 586

519
locusta

519 520
ornatus. 557, 514, 331, 382, 392,.

455, 486, 519

pulex
Gastranella tumida

557
678, 418, 423

Gastropoda

636

Gattiola, species
'.

:...

590.453

taken

518

737

Halecium gracile.. ..729, 328, 334, 376, 378,
391, 393, 411, 425, 476

743, 749

species

743

744
Halocampa producta-738, 330, 334, 363, 366
Halisarca, species

Halodrillus littoralis-623, 324, 332, 338, 365,
463

460
Harbors, fauna of theHarger, Oscar, on Isopod Crusta545,567
cea

Harmothoe imbricata

545, 337

Hermit-crabs

pugnax ...545,367,377,466,468
vocansGemellaria loricata
loriculata

545
747

Hermnea cruciata
Heterocerus undatus

680

313,339,368,371
667
543, 364, 464

548, 415, 422
Heterocrypta granulata
692
Heteromyaria
553, 396, 409, 415,
Heteromysis formosa
422, 452

747

682

582, 321, 332, 392,

397, 410, 422

Hemimactra solidissima

467

742

Halichondria oculata
panicea

520, 530

pugilator. 545, 336, 364, 462, 464,

from
738

Halcampa albida
Haley onium carneum.549, 368, 377, 451, 468, 519,

Gelasimus minax

Gemma Tot teni

668

stomachs of479, 519, 520

natator.. 558, 439, 452, 455, 518,

Gebia afdnis .

500

557

mariuus559,314,331.486
mucronatus-. 559, 370, 377, 466,

412

Heteronereis arctica

591

766

INDEX.
Page.

Heteronereis assimilis
glaucopis
giandifolia

Heterofusus Alexandri
balea
Hickory shad,«.

Invertebrate animals, habits and dis-

591
591

tribution of theIinphimedia vulgaris

669

Irish moss

669

Isodictya palmata

520

Hippa talpoida..548, 338, 364, 428, 451, 490,
530

Hippocrene Carolinensis
superciliaris

Page.

591

733
733

294
557
404
,

species

IsopodaIvory-barnacle

742
742
567
381

Jaira copiosa... 571,315,331,382,392,486
nivalis

571

656

311

Hippotboa rugosa

712

Holothuria Briareus

715

Jaminia exigua
producta
seminuda
Janthina fragilis

737

Jingle-shell715

Kellia planulata.688, 310, 333, 374, 378, 418,

Hippolyte pusiola. ..550, 395, 409, 422, 457,
493, 511

pliysalis

Holothurioidea
Homarus Atnericanus

656
657
660

423, 435

549, 313, 331, 395,

409, 415, 422, 426, 428, 451, 492, 515,

520, 521, 745

Horseshoe-crab
Horse-mackerel
Horse-muscle
Hyas coarctatus
Hy alaea cornea

340, 468

516

rubra
King-crab

688
340
515,339

King-fish

Lacuna divaricata309

frigida548

labiosa

652
652
652

669

neritoidea

tridentata

669

solid ula

trispinosa

669

viucta . 652, 305, 333, 355, 365, 372,
377, 410, 417, 423, 485

Hyale littoralis
Hy bocodon prolifer

556, 315, 331, 392, 486

Hydractinia echiuata

736, 328, 334

736

653, 495

652.

Lady-crab
LiBvicardium Mortcmi

338,426.

. .

683, 358, 365, 426,

polyclina- . . 736, 328, 334, 363,

429

376, 378, 407, 411, 425, 427, 429

Lafoja calcarata.729, 334, 408, 411, 425, 4.54
729
cornuta

Hydrallmania falcata
733, 408, 411, 425
725
Hydroidea
Hydrophilus qiiadristriatus
541, 4^6743
Hy meuiacidon
suberea

744
567, 439, 452, 459

Hyperia, species
lehthyobdella Fimduli

624, 458, 460

Lamellibranchiata
Laminaria digitata
longicrurasaccharina

Laodicea calcarata

Laomedea amphora

669

492
492
492
729
727
728

569,340,364,428

dichotoma

irrorata .569, 316, 331, 340, 364, 370,

divaricata

727

flexuosa

726

Idotea c«ca

377, 392, 439, 452, 479, 486,
494, 514

gelatinosa

728, 727

571

geniculata

727

phosphorea- .569, 316, 331, 392, 409,

gigantea
longissima

728

montosa

422, 452

robnstatrilobaTuftsii

Tdyia roseola

569,439,452
571
569,340,364,501
723,448,451,454

Laphystins sturionis
Larvae of balauus
Larvalia
Larval macroura

728
557, 457, 459

455
707
452

Ilyanassa obsoleta. . 641, 313, 339, 354, 355,
365,368,371,377,383, 392, 428,435,

Leda limatula
obesa

690

463, 469, 479, 516

sapotilla

689

Infusoria, ciliated455

tenuisulcata

luHocta

539

thraciioformis

689

690, 509, 519

690

767

INDEX.
Page.

LegumiuaTia Floridana
Lepas anitifera
an ita•Limnoria lignorum

580,382,392
580

terebrans

anf erifera

588, 382, 392

bfilauoides

579

dadema

Pnge.

676

579

. .

482

rectinata580

virgata

Lepeophtheirus salmonis
species

Lepidactylis dytiscus

576
575, 459
556, 339, 364, 409,
422, 428

Lepidonote armadillocirrata

Lepidonotus angnstus

581

582
581, 494

sublevis. . .581, 320, 332, 397,
410, 422

squamatus ....581,320,332,
Leprrea rubra
Lepralia byalina
Pallasiana

Peachii
pediostoraa

punctata

370, 377, 423, 431,

719
719
683
548

Lissa fissirostra
Lists of species found in the stomachs

of fishes
List of parasites observed on fishes.
in brackish waters

480

List of species inhabiting gravelly

bottoms of the outer waters

504

615,332,392,453
713

and shelly bottoms of the bays
and sounds,

713,420
714

List of species inhabiting

713
713

List of species inhabiting

Leptochitou apiculatus..661, 423, 399, 410,
749
ruber. .652, 399, 410, 495, 749
Leptoclinum albidum.. .705, 403, 411, 424,.

515
luteolum...706, 403, 411, 424

bottoms of bays and sounds

434

muddy

bottoms of brackish waters

470

List of species inhabiting sandy orsoft muddy bottoms of outer

wa-

ters

muddy shores of bays and sounds
muddy
shores and bottoms of .brackish

watersList of species inhabiting piles of

688
Lepton fabagella
Leptoplana folium
632, 487
Leptosynapta Girardii.. .716, 386, 361, 490

wharves and bridges, buoys, bottoms of vessels, &c., in bays andsounds_..716,366,362
716

List of species inhabiting piles ofLernrea branchialis

578, 460

uncinata
Lerneocera radiata

5T8

brackish waters
List of species inhabiting rocky bot-

578

Lerneouema radiata

578, 458, 465

List of species inhabiting rocky bot-Lesueuria hyboptera
722, 454
Leucosolenia botryoides. .741, 334, 391, 394
tbamnoides
741
Libinia canaliculata.548, 339, 364, 368, 377,

List of species inhabiting the rocky

431,434,511,521

Limax papillosus

669
666

470

List of species inhabiting oyster-

737

548,368,377,431,434

377

List of species inhabiting

737

dubia
Limacina balea

511

List of species commonly found on

teres

tenuis421

muddy

Leptogorgia tenuisroseola514
459

List of species inhabiting eel-grass

List of species inhabiting gravelly

713
719

variolosaLeptasterias compta

434, 452, 464, 468

Linkia oculata
pertusa
Liocardium Mortoni

392, 397, 410, 422

496, 424, 333

species

571

Limpet306
Limulus australis
580
Polyphemus .... 580, 340, 355, 364,

579,382,452
579, 332, 392

fascicularis571, 360, 377, 379, 302,

beds i n brackish waters

476

392

wharves, floating timbers, &c., intoms of the bays and sounds
toms of the outer waters
shores of the bays and sounds

482

409
498
331

List of species found on the rocky

shores of the outer coast

487

List of species inhabiting sandy bot-toms of bays and sounds

428

768

INDEX.
Page.

toms of estuaries

List of species

inhabiting

radula504

Lumbriconereis fragilis

inhabiting
inhabiting

opalina364

422, 428, 434, 468

splendida

sandy

waters451

List of species inhabiting surface

455

waters in winter309
Lithodomus
Lithothamnion poly morphum .399, 492, 495
652

Littorina arctica

651

Groenlandica

594

tenuis . . 594, 320, 332, 342,

490

shores of the outer coast

651,372,377
652

364, 371, 377, 422, 463

Lumbriculus tenuis
Lumbricus fragilis
Lumbrinereis fragilis
Lunatia triseriata

immacnlata

548

548

Lyonsia hyalina. -

652
652

neritoidea

652

646, 508, 517

hastata
Lycidice Americana
Lycoris fucata

marmorata

594
646, 365

Lupa diacantha

652

neglecta

623
594

heros . 646, 313, 353, 354, 365, 423,
426, 429, 490, 417, 521

littoralis

limata594, 320, 3.52, 342,

364, 371, 377, 397, 410,

464

List of species inhabiting surface

irrorata

594, 501, 507
.

sandy

shores and bottoms of estuaries..
List of species

strigilla

sandyshores of bays and sounds
List of species

686
686
686

464

List of species inhabiting sandy bot-toms of outer waters

Page.

Lucina Gouldii

List of species inhabiting sandy bot-

593,508591
672, 358, 365, 423, 426,

. .

429, 435
556, 434, 452

Lysianassa, species

431

palliata 652, 305, 333, 383, 393, 485

LysianassinsB652
Peconica
652
rudissima
rudis.. 651,305,333,383,393,485
652
saxatilis

Macha di visa

676

Machsera costata
Mackerel

675

Macoma calcarea

442,516
677
676

sulcata

651

fragilis

tenebrosa

651

fusca- - .676, 359, 365, 372, 378, 429,

zouaria652

Littorinella Isevis

653

minuta ....

383, 392, 469, 653,

Livoneca ovalis

572, 459

448

Lizzia grata

Lobster and other Crustacea, meta-morphoses of.

Loligo illecebrosapallida676

proxi ma677

sabulosa

677
549

Macroura
Mactra arctata

679

522

gigantea

680

395, 492, 745

lateralis

680

similis680

By S. I. Smith

Lobster, habits

435, 463, 469, 508

Groenlandica

. . .

634

635,441,453,514

solidissima-- 680,-358, 365,412, 418,
423, 426, 429, 490

Pealii . . 635, 416, 423, 440, 453, 515
516, 520, 521

punctata
Long clam

635
309, 357, 458, 490

Long-tailed sting-ray

521

Lophius Americanus
Lophopsetta maculata
Lophothuria Fabricii

516, 457

679

tellinoides

Madreporaria
Malacobdella grossa
merceuaria
obesa

740
625
625, 458, 460
625,458,460

520

Maldane elongata.

.

609, 343, 365, 371, 377

519

Mamma iminacnlata

646

661

686

Mamniaria Manhattensis
Maugelia bicarinata

638

dentata

686

ceriuadivaricata(i8{)

harpularia

Lottia testudinalis
Luciua contracta

filosaflcxuosa

686,509686.

pyramidalis
Margarita Grcvnlaudica

445

637,432,435
636
6;^7

519

769

INDEX.
Page.
661, 508, 518
Margarita obscnra
661
ornata733, 334, 450, 454
Margelis Caroliuensis
593, 319, 332, 347, 364,
Marphysa Leidyi

Page.

Modiola nexa

694, 518

nigra

694

papuana

693

. . .

plicatula . . - .693, 307, 333, 374, 378. . -410, 422, 434, 517

460

Marshes, fauna of theMartesia cuueiformis

671

469, 475

semicosta
Modiolaria corrugata
discors

Meckelia iugcDS 630, 324, 332, 349, 365, 423,.

428, 432, 434, 453

lactea1

693
694, 509,

649

l?e vigata

694, 509, 749

630, 350, 365

nigra. 694, 418, 424, 433, 435, 518

630,502,508
630
725

Moera levis- .559, 315, 331, 409, 422, 452, 5I9
Molanna, species
543, 379, 392
Molgula arenata-699, 419, 424, 426, 429, 502
Manhattensis
699, 311, 333, 361,

caravella

737

366, 378, 388, 393, 375, 401,

velella737

luridaPocahontas

rosea. . 630, 324, 332, 350, 365, 428

Medusa digitale- -411, 424, 427, 429, 435, 445

451

papillosa699, 495

662, 463, 469, 520
Melampus bidentatus
518
Melanogrammus a?giifinus

pellucida699, 426, 429

pilularis

700

Megalops and zoea
. . .

613, 432, 434, 507

Melinua cristata

Melitanitida.560, 314, 331, 382, 392, 434, 479
717
Mellita peutapora

quinquefora

717

testudinaria

717, 427, 429, 749

testudinata

717

Membrauipora lineata'.. 712, 333, 406, 411^
424, 427, 429

pilosa.... 712,333,393,406,
411, 424, 496

712,420,424
670

tenuisMenestho albula

Menhaden

520

Meuipea ternata

711

Menticirrus uebulosus

515

Mercenaria mercenaria

681

violacea

681

Mesodesma arctata

679, 518

676
Mesopieura bidentata
Metamorphoses of the lobster and522
By S. I. Smithother Crustacea.
Metridium marginatum. 738, 329, 334, 391,.

Microciona prolifera
Microdeutopus minax
Microgadus tom-codus
Millepora reticulata

Modeeria, species
Modiola discrepans
glaudula.

518
715, 510

Monocelis agilis
Monoculodes, species

556, 452, 455

Monoculus Polyphemus

580

Monops agilis

631

Montacuta bidentata

688, 518

elevata - - -688, 418, 423, 435, 518

Montagua Gouldii
gymnota

667

667

pilata666

vermifera

666

Monomyaria
Morone Americana
Mud-crabs
bottoms

Muddy

695
514
468
of

bays

and

sounds, list of species inhabiting-562,479,519
519

Muddy shores and bottoms of brack-fauna of465
ish waters, fauna of
Mulinia lateralis. . . 680, 373, 378, 423, 429,.

432, 435, 470454

Murex caualiculatus

694

caricaham at uslievigata694

modiolus- - . 693, 309, 333, 401, 410,
418, 424, 495, 515

434

506

.722, 449, 450, 454, 457

49

631 325, 332

Muddy bottoms of the open coast,

695,518
693, 374, 378, 472, 475

S. Mis, 61

dock
Molpadia oolitica

745, 741

520

Mnemiopsis Leidyi-

517

fish

Mollusks found in stomach of had-393, 412, 425

714

Minnowproducta
699, 502, 510
Mollia hyalina
713, 405, 411, 420, 424
Mollusca
634
Mollusks found in stomach of cod-

640
640

540

Muscidse

larv»
Muscle, common

364,421,464
432

horse

432

ribbed432

770

INDEX.
Page.

Page.

Nemertes socialis

Mustelus canis
My a acuta

521

672

viridis628

arctica671

Nemopsis Bacbei

7.33, 454

628, 324, 332, 392

arenaria . . 672, 309, 333, 357, 359, 365,

Gibbesi

372, 378, 410, 423, 429, 435, 458,

Nephthys borealis

733
583

463,469,490,515,521
672

bucera583, 416, 422.

byalina
mercenaria

ciliata

672

Myliobatis Freminvillei

Mysis Americana.

. .

521 624,552, 370, 377, 396, 409,

415, 422, 431, 434, 452, 455, 458,

479, 519, 520
551, 370, 377, 479

stenolepis

552

vulgaris

Mytilus borealis
corrugatus
decussatus

692
694
695

583

picta

583, 348, 364, 422, 428

iugeus583, 431, 434, 507, 521

Neptunea curta
pygmaea

638
639, 508, 518

Nereilepas fucata

591

Nereis ciliata

583
cuprea593
fucata591,494
grandis590]imbata.-590 318, 332, 341, 364, 371,
377, 382, 392, 422, 440, 453, 463, 516

clemissus

693

discors694

pelagica

discrepans694

edulis . . 692, 307, 333, 361, 365, 372,

422, 428, 434, 453
Tirens .. .590, 317, 332, 341, 364, 367,

378, 388, 393, 401, 410, 418, 424,

371, 377, 440, 453, 455, 463, 468,

591, 319, 332, 397, 410,

487,514,519
590

426, 429, 432, 435, 453, 470, 475,
515, 546

levigatus

lugubris, . . .

,

modiolus
notatuspellucidus, .

pholadis694

Yankiaua
Nerine agilis

600, 346, 365, 490

460

cirrata693

coniocepliala

.». .

munda

692

Nerocila

692

Neuroptera
543
Neverita duplicata ..646, 354, 365, 426, 429,

671

571, 459

plicatus693
rugosus
671
Myzobdella lugubris
625
Nanomia cara
736, 455
Naragauseta coralii..607, 397, 410, 422, 494
Natica clausa
647, 519
duplicata
646
flava

518

beros

646

immaculata
pusilla646, 517

647, 417, 423, 426, 429

646

triseriata

Nassa fretensis
luoataobsoleta,

trivittata

vibex
Nectonereis mcgalops

Nematodes
Nematonereis
Nemerteans
Nemcrtes obscura

—

602
602

490

Nicomacbe dispar
Nicolea simplex

608, 508
613, 321, 332, 382, 392,
397, 410, 422, 453, 494

Ninoe nigripes
Nogagus Latreillei

595, 508
576, 457, 459

tenax577,457,459

Notomastus filiformis.611, 342, 365, 371, 377
luridus. . 610, 342, 365, 371, 377

Notospermus viridis
Nucula corticata

628
691

delphiuodouta

691, 509

640

Gouldii

690

645

limatula

689,518
690

64

minuta641

navicularis

640,371,377,479
592, 440, 453
634, 453, 455, 456

proxima

594, 508

sapotilla

627, 324

tenuis. . .

690.691, 418, 424, 432, 435

515, 518, 519, 520

radiata

691
689, 518

691,518,519

628

tenuisulcata

690

olivacea

628

tb racial form is690

species629

tbraciformis

690, 749

771

INDEX.

Page.

664
Nndibraucliiata
Obelia commissuralis . . . .728, 327, 334, 393,
407, 411, 425
diapliana

727, 327, 334, 429

dichotoma

728, 407, 411, 425

divaricata

727

flabellata

728, 390, 393, 497

fusiformis

407, 411, 424

gelatinosa

728, 391, 393, 482

720

Ophiolepis tenuis
Ophiopholis aculeata

719, 400, 496, 517

719,400719

bellisscolopendrica

Ophiura bellis

719

elegans

720

olivacea

719, 363, 366, 427, 429

Ophiuroidea

719

Orchestia agilis .555, 314, 331, 336, 364, 462,
464, 486

geniciilaia . . .727, 334, 393, 407, 411,

longicornis

424, 487, 494, 495, 496

556

lougissirua

728

megalophthalma

polygeua727

palustris

727, 334, 390, 393

pyriformis

476, 363, 376, 447, 454

species

725, 454

Oceania languida

Orcy nus thunnina
Orthagoriscus mola
Orthopyxis caliculata

556
555, 468

516
578
.

..725, 334, 408, 411,

424

Ocean shores and outer cold waters,
fauna ofOcellated flounderpoterium

484

-

519

Ocypoda areuaria .. .545, 745, 336, 337, 364,

Osteodesma hyalina

545.

..656, 307, 333, 383,
393, 423

656

dealbata
exigua656

fusca -656, 307, 333, 393, 423, 435
impressa-.660, 656, 333, 418, 423
insculpta

656

limuoidea
producta

656, 333, 418, 423

653

seminuda .657, 418, 423, 428, 435
trifida 656, 307, 333, 393, 418, 423

Oligoclijeta

622

Ommastrephes Bartramii

635-

illecebrosa

634, 441, 453

sagittatus

634
665, 495

Oncliidoris pallida . ,399

OuiscusOpen coast, fauna of gravelly bot500

toms

Open

coast,

fauna ofmuddy bot-Opencoast,

fauna of rocky bot491

toms

Open

coast,

fauna of sandy

500

Open coast, fauna of rocky shores..
Open coast, fauna of sandy shores..
Ophelia simplex

Ophidium marginatum
Ophiocoma bellis

697

Islaudica
696
Virginiana .. .697, 748, 310, 333, 374,
378, 388, 393, 401, 410, 424, 435, 453
Yirginica
697
Otion Cuvieri
580
Outer coast, fauna of, on rocky
shoresOuter

485

coast,

fauna

of,

on

sandy

shores489

Outer coast, fauna of, on gravelly
bottoms
Outer coast, fauna of, on rocky
bottoms
Outer coast, fauna of, on sandy
bottoms
Outer coast, list of species of
muddy bottoms
Outer coast, list of species ofrocky bottoms
Outer coast, list of species of rocky

485
489

603,319,332,410
338

500
491

500
511

498
487

Outer coast, list of species of sandy
and gravelly bottoms
Outer coast, list of species of sandy

504

490

shores

bot-

toms

697

Canadensis

shores

506

toms

672

Ostrea borealis

534

Ocypode pugilator
Odostomia bisuturalis

726

472, 355
OysterOyster-beds in brackish waters,
472
animals inhabiting
Oyster-beds in brackish waters, list476
of species inhabiting

719

Oyster-crab

367

neglecta
Ophioderma olivaceuni

720

Pagurus Bernhardus

548

719

lougicarpus

549

Ophiolepis scolopendrica

719

pollicaris

548

772

INDEX.
Page.

Pagurns pubescens

549

PalsBinon vulgaris

550

•
Page.
Periploma papyracea-673, 429, 435, 509, 517
Perophora viridis
702, 388, 393, 401, 411,

Palajnionetes vulgaris .. .550, 339, 364, 369,

424

377, 452, 463, 464, 466, 479, 516, 519, 520,

Petricola dactylus

529

fornicata

Palinurichthys perciforrais

680

680
pholadiformis. .680, 372, 378, 435,

515
544, 409, 421

Palleue, species

470, 515

Pandaliis annulicornis ...550,493,511,519

Phaleria testacea

543, 464

Pandarus, species

Pbascolosoma Bernhardus
csementarinm

627, 422,

457, 459

branchii

576,459
577, 459

sinuatus

Pandora trilineata
673
Panopeus depressus .547, 312, 331, 367, 377,

428, 434

Gouldii. .

.

.627, 353, 428, 521

Phasianella bifasciata

382, 392, 395, 409, 415, 422,

652

cornea652

431,434,468,479,514,515
547, 313, 331, 468
Herbstii
547,472

fasciata

652

Sa^i -.547, 312, 331, 367, 377, 382,

Pbilhydrus perplexus

Harrisii392, 395, 409, 415, 422, 431, 434,

468,479,514,515,516,749
observed on

external,

Parasites,
fishes,627&c459, 455

Paractis rapiformis

738, 363, 366, 430

Parypha cristata

striata652

sulcata

651

542
542
569
670, 433, 435

reflexipennis

Pbiloscia vittata

Pholas costata
crispata

671

cuneiformis

67 1, 517

736

truucata..670, 372, 378, 433, 435, 470

crocea736, 390, 393, 482

Pasithea nigra
Patella alveus

661

Pboxicbilidium maxillare
544, 415, 421
Phoxus Kroyeri
556, 434, 501, 511
Phronima, species
567, 439, 452

648

fornicata649

testudinalis

661

Pbylactobemata
Pbyllobrauchus Ravenelii

707

824

739

Pbyllodoce eaten ula

587,494

Peaked nosed skate
Pecten brunneus

521

gracilis

586, 494

696

maculata

concentricus

695
696, 518

Peacbia parasitica,

fuscusirradians . . . .695, 361, 365, 372, 374,

Islandicus

378,418,424,426,429,515
696

Magellauicus

,

.

696

species

.

. .

586
332, 349, 382, 397, 410,
422, 434, 452

Pbyllopoda
573
Pbyllophora Brodiaei
492, 496
membranifolia . 492, 496, 404
Pbysalia aretbusa
737, 450, 455.

696

aurigera

737

tennicostatus

696, 397, 509, 518

caravella

737

Pectinaria auricoma

Pealii612

pelagica

737

Belgica

612

Pbysalis pelagica

737

Pectinibranchiata

636

Pedicellina Americana. ..707, 333,405, 411,

PbysophortB

736

Pby tosus Balticus

542

littoralis

542, 364, 464

724

Pill-bug

399

724

Pilunmus Harrisii

547

424

Pelagia cyanella
quinquecirrba
Pelia mutica

548, 395, 409, 415, 422, 515

Penajus Brasiliensis

578

Penellafilosa

578, 460

pluniosa

Pennaria tiarella

551

. .

.

.735, 327, 334, 393, 411,

425, 455, 520

Pentamcra pulclierrima. .7 15, 420, 424, 427,
429

Pinuixia cylindrica
546,367,377,520
Pinnotheres maculatus.. .546, 309, 434, 459
ostreum
546, 309, 317, 377,
434, 438, 451, 459
Pisa mutica

548

Phicobranchus catulus

G6S

Planaria IVequcns
grisea

633
633

773

INDEX.
Page.

Page.

Planaria species

487

Porifera

740

Planariaviriclis

628

Poronotus triacauthus

449
737
547

632
Planarians
632, 325, 332
Plauocera nebulosa
546
Platy carcinus irroratus
546
Sayi
Platy ouiclius ocellatus 547,338;364,426,428,

Porpit?B

Portunus pictus
Potamilla podopbthalmia

397, 410, 422, 476.

438, 457, 490, 501, 515,

516, 533

Platypyxis cyliudrica .726, 334, 408, 411, 424
Pleurobrachia rhododactyla
722,444,448,
450 454, 455
Pleurotoma bicarinatum
638, 418, 423

—

,

382

ocnlifera .617, 322, 332, 382, 392

Prawn, cpmmon

339

Prionotas Carolinus
Procerodes frequens

516
633, 325, 332,

Wheatlaudii
Protomedia pinguis
Protozoa

633
561

740

brunnea
ceriuum

637

Psammobia fusca

676

637

520

plicata637

plicosa

637

Psendopleuronectes Americanus ...
Psolus i)hantapus
Pteropoda

Plnraatella familiaris

710

Ptilota elegans

492

Plumnlaria arborea
Catharine

730

Ptilocheirus pinguis .561, 431, 434, 501, 507,

cornucopiae

732

Ptychatractus ligatus

falcata733

species

407, 411

PulmouataPurpura lapillus

732

tenella731

Podarke obscura .

.589, 319, 332, 382, 392,.

Podocerus cylindricus
f ucicola

Polycera Lessouii .. .665, 333, 400, 410, 423,
580

PolychcTeta

Polycirrusexiniius.616,320, 332, 371,377,
382, 392, 410, 422, 434, 453, 468

451

Polycystiua

Polydora ciliatuQi
species

544
640

Pyrarais fusca

410, 423

603, 345, 364, 453
428, 416, 422

662
642, 306, 332, 485

Pyrula canaliculata

566

PoliuiaglutiQOsa-.631, 324, 332, 382, 392,

642, 517

Py cnogonidea
carica561, 493

668

519

410, 440, 453

628

Polia obscura

519

640
656
359, 463

Quahog-clam
Rabbit-fish

521

Eadiata
Raia diaphana

521

Ifevis521

715

Ranella caudata

642
356,490

Razor-shell

Reniera, species

744, 334, 394

Rhabdoccela

627

Rhegmatodes tenuis

729, 454

Rhipidoglossa

661

Polymastia robusta
Polyuoe cirrata
dasypus744

Rhodine attenuata609, 508

582

Rhodymenia paliuata

496, 492

581

Rhynchobolus Americanus ..596, 332, 342

squamata

581

364. 371, 377, 428, 434, 453,

Polypliemus occidentalis
Polypi
Polyplacophora
Polyzoa

580

463

737

dibranchiatus.596, 332, 341,

Poraatom us salt atrix
Pomolobus mediocris

661

364, 371, 377, 428, 431, 434, 463,

707

Rhyuchoprobolus papillosus

516

Rhy nchoscolex papillosus

746
746

654, 306, 333, 383, 392

520

Rissoa aculeus

460
Ponds, brackish, fauna of
Pontobdella rapax
625, 458, 460
Poatogeneia inermis
557, 452, 455, 519

arctica654

exarata

654, 495, 517

Mighelsii

Pontonema marinum.. 634, 325, 332, 434,

miuuta653

Stimpsoni

653

453, 455

vacillatum . .634, 326, 332, 434,

Pomee

-514

Roccus liueatus

Rock

654

514
514

774

INDEX.
Page.

Eock-barnacle
Rock-crab
Eock-fish

304

312
'

Eock-weeds
Eocky bottoms of the bays andsounds, fauna of

514
303
394
491

of

489

of species364

of species

464

Sandy shores of outer waters, list of409

Eocky bottoms of outer waters, listof species

462

Sandy shores of brackish waters, list

Eocky bottoms of bays and sounds,
list of species ofof

Sandy shores in outer waters, fauna

Sandy shores of bays and sounds, list

Eocky bottoms of the open coast,fauna of

Page.

Sandy shores in outer waters, fauna

species

490

Sanguinolaria fusca
sordida498

Eocky shores on open coast, fauna of.
Eocky shores on bays and sounds,
fauna of

485

Sapphirina, species
303

Eocky shores of bays and sounds,

Sarda pelamys
Sarsia mirabilis

331

list of species ofSaphenia apicaia

676
677
734
573, 439, 452

516
775

Saxicava arctica.. 671, 309, 333, 401, 410,

Eocky shores on the outer coast, list423

of species

487

distorta

671

Eound clam

359, 458, 469

pholadis671

Eudder-fish

515

rugosaSabella oculifera

617

clathrus

671
660
660

397, 410, 422

Grcenlandica

660

Sabellaria vulgaris. 611, 321,332, 349, 365,

Humphreysii

microphthalma.

Scalaria angulata.618, 323, 332, 392,

392, 397, 410, 422, 428, 426, 476

Rabellides cristata613

Saccobranchia

698

Sagartia leucolena..738, 329, 334, 363, 366,

391,393,412

660, 418, 423, 435

multistriata

660, 418, 423, 435

subulata
Scalibregma brevicauda

626, 440, 453

408, 424

Scionopsis palmata-.614, 321,332,397,410,476

species . .453, 455, 456, 457

Salpa
Cabotivar. cyanea

567,430,436
706, 438, 439, 445, 454
706

Samytha416,422

Sand-crab

338

Sand-dollar

of507
tenuis

601,345,364
viridis . .600, 345, 364, 453, 463

Scolex457

339

Scollop361,374425

Scomber vernalis
Scup

514

Scutella parma

717

462

428

Sandy bottoms in brackish waters,
list of 8i)ccies

quinquefora
Scyphacella aronicola
speciesof speciesin

Scy phax
Sea-anemones
Sea-bass

464

Sea-cabbage
Sea-clam504

Sea-herring
Sea-pork
Sea-robin

Sandy bottoms in outer waters, list

fauna of

Scolecolepis cirrata. .602, 416, 422, 428, 501,

500

list of species

715
627

521

Sandy bottoms in bays and sounds,

Sandy Mhorcs

Sclerodactyla Briareus
Scolecida362, 427

Sand-shark
Sand-shrimp
Sandy bottoms in bays and sounds,
fauna of
Sandy bottoms in brackish waters,
fauna of
Sandy bottoms in outer waters, fauna

660
605, 416, 422

Scapharca transversa 691, 309, 3.33, 401, 410,

modesta .738, 330, 334. 365, 366, 425
Sagitta elegans

660

lineatabays and sounds,
334

516

717
568, 543, 337, 304

567
567

329

514
303
358

520
402,41951(5INDEX.

775

Page.

Sea-urchin

326,438,447
679,518

Semele eqiialis
Serpula dianthus

Page.

Solecurtus Caribaeus

675

divisus620, 322, 332, 392, 397,

fragilis

410, 416, 422, 426, 428, 476

gibbusporrecta

622

lucida622

Solemya borealis
Solen Americanus

spirorbis

621

bidens

676
,..

518

675
689
674
676

Serripes Groenlandicus

518

CaribfEus

675

Sertularia anguina

710

centralis730

costatusargentea. .732, 334, 408, 411 425

divisus

676
675
676

ensis

674

antennina,

710

clielata

cornicina

733, 729, 408, 411

cuscuta709

cupressina

732, 408, 411, 425

dichotoma
eburnea728

falcata

733

707

fragilis676

gibbusGuineensis

675

Sayii

675
675

viridis675

Solenomya borealis
689
velum .... 688, 360, 365, 429, 435,

gelatinosa728

geniculata

727

longissima

728

Sphseroma quadridentata

loricata

747

Spider-crab

pumila .. -732, 327, 334, 391, 393,

Spio robusta

408, 487

470

setosatenerissima

733

Tiniflora

725

Gouldii

volubilis

726
725

Spirorbis borealis

Sertularina

Sesarma reticulata
Shad
Ship-worm
Shrimp, common
sandSigalion MathildaB
Silicea

Siliqua costata
Siliquaria gibba

Spirialis Flemingii

546, 367, 377, 467

520

379,383

369
339
582
741
675, 358, 365, 426, 429
675

notataSipho Islandicus
SiphoncEcetes cuspidatus
Siphonostoraa

Sipuuculus Bernhardus
caementarius

669
669, 443, 453, 516

621

lucidus622

sinistrorsa

622

species

397, 323, 410, 453

spirillum

621, 332, 392, 422

Spirula Peronii
Spisula Sayii
solidissima

Sponge, massive siliceous
red
Spongia botry oides

636
580
680
430
412
741

ciliatacoronata

740
741

566, 501, 511

prolifera

741

573

oculata605

paniceasulphurea

742
743
744

627,353
627
627

Gouldii...

Small tunny
Smith, S. I. Catalogue of Crustacea
Smith, S. I. Metamorphoses of the.

urceolata

Spongise

745
740
331

627

Springtails

521

515
Squeteague
Squid
440,441
Squilla empusa. .551, 369, 377, 434, 439, 452,

655, 333, 383

serpuloides

lobster and other Crustacea

602, 344, 365, 453

675

Skate, common

Skenea planorbis

339,368
603, 345, 365

517

Siphonostomum afiSne
Sipuuculoids

569,315,331

655
516

545

468, 515, 536

Squilloidea

551Standella lateralis

680

335
438

522

Staphylinidae

Soft-shelled crabs

367

Star-fish

Solecurtus bidens

676

Staurocephalus pallidus

595, 348, 364

INDEX.

776

Page.

Stenosoma irrorata

569
570

filiformis

677
676
676

Tellina calcarea
Fabricii

Stereoderma unisemita

715, 503

Groenlaudica

Sternaspis fossor

606,507
514

lata

676

proxima

677

627, 352

teneraStenotomus argj^rops
Stimpsonia aurantiaca
Sthenelais Leidyi

582

picta 582, 348, 364, 422, 428, 501

Sting-ray

521,458
Stomachs of fishes, species found in.
514

Stomolophus meleagris
Stomotoca apicata

724
734, 455

Striped bass

514,339
Strongylocentrotus chlorocentrotus.
716

677
678, 429, 432, 435, 470

tenta

677

sabulosa
sordida677

versicolor

678

Temperature of water 298, 299, 436, 485, 506
613

Terebella ornata
Terebellides Stroemi

613, 507

TeredoDrobachiensis 716, 326,

dilatata

378,380,383
670

406, 411, 420, 424, 438,

navalis669, 384, 393, 453, 482

454, 486, 496, 447

Stylifer Stimpsonii

655, 460

Styliola vitrea

668, 443, 453

Stylochopsis littoralis

632, 325, 332

Saberites compacta

744

suberea744

Surface and free swimming animals

436

Surface species in winter455

megotara
palmulata
Thomsonii
Tergipes despectus

Tetrastemma arenicola
Thamnocnidia tenella
Thaumantias diaphana
Thecosomata

670, 387, 393

670
670, 387, 393
667, 495
629, 351, 365

736, 407, 411, 425

727
668

Surf-clam

358,490

Themisto, species

745

Summer flounder
Summer skate

458,519

Thracia Conradi
truncata
Thyasira Gouldii

673, 426, 429

521

Sycandra ciliata
740
Sycotypus canaliculatus .640,332,355,365?
399, 410, 417, 425, 428

674,509,517
686

Thyone Briareus 715, 362, 366, 376, 378, 418,

TautogTautoga onitis

515
515

420,424,427,429,433,435
567
Thyropus, species
Thysanopoda, species
554, 452, 516
Tiaropsis diademata
725, 454
335
Tiger-beetles
521
Tiger-shark
Tima formosa
729, 448, 454, 455
516
Toad-^sh519,331
Tom-cod
Tomopteris, species
626, 453
352
Tornaria
Tornatella puncto-striata
664, 518
663
Tornatina canaliculata
616
Torquea eximia
Tottenia gemma .682, 359, 365, 426, 429, 445
Manhattensis
682
Toxopneustes Drobachiensis
716, 447
662
Trachydermou ruber
Trachy nema digitale
725, 454
Travisia carnea
604, 431, 434, 508
Trematodes
456
456
Trichina

Tcctibranchiata
Tectura alveus

662

Triforis nigrocinctus-648, 305, 333, 372, 377,

Syllis, species

590,453,

Syncoryna
Synapta Ayresii
Girardii
gracilistenuis

Syncoryne gravata
Syngnathus Peckianus

734
716
716
716
716
735
516

TsBuiobranchia

706

Tagelus divisus
gibbus676, 435, 518

Talitrus longicornis

675, 373, 378, 435, 470

556

quadrifidus

556
Talorchestia longicornis .556, 336, 364, 462,
464, 489, 543

megalophthalma 556, 336, 364,
462, 464, 490

Tanais filumTai)e-worms

tostudinalis

573, 381, 392, 452

456

661
661

383, 393, 410, 417, 423, 428, 515

Tritia obsoleta

641

Tedania, apecios.743, 334, 391, 394, 412, 425,

trivittata.641, 332, 354, 365, 283, 392,

498. 749

410, 423, 428, 435, 463, 515, 519

INDEX.

777

Page.

Tritonia arboresceus

665

Eeynoldsii

665

Page.

Turtonia minuta

687

nitida687
303, 315

Tritoniuin pyom.-eum

639

Ulva latissima

Trocbus divaricatus

652
654

Unciola irrorata 567, 340, 364, 370, 377, 409,

Trombidium

331

Trombidiura, species

544

514,749
Urosalpinx cinerea ..641, 306, 332, 372, 377,

striatellus

Tropbonia affinis
605, 432, 434, 507
Trumbull, J. H., mollusks fouud instoraacb of cod-lisb

517

Trumbull, J. H.. mollusks fouud in415, 422, 426, 428, 431, 434, 493, 501, 507,

383, 392, 399, 410, 423, 428, 476

Urotboe, species

556, 452[Jtriculus canaliculatus

663

Yalkeria cuscuta

709

pustulosa709

stomacb of baddock
Trygon ceutroura

518,

521

Velella mutica

Tubipora cateuularia
Tubularina
Tubularia cristataramosa712

Venericardia cribraria

684

733

granulata
Venus castanea

684

736
734
735

stellifera

Tubulipora flabellaris .. .708, 333, 405, 41 1,
425, 496

pbalaugea
patiua

708
,

C76

gemma

682

Islandica

683

Manbattensis
682
merceuaria ..681, 359, 365, 372, 378,
429,435, 458, 463, 469

707
698

minuta516

Turbellaria

627

uotataprseparca

652

685

fragilis

Tunicata
Tunny, small

Turbo canalis

737, 455

687

:

681
681

Vermetus lubricalis

649

radicula649

irroratus

651

jugosus652

Yermilia, species

littoralis

652

Vesicularia armata

minutus653

obligatus

651

obscurus

661

palliatus

652

planorbis

655

familiaris

quadrifasciata

652

fusca

rudis

651

gracilis .709, 333, 389, 393, 411,

sulcatus652

teuebrosus

651

621,416,422
710, 405, 411, 424

cuscuta .709, 333, 389, 393, 404,
411,424

dicbotoma. .

709, 333, 389, 393,

404, 411, 419, 424, 476

710
710, 420, 424

424
Virbius pleuracantbus

550

ventricosus

652

vestitus

651

vincta652

Turbouilla areolata

658

canaliculata

663

costulata

658

Vortex Candida
Warrenii
Weak-fisb
Wbite-arraed anemone634

elegans .. .657, 418, 423,432, 435
equalis659

interrupta ...657,418,423,428,
432, 435, 517

zostericola. .550, 369, 377, 396, 452,
479, 519, 530

Yolvaria alba

735,455
520

657

Willia ornata

659

Turritella £equalis

659

Winter flounder
Xipbosura
Polyphemus

interrupta

657, 517

Xylotrya fimbriata
palmulata
Yoldia angularis

Turritopsis nutricula

734, 454

arcticabisuturalis

impressa

,

656
656

329
339,514

stricta

517

633

515,339

Wbite perchseminuda

erosa

663

,

. .

580
580

670, 379, 387, 393

670
690

689

778

INDEX.
Page.

Yoldia Gouldii
limatulaobesa
sapotilla

thraciformis

Zanclea gemmosa
Zirfsca crispata

690
689, 432, 435, 518

690 509689, 509, 518, 521
690, 509

735

Page.

Zirphsea crispata

671

Zoanthus Americanus

740

parasiticus

Zoea and megalops
Zostera marina
Zygodactyla Grcenlandica

740
451
460
729, 449, 454

671, 433

1

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
—

Figure 1. Pinnisa cylindrica Say, (p. 546 '^ male, enlarged four diameters.
2.—Pinnotheres ostreum Say, (p. 546 ;) male, enlarged four diameters.
3.—Panopeus depressus Smith, (p. 547 ;) male, natural size.
4.

—Platyonichus ocellatus Latreille, (p. 547<A11 the figures were drawn by <J. H. Eraerton.);)male, slightly reduced in size.

PlateFio.

1.

No. o()l

Fig.

Fis.

2.

No. 502No, 5()3Fig.

No. .W4

4.

3.

I.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL—Hippa talpoida Say, 548;) dorsal view, enlarged about two diameters.
—Pandalus annulicornis Leach, 550;) dorsal view, slightly reduced in

Figure 5.

(p.

6.

(p.

size.

—Gebia affinis Say, (p. 549;) female; lateral view, slightly enlarged.
— Callianassa Stimpsoni Smith, (p. 549 larger cheliped outside, natural

7.
8.

;)

;

size.

9.— Palsemonetes vulgaris Stimpson, (p. 550;) male; lateral view, enlarged one

and one-half diameters.
(All tiie figures were drawn by J. H. Emerton.)Plate
Fig.

5.

Is^o.

Fig.

INo. 515.-)(

Fiff. 7.

Fig.

Fig.

9.

8.

II.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

11.

— Crangon vulgaris Fabr., (p. 550 male dorsal view, natural—Virbius Zostericola Smith, 550;) female; lateral view, sligbtly en-

12.

—Mysis stenolepis Smith,

FiGUEE 10.

;)

:

size.

(p.

larged.

four diameters.

(p. 551;) young female; lateral |view, enlarged
The anterior margin of the carapax is not well repre-

sented in this figure ; see description.
13.

—Diastylis quadrispinosa G. O. Sars,
diameters.

(All the figures were drawn by J. H. E.iierton.)(p. 554 ;) lateral view, enlarged sevenPlate III.
Fie.

10.

Fis.

11.

JS"o.

Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

No. 520511

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
Figuee14.

— Orchestia agilis Smitli, (p. 555;) male; lateral view, enlarged five diameters.

15.

— Gammarus ornatus Edwards,(p. 557 ;)

male

;

lateral view, enlarged

twodiameters.
16.

—AmpMtlioe maculata Stimpson,(p.

563 ;) male ; lateral view, enlarged

two diameters.
17.
18.

—Ampelisca (p. 561 lateral view, enlarged five diameters.
— Cerapus rubricornis Stimpson, (p. 565;) female; lateral view, enlarged
sp.,

five diameters;;)

and hand of the second pair of legs of the male, en-larged the same amount.

19.— Unciolairrorata Say, (p. 567;) male; dorsal view, enlarged six diameters.
(All the figures were drawn by J. H. Emerton and S. I. Smith.)

Plate IV.
I'ig. 14.

FiS. 16.

No. 521

Fi£. 15.

Fig. 17.

Fig.

Fig. 19.

18.

.528

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Figure 20.— Caprella geometrica Say, (p. 567;) lateral view, enlarged about three
diameters.
21.

— Sphseroma quadrideutata Say, (p. 569;)

dorsal view, enlarged five diam-eters.
22.

—Idotea caeca Say, (p. 569;)

23.— Idotea irrorata Edwards,

male

;

dorsal view, enlarged three diameters.

(p. 569 ;)

male

;

dorsal view, enlarged

twodiameters.
24.

— Idotea robusta Kroyer, {p. 569;) male;dorsal view, enlarged

eters.
(Figures 20, 21, 23, and 24, were drawn by J. H. Emerton; figure 22 by O. Harger.)two diam-

Plate V.
Fig. 20.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
—Limnoria lignorum White, (p. 571;) dorsal view, enlarged ten diameters.
—Erichso'nia filiformis Harger, 570 dorsal view, enlarged five diam-

PiGUEE 25.
26.

(]).

;)

eters.

27.—Erichsonia attenuata Harger, (p. '570 ;) dorsal view, enlarged three diameters.

28.

—Epelys trilohus Smith,(p. 571 ;)dorsal view, enlarged ten diameters.

29.— Livoneca ovalis Harger, (p. 572 ;) dorsal view, enlarged three diameters.
(Figure 25 was drawn by S. I. Smitli;

26 and 28 by 0. Harger;

27 anA 29 ly J, H. Enertoa.)

I

Plate Vl.
Fig. 25.

Fior. 26.

Fig. 27

Hso. 535

2sn. rst

Fig. 28.

Fig. 29.

:N'o.

Xo 7S3530

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.
Figure 30.

—Lerneonema radiata Steenstrup aud Liitken, (p. 578;)

female, enlarged two

diameters.

—Pandarus, (p. 576;) female; dorsal view, enlarged five diameters.
—Nogagus Latreillii, (p. 576;) male dorsal view, enlarged five diameters
33. — SappMrina, (p. 573
male dorsal view, enlarged ten diameters.
34. — Lepas fascicularis Ellis and Solander, (p. 579;) lateral view of a single
31.

32.

;

;)

;

animal from a large cluster, ilightly enlarged.
35.— PhoxicMlidium maxillare Stimpson, fp. 544;) maletwo diameters,(Figure 33 was drawn by S. I. Smith;

all tlie others l\y J. H. Emerton.);dorsal view, enlarged

Plate VII.

Fig. 30.

Fig. 32.

Fig. 31.

^^^^T^.

Fig. 33.

M

/

j

I

'

^--J

2«ro. 536

2fo. .537

Fig.
Fig. 34

No. 540

35.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.
FiGUEE 36. — Squilla empusa Say, (p. 536;) lateral view of tlie free- swimming larva?
in one of its later stages, enlarged ten diameters.
37.

—Zoea oftlie

common crab,

Cancer irroratus, (p. 530 ;) in the last stage justbefore it changes to the megalops condition

38.

—

lateral view, enlarged
seventeen diameters.
Megalops stage of the same, just after the change from the zoea condition ; dorsal view, enlarged thirteen diameters.

(All tlie figures were drawn by J". H. Emerton.);Plate VIII.

Yip:. 36.

Fig. 37.

:No. .505

Fi"-.

37 a.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Figure 38.

Larval young of the Lobster, Homarus Americaniis Edwards, (p. 522.)
A. Lateral view of the larval young in the first stage observed, enlarged
seven diameters.
B. The same in a dorsal view, the abdomen held horizontally.
C. Antennula, enlarged fourteen diameters.
D. One of the thoracic legs of the second pair, enlarged fourteen diameters a, exopodus
I, epipodusc, branchiae.
;;;

39.—JE. Lateral view of the larval young in the third stage, enlarged five andone-half diameters.
F. Terminal portion of the abdomen seen from above, enlarged ten diameters ; a, one of the small spines of the posterior margin of the terminal

segment, enlarged fifty diameters.
G. Basal portion of one of the legs of the second pair, showing the epip-

odus and branchiae, enlarged fourteen diameters.
(AH tlie figures were drawn from alcoholic specimens, by S. I. Smith.)

Plate IX.

Fig. 38.

Fig. 39.

No. .512

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.
FiGUKE 40.

—Lepidonotus squamatns, (p. 581;) anterior part of the body, head, and41.

—The same; end of the proboscis; front view, showing the jaws andproboscis;

dorsal view.

l^apillse.

—Lepidonotus sublevis, (p. 581;) dorsal view.
43. —Rhynchobolus dibranchiatus, (p. 596;) anterior part of body, mouth and
42.

head

;

lower side.

44.

—The same; lateral appendage, showing the dorsal cirrus, the upper and45.

—Rhynchobolus Americanus, (p. 596;) anterior part of the body and ex-

46.

— The same; lateral appendages, showing the dorsal cirrus, the branchedlower branchisB and the setigerous lobes between them.

tended proboscis;

dorsal view.

gill, the setigerous lobes, and the ventral cirrus.

(Figures40, 41, 42, 45, were

were copied from Ehlers.)

drawn from nature by J. H. Emerton;

44 by A. E. Verrill; 43 and 46

Plate X.
Fig. 40.

Ficr. 43.

Fig. 42.

Fig.

Fig.

45.

^

--

41.

JJo. 545

Fis. 44.

No. 558

No. 543

Fig.

46.

g-,

No. 559

No. 560

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLPiGUKE 47. —Nereis virens, (p. 590;) liead little more than natural size
48. — The same
extended proboscis dorsal view.
49.
The same probosci sventral view.
50. — The same
lateral appendage.

—

;

;

dorsal view.

;

;

;

;

51.

—Nereis limbata, male,(p. 590;) a few segments of the middle region of thebody, anterior region, head and extended proboscis dorsal view.
Nereis pelagica, female, (p. 591 ;) natural size ; dorsal view.
The same ; male, natural size dorsal view.
;

—
53. —
54. —The same head more enlarged
dorsal view.
55. —The sameproboscis ventral view.
56. — Phyllodoce gracilis?, (p. 586;) headdorsal view.
52.

;

;

;

;

;

;

(Figure 51 was drawn from nature by J. H. Emerton;
54, 55, from Malmgren; 56, from A. Agassiz.)47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53,w^re copieJ from Ehlera;

Plate XI.
Fig. 4;

Fig. 48.

Fig. 51.

Is'o.

Fig.

rFig. 50.

IN'o.

Fig. 53.

Fig. 52.

552

Fig. 54.

5i8

Xo, mO

Fig. 55.

565^0. 551

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.
Figure 57. —Nephthys picta, (p. 583 ;) anterior part of body and head, much enlarged;;

dorsal view.

58.

—^Nephthys bucera,(p. 583;) antpior part of body and head, enlarged ;ven-tral view.

59.-^Nephthys ingens, (p. 583;) anterior part of body and extended proboscis yventral view.
60.
The same dorsal view.
61.
Podarke obscura, (p. 589 ;) dorsal view, from a specimen preserved inalchohol and much contracted in length.
62.
Nectonereis megalops, (p. 592;) ventral view.
63. ^The same
anterior region of body and head ; dorsal view.
64. Marphysa Leidyi, (p. 593;) anterior part of body and head, enlarged about
three diameters; dorsal view.

—
—

^

—
—
—

;

;

(Figures 57 and 58 were copied from Ehlers;

all the rest were drawn from nature by J. H,

Emerton)Plate XII.
Fiff. 61.

Pig. 57.

P

Fiii. 58.

62.

'^trr^^'

ir

Ifo. 56":Nb. 566

Fig. 63.

Fig.

Fig. 64.

Ifo. 568^0. 563

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
Figure 65. —Autolytus cornutus, (p. 590;) an asexual individual, from which a male isabout to separate dorsal view, enlarged about six diameters A, A, A,
antennae of the former; C, C, C, C, two tentacles and one tentacular
cirrus on each side, followed by the dorsal cirriF, the intestined, thelong setae and dorsal cirri of the male.
The same anterior part of a female, more enlarged the letters as before
3, one of the appendages of&, the eyes; e, the eggs; /, the intestine
;

;

;

^Q.

—

;

;

;

;

;

the anterior region of the body;c,the dorsal cirrus ;h, thesetigerous

tubercle, supporting hooked setae.
67.

—Diopatra cuprea, (p. 593
of the branchiae;;)

head and anterior part of body, showing partside view.

—The same; ventral view, showing the mouth open and jaws thrown back.
—Lumbriconereis opalina, 594 anterior part of body dorsal view.
70. —The same; lateral appendage and
68.

69.

(p.

;)

;

setae.

(Figures 65 and 66 were copied from A. Agassiz
70, by A. E. Verrill.)

ton

;

;

67, 68, 69

were drawn from nature by J. H. Emer-

Plate XIII.
Fi£.

Fiff. 65.

Fig. 66.

^o. 5;

1^0. 777

Fig.

70.

Fie

^o. 5.56

Fig. 68.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.
— Clymenella torq"uata, 608;) natural size; lateral view.
—The same head and extended proboscis front view.
73. — The same posterior and caudal segments
dorsal view.
74. — Sternaspis fossor,
606
dorsal view.
75. —Trophonia605;) anterior portion dorsal view»
76. —Anthostoma robustum,597
anterior portion of body, head, and ex-

FiGTJEE 71.

(p.

72.

;

;

;

;

(p.

;)

affinis, (p.

;(p.

tended proboscis
77.

;

;)

_^

dorsal view, natural size.

— Spio setosa,

78.

—(p. 602;) anterior segments and head; side view; only one of
the two large tentacles is represented.
Polydora ciliatum, (p. 603;) anterior and posterior parts dorsal view.

(Figures 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, were drawn from nature by J. H. Emerton
copied from A. Agassiz.)

;

;

74,

by A. E. Yerrill;

77, 78,werePlateFio-. 71.

Fi£. 72.

Fi<r. 74.

JJo. 578

Fig.

7.3.

]>ro.

576

Fio-.

Ino. 579

Fi^. 75,

Fio-. 76.

Fio-.

No. 575

78.

2fo. 57 J

570

77.

XIV.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.
*

Figure 79.— Ammotrypane fimbriata, (p. 604;) ventral view.
80.

— Cirratulus grandis, (p. 606

81.

—The same natural;)

natural size, from a living specimen ; lateral

view.
;

size, from a preserved specimen j(Figures 79 and 81 were drawn from nature by J. H.Emerton;

dorsal view.

figure 80, by A. E. Verrill.)

PlateFig. 79.

L^v>.v^^:oJ^J^A

i^^fa^^>;^r\WfeV\AAr^^

Fisr. 80.

2s'o. 571

Fis. 81.

^^.^^...Jig^^^?

2Jo. 573^1

XV.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.
PiGURE 82. —Amphitrite ornata,(p.

613 ;) lateral view, somewhat reduced, from aliving specimen.

—Ampliarete gracilis, (p. 612;) lateral view.
—Euchone elegans, 618 lateral view.
85. —Polycirrus eximius,
dorsal view of a living specimen creeping
616
83.

84.

(p.

;)

(p.

by means of its tentacles;);

natural size.

(Fig^ares 82, 84, 85, were drawn fiom nature by A. E. Verrill;

83, by J- H. Emerton.)PlateFig. 82-

Fis. 84.

2^0. 566

JNo. 585

Fig. 83.

XVI.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.
FiGUiiE 80.

— Potamilia oculifera, (p. 617;) in its tube, with 'brancliiai fully expanded,from a living specimen, found at Eastport, Maine.
87.— Cistenides Gouldii, (p. 612;) lateral view.
The same head and branchiiB, dorsal view.
87fl.

—

;

— Sabellaria vulgaris, (p. 611;) lateral view.
88a. — The same view of the operculum and tentacles, from above.
88.

;(Figures 84, 88, 83a were drawn from nature, by J. H. Emerton;

87,

87a by A. E. Veriill.)

Plate XVII.

Pis;. 86.

Fi<r. 87.

^0. 778

Fig. 87a.

^o. 580

Fiji-.

~^o. bSL

Fig. 68a.

No. .383

88.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIIL—Brancliiobdella Eavenelii, (p. 624;) dorsal view, natural—Malacobdella obesa, (p. 625;) dorsal view.
91. —Pontobdella rapax, (p. 625;) dorsal view.
92. —Phascolosoma caementarium, (p. 627;) lateral view.
93. —P. Gouldii, (p. 627;) lateral view, reduced one-haljf.
94. —Pontonema marinum, (p. 634
female, lateral view, enlarged 15 diam-Figure 89.

size.

90.

;)

eters ;

0,

eggs

;

v,

genital orifice.

(Figure 94 was drawn from a living specimen, by A. E. Verrill
served specimens, by J. H. Emerton.);

all tlie others weredrawn from prePlate XVIII.

Fior. 89.

Fiff. 91.

^'o. 589

IN'o. 5S6

Fig. 94.

Fiff. 92.

IN'o.

590

Fig. 93.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
Figure 95.— Cosmocepbala ochracea, (p. 630;) anterior portion, enlarged nearly three
diameters, dorsal view.

—The same; ventral view.
96. —Meckelia iugens, (p. 630;) anterior portion of a specimen not full grown,
9oa.

natural size.
96a.

—The same ventral view of the anterior portion and head of a larger;

specimen, in a different state of contraction, natural size.

—Polinia glutinosa, 631;) dorsal view, enlarged two diameters.
—Tetrastemma arenicola, 629;) dorsal view.
dorsal view.
— Stylochopsis(p. 632
100. —Planocera nebulosa,632;) dorsal view.
97.

(p.

98.

99.

(p.

littoralis,

;)

(p.

(All the figures were drawn from liviug specimens, by A. E. Yerrill.)

Plate XIX,

Fig. 96.

Fig. 98.

Fig. 97.

Fig. 95.

Fig. 95a.

:<^^1^0. 59]//

Fig. 96a.

Fig. 99.

Iso. 5961^0. 592

Fig. 100.

IJo. 595

i

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.
Figure 101. — Loligo pallida, (p. 635 ;) dorsal view, about one-third natural size.
101<x. — The samethe " pen " dorsal side.
;

102.
,

103.

—Loligo Pealii?, (p. 635;) a cluster of the eggs.

—The same an embryo just before hatching, much enlarged; a, a",;ft''',€,

the right " arms " belonging to four pairs

the eye;/, thecaudal fins

;

li.

;

c,

a'",

the side of the head

the heart n, the mantle in whichand capable of changing their;color-vesicles are already developed

colors ;o, the internal cavity of the

ears

;

s,

the siphon ;y, the portionof the yolk not yet absorbed.
104.

—The same an embryo in an earlier stage of development, more highly105.

magnified the letters are the same as before.
The same; a young specimen, recently hatched, found swimming at thesurface, dorsal view.

;

;

—

(Figures 103, 104 are camera-hicida drawings made from the living specimens, by A! E. Verrill

the others were drawn from preserved specimens, by J. H. Emerton.);allPlate XX.
Fiff. 103.

Fig. 101.

-^0. 622

Fig. 102.

X... .c'lFig. 101a.

i

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.
—Pleurotoma bicariuatum, (p. 638 natural
natural—Bela(p. 637108. — Bela harpnlaria, (p. 636
natural109. — Anachis similis, (p. 644
natural110. — Astyris lunata, (p. 645
enlarged.
111. —Astyris zonalis, (p. 645
enlarged.
112. —Tritia trivittata, (p. 641;) natural
113. —Ilyanassa obsoleta,
natural641
114. —Nassa vibex, (p, 640
natural115. —Neptunea pygrasea, (p. 639
natural116. —Urosalpinx cinerea, (p. 641
naturalFiGur.E 106.
107.

;)

i')licata,

size.

size.

;)

;)

size.

;)

size.

;)

;)

size.

(-p,

size.

;)

size.

;)

;)

size.

;)

size.

117.— Eupleura caudata, (p. 642 ;) natural size.

—Purpura lapillus, (p. 642 natural—The same banded variety.
120. — The same
egg-ciipsules, enlarged one-third.
121. — Buccinum undatum, (p. 638
natural122. — Scalaria multistriata, (p. 660
enlarged.

118.
119.

size.

:)

',

;

size.

;)

;)

123.

— Scalaria lineata, (p. 660;)

enlarged.

(Figure 120 was drawn from nature by J. II. Eiucrtou
E. S. Morse.);

the rest arc i'rom Liuney's GouUl, drawn by

Plate XXI.

Fio;. 107

Fig. 109.

Fis- 106.

Fig. 111.

I

Fig. 108.

Fig.

+

Fis. 112.

118,

Fig. 114.

Fig. 119.

Fig. 120.

Fig. 110.

miFig. 113.

Fig. 115.

Xo. 785

Fig. 117.

Fig. 121.

Fig. 122.

Fig. 123.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
Figure 124.— Falgur carica, (p. 640;) natural size.
(Trom Binney's Gould, drawn by E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXII.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.
Figure 125.

— Crucibulum striatum, (p. 651

126.

—The same;;)

natural size.

side view.

— Crepidula plana, (p. 650 natural— C. convexa, (p. 650 natural
129. — C. fornicata, (p. 649
natural129a. —The same; young specimen.
130. — Neverita duplicata, (p. 646
natural131. — Lunatia immaculata, (p. 646
natural132. —Natica pusilla, (p. 647;) slightly enlarged.
133. — Lunatia heros, (p. 646
natural134. — The same with the animal extended, as in crawliug
dorsal view.
135. —The same, variety triseriata, (p. 354
young, natural
136. —The same variety naturallower side.

127.

size.

;)

128.

size.

;)

size.

;)

size.

;)

size.

;)

size.

;)

;

;

;)

;

(From Einney's Gonkl, drawn by E. S. Morse.)

size,

size.

Plate XXIII.

Fio;. 125.

Fiff.

127.

Fig-. 128.

Fi^^ 129.

-V

/I
^/
Tig. 126.

Fig. 130.

Fig. 131.

Fig. 132.

f

Fig. 135.

Fig.

Flo. 133.

Fig. 13«.

J 34.

I

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.
Figure 137. — Littoriua ruclis, (p. 651 ;) natural size.
139.

—Littoriua palliata, (p. 652;) natural—Lacuna vincta, (p. 652 enlarged.

140.

— Littorinella minuta, (p. 653;) enlarged.

138.

size.

;)

—Eissoa aculeus, 654 enlarged.
142. — Skenea planorbis, (p. 655
enlarged.
141.

(p.

;)

;)

143.
144.

— Odostomia producta, (p. 656;)

enlarged.

— O.fusca, (p. 656;) enlarged.

145.— O. trifida, (p. 656 ;) enlarged.
enlarged.
— O.
var.,
656
— O. impressa, 656;) enlarged.
148. — O. seminuda,
enlarged.
657
149. —Eulima oleacea,655;) natural
150. — CeritMopsis terebralis, (p. 648;) enlarged.
151. — C. Emersonii,
enlarged.
648
152. — Triforis nigrocinctus,
648
enlarged.
153. — Ceritbiox)sis Greenii,
647
enlarged.
154. — Bittium nigrum, (p. 648;) enlarged.
155. — Turbonilla elegans,much enlarged.
657
156. — Margarita obscura, (p. 661
natural157. —Vermetus radicula, (p. 649
natural158. — CiBCum pulcbellum,649;) natural size and enlarged.
159. — Acmtea testudinalis, (p. 661
natural159a. —The same lower side.
159&. —The same, variety alveus natural146.

trifida,

(p.

147.

;)

(p.

(p.

;)

size.

(p.

(p.

;)

(p.

;)

(p.

;)

(p.

;)

;)

size.

;)

size.

(p.

size.

;)

;

size.

;

(Figure 155 was drawn from nature, by A. E. Yerrill
drawn by E. S. Morse.);

the otliers are from Biauey's Gould, mostlyPlateFig. 138.

Fig. 137.

Fig.

Fig. 140.

Fig. 141.

Fig. 142.

^)

4
Fig. 143.

Fig. 150.

Fig. 144.

Fig. 151.

Fig. 145.

Fig. 146,

Fig. 147.

Fig. 153.

Fig. 152.

Fig. 149.

Fig. 148.

Fig. 154.

Fig. 155.

n Fig. 156.

Fig, 157.

Fig. 158.

Fig. 159&.

XXIV.

Fig. 159.

\

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.
FiGUKE 160.
161.

— Utriculus caualiculatus, (p. 663;) enlarged.
—Bulla solitaria, (p. 662 natural
size.

;)

—Ampliisphyra debilis,
163. — Cyliclina alba,
664
162.

(p. 663 ;) enlarged.

(p.
;) natural size.
164.— Cyliclina oryza, (p. 664 ;) enlarged.
165.
Actaeon puncto-striata, (p. 664;) enlarged.

166.

——Tracbydermon ruber, (p. 662;) natiiral size.

— Cbsetopleura apiculata, (p. 661 natural—^Alexia myosotis, (p. 662 natural
169. — Melampus bidentatus, (p. 662;) natural
169a. — The same banded variety, (p. 662;) natural
170. — Doto coronata,665
dorsal view, enlarged;

167.

size.

;)

168.

size.

;)

size.

size.

;

(p.

c,

;)

a,

ft,

bead, from above ;one of tbe brancbi^.

—Elysiella catulus, (p. 668;) enlarged three diameters.
—Elysia cblorotica, (p. 667;) enlarged two diameters.
173. — Doridella obscura, (p. 664;)
dorsal view;
ventral view, enlarged.
174. — Montagua(p. 666;) natural
175. — Herma^a cruciata, (p. 667;) enlarged.
176. — Doris bifida, (p. 664;) enlarged three diameters.
177. — Cavoliua tridentata, (p. 669;) natural
171.
172.

a,

h,

size.

iDilata,

size.

178.

— Styliola vitrea, (p. 668;)

enlarged three diameters.

(Figures 171, 172, 17.3, 174, 178 were drawn from nature, "by A. E. Verrill 1C9(T, 170 by E. S. Morse;
177 wae copied from Cuvier, (last ill. ed.) The rest are from176, by J. H. Emerton;

175 by A. Agassiz;

Binney's Gould, mostly by E. S. Morse.);

Plate XXV.

Fig. 161.

Fior. 160.

Fig. 162.

Fig. 163.

Fig. 164.

Fig. 165.

Fig. 166.

6,*

Fig. 170.

Fig. 168.

MM.

Fig. 172.

Fig. 169.

Fig. 169a.

Fig. 167.

Fig. 177.

Fig. 178.

fFig. 171.

f
a

Fig.

1.73

Fig. 176.

Fig. 175.

:-:/''4
Fig. 174.

J^o. 766
2s o. 770

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.
Figure 179.

— Mya arenaria, (p. 672

with animal in extension, reduced to one-half;)the natural size.
180.

— Angulus tener, (p. 677

181.

—Tagelus gibhus,

182.

—Ensatella Americana, (p. 674;)(p. 675;)

animal reduced one-half.
with animal, the siphons not fully extended,

one-half natural size.
size.

;)

with animal extended, one-half natural

The figure at the right shows some of the terminal papillaj en-larged.

—Teredo navalis, (p. 669 enlarged two diameters.
184, A. —Venus mercenaria, (p. 681;) natural
183.

;)

size.

184, B.— Mulinia lateralis, (p. 680;) natural size.

<The figures were all drawn from nature, by A. E. Verrill.)

PlateXXVI.

Fig. 180.

Fig. 179.

No, 705

Fig. 183.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.
Figure 186.— Teredo navalis, (p. 669;) shell and pallets.
187.— Teredo Thomsoni, (p. 670 ;) shell and pallets.
188.
Teredo megotara, (p. 670 ;) shell and pallets.
189.
Xylotrya fimbriata, (p. 670;) shell and pallets.

——
190. — Gastranella tumida, (p. 678;) shell, enlarged six diameters.
191. — Corbula contracta, (p. 672
natural192. — Saxicava arctica, (p. 671
natural183. — Clidiophora trilineata, (p. 673;) natural
with animal.
194. — Lyonsia hyalina, (p. 672;) natnral
195. —Thracia truncata, (p. 674
natural size.
196. — Thracia myopsis, (p. 673;) natural
197. — Periploma papyracea, (p. 673
natural198. — Cochlodesma leanum, (p. 673
natural
size.

;)

size.

;)

size,

size.

;)

size.

;)

size.

;)

size.

189.— Petricola pholadiformis, (p. 680 ;) natural size.
200. Pholas truucata, (p. 670 ;) natural size.

—(Figure 190 was drawn by A. E. Verrill; all tlie rest are from Biuney's Gould, mostly drawn by E.
S. Morse.)

Plate XXVII.

Fig. 186.

+

Fig. 187.

Fig. 189.

i

Fiff.

ro.

Fior. 188.

Fiff. 192.

Fig. 191.

Fig. 195.

-h^

d
I

Fig. 193.

Fiff.

Fig. 196.

194.

J

Fig. 199.

Fig. 200.

Fig. 198.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIILFigure 201.

— Cypriua Islandica, 683 natural—Mactra solidissima, (p. 680;) natural
(p.

;)

202.

(Tlie figures are botli from Binney's Gould, drawn

size.
size.

by E. S. Mcrse.)

Plate

-/"'

Fi"

-201.

Fin.

2n'J

XXVIIl.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.
—Astarte undata, (p. 684 somewliat reduced.
—Astarte castanea, 685 natural205. —Astarte quadrans, (p. 685;) naturalFiGUKE 203.

;)

204.

(p.

size.

;)

size.

206.— Gouldia mactracea, (p. 685;) natural size.
207. The same, inside of one valve, enlarged.

——Lsevicardium. Mortoni, (p. 683 natural
209. — Cardium pinnulatum, (p. 683;) natural
210. — Solenomya velum, (p. 688
natural208.

;)

size, with animal.

size.

size.

;)

211.

— Cyclas dentata, (p. 686;)

natural size.

—

Lucina filosa, (p. 686;) natural size.
213.— Cryptodon Gouldii, (p. 686;) enlarged two diameters.
214.— Cryptodon obesus, (p. 687 ;) enlarged three diameters.

212.

215.
216.

— Cyclocardia Novanglise, (p. 684;) natural size.
— Cyclocardia borealis, (p. 683 natural size.
;)(Figures 203, 207, 214 were drawn by A. E. Yerrill
and mostly drawn by E. S. Morse.);

215 by E. S. Morse;the rest from Binney's Gould,

Plateriff.

Fig. 208.

203.

Fig. 204.

Fig. 207.

F'^g. 215.

Fig. 205.

Fig. 206.

Fig. slO.

Fig. 209.

Fig. 211.

Fiff.

212.

Fig. 213.

Fig. 214.

Fig. 216.

XXIX.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.
Figure 217.—Tagelus gibbus, (p. 675;) natural size.

—Tegelus divisus, (p. 676 natural— Callista convexa, (p. 681 natural
220. —Tottenia gemma, (p. 682;) enlarged.
218.

221.

size.

;)

219.

size.

;)

— Cumingia tellinoides, (p. 679;) natural size.

—Macoma fragilis, var. fusca, 676;) natural
223. —Angulus tener, (p. 677
natural224. —Angulus tenellus, (p. 677;) natural
225. —Tellina tenta, (p. 678;) natural
226. —Kellia planulata, (p. 688
enlarged.
227. —Argina pexata,
natural692
228. — Scapharca transversa, (p. 691
natural229. —Nucula delpbinodonta,
enlarged.
691
230. —Nucula proxima, (p. 691
natural231. —Yoldia sapotilla, (p. 689;) natural
232. —Yoldia limatula,natural
689
222.

(p.

size.

size.

;)

size.

size.

;)

(p.

size.

;)

size.

;)

(p.

;)

;)

size.

;)

size.

size.

(p.

(Figure 224 was drawn by A. E. Verrill;

tlie rest arefrom Binney's Gould, by E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXX.

Fig. 218.

Fig. 220.

Fiff. 219.

Fig. 221

Fig. 222.

Fig. 223.

Fig. 224.

Fijx. 227.

Fig. 229.

Fig. 230.

Fig. 225.

Fig. 226.

Fig. 228.

Fig. 232.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.
Figure 233. — Crenella glandula, (p. 695.)
234.— Mytilus edulis, (p. 692.)
235.
236.

— Modiolaria corrugata, 694.)—Modiolaria nigra, (p. 694.)(p.

237.— Modiola raodiolus, (p. 693.)
238.— Modiola plicatula, (p. 693.)(All the figures are of natural size, and from Binney's Gould, drawn by E. S, Morse.)

Plate XXXI.

Fig 234.

Fig.

-236.

Fin-.

237_

Fig. -y-iP.

Fig. 235.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII.
Figure 239. — Anomia aculeata, (p. 697 ;) lower side, natural size.
240. — The same, upper side.
240a. The same, portions of the upper side magnified.
241. Anomia glabra, (p. 696 ;) profile view, natural size.
242. — The same, (p. 696;) lower side
242a. The same, (p. 696 ;) young, natural size.

————Pecten irradians, (p. 695;) natural
244. — Siliqua costata, (p. 675;) natural
245. — Ensatella Americana,674;) natural
243.

size.

size.

(p.

(The figures are from Binney's Gould, drawn by E. S. Morse.)

size.

FiR. 239.

Fig. 240.

Fig. 240a.

Fig. 242a.

Fig. 241.

U

Fig. 242.

I'i-.

-Ji:}.

Fig. 245.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIILFiGrPvE 246.— Cynthia partita, variety stellifera, (p. 701 5) natural size.
247.
Cynthia carnea, (p. 701 ;) natural size.
248.
The same, (p. 701:) younger specimens, natural size.

——
249. — Eugyra pilularis, (p. 700
natural size.
250. — Molgula Manhattensis, (p. 699
smooth variety, natural
;)

;)

size.

251.— Molgula arenata, (p. 699 ;) natural size.
252.

— Botryllus Goulclii, (p. 702;) colcuy incrusting the stem of Tuhularia,

253.

— The same; one of the zcoicls, enlarged ten diameterssomewhat enlarged.
orifice ;s,stomach;;a, anal tube

andg, groove and vessels along the edge of the branch-

ial sac, inside ; 0, left ovary ; &, bud, attached by a slender stolon.

254.

— Salpa Cabotti, (p. 706
7*,

255.

heart

;

s,

;) solitary individual, from the dorsal side, enlarged
small chain of salpas budding within the old one.

— The same; one of the individuals from a mature chain, three-quarterview enlarged; a, posterior or anal opening; &, anterior or branchial
opening; c, processes by which the individuals of the chain wereunited; /<, heart; w, nervous ganglion ;0, nucleus ;r, gill.

256.---Escharella variabilis, (p. 713 ;) few of the cells, much enlarged.
(Eignre 256 was drawn by A, Hyatt; 254 and 255 were copied from A. :Agastiz
drawn by A. E. Verrill.);tlie others werePlate XXXIII.

Fig. 24(;.

Fiii. 248.

Fi"-. 247.

^£^^-

Fig. 254,

Fig. 249.

Fitr. 251.

JSugyra749

Fig. 250.

Fijr. 255.

Fig. 252.

Fisr. 2.56.

]S"o. 70.5

7.51

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV.
Figure 257. — Alcyonidium ramosum, (p. 708;) a young unbranched specimen, enlarged
two diameters.

— Bugula turrita, (p. 712 extremity of a branch, enlarged.
—The same a branchlet more highly magnified.
259a. —The same a branchlet bearing ovicells.
260. — Crisia eburnea, (p. 707
a cluster of branches, enlarged.
261. —The same; a branch bearing an ovicell, more highly magnified.
262. — Membranipora pilosa, (p. 712;) a few of theseen from above, mag-

258.

;)

259.

;

;

j)

cells,

nified.

seen in profile.
—The same a single—The same one of the zooids expanded.
264. — Mollia hyalina, (p. 713
one of the zooids in expansion, highly magni-

362a.

;

263.

cell,

;

;)

fied.

(Figures 257, 259, 259a were drawn by A. E. Yerrill;

the rest were furiiislied by A. Hyatt.)

PlateFiii. -256.

Fiir. 259.

Fio-.

XXXIV.

Fiy. 2B1.

255)ffl.

v\^0. 767
Xo. 772

Fig. 263.

Fiff. 260

Ifo. 769^^o. 77J

Fig. 2.57.

Fig. 264.

No. 76S

No. 773

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV.
Figure 2G5.— Leptosynapta Girardii, (p. 716;) anterior part of tlie body, enlarged onehalf.

266.

—The same perforated plates from the skin, and the'';anchors/' highly

magnified.
267.

—Echinarachnius parma, (p. 717;) upper surface with, the spines partly
removed, natural

size;

a,

amhulacral zones;h,interamhulacralzones.
268.

269.

— Strongylocentrotus Drobachiensis, (p. 716;) side view, natural size.

—Asterias arenicola, (p. 718;)

dorsal view, somewhat reduced.

270.— Ophiopholis aculeata, (p. 719;) dorsal view, about one-half natural size.
(Figures 265, 2G6 were drawn by A. E. Verrill; 267, 269 were copied from A. Agassiz; 268, 270 weredrawn by E. S. Morse.)

Plate XXXV.
Yis. 270.

Fig. 267.

No. 615

Fig. 269.

Fiff. 265.

616

Fi;:. 266.

Fi-r. 268.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI.
FiGUKE 271.

—Aurelia flavidaln, (p. 723;) upper side, about one-fonrtli the natural
size.

272.

— Dactylometra quinquecirra, (p. 724;)

lateral view, one-fourth the natural

size.

273.

— Corymorpha pendula, (p. 736;) naturalsize.

274.— Parypha crocea, (p. 736;) natural size.
(Figure 272 was copied from A. Agassiz, Catalogue Acalephs; the others were copied from L. Agassiz,
Contributions to Natural History of United States.)«

PlateFijr. 271.

XXXVI.

Fijr. 273.

Z^^
No. 6082^0.613

Fiff. 272.

Xo. f,14Fig. 274.

2fo. 607

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII.
—Zygodactyla Grcenlandica, (p. 729 profile view, one-lialf natural size.
—Bougainvillia superciliaris, (p. 733;) a branch, much enlarged.
277. —Pennaria tiarella, (p. 735;) a branch, natural
278. —The same; one of the hydroids, with medusse, buds developing at the

Figure 275.

;)

276.

size.

base of the proboscis.
279.

—Sertularia pumila, (p. 732 part of a colony on a frond of sea- weed,;

natural size.
280.

—Sertularia argentea, (p.

7.32;)

a branch bearing reproductive capsules,(gonothecse,) with the soft parts removed, much enlarged.
281.

— Obelia commissnralis, (p. 728;) a branch bearing hydroids and one
female gonotheca, much enlarged.

(Figures 275 and 279 were copied from A. Agassiz
7 and 280 were drawn by A. E. YerriU.);

276 and 281 from L. Agassiz;

278 from J. Leidy

PlateNo. 612Fig. 279.

2fo. 606

2?b. 605

No. 610XXXVII.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII.
Figure 282. — Hybocodou prolifer, (p. 736;) natural size, the head seen from the back
side.

283.

—Alcyonium carneum,(p. 737;) three of thepolyps fully expanded, much

enlarged.
284.

— Sagartia leucolena, (p. 738;) natural size, in expansion, but the tentacles

285.

— Halocampa producta, (p. 738

are not fully extended;

the * indicates the long odd tentacle.
;) natural size, well expanded, but the bodymay be much more elongated.
286.— Epizoanthus Americanus, (p. 740;) a colony which had completely covered and absorbed a shell occupied by a hermit-crab, (Eupaguruspubescens,) which still lived within the cavity; the polyps are notexpanded, natural size.
287.
The same one of the polyps in full expansion, natural size.

—;(Figure 262 was copied from L. Agassiz

the rest were drawn by A. E. Verrill.);

286 is from the American Naturalist, drawn by E. S. Morse,-PlateXXXVIII.

Fig. 282.

Fig. 283.

ISfo. 598

:N(..

w

Fig. 284.

Fig. 285.

Fig. 287.

Plate XXXIX.

ShoTv

Plate

Map of Cape Cod Bay,
Sho-n-lug the situation ofPish Jomiasln

Capt, Pbuice CROiraLl,.

See page 274.

XXXIX.

Fia;. 20.

jMilwaiLkee

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SMOWINC TIIK LOCATION OK FISII-I'ONPS ON LAKE MICIIIOAN IN 18TIV,

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