International Conference on Environmental andth
13
Rural Development (ICERD)

4-5 March, 2022

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Organized byInternational Society of Environmental and Rural Development
Bohol Island State University, Philippines
Institute of Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation, Japan
Co-Organized byUnited Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability

The 13th International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ICERD)- Online 4-5 March, 2022

Organized byInternational Society of Environmental and Rural Development
Bohol Island State University, Philippines
Institute of Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation, Japan

Co-Organized byUnited Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability

Collaborated withThe University of East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Royal University of Agriculture, Cambodia
Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan
Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thailand
Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakonnakhon Province Campus, Thailand
Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Thailand
Yezin Agricultural University, Myanmar
The University of Queensland, Australia
Can Tho University, Vietnam
Association of Environmental and Rural Development, Thailand

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

BACKGROUND:
Under this circumstance of COVID-19 Pandemic, the International Society of Environmental
and Rural Development (ISERD) has to decide that the 13th International Conference on
Environmental and Rural Development (ICERD) is held by online during 4-5 March, 2021. This
online conference aims to discuss and develop the suitable and effective strategies for suitable
agricultural and rural development taking into account of environmental aspects. Abstracts
and Posters of all presentations are uploaded on the page set in the 13th ICERD of ISERD
Website. Additionally, selected presentations (around 10 to 20 presentations) in each
Thematic Session are invited to make online oral presentation. Scientists and facilitators of all
disciplines belonging to international, governmental or nongovernmental organizations areinvited to participate in and submit contributions.
VENUE: Online (Zoom)
THEME: Approaches to Sustainable Agricultural and Rural Development
AG - Agricultural Systems and Food Innovation (Organic farming, Conservation tillage,
Mechanization, Irrigation and drainage, Nutrient and pest management, Agro-forestry,
Indigenous technology, Animal management, Tropical feed resource, Food Science andTechnology, Aquaculture, etc.)
EM - Environmental Management (Bio-diversity, Soil degradation and land conservation,
Water quality conservation, Deforestation and sustainable forest management,
Environmental management, etc.)
RU - Rural Development (Marketing, Partnership, Value added product, Community
development, Access to technology, Gender, Cultural preservation, etc.)
ED - Education for Sustainable Development (Environmental education, Food andagricultural education, Participatory approach, Capacity building, Community
empowerment, Agricultural extension, etc.)
IN - Infrastructural Systems (Water resource development, Land reclamation, Road
construction, etc.)
LANGUAGE: English
PUBLICATIONS: Full manuscripts from whom participated in the 13th ICERD will be publishedin the International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development, IJERD after a peer
reviewing process.
HOST (13th ICERD): Bohol Island State University (Philippines), Co-hosted by ResearchCenter, Institute of Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation (Japan)
COMMITTEES:
Organizing Committee: Prof. Dr. Regucivilla A. Pobar, Dr. Zina D. Sayson,
Dr. Julian J. Torillo and Prof. Dr. Machito Mihara
Steering Committee: Dr. Takashi Ueno, Dr. Shinobu Terauchi, Mr. Ognen Onchevski,
Dr. May Azael, Dr. Sarvesh Maskey and Ms. Keiko Aoki
Scientific Committee: Prof. Dr. Eiji Yamaji, Prof. Dr. Regucivilla A. Pobar,
Prof. Dr. Barry N. Noller and Prof. Dr. Anan Polthanee

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Regional Centres of Expertise (RCE) Special Session-Sharing Regional Centres of Expertise (RCE) Experiences-

Disaster Management:

Community-based responses in the aftermath of devastating typhoons
The Asia-Pacific region has been regarded as most disaster-prone due to the occurrences ofnatural calamities, among which is the increasing frequency of stronger, more devastating
typhoons. These disasters adversely impact economic activities, increase vulnerability ofcountries to environmental degradation and social disparities. Efforts to mitigate the aftermathof disasters entail a community-based multi-stakeholder approach.
The Regional Centres of Expertise (RCE) on Education for Sustainable Development (ESD),
acknowledged by the United Nations University, are regional or local networks of formal, nonformal and informal education organisations dedicated to deliver ESD in the locality where it
is situated. RCEs across many parts of the world embark on sustainability initiatives andprojects that benefit regional and local communities.
This special session is on the topic of “Disaster Management: Community-based responses
in the aftermath of devastating typhoons”, which delves into the important role of education,
multi-stakeholder partnership, and community engagement in dealing with local problems
particularly in the aftermath of devastating typhoons. It will share experiences, and discuss
lessons learnt, on how RCEs in the typhoon-hit regions in the Philippines have responded andcontributed to mitigating the adverse impacts in the aftermath of disasters.

"Acknowledged by the United Nations University, a Regional Centre of Expertise on Education for
Sustainable Development (RCE) is a network of existing formal, non-formal and informal education
organisations mobilised to deliver Education for Sustainable Development in the region or locality
where it is situated."

The 13th ICERD Council Meeting (online)[4th of March 2022]
Council Meeting

19:00-20:30(Japan Standard Time)

Zoom access is controlled, so please kindly show your full name19:00-20:00

The 13th ISERD Council Meeting (online)

20:00-20:30

Final Organizing Committee Meeting of
13th ICERD with ISERD Councilors online

Move to details of 13th ICERD Scientific Program13th ICERD Scientific Program[5th of March 2022]
Opening Ceremony
Zoom access is controlled, so please kindly show your full nameProfessor Dr. Regucivilla A. POBAR
9:00-9:15

Opening Remarks

9:15-9:30

Welcome Remarks

9:30-9:45

Message from ISERD Councilors

ISERD Regional Vice President (the Philippines), University President at Bohol Island State
University, the Philippines

9:00-10:00(Japan Standard Time)

Professor Dr. Mario T. TABUCANONISERD President, Professor Emeritus at Asian Institute of Technology, and Adjunct Professor at
the United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability

Professor Dr. Machito MIHARA
ISERD Executive Secretary, Professor at Tokyo University of Agriculture, and President at
Institute of Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation, Japan

Professor Dr. Eiji YAMAJI
ISERD Deputy President, Professor Emeritus at the University of Tokyo, and Director at Instituteof Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation, Japan

9:45-10:00

Introduction from ICERD Awards
Committee

On behalf of:Professor Dr. Eiji YAMAJI (Excellent Paper Awards)
Professor Dr. Regucivilla A. POBAR (Poster Presentation Awards)
Professor Dr. Barry N. NOLLER (Award of Sustainability Promotion)
Professor Dr. Anan POLTHANEE (Award of Outstanding Scientific Achievements)

Scientific Session

10:00-17:00(Japan Standard Time)All posters are exhibited in ISERD Website www.iserd.net. Please visit “Poster
Presentation” located in “Conference” in the website.
Poster Presentations

10:00-17:00

Chair: Professor Dr. Regucivilla A. POBAR
Co-Chairs: Dr. Adoracion P. Quitoras, Dr. Amelia L. Arriesgado, Dr. Nina Shimoguchi,
Dr. Deceryl Gen P. Tumampos, Dr.Yuri Yamazaki

10:30-12:00

Oral presentations - Session 1

Please see following pages for Oral Presentation Program

12:30-14:30

Oral presentations - Session 2

Please see following pages for Oral Presentation Program

15:00-17:00

Oral presentations - Session 3

Please see following pages for Oral Presentation Program

Move to details of Oral Presentations

Oral Presentation

Room 1Room 2

Room 3Moderator: Dr. Azael May Cuevas

Moderator : Dr. Sarvesh Maskey

Moderator : Mr. Ognen Onchevski

Zoom
AccessJapan Time

Chair

Dr. Zina Sayson

Chair

Dr. Shuki Muramatsu

Chair

Dr. Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai

Co-chairDr. David R. Ader

Co-chairDr. Ivy Corazon Mangayaay

Co-chairDr. Maria Corazon Tatad

Code

Title

Code

Code

Title

Title

10:30-10:45 AG-13-24 Comparison of Rice Yields under Conservation
Agriculture and Conventional Tillage Farmings
in Santuk District, Kampong Thom Provinceusing APEX Model
Nareth Nut, Chansoma Phun, Sakdanuphol Chan,
Machito Mihara

RD-13-17 The Consideration of the Model on Operating and
Accumulating Joint-Use Fund among Rice
Farmers
Yuki Toyama, Asres Elias, Kumi Yasunobu, Panatda
Utaranakorn

RD-13-01 The Measurement of Operational Performance
Efficiency of Savings Cooperatives in Thailand:
The Evidences from Kalasin Provincial Area
Wittayakorn-Puripunpinyoo Anucha

10:45-11:00 AG-13-13 Effect of Adding Agricultural and Organic Limeon Soil Properties and Survival Rate of
Pathogenic Bacteria (Coliform and E. coli) in
Farmland Soils of Kampong Cham Province,
Cambodia
Muy Leang Kim, Machito Mihara

RD-13-18 Perspective on Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture
in Cambodia’s Capital: Phnom Penh
Sophy Ches, Eiji Yamaji, Dina Thol

RD-13-02 Income Generation and Expenditure of Organic
Rice Farm Households: Case Study of Preah
Vihear Province, Cambodia
Sok Chanmonny, Tomohiro Uchiyama, Nina
Shimoguchi

11:00-11:15 AG-13-15 The Effect of Organic, Inorganic and the
Combination of Fertilizer on Growth Rate andYield of Maize (Zea Mays)
Peoneti Lui, Falaniko Amosa, Machito Mihara

RD-13-19 Product and Market Diversification Trends: The
Case of Horticulture Exports in Kenya
Jane Githiga,Asres Elias, Kumi Yasunobu

RD-13-03 Economic Assessment of Tea Smallholder
Farmers Under Contract Farming in Rungwe
District, Tanzania
Kachenje Issa Abrahaman, Nina Shimoguchi,
Hatanaka Katsumori, Saville Ramadhona

11:15-11:30 AG-13-10 Benefits of applying microbial fuel cell
technology in organic farming for sustainableagriculture
Narong Touch, Takahiko Nakamura

RD-13-20 Empowerment of women: A comparative analysis RD-13-07 Assessment of Simple Covered Lagoon Digesterof experiences from rural communities in Ethiopia
Performance in Large-scale Pig Farm in Cambodia
Asres Eliasa, Kumi Yasunobu, Yuki Toyama
Chan Makara Mean, Lyhour Hina, Lytour Lor, Dyna
Theng, Makara Lay, Bart Frederiks

11:30-11:45 AG-13-06 Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms’ activity RD-13-23 Income Diversity of Cassava Producers inin vermicompost from different earthworm
Vietnam
speciesNguyen Chau Nien, Tamon Baba, Hisako Nomura,Thanyakan Sengkhrua, Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai
Kasumi Ito

RD-13-09 Migration Characteristics of Communities in theForestlands in Ifugao, Philippines Carmelito C.
Valdez, Gemma B. Dumansi

11:45-12:00 AG-13-07 Effects of vermicompost and mineral water on
the growth of rice cultivars KDML 105
Duangnapa Saiyakit, Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai

RD-13-10 Socio-economic characteristics of cassava
producers in Cambodia
Ito Kasumi, Tamon Baba, Hisako Nomura, Tha Than

30 minutes breakRD-13-05 Pesticide use in banana plantation in Laos
Souliya Souvandouane, Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai,
Phoutthasone Sibounnavong

Oral Presentation

Room 1Room 2

Room 3Moderator : Dr. Azael May Cuevas

Moderator : Dr. Sarvesh Maskey

Moderator : Mr. Ognen Onchevski

Zoom
AccessJapan Time

Chair

Prof. Dr. Eiji Yamaji

ChairProf. Dr. Barry Noller

Chair

Dr. Ping Li

Co-chairDr. Wilson U. Llegunas, Jr.

Co-chairDr. Masayuki Nitta

Co-chairDr. Julian E. Torillo, Jr.

Code

Title

Code

Title

Code

Title

12:30-12:45 AG-13-17 Sensory Qualities of Cotton Fruit (Sandoricum
Koetjape) Pulp Ketchup
Alfie Mahumot, Jean Fulguerinas Nebrea, Bernarda
Rasonabe Villarojo

EM-13-25

Evaluation of Land Use and Land Cover Change
RD-13-11 Challenges for increasing vegetable production
and its Drivers in Battambang Province, Cambodia
in Cambodia
from 1998 to 2018
Ito Kasumi, Yoshida Tatsuya, Boratana Ung,
Taingaun Sourn, Sophak Pok, Phanith Chou, Nareth
Mitsuru Hamano
Nut, Theng Dyna, Phanna Rath, Manuel Reyes, P.V.
Vara Prasad

12:45-13:00 AG-13-18 Sensory Evaluation of Dried Fettuccine Pasta
Enriched with Gotu Kola (Centella Asiatica)
Charline Eve Saligumba, Jean Fulguerinas Nebrea,
Josefina Gabisan Gentallan, Marrecil Billasencia
Enot, Mary-Grace Carnice Ramada, Genelina Baja
GumanidEM-13-26

Design and Experimental Analysis of Atmospheric RD-13-15 Socio-demographic Profile and Cultural
Water Generator based on Philippine ClimaticManagement Practices of Cacao (Theobroma
Conditions
cacao) Farmers in Bohol, Philippines
Jerico D. Tan, Elizabeth-Edan M. Albiento
Katlyn Quion, Tomas Dino Reyes Jr., Marietta
Macalolot

13:00-13:15 AG-13-19 Influence of Crab (Portunus pelagicus) Shells
Powder on the Quality of Crab Meatballs
Marrecil Enot, Regucivilla Avenido Pobar, Jean
Fulguerinas Nebrea, Josefina Gabisan Gentallan,
Charlene-Eve Lagare Saligumba

EM-13-04

Ecosystems’ Quality of the Island-Barangays of
Bohol
Bernabe Mijares Jr.

ED-13-03 The dynamics of social interactions of children
playing around rural rivers in Japan
Masayuki Nitta, Yoshiki Kuwabara, Masahiro
Nakajima

13:15-13:30 AG-13-25 Proposal of New Pickles to Improve Food
Sanitation at Wet Markets in Cambodia
Sokly Sorm, Yoshiku Muramatsu, Daiki Oka, Yuri
Tanioka, Masataka Uchino, Shuki Muramatsu, Motoe
Sekido,Takahiko Nakamura, Toru Nakajima, Eiichiro
Sakaguchi, Shotaro Kawakami, Mari Arimitsu, Machito
MiharaEM-13-09

Understanding the Flora Diversity in Central
Visayas, Philippines: Assessment andConservation for Sustainable Resource
Management
Wilbert Aureo, Reizl Jose, Tomas Reyes, Danilo
TandanED-13-04 Disparity in Quality of Life and Education
Attainment of Children within the Tea Sector:
Case study in Low-country in Sri Lanka
Yuko Fukuda, Eiji Yamaji

13:30-13:45 RD-13-08 Sensory Evaluation of Guso (Euchema cottoni)
and Banana Blossom (Musa acuminata colla)
Longganisa
Roan Sumalinog

EM-13-10

Temperature sensitivity (Q10) of Organic Carbon
in Red-yellow Soils and its Conservation
Strategies
Keiji Arostegui, Machito Mihara

ED-13-05 Cambodian traditional foods and food safetyissues: an integrative aspect from literature
reviews and pre-survey online
Kong Sothea, Kasumi Ito, Hiroyuki Hattori,
Samnang Nguon

13:45-14:00 AG-13-14 Utilization and Processing of a By-Product fromthe Production of Coconut-Based Food Delicacies
Maria-Donna Buates, Chona Camarago Fullido

EM-13-16

Evaluation of Deforestation Rate and Soil Erosion
Risk in Cobija, Bolivian Amazonia Using RUSLE
and GIS
Juan Uego Perez, Machito Mihara

ED-13-07 Agak (Amoma, Giya, Alayon Sa Kalampusan) for
Pupils’ Sustainable Development
Rosario A. Galorport

14:00-14:15 AG-13-11 ANSYS Analysis and Prototype Fabrication of anOnion Harvester Implement for Hand Tractor
Rosalinda L. Abad, Zion Jemillinium S. Tam-Awen,
Jessica A. Pagaduan

EM-13-20

Nursery Propagation of Apple Mangrove(Sonneratia Alba)
Arnie Trangia

ED-13-08 Awareness and Compliance of Corn Farmers toGood Agricultural Practices (GAPs) in Nueva
Vizcaya, Philippines
Jane B. Bacani

14:15-14:30 AG-13-20 An evaluation of consumers’ preference for theorganic rice commodity in Thailand
Nareerut Seerasarn, Servel Miller, Bodin Wongpom

EM-13-27

Selection of Suitable Sites for an Off-Stream
ED-13-14 Educators at Risk: Numerous Meanings ofReservoir Along Maranding River, Lanao Del Norte
Symbols among Educators as affected by thecurrent Pandemic
Elizabeth Edan M. Albiento, Elgean C. Bacasnot,
Asmara Sahara M. Balt, Cielo Alexis C. Varquez
Merites M. Buot, Rona Montecalbo-Ignacio

30 minutes breakOral Presentation

Room 1Room 2

Room 3 ( Special Session )Moderator : Dr. Azael May Cuevas

Moderator : Dr. Sarvesh Maskey

Moderator : Mr. Ognen Onchevski

Zoom Access

Japan Time

Chair

Dr. Jean F. Nebrea

Co-chairDr. Azael May Cuevas

Code

Chair

Dr. Josephine Nalzaro

Co-chair Dr. Narong Touch
Title

Code

Title

15:00-15:15 AG-13-16 Comparison of Crop Surface Models and 3D
EM-13-13 Effect of Seasonal Change on Water Quality in
Point Clouds by UAV RGB Imagery on
Cheung Ek Lake, Cambodia
Estimating Biomass Volume of Pasture Grass
Somara Oum, Machito Mihara
Ke Zang , Hiromu Okazawa, Yuri Yamazaki, Ayako
Sekiyama, Kiichiro Hayashi, Tsuji Osamu

ChairProf. Dr. Mario T. Tabucanon

Co-chairDr. Jeeranuch Sakkhamduang
Title

Code

S-13-01 Regional Centres of Expertise on Education

15:00-15:10 for Sustainable Development (RCE)
Miki Konishi

15:15-15:30 EM-13-21 Food loss and waste in the Western Balkans
Hamid El Bilali, Sinisha Berjan, Tarek Ben Hassen,
Junaid Memon, Zeljko Vasko, Mohammad Allahyari

EM-13-07 Some Physico-Chemical Characteristics ofSurface Water in Mining Areas in the Lao PDR
Santi Kongmanya, Vanseng Chounlamany,
Phetyasone Xaypanya, Oulay Phoupasong,
Bounthob Praxaysombath, Sindavan Pengthavan

15:30-15:45 RD-13-21 Sustainability of the Implementation of Solid
Waste Management: A Comparative Study
Ma. Magdalena J. Bernales, Jake C. Malon

EM-13-05 Utilizing Lead Isotope Source Tracing
Techniques to Examine Sustainable Agriculture
Practice in the Burdekin Catchment, Queensland
Australia
Fiona Henderson, Barry Noller, Tatiana Komarova

15:30-15:40

15:45-16:00

Evaluation of Sediment Trapping Capacity by
Geotextile for Erosion Control
Sarvesh Maskey, Hiromu Okazawa, Takanori
Kaneko, Antonio Fuentes Perez, Sachiko
Watanabe, Kazuhiro Tazaki, Takahiro Sasaki

EM-13-06 Effects of lead and other metals from historicalsmelting on sustainable fruit and vegetable
cultivation
Barry Noller, Fiona Henderson

15:40-15:55 Psycho-emotional Needs in the Aftermath ofCharacteristics, types and qualities of thecovered waterways in Tokyo
Ivana Angelova, Davisi Boontharm

EM-13-23 Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Amaranthus
spinosus Grown in Contaminated Soil of
Benguet Province, Philippines
Elizabeth T. Dom-Ogen, Romeo A. Gomez Jr.

15:55-16:10 Covid Pandemic in the Philippines

16:00-16:15

IN-13-03

IN-13-04

16:15-16:30

S-13-02 Disaster Education and Resilience for

15:10-15:30 Sustainable Development
Indrajit Pal

Q&A

S-13-03 Attending to the Boholano Material andTyphoon Rai
Bernabe M. Mijares Jr.
S-13-04 Urgent Concerns Related to DRRM within the
Maria Rosario Piquero-Ballescas
S-13-05 XU GRiD Project: The Role of Academe in

16:10-16:25 Building Resilience
Dexter S. Lo, Gina S. Itchon, Jefferson R. Vallente
16:30-16:45

S-13-06 Disaster Risk Mitigation Management Program

16:25-15:40 in Ilocos Norte, Philippines: Challenges,
Practices and Community Responses
Marlowe U. Aquino
16:45-17:00

16:40-16:55
Move to Poster Presentations

Q&A
Discussion and wrap up

13th ICERD Scientific Program[5th of March 2022]
Poster Presentations
All posters are exhibited in ISERD Website www.iserd.net. Please visit “Poster Presentation” located in “Conference” in the website.
10:00 – 17:00(Japanese Standard Time)

Chair: Professor Dr. Regucivilla A. POBAR
Co-Chairs: Dr. Adoracion P. Quitoras, Dr. Amelia L. Arriesgado, Dr. Nina Shimoguchi, Dr. Deceryl Gen P. Tumampos, Dr. Yuri Yamazaki

AG-13-02 Potential use of predatory
bug Eocanthecona furcellata forbiologicalcontrolofPlutellaxylostella in collard production

AG-13-21 Soil Physical and Chemical
Properties on Mars Global Simulant
Toru Nakajima, Koki Suzuki

Jureeporn
Sukhatiphum,
PanidaKruaysawat, Nutcharee Siri, Prakaijan
Nimkingrat, Ubon Tangkawanit
AG-13-03 Toxicity of plant essential
oil from the Resources Protection
Area,againststoragepest,
Sitophilus oryzae
Duangrat Thongphak
Piangsuwan,

San Kyi, Kyaw Kyaw Win, Hla Than,
Soe Wina, Nyo Mar Htwe, Aye Lae Lae
HlaingAG-13-05 Utilization of Pineapple
Waste for Vermicompost Productio
Yaraphorn
Puttakort,
Boonthai Iwai

Chuleemas

AG-13-09 The microbial behavior of
the Cambodian homemade-style
pickles
Shuki Muramatsua, Sokly Sorm,
Masataka Uchino, Motoe Sekido,
Yoshiki Muramatsu, Daiki Oka, Yuri
Tanikoka,
Toru
Nakajima,
Mari
Arimitsu, Machito Mihara

EM-13-18 Considering and Improving RD-13-14 Environmental conservationin water quality in biotopes, as closed activities on firefly habitat with local
environmental water areas
government and community in
Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
Kurotaki Madoka, Mihara Machito

Narong Touch, Tadashi Hibino

AG-13-22 On the number of
seedlings for the System of RiceIntensification

EM-13-12 Wind reduction efficiencyof tree windbreaks – a case study of
Ovche Pole, Macedonia

Eiji Yamaji, Shuichi Sato

Ognen Onchevski, Teruaki Irie, Ivan
Minchev, Machito Mihara

Prapaporn

AG-13-04 DNA Fingerprinting of
Selected Maize (Zea may L.)
Genotypes Using SSR Markers

EM-13-11 Enhancement of carbon
fiber electrode performance using
lactic acid bacteria and steelmakingslag

AG-13-26 An assessment of the
impact of adoption of System of RiceIntensification
Case
from
Madagascar

Kazuya Kurita, Shuto Arai

EM-13-19Seasonal evapotranspiration IN-13-05 Compressive strength ofand its Sensitivity to Climatic limestone-based concrete hollow
Parameters in Cold region watershed blockof Fukushima, Japan
Jenny Grace T. Baral, Julian E. Torillo, Jr.
Sarvesh Maskey, Hiromu Okazawa,
Shotaro Kikuchi, Makoto Oba, Shogo
Nakamura, Seiji Hayashi, Sergio Azael
May Ceuvas

EM-13-14 Estimation of runoff andsnowmelt in forested area in snowy
region using SWAT

EM-13-22 Evaluating Ion Exchange ED-13-02 The characteristics ofCapacityof
MoltenSlagfor biological monitoring by residents in
Hydroponic System
agricultural landscapes in Japan

Masato Kishimoto, Eiji Yamaji, Takeshi
Sakurai

Shotaro Kikuchi, Hiromu Okazawa,
Sarvesh Maskey, Sergio Azael May
Cuevas,MakotoOba,
Shogo
Nakamura, Seiji Hayashi

Antonio Fuentes, Hiromu Okazawa, Yuri Masayuki Nitta, Naohisa Nakashima,
Yamazaki, Tomonori Fujikawa, Sarvesh Mitsura Ohira, Muneykui Aoki
MaskeyEM-13-01 Remediation of Salt
Affected Soil by Adding Different
Growing Medias to Improve Yield ofChili (Capsicum frutescens L.)

EM-13-15 Characteristics of Ion
Components of Clearwater Stream
Watershed in an Agricultural Area
with Multivariate Analysis

Thanyaluck
Nonsatri,
Mallika
Srisutham, Anan Polthanee, Supranee
Sritamboon

Yuri Yamazaki, Toshimi Muneoka, Chie
Matsuda, Masato Kimura, Osamu Tsuji

RD-13-04 Chemical characteristics of ED-13-09 Communication, Education,
natural mineral waters from wellspring Participation, and Awareness (CEPA)
in Ban Haubueng Community Forest, ProgramforConservation
andNampong
District,
Khon
Kaen Sustainable Management of the Anzali
Province
Wetland, Iran

EM-13-03
ImpactAnalysisofPopulation Growth and Fertilizer Use
on Nitrogen Runoff in Nam Ngum
Basin, Laos

EM-13-17 Evaluation of microbial
inoculating capacity of Patinopecten
yessoensis for improving water
quality in biotope

RD-13-06 Evaluating aquatic habitats ED-13-12Agriculture Entrepreneurshipof an agricultural waterway network on Youth: A Systematic Literature
improved for recreational use of local Review
residents
Fadhilla Izzaty Syaukat, Katsumori

Yoshida Koshi, Azechi Issaku, Iida
Toshiaki

Kosei Moroishi, Machito Mihara

Masayuki Nitta, Mitsuru Ohira, Muneyuki Hatanaka, Nina Shimoguchi, Ramadhona
Aoki, Masahiro Nakajima
SavilleMove to Closing Ceremony with Announcement of Award Winners

Kleawklahan
Boonthai Iwai

Nuritta,

Chuleemas Mohammad
Allahyaria,
SoroushMarzbana, Elham Nazaria, Tarek Ben
Hassenb, Hamid El Bilalic, Sinisha
Berijand13th ICERD Scientific Program[5th of March 2022]
Closing Ceremony

17:00-18:00(Japan Standard Time)

Zoom access is controlled, so please kindly show your full name.

17:00-17:30

Announcement of Award Winners

17:30-17:45

Invitation to 14th ICERD

17:45-18:00

Memorial Photos

Excellent Paper Awards, Poster Presentation Awards, Award of Sustainability Promotion andAward of Outstanding Scientific Achievements

Dr. Borarin BUNTONG

Looking forward to meeting you at the next 14th ICERD

ISERD Regional Vice President (Cambodia), Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh,
Cambodia

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Regional Centers of Expertise (RCE) Special Session [S]S-13-01 Regional Centres of Expertise on Education for Sustainable
Development (RCE)9Miki Konishi
S-13-02 Disaster education and resilience for sustainable development

10

Indrajit Pal
S-13-03 Attending to the Boholano Material and Psycho-Emotional Needs
in the Aftermath of Typhoon Rai

11

Bernabe M. Mijares Jr.
S-13-04 Urgent Concerns Related to DRRM within the Covid Pandemic in
the Philippines

12

Maria Rosario Piquero-Ballescas
S-13-05 XU GRiD Project: The Role of Academe in Building Resilience

13

Dexter S. Lo, Gina S. Itchon, Jefferson R. Vallente Jr
S-13-06 Disaster Risk Mitigation Management Program in Ilocos Norte,
Philippines: Challenges, Practices and Community Responses

14

Marlowe U. Aquino

Agricultural Systems and Food Innovation [AG]AG-13-02 Potential use of predatory bug Eocanthecona furcellata forbiological control of Plutella xylostella in collard production
Jureeporn Sukhatiphum, Panida Kruaysawat, Nutcharee Siri,
Prakaijan Nimkingrat, Ubon Tangkawanit

15

AG-13-03 Toxicity of plant essential oil from the Resources Protection Area,
against storage pest, Sitophilus oryzae
Duangrat Thongphak , Prapaporn Piangsuwan

16

AG-13-04 DNA Fingerprinting of Selected Maize (Zea may L.) Genotypes
Using SSR Markers
San Kyi, Kyaw Kyaw Win, Hla Than, Soe Win, Nyo Mar Htwe,
Aye Lae Lae Hlaing17

AG-13-05 Utilization of Pineapple Waste for Vermicompost Productio
Yaraphorn Puttakort, Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai

18

AG-13-06 Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms’ activity in vermicompost
from different earthworm species
Thanyakan Sengkhrua, Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai

19

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AG-13-07 Effects of vermicompost and mineral water on the growth of ricecultivars KDML 105
Duangnapa Saiyakit, Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai

20

AG-13-09 The microbial behavior of the Cambodian homemade-style pickles
Shuki Muramatsu, Sokly Sorm, Masataka Uchino, Motoe
Sekido, Yoshiki Muramatsu, Daiki Oka, Yuri Tanikoka, Toru
Nakajima, Mari Arimitsu, Machito Mihara

21

AG-13-10 Benefits of applying microbial fuel cell technology in organic
farming for sustainable agriculture
Narong Touch, Takahiko Nakamura

22

AG-13-11 ANSYS Analysis and Prototype Fabrication of an Onion Harvester
Hand Tractor Implement
Rosalinda L. Abad, Zion Jemillinium S. Tam-Awen, Jessica A.
Pagaduan

23

AG-13-13 Effect of Adding Agricultural and Organic Lime on Soil Properties
and Survival Rate of Pathogenic Bacteria (Coliform and E. coli) in
Farmland Soils of Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia
Muy Leang Kim, Machito Mihara

24

AG-13-14 Utilization and Processing of a By-Product From the Production of
Coconut-Based Food Delicacies
Maria-Donna Buates, Chona Camarago Fullido

25

AG-13-15 The effect of organic, inorganic and the combination of fertilizer on
growth rate and yield of maize (zea mays)
Peoneti Lui, Falaniko Amosa, Machito Mihara

26

AG-13-16 Comparison of Crop Surface Models and 3D Point Clouds by UAV
RGB Imagery on Estimating Biomass Volume of Pasture Grass
Ke Zang , Hiromu Okazawa, Yuri Yamazaki, Ayako Sekiyama,
Kiichiro Hayashi, Tsuji Osamu
AG-13-17 Sensory qualities of cotton fruit (Sandoricum koetjape) pulp
ketchup
Alfie Mahumot, Jean Fulguerinas Nebrea, Bernarda Rasonabe
Villarojo

27

AG-13-18 Sensory evaluation of dried fettuccine pasta enriched with gotu
kola (Centella asiatica)
Charline Eve Saligumba, Jean Fulguerinas Nebrea, Josefina
Gabisan Gentallan, Marrecil Billasencia Enot, Mary-Grace
Carnice Ramada, Genelina Baja Gumanid29

AG-13-19 Influence of crab (portunus pelagicus) shells powder on the qualityof crab meatballs
Marrecil Enot, Regucivilla Avenido Pobar, Jean Fulguerinas
Nebrea, Josefina Gabisan Gentallan, Charlene-Eve Lagare
Saligumba

30

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AG-13-20 An evaluation of consumers’ preference for the organic ricecommodity in Thailand
Nareerut Seerasarn, Servel Miller, Bodin Wongpom

31

AG-13-21 Soil Physical and Chemical Properties on Mars Global Simulant
Toru Nakajima, Koki Suzuki

32

AG-13-22 On the number of seedlings for the System of Rice Intensification
Eiji Yamaji, Shuichi Sato33

AG-13-24 Comparison of Rice Yields Simulation under Conservation
Agriculture and Conventional Tillage Farming in Santuk District,Kampong Thom Province using APEX Model
Nareth Nut, Chansoma Phun, Sakdanuphol Chan, Machito
Mihara34

AG-13-25 Proposal of New Pickles to Improve Food Sanitation at Wet
Markets in Cambodia
Sokly Sorm, Yoshiku Muramatsu, Daiki Oka, Yuri Tanioka,
Masataka Uchino, Shuki Muramatsu, Motoe Sekido,TakahikoNakamura, Toru Nakajima, Eiichiro Sakaguchi, Shotaro
Kawakami, Mari Arimitsu, Machito Mihara

35

AG-13-26 An assessment of the impact of adoption of System of RiceIntensification - Case from Madagascar
Masato Kishimoto, Eiji Yamaji, Takeshi Sakurai

36

Environmental Management [EM]EM-13-01 Remediation of Salt – Affected Soil by Adding Different Growing
Medias to Improve Yield of Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.)
Thanyaluck Nonsatri, Mallika Srisutham, Anan Polthanee,
Supranee Sritamboon

37

EM-13-03 Impact Analysis of Population Growth and Fertilizer Use on
Nitrogen Runoff in Nam Ngum Basin, Laos
Yoshida Koshi, Azechi Issaku, Iida Toshiaki38

EM-13-04 Ecosystems’ Quality of the Island-Barangays of Bohol
Bernabe Mijares Jr

39

EM-13-05 Utilising Pb Isotope Source Tracing Techniques to Assess
Functionality of Sustainable Agriculture Practices, Queensland
Australia
Fiona Henderson, Barry Noller, Tatiana Komarova

40

EM-13-06 Effects of lead and other metals from historical smelting onsustainable fruit and vegetable cultivation
Barry Noller, Fiona Henderson

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EM-13-07 Some Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Water in
Mining Areas in the Lao PDR
Santi Kongmany, Vanseng Chounlamany, Phetyasone
Xaypanya, Oulay Phoupasong, Bounthob Praxaysombath,Sindavan Pengthavan

42

EM-13-09 Understanding the Flora Diversity in Central Visayas,
Philippines: Assessment and Conservation for Sustainable
Resource Management
Wilbert Aureo, Reizl Jose, Tomas Reyes, Danilo Tandan

43

EM-13-10 Temperature sensitivity (Q10) of Organic Carbon in Red-yellow
Soils and its Conservation Strategies
Keiji Arostegui, Machito Mihara

44

EM-13-11 Enhancement of carbon fiber electrode performancelactic acid bacteria and steelmaking slag
Narong Touch, Tadashi Hibino

using

45

EM-13-12 Wind reduction efficiency of tree windbreaks – a case study of
Ovche Pole, Macedonia
Ognen Onchevski, Teruaki Irie, Ivan Minchev, Machito
Mihara46

EM-13-13 Effect of Seasonal Change on Water Quality in Cheung Ek
Lake, Cambodia
Somara Oum, Machito Mihara

47

EM-13-14 Estimation of runoff and snowmelt in forested area in snowy
region using SWAT
Shotaro Kikuchi, Hiromu Okazawa, Sarvesh Maskey, Sergio
Azael May Cuevas, Makoto Oba, Shogo Nakamura, Seiji
Hayashi48

EM-13-15 Characteristics of Ion Components of Clearwater Stream
Watershed in an Agricultural Area with Multivariate Analysis
Yuri Yamazaki, Toshimi Muneoka, Chie Matsuda, Masato
Kimura, Osamu Tsuji

49

EM-13-16 Evaluation of Deforestation Rate and Soil Erosion Risk in
Cobija, Bolivian Amazonia Using RUSLE and GIS
Juan Uego Perez, Machito Mihara

50

EM-13-17 Evaluation of microbial inoculating capacity of Patinopecten
yessoensis for improving water quality in biotope
Kosei Moroishi, Machito Mihara

51

EM-13-18 Considering and Improving in water quality in biotopes, as
closed environmental water areas
Kurotaki Madoka, Mihara Machito

52

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EM-13-19 Seasonal Evapotranspiration and its Sensitivity to Climatic
Parameters in Cold region watershed of Fukushima, Japan
Sarvesh Maskey, Hiromu Okazawa, Shotaro Kikuchi, Makoto
Oba, Shogo Nakamura, Seiji Hayashi, Sergio Azael May
Ceuvas53

EM-13-20 Nursery propagation of apple mangrove (Sonneratia alba)
Arnie Trangia

54

EM-13-21 Food loss and waste in the Western Balkans
Hamid El Bilali, Sinisha Berjan, Tarek Ben Hassen, Junaid
Memon, Zeljko Vasko, Mohammad Allahyari

55

EM-13-22 Evaluating Ion Exchange Capacity of Molten Slag for
Hydroponic System
Antonio Fuentes, Hiromu Okazawa, Yuri Yamazaki,
Tomonori Fujikawa, Sarvesh Maskey
EM-13-23 Cadmium Bioaccumulation of Amaranthus spinosus L. in
Benguet Province, Philippines
Elizabeth T. Dom-Ogen, Romeo A. Gomez Jr.

56

EM-13-25 Evaluation of Land Use and Land Cover Change and its Drivers
in Battambang Province, Cambodia from 1998 to 2018
Taingaun Sourn, Sophak Pok, Phanith Chou, Nareth Nut,
Theng Dyna, Phanna Rath, Manuel Reyes, P.V. Vara Prasad

58

EM-13-26 Design and Experimental Analysis of Atmospheric Water
Generator based on Philippine Climatic Conditions
Jerico D. Tan, Elizabeth-Edan M. Albiento59

EM-13-27 Selection of Suitable Sites for an Off-Stream Reservoir along
Maranding River, Lanao del Norte
Elizabeth Edan M. Albiento, Elgean C. Bacasnot, Asmara
Sahara M. Balt, Cielo Alexis C. Varquez

60

57

Rural Development [RD]RD-13-01 The Measurement of Operational Performance Efficiency of
Savings Cooperatives in Thailand: The Evidences from Kalasin
Provincial Area
Wittayakorn-Puripunpinyoo Anucha

61

RD-13-02 Income Generation and Expenditure of Organic Rice FarmHouseholds: Case Study of Preah Vihear Province, Cambodia
Sok Chanmonny, Tomohiro Uchiyama, Nina Shimoguchi

62

RD-13-03 Economic Assessment of Tea Smallholder Farmers Under
Contract Farming in Rungwe District, Tanzania
Kachenje Issa Abrahaman, Nina Shimoguchi, Hatanaka
Katsumori, Saville Ramadhona63

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RD-13-04 Chemical characteristics of natural mineral waters from wellspringin Ban Haubueng Community Forest, Nampong District, Khon
Kaen Province
Kleawklahan Nuritta, Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai

64

RD-13-05 Pesticide use in banana plantation in Laos
Souliya
Souvandouane,
Chuleemas
Phoutthasone Sibounnavong

65
Boonthai

Iwai,

RD-13-06 Evaluating aquatic habitats of an agricultural waterway network
improved for recreational use of local residents
Masayuki Nitta, Mitsuru Ohira, Muneyuki Aoki, Masahiro
Nakajima

66

RD-13-07 Assessment of Simple Covered Lagoon Digester Performance inLarge-scale Pig Farm in Cambodia
Chan Makara Mean, Lyhour Hina, Lytour Lor, Dyna Theng,
Makara Lay, Bart Frederiks67

RD-13-08 Sensory Evaluation of Guso (Euchema cottoni) and Banana
Blossom (Musa acuminata colla) Longganisa
Roan Sumalinog

68RD-13-09 Migration characteristics of communities in the forestlands in
Ifugao, Philippines
Carmelito C. Valdez, Gemma B. Dumansi

69

RD-13-10 Socio-economic characteristics of cassava producers
Cambodia
Kasumi Ito, Tamon Baba, Hisako Nomura, Tha Thanin70

RD-13-11 Challenges for increasing vegetable production in Cambodia
Ito Kasumi, Yoshida Tatsuya, Boratana Ung, Mitsuru Hamano71

RD-13-14 Environmental conservation activities on firefly habitat with local
government and community in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
Kazuya Kurita, Shuto Arai

72

RD-13-15 Socio-demographic Profile and Cultural Management Practices of
Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Farmers in Bohol, Philippines
Katlyn Quion, Tomas Dino Reyes Jr., Marietta Macalolot

73

RD-13-17 The consideration of the model on operating and accumulating
joint-use fund among rice farmers
Yuki Toyama, Asres Elias, Kumi Yasunobu, Panatda
Utaranakorn

74

RD-13-18 Perspective on Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture in Cambodia’s
Capital: Phnom Penh
Sophy Ches, Eiji Yamaji, Dina Thol

75

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RD-13-19 Product and Market Diversification Trends: The Case of
Horticulture Exports in Kenya
Jane Githiga, Asres Elias, Kumi Yasunobu

76

RD-13-20 Empowerment of women: A comparative analysis of experiencesfrom rural communities in Ethiopia
Asres Eliasa, Kumi Yasunobu, Yuki Toyama

77

RD-13-21 Sustainability of the implementation of solid waste management:
a comparative study
Ma. Magdalena J. Bernales, Jake C. Malon78

RD-13-23 Income diversity of cassava producers in Vietnam
Nguyen Chau Nien, Tamon Baba, Hisako Nomura, Kasumi Ito

79

Infrastructure systems [IN]IN-13-03 Evaluation of Sediment Trap Capacity by Geotextile for Erosion
Control
Sarvesh Maskey, Hiromu Okazawa, Takanori Kaneko, Antonio
Fuentes Perez, Sachiko Watanabe, Kazuhiro Tazaki, Takahiro
Sasaki80

IN-13-04 Characteristics, types and qualities of the covered waterways inTokyo.
Ivana Angelova, Davisi Boontharm81

IN-13-05 Compressive strength of limestone-based concrete hollow block
Jenny Grace T. Baral, Julian E. Torillo, Jr.

82

Education for Sustainable Development [ED]ED-13-02 The characteristics of biological monitoring by residents inagricultural landscapes in Japan
Masayuki Nitta, Naohisa Nakashima, Mitsura Ohira, Muneykui
Aoki

83

ED-13-03 The dynamics of social interactions of children playing around rural
rivers in Japan
Masayuki Nitta, Yoshiki Kuwabara, Masahiro Nakajima84

ED-13-04 Disparity in Quality of Life and Education Attainment of Children
within the Tea Sector: Case study in Low-country in Sri Lanka
Yuko Fukuda, Eiji Yamaji

85

ED-13-05 Cambodian traditional foods and food safety issues: an integrative
aspect from literature reviews and pre-survey online
Kong Sothea, Kasumi Ito, Hiroyuki Hattori, Samnang Nguon

86

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ED-13-07 Agak (amoma, giya, alayon sa kalampusan) for pupils’ sustainable
developement
Rosario A. Galorport

87

ED-13-08 Awareness and Compliance of Corn Farmers to Good Agricultural
Practices (GAPs) in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Jane B. Bacani88

ED-13-09 Communication, Education, Participation, and Awareness (CEPA)
Program for Conservation and Sustainable Management of theAnzali Wetland, Iran
Mohammad Allahyaria, Soroush Marzbana, Elham Nazaria,
Tarek Ben Hassenb, Hamid El Bilalic, Sinisha Berijand
ED-13-12 Agriculture Entrepreneurship on Youth: A Systematic Literature
Review
Fadhilla Izzaty Syaukat, Katsumori Hatanaka, Nina Shimoguchi,
Ramadhona Saville89

ED-13-14 Educators at Risk: Numerous Meanings of Symbols among
Educators as affected by the current Pandemic
Merites M. Buot, Rona Montecalbo-Ignacio

91

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S-13-01

Regional Centres of Expertise on Education for Sustainable Development(RCE)
Miki Konishi a*aUnited Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS)*Corresponding email: konishi@unu.edu

Abstract
Our world has been facing numerous social, environmental, and economic challenges. To
achieve the global vision of sustainable development, education has been playing a central
role in empowering people to transform their mindsets and behaviours. The Regional Centreof Expertise on Education for Sustainable Development (RCE) is a unique and powerfulmechanism that translates the global sustainable agenda into local actions, located in morethan 180 regions globally. RCEs have been acknowledged by the United Nations University
since 2005 and function as a platform for multi-stakeholder partnership and collaboration to
tackle complex sustainability issues in the respective communities and regions. As an
introduction to the Special RCE Session, this presentation will provide an overview of RCEs.
It will introduce the concept and practices of RCEs and the development of the global network.
Additionally, the role of UNU-IAS as the Global RCE Service Centre and the roadmap of the
global RCE community towards 2030 will also be presented.
Keywords: SDGs, ESD, multi-stakeholder partnerships, community-based learning andactions9

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S-13-02

Disaster education and resilience for sustainable development
Indrajit Pala*a

Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Management, Asian Institute of Technology,
Thailand*Corresponding email: indrajit-pal@ait.ac.th

Abstract

Global DRR community has always put education as top priorities as articulated from the
Yokohama strategy 1994 and continued so on. It was reported in the 2013 Global Assessment
report that 72 % of the reporting countries had been integrated disaster education within theirnational education curriculum. For decades Higher Education Institution (HEIs) has played avital role in fostering scientific and technological advancement which has supported disasterrisk reduction and management at various spatial-temporal scale. Education can also be aroadmap to support the implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015–2030 by developing new products services as well as promote further development anddissemination of Standard practices and operational guidance to enhance disaster
preparedness. Policy introduction and implementation at various levels throughmultidisciplinary educational curriculum and incorporation of disaster risk knowledge in formal
and nonformal education can strengthen the capacity at all level (regional, National and local)
to understand disaster risk and also help for effective risk communications. Multi-institution
engagements and multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary approach will not only enhance
Global partnership, but it will also help to mobilize shared knowledge, Technology and financial
resources towards sustainable Development Goal. The lack of conceptual clarity about
disaster education in policymakers and educationalists in the Asian region is affecting the
integration of disaster education in higher educational institutions of the region. The Project“Disaster Resilience and Sustainable Development Education Network in Asia” under
ProSPER.Net umbrella lead by Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand has established anexux to understand the current state of higher education linked to sustainable development
and disaster resilience as well as identifying gaps in the current curriculum to build resiliencein educational institutions and society. This robust regional network with the collective capacity
to lead the multidisciplinary initiatives on sustainable development for the region will also help
to address the integration of the Natural and Social Science towards DRR and Sustainable
development.
Keywords: education, sustainable development, disaster resilience, higher education
institution10

S-13-03

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Attending to the Boholano Material and Psycho-Emotional Needs in the
Aftermath of Typhoon Rai
Bernabe M. Mijares Jr.a*a

Bohol Island State University, RCE Bohol, Philippines*Corresponding email: mijaresjr.bernabe@yahoo.com

Abstract

Typhoon Rai passed through the island of Bohol on the 16th of December 2021. Odette, as it
was locally named, had a maximum sustained winds of 165 kph near the center, gustiness of
205 to 230 kph, and a central pressure of 90 hPa leaving the province with an estimateddamage of 3.1 billion pesos in agriculture and 18 deaths. Survivors testified it was the worst
typhoon ever experienced. Attending to the needs of the typhoon victims, Bohol Island State
University (BISU) RCE Office, in collaboration with the Governor Celestino Gallares Memorial
Hospital (GCGMH) and the Barangay Local Government Unit (BLGU) of Lawis, Bien Unido,
conducted relief goods distribution in forms of clothes (slightly used and new), water, rice,canned goods and noodles. GCGMH in particular, had medical check-up and gave out free
medicines while it was the BLGU that facilitated for the orderly management of the relief andmedical operations. Additionally, BISU, in cooperation with the Provincial Government of
Bohol assisted select municipalities in providing Mental Health Psychosocial Support(MHPSS) to the severely affected victims. The Psychology Instructors, Professors andGuidance Counsellors of the university were commissioned to conduct MHPSS in areas which
expressed the need of the well-being intervention. To encourage communities and peoples toactively engage in development efforts is shooting arrows in the sky when the basic needs are
not sufficiently addressed. Hence food, water and medicine provisions were first delivered
before the Boholanos, in their own communities, can start to rebuild from the rubbles ofdevastation. Yet this is only one aspect of a total healing for moving on is only possible when
one is fully and holistically a constituted being, hence the mental and psychosocial intervention.
In all these, it was validated that effective disaster interventions should be through acollaborative and multi-stakeholder approach.
Keywords: Bohol, relief goods, mental health, psychosocial support, disaster Intervention,
multi-stakeholder approach11

S-13-04

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Urgent Concerns Related to DRRM within the Covid Pandemic in thePhilippines
Maria Rosario Piquero-Ballescasa*aRegional Center of Expertise - Cebu, Philippines*Corresponding email: cballescas@yahoo.com

Abstract
Just as the year was winding up, with Filipinos looking forward to Christmas and New Year,the strongest typhoon for 2021, Category 5 super typhoon Rai (locally called Odette) hit
various parts of the Philippines. It made landfall on Siargao in southeastern Philippines,
December 16 at 1:30pm local time then made several other landfalls in various parts of thecountry before moving out to the West Philippine Sea via Palawan on December 17.Alreadysaddled with simultaneous crises (social, economic, environmental) which were aggravated,deepened and expanded widely by the Covid pandemic, Typhoon Rai/Odette added its
destructive fury across multiple locations in the country. A January 15th report the UN Officefor Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in https://disasterphilanthropy.org /disaster/super-typhoon-odette-rai /Feb222 noted “8 million people affected. By January 23, there were
9 million with 198,652 displaced across 5 regions, mostly in Southern Leyte, Cebu and Boholand over 156,551 of these in evacuation centers as Typhoon Odette left many homeless.
Some 514 municipalities were affected, with towns and cities with power outages, notelecommunications and damaged houses, roads, bridges, schools, health clinics, water andsanitation systems. One month on, 100 of these towns and cities still have power outages orno power at all.”Our presentation will share observations and experiences related to certain
private and government relief assistance initiatives/responses extended to affected residents
and communities, particularly in Cebu and Bohol, to draw and call attention to certain concerns
related to Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) amid the covid pandemic.
Keywords: DRRM, pandemic, covid, simultaneous crises, initiatives and responses, concerns12S-13-05

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

XU GRiD Project: The Role of Academe in Building Resilience
Dexter S. Loa*, Gina S. Itchon, Jefferson R. Vallente Jr.
aXavier University, RCE Northern Mindanao, Philippines*Corresponding email: dlo@xu.edu.phAbstract
The Web-based Geospatial Risk Database (Web-GRiD) is a decision support tool originallydeveloped by Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan (XU). It was designed as a decision
support tool for COVID-19 pandemic response plans and operations of the Department of
Health – Northern Mindanao Office, in March 2020. Web-GRiD uses geographic-based
analysis to capture the unique characteristics of a particular location at a particular time, tohelp local government units (LGUs) ensure more suitable and workable plans of action.
Together with the National Resilience Council (NRC), XU trained seven LGUs in establishing
their own COVID-19 dashboards that are problem-focused, solutions-driven, customized,
accessible, and timely. These dashboards also include other hazards imminent and unique toeach locality such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes – capturing a multi-hazard approachand integrated risk perspective. A risk lens is essential in understanding the underlying causesof disasters and pandemics, so that programs, projects, and activities of LGUs and otherinterested groups contribute to sustainable and resilient development. XU and NRC also
partnered for a similar Web-GRiD training with special features on supply chain management
for private business cooperatives to establish their own dashboards. Web-GRiD has been
awarded by the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development as the National
Champion in the 2021 Pitch to Policymakers Competition.
Keywords: risk, resilience, disaster, pandemic, GIS

13

S-13-06

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Disaster Risk Mitigation Management Program in Ilocos Norte, Philippines Challenges, Practices and Community Responses
Marlowe U. Aquinoa*aMariano Marcos State University, RCE Ilocos, Philippines*Corresponding email: muaquino@mmsu.edu.phAbstract
The paper discusses the disaster risk mitigation management program in Ilocos Norte. It
provides a description of the challenges, practices, and community responses in times ofnatural disasters and the localized health-related initiatives and interventions due to the Covid19 Pandemic. Local government units (LGUs) serve as the core in drumbeating andorchestrating the delivery of support services during disasters while minimizing related risks.
Strong leadership and management strategies on the ground are essential in mitigating therisks into a holistic and integrated manner. Community participation, empowerment, andresponses serve as learning factors for LGUs continuous effort in developing programs thatenable people and communities to be adaptive, responsive, and resilient in times of disasters
and crisis. The HEI-LGU-Community Partnership (HLCP) is one functional-operating modelthat supports the development of appropriate disaster risk mitigation management programs
adaptive and suitable for people and communities emphasizing on community resources,
cultural strengths, and self-reliance. Through time, the HLCP was institutionalized as adevelopment approach in times of crisis by the key players and stakeholders while sharing
and providing support services and resources for a healthier and resilient communities in theprovince into a secured and stable socio-cultural, techno-economic and environmentalpolitically-driven entity.
Keywords: disasters, risk management program, community participation, empowerment,
communities, HLC Partnership14AG-13-02

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Potential Use of Predatory Bug Eocanthecona Furcellata for Biological Controlof Plutella Xylostella in Collard Production
Jureeporn Sukhatiphuma, Panida Kruaysawata, Nutcharee Siria, Prakaijan Nimkingratb,
Ubon Tangkawanitb*aNational. Biological Control Research Center (NBCRC), Upper North eastern Regional
Center, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
b
Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen
University, Thailand*Corresponding email: ubonta@kku.ac.th

Abstract
Predatory bug Eocanthecona furcellata was investigated for the potential of biological control
agent to Plutella xylostella in the laboratory and greenhouse condition. Predation rate of 3rd
to 4th instar nymphs E. furcellata on 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae P. xylostella were studied
in the laboratory. The results showed that predation rate of 4th and 5th nymphal instars of E.
furcellata were higher than 3rd instar. Feeding rate were greater when they feed on 2nd and3rd instar larvae than feed on 4th instar larvae of P. xylostella. The efficiency of E. furcellata
in controlling P. xylostella under greenhouse conditions was conducted. When P. xylostella
population reached to economic threshold (ET), 20 of E. furcellata were released to chinese
kale greenhouse (18 m3), Results showed that pest population was reduced 10.32% after 5days of release when compared to control. Additionally, percentage of plant damage fromreleased predatory bug greenhouse was lower than non-released greenhouse. Therefore, it
is possible to release the predatory bug E. furcellata in vegetable production as a biologicalcontrol agent.
Keywords: predation, biological control, diamondback moth15

AG-13-03

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Toxicity of Plant Essential Oil from Khok Phutaka Resources Protection Area,
Khon Kaen Province against Storage Pest, Sitophilus Oryzae
Duangrat Thongphaka , Prapaporn PiangsuwanaaEntomology Section, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
Corresponding email: duathg@kku.ac.th

Abstract

Botanical insecticides may offer an alternative solution for pest control. The objective was totest on the repellant, contact, and fumigant effect of the essential oils of 10 indigenous plantsfrom Khok Phutaka Resources Protection Area, Khon Kaen Province including Limnophila
aromatica, Piper sarmentosum, Clausena harmandiana, Streptocaulon juventas, Litsea
glutinosa, Thunbergia laurifolia, Eupatorium odoratum, Rothmannia wittii, Ficus altissima,
Clausena harmandiana and Gymnopetalum integrifolim to control the rice weevil, S. oryzae.
The essential oils of plants were extracted by using hydro-distillation method and then they
were tested against rice grain weevil, S. oryzae for contact, fumigant and repellent activities
in laboratory condition. Adults weevil were different tested oil at the concentrations of 0, 25,
50 75 and 100 percentage (w/v). The maximum repellency action, 80 % when L. glutinosa oil,at the concentrations of 100 % (w/v) were applied for after 72 hour follow by L. aromatica(73.33%) at the concentrations of 25 % (w/v) were applied for after 2 hour. The fumigant andcontact test of all 10 essential oils resulted in all lower rate mortality (less than 50 %), at all
the concentrations.
Keywords: essential oil, Sitophilus oryzae, repellency, fumigant, contact, Khok Phutaka
Resources Protection Area

16

AG-13-04

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

DNA Fingerprinting of Selected Maize (Zea may L.) Genotypes Using SSR
Markers
San Kyia, Kyaw Kyaw Wina, Hla Thana, Soe Wina, Nyo Mar Htwea, Aye Lae Lae HlaingbaYezin Agricultural University , Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
Seed Bank, Biotechnology and Plant Protection Research Division, Department ofAgricultural Research, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
Corresponding email: sankyi747@gmail.comb

Abstract
Molecular marker has been used for variety identification, genetic diversity of genotypes andadditional using intellectual property protection in DUS testing. DNA fingerprinting of fourteenmaize genotypes has been studied at Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology
Research Section, DAR during 2020-2021. Nine hybrids and five inbreds were analyzed using
24 polymorphic SSR markers, resulted a total number of 101 alleles with a range from 2 to 9
alleles per locus. Polymorphism has been sufficiently detected with the average of 0.66 PIC
value per SSR locus. Cluster analysis separated all the maize lines as five major groups andindicated the existence of genetic variation among the observed inbreds and hybrids. Six SSR
primer pairs (dupssr12, bnlg1940, umc1248, umc1586, bnlg1518 and bnlg1028) wereselected as final marker set for variety identification with the selection criteria such as detection
rate of the SSR fragment, the presence of rare allele, PIC value, and reproducibility and PCRband pattern of SSR fragments. In this study, nine hybrids and five inbreds have been
fingerprinted with unique profile ID to support the DNA fingerprint catalogues of Myanmar
Maize Molecular DUS test guidelines.
Keywords: DNA fingerprint, DUS, maize, and SSR

17

AG-13-05

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Utilization of Pineapple Waste for Vermicompost Production
Yaraphorn Puttakorta, Chuleemas Boonthai Iwaia*aDepartment of Soil Science and Environment, Khon Kaen University, Thailand*Corresponding email: chuleemas1@gmail.com

Abstract
Pineapple is a common tropical fruit that can be grown throughout the year in Thailand. A lot
of waste in form of leaves, residual pulp and peels is generated in the market. Without goodmanagement, it could contribute environmental pollution. This study aims to utilize thepineapple waste for vermicompost production. The study compared the efficiency of waste
reduction and nutrient of vermicompost using pineapple waste via vermicomposting systems
during a 45 days period. Chemical properties of compost and vermicompost from pineapple
bark culture and number and growth of earthworms from pineapple peel were studied. The
experiment was set up in randomization complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications
consisted of Treatment 1: 40% soil + 10% pineapple peel, no earthworms, Treatment 2: 40%
soil + 10% pineapple peel + 50 earthworms, Treatment 3: 40% cow manure + 10% pineapple
peel + 50 earthworms, Treatment 4: 40% soil + 30% cow manure + 20% rice husk biochar +10% pineapple peel + 50 earthworms, Treatment 5: 40% soil + 30% cow manure + 20%
coconut husk + 10% pineapple peel + 50 earthworms. The RCBD was planned for 3
replications of 5 samples. The results showed that after 45 days, the treatment of using 40%
cow manure + 10% pineapple peel gave the highest growth of earthworms and increased thetotal weight and number of earthworms by 200%. For vermicompost quality, total nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium increased significantly higher than compost systems and pH foundsignificantly decreased. Therefore, pineapple waste could be managed in economical way byutilization for vermicompost production.
Keywords: pineapple, agro waste management, earthworm

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Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

AG-13-06

Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms’ Activity in Vermicompost fromDifferent Earthworm Species
Thanyakan Sengkhruaa, Chuleemas Boonthai Iwaia*aDepartment of Soil Science and Environment, Khon Kaen University, Thailand*Corresponding email: chuleemas1@gmail.com

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the Phosphate solubilizing microorganism’s
activity in vermicompost from different earthworm species. The vermicomposting using
different bedding material and different earthworm species was conducted at Khon Kaen
University, Thailand. The experiment studied of earthworm propagation in 4 varieties andsuitable bedding in 4 types arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4
replications. Vermicompost from different treatments were taken to analyze for Phosphatesolubilizing microorganisms activity by using A novel defined microbiological growth medium,
National Botanical Research Institute's phosphate growth medium (NBRIP), the broth assay
for the identification of the most efficient phosphate solubilizers. The results found that the
Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in Vermicompost from different bedding andearthworm species were difference. The Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in thetreatment of African night crawler + caw manure, African night crawler + caw manure withmushroom substrate, African night crawler + caw manure with leaf litter, Tiger worm + caw
manure, Tiger worm + caw manure with mushroom substrate, Tiger worm + caw manure withleaf litter were 1.52x103, 2.41x103, 1.10x103, 7.17x103, 4.89x103, 10.72x103 CFU/g,
respectively.
Keywords: phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, vermicompost, earthworm

19

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

AG-13-07

Effects of Vermicompost and Mineral Water on the Growth of Rice Cultivars
KDML 105Duangnapa Saiyakita, Chuleemas Boonthai Iwaia*aDepartment of Soil Science and Environment, Khon Kaen University, Thailand*Corresponding email: chuleemas1@gmail.com

Abstract
The purpose of this research aims to study the effects of vermicompost and mineral waterfrom wellspring in Ban Haubueng Community Forest, Nampong District, Khon Kaen Province
on the growth of rice cultivars KDML 105. The rice growth experiments were conducted in acompletely randomized design, including irrigation water (T0), irrigation water withvermicompost (T1), mineral water (T2) and mineral water with vermicompost (T3) undergreenhouse condition. The results found that the application of vermicompost with mineralwater gave the highest rice growth parameters such as plant height, panicles, grains per
panicle and number of tillers per hill significantly difference (p≤0.05) compared with othertreatments. The highest plant height (139.63 cm.) was found in T1 treatment. The highest
number of tillers per hill and grain weight were found in T3 treatment at 7.00 and 60.95 gramper plot, respectively. Due to Vermicompost is a rich source of readily available nutrients andcontains growth hormones. Although, the mineral water showed plant height lower than theirrigation water but the tillering of rice was found increasing in the number of tillers per hill andgrains per panicle. The results of this experiment revealed that addition of vermicompost andmineral water had significant positive effects on plant growth parameters of rice. Therefore,
utilization of mineral water from wellspring community forest with vermicompost could help
farmer to increase the rice production.
Keywords: vermicompost, mineral water, rice KDML 105, growth20Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

AG-13-09

The Microbial Behavior of the Cambodian Homemade-Style Pickles
Shuki Muramatsua*, Sokly Sorm b, Masataka Uchinoc, Motoe Sekidod, Yoshiki Muramatsue,
Daiki Okaf, Yuri Tanikokag, Toru Nakajimae, Mari Arimitsuh, Machito Miharae
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Showa Women’s University, Tokyo, Japanb
Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanc
Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japand
Department of Food and Nutrition, Yamanashi Gakuin Junior College, Tokyo, Japane
Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanf
Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japang
Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture,
Tokyo, JapanhInstitute of Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: s-muramatsu@swu.ac.jpaAbstract
Pickles products using vegetables are popular in Cambodia. There are many types ofhomemade pickles sold at the wet markets. Our previous study showed that the pickles wereseriously contaminated by microbes including food poisoning bacteria. It assumed that there
might be several causes of the contamination. We aimed to improve the microbial quality of
the homemade pickles and to suggest the problems in the method of cooking and recipe ofhomemade one. The objective of this study was to investigate the contamination levels of
microbes and the growth behavior of pickles made according to the homemade recipe ofCambodians. Three types of pickles, cucumber pickles with/without fish sauce and bok choypickles were made following the methods passed down among local people. Bok choy wasused instead of mustard because we could not obtain it in Japan. The values of pH, salt
concentration, and sugar concentration of the samples were ranged 4-5, 1.5-8 %, and 5-18 °Bx,
respectively. We conducted the microbiological test of the pickles. As a result, all pickles
contained 7 log10 CFU/g of general viable microbes and over 4 log10 CFU/g of coliforms.
Fungi were detected from the cucumber pickles without fish sauce and the bok choy pickles.
There were cases that fungi were detected from the cucumber pickles with fish sauce. All
samples were contaminated by unsuitable microorganisms that could cause food spoilage.
Our study showed that the process of making pickles might have the opportunities to becontaminated by microbes and the raw materials of pickles did not control the increase of them.
It is concluded that the process of pasteurization is required for providing sanitary products.
Using food additives which do not change the taste of pickles may allow the number ofmicroorganisms to be low level.
Keywords: pickles, microorganisms, contamination, microbial quality21AG-13-10

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Benefits of Applying Microbial Fuel Cell Technology in Organic Farming for
Sustainable Agriculture
Narong Touch a*, Takahiko Nakamura aaFaculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: nt207118@nodai.ac.jp

Abstract
Increasing the productivity of organic farming is a strategy to achieve sustainable agriculture.
However, it is necessary to maintain soil redox potential (ORP) in continuously oxidized
conditions and to promote bacterial metabolisms in soils to increase productivity. Previously,
applying microbial fuel cell technology (MFCT) into sediment improved ORP and benthos
survival in the sediment. It is thought that these positive effects of MFCT can also provide
many benefits for soil cultivation in organic farming. This study aims to examine the changes
in the biochemical properties of soil following MFCT application. In laboratory experiments,
MFCT was applied to cow manure compost-mixed andosol. An anode (oxidation reaction) anda cathode (reduction reaction) were installed in the soil, and a 1.5-V solar cell was used to
produce an electric current between the two electrodes. Three months after MFCT application,
the chemical properties, such as redox conditions (pH and ORP) and nutrient concentrationof the soil were measured. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was also measured to evaluate
bacterial activation in the soil. Our results showed an increase in ORP near the electrodes. In
other words, an electric potential distribution was formed, and the soil located within 20 cm of
the electrode was strongly affected by the electrode reaction. This suggests that applying
MFCT to soil can change the soil’s redox conditions. The ATP and ammonium concentrations
increased because of MFCT application, suggesting bacterial activation and enhanced
organic matter decomposition in the soil. It can be concluded that applying MFCT can control
soil biochemical conditions, enhance bacterial metabolism, and increase organic matterdecomposition in soils, which are the most important factors in organic farming.
Keywords: microbial fuel cell, organic farming, soil reduction, soil oxidation, nitrogen release,bacteria activation22

AG-13-11

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

ANSYS Analysis and Prototype Fabrication of an Onion Harvester Implementfor Hand Tractor
Rosalinda L. Abada*, Zion Jemillinium S. Tam-Awena , Jessica A. Pagaduanaa

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, La Union, Philippines*Corresponding email: rabad@dmmmsu.edu.phAbstract
The need for design analysis before physical prototype fabrication to ascertain the desirable
aspect of the product reduces time and cost of production. To prevent an overdesign andunder-design agricultural equipment, this study of ANSYS analysis and prototype fabricationof onion harvester hand tractor implement conceptualized. The main parts of the onion
harvester include the mainframe, digger blade, soil-onion separation device, powertransmission system, and collection tray. Purposely for simultaneous digging, lifting, cleaning,and collecting onion bulbs in one operation. The analysis focused on the digger blade since itis the most forced part of the machine. The results of the ANSYS analysis showed that a 5mm thick mild steel plate shovel-shaped to withstand the maximum soil working resistance of
489.27 N in the digger blade. The prototype was fabricated by a local manufacturer using
standard available materials. The main parts were bolted to the mainframe for easy assemblyand disassembly during repair and maintenance. It has a total weight of 50 kg with an overall
dimension of 1 230 mm x 570 mm x 500 mm (l x w x h) for ease of hitching and movability
during operation.
Keywords: agricultural equipment, hand tractor implement, onion harvester, digger blade,soil-onion separation device, collection tray23

AG-13-13

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Effect of Adding Agricultural and Organic Lime on Soil Properties and Survival
Rate of Pathogenic Bacteria (Coliform and E. coli) in Farmland Soils of
Kampong Cham Province, Cambodia
Muy Leang Kima*, Machito MiharabaGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: muyleangkim70@gmail.comb

Abstract
Cow manure and compost has been applied by farmers in Kampong Cham province. The
application of fresh manure or immature compost to croplands have been notified as one of
the main sources that spread the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) to the soil.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is recognized as a hazardous microorganism in the environment andfor public health. It is an important pathogen associated with several foodborne andwaterborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness, which has been widely reported in Cambodia.
Also, the contamination of agricultural land, surface water, irrigation water, and fresh
vegetables, can become a reservoir of infections. Most of the previous study has shown thatsoil pH is one of the dominant factors affecting the inactivation of pathogenic bacteria. The
survival rates of coliform and E. coli become remarkably low with pH higher than 9.0.
Increasing pH can be achieved by adding agricultural limestone CaCO3 or quick lime CaO.
Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate and evaluate the effects of different
lime materials on soil chemical properties and the survival rates of pathogenic bacteria infarmland soils. The study was also investigating the effect on lime materials on plants
germination rates. Pot experiments was conducted with CaCO3 and CaO applied to the soil.
CaO obtained by burning the lime materials at 800˚C was compared with other lime materials
such CaCO3 powder, eggshell, clamshell, and wood ash. The CaCO3 and CaO added to soilat the ratio of 0 g, 5 g, and 15 g with 750 g of soil in each treatment. Other chemical andbiological parameters such as pH, EC, K+, Na+, NO3-, OM%, coliform andE. coli wereanalyzed. As the results showed that increase in soil pH due to lime addition were observed.
However, there’s no significant difference of soil pH responding to amounts of lime added 5 g,
10 g and 15 g and similar trends were also observed between the unburned and burned lime
material. The survival rate of coliform and E. coli were decreased with unburned and burned
lime added, the pathogenic bacteria can be eliminated at 7 days after addition of lime. The
performance of unburned and burned lime on the survival rates of pathogenic bacteria nodifferent. Therefore, it is recommended that farmers can use the unburned lime instead ofburned materials in Kampong Cham Province.
Keywords: agricultural lime, calcium carbonate, fertilizers, shells, soil pH, microorganisms

24AG-13-14

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Utilization and Processing of a By-Product from the Production of CoconutBased Food Delicacies
Maria-Donna Buatesa *, Chona Camarago FullidoaaBohol Island State University, Philippines*Corresponding email: donna.buates@gmail.com
Abstract
This research aims to create healthy food product thus economical since it utilizes a so-called“scrap” of coconut as the main ingredient. Coconut pulp may be considered as residual but
studies show that it contains health-affirming benefits. The coconut pulp gathered from thelocal delicacy vendors is submitted to the DOST Laboratory for microanalysis to test if it issafe for production. Consequently, it contains the following result: aerobic plate count-2.5 x
106 cfu/g, total coliform count -3.7 x 103 cfu/g, E. coli count - ˂ 1.0 x 10 cfu/g, enumeration of
S. aureus - 9.0 x 10 cfu/g, salmonella detection – negative, mold and yeast count - 2.5 x 105
cfu/g. The report of microanalysis reflects that the coconut pulp collected from the vendors is
not safe to be processed. Therefore, the coconut pulp utilized in this study is firsthand gatheredby the researcher with the observance of utmost food safety to avoid contamination of
microorganisms. For the sensory attributes, the color got the highest numerical rating of 8.66
described as “like extremely”, while the rest of the attributes are at the range of “like verymuch”. The texture got the average weighted mean of 7.5, for the aroma, 7.74, for the taste,
7.56, and for the general acceptability of 7.72. This result indicates that the coco nuggets are
generally acceptable to the consumers, however, 34 or 68% of the participants suggested thatthe coco nuggets are best served with a dipping. For the nutritional content, coco nuggets
contain vital nutrients like protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, calcium, and potassium.
Keywords: coconut pulp, microanalysis, coco nuggets, nutritional content, residual25

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

AG-13-15

The Effect of Organic, Inorganic and the Combination of Fertilizer on Growth
Rate and Yield of Maize (Zea Mays)
Peoneti Luia *, Falanko Amosab, Machito MiharacaGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanb
University of South Pacific, Fijic
Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: peionetilui@yahoo.com
Abstract
A study was conducted to characterize chicken manure and NPK fertilizer to evaluate theinfluence of organic and inorganic fertilizers and their combination on the growth and yield ofmaize (Zea mays) in the field experiments at University of the South Pacific Alafua, Apia, andSamoa. The treatments were studied in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in thefield experiment with five replications each. The four treatments used were T1-NPK fertilizer(inorganic), T2-Chicken manure (organic), T3-NPK+CM (combination) and T4-Control. The
results were analyzed by ANOVA. There is a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the vegetative
growth of maize for the various treatments; however, the combined treatments gave higher
values of plant height, leaf area and number of leaves than organic and inorganic fertilizers
used respectively. Generally vegetative growth increased rapidly in all the treatments from 28
to 56 days after planting. The field experiment showed the trends that the combined
applications produced better yields, which were significantly higher than organic or inorganic
alone and the control. The highest grain and stover yields of 3.5 and 4 tons ha-1 were obtainedby CM+NPK at a combined application of 60 N kg ha-1 poultry manure plus 60-40-40 kg ha-1
NPK. The control obtained the lowest grain and stover yields of 1.2 and 1.3 tons ha-1
respectively.
Keywords: NPK, chicken Manure, RCBD, ANOVA, organic, inorganic, T1-NPK, T2-CM, T3NPK+CM and T4-Control

26

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

AG-13-16

Comparison of Crop Surface Models and 3D Point Clouds by UAV RGB
Imagery on Estimating Biomass Volume of Pasture Grass
Ke Zanga *, Hiromu Okazawab, Yuri Yamazakib, Ayako Sekiyamab, Kiichiro Hayashic,
Tsuji OsamudaGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, JapancFaculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanc
Institute of Material and Systems for Sustainable, Nagoya Universityd
Zukosha Co., Ltd
Corresponding email: ergouqidao@gmail.com
Abstarct
Recent advances in computer vision including structure from motion (SfM) techniques, which
can derive 3D data such as digital surface models (DSMs) and orthomosaic from overlapping
photography taken from multiple angles have been widely used to collect vegetation data inpasture grassland. The difference between the DSMs of a planted field and the Digital Terrain
Model (DTM) has been referred to as the Crop Surface Model (CSM). The method using CSMs
to derive plant height and aboveground biomass has become the most explored and verified
approach all over the world. However, the complexity of crop structure is thought to be notwell represented in DSMs because the DSMs have only one altitude value at each 2D pixel.
Besides, lacking a DTM representing the bare ground is another problem when adopting the
CSM method. On the other hand, the 3D point cloud, where DSM is derived, has a better
density of 3D coordinates, making it better representing the structure of both crop and theground. Therefore, there is a possibility that point cloud can provide the structure information
faster and more detailed than CSM. This research tested the capability of the 3D point cloudin estimating plant height and biomass volume of pasture grass and compared the results with
CSMs, by conducting 15 times UAV photography at an experimental grassland field in
Hokkaido Japan, in 2019. Plant height of the grassland has been extracted from point clouds
and CSMs, respectively, and then compared with the measured value by ground survey.
Results showed that both the point cloud and CSM showed a moderate accuracy on
estimating plant height of grassland. Furthermore, the biomass volume estimated by CSM andpoint cloud has no significant difference, showing that DSM and point cloud has the same
performance at estimating biomass volume of grass.
Keywords: UAV, plant height, biomass volume, DSM, CSM, point cloud27

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

AG-13-17

Sensory Qualities of Cotton Fruit (Sandoricum Koetjape) Pulp Ketchup
Alfie Mahumota *, Jean Fulguerinas Nebreaa, Bernarda Rasonabe VillarojoaaBohol Island State University, Philippines*Corresponding email: jpfulneb@gmail.com
Abstract
Cotton fruits (Sandoricum koetjape) are native in tropical regions in many parts of Southeast
Asia, like Philippines. It is widely found in local markets when in season. The fruits are
consumed fresh with the pulp which can be used as condiments, like ketchup. The study
aimed to determine the sensory qualities of cotton fruit pulp ketchup blended with the basic
ingredients, sugar syrup, and chili powder. This utilized the experimental method of research
employing the three treatments, namely: T-1 Original Blend, T-2 Sweet Blend, and T-3 Spicy
Blend, based on sensory evaluation using descriptive and level of liking in terms ofappearance, aroma, taste, and texture. In terms of appearance, Treatment 1 and 3 got thehighest weighted mean of 3.06 which means, moderately appealing. Treatment 3 dominatedthe rating for aroma with a weighted mean of 3.1 which implied moderately pleasant and got
the highest rating from among the treatments in terms of taste, with a weighted mean of 3.22
which has a moderately spicy taste. And for the texture, Treatment 3 got the highest rate witha weighted mean of 2.64, moderately refined. Findings revealed that cotton fruit pulp ketchupwith spicy blend had an overall liking of “like moderately” with the average weighted mean of
2.96, describe as moderately appealing, pleasant, spicy, and refined respectively in all sensory
attributes. Hence, the overall result revealed that an average satisfaction of cotton fruit ketchup
was met. With this positive result, it is recommended the patronage and consumption of the
spicy blend cotton fruit pulp ketchup as one of the condiments and ingredients in cooking
dishes.
Keywords: sensory qualities, cotton fruit, ketchup

28

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

AG-13-18

Sensory Evaluation of Dried Fettuccine Pasta Enriched with Gotu Kola
(Centella Asiatica)
Charline Eve Saligumbaa*, Jean Fulguerinas Nebreaa , Josefina Gabisan Gentallana,
Marrecil Billasencia Enota, Mary-Grace Carnice Ramadaa, Genelina Baja GumanidaaBohol Island State University, Philippines*Corresponding email: charleneeve.saligumba@bisu.edu.phAbstract
The use of gotu kola in food and beverages has increased over the years due to its beneficial
and nutritional properties. The intent of this study is for the public utilization of the gotu kolaand its improvement. The main thrust of the study was to determine the sensory evaluation ofdried fettuccine pasta enriched with gotu kola (Centella asiatica) among the three treatments
in terms of aroma, color, taste and texture. This study also aimed to determine if there was asignificant difference among the three treatments. This study used the experimentaldescriptive research design employing a self-made modified questionnaire as a main tool ingathering the data through 4-point modified Hedonic scale for the level of liking. The data
gathered were tabulated using the weighted mean and ANOVA to determine the significant
difference in the respondent’s liking among the three treatments. There was a total of 85
respondents which composed of 55 selected food technology experts’ 25 instructors handlingfood technology and food related subjects and 30 MATVE- Food Technology students, and30 consumers. The findings revealed that treatment 3 was “like very much” while, treatments
1 & 2 were “like moderately”. The result showed that there was no significant difference interms of aroma of the three treatments, however, there was a significant difference in termsof color, taste and texture among the three treatments of dried fettuccine pasta enriched withgotu kola. Thus, the researcher recommended to utilize Gotu Kola as a potential ingredient toenrich the pasta for possible income generating project for extension services.
Keywords: gotu kola, sensory evaluation, fettuccine pasta

29AG-13-19

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Influence of Crab (Portunus pelagicus) Shells Powder on the Quality of Crab
Meatballs
Marrecil Enota*, Regucivilla Avenido Pobara, Jean Fulguerinas Nebreaa, Josefina Gabisan
Gentallana, Charlene-Eve Lagare SaligumbaaaBohol Island State University, Philippines*Corresponding email: marrecil.enot@bisu.edu.phAbstract
Meatballs is a mixture of ground meat, spices, and sometimes with other ingredients like crab
shells powder. The main thrust of this study was to determine the influence of crab shells
powder on the quality of crab meatballs in in three treatments: T1- 30 grams, T2- 60 grams,
T3- 90 grams in terms of its color, flavor, odor and texture. Further, it aimed to determine thesignificant difference in the respondent’s level of liking in different formulations. The researcher
employed the experimental design with the aid of a questionnaire. The data gathered weretabulated using the weighted mean and analysis of variance to determine the significant
differences in the respondent’s level of liking among the three treatments. There were seventyfive (75) respondents involved in the study, composed of Food Technology students,
instructors and chef cooks. Based on the findings, Treatment 2 with 60 grams of crab shells
powder was the best formulation with an average weighted mean of 7.69 which described as“like very much”. Hence, crab meatballs can be a considered as the one of the choices of foodto be serve in each table palate and potential income generating enterprises.
Keywords: crab shells powder, crab meatballs

30Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

AG-13-20

An Evaluation of Consumers’ Preference for the Organic Rice Commodity in
Thailand
Nareerut Seerasarna, Servel Millerb, Bodin WongpomaaSchool of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University,
Nonthaburi, Thailandb
Department of Geography and International Development, University of Chester, UK*Corresponding email: nareerut.see@stou.ac.th
Abstract
The objective of this study was to towards the growth of the Thai Organic rice industry: An
evaluation of consumers' behavior and barriers to organic rice consumption in Thailand. The
questionnaire was collected from 223 rice growers using simple random sampling by using
the formula of Taro Yamane with 5 % variation. The descriptive and inferential statistics wereused to answer the research purpose, such as mean percentage, ANOVA statistical analysis.
This research found that; confidence in the 'organic-label', cheaper price, quality, nutritional
value, range of organic products, accessibility and availability are the key deciding factors topurchase organic rice by consumers. Lack of trust in the authenticity of organic products is a
key barrier and farmers needs to understand the certification and quality assurance processes
to help them overcome this hurdle. Price is a significant motivator to purchase, as such,initiatives to increase efficiency in production and encourage farmers to plant more pestresistant/high yielding rice variety is critical. The government certification programme needs
to be standardize and utilize innovative technologies including the creation of national 'kitemark' which provides the ability by the consumers to trace the origin of rice products (e.g.
QRcode, augmented reality) to build trust in organic rice products. The research presented
underpin the relevance of understanding the extrinsic and intrinsic motivations of consumers’satisfaction to buy organic rice and how this can be used to better inform the development ofGovernment policies.
Keywords: organic agriculture, consumer preference, quality rice31

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

AG-13-21

Soil Physical and Chemical Properties on Mars Global Simulant
Toru Nakajimaa, Koki SuzukiaaFaculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: tn206473@nodai.ac.jp

Abstract
Recently, people are about to reach Mars. To survive sustainably on Mars, there is need tofind a way to produce food under Mars conditions such as climate, soil, water, etc. In addition,
Mars Global Simulant (MGS-1) was developed based on quantitative mineralogy from theMars Curiosity Rover NASA data, at Exolith Laboratory, University of Central Florida. MGS-1
is a simulated soil and we compared MGS-1 and Andisol which is a typical soil in Japan forpossibility of food production on Mars. The results showed that the saturated hydraulicconductivity of MGS-1 was relativity lower than its Andisol. The water holding ability of MGS1 was as same as its Andisol. The micronutrient was observed under MGS-1 compared to thesame level of Andisol. We concluded that MGS-1 needs to be improved physical and chemical
properties for food production, such as applying organic materials.
Keywords: food production, mars, soil physical property, soil chemical property

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AG-13-22On the Number of Seedlings for the System of Rice Intensification
Eiji Yamajia, Shuichi SatobaGraduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
bConsultant Engineer, Japan*Corresponding email: yamaji@edu.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Abstract
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is an environmentally-friendly and sustainable rice
farming practice developed in 1980s in Madagascar. This practice can reduce resources, suchas irrigation water, chemical fertilizer, number of seedlings by keeping and sometimes
increasing yield of rice. It has spread to many countries in early years of 21st century.
Indonesia is one of the early diffused countries and many farmers adopted this practice. The
authors made experiments in Lombok island of Indonesia, measuring water consumption, rice
growth, GHG emissions et al. From many results, this paper discusses appropriate number of
seedlings. This experiment prepared 50 small plots and set 2 types of irrigation; intermittent
and continuous, 3 types of seedlings; 0, 7, 21 days, and 3 types of number of seedlings; 1, 2,
4. At the harvest stage, number of tillers, number of panicles, grain weight, filled grain weightand root weight of 5 samples are measured from each plot. Compared in nursery stage, 0 day
seedlings, meaning direct seedling and 7 days seedling gave higher yield than 21 days
seedling. On the number of seedlings, 4 seedlings of 21 days achieved best yield both inintermittent irrigation and continuous irrigation. And 2 seedlings of 0 day and 7 days achievedbest yield both in intermittent irrigation and continuous irrigation. In Indonesia, SRI promotersof local government and NPO basically recommend farmers to transplant One 7 days
seedlings. However, this experiment shows Two 7 days seedlings achieved better. Two
seedlings method needs two times cost of seedlings than one seedling method. However, thismethod needs about half cost compared with traditional method. Moreover, two seedlings
method gives farmers peace of mind when transplant stage. So, this method is to be said as
more reasonable than one seedling method.
Keywords: system of rice Intensification, number of seedlings, intermittent Irrigation, yield

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AG-13-24

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Comparison of Rice Yields under Conservation Agriculture and Conventional
Tillage Farmings in Santuk District, Kampong Thom Province using APEX
Model
Nareth Nuta *, Chansoma Phuna, Sakdanuphol Chana, Machito MiharabbFaculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia*Corresponding email: nnareth@rua.edu.kh
Abstract
The study on rice yield variation between conservation and conventional farming in Santuk
district, Kampong Thom province was conducted to compare the rice yield between these twocrop management practices by using the APEX model. In the study, numerous data included
the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), land use, soil type, climate, crop management, and somerelevant observed data were collected and incorporated into the APEX model. Based on the
results from APEX model simulation, it was shown that the calibration of rice yield (2011-2013)
under the conservation agriculture system (CA) obtained the value of R2 = 0.40 and the valueof PBIAS = -26.34%, while the validation (2014-2016) got the value of the R2 = 0.76 and thevalue of PBIAS = 14.29%. The traditional rice cultivation system was divided into two seasons:wet-season rice and dry-season rice. The results of the calibration of wet season rice yield for2006-2013 obtained the value of the R2 = 0.42 and the value of PBIAS = -57.51%, while thevalidation for 2014-2020 received the value of the R2 = 0. 30 and PBIAS value = 11.51%. For
the calibration of dry season rice yields in 2006-2013 had a coefficient of R2 = 0.50 and PBIAS= -34.60%, while the validation for 2014-2020 had a coefficient of R2 = 0.20 and PBIAS =21.80%. For the model simulation in 2011-2016, an average rice yield under conservation
agriculture (CA) was 2.30 t/ha and an average rice yield under conventional tillage (CT) was
also 2.30 t/ha, while the observed rice yield under CA was 2.61 t/ha and observed rice yieldunder CT was 2.89 t/ha, respectively. A forecast of rice yield in 2021-2030 was 2.35 t/ha for
CA and 1.22 t/ha for CT.
Keywords: conservation agriculture, conventional tillage, rice yield, biomass, APEX model,
Kampong Thom

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

AG-13-25

Proposal of New Pickles to Improve Food Sanitation at Wet Markets in
Cambodia
Sokly Sorma*, Yoshiku Muramatsub, Daiki Okac, Yuri Taniokad, Masataka Uchinoe, Shuki
Muramatsuf, Motoe Sekidog,Takahiko Nakamurab, Toru Nakajimab, Eiichiro Sakaguchib ,Shotaro Kawakamib, Mari Arimitsuh, Machito MiharabaGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanc
Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, JapandFaculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture,
Tokyo, Japane
Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanf
Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Showa Women’s University, Tokyo, Japang
Department of Food and Nutrition, Yamanashi Gakuin Junior College, Tokyo, JapanhInstitute of Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: 45620001@nodai.ac.jpbAbstract
Our previous study found that the pickles sold at wet markets in Cambodia were highly
contaminated with microbes, including the bacteria that cause food poisoning. One possible
factor leading to this situation is the lack of heat treatment. A heating process that sterilizes
food products is effective in reducing the microbial content of pickles. We applied heat
treatments to ensure that homemade pickles were safe to consume. In this study, 2 kinds ofpickled young papaya, the sour and salty pickles were made to develop a new, safe processedfood that effectively utilizes agricultural products. The objectives of this study were 1) todevelop pickled young papaya processed with heat treatment, 2) to evaluate the acceptabilityof the pickles in Cambodian and Asian markets, and 3) to propose acceptable pickles that
ensure food sanitation in these countries. The color, sweetness, sourness, saltiness, flavor,
texture, and overall evaluation of each sample were quantified using a five-point hedonic scale(1: strongly dislike, 2: dislike, 3: neutral, 4: like, and 5: strongly like) for the sensory test
(preference type). The sensory evaluation indicated that the samples were considered to be
acceptable but needed further improvement. Because both pickles received mostly favorable
evaluations from Cambodian and Asian panelists based on the overall evaluation scores (over3.0), both pickles were potentially acceptable as new processed foods in Cambodia and inother Asian countries.
Keywords: young papaya, pickle, heat treatment, sensory evaluation, acceptability

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AG-13-26

An Assessment of the Impact of Adoption of System of Rice IntensificationCase from Madagascar
Masato Kishimotoa, Eiji Yamajib, Takeshi SakuraicaConstruction and Technology Institution,Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japanc
School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: seatma92@gmail.comb

Abstract
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is expected to improve rice yield with minimal impact
on harming environment. While many studies have confirmed that the yield increases withadopting SRI by field surveys, the impact of SRI on household income is still debatablebecause SRI is a labor demanding method and may cause labor redistribution within ahousehold. This study assesses the impact of SRI on the yield, household income,expenditure and caloric consumption in Madagascar, taking into account the endogeneity. The
authors collect the data for small-scale rice producing households in Alaotra-Mangoro region
on Madagascar central highland in 2014 and 2017. The authors find that the adoption of atleast one component of SRI has no significant impact on the rice yield, income, expenditureand caloric consumption of households on average compared with them that adopt none of
the SRI components, taking account of the endogeneity of technology adoption. This study
applies Propensity Score Matching (PSM) to take account of the endogeneity. Then,comparing mean variables with using fertilizer by using PSM, the authors confirm the positive
impact on yield by plot level. However, because households can’t adopt both SRI and the useof fertilizers for all plots, no significant difference is observed in household income andexpenditure. The findings suggest that a combination of SRI with fertilizer inputs may increase
yield significantly, if more farmers in the area start using fertilizers in the future. Provision oftechnical SRI training alongside sales of fertilizers is crucial.. However, it is needed to conduct
further research in our study site to explore the impact on the household adopted all four of
the SRI components which is more effective, and long-term effects of SRI.
Keywords: system of rice Intensification (SRI), Madagascar, propensity score matching(PSM), impact assessment, technology adoption, small rice farmers

36EM-13-01

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Remediation of Salt – Affected Soil by Adding Different Growing Medias to
Improve Yield of Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.)
Thanyaluck Nonsatria *, Mallika Srisuthama, Anan Polthaneea, Supranee SritamboonaaDepartment of Soil Science and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University,
Khon Kaen, Thailand*Corresponding email: n.siriluk@kkumail.com

Abstract
To mitigate the effect of salt stress and consequently improve crop yield. The objective of thisstudy was to evaluate the effects of different growing media types application on growth andyield of chili grown under salt-affected soil. Application treatments consist of: (1) coarse sand,(2) coarse sand + M. calabura leaves, (3) coarse sand + polymer, (4) coarse sand + coconut
shell hair and (5) no – application (control). The results revealed that chili plant death before
producing an economical fruit yield in the coarse sand application alone and no – application(control) treatments. Application of coarse sand + M. calabura leaves gave the highest fruit
yield in the present study.
Keywords: saline soils, organic matter, polymer, chili, yield

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Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-03

Impact Analysis of Population Growth and Fertilizer Use on Nitrogen Runoff in
Nam Ngum Basin, Laos
Yoshida Koshia*, Azechi Issakub, Iida ToshiakicaGraduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japanb
Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Mie, Japanc
Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan*Corresponding email: kyoshida@edu.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Abstract
Human population growth has led to increased energy and food production, fertilizer usage
and wastewater flows. Increased nitrogen availability is a worldwide cause of eutrophicationof rivers, lakes and estuaries, however, quantitative evaluation the impacts of nitrogen loads
has been insufficient in developing countries because of poor data availability. The Nam Ngum
River basin, Laos, which supplies quality water for domestic use in the Vientiane Metropolis,
was selected as the target area for this study. The Nam Ngum River basin is 415 km long witha 17,000 km2 catchment area, and the main land uses in 2000 were paddy (15.6%), forest(32.3%), shrub (40.3%) and urban (0.2%). By UN estimation, population in Laos is expected
to increase 2.1 times from 2000 to 2050, and fertilizer use also will increase to produce
sufficient food. Therefore, future water quality is a main concern in this river basin.
Meteorological and hydrological data from 1995 to 2004, and spatial data such as topography,
land use, and soil properties were collected for model simulation. A conceptual nitrogenbalance model with three nitrogen pools was developed and combined with a rainfall runoff
model. Simulated river discharge and nitrogen loads agreed with the observed data. Then, weinvestigated future nitrogen load variations in the basin under different population growth andagricultural modernization scenarios. As a result, even when population in the basin increased
2.1 times, nitrogen load did not change significantly (11,676 tons/year in 2000 and 11,822
tons/year in 2050). However, the fertilizer increase scenario, from 25 kg/ha/season to 50
kg/ha/season, showed significant increase in nitrogen loading, from 11,676 ton/year to 17,010
ton/year. Our results provide initial insight into the magnitude and spatial distribution of
nitrogen loading in Nam Ngum River Basin, showing that this type of model may be useful for
future impact assessments.
Keywords: nitrogen load, point sources, diffuse pollution, agricultural modernization38

EM-13-04

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Ecosystems’ Quality of the Island-Barangays of Bohol
Bernabe Mijares Jr a*a

Bohol Island State University, Philippines*Corresponding email: mijaresjrb@gmail.com
Abstract
This is a study on the quality of the ecosystems in the island-barangays of Bohol. Three
hundred eighty four (384) randomly selected respondents as well as Key Informants assessed
the condition of the goods and processes in the islands using rates item and open ended
questions on provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services of the ecosystems.
Data revealed that all island-barangays achieved a mean score of 55.5 which is “medium” forprovisioning services; 55.0 described as “medium” for regulating services; and 73.1 and 65.1
for cultural and supporting services, respectively, both described as “fair.” Overall, the 9 islandbarangays had achieved a mean score of 66.0 which rendered their ecosystems quality as“fair.” This implied that the island-barangays of Bohol were at a better level in their ecosystems
quality. Moreover, the respondents and key informants observed that (1) there were “changes”
in the quality of ecosystems products for the last 10 years; (2) biodiversity, indicated by theexistence of species of plants and animals that were not planted and raised, still thrived; (3)there were “changes” in both the rainy and the dry seasons; (4) there were “changes” in thecultural services in their barangays for the last 10 years; (5) there was “increase” in the sizeof the “settlement area” and the “forest or mangrove area,” “decrease” in the “littoral zones orseashore,” and “no change” in the “fishing ground or area” but “no change” in the size of their“MPA;” and (6) there were parts of the island-barangays that “improved or developed” while
there were also those that “deteriorated or were destroyed.”The island residents heavily
depend on their ecosystems for their well-being. This better quality as well as these changes
both positive and negative are necessary for the development of sustainability intervention
measures of the government and other stakeholders.
Keywords: Island-Barangays, sustainability, ecosystems quality, livelihood, development

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-05

Utilizing Lead Isotope Source Tracing Techniques to Examine Sustainable
Agriculture Practice in the Burdekin Catchment, Queensland Australia
Fiona Hendersona*, Barry Nollera, Tatiana KomarovabaUniversity of Queensland, Australia
Queensland Health Forensic Scientific Services, Brisbane, Australia*Corresponding email: uqfhend1@uq.edu.aub

Abstract
The Burdekin catchment (Queensland, Australia) is shaped by sugarcane, pastoral and mining
activities, all of which are potential sources of heavy metal release into the environment. The
Burdekin delta is the largest sugarcane producing region (area: 85,000 ha, Ayr township).
Run-off from sugarcane areas, can contain heavy metals from fungicides and fertilizers,
contributing to elevated heavy metal (i.e., Cd, Hg, and Pb) concentrations in waterways.
Validating the efficacy of sustainable practices used in agricultural industries often proveschallenging, yet it is necessary to protect future waterways from contamination. The objectiveof this study is to utilize Pb isotope tracing (207/206Pb and 208/206Pb) and trace elements
Cd, Hg, and Pb in Burdekin River embankment soils and waters, to trace residual heavy
metals from fertilizers and pesticides. This study utilizes Pb isotope tracing as an approach to
examine indicators (fertilizer use) of sustainable agriculture. Pb isotope ratios in the BurdekinRiver soil/sediment (n=15, 0-100 mm,) and water (n=39, 2016-2020), demonstrate mixed
signatures between natural soils, cane soils, (fertilizer enriched), ambient dust and historiccoal ash (Collinsville power station). Lead Isotope tracing and low levels of heavy metals(soil/sediment: TCd 0.11 mg/kg, THg 0.03 mg/kg and TPb 11.02 mg/kg; estuary: THg 0.011
μg/L and TPb 4.99 μg/L) indicates that sugarcane appears to have no environmental impact
and infers sustainable agriculture practice with the no indication of fertilizer overuse in the
Burdekin catchment during the dry season in 2018 and 2019.
Keywords: agriculture, sustainability, sustainable practices, Pb isotopic composition,
contamination40

EM-13-06

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Effects of Lead and Other Metals from Historical Smelting On Sustainable Fruitand Vegetable Cultivation
Barry Nollera*, Fiona HendersonaaUniversity of Queensland, Australia*Corresponding email: b.noller@uq.edu.au
Abstract
Wollongong, located in the Illawarra region of NSW Australia, contains the industrial complexof Port Kembla. Lead in Port Kembla soils, ~2.5 km from a former copper smelter (1908-2003),
have exceeded soil contamination guidelines for human health (HIL) and ecological (EIL)
investigation levels. Previous studies regarding heavy metal contamination from the industrial
complex, do not include comparisons to HIL and EIL guidelines, as these standards were notestablished at that time. This study re-examines the risk of legacy (historic) heavy metals inurban soils to residents in proximity to the Port Kembla industrial complex. This was
accomplished by reviewing: (i) resolution of heavy metal dispersion data from the copper
smelter, in historic soil concentration data (n=95 top soil samples) collected by Jafari (2009)
and reviewed by Noller (2020a); (ii) providing a new comparison of historic percentile data tocurrent Australian soil contamination guidelines (NEPC, 2013) and German atmosphericpollutant guidelines; and (iii) re-evaluating treatments to soil data by Jafari (2009), in thecontext of bioaccessibility and bioavailability to humans and plants. At 75th percentile
concentrations, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc exceeded HIL Level A guidelines.
When detection limit values (52 out of 95) were removed (n=22 samples), cadmium exceeded
HIL Level A guidelines at the median. Dietary exposure to cadmium, lead, zinc and copper is
a risk to residents through the consumption of vegetables grown in urban gardens in proximity
to the Port Kembla industrial complex. Copper in vegetables sampled from soils in the vicinityof the copper smelter at Port Kembla was greater in comparison to sampling completed atother smelter sites. Vegetables at Port Kembla showed exceedance of food guidelines for both
cadmium and lead, thus highlighting the danger of growing vegetables in the vicinity ofindustrial areas.
Keywords: heavy metals, arsenic, smelting, sustainable, fruit and vegetable cultivation

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-07

Some Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Water in Mining Areas in
the Lao PDR
Santi Kongmanya *, Vanseng Chounlamanyb, Phetyasone Xaypanyac, Oulay Phoupasongd,
Bounthob Praxaysombathb, Sindavan Pengthavanb
aCenter of Excellence in Environment, Research and Academic Service Office, National
University of Laosb
Faculty of Natural Sciences, National University of Laosc
Faculty of Water Researches, National University of LaosdFaculty of Environmental Science, National University of Laos
*Corresponding email: s.kongmany@nuol.edu.laAbstract
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (the Lao PDR), is enriched with mineral and previous metal
resources which have been the important potential in the country socio-economic
development. It has been well known that the mining activities will bring not only benefit but
also non-profit environmental problems such as deforestation due to land opening, surface
water quality decline as a result of mining waste contamination. One attempt of us is to study
the surface water quality of the main rivers near the two mining areas, i.e., Namkok in Sepon
and Nam Mo in PhuBia. Samples of five sampling sites for each stream were tested forphysical (pH, EC, temperature, turbidity, TDS, TSS) and chemical (alkalinity, COD, inorganic
cations and anions, and some heavy metals) characteristics in dry (May) and rainy (July)seasons. Temperature of the two rivers was in a range of 23-32oC resulting DO concentrationof 8-16 mg/L. The pH measured of all samples were 7-8 resulting in water EC characters of
83-576 µS/cm and alkalinity of 48-174 mg/L as CaCO3. In connection with EC, TDS were
found between 53 and 369 mg/L as a result of dissolved minerals in the forms of cations andanions. The dominant cations were Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in a concentration range of 0.5-34
mg/L. Main detectable anion were F–, Cl– and SO4 (3-9 mg/L). The content of particulatematter in the water were observed in the form of TSS which were detected in a range of 67372 mg/L. The presence of TDS and TSS might cause the water turbidity of as low as 3 NTU
or as high as 200 NTU. These chemical constituents led to water COD in a range of 1.8 mg/L
in rainy season and 64 mg/L in dry season.
Keywords: physico-chemical characteristics, surface water, mining areas, the Lao PDR

42

EM-13-09

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Understanding the Flora Diversity in Central Visayas, Philippines: Assessment
and Conservation for Sustainable Resource Management
Wilbert Aureoa *, Reizl Josea, Tomas Reyesb, Danilo TandangcaBohol Island State University, Philippinesb
University of the Philippines Los Bañosc
National Museum of Natural History*Corresponding email: wilbert.aureo@bisu.edu.phAbstract
A comprehensive assessment of flora diversity was conducted within three Key Biodiversity
Areas (KBAs) of Central Visayas. These are the Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape (RSPL)
in Bohol, Mt. Bandila-an Forest Reserve (MBFR) in Siquijor and Balinsasayao Twin Lakes
Natural Park (BTLNP) in Negros Oriental. A total of forty-one (41) nested plots with adimension of 20 m x 100 m were randomly established and surveyed within the three KBAs.
Species diversity, composition and population trends were then analyzed to assess areas of
biodiversity importance. RSPL generally had the highest species richness and diversity index
followed closely by BTLNP while MBFR consistently had the lowest. When pooled. The
surveyed areas resulted in a high diversity index and biodiversity value (endemicity andconservation status) with two newly discovered plant species, the Amorphophallus calcicolus
and Corybas boholensis, showing the importance of multiple areas of protection. Thesefindings not only indicate the importance of these KBAs as biodiversity reservoir, but also
highlights areas with higher diversity and concentration of threatened and endemic species asa special area of concern. Furthermore, this study can be utilized to prioritize and strengthen
habitat protection as well as to serve as a baseline information for future biodiversity
inventories.
Keywords: conservation, flora assessment, Key biodiversity areas, Species diversity

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EM-13-10

Temperature sensitivity (Q10) of Organic Carbon in Red-yellow Soils and its
Conservation Strategies
Keiji Arostegui a*, Machito Mihara baGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: karostegui@cientifica.edu.peb

Abstract
Soil respiration (SR) is the second largest flux of carbon in most terrestrial ecosystems after
photosynthesis. Research indicates that a slight change of the climate conditions induces in avariation of the SR that could be equal to the release of CO2 by fossil fuel emissions. For thisreason, it is important to study what conditions control the variation of SR. The soil temperature
is an important predictor of SR where there is not severe drought stress. The estimation of SR
rates by the effect of temperature has been expressed with the Q10 relationship. The aim of
this study is to determine the Temperature Sensitivity (Q10) coefficient of the Red-yellow soilorganic carbon, and estimate a conservation strategy in Ucayali, Peru. To analyze thetemperature sensitivity, each treatment was kept under 25ºC and 35ºC, and the soil respiration
ratio (SRR) was measured as well as SOC content by spectrophotometry method. Lastly, atreatment of biochar at 5% was added as part of conservation mechanisms of carbon. The
experimental results showed that there were significant differences in SOC content between
different temperature conditions. At the day 150, 35ºC treatment showed a significant
reduction in contrast to 25º treatment (3.65 and 6.02 mg C/g respectively). The addition ofbiochar kept higher values of SOC at the same conditions of temperature. The Q10 value washigher in soil without biochar (1.82) while the addition of biochar reduces the coefficient at
1.12. In the same way the SRR were reduced by the addition of biochar from 1.56 to 0.63 μLCO2/h/g at ambient conditions (25ºC). Thus, the Q10 value of the Red-yellow soil can beaffected and reduced by the addition of biochar, which works as a carbon source to maintainand increase SOC content and reducing the release of CO2 in the short-term.
Keywords: soil organic carbon, soil respiration rate, temperature sensitive, biochar.

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EM-13-11

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Enhancement of carbon fiber electrode performance using lactic acid bacteria
and steelmaking slag
Narong Toucha*, Tadashi HibinobaFaculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima,
Japan*Corresponding email: nt207118@nodai.ac.jpbAbstract
Microbial fuel cell technology (MFCT) provides many benefits to rural regions, such as organic
waste disposal and renewable energy recovery. However, its performance is low and must be
improved for practical uses. Mixing steelmaking slag (SS) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) withsediment can enhance the MFCT performance owing to LAB and iron ions dissolved from SS
attaching to the electrode surface. This study proposes a simple method for attaching LAB
and iron ions on carbon fiber electrode and subsequently evaluating its performance. A carbon
fiber electrode was placed in a bottle containing tap water, SS, LAB, and bamboo powder (asnutrients for bacteria) for 7 days to allow LAB and iron ions to adhere to its surface. The
electrode was then used as the cathode of MFCT. Results showed a decrease in the electrodepotential and a consequent reduction in MFCT performance owing to the attached LAB andiron ions. The performance improved after the electrode was oxidized, suggesting that
aeration is required during attachment to prevent the decrease in electrode potential. After 1
month of electricity generation, the electrode with the attachment produced high electricalcurrent and exhibited low decrease in MFCT performance owing to electricity generation.
Therefore, attaching LAB and iron ions on the electrode surface can improve the electrode
performance and prevent performance degradation owing to electricity generation.
Keywords: Microbial fuel cell, performance, electrode potential, attachment, steelmaking slag,
lactic acid bacteria

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-12Wind Reduction Efficiency of Tree Windbreaks – a Case Study of Ovche Pole,
Macedonia
Ognen Onchevskia*, Teruaki Irieb, Ivan Minchevc, Machito MiharabaGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanc
University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, Macedonia*Corresponding email: ognenoncevski@hotmail.comb

Abstract
Ovche Pole is an agriculture region in Macedonia with dry climatic condition characterized by
low precipitation and high ambient temperatures during the growing period as well as yearround prevailing winds. During the 1950’s series of projects were taken to improve theagriculture productivity in the region. One of the measures taken was the establishment of tree
windbreaks (field shelterbelts) aimed to reduce wind velocity and protect shelter crops. Ever
since they become important elements for the regional landscape, performing many important
ecosystem functions. As far as authors’ knowledge, so far there are no scientific research thatinvestigates the performance of the tree windbreaks in Ovche Pole-research area of this study.
In order to fill the gap of scientific data this study aims to: 1) analyze condition and surface
area change of the tree windbreaks in the research area; 2) Relate wind reduction efficiencyof tree windbreaks with optical porosity and NDVI; 3) Model the effect of tree windbreaks on
local windbreak local dynamics using Airflow Analyst Software; 4) Propose plan forrehabilitation and reestablishment of tree windbreaks. Old topographic maps and satellite
images were processed and analyzed with ArcPro software to determine past and current
surface area status and evaluate the surface area change rates. To examine the wind
reduction efficiency, this study relates wind velocity field measurements and optical porosity(OP) of the tree windbreaks. Porosity is one of the most important structural parameters that
affect wind speed and is widely used in the study of wind protection provided by windbreaks.
Wind velocity field measurements were done with two handheld cone anemometers andoptical porosity (OP) was determined by photogrammetry method. Field measurements andoptical porosity were used as inputs for the Airflow Analyst Software to model and visuallypresent the effect of windbreaks on the local wind dynamics. The results will be presented in
the final manuscript of this study
Keywords: Ovche Pole, tree windbreaks, optical porosity, wind speed reduction efficiency

46

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-13

Effect of Seasonal Change on Water Quality in Cheung Ek Lake, Cambodia
Somara Ouma *, Machito MiharabaGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: oum.somara128@gmail.comb

Abstract
Cheung Ek Lake, being well known as the biggest wastewater lake inside the capital, has
massive water and nutrient inflow. Around 70% of rain and wastewater in Phnom Penh flows
into Cheung Ek Lake through three main canals: Trabek canal, Stung Meanchey canal, and
Lou Pram canal before discharging into Bassac River. Since 2008, rapid urbanization of thesatellite city in Phnom Penh has decreased the lake size and contributed to the lake's water
quality degradation. Cheung Ek Lake performs many functions such as flood control, natural
wastewater treatment and cultivation of vegetable production. Previous studies pointed out
the positive and negative impact of lake’s water on the local ecosystem and human livelihoods.
Therefore, this study aims to monitor the current condition of the lake’s water quality and theaffects of seasonal change on water treatment function. As an addition to these the objectivesof this study are to: (i) analyze the changes of water quality parameters in the rainy season
and dry season (ii) describe daily and hourly changes of phosphate (PO43-) concentration in
the lake. For that, selected chemical parameters such as pH, electroconductivity (EC),phosphate, nitrate (NO3-), iron (Fe2+), dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured in rainy anddry season. In addition, phosphate (PO43-) was analyzed hourly for a week in dry season.
The water samples were collected in 3 points: inlet, middle and outlet of the lake, in depth of
0.5m. Water samples were analyzed in-situ using a spectrophotometer DR900. The
decreased values of EC, NO3-, PO43- and Fe2+ from inlet to outlet show that the lake has
the potential in reducing the nutrient level in both seasons. Phosphate increase at 10am, 1pm
and 7pm indicate daily rush hours of household activities. This further suggested thathousehold activities could be the main sources for the present of high concentration of PO43in the lake.
Keywords Cheung Ek Lake, water quality, seasonal change

47

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-14

Estimation of Long-term River Discharge in Forested Watershed in snowy
region by SWAT
Shotaro Kikuchia, Hiromu Okazawab*, Sarvesh Maskeyb, Sergio Azael May Cuevasb, Makoto
Obac, Shogo Nakamurad, Seiji HayashidaGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanc
Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japand
Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental
Studies, Japan*Corresponding email: h1okazaw@nodai.ac.jpbAbstract
Climate change become an urgent global issue, and rising temperatures will have a significant
impact on the amount of snow melt in cold and snowy region. On the other hand, it is importantto predict the hydrological cycle throughout a river basin in order to measure the impact ofclimate change to water resource management, flood control, and agricultural problems.
Although many universities, government institutes, and private companies have developedhydrological cycle models, this article uses the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)model, a distributed runoff model developed by USDAARS. SWAT includes processes related
to water and sediment transport, crop growth, nutrient cycling, etc., and is capable of dealing
with scenarios such as climate change. In this paper, the prediction of the river discharge andthe validation of the accuracy of the model was conducted in small scale watershed in Mishima
Town, Fukushima, Japan, which is a forested area with cold and snowy climate. In order tovalidate the accuracy of the flow prediction, observed data and the flow prediction werecompared between 2019 February to 2020 December, and the long-term river discharge
including runoff period and snowmelt period was checked. In order to improve the accuracy of
the SWAT model, “the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil layer” and “the available watercapacity of soil layer” were adjusted and compared with the measured river discharge.
Additionally, for the river discharge during the snowmelt period we adjusted the rate of waterand snowmelt, “the temperature at which snow fall increases”, “temperature of snowmelt” were
adjusted and compared with the measured river discharge. Additionally, “the time of lateralflow travel” was calibrated using the auto-calibration tool of SWAT+. From the results, somepoints were identified to confirm using SWAT+ in area where data acquisition is difficult.
Keywords: SWAT, Long-term river discharge, snowmelt, runoff, prediction,48

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-15

Characteristics of Ion Components of Clearwater Stream Watershed in an
Agricultural Area with Multivariate Analysis
Yuri Yamazakia*, Toshimi Muneokab, Chie Matsudac, Masato Kimurab, Osamu TsujibaFaculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanb
Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japanc
Zukosha Co., Ltd.
*Corresponding email: yy206792@nodai.ac.jp

Abstract
Restoration of once existing clear stream environment in an agricultural area is one of thesignificant challenges for the development of sustainable agriculture. Therefore, we analyzed
the ion components of Rekifune River and Satsunai River watersheds, evaluated as a clear
stream watershed in the Tokachi region of Hokkaido, Japan, with the principal component
analysis the cluster analysis based on the investigation in June and September 2014.The ion
concentration of the tributaries, which flow on the middle and downstream side of themainstream, increased. In contrast, more than half of the sampling points, including themainstream and the tributaries, which flow on the upstream side of the mainstream, wererelatively low ion concentrations. Significantly, the river water quality at three sampling points
on the tributaries of the Satsunai River watershed deteriorated caused by agriculture.
Meanwhile, one sampling point of the Rekifune River watershed had a high proportion of theurban area. As a result, Cl− and Na+ characteristically increased, the river water quality
deteriorated due to the influx of domestic wastewater. Moreover, it was shown that the point
source is a facility that operates seasonally and processes crops in two sampling points of theSatsunai River watershed.
Keywords: river water quality, agricultural area, principal component analysis, cluster analysis

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-16

Evaluation of Deforestation Rate and Soil Erosion Risk in Cobija, Bolivian
Amazonia Using RUSLE and GIS
Juan Uego Pereza*, Machito MiharabaGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: uego.juan@gmail.comb

Abstract
Soil erosion is a serious global problem in Amazonia this study was conducted in themunicipality of Cobija Bolivian Amazonia to determinate the erosion risk in which the revised
universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) Using average monthly precipitation and average annual
precipitation Using a regression model based on measured annual precipitation (R) wasapplied, Using the experimental models based on soil properties (composition of sand–silt–
clay percentages, organic matter, structure, and permeability of the soil proﬁle) (K), and adigital elevation model (DEM) image was used to generate the topographic factor (LS). The
cover management factor Land use comparison table (C) Table of P values for different
conservation practices use comparison table (P) In recent years, deforestation in the region
has increased considerably. To determine the increase in the range of deforestation, GIS
information from the last 20 years was compared.
Keywords: RUSLE, soil loss, Amazonia, erosion

50Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-17

Evaluation of Microbial Inoculating Capacity of Patinopecten Yessoensis for
Improving Water Quality in Biotope
Kosei Moroishi a*, Machito MiharabaGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: 12521006@nodai.ac.jpbAbstract
In Japan, biotopes have been created in many places since the end of the 20th century.
However, because biotopes are closed water bodies, the occurrence of blue-green algae hasoften been a problem. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the water quality, but chemicaltreatment may damage biodiversity. Therefore, Water purification is necessary to incorporate
with microbial materials. In recent years, methods using porous materials are expected to be
used. I focused on Patinopecten yessoensis, which are inexpensive and easily available as
porous materials. In this study, the microbial inoculating capacity in Patinopecten yessoensis
was evaluated quantitatively as a preliminary step to utilize Patinopecten yessoensis. The
experiment was conducted using Patinopecten yessoensis from Aomori Prefecture and Lacto
Bacillus. The Patinopecten yessoensis were crushed and incubated for 3 days in the following
four sections (untreated, burned at 300 °C and 600 °C, burned at 600 °C and washed withwater). The results showed that untreated Patinopecten yessoensis was 2.5. E+06,
Patinopecten yessoensis burned at 300 °C was 3.5. E+05, Patinopecten yessoensis burned
at 600°C was 1.3. E+04, Patinopecten yessoensis burned at 600 °C and washed with water
was 6.6. E+05. Since Patinopecten yessoensis showed the ability to inoculate themicroorganisms, the next step is to evaluate the water purification ability of Patinopecten
yessoensis inoculating the microorganisms and to study the applicability of the
microorganisms to actual field use.
Keywords: Microbial material

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-18

Considering and Improving in Water Quality in Biotopes, as Closed
Environmental Water Areas
Madoka Kurotakia*, Machito MiharabaGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: 12521002@nodai.ac.jpbAbstract”Biotope" was coined in Germany by combining the ancient Greek word "Bios", which refers
to organisms and life, and "Topos", which refers to a place. In Germany, biotopes have been
attracting attention since the 1970s, when environmental problems caused by industrialization
became more serious. Since the end of the 20th century, biotopes have been created invarious parts of Japan, including tidal flats, wetlands, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies, aswell as forests and grasslands. It is still offered as an educational opportunity in Japan. They
are prone to water pollution and need to be improved because biotopes are closed
environmental water bodies. In Japan, there is no set environmental level for the water qualityof biotopes. In this study, we conducted water quality measurement and purification
experiments in the biotope of the University of Agriculture. The biotope at the University ofAgriculture had not been managed regularly for a long time. First, the filtration system installedin the biotope was not working so I fixed it. For measuring water quality, I sampled the biotope
at the agricultural university twice a week in a month. And I measured TN by aspectrophotometer. In the biotope at Tokyo University of Agriculture, total nitrogen ranged
from 1.14 to 3.76 ppm, which is high compared to the environmental level set by the Ministryof the Environment for lakes and marshes in Japan. It is an important issue to consider thewater quality of biotopes which is closed environmental water area.
Keywords: biotope, water quality52EM-13-19

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Seasonal Evapotranspiration and its Sensitivity to Climatic Parameters in Coldregion watershed of Fukushima, Japan
Sarvesh Maskeya *, Hiromu Okazawaa, Shotaro Kikuchib, Makoto Obac, Shogo Nakamurad,
Seiji Hayashid, Sergio Azael May CeuvasaaFaculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanb
Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanc
Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japand
Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental
Studies, Japan*Corresponding email: smaskey27@gmail.com
Abstract
Estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is important in management of water
resources, hydrological and ecological modelling, particularly in context of climate change. A
possible implication of climatic parameters to ETo needs to be understood for climate change
effects and maintaining ecological sustainability. The objective of this study was to estimate
seasonal ETo in cold region watershed and sensitivity of climatic parameters towards it. This
study was conducted in cold region watershed of Mishima, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The
climate of this area fluctuates vastly during seasons, with winter season having high amountof snowfall. A FAO based Penman Monteith equation was used for calculation of ETo using
air temperature, humidity, windspeed and radiation data. Additionally, a regression model wasdeveloped to quantify the combination of climatic parameters to the sensitivity of ETo on
seasonal basis. The result showed that ETo was high in spring and summer season, having
an average of 234.9 mm and 228.7 mm respectively per season. Whereas winter and autumn
season had an average of 72.8 mm and 74.4 mm per season respectively. Additionally, large
fluctuations were observed in daily ETo for winter and autumn seasons. The regression model
developed suggested that radiation and maximum air temperature were dominant sensitivity
parameters to ETo in all seasons. Whereas wind speed and minimum temperature had somesensitivity in spring and winter seasons. Furthermore, the comparison between actual
observed and estimated ETo values had satisfactory R2 and RMSE values. This study foundout that maximum air temperature and radiation are the most sensitive climatic parameters
influencing ETo in the study area. The results are of interest in view of predicted warmer andfuture erratic climatic conditions.
Keywords: seasonal reference evapotranspiration, cold region watershed, climate change,
Penman-Montieth, sensitivity analysis

53

EM-13-20

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Nursery Propagation of Apple Mangrove (Sonneratia Alba)
Arnie Trangia a*aCebu Technological University, Philippines*Corresponding email: atrangia18@gmail.com

Abstract
Plenty of mangrove rehabilitation conducted in seafront was failure because of little survival
due to wrong species planted and zonation. Apple mangrove (Sonneratia alba) known locallyas “pagatpat” is the most widely distributed mangrove throughout the world and grows well incoastal region. Study showed that Sonneratia species bears plenty of fruits, but seedlings are
rarely growing in the wild. A ninety-day study using various soil media and different watering
regimes in a designed concrete tank was introduced to determine the survival and growth
rates of the nursery propagated apple mangrove seedlings. The results revealed that thehighest average survival rate of S. alba seedlings was observed in watering regime Treatment
3 and the type of soil medium is sandy-clay. Moreover, it was observed that growth showed asignificant difference in the different watering regimes but have no significant difference on thetype of soil media. The average survival rate was measured at 23.70% in clay, 52.10% for
sandy-clay, and 44.32% for sandy soil under watering regime and 37.41% in clay, 43.21% insandy-clay, and 39.41% in sandy soil. The research also showed that the seedlings wateredunder Treatment 3 observed the highest growth gain (5.41 ± 0.68 cm) while seedling wateredunder Treatment 1 recorded the lowest growth gain (1.87 ± 0.23 cm) under watering regime.
Seedlings planted in sandy-clay soil exhibited the highest growth gain (4.15 ± 0.52 cm) whileseedlings planted in clay recorded the lowest growth gain (4.0 ± 0.50 cm) for soil media.
Keywords: apple mangrove, water regimes, soil media, survival rate, growth rate

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Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-21

Food Loss and Waste in the Western Balkans
Hamid El Bilalia, Sinisha Berjanb *, Tarek Ben Hassenc, Junaid Memond, Zeljko Vaskoe,Mohammad AllahyarifaInternational Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, Bari, Italy
Faculty of Agriculture, University of East Sarajevo, East Sarajevo, Bosnia and HerzegovinacCollege of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, QatardInstitute of Business Administration, Karachi, PakistaneFaculty of Agriculture, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and HerzegovinafIslamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran*Corresponding email: sinisa.berjan@ues.rs.babAbstract
Food losses and waste (FLW) is considered a critical issue in the ongoing debate on thesustainability of agri-food systems. However, the scholarly literature on FLW is still
geographically-biased, with more attention devoted to developed countries, even in Europe.
In this context, this article analyses the state of research on FLW in the Western Balkan region(viz. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia). A search
performed in October 2021 on the Web of Science returned 34 documents, and 21 eligible
ones were included in the systematic review. The topical analysis of the literature addressed
causes of FLW, stages of the food supply chain, extent and magnitude of FLW, FLW and foodsecurity, economic and environmental impacts of FLW, and food waste (FW) management
strategies. A central finding of the review is the scarcity of data on FW in the Western Balkans.
Moreover, the literature focuses on FW at the consumer level, while food loss at other stagesof the food chain is generally overlooked. There is a lack of comprehensive analyses of theeconomic and environmental impacts of FLW as well as its implications in terms of food andnutrition security. The quantification of FLW is generally inaccurate and based on estimatesand self-reported data. The literature focuses on FW reuse and recycling (e.g. energy,
compost) while other management strategies (e.g. reduction/prevention, redistribution) arerarely addressed. However, the results indicate that consumers in the Western Balkans pay
attention to the FW issue, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is an encouraging
sign that can be exploited in awareness-raising campaigns and education activities.
Meanwhile, research on FLW in the Western Balkans is highly needed to fill knowledge gaps
and provide evidence to policies dealing with the transition to sustainable food systems in theregion.
Keywords: food loss, food waste, sustainable food system, environment, food security, waste
management.

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-22

Evaluating Ion Exchange Capacity of Molten Slag for Hydroponic System
Antonio Fuentesa*, Hiromu Okazawab, Yuri Yamazakib, Tomonori Fujikawab,
Sarvesh MaskeybaFaculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanb
Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: ftesantonio@gmail.com

Abstract
Hydroponics farming promotes high efficiency use of water, fertilizers, and high productivity
under controlled environment. However, use of this system needs constant application offertilizers, increasing cost of operations. Molten Slag, a waste from metal industries has
essential nutrients as fertilizer. The objective of this study was to clarify the performance ofhydroponic systems using Molten Slag. For this, three varieties of Molten Slag (MS1, MS2,
MS3) were used as a substrate in hydroponic system. The nutrient content, P2O5, K2O, MgO
and CaO were in order of MS1, MS3 and MS2. To confirm the releasing nutrients from eachone, a quantification of anion and cation in water was performed at 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours. It
was observed that MS2 had the best performance due to its high ion exchange capacity,followed by MS3. In contrast, the result for leaf area of crop in the hydroponic system waslarger in MS3 treatment, followed by the treatment with MS2. Although, MS1 had higher
nutrient content, it was not available for the plants. According to the result of this study, it was
confirmed that MS has high potential for hydroponic farming. However, for sustainable use of
Molten Slag, parameters such as heavy metal and alkalinity must be analyzed in detail.
Keywords: molten slag, hydroponic system, ion exchange capacity56EM-13-23

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Amaranthus spinosus Grown in ContaminatedSoil of Benguet Province, Philippines
Elizabeth T. Dom-Ogena *, Romeo A. Gomez Jr.aa

Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, Philippines
Corresponding email: e.dom-ogen@bsu.edu.phAbstract
Phytoremediation has become an alternative technology for cleaning up contaminated areasby accumulation in the root and shoot system. The present study conducted a 98-day pot
experiment to determine cadmium accumulation and its morphological and physiologicaleffects on Amaranthus spinosus Linn. grown in the non-contaminated forest and minecontaminated soils of Benguet. Soil and plant tissue analysis were done using AAS method;quantitative descriptive method for morphological analysis; titration method for vitamin C
analysis; and Kjeldahl method for protein analysis. A. spinosus L. accumulated 0.52 mg/kg
Cd in the root and 0.88 mg/kg Cd in the shoot, when grown in the soil having cadmium
concentration of 3.70 mg/kg at a 7.43 pH. In the soil with 0.90 mg/kg Cd at a 4.19 pH, A.
spinosus had only 0.000012 mg/kg Cd taken up in the roots. Biological accumulation
coefficient (BAC = 0.24) was generally weak since the equivalent is less than 1 (BAC < 1,0.24) while translocation factor (TF = 1.69) is greater than 1 (TF > 1, 1.69). The vitamin C andprotein content in A. spinosus L. were not affected in both samples. There was significantly
and consistently higher biomass (22.53 gm), root (372.33 mm) and shoot (399.33 mm) of A.
spinosus in non-contaminated forest soil as compared to that of mine-contaminated soil having
biomass of 9.27 gm, root and shoot, 284.70 mm and 132.33mm, respectively. Therefore, A.
spinosus L. can accumulate significant concentration of cadmium in its root and shoot systems.
The evident phytotoxicity observed in reduced biomass and chlorosis at 98 days show that Cd
affects physiological activities of A. spinosus. It is then recommended that the capability of A.
spinosus L. for cadmium tolerance requires further studies.
Keywords: Amaranthus spinosus L., bioaccumulation, phytoremediation, physiological andmorphological characteristics

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

EM-13-25

Evaluation of Land Use and Land Cover Change and its Drivers in Battambang
Province, Cambodia from 1998 to 2018
Taingaun Sourn a*, Sophak Pokb, Phanith Chouc, Nareth Nutd, Theng Dynad, Phanna Rathb,
Manuel Reyese, P.V. Vara PrasadeaGraduate School, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Faculty of land management and land administration, Royal University of Phnom Penh,
Phnom Penh, CambodiacFaculty of Development Studies, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, CambodiadFaculty of Agricultural Engineering, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, CambodiaeKansas State University, Manhattan, USA*Corresponding email: sourntaingauns@gmail.comb

Abstract
The main objective of this research was to evaluate land use and land cover (LULC) change
in Battambang province of Cambodia over the last two decades. The LULC maps for 1998,
2003, 2008, 2013 and 2018 were produced from Landsat satellite imagery using thesupervised classification technique with the maximum likelihood algorithm. Each map
consisted of seven LULC classes: built-up area, water feature, grassland, shrubland,
agricultural land, barren land and forest cover. The overall accuracies of the LULC maps were93%, 82%, 94%, 93% and 83% for 1998, 2003, 2008, 2013 and 2018, respectively. The LULC
change results showed a significant increase in agricultural land, and a large decrease inforest cover. Most of the changes in both LULC types occurred during 2003–2008. Overall,
agricultural land, shrubland, water features, built-up areas and barren land increased by
287,600 hectares, 58,600 hectares, 8300 hectares, 4600 hectares, and 1300 hectares,
respectively, while forest cover and grassland decreased by 284,500 hectares and 76,000
hectares respectively. The rate of LULC changes in the upland areas were higher than thosein the lowland areas of the province. The main drivers of LULC change identified over theperiod of study were policy, legal framework and projects to improve economy, population
growth, infrastructure development, economic growth, rising land prices, and climate andenvironmental change. Landmine clearance projects and land concessions resulted in atransition from forest cover and shrubland to agricultural land. Population and economic
growth not only resulted in an in-crease of built-up area, but also led to increasing demand for
agricultural land and rising land prices, which triggered the changes of other LULC types. This
research provides a long-term and detailed analysis of LULC change together with its drivers,
which is useful for decision-makers to make and implement better policies for sustainable land
management.
Keywords: land use and land cover change; drivers; Cambodia; LULC; multi-temporal

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EM-13-26

Design and Experimental Analysis of Atmospheric Water Generator based on
Philippine Climatic Conditions
Jerico D. Tana*, Elizabeth-Edan M. AlbientoaaMindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines*Corresponding email: jerico.tan@g.msuiit.edu.phAbstract
Most Filipinos living in remote rural and island communities rely on unsafe drinking water
sources due to lack of reliable water supply. With this, an atmospheric water generator (AWG)
can become an alternative water source by condensing and collecting water vapor present in
the air. However, previous researches on the design of AWG devices were conducted outside
the Philippines and most studies did not thoroughly designed the longitudinal profile of the finsand intake fan component of the device. This study designed the longitudinal fin profile andintake fan speed based on the climatic conditions of Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon and analyzed
the performance of the device by conducting a field experiment. The study designed theextended fins and varied the intake fan speed by conducting a parametric analysis using
existing heat and mass transfer equations. The study then conducted the field experiment of
the AWG device by placing the device in a secure open space. Results of the design showedthat the 9 cm fin length were optimal for the device and that higher intake fan speed were moresuitable for high relative humidity (RH) and high air temperature conditions. Results from thefield experiment observed a maximum water production of 523 mL in a day and showed thathigher water productivity was observed at higher RH levels compared the lower RH levels.
The study concludes that longer length of copper fins and greater magnitude of intake fan
speed does not necessarily translate to higher water productivity and that higher waterproduction rates was observed during high RH levels.
Keywords: atmospheric water generator, thermoelectric cooler, peltier effect, waterproduction

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EM-13-27

Selection of Suitable Sites for an Off-Stream Reservoir along Maranding River,
Lanao Del Norte
Elizabeth Edan M. Albientoa*, Elgean C. Bacasnota, Asmara Sahara M. Balta, Cielo Alexis C.
Varquezaa

Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines*Corresponding email: elizabethedan.albiento@g.msuiit.edu.phAbstract
An off-stream reservoir is a flood and drought countermeasure that can help the municipalities
along Maranding River, Lanao del Norte in its imbalances in water resources during wet anddry seasons. This study aims to determine suitable sites for an off-stream reservoir along the
Maranding River based on the selected criteria namely: slope, soil type, distance from roads,
distance to towns/settlements, and distance from agricultural activities. A multi-criteria
decision analysis (MCDA) is used in the selection of suitable sites. The constraints weregrouped into five (5) classes. Classes with values of 1 to 3 were all considered unsuitable andthose within classes 4 and 5 were identified as suitable. Three (3) optimal sites were further
selected based on the five identified criteria, location and elevation of the sub basins, and thereservoir storage capacity from the 100-yr Rainfall Return Period (RRP) flood depth map of
Maranding floodplain. The three (3) suitable and optimal sites have been found along themunicipalities of Kapatagan and Lala, Lanao del Norte. It was found that Site 1 was the mostsuitable site based on reservoir capacity of 125,295.00 m3 and Site 3 based on lowest
elevation of 7.401m above sea level.
Keywords off-stream reservoir, suitable sites, optimal sites, flood depth, reservoir storage
capacity60

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RD-13-01

The Measurement of Operational Performance Efficiency of Savings
Cooperatives in Thailand: The Evidences from Kalasin Provincial Area
Wittayakorn-Puripunpinyoo Anuchaa*aSukhothai Thammathirat Open University, Thailand*Corresponding email: puanucha@windowslive.com
Abstract
In 1844, Rochdale, an English scholar, established the first savings cooperatives in the world,
known as the Cooperatives Society. Ever since then, the philosophy of cooperatives has been
spread all over the world. Evidently, Savings Cooperatives (SCs) had been established as an
economic tool to help people throughout Thailand over 100 years. Its main objectives set up
to promote savings and provide loans among members. The research objectives were to
analyze: 1) the operational performances of savings cooperatives in Kalasin provincial area,and 2) the operational efficiency of savings cooperatives Ltd. in the Kalasin provincial area.
The study population consisted of 10 SCs in the Kalasin provincial area. A purposive samplingtechnique was applied to determine the sample size. It turned out of 9 SCs. Secondary dataof operational performances were collected from the Cooperative Auditing Department
database, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, The Royal Thai Government from 2011 to
2021 while primary data were collected from in-depth interview. The data analysis wascomprised of descriptive statistics, Three-stage Data Analysis Envelopment Model (Threestage DEA Model) and content analysis. The findings were: 1) all of the 9 SCs in the Kalasinprovincial area had their good shape of business operational performances and financial
status, also their trends had significantly increased annually, and 2) 6 out of 9 SCs had
operational efficiency, while 3 out of 9 SCs had to improve their operational performances toobtain the standard efficiency. There were some recommendations for 3 SCs to improve theiroperational performances such as the reduction of their expenditures, debts and theincreasing of SCs operational capitals by their members. SCs members faith to the philosophyof savings cooperatives and paid their participations to SCs which own by members.
Keywords: operational performance efficiency, savings cooperatives, Kalasin provincial area.

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RD-13-02

Income Generation and Expenditure of Organic Rice Farm Households: Case
Study of Preah Vihear Province, Cambodia
Sok Chanmonya*, Tomohiro Uchiyamab, Nina ShimoguchibaGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture,
Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: Chanmony0223@gmail.comb

Abstract
In Cambodia, organic rice farmers commonly engage in integrated farming and off-farmactivities to supplement their income. To identify factors toward income optimization, this study
attempted to assess the structure of income and expenditure of organic rice farm households
in the Preah Vihear Province, Cambodia. Guided with a structured questionnaire, a total of 90
and 50 randomly selected farmers were interviewed in 2019 and 2021, respectively.
Descriptive analysis and multiple regression analysis were utilized. Overall, farmers tended to
expand their cultivation area and increase income from off-farm jobs. Particularly, large-scale
farmers (5ha<) significantly expanded their farmland area and increased their livestock andoff-farm activities, while small-scale farmers (5ha>) reduced their farmland area and increased
their off-farm activities. Moreover, the multiple regression analysis revealed that secured sparetime from combine-harvester usage opened opportunities for farmers to engage in off-farmjobs. These off-farm jobs, particularly by male farmers, boosted their respective annual income.
On the other hand, existing loans gave several farmer respondents negative profit in2020.Thus, financial management seemed to be a factor affecting farmers’ incomes in rural
areas. For further study, farm household employment choice behavior, particularly on labormobility and off-farm activities, is recommended.
Keywords: expenditure, income, off-farm activities, organic rice, rural area

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RD-13-03

Economic Assessment of Tea Smallholder Farmers Under Contract Farming in
Rungwe District, Tanzania
Kachenje Issa Abrahamana*, Nina Shimoguchib, Hatanaka Katsumorib, Saville RamadhonabaGraduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture,
Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: Issakachenje@gmail.comb

Abstract
In Tanzania, tea is considered as one of the most exported crops. The main stakeholders of
the tea industry are smallholder farmers and estates. smallholder tea farmers are required toengage in contract farming, as stipulated in the Tea Regulation of 2010. This study attempted
to assess contract farming and its impact to production and income of tea smallholder farmers
in Rungwe District, Tanzania. A total of 48 randomly selected smallholder farmers wereinterviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire in September 2020 and October 2021.
Agribusiness company officials, government officials and extension officers were alsointerviewed to clarify the condition and issues of the contract farming scheme. Descriptive
analysis and cost and return analysis were utilized. Results show that yield, income, andprofitability increased from 2016-2019. These can be attributed to steady supply of inputs,
easy access to technical assistance, and early adoption of new technology under contract
farming scheme. Moreover, the price of smallholder green leaf has improved, with farmers
receiving a second payment hence improve their overall revenue returns.
Keywords: contract farming; smallholder farmers; tea; profitability; Tanzania.

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RD-13-04

Chemical characteristics of Natural mineral waters from wellspring in Ban
Haubueng Community Forest, Nampong District, Khon Kaen Province
Kleawklahan Nuttira a, Chuleemas Boonthai Iwai a *aDepartment of Soil Science and Environment, Khon Kaen University, Thailand*Corresponding email: chuleemas1@gmail.com

Abstract
The purpose of this research aims to analyze the chemical characteristics of natural mineralwaters from wellspring in Ban Haubueng Community Forest, Nampong District, Khon Kaen
Province. Physico-chemical properties and minerals status is an important decisive factor forassessment of water quality for water resources utilization. Therefore, the present study was
conducted to evaluate the contamination of heavy metal and some essential minerals statusin mineral water from different location in Ban Haubueng Community Forest, Nampong District,Khon Kaen Province. The water samples were collected in 2021 and then analyzed according
to standard methods for heavy metal and the essential minerals viz. As, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Hg,
Ni,Mn, Zn, Fe, Se, Na, Si and Ca by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission
Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) In-house method based on EPA 3015 and microbial contaminationsuch as E.coli by methods of AFNOR Certificate Number 3 M 01/8-06/01 compared to
ISO16649-2 And for salmonella spp. by ISO 6579:2017. The results found that As, Pb, Cd,
Zn, Cu, Hg, Ni were not detected in all water samples. And E.coli and salmonella spp. were
not found in in all water samples. The essential minerals such as Si and Ca were detected inmineral water 7.61-7.64 and 3.0-8.86 ppm, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded thatmineral water from has no heavy metal contamination and safe from pathogenic
microorganisms, Escherichia coli and salmonella spp. Moreover, there are some mineralelements such as silicon that may be useful for others purpose such as use for agricultural
production.
Keywords: natural mineral waters, heavy metals, pathogenic microorganisms

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RD-13-05

Pesticide Use in Banana Plantation in Laos
Souliya Souvandouanea, Chuleemas Boonthai Iwaia*, Phoutthasone Sibounnavong ba

Department of Soil Science and Environment, Khon Kaen University, Thailandb

National University of Laos, Laos

*Corresponding email: chuleemas1@gmail.com

Abstract
Pesticide usage in Laos has grown steadily in recent years as many farmers have switchedfrom subsistence farming to commercial production of a range of agricultural commodities forexport, including bananas. Commercial banana plantation for export has rapidly expanded.
The Heavy agrochemical usage may cause possible environmental and human health risks.
Therefore, this study aims to monitor the pesticide usage associated with bananas plantationin Laos. The survey was conducted in 2020. The results found that the pesticide used inbanana plantation to control common cutworm, banana leaf roller, and fusarium wilt was
Insecticide 10 %, Fungicide 60 % and Herbicide 30 %. A total of 40 pesticide active
ingredients of different product names were used by farmers i.e. 22 insecticides, 12 herbicides
and 6 fungicides. 36 of the pesticides recorded during the survey were unregistered pesticides
and only 4 products were registered with label in Lao language. All the 36 unregisteredpesticides were foreign products illegally smuggled into the country and majority of them fromThailand (27 products), Vietnam (7 products) and 2 more from other countries. This showed
the use of unregistered pesticides in Lao PDR is very widespread. Among the common
insecticides used were cypermethrin, avermectin, acetamiprid, chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos.
As for weedicides, top 3 most popular were glyphosate, atrazine and glufosinate-ammonium.
Paraquat dichloride and methomyl were also recorded in crops surveyed, despite the fact thatboth pesticides have already been banned in Lao PDR for many years. This showed that theuse of banned products is still a problem in the provinces. Therefore, environment risk
associated with pesticide use in banana plantation in Laos should be concerned.
Keywords: banana plantation, pesticides use, environmental impact, human health65Book of Abstracts
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RD-13-06

Evaluating Aquatic Habitats of an Agricultural Waterway Network Improved
For Recreational Use of Local Residents
Masayuki Nittaa*, Mitsuru Ohirab, Muneyuki Aokia, Masahiro Nakajimaca

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Toyo University, Japan
Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Tokyo University ofAgriculture and Technology, Japanc
Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology*Corresponding email: nitta061@toyo.jpbAbstract
In rural areas, agricultural irrigation and drainage systems for paddy fields have potential to
become the foundations of green infrastructure by providing ecosystem services. In order tomanage agricultural waterways as green infrastructure, habitat conservation for aquaticorganisms is fundamental. In this context, the authors conducted habitat evaluation of aquaticorganisms in a waterway network in the town of Koura, the Shiga Prefecture, Japan, where
the environmental improvement was practiced to promote recreational use of local residents.
Based on the evaluation results, physical characteristics of the canals with high biodiversity
were examined. The Japanese fish habitability evaluation program, which was developed for
non-professional users such as local residents, was applied to sampled biological (fishes andcrustaceans) and physical data. As the results, the model generated by the program showed
high suitability (0.80 to fishes, 0.76 to crustaceans), thus that suggests the program isapplicable to a waterway network including various types of watercourses. The characteristicsof the high-scored canals by the program included 1) wider canal width, 2) deeper water depth,3) higher water velocity for fish and lower water velocity for crustaceans, 4) higher vegetation
coverage, and 5) gravel riverbed. The water parks developed by the environmental
improvement and the drainage canals tended to have these characteristics. Therefore, ourfindings suggest that developing water parks in a waterway network and conserving theconnectivity of drainage canals, which were practiced as the environmental improvement,
contributes not only to promote recreational use of local residents but also to habitat
conservation.
Keywords: habitat evaluation, environmental improvement, agricultural network, fish,
recreational use

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Assessment of Simple Covered Lagoon Digester Performance in Large-scale
Pig Farm in Cambodia
Chan Makara Meana*, Lyhour Hina, Lytour Lora, Dyna Thenga, Makara Laya, Bart FrederiksaaFaculty of Agricultural Engineering, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia*Corresponding email: meanmakara321@gmail.com

Abstract
Simple covered lagoons are used to treat wastewater from commercial pig farms in Cambodia
into biogas. The electricity is generated from biogas using a generator. However, high level of
H2S corrodes or breakdowns the generator. This study aims to desulfurize biogas withcommercial ferrous oxide pellets (Fe2O3). The effects of desulfurization system on biogas
production, electricity generation, and CO2 reduction are discussed. The results show that
H2S was reduced from 2,000 ppm before treatment to around 50 ppm after treatment. CH4(57.7 ± 8.76%) and CO2 (24.7 ± 2.67%) contents were not affected by desulfurization. O2
content was changed from 0.3 to 4.8%. High O2 level was a sign of pipe leakage, lowering
CH4 and eventually electricity production. The increase of O2 level decreases CH4, thus
lowering generator performance. Actual electrical output power produced from biogas was
368.5 ± 29.3 kW, with loading rates of 57.6 ± 4.6% and generator efficiency of 26.8 ± 1.7%.
Estimated amounts of 22,818 tCO2equ were reduced by desulfurization. The desulfurization
system was highly effective in H2S removal without affecting biogas quality. For the long-term
biogas systems in Cambodia, local-made desulfurization systems should be tested andcompared with imported products.
Keywords: biogas; CO2 reduction; simple covered lagoon; CH4; desulfurization; electricity
generation67

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Sensory Evaluation of Guso (Euchema cottoni) and Banana Blossom (Musaacuminata colla) Longganisa
Roan Sumalinoga *aBohol Island State University, Philippines*Corresponding email: roan.sumalinog@bisu.edu.phAbstract
Longganisa is a food eaten during breakfast. It is usually made from ground pork or groundchicken. The researcher thought of making another variety of longganisa using a locally grownseaweed and banana blossoms to attract the children to eat these foods which they do not
like in the usual way of cooking. Euchema Cottoni has a component of carrageenan which isused as plant-based binding and thickening agents. Banana (Musa) blossoms on the other
hand are commonly grown in Bohol which is usually prepared also as salad or guisado. The
researcher preferred green seaweed (Eucheuma Cottoni) and Banana blossoms for
longganisa innovation because of their availability. To determine the acceptability of theeuchema cottoni and banana blossom longganisa, the finished products were subjected tosensory evaluation by 75 respondents in terms of appearance, aroma, taste, and texture inthree treatments; T1-Original, T2-Sweet, and T-3 Spicy. A self-modified 4-point hedonic scale
was utilized for laboratory analysis. Findings revealed that in terms of appearance T-2 and T3 got the highest rating described as “moderately appetizing”. Treatment 3 got a highest rate
in terms of aroma “moderately pleasant”. Treatment 2 got the highest rate among thetreatments in terms of taste which has a “moderately sweet” taste. And for the texture,
treatment 2 got the highest rate and deemed “moderately tender”. On the overall liking of the
product, Treatment 2 or sweet taste got the highest weighted mean, followed by treatment 3
the spicy taste, then the Treatment 1 the original flavor described as “like moderately”. The
overall result revealed that average satisfaction of Guso Eucheuma and Banana Musa
Longganisa was met. It can be deduced that this innovated longganisa is acceptable for foodand can be used as substitute of the longganisa made out of meat sold in the market.
Keywords: Longganisa, euchema cottoni, banana blossoms, sensory evaluation

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RD-13-09

Migration Characteristics of Communities in the Forestlands in Ifugao,
Philippines
Carmelito C. Valdeza *, Gemma B. DumansiaaIfugao State University, Potia Campus, Philippines*Corresponding email: valdezcarmelito@gmail.com
Abstract
The Ifugao province as a mountainous land of indigenous people, described as a watershed
framework that provides domestic and agricultural services. Greater portion of the province
was declared as Forestland. Due to increase in population, communities tend to occupy andpossess certain part of the forest to provide their basic needs. Understanding the migration
characteristics on the Forestlands in the province of Ifugao may lead to a solution harmonizing
the role of different stakeholders in maintaining the biological, physical and social aspect of
the upland for a sustainable development. The study employed qualitative method of research
and adopted the purposive sampling technique, in data gathering wherein, respondents are
certified migrant in the forestlands of Ifugao province. It revealed that migration in theForestlands in Ifugao province is being influenced by many combined factors and being
prompted by poverty and aggravated by climate change. Socio-economic aspect is the primaryreason why people tend occupy portion of the Forestland. They acquire portions of theForestland as a source of living as they are engaged in farming as their main source of
livelihood.
Keywords: indigenous people, resource management, land use system

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RD-13-10

Socio-Economic Characteristics of Cassava Producers in Cambodia
Kasumi Itoa*,Tamon Babab, Hisako Nomurac, Tha ThandaInternational Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japanb
Ritsumeikan University,Japanc
Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, JapandFaculty of Agriculture and Food Processing, National University of Battambang, Cambodia*Corresponding email: kasumito@agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp
Abstract
The production amount of cassava in Cambodia has increased rapidly since 2010, and it
became the second highest after rice. Recently, cassava is envisioned to be a strategic crop
for the country in line with the “Cambodian Industrial Development Policy 2015-2025” and"National Cassava Policy 2020-2025” to transform the country into a cultivation andprocessing hub of the crop. It is inevitable to understand the current situation of bothproduction and producers to find out adequate, practical, and effective measures for improving
cassava production in the country. This study aims to clarify the current status andcharacteristics of cassava producers in Cambodia, which is necessary to discuss a suitablestrategy for increasing production. The survey was conducted in 6 districts in Battambang and2 districts in Pailin provinces, major cassava production areas in Cambodia, from April to
November 2017. A total of 205 cassava producers were selected randomly for structuredinterview by using designated questionnaire form. The interview survey covered the status of
cassava production, including planting area, sales amount, costs, and the socio-economic
situation of producers, including respondents' attributes, family structure, livelihood activities,
income, household expenditure.The majority of surveyed farmers started producing 5-6 years
ago, and 79.5% of them answered that cassava is a primary income source. Nevertheless,cassava was the primary source of income in 26.8% of the surveyed households, and nonagricultural income, such as off-farm business and labor work, was higher than agricultural
income among average household income. These results indicated that most producers havediverse income sources, including non-agricultural income, however, it still accounts for a
relatively large proportion of total income and is essential for maintaining livelihoods.
Strategies for increasing cassava production without disturbing the profits of individual
producers will be necessary for sustainable rural development in Cambodia.
Keywords: cassava, production, producers, socio-economic characteristics, current status,
Cambodia70RD-13-11

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Challenges for Increasing Vegetable Production in Cambodia
Ito Kasumia*, Yoshida Tatsuyab, Boratana Ungc, Mitsuru HamanodaInternational Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japanb
Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, JapancCambodia Japan High-value Agricultural ProductsdFaulty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Japan*Corresponding email: kasumito@agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Abstract
Introduction.Amount of vegetable production in Cambodia is very much limited and 70% of theinternal consumption is depending on imported vegetables mainly from Thailand and Vietnam.
In order to satisfy market needs of the country, the government is promoting vegetableproduction. However, current status, issues and challenges of vegetable production in the
country that are important to establish detailed strategies for vegetable production is notclarified yet. Objectives. This study aims to find out the challenges of vegetable production in
Cambodia by clarifying the status of vegetable cultivation, including producing amount andvarieties, vegetable production business condition, and producers' socio-economic
characteristics. Methods.A commune in Takeo province that is located near huge reservoir
constructed during pol pot regime was selected as study area. The semi-structured interview
based on questionnaire form was conducted to both vegetable producers and non-producers
for comparative analysis. Producers were asked about their vegetable production from
October 2016 to September 2017 and all the other income generating activities andexpenditure. Non-producers were asked about all the activities for income and expenditure.
The number of valid responses were 113 households (HHs) from producers and 89 HHs from
non-producers. Results and discussion. The results of the survey to vegetable producers
showed that 97% of them had a surplus however the average net profit (35 US dollars) wasvery small compare to other income sources such as factory work (160-200 US dollar). Most
producers were not cultivating any vegetables during the rainy season even though they own
arable upland to avoid disease risk due to unsuitable production methods. Additionally, nearly
60% of non-producers had arable upland, and they stopped production due to a lack of
distribution channel. This study indicated the limitation of distribution channel and production
amount as challenges for Cambodia's increasing amount of vegetable production.
Keywords: vegetable production, current status, issues, challenges, Cambodia

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RD-13-14

Environmental Conservation Activities on Firefly Habitat with Local
Government and Community in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
Kazuya Kuritaa *, Shuto Araiaa

Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: sashi@nodai.ac.jp

Abstract
There are 61 municipalities Cities (Shi), Towns(Machi), Village(Mura), Ward(Ku) in Kanagawa
Prefecture adjacent to Tokyo Metropolis(Prefecture), where densely populated but still havenatural environment to be conserved. Objective is set to clarify the current situation ofconservation activities by local community, local municipality and/or those collaborations,because authors found conservation status is unknown even in Kanagawa Prefectural office.
Authors conducted questionnaire survey and literature research to all 61 bodies from
December 2020 to January 2021 and results are obtained as follows: 42 bodies (68.8% of 61
bodies) have activities related to firefly (hotaru), mostly genjibotaru (Luciola cruciate) and/or
Heikebotaru (Aquatica lateralis). 15 bodies are conducted conservation activities and 20
bodies have local communities or volunteer groups to conserve firefly. 14 bodies aresupporting for the activity including grant-in-aid (8 bodies), send experts from bodies to local
community and had advised how to conserve by volunteers. On the other hand, there are only
3 bodies which have opportunity of information exchange and that might be insufficient and it
might be the issue to be solved in near future.
Keywords: firefly, environmental conservation, local government, community, volunteer

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Socio-demographic Profile and Cultural Management Practices of Cacao(Theobroma cacao) Farmers in Bohol, Philippines
Katlyn Quiona *, Tomas Dino Reyes Jr. b, Marietta MacalolotaaBohol Island State University, Philippines
University of the Philippines – Los Baños, Philippines*Corresponding email: kathlyn.quion@bisu.edu.phb

Abstract
The worldwide demand for cacao beans could reach 100,000 MT by 2022. The country has astrategic location and favorable soil and climatic conditions for planting and producing cacao
products. In taking advantage of the comeback of the cacao industry, accurate knowledge of
cacao farmers' socio-demographic profile and cultural management practices is a requisite toattain sustainable production. Unfortunately, there is no sufficient data available on the cacao
industry of the province to be served as a basis in creating a database. Purposive sampling
was done to identify the provinces' towns to select farmer households for an interview. Fivehundred eighty-six farmer households were interviewed for socio-demographic profile andcultural management practices. Statistical analysis was carried out using frequency andpercentage. Results revealed that cacao production in the province has a relatively highinfestation of stem borer and infection of black pod rot. Moreover, it is also found out that
control measures for pests and diseases are not being practiced by the majority of the
Boholano cacao growers resulting in a yield reduction. Thus, the study results can be used informulating a sustainable development plan for cacao growers in Bohol.
Keywords: farm profile, pest, diseases, descriptive analysis

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RD-13-17

The Consideration of the Model on Operating and Accumulating Joint-Use
Fund among Rice Farmers
Yuki Toyamaa*, Asres Eliasb, Kumi Yasunobub, Panatda UtaranakorncaUnited Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tottori University, Tottori City, Japanb
Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori City, Japanc
Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University. Khon Kaen District, Thailand*Corresponding email: yukiuki1019@gmail.com

Abstract
In Northeastern Thailand, many rice farmers’ groups were established under the promotion ofgroup farming policies. The groups voluntarily formed and managed joint-use funds andoperated their business with them. The objective of this study is to make the model of jointuse fund management by rice farmers’ groups through extracting the characteristics of
successful cases in the groups established by two group farming policies: Community Rice
Seed Center (CRSC) and Large Land Plot of Rice (LLPR), located in Khon Kaen province andUbon Ratchathani province, Northeastern Thailand. The case groups were formed initial fundswith the provided resources from the government. Through operating the group’s business,members bring in-cash or in-kind inputs: investments and charge of services into the fund.
Accumulated capital on the fund was used for providing returns to members’ investments andscaling the group’s business. We simulated revolving joint-use fund by rice farmers’ groupbased on actual accounting data of one case group. As the result, the group assumed toachieve accumulating enough amount of assets to provide sufficient service for all memberswith the initial fund deriving from government support. Based on the actual situation ofactivities among the case groups, the model of joint-use fund management for the rice farmers
group was described. The model will be utilized to guide rice farmers’ groups in developing
their business and becoming independent from government support.
Keywords: rural community, group farming, government support, Northeastern Thailand

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RD-13-18

Perspective on Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture in Cambodia’s Capital:
Phnom Penh
Sophy Chesa*, Eiji Yamajib, Dina Tholca

Researcher, Japan
Emeritus Professor, The University of Tokyo, Japanc
Officer, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, Cambodia*Corresponding email: sophy_ches257@yahoo.comb

Abstract
Due to the population growth and urbanization over two decades, Phnom Penh Capital has
been expanded almost double from 375 square kilometer in 2001 to 692.46 square kilometerin 2019. While, a number of farmers keep declining from 36.77% in 2001 to 10% in 2015.
Respecting these, the government of Cambodia has prepared the Land Use Master Plan ofPhnom Penh City 2035. However, no clear implementing plan and the fast growing of
construction become the main concerns from international donors. Moreover, the integrationof Phnom Penh with some areas of neighboring provinces will affect the agricultural activities.
Therefore, this research aims to find out the detail of agricultural land use in Phnom Penh by
responding to the Master Plan; and to explain the current activities of urban agriculture or periurban agriculture in the capital. Because of the current pandemic, this research was conductedby solely reviewing and analyzing the legal documents, reports from the government anddonors, and other reliable sources. As the results, the Land use Master Plan clearly indicatesthe space reserved for the peri-urban agricultural activities; however, there is no detail on
agricultural policy dealing with the space reserved for peri-urban agriculture in the Land Use
Master Plan. The involvement of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is also not
explained. Based on the reports from donors and NGOs, lack of roles and responsibilities,
limited capacity and limited finance have become the main concerns for the government toimplementing the Master Plan. Importantly, current rapid growth of construction does not pay
any attention on the development city plan. Housing complex projects have increased from 77
in 2011 to 178 projects in 2019. Some private businesses are practicing peri-urban agriculture
at the outskirts of capital by growing, selling some vegetable, and serving the space for therelaxation.
Keywords: Urban Agriculture, Peri-Urban Agriculture, Agricultural Policies, Land Use Master
Plan

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RD-13-19

Product and Market Diversification Trends: The Case of Horticulture Exports in
Kenya
Jane Githigaa*,Asres Eliasb, Kumi YasunobubaGraduate School of Sustainability Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japanb
Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori City, Japan*Corresponding email: githigajane@gmail.com

Abstract
One of the major successes of trade liberalization in Kenya was promotion of horticultural
exports. This was aimed at reducing export earnings instability that resulted from declining
commodity prices of tea and coffee. The export promotion programs put in place in the 90s
paid off and horticultural exports was able to record its strongest period of growth in the 2000s.
In this period the major horticulture export product was French beans in which the EU was theprimarily market. However, the EU market has been changing posing new challenges ofincreased competition and regulatory standards which threatened the survival and sustained
participation of Kenyan horticultural exports. For many developing countries diversification into
new products and markets has been encouraged by development platforms to deal with traderelated shocks that emanates from reliance of one market and a narrow range of
products.Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the trends of product and market
diversification of horticulture exports in the periods 2002 to 2019 in Kenya using UNComtradedata. We employed the Hirschman-Herfindahl index to measure product and market
diversification. The study finds that there was no evidence of product diversification in thespecified period while the index for the market diversification showed that the horticulture
exports has diversified into new markets this shows that horticultural products have notdiversified instead concentrated into a narrow range of products. On the other hand, thehorticultural products have accessed more markets despite the EU controlling the largest
share. The results highlight the need to expand the export portfolio and take advantage of
untapped potential markets.
Keywords: diversification, horticulture, exports, hirschman-herfindahl index

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RD-13-20

Empowerment of women: A comparative analysis of experiences from ruralcommunities in Ethiopia
Asres Eliasa*,Kumi Yasunobua, Yuki ToyamabaFaculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori City, Japan
United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tottori University, Tottori City, Japan*Corresponding email: asres@tottori-u.ac.jpbAbstract
Empowering women and reducing gender disparities are key challenges of 21st century. Thisis more pressing in rural areas in which women account quarter of the world’s population andthose particularly living in developing countries like Ethiopia. The problem is prevalent in intrahousehold relationships. Moreover, most initiatives of women empowerment have beentransitory and externally imposed without considering structural causes of gender inequality
hence they have been less effective. We reviewed and compared women’s empowerment
under widely occurring traditional systems versus community-led initiatives such as the caseof the Awra Amba community in northwest Ethiopia. We compared the practices on the basesof key indicators such as division of labor, access to information, services and resources,
leadership and decision-making role and gender based violence. There exist number ofstudies assessing gender relations in rural areas under traditional systems. The studies showthat rural women have more workload involving both household and farm activities compared
to men who are tasked to mainly farm related and outside home activities. Moreover, limitedaccesses to information, services and control over resources, low decision-making power bothin household and community issues, lack of opportunities to self-development such as
education and training are key challenges to rural women. However, the above observed gaps
seem to have been relatively tackled in the case of the Awra Amba community. This
community owns a unique self-organized system with the goal of solving socio-economic
problems through the principle of egalitarianism. It is lauded as a ‘model’ to promote genderequality in which woman's inferior position in the community is believed to be eliminated bydestroying the traditional gender roles and patriarchal gender ideology. As a result, some of
the community values and principles have been replicated to other Ethiopian ruralcommunities through own initiated exchange visits. But, the actual implementation of thecommunity-led initiatives in Awara Amba can still not be immune from criticism. Therefore, indepth scientific researches, and upscaling of successful community-led women empowerment
practices shall be encouraged to understand how locally organized collective actions help torealize inclusive development.
Keywords: Community-led
empowerment, Ethiopia

initiatives,

decision-making,divisionoflabor,

women

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RD-13-21

Sustainability of the Implementation of Solid Waste Management: A
Comparative Study
Ma. Magdalena J. Bernalesa *, Jake C. MalonaaBohol Island State University, Philippines*Corresponding email: mamagdalena.bernales@bisu.edu.com
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the status of implementation of the Solid Waste Management(SWM) in the Municipality of Candijay, Bohol, Philippines for the year 2015 and 2020 to findways for the sustainability of the implementation of the Town’s Solid Waste Management.
Wastes were collected monthly for one year from the five sampled barangays with 122
households. Field investigations, on-site waste measurements and characterizations wereconducted. This is a mixed method employing QUANT-Qual approach. Descriptive statistics
which includes percentages, and weighted mean were used for the quantitative approach
while thematic analysis for the qualitative was used. The results revealed that from theprevious data of SWM implementation found out that the average biodegradable waste
generated in the year 2015 which was 46.14% decreased to 10.94% as a result of home
proper waste disposal. Likewise the recyclable waste which had 27.27%, the number
decreased to 26.08%. Since residual wastes should be collected, the collection increased to
59.85% from 15.42% due to acquisition of additional garbage trucks. For special waste, from
11.16% previously collected, it decreased to 3.13%. There was significant difference between
the biodegradable, residual and special wastes. In the present SWM implementation,
innovation played an important role in recycling waste materials. Shredded plastics andcrashed glasses were converted into mixture to create concrete products. Thusly, the level of
implementation was already properly practiced. Solid Waste Management had employedorganizational structure for implementation and dissemination of personnel’s function.
Additional equipment and personnel were acquired. To sustain the proper SWM, recycling
equipment, public awareness, funding, expertise of personnel, equipment and facilities,
innovations and other provisions must be provided.
Keywords: Implementation, innovation, Solid waste management, waste characterization andquantification78

RD-13-23

Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Income Diversity of Cassava Producers in Vietnam
Nguyen Chau Niena*, Tamon Babab, Hisako Nomurac, Kasumi Itod
Nong Lam University – Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
College of Letters, Ritsumeikan University, Japanc
Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, JapandInternational Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan*Corresponding email: nien.nguyen@hcmuaf.edu.vnabAbstract
Cassava is one of Vietnam’s three most important food crops. As such, improving cassava
production and processing in the country is considered an important tool for livelihood
improvement in rural areas of Vietnam. For having stable income, farmers cultivar multiple
crops and use idle time to raise livestock and poultry and work as hired labor. However, thesocio-economic status of cassava producers, which must be grasped for establishing aneffective strategy, has not been fully clarified. This study aims to clarify socio-economic status
and characteristics of cassava producers in Vietnam by conducting a detailed household
survey. The survey was conducted from April to December, 2017, in three major cassavaproducing provinces, including one district in Dong Nai Province, one district in Tay Ninh
Province, and two districts in Gia Lai Province, a major cassava production area in Vietnam.
The 182 cassava producers were selected for this survey through random sampling bystratified selection based on cassava plantation area. Data on the status of producers’ cassava
production, income status, and socio-economic situation were collected by semi-structured
interviews based on the questionnaire form. The results indicate that, on average, eachhousehold has 4.5 members and 2.1 of them are responsible for cassava production. The
average total household income is $7,071.29 per year, of which $3648.41 (51.59%) is fromagricultural and $3422.88 (48.41%) from non-agricultural sources. Average income fromcassava production is $859.81, accounting for 12.16% of the total household income and23.57% of agricultural income. Various forms of agricultural income sources were observed in
the study area, including production of seven types of crops, six types of vegetables and fruits,
and operation of animal husbandry (seven types) and agro-processing businesses (three
types). Further, they were engaged in off-farming work (eight types) and also hired as laborers(eight types). These results suggest that cassava producers in Vietnam do not overly rely on
cassava and have diverse sources of income.
Keywords: Cassava, production, producers, socio-economic status, income, Vietnam79IN-13-03

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Evaluation of Sediment Trapping Capacity by Geotextile for Erosion Control
Sarvesh Maskeya*, Hiromu Okazawaa, Takanori Kanekoa, Antonio Fuentes Pereza, Sachiko
Watanabe b, Kazuhiro Tazaki b, Takahiro Sasaki b
aFaculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japanb
Maeda Road Construction Co., Ltd.
*Corresponding email:smaskey27@gmail.com

Abstract
Heavy rainfall events induce sediment transport resulting in soil loss, aggravating erosion.
Geotextile for erosion control, offers environmentally friendly benefits and have lower costs
than other physical structures. In this study, evaluation was made to investigate the capacityof geotextile in sediment trapping. Two commercially available geotextiles 6A31AD andVEG(B)-301, manufactured by Toyobo Corporation, Japan, were used. The function of thesegeotextiles is weed controlling. A runoff experiment was conducted, using a runoff plot having
100 cm length and 10 cm breadth. Slope was created by raising the end of the plot by 1.5 cm.
Four treatments, for each geotextile were made. The treatments were, 1) no folds, 2) folds for
25 cm of the runoff plot, 3) folds for 50 cm of runoff plot, 4) folds for 100 cm of the runoff plot.
Muddy water suspension having Suspended Solid (SS) of 25000 mg/L was discharged on thetreatments. SS of runoff and infiltered suspension were analyzed. According to the results,
both geotextiles were effective in sediment trapping. For geotextile 6A31AD, SS decreasedby 88.1%, 97.16%, 99.14% and 99.15% in no folds, 25 cm fold, 50 cm fold and 100 cm foldtreatment respectively from the initial SS of the muddy water suspension. Whereas, forgeotextile VEG(B)-301, SS decreased by 87.3%, 91.87%, 98.74% and 98.34% in no folds, 25
cm fold, 50 cm fold and 100 cm fold treatments respectively. Additionally, SS significantly
decreased in folded treatments for both geotextiles. Accordingly, it was established thatgeotextile can function for erosion controlling. However, further research is required tounderstand the intensity of discharge on various geotextiles for sediment trapping capacity for
future applications.
Keywords: Geotextile, Sediment Trap, Erosion Control, Suspended Solid.

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IN-13-04

Characteristics, Types and Qualities of the Covered Waterways in Tokyo
Ivana Angelovaa *, Davisi BoontharmaaInternational Program in Architecture and Urban Design,Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email:8ivanangelova@gmail.com

Abstract
Rationale: Edo (old name for Tokyo) was once a city of water and everyday life was intertwinedwith its rich water network. Unfortunately, the connection with water was lost due to the rapid
urban growth of the city and now most of the 100 water streams in Tokyo are culverted. They
have turned into streets landscaped like parks and their tributaries into narrow pathways. The
route of most of those ancient streams is accompanied by endless kilometres of pedestrianand cycling paths regarded as ''green ways''. They bear specific social, ecological and time
conditions. Today they represent a phenomenon in the city fabric, a common sight for locals
and take a significant part of the city's natural infrastructure grid. Objective: The objective of
this paper is to investigate the origin of the phenomena and to address the meaning of thislinear infrastructure in the Japanese context of shrinking population, the increased risk tonatural disasters and now the pandemic-increased need for public spaces. Therefore, thispaper examines the potentials of those overlooked elements in order to balance the effects offuture urban challenges. Analysis is done on the legacy of the urban streams from Edo toTokyo and their categorization into types and functions.Methods: Both quantitative andqualitative approaches are used to understanding the meaning that hidden waterways havefor the residents. Primary data is being collected through extended and systematized fieldwork.
Secondary data comes from official documents and maps, paper review and social media. A
research design was developed in an integrated manner to guide each phase of the researchshowing source of data and analysis technique. Conclusion: The hidden waterways serve as
corridors of information and connection between different “machi”(small towns). In terms of
the social dimension, the network of the covered waterways plays a vital role in strengthening
communities.
Keywords: covered waterways, Tokyo, typology, quality

81Book of Abstracts
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IN-13-05

Compressive Strength of Limestone-Based Concrete Hollow Block
Jenny Grace T. Barala, Julian E. Torillo, Jr.a*a

Bohol Island State University, Philippines*Corresponding email: j_torillojr@bisu.edu.phAbstract
The Province of Bohol is one of the islands in the Philippines lying on the earthquake andtropical cyclone-prone region. Damage to properties particularly on infrastructures is at themost expensive that is second to agricultural crops. These were experienced during themagnitude 7.2 earthquake in 2013 and the super typhoon in 2021. In this connection, local
consumers are more of concern about the durability of construction materials available in thelocale that can withstand such calamities. Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) is one of the mostextensively used for walling materials in the Philippines while in Bohol, concrete hollow blocks
made from limestone are now common. However, its durability is not yet assessed based on
the amount of mixture and curing period. Therefore, this study has been proposed to evaluate
the compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks using limestone as a partial replacement
for sand. The mixtures of limestone in this study were 0%, 60%, 70%, and 80% with curing
periods of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and for further analysis of its significance,
Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference test was used. Based on the results of the study, aconcrete hollow block with 60% limestone and a curing period of 28 days had the highest
compressive strength showing a significant difference at p<0.01. In conclusion, the optimum
amount of limestone as partial replacement of aggregates for the CHB is 60% with therecommended curing period at 28 days.
Keywords: limestone, compressive strength, concrete hollow block, earthquake, tropical
cyclone82

ED-13-02

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

The Characteristics of Biological Monitoring By Residents in AgriculturalLandscapes in Japan
Masayuki Nittaa *, Naohisa Nakashimab, Mitsura Ohirac, Muneykui Aokiaa

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japan
Department of Agro-environmental Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary
Medicine, Obihiro, Japanc
Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science, Tokyo University ofAgriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan*Corresponding email:nitta061@toyo.jpbAbstract
In some rural regions, biological monitoring in agricultural landscapes are conducted as partof local residential activities. Such activities are expected to have social effects such asenvironmental education and community empowerment, in addition to biodiversity monitoring.
However, it remains unclear how residents conduct the biological surveys, the sustainability,
and the potential effects on local communities. This study aims to clarify the social
characteristics of biological surveys by residents and examine the sustainability of activities.
The survey reports of 37 local activities in aquatic habitats of rice-farming landscapes in thecity of Utsunomiya, in the Tochigi Prefecture, Japan, were collected. By using the reports, thebasic activity features of the surveys, such as the number of participants and affiliations, thecontents of activities, and the number of pictures and location maps, were examined, and the
local groups were clustered based on the similarities of the features. Finally, the number ofdetected species by the biological surveys and the contents of group discussions, which were
held after the surveys, in each cluster were compared. The results showed that the number ofparticipants of the biological monitoring ranged from 11 to 235, and the participation rate ofchildren was high at 86.5%, while the participation rate of experts was low at 18.9%. Our main
findings are as follows: (1) the local groups that conducted surveys more than twice tended tohave a large number of species and specifically discuss the future prospects of local
ecosystems. (2) The number of species was the highest in the cluster in which experts always
participated. (3) the cluster with no children tended to have no discussion. In conclusion, ourfindings imply that expert participation is vital for finding species and that child participation isessential for sustainability of this biological monitoring.
Keywords: biological survey by residents, citizen science, agricultural environments, paddy
fields83

ED-13-03

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

The Dynamics of Social Interactions of Children Playing Around Rural Rivers
in Japan
Masayuki Nittaa*, Yoshiki Kuwabarab, Masahiro Nakajimaca

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japanb
Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Japanc
Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Fuchu, Japan*Corresponding email:nitta061@toyo.jp

Abstract
In Monsoon Asia countries, rivers have intimate bonds with rural communities, which create
diverse social interactions regarding community building such as recreation, education, andtourism. Especially, children tend to play around rivers, and which is considered as one of thefoundations of community building since playing fosters children’s place-attachment to the
local rivers. However, the number of children playing around rivers has been decreasing owing
to expanding urbanization. This study aims to reveal 1) the influences of river use by family
members and neighborhoods on children’s river play, 2) the dynamics of children’s social
interactions in playing around rivers, and 3) the emergence mechanisms of children’s social
interactions in the play places. Questionnaire survey (127 local children from 9 to 11 years
old), participatory observation and hiring survey (49 local children from 9 to 11 years old) wereconducted in the town of Gujohachiman, the Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Social network analysis(SNA) was applied to the observation data to examine the dynamics of social interactions inplaying. As the results, water play frequency and preference of children were positively relatedwith the frequency of daily use of rivers by their family members and neighborhoods. SNA
showed that the interaction density of children in playing around the river gradually increased
while repeatedly fluctuating up and down. This dynamical change of interactions attracted theinterest of urban tourists and caused interactions with the children. The three factors for
emergence of children’s social interactions were identified: introducing by the peers, finding
natural creatures and playing with caregivers. These results imply that rural rivers have thefunction for children to expand their local interpersonal relationships through playing, which
are supported by local communities. Furthermore, children’s play places around rivers havepotential to become the social interface for rural and urban communities.
Keywords: rural rivers, children, play places, social interactions, social network analysis,
environmental education84

ED-13-04

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Disparity in Quality of Life and Education Attainment of Children within the Tea
Sector: Case study in Low-country in Sri Lanka
Yuko Fukuda a*, Eiji Yamaji baMeiji University, Tokyo, JapanThe University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: yukotsu70@yajoo.co.jpb

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to identify the disparity in quality of life and education attainmentof children and to describe the structure of the differences behind these disparities, by focusing
on the three management styles* of the tea sector in the low-country of Sri Lanka. Past studies
mentioned that income and living standards in the estate sector are lower than in other sectors,
but other studies pointed out that the structure of the tea sector has changed, with an increaseof smallholders and an improvement of living conditions. Qualitative methods are applied foranalysis. To consider the well-being of children, capability approach is also applied. Data inthe study relied on 302 households’ primary data obtained between 2013 and 2015. Six
indicators of environment surrounding children used in this paper are “Household income,
Education of house-head, Housing condition, Environmental safety, children’s Economic
activity and Housework activity”. Two indices used as education attainment are “Attendance
status” and “Repeated years/drop-out”. Results in comparison of children’s livelihood within
three management styles indicate that children on private estates are more likely to face thedisadvantages than in RPCs and IFs. Their house-heads are less likely to have better
education, and living space is less likely to be safe and sanitary. Furthermore, children are
more likely engaged in economic and housework activities for long hours. Regarding
education attainment, although all children of IFs attended school and some had experienceof repeated years/drop-out, children in RPCs had lower attendance and more repeatedyears/drop-out experience, meanwhile, children on PEs fared the worst.
*Regional Plantation Company (RPC), Private Estate (PE), and Individual Farmer (IFs)
Keywords: children, disparity, quality of life, education, tea sector85ED-13-05

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Cambodian traditional foods and food safety issues: an integrative aspectfrom literature reviews and pre-survey online
Kong Sotheaa *, Kasumi Itob, Hiroyuki Hattorib, Samnang NguonaaRoyal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, CambodiabNagoya University, Japan*Corresponding email: kong_sothea@yahoo.com
Abstract
In Cambodia, many potential fermented foods are classified into fermented vegetables
including Chaipovbrey (salty-dried fermented radish), Chaipovpaem (Dried-sweet fermented
radish), Trasorkchav (dried-fermented melon), Speychrouk (fermented mustard), Paorklahong(fermented papaya), Trasorkchrouk (fermented cucumber), Kataemchrouk (fermented
scallion), Chaitavchrouk (Sweet-fermented radish), Tompaingchrouk (sour-fermented
bamboo), Seingpaem (sweet-fermented soybean paste) and Seingbrey (salty-fermented
soybean paste) and fermented meat such as Paorkbongkea (saltywater shrimp paste),
Toektrey (fish sauce), Prohoc (fish paste), Paorkchav (fermented small-fish), Paorkchou (sourfermented fish), Paorktrey (salty fermented fish), Paorksachchrouk (salty fermented pork),
Sangvac (sour fermented fish), Sachkrokchrouk (fermented pork) and Sachkrokkor(fermented beef). The document history of them has completely devastated by Pol Pot regime
1975-1979, and currently the fermented foods are causing big concerns to local healthconsumers because of food poisoning and food-borne diseases. Therefore, the study
objectives aim to provide Khmer traditional food definition and to overview existing fermented
food issues by emerging the aspects from review findings and pre-online survey. For this study,
the designed-online questionnaire, snowball approach and literature reviews were used. And
23 respondents were interviewed by the online-questionnaire. The results indicate that78.26% of the respondents held food skills while 21.74% were non-food skills. According totheir judgment, 91.3% of the respondents perceived the fermented foods as Khmer traditional
foods because of learning processing method from generation to generation, recording long
history at Angkor Wat temple, calling in Khmer-name products, using traditional processing
method and local recipes, and having special taste properties. For the food safety concerns,
both results show that micro-organism contamination, unpermitted food preservatives,
chemical residues and food mislabeling were the most concerns. Overall, the fermented foods
are considered as Khmer traditional foods, but those deal with microbial risk and chemicalremaining, threatening to human health. For food safety, microbial and chemical risks andconsumer attitudes should be a next main study target.
Keywords: traditional foods, hazardous microbial, food preservatives and chemical residues

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ED-13-07

Agak (Amoma, Giya, Alayon Sa Kalampusan) for Pupils’ Sustainable
Development
Rosario A. Galorporta*aOmjon Elementary School, Bohol, Philippines*Corresponding email: rosario.galorport001@deped.gov.ph
Abstract
The DepEd, Division of Bohol fully believes that education can help everyone sustain in lifeand so with this, it is implementing the Amoma, Giya, Alayon sa Kalampusan (AGAK) whichmeans Nurture, Guide, Advocate towards Success (NGATS) program to help the educationof Boholano children needs immediate attention: the learners who are at risk of dropping out
and in consistent to the Education For All Program of the Department of Education. It is a Child
Nurture Program that envisions a 100 percent completion of all learners in Basic Education.
Through the collective effort of all DepEd-Bohol Teachers and School Heads to provide
sponsorship to indigent students and are at risk of dropping out whereby beneficiaries of the
program are helped with their financial, material needs in school and are given moral andspiritual support by their adopters. Before AGAK was implemented, the drop-out rate was
10.8%. Which hinders the DepEd Program on Zero Drop-Out Rate in every school for not
meeting the 0% standard drop-out level. After the first year of AGAK implementation, thedrop-out rate lowered to 7%. Indeed, AGAK had made a difference in the performance of theschool and in the academic performance and attitudes of all AGAK beneficiaries. The study
employed the descriptive-documentary research design, where the effectiveness of the AGAK
program to every adopted child’s academic performance was obtained from teachers’
pertinent academic records. A questionnaire was used to determine the effectiveness of AGAK
program as a reference point for the analysis, interpretation and evaluation. The findings showthat Financial Assistance and Spiritual support were rated “often”, Moral support was rated asalways and materials support as sometimes. It can be concluded that the AGAK program iseffective in encouraging the pupils in finishing basic education and in changing pupils’ attitude
towards their studies.
Keywords: AGAK, learners, support, achievements, attitude87

ED-13-08

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Awareness and Compliance of Corn Farmers to Good Agricultural Practices(GAPs) in Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines
Jane B. Bacani*
Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines*Corresponding email: janebbacani@gmail.com
Abstract
This study investigated the level of awareness and extent of compliance to certification of corn
farmers with Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) in corn development projects in the cluster
municipalities of Nueva Vizcaya. The study sought to determine the following: a) demographic
characteristics of the respondents; b) level of the respondents’ awareness in GAP corncompliance requirements; and c) extent of the respondents’ compliance in GAP corn
certification. Descriptive method of research was used in obtaining answers to the problem.
One hundred sixty (160) corn farmers who have undergone GAP trainings with 5-years’
experience in corn farming, at least 0.5 hectares or more area of corn farm and an active
participant in GAP corn project were randomly selected. Descriptive statistics such as
frequency counts, percentages, and mean was used in describing the demographic
characteristics of the respondents. A four-point Likert-type scale was used to analyze the levelof awareness and extent of compliance. The result revealed that there are older corn farmers,
most have formal education, more experience in farming and members in farmers’organization. Active involvement of men and women in farming improve their compliance.
Likewise, the study indicates a high awareness of the respondents in GAP corn certification
requirements gained through their participation to various GAP and GAP-related trainings andactivities. Demographic profile such as sex, education and trainings have significantly affected
the respondents’ awareness, however, there is no significant effect on their compliance.
Keywords: good agricultural practices, awareness, compliance, certification requirements

88Book of Abstracts
The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

ED-13-09

Communication, Education, Participation, and Awareness (CEPA) Program forConservation and Sustainable Management of the Anzali Wetland, Iran
Mohammad Allahyaria, Soroush Marzbana, Elham Nazaria, Tarek Ben Hassenb,
Hamid El Bilalic, Sinisha Berijand*a

Department of Agricultural Management, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht,
IranbCollege of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, QatardInternational Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies, Bari, Italy*Corresponding email: sinisa.berjan@ues.rs.ba

Abstract
Wetlands are vital to human wellbeing, inclusive economic growth, and climate change
mitigation and adaptation. However, some 64% of the world’s wetlands have disappeared
during the last century. To address this severe loss, the Programme on Communication,
Capacity Building, Education, Participation, and Awareness (CEPA) of the Convention on
Wetlands was approved at COP12 in 2015. Covering more than 19,000 hectares, the Anzali
Wetland is located in Gilan Province, north part of Iran, along the southern coast of the
Caspian Sea. In this respect, the Guilan Department of Environment developed andimplemented the CEPA program for international Anzali Wetland. Based on the initial survey
results, the CEPA Program Development Committee identified the key stakeholders. Then,
ten workshops, based on in-depth discussion among participants using the brainstorming
technique, were held in three counties in Iran: Rasht, Bandar Anzali, and Sowme’eh Sara.
According to the importance and influence matrix, the Anzali Wetland Management
Committee, Agriculture Organization, the Guilan Department of Environment, and theDepartment of Natural Resources and Watershed Management were identified as thestakeholders with high importance in protecting the wetland. Based on the results of theparticipatory workshops, the Anzali Wetland functions were divided into eight main categories:
ecological, agriculture-fisheries-animal husbandry, education-research, economic, culturalsports-social industrial-pharmaceutical, tourism, and political-military. Then, 64 challenges
and issues of the wetland were identified by content analysis and classified into four mainareas: pollution and sedimentation, misbehavior and public unawareness, poor intersectional
relationships, and consequences of construction projects. In total, 30 actions were listed, outof which 37% had communicational nature, 27% had educational nature, 20% had synergistic
nature, and 16% had public participation nature. Based on the prioritization of these actions,training officials for changing their attitude and building capacity, and increasing social
commitment and responsibility through training were the most critical measures.
Keywords: wetland, conservation, participation, local community, communication.

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ED-13-12

Agriculture Entrepreneurship on Youth: A Systematic Literature Review
Fadhilla Izzaty Syaukata*, Katsumori Hatanakaa, Nina N. Shimoguchia , Ramadhona SavilleaaTokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan*Corresponding email: 13821002@nodai.ac.jp
Abstract
Past studies have found that boosting agriculture entrepreneurship education for the youth isa critical solution to the aging of the agriculture human resource. In order to develop moreagribusiness opportunities and strengthen entrepreneurship competencies, entrepreneurshipeducation, and training programs should be applied at an early age. This paper aims to provide
an overview of the development of agriculture entrepreneurship research in the context ofyouth can become a basis for researchers to conduct future studies on the related topic. This
paper reveals the general trend of the subject studied, objectives, methodologies, andresearch finding through an extensive systematic literature review of past studies on this topic
conducted between 2000 to 2021. Out of the total of 1,492 papers found using a combinationof the words "Agriculture," "Entrepreneurship," and "Youth," 62 articles passed the screening
criteria and are further analyzed for this research. This study found that 27% of the reviewed
studies focus on university and college students. More than 32% of the studies' objective wasto identify the factors influencing youth inclination and intention towards agripreneurship.
Subjective norms (external factors) are the determining factors that affect the intention inagripreneurship. Around 39% of the studies used Likert scale questionnaires to obtain data,
and more than 55% analyzed the data using qualitative descriptive analysis, 24% used
multiple linear regression, and 15% used TPB. This paper highlights the need for
agripreneurship studies on young farmers using more variative analysis methods to obtain abroader understanding.
Keywords: agripreneurship, Youth, Agribusiness, Systematic Literature Review (SLR), Youth
Inclination90ED-13-14

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The 13th ICERD - International Conference on Environmental and Rural Development (ONLINE), 4-5 March 2022

Educators at Risk: Numerous Meanings of Symbols among Educators as
Affected by the Current Pandemic
Merites M. Buota*, Rona Montecalbo-IgnacioaaDepartment of Human Kinetics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines
Los Baños, Philippines*Corresponding email: mmbuot@up.edu.phAbstarct
The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the world and affected all sectors, most especially thatof education. Although almost all have survived these past years but some facets of learningand teaching perhaps may have been compromised. Education as the means to improve
humanity not only economically but most especially on improving sanity of humanity has
always been the object of arguments from ancient period until the present time. But with thecurrent scenario of our country and the world, this kind of perspective may have changed
drastically. This paper would like to determine the prevailing thinking of educators having been
affected by the pandemic and examine the themes of the different cognitive reasoning in order
to come up with a therapeutic program relevant for our teachers. Using the framework ofKinetic Family Drawing developed by Burns and Kaufman in 1970, an original painting wasshown to 150 research participants during the zoom meetings/webinars. Each respondent
identified three images they have observed from the painting. Interestingly, the participants
saw some animals, parts of a human being, a child, and other symbols representing emotions.
The feeling of being loved and feeling of security were very evident in the narratives whichmight have been intensified due to our present dilemma. Was it influenced by each role? Did
the current scenario strongly affect its meanings? The way we perceive the extent of how
much our mindset have an impact on our life will determine our stepping stones towards it. In
a nutshell, the actions will follow if our minds establish them as goals.
Keywords: emotional wellbeing, pandemic, therapy

91