Schema-less PostgreSQL
Current and Future
September, 2014, Tokyo, Japan

Oleg Bartunov, SAI MSU

Oleg Bartunov, Teodor Sigaev• Locale support• Extendability (indexing)• GiST (KNN), GIN, SP-GiST• Full Text Search (FTS)• Jsonb, VODKA• Extensions:• intarray• pg_trgm• ltree• hstore• plantuner

https://www.facebook.com/oleg.bartunov
obartunov@gmail.com, teodor@sigaev.ru
https://www.facebook.com/groups/postgresql/

Alexander Korotkov• Indexed regexp search• GIN compression & fast scan
• Fast GiST build• Range types indexing• Split for GiST

aekorotkov@gmail.com

Agenda• The problem• Hstore• Introduction to jsonb indexing• Jsquery - Jsonb Query Language• Exercises on jsonb GIN opclasses with Jsquery support• VODKA access method

The problem• The world of data and applications is changing• BIG DATA (Volume of data,Velocity of data in-out, Variety of data)• Web applications are service-oriented• Service itself can aggregate data, check consistency of data
• High concurrency, simple queries• Simple database (key-value) is ok• Eventual consistency is ok, no ACID overhead• Application needs faster releases• NoSQL databases match all of these — scalable, efficient, fault-tolerant,
no rigid schema, ready to accept any data.

NoSQL• Key-value databases• Ordered k-v for ranges support• Column family (column-oriented) stores• Big Table — value has structure:• column families, columns, and timestamped versions (maps-of maps-of maps)• Document databases• Value has arbitrary structure• Graph databases — evolution od ordered-kv

The problem• What if application needs ACID and flexibility of NoSQL ?
• Relational databases work with data with schema known in advance• It's not easy to change schema online (ALTER TABLE … ADD COLUMN...)• Application should wait for schema changing, infrequent releases• NoSQL uses json format, why not have it in relational database ?

JSON in PostgreSQLThis is the challenge !

Challenge to PostgreSQL !
• Full support of semi-stuctured data in PostgreSQL• Storage• Operators and functions• Efficiency (fast access to storage, indexes)• Integration with CORE (planner, optimiser)• Actually, PostgreSQL is schema-less database since 2003 — hstore, oneof the most popular extension !

Google insights about hstore

Introduction to Hstore
id

●

col1

col2

col3

col4

col5

A lot of columns
key1, …. keyN

The problem:

Total number of columns may be very large●
Only several fields are searchable ( used in WHERE)●
Other columns are used only to output●
These columns may not known in advance●●

Solution●

New data type (hstore), which consists of (key,value) pairs (a'la perl hash)Introduction to Hstore
id

●
●

●

col1

col2

col3

col4

col5

Hstorekey1=>val1, key2=>val2,.....

Easy to add key=>value pair
No need change schema, just change hstore.

Schema-less PostgreSQL in 2003 !

Introduction to hstore• Hstore — key/value storage (inspired by perl hash)'a=>1, b=>2'::hstore• Key, value — strings• Get value for a key: hstore -> text
• Operators with indexing support (GiST, GIN)
Check for key: hstore ? text
Contains:
hstore @> hstore• check documentations for more
• Functions for hstore manipulations (akeys, avals, skeys, svals, each,......)• Hstore provides PostgreSQL schema-less feature !
• Faster releases, no problem with schema upgradeHistory of hstore development• May 16, 2003 — first version of hstoreHistory of hstore development• May 16, 2003 - first (unpublished) version of hstore for PostgreSQL
7.3• Dec, 05, 2006 - hstore is a part of PostgreSQL 8.2(thanks, Hubert Depesz Lubaczewski!)• May 23, 2007 - GIN index for hstore, PostgreSQL 8.3• Sep, 20, 2010 - Andrew Gierth improved hstore, PostgreSQL 9.0

Inverted Index

Btree

Btree

Inverted Index

QUERY: compensation accelerometers
INDEX: accelerometerscompensation
5,10,25,28,30,36,58,59,61,73,74
30,68
30
30
RESULT: 30

GIN improvements• GIN in 9.4 is greatly improved• Posting lists compression (varbyte encoding) — smaller indexes• 9.3: always 6 bytes (4 bytes blockNumber , 2 bytes offset): 90 bytes(0,8) (0,14) (0,17) (0,22) (0,26) (0,33) (0,34) (0,35) (0,45) (0,47) (0,48) (1,3) (1,4)(1,6) (1,8)• 9.4: 1-6 bytes per each item, deltas from previous item: 21 bytes(0,8) +6 +3 +5 +4 +7 +1 +1 +10 +2 +1 +2051 +1+2 +2
SELECT g % 10 FROM

generate_series(1,10000000) g; 11Mb vs 58Mb

• Fast scan of posting lists - «rare & frequent» queries much faster• 9.3: read posting lists for «rare» and «frequent» and join themTime(frequent & rare) ~ Time(frequent)• 9.4: start from posting list for «rare» and skip «frequent» list if no match
Time(frequent & rare) ~ Time(rare)

Hstore is DEAD ? No !
• How hstore benefits by GIN improvement in 9.4 ?
GIN stands for Generalized Inverted Index, so virtually all data types, which use
GIN, get benefit !
• Default hstore GIN opclass considers keys and values separately• Keys are «frequent», value are «rare»• Contains query: hstore @> 'key=>value' improved a lot for «rare» values• Index size is smaller, less io

Hstore 9.3 vs 9.4
Total: 7240858 geo records:"fcode"=>"RFSU","point"=>"(8.85,112.53333)","fclass"=>"U","asciiname"=>"London Reefs","elevation"=>NULL,"geonameid"=>"1879967","population"=>"0"
Query:
SELECT count(*) FROM geo
WHERE geo @> 'fcode=>STM';
gin_hstore_ops:
index keys and values
gin_hstore_bytea_ops = gin_hstore_ops, no collation comparison
gin_hstore_hash_ops: index hash(key.value)Hstore 9.3 vs 9.4
9.3|-------------------------+-------+----------+-------+---------||Name| Type | Owner| Table | Size||-------------------------+-------+----------+-------+---------|| geo| table | postgres || 1352 MB || geo_hstore_bytea_ops| index | postgres | geo| 1680 MB || geo_hstore_hash_ops_idx | index | postgres | geo| 1073 MB ||-------------------------+-------+----------+-------+---------|

9.4|-------------------------+-------+----------+-------+---------||Name| Type | Owner| Table | Size||-------------------------+-------+----------+-------+---------|| geo| table | postgres || 1352 MB || geo_hstore_bytea_ops| index | postgres | geo| 1296 MB || geo_hstore_hash_ops_idx | index | postgres | geo| 925 MB ||-------------------------+-------+----------+-------+---------|

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS gin_hstore_bytea_ops FOR TYPE hstore….....................................................................................
FUNCTION
1
byteacmp(bytea,bytea),….....................................................................................
STORAGE bytea;
CREATE INDEX: 239 s Much faster comparison (no collation)

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS gin_hstore_ops FOR TYPE hstore….....................................................................................
FUNCTION
1
bttextcmp(text,text),,…........................................................ .............................
STORAGE text;
CREATE INDEX: 2870 sHstore 9.3 vs 9.4
SUMMARY:
9.4 GIN posting list compression:indexes are smaller●
9.4 GIN is smart regarding 'freq & rare' queries:
time (freq & rare) ~ time (rare) instead oftime (freq & rare) ~ time (freq)●
gin_hstore_hash_ops is good on 9.3 & 9.4 andfaster default gin opclass●Use gin_hstore_bytea_ops instead of default
gin_hstore_ops — much faster create index●

Get hstore_ops from:from https://github.com/akorotkov/hstore_ops

Introduction to hstore• Hstore benefits• In provides a flexible model for storing a semi-structured data in relational
database• hstore has binary storage and rich set of operators and functions, indexes• Hstore drawbacks• Too simple model !
Hstore key-value model doesn't supports tree-like structures as json
(introduced in 2006, 3 years after hstore)• Json — popular and standartized (ECMA-404 The JSON Data
Interchange Standard, JSON RFC-7159)• Json — PostgreSQL 9.2, textual storage

Hstore vs Json
• hstore is faster than json even on simple data
CREATE TABLE hstore_test AS (SELECT'a=>1, b=>2, c=>3, d=>4, e=>5'::hstore AS v
FROM generate_series(1,1000000));
CREATE TABLE json_test AS (SELECT'{"a":1, "b":2, "c":3, "d":4, "e":5}'::json AS v
FROM generate_series(1,1000000));

SELECT sum((v->'a')::text::int) FROM json_test;
851.012 ms
SELECT sum((v->'a')::int) FROM hstore_test;
330.027 ms

Hstore vs Json
• PostgreSQL already has json since 9.2, which supports documentbased model, but• It's slow, since it has no binary representation and needs to be parsed everytime• Hstore is fast, thanks to binary representation and index support• It's possible to convert hstore to json and vice versa, but current hstore islimited to key-value• Need hstore with document-based model. Share it'sbinary representation with json !

Nested hstore

Nested hstore & jsonb• Nested hstore at PGCon-2013, Ottawa, Canada ( May 24) — thanks
Engine Yard for support !
One step forward true json data type.Nested hstore with arrays support• Binary storage for nested data at PGCon Europe — 2013, Dublin, Ireland(Oct 29)
Binary storage for nested data structuresand application to hstore data type

• November, 2013 — binary storage was reworked, nested hstore andjsonb share the same storage. Andrew Dunstan joined the project.
• January, 2014 - binary storage moved to core

Nested hstore & jsonb• Feb-Mar, 2014 - Peter Geoghegan joined the project, nested hstore wascancelled in favour to jsonb (Nested hstore patch for 9.3).
• Mar 23, 2014 Andrew Dunstan committed jsonb to 9.4 branch !
pgsql: Introduce jsonb, a structured format for storing json.
Introduce jsonb, a structured format for storing json.
The new format accepts exactly the same data as the json type. However, it isstored in a format that does not require reparsing the orgiginal text in orderto process it, making it much more suitable for indexing and other operations.
Insignificant whitespace is discarded, and the order of object keys is notpreserved. Neither are duplicate object keys kept - the later value for a given
key is the only one stored.

Jsonb vs Json
SELECT '{"c":0, "a":2,"a":1}'::json, '{"c":0,
json
|
jsonb
-----------------------+-----------------{"c":0, "a":2,"a":1} | {"a": 1, "c": 0}(1 row)• json: textual storage «as is»• jsonb: no whitespaces• jsonb: no duplicate keys, last key win• jsonb: keys are sorted"a":2,"a":1}'::jsonb;

Jsonb vs Json
• Data• 1,252,973 Delicious bookmarks• Server• MBA, 8 GB RAM, 256 GB SSD• Test• Input performance - copy data to table• Access performance - get value by key• Search performance contains @> operator

Jsonb vs Json
• Data• 1,252,973 bookmarks from Delicious in json format (js)• The same bookmarks in jsonb format (jb)• The same bookmarks as text (tx)=# \dt+
List of relations
Schema | Name | Type | Owner| Size| Description--------+------+-------+----------+---------+------------public | jb
| table | postgres | 1374 MB | overhead is < 4%public | js
| table | postgres | 1322 MB |public | tx
| table | postgres | 1322 MB |

Jsonb vs Json
• Input performance (parser)
Copy data (1,252,973 rows) as text, json,jsonb
copy tt from '/path/to/test.dump'

Text: 34 s
Json: 37 s
Jsonb: 43 s

- as is- json validation- json validation, binary storage

Jsonb vs Json (binary storage)• Access performance — get value by key• Base:• Jsonb:• Json:Base:
Jsonb:Json:

SELECT js FROM js;
SELECT j->>'updated' FROM jb;
SELECT j->>'updated' FROM js;

0.6 s
1s
9.6 s

0.4
9

Jsonb ~ 20X faster Json

Jsonb vs Json
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECt count(*) FROM js WHERE js #>>'{tags,0,term}' = 'NYC';QUERY PLAN---------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (cost=187812.38..187812.39 rows=1 width=0)(actual time=10054.602..10054.602 rows=1 loops=1)-> Seq Scan on js (cost=0.00..187796.88 rows=6201 width=0)(actual time=0.030..10054.426 rows=123 loops=1)
Filter: ((js #>> '{tags,0,term}'::text[]) = 'NYC'::text)
Rows Removed by Filter: 1252850
Planning time: 0.078 ms
Execution runtime: 10054.635 ms(6 rows)

Json: no contains @> operator,
search first array element

Jsonb vs Json (binary storage)
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT count(*) FROM jb WHERE jb @> '{"tags":[{"term":"NYC"}]}'::jsonb;
QUERY PLAN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (cost=191521.30..191521.31 rows=1 width=0)(actual time=1263.201..1263.201 rows=1 loops=1)-> Seq Scan on jb (cost=0.00..191518.16 rows=1253 width=0)(actual time=0.007..1263.065 rows=285 loops=1)
Filter: (jb @> '{"tags": [{"term": "NYC"}]}'::jsonb)
Rows Removed by Filter: 1252688
Planning time: 0.065 ms
Execution runtime: 1263.225 ms
Execution runtime: 10054.635 ms(6 rows)

Jsonb ~ 10X faster Json

Jsonb vs Json (GIN: key && value)
CREATE INDEX gin_jb_idx ON jb USING gin(jb);
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT count(*) FROM jb WHERE jb @> '{"tags":[{"term":"NYC"}]}'::jsonb;
QUERY PLAN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (cost=4772.72..4772.73 rows=1 width=0)(actual time=8.486..8.486 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jb (cost=73.71..4769.59 rows=1253 width=0)(actual time=8.049..8.462 rows=285 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jb @> '{"tags": [{"term": "NYC"}]}'::jsonb)
Heap Blocks: exact=285-> Bitmap Index Scan on gin_jb_idx (cost=0.00..73.40 rows=1253 width=0)(actual time=8.014..8.014 rows=285 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jb @> '{"tags": [{"term": "NYC"}]}'::jsonb)
Planning time: 0.115 ms
Execution runtime: 8.515 ms
Execution runtime: 10054.635 ms(8 rows)

Jsonb ~ 150X faster Json

Jsonb vs Json (GIN: hash path.value)
CREATE INDEX gin_jb_path_idx ON jb USING gin(jb jsonb_path_ops);
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT count(*) FROM jb WHERE jb @> '{"tags":[{"term":"NYC"}]}'::jsonb;
QUERY PLAN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (cost=4732.72..4732.73 rows=1 width=0)(actual time=0.644..0.644 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jb (cost=33.71..4729.59 rows=1253 width=0)(actual time=0.102..0.620 rows=285 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jb @> '{"tags": [{"term": "NYC"}]}'::jsonb)
Heap Blocks: exact=285-> Bitmap Index Scan on gin_jb_path_idx(cost=0.00..33.40 rows=1253 width=0) (actual time=0.062..0.062 rows=285 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jb @> '{"tags": [{"term": "NYC"}]}'::jsonb)
Planning time: 0.056 ms
Execution runtime: 0.668 ms
Execution runtime: 10054.635 ms(8 rows)

Jsonb ~ 1800X faster Json

MongoDB 2.6.0• Load data - ~13 min SLOW !

Jsonb 43 s

mongoimport --host localhost -c js --type json < delicious-rss-1250k
2014-04-08T22:47:10.014+0400
3700
1233/second...
2014-04-08T23:00:36.050+0400
1252000 1547/second
2014-04-08T23:00:36.565+0400 check 9 1252973
2014-04-08T23:00:36.566+0400 imported 1252973 objects• Search - ~ 1s (seqscan) THE SAME
db.js.find({tags: {$elemMatch:{ term: "NYC"}}}).count()285-- 980 ms• Search - ~ 1ms (indexscan) Jsonb 0.7ms
db.js.ensureIndex( {"tags.term" : 1} )db.js.find({tags: {$elemMatch:{ term: "NYC"}}}).

Summary: PostgreSQL 9.4 vs Mongo 2.6.0•Table size

• Operator contains @>• json• jsonb• jsonb• mongo: 10 s seqscan: 8.5 ms GIN jsonb_ops: 0.7 ms GIN jsonb_path_ops: 1.0 ms btree index• Index size
• jsonb_ops
jsonb_path_ops• jsonb_path_ops (tags)• mongo (tags)
mongo (tags.term)•postgres : 1.3Gb•mongo : 1.8Gb•Input performance:• Text : 34 s
• Json : 37 s
• Jsonb : 43 s
- 636 Mb (no compression, 815Mb) •mongo : 13 m
- 295 Mb
- 44 Mb USING gin((jb->'tags') jsonb_path_ops- 387 Mb
- 100 Mb

Jsonb (Apr, 2014)• Documentation• JSON Types, JSON Functions and Operators• There are many functionality left in nested hstore• Can be an extension• Need query language for jsonb• <,>,&& … operators for values
a.b.c.d && [1,2,10]• Structural queries on paths*.d && [1,2,10]• Indexes !

Jsonb query• Currently, one can search jsonb data using• Contains operators - jsonb @> jsonb, jsonb <@ jsonb (GIN indexes)
jb @> '{"tags":[{"term":"NYC"}]}'::jsonb

Keys should be specified from root●
Equivalence operator — jsonb = jsonb (GIN indexes)• Exists operators — jsonb ? text, jsonb ?! text[], jsonb ?& text[] (GIN indexes)
jb WHERE jb ?| '{tags,links}'

Only root keys supported• Operators on jsonb parts (functional indexes)

SELECT ('{"a": {"b":5}}'::jsonb -> 'a'->>'b')::int > 2;
CREATE INDEX ….USING BTREE ( (jb->'a'->>'b')::int);

Very cumbersome, too many functional indexes

Jsonb query• Need Jsonb query language• More operators on keys, values• Types support• Schema support (constraints on keys, values)• Indexes support• Introduce Jsquery - textual data type and @@ match operator

jsonb @@ jsquery

Jsonb query language (Jsquery)Expr::= path value_expr| path HINT value_expr| NOT expr
| NOT HINT value_expr| NOT value_expr| path '(' expr ')'| '(' expr ')'| expr AND expr
| expr OR expr

value_expr::= '=' scalar_value| IN '(' value_list ')'| '=' array| '=' '*'
| '<' NUMERIC| '<' '=' NUMERIC| '>' NUMERIC| '>' '=' NUMERIC| '@' '>' array| '<' '@' array| '&' '&' array| IS ARRAY| IS NUMERIC| IS OBJECT| IS STRING| IS BOOLEAN

path::= key| path '.' key_any| NOT '.' key_any

value_list::= scalar_value| value_list ',' scalar_value

key::= '*'
| '#'
| '%'
| '$'
| STRING….....

array

key_any ::= key| NOT::= '[' value_list ']'scalar_value::= null| STRING| true| false| NUMERIC| OBJECT…....

Jsonb query language (Jsquery)• # - any element arraypath::= key| path '.' key_any| NOT '.' key_any

key::= '*'
| '#'
| '%'
| '$'
| STRING….....

SELECT '{"a": {"b": [1,2,3]}}'::jsonb @@ 'a.b.# = 2';• % - any key
SELECT '{"a": {"b": [1,2,3]}}'::jsonb @@ '%.b.# = 2';• * - anything
SELECT '{"a": {"b": [1,2,3]}}'::jsonb @@ '*.# = 2';• $ - current element
select '{"a": {"b": [1,2,3]}}'::jsonb @@ 'a.b.# ($ = 2 OR $ < 3)';• Use "double quotes" for key !
select 'a1."12222" < 111'::jsquery;

key_any ::= key| NOT

Jsonb query language (Jsquery)• Scalarselect '{"a": {"b": [1,2,3]}}'::jsonb @@ 'a.b.# IN (1,2,5)';• Test for key existence
select '{"a": {"b": [1,2,3]}}'::jsonb @@ 'a.b = *';• Array overlap
select '{"a": {"b": [1,2,3]}}'::jsonb @@ 'a.b && [1,2,5]';• Array contains
select '{"a": {"b": [1,2,3]}}'::jsonb @@ 'a.b @> [1,2]';• Array contained

select '{"a": {"b": [1,2,3]}}'::jsonb @@ 'a.b <@ [1,2,3,4,5]';value_expr::= '=' scalar_value| IN '(' value_list ')'| '=' array| '=' '*'
| '<' NUMERIC| '<' '=' NUMERIC| '>' NUMERIC| '>' '=' NUMERIC| '@' '>' array| '<' '@' array| '&' '&' array| IS ARRAY| IS NUMERIC| IS OBJECT| IS STRING| IS BOOLEAN

Jsonb query language (Jsquery)• Type checking

IS BOOLEAN

select '{"x": true}' @@ 'x IS boolean'::jsquery,'{"x": 0.1}' @@ 'x IS numeric'::jsquery;?column? | ?column?
----------+---------t| t

IS NUMERIC

select '{"a":{"a":1}}' @@ 'a IS object'::jsquery;?column?
---------t

IS STRINGIS ARRAYIS OBJECT

select '{"a":["xxx"]}' @@ 'a IS array'::jsquery, '["xxx"]' @@ '$ IS array'::jsquery;?column? | ?column?
----------+---------t| t

Jsonb query language (Jsquery)• How many products are similar to "B000089778" and haveproduct_sales_rank in range between 10000-20000 ?

• SQL

SELECT count(*) FROM jr WHERE (jr->>'product_sales_rank')::int > 10000and (jr->> 'product_sales_rank')::int < 20000 and….boring stuff• Jsquery
SELECT count(*) FROM jr WHERE jr @@ ' similar_product_ids &&["B000089778"] AND product_sales_rank( $ > 10000 AND $ < 20000)'• Mongodb
db.reviews.find( { $and :[ {similar_product_ids: { $in ["B000089778"]}},{product_sales_rank:{$gt:10000, $lt:20000}}] } ).count()Jsonb query language (Jsquery)explain( analyze, buffers) select count(*) from jb where jb @> '{"tags":[{"term":"NYC"}]}'::jsonb;
QUERY PLAN--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (cost=191517.30..191517.31 rows=1 width=0) (actual time=1039.422..1039.423 rows=1 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=97841 read=78011-> Seq Scan on jb (cost=0.00..191514.16 rows=1253 width=0) (actual time=0.006..1039.310 rows=285 loops=1)
Filter: (jb @> '{"tags": [{"term": "NYC"}]}'::jsonb)
Rows Removed by Filter: 1252688
Buffers: shared hit=97841 read=78011
Planning time: 0.074 ms

Execution time: 1039.444 ms
explain( analyze,costs off) select count(*) from jb where jb @@ 'tags.#.term = "NYC"';QUERY PLAN-------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=891.707..891.707 rows=1 loops=1)-> Seq Scan on jb (actual time=0.010..891.553 rows=285 loops=1)
Filter: (jb @@ '"tags".#."term" = "NYC"'::jsquery)
Rows Removed by Filter: 1252688

Execution time: 891.745 ms

Jsquery (indexes)• GIN opclasses with jsquery support• jsonb_value_path_ops — use Bloom filtering for key matching{"a":{"b":{"c":10}}} → 10.( bloom(a) or bloom(b) or bloom(c) )• Good for key matching (wildcard support) , not good for range query• jsonb_path_value_ops — hash path (like jsonb_path_ops){"a":{"b":{"c":10}}} → hash(a.b.c).10• No wildcard support, no problem with ranges
List of relations
Schema |Name| Type | Owner|
Table| Size| Description--------+-------------------------+-------+----------+--------------+---------+------------public | jb
| table | postgres || 1374 MB |public | jb_value_path_idx| index | postgres | jb
| 306 MB |public | jb_gin_idx| index | postgres | jb
| 544 MB |public | jb_path_value_idx| index | postgres | jb
| 306 MB |public | jb_path_idx| index | postgres | jb
| 251 MB |

Jsquery (indexes)
explain( analyze,costs off) select count(*) from jb where jb @@ 'tags.#.term = "NYC"';QUERY PLAN------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=0.609..0.609 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jb (actual time=0.115..0.580 rows=285 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jb @@ '"tags".#."term" = "NYC"'::jsquery)
Heap Blocks: exact=285-> Bitmap Index Scan on jb_value_path_idx (actual time=0.073..0.073 rows=285 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jb @@ '"tags".#."term" = "NYC"'::jsquery)
Execution time: 0.634 ms(7 rows)Jsquery (indexes)
explain( analyze,costs off) select count(*) from jb where jb @@ '*.term = "NYC"';QUERY PLAN------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=0.688..0.688 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jb (actual time=0.145..0.660 rows=285 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jb @@ '*."term" = "NYC"'::jsquery)
Heap Blocks: exact=285-> Bitmap Index Scan on jb_value_path_idx (actual time=0.113..0.113 rows=285 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jb @@ '*."term" = "NYC"'::jsquery)
Execution time: 0.716 ms(7 rows)

Citus dataset{"customer_id": "AE22YDHSBFYIP","product_category": "Business & Investing","product_group": "Book","product_id": "1551803542","product_sales_rank": 11611,"product_subcategory": "General","product_title": "Start and Run a Coffee Bar (Start & Run a)","review_date": {"$date": 31363200000},"review_helpful_votes": 0,"review_rating": 5,"review_votes": 10,"similar_product_ids": ["0471136174","0910627312","047112138X","0786883561","0201570483"]• 3023162 reviews from Citus
1998-2000 years• 1573 MB}Jsquery (indexes)
explain (analyze, costs off) select count(*) from jr wherejr @@ ' similar_product_ids && ["B000089778"]';QUERY PLAN-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=0.359..0.359 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jr (actual time=0.084..0.337 rows=185 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jr @@ '"similar_product_ids" && ["B000089778"]'::jsquery)
Heap Blocks: exact=107-> Bitmap Index Scan on jr_path_value_idx (actual time=0.057..0.057 rows=185 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jr @@ '"similar_product_ids" && ["B000089778"]'::jsquery)
Execution time: 0.394 ms(7 rows)Jsquery (indexes)• No statistics, no planning :(Not selective, better not use index!

explain (analyze, costs off) select count(*) from jr wherejr @@ ' similar_product_ids && ["B000089778"]
AND product_sales_rank( $ > 10000 AND $ < 20000)';
QUERY PLAN-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=126.149..126.149 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jr (actual time=126.057..126.143 rows=45 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jr @@ '("similar_product_ids" && ["B000089778"] &"product_sales_rank"($ > 10000 & $ < 20000))'::jsquery)
Heap Blocks: exact=45-> Bitmap Index Scan on jr_path_value_idx (actual time=126.029..126.029 rows=45 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jr @@ '("similar_product_ids" && ["B000089778"] &"product_sales_rank"($ > 10000 & $ < 20000))'::jsquery)
Execution time: 129.309 ms !!! No statistics(7 rows)

MongoDB 2.6.0
db.reviews.find( { $and :[ {similar_product_ids: { $in:["B000089778"]}}, {product_sales_rank:{$gt:10000, $lt:20000}}] } ).explain(){"n" : 45,….................
"millis" : 7,
"indexBounds" : {"similar_product_ids" : [index size = 400 MB just for similar_product_ids !!!
["B000089778","B000089778"
]
]
},
}

Jsquery (indexes)• If we rewrite query and use plannerexplain (analyze,costs off) select count(*) from jr wherejr @@ ' similar_product_ids && ["B000089778"]'and (jr->>'product_sales_rank')::int>10000 and (jr->>'product_sales_rank')::int<20000;----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=0.479..0.479 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jr (actual time=0.079..0.472 rows=45 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jr @@ '"similar_product_ids" && ["B000089778"]'::jsquery)
Filter: ((((jr ->> 'product_sales_rank'::text))::integer > 10000) AND(((jr ->> 'product_sales_rank'::text))::integer < 20000))
Rows Removed by Filter: 140
Heap Blocks: exact=107-> Bitmap Index Scan on jr_path_value_idx (actual time=0.041..0.041 rows=185 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jr @@ '"similar_product_ids" && ["B000089778"]'::jsquery)
Execution time: 0.506 ms Potentially, query could be faster Mongo !
(9 rows)Jsquery (optimiser) — NEW !
•Jsquery now has built-in optimiser for simple queries.
explain (analyze, costs off) select count(*) from jr wherejr @@ 'similar_product_ids && ["B000089778"]
AND product_sales_rank( $ > 10000 AND $ < 20000)'-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=0.422..0.422 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jr (actual time=0.099..0.416 rows=45 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jr @@ '("similar_product_ids" && ["B000089778"] AND"product_sales_rank"($ > 10000 AND $ < 20000))'::jsquery)
Rows Removed by Index Recheck: 140
Heap Blocks: exact=107-> Bitmap Index Scan on jr_path_value_idx (actual time=0.060..0.060 rows=185 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jr @@ '("similar_product_ids" && ["B000089778"] AND"product_sales_rank"($ > 10000 AND $ < 20000))'::jsquery)
Execution time: 0.480 ms vs 7 ms MongoDB !

Jsquery (optimiser) — NEW !
•Jsquery now has built-in optimiser for simple queries.
Analyze query tree and push non-selective parts to recheck (like filter)
Selectivity classes:
1) Equality (x = c)2) Range (c1 < x < c2)
3) Inequality (c > c1)
4) Is (x is type)5) Any (x = *)SELECT gin_debug_query_path_value('similar_product_ids && ["B000089778"]
AND product_sales_rank( $ > 10000 AND $ < 20000)');gin_debug_query_path_value------------------------------------------------similar_product_ids.# = "B000089778" , entry 0 +Jsquery (optimiser) — NEW !
•Jsquery optimiser pushes non-selective operators to recheckexplain (analyze, costs off) select count(*) from jr wherejr @@ 'similar_product_ids && ["B000089778"]
AND product_sales_rank( $ > 10000 AND $ < 20000)'-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=0.422..0.422 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jr (actual time=0.099..0.416 rows=45 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jr @@ '("similar_product_ids" && ["B000089778"] AND"product_sales_rank"($ > 10000 AND $ < 20000))'::jsquery)
Rows Removed by Index Recheck: 140
Heap Blocks: exact=107-> Bitmap Index Scan on jr_path_value_idx (actual time=0.060..0.060 rows=185 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jr @@ '("similar_product_ids" && ["B000089778"] AND"product_sales_rank"($ > 10000 AND $ < 20000))'::jsquery)
Execution time: 0.480 ms

Jsquery (HINTING) — NEW !
•Jsquery now has HINTING ( if you don't like optimiser)!
explain (analyze, costs off) select count(*) from jr where jr @@ 'product_sales_rank > 10000'---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=2507.410..2507.410 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jr (actual time=1118.814..2352.286 rows=2373140 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jr @@ '"product_sales_rank" > 10000'::jsquery)
Heap Blocks: exact=201209-> Bitmap Index Scan on jr_path_value_idx (actual time=1052.483..1052.48
rows=2373140 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jr @@ '"product_sales_rank" > 10000'::jsquery)
Execution time: 2524.951 ms• Better not to use index — HINT /* --noindex */explain (analyze, costs off) select count(*) from jr where jr @@ 'product_sales_rank /*-- noindex */ > 10000';---------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=1376.262..1376.262 rows=1 loops=1)-> Seq Scan on jr (actual time=0.013..1222.123 rows=2373140 loops=1)
Filter: (jr @@ '"product_sales_rank" /*-- noindex */ > 10000'::jsquery)
Rows Removed by Filter: 650022
Execution time: 1376.284 ms

Contrib/jsquery• Jsquery index support is quite efficient ( 0.5 ms vs Mongo 7 ms ! )• Future direction• Make jsquery planner friendly• Need statistics for jsonb• Availability• Jsquery + opclasses are available as extensions• Grab it from https://github.com/akorotkov/jsquery (branch master) ,we need your feedback !
• We will release it after PostgreSQL 9.4 release• Need real sample data and queries !

PostgreSQL 9.4+●
Open-source●
Relational database●
Strong support of json

Better indexing ...
• GIN is a proven and effective index access method• Need indexing for jsonb with operations on paths (no hash!) and values• B-tree in entry tree is not good - length limit, no prefix compression
List of relations
Schema |Name| Type | Owner|
Table| Size| Description--------+-----------------------------+-------+----------+---------------+---------+------------public | jb
| table | postgres || 1374 MB |public | jb_uniq_paths| table | postgres || 912 MB |public | jb_uniq_paths_btree_idx| index | postgres | jb_uniq_paths | 885 MB |text_pattern_ops
public | jb_uniq_paths_spgist_idx| index | postgres | jb_uniq_paths | 598 MB |now much less !

Better indexing ...
• Provide interface to change hardcoded B-tree in Entry tree
• Use spgist opclass for storing paths and values as is (strings hashed in values)• We may go further - provide interface to change hardcoded B-tree inposting tree
• GIS aware full text search !

• New index access method

CREATE INDEX … USING VODKA

GIN History• Introduced at PostgreSQL Anniversary Meeting in Toronto, Jul 7-8, 2006
by Oleg Bartunov and Teodor Sigaev

GIN History• Introduced at PostgreSQL Anniversary Meeting in Toronto, Jul 7-8, 2006
by Oleg Bartunov and Teodor Sigaev• Supported by JFG Networks (France)• «Gin stands for Generalized Inverted iNdex and should be considered asa genie, not a drink.»• Alexander Korotkov, Heikki Linnakangas have joined GIN++ developmentin 2013

GIN History• From GIN Readme, posted in -hackers, 2006-04-26
TODO---Nearest future:* Opclasses for all types (no programming, just many catalog changes).
Distant future:* Replace B-tree of entries to something like GiST (VODKA ! 2014)* Add multicolumn support* Optimize insert operations (background index insertion)

GIN index structure for jsonb
{
},
{
}

"product_group": "Book","product_sales_rank": 15000"product_group": "Music","product_sales_rank": 25000

Vodka index structure for jsonb
{
},
{
}

"product_group": "Book","product_sales_rank": 15000"product_group": "Music","product_sales_rank": 25000

CREATE INDEX … USING VODKA• Delicious bookmarks, mostly text data
set maintenance_work_mem = '1GB';
List of relations
Schema |Name| Type | Owner| Table | Size
| Description--------+--------------------+-------+----------+-------+---------+------------public | jb
| table | postgres || 1374 MB | 1252973 rows
public | jb_value_path_idx | index | postgres | jb
| 306 MB |98769.096
public | jb_gin_idx| index | postgres | jb
| 544 MB | 129860.859
public | jb_path_value_idx | index | postgres | jb
| 306 MB | 100560.313
public | jb_path_idx| index | postgres | jb
| 251 MB |68880.320
public | jb_vodka_idx| index | postgres | jb
| 409 MB | 185362.865
public | jb_vodka_idx5| index | postgres | jb
| 325 MB | 174627.234 new spgist(6 rows)

CREATE INDEX … USING VODKA
select count(*) from jb where jb @@ 'tags.#.term = "NYC"';------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=0.423..0.423 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jb (actual time=0.146..0.404 rows=285 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jb @@ '"tags".#."term" = "NYC"'::jsquery)
Heap Blocks: exact=285-> Bitmap Index Scan on jb_vodka_idx (actual time=0.108..0.108 rows=285 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jb @@ '"tags".#."term" = "NYC"'::jsquery)

Execution time: 0.456 ms (0.634 ms, GIN jsonb_value_path_ops)
select count(*) from jb where jb @@ '*.term = "NYC"';------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=0.495..0.495 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jb (actual time=0.245..0.474 rows=285 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jb @@ '*."term" = "NYC"'::jsquery)
Heap Blocks: exact=285-> Bitmap Index Scan on jb_vodka_idx (actual time=0.214..0.214 rows=285 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jb @@ '*."term" = "NYC"'::jsquery)

Execution time: 0.526 ms (0.716 ms, GIN jsonb_path_value_ops)

CREATE INDEX … USING VODKA• CITUS data, text and numeric
set maintenance_work_mem = '1GB';
List of relations
Schema |Name| Type | Owner| Table | Size
| Description--------+--------------------+-------+----------+-------+---------+------------public | jr
| table | postgres || 1573 MB | 3023162 rows
public | jr_value_path_idx | index | postgres | jr
| 196 MB | 79180.120
public | jr_gin_idx| index | postgres | jr
| 235 MB | 111814.929
public | jr_path_value_idx | index | postgres | jr
| 196 MB | 73369.713
public | jr_path_idx| index | postgres | jr
| 180 MB | 48981.307
public | jr_vodka_idx3| index | postgres | jr
| 240 MB | 155714.777
public | jr_vodka_idx4| index | postgres | jr
| 211 MB | 169440.130 new spgist(6 rows)

CREATE INDEX … USING VODKA
explain (analyze, costs off) select count(*) from jr where jr @@ ' similar_product_ids && ["B000089778"]';QUERY PLAN------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aggregate (actual time=0.200..0.200 rows=1 loops=1)-> Bitmap Heap Scan on jr (actual time=0.090..0.183 rows=185 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (jr @@ '"similar_product_ids" && ["B000089778"]'::jsquery)
Heap Blocks: exact=107-> Bitmap Index Scan on jr_vodka_idx (actual time=0.077..0.077 rows=185 loops=1)
Index Cond: (jr @@ '"similar_product_ids" && ["B000089778"]'::jsquery)

Execution time: 0.237 ms (0.394 ms, GIN jsonb_path_value_idx)(7 rows)

There are can be different flavors of Vodka

Spaghetti indexing ...

Find twirled spaghetti

Spaghetti indexing ...

R-tree fails here — bounding box of each separate spaghetti is the same

Spaghetti indexing ...

R-tree fails here — bounding box of each separate spaghetti is the same

Ottawa downtown: York and George streetsIdea: Use multiple boxes

Rtree Vodka

Summary• contrib/jsquery for 9.4• Jsquery - Jsonb Query Language• Two GIN opclasses with jsquery support• Grab it from https://github.com/akorotkov/jsquery (branch master)• Prototype of VODKA access method• Plans for improving indexing infrastructure• This work was supported byAnother view on VODKA• VODKA CONNECTING INDEXES• composite index, which combines different access methods• Nested search treesСпасибо за Внимание !
ご清聴ありがとうございました

VODKA Optimized Dendriform Keys Array