ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2505
2002-11-03
Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set
International Organization for Standardization
Organisation internationale de normalisationеждународная организация по стандартизации
Doc Type: Working Group Document
Title:
Revised proposal for encoding the Ol Chiki script in the UCS
Source: Michael Everson, R. C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu
Status:Expert Contribution
Action:For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC
Date:
2002-11-03
This is a revision of N1956, and contains the proposal summary form.

A. Administrative
1. Title
Revised proposal for encoding the Ol Chiki script in the UCS.
2. Requester’s nameMichael Everson, R. C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu
3. Requester type
Expert contribution.
4. Submission date
2002-11-03
5. Requester’s reference
6a. Completion
This is a complete proposal.
6b. More information to be provided?
No.

B. Technical -- General
1a. New script? Name?
Yes. Ol Chiki, also known as Santali, Ol, Ol Cemet’ and Ol Ciki.
1b. Addition of characters to existing block? Name?
No.
2. Number of characters
48
3. Proposed category
Category A.
4. Proposed level of implementation and rationale
Level 2 as it uses modifying diacritics in the Brahmic style.
5a. Character names included in proposal?
Yes. There are some issues yet to be resolved regarding the best transliteration for the character names.
5b. Character names in accordance with guidelines?
Yes.
5c. Character shapes reviewable?
Yes (see below).
1Michael Everson, R.C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu

Proposal for the Universal Character Set

6a. Who will provide computerized font?
James Kass via Michael Everson.
6b. Font currently available?
Yes.
6c. Font format?
TrueType.
7a. Are references (to other character sets, dictionaries, descriptive texts, etc.) provided?
Yes, see bibliography below.
7b. Are published examples (such as samples from newspapers, magazines, or other sources) of useof proposed characters attached?
Yes, attached.
8. Does the proposal address other aspects of character data processing?
Yes, see Unicode properties below.

C. Technical -- Justification
1. Contact with the user community?
No.
2. Information on the user community?
Speakers of the Santali language, whose population is 5,800,000, with 25%–50% literacy, according to
the SIL Ethnologue.
3a. The context of use for the proposed characters?
To write the Santali language. Latin, Devanagari, Bengali, and Oriya scripts have also been used to write
Santali.
3b. Reference
See bibliography.
4a. Proposed characters in current use?
Yes.
4b. Where?
In primary and adult education (general use).
5a. Characters should be encoded entirely in BMP?
Yes.
5b. Rationale
Contemporary use and accordance with the Roadmap.
6. Should characters be kept in a continuous range?
Yes.
7a. Can the characters be considered a presentation form of an existing character or character
sequence?
No.
7b. Where?
7c. Reference
8a. Can any of the characters be considered to be similar (in appearance or function) to an existing
character?
No.
8b. Where?
8c. Reference
9a. Combining characters or use of composite sequences included?
Yes.
9b. List of composite sequences and their corresponding glyph images provided?
Yes. There are some limitations on which ones can combine with which base characters (see below).
2

Michael Everson, R.C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu

Proposal for the Universal Character Set

10. Characters with any special properties such as control function, etc. included?
No.

Naming issues
Characters are arranged in a 5 by 6 matrix, named in a conventional way as shown in the names list. The
first characters in each row (LO, LA, LI, LU, LE, LOO) are vowels. Given here is a UCS name based on
traditional transliteration, transliteration according to Zide 1996, and the transliteration from the ALA
Romanization Handbook, and the transliteration proposed by Hansdah and Murmu in the Proposal part ofthis document.

Ä LO, la, la, A Å OT, at, at, AT
Ö LA, lā, lā, AA Ü AK, āk, āk, AAK
ä LI, li, li, I ã IS, is, is, ISè LU, lu, lu, U ê UC, uc, uc, UCH
î LE, le, le, E ï EP, ep, ep, EB
ô LOO, lo., lo, O ö OOTT, ot., ot., OTT

Ç OKH, ak’, ag, AG É ONG, an., am., ANG Ñ OL, al, al, AL
á ACH, āc’, aj, AAJ à AM, ām, ām, AAM â AW, āw, āw, AAW
å IH, ih, ih, IH
ç INY, iñ, iñ, INY é IR, ir, ir, IR
ë UTH, ut’, ud, UD í UNN, un., un., UNN ì UY, uy, uy, UY
ñ EDD, ed., ed., EDD ó EN, en, en, EN
ò ERR, er., er., ERR.
õ OOPH, op’, ob, OB ú OOWN, ow̃, on, OV ù OOHH, oh, oh, OH

3Proposal for the Universal Character Set

Michael Everson, R.C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu

TABLE XXX - Row xx: OL CHIKI
xx0

4

xx1

xx2

0

Ä ê

†

1

Å ë

°

2

Ç í ¢

3

É ì

£

4

Ñ

§

5

Ö ï •

6

Ü ñ

¶

7

á

ó

ß

8

à

ò

®

9

â ô

©

A

ä

ö ˇ™

B

ã

õ ˇ´

C

å ú ˇ¨

D

ç

ù ˇ≠

E

é

û ˇÆ

F

è

ü ˇØ

î

G = 00
P = 00Michael Everson, R.C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu

Proposal for the Universal Character Set

TABLE XXX - Row xx: OL CHIKI
dec hex
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
0A
0B
0C
0D
0E
0F
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1A
1B
1C
1D
1E
1F
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
2A
2B
2C
2D
2E
2F

Group 00

Name

dec hexOL CHIKI LETTER LA
OL CHIKI LETTER AT
OL CHIKI LETTER AG
OL CHIKI LETTER ANG
OL CHIKI LETTER AL
OL CHIKI LETTER LAA
OL CHIKI LETTER AAK
OL CHIKI LETTER AAJ
OL CHIKI LETTER AAM
OL CHIKI LETTER AAW
OL CHIKI LETTER LI
OL CHIKI LETTER IS
OL CHIKI LETTER IH
OL CHIKI LETTER INY
OL CHIKI LETTER IR
OL CHIKI LETTER LU
OL CHIKI LETTER UCH
OL CHIKI LETTER UD
OL CHIKI LETTER UNN
OL CHIKI LETTER UYOL CHIKI LETTER LE
OL CHIKI LETTER EP
OL CHIKI LETTER EDD
OL CHIKI LETTER EN
OL CHIKI LETTER ERR
OL CHIKI LETTER LO
OL CHIKI LETTER OTT
OL CHIKI LETTER OB
OL CHIKI LETTER OVOL CHIKI LETTER OH
OL CHIKI PUNCTUATION MUCHADOL CHIKI PUNCTUATION DOUBLE MUCHADOL CHIKI DIGIT ZEROOL CHIKI DIGIT ONE
OL CHIKI DIGIT TWO
OL CHIKI DIGIT THREE
OL CHIKI DIGIT FOUR
OL CHIKI DIGIT FIVE
OL CHIKI DIGIT SIX
OL CHIKI DIGIT SEVEN
OL CHIKI DIGIT EIGHTOL CHIKI DIGIT NINE
OL CHIKI MU TUDAG
OL CHIKI GAHLA TUDAG
OL CHIKI MU-GAHLA TUDAG
OL CHIKI RELA
OL CHIKI PHARKA
OL CHIKI AHADName
OL CHIKI LETTER LO
OL CHIKI LETTER OT
OL CHIKI LETTER OKH
OL CHIKI LETTER ONG
OL CHIKI LETTER OL
OL CHIKI LETTER LA
OL CHIKI LETTER AK
OL CHIKI LETTER ACH
OL CHIKI LETTER AM
OL CHIKI LETTER AW
OL CHIKI LETTER LI
OL CHIKI LETTER IS
OL CHIKI LETTER IH
OL CHIKI LETTER INY
OL CHIKI LETTER IR
OL CHIKI LETTER LU
OL CHIKI LETTER UC
OL CHIKI LETTER UTH
OL CHIKI LETTER UNN
OL CHIKI LETTER UYOL CHIKI LETTER LE
OL CHIKI LETTER EP
OL CHIKI LETTER EDD
OL CHIKI LETTER EN
OL CHIKI LETTER ERR
OL CHIKI LETTER LOO
OL CHIKI LETTER OOTTOL CHIKI LETTER OOPH
OL CHIKI LETTER OOWN
OL CHIKI LETTER OOHH
OL CHIKI SINGLE PUNCTUATION
OL CHIKI DOUBLE PUNCTUATION
OL CHIKI DIGIT ZEROOL CHIKI DIGIT ONE
OL CHIKI DIGIT TWO
OL CHIKI DIGIT THREE
OL CHIKI DIGIT FOUR
OL CHIKI DIGIT FIVE
OL CHIKI DIGIT SIX
OL CHIKI DIGIT SEVEN
OL CHIKI DIGIT EIGHTOL CHIKI DIGIT NINE
OL CHIKI MU TTUDDAK
OL CHIKI KAHLA TTUDDAK
OL CHIKI MU-KAHLA TTUDDAK
OL CHIKI RELA
OL CHIKI PHARKA
OL CHIKI OHOTT

Plane 00

Row xx5

Encoding Ol Chiki in UCS

R.C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu

Introduction
The Ol Chiki script was invented by Pandit Raghunath Murmu(1905 - 1982) in thefirst half of the 20th century. The meaning of “Ol Chiki” is “the writing symbol” or“the writing script”. This script is also known as “Ol Cemet”, “Ol Script”, “Ol Ciki
Script”, or simply as “Ol”. In Santali, “Ol” means “writing” and “Cemet” means“learning”. So, “Ol Cemet” means “The learning of writing”. Indeed, “Ol Cemet”(Murmu, 1976) is the title of the book, written by Pandit Raghunath Murmu forteaching the Ol Chiki script to the beginners. Santali is a language with its own special
characteristics, and has a literature which dates back to the beginning of the 15th
century(Murmu, 2002) and since then, it has been in various phases of its developmentin the subsequent centuries. Language is an instrument of group culture and identity.
The script is a mechanism to propagate and preserve a language, which is necessary
for the very survival of cultural communities. Naturally, he felt that Santals with theirrich cultural heritage and tradition, also need a separate script to preserve and promote
their language. Towards this goal, he wrote over 150 books covering wide spectrum of
subjects such as grammar, novel, drama, poetry, and story in Ol Chiki as a part of his
extensive programme for culturally upgrading the Santal community. “Darege Dhan”,“Sidu-Kanhu”, "Bidu Chandan" and "Kherwal Bir" are among the most acclaimed of
his works. Later, he was honored by the Orissa and West Bengal Government.
OriginOl Chiki is alphabetic, and does not share any of the syllabic properties of other Indic
scripts. It is used for writing Santali, which belongs to the Munda group of languagesof the Austro-Asiatic family(Majumder, 2001). One of the interesting feature of the Ol
Chiki script is that, it makes use of signs and symbols long familiar to the Santals. Thevery ingenuity in shaping the symbols of the letters and arranging the letters in thescript has been greatly helpful in transmission of the script. A large number of words
in the Santali language are derived from natural sounds. Letters of Ol Chiki script arealso derived from the physical environment and what surrounds the people - hills,
rivers, trees, birds, bees, plough, sickle - the list is endless (Mahapatra & Mohapatra,
2001). Zide in his work(Zide, 1996) says, “The shapes of the letters are not arbitrary,
but reflect the names for the letters, which are words, usually the names of objects or
actions represented—in conventionalized form – in the pictorial shape of thecharacters”. For example, the word oT/çt/ means earth and the shape of letter T/AT/ isderived from the round shape of earth. Similarly U D/ut'/ means mushroom and solooks the shape of the letter D/UD/.
Explanations for the pictorial origin (Figure 1) of the letters in the E/E/ row are as
follows: E/E/ “swelling”; P/EP/ “to meet, collide”; d/EDD/ “to point out a place”, asymbols (previously) used to “meeting place”; n /EN/ “to thrash grain” derived from a
picture of two leg thrashing; Z/ERR/ “to avoid” derived from a picture of a path thatturns to avoid an obstruction or a danger (Zide, 1996).

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Encoding Ol Chiki in UCS

Figure 1. Pictorial origin of the letters in the

R.C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu(e) row of Ol Chiki (Zide, 1996)

Major Users“ Santali” which literally means 'the language of the Santals’ is spoken by the Santals
who are also one of the oldest ethnic group in South Asia. Anthropologists tend to
identify the Santals in the racial category of proto-australoid (Majumder, 2001). They
are numerically the largest indigenous group in India having homogeneous
characteristics and a total population of over 10 million (according to recent figures).
The Santals are mostly concentrated in the Indian state of Jharkhand, Orissa, West
Bengal and Assam, but they are also spread over sparsely in the neighboring countryof Bangladesh and Nepal. Presently, the Santals have a high degree of bilingualism as
they also speak the Indo-Aryan languages of the dominant population (viz..,
Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, and Oriya as the case may be) besides Santali.
Santali Literatures
In earlier times, all Santali writings were in Bengali, Devnagari, Oriya or Roman
script. Although there have been impressive works by foreigners and non-Santal
writers on dictionary, collection of folklore etc., their work is mostly confined toresearch. Meanwhile, Roman script was in extensive use for writing Santali andseveral books in Santali have been published using Roman script. But most of thecreative writings were written by the native speakers in Bengali, Devnagari or Oriya
scripts. The use of different scripts for Santali has hindered the development andutilisation of Santali language. This, in turn, has effectively marred the progress ofSantali language in several fields such as philosophy, history, religion, drama, novel,
prose and poetry. The problem of using different scripts for the same language hadnecessitated the invention of a new script for Santali, and it finally led to the inventionof Ol Chiki by Pandit Raghunath Murmu.
After the invention of Ol Chiki, a large number of books have been written by various
authors in Santali using Ol Chiki script. Types of books include (i) novels and shortstories, (ii) poetries, songs, and religious sermons, (iii) books on Santal society, (iv)primary books for learning Ol Chiki, (v) books for learning primary mathematics, (vi)books on Santali grammars and related topics, and (vii) books on great tribal persons.
Santali magazines in Ol Chiki are also being published regularly. A partial list of suchbooks and magazines is given in appendix E as a bibliography. Samples of front pagesof magazines are given in appendix F.

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Encoding Ol Chiki in UCS

R.C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu

Ol Chiki in Education
Private initiative of average Santals, co-operation and active support of various unitsof ASECA(Adivasi Socio-Educational and Cultural Association),a Santalorganisation, made amazing inroads into rural Santal community for Ol Chiki andmade considerable place for it among them. The footprints of proliferation of Ol Chiki
among the Santals can be observed even in the remote villages of Nepal, far awayfrom Santal heartland (The Kathmandu Post, dated January 15, 2001, Kathmandu).
New era for Ol Chiki started after getting early recognition from the Govt. of West
Bengal way back in 1979(Appendix A). Recently, the Govt. of West Bengal in its
extraordinary resolution published in the Calcutta Gazette dated 5th March
2001(Appendix B) has constituted a committee “ to study the feasibility and possibilityof teaching Santali language using Ol Chiki script and to introduce it in various
syllabus/curriculum starting from the primary school level up to the university level” .
Now, it is the Jharkhand Government which gave green signal for teaching Santali
language in Ol Chiki (Appendix C) as a separate subject starting from the primaryschool level up to secondary level. Apart from these developments for Ol Chiki, theGoverment of Orissa also recognises it for teaching Santali language in Ol Chiki incertain selected schools at the primary level, and for providing financial help to the
ASECAs for teaching Santali language in Ol Chiki to all Santals, young and old alike.
Higher Education
The status of Ol Chiki in higher education is also equally impressive. Bihar Secondary
School Examination Board, Patna and Jharkhand Secondary School Examination
Board, Ranchi have accepted Santali Language/Literature as optional paper at the
Matriculation level. Jharkhand Intermediate Education Board recently introduced
compulsory Matri Bhasa (native language) subject where Santali carries equal
weightage with Hindi. The Bihar Public Service Commission also offers Santali
Language/Literature as optional paper for its competitive Examination. In West
Bengal, the renowned Vishwa Bharati University, i.e., Shantiniketan has been
imparting education in Santali language for the last 24 years or so. The Universities of
Jharkhand and Bihar, viz., Ranchi University, Ranchi, Vinoba Bhave University,
Hazaribagh, Sidu-Kanhu University, Dumka, and Baba Tilka Majhi University,
Bhagalpur offer courses in Santali language/literature at the Post-Graduate level, andalso conduct examinations for the same(Murmu, 2002). Appendix D gives a partial listof people who work in Santali language at the University/College level and also
belong to the Santal community.
Ol Chiki Letters
The Ol Chiki letters are arranged in 6 by 5 matrix, in which the six letters in the firstcolumn of the matrix are vowels, and the remaining 24 letters are consonants. There
are five basic diacritics in Ol Chiki, viz., Mu Tudag(+N), Gahla Tudag(+. ), Rela(+~ ),Pharka(+_ ) and Ahad (+X ). In Ol Chiki, diacritics have nice and interesting properties,
and this is specially true with Ahad. The combination of Mu Tudag and Gahla Tudag
results in Mu-Gahla Tudag(+: ) which is also treated as a separate diacritic, andtherefore, it is represented separately.
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8Encoding Ol Chiki in UCS

R.C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu

VowelsThe vowel system of Santali language in the Santal Pargana region as described by
Bodding and others, contains 8 or 9 vowels (Zide, 1996), and it shows the distinction
between half close and open vowels / e, E, o, ç /. The Ol Chiki writing system gives
six basic vowels o / ç /, A / a /, I / i /, U / u /, E / e /, O / o /. However, the diacritic
Gahla Tudag, placed next to vowels / ç, a, e /, generates the additional vowels, andalso another diacritic Rela placed next to any vowel generates its extra length. The
diacritic Mu Tudag (+N) placed next to any vowel indicates that vowel is nasalized as in
the word hEN DE(/ he)de/ black). It is often observed that vowel /o/ occurs lessfrequently, and / a / occurs most regularly in the writings of Santali language.
New Vowels
The new vowels / o. /ç/, / A. /´/, / E. /E/ are generated by placing the diacritic Gahla
Tudag (+. ) next to vowels /o, A, E/.
There is only amarginal phonemic distinction between /o/ and / o. /, and the latter is rarely used. On
the other hand, vowel / ´ / is most frequently used in the writings of Santali. The MuGahla Tudag (+: ) also occurs often in Santali writings. The Mu-Gahla Tudag placednext to a vowel indicates that the new vowel generated by the Gahla Tudag isnasalized as in the word BA: DI (/ b´)di/), which means a big spherical storage forpaddy.
Vowel length
The diacritic Rela (+˜ ) placed next to any vowel is intended to generate thecorresponding long vowel and the instances of use of Rela are JI ~ YI (/ji˘yi /soul),
moME~ mAN ~ hA ( /mç˜e˘ ma)˘ha/ Five days) etc. It needs to be noted that Ol Chiki
script developed by Pandit Raghunath Murmu was intended, not only for Santali
Language, but also for other languages of Munda family, viz., Mundari, Ho etc. andthe discussion here is confined to Santali language only as it uses this script
extensively.
Consonants
The Santali phonemic system includes a series of retroflex consonants, voiced andvoiceless aspirated stops and the glottalized stops in word-final position, alternatingwith the voiced series. One interesting phenomenon in Santali is that it hasphonological distinctions between / N, ¯, ˜, n / even in word final position. Thisphenomenon is not so clearly observed in the neighbouring Indo-Aryan languages
such as Bengali, Hindi, Oriya etc. The occurrence of nasal in Santali language isextremely regular.
T ( AT/ t /), G(AG/ k', g /), F(ANG/ N /), L(AL/ l /), K(AAK/ k /), J(AAJ/ c', j /),m(AAM/ m /), W(AAW/ w /), S(IS/ s /), h(IH/ h /), Q(INY/ ¯ /), R(IR/ r /), C(UCH/ c/), D(UD/ t', d /), M(UNN/ ˜ /), Y(UY/ y /), P(EP/ p /), d(EDD/ Í /), n(EN/ n /),Z(ERR/ } /), t(OTT/ ˇ /), B(OB/ p', b /), V(OV/ w)) /) are the consonants that are usedPage

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Encoding Ol Chiki in UCS

R.C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu

in Ol Chiki for writing Santali and additional aspirated consonants are generated by
combining some of these consonants with H(OH/ H /) consonant. The consonant
H(OH/ H /) placed next to the unaspirated consonants T/AT/, G/AG/, K /AAK/,
J/AAJ/, C /UCH/, D/UD/, P /EP/, d /EDD/, t /OTT/, B/OB/ generates the aspirated
consonants / tH, gH, kH, jH, cH, dH, pH, ÍH, ˇH, bH / respectively.
Semi-consonants
There is an interesting and unique feature of the four semi-consonants G/AG/, J/AAJ/,
D/UD/, and B/OB/ in Ol Chiki that manifests itself in combination of Ahad. If thesesemi-consonants are followed by a vowel or Ahad, it makes them full consonant andtheir corresponding voiced equivalents / g, j, d, b / are generated. The examples of thevoiced equivalents of these semi-consonants are DA GX (/ dag / mark), DA GI (/ dagi
/marked), R A JX (/ raj / rule), R A JA (/ raja / king), GI DX R A .(/ gidra / child),
GI DI (/ gidi / vulture), U BX (/ ub / pour out from a pot), BI R (/ bir / forest). If these arefollowed by H (OH), corresponding aspirated voiced consonants / gH, jH, dH, bH / aregenerated. When they are not followed by any of the above, they generate theunreleased stops / k', c', t', p' / respectively. The examples of such use are DA G (/dak' / water), R A G (/ rak' /cry), R E J (/rec' /snatch), m U J (/ muc' / ant), Go D (/ gçt'
/ pluck), m E D(/ met' /eye), U B (/ up' / hair). These unreleased stops often occur inword final position.
The use of OH
There is a written version for each of the 30 Ol Chiki characters. Besides, there is aseparate written version for the combination of Ahad with each of the four semiconsonants and one with h/IH/ (Appendix-H ). The glottal stop / / is generated in
combination of h(/IH/h/) with Ahad. Generally, the combination of h/IH/ with Ahad is
written in shorter form H/OH/ (Soren, 2000). Instances of one such use with nasal
consonant n/EN/ is as in the word nHA TE (/ n ate /this side).
The use of Pharka
The diacritic Pharka (+_) is used very frequently in Santali writings and works as
separator in two ways. First, it is used to separate two consonants of similar paired
words as in S U JH_ BU JH (/ sujh-bujh /). Second, it is used to separate a consonant
from the following vowel. It is generally used to prevent the semi-consonants frombecoming full consonants and these cases occur in certain verb formations as inm E nA G_ A (/ menak'-a /have/Verb), A K A D_ A (/ akat'-a /Verb), hI JU G_ A (/ hijuk'a /come/ Verb). Also, there is another situation, where nasal consonant F (ANG/ N /) isseparated by Pharka from the following vowel.
Punctuation Marks:
The main punctuation mark used is the single vertical line “ |” , and it marks the end of
a sentence. In Santali, it is called m U C A . D / muc´t' /. There are other familiarpunctuation marks which are also used in Santali language. The names of thesepunctuation marks as given in the grammar book “ Ranal” (Murmu, 1976) written by
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Encoding Ol Chiki in UCS

R.C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu

Pandit Raghunath Murmu are as follows: KECED (/ kecet' / “ ,” / comma), T o P A G (/tçpak' / “ ;” /semicolon), h A . Z U B (/ h´rup' / “ ( )” /parentheses), KU KL I (/ kukli / “ ?”/question mark).
DigitsOl Chiki uses decimal system, and the names of basic digits 0-9 are as follows. 0 (( S U n Y o / sunyç /zero),1 ( m I D / mit' /one), 2 ( B A R / bar /two), 3 ( P E / pe / three),4 ( P U n / pun /four), 5( m o M E /mç˜e /five), 6 ( T U R U Y / turuy / six), 7 ( EY A Y /eyay / seven), 8 ( I R A . L / ir´l / eight), 9 ( A R E / are /nine).
Collating Order
The collating order for the words are the same in which the characters are read in thealphabet, viz., A, AT, AG, ANG, AL, AA, AAK, AAJ, AAM, AAW, I, IS, IH, INY, IR, U,
UCH, UD, UNN, UY, E, EP, EDD, EN, ERR, O, OTT, OB, OV, OH. A list of words
which are new words used in the book DA Z EG E Dh o n (/ da}ege dHçn / Health iswealth) written by Pandit Raghunath Murmu (Murmu, 1966) is given at the end of thebook in the above order.
Implementation:
There are a number of True Type implementation of Ol Chiki script in circulation in
Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal state of India. It is also observed that True Type
fonts are extensively used for publishing magazines & books. According to Ganesh
Murmu(Murmu, 2002), the Ol Chiki’s DTP solution and computer application has
been first developed by the Chaichampa Sahitya Academy, Bhubaneshwar in the year
1996, and since then there are a significant number of True Types fonts which cameinto existence and are in circulation. Recently, a non-profit internet-based group has
developed several True Type fonts for Ol Chiki, which are freely available and can be
downloaded from their website. http://wesanthals.tripod.com. The present proposal has
been prepared using one of them.

References
Bodding, P. O., 1929-1936, A Santali Dictionary(5 volumes), Oslo: I Kommisjon Hos
Jacob Dybwab (Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters).
“ Campbell's Santali-English Dictionary” (Roman Script work), Third Edition, 1988,
Edited by R. M. Macphail, FIRMA KLM Private Ltd., 257-B, B. B. Ganguly Street,
Kolkata – 700012, INDIA
Mahapatra, Khageswar, 2001, “ Basic sounds: a study in sound symbolism ofSanthals” , in Santhal Worldview edited by Nita Mathur, Indira Gandhi National Centre
for the Arts, New Delhi.
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R.C. Hansdah & N. C. Murmu

Majumder, Partha, 2001, “ Ethnic populations of India as seen from an evolutionary
perspective” , Journal of Bio-Science, Vol-26, No.-4(Suppl), Indian Academy of
Science.
Mohapatra, Shyam Sundar, 2001, "Formation of Ol Chiki script and process of its
transmission", in Santhal Worldview edited by Nita Mathur, Indira Gandhi National
Centre for the Arts, New Delhi.
Minegishi, Makoto & Murmu, Ganesh ,2001, Santali Basic Lexicon with Grammatical
Notes. Tokyo: Institute for the Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo
University of Foreign Studies (Asian and African Lexicon Series No. 38).
Murmu, Ganesh, 2002, “ Development of Santali Language and Literature and its
Recognition(Language/Script movement)” , In Proc. of the First National Seminar on
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