Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA) Biofertilizer Project

Issue No. 12
Mar c h , 2 0 1 4

Overview of FNCA Biofertilizer Project 2013
Tadashi Yokoyama, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT)In the discussion about activity plans of the project,specific ideas were suggested for the countries where
irradiation sterilization has not been implemented in
the commercial production of carriers. For example, it
was suggested for project leaders to contact
biofertilizer producers and do a demonstration to provethe benefits of irradiation sterilization. In thedevelopment of multi-functional biofertilizers, theparticipants agreed on the application of microbiology
breeding with irradiation. As for the publication of the
FNCA Guideline for Biofertilizer, which is now in thedraft stage, members agreed that experts from eachmember country will make the necessary corrections to
the draft, and the first volume (entitled "FNCA
Guideline for Biofertilizer Vol.1 Quantification ofBeneficial Microbes in Biofertilizer for Quality
Assurance and Control") will be published on the
FNCA website this fiscal year. The title for the second
volume was agreed to be "Production of Biofertilizer
Carrier Using Radiation Technology." The draft of Vol.
2 will be prepared next year by experts from Malaysia.
Study for synergistic effect of biofertilizer andirradiated oligochitosan, some positive effect such as
plant growth promotor and pathogen suppression, wasreported and it was agreed that furhter test will be
conducted in conjunction with the FNCA Electron
Accelerator Appliation Project.

In order to promote environmental friendly sustainableagriculture in Asia, FNCA Biofertilizer Project aims todevelop biofertilizers with radiation sterilization
technology, using benefical microorgamisms, which
increase the yields of crops while reducing theenvironmental burden of excessive use of chemicalfertilizers.
At the first phase of this project from 2001 to 2006,
FNCA Biofertilize Manual was published, which gives
information and experiences of biofertilizer use in
Asian countries, including their effectiveness, efficient
production processes, storage and application on different
crops, as an important outcome.
At the second phase from 2007 to 2011, main
objectives are developing multifunctional biofertilizer
having both function of plant growth promoting andresistance against plant pathogens, and disseminationof radiation sterilization method of carrier using 60Co to
improve quality of carrier for biofertilizers.
From 2012, new stage of second phase was started toenhance above 2 objectives and it is also focused onsynergy effect between biofertilizer and irradiatedoligochitosan as a new theme.
FNCA 2013 Workshop on Bifertilizer Project washeld on November 18th - 22th in Los Banos, thePhilippines with 11 participants from 7 countries.

With
Oligochitosan
Participants of the Workshop

Without
Oligochitosan

Visit to Costales Nature Farm1

Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA) Biofertilizer Project

Development of Biofertilizers for Yield Enhancement in China
Fan Bingquan, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
We have isolated some of phosphate-solubilizing

oligo-chitosan can increase peanut yield by 37.5%

fungus. They showed high capacity to solubilize rockover control (table 4).

phosphate, C3(PO4)2, FePO4, Zn3(PO4)2 and AlPO4

We studied the effect of multifunctional biofertilizer.

( table 1).

The phosphate- solubilizing fungus Aspergillus niger

And we have done some experiments of phosphate-

C2 increased the corn biomass significantly than thatsolubilizing biofertilizer in pot and field conditions.

of either nitrogen-fixing Bacillus sp. YN29 or

The results showed that phosphate-solubilizing fungi

silicate-decomposing Bacillus mucilaginous in field

can increase soil available phosphorous concentration

condition. The corn biomass enhanced 32.15% overand corn biomass/yield (table 2-3). The Aspergillus

control. The combination of Aspergillus niger C2,

niger C2 showed the highest corn yield than the other

Bacillus sp. YN29 and silicate-decomposing Bacillus

fungi.

mucilaginous using a high rate of inoculants have got

We have measured the effect of oligochatosan on planta higher biomass than a lower rate of inoculants(table

growth. The highest concentration of irradiated5). The results showed that Aspergillus niger C2 and aoligochitosan at a rate of 100µg/ml can inhibit thehigh rate of three strains combination have better

growth of Fusarium oxysporium on PDA plate, andeffects on the corn growth.

lower rate had no inhibitory effect (Fig.1). Spray of
Table 1 Isolation of phosphate-solubilizing strains

Table 2 Corn yield inoculated with P-solubilizing biofertilizers in 2013 (kg/plot)2

Table 3 Corn biomass and soil available P2O5 inoculated with P-solubilizing biofertilizers
under rock phosphate application (g/pot)

Table 4 Peanut yield applied with oligo-chitosan (kg/plot)

Fig.1 Effect of oligo-chitosan on growth of Fusarium oxysporium

Fig.2 Effect of oligo-chitosan on growth of peanut

Table 5. Corn biomass inoculated with multifunctional biofertilizers in field3

Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA) Biofertilizer Project
A Way forward on Promotion and Commercialization of Biofertilizer
in Malaysia
Phua Choo Kwai Hoe, Khairuddin Abdul Rahim, Ahmad Nazrul Abd Wahid
and Pauline Liew Woan Ying, Malaysian Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia)
Acceptance of biofertilizer by agroindustry especiallyoil palm and rubber plantation has increased over theyears. In 2009, Malaysian Agri Hi-Tech Sdn. Bhd.
(MYAGRI), the bioproducts company with BioNexus
status, utilising Bacillus megaterium, a biofertilizer
inoculum generated through R&D of Nuclear
Malaysia
in
one
of
its
products,
agriCare®ORGANIC-N. In 2011.the company
produced about 40 t of agriCare®ORGANIC-N. To
date, more than 191t has been produced, with worth of
RM 630,000 in sales. On 28 August 2013, theMinister of MOSTI launched a liquid biofertilizer(BIOLIQUIFERT) produced by Nuclear Malaysia as
one of the products generated through the government
ScienceFund grants. This is an effort of government tocommercialise R&D products, and this could becapitalised to promote the use of biofertilizer to our
agroindustry.
Nuclear Malaysia has also undertaken the initiative topromote and commercialise biofertilizer products
through various of exhibitions such as Innovation Day
of Nuclear Malaysia at Nuclear Malaysia; Creativity
Carnival and Science 4U, SMK Tun Haji Abdul
Malek, Cheng, Melaka; JB Asean International Trade
Expo & Business Forum 2013, Johor Bahru, I-Inova
2013, USIM at Nilai and National Innovation
Conference and Exhibition (NICE) 2013 at Kuala
Lumpur Convention Centre. Through these
exhibitions, nuclear technology in biofertilizer
development is also promoted, to produce quality
products.
MOSTI plans to make 2014 as “Commercialisation
Year”, with that there will be more effort ofcommercialisation will be done. Furthermore, there
are two types of grants are offered by MOSTI to
support commercialisation R&D products. They areTechnoFund and InnoFund. TechnoFund is a grantscheme which aims to stimulate the growth andsuccessful innovation of Malaysian enterprises by
increasing the level of R&D and its commercialisation.
The scheme provides funding for technology

Food production, food security and global warming
are the current issues around the world. All theseissues are related to agriculture production. A major
factor in agriculture production is fertilizer application.
According to Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO), 2012, world fertilizer
nutrient (N+P2O5+K2O) consumption is estimated toreach 180.1 million tonnes in 2012, up by 1.9 percent
over 2011. World demand for total fertilizer nutrients
is estimated to grow at 1.9 percent per annum from2012 to 2016. There are high demands of fertilizer in
Malaysia such as in the production of oil palm, rubber,cocoa, rice, pineapple, banana, vegetables andornamentals. Demands on fertilizer are not only
focussed on chemical fertilizers but also organic,
bioorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers. In conjunction
with the high demands, research and production of
bioorganic, organic fertilizers and biofertilizers are on
the increase in Malaysia.
In Malaysia, research on biofertilizer microorganisms
had started since late 1980s and early 1990s on
arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) and nitrogen
fixing bacteria. In the early 1990s nuclear techniqueusing isotopic tracers was employed in biofertilizer
R&D. Biofertilizer development project at Malaysian
Nuclear Agency (Nuclear Malaysia) started in 2002.
This project focused on free-living N2 fixing bacteria,
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, phosphate solubilising
microbes and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR) in biofertilizer development.
Nuclear Malaysia received two ScienceFund grants
from the Ministry of Science, Technology andInnovation (MOSTI) for biofertilizer projects in 2007
and 2011 for research and development of biofertilizer
products. Nuclear Malaysia has developed a series ofmultifunctional bioorganic fertilizers from thesegrants, which include two multifunctional bioorganic
fertilizers namely, MULTIFUNCTIONAL BIOFERTPG & PA and a pellet bioorganic fertilizer as
MF-BIOPELLET, in an effort to reduce dependency
on chemical fertilizer for crop production.
4

well-being of the community. InnoFund can be
categorised into Enterprise InnoFund (EIF) andCommunity InnoFund (CIF). With all the supports
from government, there is a way for biofertilizer
industry to grow along with modern agriculture,
leading to quality agriculture produce and taking careof the wellbeing of the people and the environment.

development, up to pre-commercialisation stage, withthe commercial potential to create new businesses andgenerate economic wealth for the nation. InnoFund isa grant scheme which funds the development or
improvement of new or existing products, processesor services with elements of innovation. The project
must have economic value and improves the societal

Bioorganic fertilizer and biofertilizer produced by Nuclear Malaysia

Launching of MOSTI Commercialisation Year
Bioorganic fertilizer produced by

2014 (MCY 2014) by MOSTI Minister

Nuclear Malaysia and MYAGRI

on 23 January 20145

Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA) Biofertilizer Project

FNCA Biofertilizer Research Activity in 2013, Mongolia
Delgermaa Bongosuren, Plant Science Agricultural Research Institute (PSARI)
Progress of project activity

Experiment on synergy effect of biofertilizer andIn 2013 we conducted including: 1) Effect ofoligochitosan

rhizobacteria inoculation to wheat crops, 2) Strategy

In 2013 we conducted experiments “Study on plantfor extension of bio fertilizer to farmers to enhancepathogen suppression tomatoes”.

sustainable agriculture 3) Experimental results on

The experiment of a multistrain Biofertilizer/BF/

synergy

containing Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Azoarcus

betweenbio

fertilizer

andirradiatedoligochitosan.

with 100 ppm of oligochitosan applied to leaves at

We have developed multi-functional Biofertilizer, they

every week and 2 weeks of tomato yield under aare

Fusarium contaminated soil on growth of tomato are

N-fixing

Azospirillium

andAzotobacter,

Azoarcus

microbial

strains.

tested in the green house. It showed that oligochitosan

Produced their mixed strains under the trade name ofand biofertilizer have the synergy effect on growth andRhizobacterial biofertilizer. Have been studied field

yield of tomato.

P-solubilizing

sp

experiment on wheat crop. Application of soil

Table: Fruit yield of tomato

nutrition uptake increased nitrate by 0.6-3.35 mg/kg,

Yield
Treatments

phosphate by 0.32-0.42mg /100 g, humus content by
0.13-0.18%. Bioferilizer produced by using beneficial
microorganisms have a positive economic impact inControl

terms of nitrogen fertilizer saving and increasing the

Oligochitosan

crop yield. 6 tons of biofertilizer is produced andevery week

distributed to farmers in this year. The field trial andOligochitosan

Averageweight of per
fruit, g

Numberof fruit
per plant

Yieldfrom perplant, kg

69.2

10

0.675

55.6

13

0.735

54.9

16

0.839

75.7

13

0.968

74.7

16

1.169

every 2 weeks

demonstration showed, that biofertilizer are able to

BF + Oligochitosan

increase crop yield from 10- 25%, save 15-20% of

every weekrequired chemical N and P fertilizers.

BF + Oligochitosan
every 2 weeks

Green House Experiment

Field Experiment6

Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA) Biofertilizer ProjectCurrent Research and Improvement of Bio NTM Biofertilizer for Sustainable
Production of Agricultural Crops in the Philippines
Julieta A. Anarna and Nelly S. Aggangan,
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB)Introduction

Azospirillum as its major component with soil and

The Philippine government had emphasized and promotes

charcoal as its carrier.

the concept of bio-organic farming to help farmers reduce

This product which comes in powder form in a 200 gram

expenses by decreasing their dependence on chemical

packet is environmentally safe and is meant for seedfertilizers.In organic farming chemical fertilizers and use

inoculation, direct broadcasting, or can be used as a rootof herbicides are not allowed in organic production so

dip when mixed with water. This is also capable ofthe farmers have to search for the best alternative organic

supplying 50% of the nitrogen requirement of rice, corn

practices that can substitute nutrients for optimum plantand now tested for vegetables.

growth and yield. There are already emerging and proven

The use of microorganism to harness elemental nitrogenbiotechnologies that can be utilized in rice, root crops, andthrough nitrogen fixation is one of the promisinghigh value crops which have been shown to reduce and/or

technologies. This technology encourages the use ofcomplement the use of the expensive inorganic fertilizer

beneficial microorganism in improving growth and yield

inputs. Bioorganic fertilizers (BOF) is a processedof rice, corn, sugar cane and high value crops. It could

inoculated compost from any organic material that has

support the economy of the country since dependency onundergone rapid decomposition by the introduction of

inorganic fertilizer will be reduced.

homogenous microbial inoculants. On the other hand

Evaluation of the Performance of Bio N andbiofertilizers are compounds that enrich the nutrient

Mykovam on the Yield of Tomato and Eggplant in thequality of soil by the use of microorganisms having

Philippines, DS 2013

symbiotic relationship with the plants. The use ofTomato: An experiment for tomato was conducted inbioorganic and biofertilizers have been advocated but thisTayabas, Quezon to determine the effect of integration ofhave never been documented scientifically. The effect of

biofertilizers (Bio N and Mykovam) and bioorganic

the bio-organo-way of fertilization has not been used byfertilizer

many farmers and never been fully documented. The

treatments using chemical fertilizer (Fig. 3).

potential of this combination, if coupled with inoculation

highest yield was 14 kg gathered in 10 plants that waswith appropriate nitrogen fixing microorganisms (Bio N)

fully fertilized by nitrogen fertilizers, followed by ½

and mycorhiza (Mykovam) assumed to furnish the mostrecommended rate of nitrogen fertilizers rate in thecomplete array of elements needed by crops. This

presence of Bio N (T2-11.40 kg) while yield gathered

experiment is intended to develop a package of technology

from the combined biofertilizers and vemicompost wasthat will encourage farmers to practice organic farming

11.50kg. The lowest yield was 6kg in T 4 (Bio N +that will give yield and income comparable to

Mykovam).

conventional farming. Secondly, that will improve

inoculation, the dependence or application of nitrogenenvironmental condition, health of the people andwith this variety was reduced and the yield obtained

affordable price of the organic products that both the richfrom the combination of biofertilizers and bioorganicand poor can afford.

fertilizers was not significantly different from the yield

A source of biologically fixed nitrogen through theof treatment applied with full chemical fertilizer. In thisassociative system has been developed at the National

initial study it may be concluded that the application of

Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

bioorganic(BIOTECH), UPLB with a brand name Bio N. Bio N is abiofertilizers as it was revealed with T4( Bio N +microbial-based fertilizer that was isolated from the roots

Mykovam) with lowest yield obtained.

of Talahib (Saccharum spontaneum L.) and contains

7(vermicompost)andcompare

with

the
The

This field data revealed that with Bio N

fertilizers

increased

theactivityofTable1. Effect of combined biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer on yield of tomato (Avatar), Tayabas, Quezon, DS 2013

Treatment

Yield (kg) / 10 plants

T1 - Full recommended rate of chemical fertilizer

14 A

T2 - ½ Recommended rate of chemical fertilizer + Bio N

11.40 A

T3 – Bio N + Mykovam + Vermicompost

11.50 A

T4- Bio N + Mykovam

6.075 B

C.V 19.92%

T4

T5

8

Bio N TM

Mykovam

From the roots of “talahib” grass (Saccharum

Experimental Design and Treatment

spontaneum L.) several nitrogen-fixing bacteria were

Two separate experiments were sequentially set up at

isolated which were found capable of enhancing shootthe farmers level in Cavinti, Laguna. The study was

growth, root density and yield of rice corn and sugar

laid in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

cane. The bacteria were found to possess at least 57%

with four replications. Each plot measured 5 m x 3of the characteristics of the genus Azospirillum.

m, with a total of 15 m2. The whole plot wereSeveral reports from field tests in different regions ofplanted with 15 plants with a distance of between

the country confirmed the significant contribution ofhills and furrows while the borders for each blockthese nitrogen-fixing bacteria to yield improvement of

was 0.5 m.

corn,

The field layout of the experiment is shown in Figure

rice

and

few

vegetable

species.

These

associative nitrogen fixing bacteria were found to be

1, where the main plot (A) levels were:capableFor eggplant the tretaments used were:of

producinggrowthregulators

like

T1 – Farmers Practice (Chicken manure 1/2kg per

gibberellins and cytokinins, which were thought tohill)contribute to stimulated plant growth.
The use of Bio-N inoculants have been demonstrated

T2 – Bio N + chicken manure

to complement some 30-50% of the total nitrogen

T3 – Bio N + Vermicompost (Kits vermi) + Farmers
Practiceneeded for rice and corn, hence the input of chemical
N fertilizer is minimized or reduced. Consequently,

T4 – Bio N + Mykovam + Farmers Practicethe natural soil microflora and the original soil

T5 – Bio N + Mykovam + vermicompost + Farmers
Practice

properties are maintained.

Bio N was applied by watering the plants at the rate of
20 packets per hectare (plant density of 33,333) before
transplanting while Mykovam was applied duringtransplanting at the rate of 5 grams per hill.
Bioorganic fertilizers used in the experiment werecommercial grade and applied at the rate of ½ kg per
hill. Fertilization recommendation used was theInstitute of Plant Breeding protocol consisted of abasal application of 10 grams/hill of complete
fertilizer (14-14-14). Ten days later and 2 weeks
thereafter, 1 tbsp of a combination of 2 parts Urea
(46-0-0) and 1 part muriate of potash was applied asside dress to each plant. Yield data were gathered
every harvest from the central 10 plants of the plot
(Fig2.).

9Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA) Biofertilizer Project

Trend of Multifunctional of Rhizobium in Promote Rice Growth
Phatchayaphon Meunchang and Achara Nuntagit
Department of Agriculture (DOA), Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operative
Multifunctional of soil microbe was reported for

Azospirillum in different nitrogen rates. The purpose

severalwasof this experiment had searched the effect ofaccepted for the interaction of rhizobium within

rhizobium on shoot and root dry weight of rice,

nitrogen fixer of leguminous crop. At present, thewhen inoculated single and co-inoculated withmeaning of biofertilizer are extended to otherAzospirillum.

microbes function such as free living nitrogen fixing,

The result showed that shoot and root dry weights ofphosphate solubilizing, potassium solubilizing andrice respond very good on treatment inoculated with

IAA producing microbes. Diverse genera andrhizobium (fig.1 a. and b.) especially in highest N

species of microbes were reported that functional asapplication treatment, indicated that rhizobium had

biofertilizer.

functional not only fixed nitrogen in legume crops

The multifunctional of some genera have been

but also promoted rice growth by increasing root

reporting, especially in rhizobium group. Utilize

weight (fig.1 b). The result had also indicated thatrhizobium as inoculants of legumes its functional as

co-inoculated of rhizobium and Azospirillum wasnitrogen fixer. Utilize rhizobium as inoculants

better than inoculated with rhizobium or Azospirillum

withinalone. Even their mechanism did not yet clear.

decades.

Formerly,

non-leguminous

biofertilizer

plants,which

multifunctional as the plant growth promoting

However, the result suggested that multi-functional

rhizobacteria. The rhizobium was able to produceof rhizobium both nitrogen fixing biofertilizer of

IAA, solubilizing phosphate and potassium andlegume and plant growth promoting biofertilizer ofother multi-mode of functions. In Thailand in 2013,

rice has been interesting alternative multifunctional

conducted experiment in pot to search the possibility

biofertilizer from FNCA project.

of use rhizobium alone and co-inoculation with(g/pot)(g/pot)
(a)
25

90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0

Uninoc
Rhi

20

PG

(b)
UninocRhi
PG
PG+RhiPG+Rhi

15

50.0
40.0

10

30.0
5

20.0
10.0

0

0.0
0

0.5

0

1

Nitrogen (g/pot)

Fig 1

0.5

1.0

Nitrogen (g/pot)

Effect of co-inoculants of Azospirillum and Bradyrhizobium in different nitrogen rates onshoot dry weight (a) and root dry weight (b) of rice10Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA) Biofertilizer Project

Multifunctional Biofertilizer Research and Development in 2013
Pham Van Toan, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD)
1. Introduction
Sandy soil is poor in organic matter, nutrition

Intercropping system of cashew and peanut appliedelements and have low moisture. Agricultural

multi-functional Biofertilizer improved the sandy

production in sandy soil is difficult and unstable.

soil fertility as well as increased the yield of cashew

Solution for agricultural production in sandy soil

23% and bring for farmers the profit of more than 10

should be the selection drought tolerance crops,

millions VND/ha in comparison to the control (table

improving the irrigation system and the soil

1, 2).

fertilities through the increasing the organic matter,

3.2. Experiments of synergy effect between

the soil moisture and the soil nutritions. Biofertilizer

biofertilizer and irradiated oligochitosan

will improve the agricultural production in sandy

Irradiated oligochitosan from Japan and research &soil.

develoment

2. Material and methods(Hochiminh City) is added to broth medium for

Biofertilizer for sandy soil contained N-fixer

P-solubilizer Bacillus and tomato root pathogen R.

Bradyrhizobium japonicum, P-solubilizer Bacillus

solanacearum with concentration of 50, 100, 150

megaterium,

Paenibacillus

and 200 ppm. The effect of oligochitosan on growth

castaneae and polysaccharid producer Lipomycesof tested microbes is evaluated by plate count

Cilicatesolubilizer

starkeyi with the density of more than 10

8method.

centerThe

forresults

showedconcentration of 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm. The

fertilized by farmer practice, 2. cashew fertilized

concentration of 200 ppm oligochitosan inhibited thewith biofertilizer and 3. cashew intercropping withgrowth of R. solanacearum. Synergy effect of

peanut fertilized with biofertilizer.

oligochitosan and biofertilizer on growth of tomato

3. Results

are tested in the field of Hanoi. It showed, that
biofertilizer on

Bacillus

inofprovince with following treatments: 1. cashewofofeffectoligochitosan

Effectgrowthnotechnology

CFU/gram. Trials were conducted in Binhdinh

3.1.

on

radiationalloligochitosan and biofertilizer have the synergy

agriculturaleffect on growth of tomato. The effect of diseaseproduction in sandy soil
The results of effect of multi-functional biofertilizer

control will be better when oligochitosan applied toon growth, yield of peanut and cashew in sandy soil

the soil before transplanting. The combination ofof Binhdinh province showed that biofertilizer canoligochitosan soil treatment and spraying in every 7

increase the growth and yield of tested crops anddays had the disease control effect of more than 68%.

also

improvethefertility

of

sandy

soil.

11

Table 1. The economical effects of biofertilizer on intercropping the cashew with peanut
Parameters

Control

Biofertilizer

Cashew

10.22610.226

peanut-28.665

Cashew

0,78

0,97

peanut-1,55

Total outcome (1.000 VND)

19.50058.350Benefit (1.000 VND)

9.274

19.459-10.185

Total input (1.000 VND)

Yield (tons/ha)

Benefit to control (1.000 VND)

Table 2. Effect of biofertilizer on the nutrition of sandy soil intercropped cashew and peanut
Parameter

Control

Biofertilizer

Moisture (%)

4,40

5,86

Organic Carbon (%)

0,22

0,28

Total N (%)

0,05

0,06

Total P2O5 (%)

0,01

0,02

Total K2O (%)

0,02

0,02

Avail. P2O5(mg/100 g)

1,43

4,57

Avail. K2O (mg/100 g)

2,41

3,62

Cashew without biofertilizer

Cashew with biofertilizer

12

Cashew intercropping with peanut
applying biofertilizer