Expectations from Carbon and GHG initiative- AOGEO Task Group 3 -Kazuhito Ichii

Center for Environmental Remote Sensing
Chiba University, Japan(JapanFlux Chair)

IPBES Global Assessment(Approved on May 4, 2019)“Biodiversity/Ecosystem (Nature) version of IPCC”

K. Ichii; CLA of Chapter 2 Nature
https://www.ipbes.net/

Nature’s Contributions to People (NCPs)
50yrs change

RegulationofEnvironment
Processes[SPM Fig][←Climate Regulation]

Material/AssistanceNonmaterial

Decline:
14/18 items

Linking Biodiversity to Carbon Budget[Berzaghi et al. 2019; NGeo][Liang et al. 2016; Science][Ferreira et al. 2018; NCC]

[Fei et al. 2018; NComm]

Status of CO2 flux observation(Terrestrial CO2 flux and upscaling)Terrestrial CO2 budget; Large gaps among approaches..

2000’s1990’s2000’s+: CO2 Release- : CO2 Sink

1990’sTerrestrial CO2 budget (11 regions): 1990s & 2000s

1

2

34

[IPCC AR5 (Chap 6), 2013]

Closing gaps of CO2 budget in Southeast Asia
Inter-decadal variation of terrestrial CO2budget- Models (without LUC)
- CO2 Inversion- RS-biomass [Liu et al. 2015] (93-12)
Terrestrial CO2 Budget[PgC yr-1]

ReleaseUptake8 models w/o LUC
8 models with LUC[Kondo et al. 2018; Nature Comm.]

Data-driven CO2 flux estimation (upscaling)Data-driven estimations (SVR with AsiaFlux)[8-day, 0.25deg, 2000-2015]
Site-level test

Site Obs (e.g. AsiaFlux)（Photosynthesis, net CO2 exchange)

Data-driven model

Input variables（RS）

Spatial estimation
Machine-learning(Support Vector Regression; SVR)

e.g. Vegetation Index, Temperature,Radiation, Land Cover (based on MODIS)[Ichii et al. 2017; JGR-Biogeosciences]Some ResultsSite-level Evaluation
Gross Primary
Productivity (GPP)

Spatial Upscaling
GPP

CO2 exchange(GPP – Resp)※All sites, 8-days

CO2 exchange (NEE)(2000-2015 mean)

GPP trend (2000-15)

Issues of CO2 flux observation

Asia-Oceania: AsiaFlux, OzFlux
Measuring land-atmosphere fluxes (energy, water, gases)
based on micrometeorological methods (eddy-covariance, chamber etc.)[http://asiaflux.net/]

http://www.ozflux.org.au/～40 sites
Regularly updated

AsiaFlux data Availability(no registered data after 2015…)
Year20102015

SitenameNorth2000☑ Less submitted data in recent years☑ Difficulty: Many countries, policies(no strong obligation for data submission)☑ Tasks: Promotion of data submission
Equator(54 sites, 279 site-years)[Data: Ichii et al. 2017]

OzFlux data AvailabilityDifferences: AsiaFlux, OzFlux

Multiple countries
Small groups, network
Heavy work for data submission
No strong obligation
for data submission

Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network(National Research Infrastructure)e.g. JapanFlux
Decided to use European DB
framework for data submission(Students in my group started working)
Data submission REQUIREDGeostationary Satellite
as a New Opportunity of Earth Observation

Geostationary vs Polar-orbiting Satellite[e.g. Himawari-8, FY-4, GK2A]〇△[e.g. NOAA-series, Terra, Aqua]

Global CoverageLess frequent revisiting (e.g. Daily)(altitude 600-800km)(altitude 36,000km)
×〇

Fixed CoverageHigh observation frequency (e.g. 10 min)

Himawari-8 AHI (H8-AHI) specification (2015/07-)☑ Similar to MODIS VIS-NIR-SWIR
wavelength☑ Very high obs frequency (10 min.)☑ Challenge:
Only Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA)
reflectance provided
H8AHI vs Himawari-7, MODIS (Terra, Aqua)
Himawari-8

Himawari-7

MODIS (Terra, Aqua)

16bands
VIS, NIR, SWIR, MTIR, TIR

5bandsVIS-NIR(1), MTIR, TIR

36bands
VIS, NIR, SWIR, MTIR, TIR

Spatial Resolution（at Nadir）

0.5 – 2 km

1km, 4km

0.25km, 0.5km, 1km

Temporal Resolution(Obs Frequency)

10min

30min

1dayBands

H8-AHI coverage & available data
Full-Disk (whole observation area)[e.g. Japan Meteorological Agency]

Reprojection (Lon-Lat gridded)
Geometrically corrected[CEReS, Chiba University]Himawari-8 vs S-NPP VIIRS in Japan
Takayama (TKY) Supersite, Japan

Himawari-8/AHI

S-NPP/VIIRS[Miura et al. 2019]Issues, Questions- Hard to validate with observation at present(Very few recent datasets in Asia)- Promoting publicly available dataset- Experiences in TERN/ICOS etc.
- Experiences in TG-2, Linking TG-2 and TG-3?