Sustainable Development Policies & Measures
SD-PAMs
Stanford Mwakasonda“Global Challenges toward Low-Carbon Society (LCS)
through Sustainable Development (SD) ”
COP 12, Nairobi, Kenya. 6-17 November 2006

1Energy Research Centre

University of Cape Town

ERC

Sustainable development & Climate Changez Sustainable development policies and measures havesynergies with required action on climate changez Now commonly referred to as SD-PAMs - SustainableDevelopment (SD) policies and measures (PAMs)
 Back cast from desired future state of development,
not GHG reduction goal or cap define more sustainable paths to meet developmentobjectivesz Climate change as co-benefit of achieving SD Developing countries (DC) focused on basic
development needs more than climate change policyz Basis in Article 3.4 of the Convention – right to SDz Hypothesis - achieving development more sustainably also
2 reduces GHG emissions
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Recognition and advantagesz Recognized that many DCs have implemented policies
that have resulted in emission reductionz SD-PAMs provide opportunity for development andclimate goals in a way that reduces their total costz SD-PAMs becomes an opportunity for DCs to engage inemission reduction effort and codify contribution
z SD PAMs provide opportunity for funding to come fromany source

3¾ What constitutes an eligible “SD-PAM” cold be
pledged under the UNFCCC) Commit to adopt new policy and / or implement
existing
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DCs and SD-PAMs
z Report show DCs to have significant policies that reduceemissions
 Brazil: biofuels, energy efficiency
 China: energy efficiency, coal to gas, afforestation
 India: restructuring, clean air laws, renewables
 Mexico: using gas, energy efficiency, reduce
deforestation SA: access, energy efficiency, reform Turkey: sector and price reformsz All of these policies are driven by national development
priorities, not climate change
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South Africa’s example
Development objectives

Possible shift to moresustainable development

GHG reduction or increase
relative to business-asusual (current stated policy)

Housing
Remove backlog of 2.6 million
housesAll new low-cost houses builtwith energy efficiency
measures0.05 and 0.6 MtCO
2 -equivalent
per year, across all low-cost
housing

EnergyIncreased access to affordable
energy services

Stimulating economicdevelopment

Securing supply throughdiversity

5

Implement free basic electricity Increaseof 0.146 MtCO22(upper bound estimate)(poverty tariff) of 20- 60 kWh /household / month for 1.4
million poor households
National energy efficiency
Reduce CO2 emissions by 5.5
million tons in 2010
programme to ensure 5%
reduction in electricity
consumption by 2010
-39 000 additional jobs
-R800 million add’l income
Renewable Energy Portfolio
Reductions in CO2 emissions ofStandard- 5% of electricity generation- 10 MtCO2 in 2010by 2010- 70 MtCO2 in 2025.
- 20% by 2025ERC

Conclusionsz

Start from development objectives, make development moresustainablez

Formalise through COP decision to establish SD-PAMs registry andreviewzImportant to build local capacity in developing countriesz

Bottom-up, trust-building approach Start with action rather than targetsz

If successful could lead to more realistic quantified mitigationcommitments for DCsz

Quantify emissions reductions versus “current policy” baselinezAssess SD impacts qualitativelyz

Allow host country to choose SD PAMS, with menu as referencez

Separate SD PAMs registry with UNFCCC Secretariatz

Mandatory monitoring, reporting, and review of SD PAMs

6ERCStanford A.J Mwakasonda
Energy Research Centre
University of Cape Town
stanford@erc.uct.ac.za
www.erc.uct.ac.za