Safari Privacy Overview
Learn how the Safari web browser
protects your privacy.
November 2019

Contents

Introduction ..............................................................................................3
Privacy by design .................................................................................................3
Protection from cross-site tracking......................................................................3
Ad measurement that respects user privacy........................................................5
Minimizing data sharing with the Smart Search field ...........................................6
Browsing privately ................................................................................................7
Deleting history and other data ............................................................................7
Secure payments on the web ...............................................................................8
Sync and sign-in features that keep the user in control.......................................9
Extensions that respect user privacy ................................................................. 10
Improving Safari while respecting privacy ..........................................................11
Conclusion ..............................................................................................12

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Introduction
Safari is the built-in browser on Mac, iPhone, iPad, and Apple
Watch. Fast and energy efficient, Safari delivers innovative
features while also protecting user privacy. Safari is built toensure websites keep working as expected while blocking
unwanted cross-site tracking. Safari also minimizes the amountof data passed to third parties like search engines, and it
provides many other features to help protect privacy like Private
Browsing and secure password management. Safari protects
privacy without requiring users to change the default settings.

Privacy by design
Safari has been designed from the ground up to protect user privacy.
Key privacy features like Intelligent Tracking Prevention (ITP) and fingerprinting
defense are turned on by default, so there is no need to make changes in
Key Safari Privacy Features
Intelligent Tracking Prevention
Intelligent Tracking Prevention uses
on-device machine learning to blockcross-site tracking, while still allowing
websites to function normally.
Smart Search field
The Smart Search field minimizes theamount of data passed to third-party
search engines. It doesn’t send precise
location data or cookies along withsearch data.

Settings or Safari preferences to benefit from these privacy protections.
Safari minimizes the amount of data collected by Apple and shared with third
parties. Where possible, Safari’s privacy protections are designed to processdata on device. For example, ITP uses machine learning to classify tracking data
locally so that browsing history isn’t sent to Apple. Safari also limits the amountof information passed to search engines when a user searches using the Smart
Search field. And Safari is designed to provide users with transparency andcontrol around data that is shared. For example, if a user visits a website thatwants to access location using Location Services on the device, or use thecamera or microphone, Safari will ask permission from the user before granting
access. Users can also customize these settings for each website to allow, not

Private Browsing mode
Private Browsing doesn’t save browsing
history, protecting a user’s privacy fromother users who may share the samedevice.
Seamless integration with Apple Pay
Apple Pay is a privacy-centric payment
method that doesn’t share credit card
numbers with Apple or merchants, while
offering industry-leading security.
Passwords and syncing
iCloud Keychain enables users to easilysync passwords, credit card numbers,
and autofill information across devices
while keeping that information secure
and without signing users in to any
other services.

allow, or ask each time the site is visited. Safari is designed to hide the user’s
identity when sharing information with Apple. Analytics data shared with Appleis not attached to identifying information and, in some cases, is protected using
differential privacy, a technique that obscures individual information whileallowing Apple to analyze broader trends in web-browsing behavior. And Safari
implements security best practices to protect user data.

Protection from cross-site tracking
In the years since the web was created, technology has been developed to
track user behavior across websites for advertising purposes. Users experience
this tracking in action when they look at a product online and then ads for that
product seem to follow them around the web. Tracking is pervasive; somewebsites include 100 or more trackers from different companies on a single page.

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What are cookies?
Cookies are small data files that websites
save on a device. They can be used for avariety of purposes, including saving signin information so that a user can navigate
the web without having to sign in to thesame sites over and over again. They canalso be used to store information about
where users have been on the web forcross-site tracking.

Because tracking uses web technology that also provides features required

What are first-party and third-party
cookies?
A cookie from a first-party website issaved to a user’s device by a web page
the user has visited. A third-party cookie
is saved to the device by any other siteor service, often for cross-site tracking.

the tracking data that they attempt to store on the user’s device. The process

Why is Intelligent Tracking Prevention
necessary?
In 2005, Safari became the first browser
to block third-party cookies by default.
Since then, tracking companies havefound new ways to track people using
first-party cookies and other data.
Intelligent Tracking Prevention was
created to block tracking regardless ofwhat kind of data is used.

Social widgets embedded on other websites, such as Like buttons, Sharefor the proper operation of websites, simply blocking all of the functionality
used for tracking can cause issues, including not being able to save sign-in
information or remember items in a shopping cart.
In iOS 11 and macOS High Sierra, Safari added a feature called Intelligent
Tracking Prevention to address this problem. The goal of ITP is to limit tracking
while still enabling websites to function normally. ITP works by learning which
domains are used to track a user and then immediately isolating and purging
of learning about domains uses machine learning and happens on device, so
it doesn’t share the user’s browsing history information with Apple. This ondevice approach applies the same high standard to every website that is visited.
And because ITP is turned on by default, there is no need to change anything in
Settings or Safari preferences to receive tracking protection.

buttons, and comment fields, can be used to track users even if they don’t click
them or use them. With ITP, Safari blocks this tracking by default, provides
transparency and control, and asks users if they’d like to allow social widgets toaccess their identity. For example, if a user interacts with an embedded social
plug-in, it can request access to the user’s information with a permission dialog
such as this:Choosing Allow permits the social site to access the user’s information while theuser is browsing the news site. If the user navigates to a different site, the user
will need to grant access again, which helps ensure that the user is in control.
Fingerprinting defense
In addition to blocking cookie-based tracking, Safari works to prevent
advertisers and websites from using the unique combination of characteristics
of a device to create a “fingerprint” to track the user online. Some of thesecharacteristics include the device and browser configuration and the fonts andplug-ins that have been installed. To combat fingerprinting, Safari presents a
simplified version of the system configuration to trackers so more devices lookidentical, making it harder to single one out. And unlike some other browsers,
Safari doesn’t add any custom tracking headers or unique identifiers to web
requests. On other browsers, these headers can include things like location,
sign-in status, account information, features enabled, and other data that canbe used for cross-site tracking.

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Privacy by default
Safari’s key privacy features are enabled
by default. For example, in iOS, Intelligent
Tracking Prevention (shown in Settingsas Prevent Cross-Site Tracking) is turnedon by default. Camera, microphone, andlocation are set to ask for permission
before granting access.

With macOS, Safari no longer supports most plug-ins, so they can’t be used
to attempt to uniquely identify a user. Fingerprinting protection is built into
Safari and doesn’t require any user action. Together, these anti-fingerprinting
protections make a user’s device look much more like other devices, providing“herd immunity” that dramatically reduces data companies’ ability to identify
a single device uniquely—and all without compromising the web-browsing
experience. Apple believes the role of the web browser is to act as an agent
on behalf of the user. This means that Safari will continue to evolve to prevent
new forms of tracking.

Ad measurement that respects user privacy
Apple understands that advertising is important for the economy of the web.
Online advertising should not require privacy-invasive tracking and neither
should advertising measurement. Unfortunately, ad click measurement has
traditionally used tracking technology that infringes on user privacy. To address
this, Safari now includes the ability to offer Private Click Measurement, aninnovative way of doing ad click measurement that prevents cross-site tracking
but still enables advertisers to measure the effectiveness of web campaigns.
It is built into the browser itself and runs on device, which means that neither
advertisers, merchants, nor Apple can see what ads are clicked or whichpurchases are made. This solution avoids placing trust in any of the parties
involved—the ad network, the merchant, or other intermediaries—so none ofthem are able to track users as they click on ads and make purchases in Safari.
Private Click Measurement is built around a handful of privacy principles.
First, a user should not be tracked for the purpose of ad click measurement.
Second, only sites a user visits should be involved in measuring ad clicks andconversions—not third-party data companies. Third, the browser should act
on the behalf of users and do its best to preserve their privacy. And fourth, thebrowser vendor should not learn about which ads users click or what they buy.
By allowing the browser to store information only on the device and report
directly on the ad click, tracking technology is removed from the process. By
limiting the amount of data collected by third parties, ad measurement is donein a privacy-preserving way without cross-site tracking. Matching of an ad clickwith a purchase is all done on device and is not reported to Apple.
Apple has proposed Private Click Measurement as a new web standard to theWorld Wide Web Consortium.

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The Smart Search field and privacy
When a user searches using the
Smart Search field, Safari doesn’t send
location or cookies to third-party
search engines—just the minimum
amount of information needed tocompletepthe search.

Minimizing data sharing with the Smart
Search field
The Safari Smart Search field enables a user to type website names, URLs, andsearch queries into one easy-to-use field at the top of the browser window.
As the user types, it includes Safari suggestions for recommended websites,shows results from the user’s bookmarks, history, and tabs, and provides
relevant information from sources like Wikipedia.

To protect privacy, Safari limits the amount of data collected by the searchengine when a user searches using the built-in Smart Search field. Safari sends
only the minimum amount of information necessary to complete a web search
to third-party search engines. For example, Safari doesn’t send location or
cookies, which can be used to track users across websites. In contrast, using
the search bar on a search engine website may result in additional user
information being stored.
Safari provides a choice of which search engine is used when typing search
queries in the Smart Search field, including DuckDuckGo, a privacy-friendly
option. Safari also offers search engine suggestions, provided by the default
search engine provider, for completing searches as the user types. Users canturn off search engine suggestions in the settings for Safari, and no information
will be sent to the default search engine until the Return key is tapped orpressed to send the full query. Similarly, in Private Browsing mode, Safari
doesn’t show search suggestions or pass any information to the default searchengine while the user types in the Smart Search field.

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© 2018 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Apple and the Apple logo are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and othercountries.

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Browsing privately
Users sometimes want to keep their browsing data private from the people
they share the device with or from people on a public device. Safari was the firstbrowser to introduce a Private Browsing mode, which was first shipped in 2005.
When a user searches using a Private Browsing window, Safari doesn’t save alist of the web pages visited, add typed information to AutoFill, or store the listof downloads and searches in the Smart Search field (though downloaded
items remain on the device). This means that users on a shared device won’t
be able to see which sites other users visited, what they searched for, or what
they typed into web forms.
When in Private Browsing mode, browsing initiated in one tab is isolated frombrowsing initiated in other tabs, so websites can’t track browsing across multiple
sessions. And if iCloud Tabs sharing is used, Private Browsing windows are notpassed to iOS devices or other Mac computers. Changes to cookies and otherwebsite data aren’t saved, and extensions that support Private Browsing canstop storing data locally whenever the user has a Private Browsing window open.

Deleting history and other data
Outside of Private Browsing sessions, Safari saves history and website data
to the device to enable helpful functionality, like allowing users to access theirbrowsing history. This saved information includes a history of which pages havebeen visited, search history, as well as cookies and other website data like signin information. To provide the user control over what is saved on a device, Safari
makes it easy to delete this data. With the Clear History feature, users can clear
history and website data (including cookies) for the time period they choose.

If Safari is enabled in the settings for iCloud and the user clears history andwebsite data, history will also be cleared on other devices signed in to the same
iCloud account. Website data will not be cleared on other signed-in devices.
Clearing history won’t change AutoFill information, and it will preserve content
users have explicitly chosen to save, including their passwords, bookmarks, andReading List items.

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Secure payments on the web
Apple CardApple Card has all the security ofApple Pay built in. Using Apple Cardwith Apple Pay is a great way to help
keep transactions on the web private.
As with all Apple Pay purchases, Apple
won’t know what a user bought, where
the user bought it, or how much the user
paid. And with Apple Card, our partner
Goldman Sachs will never share or selluser data to third parties for marketingor advertising purposes.

Shopping online is one of the most common things that users do in a web
browser. To make the process of paying easy, Safari provides seamlessintegration with Apple Pay, a payment method that is designed to protect privacy.
In addition to web-based tracking, payments are also a major source of
information for the data industry. For example, when a user makes a purchasewith a physical credit card, information about the payment may be passed tocompanies that build profiles on users based on what they buy.
Many e-commerce websites now integrate Apple Pay, allowing users to pay bysimply authenticating with their Apple device rather than entering their credit
card information manually. For example, iPhone users can authorize Apple Pay
using Face ID or Touch ID, and Mac users can authenticate using Touch ID on
Mac models with the Touch Bar. For Mac models without Touch ID, the user canstill complete the Apple Pay purchase using an iPhone or Apple Watch. Whena purchase is made on a website using Apple Pay, a device-specific number
and a unique per transaction security code are sent to the merchant rather
than the actual credit card number and security code, so the user’s real credit
card information can’t be compromised. And because card numbers are nevershared with merchants, the actual card number can’t be used to identify users
across different websites. Apple Pay provides the merchant with only theminimum amount of information necessary to complete the transaction, suchas a shipping address and the zip code to calculate tax and shipping, but not
the billing address. Apple Pay also doesn’t keep transaction information thatcan be tied back to the user. This further limits the amount of information thatcan be harvested by data companies during a purchase.
To protect users from unauthorized purchases, payments require biometricauthentication using Face ID or Touch ID on device, which means that even if
a user’s iPhone, iPad, or Mac were stolen while unlocked, a thief wouldn’t beable to make purchases.

To securely transmit payment information when paying on the web, Apple Pay
receives the encrypted transaction and re-encrypts it with a developer-specific
key before the transaction information is sent to the payment processor. This
key helps ensure that only the website conducting the transaction can access

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the encrypted payment information. For additional security and to protect
against fraud, websites must verify their domain every time they offer Apple Pay
as a payment option. Apple sends the device account number to the website
along with a transaction-specific, dynamic security code. Neither Apple nor
the device sends the actual payment card number to the website, and thetransaction-specific security code further protects against unauthorizedtransactions.

Sync and sign-in features that keep the user
in control
Browsers are more convenient to use when information is synced across auser’s different devices. For example, being able to access their history acrossdevices means users can easily find the places that they’ve been on the web,regardless of whether they’re on their phone or their computer. Safari provides
a secure way to keep information in sync across devices while protecting
privacy. Unlike other browsers, Safari doesn’t have a browser-level sign-inthat automatically signs the user in to all the browser vendor’s online services.
Instead, Safari enables users to easily sync passwords across devices while
keeping their information secure using iCloud Keychain. iCloud sign-in is
separate from other Apple sign-ins. This means that while other browsers
may quietly sign in users to online services that track them, Safari helps users
stay in control of where they’re signed in.
iCloud Keychain also securely stores user names, passwords, and credit card
numbers and keeps them up to date on a user’s trusted devices. iCloud
Keychain lets users autofill their information—like user names and passwords—
on any device that they approve. It also stores credit card numbers andexpiration dates so users can easily sign in to their favorite websites and quickly
make online purchases if they choose to provide a credit card directly to thewebsite. iCloud Keychain is end-to-end encrypted, so not even Apple can readthe passwords stored there.
Safari also helps users create and manage passwords. When iCloud Keychain isenabled, Automatic Strong Password enables a user’s devices to automaticallycreate, sync, and enter unique strong passwords for sites and apps. Generated
passwords are saved in a special Password AutoFill Keychain and synchronizedacross devices with iCloud Keychain. Saved passwords that have been used on
more than one website or are considered weak are flagged so that users caneasily update them to unique strong passwords. And if the user signs in to a
website using a previously saved password that is very weak, the user is shown
an alert strongly encouraging an upgrade to an Automatic Strong Password.
Providing the convenience and efficiency of one-tap sign-in while giving theuser more transparency and control over personal information, Sign in withApple is a privacy-friendly alternative to other single sign-on systems. Sign inwith Apple allows users to set up an account and sign in to websites using theApple ID they already have and gives them more control over their personal
information. Websites can only ask for the user’s name and email address when

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setting up an account, and the user always has a choice: They can share theirpersonal email address with an app or choose to keep their personal email
private and use Apple’s new private email relay service instead. This shares aunique, anonymized email address that forwards to the user’s personal address
so the user can still receive useful communication from the developer while
maintaining a degree of privacy and control over personal information.

Extensions that respect user privacy
Safari Extensions are a great way to personalize the browsing experience andextend web browser functionality. Extensions can show helpful information
about a web page, display news headlines, help users with their favorite
services, change the appearance of web pages, and much more. The Safari
browser extension architecture is designed with privacy in mind.

When installing an extension, users are informed about the information theextension can access. Content Blocker extensions, which allow users to block
content and tracking data on websites, are enabled through APIs designed toprotect privacy by disallowing the extension developer to access browsing data.
And extensions that support Private Browsing can stop storing data locallywhenever the user is in a Private Browsing window.

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Improving Safari while respecting privacy
Analytics data helps Apple improve Safari when users share issues theyexperience with the product. Users are asked to opt in before analytics andusage data are collected, and data is sent to Apple with identifying information
removed. The most sensitive information—such as the top-level domain ofa website that has caused a crash—is collected using differential privacy, atechnique that combines an individual user’s information with that of manyother users so that Apple can observe trends without identifying the browsingof any specific person. If users have opted in, they can view their analytics datathat is sent to Apple in Settings in iOS and iPadOS, and in the Console app inmacOS, and they can choose not to provide analytics data at any time.

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Conclusion
Apple is committed to helping protect customers with leading privacy andsecurity technologies that are designed to safeguard personal information.
Safari is built with that commitment in mind. The following Apple privacy
principles are deeply integrated into Safari:• Minimize the amount of data collected by Apple and shared with third parties.
• Provide transparency and control around data that is shared.
• Protect the user’s identity when sharing personal information—such as
analytics data—with Apple.
• Implement security best practices to protect user data.
To learn more about Apple’s commitment to privacy, go to apple.com/privacy.

© 2019 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Apple, the Apple logo, Apple Pay, Apple Watch, Face ID, iPad, iPadOS, iPhone,
Mac, macOS, Safari, and Touch ID are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Touch Bar isa trademark of Apple Inc. iCloud and iCloud Keychain are service marks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and othercountries. IOS is a trademark or registered trademark of Cisco in the U.S. and other countries and is used under license.
Other product and company names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies. Productspecifications are subject to change without notice. This material is provided for information purposes only; Apple
assumes no liability related to its use. November 2019
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