Toward the development of a comprehensive and integrated
climate change observation system:
Observations for the monitoring of greenhouse gases and the carbon cycle and for theassessment of the impacts of climate change

Summary

July 2008
Office for Coordination of Climate Change Observation (OCCCO),
supported by the Ministry of the Environment and the Japan
Meteorological Agency

This report is printed on recycled paper.

Foreword
Climate change due to global warming is a pressing concern. In order to overcome this problem, it
is essential to develop models that can predict future climate changes and to use observation data formonitoring the climate changes and validating the model results. Recently, the Fourth Assessment
Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) addressed the importance ofobservation data.
In 2004, the Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) released the “Earth Observation
Promotion Strategy,” which proposes the establishment of a national earth observation alliance inorder to enhance the cooperation among organizations, ministries, and institutions. Approximately 2
years have passed since the establishment of the Japanese Alliance for Climate Change Observation(JACCO) and Office for Coordination of Climate Change Observation (OCCCO) in 2006 (See thenext page).
The Earth Observation Promotion Strategy addresses important issues related to the climate change
due to global warming. These issues include the observation of the following aspects: (1) atmospheric,terrestrial, and oceanic greenhouse gases mainly in Asia and Oceania, (2) terrestrial and oceaniccarbon cycles and ecosystems, and (3) climate change impact in vulnerable areas such as thecryosphere and coastal areas. The Scientific Working Group of OCCCO investigated these issues bypromoting data standardization, enhancing data sharing, promoting the collaborative use ofobservation platforms and samples, improving temporal and spatial gaps in observation, andenhancing observation elements. We have summarized the results of their investigation in this report.
We distributed this report to relevant scientists, ministries, and organizations in March 2008. Weclarified the current status, problems, and future outlook for the essential topics in order to create an
integrated climate change observation system in Japan based on the ongoing climate change
observations and future plans. We also indicated the direction in which climate change observation
systems in Japan should develop.
Because this report is extensive, the Scientific Advisory Board of JACCO proposed to issue thissummary for the convenience of planning future policies. The Steering Committee of JACCO agreed
to issue this summary in March 2008.
This summary was compiled for the complete report by the Scientific Advisory Board. Pleaserefer to the complete report for details.
I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the members of the Scientific Advisory Board who
have contributed to this summary and the members of the Scientific Working Group who have helped
in developing the complete volume.

July 2008
Isao Koike
Chair, Scientific Advisory Board of JACCO

What is JACCO?
The Japanese Alliance for Climate Change Observation (JACCO) was established by the Ministryof the Environment (MOE) and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) in April 2006 to plan andcoordinate comprehensive climate change observation systems.
The organization of JACCO is shown in Figure 1. The steering committee consists of relevant
ministries, agencies, and institutions that observe the climate changes. The steering committee is
jointly chaired by the MOE and JMA. The Scientific Advisory Board of JACCO consists of leading
scientists from the field of climate science to provide the steering committee with scientific advice.
The Office for Coordination of Climate Change Observation (OCCCO), located in the Center for
Global Environmental Research (CGER) of the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES),
supports the activities of JACCO. The OCCCO performs the following activities: (1) the assessmentof the need for climate change observations, (2) the enhancement of the accessibility of observation
data and coordination of the use of observational platforms in collaboration with the Scientific
Working Group, (3) convening of meetings, and (4) managing of public relations activities.
Report the status of
implementation plan

Earth Observation Promotion Commission,
Subdivision on Research and Development planning and
Evaluation, Council for Science and Technology,

Council for Science andTechnology Policy

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Coordination, creation,
and, proposal of
implementation plan

Report the status andimplementation planfor each fiscal year

Japanese Alliance for Climate Change Observation（JACCO)
Relevant
ministries andorganizations Create theAdviceSteering Committee

implementation plan
Requestdocuments

Documentation

Scientific
Advisory Board

Support

Office for Coordination of Climate Change Observation, Japan(Ministry of the Environment and Japan Meteorological Agency)
Request scientificinvestigation

Reportscientificinvestigation

Scientific Working Group

Figure 1: The organization of JACCO

Chapter 1

Introduction

The deterioration of the global environment, especially global warming, has become an importantenvironmental issue in the 21st century. This issue requires immediate response and urgent action by
governments. In order to solve these problems, promoting long-term, continuous, comprehensive, andintegrated observation of the earth is essential.
The “Earth Observation Promotion Strategy,” released in 2004, has proposed an increase in thecooperation among organizations, ministries, and institutions because climate changes due to global
warming should be monitored as a nation.
Subsequently, in April 2006, the Japanese Alliance for Climate Change Observation (JACCO) was
launched by the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA).
The Office for Coordination of Climate Change Observation (OCCCO), located in the Center for
Global Environmental Research (CGER) of the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES),
serves as the secretariat for JACCO. OCCCO supports the integrated activities of JACCO.
The Earth Observation Promotion Strategy advocates the establishment of an integrated earth
observation system, which requires understanding of the status and problems of Japan’s earth
observation programs. The Scientific Working Group of OCCCO decided to issue a report on thecurrent status, problems, and the future outlook of the climatic change observation system.
In order to strategically prioritize the issues, the Earth Observation Promotion Strategy proposed
the elucidation of phenomena related to global warming, prediction of the effects of climate change,
and mitigation of and adaptation to global warming. It addressed the issues in Japan related to thefollowing aspects: the monitoring of the atmospheric, terrestrial, and oceanic greenhouse gases mainlyin Asia and Oceania; the observation of the terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycles and ecosystems; andthe monitoring of the impact of climate change in vulnerable areas such as the cryosphere and coastal
areas. Therefore, we investigated issues concerning the promotion of data standardization,enhancement of data sharing, promotion of the collaborative use of observation platforms and samples,
improvement of temporal and spatial gaps in observation, and enrichment of observation elements, as
shown in Table 1. We proposed that this observation be maintained and expanded in the future formonitoring greenhouse gases and the carbon cycle as well as for assessing the impact of climatechange.
The numerous activities mentioned in each section of the complete volume have been performed
amidst limited financial and personnel resources. The data for some field experiments were sharedaccording to internationally agreed frameworks. However, data sharing is necessary for promoting
and developing the observation for all fields and such sharing requires a lot of effort.
The report entitled “Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)” states that the results of long-term observation revealed the warming of the climate system.
Further, under the section “Key uncertainties for observational findings,” the report emphasizes theneed for future observations.
The Earth Observation Promotion Commission of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports,
Science and Technology (MEXT) released the article “The concept for Japanese Earth Observation in
the fiscal year 2008” in July 2007. This article addressed the importance of long-term observation of
the earth in the future (mentioned in section II). Further, it mentioned that the goals stated in the IPCC
AR4 could be achieved with long-term satellite and in situ observations. In addition, it argued that it isnecessary for governments to promote long-term continuous earth observation so that the scientificbasis for climate change can be established.
In this summary, we have included issues that need to be addressed urgently so that international,
interorganization, and interdisciplinary cooperation for the proposed and investigated observation
activities mentioned in the complete volume can be achieved. We have summarized the futurecollaborative activities and outlooks for climate change observation in the following sections.

Chapter 2

Promotion of data standardization

Observations for the monitoring of greenhouse gases, the carbon cycle, and for the assessment of1

the impacts of climate change are carried out all over the world; these observations help to clarify themechanism underlying climate change. Japan plays a major role in this field. However, atmospheric,oceanic, and terrestrial observational data are insufficient and the data need to be integrated for
elucidating the global carbon cycle and projecting the climate change. This integration isindispensable for the global assessment of the impacts of climate change.
Data integration requires data standardization, which makes the observations from allorganizations comparable. Valuable observation data are thereby utilized effectively. Data
standardization can only be achieved by collaborative work among organizations across the world
involved in observation of climate change.
Although data collected by oceanic and atmospheric monitoring are being standardized by several
programs, including Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) of the World Meteorological Organization(WMO), additional efforts are still required. Further, because efforts for the standardization ofterrestrial data are few, development in this field is particularly required. For assessing the impact ofclimate change, data standardization has been advanced for certain types of data, including datacollected by sea level observations. However, improvements in the standardization are required forvarious other types of data, including data collected by the observation of the cryosphere andecosystems.
(1) Observation of greenhouse gases and the carbon cycle
For standardizing the data collected by the observation of the atmosphere and oceans, theestablishment of a mechanism to promote standardization internationally is necessary. Moreover,collaborations and alliances for the routine intercomparison of measurement techniques are required.
These collaborations and alliances can be established by forming a network of the organizations thatare involved in the observation of the atmosphere and oceans. Data interoperability can be ensured byestablishing such frameworks.
In order to reduce the uncertainty of observations related to the terrestrial carbon balance,
immediate action is required to compare the different observations and standardize the measurement
methods. The development of methods that will improve the accuracy of the observations is important.
This can be achieved by conducting comprehensive and intensive observations at different sites andidentifying the elements that result in large uncertainty.
Intercomparisons of terrestrial carbon balance observations in Asia are expected using theround-robin system.
(2) Assessment of the impact of climate change
Research on data standardization for sea level observations is underway. However, thestandardization of data on the cryosphere and ecosystems is still in the early stages of development
despite the high sensitivity of these elements to climate change. Therefore, data standardization forthese areas is immediately required.
Active participation in the International Partnerships in Ice Core Sciences (IPICS), which provides
an international framework for ice core data, and the promotion of the Japan Long-Term EcologicalResearch Network (JaLTER) are required.
Improvement in the accuracy of assessing world forest resources is also desirable because forests
are important carbon dioxide sinks.

Chapter 3

Enhancement of data sharing

The collection and integration of data from across the world are crucial for monitoring the climatechange, assessing its impact, and improving climate change predictions. Global-scale databases thus
developed will become important international shared property. Providing open access to data andenhancing data sharing are necessary for establishing such a database.
However, open access to data is often delayed because scientists in charge of the data require long
durations and enormous efforts for data analysis and calibration as well as for the prioritization of data
usage. Therefore, individuals and organizations involved in the data production should receive credit

2

for their efforts even if the data is made publicly available at an early date. It will be necessary toensure this in order to promote open access to the data and enhance data sharing.
In order to enhance data sharing, the data management system of each organization should be
strengthened. Further, the government should adopt policies that promote open access to the dataobtained by the organizations.
Data sharing among organizations and disciplines will promote collaborative research activities.
JACCO is expected to promote such activities.
Data sharing is being promoted by the Data Integration and Analysis System (DIAS) under the“Earth Observation and Ocean Exploration System” of National Key Technologies in the third
Science and Technology Basic Plan of Japan. It is important to promote data sharing by encouraging
cooperation among the organizations participating in this project.
(1) Observation of greenhouse gases and the carbon cycle
Several international efforts such as the International Oceanographic Data and Information
Exchange (IODE), the World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) of GAW, and the Carbon
Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) are involved in the enhancement of sharing data on
the atmosphere and oceans.
On the other hand, efforts to enhance the sharing of data pertaining to terrestrial observations arestill few. Thus far, data distribution has been limited to relevant scientists through research projects
such as FLUXNET and AsiaFlux. It is necessary to fund such research networks in order to ensurestable operation and enhance the function of the project offices.
The volume of data, particularly from satellites, can be increased. Moreover, the data formats willvary according to needs for data utilization. The data center is indispensable as an internationalframework for sharing the data that are collected systematically, managed reasonably, integrated, andthen converted for scientific and social purposes.
(2) Assessment of the impact of climate change
Most of the sea level data in Japan are integrated at the Japan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC)
and the Coastal Movements Data Center (CMDC). The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)
provides global or regional, high-quality sea level data networks. These frameworks require to be
developed further.
Sharing of data on the cryosphere and ecosystems is in the nascent stage of development. Data forterrestrial ecosystems, in contrast to data for the atmosphere and oceans, are not easily registered in
the database because the registration of such data may affect the interests of the countries that produce
the data.
Sharing of data on the cryosphere and ecosystems still requires development, and this development
depends on the personal efforts of scientists. In order to enhance data sharing, institutionalframeworks should be developed strategically. The establishment of data centers at national institutes
is necessary for collecting data and providing access to them.
With regard to socioeconomic data, it is necessary to enhance the collection of information on data
sources, to integrate various data together with digitized historical records, and to increase thecapacity of data utilization in developing countries. The effective utilization of observation data fromvarious fields and the socioeconomic attributes are important for clarifying the mechanism of the
carbon cycle, creating a model of climate change phenomena and their impact, detecting andmonitoring the impacts of climate change, and evaluating the effect of various adaptation andmitigation measures.
International and national organizations have produced a variety of information and haveestablished various databases. In particular, the Global Change Master Directory of the USA plays animportant role in managing and searching sources of such data. An independent information source
directory in the Japanese language is required for searching data related to climate change in Japan inorder to enhance national data utilization. In addition, information sources should be registered in aninternational directory for enhanced data utilization.

3

Chapter 4

Promotion of the collaborative utilization of observation
platforms and samples

For the comprehensive and integrated observation of climate change, it is necessary to promote
the collaborative use of observation platforms and samples, enhance the observation framework withmutual supplements, and support long-term continuous observation. Consequently, the systematic
integration of existing and future observations should also be enhanced and the collaborative use of
the observation platforms and facilities of relevant ministries and organizations should be promoted. It
is essential to update the database with detailed information of the observations obtained by eachorganization, such as the place, facility, time period, frequency, accuracy, and so on. Scientists fromdifferent organizations should collaborate to create a research strategy that will interest all scientists
so that they participate in developing this framework strategy.
Moreover, a framework should be developed to sustain collaborative observations; such aframework should encourage mutual coordination in the observation between operationalorganizations, research institutes, and supersites in order to promote long-term observations, actively
publicize Japanese achievements, and strongly promote interdisciplinary cooperation.
(1) Observations of greenhouse gases and the carbon cycle
Each organization often uses special technologies and facilities for the specific analysis ofelements in the greenhouse and related gases. Therefore, in case an organization is unable to obtaincertain data for a gas sample owing to the lack of a special technology, another organization thatpossesses this technology can perform the required analysis. Such mutual collaboration and sharing oftechnology help in avoiding gaps in data.
Research vessels for the observation of ocean ecosystems are desired because they enable mutual
coordination between operational and research observations.
Moreover, the promotion of the mutual utilization of observation platforms for terrestrial carbon
balance via interdisciplinary collaborations is required for the comprehensive clarification of theterrestrial carbon balance.
(2) Assessment of the impact of climate change
An example of information exchange and technology sharing among organizations is that of sea
level observation. We urgently require a terrestrial carbon flux supersite for the comprehensive
terrestrial observations in various research fields, promotion of the mutual utilization of the dataobtained by snow and ice observations, and organization of such activities.
In Japan, the JaLTER was recently launched. Collaboration between JapanFLUX,Monitoring-site 1000, and other projects via JaLTER is important. It is necessary to establish acomprehensive framework in order to observe ecosystems and biodiversity; for this purpose, asupersite for each ecosystem that can be used to collect data and perform field experiments
simultaneously should be set up.

Chapter 5

Improvement of temporal and spatial gaps in observation andenhancement of observation elements

Because climate change is a widespread and global phenomenon, individual organizations
monitoring it need to overcome spatial and temporal limitations. Therefore, collaborative observations
by operational organization and research institutes are required to improve spatial gaps and enhanceobservation elements.
Research institutes have the advantage of being the sources of information; therefore, they canhelp clarify spatial variations and its role in climate change. This is achieved by the detailed
observation of various observation elements. Research institutes utilize research funding to develop
novel observational methods. On the other hand, operational organizations have the advantage ofevaluating the long-term temporal variations in climate change by the time-series observation of
specific observation elements. In this manner, both the organizations are complementary for obtaining

4

four-dimensional observations, which includes spatial and temporal variations. For developing
policies regarding future observations, organizations should share information pertaining to thedevelopment of novel observational methods, data, and results.
Furthermore, satellite observations are indispensable for improving temporal and spatial
observation gaps as well as for enhancing observational elements. Satellite observations should be
carried out by collaborating with the space research agencies of countries around the world andformulating future observation plans.
Improvement in the temporal and spatial gaps and the enhancement of observation elements areclosely related to the promotion of the collaborative use of observation platforms and samples by
relevant organizations. In the future, we need to propose new collaborative policies that will include
issues related to personnel and funds.
(1) Observation of greenhouse gases and the carbon cycle
With regard to ocean observations, operational organizations are expected to collaborate at theobservation sites of the research institutes. It is also expected that an autonomous buoy system will be
developed.
Further, we should promote the collaboration between the operational organizations that conduct
cruises in the Southern Ocean and the scientific community.
Continuous long-term observations from aircrafts are difficult because of the limited funds andsecurity issues. Therefore, stable and continuous observations should be ensured by using regularcommercial flights.
The development of a ground-based atmospheric observation platform is necessary. For thispurpose, capacity building is required in Asian countries in order to develop and maintainobservational networks in these areas.
The construction of an observation system with high temporal and spatial resolution is necessary
for linking in situ observations with satellite image analysis.
For the satellite observation, an observational network is required for validating products andevaluating algorithms related to the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) project. In
addition, we need to promote the Global Change Observation Mission (GCOM) and develop an ocean
color satellite.
(2) Assessment of the impact of climate change
The personnel and instruments for analyzing ice cores are scarce in Japanese research institutes
as compared to research institutes in the European Union and the United States of America. In recent
years, the drilling of ice cores has increased. Therefore, it is important to increase the number of
instruments and the personnel because this will enable rapid analysis and the establishment of ananalysis center with adequate instruments and personnel.
Most of the sea level observation sites in Japan were established after the 1960s. Sea level
observations need to be conducted over a long period in order to detect long-term variations.
A comprehensive system for the observation of terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity is required.
This system can be developed by determining a suitable observation site and forming an observational
network to study the ecosystems that are vulnerable to climate change.
Moreover, we need to implement the observations of the Advanced Land Observing Satellite(ALOS). The following mission for Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing
System (AMSER-E) and Global Imager (GLI) requires immediate planning.
Further, the comparison of the results and the output from terrestrial ecosystem models at thesupersite, development of a data distribution system for the comparison, validation of the model
outputs, and observations over large areas are required.

Chapter 6

Future outlook

In the future, it is important to consider a concrete implementation policy for the urgent tasks
recommended in this report. In Chapter 1, we have pointed out the importance of long-term

5observation as mentioned in the article “The concept for Japanese Earth Observation in fiscal year
2008.” The importance of cooperation among organizations, ministries, and institutions for the
purpose of long-term observations is emphasized by the Earth Observation Promotion Strategy. A
framework should be developed and a budget should be sanctioned in order to perform the tasks
specified by the Earth Observation Promotion Commission of MEXT and other government
commissions. As pointed out in IPCC AR4, it is important to clarify the mechanism underlying
climate changes by studying clouds, aerosols, and atmospheric radiations. However, we haveexcluded this topic from our report and have focused on other important issues.
As mentioned in Chapter 3, it is important to assess the climate change and its impact as well as
to understand the adaptation and vulnerability in order to eliminate the change. Socioeconomic data isrequired for this purpose. In our report, we aim to promote investigations related to these tasks as well
as data collection and distribution for assessing the socioeconomic impact of climate change.
We plan to investigate the abovementioned subjects and other important tasks in depth, and theresults of these investigations will be described in our next report.

6Inter-disciplinary cooperation: Disciplinary
Inter-organization: Organization
Long-term continuous observation: Long-term

Table 1: List of Subjects for WG Report-No1.
1) Promotion of data standardization

Ocean carbon cycle

Atmospheric carbon cycle

Terrestrial carbon cycle

Organization

Organization

Disciplinary

International standard on certified
reference material (TCO2, alkalinity, andnutrients） and intercomparison of
measurement methods(Nojiri, Ishii and Ono)
Standardization of data format（Nojiri, Ono, and Ishii）

Disciplinary and organization

Standard gas systems in agencies,
institutions, and universities(Matsueda and Mukai)Standardization of measurement
technology for terrestrial carbon flux
observation（Saigusa, Miyta, and Hiura）

Standardization of sea level data
（Sakurai, Shimizu, and Miyazaki）

Intercomparison of measurement method(Mukai and Matsueda）

Intercomparison between micrometeorological observation andecological observation （Saigusa）

Standardization of snow and ice withWorld Forest Resources Assessment
ground-based and satellite observation (FRA2005） （Chiba）(Azuma and Fujita）
Standardization of forest information
data （Chiba）

Activity report of Quality
Assurance/Science Activity Centre for Asiaand the South-West Pacific （Tsutsumi)
2) Enhancement of data sharing

Climate change impact assessment

Ocean carbon cycle

Atmospheric carbon cycle

Terrestrial carbon cycle

Organization

Organization

Disciplinary

Database for ocean pCO2, TCO2, andalkalinity(Nojiri, Ishii, and Ono)

International framework for data sharing(Mataueda, Mukai, Sugawara, andTsutsumi）

Networking for terrestrial carbon flux
observation site （Fujinuma）

Japanese database of oceanographic
observation（Shimizu and Murata）

Japanese database in agencies, institutions, Integration of micro-meteorologicaland universities
database with ecological database（Sugawara and Mukai）（Fujinuma）

Data standardization activities of
JaLTER and Monitoring site 1000
（Hiura）

Climate change impact assessment
Organization

Data sharing of snow and ice
observation data including satellite
data （Azuma and Fujita）

Monitoring for forest resources （Chiba）

Data sharing of sea level observation Database for marine organisms
data（Ono and Shimizu）（Sakurai, Shimizu, and Miyazaki）
Database for phenological observation（Chiba）
Promotion of data sharing of socio-economic data
Promoting collection of information source of socio-economic data （Harasawa）
Integration of various data and digitization of historical data (Harasawa andHiura)
Capacity building for data utilization in developing countries （Harasawa）

1

7

Summary and status of data policy （Matsuura), Specific example and problem of data policy (Harasawa and Tsutsumi）
3) Promotion of the collaborative use

Organization

Organizationof observation platforms and samples

Ocean observation platforms andsamples（Nojiri, Ishii, Ono, Hashida, and
Murata)Atmospheric observation platforms andsamples （Mukari, Sugawara, and Hashida）

Building up framework for collaborative
observation on greenhouse gases inoceans （Nojiri, Ono, and Murata）
4) Improvement of temporal and spatial
gaps in observation and enhancementof observation elements

Disciplinary and organization

Disciplinary and organization

Development of collaborative framework Collaborative use of platforms andfor terrestrial carbon and water cycles
samples of snow and ice observation
and biological observation （Fujinuma）（Azuma and Fujita）

Collaboration for sea level observation
among agencies, institutions, anduniversities （Sakurai, Shimizu, andMiyazaki）

Integrated observation of terrestrial
ecosystem and biodiversity （Hiura）
Promotion of in-situ observation

Long-term and organization

Promoting collaboration in ocean
observation between operational
agencies and research institutions (Ishii
and Murata)
Development of autonomous buoy
（Ishii and Murata）

Long-term and organization

Establishment of framework for long-term
continuous observation with aircraft andballoon (Mukai, Sugawara, and Hashida）

Long-term and organization

Long-term

Implementation of capacity building in
Asia for observational network ofterrestrial carbon cycle （Saigusa）

Long-term continuation andcollaboration for sea level observation（Sakurai, Shimizu, and Miyazaki）

Deployment of in-situ ground observation
Promotion of phenological observation
station in the area with spatial observation （Hiura）
gap （Mukai and Hashida)

Promotion of long-term and in-situ
observation of snow and ice （Azuma
and Fujita）

Promoting observation in Southern
Ocean （Ishii and Murata）

Enhancement of analytical frameworkfor snow and ice samples （Azuma andFujita）
Promotion of satellite observation

Organization

Monitoring marine phytoplankton（Matsuura）

Organization and Disciplinary

Campaign observation for validation ofsatellite data （Matsuura）

Organization

Establishment of efficient operation andvalidation system for GOSAT（Matsuura and Imasu）

Long-term and organization

Long-term

Phenological and terrestrial carbon cycle Long-term satellite observation ofobservation by satellite (AVHRR andsnow and ice including ALOS glacier
MODIS etc.） （Matsuura, Nishida, andsurface mapping （Matsuura andSasai）
Fujita）
Promotion of process study
Disciplinary

Validation of terrestrial carbon cycle
model with observation （Saigusa）

Long-termAppendix
Scientific Working Group for OCCCO Report No. 1“Toward the development of a comprehensive and integrated climate change observation
system”

Index
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the report
1.2 Purpose of the report
1.3 Selection of the subjects of the report
1.4 Structure of the report
Chapter 2 Promotion of data standardization
2.1 Promotion of data standardization for oceanic observation
2.2 Promotion of data standardization for atmospheric observation
2.3 Promotion of data standardization for terrestrial observation
2.4 Promotion of data standardization for impact assessment observation
Chapter 3 Enhancement of data sharing
3.1 Enhancement of data sharing for ocean observation
3.2 Enhancement of data sharing for atmospheric observation
3.3 Enhancement of data sharing for terrestrial observation
3.4 Enhancement of data sharing for impact assessment observation
3.5 Enhancement of data sharing for socioeconomic data
3.6 Data policy
Chapter 4 Promotion of the collaborative utilization of observation platforms and samples
4.1 Collaborative utilization for observation platforms (ground, aircraft, and ship) and samples
4.2 Development of collaboration framework for oceanic greenhouse gases and climate
observation
4.3 Collaborative utilization of platforms and samples for snow and ice observation
4.4 Development of collaboration framework for terrestrial carbon and water cycles and biologicalobservation
4.5 Integrated observation for terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity observation
4.6 Interorganization collaboration for sea level observation
Chapter 5 Improvement of temporal and spatial gaps in observation and enrichment of observation
elements
5.1 Promotion of in situ observation
5.2 Promotion of satellite observation
5.3 Promotion of process study
Chapter 6 Urgent tasks
6.1 Promotion of data standardization
6.2 Enhancement of data sharing
6.3 Promotion of collaborative utilization of observation platforms and samples
6.4 Improvement of temporal and spatial gaps in observation and enrichment of observation
elements
6.5 Future outlook

9

Scientific Advisory Board of JACCO (as on March 31, 2008)
Isao Koike, Chair of Scientific Advisory Board of JACCO,
Inspector General, Ryukyu University
Gen Inoue, Professor, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature
Hiroki Kondo, Principal Scientist, Frontier Research Center for Global Change,
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Shobu Sakurai, Professor, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
Tasuku Tanaka, Professor, Yamaguchi University
Masayoshi Nakawo, Executive Director, National Institutes for the Humanities
Tohru Nakashizuka, Professor, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
Takakiyo Nakazawa, Director and Professor, Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies,
Tohoku University
Teruyuki Nakajima, Director and Professor, Center for Climate System Research,
The University of Tokyo
Katsuyuki Minami, Vice President, Kitasato University
Nobuo Mimura, Director and Professor, Institute for Global Change Adaptation Science, Ibaraki
University
Susumu Yamamoto, Professor, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University

10

Scientific Working Group of OCCCO (as on March 31, 2008)
Yukihiro Nojiri, Chair of Scientific Working Group
Deputy Director, Center for Global Environmental Research,
National Institute for Environmental Studies
Sub-working group (SWG) for carbon cycle observation
Hitoshi Mukai, SWG Chair, Chief, Global Carbon Cycle Research Section, Center for Global
Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies
Ryouichi Imasu, Associate Professor, Center for Climate System Research, The University of Tokyo
Masao Ishii, Senior Researcher, Geochemical Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute,Japan Meteorological Agency
Gen Hashida, Assistant Professor, National Institute of Polar Research
Yasumi Fujinuma, Chief, Office for Terrestrial Monitoring, Center for Global Environmental
Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies
Hidekazu Matsueda, Head, The First Research Laboratory, Geochemical Research Department,
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency
Akira Miyata, Senior Researcher, Agro-Meteorology Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental
Sciences
Masahiko Murata, Sub-leader, Institute of Observational Research for Global Change, Japan Agency for
Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Tsuneo Ono, Chief, Biological Oceanography Section, Sub-Arctic Fisheries Oceanography
Division, Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency
Nobuko Saigusa, Senior Researcher, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Satoshi Sugawara, Associate Professor, Faculty of Education, Miyagi University of Education
SWG for the assessment of the impact of climate change
Hideo Harasawa, SWG Chair, Director, Social and Environmental Systems Division, National
Institute for Environmental Studies
Kumiko Azuma, Associate Professor, National Institute of Polar Research
Yukihiro Chiba, Chief, Plant Production Laboratory, Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest
Products Research InstituteShoji Chihaya, Geographical Survey Institute (until March 2007)
Tsutomu Hiura, Professor, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University
Koji Fujita, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University
Naoto Matuura, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
Takato Miyazaki, Geographical Survey Institute (from April 2007)
Keizo Sakurai, Japan Meteorological Agency
Atsushi Shibata, Japan Coast Guard (until March 2007)
Junko Shimizu, Japan Coast Guard (from April 2007)
Contributing authors
Takahiro Sasai, Researcher, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Yoshitomo Tsutsumi, Japan Meteorological Agency
Kenlo (Nishida) Nasahara, Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences,
University of Tsukuba

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Edited by
Tokunosuke Fujitani
Shin Miyazaki
Makiko Yamada
Yumiko Kobayashi
Office for Coordination of Climate Change Observation, Japan(MOE & JMA),
Center for Global Environmental Research,
National Institute for Environmental Studies,
16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan