INTERNATIONAL JOURNALOF

CONSERVATION SCIENCE
ISSN: 2067-533X

Volume 12, Issue 2, April-June 2021: 577-584

www.ijcs.ro

POPULATION SIZE AND TREND OF ASIAN DOWITCHER
LIMNODROMUS SEMIPALMATUS IN BANYUASIN PENINSULA,
SUMATRA, INDONESIA
Muhammad IQBAL1,*, Deni MULYANA2, Ferry HASUDUNGAN3,
Henni MARTINI4, Yus Rusila NOOR5, Arum SETIAWAN6,
Yeni Aryati MULYANI7, Indra YUSTIAN6, Hilda ZULKIFLI6
1

Biology Program, Faculty of Science, Sriwijaya University, Jalan Padang Selasa 524, Palembang, South Sumatra
30139, Indonesia.
2
Berbak Sembilang National Park, South Sumatra office, Jalan Tanjung Api-api komplek Imadinatuna No. 114, South
Sumatra, Indonesia
3
Burung Indonesia, Jalan Dadali No.32, Tanah Sareal, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
4
Hutan Kita Institute (HAKI), Jalan Yudo No. 9 H, Palembang, South Sumatra 30126, Indonesia
5
Yayasan Lahan Basah (Wetlands International Indonesia). Jalan Bango No.11, Tanah Sareal, Bogor, West Java,
Indonesia
6
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sriwijaya University, Jalan Raya Palembang-Prabumulih km 32,
Indralaya, South Sumatra, Indonesia.
7
Department of Conservation of Forest Resources and Ecotourism, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University,
Bogor 16680, Indonesia

Abstract
Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus is a Near Threatened shorebird species that only
occur in East Asian Australasian Flyway (EAAF) sites. Banyuasin peninsula has known asimportant habitat for Asian Dowitcher during migration period. We compile and summarize allrecords of Asian Dowitcher in Banyuasin peninsula. There are at least 33 records of Asian
Dowitcher from 1986 to 2019. The largest number is 11,500 to 13,000 birds during migration
period in 1988. Unfortunately, the number had never been reported up to 2,500 birds since
2000s. Based on this data, it is assumed that the number of Asian Dowitchers in Banyuasin
peninsula decline up to 80% in the last 20 years. Further monitoring and improving habitats arerecommended to follow up Asian Dowitcher conservation actions in Banyuasin peninsula in the
future.
Keywords: Number, Asian Dowitcher, Limnodromus semipalmatus, East Asian AustralasianFlyway, Sumatra, Indonesia.

Introduction
Millions of waders and waterbirds which breed in the north and winter in the tropics orin the temperate zone feed in tidal areas on migration and during winter [1]. A small number oftidal sites in the East Asian Australasian Flyway (EAAF) have been identified as supporting
especially high concentrations or a high number of species of shorebirds, either on migration or
non-breeding period [2]. Banyuasin peninsula and adjacent coastline in southern Sumatra is one
important site in EAAF mainly during southward migration at least 30 species of shorebirds [3*Corresponding author: kpbsos26@yahoo.com

M. IQBAL et al.

5]. The coastal zone of South Sumatra has some of the most extensive mangrove areas in the
Indo-Malayan region, reaching up to 35km in width [6].
Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus is a shorebird with disjunct breeding range
in the steppe regions that extend from west to east Siberia, breed between about 50°N and
62°N, in the valleys of the Ob and Irtysh at about 68°E in Siberia, to about 134°E in Manchuria;
and move as non-breeding visitor to east India through Southeast Asia, Sumatra and Java, toAustralia, Papua New Guinea and New Zealand [7-9]. The bird is large shorebird (33-36cm)
with long black straight bill and swollen tip, dark crown, white supercilium, and long legs [7,10]. Similar to the latter in all plumages and easily overlooked with Godwits Limosa spp, but
smaller than these Godwit taxa [11]. This species is restricted in EAAF site, and no subspecies
are recognised [2].
Monitoring can be determined as the process of collecting information about a statevariable (such as the population size of a target species, habitat condition, forest cover or the
distribution of a highlighting species) to assess the state of the system and draw inferences
about changes over time [12]. The importance of monitoring for wildlife conservation is
globally recognized [13]. The foremost challenge in conserving migratory shorebirds is the factthat their annual cycles spatially link areas and habitats across the breeding, passage andstaging, and non-breeding grounds [14, 15]. Shorebird monitoring which linking toconservation biology in relation to estimate population trends especially for species ofconservation concern, where further decline might rapidly or heading to extinction is necessary
for their survival [16]. In this paper, we summarize and review population of Asian Dowitcher
in Banyuasin peninsula to looking at trend of the number based on available information.
Materials and Methods
We compiled records of Asian Dowitcher in Banyuasin peninsula, both based publishedand unpublished available data. Published records collected from fieldworks conducted before
2000s, and unpublished records are mainly from various surveys collected during our own
fieldworks after 2000s. We screened carefully and summarized all records and present a range
numbers of historical and recent records. There are few visitors of birdwatchers andphotographers in Banyuasin peninsula, but only information from experiences and appropriate
dedicated birdwatchers are received. East coast shoreline of Banyuasin peninsula is about 35
km, and most birdwatchers who carried shorebird survey here divided their observation intosome points (mainly based of the occurrence of small rivers), but we add all total number ofspatial distribution records.
Results and discussions
Population size and trend
There are at least 33 records of Asian Dowitcher from 1986 to 2019 in Banyuasin
peninsula. This bird was reported all months (Table 1). Following term of four session of
migration period [17], the birds were reported in winter (November to February), northwardmigration (March to April), summer (May to July) and southward migration (August to
October).
This species was first time reported in Banyuasin peninsula since 1986, with 2,263 birds.
The largest number of Asian Dowitcher is c. 11,500 to 13,000 birds in October and December
1988, during southward migration and wintering period. Monthly observation in 1989 show thenumber of c. 1,206 to 3,900 birds during March to April, and the number fall around 53 to 245
birds during May to July, and the number rising back to 2,000 birds in August. From 2001 to
2019, the lowest numbers of Asian Dowitchers are recorded c. 10 birds, and the largest number
are c. 1,600 to 2,150 birds. Since 2001, the number of birds do not reach up to 2,500 birds.
578

INT J CONSERV SCI 12, 2, 2021: 577-584

POPULATION SIZE AND TREND OF ASIAN DOWITCHER LIMNODROMUS SEMIPALMATUS

These data suggest that the number of Asian Dowitchers are rapidly decline from 13,000 birds
in 1988 to 2,150 in 2019 (up to 80% within 20 years, see Fig. 1).
Table 1. Numbers of Asian Dowitchers reported on the Banyuasin Peninsular,South Sumatra, during 1986-2019
Date

Number

Sources/Observers

23-29 March 1986
March-April 1986 (undated)
September 1988 (undated)
October 1988 (undated)
November 1988 (undated)
December 1988 (undated)
January 1989 (undated)
February 1989 (undated)
March 1989 (undated)
April 1989 (undated)
May 1989 (undated)
June 1989 (undated)
July 1989 (undated)
August 1989 (undated)
19-23 March 2001
3 August 2001
9 October 2002
24 February 2004
30 June 2004
November 2008 (undated)
December 2008 (undated)
May 2009 (undated)
December 2011 (undated)
22 March 2012
November 2014 (undated)
20 January 201625 January 2017
8 September 201724 February 201824 March 2018
12 May 2018
24 November 201820-22 December 2019

2,263
1,763
550
11,50013,000
1,200
1,300
100
3,900
1,206
245
53
80
2,000
c. 10
c. 10
c. 1,600
c.100
c.10
801
100
50
c. 10
c.100
15
400
120
c.100
50
c.20
c. 10
2,100
394

[18]
[19]
[20]
[20]
[20]
[20]
[20]
[20]
[20]
[20]
[20]
[20]
[20]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24], MI pers.obs[25], MI pers.obs
MI pers.obs
MI pers.obs
[26]
[26]
[27]
[26]
[26], YRN pers.obs
YRN pers.obs
MI, DM, HM pers.obs
MI, DM, HM pers.obs
MI pers.obs
MI, DM, HM pers.obs
MI, DM, HM pers.obs
MI, DM pers.obs

Observers: MI = Muhammad Iqbal, DM = Deni Mulyana, HM = Henni Martini, YRN = Yus Rusila Noor

14000

13000

12000
10000
8000
6000

3900

4000
2000

2263

1600

2010
100 801

400 39401980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Fig. 1. Annually trend of number of Asian Dowitchers in Banyuasin peninsula from 1986 to 2019http://www.ijcs.ro579

M. IQBAL et al.

In North Sumatra, it was reported a total of Asian Dowitchers (6,970 birds at Sejara
beach, and 987 birds at Tiram bay) on 28 March 2002; but it was only 160 birds reported at
Asahan river on 25 September 2005 [28]. In addition, a survey during seven months (October
2014-April 2015) observation in Percut, North Sumatra, recorded total 321 birds. Based on thisobservation, number of Asian Dowitchers in North Sumatra look like a decline from 1987 to
6,970 birds in 2002, to 160 birds in 2005 and 321 birds in October 2014-April 2015. Anotherobservation is from Asian Dowitcher east coast along Deli Serdang during 1995 to 2005 that thelargest number reported 2,370 birds in 2002 [29]. Asian Dowitcher trend show similar declining
pattern in Banyuasin peninsula, with the largest number recorded c. 6,970 birds in 2002, but the
number in one single survey had never been recorded to 2,500 birds after 2002. However, due
to the similar characters with the Godwits and usually mix of these taxa in flocks (Fig. 2 and 3),
it is estimated that the number of Asian Dowitcher in Banyuasin peninsula could be still amaximum number of 5,000 birds.

Fig 2. Mix flocks of Asian Dowitcher and Godwits
on 13 November 2018 in Banyuasin peninsula,South Sumatra province, Indonesia

Fig. 3. Two Asian Dowitchers on 22 December 2019 in Banyuasin Peninsula,South Sumatra province, Indonesia
580

INT J CONSERV SCI 12, 2, 2021: 577-584

POPULATION SIZE AND TREND OF ASIAN DOWITCHER LIMNODROMUS SEMIPALMATUS

The global population of Asian Dowitcher is estimated around c. 23.000 birds, where
20.000 birds are presumed to be in Indonesia, 600 birds in Thailand, 500 birds in Australia, 500
birds in China, 500 birds in Malaysia, 500 birds in Papua New Guinea, 300 birds in Phillippine,
150 to 800 birds in India, and 230 birds in other countries [2, 30]. The population estimatebased upon large numbers reported in Indonesia, including a single count of 13.000 birds madeduring southward migration from Banyuasin peninsula [19, 30], or up to 56% from global
population during wintering period.
Conservation
Asian Dowitcher has been classified as Near Threatened by IUCN because, although it isquite widespread, it has a moderately small population overall and this is thought to be in
decline, owing primarily to destruction of its wintering grounds [9]. In Indonesia, this species
has been one protected species by Government of Indonesia [31]. As one globally important
habitat of Asian Dowitcher, Banyuasin peninsula has advantage of its conservation status aspart of Berbak Sembilang National Park (based Decree of the Ministry of Forestry Number
95/Kpts-II/2003). The site has been declared as various important sites that have greatsignificance ecologically resources, including as one important wetland site in Indonesia,
Important Bird Area (IBA), Ramsar site, EAFF site and Biodiversity heritage site [32-34].
The threats of Asian Dowitcher may also be: hunting, pollution, wetland loss anddegradation along its migration route [9]. Hunting of shorebird is one potential to be a major
threat of shorebird populations in EAAF areas interplaying with habitat loss [35], but as aprotected area, hunting of shorebirds in Banyuasin peninsula are very rarely. However, huntingof shorebirds in another east coast of Sumatra island are still reported, particularly in North
Sumatra [36], [Chairunas Adha Putra pers. comm]. In Banyusian peninsula, there are 930 ha ofmangroves converted as agriculture ponds for shrimp and fish [37, 38]. Chemical activities inrelation of keeping or maintain agriculture ponds could be give impact to Asian Dowitcher
population.
There are not globally previously data on population trends of Asian Dowitcher;however, the species is probably in decline owing to pollution and development on thewintering grounds [9]. The alarm of declining population of Asian Dowitcher in Banyuasin
peninsula should be address with a conservation action. In local scale, continue monitoring of
number of Asian Dowitcher is important to look at trend of population, particularly endorse
monitoring conducted by local authorities and local people. Improving habitat throughreplanting of mangroves were to be converted as agriculture ponds should be implemented to
improve better habitat for Asian Dowitcher in the future.
Conclusions
Asian Dowitcher has been recorded up to 11,500 to 13,000 birds during migration period
in 1988, but since 2000s the number had never been reported up to 2,500 birds. This datasuggests that this shorebird has decline up to 80% during the last 20 years.
A conservation action should be implemented in the near future to improve habitat of
Asian Dowitcher in Banyuasin peninsula as one of important wintering grounds in Indonesia.
Acknowledgments
We are very grateful to the Hutan Kita Institute (HAKI) and Berbak Sembilang National
Park of South Sumatra province office who funded and facilitated our waterbird monitoring on

http://www.ijcs.ro581

M. IQBAL et al.

the Banyuasin Peninsula during 2017–2019. We thank anonymous reviewers for comments on
our earlier draft.
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______________________________________
Received: June 19, 2020
Accepted: April 3, 2021

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0

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Cites per document
Cites / Doc. (4 years)
0.25
Cites / Doc. (4 years)
Cites / Doc. (4 years)
Cites / Doc. (4 years)
0 / Doc. (4 years)
Cites
Cites / Doc. (4 years)
2010
2012
Cites / Doc. (4 years)
Cites/ Doc.
Cites/ Doc.(4(4years)
years)
Cites/ Doc.(4(3years)
years)
Cites/ Doc.
Cites/ Doc.(4(2years)
years)
Cites/ Doc.
Cites / Doc. (4 years)% International Collaboration

Citable documents

Year
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2014
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020

Value
0.000
0.571
0.815
0.690
0.739
0.629
2016
0.880
0.826
0.911
0.777
0.784

2018

2020

Non-citable documents

400

International Collaboration accounts for the articles that40

Not every article in a journal is considered primary research

have been produced by researchers from several countries.

and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a

The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed

journal's articles including substantial research (research20
by researchers from more than one country; that is200
articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year

including more than one country address.

windows vs. those documents other than research articles,
reviews and conference papers.

0

Year
International Collaboration20102010 17.86
2012
2014
2016
2011 15.38
Cited documents

0
2018

2020

Documents
Value 2018
2010
2012
2014Year 2016
Non-citable documents 2010 0

2020

Uncited documents← Show this widget inyour own website

400

Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows,
that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during

Just copy the code below
and paste within your html
code:

the following year.
200

Documents
Uncited documents
Unciteddocuments
0
Uncited2010documents
2012
Uncited documents

Year
2010
2011
2012
2014
2013

Value
0
18
31
2016
51

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2018

2020

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T

titi malaki

2 months ago

i am very interested to publish in this beautiful journal..please tell me now what to do. thank youvery many
reply

SCImago TeamM

Melanie Ortiz

2 months ago

Dear Titi, thank you very much for your comment, we suggest you look for the author's
instructions/submission guidelines in the journal's website. Best Regards, SCImago TeamD

Didik wahyudi

1 year ago

Dear editor
Please give me the information about the coverage og this jurnal. In Scimago we ^nd the coverage
2010-2019 but in the (https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100223164#tabs=0) the coverage
from 2010-present.Whic information is correct data in this page or in the link
(https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/21100223164#tabs=0).
best regard
Didik Wahyudi
reply

SCImago TeamM

Melanie Ortiz

1 year ago

Dear Didik,
Thank you very much for your comment.
All the metadata have been provided by Scopus /Elsevier in their last update sent to
SCImago, including the Coverage’s period data. The SJR for 2019 was released on 11
June 2020. We suggest you consult the Scopus database directly to see the current index
status as SJR is a static image of Scopus, which is changing every day.
For further information, please contact Scopus support:
https://service.elsevier.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/14883/kw/scimago/supporthub/scopus/
Best Regards, SCImago TeamT

Titik Wijayanti

1 year ago

Interested
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Melanie Ortiz

1 year ago

Dear Titik, thanks for your participation! Best Regards, SCImago TeamD

Debby Vemiancy Pattimahu

2 years ago

reply

D

Debby Vemiancy Pattimahu

2 years ago

with respect, I send the article to be published in the next volume of publishing journal.
For your attention and cooperation, I thank you.

Best Regards,

Debby Vemiancy Pattimahu
reply

SCImago TeamM

Melanie Ortiz

2 years ago

Dear Debby, thanks for your participation! Best Regards, SCImago TeamJ

Jawdat Goussous

3 years ago

Interested
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Debby Vemiancy Pattimahu

2 years ago

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Volume 12 – 2021 – International Journal of Conservation Science

05/11/21 11.00

Table of contents: Volume 12, Issue 2, 2021

M. Hefni, N.S.A. Al-Rahim, H.A. Al-Moneam, R.T. Hamad
Evaluation of Kemapoxy150 3D in Restoration of Archaeological Glass[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-25_Hefni.pdf)] pp. 325
M. Ali, E. Henin
Dating Vintage Hand-colored Real Photo Postcards: A Review and Applied Study[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-26_Ali.pdf)] pp. 335
J.L. Silva, C.S. Barata, J. Pissarra
Limitations and Obstacles on Wood Identification from Sculptures – Analysis of a Set of Gilded and Polychromed Flemish Artworks from the 15th Century[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-27_Silva.pdf)] pp. 349
I. Sandu, M. Orlenko, M. Dyomin, O. Ivashko, Y. Ivashko, C.G. Lăzăreanu, K. Paprzyca, I.G. Sandu, P. Sztabinska-Kalowska
Scientific Conservation of the Outstanding Theaters of the 19th Century and Their Influence on the Creation of Modern Art-Space[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-28_Sandu.pdf)] pp. 361
K. Bouzetine, M. Hamiane, P. Guibert, A. Brahmi, M. Belaidi
OSL Dating of Terracotta Bricks of the Old Mosque of Mila, Algeria: A Case Study[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-29_Bouzetine.pdf)] pp. 391
A. Abdrabou, N.M.N. El Hadidi, S. Hamed, M.A. Betiha
Experimental Study on the Efficacy of Cleaning Systems for the Removal of Previous Conservation Treatments from Tutankhamuns’ Gilded Wooden Bed[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-30_Abdrabou.pdf)] pp. 403
A. Abd Al Kareem Bani Issa, M. Attia Mohie
The Conservation of an Oil Painting by Antonio Schranz, 1841 AD

International Journal of Conservation Science(http://ijcs.ro/)
S.A.K.M. Hamed, M.A. Maher

Observation on Hair Shafts of Some Royal Mummies in the Egyptian Museums

THE JOURNAL (HTTP://IJCS.RO/ABOUT-JOURNAL/)[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-31_Issa.pdf)] pp. 417

EDITORIAL BOARD (HTTP://IJCS.RO/EDITORIAL-BOARD/)[ Full Article(HTTP://IJCS.RO/SUBMIT-YOUR-ARTICLE/)– PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-32_Hamed.pdf)] pp. 429
SUBMISSION
S.P. Gupta, A.K. Srivastava, I. Ahmed
ARCHIVE(HTTP://IJCS.RO/ARCHIVE/)
Efficacy of Natural Plant Product for Preventive Preservation of Documentary Heritage Against
Aspergillus
Flavus: A Case Study[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-33_Gupta.pdf)] pp. 443
ETHICS (HTTP://IJCS.RO/ETHICS-RIGHTS/)

M. AliTreatment of a Different Pattern of Insect Damage on Doum Palm Wood (Hyphaene Thebaica. L)[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-34_Ali.pdf)] pp. 451
R. Abou Elhassan
Hydrophobic Consolidants for Treatment of Granitic Sculptures at Tell Basta, Egypt: A Case Study

http://ijcs.ro/volume-12-2021/#Issue2

Page 4 of 11

Volume 12 – 2021 – International Journal of Conservation Science

05/11/21 11.00[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-35_Elhassan.pdf)] pp. 467
A. Doluda, M. Kovalova, M. Terehov, N. Antonenkova
Icon-Painting with Time Trangressive Layers in Sloboda Ukraine During the Centuries[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-36_Doluda.pdf)] pp. 477
Z. Al Saad, M. Bataineh
Preventive Preservation Approach for the Preservation of Unique Early Neolithic Architectural Remains of the Archaeological Site of Beidha-Jordan[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-37_Saad.pdf)] pp. 493
M. Orlenko, Y. Ivashko, D. Kusnierz-Krupa, J. Kobylarczyk, O. Ivashko
Conservation of the Residential and Public Architecture of the 19th – Early 20th Centuries (On the Examples of Kyiv and Cracow)[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-38_Orlenko.pdf)] pp. 507
A.S. Sandu
The Traditional Aerophone Instruments, Past and Future[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-39_Sandu.pdf)] pp. 529
S. Hidayat, U. Muawanah, I.M. Pabuayon, M. Ridwansyah
Benefits of Marine Conservation Program: An Impact Evaluation Approach[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-40_Hidayat.pdf)] pp.545
H. Makhiya, E. Birhane, S. Tewolde-Berhan, H. Abrha
Efficacy of Protected Areas in Conserving the Present and Future of the Cordia Africana (lam.) in Dry Lands of Ethiopia[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-41_Makhiya.pdf)] pp. 559
M.Z.M. Nomani, R. Parveen
Legal Connotations of Biological Resources and its Ripple Effect on Conservation Research in India and Abroad[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-42_Nomani.pdf)] pp. 571
M. Iqbal, D. Mulyana, F. Hasudungan, H. Martini, Y.R. Noor, A. Setiawan, Y.A. Mulyani, I. Yustian, H. Zulkifli
Population Size and Trend of Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus Semipalmatus in Banyuasin Peninsula, Sumatra, Indonesia[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-43_Iqbal.pdf)] pp. 577
S. Hariyanto, R.K. Ainiyah, E.S.W. Utami, L. Hapsari
Genetic Diversity and Network Within Dessert Bananas (Musa Acuminata cv. AA and AAA) Inferred by Newly Designed MATK Marker[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-44_Hariyanto.pdf)] pp. 585
E. Bogea, R.G. dos Santos, M.V.V. Ramos, I.P.P. de Menezes

High Diversity and Low Genetic Structure of Remnants from Hancornia Speciosa Gomes in two Savanic Formations of the Cerrado Biome in the State Park of Serra de
Caldas Novas – Goiás[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-45_Bogea.pdf)] pp. 599
R. Van Der Merwe
Shark Fishing in the United Arab Emirates: A Conservationist’s Plea for Enhanced Protection and Sustainable Species Management[ Full Article – PDF (http://ijcs.ro/public/IJCS-21-46_vanderMerwe.pdf)] pp. 613
S. Withaningsih, Parikesit, H. Nurislamidini
Management Strategies of Palm Sugar (Arenga Pinnata) Production on Extreme Landscapes of Rongga, West Bandung Regency
http://ijcs.ro/volume-12-2021/#Issue2

Page 5 of 11