LINUS
PAULINGINSTITUTE
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITYRESEARCH NEWSLETTER
FALL–WINTER 2018

Announcing the next Linus Pauling Institute conference LOOK INSIDEINTRODUCING THE TISLab

IN THIS ISSUE

AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TEAM THAT FOCUSES ON DATA INTEROPERABILITY
TO EXPEDITE TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH

Introducing the
TISlab.................................. 1

By Melissa Haendel, PhD and Julie McMurry, MPH

From the Director............ 2

Dr. Melissa Haendel recently joined Oregon
State University as the Director of Translational
Data Science at the LPI. Her multidisciplinary
research team is investigating new ways toutilize a wealth of scientific data across theworld to help explain, diagnose, and prevent
disease. Here, Dr. Haendel and the team’s
Associate Director, Julie McMurry, give an
overview of their laboratory and the powerful
techniques they have developed.
Despite the great lengths that researchers
undertake to publish their findings, the greatest
challenge is applying that knowledge to theprevention or treatment of disease.
Although personalized healthcare holds great
promise, simply collecting vast amounts of data
about patients is not adequate. Even the mostmeticulous description of a single patientis uninterpretable without millions ofcomparisons to other people or to researchin cells and animals. Medical data need to beinterpreted in the light of the dynamic interplay
between demographics and environment, which
include dietary choices and exercise.
Optimizing the use of complex data sets isthe challenge faced by Dr. Haendel’s laboratory,
known as the Translational and Integrative
Sciences Laboratory (or the TISLab). We want toknow how we can navigate the vast landscape ofhighly specific scientific knowledge and apply it in
a way that helps people live longer, better lives.
The TISLab’s philosophy is one of collaborative
innovation among researchers, clinicians, andpatients across the globe. Our multidisciplinary
Continued on page 4

Improving on Hops.......... 6
Cancer’s DIM
Outlook.............................. 8
Frequently Asked
Questions About
Vitamin C.........................10
The Next Linus
Pauling InstituteConference......................12
LPI Students....................13
Outreach..........................15

FROM THE DIRECTOR

Richard van Breemen, PhD
Director
Linus Pauling Institute

Linus Pauling’s fascination withmicronutrients was an extension of his
ideas surrounding the molecular basis of
disease. Convinced that optimum dosesof these small molecules (vitamins andminerals) might help prevent disease andenable people to live longer, healthier lives,
he advocated for dietary supplementationof many of these molecules.
To facilitate this research, in 1973 Paulingfounded a research facility that would
come to be known as the Linus Pauling
Institute of Science and Medicine. As
new evidence accumulated concerning thebenefits of taking vitamin supplements,
many followed his lead. However, there
was also a great deal of controversy
emerging concerning the use of dietary
supplements.
In the early seventies, the U.S. Food andDrug Administration (FDA) proposed new
guidelines on dietary supplements. The
FDA was interested in limiting the levels ofvitamins in supplements, treating dietary
supplements as drugs, and imposing
a strict set of regulations for theirproduction and use.
An advocate for taking large amounts ofcertain micronutrients, particularly vitamin
C, Dr. Pauling opposed the FDA’s plan.
Specifically, he disagreed with proposed
restrictions on the amounts of vitamins in
dietary supplements.
The main concerns were that theregulations proposed by the FDA would
have likely increased the cost of dietary
supplements and would have limited theiravailability to consumers.

Is there something you
would like to see in thenext LPI newsletter?
Let us know!
Email lpi@oregonstate.edu
or call 541-737-5075

Always an advocate for the people,
Pauling campaigned to preserve publicaccess to dietary supplements. As public
outcry increased, Congress began hearings
to consider these regulations when Linus
Pauling volunteered to testify.
“I am interested in medicine and all of
its aspects, and in particular in preventive
medicine…” Pauling stated in testimony
before U.S. Senate subcommittees
in 1973 and 1974, “I think to classify vitamin
C and other vitamins even as over-thecounter drugs would have a serious effect2

on the health of the American people.”
Concerned that much of the research on
vitamins and minerals was inadequate to
inform the FDA’s decision. Pauling wrote
in a prepared statement to Sen. Edward
Kennedy, Sub-Committee on Public Healthin August 1974, “No serious consideration
whatever has been given to the questionof optimum daily intake, the amount that
leads to the best of health.” It is a question
researchers are still trying to answer, even45 five years later.
Pauling supported some regulations
aimed to help consumers. “I advocate some
controls over the sale and advertising ofvitamins, but not through classifying themas drugs,” Pauling stated. “...The proposed
FDA regulations do not in my opinion
establish an effective mechanism forprotecting the consumer against the abusesof misrepresentation...”At the time of Dr. Pauling’s testimony,support for his position came in the formof tens of thousands of letters, telegrams,
and telephone calls to Congress. Ultimately,
the will of the people prevailed.
In 1976, the Vitamin-Mineral Amendment
prohibited the FDA from limiting thepotency of vitamin or mineral supplements.
If a supplement made claims to treator prevent disease, the FDA could still
regulate these products and investigate
product claims. Otherwise, these
supplements – including high-potency
products – could not be treated as drugs.
However, the fight over dietary
supplements did not end there. In 1990,
the Nutrition Labeling and Education
Act, which enacted the modern nutrition
facts panels we find on food products,
extended supplement regulations toinclude botanical dietary supplements.
This law provided directives to the FDA
to implement new rules for establishingthe validity of health claims of all dietary
supplements.
From 1993 to 1994, Congressional hearings
were held again to determine how dietary
supplements should be regulated. New bills
were drafted, and passionate arguments
were presented for and against placing

The current members of the Linus Pauling
Institute, pictured outside the Linus Pauling
Science Center at Oregon State University.

limits on the FDA regulation of dietary
supplements.

vitamins, minerals, herbs or otherbotanicals, and amino acids, including
extracts or combinations of these
In October of 1993, less than a year before
ingredients.
his death, Linus Pauling again enteredinto the discussion regarding the fate of
DSHEA authorizes the FDA to require the
dietary supplements. Submitting a letteruse of current Good Manufacturing Practiceto the U.S. Senate Hearing on Dietaryin the production of dietary supplements,
Supplements, he again advocated forwhich has contributed substantially toappropriate regulation that did not block
consumer safety. This requirement is, inaccess of the people to supplements.
part, the realization of Pauling’s plea for
dietary supplements of “the highest quality
In support of a new Dietary Supplementof purity, safety, and performance.”
Health Education Act (often referred toas DSHEA), Pauling wrote, “In the 1970s,
Unlike previous legislation, DSHEA
I testified before Congress on legislation
included an important research andthat would help protect consumers against educational component. It created thevitamin fraud and set the stage for better
Office of Dietary Supplements within the
education… It is imperative to maintain
National Institutes of Health, which was
the highest quality of purity, safety, andalso endorsed by Dr. Pauling. The mission
performance in regard to consumerof the Office of Dietary Supplements is
products and services…”
much like that of the Linus Pauling Institute,
namely, to explore the role of dietary
Pauling applauded the bill because itsupplements in maintaining health anddirected the National Institutes of Healthpreventing chronic disease. It also promotes
to support research on the safety andscientific study by coordinating funding.
efficacy of supplements. “Decade after
decade, century after century, the world has
DSHEA has had many positive effects on
gotten better, largely because of scientific
the science behind dietary supplements.
discoveries. The challenge is for government For example, the Office of Dietary
to keep up with scientific progress.”
Supplements initiated an extramural
botanical center program in 1999 to examine
DSHEA was made into law in 1994
the effects of botanical dietary supplements.
(Public Law 103-417). In effect, it replaced
I co-founded the first of these academic
or amended the previous laws by providing
botanical centers with the late Norman
an all-encompassing definition for dietary
Farnsworth in Chicago, and served as the
supplements. Under DSHEA, the category
director of this NIH-funded center untilof dietary supplements now includes
moving to Oregon.
3

Today, my laboratory at the LPI continues
to carry out translational clinical studies
and education on the safety and efficacy
of botanical dietary supplements throughthis program.
Earlier this year, a member of Congress
telephoned to ask my opinion whether
stricter regulation of dietary supplements
should be implemented. I responded as
I hope Pauling would have, that existing
regulations regarding safety and accurate
labeling are adequate but require better
enforcement, and that research andeducation regarding the safety and efficacy
of botanical dietary supplements needmore vigorous support.
DSHEA encompassed many of theimportant issues in the field of dietary
supplements that had been supported by
Dr. Pauling and were embodied into themission of the Linus Pauling Institute.
Established more than 20 years before
DSHEA, the Linus Pauling Instituteremains committed to determining
optimal levels of dietary supplements formaintaining health and preventing
disease, as well as training new
generations of experts in this field.
Sincerely,

Richard B. van Breemen, PhD
Linus Pauling Endowed Chair and Director
Linus Pauling InstituteContinued from cover — The TISLabteam of biologists, bioinformaticians,
clinicians, and computer scientists are theexperts on the approaches that translate
basic research into precision healthcare.
The tools that the TISLab creates are
sophisticated computer algorithms
designed to sort through vast quantities
of data. At the heart of these programs
are logical constructs called ontologies.
Loosely defined as search criteria forcomputers to sort and classify data,
ontologies offer a way to distill andconnect information from many different
sources without a loss of meaning.
How does this work? At a basic level,
ontologies are structured vocabularies
that define relationships among concepts.
You can think of it as a type of instruction
manual for how computers can piece
together disaggregated data on different
topics from a variety of sources.
Say that you want to search the scientific
literature related to Alzheimer’s disease.
A search based solely on just the name ofthe disease might miss a highly relevant
result – especially those using theterm ‘dementia’. Alternatively, searches
regarding particular genes important in to
the development of Alzheimer’s disease
might yield very specific information abouta protein and less about its roles in the
disease as a whole.
While similarities in search terms might
be obvious to a person, the computer
executing the query does not have thistype of generalized knowledge. However,
it is not practicable for humans to peruseand hand pick every result, so ontologies
train the computer to think with thenuance of a human but the precision ofa machine.
Ontologies do this by expanding any
given term to its synonyms and otherrelated terms. This will ensure that relevant
results are not missed just because oneterm within the family is missing.
Ontologies can help integrate existingdata using much the same principles.
Biomedical data are constantly being
generated throughout the world, existingin various formats and contexts. Once
we disassemble these sources into moregranular, fundamental components, we
can use ontologies to weave them
together again.

ontology-driven tools provide a broadfoundation for the interpretation of medical
data and pave the way for the use ofmultiple data sources in creating precision
treatment plans.

The applications of this technology
are diverse. The TISlab’s bioinformatics
technologies and diagnostic software
packages are designed primarily to help
clinicians and researchers translating basic
science to its applications in human health.

The goal is to have the patients provide
the key data that will support a
collaboration with their clinicians. Take,for example, a patient who goes to see
a cardiologist about heart problems, a
sleep specialist about sleep apnea, andto a podiatrist about hammer-toe. Later,
he or she winds up an emergency roomwith spontaneous collapsed lung.
The patient may be unaware that thesevarious symptoms have an underlying
common cause.

Our flagship effort, the Monarch
Initiative, is a project designed to help
reveal the genetic causes of certain
rare conditions. This is because obscureconnections between basic researchand symptoms are often used to teaseapart the underlying causes (see sidebar
on Page 5). Currently, the tools we havedeveloped are in use by many organizations
worldwide, such as the National Institutesof Health and Genomics England.

Loosely defined as search
criteria for computers to sortand classify data, ontologies
also offer a way to distilland connect informationfrom many different sources
without a loss of meaning.
Although we are developing several tools
geared solely for use by clinical researchersand healthcare professionals, some of thetools within the TISLab involve interactions
with patients. Funded by the Patient
Centered Outcomes Research Institute(PCORI), we seek to develop tools thatutilize the power of our ontologies.
Unlike standard patient surveys which
are either superficial or focused on aparticular disease, ontology-driven tools
can be open ended, allowing patientsto quickly describe their conditions
comprehensively without wading throughthousands of questions that do not apply
to them.
While a physician’s judgment will always
remain central to medical decisions,4

Especially if this person only reports apartial symptom profile to each physician,any one of them might easily overlook thepossibility that the patient has Marfan
syndrome (a rare genetic disease thathas been proposed as the explanation for
Abraham Lincoln’s unusual stature and“long, pendulous” arms). While a clinician
may have seen hundreds of cases ofdiabetes, she may only see a single case of aparticular rare disease in her entire career.
Ontology-driven representations of
medical knowledge can help guide
physicians to ask the most relevant
questions and draw clearer connections
between symptoms and diseases, thereby
arriving more quickly and reliably at thebest course of action, whether it is surgery,or changes in dietary habits. Leveraging
ontologies to unify the large amount ofresearch data from other organisms makes
logical leaps possible.
Lastly, the TISLab is also involved in the
Biomedical Data Translator, funded by
the National Institute of Health’s National
Center of Advancing Translational
Sciences (NCATS). The goal of thisprogram is to integrate many different
data types across basic and clinicaldata sources to classify diseases. This
classification can improve the potential
for drug design. It also may allow certain
drugs to be repurposed, leading to novel
disease treatment strategies.

This type of classification can apply todifferent types of interventions simply
by expanding this approach beyond its
original goals. As part of our work with
the Linus Pauling Institute, we plan on
using the same tools developed in the
Biomedical Data Translator to detectdrug-nutrient interactions.
The advent of massive data andaffordable high-capacity computing
ushers in the opportunity for
unprecedented discovery by association.
Increasingly, causal reasoning that links
clinical and basic science data together
is yielding diagnostic and therapeutic
insights. We believe ontologies will be agame changer that will have a profound
impact on clinicians and the way they
practice medicine.
All members of the TISLab are gratefulfor the very warm welcome we havereceived at Oregon State University.
Our team, which includes researchers
from different research institutions
around Oregon, hopes to leverage theexpertise available at all of theseacademic centers to acceleratetranslational science research.
Many of our projects would not be
possible without the help of ourcollaborators around the world.

DIAGNOSTIC USES OF ONTOLOGIES
Ontologies are particularly useful in identifying rare genetic disorders –diseases so infrequent that there may be only a handful of individuals affectedby them at a particular time. In these cases, the medical documentation istypically sparse, and symptoms of the disease may vary widely amongindividual carriers.
The rarity of the condition contributes to a poor understanding of how thecondition will present itself. Diagnostic criteria for disease are established by
how often the symptoms appear in disease carriers. When only one person
carries a genetic disease, there is no way of knowing if all the associatedsymptoms will appear in any other individual with that condition.
Ontologies can bridge diagnostic gaps in several ways. First, by assemblingdata from a diverse number of sources, ontologies connect clinical observations
to data collected in animals and cells. Comparing effects of a genetic change
across different model systems may reveal some patterns.
Second, ontologies often use fuzzy logic systems to search data. They expand
their criteria beyond exact symptom matches, allowing connections even if a
disease presents differently from previous reports.
Lastly, ontologies can connect plain language descriptions to medical
conditions (see the Figure below). This can serve as a ‘patient translator’ ofsorts, allowing individual accounts of physical abnormalities or symptoms to betreated the same as medical data.
Ontologies can piece together medical and research data to provide insights
into many diseases. As we move into an era of personalized healthcare, thesetools may someday help us better understand our own relationship with healthand disease.

More information on our initiatives, teammembers, and findings, see our website at
http://tislab.org.
For those interested in the Monarch Initiativeand its work on rare genetic conditions, see
https://monarchinitiative.org.

References
Haendel et al. New England Journal of Medicine,379 (2018) doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1615014
Haendel et al. Annual Review of Biomedical
Data Science, 1 (2018) doi: 10.1146/annurevbiodatasci-080917-013459
Vasilevesky et al. Nature Genetics, 50 (2018)
doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0096-x

5

Dr. Fred Stevens, the resident expert
on xanthohumol at the Linus Pauling
Institute, and one of his graduate
students, Ines Paraiso.

IMPROVING ON HOPS

XANTHOHUMOL DERIVATIVES IN METABOLIC SYNDROME

Xanthohumol shows promise in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, but it can form a potent phytoestrogen whenmetabolized. Sponsored in part by the Buhler-Wang Research Fund at the OSU Foundation, researchers from Dr. Fred Stevens’
laboratory have developed novel derivatives of this compound that show promise in laboratory animals.
Found in small quantities in beer andsome extracts like tea, xanthohumol is aflavonoid isolated from the hops plant.
Based on evidence from pre-clinical studies
that show beneficial effects on energy
metabolism, this compound might beuseful in treating or mitigating obesity.
Dr. Fred Stevens, principal investigator at
the Linus Pauling Institute and Professorof Pharmaceutical Sciences in the Collegeof Pharmacy, has been studying the effectsof xanthohumol for over two decades. In
his studies in animals, xanthohumol cannormalize blood glucose and cholesterollevels and reduce inflammation.
The bottom line is that xanthohumol
appears to be helpful in the fight against
metabolic syndrome.
More a cluster of symptoms thana disease, medical doctors consider

metabolic syndrome as a combination of
the following: abdominal obesity, highblood pressure, high blood sugar, lowlevels of “good” cholesterol, and high levelsof triglycerides. It is also marked by highlevels of inflammation.
Together, these metabolic issues are aserious condition and a major risk factor
for type 2 diabetes and cardiovasculardisease, as well as being associated withcognitive dysfunction and dementia.
Although metabolic syndrome is rarely
mentioned in the news, chances are you
know someone who has it. More than
one-third of U.S. adults have this condition,and it is being increasingly diagnosed inchildren and adolescents.
Dr. Stevens believes that human clinical
trials with xanthohumol could demonstrate
its effectiveness against metabolic
6

syndrome. However, there is one catch:taking xanthohumol can have someunwanted side effects.
“The metabolism of xanthohumol
produces a very potent phytoestrogen,”he explains, “This effectively limits thepotential for widespread use. If someone
took hops extracts for long periods of time,for example, estrogen-like effects could
outweigh the benefits.”
Phytoestrogens are compounds thatmimic the structure of estrogen. Foundin plants, these compounds can stimulate
estrogen responses in humans. Although
low exposures to phytoestrogens are
not necessarily detrimental, some
phytoestrogens are more potent thanothers.
Gut microorganisms can transform
xanthohumol into 8-prenylnaringenin, one

of the most potent phytoestrogens foundin nature. This makes taking xanthohumol arisky venture, as the estrogenic potential of
8-prenylnaringenin could contribute to theprogression of endometriosis, breast cancer,
male infertility, or prostate cancer growth.

more fat they consume, the worse theirmemory and ability to focus. Drs. Stevens
and Raber (a professor of behavioral
neuroscience at OHSU), found that the
new derivatives improved spatial learningand memory compared to controls.

Dr. Stevens reasoned there must be a
way to ‘fix’ xanthohumol. As a trained
pharmacist, he approached the problem
from the perspective of its chemistry: “Asingle double bond in the xanthohumol
molecule is responsible for the side
reaction to 8-prenylnaringenin,” explains
Dr. Stevens, “If we can get rid of it, themetabolite would not be formed.”

These findings could also be importantfor people suffering from cognitive
impairments associated with changes indiet and gut bacteria, but further studies
are needed to support this hypothesis.

It was a plausible solution. Selectivehydrogenation would result in compounds
similar to xanthohumol but without
the potential for estrogenic properties.
In other words, it might preserve thecharacteristics that make it so valuable inmetabolic syndrome while removing thepotential for side effects.

“It is plausible that the hydrogenatedderivatives are more bioavailable thanxanthohumol – that would explain
why they work better,” Stevens added.
“Despite altering their metabolic fate,these compounds appear to have low liver
toxicity and no intrinsic estrogenicity,which suggests they are not causing a
toxic response.”

In the end, the Stevens laboratory
was able to create two hydrogenatedderivatives of xanthohumol (seeillustration). Neither of these newcompounds contain the double bondthat facilitated further metabolism.

Effectively, xanthohumol derivatives
counteract some of the effects of the poor
diet, including liver toxicity normally seen
with higher amounts of fat.

More experiments are needed before
these compounds are ready for humantrials. One open question is the dosing
in humans required to obtain the same
beneficial response observed in animalmodels. However, the Stevens laboratory
is up for the challenge. Having pursued
xanthohumol this far, they are not goingto rest until this research on metabolic
syndrome finds a place in the medical
community.
Hopsteiner, Inc. and the OSUFoundation’s Buhler-Wang Research Fundsupported this research. The Stevens
laboratory now has research funding
from the National Institutes of Healthfor testing xanthohumol in people with
Crohn’s disease and studying its effects inanimal models of Alzheimer’s disease.
References
Miranda et al. Science Reports 8 (2018) doi:
10.1038/s41598-017-18992-6
Miranda et al. Archives of Biochemistry
and Biophysics 599 (2016) doi: 10.1016/j.
abb.2016.03.008.
Milligan et al. Journal Clinical Endocrinology& Metabolism 85 (2000) doi: 10.1210/
jcem.85.12.7168

The Stevens laboratory along withcollaborators at Oregon Health & Science
University (OHSU) demonstrated theirapproach in a recently published journal
article. After administration to mice, thenew derivatives improved blood glucose
levels, insulin response, and sensitivity toleptin, a hormone that signals for satiety
and regulates energy expenditure.
Moreover, testing showed that the new
xanthohumol derivatives appear to be
more effective than the original compound
without the formation of any estrogenic
metabolites.
“Tetrahydroxanthohumol is especiallypotent in the mice fed a high-fat diet,”
said Dr. Cristobal Miranda, an associate
professor working with Dr. Stevens andintimately involved in this research. “Theanimals fed this compound had the least
body weight gain during the trial.”
Typically, mice that eat a high-fat dietperform poorly in cognitive testing. The

Dihydroxanthohumol and tetrahydroxanthohumol, the two reduced derivatives
created by the Stevens laboratory, appear to share many of the same properties
as xanthohumol with one key difference: they cannot be converted into the
estrogenic metabolite 8-prenylnaringenin.
7

CANCER’S DIM OUTLOOK:CAN EATING BRUSSELS SPROUTS BLOCK CARCINOGENS?

Diindolylmethane (DIM), a compound
derived from phytochemicals foundnaturally in cruciferous vegetables,
can stimulate multiple detoxification
pathways in cells. Novel clinical studies
by LPI investigator Dr. David Williams
seek to determine how DIM can stop
carcinogen exposure from leading
to cancer.
Not everyone likes eating Brussels
sprouts, including Dr. David Williams, the
LPI Helen P. Rumbel Professor for Cancer
Prevention. “I talk the talk,” Dr. Williams
admits, “But it is hard for me to walk
the walk, even with everything I know
about the cancer-fighting properties of
cruciferous vegetables.”Members of the cruciferous vegetablefamily can have a strong flavor and odor;
some people say they also have a
bitter taste.
Yet there is some evidence thatcruciferous vegetable intake is associatedwith a lower risk of certain types ofcancers. Specific phytochemicals foundin cruciferous vegetables may be
responsible for this protection, leading
many investigators to determine the exact
mechanisms for this effect.
Various research groups at the Linus
Pauling Institute study Phytochemicals.
Drs. Laura Beaver and Emily Hohighlighted the cancer-fighting properties
of sulforaphane from broccoli sprouts inan article in the Fall/Winter 2017 ResearchNewsletter.


Glucobrassicin +Myrosinase

Dr. Williams, on the other hand,focuses on Brussels sprouts and thephytochemical they can produce called
diindolylmethane (often called DIM).
While many cruciferous vegetables are
considered a source of DIM, they do not
produce DIM directly. Instead, DIM starts
out as a compound called glucobrassicin inplant cells.

Indole-3-Carbinol(I3C)

Diindolylmethane(DIM)

The reaction of glucobrassicin and myrosinase from cruciferous vegetables
releases indole-3-carbinol. Two molecules of indole-3-carbinol join together
to produce DIM in an acidic environment, such as the stomach.

8

To form DIM, glucobrassicin must firstreact with an enzyme that is also present
in the plant called myrosinase. This usually
happens when the plant is damaged insome way. Crushing, chopping, blending,or chewing will work just as well to release
the enzyme and start the reaction.

Once this happens, a compound called
indole-3-carbinol is released and DIM canbe produced (see Figure on Page 8).
DIM and indole-3-carbinol have been thesubjects of investigation for many cancer
studies. One important finding is thatthese indoles seem to stimulate cellulardetoxification processes. It is thought that
if detoxification systems are stimulated
in advance of exposure to a carcinogen,cancer protection results.
The Williams laboratory focuses on
preventing these exposures to carcinogens.
Their early studies focused on exposures tofish, specifically trout. More recently, theyused mice to demonstrate that dietary
indoles (like DIM) in the maternal dietcould protect offspring from developing
cancer later in life.
Their hypothesis is as follows: Eating
Brussels sprouts will protect fromcarcinogen exposures, as the DIM would
prevent at least some of the cellular
damage these toxins can cause. Put simply,
DIM may be a carcinogen blocker. Now
they are conducting the clinical studies tosupport this concept.
In order to do this, Dr. Williams first
had to tackle a few logistics – feeding
Brussels sprouts to people was the easy
part. To see if the provided DIM stimulates
detoxification of carcinogens, they needed
to find a way to expose people to thattoxin, track its fate in the body, and still
make it safe.
Dr. Williams has decades of experiencestudying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(also called PAHs). Products of burningorganic material (e.g., coal, gasoline, orwood), PAHs are found in the environment
in varying amounts but also in essentially
all food we eat to some degree. They arepresent at highest levels in smoked andcharcoal grilled foods, due to the proximity
to burning materials. The most studied ofthese PAHs called benzo[a]pyrene (or BaP)
is extremely common, but a known humancarcinogen.
Although we are exposed to PAHs every
day, it is not in a controlled way. Fromexperience, Dr. Williams knew that thesmall doses of BaP they planned to use in
their study (about 45 nanograms – theweight of a grain of pollen) were well
below the estimated amount one getsfrom dietary sources every day. An adultliving in the US can be exposed to270-750 ng per day.
By comparison, the amount of carcinogenconsumed by participants in this study was
far below a person eating some woodsmoked salmon or a charcoal grilled
hamburger. To track these extremely
small amounts of carcinogen, there is only
one solution: Dr. Williams needed to use
radioactive isotopes.
While this might sound alarming, it is in
actuality quite innocuous. Small amountsof radioactivity are found everywhere inour daily lives. The food that we eat andthe water we drink are full of radioactive
isotopes of carbon and potassium that areabundant on our planet.

“Imagine the ability ofdetecting the equivalentof a single drop of bloodin a volume the size of asmall lake.”—David Williams, PhD“To put this in perspective,” Williams
explains, “The amount of radioactivity weare using is the equivalent to that found in
five bananas and less than one percent of adose that is given to patients to diagnose
Helicobacter pylori infections.”
The radiation dose is measured at fivenanocuries, roughly equivalent to a routine
X-ray. However, to make sure that thisexposure was safe to all participants, theNational Institutes of Health, the Food andDrug Administration, and Oregon State
University’s Institutional Review Board all
reviewed and gave Dr. Williams permission
to proceed with the study.
The advantages in using radioactive
isotopes are quite clear to researchers:
The labeling allows researchers to use verysmall quantities and still find them within
the body. Radioisotopes provide extra
mass to these molecules, allowing them todistinguish isotope-labeled products fromunlabeled products – at least, with a little
help from a particle accelerator.
9

Collaborators at Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory’s Center for
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry have beenworking with the Williams lab for years toanalyze plasma and urine samples fromhuman volunteers. With their accelerator
mass spectrometer technology (AMS),
the sensitivity of measurements has
dramatically increased. “AMS combinedwith radioisotopes gave us astounding
levels of sensitivity,” says Dr. Williams,“Imagine the ability of detecting theequivalent of a single drop of blood in a
volume the size of a small lake.”
In order to see the effects of DIM,
each volunteer needs to consume theradiolabeled BaP alone and in a separate
trial with the inclusion of Brussels sprouts
or the DIM capsules. Metabolic products
from the BaP are quantified, including
any that associate with DNA, and thedifferences between the two trials willshow exactly the effects of DIM – and thewhole food from which the metabolites arederived – on carcinogen metabolism.
As Dr. Williams notes, “This is the firsthuman trial to determine if a cruciferous
vegetable, or a food-derived dietary
supplement, can alter the risk fromingesting a known carcinogen at anenvironmentally relevant dose. To date,
we have had to rely on risk assessment
from data from animals dosed with 10,000
to 1 million times the exposures people
face on a daily basis.”
This trial is currently underway and thedetails are found at clinicaltrials.gov
under study number NCT03631667. We
will have more insights to report from thestudy as it proceeds.
The health benefits of cruciferous
vegetables likely stretch beyond DIM andsulforaphane. So even if you are not a
big fan of Brussels sprouts in particular,
broccoli, cabbage, or kale can be a healthfuladdition to your diet.
References
Hummel et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology
115 (2018) doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.003
Higdon et al. Pharmacological Research
55 (2007) doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.01.009
Yu et al. Carcinogenesis 27 (2006) doi: 10.1093/
carcin/bgl072

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT VITAMIN C
As you might imagine, we field many questions about Linus Pauling’s favorite molecule: vitamin C. Below, we highlight someof these questions focusing on supplemental forms of vitamin C. If you have any additional questions that are not covered here,or have topic suggestions for our next FAQ story, please email us at lpi@oregonstate.edu.
What brands of vitamin C should I take?
The Linus Pauling Institute does notrecommend any particular brand of
dietary supplements. However, we dohave some general advice when choosing
supplements. Look for brands that bear
the “USP verified” or the “NSF certified”
seal; these products pass verification
standards for quality, purity, and potency.
Additionally, there are online resources
like Consumer Reports, consumerlab.com
and labdoor.com that list results ofquality testing.
In general, you do not need to takeexpensive vitamin C supplements. A
supplement that contains ascorbic acid issufficient to meet your needs. See the nextquestions for information about different
types of vitamin C formulations.
Should I take “buffered” vitamin C?
Many people choose to take mineralforms (often called ‘buffered’ due to its
neutral pH) of vitamin C if the acidic form
(ascorbic acid) upsets their stomach. If
taking vitamin C gives you heartburn, try amineral ascorbate – these come in calcium,magnesium, or sodium ascorbate salts.
Be aware: sodium ascorbate will increase
your total intake of sodium and should
probably be avoided in high amounts. In
addition, there are some data to suggestthat calcium ascorbate is not absorbed aswell as other forms of ascorbate.
Does the Institute recommend liposomal
vitamin C?
Despite all the questions about liposomal
vitamin C (and we get a lot of them) andthe testimonials we have heard, there islittle research on this form of vitamin C.
Once carefully controlled scientific studies
are published, we will have much more to
say on the topic.
Is it true that natural vitamin C is better
than synthetic vitamin C because it
exists in a complex of factors?
Absolutely not. There is no difference
between natural and synthetic vitamin C.
This is a very common myth so it is difficult
to trace the source, but we believe that it
10

came from early studies by Albert SzentGyörgyi, the man who is credited withthe discovery of vitamin C’s molecular
structure.
At the time Szent-Györgyi accepted theNobel Prize, he thought he had evidence
suggesting that vitamin C needed othermolecules, such as flavonoids, found in thesame plants in order to function properly.
He hypothesized they formed complexes
together that aided absorption. However,Szent-Györgyi’s theory did not pan out, andhe admitted to this later in his career.
Ascorbic acid is vitamin C because it
alone can prevent and cure scurvy, making
it an essential micronutrient – the basis its
classification as a vitamin.
Is it important to take ascorbic acid withflavonoids?
There is no evidence to suggest that taking
vitamin C with flavonoids is particularly
helpful. On the contrary, one study thatinvestigated vitamin C absorption withflavonoids showed that quercetin (oneflavonoid found in rose hips and onions)could potentially block some vitamin C
absorption. The magnitude of this effectis unclear – the amount of vitamin C
blocked from absorption may be trivial.
However, it certainly does not suggest
any particular benefits to combining
flavonoids with vitamin C.
Why do some people take vitamin C
intravenously?
The body has proteins in the small
intestine dedicated to vitamin C
absorption. These proteins are saturated
by taking a relatively small amountof supplemental vitamin C. Studies
have shown that dosages of 500 mg or
higher are not fully absorbed in healthy
young individuals. This effectively limits
how much vitamin C can enter the
bloodstream.
To bypass this absorption system,
intravenous vitamin C is used to achieve
blood concentrations of ascorbic acid up
to 1000-times higher than what can beachieved by taking dietary supplements.
These concentrations are thought to bebeneficial in the immune system and havebeen used in cancer therapies (see nextquestion), but we really do not know what
high-dose vitamin C can do in the body.
Currently, intravenous vitamin C is being
used in a drug cocktail to successfully
treat sepsis. For more information on this,look for articles on Paul Marik’s work at
Eastern Virginia Medical School, and see
the latest update of the vitamin C article
on the Micronutrient Information Center
website (coming soon).
Although extremely high doses ofvitamin C given by IV have few knownside effects, they should only beadministered in consultation with a
medical professional.
Can intravenous vitamin C be used as acancer therapy?
Despite Linus Pauling’s work with Ewan
Cameron using intravenous vitamin C incancer patients over 40 years ago, it is still
considered an unproven cancer therapy.
Although there are several new studies
about the cancer-fighting properties of
intravenous high-dose vitamin C, thetreatment is not always effective. At the

moment, physicians providing intravenous
vitamin C usually do so in combination withstandard therapies (such as chemotherapy),
and not as a sole method of treatment. In
order for intravenous vitamin C to moveinto the mainstream, we need more andbetter research to learn what can make it
more effective.
Some caution is warranted when
considering intravenous vitamin C: Several
types of cancer cells appear to be resistant
to its effects. Indeed, the mechanisms
behind vitamin C’s cancer-fighting activity
still elude us.
High amounts of vitamin C can interferewith certain types of chemotherapy andshould never be taken in combination
with other drugs or therapies without
consultation with a physician. Be awareof these facts when exploring yourtreatment options.
What are your recommendations forpeople taking the “Pauling Therapy” totreat heart disease?
The Pauling Therapy is a nickname given
to the combination of vitamin C, lysine,and proline that was recommended by
Linus Pauling to fight atherosclerosis. He
believed that these nutrients, when taken
in large doses, would slow depositionof oxidized lipoproteins in the arterial
wall, preventing heart attacks or otherserious cardiovascular conditions. This
combination was also intended to bolster
the collagen in blood vessels, making themstronger and more resilient.
Unfortunately, there is not a goodfoundation of scientific or medical researchbehind the use of this combination of
supplements to fight heart disease. Muchof the clinical work needed to support thistherapy still needs to be done.
Despite this, many people around theworld testify to the power of supplemental
vitamin C with or without lysine andproline added. We appreciate theexperiences you have shared with us over
the years.
In short, until the science evaluates
this combination in earnest, the Linus
Pauling Institute will not make any official
comment on the use of this therapy.
11

Do large amounts of vitamin C cause any
harmful effects?
They might. People who take large
amounts of vitamin C often reportgastrointestinal side effects. This can range
from gas and bloating to diarrhea. This isbecause large doses are not completely
absorbed. The amount that can cause theseissues varies from person to person, but
the Tolerable Upper Intake Level is 2000 mg
per day for adults to help minimize the riskof these effects.
Since ascorbic acid can break down toform oxalate, individuals who produce
oxalate kidney stones might be at risk fordeveloping stones more frequently. A few
studies have reported an increased risk forkidney stone formation in people who havetaken vitamin C supplements, but somestudies have found no increased risk. Given
that there is a possibility, we recommendthat people who are prone to kidney stones
avoid taking high doses of supplemental
vitamin C.
Why do we still know so little aboutvitamin C?
Vitamin C is not considered a priority forgovernment funding. There is a generalperception that there is not more to learn
about vitamin C after many decades ofresearch.
However, we believe that there is much
more to learn about this amazing molecule.
The state-of-the-art technologies at the
Linus Pauling Institute can help us move
forward in this regard.
If you would like to help support futurestudies on vitamin C, please contact us.
What if I have more questions aboutvitamin C?
The LPI’s Micronutrient Information
Center has an excellent page on vitamin C
that is reviewed by experts in the field:
lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-C
Lastly, you can always email or call us
with any additional questions you may have.

BIOACTIVES, BOTANICALS, AND
REDOX MECHANISMS

LINUS PAULING INSTITUTE 10th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
AND SFRBM REGIONAL SYMPOSIUM

AUG 14-16,
2019
14-17, 2019

LASELLS STEWARTCENTER- OREGONSTATE- UNIVERSITYCORVALLIS, OREGONOREGONSTATE
UNIVERSITYCORVALLIS,- OREGON
The LPI's 10th
biennial conference is presented in conjunction with theThe
LPI’s 10th biennial
conference is presented in conjunction with the Society for Redox Biology and Medicine.
Society for Redox Biology and Medicine. Join us for this four-day event

CONFERENCESESSIONSSESSIONSCONFERENCE

Join us for this three-day event highlighting the emerging roles for botanicals and other bioactives, the role ofhighlighting the emerging roles for botanicals and other bioactives, theredox
signaling in disease processes, and how they come together for therapeutic benefit.
role of redox signaling in disease processes, and how they come together• Neurodegeneration
Aging• Neurodegeneration
andandAging
for therapeutic
benefit.
•
Tumor
Biology• Tumor Biology• NovelTools
for Understanding
Redox
Mechanisms• NovelTools
for Understanding
Redox
Mechanisms•
MechanismsofActionfor
Botanicals
and
Other
Bioactives• Mechanisms of Action for Botanicals and Other
Bioactives• The
Regulation
andStandardizationof Botanicals
REGISTRATIONThe
Regulation
andandStandardizationof Botanicals• • Neurodegeneration
Aging
REGISTRATION•New
Approaches
toBotanicals•• • Neurodegeneration
and
Aging
New Approaches
to Botanicals
Tumor
Biology• $250Standard
Registration• $250Standard
Registrationth•• Neurodegeneration
and Aging
Tumor
Biology
LINUS
PAULINGINSTITUTE
10
INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE
th• NovelLINUS
Tools for Understanding
Redox
Mechanisms
PAULINGINSTITUTE
10 INTERNATIONALCONFERENCE• $125
Postdoctorate
CONFERENCECHAIRS
Tumor
Biology• $125
Postdoctorate
andandCHAIRS••• CONFERENCE
Novel
Tools
for
Understanding
RedoxandMechanisms
MechanismsofActionfor
Botanicals
Other
Bioactives
Graduate
StudentsAND
SFRBM
REGIONALSYMPOSIUM
Graduate
Students• Richard
Van
Breemen,
PhD,
OregonState
University•• • Novel
Tools
for
Understanding
Redox
Mechanisms
AND
SFRBM
REGIONALSYMPOSIUM
of
Actionfor
Botanicals
and
Other
Bioactives
RichardVan
Breemen,
PhD,
OregonState
University• Mechanisms
The
Regulation
andStandardizationof
Botanicals
REGISTRATION• $50
Undergraduate
Students
MechanismsofActionfor
Botanicals
and
Other
Bioactives
•
Maria
Clara
Franco,PhD,
OregonState
University• $50
Undergraduate
Students••• • The
Regulation
andStandardizationof
Botanicals
REGISTRATIONMaria
Clara Franco,
PhD, Oregon State University
New
Approaches
to Botanicals•$250
Standard
Registration•• Theandof Botanicals
REGISTRATION• $125One-dayregistration
NewRegulation
Approaches
to Standardization
Botanicals$125One-dayregistration• • $250
Standard
Registration
FEATURES•CONFERENCE
New Approaches to CHAIRS
Botanicals•• $125
Postdoctorate
andFEATURES$250 Standard Registration
Students and• Graduate$125 Postdoctorate
CONFERENCECHAIRS•
PosterSessionfromsubmitted
abstracts
Poster Session
from submitted
abstracts• • Richard
Van Breemen,
PhD, Oregon
State University
Graduate
Students and• $125
Postdoctorate
CHAIRS
Richardvan
Breemen,
PhD,
OregonState
University••CONFERENCE
RichardVan
Breemen,
PhD,
OregonState
University•
Lightning
Talks
(~10
min)
by
selected
speakers• $50
Undergraduate• Maria
Lightning(~10PhD,min)Oregon
by selected
speakers
ClaraTalks
Franco,State
University
Graduate
Students Students••• Maria
RichardVan
Breemen,
PhD,
OregonState
University•$50
Undergraduate
Students
Clara
Franco,PhD,
OregonState
University
Maria
Clara
Franco,PhD,
OregonState
University• FreePublicSessionon Saturday,
August• FreePublicSessionon Saturday,
August17th17th•• $125
One-day registration$50 Undergraduate
Students•FEATURES
Maria Clara Franco, PhD, Oregon State University• $125 One-day registration

BIOACTIVES,BOTANICALS,CONFERENCESESSIONSBIOACTIVES,BOTANICALS, AND
AND
CONFERENCESESSIONSCONFERENCESESSIONS
REDOX
REDOX MECHANISMSMECHANISMS
CONFERENCESESSIONSAUG
AUG 14-17,
14-17, 20192019

• $125 One-day registration
SPONSORSHIPOPPORTUNITIES•FEATURES
PosterSession from submitted
abstracts
SPONSORSHIPOPPORTUNITIESFEATURES
MORE
INFORMATIONMORE
INFORMATION•• Opportunities
PosterSessionfromsubmitted
Opportunities
for min)sponsorshipof theconference
are available.
Lightning
Talks
(~10
by selected
speakersforsponsorshipofabstracts
theconference
are available.
submitted•• Please
PosterSessionfromsubmitted
abstracts
lpi.oregonstate.edu/conference
Pleaseinquireat lpi@oregonstate.edu
or (541)
737-5075
for details.
Talks
min)
by selected
speakers
lpi.oregonstate.edu/conference
inquireat (~10
lpi@oregonstate.edu
or17th(541)
737-5075
fordetails.
LASELLS
STEWARTCENTER- OREGON
STATE
UNIVERSITY- CORVALLIS, OREGON• Lightning
Free Public
Sessionon
Saturday,AugustLASELLS
STEWARTCENTER- OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY - CORVALLIS, OREGONLightning
Talks
(~10
selected•• Lightning
Talks
(~10
min)
by
selected
speakers
Free Public Session on Saturday, August 17th
Saturday,August
The LPI's
10th biennial
conference
presented in conjunction with the• Free Public
Sessionon Friday,
August16this17th

The LPI's 10th biennial
conference is presented in conjunction with the
SPONSORSHIPOPPORTUNITIESSociety for Redox Biology and Medicine. Join us for this four-day eventMORE INFORMATIONSPONSORSHIPOPPORTUNITIESOpportunities
forforsponsorshipof theconference
available.
SocietyRedox
Biology
and
Medicine.areJoin
us for this four-day event
INFORMATION
highlighting
the emerging
roles
for(541)botanicals
andforother
bioactives, theMORESPONSORSHIP
Opportunities
forsponsorshipof theconference
are available.
Pleaseinquireat lpi@oregonstate.edu
or
737-5075
details.
highlighting
theOPPORTUNITIES
emergingroles
for botanicals
and otherbioactives, thelpi.oregonstate.edu/conference

MORE INFORMATION

Opportunities
forsponsorshipthe conference
areavailable.
role of redox
signaling inofdisease
processes,
and
how
they
come together lpi.oregonstate.edu/conference
Please inquire
at lpi@oregonstate.edu
or(541) 737-5075
fordetails.
role of redox signaling in disease processes, and how they come together
lpi.oregonstate.edu/conference
Please inquireat
lpi@oregonstate.edu
or(541)
737-5075
fordetails.
for therapeutic benefit.
for therapeutic benefit.

12

LPI STUDENTS

Daniel Nosal

Luying Chen

PhD Student, College of Pharmacy

PhD Student, College of Pharmacy

Born in Chicago, Daniel Nosal spent his childhood in thesuburban area. His drive toward a science career began
when he was involved in his father’s construction company:
Observing the manipulation of raw materials to form usefulproducts fueled a desire for creation through chemistry.
This propelled him to study organic chemistry at the University
of Illinois at Chicago.

Luying Chen was born and raised in Harbin, a multicultural
city in Northeastern China. She traces her interests inhuman health and science back to early childhood, as her motheris a doctor and her father is a university chemistry professor.
After receiving an undergraduate degree from Sun Yat-sen
University, Luying attended Shanghai Institute of Materia
Medica in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and achieved her
Master’s degree in medicinal chemistry. With a focus on natural
product chemistry and drug metabolism, her studies provided an
appreciation for traditional Chinese medicines.

The interactions between small molecules and proteins
intrigued Daniel during his undergraduate years. He soon
joined a laboratory focused on developing new pharmaceuticaldrugs. Here he learned about synthetic chemistry, instrumental
analysis, and the use of incredibly sensitive equipment to makediscoveries about the chemical world.

In China, disease treatment often involves a combination of
traditional medicines and ‘Western medicine.’ Luying’s rigorous
education focused on the metabolism of active ingredientsfound in the plants used for traditional Chinese medicine. This
included characterizing the metabolites that are developed afteradministering these compounds to animals.

Daniel’s pursuit of a cutting-edge approach to solve
fundamental questions about chemistry and biology led him
to join the lab of Dr. Richard van Breemen for his graduate
work. Here, Daniel analyzes natural products for their bioactive
components. The methodologies Daniel is currently
developing in the van Breemen laboratory are designed to fuelthe discovery of novel drugs and improve human health.

Now a student working with Dr. Richard van Breemen, Luying
has learned more applications in mass spectrometry, which shecalls “a technique that combines tradition with innovation.”
During two internships in the pharmaceutical industry, she
explored the use of these technologies in drug discovery.

When the Linus Pauling Institute asked Dr. van Breemen to
be its new director, Daniel did not hesitate to follow him to
Oregon State University. With the knowledge and skills hegains in the van Breemen laboratory, Daniel seeks to develop
the next generation of scientific tools to discover new bioactive
compounds from botanical sources that have the potential forsaving lives.

Her dissertation work focuses on determining theinteractions between botanical dietary supplements and drugs,
a common issue for people around the globe. After graduation,
she plans to develop new mass spectrometry bioassays for use
in drug development.

13

Carry thethe Legacy
LegacyForward
FowardMORE THAN 40 YEARS AGO, Linus Pauling concluded thatvitamins and other essential micronutrients play a significant rolein enhancing health and preventing disease. He entrusted his almamater, Oregon State University, with continuing his work and his
legacy through the Linus Pauling Institute.
Through a planned gift that benefits LPI, you too can create a legacy. It’s aseasy as including the OSU Foundation in your will or as a beneficiary of yourretirement plan. You have many options. Contact us to learn more.
Today,
RichardVan
vanBreeman
Breemenleads
leads
Today, Richardthetheinstitute
thatLinus
LinusPauling
Paulingfounded
foundedinstitute thattotopromoteoptimalhealth.
promoteoptimalhealth.

Julie Irmer, Office of Gift Planning
800-336-8217 • Gift.Planning@osufoundation.org
osufoundation.org/giftplanning

14

OUTREACH
The Healthy Youth Program promotes
optimal health for youth and families
through hands-on education. Since
economic and societal factors caninfluence health in communities, theirteam has stepped up efforts to provide
programming to traditionally
underserved families.
Through support from the Linn Benton
Health Equity Alliance, a new Healthy
Youth Program’s Bilingual Education
Assistant, Sandra Mecinas-Estevez, washired in April 2018. An OSU student witha declared major in Human Development
and Family Sciences and pursuing asecond major in Elementary Education,
Sandra is translating the materials used in
the family cooking classes and elementary
school garden-based activities into
Spanish.

Sandra will collaborate with Julie Jacobs,
Healthy Youth Program Nutrition Educator,
to offer a family cooking class in Spanishin Lebanon, Oregon through the Culinary
Health Education and Fitness (C.H.E.F.)
Program. At Lincoln Elementary Schoolin Corvallis, the school garden-based
curricula will now be available to all
English- and Spanish-speaking classrooms.
The Healthy Youth Program has
committed to provide scholarships for up
to 30% of registrants in their fee-based
cooking classes for youth. With the helpof Community Health Navigators throughthe Benton County Health Department,
low-income families are directed to theseopportunities. As a result of thispartnership, target enrollment has beenreached for nearly all of Healthy Youth
Program’s youth classes in Corvallis this year.

HOW THE MICRONUTRIENTINFORMATION CENTER IS
EXPANDING ITS REACH AND UTILITY

GIVE TO THE LPII

n collaboration with faculty
debuted in 2013), our evidence-based
population, including subpopulations
In collaboration
withfaculty
The Micronutrient
Information
at risk,
and a one-hourCentercourse onmembers at Niigata
Universityof members
content on micronutrientsis accessible
Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences
to more of the global population.
micronutrients and bone health. We
at Niigata
UniversityofPharmacy
and
will
also
launch
the
LPI’s
first
online,(NUPALS), we recently launched thethank Pfizer, Inc. for awarding us grants
Japanesedebuted our firsteducationthat courses;
allowed the developmentof these
Applied
LifeMicronutrient
Sciences Information(NUPALS), We also recentlycontinuingthese courses
Center at lpi.oregonstate.edu/jp/mic.
online, continuing education courses;
courses, as well as the curriculum
the Japaneseversionofthepopularare
specificallydesignedforhealthcare
designers at Oregon State University’s
Select articles on micronutrients andthese courses are specifically designed
phytochemicalsInformation
are currently available,
healthcare professionals
but openbut open
Professionaland Continuing
Education.
Micronutrient
Centerforwas
professionals
to anyoneinterested
and additional translations will beto anyone interested in the subject
recently
launched.
This
bein foundmatter.
on ourin thesubject
One course will coverpostedin the future.
Now canofferedIn particular,
we offera two- matter.
lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic
three different languages (the Spanishhour course covering micronutrient
websiteat. in micronutrient
inadequacies in the United
inadequacies
the United States
Micronutrient
Information Center

lpi.oregonstate.edu/jp/mic

Select articles on micronutrients andphytochemicals are currently available
on the Japanese site, and additionaltranslations will be posted in the future.
Now offered in three different languages(the Spanish Micronutrient Information
Center debuted in 2013), the freely
available, evidence-based content on
micronutrients is accessible to more of the
global population.

States population, including subpopulations
at risk. Another course will explore the rolesof nutrients in achieving and maintainingbone health throughout the lifespan.
Acknowledgments go to Pfizer, Inc. forawarding the grants that allowed thedevelopment of these courses, as well as
the curriculum designer at Oregon State
University’s Professional and Continuing
Education who developed the online
course material.
lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic
15

There are many ways that you can
support the research and education
missions of the LPI. Contact the
OSU Foundation today!
(800) 354-7281 or
osufoundation.org/GiveToLPI

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LINUS PAULING INSTITUTE

Alexander Michels, Newsletter Editor
Victoria Drake, Associate Editor

Oregon State University
307 Linus Pauling Science Center
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
phone: 541-737-5075
fax: 541-737-5077
email: lpi@oregonstate.edu
website: lpi.oregonstate.edu

MAKE YOUR MARK
For over 45 years, the Linus Pauling Institutehas work to enhance health and fightdisease. Today, you have an opportunity toestablish your own legacy in health scienceby supporting the LPI. Contact the OSUFoundation at osufoundation.org/GiveToLPI
or call (800) 354-7281

Introducing Dr. Melissa Haendel andher team in the TranslationaI and
Integrative Sciences lab. LOOK INSIDE