Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region 2015 Preservation and Restoration of Wooden Structures

Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protectionin the Asia-Pacific Region 2015
Preservation and Restoration of
Wooden Structures
1 September - 1 October, 2015, Nara, Japan

Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan
National Institutes for Cultural Heritage
National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo
Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
International Center for the Study of the Preservation
and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)

Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protectionin the Asia-Pacific Region 2015
Preservation and Restoration of
Wooden Structures
1 September - 1 October, 2015, Nara, Japan

Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan
National Institutes for Cultural Heritage
National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo
Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
International Center for the Study of the Preservation
and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)

Edited and Published by
Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
757 Horen-cho, Nara 630-8113 Japan
Tel: +81(0) 742-20-5001
Fax: +81(0) 742-20-5701
e-mail: nara@accu.or.jp
URL: http://www.nara.accu.or.jp
Printed by KyodoseihanⒸ Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia - Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU) 2016

Opening Ceremony

A lecture by Mr Tachi at Kasuga-taisha Shrine

Explanations on dismantled members of East Pagoda at Yakushi-ji Temple

At the foundation of East Pagoda ofYakushi-ji Temple

Practical training on painting retoration at
Jibutsudo of Todai-ji Temple

Hands on activity of spear plane at Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum

Practical training on mesured drawing at Tanaka Family ResidenceExplanations on restoration project at Kongo-ji Temple

Practical training on photography at Gango-ji Temple

Preface
The Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO(ACCU) was established in August 1999 with the purpose of serving as a domestic centre forpromoting cooperation in cultural heritage protection in the Asia-Pacific region. Subsequent
to its inception, our office has been implementing a variety of programmes to help promotecultural heritage protection activities, in cooperation with the Agency for Cultural Affairs,
Japan (Bunkacho); the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration ofCultural Property (ICCROM); National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo andNara (Independent Administrative Institution, National Institutes for Cultural Heritage); the Nara
Prefectural Government; the Nara City Government; universities, museums and temples.
The ACCU Nara Office’s activities include training programmes in Nara for the human resources
development; international conferences and symposia; the regional training workshop; updating
website for the dissemination of information relating to cultural heritage protection; the systemof “International Correspondents” for promoting information exchange and networking with thecountries in the region; and the world heritage lectures in local high schools.
In particular, this training course on cultural heritage protection in the Asia-Pacific region, Group
Training Course, has comprised a significant part of our activities for heritage protection, with
two themes on alternate year: “Preservation and Restoration of Wooden Structures” and “Research,
Analysis and Preservation of Archaeological Sites and Remains”. This was the sixteenth training
course on wooden structures and fifteen participants from across the Asia-Pacific region gathered
in Nara to join the course.
The areas surrounding Nara are blessed with wealth of wooden structures, some of which havebeen inscribed on the World Heritage List such as Horyu-ji Temple. These old wooden structures
have been preserved, repaired time to time, and handed down to us for more than thousand years.
Therefore much information about techniques and materials for the sustainable preservationof wooden structures has been passed down and accumulated. In addition, the philosophy or
principle of the preservation and restoration was also developed.
I believe the participants were able to learn not only the techniques and knowledge relating toconservation and restoration of wooden structures but also the important role of local community
by visiting the cultural heritage on-site: the way how local people cared for the cultural heritage;
their views and willingness to protect heritage and hand it down to posterity; and their dailysociety-wide efforts. Cultural heritage cannot be protected solely by the efforts of experts orgovernments. I am sure the participants understood the need and importance of respecting theviews and initiative of the local community as well as joining hands with them in the conservation
activities.
Finally, I would like to express my profound appreciation to the distinguished lecturers who
kindly offered their expertise and to the organisations which provided us with generous support.
I also appreciate that all participants actively took part in the programme and helped each otherin a friendly atmosphere to acquire latest knowledge and techniques in this far foreign country,
Japan. I believe they have established friendship and network of connections in the meantime,
which is valuable for their future activities as experts in the cultural heritage protection field. It isalso hoped that this publication will benefit those who are making strenuous efforts in the field of
cultural heritage protection throughout the region.

NISHIMURA Yasushi
Director
The Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)Contents		PrefaceI.

Introduction

II.

1. General Information… ………………………………………………

3

2. Programme Schedule…………………………………………………

7

Proceedings
1. Opening Ceremony… ……………………………………………… 11
2. Summary of Training Course… …………………………………… 13

III.

Final Reports by Participants… …………………………………… 33

IV.

Appendix
1. List of Participants…………………………………………………… 99
2. List of Lecturers… …………………………………………………… 102
3. Acknowledgements for Cooperation… …………………………… 103
4. List of Interpreter and Assistants…………………………………… 104
5. Staff Members, ACCU Nara Office………………………………… 104

Introduction

I. Introduction
1. General Information
2. Programme Schedule

Tanaka Family Residence with lecturers

Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protectionin the Asia-Pacific Region 2015

Preservation and Restoration of Wooden Structures(1 September - 1 October, 2015, Nara, Japan)
General Information
1. OrganisersThis course is jointly organised by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan (Bunkacho); Asia-Pacific
Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU); International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and
Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM); and National Research Institute for Cultural Properties[Tokyo and Nara], in cooperation with the Japanese Association for Conservation of Architectural
Monuments (JACAM); Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage(JCIC-Heritage); under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan; Japanese National
Commission for UNESCO; Nara Prefectural Government; and Nara City Government.
2. Background
In Asia and the Pacific region there are various forms of cultural heritage, including wooden structures,
which are of great value from a global point of view. In order to safeguard this important cultural
heritage for future generations, it is necessary to train heritage professionals for proper investigation,
analysis and preservation. ACCU Nara Office, in partnership with ICCROM and Bunkacho, hasbeen organising training courses since 2000 on this topic with a view to building the capacities ofprofessionals who have been working on cultural heritage protection in the region. This training
course aims to provide participants with the latest methods and techniques for investigation, analysis,preservation, restoration and management of wooden structures.
3. Dates and Venue
Course dates: 1 September (Tue.) to 1 October (Thur.) 2015
Venue: Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO[Nara Pref. Nara General Office, 757 Horen-cho, Nara, Japan] and related research institutions, etc.
4. Objectives of the Training Course
The objectives of the training course are:- to provide participants with a knowledge of recording/documentation and analytical methods forwooden structures;- to provide participants with a practical knowledge of technology/techniques and hands-on training
for preservation and restoration of wooden structures;- to provide participants with a knowledge of the principles and methodologies for preservation ofwooden structures;3

- to provide participants with a knowledge of maintenance, utilisation and risk management ofwooden structures;- to provide participants with an opportunity to network with colleagues from the region and share
their experiences.
5. Training Curriculum
Lectures- Introduction to Asian and the pacific wooden structures- Theory and practice on conservation of cultural heritage- Protection system of cultural heritage in Japan- Policies on restoration of wooden structures in Japan- Surveying wooden structures- Surveying painting and plans for painting restoration- Management and utilisation of wooden structures
Practical Training and On-site Lectures- Practical training on documentation, damage/deterioration survey and restoration of wooden
structures- On-site lectures at restoration sites of wooden structures- Fieldwork: case study of conservation/restoration and management/utilisation of wooden structures
Presentations and Discussion- Presentations on the present status of preservation and restoration of wooden structures in eachcountry followed by exchange of views- Future issues and views on preservation of wooden structures- Recapitulation of the training session
6. Participants in the Training Course
Application Procedure and Content
The training course is offered to participants from the following 40 signatory countries to the
UNESCO World Heritage Convention (see below). The application form should be submitted no later
than 12 June (Fri.) 2015 along with the endorsement of the UNESCO National Commission. The
documents necessary for application are as follows:(1) Application Form (Form 1)
Please attach a copy of the applicant’s passport, if he/she has a valid passport as of 1 September
2015. This is not necessary if he/she does not currently have a passport.
(2) Report Relating to the Applicant’s Achievements/Involvement in Conservation of Wooden
Structures.
This achievement report should be written by the applicant and should be a brief summaryof present and previous work related to the theme of preservation and restoration of wooden

4

structures (2 to 3 pages). This report should be no longer than 5 pages. It will be weighted heavily
in the selection of participants.
(3) Letter of Recommendation from NATCOM(4) Letter of Recommendation from the Head of the Organisation to which the Applicant Belongs(5) Document Indicating English Proficiency if the applicant has one for a reference of the screening.
There is no need to attach this if he/she does not have one at present.
Completed applications should be sent to the Secretariat of the ACCU Nara Office at the address
below. Only complete applications with all necessary documents will be considered.
The following are the 40 signatories of the World Heritage Convention from Asia and the Pacific:
Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands,
Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Kyrgyz Republic, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Maldives,
Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New
Guinea, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan,Thailand, Tonga ,Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu and Viet Nam.
Qualification Requirements
Applicants should be:1) those who are professionals, 45 years or younger on 1 September 2015, who are engaged in thepreservation and restoration of wooden structures and who can make effective use of the results ofthe training course upon returning to his/her home country;2) those who have a good command of English, the working language for all lectures, so that they
can deliver presentations and write reports from the training sessions (ACCU Nara Office and
ICCROM shall be allowed to utilise all contents of presentations and reports, including drawings
and photographs, for future publication and cultural heritage protection programmes);3) those who can attend the entire training programme;
4) those who submit all of the required documents (listed above) by the stated deadline;5) those who will most likely continue to exchange information and interact with ACCU after returning
to their home countries;6) those who were not previous participants in training courses on Cultural Heritage Protection in the
Asia-Pacific Region; Preservation and Restoration of Wooden Structures organised by ACCU Nara
Office;7) those who are in good health and able to participate in the training programme.

57. Notification of Screening Results
After consideration with the other organisers, ACCU Nara Office will select 16 people (one participant
per nation, in principle) from among all applicants in late July. Successful applications will be
informed of the results along with each National Commission for UNESCO.
8. Certificate of Completion
Each participant will be awarded a certificate upon completion of the course.
9. Language of the Training Session
English will be the working language throughout the course.
10. Expenses
Expenses during the Training Course shall be borne by ACCU Nara Office, as follows:(1) Travelling expenses:
Each of the participants (except those from Australia, Brunei, New Zealand, Republic of Korea andSingapore) shall be provided with an economy class return air ticket from the nearest international
airport from their residence to Kansai International Airport, and transportation fees between
Kansai International Airport and Nara. Expenses for visa application shall be the responsibility ofparticipants.
(2) Living expenses:
Participants shall be provided the basic living expenses incurred during the training course
from 31 August (Mon.) to 2 October (Fri.) 2015 according to ACCU Nara Office’s regulations.
Arrangements for accommodations (a room for single occupancy) during the training course will bemade by ACCU Nara Office. In case a participant needs accommodation on the way to and/or fromJapan for any unavoidable reason (such as visa application or limited flight connections), ACCU
Nara Office will cover the accommodation expenses.
11. Secretariat
Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
Nara Pref. Nara General Office,757 Horen-cho, Nara 630-8113 JAPAN
Tel: +81-(0)742-20-5001
Fax: +81-(0)742-20-5701
E-mail: nara@accu.or.jp

6

2. Programme Schedule
Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region 2015
Preservation and Restoration of Wooden Structures
Course ScheduleDate
1Morning (9:30-12:30)

Tue. Opening Ceremony

Afternoon (13:30-16:30)
・Orientation Session
・Visiting Deputy Governor of Nara

Venue
Hotel Fujita Nara

ACCU Nara

ACCU Nara

Gamini WIJESURIYA
Gamini WIJESURIYA

Prefecture
2 Wed. ・Introduction to Wooden Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region
3

Thu. ・Presentation and Discussion: Country Reports by Participants

Fri. ・Preservation of Wooden Heritage (Theory and Practice) I
Sat.
Sun.
Cultural Heritage Protection System
Conservation and Restoration of
7 Mon. and Current Status of Conservation in
Wooden Architecture in JapanJapan

INABA Nobuko

4
5
6

8

Tue. Prevention of Insect Damage to Wooden Cultural Properties

Lecturer

ACCU Nara

UENO Katsuhisa
TOYOKI Hiroyuki

National Museum of

HIDAKA Shingo
Ethnology
9 Wed. Evaluation Criteria and Restoration Method on Wooden Structures in Japan
ACCU Nara
HAYASHI YoshihikoConservation/Restoration and Maintenance of Historic Monuments of Ancient Kasuga-taisha Shrine TACHI Toshihide
10 Thu.
Nara
Todai-ji Temple
IMANISHI Yoshio
Takenaka Carpentry
11 Fri. Study Tour: Traditional Craftsmanship and Conservation of Tools
Marcelo NISHIYAMA
Tools Museum
Preservation District
12 Sat. Study Tour: Risk Management for Cultural Heritage
Septemberfor Groups of

MURAKAMI Yasumichi

Historic Buildings,

TOYOSHIMA Junko

Kobe City
13 Sun.
14 Mon. Systems for Restoration Project and Construction Planning
15 Tue. Recording/Documentation of Wooden Structures I
16 Wed. Recording/Documentation of Wooden Structures II
17 Thu. Restoration Method in Practice
18 Fri. Recording/Documentation of Wooden Structures III (Photography)
19 Sat.
20 Sun.
21 Mon. Surveying Painting and Plans for Painting Restoration
22 Tue. Restoration of Wooden Structures in Practice: Repairs of Painting

ACCU Nara
Tanaka Family
Residence
Gango-ji Temple

Todai-ji Temple
Jibutu-do
Kongo-ji Temple
Kanshin-ji Temple

23 Wed.
24 Thu. Preservation of Wooden Heritage (Theory and Practice) II
ACCU Nara
25 Fri. Preservation of Wooden Heritage (Theory and Practice) III
ACCU Nara
26 Sat.
Study Tour: Preservation and Maintenance of Wooden Structures I: Vernacular
27 Sun.
Takayama City
Houses and TownscapeStudy Tour: Preservation and Maintenance of Wooden Structures II: Vernacular
28 Mon.
Shirakawa Village
Houses and Townscape (World Heritage: Historic Village in Shirakawa-go)
29 Tue. Study Tour: Conservation and Restoration of Castle Architecture
Kanazawa-jo Castle
30 Wed. Writing Final Report/Submission of Final Report
October

1

Thu. Closing Ceremony

MURAKAMI Jin'ichi
NISHIYAMA Kazuhiro
MIKITA Hideo
YAMAGUCHI Isamu
SUGIMOTO Kazuki

KUBODERA Shigeru
KUBODERA Shigeru
AOKI Koji
Lynne D DiStefano

IWATA Takashi
MATSUMOTO Keita
MORITA Mamoru

Hotel Fujita Nara

ACCU Nara: Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO

7

1. Opening Ceremony
2. Summary of Training Course

Moegi House at Kobe City with lecturer

Proceedings

II. Proceedings1. Opening Ceremony
The Opening Ceremony of the 2015 training course washeld on 1 September at Hotel Fujita in Nara. The attendanceswere fifteen participants from the Asia-Pacific region andhonorable guests from the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan;
International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and
Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM); Nara National
Research Institute for Cultural Properties (NNRICP); Nara Mr Nishimura, Director of ACCU Nara Office
Prefectural Government; and Nara City Government.
The ceremony started with an address of welcome by Mr
NISHIMURA Yasushi, Director, ACCU Nara Office, andthe speeches by Ms MORIYAMA Hiroko, Agency for
Cultural Affairs, Dr Gamini WIJESURIYA, Project Manager,
ICCROM and Mr SUGIYAMA Hiroshi, NNRICP followed.
These guests delivered warm welcome and expected the

Mr Wijesuriya from ICCROM

participants to learn not only technical knowledge but also thephilosophy of cultural properties in Nara. After the honorable
speeches, ACCU staff members were introduced and eachparticipant made self-introduction. They told about their work
briefly and showed willingness toward the training. At theend of the ceremony, a group photo was taken.
After the ceremony, the participants had an orientation
session on the outline of the training course. In the afternoon,

Ms Moriyama from Agency for Cultural
Affairs, Japanthey visited Nara Prefectural Government Office and met
Deputy Governor of Nara Prefecture, Mr MATSUTANI
Yukikazu. He talked about cultural properties in Nara. Aftersome question from the participants, they went up to therooftop of office building and enjoyed a view of Nara City.
Mr Sugiyama from NNRICPMr Yamaguchi from Nara City Gov.

Mr Takeda from Nara Prefectural Gov.

11

Self-introduction by participants (left: Mr Rangga from Indonesia; right: Ms Tsermaa from Mongolia)

Opening Ceremony at Hotel Fujita Nara

With Mr Matsutani (seventh from the right), Deputy Governor of Nara Prefecture12

2. Summary of Training Course
Various experts delivered a series of lectures during this training course. The following is a complete
list of lectures with a brief description.
2 September (Wed.)
Introduction to Wooden Heritage in the Asia-PacificRegionGamini WIJESURIYA (ICCROM)
At the beginning of the lecture, the work of ICCROM wasintroduced.
“Heritage Management” and “Global Concern” were posed
as topics with many questions. The participants gave various
opinions to the question about what conservation was and they
had fruitful discussion.
The lecturer shared his new thought on the significanceof change in conservation. It gave the participants new
perspective and made them think about conservation deeply.
The lecturer encouraged them to keep discussing during theone-month training course.
3-4 September (Thur.-Fri.)
Presentation and Discussion: Country Report byParticipants / Preservation of Wooden Heritage(Theory and Practice) I
INABA Nobuko (Tsukuba University)
Gamini WIJESURIYA (ICCROM)
Each participant gave a presentation based on their country
report. They focused on wooden structures of their own
countries. They shared the needs, problems and challenges
concerning wooden structure and community. As there werecommon problems such as economic matters and relationshipwith citizens, the participants asked various questions tolectures.
After all the presentations, Prof. Inaba gave a lecture on“Japanese Wooden Architecture” and “World Heritage”.
The lecture covered the characteristics, problems and Low
of cultural properties protection in Japan. The participantslearned the transition of protection system in Japan andseemed to be interested in the difference from their countries.

13

Presentation and discussion

14

7 September (Mon.)
Cultural Heritage Protection System and Current Status of Conservation in Japan
UENO Katsuhisa (Agency for Cultural Affairs)
In the morning session, the lecture on the preservation system for cultural properties in Japan was
carried out as follows;- brief introduction of Japanese traditional wooden architecture- explanation about the preservation system for cultural properties in Japan・ categories of cultural properties
・ the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties
・ difference between designation system and registration system
・ examples of damage caused by natural disaster・ examples of several cultural properties which are lately designated as National Treasure

A lecturer by Mr Ueno at ACCU Nara OfficeConservation and Restoration of Wooden Architecture in JapanTOYOKI Hiroyuki (Agency for Cultural Affairs)
In the afternoon session, the lecture on the practical restoration work for Japanese wooden architecture
was carried out as follows;- brief introduction on the characteristics of Japanese architecture- basic principles for restoration work
- process, purpose, and some case studies of restoration work
- disaster prevention- system for handing down traditional conservation technique and traditional materials
・ official support from national government
・ project for ensuring the supply of traditional materials

15

A lecture on process and method of restoration work in Japan by Mr Toyoki

8 September (Tue.)
Prevention of Insect Damage to Wooden Cultural Properties
HIDAKA Shingo (National Museum of Ethnology)
In the morning, the lecture on the risk of biological damage and countermeasures was carried out asfollows;- risk of biological damage on ethnological artefacts- measures taken against insect damage- introduction of integrated pest management- measures currently practiced at National Museum of Ethnology
・ safer control method using CO2
・ nitrogen treatment
・ high temperature treatment
・ low temperature treatment
In the afternoon, participants had a look at main storages for ethnological artefacts, and some facilities
used for integrated pest management and other treatment practice.

Mr Hidaka explained pest control method using CO2.

16

With lecturer at the museum lobby

9 September (Wed.)
Evaluation Criteria and Restoration Methodon Wooden Structures in Japan
HAYASHI Yoshihiko (NNRICP)The lecture on the way of investigation and recordingof wooden architecture was carried out as follows;-

categories of cultural properties-

protection system for cultural properties in
Japan

-

brief introduction of subsidy system provided
for the restoration work of cultural properties- chronological introduction of Japanese woodenarchitecture- case study on modern Japanese architectures in

Mr Hayashi from NNRICP

Hyogo Prefecture
10 September (Thur.)Conservation/Restoration and Maintenance of Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara
TACHI Toshihide (Kasuga-taisya Shrine)
IMANISHI Yoshio (Todai-ji Temple)
Training program was held at Nara City. In the morning session, participants visited Kasuga-taisya
Shrine. Explanations on some architectural features of Japanese shrines and temples were given as
well as traditional ways of restoration work for cultural properties.
In the afternoon, participants visited Todai-ji Temple complex. Overview of the temple and its
maintenance and restoration works were explained.

A Lecture at Todai-ji Temple (World Heritage Site) by Mr Imanishi

17An observation tour at Kasuga-taisya Shrine with lecturer, Mr Tachi (World Heritage Site)

18

11 September (Fri.)
Study Tour: Traditional Craftsmanship and Conservation of Tools
Marcelo NISHIYAMA/KITAMURA Tomonori (Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum)
Participants visited Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum, and learnt about Japanese traditional carpentry
tools and techniques. In the morning, after a short video about a master carpenter, they made a guided
tour of the exhibition area in the museum.
In the afternoon, participants experienced to use planes (kanna and yari-ganna). They also learnt how
to maintain and adjust the tools properly.

Mr Nishiyama explained traditional carpentry technique in Japan and importance to protect it.

Participants experienced to use traditional
Japanese plane (yari-ganna).

Participants visited a tea ceremony house in the Museum.

12 September (Sat.)
Study Tour: Risk Management for Cultural Heritage
MURAKAMI Yasumichi (Hyogo Prefectural Board of Education)
TOYOSHIMA Junko (Kobe City Board of Education)
In the morning, Mr Murakami gave a lecture on the risk management at areas affected by theearthquake in 1995.
In the afternoon, participants visited Weathercock House and Moegi House (Important Cultural
Properties), which were restored after the earthquake, in the area designated as Preservation District19

A lecture by Mr Murakami about rehabilitation project after the earthquake in 1995

for Groups of Historic Buildings. Mr Murakami lectured on planning for the rehabilitation project
including scheduling, investigation, documentation and how to collect subsidies for the project.
14 September (Mon.)
Systems for Restoration Project and Construction Planning
MURAKAMI Jin’ichi
The system for restoration project was introduced. At the beginning, the participants watched thevideo produced by the Japanese Association for Conservation of Architectural Monuments (JACAM)
to outline the Japanese system for conservation of architectural monuments. Then the lecture covered
overview of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties, description of the different types of thearchitectural monuments and how they have been restored. Some participants asked questions about
the budget determination method or subsidy ratio for restoration projects.
In the afternoon, the actual restoration case was illustrated by Seki Family Residence in Kanagawa
Prefecture. In the process of restoration, conservation architects engaged in the measurement,
investigation of deterioration and research for the old texts. The participants were interested in the wayof Japanese traditional house restoration.

A lecture by Mr Murakami at ACCU Nara Office20

15 September (Tue.)
Recording/Documentation of Wooden Structures INISHIYAMA Kazuhiro (NNRICP)MIKITA Hideo (Nara Prefectural Government)
YAMAGUCHI Isamu (Nara City Government)
In the morning, the participants first listened to the explanation about history of Tanaka Family
Residence and characteristics of farmhouse. They learned new knowledge such as Horen-zukuri,
machiya, and the concept of harmony zone. The first task of the practical training was to prepare
the sketch of the floor plan of Tanaka Family Residence. The lecturers emphasized the importanceof observation, and the participants surveyed the house carefully. As it was the first time for all ofthem to draw a Japanese house, forms of tatami mat and sliding door were difficult to understand fordrawing. Participants were divided into groups of three and given the reviews from the lecturers. Aftercompleting the sketch, the method of measurement was demonstrated. Each group selected one out of
three floor plans prepared by the members and wrote down the measurements on the plan.

Participants surveyed Tanaka Family Residence and made the sketch of the floor plan.

21

16 September (Wed.)
Recording/Documentation of Wooden Structures II
NISHIYAMA Kazuhiro (NNRICP)MIKITA Hideo (Nara Prefectural Government)
YAMAGUCHI Isamu (Nara City Government)
On the second day of drawing the building, participants continued to measure the dimensions of thehouse in groups. After the evaluation from the lectures, the second task was the preparation of crosssection drawing of the building. Participants went up into the attic to observe the roof structure anddrew the details. After they were given the reviews and finished the sectional drawings, they measured
dimension in groups.
Some of the participants had no experience of drawing, but the lecturers gave positive feedback to allof the participants’ works and expected them to make use of the experience for the future restoration
work.

Practical training on cross section drawing

22

17 September (Thur.)
Restoration Method in Practice
NISHIYAMA Kazuhiro (NNRICP)MIKITA Hideo (Nara Prefectural Government)
YAMAGUCHI Isamu (Nara City Government)
In the morning, participants visited Yakushi-ji Temple, where the eastern pagoda was under restoration.
They listened to the explanation about restoration outline and dismantled members, including the
traditional roof support structure and the method to treat bent or damaged members.
They went to the excavation site of the foundation of eastern pagoda and observed the remains.
Reinforcement plans and other findings were explained.
In the afternoon, the participants went to Toshodai-ji Temple and looked around the buildings with the
explanation about structural features of the buildings from Nara period.
After that, the participants moved to Tanaka Family Residence and had the lecture on each wooden
species of the house such as cedar, pine and cypress. They observed the house carefully to identify

Observation of restoration site at Yakushi-ji Temple (World Heritage Site)23

the wood species according to their quality and shape. At the end of the program, the participants
discussed plans for necessary repair based on their findings. The lecturers gave comments on theseideas and emphasised the significance of observation to conclude the three-day practical training.
18 September (Fri.)
Recording/Documentation of Wooden Structures III (Photography)
SUGIMOTO Kazuki (Saidaiji Photo Studio)
Participants had the lecture on photography of architecture and practical training at Gango-ji Temple.
In the beginning, the lecturer questioned them about their experience of camera and concerns aboutphotography. Most of them raised similar problems such as shadow and blur in shooting large
architecture. The lecturer emphasised the shooting in manual mode, and explained the three functions:aperture, shutter speed and ISO. After receiving the instruction on the setting of such functions, theparticipants put it in practice with digital cameras and folding cameras in the afternoon. In the middleof practice, the role of grey-card and the method for exposure adjustment were explained. Someparticipants asked questions about taking a picture of not only architecture but also artefacts.

24

A brief explanation of basic knowledge of photography and how to set the camera.

Practical training on photography at Gango-ji Temple (World Heritage Site)

21 September (Mon.)
Surveying Painting and Plans for Painting Restoration
KUBODERA Shigeru (Architectural Decoration Technological History Research Institute)
At Jibutsu-do located in precincts of Todai-ji Temple, participants first had a lecture on the outlineof Jibutsu-do and the purpose of the practical training. The lecturer explained current condition of
repainting and repair of religious architecture and its cultural values. The on-site task was to sketch
the assigned part of painting including the color identification. The color was seriously changed fromthe original, therefore close observation was required. The participants surveyed the part of painting
in good condition to find out the pattern, and some worked on the ladder for the close observation.
After sketching and coloring, the lecturer commented on their works and explained the correct color.
In the latter half of afternoon, the participants created the restoration plan according to the information
gained from observing the building and discussed it. While most of them referred to the necessity ofrepainting and explained restoration procedures, a few participants stated the maintenance of current

25

condition without repainting. They exchanged ideas about possible loss of value in original causedby repainting and religious meaning of painting, making the discussion enthusiastic and fruitful withvarious viewpoints.

Observation and sketching of painting at Jibutu-do

26

22 September (Tue.)
Restoration of Wooden Structures in Practice: Restoration of Painting
KUBODERA Shigeru (Architectural Decoration Technological History Research Institute)
AOKI Koji (JACAM)
In Kongo-ji Temple, participants received general explanations on the restoration project of the temple.
They learned three different ways of restoration of paintings: single coloring, exfoliation prevention
and reconstruction. They asked some questions about glue, reinforcement, and how to determine
whether to use original members or not. In the afternoon the participants went into Main Hall andobserved the roof of which tiles were dismantled and the reconstructed paintings. They then moved toKanshin-ji Temple and observed two paintings called mandala inside Main Hall. At the end of lecture,
the participants and lecturers exchanged their ideas about significance of conservation of culturalproperties and its difficulty, and concluded two-day programme.

Observation of restoration of paintings at Kongo-ji Temple

27

24 September (Thur.)Preservation of Wooden Heritage (Theory and Practice) II
Lynne D DiStefano (The University of Hong Kong)
The process and value of conservation plan were introduced with many questions and examples, whichgave participants some hints to develop their action plans. After the explanation about guideline andcriteria, the topic of authenticity and integrity was discussed. The lecturer gave a detailed explanation
to clarify the difference between them.
At the end, each participant consulted their action plans with Prof Lynne for the presentation scheduledon the following day.
25 September (Fri.)
Preservation of Wooden Heritage (Theory and Practice) III
Lynne D DiStefano (The University of Hong Kong)
In the morning, participants listened to the lecture on Cultural Mapping and Interpretation. These
subjects seemed to be so interesting for them that many questions were raised.
In the afternoon, each participant gave a presentation of action plan based on what they learned
through the one-month training. Mr Azeem Muhammad from Pakistan leaded the presentation asa facilitator, and they presented two plans: immediate action plan and long-term action plan, fromgeneral to specific. As the participants belonged to different types of organisations under diverse
situation, various questions and advices were given after each presentation.

28

Photo with Prof. Lynne at the entrance of ACCU Nara Office

27 September (Sun.)
Study Tour: Preservation and Maintenance of Wooden Structures I: Vernacular Houses
and Townscape
IWATA Takashi (Takayama City Board of Education)
The participants visited Takayama Museum of History and Art in Takayama City, Gifu Prefecture.
In the museum they learned the history of Takayama City and development of the merchant town.
Japanese traditional warehouses were used as exhibition rooms with themes such as traditional houses,
the city’s history, local sculptor works.
After that they walked around the area designated as Preservation District for Groups of Historic
Buildings while receiving the explanations of its features. Wooden houses are vulnerable to fire, soeach block is equipped with fire-fighting means and the community organizes annual fire drill. All thefire-fighting devices were installed in consideration for landscape and the participants looked for them.
Yoshijima Heritage House (Important Cultural Property) built in 1908 was also visited.

Observation of disaster-prevention equipments/system in Takayama city29

28 September (Mon.)
Study Tour: Preservation and Maintenance of Wooden Structures II: VernacularHouses and Townscape
MATSUMOTO Keita (Shirakawa Village Board of Education)
In the morning, the lecture on the World Heritage Shirakawa-go was given at Shirakawa Village Office.
There are many “Gassho-style” vernacular houses, peculiar in this area, remaining in Shirakawago. Their thatched roof needs every 30 years reroofing, which has been carried out by villagers under
the traditional mutual labor exchange system called “Yui.” Under the circumstances that the numberof Gassho-style houses declined because of the economic development or changes in lifestyle, theconservation activities of historic landscape were initiated by the villagers. Participants asked question
concerning various issues, such as influence of increasing visitors to the village and their measures,
how to manage the scarcity of successors, etc.

Fire prevention system

30

An explanation of gassyo style house
by Mr MatsumotoIn the afternoon, participants visited Ogimachi settlement in the village. After having overall viewof the settlement from observatory, the lecturer guided the participants into the settlement for theobservation of fire preventive equipment such as water guns. On the visit to Wada House (Important
Cultural Property), they had a chance to see the roof structure, etc.
29 September (Tue.)
Study Tour: Conservation and Restoration of Castle Architecture
MORITA Mamoru (Kanazawa Traditional Architectural Design Office)In the morning the participants visited Kanazawa Castle Park. The overview of Japanese reconstruction
project for historic buildings was given including how to decide the design, and define the style ofthe era to reconstruct. The reconstruction design was based on verifications of various evidences suchas excavation findings, picture maps, old photographs, ancient documents and research of similar
examples. Main topic was reconstruction work of Hashizumemon Gate.
After the explanation, three buildings were covered in the site visit; Ishikawamon Gate (Important
Cultural Property) built in 1788, and reconstructed Gojukken Nagaya and Hashizumemon Gate.
In the afternoon, the participants visited Kenrokuen Garden known as one of the three noted gardens inJapan.

A lecture by Mr Morita

Kanazawa-jo Castle

30 Sep. (Wed.)
Writing Final Report
Participants wrote final reports of the training course.
1 Oct. (Thur.)
Closing Ceremony (Hotel Fujita Nara)
Director of ACCU Nara Office, gave a speech to congratulate the participants for their successful
completion of the training programme. After the certificate and commemorative gift were awarded
to each participant, Mr Kaja Nagaraju from India and Ms Apelu Lumepa Josephine from Samoa
expressed their gratitude on behalf of all the participants. Mr Kaja, and mentioned that his learning
extended from wooden structures to Japanese culture, kindness and sincerity. Ms Lumepa wished forthe long-lasting relationship among the participants’ countries.
The Closing Ceremony finished with taking a group photograph of all the members present.

31

Closing ceremony

Congratulatory address by Directore Nishimura

Closing speech (left: Mr Kaja Nagaraju from India, right: Ms Apelu Lumepa from Samoa)

32

At Shirakawa Villeage with lecturer

Final Reports byParticipants

III. Final Reports by Participants

Bangladesh
Rakhi Roy

Preservation of Cultural Heritage:
With a new viewpoint, on the basis of wooden architecture
Cultural properties that have already received a certain evaluation in the past may possibly get a higher
rating in the future. Culture contains the values of a nation to which it belongs. In different contexts thepresentation of culture has diversity through behavioral patterns, creativity, and representative itemsof the nation’s resources. By preserving heritage we can represent and carry on culture. It represents
the socio-economic context, religious patterns, etc. Though different contexts and different areas
express individuality, the preservation of heritage bears similar characteristics. So UNESCO, which
is an organization that disseminates the methods for preservation, arranges many programs to help usprotect our own culture in a systematic way. Accordingly, ACCU Nara, Japan arranged this training
to disseminate Japan’s heritage preservation experience. Through the participation of experts from 15
countries, the training also became a preservation knowledge-gathering and sharing centre.
The training was split into various parts: classroom lectures, site visits, practical work, workshops,
identifying problems and preparing future action plans, etc. With what I have learned in this period I
can summarise my ideas and try to implement them in my country in accordance with the following
views:

Work application• System of heritage management: Cultural heritage should be managed with an effective
management plan. By learning from resource persons and lecturers from ICCROM, the Ministryof Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and the Nara prefectural government,
the concepts behind the World Heritage Convention, Nara Charter, and Venice Charter weremade clear. Though one of the ideas in these charters is that we need to maintain originality,
today we can also rethink the preservation methods. We should consider the issue of necessityand ensure the safety of the general public and owners. During our visits to different sites weobserved that the owner of each property managed the site and all economic benefits went tothem. In my country, the concept is different. After designation, a cultural property is always
managed by the government, so for a long time owners do not agree to designate their property
as a cultural heritage. Also religious rituals are carried out in a very sophisticated way alongwith tourism, which we observed at Kasuga-taisha Shrine, Todai-ji Temple, Yakushi-ji Temple,
Gango-ji Temple, etc. Tourist facilities and their impact is an important issue in managing acultural site, I gathered information on both the positive and negative impact of tourism fromthe visit to the Historic Village of Shirakawa-go Traditional Houses in the Gassho style. To
manage the site properly and to ensure the authenticity of the site, local meetings are held with39

representatives of the local community. Another important idea I can share in my country isthat local governments give financial subsidies to owners in addition to those from the national
government. In Bangladesh, financial support is allocated only by the Ministry of Culturalaffairs through the Department of Archaeology and some other agencies. It would be very
helpful if local governments could take a part by making financial allocations to help preservearchaeological heritage with the Department of Archaeology. After returning home I will takethe initiative to revise the management plan to show how the owners can be involved in thepreservation of heritage based on the Japanese style of heritage management.

Designation and Protection• During the training we learned about the designation system for cultural heritage and world
heritage, and the relevant legislation in Japan from lectures by Nobuko Inaba and other experts.
The designation system for cultural heritage is not only applicable to ancient things; newcultural landscapes and monuments can also be designated as heritage. As of April 2006, thenational government of Japan had designated 2286 sites, (including 213 national treasures),4043 architectures and other structures (including 257 national treasures). These statistics provethat there is an awareness of protecting and preserving the heritage of the country. Villages
and towns that are rich in character make up thenation’s culture, which we should bequeath to thenext generation. The whole historic landscape,particularly historic buildings, have beenpreserved and improved, which have become
essential for local revitalization while making
use of historic characteristics. We can think
about preserving and designating these kinds ofproperties as cultural heritage in my country as
well.

Risk preparedness
For dealing with natural disasters and fires, many initiatives have been taken in a very systematic way
in Japan. To save and restore cultural property and heritage from several kinds of potential disasters,
our country needs to devise a master disaster management plan. We alsoneed to introduce initiatives at the regional, prefectural and municipal
level. We can create some campaigns for saving our heritage with theassistance of different government and nongovernment agencies aswell. With this experience we must make agreements and network with
contributors and try to increase the number of contributors and checkpreparation data. Disasters hurt not only the monuments themselves, butalso attack social bonds, and destroy traditions; i.e., intangible culture.
So we should have a risk preparedness programme for cultural property.
We now realize how to implement preventive measures (fire resistance,40seismic resistance), a rescue response (when a disaster actually occurs) and restoration measures(installation of seismic safety devices during restoration). By visiting the Takayama townscape we took
note of how few fire distinguishers had been installed and how natural river water is used. To retain the
traditional style the authority ensured that even the drainage system and fire extinguisher systems were
hidden by traditional style coverings. To ensure safety for cultural heritage from fire some voluntary
systems have also been developed.

Documentation with keen observation and use of new tools
During the training period we learned about preparing documentation through practical training ata farmhouse, as well as photographic training and painting training through our own observation.
We also introduced many kinds of tools and techniques which we can use to detail documentation.
Although my department has a specific drawing section, after this training I have started to think thateveryone engaged in the field of preservation of cultural heritage
should have the ability to prepare documentation. Restoration is donein a different way in Japan, and conservators at cultural heritage sites
try to retain as much authenticity as possible. One important thingwhich I learned from their lessons is that sometimes in my country weface a confusing situation in trying to accurately define the particularera or period when we find layers from different periods at one site. In the case study of Hashizumemon Gate, Kanazawa Castle restoration conservators decided to restore the buildings of “the later Edo
period to the early Meiji period” based on the dates of construction of the existing buildings. They did
not allow the restoration design to include buildings from both the early and later period. But recordsof all periods are kept at the site. In Japan, restoration systems are based on verification of various
evidence: excavated or existing structural remains, old photographs and plans, ancient history fromwritten documents and oral documents, picture maps and similar or comparative examples. We follow
a similar practice in Bangladesh. In restoration and conservation work, the conservator in Japan firsttries to keep the existing structures. If dismantlement is needed to restore the properties, they collectthe original wood (materials), which is plastered in the original way with clay or lime, reroof thestructure with clay materials or plant material like thatch, wooden shingles, cypress bark etc. For
the roof they harvest cypress bark or hinoki bark, and process them. To ensure the safety of wooden
structures they sometimes use steel joints along with the wooden joints. Projects that promote thegrowth of forests for cultural properties is an essential practice for the conservation of monuments
made of plant-based materials. Generally for wooden conservation, cypress, cedar, and pine trees areused for restoration projects. With what I learned in this period in terms of protecting properties from
insects and preservation in different humidity and temperature conditions, I will apply several methods(IPM, high temperature method, air conditioning systems). Sometimes minor changes are made for thesafety and comfort of both visitors and residents. For example, fire fighting devices are set up on theroof members, and although roof tiles were made of clay, now modern slate is used to prevent snow at
different sites. So the overall idea of restoration is that we need to retain the originality of sites as far
as possible and ensure the safety of both the heritage and people.

41

Maintain the traditional methods of carpentry
It is necessary to introduce initiatives to preserve not only the architecture, but also the traditional
system of manufacturing, including use of traditional tools and techniques. We should introduce a
programme that can inspire traditional carpenters, and preserve the history of carpentry—somethingthat we observed at the Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum. Maintain the existing situation. If theoriginal situation cannot be identified and the remains can be carry the significance for more time,
it is necessary to maintain the existing condition. We should arrange some programmes to pass on
traditional methods to future generations.

Display and storage systems
By visiting the carpentry tools museum and ethnological museum I had awonderful experience learning about the different kinds of tools used indifferent periods, the different techniques for using them and the different
kinds of wood. I learned how they respect their carpenters and pass ontheir techniques from generation to generation. The display system of themuseum is very innovative and very effective for learning ideas for tool techniques. In the practicaltraining I experienced working with a variety of wood and wood buck, using tools with techniques thatform part of the heritage. Another thing we observed at the ethnological museum is that the cultures ofAfrica, West Asia, East Asia, etc. are displayed in a very innovative way. Not only are items of ancientsignificance displayed at the museum; present-say usable features are also carried out at the place. By
this way I can feel that we need to pass on the significance of ongoing culture, which will be reach ona heritage of human activity.

Educational and informational programme
To pass on knowledge of the heritage sites, the sites are open to visitors. Through this training andsite observation, I learned about the way Japan provides training and awareness programmes for bothchildren and the older generations, which is something that is also implemented in my country.

Concluding notes
It is the time for new thinking, that heritage values reflect the impact of the community. The
understanding of owners and the backing of the local communities are important factors indesignation. Protection should not only aim at mere protection but also include a various and multiple
protection strategy in cooperation with communities as far as possible. I was able to gather usefullong-term preservation knowledge from this forum. Through the study tour of vernacular houses andthe townscape of Takayama city, we observed the close connection between the Takayama merchantfamily and ordinary people. The local people still hold the tea festival, which used to be organisedby the Kanamari family. The tea festival gives a warm welcome to people in the present day as it didin the past. These prove that tangible heritage is supported by intangible heritage, attracting tourists
who wish to know the history of the area’s culture. If we think positively, within a preservation area
the national government may grant subsidies for restoration, to ensure safety from different kinds ofdisasters and improve the environs. On the other hand, owners cannot rebuild their own properties as42

they please. Even though tourism gives them some financial support, it also hampers their personal
life. So, according to what I have learned in this training course in the study tour and the theoreticalclass, I am thinking we should consider and preserve the social life of the owners and increase theirfacilities when their properties are preserved. So it is essential to prepare a cultural map to identify the
integrity of the nation.
Overall, the training that I received was in line with my philosophy that heritage is of the people, by
the people, and for the people.

Acknowledgement
I would like to express my heartiest gratitude to the Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO(ACCU) of Japan as well as other relevant institutions (Nara prefectural government, ICCROM) for
their contributions to the training. It was great to meet all the participants, and I really enjoyed sharing
my thoughts on various subjects with them. I am also very grateful to the officials of ACCU for theircordial efforts on behalf of all participants, which make the training environment very homely. What
I have learned from the training programme will be greatly beneficial for future preservation andconservation programmes in my country. I would like to extend my regards and appreciation to theresource persons and lecturers for sharing their very precious knowledge with us during the class
lectures, on site and in the workshops. I personally would like to give thanks to Hata-san, who is avery skilled interpreter, for enabling us to understand all the words of the lecturers and others with indepth knowledge. I am also grateful for the assistance of Suzuki-san, Okumi-san, and Goto-san for
their very caring, polite and cooperative attitude. Finally, on behalf of my government, I would liketo express my deep gratitude to the Government of Japan for giving me such an opportunity to learnsomething from the people of such a hardworking, punctual and polite nation, who preserve theirheritage with great honor.

Dhonnobad / Arigato gozaimasu / Thank you.

43

Bhutan
Kinzang Dorji

Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region 2015
on
Preservation and Restoration of Wooden Structures
Introduction
The Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU), Nara, Japan organises an annual training
program for the Asia-Pacific region on Cultural Heritage Protection. This year, the training course wason the “Preservation and Restoration of Wooden Structures” scheduled from 1st September 2015 to 1st
October 2015.
For the training, 16 participants were selected from 16 different countries within the Asia-Pacificregion. From the 16 selected countries, two participants as per the program list were missing—
Iran and Korea—perhaps due to certain reasons. However, the training course was really amazing
and wonderful in terms of the theory classes, field visits and study tours to various locations in the
countryside. The course content was well planned, correlating with the conservation and restoration
works carried out here in Japan both at national cultural heritage sites and World Heritage sites. The
resource officials/lecturers/professors were well equipped with both their theoretical and practicalskills. The techniques, technology, systems, rules, and laws of Japan unquestionably work well inpractice.
The training course gave me an opportunity to not only learn a great deal about the preservation,conservation and restoration of wooden structures but also to understand the importance of our cultural
heritage. Besides the preservation of wooden structures, the training course also included many otheraspects such as museum preservation systems, photographic techniques, practical training on thesurvey of painting, and how to draw up plans or proposals for painting restorations.
The training program not only enhanced my knowledge on conservation of cultural heritage sites but
I also had the privilege to visit many designated World Heritage temples, a World Heritage village,monuments and artifacts in Nara, Osaka, Kyoto, Shirakawa village in Gifu Prefecture, Kanazawa
Castle, and many national cultural heritage sites in Japan.

Training Course
The Training course was scheduled from 1st September to 1st October 2015 and officially started with
an opening ceremony in the morning session and an official reception in the evening of 1st September
2015.

44

The training was well outlined. Most of the content was relevant and applicable to our working sites
in Bhutan. However, certain components were required to be streamlined at the policy level. To
categorize the outcome of the training sessions, I have classified the activities under three categories:
1. Short term or immediately applicable
2. Long term implications—recommendations for policy implementation
3. Other important lessons.

Short Term
i. Restoration works: Conservation work, preservation, restoration, maintenance, and repair worksof any cultural heritage site are all properly executed under the supervision and monitoring of
one senior architect, starting from evaluation, investigation, survey, structural analysis, anddesigns & drawings, and accordingly, being implemented under the same architect until its
completion. Through the training, I realized that to achieve a very effective implementationof restoration work of cultural heritage, it is important to integrate and involve engineers andarchitects or any other conservator from the initial stage of restoration. I also realized thattechnicians such as archaeologists and hydrology professionals are important contributors. It
was felt that such a strategy should be immediately effective for conservation work.
ii. Field Report System: The Japanese system of precise measurements for drawings are a good
lesson and highly recommended for Bhutan, and will be implemented in my field of work as asupervising agent.
iii. Equipment/Instruments: For the measurement and preparation of as-built drawings; the laser
leveling instrument and height measuring pole were found to be very effective and I would liketo propose these immediately for projects.

Long Term Implications—Recommendations for Policy Implementationi. Conservation Plan: Adopt a similar system as in Japan, providing a national policy incorporating
strategies for conservation.
ii. Reinforcing Wooden Members: materials used by Japan to restore wooden members are ideal
and are recommended for Bhutan.
iii. Classification of Cultural Properties: Protection systems on built heritage were found to be very
relevant for adoption in Bhutan. The other was the evaluation, investigation, and recording ofwooden buildings based on the classification of cultural properties.
iv. Government Subsidies: Recommend that communities obtain support from the government
through subsidies. A great incentive for locals.

45

v. Traditional Techniques: To retain the traditions of local practitioners through training support
and programs. Provides incentives for traditional practitioners to retain their innate skills.
vi. Carpentry Museum: Aim to establish a carpentry museum that would preserve and promote
carpentry skills.
vii. JACAM: An organization like JACAM as practiced here in Japan would be encouraging for
the Bhutanese people. Therefore, such type of organization may be called BACAM: Bhutan
Association for Conservation of Architectural Monuments. Such an organization should beestablished in Bhutan as well. JACAM has a system of promoting traditional carpenters andpainters, with the sustainability of traditional carpenters and painters being profoundly planned
and implemented.
viii. Retaining as much of the original parts of members as possible is another important featurethat I have taken into account. The precision of drawings and other details was wonderful andsuch accurate work should be encouraged.

Other Important Lessons to Notei. National Museum Visit: It was a privilege to get into National Museum of Ethnology at Osaka
to learn on prevention of insects to wooden structure and preventive measures taken against
biological damages to the artifacts with advanced technology. It was worth and many things canbe replicated. Such preventive measures are typical to encourage and introduce.
ii. Disaster Management: It was good to know about the master plan for disaster prevention andvolunteer training system and interesting to note that information is sent via smartphone during
an incident. However, as the Department of Disaster Management is in a different sector, it may
not be in a position to pass on information.

Conclusion
This training course or program has not only enhanced and enriched my professional skills andknowledge on conservation works at cultural heritage sites but also helped me understand the value,
importance and significant of cultural heritage that has to be passed on from generation to generation.
I was also glad to know that ACCU is planning to provide photography training in Bhutan by theend of October 2015, and I am fairly confident that such training will enhance the photographic
documentation system in the Department of Culture. More importantly, it’s an opportunity for the
relevant people to learn and improve their usage of camera techniques. Therefore, on behalf of the
Department of Culture, I heartily welcome all the experts from ACCU to Bhutan and wish them a verysafe journey.
Last but not least, I would like to thank ACCU Nara Office, Japan for organizing this training courseand encouraging developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region to adopt serious measures for the46

conservation of cultural heritage. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the Director,
Mr. Nakai Isao, and other ACCU staff, including the three internship trainees, for guiding andsupporting us, and being so passionate when most of us did not turn up on time despite the repeatedreminders every evening. I would also like to thank all the resource officials from various agencies for
exploring the various topics with us and sharing their skills, knowledge, technologies and techniques.
But of course, I cannot forget to thank our interpreter, Mrs. Hata Chiyako for providing wonderfulexpressions and interpretation throughout the training course.
Finally, I would also like to take the opportunity to thank Mrs. Nagtsho Dorji, Head, Division ofConservation & Heritage Sites, Department of Culture, Ministry of Home & Cultural Affairs, Bhutan
and Mrs. Pema, Sr. Architect for supporting and nominating me for this training course. Withoutthem, I would not have had such a rich and heartfelt experience on the preservation and conservationof cultural heritage. Likewise, I would also like to thank Mr. Karma Tshering, Sr. Dzongrab,
Tashichodzong Maintenance Division, Thimphu for supporting me a great deal until the very lastminute.

Thank you & Tashi Deleck

47

ChinaZhao Peng

Final Report of ACCU 2015
1. What did I learn in this training course?
According to the ACCU 2015 training course subject “Preservation and Restoration of Wooden
Structures”, I believe I gained a lot of knowledge and experience on the conservation of traditional
wooden structures in Japan. At the end of this course, I wish to pose a question to begin my final
report: What background or precondition could guarantee an outstanding conservation project? My
response is as follows:

1.1 Mature legislation system
At the beginning of this course, Professor Inaba briefly introduced the legal system of Japanesearchitectural conservation. It is the first necessary precondition to be considered. In 1897, the Japanese
government established the first law for the protection of architectural monuments, and since then,the relative standard repair activities have arisen. Nowadays, laws cover almost the entire field ofconservation of cultural properties in Japan.

Fig. 1 Japanese conservation philosophy

1.2 Conservation philosophy in line with national conditions
The first time I knew Japan had its own conservation philosophy which was different from thewestern world was about seven years ago when I read the draft background of the Nara Document
on Authenticity. But this time, I actually had an opportunity to recognize the unique conservation
culture in Japan. Japan is a country with many natural disasters such as earthquakes and typhoons,and Japanese experts must consider the safety of buildings especially after such a turning point eventas the Great Hanshin Earthquake in 1995, which resulted in the deaths of many people. So, Japaneseexperts needed to change foundations according to the condition of each structure. Another uniquerepair system in Japan is kaitai shuri, which means the dismantlement and reassembling of original48

structures. In fact, whatever the principles or activities, the most important thing is to think about what
the Chinese conservation philosophy is. By not simply following the lead of the Western world or East
Asian countries, establishing China’s philosophy will be necessary for this and future generations.

1.3 Mature training system for professional development
A conservation project needs many experts and professionals from different fields. Take conservationarchitects for example. Japan has a nationwide training system so that different-level architects canacquire professional qualifications. It is well known today that utilizing talented people is the key to a
successful conservation project. How to develop the younger generation’s interest in the conservation
work of cultural properties and continue the master traditions is a common challenge for us.

1.4 Advanced management system
Japan has a very advanced management system, and the methods used for cultural properties such as
the shelter house are regarded as among the best for scaffold projects of heritage sites in the world.
Conservation architects are stationed in the city where cultural properties are located with theirfamilies for 2-10 years, which is incredible in China, but it is an excellent management requirement!
Only by those methods can an outstanding conservation project be realized with many details andreasonable restoration.

1.5 Advanced techniques and methods
Apart from people, laws and management systems, the concrete techniques and methods are also
very important and worth learning. The unbelievable carpentry tools of Japan really impress me
and I understand why Japanese wooden structures can be restored so neatly to even look like metal
members. Another impressive way is that the restoration methods are very flexible depending on thevarious conditions, such as the vernacular house project dealing with twisted wooden beams and thefour reinforcement approaches for the same building in Kobe—cases introduced by Mr. Yasumichi.
Meanwhile, Japan has very advanced laboratories and workplaces; for instance, the fumigation devices
at the National Ethnology Museum, which should be introduced in China.
Everything I have mentioned above is an attempt to answer my own question, and I will continue tostudy the information in the training materials when I return to my country.

2. What did I acquire in my spare time?
In my spare time, I went to visit many temples and acquired a lot of knowledge on Japanese traditionalbuildings on site. The main temples are listed as follows:492.1 Visiting
Name

Location

Focus onTenryu-ji Temple

Kyoto

First time to observe Japanese historic buildings on site.

Rokuon-ji
TempleKyoto

The third floor of the Golden Pavilion is in the Chinese
zenshu-butsuden style.

Ginkaku-ji
TempleKoyto

The first floor is in Japanese architectural style and the second
floor is in Chinese style in the panel wall and sliding door.

Chohoji-Temple

Wakayama

Zen-sect architectural style from the late Kamakura period.

Negoroji-Temple

Wakayama

Classic architectural style in the Muromachi period.

Kokawadera
DaimonWakayama

Classic architectural style from the Edo period. Observe themembers related to the dismantling restoration from 1998
to 2002, which is introduced in the book Historic Wooden
Architecture in Japan.

2.2 Reading
Apart from visiting, reading is also a very good approach to understand Japanese architectural culture
and conservation knowledge. Two examples are as follows:
2.2.1 Research reports in Study on the Reconstruction of the First Imperial Audience Hall, Heijo
PalaceThese research reports come in four volumes, covering platform/foundation stone, wooden parts,
coloring/clasps and clamps, and roof/rooftiles. The volumes are impressive because this study on thepalace reconstruction went much further than previous studies. By comparing many cases and datain similar periods in both China and Japan, as well as the rich information on site, including archive
studies and archeological excavation from 1963 to 2010, the final plan was completed. This is a great
process.
2.2.2 Case study of Kokawadera Daimon
In the book Historic Wooden Architecture in Japan, I can learn something about reinforcement history
and methods in Japan. For example, the Kokawadera Daimon reconstruction project, for safety
considerations, applied steel girders between the upper floor and columns of the ground floor. Why
did they use those girders, which are not easily applied in China, and what did they change? I canunderstand the reason for this and other related information from this book.

3. What am I thinking by comparing China with Japan?
3.1 Architectural viewpoint
In this training course, I closely observed different architectural styles in Japan such as temples,shrines, pagodas, vernacular houses, pavilions, etc. The feeling cannot be expressed in just a few
words, but just to list some points: the longer length of the cantilever eave by using the hanegi key
member, which is never used in China, the nageshi horizontal member connecting columns can keep
the whole structure in a safe condition, which are also never used in China, and some other interesting50

construction methods like roof curves using arch rafters and the cross corner character of tie beams.
Apart from the points mentioned above, both the fine surface of wooden members and the wonderfulcurved beams using only one piece of timber are very artistic even in modern society.

3.2 Conservation viewpointAs I learned above, the system of having conservation architects stationed on site is a very importantfactor for the projects. Only under this system can architects observe members one by one very
carefully and perfect the original conservation plan step by step, and then execute cost estimates ina reasonable way and finally publish a project report in three months after the project is completed.
Another point is that China will be required to establish its own conservation philosophy! Although
China has some good conservation principles, laws and regulations now, these do not comprise a
PHILOSOPHY on Chinese culture and context. How can we realize this? From now, our generation
should try it out with specific cases.

Fig. 2 Where are the conservation architect houses in China?

4. What will I do in the future?
4.1 In the coming year
Write a paper to share what I have acquired from the training, including my argument comparing the
Chinese experience and the Japanese experience. Also, learn more about Japan’s history and thenbetter understand Japanese architectural culture and conservation process.

4.2 In the next five years
I look forward to cooperating with Japanese institutions such as ACCU, NNRICP, JACAM and others.
Next month, October 2015, the Palace Museum will close a very important area, the Yangxin Dianarea, where the emperors of the Qing Dynasty lived and dealt with state affairs, to start a five-year
conservation study as“the main project that our museum will be involved in over the next few years.
So, I hope the cooperation between China and Japan will be realized in this project. Another goalof mine is for the exhibition hall of traditional architecture at our museum to learn from Takenaka
Carpentry Tools Museum, and that abundant attention will be paid to traditional tools and techniques.

51

5. Who will I thanks and miss?
I am greatly honored to have been selected to participate in this training course and appreciate theefforts of all the staff of ACCU, the lecturers and other participants. I will miss all of you and lookforward to welcoming you to the Palace Museum and China in the future!

Fig. 3 Persons I appreciate and miss

52

Fiji
Pillay Shiu Nadan

ReportTraining Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia Pacific Region(Wooden Structures)Nara, Japan
Introduction
Ni Sa Bula
Fiji, an isolated country of around 333 islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean and part of Oceania,
has always been known for its white sandy beaches, clear aqua sea, world class resorts, abundance of
seafood and idyllic lifestyle. In essence, a tropical paradise to foreigners.
In the midst of this stereotyping, a certain segment of the local lifestyle, particularly our culture andtraditions, has not been promoted that well. This lifestyle is fairly unique, with some influence fromneighboring island states.
However, this has changed recently with the government having given some priority to culture andtraditions, now enshrined in the Fiji Constitution of 2013. On the same note, this has been bolsteredthrough recognition of Fiji’s first and former capital, the township of Levuka, on the UNESCO World
Heritage List in July, 2013.
For Levuka, or for any town or city for that matter, many demands are placed on the cityadministration, be this in terms of services, transportation, infrastructure upgrades, law and order orjust grievances from the public. Municipalities are obliged to address all of these issues.
For Levuka, while the listing was welcomed, it has placed extra burden on the town administration, as
we now not only have to fulfill local obligations but also national as well as international obligations.
This issue has become particularly problematic due to heritage or conservation activities being
quite complex and technical, and with Fiji having no prior experience or skilled human resources
to successfully handle them. Therefore, this training by ACCU Nara and ICCROM and their otherpartners was very significant as a means of upskilling participants as well as providing a platform for
openly discussing problems with other practitioners and also learning how these programs have beensuccessfully and sustainably implemented.

53

Traiining Report
The training on the whole was quite an eye-opener to me, especially learning about the variousorganizations which are part of Japan’s heritage protection machinery. I was especially impressed by
the goodwill and trust each organization has towards each other to achieve a national aim. Also, mycolleagues and I were also introduced to the international organizations that exist in the promotion ofworld heritage. The significance of this training was that it has provided avenues for networking withthese various organizations as well as the other participants to share common issues.

Training Synopsis
All lectures and site visits were of great interest to me and I presume to all participants as most led tohealthy discussions and debates. Thus said, certain lectures and site visits were of special significanceto me personally and these are as follows:
1) ICCROM Lectures2) JACAM Lecture3) Agency for Cultural Affairs
4) Takayama City Preservation District5) Shirakawa-Go visit(The highlight of my trip: meeting the deputy governor of Nara Prefecture)
These lectures and site visitations connected very directly to my own work in Fiji. Of special interest
was the existing legislative framework and how public and statutory institutions have been createdor expanded in Japan to focus on the preservation and protection of heritage related matters in bothtangible and intangible form.

Proposed Implementation Plan (Post Training)
As mentioned above, this training did not only touch on matters of wood technology but also on
management tools for successful heritage management. The execution of different strategies byJapanese experts to bring about success in heritage conservation, both financially and culturally, ishighly commendable, and in its simplicity it can be applied to most countries without much alteration.
Hence, the development of my own objectives to implement in my town after this training:

Short Term Plan
• Work on achieving State Membership to ICCROM (yet to be established)• Brief the Minister of Local Government and Director of Culture on lessons learnt• Lobby for recruitment of an expatriate and highly experienced conservation architect to thecentral government with support from ACCU Nara, ICCROM, JICA, etc.

54

Long Term Objectives• Capacity building – training of local architects under supervision of the conservation architect
for long term sustainability• Draw up cabinet paper for funding of private listed building support (assistance of JACAM to
be sought for adaptation of Japan’s framework)• Develop with relevant stakeholders a Fiji Charter or heritage repair works manual based on Nara
Charter and Burra Charter principles• Develop a calendar of events to complement the heritage-listed buildings in Levuka.

Words of Gratitude
Deep and sincere acknowledgements go to the ACCU Nara team for presenting this opportunity for me
to attend this training. Gratitude is also expressed to all the other partner organizations as well as thecourse lecturers for devoting their time, effort and resources. Learning from all of you was a pleasure.
Personally, the trip was very rewarding and I return home with lots of new innovative ideas, goodmemories and a whole bunch of new friends I made during the duration of this training.

Vinaka Vakalevu and God Bless55

IndiaKaja Nagaraju

Final Report
Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region
2015
Preservation and Restoration of Wooden Structures
Introduction
As was written by the organizers in the introduction document, the Asia Pacific region is anamalgamation of various forms of cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible. The built form is
an example of such tangible cultural heritage and the duty of each generation is not only to enjoy it
but also to protect it for future generations. In the specific context of wooden structures, this is an
important form of built heritage prevalent in many parts of the Asia Pacific region. Although the form
and materials may change as per the variations in local climates, traditions and customs of the area,
the soul of all wooden structures is the same across countries and continents. At this juncture, being
one of the pioneers in the construction and conservation of wooden structures having valuable cultural
heritage, the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan, UNESCO (ACCU), and ICCROM conducted thesetraining programs with the help of other agencies such as the Japanese Association for Conservationof Architectural Monuments (JACAM), Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural
Heritage (JCIC-Heritage), Japan National commission for UNESCO, Nara Prefectural Government
and Nara City Government, for the purpose of capacity building for the conservation and restoration ofwooden structures. These efforts are appreciated by one and all.
Being an architect by qualification and working with an Institution of National Importance in India, I
have diverse interests, from vernacular architecture to energy efficient built forms. During my tenure
as a professor of architecture, I study vernacular villages and traditional and ethnic groups and theirsettlements. Some of these settlements are in very bad shape and need attention. When the opportunity
to apply for this program came through I was enthused as this will give me an opportunity to study
some world renowned wooden architecture which is totally vernacular. The further point which drew
my attention is the opportunity to directly experience the rich Japanese culture. The day came when I
landed on the soil of the most diligent and hard working people in the world. It was a happy moment
as it is the first time for me to visit Japan.

First Day in JapanI was received by the staff of ACCU, Nara and reached the hotel without any problem. Next morning
I attended the Opening Ceremony at Hotel Fujita and met Mr. NISHIMURA Yasushi, the otherparticipants and the organizers there. The program started with a welcome speech by Mr. Nishimura
Yasushi, Director of ACCU Nara. Dr. Gamini Wijesuriya from ICCROM and officials from Nara

56

Prefectural Government and Nara City Government were also present at the function. The Orientation
was given by Mr. NAKAI Isao before lunch. Meeting the vice Governor of Nara Prefectural
Government in the afternoon was a good experience for me. Dinner was arranged in the evening where
I met with some of the resource persons of the program. I also interacted with some of the participants,
and my first day in Japan ended on a good note.
The first class on Introduction to Wooden Heritage in the Asia Pacific Region by Dr. Gamini wasvery informative, discussing various issues like people’s participation, not limiting heritage protection
to the 3 P’s, etc. The sessions Cultural Heritage Protection in Japan by Mr. UENO and Conservation
and Restoration of Wooden Structures by Mr. TOYOKI gave me invaluable information about the
topics. When I look back about my country, it is so vast and contrasting with much diversity. We aredoing our level best to protect our monuments, 32 properties are listed in the UNESCO World Heritage
List, and proposals have been submitted for many others. At this juncture, it is pertinent to mention
that the wooden structure “Sree Vadakkunnathan Temple” in Kerala, India received the Award of
Excellence in the 2015 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation. Anothertwo structures also received awards an Award of Distinction and an Honourable Mention. This is an
example of the efforts of my country in preserving its built heritage.
The second module was on Cultural Heritage Protection in Japan. This module gave me insight into
the introduction of cultural heritage protection in Japan. Many tangible and intangible properties arebeing protected under Japanese law. But the fact is that there are many private properties, especiallywooden structures, in certain states which need protection. Surely it’s a daunting task, but from theJapanese experience, once a system evolves with the creation of an exclusive agency along the linesof Japan’s Agency for Cultural Affairs, it will benefit the situation as the Archaeological Survey ofIndia (ASI) and State department of archaeology and museums are busy with the conservation ofmonuments. Another agency to identify the cultural properties in danger, work hand in hand with thelocal communities, educate them, and help them in protecting their heritage is the main requirement for
better results. Though the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) is working
to safeguard the cultural heritage in the country, an agency with government funding can speed up theprocess and can unearth many such properties which are not able to see the light of the day.
Towns and villages like Nara, Takayama and Shirakawa-go are the best examples of how local
communities can be persuaded to allow restoration activities to be undertaken for their properties andalso how tourism can be developed by such activities. There are many traditional villages with tangible
and intangible heritage, and each one can become a tourist spot if restored properly. This not only helps
improve the economy but also allows this invaluable heritage to be protected for future generations.
The module on Evaluation Criteria and Restoration Method on Wooden Structures in Japan
created an awareness of how cultural properties like wooden structures are evaluated and restoredin Japan. The classification of cultural properties and the protection system for built heritage was
explained with various examples. I came to understand the system of investigation into various

57prefectures for the evaluation of various types of built heritage. Probably this kind of detailed study ineach state of India can reveal many new cultural properties which require protection.
The module on Conservation, Restoration and Maintenance of Monuments in Nara gave a detailed
report on the conservation and restoration activities happening in Nara. It is a very good example of
how a historic town can be conserved with a proper conservation management plan. The context andpolitical system in which Japan is able to carry out conservation activities with a free hand is different
from the situation in India, where a property’s land rate will be given priority over its heritage value.
Maybe the decentralized system covering both the national and prefectural governments is working
well in Japan. Though decentralization in India exists on paper, how effectively it is functioning is thequestion. The Japanese government funds all of the conservation of historic buildings and preservation
districts. In India do we have so many resources to carry out so many projects? There are many towns
back in India which can also be restored with a comprehensive conservation plan, but this requires
many resources, complete research, coordination among all of the central, state and local governments,and efforts to bring all the stakeholders into one line. Before that can happen, the political system has
to allow support for such activities.
The module on Traditional Craftsmanship and Conservation of Tools gave me a chance to see
the way tools for working with wood were conserved. Tools are very important for any construction
activity but they become even more important for wooden structures. The way Takenaka Carpentry
Tools Museum was designed and established shows the importance given to tools. It also broadens
the knowledge base for upcoming craftsman. The Japanese government also confers awards such as
Master Craftsman for carpenters who show exemplary skill. This kind of encouragement may help theartisans to work hard and pass on their skills to future generations. With development of the economy,
the children of artisans tend to convert to other occupations due to lack of opportunities and a hopefor better living standards. Because of this, finding skilled people for various conservation works
becomes difficult. Better encouragement, special courses to teach them the craft, brighter prospects,
and improved living facilities in the form of subsidies or remuneration for identified skilled artisans/craftsmen can improve the situation.
The module on ‘Systems for Restoration Project and Construction Planning’ imparted information
about the steps taken by the Agency for Cultural Affairs for the revival of the field of culture and thearts. It sheds light on the rehabilitation of cultural properties in Japan. The Japanese Association for theConservation of Architectural Monuments (JACAM) is playing an important role in conservation andrestoration activities in Japan. The large number of conservation architects who work with JACAM are
ably supervising these. In India, INTACH can play a similar role if all the conservation activities arerouted through it, especially in selecting either a contractor or conservation architect. The gap between
urban local bodies, local communities and NGOs working towards the conservation of cultural heritage
needs to be reduced for a better conservation system.

58

The module on ‘Authenticity’ explained the issues regarding authenticity in the conservation andrestoration of cultural properties. Maintaining authenticity in terms of function, design and materials isvital in any conservation or restoration process. As they decay with time, wooden structures are moredifficult to deal with than stone or masonry structures. But the Japanese, with their vast experience andindigenous techniques, try to overcome these difficulties and handle the conservation and restoration
activities very effectively. I understand that India also follows indigenous vernacular techniques tosolve the problem of authenticity on issues related to materials and techniques. They use speciallymanufactured lime mortar for masonry walls and suitable traditional materials for conservation andrestoration practices. As I mentioned earlier in my report, at Vadakkunnathan temple in Kerala, they
have preserved the idols, wood and murals of the temple with the help of natural lime, herbs, jaggery
and Ayurvedic oils without using any modern materials or techniques. But this is only one example,
and monitoring expert committees with conservation architects may be required to strengthen these
activities.
The study tour to ‘Shirakawa-go’ was a beautiful experience that reminded me of my trip to Manali
in India. The village is so picturesque that you need not look far to find a good setting. The influenceof climatic factors as well as the farming and sericulture activities of the villagers, based on which
Gassho-style houses were constructed, is evident from their design and material usage. They are trying
to find a balance between the positive and negative impacts of tourism development in the village.
Not only the conservation activities and World Heritage inscription by UNESCO, but also the way thegovernment has developed infrastructure and promoted tourism are reasons for the influx of tourists tothese places. The way this UNESCO World Heritage village is protected with the local community’s
participation is commendable. In India, traditional villages with rich cultural heritage need to berestored along similar lines.
This training program opened up my thinking about architectural conservation. It gave me a rare
glimpse and good understanding of conservation and restoration activities in Japan. After this month’s
training here I don’t think I only learned about wooden structures, but also about the importance of
cultural heritage protection in any place and the need to make the local communities stakeholders in
the process of sustainable development. After going back home, my first priority will be to consolidate
the learning from my Japan experience and then to understand the conservation and restoration
processes in India. I would like to record my thoughts in an article on the Conservation and Restoration
Process in Japan. My future course of action is planned as follows:• Research paper on the similarities/influences in elements of temple architecture between Hindu/
Buddhist temples in India and the Buddhist temples of Japan• To understand the conservation/restoration process in India, especially regarding wooden
temples in Kerala/Ladhak. Analysing the differences in the conservation/restoration processes inIndia and Japan59

• Propagation of conservation philosophy/techniques/processes through seminars/guest
lecturers/workshops etc• Articles/research presentations/discussions for the betterment of conservation processes aslearned from the training program• Participation in conservation activities at the local and national level
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Mr. NISHIMURA Yasushi, Director ACCU Nara for inviting me to be a part ofthis training program. I would also like to thank Mr. NAKAI Isao, Director, Programme Operation
Division and Ms. WAKIYA Kayoko, Director, International Cooperation Division for their help all
through the training in every possible way, and also Ms. SAKIMOTO Keiko, Chief, International
Cooperation Division for helping us through the visa application process.
I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Gamini WIJESURIYA, Dr. INABA Nobuko, Mr. UENO
Katsuhisa, Mr. TOYOKI Hiroyuki, Mr. HIDAKA Shingo, Mr. HAYASHI Yoshihiko, Mr. TACHI
Toshihide, Mr. IMANISHI Yoshio, Mr. Marcelo NISHIYAMA, Mr. MURAKAMI Yasumichi,
Ms. TOYOSHIMA Junko, Mr. MURAKAMI Jin-ichi, Mr. NISHIYAMA Kazuhiro, Mr. MIKITA
Hideo, Mr. YAMAGUCHI Isamu, Mr. SUGIMOTO Kazuki, Mr. KUBODERA Shigeru, Mr.
AOKI Koji, Ms. Lynne D DiStefano Mr. IWATA Takeshi, Mr. MATSUMOTO Keita, and Mr.
MORITA Mamoru for sharing their valuable knowledge through their lectures. It’s my pleasure
to thank Ms. HATA, a very talented and skilful interpreter for her contribution in translating all thelectures. I would also like to thank all the staff of ACCU Nara for their cooperation. My special thanks
go to Ms. SUZUKI, Ms. OKUMI Chikako and Ms. GOTO Tomoko for their kind help on and off
the class times.
Last but not least, I would like to extend my deep gratitude to my director, Dr. N Sridharan forrecommending my name to UNESCO (ACCU) through the Government of India. My sincere thanks
go to all the participants of this training program for being with me all the time and making my stayhere a memorable one.
What I knew about Japan what I saw is altogether a different picture. What a beautiful country it is!
Yes it’s picturesque with planned development everywhere. People are very systematic and friendly. I
am going back home with all these good memories to cherish for the rest of my life.
THANK YOU ACCU..............THANK YOU NARA...................THANK YOU JAPAN60

Glimpses of my Journey in Japan

Fig.1 Demonstration at Takenaka Carpentry Museum

Fig. 2 Hands-on activity at Tanaka Residence

Fig.3 Restored Cultural Landscape at Nara Palace

Fig.4 At Restoration site of Kongo-ji Temple

Fig.5 Visit to Takayama Cultural District

Fig.6 At Gassho houses at Shirakawa-Go

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Indonesia
Irvra Rangga Suhanda Yunus

Introduction
It was an honor for me to join a training course on cultural preservation in the Asia Pacific region, heldfrom 1 September 2015 to 1 October 2015. The training was a valuable experience for me, and enabled
me to gain new knowledge about methods, techniques and ways of preservation of culture, especiallyfor traditional houses in West Sumatra, Indonesia.

Figure 1: Group photo on the opening day

Training that can be applied
Much of the learning and training can be applied to the work and add to the store of knowledge in mycountry. This includes the following:
1. Dr Gamini Wijesuriya (ICCROM) pointed out the importance of conservation and restoration
to retain the culture of the region so as to maintain the typical characteristics, skills, values, andculture of the cultural area. It is my responsibility to provide information to the community,
especially West Sumatra, on how important it is to safeguard and protect the cultural area to beable to continue to view it and pass it on to future generations.
2. As explained by Ueno Katsuhisa and Toyoki Hiroyuki (Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan), thecultural property protection system process comprises appointment, registration and nomination.
The process of conservation and restoration of wooden architecture consists of the following:
1. Photography of the current state; 2. Surveys; 3. Identifying techniques; 4. Assessment andrestoration on the basis of dismantling and survey results. This process is very important forme to apply to traditional houses in West Sumatra (Rumah Gadang) so that the process of62

conservation and restoration of traditional houses can be done properly while still maintaining
cultural values.
3. Hidaka Shingo (National Museum of Ethnology) described the process of biological damage:
1. Risk of biological damage; 2. Measures against biological damage; 3. Preventive measures;
4. Elimination of pests and sterilization techniques used when biological damage occurs. A very
important way to maintain a traditional house and the artefacts in it is to avoid damage caused
by many factors.
4. Hayashi Yoshihiko (Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties) described theprocess of evaluation, investigation, and recording of wooden building heritage: 1. First
investigation (mark on the map, take snapshots, make a brief report), and selection of second
investigation; 2. Second investigation: make drawings, make a further report, (old documents,
inside the roof, etc); 3. Investigation of similar buildings; 4. Investigation of similar buildings(special brackets on the columns); 4 Investigation of similar buildings (decorative carvings on
the beams); 5. Evaluation (established age, design, religious background, historical background).
This process is very important for me to apply to traditional houses in West Sumatra (Rumah
Gadang) so that the process of conservation and restoration of traditional houses can be done
properly while still maintaining cultural values.
5. At Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum I could understand how fascinating Japanese tools are.
I was able to feel the breadth and richness of the world of carpentry tools by looking at theentirety of the exhibition, going through different sections such as exquisite works of mastercraftsmen and experience the beauty of the tools themselves. Learning from a master carpenterand pondering the traditional beauty of Japanese Wa I could see the process by which buildings
are created using carpentry tools.
6. Lectures by Murakami Yasumichi (Hyogo Prefectural Board of Education) and Toyoshima
Junko (Kobe City Board of Education). The subjects were Risk Management for Cultural
Heritage. Damage is most devastating in wooden buildings with: 1) Poor foundations andsills; 2) Insufficient diagonal bracing; 3) Inadequate connecting elements; 4) Insufficient areasof solid wall; 5) Heavy roofs. Actions taken during the restoration period include: 1) Initial
Period—Need for survey of historic and cultural resources; 2) Recovery Period—Changes inmanagement of cultural properties; 3) Issues arising from stricken important cultural properties;
4) Proceedings of the Council on Earthquake Resistance. Actions taken after the earthquake: 1)
Present state of, and tasks needed to be undertaken for undesignated cultural properties (historicbuildings); 2) Stimulating the development of regions and human relations utilizing culturalproperties; 3) Repair of cultural properties starting from renewed thinking. Learning from themwas very important and the knowledge should be applied because there is a very high risk ofearthquakes in West Sumatra.

63

7. Murakami Jin-ichi enabled me to understand the role of conservation architects in the case ofradical repair, with management-level conservation architects generally stationed permanently
in an office on the restoration sites, in a systematic effort to ensure nothing goes wrong during
restoration. At the work site, the management-level conservation architect undertakes design andsupervision activities, carries out detailed investigations, considers the direction of the repairs,
and creates records.
8. The lectures by Nishiyama Kazuhiro (NNRICP), Mikita Hideo (Nara Prefectural Government),and Yamaguchi Isamu (Nara City Government) helped me to understand the depiction of
traditional homes ranging from traditional sketch plans of the house, detailed sketch plans,detailed measurements of floor plans, sketches of pieces, detailed sketches of pieces, anddetailed measurements of pieces.
9. From a lecture by Sugimoto Kazuki (Saidaiji Photo Studio) I could understand the role ofphotography of important architectural monuments/buildings irrespective of whether or not theobject is a building: 1. Semi-permanently recording objects with the best photography available
at the time; 2. Storing the images thus taken utilizing a method that prevents their deterioration
or disappearance; 3. Preserving the data for posterity and making it able to be utilized for thecommon good as a cultural property record.
10. Kubedora Shigeru (Architectural Decoration Technological History Research Institute and Aoki
Koji (JACAM) instructed us on methods adopted for restoration of paintings in Japan: 1. Repair
to maintain the present state; 2. Partial repainting; 3. Complete repainting.

Figure 2

11. Lynne D DiStefano (Architectural Conservation Programme, Faculty of Architecture, The
University of Hong Kong) spoke about the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of
the World Heritage Convention and heritage values, technical evaluation of proposed World
Heritage Sites and conservation plans.

6412. Matsumoto Keita (Shirakawa Village Board of Education) spoke about the values and issues
related to the historic villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama becoming World Heritage Sites.

Conclusion
I would like to submit that my month-long stay here in Japan was very interesting and enjoyable,
and indeed an adventure by which I could learn a lot about Japanese principles, methodologies, andtechniques concerning the protection, conservation, management and utilization of archaeologicalsites through the various presentations, practical training and on-site lectures conducted by experts inthe field of archaeology. Therefore, I would like to pay my deepest respect and express my heartfelt
gratitude to all the eminent lecturers and specialists for sparing their time and sharing their knowledge
and words of wisdom.

Acknowledgements
My sincere, heartfelt thanks go to the ACCU office and all the staff for organizing the program andgiving me this great opportunity to attend this word-class training course. I wish to also thank theassistants for their selfless help and assistance every time I was in need, and for making my stay inJapan a most wonderful one.
Thank you, Terima Kasih, Arigato gozaimasu.

65

Lao P.D.R.
Phimmasenh Sybounheuang

Final Report on the Training Course on Cultural Protectionin the Asia-Pacific Region 2015
I. Introduction
This training course was held in Nara city, Japan from 1st September to 1st October 2015. This training
course was jointly organized by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan, Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre
for UNESCO (ACCU), International Centre for the Study of Preservation and Restoration of Cultural
Property (ICCROM), and National Institutes for Cultural Heritage, National Research Institute forCultural Properties [Tokyo and Nara], in cooperation with the Japan Consortium for International
Cooperation in Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Japanese National Commission
for UNESCO, Nara Prefectural Government, and Nara City Government. ACCU hosted the opening
ceremony for this course, with participants from 15 countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Lao P.D.R., Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Samoa, Uzbekistan
and Vietnam. This training program was organized to analyze the problems faced in cultural heritage
protection and restoration activities in the Asia Pacific region and to facilitate state-of-the-art solutions
for these problems. The participants also received updated information on the latest methodologies andtechnologies which can be applied and practiced in their respective countries.
The purpose of this training course was to upgrade the knowledge of participants on the principles
and methodologies for conservation and restoration. We were taught various skills and techniques forrecording and analyzing artifacts as well as methods for the storage management and exhibition of
artifacts, and we also had the opportunity to establish networks with colleagues from the Asia Pacificregion and share our experiences with each other.

II. Activities and Lectures in This Training Course
The period of this training course was one month, from 1st September to 1st October 2015, and it
opened officially on 1st September 2015 at the Fuji Hotel at 9:30 am. The first session was Problems
and Needs for Cultural Heritage Protection and Restoration Activities, which ran until 12:30 pm, after
which we had the opportunity to visit the Deputy Governor of Nara Prefecture at 14:00 pm.
- On 2nd September, Dr. Gamini Wijesuriya presented a lecture on Preservation and Restorationof Wooden Structures: Introduction to Wooden Heritage in Asia and the Pacific Region, and thebasic meaning, importance, role and responsibilities of ICCROM.
- On 3rd and 4th September, the Participants Country Reports Presentation and Discussion session
was held, and after the presentations, Ms. Nobuko INABA (Tsukuba University) gave a lecture
on Preservation of Wooden Heritage.
- On 7th September, UENO Katsuhisa, Senior Cultural Properties Specialist of the Cultural

66

Properties Department, Agency for Cultural Affairs presented a lecture on the Cultural Heritage
Protection System and Current Status of Conservation in Japan. After that, we attended thesession Conservation and Restoration of Wooden Architecture in Japan.
- On 8th September, HIDAKA Shingo of the National Museum of Ethnology presented a lecture
on Preventive Measures against Biological Damage: A Case Study of the National Museum of
Ethnology (Minpaku, Japan).
1. Risks of Biological Damage to Ethnographic Artifacts
2. Measures taken Against Biological Damage at Minpaku in the early years
3. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Initiatives at Minpaku, Part 1 (Preventive Measures)
4. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Initiatives at Minpaku, Part 2 (Elimination and
Sterilization Techniques Used When Biological Damage Occurs).
- On 9th September, HAYASHI Yoshihiko of the Nara National Research Institute for Cultural
Properties presented a lecture on evaluation and investigation records for wooden building
heritage.
- On 10th September, TACHI Toshihide of Kasuga-taisha Shrine and IMANISHI Yoshio ofTodai-ji Temple presented a lecture on Conservation/Restoration and Management of Historic
Monuments of Ancient Nara.
- On 11th September, Marcelo NISHIYAMA of Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum presented alecture on Traditional Craftsmanship and Conservation of Tools (Study tour in Kobe).
- On 12th September, MURAKAMI Yasumichi of Hyogo Prefectural Board of Education and
TOYOSHIMA Junko of Kobe City Board of Education presented a lecture on Disaster Risk
Management for Cultural Heritage Based on the Experience of the Great Hanshin Earthquake(Study tour in Kobe).
- On 14th September, MURAKAMI Jin-ichi presented a lecture on System and Project Planningfor the Repair of Architectural Monuments in Japan.
- On 15th and 17th September, NISHIYAMA Kazuhiro (Nara National Research Institute forCultural Properties), MIKITA Hideo (Nara Prefectural Government), and YAMAGUCHI
Isamu (Nara City Government) presented a lecture on Recording/Documentation of Wooden
Structures - I; Damage/Deterioration Surveys and Planning for Restoration; Restoration Method
in Practice) at Tanaka Farmhouse and Toshodai-ji Temple.
- On 18 th September, SUGIMOTO Kazuki (Saidaiji Photo Studio) presented a lecture on
Recording/Documentation of Wooden Structures - II (Photography) at Gangoji Temple.
- On 21st September, KUBODERA Shigeru (Historical Research Institute for Architectural
Decoration Technology) presented a lecture on Surveying Painting and Plans for Painting
Restoration I, at Todai-ji Temple.
- On 22nd September, KUBODERA Shigeru and AOKI Koji (JACAM) presented a lecture on
Restoration of Wooden Structures in Practice: Repair of Painting (at Gongo-ji Temple andKanshin-ji Temple).
- On 24th and 25th September, Lynne D DiStefano, Architectural Conservation Programmes,
Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong (ICCROM) presented a lecture on
Preservation of Wooden Heritage (Theory and Practice) II-III, at the ACCU office.

67

- On 27th September, IWATA Takashi (Takayama City Board of Education) hosted a study tour:
Preservation and Maintenance of Wooden Structures I (Vernacular Houses and Townscapes).
- On 28th September, MATSUMOTO Keita (Shirakawa Village Board of Education) hosted astudy tour: Preservation and Maintenance of Wooden Structures II (Vernacular Houses andTownscapes); (World Heritage and Historic Villages in Shirakawa-go).
- On 29th September, MORITA Mamoru (Kanazawa Traditional Architectural Design Office);
hosted a study tour: Conservation and Restoration of Castle Architecture.

III. Evaluation of This Training Course
This training course was a wonderful opportunity for all participants to receive updated knowledge
in all aspects of the current problems and solutions for cultural heritage protection and restoration
activities in the Asia Pacific region. This course was comprehensively framed and structured to
identify, analyze and educate about cultural heritage protection and restoration. I can confirm that thiscourse fulfilled its main purpose.

Recording/Documentation of Wooden Structures and Restoration Methods at Tanaka Famiry Residence

IV. Conclusion
The Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region 2015 provided allparticipants with an equal opportunity to improve and upgrade their knowledge and skills in their own
work for better efficiency, and to study new techniques and implement the same for conservation andrestoration of cultural heritage. In addition, this training course provided me with hands-on practiceand a great professional experience in Japan. It also introduced me to modern methods that can beapplied and practiced along with various conservation, preservation and research analysis techniques.
This course has been of great value for me. Also it created a common platform for all of us to share our
professional experience and knowledge with colleagues from other countries.

V. Acknowledgments- I hereby express my sincere gratitude to all the organizers and sponsors of this particularly
valuable training course.
- I am grateful to ACCU, ICCROM, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. And I am also
very thankful to my country (Lao P.D.R), particularly the head of the management office of Vat
Phu Champasak World Heritage and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Laos for giving me such a
wonderful opportunity to participate in this training course.

68

- I am really grateful to Mr. Nishimura Yasushi, the director of ACCU, as well to the interpreter,
all the lecturers and all ACCU staff for making everything convenient for us during the entire
period of this training course.
- My heartfelt thanks also go to all my fellow participants from the Asia Pacific region for theirvaluable ideas, information and support throughout the entire course.

69

Mongolia
Miyegombo Tsermaa

Final report
Introduction
As a participant in the ACCU Nara Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the AsiaPacific Region 2015, I am pleased to give feedback and opinions based on my experience, knowledge
and thoughts, especially in comparison with the situation in Mongolia, organised into the following
sections:
1) General ideas on the Japanese conservation system
2) Comparison to Mongolian museum complexes
3) Discussion and conclusion

1) General Ideas on the Japanese Conservation System
One of the most important factors I have found explaining why Japanese conservation of culturalproperties is so successful is the comprehensive Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. It wasestablished in 1950 through a combination of previous laws, and various amendments over the next 65
years have both strengthened its structure as a policy on cultural heritage and raised awareness about
the protection of cultural properties among the Japanese people. Previous laws had also establishedand addressed the importance of conservation in Japan, even more than 100 years ago.
Enactment of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in 1950, along with subsequent
amendments to the designation system, have provided a successful mechanism for, and broadened
the scope of heritage protection in Japan, which divides major cultural properties into two levelsof categories—National Treasures and Important Cultural Properties—and also supports Japanesetradition in its non-physical form by establishing a system of protection for both intangible andtangible cultural properties.
The most meaningful amendments to the law for me, which I want to address here as suggestive formy country worthy of comparison, are the system of preservation districts for groups of traditionalbuildings (1975), the system of registered cultural properties (1996), and amendments giving
protection to cultural landscapes (2004). The system of preservation districts for groups of traditionalbuildings broadened the scope of protection for cultural properties, not only in terms of the scale andstyle of cultural properties, but also in making better use of national historic and cultural knowledge
for humanity.
Of course, I know that the implementation of a protection system for group buildings requires a lotof investment and effort and the participation of many people each time. But for Japan it has already70become reality, and therefore, I think that we have to introduce the Japanese experience. Also, we needto introduce similar laws to those in Japan for the protection of cultural heritage.
In my opinion, we can undertake a joint project; for example, ‘museumification’ of the historical andcultural heritage of Mongolia
Targets:-Analysis of the safety of historic buildings used as museums-Securing and improving the skills of professional staff-Expert seminars to organize the museum network, supporting sustainable development ofspecialized groups of museums-Organizing public programs like excursions for people to realize the importance and results ofthe project.

2) Comparison to Mongolian Museum Complexes
Mongolia is best known as a country in Central Asia that has a tradition of nomadic culture, with thecore business being ranching in the harsh climatic conditions. Wood is widely used in Mongolian
household environments. Depending on the quality and size of the tree, wood is widely used inconstruction (houses, monasteries), and at home (objects, jewelry) But throughout the world, humancivilization is changing, which is in turn changing the system of socialization in the Mongolian
lifestyle, which has forced us to preserve the most original nomadic culture. As a participant in the
ACCU Nara Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region 2015, I am
familiar with the experience of conservation and restoration in the Asian and Pacific countries. Somecommon characters are marked on Buddhist structures in China, Nepal and Japan. However, due todifferent climates, these countries each have unique problems in the protection and preservation ofcultural heritage.
In Mongolia since 1930, wooden constructions have been able to be viewed at museums, and twoof them, Bogd Khaan Palace Museum and Choijin Lama Temple Museum are located in the capital,
Ulaanbaatar, while the others are in other regions of Mongolia.
In my opinion, ‘museumfication’ of wooden heritage in Mongolia has the following positives andnegatives in regard to conservation:
Positive for conservation of historic properties;-Prolongs the aging of wooden buildings with a rich history-Used to improve public knowledge
Negative for conservation-Changes the original appointments for museum displays and to serve visitors-Doesn’t comply with the special provisions on the protection of cultural heritage, such as
immovable monument conservation and restoration-It is quite evident that Mongolia lacks renovation and conservation knowledge and skills for
cultural heritage constructions.

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-We have lost our traditional technology and skills for preservation and renovation works related
to cultural heritage constructions.

3) Discussion and conclusion• Firstly, it has created data of information about restoration. On the basis of this data museums
have to provide research on conservation and restoration.
• All the temple buildings are painted in a natural mineral paint. At the present time, Mongolian
professionals are not able to find suitable paint like the original.
• Wooden constructions are too obsolete. All details should be restored immediately.
• On the other hand, museum workers dealing with historic wooden building must be aware ofmodern technology for conservation and restoration of wooden materials. That is why we needtraining on the conservation of wooden constructions. There are very few vacancies for museum
restorers and conservators in wooden heritage. Training on methods of analysis, expertise andconservation planning for experienced professional staff is required.
• A priority for my country is to create documentation, to save traditional technology forreconstruction, and to extend the age of wooden buildings, especially their decorations andpatterns.
Now I know what kind of repair system is required, what categories of cultural properties must becovered by the law, how we need to create a law on the maintenance and improvement of historiclandscapes in a community. I can share this information with Mongolian museum staff.

Thanks for the ACCU Nara Office72

NepalTandukar Sabina

Salvage, Preservation and Documentation of Cultural Heritage:
Lessons from Japan for Nepal
The collective attachment and collective memory that weshare with our cultural heritage adds value to our everyday
life and gives a sense of belonging with a certain place.
This place is probably part of our roots, where we have
evolved to be what we are and how we live today. It isinteresting to see how such heritages have continued toinfluence the social pattern within their periphery and also
how modern man has continued to interpret this influence.
While this interconnection creates dynamism, it has
become crucial to understand the change that both man
and these heritages are going through.
While Nepal suffered a devastating earthquake thisyear, it had to face a massive loss of cultural heritage.
Immediately after the earthquake the focus was on rescue
and relief operations, and then operations began to

Figure 1 face-page of TBI Nepal, A private

provide temporary shelter. Now, almost five months after house from Thankot, Kathmandu
that fateful day, rebuilding and restoration plans are being
discussed and carried out.

Amid all this turmoil, what we learned is that a proper system and plan for salvaging the remains of
our heritage is crucial to ensure proper rebuilding and restoration activities. Another point that cameto the fore was the necessity to document all heritages, from small details to inventories of entire
traditional settlements. The database thus created needs to be shared among all agencies concerned.
Nepal has documented most of its world heritage sites; however, the documentation of many traditional
settlements and their social and cultural aspects needs to be carried out. The Traditional Buildings
Inventory (TBI-Nepal) formed under the collaboration of ICOMOS Nepal, KVPT (Kathmandu Valley
Preservation Trust) and Rich Architectures is working to document the private traditional homes ofaround 53 Newar settlements from within and around the Kathmandu Valley to at least have a recordof what our traditional townscapes looked like before everything is torn down. This emergency
documentation process is totally based on digital photography and a record of the house owner and his
aspirations. During this initiation we questioned ourselves as to why these edifices were unable to raisemuch interest and awareness among lay persons, and how to educate them to understand the value of73

such possession of cultural property, which might be a matter of individual possession, but the spiritualvalues they carry belong to society, the region and the nation and even the global community.

The lessons learned through the ACCU training are crucial to this project’s success and should takeit forward to the rebuilding process. The process through which the Japanese systems work to keepa record of such structures will be very helpful. But not only for built structures; I also learned theessence and method of recording the techniques, tools and role of craftsmen in traditional works. This
inclusive and integrative method of documentation, as I see it, can preserve, prepare and reinforce thesocial system. The idea of cultural mapping, where overlaying the intangibles over the tangibles canshow us the layers of space over time and in the meantime can show the true picture of the context andgive us a bigger perspective to work with. These new-found dimensions would be integrated to prepare
the inventory and base the project on the values of the community
The heritage of Nepal is religion- and faith-based, this leads to the fact that historic preservation ofmonuments must be accompanied by ensuring the active participation of cultural heritage into thelife of the local people and vice versa. This participation must come in the form of the conservation74

of tangible expressions focused on the intangible aspects that surround and infuse them. As Prof.
Sudarshan Raj Tiwari puts it: “Vestiges of intangible culture are, however, the last to go and theseremain precisely because they touch the cords of the heart of the practitioner of residual culture.
Elements such as language, dialects, music, legends and rituals are some such areas which could belinked with monument conservation so that civic relations are established. This will be able to infuse
civil acceptance and emulation of conservation into their daily actions.”
The Shirakawa-go village committee
provided an example of how empowering
locals to preserve their heritage can bringthem a sense of social ownership, which isbeneficial for keeping the community andits built heritage intact. Nepal has similarancient community groups called Guthi(which still continue). Under this system,
every temple and the intangible heritage
associated with it are taken care of by acertain local group of people, who form
a local body to ensure continuation of the

Figure 2 Lun-HIti Sundhara, Patan. It is still a social center
for meeting people and filling water for daily use or simply
drink from it on a hot sunny day

local traditions. They almost resemble
modern day trusts. There are several typesof such Guthi; a few examples are - Hiti
Guthi: to ensure protection and preservationof jahru (spigots), hiti (stone water
conduits), and falcha (rest houses), Si / Sana
Guthi: associated with the death rituals of
the local community; Sa Guthi: associatedwith mustard oil producers especially inthe village of Khokana (south of Patan).
Every citizen has a long association withsome part of his city, and his image issoaked in memories and meanings. These
Guthis ensure meritorious activities among
these communal people and increases the
feeling of associative relations with thesurroundings. The important aspect of
the Shirakawa-go committee was its legal
ability to give opinions and make decisions
on the management and preservation of thefabric of the village. Nepal also needs toempower its small Guthis to become the

Figure 3 Jahruhiti, Near Mangal Bazar. The locals cameforward to repair this ailing stone water spigot; the spirit isstill there among the communal people to come forward topreserve their heritage.

75

face of their respective communities for heritage preservation and communal works. These groups canalso be used to implement risk management plans in times of emergency for both humanitarian andheritage works.
This government-communal partnership can be taken further to build partnerships with corporate
organizations that have not given priority to this area. This way we can create a financial pool to fundsuch activities and in the meantime make our society culturally sensitive even at the corporate level.
This new-found interrelationship between government, communities and corporations will see asustained regional identity, and Nara is one such beautiful example of a retained landscape.
Revitalizing existing old buildings is also needed in present-day Newar society, where there are
hundreds of such historic houses with exquisite craftworks especially on wooden windows and doors.
Giving new functions to these age-old structures and finding economic benefit for the owners is an
important task ahead. Many such houses in the Swotha area of Patan have been turned into tourist
accommodations, bringing a financial boon to the owners – the result being that now the owners do
not want to pull down the old houses to build modern ones; rather, they are adamant about preserving
the old flavor. There is a need to introduce new policies like these and Japan has a system of providing
subsidies, but since Nepal is an economically poor country, it needs to look at what further role thegovernment can play in helping its citizens in any preservation works.
Public outreach through the media for the promotion of restoration and rebuilding in the traditional
style is another lesson to learn from Japan. Local and national media can help to educate the people
and give them an idea of the repair and maintenance activities that can be carried out in their own
homes and communities. I am an architect and I also work as an editor of Business Architecture
magazine. Although promoting research on Newari architecture in every issue of the magazine is
one of our main concerns as a publishing group, we also have plans to publish an architectural series
focusing on craftsmen, traditional technology and documentation works. Bringing craftsmen to theforefront will increase confidence among the general public that even today quality construction canbe achieved through traditional materials and technology. Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum, Kobe
was an inspiration for us all; the historic documentation of carpentry works, the extensive collectionof tools and the research unit to promote carpentry as a profession was praiseworthy and a valuable
learning experience. My country also has such a carpentry history and carpenters are the soul of ourheritage. I think a place like this in my country would boost the morale of our carpenter brothers.
Nepal still has a long way to go, and integrating such craftsmen into developments is crucial for thecultural growth of my country.
Another aspect that this training has instilled in me is to see entrepreneurial opportunities for local
communities based on local handcrafts and agriculture-based products, and a percentage of the income
earned by tourism needs to be put back into the communities to help retain the local customs andlanguages. Nepal is rich in terms of ethnic, architectural and geographical diversity and to be able76

to preserve and explore the opportunities within this diversity would bring benefits at all levels andsectors of society.
Finally, Nepal like any other developing country, is seeing urban sprawl as a result of an infrastructurecentric way of thinking, but as Giedon says, “All the talk about organizing and planning is vain when
it is not possible to create again the whole man, unfractured in his methods of thinking and feeling.”
And Schulz says, “We often hear that present-day society is chaotic, and that this fact must lead toarchitectural disorder. The argument is superficial. Any society necessarily has a particular ‘structure’
which should find a corresponding physical frame. Its chaotic aspects are often due to the lack ofthis correspondence.” This training has given me the maturity to identify the richness of possibilities
within this confusion and I am thankful to ACCU, ICCROM and the other cultural agencies for thiswonderful opportunity!

77

PakistanAzeem Muhammad

Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region 2015 Final Report
Introduction:
The conservation, restoration and preservation of cultural heritage in Pakistan is my responsibility.
I work in the Department of Archaeology & Museums, Ministry of Information, Broadcasting andNational Heritage, Government of Pakistan. My main duties are survey, investigation, preparation ofmaster plans/estimates, conservation of monuments, and preservation of excavated sites.
During the past several years, the Department of Archaeology and Museums has successfully carriedout preservation and restoration works at a number of historical monuments and vernacular buildingssuch as Jahangir’s Tomb (Lahore), Noor Jahan’s Tomb (Lahore), Rohtas Fort (Jhelum), Asif Khan’s
Tomb (Lahore), Tomb of Sheikh Ali (Gujrat), Baoli (Jandiala Sher Khan), Hiran Minar (Sheikhpura)and Tank (Sheikhpura).

Overview of Training Course:
The training course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia Pacific Region 2015 regarding
preservation and restoration of wooden structures was organized by the Cultural Heritage Protection
Cooperation Office, Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU Nara) Japan and its partners.
The training course started on 1st September 2015 and was completed on 30th September, 2015.
There were 15 participants from 15 Asian countries in this course. During the course, there were
presentations, lectures, practical training and onsite lectures regarding wooden conservation.

Japan’s Conservation System:
One of the most important factors I have found as to why Japan’s conservation of cultural properties
is very successful is because of the comprehensive Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. The
most important point for me is the establishment of the system of Preservation Districts for Groups of
Traditional Buildings, the 1996 amendment establishing a system of registered cultural properties, andthe 2004 amendment giving protection to cultural properties and also emphasizing the importance ofthe close relationship of people with their own heritage. The close coordination by local people is very
important because without public support, it is not possible to maintain cultural heritage.
Every country constructs its buildings and structures in accordance with the natural situation, people,
communities and places. So the characteristics of built heritage varies from country to country aroundthe world. Due to this, it is very difficult to apply the same ideas and knowledge about built heritage inthe same manner everywhere.

78

Significance of Training:
The training environment was very good. During the lectures, Japanese methods of conservationand preservation were the main topics. We also had the opportunity to observe a number of sites
and interact with professionals. Due to the broad scope of the training, it was beneficial for both theparticipants as well as their respective countries, which is the true significance of this course. Most
Asian countries have similar kinds of problems regarding conservation, which can be addressed withthese kinds of discussions.

Techniques used for Conservation and Preservation of Wooden Buildings in Pakistan:
In Pakistan, the conservation and restoration problems of historical buildings are undoubtedly
enormous. The conservation of ancient buildings at Lahore Fort is a difficult task. The uniquemonuments are suffering from different problems in various degrees. The unique and highly prized
Shish Mahal in particular was suffering from unique problems, which have been solved with theassistance of a UNESCO-NORAD funded project. Both national and international experts havestudied the conservation problems and the restoration work in progress. However, the problem of highhumidity inside the buildings and monuments with very thick walls has also added to the difficulties of
the conservator and managers of the site. Shalimar Garden is also under threat both from the visitors
and the hazard of the rising water table around the prized monument.
The problems at the archaeological remains of Taxila are also complex. The wild plant growth isvirtually uncontrollable. The micro and macroclimate of the valley has been disturbed at a rapid pace,which has also adversely affected the monuments. The poor drainage system has been harming thestanding structure. Similarly, restoration of suitable micro and macro climatic conditions is also needed
for better preservation and maintenance of the cultural relics in their original environments.
The fundamental objective of conservation is to prolong the life of the cultural heritage without
destroying its physical or other evidence. The minimum effective action is always best while carryingout the conservation work. If possible, the action should be reversible, otherwise it can be damaging
for the existing original elements of the site. Sometime, we have to proceed with reconstruction ofhistoric buildings; for example, the recent reconstruction of Ziarat Residency, which was completely
damaged in a terrorist attack in June, 2013. Even then, the restoration and reconstruction must be
based upon accurate documentation and evidence, not merely conjecture.

Knowledge Gained During Training:i.

Value and Authenticity of Monuments

ii. Inspections in the Conservation and Repair of Architectural Monumentsa) Actual measurement surveyb) Damage surveyc) Trace surveyd) Specifications surveye) Chronological survey

79f) Photographyg) Structural analysis of buildingh) Literature survey etc.
iii. Disaster Prevention
iv. Integrated Pest Managementv.

Investigation and Evaluation of Wooden Buildings.

vi. Risk Managementvii. Preservation and Restoration Techniquesviii. Techniques/Basic Knowledge of Taking Photographs of Cultural Propertiesix.	Practical Training for Survey/Study Regarding Restoration of Paintings of ArchaeologicalMonuments.

Discussion and Conclusion:
This training made me realize that cultural heritage property is not an issue for only one country—it is
the property of mankind and should be protected, conserved and restored to maintain and sustain it for
the future. Through this training, I have gained new ideas, techniques and more advanced knowledge,
which will help me in understanding the concepts of conservation of cultural properties. I will share
my experiences with other conservators in my department as part of their training.

Acknowledgements:
I would like to thank the Government of Japan, Cultural Heritage Cooperation Office Asia Pacific
Cultural Centre for UNESCO Nara (ACCU) and International Centre for the study of the Preservation
and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM). Thank you very much for the close coordination,
support and effective management throughout the entire program. Finally, I would like to thank the
Department of Archaeology and Museums and Ministry of Information, Broadcasting and National
Heritage of the Government of Pakistan for nominating me for this course.

80Meeting with Deputy Governor of Nara
Prefecture

Restoration site in Osaka Japan

Visit to National Museum of Ethnology

Storage area of National Museum of
Ethnology

Cross section of roof at Kasuga-taisha Shrine
Nara

Lecture at restoration site in Nara

Outside view of ongoing restoration work

Cross section model of a brick structure in
Kobe

81

Philippines
Panganiban Friscian Rabanes

Final Report
To my knowledge, and based on the information I obtained from this training, the legal system forthe historical and cultural property of Japan is similar to some extent to that of the Philippines. The
Philippines’ legal system for cultural and historical property is based on ICCROM’S publisheddocuments and also on the experience of participants in the training provided by ICCROM and ACCU
in the past. The following is an account of the knowledge and skills gained from ACCU’s training thatare feasible and can be immediately applied to the agency’s work.
The principle of management and maintenance of the museum: Our agency is responsible for twentytwo (22) modern museums; some are new structures but most are old structures. We will recommend
a re-assessment of the management and maintenance of each museum and what problems may occur,and take prior steps to solve the problems. One problem we face is the humidity within some museums
and how the display of artifacts requires constant maintenance. Based on this training we can limit themaintenance by finding the source of the problem with constant monitoring of the display.
Re-evaluating our main storage and individual museum storage: As part of a cultural agency thatspecializes in historical structures and historical artifacts, our agency is responsible for preserving
historical artifacts both for the museum and for storage; although compared to the Ethnology museum,
our storage is rather small and we don’t have such sophisticated machinery. The recommendation is for
new devices to upgrade both the main storage and individual museum storage for artifacts.
Updating of an evaluation card or fill-up form for initial assessment of important cultural property: We
are instructed to submit a complete staff work report right after a site inspection.
Reassessment of fire protection systems in every structure our agency handles: Strict compliance withthe fire protection system for our structures is always an issue for the interior designer, especially forold structures where it is impossible to run fire protection pipes in the ceiling without compromisingsome part of the structure. In Japan, fire protection systems are often built outside the structure, which
is worth recommending.
Salary increases based on skill level: For general construction and restoration construction, the laborfee for a carpenter, mason, tinsmith, etc. is the same. These are different methods of construction,
but restoration is an intricate process that needs more time and experience to accomplish. We may
recommend the establishment of a training program for all workers involved in restoration works
to have them increase their level of skill. In the Philippines, most cities have training schools for82

vocational courses, and by coordinating with each municipal training school, we may be able toinclude restoration training as a skill the students can learn. As a result, we can have the graduatesclassified as fit for restoration and thereby increase their salaries. This is not a simple task, and it may
take years to be approved by our government.
Recommendation and re-assessment of “private” cultural property: This is the most difficult task whena private structure is regarded as cultural property due to its age, as most of the time the owner does
not want the structure to be listed as a cultural property because of the cost of restoring it compared
to demolishing it and rebuilding a new one. The legal system of Japan in funding private culturalproperties may be a good source of reference for re-assessment of funding cultural properties, although
one problem that may occur is that the owner would be obligated to make their home available to the
public and this may upset the owner.
The following are the knowledge and skills gained from the ACCU training that should prove usefulfor future development of design and construction.
The method of sheltering the entire structure for restoration would be expensive to do in our country.
But for some very significant old structures we may recommend this method, as it is very helpful for
protecting the structure and also those working within it. It also makes the work a lot easier to carryout because with the scaffolding surrounding the whole structure, you can quickly move to wherever
you need to work and also make observations more easily.
The Philippines has an environmental law that stipulates that no big trees shall be cut down, and withthis law, we are having a hard time replacing large wooden frameworks. A method from one of thelectures indicates that this can be done by bundling smaller diameter pieces of wood and strappingthem together, however, one consequence is that the strength of the bundled wood is not as strong as
one piece of wood.
For the site visit to the town of Kanazawa and the village of Shirakawa, it is notable that all powerlines are concealed underneath the street, providing a clear view of the sky. Also the fire protection for
the village is set throughout the street with proper concealment and easy-to-read signage. We have thesame issue for some villages and towns where electric poles protrude onto the street and are very nearstructures, acting as a possible hazard. What I learned here may be applied to the cultural properties oftown and villages.
The training in photo-documentation of structures gave me new methods for improving our photodocumentation and shall guide me regard to the next purchase of a camera for structure and site
documentation. And for the actual photo-documentation of the structure, we shall recommend themethods learned from the workshop training to our museum inventory. For future expansion of
our office, we may also create a photo-documentation area based on equipment introduced at theworkshop.

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The training on authenticity from ICCROM provided useful knowledge that can be shared with newly
employed architects, and this will be useful for the initial assessment of structures in terms of bothtangible and intangible heritage. This will make the evaluation faster if relevant information can bereflected in the initial report of the findings of authenticity.
In regard to restoration methods and the quality of work, the various wooden construction methods
may not all be applicable to our country due to the use of local materials, but we shall certainly take
into consideration the quality of the work done in Japan.
Finally, learning about the history of Japan, the methods of Japanese restoration, the time and effort
put into building a structure, be it a residence, shrine or temple, and the discipline and hospitality of
the Japanese people will all set a good example for my country.

84SamoaApelu Lumepa Josephine

Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region

Samoan war canoe of the 1800s. Photo: National Library of New Zealand.

Background
The training was dedicated to the management, restoration and conservation of cultural heritage,focusing technically on the concept of wooden structures in Japan. Learning from the tools provided,
both technical and theoretical, the training has provided ample material to help with proposals writtenby the museum for the purpose of establishing a more definitive role in managing cultural heritage
conservation.

85

General Status of Heritage Conservation in Samoa
There are not many laws currently on the books to protect the cultural heritage of Samoa, but pending
policies such as the National Culture Policy and the Museum Policy may be stepping stones to a
speedy enactment of such laws. There is some existing legislation mandated to protect heritage(especially art and traditional knowledge) from exploitation.
Ministries with duplicated functions aimed at preserving and conserving cultural heritage are finally
being included in the National Heritage Committee, which is chaired by the Minister of Education. The
Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture is currently seen as the coordinator for the national culture
policy.

Short Term Goals of the Training
The training has inspired and convinced us that Samoa would benefit most from a simple start at
conservation management and planning by joining ICCROM.
One of the long term aims of the Museum of Samoa is to adopt international standards. ICCROM will
be a useful tool in ensuring that the museum is following and achieving its goals. Simply starting at apoint where we can have and implement control is more practical and doable. The museum can then
add to that with more substantive arguments regarding cultural developments in Samoa.

Long Term Goals
Sound Structure to Goals for Conservation
From the training, it is realized that a structured approach to conservation is cost effective andsustainable. Many facets of Japan’s system of conservation also include the active participation of thecommunities involved. Samoa would do well to follow a similar scheme as it also relies on tourism toprovide incomes for many people.
Relevant Partnerships and Expertise
We recommend to the National Heritage Committee that the coordination and involvement of relevant
partners, including architects, engineers, photographers, conservators, archaeologists, historians, etc.
from the beginning, with a detailed database for heritage sites, artefacts, places of significance, andart would be most useful in setting clear definitions for each material of cultural significance and for
creating meaningful stories for generations to come.
Tourism Based Conservation Strategy
A most significant recommendation is to also include an active role for village participants in the
consultations regarding conservation of cultural heritage. While government may provide all thefunding, it seems more useful and reasonable to encourage self management of cultural heritage in thevillages with some financial support provided by the government as an incentive. When people takecharge of their own heritage in Japan, tourism is boosted also. Such a harmonious lifestyle creates
an economically and environmentally stable community. Foreseeing the same benefits for Samoa,

86committee houses and legend sites can be used by Samoans to display their traditions and reveal theirstories. The sky is the limit with such possibilities.
National Museum of Samoa Focal Centre
As museums are places of education and conservation, the profile of the museum in Samoa can beenhanced through a detailed definition of its role as a promoter and protector of cultural heritage. The
current structure of the Culture Division is such that many of its functions are scattered. To combine
these divisions into a single section that fufills the purposes of the museum is more cohesive andmakes sense to outside observers. It would also help to increase funding and enable a more viable
and sustainable museum collection. Looking at museums in Japan, where education is enhanced
through the training of PhD students, the museum of Samoa itself can be a source of such training
once its functions are fully realized. It is also an institution that can earn an income on its own, so thegovernment would not have to spend so much on resourcing it in the future.
Lessons Learnt in the Training
Wooden structures such as colonial buildings in Samoa are fast being replaced through development.
The main issues facing heritage workers are that there is no funding to restore the buildings and there
are no strong arguments against depleting the stock of such buildings. The emphasis on development
overrides the need for such buildings.
Conservation training would help overcome this hurdle. Even more so, it would also inviteinternational attention to assist with funding.
Technical skills such as structural engineering, architecture, and photography already exist in Samoa.
The need to include the opinions and expertise of conservation workers is important in deciding on the
purpose of heritage sites and whether or not they are worth restoring.
Without laws to protect heritage sites, artefacts and art, there is very little we can do to lift the profile
of cultural heritage in Samoa and enable it to provide a sustainable future for Samoans living inharmony with traditions and the environment.
Site Visits in Japan Inspiring Reflections on Samoa

The sites visited in Japan were inspirational, stunning and peaceful. They each provided a place ofcomfort for the seeking soul. To see that many people from all over the world enjoy such sites is proofof a well-sustained management conservation system. Japanese gardens are exceptional also.
If Samoa adapts such ideals towards the care of her cultural heritage, she will also attract many people
to visit her shores for the purpose of finding something uniquely Samoan. As a green country overall,
it can be a museum on its own shores, depicting a harmonious culture and people.

87

Concluding Words
After arriving in Japan a month ago with no expectations but to be trained in conservation, I leave witha sense of satisfaction and contentment. I contributed what I could to the discussions and workshops. I
also learnt so much from the trainers and the participants. And I have ample reason to want to return tosuch a welcoming place.
I was most touched by the care and concern shown to us by the ACCU staff. Mr Nakai is everappreciated for his patience and persistence. I am also grateful to the Director of ACCU for his
support. There are several people that I should name, but it is my humble wish that you all take to heart
my deep and heartfelt gratitude for including Samoa this year. Thank you in spades. God speed.

88Uzbekistan
Rakhmanova Ziyoda Muradovna

Final Report
Introducing Uzbekistan:
Uzbekistan was an arena for the crossover of totally different cultures for many centuries. Eachnation of invaders of this country built their own famous architectural temples, mosques and strategic
buildings. From one generation to the next, people tried to keep those buildings as market places,
meeting arenas or shelters.
Today, these architectural heritages are in the process of being restored according to the historical data.
Here in Japan I learned a lot about the restoration of historical wooden structures through attending
lectures of high profile teachers.
The training course was very useful not only for me, but also my organization and my country, as I
will use the knowledge I gained from this training course in my job as much as possible.
In the territory of Uzbekistan, wooden handicrafts began to be produced around 2000 BC. This has
been proven from archaeological excavations and finds of wooden utensils, small trunks with imagesof statues and all kinds of animals, and other samples. Making geometric forms from wood, andwooden doors and columns began from the 7th century. During the 14th century, in the great Amir
Temur and Temurieds period, all kinds of art, including folk art, started to develop very fast. Woodcarving especially was the most important of all the arts. In the Shah-i-Zinda complex as an example
to the whole world, the unique door at the entrance of the Ibn Abbas mausoleum made of wood byMaster Sheroziy in the 14th century, still retains its elegance.
Woodcraft continued to be produced in the same spirit later as well in the 16th to 20th centuries,
in accordance with Islamic architecture (the historical works of art in these buildings have beenpreserved till the present time). Examples can be found in the doors and windows of the Shah-i-Zinda
complex, the big gates of the Registan, DevonBegi in Bukhara, Kalon Mosque complex of Bahauddin
Naqshbandi, a number of mosques, madrasah in Khiva and Kokand Urda, the Inn Jo’me Mosquecomplex, and many similar works with extremely sensitive historical craftwork and doors, gates, andcolumns. Such beautiful art can be found in very few other places.
Within 70-100 years after gaining independence, Uzbekistan adopted almost all existing wood
carvings, and other types of wooden culture were re-born. Examples are Khasti Imam Mosque, theAmir Temur Museum, The Palace, the White Mosque, New Zangi main mosque and many large andsmall palaces of culture, museums and other buildings using a certain style of wood carving and other89architectural elements such as wood awnings, and as a matter of national pride, such kind of terraces
were built and are still being built today.
Our ancestors used a variety of different woods. Masters carefully studied the properties of the timber,and after that carved wood patterns. They divided trees in two groups: broad leaf trees and needle leaf
trees. Needle leaf trees are for wood construction, the main material in craft and wood carving, becauseof its unique advantages. The more resins in a tree the slower the decomposition, while deciduoustrees are light and easy to process, and the body is smooth for easy preparation of rafters. Oak, kingly,
poplar, maple, barberry and other trees are also used for carving. Wood materials are determinedaccording to their natural flowers, the colors, and the smell of the wax. Wood carving masters use
walnut, elm, maple, mulberry, juniper, and poplar for the best results, as well as the best local trees
such as apricot varieties.

General Overview of Training Course:
The Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO, Nara,
Japan organized the Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region 2015:
Preservation and Restoration of Wooden Structures, from 1st September, 2015 to 30th September,2015. There were 15 participants from 15 Asian countries in this training course. This course included
lectures, practical training and onsite lectures for restoration, preservation and excavation.
The aim of the course was to introduce concepts and methods of Japan’s system for preservation andrestoration of wooden structures.
st

1 weekIn the first week, we had an introduction to Architectural Heritage in Asia by Dr. Gamini Wijesuria(Project Manager for ICCROM). All participants gave presentations on their respective countries’
heritage, and afterwards the participants had a fruitful discussion.

90

nd

2 WeekIn the second week, we learned about the cultural property protection system in Japan, basic principles
of conservation and repair of architectural monuments, inspections of the conservation and repairof architectural monuments, disaster prevention, seismic measures, integrated pest management,
evaluation and investigation of wooden building heritage, and traditional carpentry tools—which wasvery informative for me as I am working on wooden heritage in my country.

rd

3 WeekIn the 3rd week we learned about systems for restoration project and construction planning, andrestoration and structural reinforcement. In this week we had a study trip to the Tanaka family
residence, where we learned about how to create plans and cross sections of wooden structures. The
photography class was also very interesting and informative, in relation to taking photographs ofmonuments.

91

th

4 WeekThis week, we learned about surveying painting for restoration and methods adopted for the restorationof painting in Japan, paid an onsite visit to an ongoing restoration project, and attended a very
informative lecture by Dr. Lynne on Value and Authenticity.

th

5 WeekIn the fifth week we had a series of study tours in which we examined vernacular houses andtownscapes in Takayama city and Shirikawa-go, and after that we went to Kanazawa Castle, where we
had a lecture as well as a very informative onsite demonstration, which should be beneficial for bothme and my country.

Conclusion
The training course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region 2015 for Preservation
and Restoration of Wooden Structures gave all participants valuable knowledge and was very
informative in the field of conservation and restoration of wooden structures. It was a great opportunity
for me to observe the Japanese way of conservation and restoration. I acquired many skills and a great
deal of experience on conservation and restoration of cultural heritage.

Acknowledgement
I would like to say thanks to the organisers for providing me this great opportunity to participate inthis training course. I would personally like to thank the whole staff of the ACCU office for their close
coordination and effective management.

92Viet Nam
Ta Thi Hoang Van

FINAL REPORTThe one month I spent in Nara greatly impressed me: it was a deeply beautiful and exciting experience.
During the course, the lectures in theory or practice were always compelling, and they vividly
conveyed each relevant point. I learned many things that I can add to what I learned in my lecturesat university and apply to my work at the Vietnam Institute of Architecture (VIAr), with the common
desire to contribute to conservation heritage in Vietnam:

I. An overview of my understanding of the contents of the course:- Understanding of the management system of cultural property in Japan;- Understanding of the history of urban architecture and architectural history of Japanesewood;- Understanding of the logic of scientific conservation issues and monuments in the context
of Japan and the Asia Pacific region, with similar characteristics as Vietnam.
- Awareness of importance of observation and survey in building composite profiles forrelics; as well as establishing a detailed conservation plan.
- Awareness of how conservation projects require interdisciplinary cooperation in theimplementation process (history, culture, architecture, art, etc.)- Learning how to organise a training programs from ACCU

II. The training applies to my work in my country
1. Theoretical basis and scientific methodology and practice:- Lectures by specialists from ICCROM—Dr. Gamini WIJESURIYA, Prof. Nobuko INABA,
Dr. Lynne D DiStefano—posed major challenges for legacy not only in the Asia Pacific
but also regarding the state of global heritage (cultural affairs, the environment, society,urbanisation, the economy, lifestyle, war, earthquakes, etc.). It is important to display
different behavior in order to manage conservation aims to promote originality and value.
The presentations by members of the class provided a great deal of interesting information
on each country’s heritage—and also could be considered a good example for the lectures;- The lectures clearly and comprehensively provided basic theoretical tools;- The survey method for planning conservation and restoration of wooden structures inJapan with these steps: investigate and evaluate the status of relics (information gatheringhistory); collect additional archaeological data for the monument; draw a plan forrestoration; assess the current state of the project; prevent disaster damage to monuments.
These are steps that we could also apply in Vietnam. From these, selection of conservation
techniques is done in conformity with the status of the works;

93

- Criteria for identification of, and conservation methods for wooden structures in Japan:
Synthetic forms of traditional Japanese house. This was very useful for my own work.
Vietnam also has different types of houses in each locality. However, a thorough system of
evaluation and management of conservation remains unrealized;- The lesson about similar scheme selection restoration (dating, function, similar elements incarving and decoration, etc.) was very important;- The system of documentation, and the law are regularly used as an instrument supporting
conservation management. The management tools of the Japanese government are clearlyand specifically applied to each particular monument at different levels, especially theseparate management for wooden architecture. In Vietnam this is lacking, inconsistent or
still very general for heritage objects.
2. Group exercise on monuments:
The lectures on relics were very vivid and easy to understand. Some of the issues I noticed:- Method for restored wooden architecture (especially for religious works): determining theage of restoration, identifying the component groups in the wood structure. Identifying
and assessing the extent of the monument (physical factors, intangible factors, landscapearchitecture, etc.);- Current situation, identifying threats affecting the degradation of wooden structures inJapan;- How to preserve these artifacts, handling artifacts before exhibiting them;- Conservation tools and techniques of traditional wood through exhibition. Regarding theruins I saw, the monuments are always full of tourists and especially students on study
tours. It is clear that the conservation of heritage is considered to be part of the educational
environment.
3. Skill building related to monument records
In the third week of the course, we had drawing lessons as well as training in the recording,photographing, and surveying of painting on monuments. The course included many objects fromdifferent participants, and there were many who had never made a drawing record of a monument, but
we became acquainted with the general method of how to build a monument profile. We completed
this with the support of the faculty and fellow classmates. I noticed that we should do the following:- Draw the current state record (identify the essentials: the pillar system, main structure,material composition of drawings and sections; measure the column step; identifyfunctional properties and specific rules for the spatial layout of Japanese traditional
houses); Assessment of the status quo: identify the characteristics of wood components inthe work. Modern measuring equipment also supports the drawing process a great deal. It
was very interesting that when I looked at the height measurement ruler, I realised that I
had used it before to record a Hoi An ancient house in 1998, supported by an expert teamfrom Japan. This is not the first time for me to do this job, but under the guidance of theteacher I could do a careful and detailed job.

94

- Select the appropriate imaging technique for important monuments. For many of themonument records in Vietnam, there is so little interest in doing this. In the training, theinstructor identified which components were being demonstrated in the picture (chose theshooting angles and techniques to adjust the brightness, distance, focal length, focal point,etc.). It is important to keep data.
- Determine the value of the decorative details, painting on monuments: during therestoration of monuments in Vietnam, this work is generally overlooked. As a result, thedecorative details of many artifacts after restoration are lost or deviate from the original.
I also noticed some differences in the paint segment monuments between Vietnam and Japan, becauseof technical reasons and difference of colored paint, environmental factors are also very important for
the reliability of the mural.
4. Lessons for conservation of wooden monuments
Through the lectures on monuments such as Kasuga-taisha Shrine, Todai-ji Temple, Takenaka
Carpentry Tools Museum, Kobe City, Yakushi-ji Temple, Gango-ji Temple, Kongo-ji Temple,
Kanshin-ji Temple, Takayama City, Shirakawa Village, Kanazawa-jo Castle, I learned “conservation
technology” in Japan and those were very good examples.
- In the field, ongoing restoration of monuments is proceeded with neatly, scientificly andcleanly. The wooden structural elements are classified, dismantled and carefully preserved.
The original components are retained, and only the damaged parts are replaced. Restoration
or reconstruction work is done on the basis of the original data, or compared with the samedata to identify restoration solutions. The restoration or rebuilding work is in compliancewith the principle that the use of construction techniques and building materials is done
according to tradition. It can be seen that when restoration is carried out, it is performed
successfully because the historical sources and archaeological records are well analyzed.
Ruins of a similar age and style are also maintained. For relics in Vietnam, the main trouble
during restoration is that historic resources have been lost.
- Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum (KOBE city) helped me a lot on the idea of exhibiting
traditional architecture of Vietnam. With an understanding the characteristics of Japanesewood, it seems that the tools and techniques used for traditional wood lend themselves tocultural expression of the Japanese personality.
- The experience of seeing the restoration of Kanazawa-jo Castle, will support me so muchin the conservation center of Hoang Thanh Thang Long that I am involved in. Techniques
used in the preservation of the neighborhood of Yamamoto (Kobe city), Hida-Takayama(Takayama City) may be applied to the Old Quarter of Hanoi, Hoi An.
5. Comparison between wooden architecture in Vietnam and Japan.
The following comparisons are just my initial thoughts, and I hope to find out more about it in mystudies in the future:95

- Similarities:
The variety of different types of urban monuments (religious buildings, traditional residentialarchitecture, the old towns, the ancient villages, the traces of archaeological monuments, theancient architecture, etc.); similar use of construction materials—mainly wood and bamboo;
girders using stone materials;; thatched roofs; distribution of function space; building
houses with the support of members of the village (in cultural community villages); therole of structural wood frames; a diverse range of mortise and tenon joint systems for woodcolumns; the use of materials from soft plants to anchorage elements of bamboo and wood inconstruction
These links between the wooden structures of Japan and Vietnam are quite diverse.
- Some of the differences:
The characteristics of Japanese wood materials, mainly pine wood (large apertures, large,
easy to produce quality work, a soft wood); in religious structures, column systems using
straight, cylindrical timber with large apertures; for houses, retaining the natural curves in thewood and woody texture.
In Vietnam, however, the wood material for construction should always be solid hardwood;columns, pillars and beams use straight wood.
In terms of architecture, there are similarities in the townhouse architectural forms,
proportions and spatial distribution functions used. There are also similarities in the ancient
towns of Takayama and Hoi An.
6. Lessons from the organization and layout of the training programme content- Reasonable and logical. Intensive programme for the conservation of wooden architecture.
- Data rich learning: lecture materials, reference information for monuments, etc..
- Lecture diversity: PowerPoint, video, onsite lectures- Organising suitable venue for practical training and on-site lectures- The selection of relics for study was exemplary and impressive.

I would like to thank ACCU for choosing me to be involved this course. This was a great opportunity
for me to have access to and experience the cultural heritage of Japan. All the monuments we visitedwere extremely impressive. I used to read about and study these places as part of my research and I
was very pleased to be able to finally visit your country to understand more about them. I also madenew friends at ACCU; you were always enthusiastic and thoughtful. The teachers communicated theirexperience in a very attractive way, and were full of enthusiasm. Hopefully in the near future, ACCU(ICCROM) will organize a cooperation and training project on Vietnam heritage.
I now have more friends from 14 countries. Hopefully we will have more cooperation and exchange
projects on conservation of cultural heritage in the Asia Pacific region. Good health and luck to all!

96

IV. Appendix
1. List of Participants
2. List of Lecturers
3. Acknowledgements for Cooperation
4. List of Interpreter and Assistants

Appendix

5. Staff Members, ACCU Nara Office

At Kenrokuen Garden in Kanazawa City1. List of Participants
Bangladesh
Roy Rakhi

Regional Director

Department of Culture, Dhaka Division, Department of Archaeology
F/4/a, Sherebanglanagar, Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Tel: (+88) 02 9110623 Fax: (+88) 02 9103918
ahiraikka@gmail.com

BhutanKinzang Dorji
Project Engineer

Engineering Servise, Thimphu Dzongkhag Administration
Post Box No 168, Thimphu, Bhutan
Tel: (+975) 02 322391 Fax: (+975) 02 322391
kitpari@yahoo.com

China
Zhao Peng

Head of Design Office/Senior Engineer

Architectural Heritage Department, The Palace Museum
4 Jingshan Qianjie, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100009, China
Tel: (+86)10 8500 7397 Fax: (+86)10 8500 7394
pengzhao88@sina.com

Fiji
Pillay Shiu Nadan

Chief Executive Officer

Administration, Levuka Town Council
P.O.Box 70, Levuka, Fiji
Tel: (+679)3440014 Fax: (+679)3440288
shiu.nadan@yahoo.com

99IndiaKaja Nagaraju

Assistant Professor

Department of Architecture
School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada (SPAV)SY.NO-71/1, NH-5, Nidamanuru, Vijayawada-521104, A.P, India
Tel: (+91)8662469459 Fax: (+91)8662469451
nagarajukaja1@gmail.com
Indonesia
Irvra Rangga Suhanda Yunus
Architect

FTSP Department of Architecture
Pusaka of Bung Hatta University
Sumatra Street, Village Ulak Karang, District North Padang, Padang City
West sumatera, Indonesia 25133
Tel: (+62)0751-7051678 Fax: (+62)0751-7055475
irvra_rangga@yahoo.com
Lao P.D.R.
Phimmasenh Sybounheuang
Technical Staff

Management Office of Vatphu Champasak World Heritage Site, Ministryof Information, Culture and Tourism
Nongsa Village, Champasak District, Champasak Province, Lao P.D.R.
Tel: (+856)030 9565325 Fax: (+856)031 219789
sybounheuang24@gmail.com
Mongolia
Miyegombo Tsermaa
Museologist

Training and Methodology Centre of Museology,
National Museum of Mongolia
Juulchny street-1, Chingeltei District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Tel: (+976)11 326802 Fax: (+976) 11 326802
tsermaagaas2000@yahoo.com
Nepal
Tandukar SabinaArchitect

Architecture-Projects, Rich Architectures Company
Patandhoka-10, Lalitpur (Near Patan Campus) Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel: (+977)015523212
sabina3520@gmail.com

100

PakistanAzeem Muhammad

Archaeological Conservator

Department of Archaeology and Museums
Federal Government of Pakistan
1st & 2nd Floor, Block No. 2, Plot No. 4, G-7 Markaz Sitara Market
Islamabad, Pakistan
Tel: (+92)51-2202694 Fax: (+92) 51-2202695
azeem.doam@gmail.com
Philippines
Panganiban Friscian Rabanes
Architect

Historic Preservation Division
National Historical Commission of the Philippines
NHCP Building, T.M. Kalaw Street, Ermita Manila, Philippines
Tel: (+632)254 7482 Fax: (+632) 536 3181
scian23@gmail.com
Samoa
Apelu Lumepa Josephine
Principal Museum Officer

Museum of Samoa, Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture
PO Box 1869 Apia, Samoa
Tel: (+685) 26036
lumepaa@gmail.com
Uzbekistan
Rakhmanova Ziyoda Muradovna
Director“Meros Chashamasi”(“Wellhead of Heritage”) under General Office of
Scientific-production Department for the Preservation and Utilisation of
Object of Cultural Heritage
Ministry of Culture and Sports of Republic of Uzbekistan
10002718, Uzgarish str.,Tashkent City, Uzbekistan
Tel: (+99871)2270586 Fax: (+99871)2270821
rakhmanova.ziyoda@mail.ru
Vietnam
Ta Thi Hoang Van
Director

Training and International Cooperation Centre
Vietnam Institute of Architecture Ministry of Construction
389 Doi Can str, Ba Dinh dist, Hanoi city, Vietnam
Tel: (+84) 437674881 Fax: (+84) 437674880
tahoangvan2002@yahoo.com

101

2. List of Lectures
Lecturers from Abroad:
Gamini WIJESURIYA

Lynne D DiStefano

International Centre for the Study of
the Preservation and Restoration ofCultural Property (ICCROM)
gw@iccrom.org

Division of Architectural Conservation
Programmes (ACP), Faculty of Architecture
The University of Hong Kongldistefa@hku.hk

Project Manager

Academic Advisor/Adjunct Professor

Lecturers from Japan:
INABA Nobuko

TACHI Toshihide

Faculty of Art and Design
University of Tsukuba
inaba@heritage.tsukuba.ac.jp

Management Office
Department of Management
Kasuga-taisha Shrine
kanri@kasugataisha.or.jp

Professor

UENO Katsuhisa

Chief Senior Specialist for Cultural Properties

IMANISHI Yoshio

Architecture and Other Structures Division
Cultural Properties Department
Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan (Bunkacho)katuhisa@bunka.go.jp

Executive Advisory Engineer

TOYOKI Hiroyuki

Associate General Manager/Chief Researcher

Chief Senior Specialist for Cultural Properties

Architecture and Other Structures Division
Cultural Properties Department
Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan (Bunkacho)
toyoki@bunka.go.jp
HIDAKA Shingo
Associate Professor

National Museum of Ethnology
s-hidaka@idc.minpaku.ac.jp
HAYASHI Yoshihiko
Head

Department of Cultural Heritage
Nara National Research Institute for Cultural
Properties
hayashiy@nabunken.go.jp

102

Manager

Todai-ji Temple
imanishi@todaiji.or.jp
Marcelo NISHIYAMA

Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum
nishiyama.marcelo@dougukan.jp
KITAMURA Tomonori
Master Carpenter

Takenaka Carpentry Tools Museum
Kitamura.tomonori@dougukan.jp
MURAKAMI Yasumichi
Director

Cultural Asset Protection Office
Hyogo Prefectural Board of Education
yasumichi_murakami@pref.hyogo.lg.jp
TOYOSHIMA Junko

Chief of Cultural Assets Division

Board of Education Secretariat City of Kobe
junko_toyoshima@office.city.kobe.lg.jp

MURAKAMI Jin-ichi

KUBODERA Shigeru

NISHIYAMA Kazuhiro

History Research Institute for Architectural
Decoration Technology
cosmos0707@gmail.com

Senior Researcher

Department of Imperial Palace Sites
Investigations
Nara National Research Institute for Cultural
Properties
hiro@nabunken.go.jp
MIKITA Hideo

Director, Senior Conservation Architect

AOKI Koji

Director General

The Japanese Association for Conservation ofArchitectural Monuments (JACAM)
k_aoki@bunkenkyo.or.jp

Head

Cultural Assets Preservation Division
Nara Prefectural Board of Education
mikita-hideo@office.pref.nara.lg.jp
YAMAGUCHI Isamu

IWATA Takashi
CuratorTakayama City Board of Educationt.iwata@city.takayama.lg.jp

Expert in Architecture
Chief of Designated Cultural Property

MATSUMOTO Keita

Cultural Properties Division
Nara City Board of Education
yamaguchi-isamu@city.nara.lg.jp

Cultural Properties Division
Shirakawa Board of Education
Kyouiku_bunkazai@vill.shirakawa.lg.jp

SUGIMOTO Kazuki

MORITA Mamoru

Saidaiji Photo Studiohigeji@nabunken.go.jp

Kanazawa Traditional Architectural Design
Officemorita@kdks.jp

Photographer

Chief

Represent

3. Acknowledgements for Cooperation
SARUTA Shuichi, Director General, Kanazawa Castle & Kenroku-en Garden Management Center
DOI Kazutaka, Director, Weathercock House
Kongo-ji Temple
Kanshin-ji Temple
Kasuga-taisya Shrine
Todai-ji Temple

103

4. List of Interpreter and Assistants
Interpreter
HATA Chiyako, Training Coordinator
Assistants
OKUMI Chikako
Graduate Student, Master’s Program in World Heritage Studies, Tsukuba University
GOTO Tomoko
Graduate Student, Master’s Program in World Heritage Studies, Tsukuba University
SUZUKI Sonoko
Graduate Student, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women’s University
JITSUKATA Ayano
Assistant Photographer, Yakushi-ji Temple Branch Cultural Assets Preservation Division
Nara Prefectural Board of Education

5. Staff Members, ACCU Nara Office
NISHIMURA Yasushi, Director
nishimura@accu.or.jp
TAMAKI Shigeru, Deputy Director
tamaki@accu.or.jp
NAKAI Isao, Director, Programme Operation Department
nakai@accu.or.jp
WAKIYA Kayoko, Director, International Cooperation Division
wakiya@accu.or.jp
HORIKAWA Kazuko, Chief, Planning & Coordination Divisionhorikawa@accu.or.jp
SAKIMOTO Keiko, Chief, International Cooperation Division
sakimoto@accu.or.jp
NISHIDA Michiko, Staff, Planning & Coordination Divisionnishida@accu.or.jp
SHIMOMURA Nobuhito, Staff, International Cooperation Section
shimomura@accu.or.jp
Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
757 Horen-cho, Nara 630-8113
Tel: (+81) 742 20 5001 Fax: (+81) 742 20 5701
nara@accu.or.jp
http://www.nara.accu.or.jp104