Collection of Interesting Data Published in Various Documents
Tetsuji IMANAKA
Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University
Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-04 Japan; imanaka@rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp
This report is merely a collection of interesting data that Imanaka noticed during the course of
the collaborative work. When readers are interested in more details, please look into original
materials or have a contact to Imanaka.
Level of30km Zone

Pripyat R.

137

Cs contamination
2(Ci/km )

Radin
>1000
Denisovichi

Kryuki500-1000
100 - 500

Pripyat
CN
PP C

20 - 100
P
5 - 20Chernobyl

Illintsi

Kiev
Reservoir<5

CN : Chernobyl NPP
C P :Cooling pond
- - -:Belarus-Ukraine
boarderFig. 1. Contamination map of 137Cs within the 30 km zone around the Chernobyl NPS [1].
- Redrawn by Imanaka from the original map, 137Cs levels of which are divided into 12 classes.
note: Imanaka visited near village Kryuki in the summer of 1993, and measured an exposure dose rate of 44 µSv/habove the ground with a scintillation spectro-surveymeter. This value is evaluated to correspond to the initial 137Cs
deposition density of about 1,200 Ci/km2, based on the relation between the deposition density and exposure rates
obtained from other measurements.
137

Level of Cs
contamination(Ci/km2)
over 1,000
500 - 1,000
200 - 500
100 - 200
50 - 100
20 - 50
10 - 20
5 - 102-5
1-2
0.5 - 1.0
Total

Area
(km2)
21
59
112
187
364
892
114
41
172
63
19
2,044

Table 1. Level of 137Cs contamination in the alienation zone
belonging to Ukraine [2].
remarks:- Alienation zone is defined as the area around the Chernobyl NPS
from where inhabitants evacuated in the first weeks or months
after the accident. This zone does not necessarily coincidence withthe 30 km circle around the site, and is somewhat larger than thecircle.
- Total activities of 137Cs, 90Sr and 239,240Pu in soil within thealienation zone in Ukraine are reported to be 110,000, 100,000
and 800 Ci, respectively. Besides, Activities in storage/disposalsites within the alienation zone reportedly amount to 410,000,
56,000 and 1,400 Ci of 137Cs, 90Sr and 239,240Pu, respectively [2].
- The area of the alienation zone belonging to Belarus is reported
to be 1,700 km2 [3].

271Table 2. Excerpts of description about the health state of inhabitants from the secret protocols of the Operative
Group of the Politic Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union [4].
<Date of protocol><Description about the health state of people>
No description.
/1986/ April 29, April 30:
May 1: To impose him (remark: Mr Shchepin, the first Deputy Minister of Health of the USSR) a task to report to the
Operative Group the data on the numbers of hospitalized, including children, and of patients with radiation disease.
May 3: No description.
May 4: By the situation on May 4, 1,882 people are hospitalized in total. Total number of examined people reached 38,000
persons. Radiation disease of various seriousness appeared with 204 persons, including 64 infants.
May 5: Total number of hospitalized people reached 2,757 persons, including 569 children. Among them, 914 persons havesymptoms of radiation disease. 18 persons are in very serious state and 32 persons are in serious state.
May 6: By the situation at 9:00 on May 6, the total number of hospitalized reached 3,454 persons. Among them, 2,609
persons are in hospital for treatment, including 471 infants. According to confirmed data, the number of radiationdisease are 367 cases, including 19 children. Among them, 34 persons are in serious state. In the 6th Hospital in
Moscow, 179 persons are in hospital, including two infants.
May 7: During the last day, 1,821 persons were additionally hospitalized. At 10:00 May 7, the number of persons in hospitalfor treatment is 4,301, including 1,351 infants. Among them, diagnosis of radiation disease was established with 520
persons, including staffs of Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. 34 persons are in serious state.
May 8: During the last day, the number of hospitalized persons increased by 2,245, including 730 children. 1,131 persons
left hospital. By the situation at 10:00 May 8, the total of 5,415 persons are in hospital for treatment, including 1,928
children. Diagnosis of radiation disease was confirmed with 315 persons.
May 10: During the last two days, 4,019 persons were hospitalized, including 2,630 children. 739 persons left hospital. In
total 8,695 persons are in hospital, including 238 cases with diagnosis of radiation disease, among which 26 arechildren.
May 11: During the last day, 495 persons were hospitalized and 1,017 persons left hospital. In total, 8,137 persons are in
hospital for treatment and examination, among which 264 persons with diagnosis of radiation disease. 37 persons are
in serious state. During the last day 2 person died. Total number of death by the accident amounted to 7 persons.
May 12: During the last day, 2,703 persons were hospitalized, most of which were in Belarus. 678 persons left hospital.
10,198 persons are in hospital for treatment and examination, among which 345 persons have symptom of radiationdisease, including 35 children. Since the time of the accident, 2 persons perished and 6 persons died of diseases. 35
persons in serious state.
May 13: During the last day 443 persons were hospitalized and 908 persons left hospital. 9,733 persons are in hospital fortreatment and examination, including 4,200 children. Diagnosis of radiation disease was established with 299
persons, including 37 children. During the last day, one person died. In total two persons perished and one died in
hospital.
May 14: During the last day 1,059 persons were additionally hospitalized and 1,200 persons left hospital. The number ofpatients with diagnosis of radiation disease was reduced to 203, among which 32 are in serious state. 3 persons diedduring the last day.
May 16: The number of persons in hospital is 7,858, including 3,410 children. Diagnosis of radiation disease is establishedwith 201 cases. The total number of deaths is 15, including 2 deaths on May 15.
May 20: During the last 4 days the number of hospitalized persons increased by 716. Radiation disease was confirmed with211 cases, including 7 children. The number of death is 17, and 28 are in serious state. Symptoms of radiationdisease were established only with persons who were directly at the zone of the scene and development of theaccident.
No description.
May 22, May 26:
5,172
persons
are in hospital for examination and treatment, including 183 persons with established diagnosis of
May 28:
radiation disease (among them one infant). During the last week, one person died. The total number of death on May
28 is 22 (plus 2 victims at the beginning of the accident).
June 2: 3,669 persons are in hospital for examination and treatment, including 171 persons with established diagnosis ofradiation disease. The number of deaths amounted to 24 (besides, two persons perished at the beginning of theaccident). 23 persons are in serious state.
No description.
June 4, June 9:
June 12: 2,494 persons are in hospital for examination and treatment, including 189 persons with established diagnosis ofradiation disease. The number of death until June 12 is 24 persons (plus 2 victims at the beginning of the accident).
June 20, June 25, July 2, July 7, July 10, July 23, July 31, August 13, August 22, September 5,
No description
September 19, October 17, November 15, /1987/ January 4,March 16, July 13, /1988/ January 6:
remark: The total number of 40 protocols are included in the secret document, all dates of which are shown above.
The above numbers of deaths and serious states almost correspond to the numbers of cases with firemen and plant staffs.

272

Table 3. Number of death after the accident among persons who survived the initial period of acuteradiation syndrome and among 500 liquidators specially followed-up in a EC/CIS study.
III
I
II
Japanese adult
Patient of acute radiation
Follow-up study of 500(male, 35-45 years
syndrome [5]liquidators [6]old)Group AGroup B
Belarus
RussiaSample size
106 persons 103 persons 494 persons 474 persons
Number of death
9 cases
5 cases
5 cases
17 casesCumulative death rate after
8.5 %
4.9 %
1.0 %
3.6 %
∼2 %
the accident** Durations of observation are 10 years, about 7 years and 10 years for I, II and III, respectively
Remarks:
1. - According to the first detailed report about the accident by the USSR government [7], the number of deaths by theaccident was reported to be 31 cases. The number of persons who suffered acute radiation syndrome (ARS) was
reported to be 203 persons, all of whom were firemen and staffs of the station. Among them, 28 persons died in threemonths related with ARS. Two persons died on the day of the accident: one staff was missing within the destroyed
reactor and the other died of severe burns. One death was from other reason.
- In November 1986, the number of ARS was revised to be 237 cases [8]. That is, 209 (= 237 - 28) persons were aliveat that time.
- Later on, 103 cases out of 237 were excluded from the category of ARS [5].
- Group A in the above Table consists of 106 patients with whom diagnosis of ARS was confirmed. Group B consists of
103 patients with whom diagnosis of ARS was given in 1986, but later canceled. The period for observation is for 10
years (1986-1995).
- Death causes of Group A: 3 coronary heart diseases, 2 myelodysplastic syndrome, 1 lung gangrene, 1 lungtuberculosis, 1 liver cirrhosis, and 1 fat embolism.
- Death causes of Group B: one cases of car accident, hypoplasia of haematopoiesis, encephalitis/encephalomylitis,
sarcoma (thigh), and coronary heart disease.
2. This study was carried out within the frame of the EC/CIS collaborative project [6], in order to check the traceabilityof contingents in the Chernobyl registries. 500 liquidators were randomly selected from the Registries in Belarus andin Russia. As a result of special efforts to ascertain their states, 4 persons remain unknown and 2 persons emigrated
abroad in the Belarussian group. These numbers in the Russian group were 4 and 22 persons, respectively. The timeof state ascertainmemt was not exactly mentioned, but the time of address ascertainment was described to be
01.10.1993 and 31.12.1992 for Belarussian and Russian groups, respectively.
- Death cause of 5 Belarussian liquidators: 1 acute mycardial infarction, 1 cerebrovascular disease, 1 fracture of theskull, 1 fracture of the back bone and 1 Hpdgkin’s disease.
- Death cause of 17 Russian liquidators: 4 hangings, 2 cancers (one pharynx, one stomach), 2 haemorrhages (oneinternal, one pancreas), 2 internal brain trauma, 1 gangrene of the intestine, 1 carbon monooxide poisoning whilst
intoxicated, 1 car crash, 1 ischemic heart disease, 1 heart insufficiency and 2 unknown causes.
3. - Death rate of Japanese male are taken from the Vital Statistics in Japan in 1986.

Table 4. Population size of the Chernobyl registries carried out in each affected country.
Russia [9]Ukraine [2](Russian National
Belarus [10]Group
(State Registry ofMedical-dosimetric (Chernobyl Registry)
Ukraine)Registry)
Total number of registered person
474,095
435,276
204,982(date)(96.1.1)(95.9.1)(95.1.1)
including:
A. Liquidators
184,672
152,325
53,192
B. Evacuees and resettlers
62,711
12,889∼10,000*
C. Inhabitants in contaminated areas
189,518
251,246∼90,000*
D. Children of A-C groups
37,194
18,816?
* These numbers were obtained by a private communication with Matsko in Minsk.

273

Table 5. Characteristics of liquidator population in the Registry of each country.
Ukraine [2]Russia [9]Belarus [11]Population size of primary cohort
Fraction of persons with dose record
Average recorded dose

174,812 persons
59 %160 mSv

143,032 persons
80 %107 mSv

45,674 persons
26 %57 mSv- Primary cohorts consist of liquidators who are subjects of following-up study; principal information about places andperiod of their working at Chernobyl are known.

Table 6. Dose distribution of liquidators registered in Ukraine [12].
Number ofRecorded external irradiation (mSv)
persons
no record<50
50-99
100-249
250-500
Workers in
1986-87
Workers in
1988-90

135,800
100 %
39,000100 %65,30048.1 %
6,600
17.0 %

8,000
5.9 %
26,20067.2 %

20,90015.4 %
5,500
14.2 %

34,10025.1 %
510
1.3 %

7,300
5.4 %
90
0.23 %>500
270
0.20 %
0
0%

Table 7. Distribution of observed and expected numbers of cancers in 1993-1994 among male

Disable rate per 1,000 persons

160
140

Russia: workers in 1986
Russia: workers in 1987

120
100

Russia: workers in 1988
Ukraine: all workers

80
60
40
20
0
1988

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

Fig 2. Dynamics of disabled rate among liquidators registered in Russia [13] and Ukraine[12].
liquidators registered in Belarus by duration of work in the 30 km zone [11].
Duration of work in the 30 km zone
ICD-9
Site
Less than 30 days
1-6 months
O
E
SIR
95%CI
O
E
SIR
95%CI
151
Stomach7
12.1
58
23-1195
7.3
69
22-160
153
Colon
7
2.9
241
97-4972
1.7
117
14-423
162
Lung
14
22.1
63
35-106912.0
75
34-143
173
Skin
2
4.4
45
5-163
0
2.7
0
0-139
188
Urinary bladder
5
3.0
167
54-3904
1.6
245
67-628189
Kidney3
3.4
88
18-2574
2.1
18952-485
193
Thyroid grand
1
0.7
151
4-844
3
0.5
625
129-1826
204-208
Leukemia
3
2.7
111
23-3256
1.8
342
126-746140-208
All sites
61
85.2
72
55-92
41
50.4
81
58-110- Expected number (E) is obtained with age standardization based on the incidence data of the general population in
Belarus.

274

Table 8. Incidence of leukemia among Ukrainian liquidators [12].
Incidence rate (per 100,000 persons)Year
Workers in 1986
Workers in 1987
1987
13.33 ± 4.71
1988
6.42 ± 3.21
6.32 ± 4.47
1989
14.06 ± 4.69
4.41 ± 3.12
1990
14.50 ± 4.59
5.32 ± 3.07
1991
18.13 ± 4.84
7.74 ± 3.46
1992
12.59 ± 3.98
12.02 ± 4.25
Total
13.35 ± 1.80
7.04 ± 1.57
- During 1987-1992, 141 cases of hemobalstoses disease were observed among registeredliquidators, 86 cases among which were leukemia.

Table 9. Morbidity of acute leukemia in children under 15 years old in Belarus in 1979-1992 [10].
Incidence per 1 million children
Chemical contamination
Total number of cases
Regionlevel in the environment,(1979-1992)
1979-1985
1986-1992
ton/km2
Brest
42
44
208
2 80
Vitebsk
42
47
186
10.40
Gomel
34
43
210
4.60
Grodno
42
39
147
3.20
Minsk
37
41
195
2.20
Mogilev
50
42
184
7.60
Minsk city
49
47
234
735.40
Total
42 0
43 3
1 364
Remarks: The Blood disease registry in Belarus was began in 1988 at the Research Institute of Heamatology and Blood
Transfusion of the Health Ministry. So, the old data are supposed to be obtained by retrospective analysis.

Table 10. Average annual indices of hemoblastoses morbidity in the Bryansk region of Russia from1979 to 1993 [14].
Annual indices per 100,000 persons, (number of cases during the period)
1979-85
1986-90
1991-93
Acute lymphoid leukemia:
6 contaminated districts
0.56±0.17(11)1.55±0.34(21)1.33±0.42(10)Bryansk city
0.48±0.12(14)1.59±0.26(37)1.86±0.36(27)Other districts
0.70±0.11(38)1.14±0.18(42)2.56±0.34(56)Hemoblastoses total:
6 contaminated districts
10.54±0.73(209)12.79±0.97(173)15.43±1.43(116)
Bryansk city
12.79±0.65(387)18.73±0.90(437)18.22±1.12(265)Other districts
11.24±0.46(610)
13.17±0.60(485)19.23±0.94(421)- 6 contaminated districts are districts of Gordeevsk, Zlynkovsk, Klimovsk, Klineovsk, Krasnogrsk and Novozybkovsk.
remarks: The special registry of blood disease in the Bryansk region was established in 1987 at Haematological ResearchCenter of RAMS. So, the old data are supposed to be obtained by retrospective analysis.

Table 11. Malignant cancer incidence in the contaminated territories of Belarus: before and after the
Chernobyl accident and by 137Cs levels (Annual standardized incidence per 100,000 persons) [10].
Contamination
Gomel region
Mogilev region
level with 137Cs
before the accident
after the accident
before the accident
after the accident
Ci/km2
1977-1985
1986ｰ1994
1977ｰ1985
1986ｰ1994
>15
5-15
<５

194.6±8.6176.9±9.0
181.0±6.7304.1±16.5**
248.4±12.5**
238.0±26.8

221.0± 8.6
241.8±15.4248.8±14.5

303.9± 5.1**
334.6±12.2***
306.2±18.0**: Significant increase (* ; p<0.05, ** ; p<0.01, *** ; p<0.001) as compared with the period before the accident.
- Cancer morbidity is based on the data of the Belarussian Cancer Registry during 1977 -1994.

275

Fig. 3. Distribution of children by health groups obtained by a special study in the WHO/IPHECA
program [14].
Health indices: 1st class - healthy children from all indices of health, 2nd class -children with functional
disturbances, risk for occurrence of chronic pathologies and high morbidity
3rd, 4th, 5th classes - ill children with chronic pathologies of different degrees

Table 12. Morbidity of Belarussian children included in the Chernobyl Registry [15].
(1992, per 1,000 children)- The number of children contained in the Chernobyl registry is 33,488. Among them, 6.9, 81.4 and 11.7 % areChildren in the Whole Belarus
Ratio
Register (A)
(B)
(A/B)
Neoplasm
4.08
1.75
2.3
including: Malignant neoplasm
1.84
0.35
5.3
Thyroid cancer
0.82
0.05
16
Endocrine, metabolism and immune system disorders
133.7833.66
4.0
Blood and hematopoetic tissue diseases
56.46
12.00
4.7
Blood circulation diseases
39.58
12.92
3.1
Otolaryngologic diseases
95.89
19.47
4.9
Digestive organ diseases
162.91125.84
1.3
Psychic diseases
27.64
24.49
1.1
evacuees from the 30-km zone, residents or emigrants from the zone over 15 Ci/km2 and children born withregistered parents, respectively.

Number of thyroid cancer

Diseases

200
Ukraine4 regions in Russia
Belarus

150

100

50

0
1986

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

Fig. 4 Annual incidence of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents in Ukraine [16], 4
regions of Russia [17] and Belarus [18].
- 4 regions in Russia are the Bryansk, the Kaluga, the Tula and the Orel regions.
- Children’s age of Ukraine and Russia is 0 - 18 years old at the time of the accident.
- Children’s age of Belarus is 0 - 14 years old at the time of their cancer operation.

276

Annual number of thyroid cancer

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1981 82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

Fig. 5. Annual incidence of thyroid cancer in adults of Belarus [19].
Table 13. Estimates of economic loss due to the Chernobyl accident in Belarus for 1986-2015 [10].
unit: Billion US Dollars (at the price in 1992)
PeriodItem of loss
1986-1995
1996-2015
1986-2015
Deterioration of people’s health and
0.98
0.89
1.87
related countermeasures
Manufacturing industry
0.19
0.44
0.63
Social circumstances: school etc.
7.77
6.47
14.23
Construction industry
1.40
1.28
2.68
Transport and communication
2.13
1.26
3.39
Houses and public facilities
0.52
2.94
3.46
Agricultural industry
38.31
33.70
72.00
Forest industry
1.26
2.85
4.11
Resettlement
4.36
0.72
5.08
Implementation of the Law to help the
15.48
70.84
86.32
sufferers: compensation, privilege etc.
Contamination of mineral and water
2.12
0.55
2.67
resources
Construction of monitoring
4.23
32.60
36.83
Monitoring works
0.26
1.46
1.72
Total
79.00
156.00235.00- Estimation was carried out at the Institute of Economy, Academy of Sciences of Belarus.
- All items consist of loss categories: direct and indirect loss, loss of profits, and additional expenditures.
- 235 billion USD corresponds to 32 times of the national budget of Belarus in 1985 or 21 times of it in 1991.

Table 14. Expenditures to implement countermeasures for the Chernobyl problems in Ukraine [2].
Percentage to thePercentage to general
Expenditure from thenational budget of
national productionYear
LCA Fund*Ukraine(%)(Billion Krb.)
(%)
1991
6.2
2.1
1992
97.4
6.4
1.9
1993
1,966
6.3
1.3
1994
23,788
5.1
1.8
1995
94,1995.8
1.8*: LCA Fund: Fund for Liquidation of the Consequences of the Chernobyl Accident. Until September of 1991, works toliquidate the consequences of the Chernobyl accident and to help the sufferers were implemented directly by the budgetof the former USSR. Thereafter, the finance has been given from the budget of Ukraine through the LCA Fund.
- Krb. is the currency unit used in Ukraine until 1996.

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278