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Organisms in Hydrothermal Environments
Kenji SUGIMORI+

Abstract
This review discuss on the organisms living not only in the surface of the earth, butalso in deep sea, under the extreme environments. Especially, hot spring environments
are useful for organisms to reproduce, because it is like a natural incubator. Tube worm
as a symbiosis systems with sulfur oxidizing bacteria have an interesting blood mechanisms for the transportation of hydrogen sulﬁde. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria living in volcanic lake or sulfur spring water also have interesting characters, and have an important
position of sulfur circulating systems of earth. Cradonia theiophila, one of lichens living
in sulfuric gas environments, has been interested as the fumarolic organisms. Jungermannia vulcanicola also prefer to an acidic water environment.
Two di#erent colored were often observed on the bottom of hot spring ﬂow. In the
hot spring ﬂow, diatoms and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), or two species of cyanobacteria are shared of their living spaces, which are distributed for a few degree of centigrade, each other.
All these organisms like cyanobacteria and bacteria have thermophilic and/or acidophilic characters in those extreme environments. Synechococcus sp. as one of the cyanobacteria living in hot springs, is famous for marked highest living temperatures as 1- .
So, these characters were imaged as the period on origin of earth for oxygen with photosynthetic systems. Termophilic bacteria, as Archaea, are interested in the ﬁelds of an
origin of life and the evolution of eukaryotic cells. And this review also discussed for theorganisms living not only on the surface of the earth,, but also in deep sea, under theextreme environments.
The study on thermophilic bacteria may be useful for the elucidation of adaptation
mechanism to extreme environments.
Key words : thermophilic microorganisms, acidophilic microorganisms, hydrothermal
environments, fumaroles, bacteria, cyanobacteria+ +.-ῌ2/.*  /ῌ,+ῌ+0 + Department of Biology,
Toho University Faculty of Medicine, /ῌ,+ῌ+0 Omori-nishi, Oota-ku, Tokyo +.-ῌ2/.*, Japan.

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Photo +1 Electron micrograph of Sulfolobus sp. isolated from Hakone Oowakudani Hot Spring Pool(scale : + mm)

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Cohn F. (+20,) : Ueber die Algen des Karlsbader Sprudels, mit Rucksicht¤
auf die Bildung desSprudelsinters., Abhandlungen der Schesischen Gesellschaft fur¤ vaterländische Cultur.
Abt. Naturwiss. Med., ῌ. -/῍//Dor, I. (+301) : Algues des sources thermals de tiberiade. Sea. Fish. Res. Sta. Haifa, Bull., .2, -῍,3.

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Hashimoto, J., Miura, T., Fujikura, K. and Ossaka, J. (+33-) : Discovery of VestimentiferanTube-worms in the Euphotic Zone. Zool. Sci., +*, +*0-῍+*01.

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Kushner D. J. (+312) : Microbiological Life in Extreme Environments. .0/ p., Academic Press,
London.

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Sugimori, K., Takayanagi, S., Aikawa, K. and Shiroya, T. (+322a) : Bacteria living in extreme
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