Training Course on Cultural heritage Protection in the Asia - Pacific Region 2016
Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites and Remains

Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protectionin the Asia-Pacific Region 2016

Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisationof Archaeological Sites and Remains
30 August – 29 September 2016, Nara, Japan

Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan
National Institutes for Cultural Heritage
Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties,
Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
International Center for the Study of the Preservation
and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)

Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protectionin the Asia-Pacific Region 2016

Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisationof Archaeological Sites and Remains
30 August – 29 September 2016, Nara, Japan

Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan
National Institutes for Cultural Heritage
Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural Properties,
Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
International Center for the Study of the Preservation
and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)

Edited and Published by
Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
757 Horen-cho, Nara 630-8113 Japan
Tel: +81(0) 742-20-5001
Fax: +81(0) 742-20-5701
e-mail: nara@accu.or.jp
URL: http://www.nara.accu.or.jp
Printed by MeishinsyaⒸ Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU) 2017

Opening Ceremony

Lecture by Dr Joseph King from ICCROM at ACCU Nara OfficeOn-site lecture on the maintenance work for excavated garden

On-site lecture at excavation site of Todai-ji Temple

Explanation on how to draw pottery (at Nara City Archaeological Research Centre)

Practical training on wet rubbing of roof tile

Practical training on measured drawing of pottery

Practical training on photography at NNRICP

Closing Ceremony

Preface
The Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, Asia/Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO(ACCU) was established in Nara in 1999 with cooperation of the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan(Bunkacho) Nara Prefectural Government, and the Municipal Government of Nara, with the purpose
being to serve as a domestic centre for promoting cooperation in cultural heritage protection throughout
the Asia-Pacific region.
Since then, our office has been engaged in the protection and study of cultural resources through training
courses, international conferences, the training of young leaders in cultural heritage protection, theproduction of databases, our website and newsletters, and public relations.
The ACCU Nara Office’s training courses have comprised a significant part of the work of heritage
protection and research, and this was the seventeenth such course we have held. The theme of this year’s
course was “Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites and Remains” andwas in cooperation with Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan (Bunkacho); the International Centre for the
Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM); National Research Institutefor Cultural Properties, Tokyo and Nara; Nara Prefectural Government; Nara Municipal Government;
universities, and museums, from August 30 to September 29, 2016. Fifteen participants from across thevast Asia-Pacific region gathered in Nara to conduct their training.
Our purpose shall be to conduct training in regard to these methodologies of research and investigation
focusing on the excavation and the subsequent organisation and classification of archaeological artefacts,
as well as the methods and principles relating to the preservation, the access, appreciation andunderstanding of archaeological sites and historic places by the public. Furthermore, we shall use thistraining session as an opportunity for mutual debate, information exchange, and network building byarchaeological experts in the Asia-Pacific region.
It is believed that information relating to the practical aspects of the latest methodologies and technologies
is difficult to convey and disseminate promptly in the Asia Pacific region. This situation needs to be
improved, especially regarding the precision in archaeological site exploration, and by providing theskills to researchers so that they may able to address this issue.
I believe that the discussions and lectures in this course were also a good opportunity for the exchangeof ideas and knowledge between the participants, all of whom come from different cultural backgrounds.
I hope that in the future every participant will be able to utilise the results of the course and the networks
that were built at that time, in their own countries.

We would like to express our deep gratitude to the prominent international experts who kindly delivered
lectures, and to the organisations that provided generous support in organising the course. We would
also like to express our appreciation to the participants, who actively took part in the discussions andwhose eager efforts made the course more efficient and successful.
We hope that this report will benefit those who are making strenuous efforts in this field throughout
Asia and the Pacific.

NISHIMURA Yasushi
Director
Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)Contents
PrefaceI.

Introduction
1. General Information…………………………………………………… 3
2. Programme Schedule…………………………………………………… 7

II.

Proceedings
1. Opening Ceremony…………………………………………………… 11
2. Summary of Training Course……………………………………… 13

III.

Final Reports by ParticipantsIV.

Appendix
1. List of Participants…………………………………………………… 89
2. List of Lecturers……………………………………………………… 92
3. Acknowledgements for Cooperation……………………………… 93
4. List of Interpreter and Assistants…………………………………… 94
5. Staff Members, ACCU Nara Office………………………………… 94

Introduction

I. Introduction
1. General Information
2. Programme Schedule

Todai-ji Temple with lecturer, Mr Imanishi

1. General Information
Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protectionin the Asia-Pacific Region 2016

Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisationof Archaeological Sites and Remains(30 August – 29 September 2016, Nara, Japan)

1. OrganisersThis course is jointly organised by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan (Bunkacho); Asia-Pacific
Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU); International Centre for the Study of the Preservation
and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM); and National Institutes for Cultural Heritage,
National Research Institute for Cultural Properties [Tokyo and Nara], under the auspices of theJapan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage; Ministry of Foreign Affairs ofJapan; Japanese National Commission for UNESCO; Nara Prefectural Government; and Nara City
Government.
2. BackgroundIn the Asia and the Pacific region there are various forms of cultural heritage which are of greatvalue from a global point of view. In order to safeguard this important cultural heritage for future
generations, it is necessary to train heritage professionals for proper investigation, analysis andpreservation. ACCU Nara Office, in partnership with ICCROM and Bunkacho has been organisingtraining courses since 2000 on this topic with a view to building the capacities of professionals who
have been involved in cultural heritage protection in the region. This training course aims to provide
participants with the latest knowledge and technologies in the fields of investigation, preservation,
maintenance and management of archaeological sites and remains.
3. Dates and Venue
Course dates: 30 August (Tuesday) to 29 September (Thursday) 2016
Venue: Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO[Nara Pref. Nara General Office, 757 Horen-cho, Nara, Japan] and related research institutions, etc.
4. Objectives of the Training Course
The objectives of the training course are:- to provide participants with a knowledge of the principles and methodologies for protection ofarchaeological sites and remains;- to provide participants with a knowledge of, and skills-based techniques for, the recording andanalysis of archaeological sites and remains;- to provide participants with a knowledge of, and skills-based techniques for, the preservation,
management and utilisation of archaeological sites and remains;- to provide participants with an opportunity to establish networks with colleagues from the region andshare their experiences.

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5. Training Curriculum
Lectures- Global Trends in Conservation of Archaeological Sites- The Cultural Property Protection System in Japan- Introduction to Conservation Science
Practical Training and On-site Lectures- Workshop on Recording/Documentation of Archaeological Sites and Remains:(Measured Drawing, Photography)- Study Tour on Management of Museums and World Heritage Sites- Study Tour on Preservation, Development and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites
Presentations and Discussion- Presentations by participants on the current status of archaeological conservation in each country,
and exchange of views- Discussion on future issues and vision of the conservation of archaeological sites- Summary and evaluation of the training sessions
6. Participants in the Training Course
Application Procedure and Content
The training course is offered to participants from the following 41 signatory countries to the
UNESCO World Heritage Convention (see below). The application form should be submitted no later
than 10 June (Friday) 2016 along with the endorsement of the UNESCO National Commission in the
country concerned. The documents necessary for application are as follows:(1) Application Form (Form 1)
Please attach a copy of the applicant’s passport, if he/she has a valid passport as of 30 August 2016.
This is not necessary if he/she does not currently have a passport.
(2) Report relating to the applicant’s achievements/involvement in archaeological heritage
conservation.
This achievement report should be written by the applicant and should comprise a brief summaryof the reason for applying and the present and previous work related to the theme of archaeological
heritage conservation (2 to 3 pages). This report should be no longer than 5 pages on A4 sized
paper. It will weigh heavily in the selection of participants.
(3) Letter of Recommendation from NATCOM(4) Letter of Recommendation from the head of the organisation to which the applicant belongs(Annex 1)(5) Document Indicating English Proficiency if the applicant has such a document as a reference forthe screening. There is no need to attach this if he/she does not have one at present.

4Completed applications should be sent to the secretariat of the ACCU Nara Office at the address below
by post or e-mail. Only complete applications with all necessary documents will be considered.
The following are the 41 signatories of the World Heritage Convention from Asia and the Pacific:
Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands,
Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Kyrgyz, Lao P.D.R., Malaysia, Maldives, MarshallIslands, Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Niue, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New
Guinea, the Philippines, Republic of Korea, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan,Thailand, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, and Viet Nam.
Qualification Requirements
Applicants should be:1) those who are professionals, 45 years old or younger on 30 August 2016, who are engaged in
the conservation, preservation, restoration or management of archaeological sites and artefacts,
and who can make effective use of the results of the training course upon returning to their homecountries;2) those who have a good command of English, the working language for all lectures, so that they
can deliver presentations and write reports from the training sessions (ACCU Nara Office and
ICCROM shall be allowed to utilise the entire contents of all presentations and reports, including
drawings and photographs, for future publication and cultural heritage protection programmes);3) those who can attend the entire training programme;
4) those who are in good health and able to participate in the training programme.
5) those who submit all of the required documents (listed above) by the stated deadlines;6) those who will most likely continue to exchange information and interact with ACCU after returning
to their home countries;7) those who were not previous participants in training courses on Cultural Heritage Protection in the
Asia-Pacific Region; Research, Analysis and Preservation of Archaeological Sites and Remains
organised by ACCU Nara Office.
7. Notification of Screening Results
After consulting with the other organisers, ACCU Nara Office will select 16 people (one participant
per nation, in principle) from among all applicants in late July. Successful applicants will be informedof the results along with each National Commission for UNESCO.
8. Certificate of Completion
Each participant will be awarded a certificate upon completion of the course.
9. Language of the Training Session
English is the working language throughout the course.

510. Expenses
Expenses during the Training Course shall be borne by ACCU Nara Office, as follows:(1) Travelling expenses:
Each of the participants (except those from Australia, Brunei, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, andSingapore) shall be provided with an economy class return air ticket from the nearest international
airport from their residence to Kansai International Airport, and transportation fees between KansaiInternational Airport and Nara. Expenses for visa application shall be the responsibility of participants.
(2) Living expenses:
Participants shall, in principle, be provided the basic living expenses incurred from the day before thetraining course to the day after the final day, i.e., 29 August (Monday) - 30 September (Friday) 2016,
according to ACCU Nara Office’s regulations. Arrangements for accommodation (a room for single
occupancy) during the training course will be made by ACCU Nara Office. In case a participant needs
accommodation on the way to and/or from Japan for any unavoidable reason (such as visa application
or limited flight connections), ACCU Nara Office will cover the accommodation expenses.
11. Secretariat
Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU Nara Office)Nara Pref. Nara General Office,757 Horen-cho, Nara 630-8113 JAPAN
Tel: +81-(0)742-20-5001
Fax: +81-(0)742-20-5701
E-mail: nara@accu.or.jp

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2. Programme Schedule
Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia/Pacific Region 2016
Training
Courseandon Cultural
Heritage Protectionin the Asia-PacificRegionResearch,
AnalysisPreservationof ArchaeologicalSites
and2016
Remains
Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites and Remains
CourseSchedule
Course Schedule
AugustMonthMorning (9:30-12:30)
・Opening Ceremony (10:00-)
30 Tue.
・Orientation Session
Date

Afternoon (13:30-16:30)
Courtesy Visit to Nara Prefectural
Government Office

31 Wed. ・Presentation and Discussion: Country Reports by Participants
1

Thu.

・Preservation and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites: Global Perspectives I

Hotel Fujita Nara

ACCU Nara
Gamini WIJESURIYAACCU Nara(ICCROM)

INABA Nobuko(University of Tsukuba)

Kasuga-taisha
Shrine/Todai-ji Temple

World Heritage in Nara

2

Fri.

3
4

Sun.

5

Mon.

6

Tue. Excavation of Archaeological Sites in Practice

7

Wed.

8

Thu. Recording/Documentation of Cultural Heritage (Photography)

9

Lecturer

Venue

ACCU Nara

Sat.

Fri.

Research, Analysis, Preservation and
The Cultural Property Protection System
Utilisation of Archaeological Sites (Cases
in Japanin Japan)

Maintenance and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites in Practice I (Cultural Property
Protection and Community Cooperation I)

Conservation of Excavated Garden

Maintenance and Management of Garden

10 Sat.
11 Sun.
12 Mon.

Conservation Science of Archaeological Conservation Science of ArchaeologicalSites I (Introduction)
Sites IIACCU Nara

OMI Toshihide(Agency for Cultural
Affairs, Japan)

NAKAI Masatsugu(Agency for Cultural
Affairs, Japan)

Todai-ji Temple

NANBU Hiroki (Todai-ji Temple)
IMANISHI Yoshio (Todai-ji Temple)

Nara Palace Site

Nara Palace Site Support Network

Nara Palace Site

NAKAMURA Ichiro (NNRICP)

Palatial Garden in Nara
Capital Site /Isui-en Garden

MORISHITA Hiroyuki YOSHIMURA Ryuji

NNRICP

WAKIYA Soichiro (NNRICP)(Nara City Board of
Education)(Environmental Dynamics
Architect)

13 Tue. Conservation Science of Archaeological Sites III

SeptemberManagement of Archaeological Research

14 Wed. Centre in Practice (Cultural Property

Protection and Community Cooperation II)

Recording/Documentation of Artefacts I(Measured Drawing)

15 Thu. Recording/Documentation of Artefacts II (Measured Drawing)
16

Fri.

Nara City
Archaeological ResearchCentreRecording/Documentation of Artefacts III (Measured Drawing, Rubbing)

MORISHITA Keisuke
MIYOSHI Miho
NAKAJIMA Kazuhiko(Nara City Archaeological ResearchCentre)17
18 Sun.
Sat.

19 Mon. Archaeological Sites and Museums I

SHIGEMI Yasushi
Asuka Historical Museum/(The Museum,
The Museum, Archaeological InstituteArchaeological Institute ofof Kashihara, Nara Prefecture
Kashihara, Nara Prefecture)

20 Tue. Preservation and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites: Global Perspectives II
ACCU Nara

21 Wed. Review and Reflections

ACCU Nara

Joseph KING(ICCROM)

Horyu-ji Temple/
Ikaruga Centre for Cultural
Heritage(Ikaruga Town Board of Education)

25 Sun. Study Tour: Maintenance and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites in Practice II

Oura Church/
Glover Garden

Nagasaki International Tourism andConvention Association

26 Mon. Study Tour: Maintenance and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites in Practice III

Dejima, Nagasaki

MAMITSUKA Junji
YAMAGUCHI Miyuki

22 Thu. Archaeological Sites and Museums II
23 Fri.
24 Sat.

27 Tue. Study Tour: Archaeological Sites and Museums III
28 Wed. Submission of Final Reports
29 Thu. Closing Ceremony

HIRATA Masahiko(Dejima Restoration Office Nagasaki City Hall)

Nagasaki Museum ofHistory and Culture

・Nagasaki Prefectural Government*1
・Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture*2

ACCU Nara
Hotel Fujita Nara

*1: HONMA Sadao/HASHIMOTO Masanobu/TERADA Seigo*2: OKAMOTO Ken'ichiro
ICCROM: International Centre for the Study of Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property
NNRICP: Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
ACCU Nara: Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO

7

1. Opening Ceremony
2. Summary of Training Course

At Kofuku-ji Temple

Proceedings

II. Proceedings1. Opening Ceremony
The Opening Ceremony was held on 30th August at the Hotel
Fujita in Nara city. To begin, Mr NISHIMURA Yasushi,
Director of the Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation
Office, Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO, delivered
the welcome speech, then Mr HAMADA Yasue of the
Agency for Cultural Affairs and Mr MORIMOTO Susumu of
the Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties Mr Nishimura, Director of ACCU Nara Office(hereinafter, “NNRICP”) introduced the organisations
they work for and gave an address of welcome. Following
the introduction of the guests from local governments,
Nara prefecture and Nara city, the participants introduced
themselves, stating the details of their jobs as well as
their expectations for the training program. After thecommemorative photo was taken, the opening ceremony
Ms Hamada from Agency for Cultural
Affairs, Japan

ended.
After a break, the participants attended an orientation session
during which they received an explanation about the training
curriculum, and an outline of living in Japan. After 16:00
o’clock, the participants visited the Nara Prefectural Office to
pay a courtesy call on the vice governor.

Mr Morimoto from NNRICP

Ms Tanigaki from Nara Prefectural Gov.

Opening Ceremony at Hotel Fujita Nara

Mr Tateishi from Nara City Gov.

11

Self-introduction by participants (left: Mr Onga from Papua New Guinia; right: Ms Shape from New Zealand)

The courtesy visit to the vice governor, Mr Namikoshi at Nara Prefectural Office

With Mr Namikoshi (centre), the vice governor of Nara Prefecture12

2. Summary of Training Course
Various experts delivered a series of lectures during this training course. The following is a complete
list of lectures with a brief description.
31 August (Wed.) - 1 September (Thu.)■ Presentation and Discussion: Country Reports byParticipants■ Preservation and Utilisation of ArchaeologicalSites: Global Perspectives I
INABA Nobuko (University of Tsukuba)/
Gamini Wijesuriya (ICCROM)
The participants gave presentations, and the lecturers Dr
Gamini from ICCROM and Prof. INABA, of the University

Dr Gamini from ICCROM

of Tsukuba provided lectures over these two days. The
participants reported about the current situation of culturalproperty protection and related problems in each of theircountries, after which an active question-and-answer session
and exchange of opinions was conducted. Following theconclusion of participant presentations, Dr Gamini Wijesuriya
explained about the ICCROM organisation and activities;
then lectured about international trends in preservation
and utilisation of cultural properties. Following this, Prof.
INABA lectured on the characteristics and preservationof Japanese cultural properties, while explaining about
the history and culture of Japan, including Buddhism andShintoism. Both lecturers answered many questions fromthe participants by citing various examples and giving moredetailed explanations, and suggested clues to solve problems
participants commonly report.
Prof. Inaba (right)

13

Presentation and dicussion

14

2 September (Fri.)■ World Heritage in Nara
NAKAI Isao (ACCU Nara Office)As the first stop in the itinerary of the temporary training program, the participants visited the Naraworld heritages, listening to explanations from the ACCU staff members. Walking through Nara Parkto visit Kasuga-taisya Shrine, the participants diligently observed the styles of the cultural properties
and historical buildings to which the Japanese lecturer referred during the previous day’s lecture. In theafternoon, the participants visited Kofuku-ji Temple, where they toured the inside of the Five-storeyed
Pagoda and the Eastern Golden Hall where a special exhibition was being held.

Lecture at World Heritage Site in Nara City (left: Kofuku-ji Temple, right: Kasuga-taisya Shrine)

5 September (Mon.)■ The Cultural Property Protection System in JapanOMI Toshihide (Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan)■ Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites (Cases inJapan)NAKAI Masatsugu (Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan)
At the ACCU office, Mr Omi delivered a lecture on the cultural property protection systemcharacteristics of Japan. He explained about the process of cultural property protection, legal
controls required for the protection, as well as the cooperation of citizens. In the afternoon, Mr Nakai
gave a lecture. The participants learned about the survey/research, improvement, and utilisation ofarchaeological sites in Japan, centred on the theme that existing historical sites should be “preserved”
in order to firmly pass them down to future generations, and thus “utilised” in a community. The
participants showed deep interest in the preservation/utilisation methods of Japan, asked manyquestions, and discussed about methods that may also be effective in their countries.

15

Lecture on the cultural property protection system in Japan by Mr Omi

Discussion with lecturer, Mr Nakai

6 September (Tue.)■ Excavation of Archaeological Sites in Practice
NANBU Hiroki / IMANISHI Yoshio (Todai-ji Temple)
A training program at Todai-ji Temple. The participants
visited Eastern Pagoda Site currently under excavation.
Participants studiously observed the excavation site andasked numerous questions.
After lunch, with explanations provided by Mr Imanishi,
the participants toured Southern Great Gate and the Great
Buddha Hall. Among them, a participant from Cambodia,
who is engaged in the maintenance of Angkor Wat,
was most interested in the buildings, and asked manyquestions.

16With the lecturer, Mr Nanbu at the excavation site in Todai-ji Temple

Lecture on the history and maintenance of World Heritage Site in Todai-ji Temple

7 September (Wed.)■ Maintenance and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites in Practice I (Cultural Property
Protection and Community Cooperation I)
Nara Palace Site Support Network
At the Nara Palace Site, the participants attended a lecture on the “Nara Palace Site Support
Network”, an NPO. The “Nara Palace Site Support Network” is a corporation that has contributed
to environmental conservation and cultural utilisation for 15 years. The participants were surprised
and impressed with the fact that many of the staff members of the NPO are voluntary senior citizens.
As multiple staff members of the NPO attended the lecture on the day, the participants were able
to hear their opinions. In the afternoon, the participants toured the Nara Palace Site, listening to
the explanation about mentenance activities implemented by the NPO and guidance for exhibition
facilities. The participants seemed to be particularly interested in the Excavation Site Exhibition Hall,and toured it studiously.

17

Observation tour at Nara Palace Site

18

8 September (Thu.)■ Recording/Documentation of Cultural Heritage (Photography)
NAKAMURA Ichiro (NNRICP)
A lecture on photography for cultural properties was given by Mr Nakamura at the NNRICP’s
photo studio. After listening to the explanation of the outline and purpose of photographs of culturalproperties, as well as the basic structure and settings of a camera, the participants learned photographic
techniques through a demonstration using large-size photographic equipment. After that, theparticipants were divided into several groups to undertake practical photographic training. Despite
struggling with operating shutter speed, focus, and aperture, etc., the participants appear to have had
fun taking photographs.

Participants experienced to use large-sized camera and single lens reflex camera at NNRICP.

9 September (Fri.)■ Conservation of Excavated Garden
MORISHITA Hiroyuki (Nara City Board of Education)
In the morning, the participants visited the Palace Garden, currently under restoration. After an
explanation about the difficulties inherent in an exposed exhibition of a Scenic Beauty Garden as
well as an outline of the maintenance project, they toured the improvement field of the garden pond.

19

Lecture by Mr Morishita about restoration project at the excavated garden

While watching the work to lift up ornamental garden stones by using ropes and a chain block, theparticipants asked questions and offered opinions with regard to conservation science treatment andauthenticity of the stones.
■ Maintenance and Management of Garden
YOSHIMURA Ryuji (Environmental Dynamics Architect)
In the afternoon, they moved to Isuien Garden to learn about periodical preservation work. After an
explanation outlining the preservation and maintenance work of the garden, the participants toured thegarden while listening to the commentary about the important colours and points of the landscape toensure the good condition of the garden. It seemed that participants were deeply impressed with theJapanese garden that they had experienced for the first time.

Lecture by Mr Yoshimura about preservation and maintenance work of the garden

20

12 September (Mon.)■ Conservation Science of Archaeological Sites I (Introduction)■ Conservation Science of Archaeological Sites II
WAKIYA Soichiro (NNRICP)
A lecture on conservation science was delivered at NNRICP. The participants attended extensive
lecture covering the characteristics of natural materials such as stone and soil, and the weathering/
deterioration of archaeological sites and artefacts by weather conditions including humidity, rain, etc.,
and other causes, even with countermeasures against such weathering/deterioration. Then, using stoneand salt, the participants set up a practical experimental environment in a container within which salt
weathering occurs in order to observe salt weathering. They observed the changes in the stone surface
over the following 10 days. Meanwhile, the participants discussed the problems of deterioration andweathering of sites and artefacts they are facing in their countries, and asked many questions about
conservation science methods effective in conserving artefacts made of various materials. In addition,
there was a lively discussion, which included the lecturer, regarding what conservation should be andthe definition of conservation.

Preparation of salt weathering test pieces

The result of test pieces

Discussion with lecturer

21

13 September (Tue.)■ Conservation Science of Archaeological Sites III
WAKIYA Soichiro (NNRICP)The second day of conservation science lectures at NNRICP. The focus of the morning lecture was theconservation science of structural remains. The lecturer detailed a conservation/exhibition method of
structural remains which adjusts rainwater and humidity, and is not dependent on chemical methods.
Mr Wakiya, the lecturer, also explained about creating the best-suited environment for the conservationof structural remains while introducing case studies of structural-remain conservation projects
undertaken in Japan. In the afternoon, the participants visited the Excavation Site Exhibition Hall,and listened to an explanation about the deterioration of structural remains due to being an exposed
exhibition, as well as measures to prevent such progress of deterioration, while observing actual
structural remains.

Lecturer explained about structural-remain conservation projects at the Excavation Site Exhibition Hall

14 September (Wed.)■ Management of Archaeological Research Centre in Practice (Cultural Property
Protection and Community Cooperation II)■ Recording/Documentation of Artefacts I (Measured Drawing)
MORISHITA Keisuke / MIYOSHI Miho / NAKAJIMA Kazuhiko(Nara City Archaeological Research Centre)
At the Nara City Archaeological Research Centre, the participants undertook practical training for themeasured drawing of artefacts. At the beginning of the lecture, Ms Miyoshi, the lecturer, delivered
an overview about the centre and then introduced the members of the Citizens Supporters for
Archaeology, a volunteer group. The Nara City Archaeological Research Centre is characterised as
being not only for cultural property protection but for raising awareness of local cultural properties incooperation with each relevant community. During questions and answers between supporters and theparticipants, the participants seemed surprised while listening to explanations about the activities, aswell as the enthusiasm of the supporters. In the afternoon, the participants undertook practical training

22

for the Japanese method of measured drawing of artefacts. After the lecturer explained and gave ademonstration, the participants practiced measured drawing of a complete, unchipped earthenware
piece using Japanese traditional tools for measured drawing.
15 September (Thu.)■ Recording/Documentation of Artefacts II (Measured Drawing)
Following yesterday’s lecture, the participants practiced drawing a measured drawing of earthenware.
With help from the staff members of the Buried Cultural Property Excavation Centre, the participants
concentrated on the measured drawing. In the afternoon, they attempted a measured drawing method
for chipped earthenware and a fragment of broken earthenware. After a lecture about a method todraw a measured drawing by estimating the shape of the chipped part, the participants continued theirattempts at their measured drawings.

Lecture by Ms Miyoshi

Lecture by Mr Nakajima

Practical training on measured drawing of pottery

23

16 September (Fri.)■ Recording/Documentation of Artefacts III (Measured Drawing, Rubbing)
Third day of practical training for measured drawing of artefacts.
First, Mr Morishita, the head of the Buried Cultural Property Excavation Centre, emphasised theimportance of measured drawings of archaeological artefacts, especially of the patterns seen on
the surface of artefacts, which provide a range of information. Then the participants listened to an
explanation of how earthenware was made, while watching a demonstration of such. Following that,the participants continued their measured drawing practice from the previous day. In the afternoon,
they undertook practical training in rubbing. After the explanation, the participants tried to make arubbed copy of a roof tile to learn rubbing techniques.
Through the 3 days of practical training, the participants learned Japanese measured drawing andrubbing methods. Although, at first, every participant struggled to draw a measured drawing, they
improved their skills step by step.

Lecture by Mr Morishita

24

Practical training on wet rubbing of roof tile

19 September (Mon.)■ Archaeological Sites and Museums I
SHIGEMI Yasushi (The Museum, Archaeological Institute of Kashihara, Nara Prefecture)
NAKAI Isao (ACCU Nara Office)Temporary training programs spread across the archaeological sites in Asuka and Kashihara.
The participants first visited the museum belonging to the Archaeological Institute of Kashihara,
Nara Prefecture. After listening to an explanation from the lecturer, they toured the special exhibition,
the Mongolian mural paintings, and the permanent exhibition. The participants were granted special
permission to enter a storehouse in order to observe the archaeological artefacts being stored andpreserved in different ways, depending on the material.

Museum tour with the explanation by Mr Shigemi (left: permanent exhibition room, right: special exhibition room)

Observation tour of Ishibutai Tumulus

25

After that, they moved to the Ishibutai Tumulus. The participants looked at the tumulus they saw for
the first time with interest. At the Asuka Historical Museum, the final site of the day, participants saw
an exhibition of artefacts unearthed from garden sites and tumuli. Over the course of the day, theylearned how tumuli and the artefacts unearthed therefrom should be preserved, repaired, and exhibited.
20 September (Tue.)■ Preservation and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites: Global Perspectives II
Joseph King (ICCROM)
At the beginning of the lecture, the participants introduced themselves and stated their purpose
for attending the training. After that, the lecturer delivered a lecture covering a range of topics
including the World Heritage Convention, the international state of cultural property conservation, thesignificance of conservation, scientific conservation methods, etc. In the afternoon, the participants
attended a lecture on the cultural value of conservation of archaeological and cultural properties,“Outstanding Universal Value (OUV)”, and learned the criteria and authenticity for world heritages.

26

21 September (Wed.)■ Review and Reflections
Joseph King (ICCROM)
The participants made groups of five for group work. Each group chose one world heritage, anddiscussed the value of the world heritage by collating it with the criteria, based on the contents of
the lecture delivered the previous day. Then, finally, all of the groups summarised their opinions, andpresented.
At the conclusion of the lecture, the lecturer discussed the management system and plans for culturalproperties. Over these two days, the participants attended lectures on various topics related to culturalproperty protection, and expanded their knowledge. Furthermore, discussions between participants
were often observed.

With the lecturer, Dr King in the front of ACCU Nara Office27

22 September (Thu.)■ Archaeological Sites and Museums II
HIRATA Masahiko (Ikaruga Town Board of Education)
A lecture was delivered at the Ikaruga Centre for Cultural Heritage. At first, the participants watcheda video about the history and cultural properties of Ikaruga Town, as well as the excavation survey
for the Fujinoki Tumulus. Then, prior to entering the exhibition room, the lecturer provided further
detailed explanations about the excavation and artefacts. Following that, they were allowed to enter thestone chamber of the Fujinoki Tumulus to see the actual conditions of conservation and maintenanceof the tumulus. In the afternoon, the participants visited Horyu-ji Temple, a World Heritage Site.

Lecture by Mr Hirata at exhibition room of Fujinoki Tumulus

Lecture at Horyu-ji Temple

25 September (Sun.)■ Study Tour: Maintenance and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites in Practice II
Nagasaki International Tourism and Convention Association
The participants travelled from Nara to Nagasaki, Kyusyu. In the afternoon, they undertook temporary
training at, Oura Catholic Church (national treasure), Former Glover House (important culturalproperty), and other sites.
At the Glover Garden, the participants heard an explanation about the businesses of Thomas Blake
Glover that supported the modernisation of Japan and the shipbuilding technologies of Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries. The participants were able to see various facilities including the Former Glover
House. As they were able to enter each building, and observe exhibitions such as foods that had been
reproduced, it enabled them to imagine living in those days.
26 September (Mon.)■ Study Tour: Maintenance and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites in Practice III
MAMITSUKA Junji / YAMAGUCHI Miyuki (Dejima Restoration Office, Nagasaki City Hall)At First, the participants attended a lecture about Dejima. The lecturer explained the geographicaloutline of Dejima as well as trade with China and the Netherlands. In addition, the lecturer
explained that a project to reconstruct a bridge to the original state is currently underway.

28

Lecture by Ms Yamaguchi (left) and Mr Mamitsuka (right)

29

In the afternoon, they toured around the reconstructed Dejima while hearing about explanatory
materials reproducing aspects of living in Dejima. They were also able to see a number of artefacts inreconstructed buildings, and some participants showed interest in some artefacts they found which are
related to their own countries. During their free time, the participants toured the facilities according totheir own interests, and deepened their knowledge about the history of, and artefacts unearthed from,
Dejima.
27 September (Tue.)■ Study Tour: Archaeological Sites and Museums III
HONMA Sadao / HASHIMOTO Masanobu / TERADA Seigo(Nagasaki Prefectural Government)
OKAMOTO Ken’ichiro (Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture)
A training session was conducted at the Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture. The lecturer
primarily discussed the history and excavation survey of the Nagasaki Magistrate’s Office of the
Edo Period. The lecturer also provided further details of the history, including the functions of theMagistrate’s Office to control Christianity, as well as how the excavation survey was conducted. Hestated that an excavation survey needs coordination/cooperation among archaeologists, historians, andarchitects, in addition to precautions when undertaking the excavation survey.
The Nagasaki Magistrate’s Office was reconstructed in the Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture.
After the lecture ended, the participants were able to see the reconstructed Magistrate’s Office. The
lecturer commented on architectural contrivances of those days such as roof tiles which were designedwith peach decals which symbolise fire protection, as well as the fact that the Nagasaki Museum ofHistory and Culture itself is designed to enable visitors to enjoy both the reconstructed buildings andthe unearthed artefacts.

Lecture by Mr Honma

30

Observation of Nagasaki Magistrate’s Office reconstructed on original stairs

28 September (Wed.)
Submission of Final Reports
29 September (Thu.)
Closing Ceremony
The closing ceremony was held in the morning at the Hotel Fujita Nara, and the participants were
each awarded certificates to mark the completion of their training. Mr Gyanin Rai from Nepal and Ms
Thippawan Wongadsapaiboon from Thailand made speeches on behalf of the participants. Many of theparticipants attended in their national costumes or the Japanese kimono, beaming with joy for the factthat they had successfully finished their one-month training programme.

Closing Ceremony

Congratulatory address by Director Nishimura (left) and Mr Morimoto from NNRICP

31

Participants being awarded certificates of completion

Closing speech (left: Mr Rai Gyanin from Nepal, right: Ms Thippawan Wongadsapaiboon from Thailand)

32

At Asuka Historical Museum

Final Reports byParticipants

III. Final Reports by Participants

34

Bangladesh
Afroza Khan Mita

Learning Experiences in the Training Entitled “Cultural Heritage
Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region 2016
(Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilization of Archaeological Sites
and Remains)”
Introduction: I arrived in Nara, Japan on 29 August, 2016 to take part in a one-month training
program entitled “Preservation and Conservation of Cultural Heritage Protection in Asia Pacific Region
2016 (Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilization of Archaeological Sites and Remains)” jointly
organized by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan (Bunkacho); Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for
UNESCO (ACCU), International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural
Property (ICCROM); National Institutes for Cultural Heritage, Nara Prefectural Government and Nara
City Government. In order to carry out the protection, maintenance and utilization of archaeologicalsites, the official needs to skilled up with training and thus capacity building.
Through training, capacity building takes place, which is the most important thing for those of us whoare involved in such work. From 15 countries in the Asia Pacific region, 15 participants have cometo participate in the training course. Most have the same needs—capacity building through training,
manpower, proper management plan preparation, and application and financial support. A country
like Japan also has some needs in some areas, but they have been able to mitigate their needs by using
certain techniques and measures.
It is high time for other countries to experience with them and try to apply some of these measuresin their respective countries. So I am here in Japan, the country of the first sunrise, the country wherecherry blossoms makes nature wonderful, women wear kimono like sophisticated dresses and also
where people will greet us with a gentle gesture every time, everywhere. Within this very short report
I would like to share my observations and experience of the one-month training in Nara, Japan. I will
also share my plan of applying some of the activities of Japan’s protection of archaeological sites andremains, and maintenance and utilization.
Background and Rationales: In order to train archaeological as well as cultural property-related
professionals in the Asia Pacific region for the preservation, maintenance and proper utilization ofarchaeological sites and remains, ACCU Nara, in association with ICCROM and Bunkacho, have beenorganizing this training program since 2000. Participants who received training earlier have benefitedin various ways. They contribute the knowledge they gained from the program to their practical workin the field.
Aims and Objectives:
1) To provide participants with the latest knowledge and techniques in the fields of investigation,

38

preservation, maintenance and management of archaeological sites and remains.
2) To provide participants with an opportunity to establish networks with colleagues from theregion and share their experiences.
3) To build up the capacity of professionals who are involved in these processes.
Descriptions: Now I would like to give a short account of my experiences.
Preservation Plan before Archaeological Excavation: We went to different archaeological sites(excavated and displayed). The protection, maintenance and utilization of those sites gave us new
ideas and methods. In Bangladesh we either rebury the excavated archaeological sites or, at a very
few sites (especially in gateways or fortification walls and vertical temples), we do pointing work andthus conserve and preserve the site for visitors. In Japan, we saw some other methods of preservation.
And they make a plan for what they will do before the excavation—like open air exhibition undera protective shelter, full scale models, representation of fashions, reconstruction of the foundation
platform for display etc. So in my country I would like to apply some of these ideas. In a humid
country like Bangladesh it will be tough to arrange open air exhibition under a protective shelter, but
we will try some of them.
Cultural Property Protection and Community Cooperation: We always talk about the shortage ofmanpower. But in this regard, Japan sets a wonderful role model for the world, which is Community
Cooperation. They have motivated the senior citizens of the country to work on the protection ofcultural property. They train them and help them to be protectors of heritage. So through the helpof senior citizens they are now able to fill the shortage of manpower. Members of the community
works for the cleanliness, guiding, school education programs and so many other areas. If I am able
to motivate some of the community members of my own country, the scarcity of manpower will thus
be reduced. Here I would like to give my heartiest thanks to the community members of Nara Palace
Temple sites, Nara City Archaeological Research Centers, and all the areas of Japan where they help
the protection authorities.
Others: I would also like to mention the documentation of excavated objects through drawings andmeasurements at various temple sites, as well as the museum visit program, which gave me a variety ofexperience. In particular, the clean and green environment of the property area makes me think about
our sites more. And last but not least I would like to mention the DEJIMA Island Protection Project
1951-2050. This wonderful revival project of the harbor used by the Dutch East India Company gives
me many ideas which I will try to apply to some of our British monuments for utilization throughdisplay.
Acknowledgements: First of all, I would like to give my heartiest thanks to all the officials of ACCU,
Nara Office. Without their help it would not have been possible for me to stay one month in Japan andto finish the program accordingly. In particular, my thanks go to Mr. NISHIMURA Yasushi (Director)
San for his overall supervision, Mr. NAKAI Isao (Director, Programme Operation Department) San
for his excellent, active and strong training program operation and the fact that he was always on
hand to give proper guidance, Ms. WAKIYA Kayoko (Director, International Cooperation Division)

39

San for her friendly help and guidance with a smile, Ms. SAKIMOTO Keiko (Chief, International
Cooperation Division) San for her timely correspondence before we came, which helped us to
get all the necessary information in time and for accompanying us during our stay with a friendly
gesture, and Ms. SUZUKI Sonoko (Staff, International Cooperation Division) for her quick help.
I am grateful to the interpreter of the program, Ms. HATA Chiyako San, for her excellent English
interpretation. Also, thanks to the assistant of the program, Mr. JAMMO Sari, Ms. TACHIBANA
Maki and Ms. ENDO Saki for their constant help. Thanks also to ACCU, Nara Office, ICCROM,
Bunkacho, Nara Prefecture Government and Nara City Government for their initiative in organizing
the program.
Learning Points: What I learned from the training is given below in bullet point form:• We have to make a proper preservation and utilization plan before embarking on anarchaeological excavation.
• Conservation awareness of the archaeological excavation needs to be undertaken first.
• Involvement of senior citizens of the country as community participants for site preservation
can resolve manpower needs. It also helps to increase community involvement at the sites.
• School education programs can be diverse such as painting, visiting the site, playing
games, solving puzzles, replicas and reproduction of tools by children, imagining scenes orsituations with ancient costumes, tools, parades, etc.
• Although material authenticity is a most important factor for the protection of culturalproperty it is not the only factor in ensuring the authenticity of a site. There are so many
variables. We have to be very careful with those.
• At museum display sites, remains must be displayed in an enjoyable and novel manner.
• Research and analysis should form part of cultural property protection.
• We should convey to the local people the value of the site. It makes them feel proud of thesite. Thus more community awareness meetings need to be organized.
Conclusion: For the last month we have taken part in lecture sessions, workshops, practicalsessions, visits to sites and museums, and so on. This has been a wonderful opportunity for all of
us to experience the protection, maintenance, research and utilization activities of Japan. Also,
we learned about the legal framework of the country and from the ICCROM resource personnel
we found out about the diversity of World Heritage Sites, legal issues on the preservation andprotection of sites, management needs, and so on. Through the experience, I will start my work in
Bangladesh with new vision. Thanks to all those associated with the training organizations.

40Archaeological excavation of Eastern Pagoda ofOpen exhibition of excavated site under a
Todai-ji Temple, Nara, Japan
protective shelter, Nara Palace site, Nara, Japan

Cultural property protection and community
cooperation, Nara City ArchaeologicalResearch Centre

Rubbing by a trainee after the workshop, Nara City
Archaeological Research Centre

41

BhutanSonam Gyeltshen

Final report on the training course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the
Asia-Pacific Region 2016, on the theme “Research, Analysis, Preservationand Utilisation of Archaeological Sites and Remains”
I am so delighted to write this report, which is in fact a testimony to being able to successfullycomplete this wonderful training course. This training course is a shining example of the close
cooperation among the Asia-Pacific nations in caring about and appreciating each other’s cultural
heritage values, while working together as partners in developmental activities.
Conservation and preservation of our cultural treasures is more than simply maintaining the material
remains of our forefathers. It is central to our identity, unity and continuity as they form an indisputablephysical record of the historical, artistic and technical achievements of our countries through many
centuries. Preserving our rich cultural heritage sites is about linking the past with the present and,inevitably, the future. Every nation’s stock of historic buildings or sites is finite and therefore a store of
irreplaceable value, which propagates as an important legacy and a magnet for the tourism industry.
This training program has taught us that heritage conservation doesn't mean freezing a building intime, creating a museum or tying the hands of property owners so they can't do anything with theirproperties. Instead, it seeks to maintain and thereby increase the value of buildings by keeping their
original built form and architectural elements, favoring their restoration rather than replacement and,
when restoration is impossible, recreating scale, period and character. Although, we are aware thatconservation techniques and the way of doing things differ from country to country, but Japan is acountry whom we can look upon as an exemplary nation in terms of advanced conservation techniques,
which are mechanized beyond our expectations, and good management.
Bhutanese Context of Cultural Heritage Protection and Conservation System
Modern conservation science in Bhutan is still in its infancy. Although conservation practices havebeen in place since a long time ago, the old system of conservation in the case of cultural heritagebuildings, sites and other valuable cultural properties was to change everything into a new form. The
Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites still faces this problem, whereby reconstruction is being
carried out in place of renovation simply because the structure is old without anyone realizing thevalue of the ancient fabric. So many ancient heritage temples have been destroyed in this way due tolack of awareness among the public.
The Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites under the Department of Culture is the core central
organization mandated to conserve, protect and promote cultural heritage sites, including traditional
villages and vernacular houses and archaeological remains, and now cultural landscaping as well.
Planning and execution of conservation and management of heritage sites is still a big challenge42faced by Bhutan due to the lack of a Heritage Act. However, we have already drafted the Kingdom’s
Heritage Act bill with the help of Prof. Toshiyuki Kono, Distinguished Professor of Law, Kyushu
University, Japan, which will be deliberated during the next session of the parliament.
At the moment, construction of new religious structures has been frozen through the issuing of acircular by the government. The Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites regulates, prepares needassessments, and provides a technical back stop to all districts not only for new constructions, butwhile they carry out renovation of existing temples. This exercise is being undertaken to resume theprotection of heritage sites in Bhutan, particularly in the context of renovations being carried out for
the upkeep of existing valuable heritage sites and the allocation of budgets based on works that need tobe genuinely undertaken. We are also concerned about the extent of new constructions that are being
carried out without a clear vision or proper planning, which in some places are constructed clumsily.
We do not allow any alterations to take place other than those in line with the temple’s original design
and roofing structures. Replacement of decayed or damaged timber members or components are to be
executed with the same species and same sizes, and the timber should be well seasoned. Use of cementin the conservation works of all religious structures is not permitted at all.
Japanese Context of Cultural Heritage Protection and Conservation System
Mr. Oumi Toshihide and Mr. Nakai Masatugu, both from the Agency for Cultural Affairs, delivered alecture on the various legislation and guidelines for tangible and intangible cultural heritage protection
systems in Japan. The preservation and restoration of heritage buildings in Japan are governed bystrict laws that are jointly upheld by other relevant institutions such as those on the municipal level,
prefectures, other local government agencies, and the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports,
Science and Technology.
The protection of cultural heritage through a proper legislative system is an important tool thatenhances the lifespan and sustainability of valuable cultural heritage sites, cultural properties,
monuments, etc. The lecture focused on the integration of international laws with national legislation
as being equally important in the protection of heritages. As the training was on the preservation
and restoration of wooden structures, the lecture focused on the values and authenticity of woodenmaterials. The Nara Document on Authenticity was ‘conceived in the spirit of the Charter of Venice
1964, and builds on it and extends it in response to the expanding scope of cultural heritage concerns
and interests in our contemporary world’ (Nara Document on Authenticity).
Cultural heritage structures built from wood face a ‘diversity’ that exists in time and space, where
the culture’s diversity demands acknowledgment of the legitimacy of the cultural values of parties.
The values and authenticity of cultural heritage in Japan, considered in conservation and restoration
planning and affirmed in the context of the Venice Charter 1964, qualifies and plays a fundamental rolein scientific studies on, and in the conservation and restoration of wooden cultural heritage sites, andalso for the purpose of inscription under the UNESCO World Heritage Convention in Japan. Thus, theNara Document plays a vital role in the preservation and restoration of wooden heritage in Japan.
The application of Japanese legislation for protection of cultural heritage is complex, but Japan has had

43very comprehensive legal instruments in place since 1871. Japan’s system for protection of cultural
heritage dates back to the Asuka period in 593 and has continued until today’s Heisei period, whichbegan in 1989—all of which is very impressively recorded in the history of Japan. The first law, theDecree for the Preservation of Ancient Artefacts (1871), was established to protect cultural heritageand listing of heritage processed, and this was followed by other laws such as the Ancient Temples andShrines Preservation Law (1897) that provided for the designation of historic buildings and nationaltreasures, the formation of committees for the preservation of ancient temples and shrines, subsidies
for repair and maintenance, and council for means to repair heritage buildings.
Having established effective laws, Japan started to preserve heritage buildings through proper
documentation, conservation and management planning. The National Treasure Preservation Law(1933) provided for the expansion of the preservation of objects, buildings and fine arts and crafts as
National Treasures by the Committee for the Preservation of National Treasures, as well as regulationof alterations to the current state of buildings, including a duty to open to the public, and this system
was well governed by timely laws that helped in the protection of cultural heritage. Unfortunately,
however, 65 items and 202 buildings that were designated as National Treasures were destroyed during
World War II, which was a great loss to Japan. The Japanese legislation and guidelines are very wellintegrated with various national laws that truly sustain the lives of cultural heritage properties.
As the deliberations in the classroom and onsite lectures went on and the details of the culturalprotection laws of Japan started sinking into my mind, I started to conceive the pride that might be felt
by my country if we adopted the Japanese Cultural Management and Protection Law. As Japan andBhutan share the similarity of wooden heritage form and design, we are fortunate to be collaboratingwith a legal expert from Kyushu University in drafting a heritage act for my country. I foresee with nodoubt that our Cultural Act will successfully be endorsed and, more importantly, that the Bhutaneseliving heritage sites will enjoy a long history with minimal intervention and diversity in society.
The hands-on training on the recording and documentation of cultural heritage through photography
delivered by Mr. Nakamura Ichiro of NNRICP added to my knowledge of how to carry out
photographic documentation, which is one of the important aspects of documenting valuable cultural
heritage assets. The lecture on conservation of excavated gardens by Mr. Morishita Hiroyuki, Nara
City Board of Education, and maintenance and management of gardens by Mr. Yoshimura Ryuji,
Managing Director of Environmental Dynamics Architect was equally overwhelming, even though I
am not sure whether Bhutan has any such sites at the moment. The lecture on Conservation Scienceof Archaeological Sites by Dr. Wakiya Soichiro from NNRICP was another interesting topic I got tolearn from this training. The preservation method for waterlogged wooden artefacts in water tanks was
an interesting piece of know-how that I can test back in my own country. The excavations and first aid
for fragile artefacts was one of the numerous practices I observed for the first time. I will do my best to
apply these at a level that is possible in my country.
Other experimental hands-on training such as recording and documenting artefacts with measured
drawing was a little tough for me as it was my first time, but worth learning. Roof tile rubbing
technique was another interesting topic, although we use this rubbing technique when printing prayer

44

flags in Bhutan. But I am confident that if we follow the Japanese way, the prints on the prayer flags
will appear much clearer than doing it with the present practice, which is very simple.
Understanding Conservation Concept from ICCROM and International perspective
The lectures by Dr. Gamini on the global trends in the conservation of cultural heritage sites was full of
diverse information. I learnt that the benefit of building a networking system as part of an information
sharing system in the regional or sub-regional context amongst conservation practitioners is one of the
key tools in strengthening skills and knowledge. However, the gaps and differences in the conservation
methods among the Asia-Pacific regions are great due to the use of different construction materials
in different countries. But this training program is a bridge linking Asia-Pacific countries together
and providing platforms to address the issues and to strengthen the network system among working
professionals in the field of preservation and restoration. The two-day lecture by Mr. King from
ICCROM was very informative, especially in the context of informing the participants on the World
Heritage Conventions, about the requirements of outstanding value to qualify one’s heritage sites
to be prescribed as World Heritage Sites under UNESCO, and also about the working mechanisms,
importance, roles and responsibilities of other important organizations such as UNESCO, ICCROM,
ICOMOS, IUCN, etc., including ACCU, which needs no mention here, for all participants know more
about it than other organizations.
What I acquired from this training course
Thanks to ACCU, I made 14 new friends from the Asia-Pacific region. This training provided us aplatform for which to get to know each other, and share our knowledge and ideas. It also provided
a space for us to build a network among ourselves. I also got to know many well developed
conservation techniques practiced in Japan and the other 14 countries through interaction with myfellow participants, which further helped me in upgrading my knowledge and skills. The educational
knowledge I acquired from this training has already been mentioned above, and does not need
repeating here.
Lastly, I would like to acknowledge ACCU for organizing such a wonderful training course in beautiful
Nara. I would also like to thank their co-partners, such as ICOMOS, ICCROM, Nara City and Nara
Prefecture, NNRICP, Nara City Archaeological Centre, and many other organizations who helped us incompleting this training course successfully. I would personally like to thank Dr. Nishimura Yasushi,
Director of ACCU, Mr. Nakai Isao San and Mrs.Wakiya Kayoko for accompanying us every day, inevery training activity we undertook. I would also like to thank the other team members of ACCU,
namely, Sakimoto-san, Suzuki-san, Saki-san, Maki-san and Sari-san, for being there for us, every
day of our stay in Nara - and of course my fellow participants for spending a wonderful time together
in Nara. Furthermore, I would like to request that ACCU pardon us if we unknowingly createdunnecessary problems while trying to adapt to the new timing and the new environment. Thank you
ACCU for the generous hospitality you provided to every one of us.

45

Cambodia
Keo Chansophany

Final Report on the Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the
Asia-Pacific Region 2016
Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites andRemains
Introduction
From the beginning of this course, I enjoyed all the lectures, study tours and practical work so much.
We could learn many things, and all of this will likely benefit my work, and not only empower mycareer development, but also give me a framework within which to utilize my full potential. Most of
the subjects in this training course were very relevant to my work, and the great deal of knowledge
that I received from this course will help me in the future. I will bring back to my country a wealth ofknowledge on the research, analysis, preservation and utilization of archaeological sites and remains inJapan.
I was very interested in the management of archaeological sites and reconstruction in Japan, due to thebenefits for local people living on site and for visitors to understand more about the original structuresduring ancient times. This session was very valuable in creating new ideas for heritage protection thatcan be applied to the cultural properties in Cambodia. Also, I admired Japan as a country, not only
because it possesses high technology and a high level of development, but also because the Japanese
government provides broad support for the research and conservation of cultural properties withincountry as well as in partnership countries for the benefit of future generations.
This is my first time to attend a training course overseas, and it was a good opportunity to join withpeople from 15 countries in Japan. I could learn so many things from them, and we could share thedifferences between our respective cultures. Moreover, we could learn how the management andproblems of archaeological sites are handled by each country through our presentations.
Maintenance and Utilization of Archaeological Sites at Nara Palace
There is an extensive variety of rich cultural heritage throughout Japan. This cultural heritage is a vital
source of support for the people living in each region and for local community formation, and it mustbe passed down to the next generation without fail. So, the promotion of activities enabling children at
primary and secondary schools to experience arts and culture provides a necessary contribution to thecreation of an environment for the nation’s cultural preservation and development. They experience
activities related to traditional culture, lifestyle, and culture in a planned and consistent manner,
including folk performance art. This is important for children, who will lead the next generation andhave to understand their own culture.
This lecture enlightened me with new ideas that can be applied in my own country. We do not tend to46

promote cultural activities for children in primary school such as playing games, singing traditional
songs, painting artifacts, etc. However, we have some activities of NGO for children such as study
tours at temples and explanations about cultural properties. However, since 2015, the APSARA
Authority has established a project in cooperation with a university in Siem Reap province to educate
students on cultural properties. The project includes study tours at archaeological sites, for students
that are skill-related only. For example, students in the faculty of archaeology, architecture and touristact.
The other point I am interested in is regarding the activities of the cleaning festival at Nara Palace.
I think that most Japanese people already know how to handle garbage in their daily lives, but
the government still continues to promote cleaning activities with local people. I note that theseregular activities are very important and that I have to learn and practice this is my own country, andespecially when local people are living in the temple area, we should urge them to join these activities.
Nowadays, we are facing the problem of garbage in public areas, so we need local people to provide
their cooperation.
Recording/Documentation of Artifacts
Photographic documentation of cultural properties and natural landscapes is important to understandfor anyone engaged in the study, research, and analysis of cultural properties. The fundamental
principle in the photography of cultural properties is to enable the storage of materials that record
exhaustive amounts of information in place of the cultural properties for an extended period of time.
Also, to maintain cultural properties as photos in a database. There are many choices in terms of
documentation. Photography is one of main reporting methods and this requires a higher level of skill
and technique than drawing. So, most people need specific photography skills.
In the case of Japan, there are many temples that are well preserved and those temples have a special
box for keeping papers for a long period of time as a record, but these record paper are often damaged
by insects and therefore difficult to read. So, photography is the best choice for keeping records for along time and preserving them for the future in a database.
This subject make me surprised, because I saw a big room with many different kinds of cameras
featuring high technology requring professional skills, and a computer room for inserting the photosof cultural artifacts into a database. At my workplace, we just use a normal camera not requiring
any special any skills to take photos (artifacts) and we insert the photo into a database in our own
computer, and don’t have a specific room or computer for the database for artifacts or temples.
Conservation Science of Archaeology
The environment surrounding an archaeological site has an extremely large effect on the deteriorationof the site. Furthermore, such an environment is mostly endemic to each archaeological site.
Accordingly, this program aimed at not only looking at the conservation treatment methodology ofstructural remains, but to focus on the research into deterioration factors and the environment that
promotes these factors. Moreover, we believe that for the conservation of archaeological sites, it isextremely important not only to use chemicals, etc., but to identify the environment factors which47

cause deterioration, and to control the environment to inhibit such deterioration. This training program
proceeded with this in mind.
In my country we still don’t have our own technology or different skills in diagnostics to analyze theeffective deterioration of archaeological sites, but we have cooperation with many international teams
conducting this research. Japan, especially, has many teams that cooperate with Cambodia to study theeffective deterioration of archaeological sites and restore and conserve the sites.

Figure 1. Excavation site exhibition in room

Figure 2. Excavation site exhibition
open room

Recording/Documentation of Artifacts (Measure Drawing and Rubbing)
Measure drawing is significant for archaeological artifacts, and provide a great deal of archaeologicalinformation. When studying an archaeological artifact, there is no better means of understanding thechanges in shapes and fabrication techniques than a measured drawing. It can be said that is the only
way to capture such changes. In particular, sectional drawings are the best way to understand thecharacteristics and morphological changes in artifacts.
Rubbing is a traditional recording technique handed down from ancient times without the need totake photos, and it is useful for representing the convex surface of a material to be copied in a clearly
understandable way.
I note that the technique for measure drawing and rubbing used in Cambodia is the same as in Japan, asJapan has so many projects and training courses in Cambodia. While I studied at the Royal Universityof Fine Arts, I had joined a training course organized by Sophia University Angkor International
Mission and International Research Sites Section of Nara
National Research Institute for Cultural Property. They
trained us in this method too. The ceramic team of the
APSARA Authority also applies this method in theirresearch.

Figure 3. Rubbing activity

48

Museum Education
I noted that Japan has many kinds of museums, andat each museum I could observe the different kinds ofartifacts from archaeological sites. Museums in Japanare modern and utilize high technology for exhibitions,which have model displays of archaeological sites, withmodels of temples that inform the visitors so that they
understand the various techniques and conservation
methods. Also, I saw a nice arrangement of lights, colors,
rooms and different ways to support artifacts.

Figure 4. Displaying artifacts

Conclusion
Through this training program for one month in Japan, I gained much practical knowledge and learned
about Japanese culture, lifestyle, and high technology, and obtained many new ideas in heritage
management. In my opinion, the protection of cultural heritage and promotion of cultural properties
is very necessary so as to pass them on to the next generation. So the activities and projects need to
involve both children and adults. I have always said that maintenance or conservation of temples
is important for future generations, but I did not think about what kind of cultural activities wereneeded to enable both children and adults to be involved. I missed the fact that children are our next
generation, and that even though they are small today, when they grow up, they will continue thiswork. So, we need them to be involved in cultural activities while they small, so they will understandhow to love their cultural properties.
Many thanks to all the organizers: Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office, Asia-Pacific
Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU), Agency for Cultural Affairs and National Research Institutefor Cultural Properties.

49

Iran
Mehrdad Javadi

Research, Analysis, Preservation, and Utilisation ofArchaeological Sites and Remains Course
Introduction
As a general rule, one of the best ways to provide education in science and pass on expert knowledge,
especially in the artistic and technical sciences, is the organization of education and training courses.
And this is especially true in the case of conservation of historical sites. Also, when education andtraining courses are international, that too is important because participants from several countries canmeet each other and learn new methods and ways of doing things, to add to their expert knowledge.
They also have an opportunity to get acquainted with many kinds of cultures, customs and traditional
ceremonies. In fact, those things are directly related to conservation sites. They can also learn
technology and experience from each other, with attention to the similarity in cultures in othercountries.
The Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region: Research, Analysis,
Preservation and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites and Remains, organized by ACCU in Japan, was
one such course, comprising suitable and effective activities, and was very useful for all participants,
not least of all because it gave participants an opportunity to learn from Japanese professors andspecialists in the field.
Some of the important results of this course during the one
month of classes and visiting sites were:
1- General acquaintance with Japanese culture, customs
and beliefs.
2- Acquaintance with Japanese professors and specialists
for restoration and preservation of archaeological sites.
3- Acquaintance with the rules and laws on restoration ofcultural effects.
4- Acquaintance with different types of archaeologicalFig. 1sites
5- Making use of the information provided in presentation meetings by participants.
6- Comparison of Japanese archaeological sites with Iranian archaeological sites.
7- Acquaintance with methods of restoration, preservation and utilization of archaeological sites.
General acquaintance with Japanese culture, customs and beliefs: The idea of making cultural heritage
available for visitors is very important, and other countries should be doing the same as Japan. The
main point of interest is in the views and reports realized, and people's desire to participate in theprotection of historical monuments, so that many of the costs associated with the protection of sites

50and monuments will be provided by them. This partnership is not only related to money, as the factthat people have volunteered to help in places such as museums reflects the Japanese investment incultural education. That is, different age groups of school children come to visit historical places, thetimes are visible, and this shows, for training, that long-term and detailed planning is done. (Fig. 1)
Acquaintance with Japanese professors and specialists
for restoration and preservation of archaeologicalsites: The workshop was a good opportunity to get
acquainted with Japanese experts, and view examplesof restoration and protection of historical sites that had
been done. I hope that I will be able to make use of theircomments on some of the historical sites of Iran, andI also hope that we can work together with Japaneseexperts and Japanese universities on the protection ofarchaeological sites, in after excavation to do. Because Fig. 2
one of the things that I could get out of this training, isthe use of new technologies and methods, and new viewson the protection of archaeological sites. (Fig. 2)
Acquaintance with the laws and rules on restoration of cultural effects: In fact, the quality of
the interaction with cultural effects and restoration of monuments in each country is different andproportional to the geographical, historical and cultural conditions of each country, but some cases
are similar in all countries, and every country must follow some general rules in accordance with thevarious restoration charters. In Japan they also have some special rules and retentive, and maybe at
first glance, these seem so different to the restoration rules and retentive in western Asia and European
countries, but in fact, formalities and customs, climate conditions and also materials in buildings are
not really different to the case in other countries. Certainly in the case of restoration, as with manyother items, there is a diversity of opinion.
Acquaintance with different types of archaeological sites: During our one-month stay in Japan,
we could visit so many restoration workshops and cultural-historical sites, and our visits to these sites
was a good and valuable opportunity to become more acquainted with the quality of preservation
and as an introduction to historical effects in Japan, and also to become familiar with the system ofworkshop mobilization including all the necessary things that need to be done before and during
restoration operations. Another good chance for us was our visit to some archaeological sites in Nara
where restoration and conservation activities are currently being undertaken, and that was useful for
us to become acquainted with all steps of Japanese conservation operations. Also, the provision of
accurate information and respect for the foreseeable demands of visitors, especially at historical sites
and museums, was very interesting to see, so that, in addition to guidance and software services, insome cases, detailed presentation of the object as a displayed image, or a replica of the object as well
as a healthy thing next to it is provided. Unfortunately, I have to say that the objects were most often
described in the Japanese alphabet, and foreign visitors would have trouble understanding. (Fig. 3)

51

Fig. 3Making use of the information provided in presentation meetings by participants: The
presentation meeting, at which every trainee made a presentation, was not only useful for participants
to identify archeological sites of other countries, but also because we could obtain a great deal of
information about culture, costumes and traditional ceremonies, clothing and other cultural things,
which was so important for me. Because I live in western Asia, and so far from the countries ofother participants in this course, I could get to know and compare the methods of conservation andpreservation of archeological sites of other countries with those of my own country.
Comparison of Japanese archaeological sites with Iranian archaeological sites: This course wasone of the most useful learning courses that I've ever taken. The reason for this is the careful planningthat went into it, and more importantly, Create and hits the implementation of training programs.
The same theme can be used to teach similar courses in other countries. Generally, methods ofarchaeological excavation in Iran and Japan have many similarities. But what separates the two are
the different construction materials. Archaeologists and their expert views about how to protect thearchitectural restoration are very different. Materials that the Japanese used in past architecture, due
to climate, based on the use of wood and stone, were limited (below wooden columns), but in Iranconstruction materials in different periods have many variations, from wood and stone, then mud brick,clay wall, clay, brick, who has find some historic architecture, obtained in archaeological excavations.
Preparation of documentation in Japan is done with great precision and advanced equipment, and if
we compare it with the preparation of documents in Iran, it must be said that preparation of documentsof historical sites is done, but given the large number and their distribution in different parts of thecountry, the possibility of doing it all with a high level of accuracy is still not possible.
Acquaintance with methods of restoration, preservation and utilization of archaeological sites:
One case that highly impressed me in this course, and something that could be of use to me in mywork, was how to prepare a workshop and how to provide a temporary cover at archeological sites, sothat not only experts are able to work in a controlled environment, but that all the materials used can beprotected in this space, Also, simple measures such as not removing vegetation from around the area,and excavation of shallow ditches around the trenches to prevent the accumulation of rain and surface
water, and guiding and removing the water with a water pump.
Precision in every detail and a passion for solving problems, and taking into account all assumptions,is an area in which the Japanese specialize, and they continue to strive not only to solve their own
challenges, but with information derived from problems of protection of monuments of other52

Fig. 4

Fig. 5countries, they study how to solve those as well. They maintain an extensive database of various
methods of restoration and conservation of archaeological sites. (Figs. 4-5)
Acknowledgements
I feel that the one-month training course at ACCU office in Nara, Japan reached a successful
conclusion. I would like to express my thanks to the Director and all the staff of ACCU, who helped us
in every way in Nara.

53

Lao PDR
Boundylath Bounyord

Final Report on the Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the
Asia-Pacific Region 2016
Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisation ofArchaeological Sites and Remains
I. Introduction
The Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region was held successfully at
ACCU Nara from 30th August to 29th September 2016, with the attendance of 15 trainees representing
15 countries from the Asia Pacific region such as Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Iran, Lao
PDR, Mongolia, Nepal, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan, andVietnam. This training course covered the investigation, conservation and management of archaeologicalremains, with the aim of providing participants with advanced techniques in order to upgrade theirknowledge of the principles and methodologies for the protection of archaeological remains. During amonth of intensive training, the course allowed me to gain various new skills and practices, not only forrecording and analyzing artifacts, and methods for the storage management and exhibition of artifacts, butalso to have an opportunity to establish networks with colleagues from the region, for the sharing of ourown experiences.

Opening ceremony with ACCU Nara 2016

II. Activities and Lectures in this Training Course
After an introductory presentation on the case studies and experiences of each participant through theircountry reports, many issues on archeological and cultural heritage site risk, decay caused by urbanization,
natural and human factors, general deterioration of sites, etc. were raised. Dr. Gamini WIJESURIYA
from ICCROM broadly addressed these concerns in his lecture on “Research, Analysis and Preservationof Archaeological Sites and Remains,” in which he mentioned the importance of archaeological sites,
the rescue of archaeological artifacts, and the advantage of the archaeological impact assessment of sitesthat are threatened with development. He stressed that it was important to develop heritage laws and54management of archaeological sites, with the consideration of strict measures for archaeological sitemanagement and preservation. “Archaeological heritage” is that part of the material heritage in respect ofwhich archaeological methods provide primary information. It comprises all vestiges of human existence
and consists of places relating to all manifestations of human activity, abandoned structures, and remainsof all kinds (including subterranean and underwater sites), together with all the portable cultural material
associated with them.
I was most impressed in learning about the rich experience of the Japanese regarding the system forprotecting cultural properties in Japan, which was presented by Toshihide OUMI. He explained theclassification of cultural properties in Japan, and this enabled me to clearly understand the definitionsof tangible cultural property and intangible cultural property. We also studied folk cultural properties,
monuments, cultural landscapes and groups of traditional buildings in Japan, and learnt about the role ofthe national government in the framework of the law for the protection of cultural property and other laws
and regulations. This knowledge is of great benefit to me as a young recruit that can be applied in my future
career.
The most exciting thing for me was to learn about the new technologies and scientific achievements which
Japanese scholars have been developing over the decades; in particular, IT and digital technology in theservice of cultural preservation. Mr Ichiro NAKAMURA from NNRICP gave us certain guidelines for thepreservation of cultural properties through photography, centering on digital records: how to save digital
photographs, file management, and precautions in preparing digital photographs. He also provided basic
knowledge on how to take photographs of cultural properties, It was important for me to learn the following
at the lecture: the role of photographs for cultural properties, the types of cameras such as digital single lensreflex cameras, the formats for saving digital photographic images, the mechanism of photography, lighting
angles, structural outlines, lenses and image processing.
My understanding of various kinds of archaeological material improved while attending the lecture
given by Soichiro WAKIYA, on Conservation Science Training on the characteristics of materials, soil
and stone media, characteristics of rocks and soil, moisture transfer in porous media, and moisture (alsoliquid and water vapor) positional differences between water chemical potentials as a driving force.
The characteristics of rocks and soil classification of rocks are formed when magma is solidified deep
underground, typically including granite, diorite and gabbro. And the program aimed not only at studying
the conservation treatment methodology of structural remains, but also on research on deterioration factors
and the environment which promotes these factors. Furthermore, we believe that for the conservationof archaeological sites, it is extremely important not only to use chemicals, etc., but to identify theenvironmental factors which case deterioration, and to control the environment.
Apart from classroom theoretical and practical sessions, study tours at Todai-ji temple and other places
helped us to better understand the rich and long history of the Japanese medieval architectural traditions. It
would not be wrong to say that the history of restoration works in Japan began in ancient times. Seemingly
it was connected with religious structures, which occupied an important role in the spiritual life of theJapanese people, and were to be preserved for the next generation. It seems to me that today's restoration
and reconstruction works of temples by Japanese restorers is a continuation of this tradition. In this55

connection I would like to mention the grand Todai-ji Temple, which was built in the 8th century and has
been damaged and reconstructed several times since then. I also went to other places. Nara Palace site, Nara
City Archaeological Research Centre, Asuka Historical Museum, The Museum, Archaeological Instituteof Kashihara, Nara prefecture, Kasuga-taishi Shrine/Gango-ji Temple, Horyu-ji Temple/Ikaruga center for
Cultural Heritage, Asuka/Fujiwara area (Nara pref.), Fujinoki Tomb and Horyu-ji Temple (Ikaruga), andNagasaki. Though the time was limited, we made the best possible efforts to adequately absorb the subject
matter and to compile as many experiences as possible. In addition to that, we toured the Museum andArcheological prefecture. This museum chronologically puts on display the transition in lifestyles and toolsof this region over the ages.

Practice with camera and image files
The knowledge that I gained in this course is extremely important and useful to me. Ceramic objects are
frequently found at archaeological sites in my country, and of course we try to conserve such artifacts byusing traditional cleaning methods. Due to the lack of basic conservation laboratories and proper equipment
in my country, it is still difficult at this stage to carry out chemical and sophisticated scientific treatment forarchaeological finds.
III. Conclusion
The training course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia/Pacific Region 2016 has provided me with agreat deal of knowledge and has given me a tremendous opportunity as a young professional to improve mycapacity for serving the cause of cultural heritage preservation in my country. During my visits to various
museums in Japan, I could study so many different kinds of artifact collections and model displays ofreconstructed temples that it enabled me to understand more about Japanese culture.
This course was really valuable for my academic career. It has given me new ideas and vision, and willencourage me in supporting human resource development in this sector. As my country is a developing
country, we still face many difficulties, particularly in terms of research and laboratory facilities. However,this course has given me a great deal of understanding and courage to help my country develop in this fieldin the future. At the very least, I could be a seed of a big tree that one day will grow and flourish in mycountry. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those concerned in Japan who have contributedand made this course possible. My special thanks go to all ACCU staff, especially Director Yasushi
NISHIMURA, who tirelessly supported this program.
Thank you,56

Mongolia
Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan

Application of Cultural Heritage Training to Mongolia’s Archaeological
Heritage(Final report of the ACCU training course 2016)
Introduction: History is not only a narrative about our past, but also provides humanity with a guidefor our present and future. Cultural heritage is one of the most important sources of information forthis task. Therefore, it is the duty of those today to conduct quality research, conservation, restoration,and protection of our cultural heritage. Towards this goal, countries all over the world have begun
to established cooperative links and exchanges of cultural heritage resources and expertise, anddevelop the concept of ‘global cultural heritage.’ UNESCO and its member states play a key role inthis process. Representatives from 15 different countries in the Asia-Pacific region participated in the
training course on “Cultural Heritage Protection, Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisation ofArchaeological Sites and Remains” between August 30 and September 29, 2016.
Archaeological excavation and conservation: One of the most important issues discussed during thetraining was the relationship between archaeological excavations and conservation planning. In thebest practices of Japanese archeological investigation, a conservation plan is framed before excavation
begins, so that further activities such as conservation, preservation and protection of the site andremains are well prepared. For example, the excavation of Fujinoki tomb in Ikaruga town in Nara is
instructive. The tomb is about 50 meters in diameter and nine meters in height, and the stone chamber
the mound covers is 16 meters in length. Excavation began in 1985, and was completed in 2008. In
total, the research process took 33 years – including excavation, research, conservation, preservationand other management tasks. In 2010, the Ikaruga village government established a local museum andarchaeological center near the site. I think this is the best example of careful planning and synthesis
between archaeological excavation, research, and conservation. We also observed many similar
examples, such as the Asuka historical museum established from the excavations of Yamada-dera
Temple.
Currently, there are presently more than 30 ongoing archaeological projects in Mongolia, but most ofthese operate without a conservator and conservation plan. One of the reasons for this scenario is that
there are very qualified personnel – and another is the additional costs involved. However, several joint
projects with researchers from Japan, Germany and Turkey have met with some success in this regard.
One policy which may make a difference is to require research agreements to include a plan for postexcavation activities such as conservation, preservation and utilization management. A more serious
focus not just on archaeological excavations, but also the processes and results that follow, should be
discussed more widely.
In 2016, restoration and preservation work on Mongolia’s only ruined tower related to the Kidan state57

(10th century) was finished by the Mongolian Cultural Heritage Centre in cooperation with Chinese
specialists. This sparked a heated conversation on social media regarding restoration, with most of
the comments and discussion taking a very negative view of the results of the project. Consequently,
it is clear that similar projects need to be undertaken with the input of all levels of society and all
stakeholders in cultural heritage. The cultural heritage institutions of Japan take great care to discuss
restoration projects with national institutions, experts and local communities and other stakeholders ofarchaeological sites.
Restoration and utilization: Globally, Japan has one of the longest and oldest traditions of restorationof archaeological sites. During our training, we visited many temples and sites restored based onarchaeological remains and historical documents. Most of these sites had been damaged or destroyed
due to environmental or anthropogenic causes, but left enough of an archaeological signature that they
could be restored. Despite millennia of nomadic subsistence in Mongolia, settlement and urban life has
also existed in the region for over 2000 years. For example, our country boasts the ruins of the capitalof the Mongol empire, Kharkhorum, which dates back to the 13th century, as well as even earlier urbansites located in the Orkhon Valley and designated as a World Heritage cultural landscape. However,none of these sites has been restored or utilized following excavation. Although several unique temples
and many religious items survive, a startling number of Buddhist temples and art was destroyed
during the 20th century under socialism. This part of Mongolia’s cultural heritage has remained poorly
protected or restored until now. With international support, we have begun to make some progress inthis process, including a small local museum and site museum established in Kharkhorum, facilitatedby financial donations from Japan and Germany. However, our government and institutions are stillslow to recognize and support cultural heritage protection.
Importantly, after conducting research, restoration and protection of sites, Japan uses these processes
as means of utilizing cultural heritage for national pride and tourism. The Mongolian government often
discusses cultural tourism, but pays very little attention to cultural heritage management. It is necessary
to focus on all components of cultural heritage management, in addition to government intervention,in order to introduce best international practices. The restoration and use of archaeological and cultural
heritage is not only important for national pride and education of the younger generation, but shares
our heritage with the public and can provide an important source of tourism.
Consequently, it is of the utmost urgency that Mongolia develops a capable management plan for the
research, restoration, and use of cultural heritage at the local, regional, and national level. In general,
nearly any utilization of cultural heritage helps to improve the monitoring, protection, and daily sitecare –an essential task given Mongolia’s sparse population and immense territory.
Finding ways to use cultural heritage also develops an active dialogue between people and the past,
forming a positive association in people’s minds. As experts, we are also obliged to help better the
relationship between people and our cultural heritage.
Volunteers and cultural heritage education: The work done by volunteers from NNRICP at the Nara
Palace site and the Archaeological Center of Nara City was one of my most important discoveries from58

the training. Although these two NPOs or group of volunteers belong to different institutions, theirmain goals are very similar – contributing to research, protection and publicizing of cultural heritage,and education.
Since 1999, the “Heijo” NPO has been supporting daily activities at the Nara Palace site area andsite museum, including guiding, cleaning the local environment, and public engagement. The “NaraArchaeology Club” NPO was established in 2008. They assist in the daily work of the ArchaeologicalResearch Center. Additionally, they visit schools to introduce archaeological heritage and studies,organize public lectures, and publish a monthly newsletter about their activities. Most of the membersof both these NPOs are active elders who love their cultural heritage and hope to share it with future
generations. Through their work, these elder volunteers share cultural heritage with young people andthe public at large.
Traditionally, Mongolians respect elders and follow the things they teach us. This is reflected inmany Mongolian sayings and proverbs, such as "Father’s word is gold, Mother’s word is treasure".
Following the example of Nara’s cultural heritage management organizations and museums, we canhelp to encourage the involvement of volunteers and public access for cultural heritage activities. One
elder volunteer from the Nara Archaeology Club asked us to “please produce simpler books aboutarchaeology and history for kids other than scientific books. This helps kids to understand and beproud of their cultural heritage, and appreciate its value.” I hope to follow these words carefully in myfuture work in cultural heritage preservation.
Acknowledgements: Special thanks must go to ACCU Nara, and the government and people ofJapan for sharing with us their knowledge of cultural heritage research, conservation, preservation,
restoration and utilization experiences, and their global implications.

59NepalGyanin Rai

Report on the Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protectionin the Asia-Pacific Region 2016
Introduction
It was a great opportunity for me to join the Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the
Asia-Pacific Region 2016 in the historic city of Nara, Japan, the location of the first full-fledged
capital of Japan in the 8th century. The capital had faith in both Buddhism and Shinto. I was honored toparticipate representing Lumbini, Nepal, the Sacred Birthplace of Lord Buddha—a UNESCO World
Heritage Property. The universal definition of cultural heritage is “the legacy of physical artefacts andintangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in thepresent and bestowed for the benefit of future generations.” It is a common understanding among usthat cultural heritage should not only be enjoyed by the present generation, but should also be protected
for future generations. At this juncture, with the main focus on Research, Analysis, Preservation andUtilization of Archaeological Sites and Remains by a leading UNESCO center in the field of cultural
heritage to conduct a wide range of academic programs, the Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation
Office, Asia-Pacific Cultural Center for UNESCO (ACCU Nara) has conducted this training course
in close cooperation with UNESCO, International Center for the Study of the Preservation and
Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) with generous support from other agencies such as Nara
Prefectural Government, Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan, National Institute for Cultural Heritage,
National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo, Nara National Research Institute forCultural Properties, and Nara City Government for the main purpose of capacity building for cultural
heritage protection. These outstanding efforts are highly appreciated by everyone.
Lecture and Site Investigations
This high level academic training program was a great experience for me, and enabled me to gain
advanced knowledge, understanding and interpretation of cultural heritage properties including
new methods and techniques for better safeguarding such sites. The series of lectures by highly
experienced professors and experts from Japan and abroad contributed to making the training program
more fruitful. The lectures, particularly on the preservation and utilization of archaeological sites
from a global perspective, cultural property protection system in Japan, conservation science ofarchaeological sites, recording and documentation of cultural heritage and artifacts, and photography,
gave me invaluable knowledge. The field investigations and on-site lectures on the World Heritage Site
Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara, including Kasuga-Taisha Shrine and Kofuku-ji Temple, Todaiji Temple, and Nara Palace Site, as well as the Palatial Garden in Nara Capital, Isui-en Garden, Horyuji Temple, Museums in Nara and the Oura Catholic Church, Glover Garden, Dejima and Nagasaki
Museum of History and Culture at Nagasaki were very fruitful for practitioners and professionals
working in the field of cultural World Heritage properties and historical sites. Observation of ongoing
excavation sites made Japanese archaeological excavation techniques clearer. The conservation,

60

maintenance and management of the excavated sites were very precise, helpful to understand, and thesite museums were very attractive. The guided tour, interpretation and lectures by Sensei NAKAI Isao
were magnificent. The arrangement of the field investigation was outstanding.

Fig. 1 Lord Buddha in Todai-ji Temple

Fig. 2 Nativity Sculpture, Mayadevi Temple, Lumbini

All sites have their own significance. It is quite motivating to know that there are similarities between
two World Heritage Sites in Nepal and Japan. “Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara,” which covers
eight properties (Todai-ji Temple, Kofuku-ji Temple, Kasugawa-Taisha Shrine, Gango-ji Temple,
Yakushi-ji Temple and Toshodai-ji Temple) and the “Kathmandu Valley,” which covers seven
Monument Zones (Kathmandu Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur
Durbar Square, Bauddhanath Stup, Swaymbhu Stup, Pashupatinath Temple and Changu Narayan).
Both heritage sites have beautiful wooden architectures and consequence with Buddhism. Lumbini,being the birthplace of Lord Buddha, is a peerless landmark of the Buddhist world. But it wasabandoned when Buddhism was flourishing in other parts of the world including Japan, Korea andChina in the 5th to 7th centuries CE. Many Buddhist temples in Nara and Kyoto are proof of the
expansion of Buddhism and its importance. Those wooden temples were rebuilt in different periods
due to collapse by lightning, fire and internal power disputes among factions. However, the factthat most of the temples have original statues made of wood, bronze and clay is magnificent. An
archaeological evidence suggests that the temple in Lumbini may collapse due to natural calamities,
fire or lightning.
Lesson Learned
Cultural World Heritage is the most advanced and complicated to understand. It is an almost unending
job following operational guidelines, and the various conventions and charters, and there are always
difficulties in determining Outstanding Universal Value, authenticity and integrity. However eminent
professors and scholars gave us clear knowledge with universal definitions as well as key learning
points on cultural heritage. The training provided a wonderful platform for me to understand existing
situations, working modalities, applied technologies, success stories and problems in the field ofarchaeological excavation, conservation, utilization and management among the participants from 1561different countries in the Asia-Pacific region. A common problem is that all countries face financial
problems and inadequate skilled manpower to carry out cultural heritage management activities
properly, and very few people, including policy makers, understand the value of cultural properties andcooperate with this work. Also there is little self-evaluation or technique transfer among professionals,
something which is common in Japan.

Fig. 3 Micro climatic problems: Archaeologicalremains at Mayadevi Temple, Lumbini

Fig. 4 Archaeological remains at Nara
Palace Site

I am here representing Lumbini Nepal, where the Lord Buddha—the Apostle of Peace—was bornin 623 BCE. This is one of the most sacred Buddhist destinations, which was inscribed on the list of
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1997. The Lumbini Development Trust of the Government of Nepal
is committed to the excavation, conservation, preservation, promotion and development of the Greater
Lumbini Area. Most of the ancient temples here in Nara are Buddhist. So, I feel most privileged tovisit those sacred sites. Most of the heritages are living and well preserved, and the site presentation,utilization and management were found to be outstanding. I did not find any complicated problem in
its management and promotion because of the clear cultural property protection system of Japan. Fullauthority is given to the site managers and the local government to prepare an appropriate plan, makedecisions, and smoothly implement the plan. It is really good to know that they have full cooperationfrom the national authority, the Agency for Cultural Affairs with the provision of subsidies. In our case,the site manager and the local government have a complicated relationship. However, there are somesimilarities in terms of inadequate skilled manpower and inadequate budget.
Japan is well developed and a most beautiful country as well as rich in cultural heritage. Japanesepeople are very honest and cooperative, and have a clear understanding of the need to protect
heritage and its values for future generations. Indeed, the activities of the NPO Heijo at Historical
Nara Palace Site and the Volunteer Club at the Archaeological Research Center Nara City are truly
exemplary. Retired senior citizens are voluntarily contributing and some of them are in their nineties.
The excavation and investigation techniques and tools are a bit different, however, as nowadays we
use the modern English method instead of the Wheeler-Kenyon method for excavation and Ground
Penetrating Rader (GPR) and Optically Stimulated Luminance (OSL) for geophysical survey.
I am happy to advise that the Japanese government-funded project “Strengthening Conservationand Management of Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha, World Heritage Property” under62

Fig. 5 Archaeological Excavation: Ancient
Kapilavastu (Tilaurakot) Nepal

Fig. 6 Todai-ji Temple Site Nara

UNESCO/ Japanese Funds-in-Trust for the Preservation of the World Cultural Heritage, is a milestone
in the research, excavation, conservation, planning and management of the site. I found similar
micro-climatic problems at the revealed site. Lectures by Wakiya Soichiro on Conservation Scienceof Archaeological Sites, and by Nanbu Hiroki and Yoshimura Ryuji on the excavation, maintenanceand management of sites, gave me clear knowledge on this issue. In Japan, all the site museums,
information centers and visitor facilities are established with fully equipped advanced tools andtechnologies. The knowledge I have gained will be very useful to my professional work for further
activity planning at Lumbini. I will definitely apply the methods that are within our means. So thiswas a wonderful opportunity to enhance my professional career, especially for better safeguarding
the World Heritage Site Lumbini, the Birthplace of Lord Buddha and the Greater Lumbini Area in
Nepal. Much of the knowledge and many of the techniques can be applied at our site, especially theconservation and utilization of archaeological sites and remains. I will happily share the knowledge I
gained with my colleagues.

Fig. 7 Excavating Tilaurakot and ancientpostholes

Fig. 8 Exhibition of postholes by plants
and concrete blocks in Nara

Acknowledgements
I feel fortunate to be able to attend talks by distinguished experts on cultural heritage, Dr Gamini
Wijesuria and Dr Joseph King from ICCROM, and Professor Nobuko Inaba from University ofTsukuba. I would like to extend my gratitude to them and all other experts.

63

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to the team at ACCU Nara, especially Sensei
NISHIMURA Yasushi, Director, Sensei NAKAI Isao, Ms. WAKIYA Kayoko, Ms. SAKIMOTO
Keiko, Ms. SUZUKI Sonoko, Interpreter (who has a vibrant knowledge of cultural heritage
terminology), Ms. HATA Chiyako, and the Assistants Mr. Jammo Sari, Ms. Tachibana Maki and EndoSaki.
My sincere thanks also go to all the participants of this training program for sharing their knowledge
and experiences.
Dhanyabad !

64

Thank You!!

Arigato Gozaimasu!!!

New Zealand
Kiri Sharpe

Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protectionin the Asia-Pacific Region 2016: Final Report
Introduction
I feel very fortunate to have had the opportunity to attend this course, and want to begin this final
report by thanking everyone involved. All my respect to Mr Nishimura Yasushi and Mr Tamaki
Shigeru and my particular thanks to Mr Nakai Isao, Ms Sakimoto Keiko, Ms Susuki Sonoko and Ms
Hata Chiyako for making me feel so welcome. Special thanks also to Mr Jammo Sari, Ms Tachibana
Maki and Ms Endo Saki for answering my endless questions and helping me to navigate Japaneselife in Nara. I have learnt a lot during this course, some of which will directly assist me in my workin New Zealand. As a whole, this experience has greatly broadened my mind on the topic of heritage
conservation, and has given me more of a global perspective on heritage in general.
Discussion
It is hard to say exactly how much of what I have learnt here will be able to be applied to my workback in New Zealand. No doubt this will become clear in the months and years to come, as I process
the information and incorporate it into my knowledge-base. As a whole however, this experience has
given me a sense of global perspective on heritage conservation – a very important lesson, and one thatfew heritage professionals have in New Zealand. Sometimes it feels like we are an isolated discipline,
not just because of our geographical remoteness, but because of our nature to keep to ourselves. I am
generalising of course – I am not speaking of New Zealand as a country, or as heritage professionals
as a whole, but as a personal observation that we can get stuck in our own way of thinking. I feel as
though my eyes have been opened to a whole new world of new theories, new perspectives and newpriorities.
In terms of priorities, one point that I feel has been emphasised to us on several occasions is theimportance of involving the local community in heritage activities. It is their heritage and in order forthem to feel a sense of pride and ownership, they need to be included in the process. This approachclearly succeeds with the Japanese people, who all seem to respect and admire their heritage. I would
love to see this in New Zealand, though with very little government funding for heritage work resulting
in the majority of work being paid for out of the public pocket, it is an uphill struggle. This is a big
issue – much wider than just myself – but perhaps as a heritage community we need to be looking
at more ways to include the public in what we do. This means not just having an open day during
excavations or putting up interpretation signs on sites, but viewing the public as not being ‘outsiders’to the process and including them at all levels. This difference between our two countries was also
made clear to me during our visit to the many museums during the course. In New Zealand we canusually take photos, eat, drink, talk loudly, sit and dawdle around museum exhibits, whereas in Japan
there was no food, no drink, no cell phones, no photography, no seats, no talking loudly, no sketching
even, and you were directed as to which items to view in turn. On the one hand I like the idea that in
New Zealand we are encouraged to take in the exhibits in our own way and our own time, recognisingthat not everyone learns or appreciates things in the same manner. However, the Japanese way shows atrue sense of respect for their heritage items which warmed my heart.

65Another example of Japanese inclusion of the public in heritage is the Nara Archaeology Club;a group of volunteers that help out at archaeological excavations and carry out research projects.
These wonderful people have to go through a twelve month training programme before they canbe considered an ‘archaeological volunteer’ and it is such a popular club that they get many more
applicants than they have positions to fill. This was particularly inspiring to me – I would love to try tocreate something like this at home as it is a great way to get everyone excited about their heritage andengaged in its preservation.
At my workplace we are currently discussing the need for archaeological Regional Strategies– documents which will look at each region within New Zealand and assess the nature of thearchaeological resource for that particular region. It is hoped that these documents will allow us tomake more informed decisions about which sites require full excavation as opposed to just recording,thereby saving both time and money, as well as providing more useful data for future research. It
became clear to me that Japan must have very effective Regional Strategies during the lecture by
Mr Oumi Toshihide. I asked whether Japan had an age limit in their legislative definition of the term‘archaeological site’ (in New Zealand a site must date to before 1900 to be deemed ‘archaeological’).
I was told that each time period was given the same level of importance, with no age limit – even themost recent occupation layers were taken into account. What is important is not the age, but rather thelevel of uniqueness, so therefore fewer recent sites are preserved because there are more examples ofthem in existence, whereas the older sites are more rare. I immediately wondered how they were able
to make these decisions; how do they know, for example, how many 18th century ceramic factory
floors remain in existence, in order to make the decision to let one be destroyed without excavation?
The answer must lie in some form of Regional Strategy. I would be very interested to look into thisfurther to assist in the development of a series of strategies for my own country.
I undertook an excavation at a site in New Zealand in 2007 called Pukenamu; a unique site for theregion. I now have the opportunity to carry out the analysis, research and report writing for thisremarkable site, and am very lucky to be supported by my workplace, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere
Taonga, to undertake this project. Part of the work will involve looking at the artefacts found, and I
will be able to use my newly-acquired measured drawing skills to assist with this. I am excited to put
my new skills to work!
Conclusions
I’d like to conclude by quoting a Maori proverb that seems appropriate to this situation:
He aha te kai ō te rangatira? He Kōrero, he kōrero, he kōrero.
(What is the food of the leader? It is knowledge. It is communication.)
The knowledge I have gained and the friends I have made during this course will be treasured formany years to come, so thank you once again for this incredible opportunity.

66

Papua New Guinea
Jim Onga

TOPIC: LEARNING FROM JAPANESE METHODS AND SYSTEMS OF
CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION
Acknowledgements
On behalf of the Papua New Guinea National Commission for UNESCO, the Conservation andEnvironment Protection Authority (CEPA), National Museum and Arts Gallery (NM&AG) andNational Cultural Commission (NCC), I would like to sincerely take this opportunity to thank thefollowing agencies and institutions for making this training possible: Asia-Pacific Centre for UNESCO(ACCU), Agency for Cultural Affairs Japan (Bunkacho), International Centre for the Study of the
Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), National Institute for Cultural Heritage,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Japan National Commission for UNSECO, Nara Prefectural
Government and Nara City Government and National Institute for Cultural Properties (Tokyo andNara) under the auspices of the Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage.
My special thanks go to the lecturers and staff of the research institutions and the curators of themuseums that we visited during the training program. I would also like to thank the ACCU Director
and staff for the time and effort they put in over the last three-and-a-half weeks for completion of thistraining program. I really appreciate it and thank you all for a job well done.
Introduction
My final evaluation report is based on the seven main thematic areas as outlined in the training
schedule. Before I start on the thematic areas, let me briefly explain PNG’s current situation comparedto Japan. In PNG, we have three national government institutions that are mandated by an Act ofParliament to conserve, protect and safeguard our natural and cultural heritage sites. The three key
institutions are: the Conservation and Environment Protection Authority (CEPA), PNG National
Museum and Arts Gallery (NM&AG) and National Cultural Commission (NCC).
The three agencies have their own roles and functions, and operate under the Act with their own
workforce and a Managing Director (MD) for each agency appointed by the national government
through the National Executive Council (NEC) to manage and administer the organisation for a termof four years. If the MD performs well then his/her contract term is extended by another four years. If
not, then he/she is replaced by a new MD appointed by the government.
This applies to all government institutions but the process doesn’t affect the workforce unless there
is a restructuring. In Japan, I see that Directors are running the institutions and I believe they are notappointed by the prefectural government or national government but appointed based on merit andtheir qualifications.

67

The Papua New Guinea National Government Institutionsa) Conservation and Environment Protection Authority (CEPA)
The Conservation and Environment Protection Authority (CEPA) is the executing agency of World
Heritage programs in PNG. It’s responsible for the conservation and protection of all natural andcultural heritage sites under two different Acts, namely the Environment Act and Conservation Areas
Act. The archaeological sites and remains are components of the protected areas directly managed andadministered by the PNG National Heritage Secretariat under the Conservation Division of CEPA.
b) The National Museum and Arts Gallery (NM&AG)
The NM&AG are responsible for the collection, storage, documentation and recording of artefacts
and excavation of archaeological sites and remains. In PNG, we have only one national museum thattakes charge of all collections throughout the country. It is fascinating to see that Japan has manymuseums everywhere and I really loved it. In PNG we have a very big problem because we don’t haveprovincial or local museums. Using what I learnt here, I will discuss the issue with the Director of the
PNG National Museum and Arts Gallery to consider some options by providing information from thetraining program.
The National Cultural Commission (NCC)
The NCC is responsible for contemporary arts including traditional dance and expression, performing
arts, social practices, rituals and festive events, traditional craftsmanship, etc. The NCC is theexecuting agency for the protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage properties including movableor immovable property of great importance to the cultural heritage for everyone in PNG. This agency
is also responsible for tangible and intangible programs in the country.
The Seven Main Thematic Areas of the Training Program
1. The Cultural Property Protection System
According to my observation, the Japanese cultural property protection system is slightly different
compared to my country. One of the reasons why the Japanese system works well in my observationis that the institutions work together as a team, and that is the beauty of Japan. I learnt a lot from thisbecause with every lecture at each of the museums and research institutions, people speak the samelanguage. For PNG, though we do not have many institutions, we don’t always work together as ateam because each institution operates on their own. We come together once or twice a year to discusscommon issues and problems about the roles and responsibilities of each institution and then carry on
as usual.
The other reason is that PNG is a very young country with a lack of resources, not very well trained
staff and few professionals, specialists and skilled people to do this. This is a very huge challenge
for us as institutions to implement what is mandated by law. We would also like to train many young
professionals but not students interested in this field, and this is a big problem or issue in PNG.
Though the country has a lot to offer, the government is not focusing much on the cultural sector or
giving it much attention. More focus and attention is given to the economy, infrastructure, education,
health, etc. This has been going on for the last two decades, and many of the employees in thethree institutions have left their jobs and gone on to join other organizations for better employment
conditions etc. A good example is NM&AG, where they used to have 35-40 staff who have left their68jobs or resigned, which really affects the operation and management of the organization. I cannot
compare Japan with my country because the Japanese cultural property protection system is far beyond
my imagination, as I see all Japanese feel proud and take ownership of the cultural heritage that is
carried on from generation to generation.
2. Excavation of Archaeological Sites in Practice
It is quiet fascinating to actually witness and observe the excavation of archaeological sites in practice.
I have not witnessed the excavation of any archaeological site in practice before so this was my firsttime. In PNG, the excavation of Kuk Early Agricultural Site which I presented was done before mytime. It was quite interesting to physically observe and witness the excavation of an archaeological sitehere in Nara.
Most of the excavations in PNG have been done by archaeologists from NM&AG or archaeologists
from overseas engaged by NM&AG. Given the lack of professionals and well trained staff at theinstitution, not many sites in PNG have been identified, researched and excavated, but we hope moresites will be excavated in the future when we have enough trained professionals such as archaeologists.
The training program here will surely assist us in some areas but ones needs to be fully trained.
3. Maintenance and Utilization of Archaeological Sites in Practice
As far as the definition is concerned and according my understanding through this training program,
maintenance and utilization of archaeological sites is basically the process of preserving a condition orstate of being preserved and how to use the site. A good example is illustrated at the Nara Palace Site
support network, where we learnt a lot through lectures and site visits.
4. Conservation and Restoration of Archaeological Sites
In PNG, archaeological sites are considered to be very small areas or components of a larger area
coming directly under a protected area especially in terms of area. Given the importance andsignificance of the area, it requires an extra level of care in regards to its conservation and restoration,and protection from further damage, for it to be restored to a previous state.
It differs from country to country and the way you understand, but in my situation, a good exampleof the above and to learn from is the Nara Palace archaeological site compared to the Kuk Early
Agricultural Site. If a planned structure is to be built over the archaeological site in the future then it
will be exactly like the one at the Nara Palace site.
However, according to Dr. Wakiya Soichiro, such waterlogged areas need more research to fully
understand factors such as humidity, dew point temperature and heat capacity, heat transfer andmoisture before any structure can be built for such archaeological sites. Having heard from Dr. Wakiya
and Japan’s experience in applying conservation science at archaeological sites, I don’t think PNG
is able to put up such a structure for Kuk site in the future unless proper research is done to basicallyunderstand the factors mentioned above. Although we do not have many archaeological sites, the onlysite that was inscribed in 2008 was Kuk Agricultural Landscape.
The national government, through the implementing agency of the World Heritage Programs, isplanning to put up a structure covering the area and trying to expose underground mounds and69

drainage for visitors and the public to see, but having heard from Dr. Wakiya through this training, I
understand that more research needs to be carried out and the condition of the area needs to be better
understood before such a structure can be built.
5. Recording and Documentation of Cultural Heritage (Photography)
Cultural heritage is a unique expression of human achievement, and as this cultural heritage iscontinuously at risk, recording is one of the principal ways available to give meaning, understanding,definition and recognition of its values. To my understanding, recording is the capture of information
which describes the physical condition at a point in time, while documentation is basically theregistration, collection, recording and preservation of information regarding collections.
Documentation also enables us to physically preserve a cultural object and preserve the history andmemory of the cultural environment and for future generations. In PNG we do not have the best
facilities and equipment as we have seen here but we have simple digital recording and documentation
systems. Most of the recording and documentation is basically done by NM&AG and kept at the
National Museum by specialists.
For me, I see this as another specialist area/field that one needs to spent more time at to make sure one
fully understands, especially the recording and documentation of Cultural Heritage. For the purposeof recording and documentation of cultural heritage, I’m passionate enough to learn these basics andI’ll make full use of what I have learnt when it comes to the recording and documentation of cultural
heritage in PNG.
I have learnt a lot within the short time available, and now understand how to position cameras andcapture the best quality pictures of an object or artifact, etc. PNG lacks specialists in recording anddocumentation of cultural heritage, but this training will really help a lot, and is something that can beapplied in my country.
6. Conservation of Excavated Gardens (Maintenance and Management of Gardens)
For me, it is really amazing to see a well maintained garden and how it is maintained and managed
over many years. This is basically the process of preserving a condition, situation or the state of being
preserved. More research is carried out by the archaeologist to fully understand the situation before
excavation starts, so that conservation principles can be applied to make sure materials such as stones
are carefully removed and replaced again after the conservation process is applied.
It’s really inspiring to establish such a garden capturing landscapes, waterfalls, pond, tracks, andsignage, and of course the surrounding environment adds beauty to the garden itself. Our visit to
Palatial Garden in Nara Capital Site (Isui-en Garden) is a very good example of a garden which iswell maintained and managed. The other excavated garden is still under construction and we hope itwill fully operational sometime in the years to come.
7. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites and Remains
The conservation and management of archaeological sites and remains is the process of protecting
an archaeological site from further damage and restoring it to a previous state. As we have learnt

70through the lectures, archaeological sites require an extra level of care in regards to their conservation,
restoration and management but are also a destructive force. This is because once a site has been partly
excavated, it cannot be put back the way it was, so in order to continue getting information from thesite, it must be conserved to the current best standards. Archaeologists know better than I do, but thisis the way I see it from my understanding of the lectures regarding how archaeological sites can beconserved and managed.
8. Conclusion
To be honest, this is the first time for me to see a five-story pagoda and its architectural structure,
which really amazed me. It actually took my breath away because I have never seen a wooden
structure this big before and it was hard to imagine. Yes, I had heard of temples and shrines but the
pagodas are really the most amazing things to see here in Nara, Japan. In regard to the museums andresearch institutions, I think Japan has some of the best museums and research institutions and I wasable to learn much from them.
In PNG, we do not have many research institutions and museums, and only one National Museum
located in Port Moresby, the capital of PNG. All collections throughout PNG are recorded, documented
and stored in the National Museum. It was my great privilege and honour to attend this training
program, which really helped me a lot in my understanding of the work of natural and cultural heritage
protection in my country. I find that all courses are very useful for my professional development andfor the future of the country. I will share this experience with my colleagues in my organization andstaff from the NM& AG as well as the NCC.
PNG has many issues and challenges and the obvious ones are: lack of specialists, professionals,
funding constraints, and lack of government support for the conservation, protection and preservationof natural and cultural heritage sites. The area that interests me most is conservation and restorationof archaeological sites or exhibition of excavated sites because this is basically related to PNG’s only
archaeological site, Kuk Early Agricultural Site. I was thinking that one day we would put up such astructure after careful research and understanding the conditions of the area. I am very interested inthis area and if possible, ACCU could consider assisting in the funding of the research.
9. Recommendationsa) I recommend that ACCU could make it more fair and balanced by inviting participantsfrom both the Pacific and Asia.
b) I recommend that ACCU identify what participants or countries lack in specific areas andprovide training according to their needs, so when participants return to their country they
can contribute meaningfully.
c) I recommend that ACCU could consider and finance students from least developed areas
to come and be attached to either museums or research institutions, so as to work withprofessional staff to obtain more experience, skills and knowledge.
Wishing you all the best and thank you so much
JIM ONGA
Environment and Conservation Authority
PAPUA NEW GUINEA

71

Sri Lanka
Narayana Thamara Deepani

FINAL EVALUATION REPORT ON THE TRAINING COURSE ON
CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION IN THE ASIA PACIFICREGION 2016, RESEARCH ANALYSIS AND UTILISATION OF
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND REMAINSINTRODUCTION
The training course on Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region 2016 — Research,
Analysis and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites and Remains is one of a series of training courses
conducted by the Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU Nara Office). The course washeld from 30 August to 29 September.
It was a valuable training course, and it was a wonderful opportunity for me to obtain a great deal ofknowledge on cultural heritage protection. I work at Anuradhapura Archaeological Museum, whichis the major museum of the Department of Archaeology in Sri Lanka. As the responsible officer incharge of the museum, it is my responsibility to plan, conduct and monitor the exhibition, display,conservation, analysis, recording, and documentation of objects in the museum and storage.
The training course has provided me with the confidence and ambition to step forward in changing
current views on cultural heritage protection in Sri Lanka, as well as being a great opportunity forme to obtain further experience at an international level, and a chance to share knowledge withprofessionals from different countries.
The training course was held under the management of very qualified staff and they organised thecourse very successfully. As a result, all participants were enthusiastic in following this course. The
course consisted of various study methods. The lectures, discussions, workshops and study tours all
helped us to learn more things about the field of cultural heritage protection.
1. LECTURES AND DISCUSSION
1.1 Presentation of the participants
The training course started with the presentation of a country report by every participant. I learned
about the heritage legislation and conservation practices in Asia-Pacific countries and made acomparison with my country. While listening to the country reports, I observed that all countries face
problems in heritage protection.
1.2 Global perspectives of archaeology
The first lecture was on global perspectives in preservation and utilisation of archaeological sites,by Dr. Gamin Wijesuriya, project manager of ICCROM. The lecture concentrated on the definitionof heritage and management of heritage. It was a very important lecture and I learned about the
management of archaeological sites and remains as well as the principles of conservation.
The lecture conducted by Dr. Joseph King from ICCROM was another very important lecture. I
learned about the international context for conservation, charters and recommendations, as well as the72evolution of conservation approaches and cultural values in conservation with a focus on outstanding
universal value
1.3 Japanese heritage and cultural property protection system
We had an important introduction to Japanese heritage. It was conducted by Prof. Inaba Nobuko fromthe University of Tsukuba. I learned about the history of specialty wooden architecture through thislecture.
The lectures on the cultural property protection system in Japan, conducted by Mr Oumi Toshihide,
and Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisation of Archaeological sites (Cases in Japan)
conducted by Nakai Masatsugu from the Agency for Cultural Affairs in Japan have filled my mind
with new ideas that can be applied to better understanding of heritage in Sri Lanka.
1.4 Maintenance and utilisation of archaeological sites
There were several lectures and discussions on Maintenance and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites
in Practice at Nara Palace Site and the Archaeological Research Centre. I understood that there isa strong connection between cultural property protection and community cooperation in Japan. In
general, I understood that the maintenance and utility of archaeological sites should be carried out ina way that shows the value of the particular archaeological site to the community. I was able to knowthat a number of volunteer societies provide their cooperation to protect cultural property in Japan. Of
special note is that these groups are often made up of retired persons. They have launched numerous
programmes to protect heritage. I respect them from the bottom of my heart and I am proud of them.
2. WORKSHOPS
2.1 Recording and documentation of cultural heritage (photography)
There was a practical session on the recording and documentation of cultural heritage (photography)
conducted by Mr Nakamura Ichiro, photography section, Nara National Research Institute forCultural Properties. This practical session was very interesting. I could see a large studio and manykinds of cameras. I picked up many photography techniques and I understood the basics of taking
good photographs. We practiced indoors and outdoors and everybody had enjoyable and meaningfulpractice. Now I know that adjusting the focus, aperture, and shutter speed, as well as ISO sensitivity,and light management are compulsory for quality photographs.
2.2 Conservation science of archaeological sites
We were given a good knowledge of scientific issues in the field of archaeology through a workshop
on Conservation Science of Archaeological Sites conducted Dr Wakiya Soichiro (NNPICP). I would
like to highlight the most important points that I learned from this workshop as follows: Characteristics of materials, soil and stone media
 Deterioration of soil structural remains / stone statues of cultural properties and related factors
 Environmental research Heat and moisture movement in remains

73

2.3 Measured drawings of archaeological artefacts
During the practice and demonstration by Ms Miyoshi Miho and others I practiced how to makemeasured drawings of archaeological artefacts, especially pottery. The work is very detailed andneeds a lot of patience, as everything in a measured drawing should be accurate. At the Nara City
Archaeological Research Centre, we had more practice on how to make not only a correct measured
drawing but also ink rubbings.
3. FIELD VISIT
3.1 Studying Japanese temples and sites
During the training course, we visited several World Heritage Sites and ancient temples. In the firstweek we visited four temples in Nara city.
Kasuga-taisha – Kasuga Grand Shrine or Kasuga Shrine, was founded in 768 AD
Kofukuji temple – There are three golden halls, all of which derive their name from their relative
position in the temple complex.
I.
II.
III.

Tokondo Hall/East Main Hall (726 AD )Five Storied Pagoda (Early 15th century – Muromachi period)
Three Storied Pagoda (Late 12th to early 13th century – Kamakura period)

Horyuji temple – Asuka period (Mid-6th to beginning of the 8th century)
Todai-ji Temple – Todai-ji Temple excited me. I had never seen such a large wooden architectural
structure like Todai-ji Temple before. Its history goes back to the 7th century, and it is one of the oldest
wooden structures in the world.
After visiting that structure I understood more about Japanese wooden architecture, as well as the
structure of Japanese temples and shrines.
In the training period we visited two tombs. They were Ishibutai Kofun (tumulus) and Fujinoki Tomb
(7th century AD). These tombs can be introduced as stone burial chambers. They were constructedby covering large stones, and the most powerful ancient family members were buried in these tombs.
After visiting them I understood more about the ancient Japanese burial system.
3.2 Excavation and conservation of archaeological sites
The excavation of an archaeological site was a valuable opportunity for me to obtain knowledge of the
field of archaeological excavation. We were able to visit the excavation at the Todai-ji Temple site. I
studied excavating methods, the dating system, artefacts found by this excavation and the history of
the Todai-ji site.
In the session Conservation of Excavated Garden, we visited the Palatial Garden at Nara Capital Site.
It was another interesting field visit, and I learnt a very important lesson about how to conserve gardenstones, by Mr Morishita Hiroyuki from the Nara City Board of Education. Here, garden stones are74

placed mainly at the curved parts or indentations of the meandering pond to provide a scenic accent.
This pond has almost 120 garden stones, and among them, 55 cracked and damaged stones need repair.
I would like to mention the important steps in the conservation of stones that I noted.
Removing the stone
Conservation treatment and reaffixing of fragments
Reinstallation of the stone
Implementing a maintenance improvement project

3.3 Maintenance and utilisation of archaeological sites
We were able to get a different experience in the Isui-en Garden, which is located to the west of the
Nandaimon Gate of Todai-ji Temple. It is a place of scenic beauty, and a private garden. We could
see a system of old hoses in Japan, and how to hold the tea ceremony. However, as it is said that ‘agarden is a living structure’, the completion of the garden is entirely thanks to the deep understandingof the owner and the endeavours of the parties concerned, to which I would like to express my deepest
gratitude.
Our longest and most interesting tour was in Nagasaki. After visiting Oura Catholic Church, I was able
to get an idea of the origin and evolution of Christianity in Japan. Glover Garden in Nagasaki taught
me how to maintain a large garden. We could study the Dejima reconstruction work in Nagasaki. I
learned about main steps involved in such construction work, and the importance of this reconstruction
work as well as the history of Dejima. I would like to mention that the Nagasaki tour was a wonderfulexperience for me.
3.3 Studying Museums
Museums in Japan can be categorised as National Museums, Site Museums and Themed Museums.
We visited five museums, which was very useful for gaining an understanding of museum
management. They are not only museums but also research centres, especially the Nagasaki andAsuka museums. I understood that museums are able to practically carry out the entire process fromthe excavation of monuments to the documentation, conservation and exhibition of artefacts, and I
learned about how museum themes, buildings, museum objects, media use for presentation, display
showcases, lighting systems, security and safety, visitor facilities, storage, laboratories and analysis
activities should all be established in order to create a successful museum. I could see some museums
have provided special guides for blind persons with Braille lettering, wheelchairs for the disabled andbaby strollers. These measures must be highly appreciated.
CONCLUSIONThe Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection provided me with in-depth knowledge of cultural
heritage and its conservation, excavation and utilisation using both traditional and modern methods.
This training course has provided me with a wealth of technical information which I look forward toutilizing in my future research work. During the visit to different museums in Japan, I learned the latest
methods and techniques applied by Japanese experts for the reporting and display of artefacts and theirpreservation. By visiting these museums, I was able to study the development of museology in Japan75

and these techniques will be applied in my own country. The experience that I have gained during
this training programme is applicable to most cases I will need to deal with. Throughout the training
course, I felt that the entire programme was very valuable for me in handling issues of conservation,
restoration and archaeological work in my job and also in my country.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protection 2016 conducted by ACCU, Nara was a valuabletraining course, and it was a great experience for me. I was able to gain a lot of knowledge in every
field of archaeological cultural heritage protection, and I will be able to render a better service to mycountry and our heritage.
I would like to express my heartful gratitude to the organizers of the training course, particularly the
Agency for Cultural Affairs and ACCU, Nara, for the invitation, and I would like to express my thanks
to the lecturers for sharing their knowledge and experience with us. My special thanks are extended tothe staff of ACCU, Nara, who followed us around and made us feel comfortable and safe during ourstay in Japan. Finally, I would like to thank the Department of Archaeology and Ministry of Educationof Sri Lanka for giving this valuable opportunity to me.
AYUBOOWANARIGATO GOZAIMASHITATHANK YOU76

Tajikistan
Bobomulloev Bobomullo

Evaluation Report on the Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protectionin the Asia-Pacific Region 2016
Introduction
It should be noted that this final report is written from my own personal perspective from things
learned during the ACCU training course. It raises issues on how the training course can be ofassistance in helping to formulate strategies that can aid in developing and implementing forward
approaches at home.
Archaeological heritage is of great importance in modern society. It reflects the history of peoples
and countries into their material manifestation and thus is an important factor in raising thenational pride of any nation. In this sense, the concept of "pride" can be defined as a "product" andarchaeological heritage as a means capable of influencing the growth of the "product", i.e., people’s
pride. Consequently, archaeological heritage should be treated very carefully, as the product is capableof subsequently having an impact on the sense of pride of the people themselves and their country.
Achieving these goals requires a range of measures under which you can achieve the optimal result,i.e. the "product". This is complex of measures from A to Z, which consists of a correct approach to theresearch, analysis, preservation, management, maintenance and use of archaeological sites.
Problems existing in my home country
Tajikistan, like any other country, has its own specific cultural heritage issues and challenges. To
answer the question about the state of conservation and use of archaeological sites in the Republic of
Tajikistan, it is first necessary to assess the state in which these monuments are today.
Unfortunately, archaeological sites are in a critical condition. Monuments are exposed to climatechange. Annual rainfall very adversely affects unprotected archaeological sites. In Tajikistanarchaeological sites consist mainly of pakhsa and mud-brick houses: whole neighborhoods, fortresses,
temples, etc. Suffice it to say that more monuments are being destroyed year after year (Fig 1).
This state of affairs is not only due to financial difficulties, but also the fact that the public has notrealized or not yet fully realized the value of historical and cultural heritage. The solution is seen in
the interaction of the academic structure (archaeologists, historians, architects, conservators) and the
public. Unfortunately, in Tajikistan there is the already outdated cliché that archeology is a science andthe results of its operations, i.e., monuments and artefacts, maintain a purely academic profile. As we
can see in Japan, archaeology has great social significance and the results of its operations are always
aimed at giving information to and educating the public.

77

Fig1. Remains of Ancient Penjikent town (V-VII A.D.)

Main lessons learned
The most important element in this process is the preservation of objects of material culture. The
correct approach to the conservation of monuments and artifacts is the guarantee of successful future
action. The global trend today is that it is very important and appropriate to talk about the preservationof monuments and artefacts in-situ. Therefore, it is important to develop ideas and acquire experiencein the construction of field museums made of lightweight structures like in Japan. The Japaneseexperience has shown that in the construction of new facilities is essential to harmonize them withthe monument and the surrounding landscape. It is necessary to minimize interference during therestoration work. In addition, it is important to use as much of the original material as possible. Thisrequires qualified restorers and conservators, the lack of which adversely affects the situation in
Tajikistan.
Involvement of the local community in the process of archaeological excavation and investigation is also
very important. The best example of this is the organization Archaeological voluntary staff members of
local communities at Heijo-kyo (Nara Palace Site) and at Nara City Archaeological Research Center.
These are kind of archaeological supporters “from passive learning to independent learning”. It isalso very useful to provide activities that lead to the popularization of the sites through these kinds ofvoluntary organizations. I would like to explore this avenue and put it into practice in my country.
Conclusion
The training course program has been very interesting and educational for me. Based on the foregoing,
I can say that everything I saw and heard during the training course can and should be applied toarchaeological sites in Tajikistan. We must take the Japanese monuments and sites as the best examples
for our countries. However, given the geographical differences, we have to develop our own methods
for the protection and preservation of cultural heritage.
I would like to thank the Asia-Pacific Cultural Center for UNESCO (ACCU) for the high quality
organization of the training course program, and wish you all good luck, happiness and success always.

78

Thailand
Thippawan Wongadsapaiboon

Final Report
Introduction
From 30 August to 29 September 2016, I had a great opportunity to join the Training Course on
Cultural Heritage Protection in the Asia-Pacific Region 2016: Research, Analysis, Preservation andUtilisation of Archaeological Sites and Remains with my new-found friends from 14 other countries in
the Asia-Pacific region. From this training course I gained a lot of knowledge on the cultural property
protection system in Japan, and on the research, analysis, excavation, preservation, maintenance,
utilization, recording and documentation of archaeological sites and remains, etc. Personally, I
was really interested in all topics in this training course because they all directly conform to myresponsibilities and I can apply them to my work with cultural heritage in Thailand. For example:
Cultural Property Protection and Community Cooperation
I received some important and useful experience and knowledge from the volunteers and government
officers at Nara Palace Site and Nara City Archaeological Research Centre. This is because this year,
the 9th Regional Office of Fine Arts has a project to set up a living site museum in Ban Phukhowtong
village, Sangkom district, Nongkai province. This village has many cultural heritage sites. For
example, an ancient copper and iron mine (dating from about 3,500 – 1,500 years ago), ancient lime
kilns (dating from the Larn Chang period or about 50 – 100 years ago) (Fig.1) and the folk cultureof Mae Klong riverside (fishing, folk tales, herbal medicine, food, etc.). Now I am working in the
ethnoarchaeology section in this village. The objective of this section is recording and collecting a
database of artifacts or antiques in this area and interviewing the villagers who know the ancient stories
or have experience in fishing, cooking the local food, or preparing herbal medicine and white lime.
For this reason, I think this topic is very important and useful for my project, and after I come back toThailand I can apply this experience to my work with the community in my area of responsibility—
especially the activities that I learnt from them, such as cleaning days, volunteer guides, school tours(to give knowledge about cultural property to students), and surveying archaeological sites withvolunteers, etc.
Scientific Conservation of Archaeological Sites and Remains
I received a lot of great and useful experience and knowledge from this training course, especiallyregarding the scientific devices that are used with the site museum to study the environment in the
exhibition hall and the natural approach to the control and conservation of artifacts and sites. For
example:- Scientific devices: I saw many scientific devices that are used for studying and collecting
data about the environment in the exhibition hall at Nara Palace Site, such as a humidity
meter, rain gauge, light meter, wind speed meter, temperature meter, etc. This is a goodexperience, and I think that when I come back to Thailand I can adapt these devices to use

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with the archaeological sites and museums in my area of responsibility such as the Non
Moung archaeological site museum or Khon Kaen National Museum.
Experimentation with salt crystallization and emanation: This is good experimentationthat made me better understand how the action of salty soil has destroyed artifacts andancient monuments in Thailand and will help me to prevent and repair this problem in the
future.
Preservation of wooden artifacts: This was a good experience because recently in Thailand
we have found many wooden artifacts such as Phanom Surin Shipwreck site (found in2013).

After I come back to Thailand I can apply this experience to my work with cultural property in
Thailand and in my area of responsibility, as we currently face a lot of problems such as the decay ofartifacts, problems with the water table and the saltiness of soil in archaeological site museums etc.
Recording/Documentation of Artifacts (Measured Drawing and Rubbing)This was one of the best topics, which I really appreciated because of my lack of measured drawing
and rubbing skills. In the past, when I worked in the field or was involved in an excavation at anarchaeological site, I mostly used only a camera to take photos and a computer program to record all
details. When I wanted to draw a rim of pottery, I would use soft fiber foam for stamping and copying
the appearance (Fig. 2). So I think this practice could develop my skills and be very useful for me. And
I can adapt the rubbing technique to use with other artifacts such as inscriptions, roof tiles, pottery,
carved wooden art, carved rock art, etc.
Management of Archaeological Sites and Tourist Attractions
Japan is a country with some of the best ways to manage its archaeological sites. I gained a lot ofknowledge from this training and study tour in Japan, and I believe I can apply this to the managementof the cultural heritage site in Thailand that I am involved with, such as:- Signboards that are easy to understand even though you can’t read Japanese: When I
traveled in Japan I saw a lot of signboards that used a picture or an easy sign that anyone
could understand even foreigners. (Fig. 3)- Facilities for disabled persons and everyone: Such as Braille block paths and Brailleinformation boards for the visually impaired, elevators and sloped pathways forwheelchairs (Fig. 4), free wheelchairs for the elderly, plastic bags for areas where you
must take your shoes off, guideposts and tourist information indicating important points,
information brochures in various languages, etc.
- Harmonic planning: Modern buildings at Japan cultural heritage sites, such as restrooms,
elevators, souvenir shops, offices, ticket booths, and museums, are designed to exist
in harmony with ancient architecture. Moreover some modern accessories that havebeen installed in ancient architecture are very harmonic too, such as CCTV and smoke
detectors, and mostly they are painted in a brown color. (Fig. 5)- Security and emergency system: When I studied and traveled in Japan, I saw that most

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tourist attractions have a First Aid box at every gate, and in every building there is asign advising how to go to the emergency exit and fire extinguishers even it is an ancientarchitecture.
One way routes: In Japan most tourist attractions were designed to have a one-way routeand have an arrow sign in every corner. I think this is very good because it’s easy to
manage tourists. (Fig.6)
Various ways to buy tickets: In Japan I saw that famous tourist attractions have various
ways to buy tickets, such as through ticket booths, ticket vending machines, booking
online, a ticket for groups at tourist attractions (a ticket for use in more than one place),buying tickets at a bus or a train station, etc.

These are all good things that I can apply to use at cultural heritage sites in Thailand. And everythingthat I saw showed that the Japanese people emphasize with everyone who comes to travel in Japan,
and I was really impressed with Mr. HIRATA Masahiko’s remark at Fujinoki Tumulus. He said, “Thistumulus has a sloped pathway because it was designed for disabled people who use a wheelchair. As acultural property it is not only for archaeologists or researchers but the property of everyone.” I thinkthese words are so true.
In Conclusion
It was a great chance for me to have the opportunity to study and exchange knowledge and experience
with the other participants and Japanese experts. I will use this knowledge to improve my work andmy country in the future. Lastly, I really want to say thank you to all ACCU staff, all lecturers, allvolunteers and all Japanese who gave the beautiful experience to me. THANK YOU.

Fig. 1 The archaeological sites at Ban Phukhowtong village

Fig. 2 Soft fiber foam for stamping and copying the appearance and the analysis of pottery

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Fig.3 (left) A signboard that is easy to understand with various languages
Fig.4 (right) A sloped pathway for wheelchairs

Fig. 5 (left) This elevator was designed to be very harmonic with the ancient architecture
Fig. 6 (right) An arrow sign for advising the route82

Uzbekistan
Kholmatov Azbiddin

Final Report
Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protectionin the Asia-Pacific Region 2016
Introduction:
ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property),
Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO, Nara and Tokyo National Research Institute for Cultural
Properties (NNRICP, TNRICP) and the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan, together with the AsiaPacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO, Nara (ACCU) organized a training course on the theme“Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites and Remains,” withthe object of this training being to pass on to young researchers from 15 countries in the Asia-Pacificregion modern technologies and methods for the research and protection of archeological properties
and materials.
During this training, eminent scientists of Japanese institutions who conduct research in different
fields reported on the protection and analysis cultural heritage properties and archeological materials.
Moreover, during the course, practical lessons were organized, and we travelled to archeologicalmonuments and were taught the concepts of conservation and restoration. Based on the subjects of the
training and lectures, you can combine them in several ways, i.e, the theoretical aspects of the field,
treatment and research of archaeological artefacts, and conservation and use of archaeological sites.
Theoretical aspects include the global trends in the field of conservation of archaeological sites, thesystem of conservation of cultural heritage in Japan, and risk management for cultural values. In
particular, the lectures of Dr. Gamini Wijesuriya, Ms Inaba Nobuko, Mr. Oumi Toshihide, and Mr.
Nakai Masatsugu attracted much attention.
The Law on Protection of Cultural Property
During this training program we attended many lectures. One of them, the lecture by Mr. Nakai
Masatsugu titled “The Japanese System for the Protection of Cultural Properties,” was very important.
It was stated that since 1950, the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in Japan, has become
the most important part of the policy of the state. There are similar laws in all countries. For example,
in the basic law, which is the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, there is an article whichstates that citizens are obliged to preserve the historical, spiritual and cultural heritage of the Uzbek
people. Cultural monuments are protected by the state under this law. In addition, in 2001, after
studying international law and the experience of individual countries, the law “On Protection and Useof Objects of Cultural Heritage” was put into effect, the purpose of which is to regulate relations in
the field of protection and use of cultural heritage, which is the national heritage of the Uzbek people.
Despite this, there are a number of problems in the use and protection of objects of cultural heritage.

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For example, a plot of land containing archaeological remains is sometimes used for the cultivation ofagricultural products.
Documentation of Cultural Heritage (Photography)
Also, Mr. Nakamura Ichiro assigned theoretical and practical work at the National Research Institutein Nara. During the lecture, we learned some background on the different types of good cameras, how
to shoot different angles and how to organize the lighting so that the images we receive will be of goodquality. I also learnt how to store the photos on a computer to make them better. In Uzbekistan, in mostcases, archaeological sites and the artefacts found there are directly photographed by archaeologists.
During this training I gained a lot of knowledge and experience in this area, which I will use in myresearch.
Documentation of Artefacts (Measured Drawing, Rubbing).
Moreover, the lectures by Mr. Miyoshi Miho of Nara City Archaeological Research Centre, gave mea lot of new information. Some methods of drawing clay objects were unfamiliar to me. In particular,
the process of moving images on clay pieces to paper should be effective in my future researchingactivities.
During the workshops on the development of ceramic fragments, I was convinced that the methods ofapplication of archaeological artefacts in Japan are almost identical to the methods used in Uzbekistan.
But there are some differences. In Uzbekistan, the various stages of processing artefacts, such as
drawing, encryption, writing a description, etc., are carried out directly by archaeologists. It takes a
lot of time. In Japan, however, these processes are carried out by individual experts. This approachpromises fast and high-quality collection of information and preservation of artefacts.
Conclusion:
Through this academic and practical course as well as the visits to museums in Nara and Nagasaki,
I have gained a lot of experience and skills in many of the principles, methods and techniques forthe protection, management and use of archaeological sites. In addition, the course has given me theopportunity to enjoy exchanges and establish connections with colleagues from other countries. As anarchaeologist, I will use the experience and skills I have gained during this course in my country infuture archaeological excavations and research.
I am grateful to the organizers, the experts who presented the lectures, and the staff who helped us
during the training.

84Viet Nam
Tran Minh Hoang

Final Report on the Training Course on Cultural Heritage Protectionin the Asia-Pacific Region 2016
Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisation ofArchaeological Sites and Remains
The training course “Research, Analysis, Preservation and Utilisation of Archaeological Sites and Remains”
was held from 30 August to 29 September 2016, in Nara, Japan. In this training, there were 15 participantsfrom 15 countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Iran, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Nepal, New
Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan and Vietnam).
I really want to talk a little about my first impressions when arriving in Nara, a quiet and airy citythat surprised me. It really made me think that I were at home in Hue city. Hue shares many of thecharacteristics of Nara city. I really like this place.

First, a few lines before starting the training course – we were acquainted with the space and time of a
new life. We turned to visiting heritage sites in Nara – which was once the capital of Japan so it had afocus on historical buildings, especially temples and shrines. We were introduced to the history of thatplace, and the formation, variation, and conservation and restoration of damaged works over time. Thiscan be considered as the outstanding achievements of a general Japanese policy of heritage protection,
especially in Nara.
In this training, we had the opportunity to study the conservation of cultural heritage property in manydifferent forms, from architecture, archaeological sites and ancient artifacts, to traditional gardens.
However, I would like to focus mainly on a few aspects of heritage conservation.
First is the preservation of archaeological sites, and this can be considered a key issue determining
whether or not there is the ability to restore the site in the future. Nara has been preserved not only
outside but also inside shelters with many different scientific methods, because we know that only
well-preserved sites are the basic foundation for the planning of restoration policies and plans in areasonable manner, with accuracy and the best efficiency. It can be said that remains underground are
the best preserved, but not always so, because when excavation work is conducted at a certain level,
we no longer preserve its basic structure. Obviously, only original documents in undisturbed groundis the most valuable evidence for any restoration work. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly study
the issues related to foundations and materials so that excavation does not lead to devaluation of a site.
Along with that, the appropriate preservation plan can be seen as being "optimized" to preserve the“basic framework” of the structure. Nara has done so well in this, because they have not only restored
but also recovered archaeological sites. This is the most important thing for science in general andscientific archaeological conservation in particular.

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The most important thing is the post-excavation problems. Any materials, raw materials and artifacts
collected in the excavation process are always the only evidence to help us better understand theexistence of the facility’s architecture, works of human life in the past. The treatment of these kinds ofmaterials and artifacts with a professional approach will not only help their retention and preservation
but also helps in the restoration of buildings to as close to the original as possible.
In Vietnam, we currently do not have sufficient technical expertise or service facilities for scientificanalysis of raw material artifacts collected during excavations. So we mainly use manual methods aswell as traditional experience. Even if we wanted to preserve an archaeological site and artifacts, we
do not have enough professional staff or the technology. However, this training has helped us with thebasic experience for this work.
However, the most impressive thing for us is “combination,” the connection between heritage andcommunities, and in Japan, the natural way is to utilize the service of volunteers. We can say thatheritage anywhere, covering any aspect of human activity, is an asset of the whole society. Therefore,
conservation is the responsibility of the entire community, not just the responsible specialized agency.
This is something that has not been given adequate attention in my country. For Nara, Japan, it really isfun, and the responsibility of everyone. Clearly, the love of cultural heritage will help the heritage live
forever with the passage of time, over many generations.
Through this training, we gained valuable experience, which should support our work in the present
and future. It was also extremely effective and impressive for me and the others. We could obtainmuch knowledge and experience, particularly in terms of the procedures of conservation, preservation,
heritage management, utilization and archaeological artifact conservation techniques. I believe thatthe knowledge gained through the training will be helpful and have an important role in our cultural
heritage preservation and management efforts.
Once again I would like to express my sincere thanks to ACCU, ICCROM, the National Institutes
for Cultural Heritage and Agency for Cultural Affairs, who were involved in organizing this training
course. We would like to especially thank Dr, Nishimura, director of ACCU, and all staff of ACCU,
who worked together with us during the training session.
Chân thành cám ơn!
Sayonara.

86IV. Appendix
1. List of Participants
2. List of Lecturers
3. Acknowledgements for Cooperation
4. List of Interpreter and Assistants

Appendix

5. Staff Members, ACCU Nara Office

After the closing ceremony

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1. List of Participants
Bangladesh
Afroza Khan Mita
Regional Director
Regional Office, Khulna, Department of Archaeology,
Regional Directorate Office, Divitional Museum Building,
Mazid Sarani, Shivebaree More, Khulna Division, Bangladesh
Tel: 88-41-730136
nishigondha@yahoo.com
BhutanSonam Gyeltshen
Assistant Archaeologist
Division for Conservation of Heritage Site,
Department of Culture, Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs
Post Box No. 233, Thimphu, Bhutan
Tel: (+975-2-322284)
sonam553doc@gmail.com
Cambodia
Keo Chansophany
Technical Staff
Department of the Conservation of Monuments in Angkor Parkand Preventive Archaeology, APSARA Authority
Bang Korng, Ampil, Town Siem Reap, Siem Reap Province, Cambodia
Tel: (+855-63) 760662
phallaor@yahoo.com
Iran
Mehrdad Javadi
Deputy for Cultural Heritage
Deputy Conservation of Historic Buildings,
Sites and Urban Textures Office,Iranian Cultural Heritage Handcraft and Tourism Organization
Tel: (+98)21 61063562
mehrdadjavadi2003@yahoo.com

89Lao PDR
Boundylath Bounyord
Archaeologist
Division of Archaeology, Department of Heritage,
Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism
Thadeua Road, Ban Vatnak, Hom 2, Sisattanak District, Vientiane Capital
Lao PDR
Tel: (+856 21) 315453
bounaolay@gmail.com
Mongolia
Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan
Head
Research Center, National Museum of Mongolia
Chingeltei District, Tourist Street-1, Ulaanbaatar-14201 Mongolia
Tel: 976 11-326802
ja_bayaraa@yahoo.com
Nepal
Gyanin Rai
Chief Administrative Officer
Administration and Heritage Management,
Lumbini Development Trust, Government of Nepal
Sacred Garden, Rupandhei, Lumbini, Nepal
Tel: (+977-4268285)
raigyan002@yahoo.com
New Zealand
Kiri Sharpe
Archaeologist
Policy Team, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga
Antrim House PO Box 2629 Wellington 6140 New ZealandTel: (+64) 04 4708063
KSharpe@heritage.org.nz
Papua New Guinea
Jim Onga
Senior World Heritage Program Officer
Sustainable Environment Program/World Heritage Section,
Conservation and Environment Protection Authority (CEPA)
P.O.Box, 6601, Boroko, National Capital District,
Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
Tel: (+675) 3014500
jonga@dec.gov.pg

90Sri Lanka
Thamara Deepani Narayana
Archaeological Research AssistantArchaeological Museum, Anuradhapura,
Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Education
Archaeological Museum, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Tel: (+94) 02522222411
ruwanthamara@yahoo.com
Tajikistan
Bobomulloev Bobomullo
Junior Researcher
National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan
Rajabovho 7 str. 734025, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
Tel: (+992)37 2271350
bobo_bobomullo@yahoo.com

ThailandThippawan Wongadsapaiboon
Archaeologist
The 9th Regional Office of Fine Arts, Khonkaen,
Fine Arts Department, Ministry of Culture
193 Mu.13 Kasikorn Thongsang Rd., Nai Moung Subdistrict,
Moung District, Khonkaen 40000
Tel: (+66)43242129
thippawan.wongadsapaiboon@gmail.com
Uzbekistan
Azbiddin Kholmatov
Research Assistant
Stone Age department, Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of
Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
3, V. Abdullaev’s street, 140051 Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Tel: (+99866 2321513)
uzarchae@yahoo.com
Viet Nam
Tran Doan Minh Hoang
Researcher
Department of Scientific and Historical Research,
Hue Monuments Conservation Centre
Tam Toa 23 Tong Duy Tan Street, Hue City, Viet Nam
Tel: (+84 54 3 539 208)
minhhoangtran1984@gmail.com

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2. List of Lectures
Lecturers from Abroad:
Gamini Wijesuriya
Project Manager
International Centre for the Study of
the Preservation and Restoration ofCultural Property (ICCROM)
gw@iccrom.org

Joseph King
Unit Director
International Centre for the Study of
the Preservation and Restoration ofCultural Property (ICCROM)
jk@iccrom.org

Lecturers from Japan:
INABA Nobuko
Professor

Faculty of Art and Design,
University of Tsukuba
inaba@heritage.tsukuba.ac.jp
OMI Toshihide
Specialist for Cultural Properties
Monuments and Sites Division,
Cultural Properties Department,
Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan (Bunkacho)
ohmi@bunka.go.jp
NAKAI Masatsugu
Specialist for Cultural Properties
Monuments and Sites Division,
Cultural Properties Department,
Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan (Bunkacho)
m-nakai@bunka.go.jp
NANBU Hiroki
Head
Historic Sites in Precincts Improvement
Planning Office, Todai-ji Temple
nambu@todaiji.or.jp
IMANISHI Yoshio
Executive Advisory Engineer
Todai-ji Temple
imanishi@todaiji.or.jp

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NAKAMURA Ichiro
Official Research Photographer
Photography Section,
Department of Planning & Coordination,
Nara National Research Institute for Cultural
Properties (NNRICP)
i-nakamura@nabunken.go.jp
MORISHITA Hiroyuki
Chief
Section of Monuments and Sites,
Cultural Properties Division,
Nara City Board of Education
morishita-hiroyuki@city.nara.lg.jp
YOSHIMURA Ryuji
Director General
Environmental Dynamics Architecto-yoshi@kyoto.zaq.ne.jp
WAKIYA Soichiro
Senior Researcher
Conservation Sciences Section,
Centre for Archaeological Operations,
Nara National Research Institute forCultural Properties (NNRICP)
s-wakiya@nabunken.go.jp
MORISITA Keisuke
Director
Nara City Archaeological Research Centre,
Nara City Board of Education
morishita-keisuke@city.nara.lg.jp

MIYOSHI Miho
Deputy Director
Nara City Archaeological Research Centre,
Nara City Board of Education
miyoshi-miho@city.nara.lg.jp
NAKAJIMA Kazuhiko
Reseacher
Nara City Archaeological Research Centre,
Nara City Board of Education
nakajima-kazuhiko@city.nara.lg.jp
SHIGEMI Yasushi
Chief Curator
The Museum, Archaeological Institute ofKashihara, Nara Prefecture
yshige3227@kashikoken.jp
HIRATA Masahiko
Assistant Director
Lifelong Learning Division,
Ikaruga Town Board of Educationsyougai@town.ikaruga.nara.jp
MAMITSUKA Junji
Director
Dejima Restoration Office,Tourism and Culture Department,
Economic Bureau Nagasaki City Hall
mamitsuka_junji@city.nagasaki.lg.jp

YAMAGUCHI Miyuki
CuratorDejima Restoration Office,Tourism and Culture Department,
Economic Bureau Nagasaki City Hall
takada_miyuki@city.nagasaki.lg.jp
HONMA Sadao
Adviser to Nagasaki Study
Cultural Advancement Division,
Culture, Tourism and International Affairs
Department, Nagasaki Prefectural Governments.honma@nmhc.jp
TERADA Seigo
Assistant Director
Education Bureau, Arts and Culture Division,
Nagasaki Prefectural Government
seigo-t@pref.nagasaki.lg.jp
HASHIMOTO Masanobu
Chief
Cultural Advancement Division,
Culture, Tourism and International Affairs
Department, Nagasaki Prefectural Governmentm-hashimoto@pref.nagasaki.lg.jp
OKAMOTO Ken’ichiro
Chief Curator
Research Group
Nagasaki Museum of History and Culturek.okamoto@nmhc.jp

3. Acknowledgements for Cooperation
TASHIRO Yoshiko, Assistant Director, Isuien Garden. Neiraku Museum
MORIMOTO Kojo, Director of General Affairs, Todai-ji Temple
KOJA Genta, Director, Cultural Advancement Division, Culture, Tourism and International
Affairs Department, Nagasaki Prefectural Government
OHORI Satoshi, Director General, Nagasaki Museum of History and Culture
YAMAGUCHI Yasuhiko, Assistant Director, Cultural Advancement Division,
Culture, Tourism and International Affairs Department, Nagasaki Prefectural Government
TANAKA Kazuhiro, Assistant Director, Cultural Advancement Division,
Culture, Tourism and International Affairs Department, Nagasaki Prefectural Government
NAKAGAWA Kaoru, Assistant Section Chief, Cultural Advancement Division,
Culture, Tourism and International Affairs Department, Nagasaki Prefectural Government

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ITO Haruko, Curator, Cultural Advancement Division,
Culture, Tourism and International Affairs Department, Nagasaki Prefectural Government
SHIBATA Yasuo, Chief, Dejima Restoration Office,Tourism and Culture Department, Economic Bureau Nagasaki City HallYAMADA Saki, Company Intellectual Asset Manager/Communications Manager,
UEYA KATO LANDSCAPE Co., LTD.

4. List of Interpreter and Assistants
Interpreter
HATA Chiyako, Training Coordinator
Assistants
Sari Jammo
Graduate Student, Doctoral Program in History and Anthropology,

Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba
TACHIBANA Maki
Graduate Student, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women’s University
ENDO Saki
Graduate Student, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women’s University

5. Staff Members, ACCU Nara Office
NISHIMURA Yasushi, Director
nishimura@accu.or.jp
TAMAKI Shigeru, Deputy Director
tamaki@accu.or.jp
NAKAI Isao, Director, Programme Operation Department
nakai@accu.or.jp
WAKIYA Kayoko, Director, International Cooperation Division
wakiya@accu.or.jp
HORIKAWA Kazuko, Chief, Planning & Coordination Divisionhorikawa@accu.or.jp
SAKIMOTO Keiko, Chief, International Cooperation Division
sakimoto@accu.or.jp
NISHIDA Michiko, Staff, Planning & Coordination Divisionnishida@accu.or.jp
SUZUKI Sonoko, Staff, International Cooperation Section
ssuzuki@accu.or.jp
Cultural Heritage Protection Cooperation Office,Asia-Pacific Cultural Centre for UNESCO (ACCU)
757 Horen-cho, Nara 630-8113
Tel: (+81) 742 20 5001 Fax: (+81) 742 20 5701
nara@accu.or.jp
http://www.nara.accu.or.jp

94